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ENCYCLOPEDIA
' OFSHIPS AND
SHIPPING
Edited by
HERBERT B. MASON
THE SHIPPING ENCYCLOPEDIA
UMITED
CHICHESTER HOUSE CHANCERY LANE
LONDON MDCCCCVIII
ICOPyR/OHT]
Ha
'K. -
m
W.H.SMITH&ION
P R 1 N T i: it S
9( PhTTER LANE
LONDON, E.C.
. ". *
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>. ,-.•.'
PREFACE
\ht ''' EncyclopiEdia of Ships and Shipping " has been compiled to
furnish information of value to those in any way connected with
nautical matters.
In preparing the work, it has been necessary, in order to confine the
matter to one volume, to make the article as concise as possible, and where
space has prevented the subject "being dealt with to any great length,
standard authorities are quoted to enable the reader to obtain further in-
formation on the subject. This applies particularly to Law and Insurance
and in most instances th^ leading Admiralty Court cases on the question
, . .1!'// r.Ai ■ ' ■/ ■/ .1 I .- • <■
are quoted. • • ■ • ,
The Editor is grateful to the many gentlemen of distinction who have
been good enough to assist him with their advice and aid in the com-
pilation of the work. Among these may be mentioned :
The Naval Attaches at the Embassies in London, for their kind-
ness in furnishing information enabling him to include in this
work particulars of vessels in i the'. various foreign navies.
EDGAR TARRY ADAMS, Esq.
Sir THEODORE V. S. ANGIER
The Rt. Hon. LORD ARMSTRONG,
J.P., D.L.
Sir NATHANIEL BARNABY, K.C.B.
Sir BENJAMIN C. BROWNE, D.C.L.
Professor CARL BUSLEY
M. Lc Marquis dc CHASSELOUP-
LAUBAT
G. STEU ART CROSHA\V.Esq..M.A.
ARCHIBALD DENNY, Esq.
J. M'AUSLAND DENNY, Esq., M.P.
A. K. DICK, Esq.
H. RAYLTON DIXON, Esq.
Sir ^'. J. DURSTON, K.C.B.
WILLIAM FIFE, Esq.
Sir JAMES FORTESCUE
FLANNERY, J.P.
Sir CHRISTOPHER FURNESS,
M.P.
Sir JOHN GLOVER
JOHN GRETTON, Esq., M.P.
The Right Hon. LORD GEORGE
HAMILTON, G.C.S.I.
Commander JOSEPH HONNER,R.N.
LINTON HOPE, Esq., A.Inst^.A.-
Admiral Sir JOHN 0MM.\NNEY'
HOPKINS, G.C.B.
The Late Colonel Sir HENRY M.
HOZIER, K.C.B.
JOHN INGLIS, Esq.
The Rt. Hon. LORD INVERCLYDE
FRED. T. JANE, Esq.
Sir ALFRED L, JONES
The Late LORD KELVIN, O.M.
Professor ALEX. KENNEDY, LL.D.,
F,R.S.
-Sir J. K. LAUGHTON
:The Ute GEORGE C. MACKROW.
, Esq., M.Inst. N.A.
W. MARRIOTT. Esq., F.R. Met. Soc.
Admiral Sir GEORGE DIGBY
i ' MORANT, K.C.B.
jsU^'DIGliY MURRAY, Bart.
Sir JOHN MURRAY, K.C.B., LL.D.>
F.R.S.
Sir ANDREW NOBI^, K.C.B.
Engineer Rear-Admiml H. J.ORAM
The Hon. CHARLES A. PARSQNS,
C.B.
Commander ROBINSON. R.N.
Sir MARCUS SAMUEL, Bart.
The Rt. Hon. EARL SPENCER, K,6^
Sir THOMAS SUTHERLAND.
G.C.M.G.
Sir WILLIAM WHITE, K.C.B.
Sir JAMES WILLIAMSON, C.B.
-fi
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THE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF
SHIPS AND SHIPPING
A. I'he higbpHt class of merchant ships on Lloyil'^
books, subdivided into Ai and Az, after which they
descend by the vowels. Refet to Lloyd's Roister
of British and Foreign Shipping.
A, Wstingnishing letter nn s«i fishinff boats re-
gistered at Aalborg, Denmark.
JL Distinguishing letter on sea hsbing boats ic-
gistcrcd at Aberdeen. Scotland.
A. Distinguishing letter on sea fishing boat» re-
gistered at Antwerp, Belgium.
A^. DUtioguisbing letters on sea fishing boats
registered at Alloa, Scotland.
LB, Distinguishing letters on sea fishing boats
registered at .\brrystwith, England.
KM. Able t>ody. Signifying trained seamea,
Reffy to Able-bodied Seaman.
Aback. Position of ship's sails when wind bears
against front surface.
Abltt. Relatively near the strrn.
Abalome. A shcll-6sb of the I'*a^l and Wt-stt Pacific
Coasts. The flesh is dried and eaten, and the shell is
as mother-of-pearl.
Abandoo. Srf Abandonnteut.
Abandofunent generally means a Notice of Aban-
dcnmciit or I«;tter from the assured notifying to the
ondennTiter the a!>andonment of the subject in-
sored. " The* abandonment must be dirtrct and ex-
press, Ind I think the word Abandon shonid be used
to make tt eflectual " (Lord EIlenl>oraugh in Par-
tneter v. To<fhunter, Camp.. 542). It is a positive
transfer of property from the ai^iircd to the under-
writer the no6ce is tnlimating his mtention to
abiandon. As a rule, the umlerwriter declines to
acce{)t the notice, but his neglect to reply mn«t not
be taken as hU acceptance {I'rovmcial Insurance
Company of Cana<ln r. Leduc.L.R.. 6P.C. 224).. No
particular form has Xxtn prescribed for ti*ntler or
aolicc of abandonment. It iit not even necessary
that it should be iu writtnK, although It is nsually »o
given as documentary evidence oi the lender; hut in
whatever form it is given one essential is that It 1«
given unequivocally: no conditions may lie at-
tached: it must be an abeolnte oHer then and thrrn,
but it is desirable that it should slate some grounds
on which tlic tender Is made. The reply of the
anderwriter if be accqits must Uc similarly nocondi-
tkmaJ and absolute. Heffr to I>erelict an<l Con-
structive Total Loss.
Ab&t«m«at «r Rebate is in commerce an allowance
or discount made iu consideration of prompt pay-
ment. The term is also used to express the deduc-
tion occasionally made by the Customs anthorilictf
from duties chargeable upon such goods as ara
damaged or for loss In warehouses. Among ship-
pen the term rebate is used to denote the amount
roturnabte for freight [«ud by the .shipper to the ship-
owner or his agent, when the shipper confines his
shipments to one line or ring of shipowners.
Abbe, Professor Cleveland, A.H., Ph.D., LLJ).,
Proles-sor of Meteorology, United States Weather
Bureau (b. Now York City. December 3, 1S38).
Educ. College of the City of New York; University
of the State of Michigan: Harvard University; Cen-
tral Nicholas Observatory, Poulkova. near St
Petersburg. Russia. Instructor of .Mathematics,
Trinity Parish School. New York, 1857-58. and
Engineering, .\fichigan State Agricultural College,
1859; aid in I'.S. Coast Survey, t8<io-64; Direc-
tor of Cincinnati Observatory. 1868-73; organised
the weather service under the Secretary of War. 1870-
g I . now under the Secretary* of Agriculture ;
started the reform in standards of civil time reckon-
ing by even hours of longitude from Greenw^ich,
1875. which IS now widely adopted; conducted the
Signal Sexvice expedition to observe tlie solar eclipse
from Pike's Pe.ik, 1878; Meteorologist to the Ex-
pedition to the West Coast of Africa, 1S89-90:
.Associate Editor of the American Meteorological
Journal, 1891-94; editor of the monthly Weather
Review, 1893; Professor of Meteorology, Columbia
University, 1885: Lecturer on Meteorology, Johns
Hopkins University, iSgc;.
Publications: "The Parallax of Sirius " (rSfifi),
" The Distribution of tlie Nebul.-c " (1867), " Dorpat
and Poulkova " {if<fvj). "The Weather Uulletin of
the Cincinnati Observatory " (1869). " The Ecli|ue
of August " (iSOo). " How to Use Weather Majtt "
(1S71), " Historical Note on Weather Telegraphy "
(1871). " Observations of Coggia's Comet " (1S74),
"The Aurtm* of Feb. 4th, 1872 "; "The Hurricane of
August, 1873"; " The Meteor of Dec. 2^th. 1874":
■' The Signal Service Eclipse Expedition to Pike's
Peak. 1878"; "Short Mcnioirs on Meli-orology "
(1878). "Treatise on Melrorniogical Apparatus; and
McthcKls " (18R7). " Determination of the True
Amount of Precipitation " (18H9), " Meclianic oi the
Earth's Atmosphere " (1S91), " Atmospheric Radia-
tion " (1892). ■' Preparatory Studies for Storm and
We«thcr Predictions " (1889). " The Marine Nepho-
soopc " (1893), "The Meteorological Work of the U.S.
ABBREVIATIONS
ABERDEEN
Siffiml Servic« " {1895), " Annus! Summary of Pro-
gress in TcrTc*triai Physics and Meteorology " {1873-
89), the article " Meteorology " in "The Times"
Supplement to the 9th Edition of the Encydop^rdia
Britannica, " Aims and Methods of State Weather
Services" (1S99}. "The Altitude of the Aurora"
(1899). " The Physical Basis of Long-Range Fore-
casts " (looi).
Abbtfivifltions are distributed throughout the Kn-
cycloptfdia of Skifis and Shipping in alphabetical
order.
A3.0. Railway Time Tables for Cardiff. New-
port and Swansea. Published monthly. Price id.
Addri>-'*s; Cardiff.
Abdul BazQid. Turkish cruiser (1904).
Len(;th 3jo ft. Bcam42ft. Maximum draught i6ft.
Displacement 5,377 tons. Complement 302.
Gwts. A rmottr.
s— « in. " SteeJ."
6 — 4 in. a in. Deck.
a— 3 p<lr.
2 — 1 pdr.
Torpedo Tub**.
3 Above water,
TM-in screw. Hp. forced 1 3,000 ajs kts. Coftt
maximum 'J«JO tons.
Abdul Hediidieh. Turkish armoured cruiser.
(Phttadelptiia, 1903).
Length 331ft. Beam 42 ft. Draught 16ft.
Displacement 3,400 iota. Complement 300.
Guns. Armour.
3— 6 in. "Steel."
8 — 47 in. 4 in. Deck amidships.
6 — r8 in.
TorpeJit Tuhei.
3 Above water.
Hp. 13,000=: 33 kts. Coal 600 tons.
fttlium In a direction at right angles to veosel's
lenclli.
Abel, Sir Froderiok Aogastiu (1S27-1903). Scien-
tific Chcmisi (b. London). Was on authority oo cx-
plo'tvejt and improved the manatacture of gvn
cotton; wiu> pArt-inventor with I'rolcssor Dtwar of
cordite. Invented an apparatus for determining the
fla^poinl of petroleum; Professor of ClicmLttry.
Royal Military Academy, 1851-55; Chemist to Uie
War Department, 1S54-88: Fint Director Imperial
Institute. iSfi;.
Publications; " Gun Cotton " (1S66). " The
MuJcni Hi"*twry of Gunpowder " (1866), " On Ex-
plosive Agent) " (1873), " Researches in Explosivc^■■
(1875), " Electricity Applie*i to ExploMve Pur-
poses" (Ifl.'t4j.
AtirdMO. Sttamship, built in 1883. One of the
first to be engined with triple expansion engine*,
wMcf I were designtyl hy Mr. Kirk to work with steam
•t 12$ lbs. pr«B9ttr».
Aberdeen, Leitfa end Many Bteamsbip Co., ttd^
with their head oflice in Abenleeti. maintain a
service every Monday from Leith for Aberdeen,
Buckie. I..ossicmouth, Cromarty, Invcrgordon and
InvemeSB, making the return journey from Inverness
every Thursday.
Flbbt.
Earnholm. Jama Crombie.
Aberdeen Line [Rennie'i). Wu inaugurated in
1856 with a fleet of sailing ships trading regularly
between London and Natal. In 1857 steam was
first tried with the Madagascar, the first steamer
ou the South African Coast carr^-ing the mails from
Cape TowTi to Durban. In 1886 the MaiabeU,
the first steamer in the South African trade to be
fitted with triple expansion enRincs, was added to the
fleet The company now maintain a weekly service
from the West India Dock, Lxmdon^ to Natal, calling
at Portland and the Canary I&lands (Las Palmas and
Tcnerifie]. and an East African service inaugurated
in 1893, which has developed into a fortnightly ser-
vice between Natal and Quilimane, calling at the
Portuguese ports of Delagoa Bay, Inhambane and
Bcira and Chinde.
Ifafa. Inchanga, Insitufa.
Iliovo. Jngsli. Inyati,
Inanda. Inkonka. Inyoni.
Inhosi.
Gross tonnage, 38,000.
AbecdeeuLiae (Thompiwn's). This company, plj
ing between London and Australia, via the Cap
founded in Aberdeen in 1824, lias occupied for thrc
quarters of a century a prominent position m the
AiistraHan cargo and passenger trade ; due in the first
instance to the nms of their noted clippers to
Melbourne and Sydney. The Aberdcfn, biiUt in
1881, was the nr3t ocean steamer to demonstrate
decisively the superior merits of triple capansion
engines. The total tonnage now only includes one
sailing vessel ol 3,093 tons, the old clippers having
been replace<l by modem steamships. The MH-
liades hold!' the record from London to Melbourne
via the Cape, hi-r steaming time being 34 days,
actual time from port to port 35 days.
Fleet.
Abttdf^H. Marath<ytt. Nineveh.
Austtalasian. MiUiadsi. Saiamis.
Damascus. Moravian. Scphocies.
Gross tonnage. 44.000.
Aberdeen, Newcastle tnd Hall Steamship Co..
Ltd., >vitli tht-'ir head ofltce in Aberdeen, maintain a
ijcrvio: ol steamers at advertised houre between
Aberdeen and Hull and Aberdeen and Newcantlc-on-
Tynci A steamer Ifaves Aberdeen lor Hull every
Tuesday, retnrning from Hull every Saturday. A
steamer leaves .Aberdeen for Newcastle every Satur-
day, and returns from Newcastle every Wednaday.
Flest.
Kart of Aberdeen. Norwood.
ABERDEEN
ACCIDENT
AtMrdeeo Stotm NaTintioa OamBanr. with their
head office in Aberdeen, and their London office at
Liraehotise, maintain a rcgaUr service ot ittramcra
between London itmi Aberdeen, sailing evrry Wedneft-
day and Satarday. The steamers have excellent
passenger acconunodatioii.
Ft.CBT.
City of AbardMn. Hogarth.
City of LondoH. Harlam.
Abergavcany. East Indiaman. Went asliore on
the Bill oi Portland. February 6. 1805 ; 300 lives lost.
Aberratiou. Au apparent change of place, or
alteration of their mean pot>ition, in the fixed stars,
caused by the orbital movement ol the earth. Aber-
ration of planet signifies the space thtYiugh which it
appears to move during the time which it occupies in
r***'"E 'roni the planet to us.
Abl»>Bodied Seaman. (Merchant Shipping Act.
1894, M>:ttott 126-} A svatnan shall not be entitled
to the rating of A. 6.. that is to iiay, of able-bodied
•eauiian, unless he lias scr\*ed at sea for four years
before tbe mast, but the employment of hshermen in
decked fishing vessels registered under the hrst part
of this Act shall only count as sea service up to tbe
p«rkxl of three years of that employment; and the
rating of A.B. shall only be granted aiter at least one
year's sea &er\ice in a trading vessel in addition to
three or more years' sea service on board of decked
fishing vessels so registered.
Service may be proved by certificates oi dtscliarge
or by certificate of service from the Kegtstrar-
General of Shipping and Seamen (9.1/,} or other
satisfactory proof.
Aboard. Inside or upon a ship,
Abookir. British ist class cruiser. [Fairfield,
tyoo.)
Length 4:14 ft. Beam 69 ft. Maximum draught 38 ft.
Diiiplacenient 12,000 tous. Complement 700.
Gunf. Armour.
a — 9*3 in., 45 cal. " Kmpp,"
I a— 6 in. 6 in. Belt amidships,
12 — 12 pdra. 6 in. Barbettes.
2-~i3 pdr., 8 cwt. 12 in. Conning tower.
3—3 pdr.
2 Maxims.
Torpedo Tubes (18 in.).
3 Submerged.
Twin screw. Hp. 3i.uoo = 3i kts. Coal maxf*
mnm 1,600 tons. Approximate cost ^749.000,
This ship-name was introdoced into the Navy in
1798 with the Aquiton captured at the battle of the
Nile; she was renamed the Ahouiir.
Aboat Ship. To turn or tack head to wind.
Above Board. Over the deck.
AbOK. Sm Aback.
Abcek. Rnssian torpedo gnn-boat (1896).
Length 212 ft. Beam 25 ft. Maximum draught 1 3 It.
Displacement 5J4 tous. Complement 109.
Guns.
2—47 in.
4—3 pdr.
2 — I pdr.
Torpedo Tubei.
2 Above water.
Twin screw. Hp. 4,500 » 31 kts.
Abmizi, Daka of. Prince Luigi Amedoo Giuseppe
Maria Ferdtoando Francesco, Captain Italian Navy
andCeographi-r (b. Madrid. Januar>- 29, 187JI). Thiid
sonof Amcdco, Dukcof .\osta. and cousin to the Kitit^
of Italy. jVsccnded Mount St £Ha.\ Alaska. July
31, 1S97, and determined its altitude and geological
origin. Commanded an Arctic expedition lo the
North Pole, 1900; when he and his party reached
86' 33' N, Htferto Arctic Exploration.
Publication: "The Ascent of Mount St Elias "
{1900),
Abyisal Animala are those which inhabit the
greatest depths of the ocean. Until the last hall ol
tbe 19th century, it was comiuuoly supposed that
only the upper strata and Sliallow water of the ocean
n'ere inhabited. This was disproved by the ChtilUn-
ger expedition (^.v.). and it was thought that post^i-
bly the discovery would lead to the finding of liv-
ing fossils. This, however, has not been the case lo
any great extent, as the deep-sea animals show clear
signs of having been derived from shallow water and
do not shed any light on the origin of Ufc in the sea. It
has been proved that Abyssal animals are carnivo-
rous and depend upon tiic dead organisms which drop
down from the surface waters. At the great depth
at which they arc found the water is so cold, and the
pressure so enornious. that living plants arc ab-sout.
One striking peculiarity of deep-sea animals is that
many of them, especially fish, are blind. The
last volume of the Challenger monographs, entitled
" Summary of Results," gives a graphic and his-
torical account of deep-sea dralging.
Abyssinia. Goion screw steamer. Caught fire
in mtd-Atlantic. December 18, 1891. Passengers and
crew rescued by the Spree.
A.O. Distinguishing letters on sea fiahing boats
registered at KaroUnensiel, Germany.
A'e. Account.
Academies. Naval. Sea Naval Establishmrnhi.
Acalepba. From the Greek, meaning Nettle; a
name given to the animals commonly known as jelly-
fish, sca-blubber, medusa, sea-nettle.
Acceptance. See Bill of Exchange.
Aocidant. " Tbe expression ' accident ' in the
ordinary sense denotes an unlooked-for mishap or
02
ACCIDENT
ACEVEDO
untoward ertat which is not expected or ili iig,niil."
and coven cases of inevitable accidents and accidents
caosed by the Act of God iqj;.).
An inevitable accident is " that which the party
char^ed with the offence could not possiblr prevent
by the exercise of ordinary care, caution and mari-
time skin." and is a good dcfoice to an action for
D6i^ig<mce.
Bysection 42; of the Merchant Shipping Act. iSg4.
a rtport of any actWent to a British steamship caus-
ing loss, of \iie or personal injury-, or afiecting the
seaworthiness or efi&ciency of the thip. must be sent
by her master to the Board of Trade as soon as pos-
sit4e after its occnrrence.
This section also a|^ies to all foreign steamships
carrying passengers between places in the United
Kingd<mi.
By section 728 inspectors may be appointed by the
Board of Trade (^.v.) (or the purpose of reporting on
the causes and nature of any accident or damage to
any ship.
Refer to Collisions at Sea, Employers' Liability,
Limitation of LiabiUty, Seamen.
AffiHmt bmrasM. Se£ Insnzance.
Aaeonmifliilkti Tulilrr. Flight of steps over ship's
side.
AffffHmt. Going upon. A phrase for bnocaneer-
ing.
AocoUBtMt CtaocnL An officer in the English
Court of Chancery who receives and disburses all
moneys paid into theConrt. This office was abolished
in 1872, the duties being transferred to the Paymas-
ter-General.
Aoconntant Offieen (Navy). S« Paymaster
(Navy).
AoeoL A term used by seamen, indicating the end
of a deep bay.
Aecgmolated Tempcnbm. This is the combined
amount and duration of the excess or defect of the
air teniperature above or below the base temperature
of 42". It is considered that the temperatnre above
that value is mainly effectual in starting and main-
taining the growth, and in completing the ripening
of agricultural crops.
Accnninl&tor, Hydmlic. Devised by Lord Arm-
strong, consists o£ a vertical cylinder and heavily
weighted ram, fed at a constant rate from the
hydraulic pump, giving a pressure of 700 lbs. to the
square inch. In this way an artificial head of water
IS obtained. Any superfluous water escapes from
the top of the cylinder, as when the piston reaches its
highest point it automatically stops the pump. The
differential accumulator is one in which forced pres-
sure may be obtained by means of changing the area
of the piston surface, or by the use of several different
pistons.
ia the cteam aocamnlatar tbe potOB iDd fonns the
nam ci the brdraalic cyhndfr.
Tbeairaccanralatar" Ar msuuiig " g ooe in which
fhe ram woihs agaiost coraprcsed air in a chamber.
instead of agjainst wcigfats.
Accnmnlators, electric, are batteries or rcserratis
for the armmnlation of dectiic energy.
Ste Robittvoa, " Hydranlic Pcrner and Hydranbc
Siachinery."
Aettgkmt (C, H J is a colourless poisoMoos
gas, discovered by Bertdot. 1862, and famnght proBift-
nently into ccKnmerdal use by Wilsco's dzscovcry
(1SS8) erf the modem method of preparing «-ifVi»im
carbide.
On analysts it contains — Caibon 92*3
Hydrogen 77
locro
It occurs in small quantities in coal gas, and to a
greater extent in oil gas. It is laiigely manofactnrcd
for commercial purposes, and is usually made by
bringing water into contact with caldnm cartHde,
which is manufactured by heatiog a mixture of lime
and hard metallnrgical coke, of the highest degree of
parity, in an dectric fnmace. It is now larigely
mannfoctured in America and Europe and is osoally
supplied to consumers in air-tight dmms. Not more
than 28 lbs. may be stored in Great Britain or in any
of the British Colonies, by any one person, without
an ?«Titiai licence; and must be stored in a place
specially built, and a certain distance away from
other buildings. The package in which it is con-
tained must be hermetically sealed, as it rapidly
absorbs mmsture, thus deteriorating in quality, and
liberating a gas which is dangerous. It is liable to
qxintaneous explosion when in a liquid state, and it
is illegal to manufacture or keep it in this form. The
gas when burning is intensely white, and it is said to
resemble sunlight more nearly than any other artifi-
cial illuminant. The highly illuminating and in-
trinsical brightness of the flame makes it a v^y
suitable illuminant for lighthouses.
It has been used in England, United States. Ger-
many. Argentine and China for lighthouse and
beacon illumination. On the German and Dutch
coasts oil gas mixed with about 20% of acet>-lene has
been used with excellent results, as it increases the
illuminating intensity about 100% ; but it is very ex-
pensive. The cost of lighting by acet^'lene is about
the same as lighting by coal gas at 5s. per 1,000 feet.
See Lewes' " Acetylene," 1900; Dormer, " L' Ace-
tylene et ses applications." Paris, 1896. Foralistof
the papers and memoirs on acet>'lene, see Ludwig's
" Fuhrer calcium carbid — und Acetylene — Litera-
tur." Berlin. 1889.
rtimnin. Spanish torpedo-boat. (Chiswick,
1885O Length, ii7ft.;beam, 12 f t. ; draught, 6 ft. ;
displacement, 63 tons ; ccmiplement, 20 ; arma-
ment, 2 machine, 2 tubes; Hp., 660 = 20 kts. ; coal,
25 tcms.
Aehe, OooDi d* (1700-75). French admiral. Was
accounted rcAponHible for the capturr b)' the Britiah
of th« French possessions on the Malabar and Coro-
mandcrl Coasts of India.
Aoheloos. Greek Run-boat. Of do fiifbtiog value.
Acbenbacfa. A. (b. 1 3 1 5 ] . German painter. Leader
of ihf Imprt-ssionist movement in German painting.
particularly sca-scapcs. Principal works: "Foun-
dering of the 5.S. President" (1S42), " Hardanger
Fjord ■' (1843). " Ponlint Marshes " (1846), " Fisb
Market in Ostend '* (1866). " Flooding of the t-onrer
Rhine " (1S76).
Aehemtf. A star of the first magnitude in the
coostellation Eridairas, commonly known aa the
" Spring of the river,"
AcheroD. French armoured gun-boat. (Cher-
bourg. 1S37.)
Lmgth iSi ft. Beam. 40 ft. Draught 1 1 ft.
Displacemeat 1,700 tons. Complement loi.
Gum. Armvttr.
I — 10 S in. " Compound."
j— .3-9 in. 9 in. Belt amidships.
2 — 3*8 in. S in. Big gun shields.
Hp. i.70OKi3kts. Coal maximum, 300 tons.
Adifllw. British ist class cruiser. (Elswkk.
Length 480 ft, Beam 73 ft. M.iximnm draught 37 ft.
Displacement i3,5;o tons. Complement 650.
Guns.
6 — 9-2 in.. 50ca].
4—75 in.
2-1—3 pdr.
8 — Pompoms.
Maxims.
A rmour.
" ICrupp,"
6 in. Belt amidships.
6 m. Barbettes.
6 iu. Turrets.
7 in. Conning tower.
Torpedo Tubes (18 in.).
3 Submerged.
fwin screw. Up, 23,500 = 22*33 kts. Coal maxi
mum 2,000 tons. Approximate cost ^1.150,000.
Thifi ship-name was introduced into the Nav>' m
1744. and is associated with the capture of the
Ftvoc^ RaisonnahU, 1758; bombardment of Havre,
1759; capture of the French ComU de Florentine,
1759; reduction of Bellei.-ite, [761; capture of the
French AchiUe at the battle of the " Glorious First
of June." T794; battle of Trafalgar, 1805.
Ac-hisar. Turkish iDrpcdo-boat. (Sestri Poa
cnte, xtfcxx.) Length. i6;ft.; beam. 18 ft.; draught,
4I ft.: displacement, 165 tons; complement. iB;
armament. 2 I'pdr.. 3 tubca; Kp.. 2.300^337 kts.;
coal. 23 tons.
Aoker. One tide swelling above another.
AAnMBi Fresh water pirates.
Adand. Vioe-Admiral, Sir WOUam AUaon Dyka.
3n«J Ut., cr, ittyo; C.V.O. 1^3 [h. Oxford 1^47).
Entered H.M.S. fift7.iHKtti as cadet, ift6i ; promoted.
lieutenant 1B68. commander 1879, captain 1885.
Attached to the Chilian army m the war between
Chili an<l Peru; commanded the first brigade in the
march Irom Pasco Muvin, and was present at the
Battle of Chorrilos and Miraflores; mentioned in
despatch!^ (Medal and two clasps}. Deputy Com-
missioner of Western Pacific, 1S83; A.D.C to the
Queen, [896. Captain nf Dockyard Reserve at
Devonport, 1807-99; Rear-Adniiral. r-H^y; Second-in*
Command of Channel Si^uadroa, 1901-03; Superin-
tendent of Gibniltar Dockyard, igo2-04; Vicc-
Admirat, 1904.
Aoock-Bin. Set Cock-bill.
Acorn. \ small piece of wood, conical in form,
Axed on the mast-head above the vane to prevent it
being detached when wind is violent.
Acre, Battle ol. On November 3. 1840. the
allied fleet under Sir Robert Stopfurd stormed and
captured Acre (Syria) after a bombardment of a few
hoars, the £eyptian!i losing upwards of 2.000 killed
and wounded and 3,000 prisonent. the British loss
being tritling.
Actien Gesellschaft "Neptune,** Rostock. This yard
was founder! m 1S51 |jy .Mr. A. 'rigchbein. It is situa-
ted on the Warnow, on the coast of Mecklenburg,
and covers an area of about 25 acres. It possess*?* rivo
sUps together Willi machine and engine >hops neces-
sary for the hirilding and fitting out of steamers up
to 10.000 tons. Between iSgS and 1905 vessels
s^gTcgAling 150,000 net register tons and K2.000
L Hp. were turned out. The yard giv« employ-
ment to about 1.800 men.
AcUnaria. Sea anemones which possess some
slight powt-T of locomotion.
Actinaat Any vessel or torpedo propelled by
self-contained power which, through the medium of
a ray. can be steered on or beneath the surface of the
water by a distant operator.
Actinometer. .\n instrument for measuring the
intcdity o: solar radiation.
Aotiom, Battle of. On Septemtter 2, 3 1 b.c. Octavian
completely defeated the fleet of Anthony and Cleo-
patra and gamed control of the whole Koman
Empire.
Actlnoeoa. Hollow-bodied animals, including sea
oncmonca, corals, and allied forms. Their charac-
teristic is that tlie life hiatorj' is simple, and docs not
include the jelly fish stage. The mouth va usually
surrounded by tentacles; digestive filaments are
prestnt. and the stinging cells are often well de-
veloped.
Active. West Indiaman. Lost in Margate Roads,
January |o, 1803.
Act of Ood, An. or vis major, is one which results
from " such a direct and violent and sudden and
irresistible act of nature as could not be foreseen, or
ACTUAL
ADAMSON
if Fores<«i. piv\t'nl«] by ordinsry skill, pnidence or
diligence." It Is one o( ihe excepted perils (oMud in
all bills oC lulling and cbart«r parties, and in con-
tracts with common carriers. In contracts taken
(jenefttlly. noD-performaiicc is excused, if perfor-
mancu becomes tm|>osijiblc owing to nn Act of Cod.
AU lo&s or damage occasioned by an Act of God is due
to inevitable accidtmt, and the party who, apart
from such mevitable accident, would be? liable far the
Idas or dantafje so occasiont'd, cannot in such circum-
stances bo made responsible; but not every inevi-
table a«idtmt is an Act of God.
Aetna! Citpture. In British Prize Courts tb« achial
caiJior is tin: iiliip tu which the prize strikes her flay,
and may include many othcru besides those who take
part, f.g.. a boat's crew despatched on a dificrcnt
errand. Joint captors are tliosc who, not being
themselves actual taptorK, have assisted by convey-
ing encouragemmt to them or intimidation to the
enemy. " In the law of prize the presumption is
always in favour of actual captors an against those
who claim to be joint captors. ITnder certain dr-
ciimstanceA the claims of joint capture are ad-
mitted *' e.g., by co-operation, association or bond
of union, " bnt the Prize Court has again and again
declared its resolution not to extend ttic operation
of that doctrine." Actual capture may, therefore, be
taken to be tlie rule which will alwa>-s be enforced in
the adjudication of naval prize, excc^^t In cases in
which the application of comitructivc capture is well
recognized and established. Rejtr to Prize of War.
A.-<m. Abbreviation for Alto-cumulns as adopted
by the International Mclcorologica3 Committee and
oMcd in the Intcmaiioual Cloud Atlas,
AJP. Distinguishing letters on sea fishing boats
registered at Ardrossan. Scotland.
AJ). AnnoDomioL The year of our Lord.
Adalbert, Prince, of Pnusia (1811-73]. Uncle of
l-'ricdrich Wilhclm IV. Took a special interest in
the fonnation of the German Navy, and in 1854
was made admiral.
Publications : " Ans meinem Rcisetagbuch,
1842-43" (1S47); "nrnkschriftubcrdieBildungcincr
deutschen l-'Iotte *' (1848).
AdamastoT. Small Portugiiese cruiser. (Ltg-
hom, 1896.)
Length 343 ft. Beam 35 ft. Maximum draught 16 ft.
Displacement 1.750 tons. Complement 237.
Guns. Armour.
2 — 6 in.. " Steel."
4 — 47 in. 1) in. Deck.
4 — 6 pdr. 2| in. Conning tower.
4 — Machine.
Torpedo Tubes.
3 Above wat^T bow and broadside.
Twin screw. Hp. natiiral 3,000= 16 kts., forced
4,000 s 18 kts. Coal maximum 420 tons.
AOaittS. Edgar Tarry (b. December 8, iSs^).
Avsociulcof Institution of Naval Archttect2i.[^,R.A.S.,
F. R. Meteorologicai Society. Fellow Commoner
Itowiiing College, Cambridge. Observer for Koyal
Meteorological Society. Hon. Sec. Camtnidge Uni-f
versity Cruising Club.
AflmrHi Jaixa Coucti (1819-92). Britiab astrono-
mer. Gained a Siza at St John's College, Cambridge,
1839, and graduated H.A. in 1843; ^"^^ Senior
Wrangler and first Smith'& prizeman of his year, and
elected a Fellow of his College in 1843. It is due to
his investigations that the cause ol the irrcgutartties
of the planvt Uranus wcrr (determined — due to the
action of au undiscovered planet — which he de-
tected and proved was unrecorded in liie map; this
new planet receiving the name of " Neptune." Its
mathematical production wo^ not only an unsur-
passed intellectual feat, but proved also that New-
ton's Law of Gravitation prevailed even to the
utmost bounds of the iiolar itystem. In 1845 the
honour of Knighthood was ofiered to him on the
occasion of Queen Victoria's \'i!sit to Cambridge, but
then, as on subsequent occaiiion*^, he declined it. In
1866 the Royal Astronomical Society awarded him
their gold medal. He worked for many years ar-
ranging and cataloguing Newton's unpubhshed
mathematical writings presented to the University
of Cambridge by Lord Portsmouth. In 1881 he was
offered the post of Astronomer Royal, wliich he
dechned, preferring to resume his teaching and re-
search at Cambridge University. He died, Janu-
ary 21, 1S92, at Cambridge Observatory alter a
long illness, and -wsis buried at 5t Giles' Cemetery.
In May, 1895, ^ pottrait meOaltiou by Albert Bruce
Joy was placed in Westminster Abbey near the
grave of Newton, and joinliig the memorials of
Darwin and Jocle, a fitting tribute to this illustrious
astronomer.
Publications: " The Scientific papers of John
Adams " (1896), " Lectures on the Lnnar Theory."
Adams, John. Organiser of a prospcrcus and
peaceful miniature colony in the Pitcaim l^tlands,
after the mutiny of H.M.S. HouHty {q.v.). Hjsreal
name was Alexander Smith. Hs/cr to Naval
Mutinies.
Adams, William. English navigator (b, GtUing-
bam, near Chatham. 1575). He was tlie first Eng-
lishman to take up his residence in Japan, ami Livc<I
there from i6(X) till his death in 1620.
Adamioiu Alexander [b. Glasgow). Educ. Secular
School, Glasgow. Apprenticed i86t to the Kngineer-
ing Works of Messrs Randolph and Elder; he be-
came Naval Architect there and continued with tliis
firm, which is now known as " The Fairfield Ship-
building Company," till 1883, when he joined tlie
firm of Messrs Palmer and Co., of Jarrow. as Ship-
yard Manager. Later he joined the firm of Messrs
Armstrong, Mitchell and Co. He left thi:i firm in
I
I
*
d
ADAMSON
ADMIRAL
tSfiS to take the Management oi the ShipyanJ De-
partment ol the NavaJ Coastruction and Armamrnts
Co.. Ltd.. Barrow- iD-FurncsA. and in i8<)t became
Managing Director of the-se Works. In 1897 thia
boftiness w»b porchast'd by Messrs Vickcrs, Son* and
Maxim, who still retained his services, until he re-
tired from active business in 1900. During hLs
career he had to do with the building of some 480
vessels, representing almost every conceivable type;
50 of these were wnr-vcMels mostly for the British
Government, beginning with H.M. composite gun-
boat Midge built in i863, and ending with H.M.
battleahip Vf-ngeance. 1900.
Adamgon. Jurnw (b. Stirlingshire, Januarys, 1850).
Served bi't apprenticeship at Falkirk and Glasgow,
and then went to sea as junior cngturer, and after
obtaining the necessary certificates returned to
draift-ing office work. Was appointed Assistant En-
gineer to the British India Steam Navigation Com-
pany. Ltd., and subsequently became tlicir Superin-
tendent Engineer at the Royal Albert Docks. While
in Glasgow he devoted considerable time to the
Gla^ow Foundry Boys' Sociftj-. Is Organising and
Hon. Secretary of the Institution of Marine En-
gineers. Member of the Institution of Engineers
and Shipbnildcrs of Scotland.
Publications: "The Marine Engineer" (1898),
" Scaborac Traffic " (1900), *' Our Fuel Supply "
(190J), " Technical Education " (1904).
Adanaon, William. CKXt. 1897. [b. Glasgow,
tSjiJ). Educated privately. A merchant of the
Straits Settlements and for many years resided at
Singapore. Is chairman of the Straits Settlements
Association and a director of the P. and O. Steam
Kavigalion Company, and was decorated for public
aervicD in connection with the Colony.
AJ^X. Abbreviation for AicIe-dc-Camp (^.f .}.
Addar. U.S. submarine (Elizal>eth Port, 1901.)
Length. 63 ft.; beam, lift.; di^placemeiit. tzo tons;
complement, ;: lorpetlo tubes, 1; Hp., 160 = 8 kts.
above water, j below.
Address. 5» Post Office.
daar. Cort Sivartaen (1632-75). Danish ad-
(b. Brevig, Norway), .^t the age of 15 be
became a cadet in the Dutch fleet, and took part in
the famous battle of the Downs (1639). under Tromp.
In 1 64s he was promoted captain in the service ol the
Venetian Kepnbhc, and achieved a most brilliant
victor)- at Uic DardancUt^ in May, 1645, ^i^hcD, with
hi» own vessel alone, he broke through a line of 37
Turki^di ships, sinking i $. burning others and causing
a loja to the enemy of 5,000 men. Reluming to
Copenhagen in 1663, was made an admiral and in
1666 Admiral-General. On November 5, 1675,
while in command nf the Fleet he died of plague.
^f>toM* 8t6tmstalV Componr, with their hrail
pAoes at Adelaide, have a fleet of zo rxcrUent
steamers which maintain sailings from Adelaidr for
.\ustralian coast porta. ,\ steamer leaves .\dclaide
at scheduled times for Albany and Frcmnntlc.
transhipping at that port for Espcrancr, Geraldton
and all north-west ports to Wjmdham. A service is
maintained from Adelaide to Melbourne. Sydney,
Newcastle. BrL^bane, Maryborough. Kockbampton.
Makay, Townsvillc and Cairns. A service twice a
week from .Adelaide to Si>encer GiiU. calling at the
principal ports en route.
Flbbt.
Adelaide. InHantirichn. S'arloo.
AUinga. Kadina. Ouraka,
Barrier. Kolya. Tarcoola,
Butlarra. ATtntaro. H'iltyama.
Cvlae. Atoonta. Winfield.
Dilkera. Nnrdoo. Wollourra.
Grantala. Yongala.
Adlabatie. The relation of the changes which
occur in the pressure, volume and temperature of a
mass of gas, which is subject tu the condition that it
neither parts -u-ith, nor receiveti, heat during the
process.
Aditutmeat is ascertaining the exact amount of
indemnity which the a«ured is entitled to rerHve
under the policy; embodying the particulars in a
statement, fixing not only the exact amount bat the
proportion of the indemnitj* to be recovered from
each underwriter. The compiler of this statement
is called an Average Adjuster (q.v.).
Refer to Average.
Adier. Anstro-Hungarian deittroyer. (Yarrow,
18H6.) Length, 13s ft.; beam, 13 ft.: maximum
draught, 6ft.; displacement. 95 tons; complpmrnt,
16; armament, t nord,, 2 tubes; Hp., 900 — 32 kts.;
coal maicimum, 28 tons.
Adler. Russian torpedo-boat. (Elbing, 1890.]
I.rMgih, 152 ft; beam. 17 ft.; draught, 7 ft.; displace-
ment,i30tDns; complement, 40; armament, j i-pdr.,
3 tubea; Hp,, 3,200^27 kts.; coaJ maximum,
50 tons.
AdmeUa. Steamer plying between Melbourne
and Adelaide, struck ou a reef August 6, 1859.
when 73 persons perished.
Admiral, AlU in early records was an oflficcr of
State enUu«tcd by the Crown with safe-guarding the
was, and all matters arising at sea whidi required
official invt-sttgation and were not within the juris-
diction of any county, were referre<l to him for deci-
sion. Early in the fourteenth century there seem to
have been three admirals. controUmg three districts,
viz. (t) the Cinque Ports {q.v). and all ports from
Dover to Cornwall; {2) from \}\t Thames to Berwick,
and (3) the Irish Sc,t coast. The first Lord High
Admiral was appointed in 1360, whose Court, in the
reign of Edward III., was hrmly e»taUishrd and
began to assert prominent jurisdiction. In mor«f
ADMIRAL
8
ADMIRALTY
modern times as Judge of the Admiralty Coart, ap-
potntiKl by the Cn>wn, deprived the I-ord Uigh
Admiral of his judicial pou'crs, ami in 1632 his ad-
tuinislTdtivc functions were first exercised by Com-
niiMluncri, conuncmly known as the Lnrtls of the
Admiralty (ij.v.). The present pawen and duties of
admirals arc dchncd by the N'aval Di5cipHnc Act
(f.t>.), 1S66, and the Admiralty regulations. Refer
to King's Regulations.
Admiral. The Lord High, ot Eaidand. This office
was first created m 14'ih, and vc'^tcd m John, Earl of
Somerset. It was created for the purpose of taking
over the legislation, administration and protection
nl the Mcicantile Marine, whicli had ptcviouAly been
governed liy a I«xly of mercantile A<lmiraU, who.
owmg to tho feeble manner in which the fleet bad
been administered, came into existence to undertake
the safe -guarding of tlic seas. In 1632 the office vns
put into ccmimisston. and its [xiwcn have, with one
or two short intervals, been rvcr Mnce vestcil in the
Admiralty authorities, now known ofTicially ait Com-
missionen, for I'Kccuting the ofhce of Lord High
Admiral of the I'nited Kingdom of Great Britain
and Ireland.
Admiral Gralff. Rassian coast defence battle-
ship, ift/o. Of no fighting value.
Admiral KoxniloU. Small Russian cntiser. (la
Seyne. iSS;.)
Length 351ft. Beam 48ft. Maximum draught soft.
Pisplaccment 5,S8o lons. Complement ,17s.
CuHS. Armour.
14— 6 in. "Sleel."
6 — jpdr. 2 1 in. Deck.
6 — I pdr.
5—1 pdr., BoaL
Tofpedo Tubes.
6 AboVB water.
Twinscrew. Hp.natursl. 7,$oo» I7'$kts,. forced
9.ooo*> 1S-5 kts. Coal maximum 1,100 tons.
Adninl Emsilow. RuBsian coast
battleship (1S70). Of no fighting value.
defence
Admiral Lazereft. Russian coast defence bat-
tleship {iH/r.) ( li no fightinR value.
Admiral Blakarow. Ku^^sian ormonred cruiser.
(La Scyne. I9<»6.)
Length 443 '*- Beam 75 (t. r>ra«ght33U.
Displacement 7,000 tons. ComplcmCTit 500.
Gtint. A rwiyur.
2 — 8 in. " Knipp.'*
8 — 6 in. 7 in. Belt, amtdshipf!.
30— rs pdr. 6 in. Gun shields.
Tofptio Tubts.
2 Submerged.
Hp., 16,500=321 kts. Coal maximum i.noo Urns.
Admiral Moonom. L. and N.W.K. steiuncr. Sunk
by eoUttifm uilh the Santa Clara near Hi-ilylicad;
4 lives lost.
Admiral KaklrimolL Russian armoured cmiwr
(1U8;). Sunk hv the Japanese at the battle of
Tsuiihima. May 37-39. 1905.
Admiral of the Fleet is an honorary distinction
giving no command, but merely an increase of half-
pay. The title was first created in 1851, when Sir
Thomas Byam Martin, G.C.B., and Sir George
Cockbum. G.C.B.. were named .\dmirals of the Fleet,
the latter receiving tlie honour for his long and
highly distinguished services. Should an Admiral
of the Fleet serve afloat, he is authorised to carry the
union flag at the main- top-gallant- mast head. In
1874 the number of Admirals of the Fleet waa in-
crcaserl to three; at the present time there are two
honorary Admirals of the Fleet, His Imperial
Majesty, William II., Emperor of Germany, King of
Prussia. G.C.V.O.. and hLs Majesty King of Sweden;
and four Admirals of the Fleet; Sir James Hlphin-
stone, K.C.B., Sir Chnrles Frederick Hotham,
G.C.B,, G.C.V.O.. Right Mon. Lord Walter Talbot
Kerr, C.CJB.. Sir Edward Hobart Seymour. G.C.B..
O.M.
Admiral OmhETOV. Ruwn.-^n coast service bat-
tleship. [New Admiralty, 1893.) Suuk by the Japa-
nese .It the battle of Tsushima. May 27-29, 1905.
Admiral Seaiavlii. See MisHima, Ra«»ian coast
service battleship. Captured by the Japanese at
the battle of Tsushima, May 27*29, 1905.
Admiral SpiridOtt. RuMian coast defence bat-
tleship (187U). Of no fighting value.
Admiral Tchitohagofl. Rns^ian coast defence
baitlesliip (iS/O). Oi no hghting value.
Admiralty, ThCi i" that F.xecutive Department of
the State which presides over the Royal Na\*al and
Marine foruA of the Kingdom.
The Board, tJie members of which are commonly
known as the I^cds of the .\dmiralty, consult of the
First Lon3. the First and 5>econd Naval Lords, the
N'aval Controller, the Junior Naval Lord, the Civil
1 .ord. .1 rarliamrntarj* and I-'mancial Secretary, and a
Permanent Secretary. I'he boiiineas of the Board is
divided into four branches: {i) Personnel of the Nax-y,
organisatiOQ and marine defence; (2) naval con-
struction, dockyards, ordnance and stores ; [35
works and personnel of Ci\'il Departments; U1
Finance.
Tlie following is a list of l-ord High Admirals and
First l^rd* of the Admiralty. friMU the time of
Charles 1. to the present date:
t6Ao. Jamea Duke of York.
1673. King Charles the Second.
1673. Prince Rupert.
167'), Sir Henry CapcU, Kt.
l6ao. Daniel Find), Lsq.
i6At. Daniel Lord Finch.
K184. Daniel F^arl of Nottingham.
1684, JamecDttkeof York (and at James II,).
n
ADMIRALTY
ADMIRALTY
, Arthur Herbert, Esq.
. Thomas Earl of Penibroke and Moatgomery.
, Charles Lord Coruwallis.
. Anthony VUcount Falkland.
, EUwrard Kuss^^l. Esq.
, Edward Uart of Oxiord,
, John EacI of Bridgcwati-r.
, Thomas Earl of Pembroke aud Montgomery.
GuoTgc Prince of Denmark.
Thomas Earl of Pembroke and Montgomery.
Edward Earl of Oxford.
Sir Jolm Leake, KC
Thomas Earl of Straflord.
Edward Earl ol Oxfurd.
James Earl of Berkeley.
Lord Viscount Tonington.
Sir Charles Wager, Kt.
Daniel Ear) of Wincbelsea and Nottingham.
John Duke of Bedford.
John Earl of Sandwich,
George Lord Anson.
Richard Earl Temple.
Daniel Eart of Wincbelsea and Nottingham.
George Lord Anson.
George Dank Earl of l{aUfax.
George Grenville, Esq.
John Earl of Sandwich.
John Earl of Egmont,
Sir Charles Saunders. KB.
Sir Edward Hawkc. KB.
John Earl of Sandwich.
Hon. Augustus Kejipel.
AngDStus Vt«:ount Keppc).
Richard Viscount Howe.
Au^stns Viscount Keppel.
Richard Viscount Howe.
John Earl of Chatham.
George John Earl SpenctT.
John Earl of St. Vinrent. KB
Henry Lord Viscount Melville.
Charles Lord Bartram.
Charles Gray. Esq.
Thomas Grenville, Eaq.
Henry Lord Mulgravc.
Right Hon. Charles Yorke.
Kight Hon. Kobert Viscount Melville.
H.R.H. William Henry Duke of Clarence.
Right Hon. Robert Viscount Melville, K.T.
Right Hon. Sir Janita R. G. Graham, Bart.
Right Hon. George Baron Auckland.
Thomas Philip Earl dc Grey.
Right Hon. George Baron Auckland.
Gilbert Earl of Minto, G.C.B.
Thomas Earl of If addingtoa.
Right Hon. Edward Eart of Eltcnborough.
Right Hon George Eart of Auckland (died
January i, 1849).
Right Hon. Sir Fruici.i T. Baring, Bart.
Algernon Percy Duke of N ortbumbcrland, K.G.
Right Hoo. Sir Jame^ JK. G. Graham, Bart.
Right Hon. Sir Charles Wood, Bart,
1555. Right Hon. Sir John Pakington, Bare
1859. Edward A. St. Maur Duhu uf Suinerset. K.G,
1866. Right Hon. Sir J. S. Pakmgton, Bart.. G.C.B.
1867. Right Hon. Henry Thomas Lowr>' Cofry.
1868. Right Han. Hugh CuJUng Eardiey Childen.
i8;i. Right Hon. George Joaclum Goscbvn.
1874. RightHun.Gcorge Ward Hunt
1877. Right Hon. Willi.im Henry Smith.
1880. Earl uf Northbrook.
1885. Lord George Hamtltoo.
1886. The Marquis of Kiiwit. K.G.
1556. Lord George HamiUon.
i893. Earl Spencer, K.G.
1895. Right Hon. G. T. Goschen.
1900. Earl ot Selbome.
1903. Right Hon. Earl Caudor.
1906, Lord Tweedmouth.
Admiralty Actions arc cither in rem — 1.«., against the
prcjjftty out uf which the claim has arisen; or tit
petsonam — ijs., directly ;Lgainst the person from whom
relief is claimed. l^Vocccdings in rem are pc-culiar to
Admiralty, and arc only available when tlie r#s is
within ttic jurisdiction of the Court. This form of
action applies to ca.HeB where a maritime lien (q.v.)
is sought to be enforced or where owner seeks to
obtain possession of ship {q.v.). Actions in persannm
are similar to ordinary actions tried in other divisions
of the High Court, and are adopted where the rgs is
out of the jurisdiction and consequently cannot be
arre-stetl. Where an action has once been com-
menced in either of Ihi-sc forms, it caimut afterwards
be changed, and a judgment obtained in a personal
action cannot be enforced by (n'oueedings in rem, but
vrhere there is a remedy both i« personam and in
rem. a person who has resorted to one may, if hr does
not thereby get lull satisfaction, rtsort to the other.
Refer to Admiralty Division; .Admiralty hegistry;
Arrest of Ship; Heatraint on Ship; Bail; Prelimi-
nary Act; Ta-xation; Trial.
Admiralty Advocate. The Admiralty Advocate,
originally the Advocate of the Lord High Admiral,
was an officer of the Crown in the Court ol Admiralty
whose duty it was to represent the Crown in its office
of Admiralty. His presunt duties consist chiefly in
advising on all legal matters, and on affairs connected
with the military duties of the Lord High Admiral,
During the last reign the ofTiCcs of Admiralty Advo-
cate and Judge Advocate of tha Fleet (f.v.) wera
combined.
Admiralty Bafl takes the form of a bond executed
by two sureties who thus agree to submit thoniselves
to the juii&dictioD of llic Court, and is the security
given to prevent detention o{ a ship through arrest
by the Court in Admiralty proctM-din^js i« rem. How-
ever great the claim, the amount of bail need not
exceed the value of the ship, which may be an amount
either agreed upon, or ascertained by appraisement
\q,v.), and ii bail has been givun i<iT a »uni greater
ADMIRALTY
ID
ADMIRALTY
than the value of the us, it is only liable to the ex-
tent ol that value, and il c)tc«sive bail is demamled
tfae pUiuiiil will havf to pay the costs and expenses
incurred by the defendant in giving bail. Where the
award exceeds the nmotint of hail the tialancc can be
rcctA-en-d in an action in personam, but where tlie
amount ol bail is leM than the value ol the fts, the
property is liable to rearrest.
Bail may be Uikefi befort; Ihe Admiralty Regis-
trar, or tiefore any District Registrar or Commis-
sioner to adniinisttr oaths in the Supreme Court. In
every ca.w the sureties, who nuist not be partner*.
must justify. Rffcr to Kcstnuiit on Ship; Admiralty
Action.
Admiralty Cbarti when issued by Messrs. J. D.
Fulltr. i.}i; Mini3(U-s, London, L., have received all
necessary turrL-ction-. to tlate ol issue; when orderiji(f,
the number of the chart will be found in the lower
right blind comer and this sbotUd be quoted.
Admiralty Court. See Admiralty High Court.
Admiralty Court ol the Oinqae Forts, The^ exercises
witJiiii its local l>oun<1ti, a iiiriMliLtion analofjouB to
the mheiL-nt jurisdiction of the High Court of
Admiralty. 'J'hat is to say, it has power to di-al with
cases of torts committed on tbe high seas, suits for
salvage, poase^on, hypothecation and seamen's
wages. It alK> boon casc» on appeal from tlie County
Courts and from tbe Ctn<^ue Ports Salvage Com-
miaeionecs. Its practice and procedure, except in so
far as they are aficcted by the Cinque Ports Court of
Admiralty Uules 1891, are siniilai to those of the
High Court, and appt-.als lie to the Privy CounciL
The bo'oudaiies of its jurisdictioD are from Red Clifl
near Seaiord to witbin ; miles of Cape Grisnez in
Fiance, tlience round the Overfall shoal, passing to
tbe east of the Galloper Sand till its north cad bears
W.N.W. time) from the G&llopcr, thence in a direct
line acro^ tlie Middle Thwart shoal to Maw Tower,
and thence, following the course of the shore, to Shore
Beacon in Ksscx.
Admiralty Oirisioo. The, is a division of the High
Court of Justice established in its present form by
tlie Judicature Acts. iS;^ and 1S75, and is governed
by the Rules of the Supreme Court, 1S83, The Bench
is compo^wd of two Judges, one of whom, as Presi-
dent of the Probate, Divorce and Admiralty Divi-
sion, is a member ol tlie Court of AppcaL For causes
within the exclusive jurisdiction of the Admiralty
Divihion see. High Court of Admiralty. The Ad-
miralty Division bos the name powers of tronsfex and
consolidation ol attions as otiicr divisions of the
High Court, and ha:^ concurrent jurisdiction with the
Inicrior Courts of Admiralty, whose jurisdiction is
limited by the amount of claim or value of the pro-
perty against which it is to be enforced, or by local
bounds. Rtlef to Admiralty Action; Admiralty
Jurisdiction.
Admiraltr Droits, once the perquisites of the Lord
High Admiral, now belong to the Sovereign in his
othce of Admiralty, lliey consist of all propert\',
including ships, boats, cargoes, found derelict ou the
high seas, and of things flotsam, jetsam, and lagan.
not granted to a subject, t.g,, lords of manors. Tlio I
jurisdiction as tu all these things ia now xTSted in tlie {
Admiralty Division, Unclaimed derelict property, '
subject to the salvor's reward, goes to the Crown, ,
forming part of the casual revenues of tlic Crown, and ^
is carried to the consolidated fund, hut proiierty)
found within territorial waters is dealt with by the 1
Hereiver of Wreck {q.v.) under the Merchant Ship-
plug .\ct, 1894.
Admiralty Flag, The. 5m Na\'al Ceremonies,
Admiralty, High Court of, was originally the Courti
of tlie Lord High Admiral. Its juri»jictioa was two- 1
fold: (t) As a Pnze Court it dealt with captures au(H
seizures of vessels and goods in times of wur. (^) .\a']
an Instance Court it had crtmioal junsdiction ovetl
all offences committed 00 the high seas, not trJublvl
by the Common Law Con^^. and. until it»6b. ad*]
ministered discipline in the Navy. The cxclusjv«|
civil jurisdiction of the Instance Court was at fuvt\
Umited to private mjuries to private rights arising at I
sea, i.e.. to contracts of a marine nature and to tortf i
to property committed on tlie high seas ur with Ui«|
jurivliction of Admiralty. By modem statutes ita|
powers were extended to include salvage to life and
property, bottomry, necessaries, supplies to foreigaJ
ships, possession of ships, collision or damage Uf J
peisons or property, towage, wage^, pilotage. dts^J
burwments by master, mortgage, title, ov^nor«^hipl
and management of ships, and. in 1S61, concurrcntlyj
with the Chancery Court, Limitation of Liability
suits. In 1S35 tlic criminal jurisdiction wa.i Irui^]
fcrri'd to the Central Criminal Court, and by th^l
Judicature Acts, 1873 and 1S75 the civil jurisdictio*!
passed the Admiralty Divisini (q.v.) of the liigbj
Court.
Admiralty Jorisdiotioii is co-exten&ive with the
general juriitdiction of the High Court, but reaches
still further in that it extends over all British ships
in all parts of the world, and has power to deal with
all transactions of every description between British
subjects and those of all other nations in rclatirm to
marine matters, mercantile or otherwise. Its juris-
diction extends over all ofleoccs committed on the
high seas, whether triable at the Common La.w
Courts or not. At the present time this criminal
jtirisdJction l>i exercised by the Central Criminal
Court, whereof tTie Judge of the Admiralty Court is
a member; and ail offences within the jurisdiction o
Admiralty are triable within the county whcrem the
offender is arrested. Refer to Admiralty Action;
Admiralty Division.
Admimlty EnoL A geographical mi]!r, 6.080 feet
= 1.013^ lathoms — 115 mile statute-. Haftt^to
Knot.
ADMIRALTY
ti
ADVENTURE
Admlnttr Ugbt Uit Published annually at the
beginning of each year, an<l appendices are i-ssued
every two months, giving Uie altarations that have
taken place.
Admiralty Registry. The Ailmiralty Coart does
not go into dctaib in matters relating to the assess-
ment of damages or matters of account, but refers
them cither to the Registrar aJonr, or to the Regis-
trar awiAted by merchants who are appointed by
him and have experience in shipping and mercantile
affairs. The bearing of the reference is governed by
Order $6 of the rules of the Supreme Court. Wit-
ncssvs may be examined and eviilt-nco given by
affidavit. At the close of the proceedings the Re-
gistrar makes his report, shou-lng the items allowed
aLnd disallowed. Objections to the report are brotigbt
before tlic Court by petition in objection or by
motion.
Adria Boyal Hnnparian Sea Havigatiao Company,
with their head ofliC'"t at Fiurae, have a fleet of ex-
cellent steamers engaged in passenger and cargo
tra<le to Italy ami the Mediterranean ports. Steam-
ers sail regularly from Fiume and Trieste, to
Venice. Bari, Messina, Catania, Malta. Tunis, .Mgiers.
Gibraltar. Tangiers ami Malaga. A steamer sails
daily (Mondays L-xceptcdl from Malta to Syracuse.
Steamtrnt leave Fmme and Trieste regularly for
Malta. Catania, Messina, Palermo. Naples, Genoa,
Nice. Marseilles. Barcelona and \'alencia.
Adriatlo Sea (Adriaticum Mere of the Ancients)
is that arm of the Mediterranean which scp>arates
Italy from Trieste. Croatia, Dalmatia and Albania.
It extends from 40° to 45* 50' N. Lat. in a N.W.
direction. Its greatest length is 460 m., its general
breadth about 90 m.. and its depth varies, at the
south being as much as ^(in fathoms, shoaling to 4
fathoms in shitrc and from 22 to 26 fathoms in the
centre of the north part. Tho colour is sreen. dar-
ker than that of the Mi-diterrancan, and its saltncss
is greater than the ocean. The ebb and flow of tbc
tkles are incon!>idi-rable. A current runs up the E.
ami down the W. coasts. The prevalence of sudden
squalls from the N.E. and S.E. renders it? naviga-
tion, particularly for sailing vessels, hazardous, espe-
cially in winter. The chief industry is fishing, and
the chiel jwris arc Brindisi. .\acona and Venice;
Tritstc, Pola and Fiume; Corfu; Zante. Vostisza.
fVtrasand Kalaniala.
S« " Highlands and Islands of tlic .\driatic," by
.\. A. Paton {1849): " Shorra of the Adriatic." by
Viscountesii Strangford {1S64) ; Faber's " Fisheries of
the Adriitic " {1883,)
Adrift Mowing at random.
Ad Talorem. According lo value.
! Valorem Duty !■« duty or cu.stnms paid on cer
goutly accyfftinjf to thfif valuf in con trad istinc-
tlrm to duty prtid accordlnn to weight, number, or
measure. The trm» is als<i used of stamp duties
«rhicl). in many cues, are jtajrablt! under the Stamp
Act, 1891. according to the value of die subject
matter of the particular instrument or writing, e^.,
the stamp d«t>' on Charter- Parties and Bills of
Lading.
Advance. In 1855 Dr. Kane, with this Uttte
brig of I so tons, undertook to lead an American ex-
pedition up Smith Sound. They were stopped by ice
78" 45' X., only 17 miles from the entrance; and the
vcHsel was subsequently abandoned. liafer to Arctic
Exploration.
Advance Rote is a document i.<isiied by a Ship-
owner or hi^ agi'nt, undertaking to pay to a seaman
or his order a sum of money not exceeding one
month's wages, within a certain cumber of days
after be has sailed in the ship. This restriction as to
the amount advanced does not apply to seamen en-
gaged at a foreign port.
Save as aforesaid any agreement to pay money to.
or on bebali of. a scatnan conditionally on his going to
sea from any port in tho Huited Kingdom is void,
and no money paid under any such agreement shall
be deducted from wages. .\n .Allotment Note is an
agreement by which a seaman authorises a ship-
owner to pay over to his near n-latives or a .savings
bank any part (not exceeding one-half) of hit wages
during liis absence. . Payment under such a note,
which must be made in a form approved by the
Board of Trade, sliall begin at the expiration of one
month, or, if the allotment is in favour of a sav-
ings t}ank. of three months, from the date of the
agreement with the crew, or at nich later date as
may he fixed by the agreement.
AdvaiLoes. These generally are expenses incurred
in connection with a vessel putting into an iuterme
diate port of refuge and there incurring certain ex
peases which arc usually paid by the sliip's agent 00
behalf of all interests and arc payable by c:irgo .and
freight in certain proporrions on Adjustment. There
Ls. therefore, an insurable interest to the payer of these
expenses from the port of refuge to destination
(Lowndes on the Law of Marine Insurance, s. 33).
The expensee are usually insured as " Average Dia-
burvements."
Adventtire. British scout. (EL-nvick, 1904.)
Length 370 ft. Beam 38 ft. Maximum draught i jj ft.
Displacement 2,750 tons. Complement 268.
GuHs. Armour.
10 — ispdr. t} in. Deck.
8 — Pompoms,
Torpedo Tubet,
2 Submerged.
Twin sciew. Hp. 17,000=25 kts. Coal maximum
3P0 tons. Approximate cost ;£27j.ooo.
This ship-name is associated with Blake's action
with Tmmpotl l>ovcr. 105 j; the batik- oH the Vnrlh
Foreland, 1652: Bardeur and La Mo|f;ue, lOg?; cip-
lurc of Brlletsle. ijOi ; Cook's second voyag* of *'»*•
covery, tfj3.
ADVICE
12
AEROLITES
Mffee. An attvice note U the instmction asoally
|[ivcn by one- merchant to another, inlorininf; him
with partjciitars of date or sight, the sum pa>-ablp
and the pa)'cc, and relates especially to the drawinj{
of t>iIlA and the forwardinj; of goods.
Ajmnii, Japaocs^ armoured cruiser. (St. N'a-
lairc. looi.)
Lcnf;th43i ft. Beam 59 ft. Maximum draiiRht 25 ft.
Displacement 9.436 toos, Complement tft^z.
Gum. Armour.
4—8 in. *• Harvey Steel.'*
13 — 6 in. 7 in. Belt amidships.
■ a — 3 in. 6 in. Barbettes.
B — 1'8 in. 6 in. Conning tower.
Torpedo Tubes.
4 Submerged.
I Above water.
Hp, 17,000 = 20 k,ts. Coal maximum i.jootons.
AX. Oistingaishing letters on sea fislUng boaU
registered at Emden. Germany,
BL Uoyd's daseUicatioD for wood shipa when
canying perishable goods on short voyages.
iEgean Sea. The north-east part of the Mediterra-
nean Scii now more commonly known as the Grecian
Archipelago. Bounded on the north by Turkey,
west by Greece and east by Asia Minor. Its waters
are studded with islands and its shores greatly in-
dented.
Siaan Steam RaTigatioo Company, with Uie hc»d
ofbces at Constantinople, pos.'^f^s aflfetof iriBteam-
ers which maintaiu a service to meet the passenger
and cargo demands of the Mcditerraaean. A weekly
service w maintained from Constantinople to Mity-
lene. Smyrna, Chios and Pirxas; another service
to Gythiiim, Oilamac, Patrce, Corcyr.-*, St SHmntc.
AoloQa, nnd Trieste; another service to the I>ar-
daneltrs. Thewialcmica and Bulus; another Rcrvice to
Bama. Sulina. Tuulsta, Oaltzium. and Balia; and
four other services to local ports.
Fleet.
AUsondria, Crrir. Panormos.
Braila. HtracUa. /'. MityUnm.
CAioi. NaplfS. Smyrna.
Odetta.
S)|flr. Norwegian giin-t>oat, (Hortea, 1893.)
Length loS ft. Beam 29 ft. Maximum draught 8 ft.
Displacement 387 tons. Complement 4J,
Guns.
I— Sj in.
\—f7 in.
J -10 in.
Hp. 4joa9kts.
Sgir. The Giant Sea-god of the Norse Sagas.
£fir. German coast »cr\-icR bnttleahip (1891;).
Length 354ft Beam 4<] It. M.t\iniiimdr7)ught iSft.
Displacement 4,150 tons. Complenicflt 397.
Gum*.
3—^*4 in.
ro— 15J pdr.
6— r pdr.
4 — Machine,
Atmom.
"Nicka-steel."
Q in. Belt,
8 in. Barbettes.
7 in. Conning tower.
To'Pedo TiiA«f.
3 Submerged bow and broadside,
I Above water stem.
Twin screw. Hp. 3,100= 154 kts. Coal maximum
380 tons.
^tOBpotamos. Battle ot Fought 405 b.c. when the
Spartans under N^rsander defeated the Athenian
Fleet.
iEseu. Transport lo«t off Newfoundland Octo-
ber 33, 1805. when 340 perished.
iBoloi (Gr. Fleet). In heathen m\'thnlogy the god
of the winds. In the " Odeiwcy " he is mfntiouc<l .is
the Ruler of the -Cohan (Lipari) Islands, to whom
Jupiter had given the superintendence and distribu>
tion of the winds ; and he was supposed to have kapt
them immured in a cave.
Soklf. British 3rd class cniiser (i8gi).
Length jno ft. Beam .<.( (t. Maximum draught 18 ft.
Displacement 3.400 isms. Complement 173.
Guns, Avmour.
2—6 In. " SteeL"
6 — 47 in. 3 in. Deck.
8 — 5 pdr. 3 in. Conning tower.
1—3 pdr.
4 — ^ Machine.
Tatpgdo Tubes (14 to.).
4 Above water.
Twin screw. Hp. natural 7.000= 15-5 kts.. forced
9,000 » 30 kts. Coal maximum 53; tons.
Approximate cost ^300.000.
This ship-name is associated with EUiot's defeat
of Tburot, 1760: capture of .Mortuique. 1809; bom-
bardment of Sveaborg. 1855.
JEnn. Swedish coast defence battleship.
(Ckitlicnbuig. I (fcti.)
Length jS; ft. Beam 40 ft. Draught 16 ft.
Displacement 3,600 tons. Cnmplemrnt ajo.
Guns. Armour.
3— 8"3 in. " Krupp."
6—5-9 in- 7 in. Belt amidships.
so — 3-3 in. 7 in. Turrets.
3 — {'4 in. 5 in. Gmning tower.
TotptJn Tubes.
2 Submerged.
Hp. 6,500 = 1 7 kts. Coal maximum 1.900 tons.
Aerodinosoope. A weather indicator by which the
variation of the barometer and the direction of the
wind may be signalled.
AerolilM (Gr. aiT'Stones) are stone or metallic
masses falling from tlie sky, known as Tire-baUs, fall-
ing or shooting stars, meteoric stones, thunderbolts,
etc. Sofiaraf those meteors are almost entirelv stone.
t
EROSTATICS
AFRICAN
^Vvers A mixture of stone and iron. In 1493 one (ell
^nsisheim in Alsace, weighing 370 lbs. Gassendi,
'. saw one fall in IVovence, which weighed
In i6ao one fell in the Punjab, and was
a aword for Jcliangir, one of the Indian
>obabl]r tlic largest on record is that
'ril and is &aid to weigh over 6 tons.
fc^ "h the earth in groups, or showers,
^^^ -Handy, [803: at New Concord,
^^^%. irmaala. Punjab, i860. The
^^^ -nbach. estimates that at
^^^ ■« fall cvcr>' year.
^^^^ oDomy "; Brit. Assoc
^^^^^ -x's " An lutroduc-
^^^ Booney's "Story
leoric Hypothesis "
. Hydrostatics,
An instmnient consisting of a
■ Lomoter, both bulbs cnntaincd in a
i..iirnT, and anr of them in the focus,
''■■-" :rii 1 liy Ixslio in 1S17. for the purpose of
::if.'03iiring changes of temiieratiire. By this instru-
ment, even slight vanations of temperature due to
changes in the condition of the sky can be esti-
mated.
Alflo^ Sir Edmund (1733-88). Admiral,
British Navy. In command of the Brdfnrd, which
took a prominent part in the engaf;ement off Cape St.
Vincent (17S0). For services rendered in the West
Indies under Rodney {q.v.) and Hood t^.v.) (1783-
84), he was created a baronet and promoted to
tbe rank of Rear-Admiral.
Alloodatoro. Obsolete Italian battlwihip. Of
DO fighting value; now used as torpedo dcpAt in
harbonr.
Affreightment i^ a contract for the carriage of
goods by v-a, crprcsscd in a charter-party (q.v.) or
bDl of lading (q.v.) Apart from express exceptions
in the contract, or statutory limitations {us Dan-
geroas Goods: Limitation of liability), a ahip'
owner is under Itic same liabihtim for the safe carriape
of goods as a"common carrier" — i.e., be is responsible
for loss or damage to goods in his charge, unless
caused by an Act of God, the King's enemies, some
lobarat vice in the goods, improper packing, or
jettisoo {q.v.) ; and only in these cases is he protected
if he ba« taken reasonable care to avoid the danger,
and if the ship is fitted to receive the goods and sea-
K-orthy. and has not improperly deviated from ber
nsnaJ conne. The liability of a " common carrier "
commences as soon as goods arc delivered to him or
his agent, and ceases upon actual delivery to the
consignee, or upon failure by the con<iignFe (o fetch
the goods after notice of arrival. Where, however, a
pdot is employed b>' compulsion of law and owmg to
his negligence a calli.Mon occurs whereby goods car-
ried m the ship are damaged, the shipowner cannot
be held liable. Words in such contracts " axe to be
understood in their plain, ordinary and papular
sense unless they have generally, m respect to ihu
subject matter, as by a known usage of trade, or
the Ultc. acquired a. peculiar sense." Tiic law ap-
plicable to contracts of afireightmmt, nnlfss ollier-
wise spcciAcd, is the law of tbe flag under which the
ship sails.
Afioat. Supported by water. A term used for
being 011 board ship.
Afirici. British jst class battleship. (Clialhiini.
1905)
Length 455 ft. Beam 78 ft. Mean draught 26 ft.
Displacement 16.350 tons. Complement 777.
G-UHS. Armour.
4 — 13 in. " Krupp.'*
4— 4>'3 in. 9 in. Belt amidships .
10— 6 in. 13 in. Barbettes.
14 — 12 pdr, 13 in. Conning tower.
U— 5 pdr.
2 Maxims.
Torpedo Tubes.
4 Submerged broadside.
I Submerged stern.
Twin screw, tip. 18,000= 18*3 kts. Coal maxi-
mum z.ooo tons. Approximate cost ^1,500.000.
A ship of this name was with Hughes against De
SufTren in the East Indies oS Cuddalore, 1783:
Nelson at Trafiilgar, 1^05.
AfHm" Steanubip Comptay, now under the
management o! Messrs. Elder, Dempster and Co.,
was the earhest African Line and was founded in
183a. This company received its charter in iBsa
with an annual subsidy of ^30.000 for a monthly
mail and passenger Mrvice, which it has maintained
ever since. The pioneer boats of this company, the
Forerunner, Faith. Hope and Charity, rendered valu-
able service during the Crimean War.
Steamers leave Liverpool regularly on the Opobo
service for Tcnerlfle. Grand Canary, Gorce, Da^ax,
Rufisque, Bathumt, Sierra Ijjone. Monrovia, Grand
BaMa, Cape Palmas, Axim. Sekondi, Cape Coast
Castle. Accra, Addnh, Kotonnn, Bonny. New Cala-
bar. Bakana, Buguma. Degama, Abonema. Opobo,
and Egwanga; on Lhe Lagos Exprc^ Service for
Grand Canary, Sierra Leone. Axim, Sekondi, Cape
Coast Castle, Accra, Lagos Road, Forcsdos (for
Lagos) and Burucu; on tbe South Coast Express
Service for Sierra Leone, Axim, Sekondi. Cape Coast
Casllc, Accra, Lagos Roods, Forcados, Bonny, Cala-
bar, Cameroons. St Thoma. Landana. Cabenda,
R-inana, San Antonio, Noqui, Boma, Maradi,
Muculla. Amhnzctte, Musscra, Kinscmbo. Ambrixo
l.oanda (i( inducement offen), Lobito Bay and
Bcnguela, also to Fernando Pn. Rio dc:l Ray. Vic-
toria, Plantation, Kribe. Batanga, Bata. Eloby,
I/kaka, Botica, Baboon, Cape Lopez. Setta Camma,
Nyanga, Mayumba, Qnillo and Loaugo; on the
Brass Service for Madeira. Tcneri0e, Grand Colony,
Conakry, Sierra Leone, Lahou. Grand Bassa,
AFRIDI
H
AIR
Aasinev, Axim, Sckondi, Cape Colony, Saltpond.
Accra, Lagos Roads, Brass, Akassa, Forcados, Warri,
Benin and Sapele: and on Uic Windward Service for
Tont-nffe, La Palma. Sierra Leone, Sherbro, Cape
Mount. Sinoc. Tabon. Drcwin. Sa«saadrn. Half Jack,
Adda (Ivory Coast). Half Assinic, Bayin. Attnaboe,
Axim, Dixcovc, Adjnah, Sekondi, Chama, Elmina,
Cape Colony. Anamboc, Mumford, Apam, Winne-
bah, Bairacoc, Accra, Pram Pram, Quittoh, Lome,
Little Popo and Whydah.
AMdL Briti^ ocean-going torpedo-boat de-
stroyer. (Armstrong, 1905.) Length, 250 ft.; beam,
95 ft.; maximnm draught, 7 ft. ; displacement, 790
tons; complement. 60; armament, 3 la-pdr.,
3 tubes; Hp.. i4,ocn = 33 kts.; coal maximum.
180 tons.
Aft. See Atwft.
Alter-Dock House. Sea Deck House.
Alter-Olow. The radiance or glow seen in the
western sky for a longer period than usual aftcj the
sun has set.
A.O, or T.T. Distinguishing letters on sea fishing
lioats re^isured at Tarbrrt (Lochlyne), Scotland.
Avsmemaon. Briti^iti t st class battleship.
(Bcardmore, 190G.}
Length 410 ft. Beam jg ft. Mean draught 27 ft.
Displaocment 16.600 tons. Complement 865.
Guttf. Armour.
4 — la in. " Krupp."
10 — 9'3 io. 13 in. Belt amidships,
18 — 3*5 in. 14 in. Barbettes.
6—i pdr. 12 in, Connuig towei.
6 Pompoms.
2 Maxims.
Tor/>etio Tubes (iRin. 04M.).
4 Submerged broadside.
I Submerged stem.
Twin screw. Hp. 20,000= 18-5 kts. Coal maxi-
mum 2,000 tona. Approximate cost ;£ 1,500.000.
This ship name is associated with Rodney's vic-
tory, l7S2;TouIon, J793: Bastia, i794;Calvcy, \794,'.
llenoa, 1795; Hyircs. 1795; C^opcnliagcn , iHui ;
CaJder's victory off Fcrrol, 1805; Trafalgar. 18:15;
Seb.«topol, 1854.
Agatha. Packet lost near Meroel, A[»il 7. 1808,
when Lord Koyston and many others were drowned.
Agency Havts. See Havas.
Agent >>«■ Broker.
Agile. French sea-going destroyer. (La Seyne. 1889.)
Length, 139 ft. ; beam, 14 It.; maximum draught, 7 ft.;
(lisplacemiiut, 121 tons; conipletncnt, 6; aima-
iitcnt, 3 3-pdr., 2 tubes; Hp., 1.100 = 26 kta.; coal^
maximimt. 35 tons.
Agincourt. British ist class cruiser (10,690
tons, 12 kts). Launched i368.
Agio. The premium borne by a better sort of
money above an inferior.
Agordat. Italian gun-boat 0899).
L«?ngth ^87 ft. Beam 30 ft. Maximum draught id ft.
Displacement 1,313 tons. Complement 154.
Guns. Armour.
12 — 12 pdr, "Steel."
1 in. Deck.
Torpedo Tubtt.
2 Above water.
Twin screw. Hp. 8.000 033 kts. Coal niMiiiaJ
160 tons.
AgTonnd. Stranded; situation of vessel whose
bottom touches the ground.
Agne. See Malaria.
Russian armoured
cruiser (Seba-stopol,
AgoL
1902).
Length 439 ft. Beam 5.1 It. Dranght 20 ft.
Displacement 6,645 tons. Complement 340.
Guns. Armour.
12 — 5 in, " Krupp."
1 2 — 3 in. 3 in. Deck amidships.
6 Maxims. 5 in. Barbettes.
Torpedo Tubes.
2 Submerged.
Hp. 1 9,500 = 23 kts. Coal t , 100 tons.
A.H. Distingutstung letters on sea fishing boats
registered at Arbroatli. Scotland.
Ahead.
steered.
Immediately before the ship in the course
Aboy. Se< Ho.
Ahull. V.licn a ship is under bare poles, driving by
wind and sea, stem foremost.
A.I. Distinguishing letters on se,i fishing boats
registered at Akrcyri, Iceland, Denmark.
A.L Distinguishing letters on sea fishing boats
registered at Juist, (Germany.
Aide-4d-0amp. A staB oHicer who carries and
circulate* the commanding Dlliccr's orders. In the
Navy flag-lieutenant to an attmiral, or in action the
quarter-deck midshipman to a captain.
Aigrette. Trench sea-going submarine. (Toulon,
1903.] Length, iiS It.; beam. 12J it.; draught,
8J ft.; displacement, xy:. tons; complement, 20;
torpedo tabes. i-r77 in.; Hp., aoo=» lO'S kts. above
water. S below.
Aionme. I ta liao torpedo-boat. (Odera, 1 906. )
Length, 16; ft.; beam, 17ft. ; draught, 4 ft.; displace-
ment, 200 tons; complemcut, .10; ar^tament, 3
3-pdr., 3 tubes; twin screw; Hp., 3.oou»aj kts.
coal , 40 tons.
Air Bladder. One of the most characteristic organs
of fishes; present in most, though not in alt fish. It
JRY
t5
ALABAMA
consistB of n hollow sac. formed of leveral tunics con-
taining gas, situated iu tbc abdominal cavity, out-
side the peritonear sac. Like the hmgs of air-
brcathing vertebrates, it rises as an outgrowth froiu
tlie nlimentary canal, and mny either retain thin
action throughout life, as in the herring, or become
entirely shut off from the gut, as in the haddtxk.
Bemg compressible, its special luncticMi consists iu
altering tht: specific gravity of the fi&h, or in changing
the centre of gravity. Isinglass, or tlsh glue, in its
raw state, is the air bladder, swim bladder or »ound,
of various species of A&h.
Airy. Bir Oeorg« Biddell (1801-92). British
Astronomer Royal (b. Alnwick). Educ, Hereford
Grammar School and Colchester. In i8x j graduated
Senior Wrangler, first Smith's Prizeman. Tnnity
College. CambridK^' ^^^ three years later was ap-
pointed Lucasion Professor of Mathematics; and
AstroQomer Royal, June iS, 1635. Hi.'i Adiniuistru-
tion at Greenwich extended over a period of 46
years, daring which time he reorganised the whole
management; created a Magnetic department in
1S38; a Spectroscopic department in 1868. The
solar eclipses of 1842, 1851 and i860 were obi>erved
by him in Italy, Swollen and Spain re!i]>ecLively;
organised the transit of Venus Expedition, 1854. In
1872 he was made K.C.B., and in the same year was
nominated a CSrand Cross in the Imperial Order of
the Rose of Brazil; he also held the Appreciation
Order for the M^tc; I>eloni;e0 to tlie Legion of
Honour of France, and the Legion of the North Star
of Sweden and Norway. A complete list of hia
printed papers, about 518, will be found in his auto*
biography, edited by bis son. and published in
169G.
Aitodorg. Russian torpedo-boat (Odessa.
1S91.) Length. 136 ft.; beam. 13 it.; draught. 8J| ft. ;
displacement. Si tons; complement, 13: armament.
2 i-pdr., 2 tubes; Hp., 1,100 ==21 kta.; coal, 17
tons.
AJftx. Steamer, sunk by collision witli the Itunde-
burg. August 9, 1892; 35 lives lost.
AJUL 74 gnns. On February 14, 1807, this
veasel was destroyed by fire, ofl the Island of
Tesiedos, when 350 perished.
A^ Distinguishing letters on sea fishing boats
iggiBtered at Andfjord, Hc^and.
Ak»d«mischer Sflclw-Vereia. Est 1886. Com-
modore. A. von Appcn; Vice*Commodore. W. Hahn;
Rear-Commodore, Paul lliUraann; Treasurer, Walter
Otto; Secretary. Hans Bokland; Konigticbe Tech-
niscfae Hochschule, Chariot tcnburg, Berlin. En-
trance fee, som. ; annual sabscriptiQn, 1 joro.
AkicL J.ip.inese gun-txiat. (Yoka^uka. iSgi.)
Length 164 It Beam 27 ft Maximum draught 10 ft.
Displacement 615 tons. Complement 130.
Guus.
1—8-3 in.
1— 5'9 in.
2 — I pdr.
Hp. 7,(xiaK 13 kts. Coal 120 tons.
Akuhl, Japanese cruiser. (Japan. i8v7l
I^'ngth 305 ft. Beam4i ft. Maximum draught tt\ ft.
Displacement 2,700 tons, Complomi-nt 275.
Guns. AvHiouf.
2— 6 in. " SteeL"
6—47 In, 2 in. Peck.
12 — 3 pdr, 4^ in, Cuii shields.
Torpedo Tuba.
2 .\bove water.
Twm screw. Hp. 8,500 = 20 kts. Coal maximum
600 tons.
*
AkAtsnltt. Japanese torpcdu-boat destroyer.
(Yarrow, igoi.) Displacement, lof) ions; comple-
ment, 55; maximum draught, 8^ It; armament,
I rs-pdr.. 5 6-pdr.; tubes, 2 18-in.; Hp.. 6,000 =
31 kts.; coal, 95 tons.
Akebona Japanese torpedo-boat destroyer
(Yarrow, 1899.) Displacement, 306 tons.; comple-
ment, 55 ; maximum draught, S| ft; armament,
I i2-pdr., 5 6-pdr. tubes; 2 18-in.; Hp.; 6,ooo«'
31 kts.; coal, gt; Ions.
Akitsashima. Old Japanese cruiser. (Japan,
1892.)
Length 302 ft Beam 43 ft Maximum draught iS ft
Displacement 3,150 tons. Complement 330.
Guns. Armouf.
4 — (3 in. " Steel,"
6 — 47 in, 3 in. Deck.
10—3 pdr.
Torpedo Tubes.
4 A1>ove water.
Twin screw. Hp. farced 8,400 = 19 kts. Coal nor-
mal joo tons.
Akola. Russian submarine (1905). Length. 77 ft.;
displacement, 175 tons; speed. 7 kts.
AX. Distinguisliing letters oa sea Oshing boats
registered at Ameland, Holland.
A.L. Distingui-shiug letters on sea fblung boats
registered at Leer, Germany.
AUbama. U.S. ist class battleship. (Cramp's,
1898.)
Length 368 ft Beam 72 ft Mean draught 23 ft
Displacement 1 1,565 tons. Complemrut 490.
Guns. Atmour.
4— 13 in.. 35 cal. " Harvcy-nickcl."
14 — 6 in. 16 in. Belt amidships.
6—6 pdr, 16 in. Tuircts.
4—1 pdr. 10 in. Conning tower.
4 Colts.
2 Field guns (3 in.).
Torpedo Tubes (18 in.).
4 Above water (ArmooreJ).
AFRIDI
14
Assineo, Axim. Sc-kondi. Cape Colony, Saltpond,
Accra. Lajos Roads, Brass, Akassa. Forcados, Warri,
Benin and Sapele; and on the Windward Service for
Tcinriffc. I-a Palma, Sierra Leone, Sherbro, Cape
Mount. Sinoo. Tabou, Drewin, Sansandra, Half Jack,
Adda (Ivory Coast), Half Assinie, Bayin, Attuaboe.
Axim, Dixcove, Adjuah, Sekondi, Chama, Elmina,
Cape Colony, Anamboc, Mumford. Apam, Winnc-
bah, Barracoe, Accra. Pram Pram. Quittah, Loir
Little Popo and Whydah.
Atridi. British ocean-going torpedo-bo:
stroycr. (Armstrong, 1905.) Length, 350 ft
25 ft.; maximum draught, 7ft;diBplacf
ten;;: complement, 60; amument.
3 tubes; Hp.. 14.000 = 33 kts.; co
I So tons.
Aft. 5» Abaft.
After-DeA Knim. 5m Deck
Alteimiov. The radiar
western sky for a longer p
sun has set.
Agto.
money
Le-
La.aclX Disti-
boats registered at 'I
(Beardmoce, in
Length 410 f^
Displar-
. - iiniil
An intiT-
/.rit Br.iain at
.■.- :.:".>.■'« int; rules
?::i:i* J^nd Great
■.■.*<".vtf*- i"*d other
.V -■■'»;
»**»-.•
^:1 to use due
.ji .-1::. oTKjmg or equip-
...,■ ,-: Any vessel it has
.. .-.J-i'"! i»> carry on war
. ,■.-.■: :-* At peace, and also
. •.-■.■. Its jurisdiction of such
. .:'.-.iT K'Uigerent to use its
.^.^, .;..^.i:5. or for the purpose of
.J .-.c; -mJ {?) t** exercise due
^--.< wiihia its jurisdiction, to
.-. -. o: ;>.o Abo\-e obligations.
■. ^iospjtch boat (1,700 tons,
. ss * .
:.in river turret armoured guu-
:V.-.::i .*i=ft. Maximum draught 5 ft.
.,.-—.■•,11 ;*^ t*3iis. Complement 43.
^^ Armour.
■ :n. " steel."
- M.u-hnie. 4j »»• Belt amidships.
4^ in. Gun shields.
Hp., iSo=7kts.
H«nUUldo de. Spanish Xavigator, per-
. , V . .".uuvted with the Spanish expedition to the
,". (.V.iioniia. of which he was leader. He
[^i iivMn Spam. May 9. IS40. and on arrival in
^jirvMn.
ALBATROSS
ireful and exact survey of the
,irst European to explore the
■ ■ first to provt- that California
I an i.-<la,nd, and on his return
constructed a map of Cali-
10 M. Dutllot de Mofras,
•in use ut tin- present day.
■• Miin-boat (1S92).
'I:iximuin draught l2Ht.
Complement S5,
■■n<. Speed I7kts.
.. ■ ikstroyer. (St. Na-
: II.; beam, 15 It.; draught,
■!iii. i(jy tons; complement, 30;
J 5-pdr., 4 tubes; twin bcrew ; Hp„
j'.j kts.; coal, 40 tons.
Alaska Steanuhip Company, with their head oflices
at Seattle, Washington, U.S..\., have a fleet of four
steamers, which maintain a service twice a week be-
tween Seattle and Skegway, calling en route at
Ketchikan, \Yrangel, Douglas, Juneau, Haines.
Fleet.
Dirigo. Dolphin. Farrallon,
Jefferson.
Albacore. A fish of the Scomberidc family, found
in shoals in the ocean ; it is from 5 to 6 ft. in length
with an average weight of about 100 lbs,
Albany. U.S. cruiser. (Elswick, 1898.) Pur-
chased from Brazil.
Length 330ft. Beam 43 ft. Maximum draught tS ft.
Displacement 3,450 tons. Complement 300.
Guns. A rmour.
6 — 6 in. " Harvey-nickel."
4 — 5 in. 3 in. Deck.
10 —6 pdr. 4 in. Gun shields.
4—1 pdr.
4 Colts.
Torpedo Tubes.
2 Above water.
Twin screw. Hp. forced 7,500 = 20-25 ^^^- Coal
maximum 700 tons.
Albatross (Diomedea). A genus of aquatic birds,
closely allied to the petrels and gulls, belonging to
the family of long-winged birds. The name especially
applied to D. cxulans, one of the largest birds capable
of sustaining flight, and best known as the common
or wandering albatross. It occurs in all parts of the
Southern Ocean, and in the seas that wash the coast
of Asia, and is occasionally fuund in the North
Pacific, especially during the breeding season. The
colour of the bird is a dusky wliite, the back being
streaked transversely with black or brown bands,
and the wings darker than the rest of the body. The
ALBATROSS
ALDEN
^leak is tsrge, stroDK and sharp-^ged. the upper
adiblt! terminating in a large hook; the wings are
~w and very long. The feet have do hind toe.
* three anterior toes are completely webbed.
*i small lish and on animal refuse tliat float:*
It is a true sea bird, following ships (or
-s. and rarely found on land, except
'ing season. The early explorers con-
, -X of the bird a good omen, and the
Ita " who shot with hi*t cro» bow
^^k iar to the readcre of Coleridge *s
^^ Mariner."
'orpcdo - txKkt destroyer.
327 ft.; beaiD» 21 ft.;
t, 360 tons; comple-
, 5 6-pdr.; 2 tubes;
. 'oal, icx:i tons.
.,..iol>oat. (Odero, 1906.)
'r ii-i draught. 7 ft. ; dUplace-
LHl^'nent. 30; amiatnent. 3 3-pdr..
■■ , Hp.j,ooo = 25kLs. ;coaI,40tons.
' AtMo. An astronomical term used Lo signify the
ipraportion of incident light reflected by a non-
'landiiDUB surface.
Albemarte. British ist class battleship. (Chat-
ham, 1901.)
,Length429ft. Beam 75 ft. Maximam draught 37 ft.
r>Lsplacement 14.000 tons. Complement 750.
I GuHS. Armour.
4 — 12 in. " Kmpp."
I 12 — 6 in. 7 in. Belt amidships.
I 12 — ispdr. 1 1 in. Barbettes.
6 — 3 pdr. 1 2 in. Conning tower.
I 3 Maxims.
I , Totpfdo Tubes { 1 8 in. ) .
i» - 4 Submerged.
r Twin screw. Hp. 18,000= 19 lets. Cool maxi-
itnnm 2,000 tons. Approximate cost /i,ooo,ooD.
This ship-oame was introduced into the Navy
about i08$, and is associated with the battle of
Beachy Head. 1690; Bailleur and La Hogue 1693.
Albemarle. Su Kcppel Monk.
Albert, Priooe ol Xonaco. Su Moaaco. Albert,
Prince of.
Albert Yacht Clab, BoyaL See Koyal Albert
Yacht Club.
Albion. British 1st ctasi battleship. (Thames
l,W., I%98.)
' Length 4t8 ft. Beam 74 ft. Maximum draught 26 ft.
^^J)isplacetnent 13.9SO tons. Complement 750.
^H Guns, Armour,
^^ 4— u in., 35 caL " Harvey-nickel."
I 12 — 6in. 6 m. Belt amidships.
' 10 — 12 pdr. 13 in, Barbettes.
D 6 — 3 pdr. 12 in. Cuniiiog tower.
I 2 Maxims.
Tovptda Tuhts (i3 in.). ^
4 Submerged.
Twin screw. Hp. tJ.jOOss l8-2$ kts. Cool mA»-
mnm 2, 300 tons. Ajjproximate cost /900.CXXI.
This ship-name is associated with Byron's action
oti Grauada, ^77^'. Rodney's action with deGuichen,
1780; bombardment of Algiers, 1816; Navarino.
1S37: bomtiardmcnt of Sebastopol, 1854.
AlbuQuerque, Alfonso D^ (i4$5-i5is) (b. Alexan-
dria). Sumameil the "Great" and the " Portxi-
gue^e Mari." He wan the means of upholding and
extending the power of I'ortiigal in India and the
East from 1503 —when he set out on his first expedi-
tion— till 1515, when the island of Ormus yielded to
Iitra without resistance, and remained in j>ossession
of the I'ortuguese until \^22. Me captured Goa in
1 5 10. Malacca 1511. and sutxlued the Malabar Coast,
Ceylon, and other ports of the East. He died at sea,
Dtxciitl>er 15. 1515, imd his body was buiiod at Goii.
in tht; Church of '* Our Lady."
Alcester, Frederick Beaoctaamp Paget Seymour,
Baron (rgt^-95}. British Admiral. Kotcrrd the
Navy ifij.(, and served in the Meditrrxanran and
Pacific. Promoted Commander 1H47, and Ciptain
1854. Was captain of the Peiorous on the .Austra-
lian station, and commanded the Naval Brigade in
New Zealand during the Maori war (l86(>-6{). for
which he was made a C.B. In 1870 he became a
Kear-Admiral. and Lord of the Admiralty (1872-
74), and 1S76 was made a Vice-Admiral and
Commander-in-Chief of the Mediterranean fleet; on
May 24, i8St, he was made G.C.B., and one year
later promoted to the rank of Admiral. In July.
1883, he commanded at the Bombardment of Alex-
andria, for which service he was raised to the
peerage of Baron Alcester, of Alcester, and had a
ParUamenlao' grant of /sf.cxw.
Akioae. Italian torpedo-boat. (Odero. 1906.)
Length, 165 ft. ; beam, 17 ft.; draught, ; ft.; displace-
ment, 200 tons ; complemcut. 30; annament, 3 3-pdr.,
3 tubes ; Hp., 3,000 = 25 kts, ; coal, 40 tons.
Aloock, Ktajor Alfred WOUam, O.LS. i.>o3. M.D..
LL.D,, F.B.S., (b. June 23. 1859). Superintendent
of the Indian Museum and Professor of Zoology in
the Medical College, Calcutta. Educ. Mill Hill, West-
minster, Blackheath. Aberdeen Univcntity. Joined
the Indian Medical Service (1H85); Surgeon-Natural-
ist to the Marine Survey of India on board the
R,I.M,S. Investigator (1888-93).
Publications: " Naturalist in Indian Seas " (1903).
Aldebaran. the lucida of Taurus, a wetl-known
nautical star, commonly called BuU's-eye.
Aldeburgb Taoht Chib. Est. 1898. Commodore.
A. II, E. Wood; Vicc'Cominodorc. S. Garrett; Rear-
Commodore. Percy Clark; Honomry Treasurer.
W. H. T, T. PowcU; Secretary. Ernest S. Rogers;
AlbebuTgh-on-Sea. Annual Subscription, £1 is.
Alden, John (:s99-i686}. Oda of the Pilgrim
Fathers, who sailed in the Uayflo^er. Has been
ALABAMA
i6
ALFRED
Twin screw. Hp. forced 10.000= i6 kts. Coal
maxinium 1.450 tons. Approximate cost /951J.000.
Al^hfcwiM Celetrateii Confederate cruiser, origi-
naljy known ai " No. 290." her number in the
van! of the builders, Messrs. I.aird, of Birkenhead.
She was a steam vc^sscl of i ,000 tons, launched Ma
If. :^oj, with engines of 3t.>o Hp., giving a speed
aLi.'j£ :: kta. During judicial inquiries after
cr.jr^ictvr. undc-r pretext of making a trial tri:
s^.:f--.>oJ out to sea, July 2g. the day bef<
Bnr-sh Government telegraphed to dct:.
Under the command of Captain Scmmt.'
great damage to American mercantile si:
tween the banks of Newfoundland and
and succetsjed in destroj'ing the HatU
vesstrl euijaged in the blockade of C^
was eventually dtstro}-ed by the !
Ktanargf, ofi Cherboui:g, June to
Alabama Case.
/t^ibi"ia Cue. The Alal
launched at Birkenhead in i.*^
tended for a Confederate c
attention of the Bhtiah G<
her, she was allowed to t.
havoc to property of t
sunk by the Kmmar^i
national tribunal, w1
assessed the damage '
over lijooajoao.
In the treaty <-
were agreed upr>
Britain to be ol ^
nations who ai
A neutral
fliiigence K-j ,
ping wit:
ground
again
toy:
VfS
cr
f
K:;-rLan
Ir. '-^99 ii^
.,v. : aiti.r'.vari;=
.: .-.::.' Victrcy of
-;■ -.v!:-'v. to^ gn-at
J. :-.:•. -^--^nt j ,0.
- ■*:'■. Ceil iCfj ton*.
^■.^•.>jl v:.j.u steamer belonging
^ ' :v-.;"i irom Cadiz to Havana,
. _.- ors::J Canar)-, :n nf:arly
•. .i'.v.:t a mile on shore. She
■.. ^ ■ >>. ^-^-i coin valued at tioo,OC«c.
.. j.viT. recovered from th:3 wreck
v.;---^" -'• ^ »^^pth of 160 ii.
;.> 4J«i4a«f4«. ^V= AlliU.-icrque.
»V AltCQOerqae. Portuguese cor\-vtte-
"" " , ^.; ;;. Bean ?j ft. Draught .;o ft.
^. ■-.■:-.: '..'■•i tons. Complemtnt 1S3.
Guns.
2 — 6 in.
c — i"i in.
Z—2-- in.
■.; . ; ;;<«= :: i:t^. '-ci'. normal 140.
Cal= *lbart( Duke 01 Edinburgh and Duke
■ Goti-A :5.n-iyOo). Second son
■ Qur-.n, Victoria (b. Windsor
Hntcred the Na%->- 1356,
■. .r.^^passed his examination
■. Liitcvl to the Euryaius.
• ". vJ-5; Captain 1S60, be-
::'.n-.and of the Galatia.
- ; ■ . he was created
^^Ier, and given an
iz.. ii6j, be started
/-i Gibraltar, the
'. .-\us:ralia, od
-.in which he
...-.i; it wasOD
./.I'j.'ading a public
:l. tti- iick with a re-
.i-Lunately not dangerous.
. .. Luji. :iD<a on his return was pro-
.■..:: jl, anJ :n :^^^ Vic i'- Admiral, and
: .iiLjn iS Adn-.irai oi the Fleet, June 3,
li-, coiiic-.anded t:.e Channel Fleet (1S33-
_ , :;.L- Mcdittrrar.ean Fleet ,:SS*:i.j, ; and was
i,unimander-;n-Ch:el at D-.voapcrt ^:S^-y3). In
.\i:au=t, 15-*?, he succt-eJtd his uncle, Ernest II, as
reigning L'uke of Saxe-Col-ure auJ Gothj. He was
succeeded by his nephew, the Duke of Albany.
Alfred the Great. Youngest son of Etheiwulf, King
o: the West Saxons .i.>. Wantage. B(.-rkshire, S49. a.i>-].
When quite youni: he greatly iii?tinguished himself
in assistmg his brother Htheired against the Danes,
particularly at Ashdou-n. ana on the death 01
Ethelred, he was unanii=,ou=:y elected King ^^71).
When only tweaty-two years of .ige he concluded a
Treaty of Peace with the Danes, who withdrew to
London, and his supremacy was acknowledged
through the whole country, so'.:tb o^ the Thames,
and the greater part of Mercia. He practically
founded the British Navy, and the naval victory
which he gained over Danish rovers ^£75), is the nist
on record won by Englishmen. Alfred was the means
of putting the country into a comr'ete state of de<
fence, old fortircatiocs were rep.iireJ. and new ones
raised in suitable li>:al:nes; the deet was brought
into a state of eScic-ncy. He greatly encouraged
commerce, and took a keen interest in geographical
study, founded schools, encouraged hterature, im-
proved the ser\"lce of the Church; asd his de\'Otion
to learning and his exertion in the cause of ednca-
r.on. are among the most agreeable features of his
re:^!!. He died on October 2~, :yCi, at the age of 53.
and was buried at Winchester, the ancient capital of
England.
His principal works are as follows: " Manual or
Handbook," of which no copy is knonii to exist;
" Laws " \Sec Wilkin's "" Leges Anglo-Saxonicz "
(1721}, and Thorpe's " Ancient Laws and Institutes
of E:'.::l3r.J. " T.cr.drn, :?j.-\ Tr:r.slit::;ns into Old
En^';^r. .\^.i;l^'-^^Xl. :i: o: t;;c ii.\l»wir..: . '" Bvde's
Ecv'.- ;;:!.:?: ic^". H:sior\-. edited Iv Whcloc, Cam-
ALLAN
brld9» (r643*44), and by Smith. Cambridge (1733).
The Universal History of Orosiiis," editeil by
qw, London, 1S57. " The Omsnlatioiis of
Tphy." by Boethitts. edited by Fox. London
Gregory's " Pastoral Care," edited by
•he Early English Text Society. London
QbK RoyaL 5m Royal AUred
1 the AoatiDg substances on
. iir uul Steamship Com-
.it Algcciras. inaiDtain a
alway Pier, Gibraltar, and the
. , Ai^t-Liias. in conaectioo with all trains
J I. besides making E«vefal other local runs.
klly every two hoan of the day,
Fl«t.
Aline. Christina. Elvira.
Matgatila.
Gross tonnage 1,400.
Algsr. Old Frcoch cmiscr (iSSg).
Length 346 ft. Ikam 45 ft. Maximum draught 23 ft.
Displacement 4.300 tons. Complement 407.
GuH*. Armour.
4—6-4 in. 4 in. Deck.
6—5-5 ^n- 4 is. Gun shields.
2 — 9 pdr.
e— 3pdr.
10 — 1 pdr.
Torpedo Ti^s.
4 Above water.
Twin Bcrcw. Hp. S.ooo = 19 kls. (Small 6ghtmg
value.)
Algeriaa. French submarine. (Chobourg, 1901.)
Length. 1 1 8 ft. : beam. 9 ft. ; draught, $ ft. ; displace-
ment, 146 tons; complement, 9; Hp., 330^8 kts.
AlcoL A variable star in Perseus, which goes
through its changes in a lilllc undrr throe days.
Alcooift. Canadian steamer, foundered in Lake
Superior. November 7, 1885 ; 45 lives lo^t.
JUea, Aa, is one who owes allegiance to a fori^ign
State. By Engli^ taw rvery one bom in British
tenitory i» a British subject, and every one bom out-
side British territory is an alien, except children of a
British father. A child bom in British territory of
alien parents is a natnra)-1>orn British sabject. but
clrildren of a British mother and foreign father are
abeas, unlens bom in British Oomimons. A Bnti»h
subject becoming naturalticd in a foreign country
e«aws to be a British subject. A British woman
marrying an alien becomes an alien. The sutus of
aliens in r*reat Britain is regulated by the Natura-
lization Act (1S70), by which Real and Personal
property of every descriptioa may be taken, ac-
quired, held, and disposed of by aa alien in tha aunc
manner in all respects as by a natural-bom British
subject, but (Section 14) nothing in tlits Act shall
qnalify an alien to be the owner of a British ship.
Alien Immigration i& now controlled by the Aliens
Act, 19U5. The expression " immigration " mean*
an alien steerage passenger who is to be landed in the
United Kingdom, other tlum one who is proceeding
within a reasonable time to some destination out of
the United Kingdum, or (in certain cases) j»assengcrs
holding prepaid through tickets to some such destin-v
tjon. , The Act provides for tbe landinR o( alien
immigrants at such ports only as arc provided with
an Immigration officer, wbo sliall control their land-
ing and refuM (subject to appeal to the Port Immi-
grant Board) certain classes of immigrants described
by the ,\ct as " undesirables." The Act further
provides for the cxpul&iou of aliens resideat in the
United Kingdom, who, through some crime or other
C8U6e. have become " undesirable.*' Ship-owners and
masters of ships are laid under certain ob!ig;ations
with regard to the carrying of alien immigrants, and
may be convicted for contravention of the Act. An
alien immigrant i:* nut excluded from tlie (Tnitcd
Kingdom solely on the ground that he is a political
offender.
AtinctoQ, Admiral Arthnr EQldebraod. Kntrrrd
Navy 1852; served in t\u-- Baltic and Black Seas
during the Russian War; present at the night attack
on the sea fortifications of Scbastopol. at the capture
of Kcrtch and Kinbum; at the fall of Seba^topol
(Balbc. Crimean and Turkish medals. Sebasto*
pol clasp) : Senior Lieutenant of liinatdo on the
North American Station during United States Civil
War; received the Ro^-al Humane Society's silver
medal for jumping overboard with all his clothes on
and sa\-ing the life of Privat J. Brovm, who at-
temptetl suicide by tlirowing himself overboard in
the Bay of Biscay, May id6i. Lieutenant Com-
mander of Britomatt nil Lake Erie during Fenian
Riots 1866-^; Comnu^nilrr o( Boxer ou Weat Coast
of Africa; took an active part to the destructiun ol
various piratical villages during the Niger Expeili-
tion, 1S77; mentioned in despatches; Aasistant to
Admiral Superintendent of Naval Reserves, March
1892-04; Captain's Good Service Pension 1893-94;
Second m Command Channel Squadron 1895-96;
Second -iu -Command of Chanut-l I-'leet at the Navy
Tactical Exerciaes 1895.
A.L.K. Distinguishing k-ttvr^ on sea fishing boats
regtstnrcd at .Mkmaar. Holland.
Allan. Robert W. (b. 1853). Scotch marine painter.
Studied m Paris, 1875-1880, one of the pioneers of
the modrm Glasgow School.
Sir Ha^ ( 1610-63) (b. Salteoati, Ayr-
shire). Was one ol the projectors of the Canadian
Pacific Railway Company, and in 1871 was kniglitc-d
for services rendered to this enterprise
ALLAN
20
ALLUVIUM
Allan Line, wa.s oiigiDally founded as the Moo-
trcAl Ocean Steamship Co., formed by the Allan
Brotbcrs. who had been connected with Canada as
sailing-ship owners ftincc 1830. The company began
a niail service between Liverpool, Quebec and
Montrcai in April, 1856, and have smcc coatinued to
nici't and promote the {K)«la]. commercial and immi-
grational requirements of the vast Dominion of
Canada. In tbc course of its career it has absorbed
the fleet of the old State Line of Gla:^ow, and the
greater part of the fleet of the Royal Exchange
Shipping Company, and of the Hill Line. From the
time of the Crimean War, down to the South African
campaign, the company's vessels have been em-
ployed as tran.*iparts, on occasions of national emer-
gency. The finest vessels of the company are run In
the mail service from Liver]>ool to the St l-awrence
ports in the summer, to I-falifax and St John's (X.B.)
during the winter season, when the river is closed.
The Virginian, the first turbine propelled Atlantic
steamer, l>eat all records in August 1905, between
Moville and Rimoui^ki, the actual steaming time be-
tween ports being ; days 31 hours. The vessel being
ont of sight of land only 3 days 21 hours. The
Tunisian, crossing from Liverpool to Quebec, has
done the land to land passage in 4 days 4^ horns, and
the Victorian in 4 days 1 liour.
Flbet.
Bavarian. LaurttUian. PretoHan.
Brasilian, Livonian. Kosarian.
Butn^n A ytran. Mimgiilian. Satdinian.
Carihat^ninn. Mnntf Vidran. Samaiian.
CorfitH. .VfinifrffdH. Sihfftan.
Corinthian. Outanan. Sictlittn.
Hibernian. Otcadian. Tunisian.
Hungarian. Parisian. Victorian.
Ionian. Pomeranian. Virginian.
Gross tonnage 147,000,
Allans on- Winn, Rowland George AUansoo, Civil
lin^meer (b. London. January' 10, il$55)- Educated
Weslnunslcr, Trin. Coll., Cam. Mathematical Tripos,
1878; engaged in 1-oresliore Protection Works in
England and Ireland; completed the Benmula-
Srinagar Rond. 1896.
Publications: " Foreshore Frotcclioii " (1899),
" L^tilisatlon of Tidal and Wave Action." " Ccm-
slrnctive Power of the Sea." " Youghal Foreshore
Protection Worlts," " Protection and Improvement
of FoTfrshurc by tbc Utilisation of Tidal and Wave
Action," " The Lea as a Constructive .\gent,"
awarded Silvt-r Mtilal Royal Scottish Society of .^rts,
Kton; Silver Me<laU InMitution of Civil Fngine^ri of
Ireland, 190J. 190J.
All Bands. The whole of tbc ship's company.
Alliance Marine and General Assurance Company,
Limited. E&tabh^licd m 1^24. and originally
authorised by a «i>cci:»1 Act of Parliament; in rSSi it
was incorporated ax a liraitcd company ander Com-
panies Act; in 1S93, on the object^s of the company
being revised to meet the requirements of modem
conditions, the words " and General " were ordered
to be added to its description. Its present capital is
^l.OQO.000 in 10,000 ^100 shares. £2^ paid, i.e.,
^350,000 paid up. Of tlus, ^'50.000 was, in 1876,
written off. Since that date a reserve has been
accumulated of j^joo.ooo.
The directors of tlie company are : Rt. Hon. Lord
Rothschild, C.C.V.O. (President); Rt. Hon. Lord
Batteraca; A, V. Duuloj) Beat; James Fletcher; Hon.
WilUam H. Goschen; Max Hecht; C. Shirrcfi Hilton;
W. Douro Hoarc; Alfred H. Huth; Alex. Lawric;
Francis A. Lucas. M.P.; Kcnry Pryor Powell; Marl-
t>orough Robert Pryor; Hon. L. Walter RotlischiM,
M.P.; Hon. N. Charles Rotlwcliild; Sir Marcus
Samuel, Bart.; H. Mclvill Simons; Harry Alexander
Trotter. .Auditors: Benjamin L. Cohen. M.P.,
Charles L. Nichols. F.C.A.; Underwriter. Edward W.
Nicholls; Secretary, Douglas Owen. Offices: Capel
Court, London.
AlUg»tor Fish (Podotbecus Acipcnsennus). Found
in the Strait of Fuca, Puget Sound, and other inlets
along the nnrth-cast coast of the Pacitic. The fish i»
about a foot in length, with a compressed tapering
body.
Anigaior R«ef LighthooMt Florida, is one of the
Tineiit iron sea-sw<^pt lighthouse structures in the
world. It is 155J^ ft. in height, standing on the
Florida Reef in ; ft. of water. In construction it
closely resembles the Fowcy Rocks tower.
AUin* Itoar-Admiral Sir Thonuu (1613-8;) (b.
Lowestoft). W;ls in command of a t^hip of the Prince
Rvpert Squadron (1649-50). In 1665, whca in
command of a small Hect, successfully engaged a
Dutch convoy off Cadiz, and in the following year
served in the first battle of the North Foreland and
the St James's fight. In 1670 he became ControJIer
of tlie Nnv)-, and in 167S Commander-in-Chief in the
Channel.
All in the Wind. When vcmcI's head is too close to
wind. Sails not drawing.
All Secme. Australian ship, wrecked in a gale
in the Pacific, Febniary 11, 1864; 30 lives were lost.
Allavton is land claimed from the sea by the wash-
ing up of evirth and sand. Refer to Foreshoret
Riparian I^aws.
AQaTiam. The getdogical lemi for soil or land,
nude up oi the settlement deposited by running
water. It may be (i) restricted to all stream depo-
sits, such as sand, mud, shingle, gravel, boulders,
etc.. or (2) include all kinds of recent deposits, such
as dune, formations along the sea-shore, turf, coral
eefs. etc The principal level tracks are the deltas or
the delloid formations, at the mouths of large nvets.
The delta, of the Nile is one of the best marked speci-
ALMA
?i
ALOOF
meos. The Iblissmippi has urried the solid matter it
holds in sospcn^uon, far into the Golf of Mexico.
Aims. Steamer, grounded on a roof near Aden.
about 35 miles irotn Mocha, June la, 1859. and be-
came a total loss.
Alnutnu. A record of the days, feasts, and celes-
tial phcQumcnA of the year. The most iiulhoritjitivc
almanac in Great Britain i.s the Nautical Aln^.inac
(f.p.); itfi iniormation is indispensable in nax'igation
and astronomy.
la Franco the corresponding almanac is the
" CoQuai&sancc dcs Tt-mpB." ' piibli-ihcd by the Bureau
dea Longitudrs; in Germany the " B<;rlincr Astrono-
misclie^t Jahrhuch"; and in the United St-ntes the
** American Ephemeris anti Nautical Almanac."
The ■' Almanach de Gotha," printed in both
French and German, is a marvpUoas work of over
one thousand pages of statistical informatioo.
Almu. Rus!i1an znd class cnilser. {St Peters-
bar^. 1903)
Length 33s ft. Beam 43 ft- Draught 18 ft.
Displacement 3.285 tons. Complement 430.
Guns. Armour.
6 — 47 m. " Steel,"
8—: -8 in. 3 m. Deck.
a — 1'4 in. 5 in. Gun shields.
Torpedo TubfS,
6 Above water,
p. 7.500 3 19 kts. Coal maximam 700 tons.
Almlnuite Brown. .Argentine battleship. (I.Aird.
fftBo.) Reconstructed La Si-ync, 1S97.
Length 340 ft. Beam 50 ft. Maximum draught 22 ft.
Displaccmpnt, 4,267 tons. Complement, 380.
CuHS. Armour.
ID— 6 in. " Compound."
4 — yj in. 9 in. Btlt amidships.
S — 3 pdr. 7 in. Biilkhpads.
8 in. Central battery.
Torpedo Tubes.
3 Above water.
[Twin screv. Hp. 4.500 = 14 kts. Coal maximum
50 tons.
Alminnte Coohraao. Uld ChUian battleship,
3.500 tons. At present used for harbour defence.
Of little fighting value.
Almirante CondeU. Chilian torpedo gun-boat.
(Birkcriltc-.nl, ia<M'.) Reconstructed igoo.
Lengthjjoft. Buam 37 tl. Maximum diaught ta ft.
Pispiaccmi'iit 750 tons.
Gunt. Armour.
J — 14 pdr. I in. Amidsliips.
4 — 3 pdr. 1 in. Bulklicad.
2 Catlings.
Torpedo Tubes.
5 Above water.
Twin screw.
100 tons.
Hp. 4.OOQ w 30 kts. Coal maximum
Almirante Lynch. ChiUan torpedo gim-boat. (Bir-
kenhead, 1890.} Reconstructed lyjo.
Length 230 ft. Beam 27 ft. Maximum draught 1 3 it.
Displacement 750 tons.
Guns. Afinour.
3— 14 pdr, 1 in. Amidships. ""
4— 3 pdr. I in. Bulkheads.
2 Catlings.
Torpedo Tubes.
5 Above water.
Twin i4crew. Hp. 4.000 = 20 kts. Cool maximum
100 tons.
Alnunuate 0 'Biggins. Chilian armoured cruiser.
(Elswick, 1898.)
Length 41 1 ft. Beam 63 ft. Draught 22 ft.
Displacement 8,500 tons. Complement 520.
GuKS. Armottr.
4—8 in. " Steel."
10 — 6 in. 7 in. Belt amidships,
4 — 4'7 in. 7 in. Gun Shields.
10 — 13 pdr.
Torpedo Tuhet.
2 Submerged.
2 Above water.
Hp. 16,000=21*5 kts. Coal maximum 1.260 tons.
Almirante Simpson. Chilian torpedo gun-boat.
(Birkcnhe.id, iSg6,}
length 340 ft. Beam 27 (t. Maximum draught 1 3 ft.
Displaocment 800 tons.
CuHs. Armour.
2 — 47 in. " Harvey."
4 — 3 P<ii"- 1 ifl. Belt BmicLships,
2 Maxims. 4^ in. Gun Shields.
Torpedo Tubes (18 in.),
3 AIjovc water.
Twin screw. Hp, 4,500 = 31 kts. Coal maximum
100 tons.
Almirante Tamandan. Brazilian cruiser. {Km de
Janeiro. iSgrj,)
Length 294 ft. Beam 46 ft. Maximum draught 20 ft.
Displacement 4,537 tons. Complement 450.
Gvns. Armour.
10 — 6 in. "StcH."
a— 4*7 in T^ in Deck
8 Nordenfelts. 3 In. Casemates.
3 in. Conning tower.
Twin screw. Hp. natural 6,500= irt ktK., forced
7,500 ~ 17 kts. Coal maximam 750 tons.
Aloft. Above: anywhere about higher yards,
masn. nnd rigging of ships.
AloQXside. By the side of a ship,
AlooL .Vt a distance. Word used for " keep
your lufl " when sailing to the wind.
A LOSE
22
AMALFI
Alow. French submutae. (Touloo, 1905.) Length.
77 It.; beam, 7 ft,; draught, S ft.; displacement. 68
tons: complement.;: Hp..6o = 8kts.
Alow. Synonymous with below; as opposed to
alort.
Alphios. r.rrrk gun wjaei. (Blackwall. 1885.)
Ij^nqth 1 30 (t. Beam 24 ft.
Maximum draught ta ft.
DtspUccmrat 430 tons. Complement 8a
Guns.
3—37 in-
5 Mftxims.
Hp. 400 = 10 kts. Coal 50 tons.
Alt. Alternating (near a tighl). Abbreviation
a&loptt.-<l on the Charts iuucd by the Hydrographtc
Office. Admiralty.
Altelr. The bright nautical star AquthcL.
Altarizmath. See Azimuth.
AlUtnde. A term applied to the angular distance
of a celestial object from the horizon. Observations
of altitude are made at sea with the sextant, (or the
purpose of working out problems csst-ntial to naviga-
tion, such as finding the latitude and rating the
clironoraeters. Jirfer to Sextant.
Altmoath Sailing Olab. Established 1873- Com-
modore : A. W. Kirk ; ViccComniodore and Honorary
Treasurer: J. Banks Cran; Honorary Secretary;
T. B. Dean. The Dunes. Warren Road. Blundellsan<l.
Liverpool. Entrance fee, £1 is. Annual subscrip-
tion, tos.
Alt(>*Cunialiis. 5^/ Clouds.
Alton, Pranou Cooke, CB. {1902). Fleet Pay-
master; acted as Secretary to Admiral Seymour in
China. 1807.
Alto-8trtta». See Clouds.
Aluminium i-^ a metallic sul»taoce. tirst separate<l
from the chlori<lc by Wohlcr in i8r8. In 1854 Clare
D'ville succifdril in improving the mode of produc-
tion, but it was not until i8H|i that a really practical
electrical method of jtrodiiction wa* patented by
MiasTV Cowls, this bctn^ finally supplanted by tlte
Hprault-Hall method. Ite formula is .\i. 37>, and
although not found free, is one of the most abundant
elements in nature, Tho former process of manufac-
ture consisted in heating to a red heat a miAlure of
th«^ double chloride of aluminium and liodium, but it
is now almost exclusively obtained by the electro-
lyiris of a solution of the puiihcd oxide in mouHon
cryolite. It is a white metal resembling silver in
appearance, takes a fine polish, writhoul odour and
taste, highly malleable at ion*" to 150° c. and may
be beaten and mlird into Uiin sheets, or drawn into
fine \rire, Has a high specific heat and a low v|«?cific
gravit>', conducts beat and electricity b» well as
silver. It dots not oxidise in air; is not acted upon
by sulphuretted hydrogen or sulphide of ammonium,
and preserves its lustre where silver would tarnish
or blacken. It is soluble in hydrochloride acid, and |
solutions of cauAtic potash and soda. When alloyed i
with copper it becomes a highly important metal, j
and is largely used for mounting sextants and otherl
astronomical in&trumcnts. and for making balancsl
beama. Owing to its UghtneS!), toughness and]
strength, it is extensively used for boat building;]
for torpedo boats, balloon fitting, bicycles, tele-
graphy and telephony as conductors; and also used
as a substitute for stone in Uthography. It in manu-
factured largely at works be^e the Niagara Falls,
the Falls of Schaflhaunen and the Falls 01 Foyers tn
Invemess-ahire. See Borcher's " Electric smelting," ]
Bloimt's "Electric Chemistry" (1901). Richard'a
" Aluminium " {3rd edition), 189G.
Alvarsdo, Pedro de (b. Badajox, 1495)- One of th«|
Spanish leaders in the discovery and conquest of]
America. In February 1519 he accompanied ]
Hernando Cortex in the conquests of Mexico, and iq,|
1 533 in the conquest of Guatemala, of which pLica '
he was subsequently appointed Governor. He died
at Guatf^mala in 1541.
Alnrado, U.S. gun-boat, captured from Spain
during the Spanish American War. Of little fighting
value.
Always AUoat. These words, (reqaently found in
Chancr-Parues, mean that the vessel, to which they 1
refer, shall load or discharge her cargo always afloati
at a place which is safe (or tier to lie in when fully
loaded. The questions usually artMUg are: (1) Has
there been a breach of contract, and {2) who is
bear Ibc expense of additional transport? Where byl
charter-party a vessel was to load at a certain dock,.]
and could have loaded there, but her master shifted
her to prevent being delayed from sailing by the tak-
ing-otf of the tides, his owners hart to pay lighterage.
Wliere a slup was to discharge at A always afioat, 1
and the master put into and discharged at B the
nearest iwfc port tliat his vessel could lie in atwnyi
afioal. he was held justified in mi dofng. On the other
hand, where a vosvl was to go to a certain port and
rlischarge always afloat, and the charterer seeing
the impossibility of gettiog a full ship to the quay. ,
offered to lighten hrr. her master was held wrong ia|
rcfuping^
AJL Distinguishing letters on soa fishing boats
registered at Am^itcrdam. Uollaiul.
ft.111. The abbreviation for ante-mehdian.
Amf^ia All at oncc, suddenly, generally used tor
anything that i> moved by tacklc-fall.
Amalfl. Italian armoured cruiser (igo6).
Length439ft. Beam 69 ft. Mean draught 2 j ft.
Displacement 9,830 tons.
Guns. A rwwttf .
4 — 10 in.. 45 cal. " Temi."
8 — 8 in. 8 in. Brit amid^ps.
Many smaller. 7 in- Harbettca.
7 in. Conning tower.
AMALIA
Torpedo Ttibet.
3 Submerged.
Twin screw. Hp. iS.ocos^a-; kta.
AwifHft Steamer, wrecked January ii, t866.
The carjfo tost was valued at £joo,ooo.
Amanda. On- September 26. 1841, this vessel
was lost oti Metis, when sg passengers and t2 of the
crewwcre lost.
Amattnr. One who practises sport lor mt^rc plea-
suie. OS opposed to profes&tona] : in rowing the
amateur is such, in the strictest sense of the word.
Amason. H.M. .screw sloop, ia colhsiun with
screw Bteamer Otprey. near Portland, July 10, 1866;
both ships went down.
Amaioo. Set Royal Mail Steam Packet Com-
pany.
Amasoa. W, India mail steamer, on ber maiden
voyage Irom Southampton, waa burnt at sea about
TiO miles S.W.S. of Scilly. Jauuar>- 4. 1855. Out ol
160 persons on board, only 5>) were saved.
Amamie. French subsidised merchant ship
{1S9C). Messageries Maritimcs [q.v.). Dimensions,
443 X 50 X 3<^ ft.; gross tounagc 6^240. Hp.
7,100= 18 kts.
Amazone. German armoured cruiser. (Krupp,
Length 338 fi. Beam 39 ft. maximum draught 17ft.
Displacement 2,650 tons. Complement 249.
10 — 4-1 in,
14—1 pdr.
4 Machine.
Torpedo Tvbes.
2 Submerged.
Twm screw. Hp. 8,500 = 21 kts. Coal maximum
560 tons.
Ambasiador. Steamer, sunk in collision with
the George Mansion, an American ship, iu lat. 58°
e'N. long, 73' 27'E. December 25. 1876; 33 lives lost.
AalMIMdan. Sw Embassies.
Amber, A bard resinous vegetable sulwtance, of a
bright yellow colour, and tranalucent. It occurs
chic6y on the southern shores of the Baltic, and
those of Sicily, where it is thrown up by the sea.
Ambargris is a sohd, fatty, inflamniabk aub&tance,
with ruddy, marble-Uke veins running through it —
probably a biliary secretion — derived from the in-
testines of the spermaceti whale. It is generally
foood floating in the sea, on the sea-coast, or in the
sand tipoa the shore. It is usually met with in the
Atlantic Ocean, on the coasts of Braxil and Mada-
gascar, China. Japan, and the Molucca Islands, bnt
more particularly the Bahama Islands. It is exten-
sively used in the manufacture of perfumery, and its
price for «DCh use varies from iss. to 355. per ounce.
^73 AMERICA
Its genuineness is easily tested by its solubility in
hot alcohol: itt fragrant odour and uniform fatly
consistence, on being penetrated by b hot wire.
Amelia. Steamer- When on a voyage from
Lorutuii to Liverpool was lost on the Heme Sand,
February 26, fS4T.
Armour.
" Krupp."
3 in. Deck.
3 m. Conning tower.
Amelia Thompson.
33. i843.
Ship lost near Madras, May
America Cap. The drcurostancca which led to the
otfer ol thtf uow historic trophy are as follows:
The America, a sch<M:inrc yacht of 170 ton:!, was
built for a New York s^tidicule by George Steers,
muLh on the lines of an American piJol boat. Her
nominal owner. Commodore Stevens, brought her to
Cowcs. where, owing to bis rather bombastic chal-
lenges, he was uuabte to arrange any match for some
time. FinaJly. aftnr numeroun abortive attempts
at bringing about a race, the Koyal Vacht Squadron
decided to offer a silver cup, valued at i.ouo guineas,
for a race round the Isle of Wight, open to " aJl the
world."
The famous trophy which was won by the Atruhea
on August 21, i8$i, was nt4, as frequently stated, a
Queen's Cup. 1'he I^oyaJ price could onW be raced
for by yachts belooglug to members of the Koyal
Yacht Squadron, and thus, of course, tlie visiton
were not qualified to t-nlcr. The America left New
York on June 31. 1851, and arrived at Havre on
July II, the voyage to Havre having been accom-
pUslifd in twenty days and fivi; hours, which must
ht considered remarkably gotKl time when it is taken
into account that she was becalmed four days. The
Amsrica's average running was about 7^ kts. Her
best run for twenty -four hours u-as 384 kts, and ber
worst 33 kts. The dimensions of the America were
as follows-. 94 ft. in length, on deck from stem tO
stem; 83 ft. on the water line; her keel 8 ft. and
beam 23 ft. amidships. She drew 11 ft. of water in
sailing trim, and her measurement was 170 tons.
Her spars were respectively 79^11, and 8 1 ft. long,
with a rake of nearly three inches to the foot. Her
main gafi was 26 ft. long, and her main boom 58 ft.
She carried a lug foresail, with foregafi of 24 ft. long,
and the length of her bowsju'it u-us 32 ft. She cat*
ried eight men licforo the mast, besides the captain,
hrst and second mates and carpenter.
The race for the trophy was soiled on August 22,
1851, tlie course being- "round the Isle of Wi){ht,
inside Norman's buoy and Sandhead buoy, and
ontmde the Nab." The following yachts were
pntered ; they were anchored in a double line. No
time allowed (or tonnage :
y'acM. Rig. Tom. 0»n*ri.
Beatrice schooner 161 Sir W. P. Carew.
Votantg cutter 48 Mr. J. L. Craigie.
Arrow cutter 84 Mr. T. Chamberlayne.
Wyvem schooner 205 Duke of Marlborough.
Jam schooner 75 Mr. A. Hill.
AMERICA _
nil»«M sdwDtr ItiO Mr. R. Stepbemoa.
Ci^ii &Mw« yhoflWir 160 Sr H. B. Hogtca.
4farai Cim« 193 Mr. J. Wdd.
JUmm cirttvr S2 Lcc<dA.Pa«ct.
Jm»iim iJwomf 170 Mr. j.CStepbeas, etc
BrOKWl Khooncr 19> Mr. J. H. Aktr^.
^>IIIU<t
ll^£tLtml* schooner So Ur. R H. Jones.
h'nuk cutter 60 Mr. W. Corting.
S$tlU cutter 65 Mr. R. Franklin.
£cli/i« cutter 50 Mr. H. S. Frarm.
f/rwawrfr schooner 127 Major kUrtyn.
4 WDM cnttcr 4 Mr. T. Lc Merchant.
At g.ss tbr preparatory gun v>t^s fiTe<\ from the
dob- house butter)-, and the yachu were mjOq <eetc«J
tfom deck to topmast with doudii oi canvaii; high
gatt top-saiU and balloon jib« being greatly to vogue.
The Titania and the SuUa did not ictart, and the
Ftmmndf did not take her stAtioo (the Utter wu
twice winner in 1850 and once in 1851). Thus only
Uteen started, of which seven wen schooners, in-
cluding the BriUiamt (three- roasted schooner), and
eight were cutters. At ten o'clock the signal gnn
ior &aiUng was hred. and before the smoke had uell
cleared away the whole oi the beautiful licet wiu
under way. moving steadily to the east with the tide
and a gentle breexe. The Gip*y Quttn, with aJJ her
canvas set and in the strength of the tide, took the
lead after starting, with the Beaificf next, and then,
with little difference in order, the VolaiOe. Constancy.
Arrow, and a Dock ol others. The America went
easily for some time, and then began ta creep up on
them, passing some of the cutters to windward. In a
quarter of an hour she had left them aU behind, ex-
cept the Omstantt, Bt^Uric^ and Cipsy Queen, which
were well together, and went akmg smartly with the
light breexe. OS No Man's Land Buoy the yachts
wer« timed :
yacht, H. At. S.
VotanU II 7 o
Frtah ..11 8 SO
A ufora . . . . ..11 8 30
<^*psy Queen 11 8 45
America . . . . . , 11 9 o
Beatrice .. .. 11 9 15
Alarm , . ,. , . 1 1 9 20
Arrow .. .. .. II 10 o
Bacchante . . 11 10 i;
The other six were struggling away in the rear, and
the Wywrn soon afterwards hauled her wind and
went back towards Cowea. At this point the wind
blew somewhat Bteadily. and the America began to
show a touch of her quality. Whenever the breeze
took the line of her hull, all her sails set as Bat as a
drumhead, and without any careering or staggering
she " wulkcd along " pn;4t cutter and schooner, and
when off Brading had left every ve»^.'l uf the
squadron bchitul her — a mere ruck — with the ex-
ception of Votante. which she overtook at 1 1 .30. As
tberc was 00 wind the time ooocttmctl in getting op
Cram Hur^ Castle to the wiuang flag was very ooo-
siilerable. The America arrived Ant at A.37. tbe
Aurora at 8^$, the BaccMan/e at 9.30, tbe EcUpte at
945, itit BntUaHt at i.^o. Tbe rest were not tnnedi.
Thus the A mcfiea made good aH her pcofesaious,
Metfca. Stephens were presenteil by. the Royal Yacht
Sqnadrao with the weU woa cup.
The winners conveyed it try deed of gift to tbe
New' York Yacht Gub, to be held by that Club
against all cballengeis as an international trophy.
In 1870 and 1871 Britain cballeni^ with tbe
Cambria and Livonim, both of which were ddieated.
Canada challenged in 167$ and t88i, and met with a
siinilar fate. Further Bntish challengers in ibS; and
1887 were unsucoesaful. In 18^} Lord Lhinravi
challenged with VtUkyrie tl.. but was onabk to carry
ofl the cup. In 1895 he challenged again, and won
the lirst race against the American Dffsiuter. The
second race fell to the Dtfemder, and on this occasion
Lord Uuoraven attributed his defeat to the crowded
state of the course. In the tiuiU race his yacht
mrrely crossed tlie line, in ordi-r to give the .\nusrican
yacht a start, and Xhtfo withdrew from the contest.
N'o further challengers were forthcoming until i84>8,
when Sir Thomas Lipton challenged, and in the
foltoumg year sent over the Shamrock to compete
against the American CuluttAia, Tbe contest took
place October iS99> outside Sandy Hook, and
although a series of 6ve races had been arranged, it
was only necessary to sail three, the Columbia win-
ning tbe &r^ by 1 1 minutes; finishing alone in the
second. Owing to the Shamrock 1o:iiug her tup-mast;
and the third by ux minutes 34 seconds. In 1900
he again challenged, and a new vessel, the Shamrock
II.. was sent out in the following year, but he was
again beaten by tbe Columbia, that \-c£seI winning
three races consecutively, the first by about 300
yards, the second by a little over a minute. In 1903
he challenged again with Shamrock ///..and this time
sailed against the .\merican Retianu. Although his
boat showed wonderful qualities in the light and
fluky airs characteristic of these waters at the season
in which the races look place, he again failed to win
a single race.
AmeriOA Mara. Japanese Government Liner
(1898). Dimensions, 423 x 5' X 29 ft.; grtkis ton*
aage6.307. Hp.. io,ooo« 17 kts.
American and Colonial Weekly. E.stablishcd 190a.
PubUshed (Wi'dnestlay). Price 3/?. Address: 14
Coventry SUeet. W.C, and 38 King William
Street, E.C.
AmericuArenge Clause. 5m Clauses.
American Line. ihc International Navigation
Company, thL- proprietaiy otgauisation from which
this Line wa& develupLxl, was incorjtoratcd in
Pennsylvania in 1S71. In it>73 a fortnightly service
of steamers was established between Antwerp and
uu
i
*
AMERIGO
25
AMMIRAGLIO
PhiladelpMa, under the Belgian Hag. known as the
Red Star Ijnc, and the American Line was founded
in 1880. bringrap a weekly stTvicr l)ct'wt'ca New York
and Antwerp, this expansion being followed, in 1886.
by acqniring the Inman Line. In 1893 the Inman
and International, as the lone was then called, be-
came the American Une, and their steamers ex-
changed Liverpool for Southampton as their port of
call. Weekly New York Mail Lines are run to and
Irom Antwerp and Southampton, steamers ninntng
between Antwerp and New York call at Dover. A
Line is also maintained between Philadelphia and
Liverpool, as well as Antwerp.
Fleet.
fiawrford. Pkiladeiphia.
KenxingtoH. St Paul.
Mffion. St Louis.
New York. Southwark.
NoottOaniL WuUtnJand.
ZteUtHd.
Gross tonnage. 170,943.
Amerigo TespQOoL Old Italian cruiser (t8Si),
Displacement 3,050 tons, Complrmrnt 280.
Oum. Armour.
6—4-7 in- " Steel.*'
4 — 6 pflr. 1^ in. Deck.
6 — I p*lr.
Totf>aif> Tvhfs.
2 Above water.
Hp. 4.000= 12 kta. Coal 500 tons.
Amerigo Vespooei- 5^«' Vespucci AmeriRO.
Amflthyst liritish 3rd class cruiser. (Elswick.
1903.)
Length yfra ft. Beam 40 ft Mean draught 14 ft.
_ Displacement 3,ofxi ton?.. Complement 396.
Guns. Armour.
12-410. "Steel."
8 — 3 pdr. 3 in. Deck.
sMaximft.
Torpedo Tubes (18 in.).
2 Above water.
Twin screw. Turbine. Hp. 9,800 = 2175 kts.
Coal Riaxlmam 500 tons.
Approximate cost ^340,000.
This ship-name was introduced into the Navy in
1793. when the Ffrle. captured at Toulon, was re-
named .-tm^Myti; it is also associated with the cap-
ture of thr French ThftU, 180S.
Amidships. Middle of the ship.
Aminl Anbe. rrcnch 1st class cruiser. (St-
NaiaiTe, 19^3.)
Length 460 ft. Beam 63 ft. Maximum dranglit 26 ft
Displacement 10.000 tons.
Guns. Armoitt.
J— 7-6in.,40cal. " Krupp."
0.— 4S'4 in. 6\ in. Belt amid-shipa.
6—4 in. 8 in. Turrets.
lit — } pdr. 8 in. Conning tower.
2 — 9 pdr, Boat gnnii.
T>vpe4f< Tuhes (177 in.).
3 Submerged.
2 Above water.
I Above water (stern).
Three screws. Hp. 20.500=21 kts. Coa! maxt-
mnm t,590ton3. Approximate cost /873.000,
Amind Bandin. Frencli znd class battleship
{1S83). Reconstructed 1901.
Length 331 ft. Beam 69 ft. Maximum draught 29 ff-
Displacement 12.150 tons. Complement A25.
Gums. Armour.
I — 14s in. " Steel."
4 — 6'4 in. 16 in. Belt amidships.
8 — S"5 ^"^ *^ '°- Barbettes.
18 — 3 pdr. 1 2 in. Big gun shields.
Toipedo Tuhu (177 in.).
6 .\bove water.
Twin screw. Hp. natural 5,000=14 kts., forced
9,700 » 16 kts. Coal maximum 800 tons.
AmJral Cbamer. French and class cniis«r.
(Rocbeiort, 1893.)
Length jtii ft. Beam 46 ft. Maximum draught 3o ft.
Displacement 4.750 tons. Complement 370.
Guns. Armour.
i — 7-6in., 45 cal. " Creusot steel."
6 — 5'5 in. 4 in. Belt amidships.
6 — 9 pdr. 4 in. Turrets.
4 — 3 pdr, 4 in. Conning lower.
Torpedo Tubes (177 in.).
4 Above water.
Twin screw. Hp. ^.yoct .^ 18-5 kts. Coal normal
406 tons. Approximate cost 1^350,000.
Amiral Trihomrt. French turret battleship.
(L'Orient, 1896.)
Length 293 ft. Beam 58 ft. Draught 24 ft.
Displacement 6,600 tons. Complement 337,
Guns. Armour,
3 — 12 in, " Compound."
S^3*9U). 18 in. Belt,
to — I '8 in. 18 in. Gun stiiekls.
Torpedo Tubes.
4 Above water,
Hp. S, !;no ^m 1 5 kt5. Coal maximum 800 tons.
Anumragtio di St Boo. Old Italian battleship.
(Venice, 1897.)
Length 344 ft. Beam 69 ft. Maximum draught, a6 ft.
Displacement 9.600 ton.**. Complement 542.
Guru. Armour.
4 — 10 in. " Harvey-nickel."
S — 6 in. 10 in. Belt amidships.
R — 47 in. 10 in. Barliettes.
8 — 6 pdr. 6 in. Conning tower.
13—1 pdr.
Totpedf Tuhe^ <tR in.).
4 Submerged.
Twin scrrw. Hp. natural 9.000 e 16 kts., forced
1 3.500 s 18 kt». Coal Maximum 1,000 ton*.
Approximate cost ^700,000.
AMOK
26
ANCHOR
Amok. A Malay term, sigtufyiog slaughter or
sudden frenzy, which seizes aa individual. In the
Malay States, as well as in India and Burma, as soon
as a man is known to have " run amok," every effort
is made to capture him, as until they are slain, or fall
from exliausiion, any one whom they meet would
probably be murdered.
Amphitrite. Ship, with female convicts to
New SuuUi Wales, lost on Boulogne Sands, August
30. 1833 ; ont of 131 persons, only three were saved.
Amphitrite. British ist class crniser. (VicVers,
189S.I
Length 450 ft. Beam (5q ft. Maximum draughts; ft.
Displacement 11,000 tons. Complement 677.
Guns. Armour.
16 — 6 in. "Harvey."
1 3 — 13 pdr. 4 in. Belt amidships.
2 — 12 pdr., 8 cwt. ii in. Conning tower,
12— 3 pdr.
2 Maxims.
Totpedo Tubas (18 in.).
3 Submerged.
Twin screw. Hp. i8,ofx)^2o 3 kts. Coal raaxi-
mam 2,000 tons. Approximate cost /<Soo.ooo.
This ship-name It associated wnth Hood's occupa-
tion of Toulon. 1743.
Amphitrlt«. U.S. monitor (18S3).
Length 3fSo ft. Beam 56 It. Maximum draught 16 it.
Displacement 3,990 tons. Complement 160.
Guns. Armour.
4 — 10 in. "'Iron."
3 — 4 In. 9 in. Bett amidships.
z — 6 pdr. la in. Barbettes.
3 — 3 pdr. 8 in. Conning tower.
2 — I pdr.
2 Machine.
Twin screw. Hp. 1.600= 10-5 kts. Coal roaxi
mnm 330 tons.
Amplitude. The Itorizontai distance or amount of
deviation lowaids the North or South of a heavenly
body, from the true Ea-tt at risinK. to the true West
at scttinR. For fixed stars it is constant ; for the sun
and the planets, it varies with the declination. Its
measure is an angle intercepted between the prime
vertical, and the vertical circle passing through the
object.
AmBterdam Canftl. In 18135 the merchants of
Amstrnlani. rcahziiig that it was imperative thoy
shouM have better cijnununication with the North
Sea than that afforded by the North Holland Ship
Canal, formed a company for the purpose of con-
structing a canal from Amsterdam, in nearly a direct
line to the North Sea, through the Lake Y aud Wykec
Meer, a distance of i<^iJi miles. The canal commences
at a made harbour, which is formed by two piers.
built of concrete blocks, founded on a deposit of
rough basalt, and passes through a broad bett of
nnd-hilla, which protect the whole o( this part of the
coast to Holland from the in-roods of the sia, through
the village of Valsen, and then enters the Wyker
Mccr. a wide track of tide covered land. From there,
through tlie promontory of Buitcnhuizen. which
separates Wyker Mccr from Lake Y ; the rest of the
course being through Lake Y as far as Amsterdam,
There are two sets of locks, one set at each end ; the
North Sea locks at a distance- of about three-quarters
of a mile from ttie North Sea Hartxiur, and the
Zaider Zee locks on the dam between Amsterdam
and the Zuider Zee. The canal is iC^ miles long,
107 feet wide on the water surface, 8g fact at the
bottom, with a minimum depth of 33 feet. The for-
mation of the banks through the Wyker Mecr and
Lake Y enabled about 12.000 acres, which was for-
merly occupied by these lakes, to be reclaimed. The
canal took 10 years to complete, and tlic contract
sum for the execution of tlic work /3,350,ooo.
Amsterdftm Drrdock Company (.\msterdamsche
Droogdok Maatschappy) was established in 1897.
They commenced with one flo.ating dock of 4,000 ton
lifting powTr, and fitted out a repairing yard, start-
ing with about 100 men. In 1880 another floating
dock was purchased, with a lifting capacity of 3,000
tons, and nine years later a third was added, with a
lifting capacity of 7.500 tons. They now possess, be-
sides the three floating drydocks, workshops capable
of carrying out the biggest repairs to sliips, engines
and boilers, and employ a staff of men, numbering
about Ooo.
AmsterdAmacbe OrooKdok K&atscbappy. Set Am-
atcrdani l->ryilock Coinp.tny.
Axnorets. Russian torpedo boat destroyer (1906).
Displacement, 625 tons; cumplcmcnt, ]no; arma-
ment. 6 6-pdr. : 2 tubes. ; lip., 6.000 = 28 kts.
AX. Distinguishing letters on sea fishing boats
registcrt;d at Nordemcy, Germany.
AJI, or A. Distinguishing letters on sea (isliing
boats registered at Alicrdecn, Scotland.
Anakria. Russian torpedo-boat. (Hlhing, 1S90.)
LengLb, 128 ft; beam, 16 ft.; draught, 7 ft.; dis-
placement. 130: armament. 3 i-pdr., 2 tubes;
Up., 1,200 22 kts. ; coal, 17 tons.
Aupft. Russian torpedo-boat. (Odessa. 1891.)
Length, 136 ft.; beam. 13 ft.; draught, B^ ft.; dis-
placement, 81 tons; complement, 13; armament.
2 i-pdr., 2tubes; Hp., i,ooG = 2i kts. ; coal, 16 tons.
Anastoflofi. Russian torpedo-boat destroyer
{i9c>6). Length. 185 ft; beam, ai ft. ; draught, 7 ft.;
displacement, 334 tons: complement, 60: arma-
ment, 1 i2-pdr., 5 3pdr.; 3 tubes; twin screw;
Hp.. 5,600 n 26 kts.; coal maximum, too tons.
Anohge. .Anchorage. Abbreviation adopted on the
Charts iwued by the Hydrographic Office. Admiralty.
Anohor. A large and hravy instrument in use
from the earliest times, by which ships hold fast to
J
ANCHORAGE
27
ANDREiE
the bottom of the sen. A common form cooaiit* of a
long iron Khank, having at one end a. rinjc to which the
cable i» attached, and the other branching out into
two arms, with flukes or palms a.t their bill or ex-
tremity. The oumlHT of nnchors carried by a ship
vary, according to her sixe. Tliere are many patent
anchors, some of which have movable, instead of
rigid arms; others axe stockier, so constructed that
they can be drawn right into the hawse hole of a ship.
All large ships carry several aochors. A fitst-class
battleship usually has eight anchors. Anchors of
various forms arr used for keeping baoj's and moor-
ings in position. For this work the screw and the
mushroom anchor art usually employed.
Anchorage. Ground which is suitabtc for ships to
ride in safety upon.
Anchor Ice (or Gronnd Ice) forms at the bottom
ol nvcrs, aud is coiuraoo in the Baltic Sea and off Uie
coast ol Labrador. It is formed ol congealed water,
retarded in the l)ed of tbt- river, or on the sea bottom,
by Uie current being too great for the formation of
ice on the surface. In the Labrador fishing grounds
it forms at a considerable depth. Seals caught in the
line at this depth have liccn brought up solidly
^ozen. Iron chains and anchors luivt* at times l>een
found tlonting in anchor or ground ice.
Anchor lane, was established in 1852, by Messrs.
Handyside and Henderson (now Henderson Bros.),
with a service from the Clyde to Portuguese and
Spanish ports extending later to Mediterranean
ports. In 1856 they started a trade between
Cljisgow and New York, and the Mediterranean and
New York, and now maintain, in addition, a service
between the United Kingdom, Bombay and Calcutta
and the chief Mediterranean ports, which has been
vigorously pui^hed with fine steamers. Increasing in
size, in cargo carr>'ing capacity, and in speed with
the development of the trade.
Fleet.
Algttia, Britannia. Funussia.
A rabia. Calabria. Italia.
Asia. CtUdonia, MassUia.
Assyria. CaUfomia. Nubia,
Astoria. Castalia, Olumfiia.
Austraiia, Circassia. Persia.
Bavaria. Columbia. Porugia.
Bohemia. Dalmatia. Scinda.
Ethiopia.
Cross tonnage 130,000.
Anchor Sailing dub. Deal. Established 1893.
Hurgt:c: Blue, with yellow foul anchor. Commodore,
Kicliard Lyddon; Vice-Commodore, T. T. Denne;
Hooorary Treasurer, F. T. Houeyball; Honorary
Secretary, JohnSparke. Annual subscription. tos.6d.
Aooieat lUriner. Poem by Samuel Taylor Colc-
Tidge. The suggestion of shooting the albatross
came from Wordsworth. It was published in
" Lyrical Ballads "" (1798).
Andamn* Charles William, jim. (b. January iS,
iSja). Served his apprenticeship with Messrs Craig,
T&ykir and Co., Stockton-on-Tees, and was in
190U appointe<t chief draughtsman to that firm.
Member ol the North-East Coaiit Institution o( En-
gineers and Shipbuilders.
Anderson, Thomas James (b. August 8, i864)<
Marine Engmeer. Served apprenticeship with the
Blaydon Iron Works Co., and MeS'srs. R. and W.
Hawthorn and Co., Newcastle-on-Tyne, Holds B.T,
certificate for Marine Enginexiring. Appointed Ship
and Engineer Surveyor to Lloyd's Register of Ship-
ping, 1SS9.
Andoe. Vice-Admiral Sir Hilary OtutaTlu, K.C.B.
{cr, iQoa], C.B. (b. February 14, 1S41). Edu-
cated University College Sdiuol. Entered Navy
1855 as Naval Cadet; promoted Lieutenant 1861;
Commander 1872; Capfcun 1878; and Rear-Admiral
1804- Was principal Naval Transport officer during
Boer War (1881)- During the first Soudan e.xpedi-
tion was Flag-Captain to Lord John Hay. Com-
mander-in-Chief of the Flevt. In 1895 was ap-
[lointed .\dmiral- Superintendent of Chatham fiock-
yard. and in 1900 promoted Vice .\duiiral, and re-
tired. Has been decorated with Japan medal and
star, Soudan clasp. Queen's Jubilee medal and Royal
Humane Society's medal.
Andrada. Brazilian cruiser. (Bergen, 1892.)
Length 2S3tt. Beam 34 ft. Draught 18 ft.
Displacement 3,560 tons. Complement 30a
3—47 »n-
2 — 14 pdr.
6— 6pdr.
Torpedo Tubes.
5 .^bove water.
Itp. 3,600= 17 kts. Coal maximum 600 tons.
AadreaDorift. Italian battleship (1S85}.
Length 338 ft. Beam 6j ft. Maximum draught 30 ft.
Displacement 11.300 tons. Complement 536.
G^ns. Armour.
4 — 17 in. " Compound."
3 — 6 in. 18 in. Belt amidships.
4 — 47 in. 18 in. Redoubt.
3 — 12 pdr. iS in. Conning tower.
10 — 6 pdr.
17— I pdr.
Torpedo Tubes.
2 Submerged.
I .\bovc water.
Twin screw. Hp. natural 7,500 = 15 kta., forced
io,fX»a i6'5 kt<c. Coal normal 850 tons.
Approximate cost ^^780,000.
Andrae. Blacker Joban Heinrik (b. Leenwarden.
HolUnd. .March 30, ifi'47)- Danish Naval Architect,
Royal Danish Navy, R.N.L. Entered Navy as Mid-
shipman in 1863, serx'ing with distinction till 18S0,
when he retired from active »ea life, and was ap-
pointed to the Steamship Department of the Admi-
ralty, of which he was promoted chief in 1884. la
ANUR££
aS
ANEROID
M6$ k* «MraAtc«(t tte Tccttel taiplp-vompoofid
> ta tti» Urtcb NsYy. MMl « 1894 the Yarrow
^ Tito VMIir «a n larf* K«k. Membrr c^ the
k at Kftvftl Ardatectft.
^■Mk«tu«t« Bat\tniKr Tot dc Kmni-t van Jc
Tw'i'wK'^S *>i Watcrmijn^y tSyj; numcious pa|»>rs
ku tbc Tmisactioos af the Institution of
ia>|> tolomoo Aucntl (1S54-97). Swedish
A«raukut AttJ Explore', (b. Giimna.) Aftu-r making
. wvcTt/i) Kiilocin journeys he decided I0 attempt to
1^ WMlk Itiv North Pole in a balloon of oovul dcslgn.and
^•1»i(v\1 July II. 1897. from Danes I&Iand (Spitz-
' bvry^ti) with two companions, Strindbcrg and
(^HMCnkel. in a balloon of 5,ouci cubic mettTH. with tlit*
|MaM ol hekng drifted by the wind over the Pole.
1^ aunier pigeon, apparently liberated 48 hours
^e stATt, was sliot, and several buoys were
found which had ticen carried in the balloon, coa-
tniniug despatches dated July ii. but nothing fur-
ther has been heard of the explorers, of wbosc fate
there can be no doubt.
Aadrei PsrvoswamiL Kussian ist class battle-
ship. (St. Petersburg, 1906.)
Length 460 ft. Beam Soft. Mean' draught 2^7 ft.
Displacement 17,400 ton».
Gums. Armour.
4 — 1 3 in.. 40 cal. " Krupp. "
12 — 8 in., 1 1 in. Btlt amidships.
30 — 12 pdr. 12 in. Turrets,
30~3 pdr, 12 in. Conning tower.
Torpedo Ttihes.
2 Submerged.
2 Above water,
bow and stern.
Twin screw. Hp. 17.600 - iS kts. Coal maximum
3.000 tons. Approximate cost ^[,500,000.
Andromache. See Antarctic Exploration.
Andromedft. 28 guns. In October 1780. this
vessel was lost in a storm in the West Indies.
Andromeda, British ist class cruiser. (Pem-
broke, i»ij^.)
Length 450 ft. Beam 69 ft. Maximum draught 27 ft.
Displacement 11,000 tons. Complement 677.
Guns. Armour.
16 — 6 in. " Harvey."
12—13 pdr. 4 in. Belt amidships.
3 — 13 pdr,, 8 cwt. 12 in. Conning tuwer.
13 — 3 pdr.
2 Maxims.
Tarffedo Tubes [18 in.),
a Submerged.
Twin screw, Hp. 16,500 = 30*25 ^^- ^*^' maxi-
mum 2,000 tons.
Approximate cost ;f6oo,ooo.
This ship-name is associated with Rodney's action
against Dc Gulcben, 1780; Keppel's action off Brest,
177S.
Anemo-CUDOgrvh. An instrument for recording
the anguljir dcvintions of wind movement from a
horizontal path, or from one parallel to the surface of
the ground.
Anemogram. Ttie trace marked on paper by an
anemograph.
Anemograpb. A self-recording anemometer.
Anemointter. 'Vn instrument for measuring and
indicating the pressure or velocity of the wind. If
currents of air were anything like uniform it would
l>e compamtively simple to dwlucc the velocity from
the pressure, but the varialiility is so great that the
relation Iwiwocn the; velocity and th« prcs.sure be-
come almost unworknb!y complexcd. There are
two things absolutely essential to every anemometer,
(i) A wnd-vane, to show the changes of direction;
(2) a wind-gauge, to show the changes in the velocity
or of force. Anemometers may be either non-record-
ing, a.s merely exhibiting the variation to the eye. or
recording, marking them permanently on paper.
The best known form is the Hermispherical Cup
Anemometer, invented by Dr Robinson, which con-
sists of four hermi!>pherical cups which rotate hoii-
zontally with tlie wind, and a combination of wheels
which record the number of revolutions in a given
time. The Osier's Anemometer, one of the most
trustworthy of the pressure-gauge description, traces
with pencils, upon a sheet of paper, lines which indi-
cate changes of the wind both in direction and in
pressure. It consist* of a plate nsually about a
square foot in area, which is kept facing the wind,
and is by it drix-eu back upon springs, whose resis-
tance is the measun* of the wind's force. The Royal
Meteorological Society appointed a committee to
consider the subject of wind-force; and an .Anemo-
meter, invented by W. H. Dines, has supereeded its
predecessors. Anemometry forma a most important
feature in meteorological observations, and many im-
portant and remarkable results have appeared since
the invention o( the self-recording apparatus.
Anemoscope. .An instrument for recording the
direction of the wind.
Aneroid (Or. non Liquid), Barometer invented by
Vidi. Paris, 1643 (patented in England. 1844), con-
sists of a metal box from which the air in exhausted,
and a steel spring in the form of a douUe leaf. Its
action depends on the etiect produced by the pres-
sure of the atmosphere on a circular metallic cham-
ber, partially exhausted of air and hermetically
scaled. Th,c dial is graduated by comparison with a
mercurial barometer, both instruments being placed
under an air pump for the purpose. The vacuum
chamber is made of t\^*o discs of corrugated German
silver, soldered together, to which is attached a strong
spring, which acts in opposition to the motion of the
box. At the centre of the upper surface of the ex-
hausted chamber, a lever of brass or iron is attached.
The end of the lever is attached to a second or
4
ANEROIDOGRAPH
*9
ANNAM
smaller lever, from which a chain extends to vrbere
it works on a drum attached to the axis oi the hand,
coiuiccted with a hair spring, regulation and chang-
ing the motion from vertical to horizontal, and t^
fnlating the hand. Tlie spiral spring ktt-|» thi-
chain fnv Irom •ilackness while the prewtare is
dinunishtng. and when the pressure increases the
Icvtr pulls down the chain. As these instruments
arc graduated expcrimtrn tally, and heinx liable to
changes from elasticity of the brasN chamt>er chang-
mK. or from chanf^es in the s^'stem oi levers which
work the pointer, rusting, ar alteration in the tarce
oi tl»t ^prmgs. they rniuire to be repeatedly com
piared witli a mercurial barometer.
Set \M>>-mpcr " How to use the Aneroid Barome-
ter " (|«91).
AneroidoKrBph. A self-recording aneroid boro-
nicli^r.
An^amos, Battle of. Xaval Oght off Angamoa Point
(Chilf). OctobtT a. 1879, between Peruvian ironclad
Huascat and Chilian ironclads Blanco EncalaJa and
Almatante Cochrane, uaasted by car\*ctte Covadtmga ;
alter a iNittle of about oue hour and a hall Uic
Penivian» were forced to surrender.
Ancel Ttab. Specie!! of shark found in both the
t and Wc-Ht Hcmisplieres, It reaches a length of
five feet, and ii viviparous.
Angier, Ueot. filr Theodore Vivian Samuel. K.T.
|go4 (b. London, 1S4;). Educated Itossal School,
T-ancashire; King's College, London. Apprenticed in
1S61 to Mcssn. Davison. Son and Lindlcy, where he
KAervetl his lime. After a trip through Southern
Europe he returned to London, and joined the firm
Messrs. S. H. Angicr and Co. In 1869. owing
the death of his father, he was compelled to
|^m^)arV in business on his own account, and started
be linn of Mesiu-s. Angirr Brothers, of which he is tlie
iliead. Held a Commi^on in the T>uke of Cambri<lge's
^Hussars (Middlesex Yeomanry). Director of several
Insurance Associations; Vice-Chairman in 18B5 and
I Chairman in 1884 of the General Shipping Owncr'^
^Society: Vice-President of Chamber of Shipping
\\f^\: President 1885 ; Fellow of the Royal Statistical
Pfexicty; scr%*ed on the Load Line Committee i8g8;
rServed on Uoj-d's Register Committee 1884 1889;
ontcsted Orkney ThcUand as Unionist Candidate in
190J; Member of the original committee of tlie Tariff
Reform Leagne: Vice-President of Brighton and
Hove Tariff Reform League. Travelled extensively
Over India. Ceylon, Australia. United States and
Cinada.
Angte-IrCD. Strips of iron, ha\-ing edges turned
up at an angle to each otlier, used for ribs and knees.
in framing iron vessels.
Antler. British torpcdo-bfat destroyer. (Chis-
tkick, i8<>8.) Len^jth. 210 ft.; beam, t ij ft. : draught,
7 ft. : displacement. 278 tons : complemeat. 60 ; arma-
ment. I i3-pdr., $ 6-pdr. ; 3 tubes; twin screw;
Hp., s.tioo^^jukta.; coal. 80 tons.
AB^Br-Ftah. A fish caHed ^so Sea Pevil. FVog. or
Frog Fish, and in Scoltand, Widc-gnh, si^ifying
wide montli. It has an eni>rmous head, on which are
placed two elongated appendages, or filaments,
which. Wing mo%T»hIr, art* m.imriivred a.s if lliey
were l>ait, and when !tmaU fishes approach to ex-
amine them the Angler, hidden amid mud and sand,
which it ha.t stirred up by means of its ventral fins,
seizes them. It occurs along the Dritish coasts, and
averages alKint three ffet in length, but occasionally
sporimens arc taken measuring as much as five fei-l.
Angler's News and Sea Fisher's Jonraal. Estalv
liflhetl igtx). Piibli.'ihrd weekly (Saturdny). Price
\d. Address: 4 and 5 Gough Square, Londrm, E.C.
Anglesey Yacht Chih. Royal. S«v Royal Anglesey
Yacht Chib.
Angjia. .\nchor Line steamer, capsized in
river Huogly. August 24, 189a; 13 liven lost.
Angling. In modem Engliiih the practice of catch-
ing fi.sh by means of a rod, line, honk and bail. The
hook is rendered attractive to the ftsh by concealing
it in a natunil bait, or attaching to it a di-ccptive imi-
tation of a Hy. Among tlie best-known works on
Angling may be mentiunrd France^' book un
" Anghng," 18B5; KlaxwiU's "Salmon and Sea
Trout." i88v; Duer'a book on " The Dry Fly,"
1897; Hardy's " Tlic Salmon," 1893; *■ Fly Fishing."
Sir £. Grey, 1899.
Anglo-Algerian Steamship Company, with which is
incLiqioratLtl the Anglo-. \raliian ;ind IVrnian Line,
managed by Messrs. Frank C. Strick and Co., Ltd.,
London, incorporated in iS()(3; tiave a fleet of
16 modem steamers engaged in cargo carrying lo
various parts of the world.
Fl^ET.
ji fghanistan Bardtttan Sijurislon
A rain'stan Gvrjt'stan Sctbt sin n
Armamslan CuUstan ShahriititH
Avristan Koo»distan TatariiUm
Baluchistan Luristan Turhistan
MaristaH
Anglo-Saxon. Mail steamer, wrecked on a reef
off Cape Race, Newfoundland, Apnl 27, 1863; 237
lives lost.
Angnille. French submarine. (Toulon, 1903.]
Length, 77 ft. ; beam. 7-^ ft. : draught, S ft. : displace-
ment. ('18 tons; complement. 5: Hp.. 6o = S kts.
Angular Heastire. Set Weights and Measures.
Anjoo. Lieateoant Set Antic Exploration.
Anker. An obsolete liquid measure of 8*2914 gal-
lons. The Scots anker contaiued 20 Scots pints.
The measure is still in use in Denmark, Russia and
Cetmany.
*""^*ni French subsidised merchant ship
(189S). Manageries Maritimea iq.o.). Dimensions.
ANNAPOLIS
so
ANTARCTIC
44S X so X 36 't-; gross tonnage. 6,364; Hp., 7^00
« iS kU.
AniupoUfl. U.S. guQ-boat. (Elizabeth Port. 1897.)
Length 168 ft. BeAin 36 ft. Mnximum draugbt |3| ft.
Displacement t.ooo ton&. Complement 135.
Guns.
6 — 4 in.
4^^ pdr.
2 — I pdr.
Hp. 1,350 1= 13 kts. Coal maximam 22$ tons.
Anak Jsoe. An emigrant stiip, driven un sliou'
at Barra Islands on tbc West Coast ol ScotUod,
September 29, 1853; 348 lives were lost.
Annovazzi. Qioaeppe. Rear-Admirat, Italian Navy
(b. ii>40). Entered Navy 1865: Director of Naval
Ordnance ami Torpedoes 1S98-1900; S«:ond-in-
Command of the ttaltan Squadron TO03; Prc^dent ol
the PerroiiDent C4)mmiMion for Ordnance Expcri-
iDcntiag. 1904-05.
Anodon. See Mussd.
AnsOD. 44 g"Ds. On December sg. 1807, tliis
vessel vr-as wrecked in Mount's Bay. wlien 60 lives
were \<»t.
Anson. British 2nd class battleship. (Pembroke,
1S86.)
t-cngtb 330 ft. Beam 68 ft Maximum draught 37 ft.
Displacement io,6oo tons. ComiUement 515.
Guns. Armour*
4 — 13'5 is. " Compound."
6 — 6 in. tS in. Belt amidships.
1 2^-6 pdr. 12 in. Barbettes.
10 — 3 pdr. 12 in. Conning tower.
Twin screw. Hp. ii,soo= 16*25 k^- ^^^al maxi-
mum 1 ,200 tons. Approximate cost ^800,000.
This ship-name is associated with Rodney's vic-
tory. 1782; deatruction of the Catliape. 1797; cap-
tare of the Daphne. 1797: Warren's action, 1798;
capture of the Bomona, 1806; and the Curacao, 1&07.
Anoo. Oiptaia Charlev Eostace. B.K.. BLT.O.
igOT {b. 1859). Entered Navy 1S72; promoted
Lieutemmt 1S82. and served in £g)*pt (medal and
clasp; bronze star) ; Commander 1894; Captain 1901,
and appointed to command H.M. yacht Osbortu,
Anson, Oearge Lord, British Admiral (b. Shuck-
borough Manor. Stailordshire, April 22, 1697).
Entered Navy at the age of 15, and at the early age
of 31 was promoted to command of the ^'^easel
sloop, and by 1734 to the command of the man-of-
war Scarborough. From 1724 to 1735 he made tlirec
expeditions to South Carohna against tlir Spaniards.
In 1739, on the outbreak of the Spanish war. he was
given command of a squadron of eight vessels,
equipped to annoy the Spaniards in the South Seas.
He sailed in September 1740, and, altliougb losing
most of his men, with only one remaining slup» the
Cfnhiriori. he captured a rich galleoo on her passage
to Manila, and returned to England 1743 laden with
booty, and was appointed Rear-Admiral of tlie Blue.
In 1745 he was made Rcar-AdminU of the White.
In 1747 as Vice- Admiral, he mtercepted off Cape ,
I'inistfcTTC, a powerful French fleet, which he utterly
defeated, taking six men-of-war and foar Hast
InOiamen. In recognition of iiis signal services lie
was raised lo the peerage. In 1757 lie became first
Lord of the Admiralty, and four years later Admiral
of the Fleet, which rank he held until his death,
June '3. 1763.
Ant. British jrd class gun-boat (254 tons).
Launched 1873.
Antarotio. Ship. Sm Antarctic Exploration.
Antorodo. Opposed to Arctk ; the Antarctic Circle
or 7.0UV wtticli it encloses.
Antacctio Circle. A small circle of the earth de-
scribed around tlie Southern Pole, at a distance from
it of 23° 28'. Sometimes, however, the term is
more loosely applied to the South Polar regions Im
general.
Antarctic Kxploratim. The first ship to approach
the Antarctic circle was one of a fleet onder Jacob
Mabn. which s.ti)ed from Rotterdam, June 1508.
The vessel, a yacht of 150 tons, named the Good
News, was commanded by Dirk Gerritz. and he is
credited with having discovered the South Shet-
lands. In 1772 a Frenchman named Yve* J.
Kerguelen. discovered the island which bears his
name, in 48" 4t' 5.; this island is now usually used as
a base for Antarctic exploration. The first voyage of
importance to the southern seas was that of Captain
Cook, who in January 1773, sailed southwardsjrom
the Cape of Good Hope in the Rfsoluiion. On Janu-
ary 17 the .\ntarctic circle was crossed for the first
time in long. 39° 35' E. In December of that year
he made another attempt to discover the supposed
southern ContineDt. and again crossed the Antarctic
circle in 147" 46' W., and on January 29. 1774.
reached 70" 23' S. Captain Bristow. in 1S06, dis-
covered .\uckland Island and Hazleburgh, and four
yeara later Campbell Island. In 1S18 Mi. William
Smith came across tbc land known as South Shet-
land, which was subsequently confirmed by Mr.
Bransiivld, the Captain of H.M.S. Andromache, who
discovered another portion, which was named Brans-
field's Land. The South Orkneys were discovered
by Captain George Powell in the sloop Dooe 1821,
and in the following year James Weddell, K.N., of
the sailing vessel Jane, attained the lat of 74* 1 5' S.
In 1630 an expediticin under the command of Mr.
John Biscoe. R.N., sighted land in long. 47" 20' E.,
and lat. 65" 57' S., which he named Endcrby Land.
Subsequently discovering Bi.^coc Iskind. the land
now known aa Graham Land. In 1839 the French
expedition, under Dumont d'Urville. discovered
Joinville Land and Louis PhiUippe Land, and two
ANTARCTIC
3*
ANTARCTIC
mull tslands on the Antarctic cirde named Tnre
Ad^lie and Cote Clarie. The finest expedition that
has ever explored the soath polar seas, was the
English Antarctic Expedition which left England in
1839, and Hobart, December 1840. This expedition
vrzji under the command of Captain (afterwards Sir)
James Clarke Rosk. who was accompanied by Dr.
(afterwards Sir) Joseph Hooker. Two old bomb
vessels were fitted out, the Erebus and Terror, and
sailed trom Chatham ia Scptcmbt;r 1S39, proceeding
to the Cape, and thence southward to Kcrgueleo
Island. Possession Wands were discovcTcd, and a
landing aSccted on one of the largest, and the coast
Uoc of Victoria Ijind was traced from Cape North to
Cape Crozier, a dbstance of about 570 miles. Several
summits and mountain ranges wexe named, including
a volcano, Erebus, 12,400 ft. The south magnetic
pole was calculated to be tn 76' S. and 145'' 20' E.,
about 500 miles south-west of the ship's position.
The whole of the great southern land discovered on
this voyage was named Victoria Land, la Novem-
ber 1841 a second voyage Mt*as undectokcn, and the
Arctic circle was crossed on New Year's Day 1843.
After navigating through a belt of ico Soo miles
broad, a clf*r sea was sighted February 1. »fi.p. and
the voyage continned to the southward in 174* 31' W.
On l-'ebniary 33 the expedition attained a lat. of
78* 1 1' S.. the highest ever reached at that time. In
December of the? lallowtDg year Hii» cxpi»ditinn sailed
on the third visit, and the land named after Prince
d*Jomville by Pumont d'Urviltp. and the southern
side of the South Shetlunds was discovered and sur-
veyed. In i<^4; Lieutenant Moore, in command of a
mrrchant liarc|uc, the Pagoda, conttnuc^l the work
which Rons had so ably started, and completed the
magnetic observations south of the 60th parallel,
between tlie meridians of the Cape and Australia. In
1873 the CA<i//*ii^.-^ expedition (q.v,), under the com-
mand of Captain Narcs, sailed from England, arriving
at Kerguclen liilnnd on January* 6. 1S74, where sur-
veys were made, and the islands including those
named Heard and Macdoual*), which had been dis-
covered in November 1853. by Capt^m Heard, of Uic
American ship Oricniol, thoroughly examined by the
naturalists^ of the expedition. Several deep sea
sotiDdings were taken, the greatest depth being
1,975 fathoms. Tlic IJnvl winter pa>scMl by man
within the Antarctic circle was that of 1S98, when
the Btlgica, imdcr Captain de Cerlachc. was brset by
IceinUt. 71" 51' S.. and long. 85* 16' W.
llie German .Antarctic lixpcdition in the Oaua
{1901-03), discovered new land south of 61° 58' S.S.
and 9?" 8' E., which wa* named KaiMr Vfilhelm IL
land, and also discovered an inactiw volcano, which
was named Gaussbcrg.
A Swedish Expedition in the •■* ntatctic left Europe
in 1901, the vessel was lost two ycarri later, hut the
party were rescued. The Scotti'ih National Antarc-
tic Expedition in the Scotta (t902-04), confined its
work tn the Weddefl Sea. Four thousand miles ol
oceao. from 17* 45' W. long, to 70* 35* S. lat. was
explored, and after wintering in the South Orkneys,
they reached, in^ their second .leason, the south-
eastern extremity of Weddell Sea, discovering a
great barrier of inland ice, which b believed to be
part of the Antarctic Continent, and which was
found to be 600 miles north of its supposed position.
Among the most important expeditions recently
at work in the Antarctic regions, must be mentioned
the British National Antarctic Expedition, in the
Discovery (190^-04). The Ross barrier was followed
for a considerable distance to the ea«t, and the coast
discovered named EdMrard VII. land. Subsequently
it was discovered that Mount Erebus and Terror are
on au island, and that Murdo Bay is really a Strait.
Connected with this expc<lition were Captain R. F.
Scott and Lieutenant Shacklcton. who on January i .
1903, sledged southward along the coast oi Victoria
Land, and carried the Dritish flag to Sj* 17' S., the
highest southern lat ever attained.
Sm "Antarctic Manual." Murray, igof; Uar>
(loch's "From Kdinburgh to the Antarctic," 1894;
Bull's " Cniise of the Antarctic," 1S96; Butcligrc-
vink's " Finst on the Antarctic Ccniiocnt." 1901;
Bernacchi's "To the South Polar Regions," 1901;
" SouUiem Cross Collections" (Nat. Hist.), (903;
Nordcoskojld's " Antarctica," 1905,
Aatarctte Omu. a name that should, stnctly
speaking, be applied only to tlie ice-hound sna to tlie
south of the Antarctic circle; but gcncndly applied
to the great water division of the globe round tlic
South Pole, .\s compared with the jVrctic Ocean,
little is known al>out Ous portion of the earth's hur-
face. There i» good reason to IxsUcvr, however, Uial
Iho Antarctic consists of a ceutr;il mass of Jand
covered with a thick and presumably unbroken ice
cap. The depth \"arips considerably, and percepti-
bly decreases as the edge of the ice-barrier is ap-
proachrd. Ea-st of Victoria t^nd the depth varies
from luu to S<x> fathom-s; e-i-st of South Shetland
Isles luo to 500 fathoms; west of Graham's Land
joo to 300 fathoms; between Patagonia and Kerguc-
len Isle Irom 2,000 to J.ooo fathoms. Records of the
Chaiifttftr expedition proved that deep-sea sound-
ings were taken at a depth of t .975 fathoms. To the
S.w. of South Georgia. Sir James Clark Ross records
hdvtng sounded a depth of 4.acxj fathoms, without
finding bottom. The tempt'raturc of the Antarctic
is slightly colder than that of the Arctic, and varies
oonsidcrably. Observations made by the Gennan
t>ee|>-5ca £xi)cditioD in the I'alJivia ui i89H'99, give
a surface temperature down to 50 fathoms of 29" to
30" v.; at 165 fciUuims 35" F.; below 800 fathoms it
sinks to 3t*. According tu the nbservations of the
ChaUtnger expedition the temperature of the surface
water was between 29° and 35", according to the
latitude, with the bottom temperature from 32* to
35'-
Antarctic Pole. The Sonkhem Pole, whether of the
earth or of the heavens.
ANTARCTIC
32
APPARENTLY
Antarctic Tropic. The tropic of Capiicoro.
Antares. A star of the flrst magnihidc. commanly
called the Scorpion's Heart; it is one of the n.^u6cn!
stars, and used ior determining the latitude and
longitude,
Antennariiu. A genun of npiny-ftnned fishes akin
to the I'ishing Frogs. The Walking-fish, a native of
the Indian seas, is an exceedingly grotcsquelookiag
anima].
AntheliOBL Coloured rings seen round the shadow
of an uliMTviT. projected Du to a cloud or fog lying
below liim. Also called " Glory."
Anthozoa. Sve Actinozoo.
Anthxocita [or Stone Cnal) ik a variety of coal,
difiermg from the common bituminous kind by its
great hardness, the large proportion of carbon in its
composition, and the great heat given out in burn-
ing. While ordinary coal has a dull lustre, anthra-
cite is brilliant, and is frequently iridescent on the
natural surface. It does not soil the fingers when
liaiidletl like ordinary coal; ignites with difficulty;
bums with a feeble smokeless flame, giving out an
intense heat, and is the best steam coal known.
Anthracite has been defined as the ultimate product.
of the conversion of vegetable matter into coal.
The cliief deposits in Great Britain exist in the great
coal-ficlrfs of South Wales, while the greatest fidds at
present worked are those of Pennsylvania. It is also
lound in Sclesia. Westphalia, France, Rttssia. West
Canada, and the Kocky .\fountains. It has been
estimated by Richtliofen that the anthracite de~
posits in the Chinese province of Shansi, amount to
630,000,000,000 tons. See Robert's Anthracite
Coal Industrj* (1902).
Anttaiopopbagi. S^e Cannibalism.
Anticyclone. Au area of relatively high barometric
pressure increasing towards the centre, in which the
wind blows spirally outwards, and in the northern
hcnusphcre, in the direction of the movement of the
hands of a watch.
Anti-lDcnistatoors. See Boiler Composition.
Antipatharia (or Black Corals). A group of Acti-
nozoa Iq.v.) with homy skeleton.
Antipodes. The name given to those inhabitants
uf the I'lUth's surface who are diametrically opposite
to each other, i.e., feet to feet. From the people the
term has passed to the places themselves, which arc
situated at the two extremities of any diameter of the
earth,
Anti-Trades. Winds in the upper air blowing in a
contrary diri-ction to tiiat of the trade wind {q.v.) of
the lower Uvi-l, The direction o( tlie anti-trade
winds is uHiially from the S.W.. btit in the soutliem
bemi^>here. they Wow from the N.W
AnWm. British ist class cruiser. (Clydebank,
190J.)
Lcngtli 451 > ft. Bram 68 ft. Maximum draught 25 ft.
Displacement 10.700 tons. Complement 655.
Onns. Atntvur.
4— 7*5 iu. '* Kmpp."
6—6 in. & in, BeJt amidships,
s — 1 J pdr. 6 in. Barbettes.
22 — 3 pdr. 13 in. Conning tower.
3 Maxims,
Torpedo Tubes.
2 Submerged.
Twin screw. Hp. 2i.ooo = a2| kts. Coal maxi*
mum i.Sootons. Approximate cost ^850,000.
Anvers, Yacht Club D*. See Yacht Clnb d' An-
Aoataka, Japanese torpedo -lioat. (Knrc, 1903.)
I^ngUi. 147 ft; beam, 16 ft.; draught, S ft,; dis-
placement, 150 tons; complement, 26; armament,
I Opdr.. 2 3-pdr.; 2 tubes; Hp., 4,200=30 kts.;
coal 30 tons,
Apcftr Line, with the head ofTices in Calcutta, wasi
foundeci by Messrs. A. Apcar and Co., for the purp€»e
of trading between Calcutta, the Straits Settlements
and Hong Kong, maintain a fortnighUy service be-
tween Calcutta and Hon^ Kong. They carry pas-
sengers as well as cargo, and are known as the
Opium Boats, on account of their being used by
the Indian Government for conveying opium to
China.
Fleet.
AratoftH Apcar. Catharine Apcar. Gregory Apcar.
Lightning.
Gross tonnage, 14,000.
Apeak or Apeek. .'V sliip drawn directly over the
anchor is said to be apeak. The anchor is apcnk
when the cable has been sufficiently hove in to bring
the ship over it.
Aphetion, That point in the orbit of a planet at Its
greatest di.<^taiicc from the san.
Apogee. That point in its orbit when thf rnnmi Ls
furthest from the earth. The distance being about
253,000 miles.
Apollo, frigate, wrecked on the connt of Portu-
gal, April 1. i8tTi(.
Apoplexy, Uncansciousness bom. See Appar-
ently Dt-ad. Methods of Restoring the.
Apparently Dead, Method of Restoring the. The
art oi resuscitating itie appaccntly dead docs not
appear to have been knoMm to the ancients, and
although ."iome few instances of recovery from
drou-ning and hanging occurred on the Continent
and at Oxford at>OLit the year 1650, it was not until
APPARENTLY
33
APPORTIONMENT
the middle of the otghteenth centniy that any
serious mvcstigatina oa this subjcirt tnok place. At
this time the eiiiinent Dr. J. Fothcrgill, in a paper
to the Ro>'3] Society, propooodcd the most im-
portant theory of the " possibility ol saving many
lives without risking anything." and this theory
having boon put in practice by M. Rcaumcr, an in-
f^enious iorcigiiur. several succc5»ful attrmpts at
rc&uscitation wen; rrcordcd in Switzerland, and a
society for tlic recover^' of the apparently drowned
was estabhshed in Amsterdam. In the year 1773
the records of this society fell into the lianda of the
late Dr. I^lawt^s. who, in association with Dr. Co^n
and several other gentlemen, founded what is
known as tlie Royal Humane Society {q.v.).
If from drowning, sufiocation. or narcotic poiiion-
ing. the point-s to be aimed at an.-— /fr.U and tiifm^tft-
tfae restoration of breathing ; and, sficondly,
' breathing is n-storeri, the promotion of warmth
and circulation.
Dr. H. R. Sik'estt-9's Method 0/ Heaimng Naiuni
PtritlhfMi;.
Itutf I. Toadju-Ht the patient's position.
'Place the patient on his t»ack on a flat surface.
inclined a little (rom the feet npwards : rainc and
KUpport the hrad and shoulders on a smalt firm
cushion or folded article ol dress placed under the
shoulder-blades. Remove all tight clothing about
the neck and chest.
Ruir 3. To maintain a Erec entrance of air into
tlic windpipe. Cleanse the mouth and nostrils ;
open Che mouth ; draw forward the patieOt'S tongue,
and keep it forward ; an clnstic band over the
Icmgue and undt^r Uie chin will answer this purpose.
RuU 3. To imitate the movement** of breathlftg.
Firstly. Induce inspiration. I'lace j-oorwlf at
the head ol the patient, grasp his anns, raise tbvn
npwards by the sides ol bis bead, stretch them
stCEuUly but gently upwards, for two scconfy. (By
this means fresh air is <Irawn into the Itmgs by
raining the ribs.)
Secondly. Induce expiratton. Immediately torn
down the patient's arms, and press them^ — or your
own hands— gently against the :sidcs o( his chest.
for Iwo seconds. (By this mRins foid air is ex-
pelled from the hinpi by depressing the riba.)
Repeat tlicse mea^res alternately, deliberately, and
perseveringly, fifteen times in a minute, nntil a
!:pontanc0iL4 t-flort to respire I>e perceived. (By
thcw mpan** an exchange of air is produced tn the
langH ainrilar to that efJected by natanU respiration.)
Rule 4. To excite respiration.
E>unng the employment of the abox-c method
eicctte the nostrils with snuff, or smclhng-9alts. or
tickle the throat with 3 feather. Rub the chest and
face briskly, and dash cold and hot water alternately
on them. Friction of the limbs and body with dry
Bannel or cloths shonlrl W. had rcconmr- to. When
there ia proof of returning rrspimtion. the indivifln.-il
may be placed in a warm bath, the movements of
the arms above described being continued nntil re-
spiration is fully rc-storpfl. Raise the body in
twenty seconds to a sitting position, dash cold water
against the chest and face, and pass ammonia under
the nose. Should a galvanic apparatus be at hand, ap-
ply the spongps to the region of diaphragm and heart.
Treatment after XalnraJ Breathing has been Restored.
To induce circulation and warmth. Wrap the
patient in dry blankets, and rub tlio Umbs upwards
energetically. Promote the warmth of the hiody by
hot flannels, bottles or bladders of hot water, heated
bricks, to the pit of the stomach, the armpits, and
to the soles of the feet
On the restoration of life, when the power of
swallowing ha^ returned, a teaspoonfnl of warm
water, small qtianlities of wine, wnrm brandy and
water, or coffee should be given. The patient should
be kept in bed, and a disposition to sleep encour-
aged. During reaction large mustard plasters to
the chest and below the shoulders will greatly
relieve the distressed breathing.
Note. In all cases of prolonged immcntioa in cold
water, when tlie breathing continues a warm hath
should be employed lo restore the temi^wrature.
// /rt>jH Intense Cold,
Rub the body with snow, ice, or cold water.
Restore warmth by slow degrees. It is highly
dangerous to apply heat too cariy.
// from Intoxicatiou.
Lay the individual on his side on a bed, with his
head rai»rxl. The parient should he induced to
vomit. Stimulants should be avoided,
If fn}ta Afyiiplexy or from Sunstroke,
Cold water should be applied to the head, which
should be kept well raised. Clottung removed from
the neck and chest. Stimulants avoided.
// /rojn Eitf-iric Shock.
Remove the body from contact with the wire,
cable, or other conductor (in doing this, the body
must not be toucliod witli the naked hand, but iudia •
rubber gloves, a fold of dry cloth, or other non-
conductor should bo uwd), and at oiicc proceed to
induce lespiration by the above method.
Apparently Drowned. See Apparentdy Dead,
Method of Restonng thr.
Apportionmant (■) may form the subject of an
action for distribution of saJvace (f.f.), or may be
raised by some interested party in the course of au
unlinary sal\'agc action. The Admiralty Court,
which ift bound to appartion on apphcation. will
coiislder. as between owners and crew, the value ol
the salving property and its risk, as agBinat the
skill, labour, and courage of the crew.
The master usually has a special award for his
rcsponsibihty, and the crew a lump sum di.ftri-
buted. according to thi*ir ratings, but individual
members may be specialty awarded.
Kh tM^twcon independent salvors, each case is coo*
sldered according to its merits, but where the s«r-
C
34
AQUEDUCT
irir. tbe 6f3t
4^ IffM^^BHft «f fioMriOB diaiige. Where
WM >ai9» «v Wkl to Miae. wtefttcmr the dtgne of
^tft w * Mck aft^ lk» duna^ » ai^fwrtiooed in
t^M, 11 <te 1d«» to a is ^i.oco snd to B ^3,ooo.
A ««i n<vMff i^co afnnst B. and B can rccowr
£t wfr afotert A.
^H/Hlit^ T^ TahM goods imported.
When any questions arise in
I tk» Adiotralty Court as to the value of a
k^^ M Iwr OHfO^ the marshal or his deputy, acting
MBitir •■ fiviir from tlie Court, proceed to make aa
mmUXj ol the ship's property or cargo, wliich is
wtaanktmi oo oath by a qualified \-aluer. The inven-
(Oiy. vpimiMmeQt in writing, and a certificate of the
BRnwdioia are then sent to the registry. An ap-
l«ai9MM>1 proj^erly made is conclusive of the value
ct the property and is binding, although the pro-
p«Cty be aftcr^^'ards sold for a lesser amount. Where a
sale of a ship has been decreed by the Court, it is fixed
and advertised by the marshal, and is usually sold by
public auction. If the bidding is much under the
appraised value, the Court will not always order the
property to be sold for what it will fetch, but may
•ettle a spedfic sum, below which it shall not be sold.
AppnntiM. Bea. The contract of apprenticeship
to the Merchant Service must, if tlic apprentice is to
be bound for a longer period than one year, be made
by indenture, a duplicate of which is sent for record
to the Registrar-General of Shipping and Scam en(^.r.).
The indenture of a pauper apprentice must be
attested by two justices, who shall satisfy themselves
that the boy has consented to be bound, is of at least
12 years of age. and sufficiently strong and healthy.
In forcign-goiilg ships the apprentice and his inden-
ture must be produced to the superintendent before
whom the crew is engaged. (Merchant Shipping
Act, 1894. sections 105-109.)
Ko boy under 13 years of age can be apprenticed
to the sca-fishing service; and no boy under 16 years,
unless duly apprenticed by indenture in a form ap-
proved by the Board of Trade, can Iw taken to sea
for longer than one day. The superintendent must
satisfy himself that the indenture complies with this
Act, that the boy's relatives or guardians assent to
his apprrrnticcslup, that tltc master is a fit person to
receive the boy. and that the apprentice is not under
tbe age of 13 and is of sufficient strength and health.
The superintendent may enforce sbputatioiis in the
indenture on betialJ of the boy, and take legal pro-
ceedings In his own name lor this purpose.
Anyone who receives money or other considera-
tion from the person to whom the Iwy is bound as
apprentice shall be guilty ol a misdemeanour.
(Merchant Shipping Act, 1894. sections 392-398.)
The rights and liabilities of apprentices are very
similar to those of seamen, though apprentices are
not " seamen " v^ithin the meaning of tbe Act.
Aprvdn. Feodor. Coont ( 16; i • 173S). Founder of the
Russian Navy. lo 1710 took a successful part
against Sweden, and three years lat«-r was in com-
mand of the fleet against Finland, and was inatru-
mcntal in inducing Sweden to conclude the treaty of
Nystad. which gave Russia the Baltic Province.
Was made Admiral of the Navy by Peter the Great.
Aproo. Strengthening timber abaft the lower part
of stem, above foremost end of keel.
Agu&rimn. Tanks or vessels containing aquatic
plants or animals living as nearly as possible under
their natural conditions. Among the plants wliich
flourish in the fresh water aquarium arc the Cana-
dian Water Weed, various species of Duckweed and
the B!.T,dderu-ort, the common Water Buttercup,
Water Starwort and Homwort. Of the animal in-
habitants, by far the easier to keep alive are those
capable of breathing both air and water, such as
Newts and Axolotls. Of fish the Stickleback and
Minnow arc the most likely to flourush. There are
Marine Aquariums attached to the Biological Station
of Naples and Plymouth; and Aquaria at Brighton.
Berlin, Hamburg, New York and Washington.
5m Taylor's "Aquarium " (188 1). Wood's "Com-
mon Objects of Sea-shore, including Hints for an
Aquarium."
Aqoaritu. The eleventh sign in the Zodiac.
Anoatio Awjfii^ly are those living in or about the
water; swimming m, (lying over, or deriving their
food from the water.
Aqoatlo Planta. Plants found grou-ing in water^
stagnant, fresh or salt.
Aquatics. Inhabiting or relating to water.
Aqueduct. An artificial conduit or canal built for
the conveyance of water. The term is not applied
to pipes working under pressure, but only to chaa-
ocls in which water flows with a free surface. The
piers and arches of an aqueduct may be of stone,
brick or concrete. The water-channel of wood,
iron, steel or masonry. .\t the end of the first cen-
tury A. D., Rome had nine aqueducts, with a total
length of over 270 miles. In the Roman provinces
there were aqueducts at Niraes. Segovia. Tairagonia.
Metz, Mainz, Antioch and Pyrgos. The aqueduct
" DcUe Torre Spolcts " (Umbria) dates from the
eighth century, and is about 300 feet high. There
was a famous aqueduct at Athens (made 560 b.c.).
one at Samos (625 A. D.), and one still in use at Syra-
cuse. In Trance the aqueduct of Maiutciion. which
was constructed to bring water to Versailles, is 4,400
(eel long, and over 2cio feet liigh. The first aque-
ducts of importance in Britain were built towards
the end of the eighteenth century, to carry canals.
The Barton aqueduct, built by Brindley, carried the
Bridgewater Canal over the Irwcll. The aqueduct
ri
-d
AQUEOUS
35
ARBITRATION
carrying the Ellesmere Canal across the Dec is i ,000
feet long and 126 feet high. In British Indin the
most important a the Ganges Canal, which traverses
the North Western Provinces of Bengal, and dis-
tributes over their vast area nearly the whole volume
of the waters of the Ganges. The Croton aquedoct
by which the City of New York is supplied with water,
built in 1S43, was regarded at that time as one of the
most magniScmt works of the kind in modern tiuies;
its length is 38^ mileK. The Loch Katrine Aqueduct
of the Glasgow Waterivorks is the modem aqueduct
which has probably attracted the largest share of
public attention; the length of the aqueduct is about
35 miles, of which j; may be considered the aqueduct
proper, the remaininf; 8 miles consists of two lines of
cast-iron pipes, by which the water is conveyed from
large servwe reservoirs at Mugdock to the City of
Glasgow. An aqueduLt near Edinburgh, conveying
the water of the Edinburgh and Glasgow Union
Canal acn»s the valley of the Water of Leith at
Slatelbrd, is coustructcd entirely of cast-iron, built in
with masonry. It is about 500 feet in length, and con-
sists of eight arches, each 4$ ieet span, 75 feet above
the Icnl of Uie river. The aqueduct which carries
the water to supply the Vienna Waterworks from
Kaiserbrunn spnng to the receiving reservoir at
Rosenhugel is 56^ miles long.
S« Hrrschcl's " Water Supply of Rome "; Tur-
neaureand RubmU's "Public Water Supplies" [1901].
Aqdmiu Rodu. A name applied to alt rock>'
ntaases btrnt-ath th<^ water, whether in the form of
sedimentary depoiits. accumulatioDS of shells, or of
crystallised masses due to concentration by evapora-
tioo.
AQoeom V&poor. See Elastic f'orcc of Vapour.
Aqtudabon. Brazilian battleship. Displacement,
5.000 tOB^.
Blown up by the exploding of her magazine at
Jacatcpagna. a small port to the south of Kio dc
Janeiro, January 33. 1906. The ship sank three
minutes after the explosion, and 300 officers and men
perished. This vessel was torpedoed by the Sampio,
and sank in shallow water at Destoro. during the
revolt of the Brazilian Fleet, March, 1894. She was
refloated and sent to Stettin to tmdergo repairs.
AviOa. Italian torpcxlo-boat. {Elbing. 1B88.}
Length, i53ft.:bcam, 17 ft. ; maximum draught. 8 ft.;
displacement. 130 tons; complement. 34; arma-
ment.3 3-pdr. q.f.. i i-pdr.; 3 tubes; Hp.. 2,aoo =
a6 kts.; coal maximum, 40 tons.
AqidloD. French torpedo-boat (1899). Dis-
ptacrment, 1 20; complement, 54 ; maximum draught,
tj\ it.; guns, 2 5-pdr.; torpc<1o tubes, 2 15-in.;
twin screw ; Hp„ 2.000^36 kts,; coal. 16 tons.
Aqoilooe. Italian torpedo • boat destroyer
(190:;). Displactrmcnt. ;tjlo tons; complement, lou;
armament, j u-pdr.. 5 6-pdr.; 3 tube«; Hp.,
6,800- 2a kt«.
Aiiaflaao. Italiaa torpedo-boat destroyer.
(Naples, 1903.) Duplacement. 330 tons; maximum
draught, 8 ft.; armament, 5 6-pdr., tubes, 3 18 in.;
Hp., 6,000= 30 kts. ; coal, So tons.
kS^ Distinguishing letters on sea fishing boats
registered at Ayr, Scotland.
Arab. British torpedo-boat destroyer. (Clydebank,
1901.} Length. 210 ft.; l>cam, ig ft. ; draught, 7 It:
displacement, 278 tons; complement. 60; armament,
I i2-pdr., 5 6-pdr.; 3 tubes; twin screw; Hp.,
5,800^30 kts.; coal. 80 tons.
Arabia. British subsidised merchant stup
(1898). P. and O. Company {q.v.). Dimensions,
500 X 54 X 33 it; gross tonnage, 7.900; passenger
accommodation. 524; Hp., 9.400=13 ktfl.
Aragnarx. Brazilian torpedo-boat. (Thomy-
cruft. 1891.) Length, i5uft.: beam. 14 ft.; draught,
5 It.; displacement, 150 tons; complement, xj;
armament, 2 q.L, 4 tubes; Hp.. i.55i>'-25 kts.;
coal, 33 tons.
Arao. Swedish coast servke battleship.
(Lindholmen, 1902.)
Length 287 ft. Beam 49 ft. Maximum draught 16 ft.
Displacement 3.650 tons. Complement 350.
Guns. Armouf.
2 — 8'3 in.. 45 cal. " Knipp."
6—6 in. 7 in. Belt amidships,
10 — 3 pdr. 7 in. Turrets.
3 — 1 ixlr. 8 in. Conning tower.
Tofpedo Tubes {i-&ai.),
2 Submerged.
Twin screw. Hp .6,500^^17 kts. Cool normal
360 tons.
Aran. Japanese torpedo-boat destroyer.
(Yarrow, 190;.) Displacement, 3Sotons; comple-
ment. 55; miiximnm draught. 9 ft.; armament,
I i2-pdr., 5 6pdr.; tubes. 2 18 In.; Hp.. 6,ooo—
31 kts.; coal, 95 tons.
Ararat, U.S. gun-boat, captured from Spain in
the Spanish American War, 1S98. Of little fighting
value,
Arbelete. French torpedo-boat destroyer. (Nor*
mand. 1903.) Length, iSo ft.; beam, 21 ft.; maxi-
mum draught. 10 ft.; displacement. 300 tons; com-
plement, 45; guns, I 9'pdr., 6 3-pdr.; torpedo
tubes. 3 1 5 in.; speed. 37-30 kts.
Arbitratica. (1) Arbitration is an agreement be-
tween parties to refer disputes to the decision of one
or more persons. The Arbitration Act, 1S89, amends
and consolidates the previous Acts on the subject.
Where parties have submitted to determine qnes-
tloos In dispute by :u:b]trat4on, such submission,
nnl«BS a contrary intention appear, is irrevocable,
except by leave of the Court. The arbitrator is a
person either appointed by the Court or mutually
agreed opou between the parties. The rules of pro-
cedure and evidence are similar to those of the High
ARBUTHNOT
36
ARCTIC
Court, and perjury is panishable as in other cases.
The arbitrator, who may be removed and his award
aet aside by the Coort for xmsconiluct, must try the
case impaitially, and make the award in writing
wtUiin three months, when it must be hnal and not
siibj»:t to couditioas.
WTierc then: arc two arbitrators whose opinions
difler. on umpire is appointed by tbem.
The Court may refer any cjvU matter (or inquiry
or report to an o&cial or special rcleree. who k
dctsmed an officer of tl>e Court, and must conduct the
rcierence according to rules prescribed by thu Court,
His report or award, unless set aside by t]ie Court or
Judge, shall be equivalent to the verdict of a jury,
(j) International Arbitration is the settlement ol
disputes between ind?peudcnl states by one or more
pnvato individuals or a friendly power, mutually
agreed upon. The principal questions rrfcrrrd tu
International Artntrabon relate to boundaries on
land, fisheries at sea. breaches of neutrality, and
unlawful arrests and seizures of vessels.
At The Ilaguc Peace Conference, 1899, where
twenty-six states were represented, the estabJish-
meiitol a pcrman<-nt Court of International Arbitri-
tiou wa3 ayrew! iijion.
Arbathnot, Charles Ramsay, Captain K.N. (b. Feb-
ruary 5, iSsu). Fducated H.M.S. Britnntiia ; a Sub-
Licutenant of the Royal yacht; Lieutenant in Arctic
yacht Pandora (Arctic medal); promoted Com-
maitdur 1S83; Captain iStfi; commanded H.M.S.
OrUtHtlo. Hagship Australian Station, 1892-95. I^^fcr
tti .\rct)c Exploration.
Arc French torptdo-boat destroyer, (Chalon.
1903.} Length, [Sj ft.; beam, 21 ft.; draught, lolt,;
displacement, .^00 tons ; cumplcment, 62 ; iirma-
ment, t 9-pdr., 6 3-pdr. ; 2 tutws; twin screw;
Hp., 0,000^28 kls.; coat, 75 tons.
Aroaohoa, Tachtinc Club D\ EsUblished tSS/.
Prcsiikiii. Cunitc- de Gaulne; Vice-Prcstidents, H.
Exahaw and G. Ficon. ::5o. Boulevard de la
Plage, Arcachoo. Annual subscription, 2u francs,
Arcadia. British subsidised merchant ship
{iSaS) . p. and O, Company (q.v.) . dimen-
sions, 468 X 5a X 34 J ft.; gross tonna{^, 6,605;
passvngcr accommodation, 32:; Hp.. 6,000— 17 kts.
Arched SaUAll. A squall oii the West Coast of
Africa, in wliich the clouds take the shape 0/ an arcli.
Arober. French sea-going tor^tedo-bcat. (Nor-
maud, 1893.) Length, 138 it.; beam, 14 ft.;
draught, 7 It.; displacement, 131 tons; complement.
36; armament, 2 3-pdr., 2 tubes; Hp., H,25o
26 lets.; coal, 27 tons.
Arober Fish. A name givea to tlie Toxotcs Jacula-
tor, and ^vcral Kiu>t India and Polynesian fishes,
from the habit they luive of shooting drojiR ot water
a diataocc ol three or four feet into the atr, thus
bringing down insects for their food.
Archimedean Bcrew. An apparatus invented by
the Greek math ema tic ion, Archimedes. It consists
of a spiral pump working on a central axis, and is
used for draining (locks or nu.sing water to any pro-
posed height.
Arching. 5m Hogged.
Archipelago. A name now applied to any group ot
islands coiisiilcrt-d collcclivelv.
d
Architects, MavaL
Architvcbt.
Architecture, KavaL
science of "-hip building.
Sff Institution of Naval
Construction or art and
Aroona. Oermon armoured cruiser. (Weser, 1902.]
Length 3j8 ft. Beam 40 ft. Maximum draught 17 It.
Displacement 3,71; tons. Complement 159.
Guns. Awmi'ur.
10 — 4-1 in. ■' Krupp."
10 — I ptir. 3 in. Deck.
4 Machine. 4 in. Conning tower.
Torpedu Tutes,
1 Submtvged.
Twin screw. Hp. S.txx/.-ji kts, Cual maximum
7110 tans.
Arotio. U.S. mail steamer, in coIUmod off
Newfoundland with the Frencli steamer Vesta, and
went down; 300 lives were last.
Arotio. Pertaining to the North generally, or more
specially to the region within the .\rctic circle.
Arotio Circle. A small circle of the globe, jj" 28'
rli^tancc from the North VfAe, which is ite centre. It
is opposed to the Antarctic circle, which is at the
same distance from the South Pole, /'
Arctic ExpIoratloiL I'he Arctic Sea, we are told by
King Alfred, wa-s entered by a Norwegian named
Other, and although the locahtiv:^ mentioned cannot
now be identified, it is quite po&.sible that they refer
to the Nortli Cape and the coast of Lapland. U was.
however, not until 1553. when an expedition pro-
moted by Sebastian Cabot, and under the command
of Sir Itugh Willoughby and Kichard Chancellor,
that any advance wa-^v made in Arctic Fx]iIoratioa.
The expedition sailed on May 20, 1553, " for the
.Starch and discovery of the northern parts of the
world to open up a way and passage to our men lor
travel to new and unknown kingdoms." On tliis
rxptKlition Nova Zembta was sighlud. In the spring
of 135<' Steven Burrough, who was with CItancellor,
sailed in a small pmnace called the Seatchfhrifl. He
went to Archungel, aiiU discovered Uic Strait leading
into the Kara Sea, Iictwwu Nova Zcmhia am) the
Island of Waigat, la 1 580 two vessels, unde-r
.\rthur Pet and Charles Jackmao, sailed through the
Strait discovered by Burrough, and thence ea&tward
beyond the mouth of the River Obi. Pet di.<K:overed
a Strait into the Kara Sea, between Waigat and the
mainland, and endeavoured to push eastward, but
without success retomed to England in safety.
ARCTIC
i7
ARCTIC
Jaclcman, after wiotcrini; in a Norwegian port, sailed
for EngUod. but was never beard o( again. In 1 576
Frobtsber, aided financially by Michael Ij>k, set sail
■with two small vessels of 30 to 25 tons, called the
Gabriel and Michael. Thi't expedition was formed
with the idea of discoverini; a shorter route to India
by the north-west. On July ao, FrohJsher sighted
high land, which he named Queen Elitabetlt's Fore-
land, and the following day he entered the Strait now
known a<t Frobt<ther Strait, calling; the land Meta
Inco^ita. Kor a long time Frobisher Strait was
supposed to pass through Greenland, but it is now
clear that Frobisfaer never saw GremlaiiU, and that
his Strait and the Meta Incognita arc on the .Ameri-
can side of Davis Strait. John Davis made three
voyages in three successive years. He was the first
to visit the West Coast of Greenland; discovered
Gilbert Sound and the Strait which bear* his name.
On hts second voyage he did not accomjilish any-
thing of note. In his third voyage i >;87, he ad-
vanced far up Davis Strait, and reached a lofty
island m 73^ 41' N,, which he named Sanderson's
Hope.
In 1594 some Amsterdam merchants fitted out
a vessel of some 100 tons, under the command of
Willem Barents. He discovered the whole western
coast as far as Cape Nassau and the Orange Island at
the north-western extremity. On his Sf>cond voyage
he made an tinsnccc-'wfiil attempt to enter the Kara
Sea. Daring the third voyage. 1596. he acted as
pilot to Jacob van Heemskerck, who was accom-
panied by Coraetiszoon Rijp: they sailed northward
and discovered Hear Island, and sighted tlte north-
tt-estem extremity of Spttxbergen. which they named
Kiewland. They were the fimt to face, and soccess-
(uUy pass, an Arctic winter, and in the spring of the
foUowtog: year made their way m boats to the Lap-
land coast. Barents died daring the voyage, but his
record takes first rank among Polar enterprises of
the sixteenth century.
In f6o3 Captain Waymouth. sent out by the East
India Company to seek for a passage by the open-
tag aeen by Davis, returned without any auccem.
In irto5 Chri^an FV. of Drnmark sent out three
sbip^undortheEn^'lishmeoCunninghamandHnn.and
a Dane named Lindcnov. They managed to get as far as
ttic Wii>t Coast of Greenland, and had much intercourse
with the Eskimo, In 1607 Henry Hud^ion. in tlieservicc
of the Muscovy Company, made hi* frrtit voyage, and
diacoverod the most nortberty pomt on the Eastern
Coast ol Greenland. 73*^ N.. he examined the edge- of
the ice between Greenland and Spitxbcrgen, and
reached the latitude of 80" zy N. On his return he
discovered HudMra's Tutches. since called Jan
Mayen. In his second \'uyagc. 1608, he i-xamined
tlte edge of the ice between Spitzbergen and Nova
Zcmbla. In his third voyage, when employed by
tlie Dutch I-Iast India Company, he explored the
coast of North America, and discovered the River.
Strait and great Boy whiih bear his name. Sir
Thomas Button ui May. 1613, in command of two
ships, the KesnluHon and Discomry. sailed from
England, entered Hudson's Bay. crosaed it to tta
weslern shore, and wintered at the mouth of the
Hudson river. In the f«Uowing year he explored
the shore of Soathampton Island as far as 65' N.,
returning to England in 1613- In J*'* Robert
Bylot, as master, and WiUiam Baffin, as pilot and
navigator in the Discoutry, examined the coast of
Hud-ion's Strait, and made many valuable obierva-
tioDs. In the following year the two sailed again in
the Discovfty. and discovered what has been Itnown
ever ance as Baffin's Bay. Baffin named the most
northern opening Smith Sound, after the promoter
of the voyage Sir Thomas Smith; Wolstenholroe
Sound, Cape Dudley Digges. Hak1u)'t Island, Lancas-
ter Sound, Jones Sound, and Cary Islands were
named after othera interested in the expedition.
In 1631 two expeditions were dispatched, one from
London and one from Bristol. In the London ship,
Charles, Luke Fox explored the western side of Hud-
son's Bay, as far as a place called " Sir Thomas Roc's
Welcome." Captain James, in the Bristol ship
Afaria. went north and reached "North West Fox."
6«* 47' N. He wintered off Charlton Island, and
returned in 1632.
After the acquisition of Siberia by the Russians,
the whole of the northern shores of that vast region
was gradually explored. In 1648 Simon Desnnefl, a
Cossack, in a boat expedition on the River Kolyma.
pa"*sed through the Strait, afterwards named Bering.
and reached the Gulf of Auadyr. Captain Vlamingh,
in 1664, advanced as far round the northern end of
Nova Zembla as the winter quarters of Barents. In
1671 Frederick Marteni visited the Spitibtrgen
group. In 1707 Captain Gilies and Outsger Rep
wt^nt to the eastward as far as the northern shoreii of
Greenland, and saw high land tn Do**, which has since
lM>rn known as Gilies l^nd.
In 17^3 John Scrogp^, in the employment of the Hud-
son's Bay Company, was sent from Churchill River
in fiearcb of two ships commanded by Mr. Knight,
He went as far as Sir Thomas Roe's WVlcoine, and
then returned, and it vrds sul'««quently found that
the two ships were loat and the crews had perished.
Heler the Great in 1 735 appointed Captain Vitus Be-
ring, a Dane.locommandati ex[M:dition. Twovessels
setftailin 1738, Bering ascertaining the existence of a
Strait between At^ia and America. In 1740 he again
set sail in the St. /-"uii/. with thcobject of discovering
the American sideof theStrait. He sighted that mag-
nificent peak, named by himMt.St. Elias; explored the
Alutian Islands, but the ship was wrecked on an is-
land, and Bering himself died on December 8.
1741.
In 1735 Lient. T. Tcheljmskm got as far as 77''35'
N-. near the Cape which bears his name, and eight
years later reached, with a sledge party, the most
northerly point of Siberia 77' 4 1 ' N.
Capt. Christopher MiOdletoo in 1742 discovered Wa-
ger Rivet and Repulse Bay. In i74GCaptain WMoor
made a vo>'age in the same direction, and explored the
ARCTIC
38
ARCTIC
Wager loJet. Between 1769 and 1772 Samuel Heanie
descended the Coppermine River to the Polar
Sea.
In 1771 a Russian menhant named Liakhoff dis-
covered New Siberia or Liakhofi Island.
In 1773 Captain Phipps sailed in an expcdition.which
was stopped by ice, to the north of Hakluyt headland,
the north-western portion of Spiubtrgcn.Thc)'rcached
Se\-en Island and discovertd Waldun Island, returning
to England in September of the same yeax. In ijyS
Captain Cook sailed from Kamchatka in search of
the nortli-e.*iEt, or north-west passage, from the
Pacific til the Atlantic. During bis voyage be
reached (ape Prince of WaJeii, and his ships, the
Resolute and Ihscovery, arrived at the edge of the ice
70* 41' a., after pairing through Bering Strait. In
1789 Alexander Mackenzie discovered the mouth of
(he Mackenzie River. Captain Scoreshy. a whahng
captain, takes first rank as a successful fisher and
acicnti^c observer. In 1806 he succeeded in advanc-
ing bis ship Resolution as far nortli as 81° a' 42".
In 1822 he forced his way through the ice, which
cucumbers the approach to the land of the East Coast
of Greenland, and surveyed that coast from 7$° down
to 69" N., a distance of 400 miles. In 1818 the two
veaseh Dorothea and Trmt, commanded by Captain
David Buclian and Ueutenant John Franklin, sailed
by way of the Spitsbergen route to discover the
north-west pasaage, in the hope of receiving the
^D.ooo reward which was offered for making the
Dorth-wcst passage, or ,^5,000 for reaclung 89* N.
The vessels were driven into the ice pack by a heavy
swell from the south, and compelled to return to
England. At the stame time another expedition, fol-
lowing in the wake of BafEn's voyage of 1616 and
sailing by way of Baffin's Bay. consisting of two
ships the IsabetU and Alexander, commanded by
Captain John Ross and Lieutenant Edward Parry,
sailed on the same quest. They returned to Eng-
land having accomplished very little, except that
they wore able to vindicate Baffin's accuracy as u
discoverer. In i8iy Lieutenant E. Parry was
selected to command two vessels, the Heda and
Griper. He passed through Lancaster Sound, tlic
continuation oi which be named Barrow Strait, and
advanced westward, discovering the Arclupclago,
bincc known as Parry Islands. He discovered Wel-
lington Channel, and sailetl onward for 3U0 miles to
Melville Inland, returning in 1820. A fresh expedi-
ticu m the J-'uty and Jlecia, still under his command,
•ailod the following year. They passed tJieir firsl
winter on tlic coa^^t of Miilville Peninsula, 66° 1 1' N. ;
tbL-ir Second winter among the Eskimo in 69* 2a' N.,
and discovered a channel leading westward from the
head of Hudson's Bay, which he named Fury and
Hecla Strait. la l3i9 Lieutenant John Franklin.
accompanie<l by Dr. Richardson, George Back and
Hood, attempted to reach land by the northern
shores of America. They landed at York factory,
and proceeded to the Great blavc Lake, in the fol-
lowing year they started for the Coppermine River.
and reached its mouth on Jaly 18. 1821. subse-
quently exploring 550 miles of coast line, the ex-
treme point of wliich they named Cape Turn
again.
la i82tCaptain Lutke, a Russian, was employed in
surveying the West Coast of Nova Zembla, as lar as
Cape Nasfiau, and examining the ice of the adjacent
sea. In 1821 Lieutenant Anjou, a Russian, made a
complete survey of the New Siberia Islands. Be-
tween 1830-23 Baron Wracgcll made four journeys
with dog-sledges, exploring the coast between Cape
Tchelagskoi and the Kolyma.
In tSj4 three combined attemptii were urganised.
under Parry, Beechy.and Franklin, to connect tlie Cape
Tumagam of Fronklm, with the discoveries made by
Parry during his second voyage. Parry was to enter by
the Lancaster Sound, and make for the great o^ieniug
he had seen on the south named Prince Regent's
inlet. Beechy by Behring Strait, and Franklin from
the shores of Arctic America. Parry was unfortu-
nate; Beechy in the Btosium entered Behring Strait,
August 1826. and gat as far as Point Barrow 71° 23*
53" N. lat. ; Franklin descended the Mackenzie River
to the mouth, and explored the coast for 374 miles to
the westward. In 1827 ParT>' made an attempt to
reach the Pole from the northern coast of Spitx-
Iie-rgen in sledge boats. On this occasion he reached
latitude 62" 45' N.
lo 1 829 Captain Graah, of the Danish Navy, under-
took an expedition to the East Coast of Greenland ; he
advanced as far as 65' 18' N". on the east coast, whcie
he WHS Mopped by ice. He wintered at NugarUk, in
63° 22' N,. and retumod in the following year.
In 1839 Captain John Ross, and his nephew
James, undertook a private expedition of dis-
covery on behalf of Felix Booth, in a small vessel
called the Victory. Ross proceeded down Prince
Regent inlet to the Gulf of Boothia, and «rin-
tered on some land named by him Bootliia Felix.
On this expedition Jaine» Ross crossed the land and
discovered the position of the north magnetic pole;
discovered land to the westward of Boothia, which
he named King William Land, the northern shore of
which he exaoiined. The most northern pomt oppo-
site the magnetic pole he named Cape Felix. The
Rosses spent four winters m the Arctic, and were
eventually picked up by a whaler in Barrow Strait
and brought home. Their prolonged abst^nce caused
great anxiety, and Sir George Back, with Dr. Richard
Kmg as his companion, started out m 1833 to search
for them, but ouing to lack of supphes were com-
{.-Krlk-d to iL-tuni. In 1836 Sir George Back was sent,
at the instigation of the Royal Geographical Society,
to proceed to Repulse Bay in his ship the Terror, to
examine the coast line at the rooutli of the Great Fish
River. The expedition did not accomplish the task,
and the vessel was brought back across the Athuiiic
is a sinking condition. In July of the following year
Messrs. Simpscm and Deasf, both in tlin «'r\acc of tlic
Hudson's Bay Company, started on an expedition.
They reached the mouth of the Mackenrie, and con-
ARCTIC
39
ARCTIC
I
I
I
nected tfamt position witb Foint Barrow, which bad
been dtacovrrrd by the Blifssom in 1826. Daring
this voyage the explorers landed at Montreal Island,
at tho mouth of the Great Fish River, and advanced
as far as Castor and Pollux Kiver, and retnmed along
the north side of the channel, which i.s the south
<ihorc ol King William Island, discovered by James
Ross. In order to complete the delineation of the
Dorthem shores o! the American Continent Dr. John
Rae was cotmsted by the Hudson's Bay Company
with an expccUtion. He went to Repulse Bay. whea-e
he wintcTctl, and in tlic spring of the following year
explored on foot thcshorcHof agreat gulf having 7,000
miles of coast line. He was the means of connecting
the work of Parr>'. at the mouth of the Fury and
Hecia Strait, to that of Ross on the coast of J3oothia,
and proved that Boolhia was part of the American
Continent, In 1843 Middendorf was sent to explore
the rffcion which terminates in Cape Techelyu^kin,
prevtoosly surveyed by Baron WrangeU. He reached
the Cape in the height of the short summer, whence
be saw open water, and thn» completed the explora-
tion of the Arctic shores of Siberia.
In 1845 Sir John Franklin. in the Erebus and Tertor.
made a fTt:sh attempt to make the passage from Lan-
cairterSound toBuhringStrait.Hewintercd at Beechy
Island, and in Ihr following spring fcftmd a channel
leading sooth along the west<-m shore of the land of
North Somerset, discovered by Parry in 1 8 10. He
knew that if he could reach the channel on the Ameri-
can coast he would be able to make his way along it
to the Behring Strait. He sailed down Peel Sonnd
towardn King William Island, with land on both
sfdes. bat immediatdy after passing the southern
point of the western lend, he was driven by the great
Palafocrystic Sea (the name given by Sir George
Narcs to the accumulation of ice of enormous thick-
ness, which arisrs from the al>sence ol direct com-
mnnication Iwtwecn this portion of the north polar
region and the warm waters of the Atlantic and
Pacific] towards Kmg William Island. In the
spring ol 1848 Sir James Ross was sent willi two
ships, the EnterptiM and the Invtsti^ator, to search
for Franklin. He wintered in T^eopoU Harbour, and
in the spring of 184Q made a long sledge jonniey with
Ijeutenant M'Clinlock along the northern and wes-
teni coasts of North Somerset, without hnding any
traces of the FrankUn eicpedition. In [f'48 Sir John
Richardson and r»r. Rac. at the mstigation of the
Hnflson's Bay Company, continued the search, and
examined the American coast from the mouth of the
BCackencie to that of the Coppermine: and in 1851,
after a long sledge journey and a boat voyage, to the
shores of WolUston and Victoria Land. Anjuet>-
aboat the fate of the Franklin expedition was no\^'
being keenly felt, and an rxtcnsivo plan of st-arch
was organised ; one expedition, under CoUinsun and
M*Clure in the Enterprise and I nititifotof ; one under
Captain Aostin, comprising the A itiitanct and
tltMohde. with two steam tenders, the Pioneer and
tntfapid, and two brigs tfai: Lad^^ Franklin and Sttfia,
onder Captain Penny. Austin and Penny entered
Barrow Strait, and discovered Franklin's winter
quarters on Beechy l^and. Stopped by ice, the
expedition wintered of! GriiTith Island, and m the
following spring ttiey planned a thorough and exten-
sive System of search by means of sledge travelling.
Penny undertook the search by Weliington Channel,
M'CJintock advanced to Melville I^aad, marching
over 770 miles in 81 days; Captain Oinmaney and
Shoraxd Osborn went south, and discovered Prince of
Wales Island: Lieutenant Brown examined the wcs^
tern shares of Peel Sound ; bnt with the exception of
the winter quarters at Beechy Lslaml. no record, no
sign of FrankUn was discovered. Colhnson, in the
EnUrprist, was within a few miles of Point Victory.
on the sliori^s of Victoria Land, where the fate of
Franklin would have been ascertained Imd be
pushed a little further. He passed his hrst winter in
a Sound in Prince Altx^t Island, 71° 35' K. and
117* 35' W,; his second in Cambridge Bay. and his
third in Camden Bay. 70" «' N.. 140" 29' W.. return-
ing to England in 1854. M'Clurc in the Invesligalor,
passed the first winter, iSjo-ji.atthc Princess Royal
Islands, and came across the same palxocrystic ice
wtiich stopped FrankUn off King William Land. He
turned south, and after many hair-breadth escapes,
took refuge in a bay on the north shore of Banks-
land, which he named the Bay of God's Mercy, and
here the Investigator rcmainc<1, never to move again.
Two winters were spent here, and M'Clure and his
crow were preparing to abandon the ship and reach
the American coast as Fnmklin had attempted, and
possibly the fate of this expedition would have been
that wbicli overtook Sir John Franklin and his
party, bad not succour pro\-identialty arrived la
time.
It was during the autumn of 1853 that Captain
Kellett, in command of the Hesalule. with M'Qintock
m the steam tender Intrepid, discovered M'aure'a
record, and thus oscertainefl the position of the
Inv^sti/iator. In the following spring Lieutenant
Pim was entru^ited with the task of taking a message
across the Strait, which he successfully accom-
plished. Tho officers and crew ol the Investigaior. led
by M'Clure, arrived saicly on board the ResoluU,
June 17. 1S53, and reached England in the following
year. They not only discovered, but traversed the
north-west passage, though not in the saiAe ship, and
partly by tra\-eUing o\'er the ice. M'Clure received
the honour of Knighthood, and a reward of ^to.ooo,
voted by the Honae of Commons, waa granted to
himself, tlic olhcen and crew. The sledge party of
Kcllctt's expedition, led by M'CUntock, Mccham and
Vasey Hamilton, completed the discovery of the
northern and western sides of Melville Island.
M'Qintock's sledge |iarty was away from the ship
for los days, and during that time travelled i.jiS
miles; Mecliam's party was away 94 days, wtd
travelled 1.163 miles.
ARCTIC
40
ARCTIC
la i8s3 Or. Rae was employed to complete the
examination of the coast of America. He went up
Chcstcr&cld Inlet and River Quoich, wtutcrinf} at
Repulse Bay. He aiicceodcd in connecting the dift-
covcries of Simpson with those of jamcs Ross, and
established the fact that King William Land was an
island. He also brought home tidings and relics of
Franklin's expedition, gathered from the Eskimo.
In the spring of 1S54 Mcciuun made a most remark-
able journey, in Uie hope of obtaining news of Cap-
tain CoUinson; he was absent 70 days, out of which
he was travelling tii-} days; the distance travelled
was I,5J6 miles, and is v>ithout parallel in .\rctic
records.
Charles Hall, of Cincinnati, became an Arctic ex-
plorer through his deep interest in the search for
Franklin. Ho made his first journey 1860-63. and
discovered the interesting remains of a stone house
built by Frobisher. on the Countess of Warwick
Island, nearly 200 years before. On liis second ex-
pe<1ition, i.Sft^-fig. he reached the line of retreat of
the Franklin survivors at Todds Island, on the south
coaiit of King William Island. He heard from the
Eskimo the story of the wreck of one of the ships,
ftnd was told that seven bodies had been buried at
Todds Island. He brought home some boncA, which
are believed to be those of Lieutenant Le Vescnmte
of the Erebtu.
The Norwegian fishermen are responsible, to a
great extent, for recent exploration of the Spits-
bergen seas. In 1865 Captain Carlsen circumnavi-
^ted the Spitibergeo group for the first time in
ft brig called Jan Mayen. In 1B64 Nordcns-
kiiJld and Duner made observations at 80 different
places on the Spitsbergen shores. In 186S the Sofia,
an iron steamer, attained a latitude of 81° 41' N". on
the meridian of 18° E. The expedition, consisting of
the steamer Palftem and the brig Gladrn. commandoil
by Professor Nordenskifild and Lieutenant Palander,
spent the winter of 1868 at Mussel Bay. on the nor-
thern shore of Spitsbergen, and in the following
spring made an important sledge journey of 6it days'
duration over North Ka<^t Land, In 1868 an expedi-
tion, financed by Dr. Pctcrmann of Gotha. and com-
manded by C-aptain Koldewey, sailed from Bergen
to Hinlopen Strait in Spitzbergen. In 1869 another
expedition, in command of Captain Koldewey, con-
sisting of the Geffnania. a steamer of 140 tons, and
the brig ItaHsa. sailed from Bremen for the past
coast of Greenland. The Germania wintered at
Pendulum Island in 74* 30' N.. and in March of the
following year set out, unde-T Koldewey, and reached
a distance of 100 miles from the ship to the north-
ward. A Cape, named after Prince Bismarck,
marked the northern limit of their discoveries.
Lieutenant Payer, who had bceti witli Captain Kolde-
wey, resolved to continue the work of Polar dis-
covery. He and a naval officer named Wcyprecht
chartered a Norwegian schooner, c-alled the /»&;*«.
and examined the edge of the ice between Spitzber-
gen and Nova Zembla. in 1873 an Austia-Iiun-
garian expedition was organised. The steamer
Tegethoff wa.s 6ttcd out. with Weyprocht in com.-
niand. and Payer to conduct the slodge parties. The
vessel sailed on July 14, 1872, but was closely beset
near Cape Nassan, at the northern end of Nova
Zembla, in August. In October, 1873. the island
named Count W'ilczek was discovered in 79° 54' N.,
and the second -ninter was passed here.
In March, 1S74, Payer started on a 30 days'
sledge journey, and discovered the country named
Franz-Josef Land. The expedition was compelled to
abandon the ship and attempt to retreat ia boats.
They were eventually picked up by a Russian
schooner, and arrived at Vardo on September 3.
1874. This expedition was one of the most im-
portant connected with nortli polar exploration
during the last century.
In 1875 an English expedition, with Captain Nares
as leader, in two powerful steamers, the AUri and
Discovery, started for Sniitli's Sound. Captain
Markham, Lieutenant .\ldrich and Captain Field-
ham, K..-\., were also in the AUrt. Tiie Discovery
was commanded by Captain Stevtnson, with Lieu-
tenant Beaumont as liis lirst lieutenaat. The expe-
dition k-tt Portsmouth on May 2% 1875, and entered
Smith's Sound towards Uie end of July, The Dis-
cowry established her winter quarters at L.ady
Franklin Bay 81" 44' N„ the AUft pressed onwart
and reached the eil^c of the Pala-ocrystic Sea, and
passed the? wiutt-T ofl the open coast facing the great
Polar ]}ack in 82" 27' N. Captain Markham. with
Lieutenant Parr, advanced ovt-r tht- Polar |>ack at
the liigh latitude of Sti^'' 20' 26" N. Lieutenant
/Vldrich explored the coast line to the westward,
facing the frozen Polar Ocean for a distajice of 320
miles. The AUrt reached ttic highest nortliern lati-
tndc over attained by any ship up to that date, and
wintered further north than any ship had wintered
before. The expedition returned to England in
October, 1876. In 1875 Sir Allen Young, in his
steam yacht the Pandora, attempted to force his way
down Pee] Sound to the magnetic pole. He entered
Peel Sound on August 39, and proceeded further
than any vessel had gone since it was passed by
Franklin's two ships in 1846. He reachc<I lati-
tude 73* 14' N., and sighted Cape Bird at the
northern side of the weetem entrance to Bellot
Strait.
tn 1875 Professor Nordenskiold turned his atteii'
tion to the possibility of navigating the seas along
the northern coast of Siberia, and in June of th.
year sailed from Troins6 in the Proven. He reached
the Ycniesi by way of the Kara Sea, and discovered
an excellent harboiir on the eastern side of its
mouth, which he named l*ort Dickson, aftvT Mr.
Oscar Dickson, who had largely contributed to the
expedition. Nordenskiftld. l>cing con\-inced that the
achievement of the north-east passage was feasible,
the King of Sweden, Mr, Oscar ]>iclcson and M.
nd I
ed^
ARCTIC
Ai
ARCTIC
SibarnkoS nipptied the funds lor a second expedi-
tion, UK) the steamer Vtga was parchased. On
Attgnat lo thoy leit Port Dickson, and on tlie t9th
reacbed the most northern part of Siberia. Cape
Severo or Tchelyiiskin in 77" 41' N. Towards the
end oi September the Vega was iroxen in ofi fhe shore
of a low plain in 67' 7' N. and 173" jo' W. Alter be-
ing impruoncd m ice lor tu-o hundred and ninety-fouc
days, on Jnly iB. 1874, the Vega proceeded on her
voyage, and po^ufil Bchhng Strait two da>-n later.
Thus, attrr a Iap«c of three hnndred and lwxntj--six
years, the north-east passage )utd b<:en accomplishod
without the loss of a single life and without damage
to the vessel.
In 1879 Sir Henry Gore-Booth and Captain A. H.
Markham, R.N. (9.V.), undertook a Polar craise in the
NtHwegiaa schooner h&jStn. They sailed along the
west coast of Nova Zembla, passing tlirough the
Matotchkim Shar to the east coast, and examined
the ice hi the direction of Fran*- Josef Land an far as
78* 34' N.
Inthesameyear an expedition was undertaken in
the United Sutes, with the object of obtaining further
ioloreiation of the sad historyof the retreat of theofh-
crr» Hnil men of Sir John FnuikUn's expedition. Tlic
expedition cooxisted of Lientenant Schwatka of the
United States Army, and three others. The first winter
wasspeutnear theentrauceofChestertteld Inlet, andm
April they set out, assisted by Eskimo and dogs, for
the estuary of the Great Fisb River. The)- crossed
over to Capo Herschel on King William Island, in
June, and examined the western shores of the island
as far as Cape FeUx. the northern extremity, with
very httle success. Some graves were' found, as wuU
as a medal belonging to Lieutenant Irvine of H.M.S.
Terror, and some booes believed to be his were
brought home, and eventually sent to England and
interred at Edinburgh.
In 1879 Mr. Cordon Bennett purchased from Sir
Allen Young the Pandora, which he rechristcned the
JtaunetU, and dispatched an expedition of dis-
covery by way of Behring Strait. The Jeanntue,
imder Lieutenant Dc Long, United States Navy,
sailed from San Francisco, July S, 1879, and on Sep*
tembcT 3 was seen steaming towards Wrangcll Land.
hi 1881, as uothiugliHd been Iward uf ihi^ vc^el. two
steamers were M-nt np the Behring Strait in scorch.
One 01 these, the Hodgers, under Lieutenant Berry,
explored Wrangcll Land 70" 57' N., which lie found
to bean tsIandaboutTO miles Ion ({by 28 miles wide, but
ntnmed without any news of the /roiiHr^/^. F.ventu-
ally, inelanclioly tidings arrived from Sibena. After
having been beset in heavy ice pack for twenty-two
months, the Jeannetle was crusJtcd and sunk in
77" 15' K. lat. and 155^ E. long. The officers and
men succeeded in reaching an island, which they
named Bennett Land, in Jnly, and in the following
September reached one of the New Siberia Islands,
and from there set out tor the mouth of the Lena.
Mr. Melville, the engineer, and his boat'» crew,
reached Irkutsk, and immediately set out m search
of De Long and bis party. Eventually De Long's
body and two of his crew were discovered on March
23. iti83, they having perished from exhaustion and
want of food.
In 1880 Mr. Leigh Smith made three voyages to
Spitabcrgen in the Krew steamer Eira. He sailed
along the land to the westward and discovered
1 10 mJes of new coast line, and returned to Eng-
land. In the following year be once more made
for Franz-Joscf Land, and reached a point further
west than had bern po^itile on his previous vo^'age.
Ho Iiad. however, gone a little too far ou this occa-
sion, and in August the ship wa.^ caught in the ice,
was nipped, and sank, He and liis crew pa.s^L-d the
winter of 1S81-81 in a hut, and on June 21, 1882.
started in the hope of reaching some vessels on the
Nova Zembla coast. On Augu« 2 they were sighted
by the WtlUm Barents, and subsequently taken on
board the Hof>f, a wlialer which had come out to
tlieir rescue, under the command of Sir Allen
Young.
ft was at the sngge^tion of Lieutenant Wcypreeht,
from a paper read by him before a large meeting of
German naturaUsts. that the importance of estab-
lishing a number of station.s within or near the Arctic
circle was brought about. The various nations of
Europe were represented at an international Polar
Conference at Hamburg in 1879, and another at St.
Petersburg in 1882. and it was finally decided that
each nation should e^itablisb one or mort; stations.
The stations established were at the following locali-
ties ronnd the Arctic circle:
Norwegians.—" Bosekop," Alten Fjord, Norway.
Swedes, — " Ice Fjord." Spitxbergen.
Dutch.—" Dickson Harbour," mouth of Yeniesi,
Siberia.
Russians. — " Sagastyr Island," mouth o( Lena,
Siberia. " MOlier Bay." Nova Zembla.
Americans. — " Point Barrow," Nortli America.
" Lady FrankUn Bay." 8['44' N.
English. — " Great Slave Lake," E)ominton of
Canada.
Germans. — " Cumberland Bay," west side ol Davis
Strait.
Danes. — " Godthaab," Greenland. t
Austrians.' — " Jan Mayen," North Atlantic. 71* N.
In 1881 Lieutenant Groely's party, consisting of
two lieutenants, twenty sergeants and privates of
the United States Army, and Dr. Pavy, an enthu-
nastic explorer, installed themselves at Lady
Franklin's Bay for the winter. In the following year
many important journeys were made; Lieutenant
Lockwood journeyed along the north coast of
Greenland, and reached a small island in 83" z^' N.,
and 40** 46' W. ; Dr, Pavy made two tnpa into the in-
terior of Grinnell land, the coast on the western side
was reached, and a large lake was discovered near
Discovery Harbour. The fate of this expedition was
like so many others. As no relief ship had arrived by
the summer of 1883, Lieutenant Grecty started from
Lady Franklin's Bay with hjs men for Smith Sound,
ARCTIC
42
ARCTIC
where be expected lb paaft a. sWp. They were over-
come by cold, and compelled to encamp at Cape
Satnae od the western riKoea of Smith Sound. Here
many oi them died of actual starvation, and when the
relieving steamers Thetis and Bear did arrive at Cape
Sabine, Lieutenant Crt-fly anrJ six of his companions
were fonnd just alive.
The next Important Arctit work was the crossing
of the great glacier forming the interior of Greenland,
by Nansen and Peary. Dr. Nanscu. with six com-
panions, auccethJed in landing on the East Coast of
Greenland in August. 1888, and reached a height of
7,000 feet on the glacier in 64* 50' N., and on Sep-
tember 36 arrived at the inner end of the Ameratik-
fjord in 64* !»' N.. having traversed 260 mile* of
glacier.
In April. 1S92, Peary accompanied by Hiviod
Astrup, started from Whale Sound, on the West Coast
of Greenland in 77" N.. and taking a north-easterly
course sighted land in 83' 1 2' N.
In the year 1893 Dr. Nansen in the Fram started on
hia famous expedition to cross the Polar Ocean, by
tnistiDg to the drift from east to west. His ship was
forced into the ice to the north-west of Kcw Siberia
Island, and for three wintere the drift was con-
tinued, the vessel eventually coming out of the pack
to the north of Spitibergen. Tbe principal dis-
coveries on this memorable voyage was that there is
a very deep ocean to the north of the Franz- Josef
group, continuous with that to the north of Spitz-
bergcn. The rr-sult of this expedition materially ex-
tended our knowledge of the polar regions.
In 1894 Mr. Jackson commanded an expedition In
the Windward, fitted out at the expense of Mr. A. C,
Harmsworth. In the spring of 1895 he made a
jonmey DOrthwards as lax as 8 1 " 19' 30" N .. and dis-
covered a channel leading between groups of islands
to the west of the Atistria Sound of Payer. In 189G,
during bis second winter, Mr. Jackson's party met
Dr. Nansen and his companions, and in the following
year, accompanied by Mr. ArniilagL\ made a remark-
able journey, during which he discovered the western
portion of Frame- Josef Land. The Jackson-Harma-
worth expedition returned to England in the autumn
of (897.
In 1899 Captain Sverdrup in the Fram led an ex-
pedition up Smith's Sound, with the object of dis-
covering the northern coast of Greenland. In the
nmmer of 1889 H.R.H. the Duke of Abruzri, on
board the Norwegian whaler Jasoti. which was re-
named the Stella Poiate, proceeded to l*ranz- Josef
Land, and wintered at Tcplttz Bay in Rudolph Land.
Three sledge expeditions were sent north in the
spring of 1900, and one under Captain Cagni, reached
84* 33' N.. at aboat 56" E., which is 30 miles farther
north than Kansen's farthest. The sides of tbe Stella
Polare were crushed by ice pressure, but she was
patched up, aiut in her the expedition reached Nor-
way HI SL'plfiTibtr. itytjci.
Robert Edwin Peary, the American Arctic ex-
pkxer, during his third Arctjc expedition for the
discovery of the North Pole (1898-1902) rounded Che
north end of Greenland, the most nurtliemly known
land m the world, and succeeded in reaching 84' 13'
N. lat.. the highest latitude then attained. In the
summer 'of 1905 he started by way of Greenland for
the North Pole in the steamer Hooseveit, e^MciaOy
constructed for the undertaldog, provided with tbe
neccasary means of forcing its way tlirough the ice.
and furnished with an installation of wireless tele-
graphy. On November 4, 1 906. news wras received in
New York that Peary had gained for tbe United
States the " Farthest North " record. The fiooseivU
spent the winter ol 1905 on the north coa-st of Grant
Land, somewhere north of the Alert's winter quar-
ters. In February, 1905, Peary, with his party, went
north with sledges, via Hecla and Columbia. They
were ddayed by open water between 84* and 85*.
and beyond 85^ a six days' gale disrupted the ice,
destroyed the caches, cut o3 communication with tbe
sup[X)rting bodies and drifted them due east. 'ITiey
reached 87^ 6' N. lat., over ice drifting steadily east-
wards. On the return journey grt-at hardships were
endured, and the sliip was eventually reached by
way of the Greenland coast.
Set Scoresby's " Account d Arctic Regions and
of the Whale Fishery" (1820}. Osborne's "Narra-
tive of an .\ttempt to Reach the North Pole" (1837),
M'Clintock's " fJisannerv- of the North-West Pas-
sage by M'Clure" (1857), Narc's " Nanativc of the
Discovery of the Fate of Sir John Franklin" (1859),
Markham's " Narrative of a Voyage to the Polar
Seas" (1875-76). Middendorf's "Polar Regions"
(1861), Manual of the " Natural Historj*. Geology*
and Physics of Greenland and the Neighbouring Re-
gions," British Admiralty (1875), "Arctic Geography
and Ethnology," Royal Geographical Society {1875).
Bcssd's " New Lands within the Arctic Circle"
(1876), Mohn's "The North Ocean, its Depths,
Temperature and Circulation " (1877). Petterson's
"Voyage of the Jeannette"; "The Ship and Ice
Journals of George \V. De Long " (1883). Nansen's
"Farthest North" (1897), "The Norwegian North
Polar Expeditioa, ]893>96."
Arctic Ocean, One of the great water divisions o(
the Globe, the Arctic circle (60° 30') bemg taken as a
boundary, the whole of the ocean lying to the north
is given this name. It is for the most port enclosed
between the North Coast of Europe. Asia and North
America. It communicates with the Atlantic by a
broad opening on the cast of Greenland, and a nar-
row, but important cfaaimel on the w*est, which has
been traced as far north as 87* 6' N. The immediate
area round the Nortli Pole is as yet unexplored; the
nearest approaches which have been made have been
those of Dr. Nansen and Johansca 86" 14', in iS'ys;
Captain Cagni 86' 54'. 1900: Robert Edwin Peary
87° 6' N „ 1 906. So far as is kno\«-n the region imme-
diately runnel thi- PoIk con^tsls vt dccj) wali.T tovin-d
with rough and broken ice-pack. The area of the
ARCTIC
43
Arctic Ocean is estimated at 5.908,000 square mDes.
The tcmpcratnrc of the sur&cc water is gmerally
29*. or aboat freezing point of salt water, at a\Kiut
1 10 fathoms it increases to 33*. and the highest tem-
perature ranges between 120 and 350 fathoms.
namely, 35* to 39*. The greatest known depth ia
aboat 2.650 fathoms. The most important of the
namerous islands are Spitzbergen. Nova Zambia,
with the multitudinous adjacent islets to the north
of Europe; Ihc Likhow Islands or New Siberia, off
tlic coast of .\sia, and the va.st irregular Archipelago,
into which the north easttm portion of America is
spUt. Refer to Arctic Exploration.
Sea Dr. Nansen's " Farthest North ' (1807).
" Scientilic Results of tfie Nausi^u Expedition "
(1900), " On the Patar Stat in the Arctic Sea,"
AbniEzi '1903), " Histor>- of the Kara Sea Trade
Route to Siberia," Kinlock {I'&i^).
Arctic Pole. The North Pole, as oppoMd to the
AntiTcnc or Southern one.
Arctic Zone. The zone or belt of the earth be-
en thf Noiili Pole and the Arctic circle.
A star of the first magnitude, one of the
nautical stars, close to the knee of Arctopbylax.
Ardaa. Italian torpedo-boat, (Odcro, 1906.)
Length, ifi5 ft.; beam, 17 ft.; draught. 7 ft.; dis-
placement, 300 tons; complemrnt, 36; armament.
3 3-pdr., 3 tabes. ; Hp.. 3,000 = 25 kts. ; coal. 40 tons.
Ardent. British torpedo-boat destroyer. (Chis>
wick, 1S94.) Length. 201 ft.; beam. 19 ft.; draught.
J ft. ; displacement, 247 tons; complement. 45 ;
armament. I 12-pdr., 5 6-pdr. ; 3 tubes; twin
screw; Hp , 4,500 = 27 kts.; coal, 60 tons.
This ^hip-name is associated with Hootl's occupa-
tion of Toulon, 1793; Camperdown. 1797; Copen-
hagen, iSoi; Bombardment of Copenhagen, 1807.
Ardest, Term used when vessel gripes or goes to
wmd quickly.
Ardjoeno. Netherlands torpedo-boat. (Yarrow,
1886.) Length, i:^ ft.; beam. 13 ft.; draught. 6 ft. ;
displacement, 83 tons; complement, 16; armament,
3 t-pdr.. 2 tube*. Hp.. 8{k) = 3i kts.; coal, 30 tooa.
Anometer Stg Hydrometer.
Arethasa. A vessel built and cngined by Mes-Hni .
Pcnn m iftoowitli engines of large cylindwr capacity
to admit of great expansion with surface condensers
and •iiiperhraters to the boilers. They were double-
trunk with two cylinders and worked at a pressure
of 2s!bs. to the -'«iuarf inch. This vessel was con-
structed with the ide-i of economising fuel.
Aretnn. Italian torpedo gun-boat (1891}.
Displacement S50 tons. Complement 118.
GuHi. Atmour.
! — ^47 in. " Steel."
6 — 6pdr. 1^ in. Deck.
3—1 pdr.
Torfttdo Tuber,
fi Above water.
ARGYLL
Twin screw. Hp. 4,100=19'$ kts. Coal maxi-
mum I So tons.
Argeluder. Friedrlch Wilhelm August (1799-1^95)-
German astronomer {b. Mcmet). From 1823-27.
he was director nf the Abo Observatory', and in 1837
became Profcs:Jor of Astronomy at Bonn, where he
published his celestial atlas " Uranometria Nova "
in 1843. In continuation of Bcsscl's work he deter-
mined the position of some 22.000 stars.
Argentino Tocbt Clab, with their headquarters in
Buenos Xytvs. was established in 1II83. Patron,
His Excellency the President of the Argentine Re-
public ; Commodore, Kcar-.\dmira] Enrique G.
Howard; Vicc-Crmmodore, C. V. Blanco; Hon.
Treasurer. F. F. Nishet; Hon. Secretory, L. B.
Trant. Entrance fee, 100 dols. Annual subscrip-
tion, 50 dots.
Arginiiic, Battle of. In 406 d.c. Couod and the
Athenian Fleet defeated the Spartans in a naval
fight off the Island of Arginusc, between Nesboa and
Asia Minor.
Argonaut. British istclasscruiaer. (Fairfield, 1898.)
Lcngth450 ft. Beam 68 ft. Maximum draught 27 ft.
Displacement 11.000 tons. Complement 677.
Guns. Armour.
rfi — 6 in. "Harvey,"
12 — ta pdr. 4 in. Belt amidships.
7 — 13 pdr., 8 cwMt. 12 in. Conning tower,
12—3 ptJr-
2 Maxims.
Torpedo Tubes (18 in.).
3 Submerged.
Twin screw. Hp. 18,000=20-3 Ws. Coal maxi-
mum 3,000 tons. Approximate cost ^600,000.
Argonaat The name given to cuttles belonging
to the genus Argonauta. One of the heroes who
accompanied Jason in the ship Argo when he sailed
on tiis mytliic voyage in quest of the Golden FUecf.
Argooaate, French torpedo-boat (1899). Dis-
placement, 1 30; complement. 34; maximum draught,
9 ft.; guns 3 3-pdr.; torpedo tubes 2 ij-in.; twin
screw; Hp.. 2.000^26 kts.; coal, 16 tons.
A^io Steamship Co., with their bead offices
at Bremen, have a fleet of 30 steamers engaged in
general cargo carrying, and the Bremen-London and
the Bremen-HtiU trades. They are modem well-
built ships, containing excellent accommodation for
the conveyance of passengers. A steamer leaves
London every Tuesday. Thursday and Saturday, for
Bremen, one sailing ^m Bremen on the same days.
A steamer leaves Hull for Bremen every Monday
and Friday, returning from Bremen every Wednes-
day and Saturday.
Argot. FrcQcb shallow draught gun-boat. (Chis-
wick, 1900.) Displacement. 132 tons; speed. 13 kts.
Argyll. British ist class cruiser. (Greenock
Foundry Co., 1904.)
Leiigtb450 ft. Beam68 ft. Maximumdrangbtas ft.
ARIADNE
44
AR'MEN
DiAplacemcnt 10,700 tons. Cotnp]tnnent655.
Gunt, Afmouf.
4 — 7-5 in. '* Knipp."
6 — 6 fn. 6 in. Bfrlt amidships.
2 — 12 pclr. fi in. Barljcttcs.
23 — 3 pdr. 13 in. Conning tower.
3 Maxims.
Torpedo Ti^es,
2 Sutiinerged.
Tvrin screw. Hp. 3i,ooo>32^ kU. Coal maxi-
mum t.Sootons. Approximate coat ^850,000.
ArlAdne. British ist class cruiser. (Clydebank,
.398.)
Lcngtli 450 't- Beam69 ft. Ma.ximnm draught 37 (t.
Displacement 1 i.ooo tons. Complement 677.
Gttnt. A rmour.
16 — 6 in.. 40 cal. " Harvey."
12 — 13 pdr. 4 in. Belt amidships.
2 — 13 pdr., 8cwt. 12 in. Conning tower.
f a — 3 pdr.
3 Maxims.
To*peHo Tubes (iS in.).
2 Submerged.
Twin screw. Hp. 18,000-^20-3 ^^- Coal maxi
mutn i.ooc> tons. Approximate cost ^600,000.
A ship ol this name was with Barrington at St.
Lucia 1 77S ; with Byron against D'Estaing, ofl
Grenada, 1779: Hotham, off Hy*res. 1795.
Ariadne. Cjcrman armoured cruiser (W<:ser, 1900].
Length 33S It. Beam 39 ft. Maximum draught 17 ft.
Displacement 3.650 tons. Complement 249.
Gi*»s. Atmouf.
10 — 4'i in. " Krupp."
14 — I pdr. 2 in. Deck.
4 Machine. 3 in. Conning tower.
Torpedo Tubes.
2 Submerged.
Twin screw. Hp. 8,c;oo = 3i kts. Coal maximum
560 tons.
Ariadne Steamship Co., Ltd.* have two tuudom
carnu >tv.«iKTs built .^t Wi^si Harllcixxfl. which are
engaged in the cargo trade with the Continont.
Tlset.
Ariadna. Anadne Alexander,
Ariake. Japanese torpetlo-boat destroyer. (Yar-
row, 1905.) Displacement. 3S0 tons; complement
Sj; maximum draught, 9 ft.; armament, i i3-pdr.,
5 6-pdr., tubes 3 i8in.: Hp.. 6.000^31 kts.; coal.
95 tons.
Arid. On March iS, 1830. thi^ vessel was lost in
thr Persian Guli. when 79 perished.
Ariel. British torpedo-boat destroyer. (Chiswick,
1897.) Length, 310ft.; beam. 19 ft.; draught. 7 (t.;
displacement. 378 tons; complement, 60; arma-
ment. I i3-pdr.. 5 6-pdr., 3 tubes; twin screw;
Hp.. 5.800 = 30 kts.; coal. Bo tons.
This vessel struck the head of the break-water
duringanight attack on Malta Harbour, April, 1907.
and foundered ; one life lost.
Aliea. A northern constcHation. forming the first
of the tu-el%rc signs of the Zodiac, into which the sun
enters about March 30. With Musca, Aries contains
23 Nebula:, 8 double, and 148 single stars, of which
only 50 are visible to the naked eye. The commence-^
ment of this -■ngn, called the firat point of Aries, is t
original from which the right ascension of the
heavenly bodies is reckoned upon the equator, and
their longitude upon the ecliptic. Omng to the effect
nf precession, tlte passage of the sun through Aries
haa been moved forward from April 16 to May 13.
Arkansas. V.S. monitor. (Newport New«, igoo.|
Length J 52 ft. Beam 50 ft. Maximum draught 1 3 fttt
Displacement 3,755 '*"**■ Complement 130.
Guns, Armour.
I a in., 40 cal. " Knipp."
Ch
1 1 in. Belt amidships.
1 1 in. Barbettes.
8 in. Conning tower.
2
4— 4 in.
3 — 6 pdr.
4 — I pdt.
3 Colts.
Torpedo Tubes (18 in.),
2 Above water,
Twin screw. Hp. 2,400'=' 12 kts. Coal maximum
400 tons.
Ark ol Noah. A sacred and capacious vessel, built
by N0.1I1 for the purpose of presLTving the race of
man, and of the land animals, against the flood. It
took 120 years to build, measured 300 cubics in
length, 5>' in breadth, and 30 in height; it had three
storeys, and was constructed of Gopher woo<l, and
pitched over or paved with Bitnmrm.
A.R.M. Distinguishing letters on sea fishing boats
registered at Amemuiden, Holland.
Armada. A Spanish term, signifying a royal fleet.
It comes from the same root as Army.
ArmadB, The Spanisfa. See Spanish Armada.
Armand Behio, French subsidised merchant
ship (1892). Mcssagerics Maritimes (ij.v.). Dimen-
sions, 486 X 49 X 36 ft. ; groBs tonnage. 6,6J5. ; Hp..
7,500 = 17 kts.
Armvd Neutrality is the condition of a neutral State
which IS prepared to take militaij' measures against
possible attempts on the part of a bcnigercnt {q.v.)
to use neutral territory' or to commit aggressions. The
tirst artned neuiraUty of 1780. formed by Kussia.
Denmark and Sweden, proclaimed the principles
tliat neutral vessels may freely navigate and carry
goods belonging to subjects of beUigereat«, if not of
the nature of contraband of war {q.v.). and that no
blockade {q.v.) should be recognised unless ctfectivc.
The second armed neuiraiity of 1800 made no ad-
vance, owing to the Naval supremacy of Great
Britain and the death of the Emperor Paul. In 1807
R uH«ia proclaimed armed neulrattty afresh, and it waa
not until the Declaration of Paris (q.v.), 1865, that new
rules were finally settled.
Ar'mfla Light, situated off Cape KmisteiTe, was
established in 1S97, and is a 3-flash light every
4
ARMING
45
ARMSTRONG
30 seconds: duratioa of flash one-tenth second;
candic-powpr 250,000; burner, mantle jo mm.
diameter; iUnminant, incandescent, oil, gas.
AnniojE the Lead. Tallow placed in the cavity at the
end nl mounding lead, to bring up specUiMiu from
the bottom.
Annoar, KtTal, The idea of using armour for iron-
cJadti t» At.)uut i$6 yean old, and dates from the intio-
dnction of guns capable of horizontal shdt Are. In
1821 a French commission was appointed to con-
sider the question of armour-clad vessel*), but dwHded
it ti> be impracticabl*;. and nothing was done until
tlie Crimean War, when the hr^t armoured vessels
were linilt in I-rance for the purpose of attacking the
Russian <ihore batteries in the Black Sea. None of
these were Sf>a-ROing vessels, atrd it was not until
i8s7 that Napoleon III., with Dupuy de LQme. be-
gan a new cm of naval conatructioQ, with the sea-
going frigate Gloite. the framo of which was built of
wood and plated with iron. In December, iB^>o. the
first British sva-going ironclad Warriiyt wa« launched ;
her displaccmrnt wa:» 9,000 Ions, and less than two*
ttatrds of her length was armoured. The Black Ptinct
followed in 1861, both vessels being built of. oi well
as armoured with, iron, the superior strength and
Luting qualities of which soon drove wood , as a con-
structive matcriRl, nut altogether, lo 1873 the
MinotoHf was launched, a vessel of 10,300 tons,
armoured thronghout her length, except at the bow,
and armed v.H\\ breech -loading rifled gun^. In 1867
the turret system, in which the guns were carried on
a turning platform, protected by an armoured ring.
was applied to the Captain and Monarch. The ///*-
cvle$, m iS&H, with 9 in. armoor. was an example of
the belt and battery system; she was only armoured
to the main deck, except tliat the armour was carried
up to the upper deck, where it was necessary to protect
the big guns carried in her central battery. In 1 87 1
tlie Dtnfottation, with 13 in. armour, reprfst-nttrtl a
tevolntioi in design, for she hail twin-screw h. and
depended entirely on t>teain propultiion: the hori-
sontal armour of her main-deck was a new feature,
which materially increased weight and cost. So the
iocresase went on untd the InfUxibU, launched in
lA/ti^ bore some armour which wai> a^ much a» 24 in.
thick. She WA-a of tlic central citadel type; her
armour was concentrated for about one-third of her
length, the fore and ait protcctmn being a steel deck.
This vessel was severely criticized, and it was urged
agaifut her that her unarmoured taids might be
freely petu-trated ; but in 1804. at the battle of Ya-lu.
two Chinese 8fa)]>s of the &.ime type were exposed to
fire all day. and in the evenmg were able to follow up
the Jiipane^e fleet when it withdrew. While she was
being cotistnicicd. compound armour wa^ intmduce<l
and applied tn her in certain positions, which
marked the beginning of thr complete superbession
of troa by steel. Nearly all battleships boUt between
tA8«-^o bad compound arawtir— 'i.r., armoor wiih
a bard steel fac« and soft iron back. In the Majestic
1894, HarveyiJtcd steel was employed, which was
made by a mixture with steel of small proportions of
otlier metals, notahly nickL-l. Her plating was ^J, in.,
and was «qual to 1 5 in. of iron. She was a return to
the belt system, and had a lai^ protected area. In
the Formidable , a modern addition to the Maj^sJic.
the armour was carried forward to the bow. and Mith
this increase of armoured area there was another
quality of armour plate, the lateet and best which is
known as " Kmpp " armour. The neoessary thick-
ness was therefore decreased, and instead of 24 in.
wrought iron armour, 12 iu. compound, or 7^ in,
Harveyixed steel, sj^in. Kmpp steel wassubebtuted.
At the present day la in. Krupp steel armoi^r plates
are the thickest used, and these only in such vessels
as the Dreadnought and her class; the major part of
the armour of roont of the battleslup« ui the British
and foreign navies being about nine inches.
Re/er lo Vcry*s " Navies of the World "; Very's
"Naval Construction"; Browne's "Position of
Britiftli and Foreign Armour"; Braitiicy'ft "Naval
Annual."
Armotired VesstU. See Armour, Naval.
AnuttCBC WhJtworth and Co. Ltd., Sir W. G
Elfwick and Walker,
The Hlswick shipyard has a frontage on to the
Kiver Tyne of about 2.300 feet, and berth accommo-
dation is provided in the yard for the building of ten
vessels at the same time. Three of the berths, which
have been apecially piled an<l strengthened to re-
ceive exceptionally large and heavy war-vessels, are
capable of taking vessels up to 65a ft. in length and
90 ft. in breadtli. Line»of rait mterseot the yard and
run alongside each of the berths, whilst locomotives
%\*ith cranes for light lifts and heavy travelling cranes
to lift large castings, etc., arr constantly employed in
and about the shipyard.
The machinery <^hed. containing punching, shear-
ing, drilling, bending and plaiung machines, has a
length of I ,ouo feet, and in it are found tlie mo»t up- *
to-date api^ianccs for dealing quickly with fihip
plates and other work.
In the centre of the yard the lUlglu smith aud angle
turning nhops. with liirnacr-s for heating an^tlc bars
and plates, are situated; at the eaht end a vtry cotn-
plete sawmill, with timber sheds, the pattern -making
shop and plumbcn>' shop, boat buildmg nhop, sail
making loft and model making shop, are also located,
and on the west side the blacksmiths' shop, fitting
shop and joiners' shop, with a mould loft 300ft. in
length above the drawing and general othces and
general store. The latter, as well as the fitting shop,
jointrrs' shop and mould loft, arc, however, being
traoaierred to the other end of the shipyard, where
the joiners' shop will be in close and convenient
proximity to the sawmill.
The whole of the machinery employed in the ship-
yard is elrctiicany driven, and the installation of
ARMSTRONG
ARMSTRONG
motors for producing power and light represents
about 2.000 B.Hp.
Three large nir compressors supply compretised air
lor working various portable tools throngboot the
yard, mains being fitted so that compressed air can
be readily obtained wherever required, in the yard
and on l>oard vessels at quays.
A floatinf; workshop has been constructed for u»e
alongside vessels when away from the yard. This
shop is fitted with \'arious machines, a d)'namo for
lighting pur])OS«, smith forge, etc.. and a galley for
preparing workmen's meals.
The Elswicfc shipyard was primarily established in
1884, for tlic exclusive building of warships, but
during this period other vcss4^ls of special typ<>s, in-
cluding several oil-carrying vessels, a cable repairing
vessel, and an exceptionally finely modelled and
luxuriously furnished \'acht and a State barge for the
Sultan of Tnrkey, have been constructed there.
At this yard the firm could, if required, proceed
contemporaneously with the construction of ten war
vessels, having accommodation for two battleships
of 30.000 tons or more displacement (one of tlie
berths recently constructed and strengthened with
ferro-concrote piling could take a vessel up to
30,000 tons), one tirst-class cruiser of, say, 15.000
tons, and one of 10.000 tons; two second-class
cruisers of 4,000 tons; two third-claM cruisers or
gunboats of z.txxi tons, and two torpedo-boat de-
stroyers, or other smaller craft.
As illustrating the capacity of Sir W. G. Arm-
strong. Whitworth and Co.. Ltd., for warship con-
struction, it may be stated that in 181)8 no less
than twenty war vessels of various types were under
construction, vix.. 15 at Elswick shipyard and 5 at
the Walker shipyard. This extensive list comprised
one fijst-class battleship, 12,300 tons and 14.000 Hp.,
two first-class cruisers, each of 9,700 tons and
18,000 Hp.. two coast defence armonr-clads, each of
3.400 tons and 4.500 Hp., one armoured cniiser of
7,000 tons &nd 18,000 Hp.. eleven second and third-
dau cmlsen and two torpedo-boat destroyers. The
aggregate displacement of these vessels amounted to
98.000 tons, and the aggregate indicated horse-power
of the machinery fitted in them amounted to 333,000.
Six of ^e vessels, viz.. one first-class battleship, one
armoured cruiser, and four second-class cruisers.
were launched from Rlswick shipyard in that
year.
In all 71 war vesitels have been built at Elswick
shipyard for the British Navy and for other navies of
the world, viz. :
Total djspt
I.Hp.
British Navy
33
117.009
371.700,
Japanese Navy
10
9t,835
l45.o«3.
Chilian Navy
7
30.S50
79.750.
Branhan Navy
5
9.447
21.500.
Chinese Navy
5
13.971
48.000.
Norwegian Navy
4
14.554
18,000.
Italian Navy
4
$Jf^3f>
J7.aoo.
Argentine Navy
3
ti 15K
46.00a
Total dispt.
I.Hp.
Austrian Navy 3
3.104
2.000.
Spanish Navy 3
3,076
4.400-
Indian Service 2
1.478
9.000.
Roumanian Service i
*.43$
4.7»4-
Portuguese Seni-ice )
4.2$3
12,500.
lTnite<l States 1
3.437
7.500.
Turkish States i
3.805
12.500.
71
313.928
709.764-
av- ^i
In May, 1907, there were under construction, in
addition to H.M.S. Invincible, a vessel of the Dtead-
nought class, to be named Superb, and a 33 kt.
torpedo-boat destroyer for the British Navy, as well
as two first-class battleships for the Brazilian
Navy.
The number of men employed in Elswick shipyard,
when moderately busy, is from four to five thousand.
It may be added that Sir W. G. Armstrong,
Whitworth and Co.. Ltd., by arrangement wit
Mesara. Robert Stephenivon and Co., Ltd., Hefa
bnm-on-Tyne, baxT first claim to tiie lai^e grav-'
ing dock belonging to the latter firm, for the dock-
ing of war vessels built by the former. Tliis dock
is 710 ft. long and 90 ft, wide, and is thus capable of
receiving the largest war vessels yet built or build-
ing. It wilt therefore be seen that the facilities
possessed by the Elswick firm for the building and
completion of every class of wax vessel leave nothing
to be desired, and arc possibly such as no other
private firm tn the country possess. J
The Walker shipyard was originally founded in
1840, and after changing hands once or twice, was
reopcnc<l in 1832 by the late Mr. Charles Mitchell, in
partnership writh Mr. Matthew R. Bigge. of Fenham
HaU. under the style of Messrs. C. Mitchell and
Co. A number of interesting steamers of all types
were ooostnicted in this yard ; and if one type of the
many may be taken as representing a speciality-, the
light draft paddle steamer may be pointed to as a
class of vessel of which perhaps a larger number than
any other was built at that time. The relations be-
tween Mr. Mitchell and the Russian Government were
very close, and in the early 'sixties Mr. Henry F. Swan
went to St. Petersburg and constructed a floating
battery, the Ne Tron Menya, the armoured frigate
Princt Pojarski. and three armoured turret ships for J
the Russian Navy, in the dockyard placed at th« f
disposal of Messrs. C. Mitchell and Co. by the
Government. Amongst a large number of commer-
cial steamers the following may be mentioned as re-
presenting very unusual types, and as pointing to the
variety of work which has been characteristic of the
shipyard : The Hooper, telegraph steamer, which
was launched in 100 working days; the Faraday; the
Poityer Qxuvtifr. cable steamer; a Hoating dock ,
formed of iron cyhnders, which was built and shipped
for re-erection in Batavia, and the cruisers Ckao
Yvtig and Yang HVi. In 1883 the hrm of Messtv.
C. Mitchell and Co.. combined with that of Sir
ARMSTRONG
47i
ARPAD
W. G. AmutroaK, Whitwortb and Co., and th«
style of the company became Sir W. G. Arm-
stroDg, Mitchell and Co., Ltd. After the amal-
gunation the cruisers Esmeralda, Naniwa Kan.
Takaekiito Kan, and one or two others were built in
the Walker yard, but it vas decided to separate thc
military from the commercial shiphmlding. and the
Elswick shipyard was formed for canning on the
iormer class of worlc. The total number of vessels
constructed in the Walker shipyard since its ioau-
gnration, under the management of the late Mr.
Charles Mitchell, is 70S. Although many yards can
claim a considerably larger output of tonnage, it is
qucattonable whether any :Jupbuilding firm can show
inch a record of varied work. The ice-breaking
steamer Ermack, the ice-breaking ferry steamer
Baikat. the icc-brealdng ferry steamer Saralovskaia
Ptreptava. represent specimens of work which are in
their way unique. The tank type of steamer for
carrying petroleum in bulk owes its inception to Hr.
Swan, and no less than 91 of this type have been
already constructed, while it is very seldom that at
least one of this class of steamer is not under con-
struction, l^assenger steamers of various kinds, tur-
btoe propelled .tteamers of high q>eed, and practically
every type of vessel which a shipbuilder is called
upon to design, have been turned out from this y&id.
Of late the whole arrangement of the yard has been
altered, mare land has been taken in. the old build-
ings hax-e disappeared and have been replaced by
modem np-to-date sheds, with all the latest appli-
ances for carr^'ing out rapid and economical ship-
building.
AnDitrODC, WOlUUU Qeorge. first Baron Arm-
itFoog (1810-1900). British Inventor and founder
of the Elswick Works. Educated at the Gram-
mar School, Bishop's Auckland, and on leaving
was articled to a wlicitor, and for a number
of years wa^ engaged in active practice in Newcastle.
As a boy he took considerable interest in mechanical
devices and began investigations on electricity, and
several of his inventions date from a time prior to bis
giving up the Law. In 1838 he made his first con-
tribution to Hydraulic Engineering by inventing a
Hydro- Electric Machine, and six years later mvented
the Hydraulic Crane, which procured for him his
Fellowship of the Koyal Society. The Elswick Works
werv originally founded for the manufacture of
HydrauUc Machinery, and the first " Rifled Ord-
nance Armstrong Gun " did not make its appearance
mitil 1856. They were adopted by the British
Covemment in iSs9. he wras appointed Engineer of
Rifled Ordnance, and 300 " Armstrong " guns were
introduced into tlte service between ]&$9 and 1S63;
Great Britain thus originated a principle of gun con-
stmctioa which has since been universally adopted.
In e86j he resigned his appointment and returned to
Elswick, where he developed his early idea of using
Ste«l wire for the con»lruclian of guns. The retro-
grade step wbkb was takca by the Qritisb Cin-era*
ment in 1864. when they ceased to nae the " Arm-
strong " gun ouing to defects found in parts of the
breech mechanism, which was caused by careless-
ness in not closing this part of the gun properly, but
which might uuily have been remedied, decided tbcm
to revert to the old muKzled loader, and it \h-as not
until 1880, when he once more demonstrated the
superiority of breech-loading guns, that they were
received back into the service. In 1865, when Presi-
dent of the British Associatioo, his speech on the
probable early exhaustion of our coalfields, led to
the appointment of a Royal Commission to investi-
gate the matter. Besides the Elswick Gun Foundry,
he established the Elswick shipyards lor the construc-
tion of steel warships, and some of the fastest ships
in the British Navy have been boilt there. In 1897
lie vras raised to the peerage, his name appearing
amoog the Jubilee honours, and became the first
Baron Armstrong. He died at Rothbury. Northum-
berland, December 27, 1900. at the venerable age of
90, and was buried on the last day of the nineteenth
century' in Rothbury churchyard.
In addition to Iwing a Companion of the Bath, he
held the Order of St. Maurice and St. Lazarus of I taly,
of the Dannebrog of Denmark, of Jesus Christ of
Portugal, of Francis Joseph of Austria, of Charles the
Third of Spain, of the Rose of Brazil, of the Dragon
of China, and of the Sacred Treasure of Japan. He re
ceived the honorary degrees of D.C.L. from Oxford
and Durham, and of LL.D. from Cambridge.
Publications: " A Visit to Egypt " (1873), " Elec-
tric Movements in Air and Water " {1897), besidei
many professional papers.
ArmitraaK, \mifaia Haniy Aimstraag FitzPatrick*
Lord ArmstrcDg. J. P., D.L. Northumberland, (cr.
1903.) Major N'orthumberiand Yeomanry (b.
March 3, t863). Married 1S89 Winifred, daughtcrof
late Sir John Adye. G.CJi. Educated Eton and
Trinity College, Cambridge. M.A. Cantab Hon.
D.C.L.. Durham. Heir. s. Hon. W. J. Montagu
(b. 1893). Director of Sir W. G- Armstrong, Whit-
worth and Co., and of the North-Eastem Railway.
President of the North-East Coast Engineers and
Shipbuilding Institution, 1S94. Hon. Ass., Inst.
N.A., and an Hon. Member of the Surveyors
Institution.
Army and Havy Chronlote ud Omnium Oftthenua
Established 1902. Published monthly. Price 6rf
Address, 1 1 1 Jermyn Street, St James's, L<Hidon, S.W*
Army and Navy Oaiette. Estabhshed i860. Pub*
U^licd weekly (S.tturtUy). Price Od. Address, jz
Essex Street. Strand, London. W.C
Arpad. .\u stroll ungariac battleship. (Trieste,
1901.)
Length 354 ft. Beam 65 ft. Maximum draught 25 ft.
Di9{)lacement 8,340 tons.
ARPEA
48
ARTAN
t3 — 6 in.
10 — 12 p<lr.
i6Ma3dms.
Cttm. Armow.
3 — 9*4 in., 40CaI. " Krnpp."
8 id, HtW amidships
8 ID. Barbettes.
8 in. Turrets,
8 in. Conning tuv/t-r.
Tofpedo Tubes (18 in.).
2 Submenied.
Twin wrew. ilp. ii.9O0'^i8-5 kts. Coal maxi-
mum 840 tons. Approximate cost ^650,000.
Arpea. Italian torpedo iMsat. (Odero, I9C)6.)
lA'ugtli. 1O5 it.; beam. 17 It.: draught, 7 it.; dis-
placement, 200 tons; complement, 30; annament,
3 j-pdr., i tubes; Up,. 3,ooo = its kta; cool, 40
tons.
ATQnalXlie. VrcDcli torpedo-boat dc!jtra>'er.
(Normiuid, 1902.) Length. t8o It.; beam, 21 ft.;
maximum draught. 10 It.; displacement, 300 tons;
coraptement. 45; guns, 1 9-pdr.. 6 3-pdr.; tor-
pedo tube&, 2 1 5 -in. ; speed, 27-30 kts.
Anest d Ship. In order to enforce the Admiralty
process in n-nt, either party to a suit may, at any
time after tJUe issue ol a writ of summons, apply for a
warrant of arrest, which, however, is enforceable
only so long as the rrs rtmainii iu territorial waters.
Before a warrimt for arrest can be obtained, an
affidavit mnst be filled by the part>' or his agent,
stating the name and dcscnptioo ol the party at
whose instance tlie warrant is to t>e issued, Ihe
nature of the claim or counterclaim, the name and
nature of the property to be arrest<>d, and that the
claim or comiterclaim has not been i»atieficd. A
warrant is then issued from tin; Admiralty registry,
directed to the Marshal uf tJic Court, autlioriidng liiiu
or bis deputy tu arrest and keep under ant-^t the
sliip until further urdera. Tlie ^.-rvice ol tlie warianl
h cllccted by naihng the original to the maKt. and
then leaving a copy in its place. The arrest extends
to all the vessel's apparel, and sometimes to her
corgoh either on its account or on the account of
Ireigbt due.
Any vessel belonging to a Biitish So\'creign or to a
foreign Sovereign Government b exempt from
arrrat,
AiTOCanL British snd class cruiser. (Devonport,
LeagLb33ult. B^^n 57 tt. Maximum draught 24 ft.
Displacement 5.75U tons. Complement 480.
CnHJi. Armvur.
to — 6 in. 2 in. Belt bow.
8 — 1 3 pdr. 3 io. Deck.
1—12 pdr., 8 cwt. 9 in. Conning tower.
3— 3pdr.
a Maxim*.
Torpedo TuUs (i8 in.).
2 Submerged.
I Atxive water stem.
Twin screw. Ilp. io.ooot t(>kts. Coal maxi-
mum 1 , 1 7 s tcRU, Approximate cost /3oo,ooo.
A Mnel of this name was with Rodney in bis
action with De Gra^oo, 17S3.
Anogant. French ironclad, sank otf Hy^^rei Isles.
March 19, 1879; 47 lives loM.
Arrol*Bir Williun, Kt. (cr. 1S90) (b. 1839). Head of
the lirni of VVtn. Arrol and Co., Engineers. Con-
structed the Tay and Torth Bridges.
Arrownnitb't Bristol Tide TaUas. Publlhbrd
monthly. Price ij. Aildn^:!!, HiuiLol, Oloucofttcr-
shire.
Ars«o&L .^ magazmc of military stores containing
weapons of all kind:*, and ammunition for ttu- supply
of the naval .and military force btrlonglng to a country.
The manufacturing establishmcnti for the Navy,
and the storehouses at places like Pl^^nouth, Ports^
month, Pembroke Docks and Chatliam, are ar^nals.
but it has long l>een tlie custom to <ipcak of tlicm as
dockyards. In England (he term is almost exclu-
sively applied to th^ MctoriM and magarinc* al
Woolwich, from wliich the Army and Nav\" obtain
the bulk of their guns and ammunition. The principal
naval arsenals on the Continent are Brest, Cher-
lH»urg. Toulon, in France; Spetiii and Venict*, in
Italy; Cartagena, in Spain; l-udwiK-'hafen and Kiel,
in Germany; Kronstadt, with naval yards at St.
Petersburg, Libau, Revel, Sebastopol and Nicolaieff,
in Russia ; Horttn. in Norway : K.irlskrona, in
Sweden; and Antwerp, in Belgium. In thi- t'nitcd
States. Portamouth. Boston. Brooklyn, I.cagne
Island, Washington, Norfolk, Pensacoln, M»rc
Island and Puget Sound.
Anon. To malicsonsly and unlawfully set fire to
His Majesty's ships of war, arsenals, magazines,
dockyards, or naval or military stores, is a fekwiy
punishable with death (Dockj-ard Protection Act
1772).
To unlawfully and maliciously set lire to any ship,
finislied or unfinished, is a felony punishable by
^tcnal servitude to the extent of lilc. or by imprison-
ment. To attempt to set fire to any ship, etc,, fs a
felony punishable by 14 years' penal servitude, or
imprisonment (Malicious Damage Act. 1861).
To set Hrc to vessels or works in the docks of the
port of London is still punishabK* by death.
Kvery person subject to the Na\-at Di«cipline .\ct,
i86C, who shall unlawlully set fire to any dockj-anj,
victualling yard, or steam factory, j-ard, arsenal,
magazine, buildmg, stores, or to any ship, vessel,
log, barge, boat, or other craft, or furniture thereunto
belonging, not being the propertj- ol an enemy,'
pirate or rebel, ^ha^ suffer death or any other pun-
ishment mentioned in the Act {(j.v.).
Artan. Loait. Marine painter of the Antwerp
School. Remarkable (or the dark and powprful
effects he obtained in htn work, tfai-- famous picture,
the " North East," being a &ne specimen of work.
ARTIFICER
^
ASIA
Artiflev Bngineeis (British Navy). All engine-
room artiiicers ol at least lo years' confirmed service,
and of not lesa than 3 5 years of age, become clipble
for wammt rank of artihcer engineers. Their unitorro
is tliat of the cu^eer. with the addition of a narrow
strip of purple cloth on the cuff.
Aran. British torpedo-boat destroyer. (Laird,
IV03.] Length, 225 ft.; beam, 23ft.; draught, 10ft.;
displacement, 550 tons; complement, 70; armament,
1 13-pdr.; 5 6-pdr., z tabes; twin screw; Hp.
7,cx»=3<; kts.; coal, 130 tons.
AS, Distinguishing letters tjo sea fishing boats
registered at Aarbuus, Denmark.
AS. DLstinf^iishinK; letters on sea fishing boats
registered at Spiekeroof;, Germany.
A.^. Abbreviation for Alto-stratus, as adopted
by the International Meteorolot^cal Committee and
used in the tntemational Cloud Atlas.
Angiri. Japanese tQr{«ck>-boat destroyer. (Thomy-
CToft. iqot.) Displacement, 365 tons; maximum
draught, g ft.; complement, 60; annament. 1 iz-pdr..
5 6-pdr.; torpedo tubes, 3 iB-in.; Hp. 6,000= 31 kts.;
coal. 90 tons.
Japanese ist class battleship. (Clyde-
banV, 1S99.]
Length 423 ft. Beam 76 ft. Maximum draught 38 ft.
Diitplacement 15,000 tons. Complement 741.
GuH$.
4 — 12 in., 40cal.
14 — 6 in.
30 — 12 pdr.
8—3 pdr.
ajpdr.
Armfur.
" llar\-cy-mckel."
9 in. Belt amidsbipa.
14 in, Batbcttca.
lOin. Turrtti,
14 in. Conning tower.
Totpeiio Tttbts (ifi in.).
4 Submerged.
Twin screw. Hp. 14,500^ 18 kta. Coal maximum,
1 ,4CMj tons.
Auliilio. Japanese torpedo-boat destroyer.
(Thorn ycroft, 1901.) Displacement. 56s tons; inaxi-
mum draught. 9 ft.; complement, 60; armamc-nt,
1 13-pdr.. 5 6-pdr.; tubes 2 i8-in,: Hp., 6,000^
31 kts. : coal, 90 tons.
e. Japanesetorpedo-boatdestToyer. (Kobe,
1906.) Length. 330 ft. ; beam, 20 It. ; draught, 9| ft. ;
displacement, 375 tuiis; complement, 5S; amiament,
I 12-pdr., 5 <)-pdr.; 3 tubes; Hp., 6,000 39 kts,;
coaI, 96 tons.
^fH^Bf, Japanese armoured cmiacr. (Elswick,
1808.)
Length 4118 tt. Beam 67 it. Maximum draught 34 ft.
Displactiuicat 9,750 tons. Complement 500.
Guns. A ntiour.
4 — 8 in. " Harvey-nickel."
14— <t in. 7 in. Belt amidships.
13 — 1 3 pdr. 6 in. Turrets.
7 — 3) pdr. 14 in. Conning tower.
Torf>§do Tvbss (18 in:).
I Above water bow.
Twin screw. Hp. forced 18,000=31 kts.
maximum 1.300 ioas.
Coal
AmmoIo. Japanese torpedo-lxnt destroyer. (Thorny-
croft, 1903.) I^ngtli, 216 ft. ; beam, 20 ft : draught,
dt ft.; displaccjnent, 373 tons; complement, 59;
armament, 1 i3-pdr„ 5 6-pdr.; 3 tubes; twin screw;
Hp., 7,400 ^31 kts.; coal, 96 tons.
AMtMjru. Japanese torpedo-boat destroyer. (Osaka,
1906.) Length. 330 it.; beam, 20 ft, ; draught, 9) ft.;
displacement. 374 tons; complement, 38; armament,
I l2-pdr., 5 6-pdr.; 2 tube^: twin screw; Hp.,
6,000=39 ^*^'l c'^* ^ toi^-
Aslwstos is a tibrous mmcral of the Hom-Blcnd
family, and aldn to Tremolitc, Actemolite and com-
mon Horn-Blend. The chemical composition is
chiefly fiilica. magnesia, alumina and ferrous oxtde.
It occuni in drUcatc fibres, usually white, grey, bUic
or green. Though rather brittle, it can be teased out
like wool, and spun and woven into cloth. It forms
a fire-proof texture, and to be purified requires only
to be thrown in tlie fire; and it is said that the
Romans used to wrap the bodies of their dead in
asbestos cloth, in order to keep the ashes separate
from those of the fnneru] pile. From this property
it has derived its name. The principal sources of
supply are Canada, tlie Alpine countries, Corsica and
New South Wales; it has aliso been found near
Anglesey, Corowall, in several parts of Scotland and
the Shetland Isles. It is largely used for piston pack-
ing, and has been found to exceed in durability any
material hitherto employed. It is invaluable, parti-
cularly in the case of marine engines.
St* Jones's " Asbestos and Asbcstlc."
Ash. Henry Hontio (b. Portsmoutli, January 13,
1840). British nav,^l architect. ' Served apprenbr*^-
ship Portsmouth I>ock>-ard. In iSSi was promoted
foreman of the Devonport Dockyaitl. In March,
18S5, appointed Assistant Constructor, In 1886 was
promoted and sent to the Naval Yard at Bermuda,
and in 1893 was appointed Chief Constructor in the
Navy, and transferred to Sheemess. He retired at
tbu age of 60. with 43 years' service.
Ashfoid, Cyril Enuw^ M.A., Head Master, Chibome
Uoyal Naval College (b, June 17, 1867). Educated
King Edward's School, Berlin ; Trinity College, Cam-
bridge; utb Wrangler, 1889; FirsKlass in Part I,
Natural Science Tnpos, 1890.
Publication; "A Text-Book on Electricity and'
Mngnetisro."
Ashore. Aground on land.
Asia. Xorth-WVst Transit Service steanu-r. Foun-
dered between Ontario and Saute Satnte Marie, Sep-
tember 14* i&8a;98 liveaUwt.
ASIATIC
50
ASSOCIATION
AsuUo Fetzoleiiin Co. have a fleet of two Bte&inera
engaged ia the carriage oi petroleum.
Flebt.
El Guisr. Saline Rickmers.
AMtio Steam NavtgatiaD Co., Ltt.. managed
by Messrs. Turner. Morrison and Co., Calcutta,
)iave a Hctit of 15 large steamers, which main-
tain Services from CalcQtta round the oooat of
InJia to Bombay; one from Calcutta to Chittagong
and Rangoon ; a cargo service from Calcutta to Java ;
the Andaman Mail service from Calcutta to Ran-
goon. Port Blair and Madras; and a service from
Calcutta to Rangoon and Moulmein.
Flsbt.
Kohimur. Ncwab, Rajah.
Maharaja. Nitam. Rajput.
Maharani. Surani. Iianc4,
Nadir. Pasha. Shahjekan.
Nairung. Pundit. Shahxada.
Aflkold. Russian ciuiser. [Krupp, 1900.)
Length 444 ft. fieam 49 ft. Maximum draught 31 ft.
Dispiacement 6.500 tons. Complement 580.
Guns, A rnu3ur,
12 — 6 In. " Krupp."
12 — 12 pdr. 3 in. Deck.
8 — 3 pdr, 6 in. Conning tower,
a — I pdr.
Torpedo TmUs.
2 Submerged.
4 Above water bow and stern.
Three screws. Hp. 19,500^23 kts. Coal maximum
1, 100 tons.
Escaped from Japanese at the Battle of Round
Island, August 10, 1904, and reached Shanghai,
where she was interned.
Aao. Formerly Bayan (f.t.). Japanese armour
cruiser. (La Seyne,.t900.)
Length 443 ft. Beam 5s ft. Draught 22 ft.
Displacement 7,700 tons. Complement 400.
Guns. A rmour.
a — 8 in. " Krupp."
8—6 in. 8 in. Belt.
20 — :2 pdr. 7 in. Bulkheads.
y — 3 pdr. 7 in. Big gun shields.
Torpedo Tubes.
2 Submerged.
4 Above water.
Twin screw. Hp. 17,400=22 kts. Coal maximum
1 ,ooG ton.n.
Aspen. Russian torpedo-boat. (Oshora. 1895.)
Length. 127 ft.; beam. 15 ft.; draught, 6^ ft,; dis-
placement, y8 tons; complement, 14; armament.
2 i-i>di„ 2 tubes; Hp.. 1,250—21 kts.;coal. 17 tons.
Aspem. Small Austro-Hungarian cruiser. (Pola,
1899-)
Length 313 It. Beam 39 ft. Maximum draught 17 it.
Displacement 2.437 tons. Complement 243,
Guns. Armour.
8 — 4*7 in. " Steel."
12 — 3 pdr. 2 in. Deck,
a — r pdr.
Torpedo Tubes (177 in.).
I AIjovc water.
Twin screw. Hp. 7.OUO - :iu kts. Coal maximum
500 tons. Approximate cost £1 50.000,
Aspio. French screw gun-boat (t8So). Of Utile
fighting value.
Aspinall's Muitime Xaw Reports. Established
1861. Published quarterly. Price 5s. 6d. Address:
Bream's Buildings, London, E.C,
'^iMUhtil Dutch ludian Navy gun-boat. (Rotter-
dam, 1900.)
Length 179 ft. Beam 30 ft. Maximum draught 13 ft.
Displacement 7S7 tons. Complement 96.
Guns.
3—47 ia-
2 — 2-9 in.
4—1-4 in.
lip. 1,353 U kts. Coat 120 tons.
Anar-i-Tewflk. Turkish battleship. (I.a Seyne,
1S70.]
Length 272 ft. Beam 52 ft. Draught 25 ft.
Di8^placemeaL4,6i3 tons. Complement 320.
Guns.
2 — 92 in.
6 — 6 in.
10— 12 £Klr.
Hp. 3.56o<e:13 kts. Coal maximum 400 tons.
AisetS. A term for property and money in contra-
distinction to liabilities.
Assignmoit. A policy may be assigned in whole or
part (31 and 32 Vict. cap. 86). This .\ct gives the
form: " I. A.B., of etc., do hereby assign unto CD.,
etc.. his executors, administrators, and assigns, the
within policy of assurances on the ship, freight, and
the goods thereid carried (or on ship, or freight, or
goods as the case may be)." The adoption of this
form is, however, not imperative, nor is it custo-
mary, as au assigumeut is usually made by indorsa-
tioa in writing upon the body, margin, or back of the
policy, or by delivery of the instrument with inten-
tiOD to assign it. (.\rnouId, 4th ed., pp. 103, 104.J
The assignment of a policy of insurance after loss is
witttin the Act (Lloyd v. Spence; Lloyd v. Fleming,
L.R. 7 Q.B. 299), but if the interests of the assured
have ceased before loss, an assignment of the policy
after the loss has happened will be inoperative (North
of England! Pure Oilcake Co. i-. .\rchangcl Marine
Co., L.R. 10 Q.B. 240. Mc Arthur on the Contract
of Marine Insurance p. 58.)
Assistance. Ship. See Arctic Exploration.
Assistance. British steam-repair ship (9.600 tons).
Association. H.M. ship. 70 guns. Wrecked ofi the
Scilly I^Untls, October 23, 1707, when Admiral Sir
Qoudesley Shovel and dou men perished.
Armour.
" Steel.-'
8 in. £>cck.
6 in. Gun shields.
ASSOCIATION
S*
ASTREA
AMOdatknolATeraffBAdJQften, Capel Coart. E.C.,
IS an association of :ivemKe .iHjusters combining for
mutual support as well as iof the regulation o( their
practice upon approved lines; and the formation of
the Association of Average Adjusters has cnableil
tfaem to make progress in this direction. The objects
of the association arc to promote correctness of
principle and nmformity of practice in the adjust-
ment of clainu. An annual meeting is held, which Is
attended by representatives ol shipowners, mer-
diants and underwriters, as well as by the adjusters
themselves, for the discussion of questions affecting
average adjustment and the formation of practical
roles.
Examinations are also held, which new memberft
of the professioa havu to pass before they are eligible
(or admissioD as members of the association.
Anoolfttiat of Undarwrltfln ud Iiuannw
Broken in Glasgow is composed of umlrrwriteni,
marine insurance companies and insurance brokers.
and is carried cm as a centre for underuriting, marine
insurance broking, and with the view to protect un-
derwntcn' and brokers' interests, both in respect to
underwriting questions and salvagt; arrangements.
There is evidence of the Association of Under-
writers in Glasgow for the purpose of underwriting
as far back as 1744, and that they met at that time
at the shop of one Andrew Stalker, a seller of marine
pobcics. In t7;S tiKre appeared &n advertisement
in the '* Glasgow Mercury " relative to cf^^tain regu-
lations with respect to the payment of premiums.
The first recorded meeting of underwriters and
marme insurance brokers was held on April r, 1S18,
aad in the minutes of that meeting it was stated
that " for some time past an association had been
formed among the underwriters and brokers fre-
quenting the coSee room for the purpose of such
directions as might appear necessary tor tlu- superin-
tendence and protection of the property in which the
members were generally interested, and also for
correspooding with agents at the outports on these
and other matters in which the general interests of
Ab underwriters were concerned; but that up to
tliat time no regular office bearen had been ap-
pomted. nrw minntps of the procedure of the associa-
tion preserved." A committee was elected at that
meeting, consisting of a chairman and three direc-
tors, and a secretary who was to act as treasurer,
and the committee was to be elected annually.
The 6rst printed copy of the roles and regula-
tioDs at the association was issued in 1819. and the
latest in 190$. The present (1907] committee of
management consists of seven members, and the
admission committM of ten members. The asso-
ciation is represented on the Agency Committee of
Lloyd's, on the Committee of Lloyd's Register of
Britisfa and Foreign Shipping, and on the Com-
mittee of the British Corporation for the Survey
and Registry of Shipping. The a<<sociation also sends
representative members to the moetiogs of the
Association of Average .Adjusters held annually in
London.
The association ia supplied daily by Lloyl's, Ten-
don, with telegraphic and poatal Advices of idupping
movements and casualtieis, and its library is fur-
nished with shipping newspapers, atlases, gaiet-
teers. underwriting text books, maritimt- law re-
ports, and a classified series of charts and sailing
directions, which are annually rcidmwhcd by dona-
tion from the Hydrographic Department of the
Admiralty.
In connection with the association, hut having an
independent Constitution, is the Glasgow Salvage
Aaaociation (ij.v.). which attends, wHrn instructed, to
the protection of TTnderwriters' interests in respect
to wrecked and damaged property.
Amnmoe. Ste fidarlne Insurance; also Life Afr
Astajr. Said of an anchor wbcu. in beavugin« the
cable forms such an angle with the surface as to ap-
pear in a line with the stays of the ship.
Aitent. Behind the after part of a ship.
Asteroidi. The name by which Sir W. Herschel
proposed to di.stinguish the minor planets circulating
between the orbits of Jupiter and Mars, They are all
small bodies, and have been discovered nince the
commencement of the nineteenth century. The fir^t
asteroid was discovered on January i, iSoi, and at
the present time the known number is about 600.
The largest has a diameter of 500, and the smallest of
probably less than 20, miles, and there may be multi-
tudes beyond the range of perception. Their detec-
tion has been accelerated by the use of the phnto-
graphic method introduced by T)r. M. Woolf.
Aftrna. British ;2nd class cruiser. (Devonport,
18930
Length 3^0 ft, Beam49 ft. Maximnm draught 31 ft.
Displacement 4.360 tons. Complement 318.
Guns. A rmour.
J— 6 in. " Steel."
8 — 47 in. 2 in. Deck.
H- — 6 jxir, 3 in. Conning tower.
1—3 pdr.
Torp0do Tubes (18 in.).
4 Above water.
Twin screw. Hp. natural 7.000—18 kts.; lorced
g,ooo=i9'5 kts. Coal maximum 1,000 tons.
A[^>roximate cost £350,000.
This ship-name was introduced into the Xavy in
1739, and commemorates the captvire of the Spanish
Aslraa at Porto Bcllo. It is associated with the
capture of the Gloir*. 1795 : the action off L'Oricnt.
the capture of Barlwidoes. 1796: Egypt. 1801 ;
Scbomberg's victory off Madagascar, 1810.
Aitrca. Frigate. On May 33. 1808. this vessel was
lost on the Anagada Coast.
ASTRONOMER
52
ASTRONOMY
AstrononMrltoyilt The oflicial title o£ the head of
Greenwich Observator>'. The appointment is given
by the Prime Minister, and the office held by warrant
under the royal sign manual. Sir \V. H. M. Christie,
K-C.B., is the prpsrnt Astronomer Royal, the eighth
holder of this ofJice tdace its estabUshment in 1675.
In Scotland the Astionomer Royal is Profeasor R,
Copelond, Director oi the Royal Observatory, Edin-
burgh, and in Ireland Professor C, J. Jolly.
Aitrooomical Day is measurtKl t>y the apparent
motion of the &un ; but for thtj convenience of
Astronomical Computations it is taken to begin at
nooo. that IS 12 hours after the beginning ol the Civil
Day, and end at nooa of the following day. Astroiio*
mers generally reckon the hours of this day up to
24 hours, without any distinction of ante or post
meridian, which they call astronomical time; hence
the first is hours, of which are p.m. hours, of the
Civil Day on which it begins ; and the last 1 2 hoars
of it are a.m. hours, of the day on which it enda.
Astzooomy. Ttie sublime science which treats of
the distances, magnitudes, masses, composition.
motions, and alt that is discoverable rt^garding the
heavenly bodies, meaning the sun, the earth, the
moon, the planets, tlit: fixed stars, the comets, the
meteontes. the nebulie, and all other material bodies
really or apparently moving in infinite space. The
xcicuce first took deruiite shape iu BaLj-lonia, where
in the third miUennium s.c. tlie sphere began to bu
measured, and the zodiac was delimited and divided.
The vault of heaven being visible in all its glory
alternately by day and night in every portion of tlxe
world, absolute ignorance regarding celestial ptieno-
niena cannot liave existed io any place or at any
time. The people belonging to some nations were,
however, more observant in this respect than others,
and claims to early proftdency in astronomy have
been preferred in favour of the Chinese, ChaU1e.aQs.
Egyptians and the Hindoos. Hipparchus, between
B.C. 160-125, catalogiiod the stars visible above the
horizon, noting down 1,180. Among his numerous
diecoverics may be reckoned the procession at the
equinoxes, trigonometry, and apparently the stereo-
graphic projection of the sphere. The next great
nanw was that of Ptolemy, a geographer and astro-
nomer of Alexandria, who discovered lunar evection.
In 1543 Coi^emicus, just before he died, published
his greftt work. " On the Revolutions of the Heavenly
Bodies," compiled some 13 years previously. The
next great name is that of Tycho Brahi. a Dane by
birtb. who died in i6qi. Though not accepting the
Copemican system, but holding views partly bor-
rowed from Copernicus and partly from Ptolemy.
his extensive and accurate obsexvations gave a great
impulse to astxcmomy. Kepler, a pupil of Tycho, will
for ever be rerocmbcred for the discover)' of the tliree
laws which bear his name, the first and second made
known in 1609, and the third in 1618. Galiloo. hav-
ing constructed a telescope in 1610^ subsequently
diacoverefl the satelhtea of Jupiter, the phases of
Venus, the mountains of the moon and othex new
truths. The year in which be died Sir Isaac Newton
was bom, and in [6S7 he published his immortal
" Pnncij)ia." in wtuch the law of KTavitation waft
Hnnounced. thus constituting an epoch in the history
of science which probably will never be paralleled at
any future time. The year that Newton died, 1 737.
was tlie one in which the discovery was made by
Bradley of the aberration of Ught, which proved the
motion of tlte earth, and gave the death-btow to all
Ptoleniiac and Tychonic systems, both of which were,
founded on the h>'pothe9iB that it was stationary,
Sir Wm. Herschel, 1738. before he died, among other
great discoveries, added nine new members to the
Solar system (one of them the planet Uranus) to tlie
eighteen previously known. He was one of tlie lirst
to onginate a systematic study of fitars and nebnlip,
which prescribes the leading methods of modem
astronomy. A profound change has been brought
about in the scope, no less than in the methods, of
astronomy, by the adoption of the camera as an in-
strument of precision. Much progress ban already
been made with the preparation, at eighteen observa-
tories, of a catalogue Ukely to embrace some four
million stars; and the corresponding chart of the sky
will secure the tdentification of p<kssibty 30
million.
Astronomical enterprise tends more ^d more to
assume an intr-maticmal ctuiiacter. England com-
mands both hpmiKphi--rcs. through the establishmen tii
at Greenwich and the Cupe. Iu the L^nited States
ol .\merica the organisation centred at Harvard
College has been extended irom Pole to Pole by thi
foundation of a post at Atequipa. Among astrono-
mical societies at present in existence may be men-
tioned the British Astronomical Ansociation, the
Soci6t6 Aslronomique de France, the Urania Gesells-
chait in Berlin, tlie Russian Astronomical Society,
Uie Astronomical Societies of the Pacihc and Toronto.
Canada, the Astronomical and Astrophysics Society
o( America, the Societi degU Spettroscopi-^ti, Itajy,
catering for the wants of the general public interested
in this science.
.■\manR historical works connected with astro-
nomy, W0 Grant's" History of Physical Astronomy "
(1852), which is of standard authority; Lewis's
"Astronomy of the Ancients" [i86a). Berry's
"Short History" (189S). Gierke's " Popular His-
tory of .Astronomy during the Nineteenth Cen-
tury " (1902), Midler's " Geschichte der Himmcl-
kunde " (1873), Wolf's" Geschichte der Astronomic"
I1877). Chauvenet's " Manual of Spherical and
Practical ,\stTonomy " (1893), Loonus's " Introduc-
tion to Practical Astronomy " (1894), Campbell's
" Handbook of Practical Astronomy" (i890. Bar-
low and Bryan's " Elementary and Mathi'matical
.Vstronomy " (1892), Young's "Manual on Astro-
nomy " (190J). Chambers' *' Handbook of Dcschp*
tive and Practical Astronomy " (i889-<^), Corn-
stock's "Textbook of Astronomy" (1901)* BaU'i
H
N
4
A.T.
S3 ^^^V ATLANTIC
" Story o( Ui« Heavens," Turaer's " Modem Ahtro-
aoroy " (1901), Kcwcombc's " Popular AKtrooomy "
(i8Sj), Qerke'ft " Concise Astronomy " (1898).
Langl«T'a " New Astxtmomy " (188P). TodiJ'a " New
Astronomy " (>998). Gregory's " Vault of Heaven "
A.T. DistiogDishing letters on sea Bshing boats
registered at Terborg, Gennany.
Atsoama. Steamer, wrecked 22 miles south of Ca|
dera, near Copiapo. November. 187;; 104 Uvcs lost.
Atiga Japanese gun-boat. (Yokosuka, 1891.)
LengUi iri4 U. Beam 27 it. Maximum draught lu ft.
Displacement 615 tons. Coniploment 130.
Gvns.
1 — S'j in.
I— 5 9 in.
2 — I pdr.
Hp. 7,000*13 kts. Coal iJo tons.
At&Unta. British trainiug-^p. Foundered March,
i8t^o. on tier voyage from Bermuda, all on board
perishins,
AUUate. H^l. frigate. On November 10, 1813,
this vessel was lost oB Nova Scotia.
AttaATzom. " From "covers only from tbe time
of the sailing ul the vessel. " .\t and from " includes
(in a borne port) the ti>\i intmediatrly the insurance
is eflected: (in a foreign port) from Uie moment of
her arrival there-— of course, seaworthy.
Tbe clau.se " Kisk not to attach before tbe expiriuK
of the previoos policies " L<i generally added. There
must be no undue delay " at " the port without re-
ference to underwriters (Houghton v. Hmpire. 1 L.K..
I Ex. 200).
In a pohcy " at and from " a port, it is an implied
agreement that the vessel shall ba there within such
a time that tlie risk shall not be materially varied :
otherwise the policy dors not attach (De Wolf v.
Archangel Mar. Bank. 2 Asp. Mar. L.C. 873). Refer
ta Deviation ; also Leave to call.
Athoniaa. British subsidised merchant ship.
(lft8i). Canada-Pacific Railway Co. iq.u.). Ditncn-
sioos, 365 X 48 X z9 it.; gross tonnage. 3.882:
r accommodation, loa ; Hp.. 4.6000 17 Irts.
Athoien. ^4 guns. On October 37, 1S06. this
vessel was lost near Tunis, when 347 perished.
AtkVliiA. Genan of small fishes, from fonr to five
inches long, taken in great numbers in the Meditcr-
nuiean. They arc carnivorous, live in shoals, and arc
valued ns food, and also used in the manufacture of
artificial pearls.
Athartoo. William Henry (b. Preston, Lancashire,
November 1$, 1A67). .M<?chanical engineer. Served
^pr«nticcsbip iil works of Mensrs. Craven Brothers,
Ltd., Manchester, and was for six years evening
stndrat of the Manchester Technical School; a Whit
worth Exhibitioner and Royal Exhibitioner in
Science. Served from i8(yo to 1S93 m the Elswicic
Dmwing Office of Messrs Armstrong. Whitworth
and Co.. Ltd. From 1893-97 *t the Armstrong
College. NewcasUeon-Tync. and subsequently for
seven years with .Messrs. M.ither and Piatt, Ltd.,
Manchester. Represented that firm at the Glasgow
International Exhibition of 1901. For a few months
on tbe engineering stafi of the London County
Council. Since January, 1905, general manager ol
the Chain-Belt Hngiiieerlng Co.. Derby, Uie con-
veying and elevating macliinery of Ley's Malle-
able Castings Co.. Ltd, Member of the Institution
of Mech-'inical Enginet- rs, the Manchester AsscKiaticm
of Engineers, and the North-East Coast Institution
of Engineers and Shipbuilders.
Publications: " The Design of Beams and Gir-
ders,'* " The Resistance and Power of Steamships "
(jointly with A. L. Mellanby, M.Sc], paper on the
" Fouling of Ships," and numerous articles.
Attnwi. Across anything extended in the line of
a ship's course,
Atkinson, John Jo80pb (f). Liverpool. i8$o}. Marine
enguicer. S<-rvx'(l apprtnticeshtp with Messrs.
George Forrester and Co., Liverpool, and for some
years was engaged in the construction uf engines.
Joined the National Line of Atlantic Liners, and
obtained a Boanl of Trade's Certificate as first-clnJi.-,
engineer in 1877. In 1889 acted as consulting
engineer to the late Thomas Irwin. Esq.. in which
firm he became a partner. He has been connected
with the construction of many new vessels, and
structural alterations and repairs on behaU of ilie
leading underwriters and ship owners. McmWr of
the North-F.ast Coa^t InHtitution of Engineer.^ and
Shipbuilders 1891.
AlkmsGO-WQles, Rear-Admiral George Lambart
(h. Joly 13, 1847). Kdticatfd Leamington College;
Koyal Naval Academy. Gcwport; entered Na%-y
i86t; lieutenant, 186G. Served in Abyssinian War
in Naval Brigade, 1868, and mentioned in despatches.
As Commodore commanded Training Squadron.
1S95 97; Dockyard Reserve. Chatham, 1898-
igoo. A.D.C. to H.M. Queen Victoria. 1899-1901;
Rear-Admiral Home Squadron and Second -in -C-om-
mand Home Fleet. 1903.
Athmta. I'.S. 3rd das& cruiser. (Chester, 1884.)
Length 37 1 ft Beam 43 ft. Maximum draught so fL
Displacement 3.000 tons. Complement 304.
Gunt. jlrmout,
»— 8 in. " Steel."
6 — 6 in. 7)in. Deck, amidships.
6— 6 pdr.
Hp. 4,cxx>= 15 ktB. Coal maximum 570 tona,
■ /,
AUutio. Steamer belonging to the White Star Line
.Htnick on thr Meagher Rockit, wc&t ol Sambro',
April I, 1873; 560 lives lost.
ATLANTIC
54
ATT WOOD
AUantio Ooean stretches from the Arctic Ocean on
the ttortb, to the Antarctic Ocean on the south, and is
that great 04.»an between Europe and Africa on the
one side and America on the other, divided into the
Northern, the Intertropical and the Southern, or
simply into the Northern and Southern Atlantic.
I'he length ol the Atlantic basin is nearly 8,000
geographical miles. The depth has been more care-
fully and Hystematically examined than that of any
Other oceanic basin, and there is scarcely any por-
tion of its tloor that has a depth exceeding 3.000
fathoms, or about 3-4 miles. The greatest depth
determined by the ChatUtiger sounding VfAS tha.t of
a. limited depression about loa mites to the north of
St. Thomas, where ^.870 fathoms, or al>out 4*4 miles,
was determined. The surface temperature over the
greater port of the Xorth Atlantic averaga 40" F.,
increasing to 50° F. near the shores of Europe. The
heal equator lies a little to the north of the geo-
graphical, and the surface tcmperatarc there aver-
ages from 60 to 90*. Over the greater portion of the
Southern Atlantic the bottom water varies between
35 and 40°. but in tlic North Atlantic the tempera-
ture averages 2' higher. The water is relatively
sailer than that of ttie other oceans, its salinity
being greater in the region of the Trade winds and
least in the region of Equatorial calms.
Atlintic Shipping Trust 5^ International Mer-
cantile Marine Co,
AUantio Transport Co.. Ltd. Originated in London
1886, and in 1896 purchased the controlling
interest in the Intematioaal Steamship Co.
(a line which dates back to 1865), and two years
later it absorbed the fleet and American busi-
ness of the Wilson's and F 11 mess -Ley land T.ines
The company maintains a regular service from
London to Baltimore, Hhiiadclphia and New York,
and its steamers are built principally lor the purpose
of carrying cargoes of refrigerated meat and live
stock, although on some of their larger steamers ex-
cellent passenger accommodation is provided, and
the three latest vessels can carry up to 250 passen-
gers.
Flekt.
Manitou. Mesat>a.
MarquctU. Mhweapolis.
Menominee. Minuehaha.
Minnetonka.
Groos tonnage, 138,102.
AtlantiintS. French t^ubsidised merchant ship.
(1898). Mcssagenes Maritimes (i/.t-.). Dimensions,
469 X 50 X 32^ ft. ; gross tonnage, 6,708: Hp.. 7,300
^iBktS.
Atlas Lin«. See Hamburg-Amcrika Line.
Atmomtfter. An instrument for measuring the
amount of evaporation of water.
Atmosphere is the name applied to the ambient
air. or thin elastic fluid, which snrroonds the globe,
and gradually diminishing tn gravity rises to an un-
known height, yet by gravitation partakes of all it*
motions. It is a mechanical mixture of about
78 volumes of nitrogen, with 31 of OKvgen, and one
of argon, and also contains a variable, but all im-
portant, proportion of water x-apour. Sir John
Herschel has calculated that the total weight of
atmosphere, averaging 30 inches of pressure, is about
1 1§ trillion of pounds, and that, making allowance
for the space occupied by the land above the sea,
it is about y^g^^jf^y part of the solid globe. It
exerts a pressure when the barometer standfi at
39-90|; of nearly 14J pounds avoirdupois to the
square inch, and it i.s calculated that a man of
ordinary site sustains a constant pressure of abotit
14 tons.
Atmoapheiio prsssun. Pressure produced by the
weight of the air.
AtoU. Se4 Coral, Coral Island, and Coral Reef.
AtntO, British subsidised merchant ship (i$86).
Royal Mail Co. {•q.v.). Dimensions, 42] X 50 x 33 ft.;
gross tonnage. 5,3(10; passenger accommodation.
277; Hp., 5.600= 17 kts.
Atrip. A term applied to the anchor when the
purchase has made it break ground or raised it clear.
y
Attaohd, Naval, is the representative of a nation at
the seat of Government ol a foreign Power quar-
tered at the Legation. His duty is to note and report
to his C.overnmeot all chauges tliat take place m
naval matters.
m
Attantire. British scout. (Elswick, 1904.)
Length 370 ft. Beam 38 ft. Maximum draught 1 3^ft.
Displacement 3,750 tons. Complement a68
Guns. .-Irmour.
10 — t2pdr. i^ in. Deck.
8 — Pompoms.
Torpedn Tubes.
3 Submerged.
Twin screw. Hp. 17.000=25 kts. Coal maximum
380 tons. Approximate cost ^275.000.
Attwood, Edward Lewla (b. 187 1). Profeswr of
Naval .Vrchitftture. Served apprenticeship with
Messrs, Green, of Blackwall. On being granted a
scholarship of the Worshipfal Company of Ship-
wnghts, he went through the Royal Naval Collide as
a private student, obtaining the Professional certifi-
cate at the final examination. Appointed a member
of the Royal Corps of Naval Construction, 1895 ; in-
structor of Naval Architecture of Royai Na\-Bl Col-
lege. 190J-04; Professor, 1904.
Publications: "Text Book of Naval Architecture "
(1899), "Warships" (1904), paper before the Institu-
tion of Naval Architects 1905, on the " Admiralty
Course of Study of Naval Architects."
A.U.
A.1F. Dlstio^tshinf; lettere oa sea fishing boats
registered at Baltnim, Germany.
55
AUSTIN
Frwicb avisos-transport (i8*s). Of Httle
fighting valDc. Guns, 4 5'S-hi., 4 9-pdr.; speed
(nomiaally), 1 1 kts.
Aacklud, George Edea. Earl of ityS4-i&i9).
Prcsuieat ol the Board of Trade, 1H30; First Lord of
the Admiralty, 1834; Governor-General of India.
1835-41.
French torpedo-boat (1901). Dis-
placement. 18; tons; coiiipIcmcDt. 18: maximuni
ught. 9 ft. ; gunji. J 3-pdr. ; torpedo tubes. 3 1 5-in ;
lOur "Steel," | in. amid&hlps; twin screw:
Hp., 1,300 26 kts.: coal. 35 tons.
I
Spanish torpedo-boat destroyer. (Clyde-
bank, 1897.) Displacctncnt, 430 tons: armanieat,
2 l4-pdr., 2 6-pdr., 2 l-pdr.: torpedo tubes, 2;
Up., 7,500=30 kt».; present speed about 30 kta.
AodibiUty. Unosual distinctness of distant sounds.
Aiik<^rAlsidAe. A family of marine bird-'^ with heavy
bodies, large heads, Hhort wings and compact
plumage. The Great Auk or Gare-fowl, formerly
common on all the northern coasts, but now extinct,
wras flightless. The birds are experts at swimming
and diving, rarely leaving tiw sea except for breed-
ing purposes.
Aaron. Russian cruiser. (Galemii, 1900.)
Length 4 10 ft. Beam55ft. Maximnm draught 2 1 ft.
Displacement 6,630 tons. Complement 570.
Guns. A rmouf.
3 — 6 in. "Steel."
22 — 12 pdr. 2| in. Deck.
8 — Small q.f. 0 in. Cocming tower.
4^ in. Engine batches.
Torpedo Tubes.
4 Above water.
Three acrews. Hp, 11.600=^70 kts. Coal maxi-
mum 1.430 tons.
Escaped from the Japanese at the Battle of
Tsusltinta, May 37-29, 1904, and was interned till
the end of the war.
Anronu Transport. On December 3i, 1805. this
vessel was lost on the Goodwin Sands, when 300
perished.
Aurora, of Hull, sailed from New York, April 26.
1653, and foundered in mid-Atloatic; 25 hves lost.
Anrora Anstnlb. A luminous electrical di^Iay of
much beauty, appearing in the sky in the southern
bcmisphcrc, sometimes taking the form of an arch,
streamers, coroua. glow, L-tc.
Aurora Borealis. Polaris Ught. or Northern light,
a Innunous meteoric phenomenon of great beauty,
^irhich i» ■wen in Hie nnrthem -iky in high lulitudt-^.
taking the form oJ streamers, archn. or patches
which vary in shade considerably, being sometimes
grey, and at others brilliant yellow, green, violet, or
fiery red. They seem to be governed by electricity,
and are more frtfiueiit in frosty weathnr. and are
proved to be many miles above the surface of the
earth. The .Vnrora is not vivid above the 70th degree
of north latitude, and is seldom seen before the end of
.\ugu5t. In America, according to Professor Loomis.
the xone of maximum frequency is l>ctwcen latitude
50" and 60" N. In Europe between the parallels of
66* and 75*. The belt of greatest frequency l>egins
close to the shores of the .Arctic Ocean, from the
N. Cape East to Point Barrow, thence ftoutli. passing
through Hudson's Bay in lat. 60°. then south of
Greenland, and obliquely north again between Uie
Faroe Islands and Iceland. In London two Auroras
are seen annually; in Kdinburgh four.
Aiiiy^M", Charles John, British rear-admiral (1779-
1852). Was prt;sent at the capture of Koomtet and
VilU dc Lon'ent in the EnJymion. Between 1826
and iSjS he was in command of the Aufota in the
West Indies, and took an active pan in the suppres-
sion of the slave trade; took part in the bombard-
ment of St. Jean d'Aic in the BtUewophon. 1S40.
Aiut«a. Sir Francii WHlilLm (1774-1865). British
admiral. In iS<k), when in command of tlie Petrel.
he captured the Lig}trifntte. Served with distinction
in the Egyptian operations of iSoi, and four years
later, at the Battle of San Domingo, commanded the
CoHoptts. Was made admiral in 1848, and Admiral
of the Fleet, 1863.
Austin, Hormtio Thomai (1801-65). English ex-
plorer. .Accompanied Parry in his second expedition
in search of the North West Passage, and in 1880.
when four vessels were equipped anJ despatched in
search of Franklin, he was given command, and ex-
plored 900 miles of hitherto unknown coast. On his
retam to England he was made vice-admiral. Refgv
to Arctic Exploration.
AostiD, 8. P.. and Sons, Ltd„ shipbuilders, Sunder-
land. iistabUshed 1827; incorporated 1899. with an
authorised capital of 7,000 £$ per cent, cumulahw
Preference Shares of ^10 each, and 65,000 Ordinary
Shares of £i each, all fully paid, ^70.000 First Mort-
gage Debenture Stock £4 per cent.
Number of berths, 3,
River frontage, | mile.
Repairing berths: capacity, vessels up to 400 it.
Maxirooni annual output, 13,000 to 15.000 tuns
of new tonnage.
Pontoon, capable of docking vessels 400 ft. kmg
and at>out 8,ooa tocis dead weight.
Lifting capacity, 3.600 tons.
Graving dock, 306 ft. long.
Public graving docks. 387 and 443 ft. long.
Machinery, tools and every appliance for building
and repairing steamers.
Budding of coUisr ttcuiiM* a speciality.
AUSTRAL
56
AUSTRO-HUNGARIAN
AnstnL Ttdating to tbe Soutb.
Anstrsl. Orient Line afeajiier. Sank in Syducy
Harbour, subsequently raised by mcAOK of a co0er-
d»m attached to the gunwales by divei3. and is stiU
one of the favourite vessels of the Orient Line.
Aiutr&lasiiui United St«am Nansation Co.. Ltd..
with their head oifices in Brisbane, have- a fleet
of excellent passenger and cargo steamers, which
maintain sailings from Melbourne to Queensland;
Melbourue to Western Australia, round the north
coast to the Philippine Islands. Four of their
Bteamers maintain regular services from Melbourne
to Sydney. Roclthampton. Brisbane, Townsville,
Caiins. Port Douglas and Cooktown. A service
every tlircc wt^cks is maintained from Brisbane to
Tliur^ay Island, Nonnanton and Burketown ; two
of the steamers conduct regular fortnightly services
to Sydney, Adelaide and l-rt* mantle, and a service ia
maintained cs-ery four weeks to Noumea (New
Caledonia) and the Fiji Islands.
Flebt.
iramac. Ka'coo. Mafanoa.
Arawatta. Kyarta. tVodango.
Kanou-na. ^Vyndara.
Anstnlien. French subsidiaed merchant ithip
(18S9}. Mc^uageric<i Maritime^ (f.v.). Dimen-
sions, 4S2 X 39 x 34 '(■• gross tonoage, 6.570;
Hp., ;,50o--i7 kts.
Aastralind Steamship Co.. Ltd., managed by Messrs.
Bethell, Gwyn and Co., London, have a fleet of three
modern cargo steamers, and maintain a service he-
tween Bristol and London to Fremantle and
Albany, "Western ."Vustralia.
FUSBT.
Arrino. AshburtoH. Austraiind.
Aoitrla. Emigrant ship. Burnt in mid-Altantic,
Septcmbef 13, 1858: out of 538 personi only 67 were
Saved.
Autrian Lloyd Steam Navigatioii Co.. with the head
o£liccs at Trieste, was established in 1836, and now
has a fleet of 64^ steamers ranging from i.jJQ to
6,500 tons. Regular services of pas3engi!i' and cargo
steamers are maintained from Trieste to Brazil; a
monthly service between Trieste and Itrindisi. Port
Said. Suez. Aden, Karachi, Bombay, Madras, liao-
goon and Calcutta; one belwetin Trieste and Bom-
bay, Columbo, Pcnang, Singapore. Hong Koog,
Shanghai and Kol>e. A monthly .service to Calcutta,
and ouc to Africa via Port Said, Suez, Aden, Mom
bassa, Beira, Lonren^o Marque.s, and Durban. This
company maintains a fortnightly accelerated service
between Tneste. Brmdisi, Karachi and Bombay
during the busy months. The maximum duration
of the voyage from Trieste is 1 5 days, tbe new fast
twin-screw steamers, KoerberMAfrica, Bohemia.
tmperatoT and Imperatrvr, all fltt■:^d out with every
modem convenience for tbe comfort and safety of
passengers, are on this run.
AchUU.
Africa.
Agtaja.
Almissa.
Amphittite.
Apotlo.
A urora.
A iistna ,
Baron Call.
Bohemia.
Bositia.
Bucovina,
CaJipso.
Carinlhia.
Camiotia.
Cosfffrs.
CJiina.
CUnpaira.
Datmatia.
Danubis.
Daphnr.
Elekira.
Fleet.
Enh. Frani
Ferdinand.
Esparo.
I-Uore.
Euterpe.
Galatea.
Gaticia.
Cortlia.
GrafW'urtNbrand.
Habsburg.
Helivs.
Hungaria.
fmperator.
Smperatrix.
India.
Islria.
Juno.
JupiUr.
Kostbgy.
Leda.
.Maria Teresa.
.\faria Vahri^.
Marquis
BacqMfhem.
Gross tonnage, 305,
Medea.
Meipomonc.
MetcQvich.
Moravia.
K'ippon.
Orion.
Petiia.
. Pollute.
Saliburg.
Salurno.
Scmiramas.
Siliiia.
Stiria.
Sultan .
Tebe.
Tfiaiia.
Tirol,
Trieste.
Urano.
Venus.
Vesta,
Vindobona.
,000.
Austro-Amerlcan Ste&mihip Co.* with their head
olhcv^^ m Trieste, posso?-; a Heet of 23 large new
steamers fitted out with every modem convenience
for passenger service and cargo. Regular sailings are
maintained every Saturday from Trieste direct for
New York, and rice ti^rjo, A monthly service is
maintained between Trieste and the Mexican Ports,
via Genoa, Marseilles, Canary Islands. La Guayra. >
and Colon, for Vera Cruz, Tampico and Progreso.
Many of the company's steamers are used on the
freight service between Trieste and Northern and
Southern United States ports.
Pliet,
.4 Ibfrta, Francesco. Jf^ny.
.Anna. Fredtrica . Lodovica .
Auguste. Georgia. Lyuia.
CariAina. Gerty. Margherita.
Clara. Guiiia. Maria,
Dora. Hermine. Marianne.
Emilia. Ida. Sofia tlohenberg.
Frny. IreM. Ttriia,
Eugenia. Virginia.
Attstro-Hungariiui Imperial and Royal Yacht
SllOadrOO. R^tiibUsh>--d iSyi. Pation, H.I. and
R..\.M. the Emperor of Austria; Commodore. H.l,
and R.H. the Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria;
Vicc-Conimodorcs, H.H. Prince Philip of Saxe-
Coburg-Gotlu, Count Alfred Harrach; Rcar-Com-
modoFCs, Count Gcza Andrassy, Count Carl Bubuoy;
Secretary and Treasurer, Captain C. Ritter von
Wolfi, Pola, Auetpa. Entrance fee, 1,000 or 100
Kronen; annual subscription, 300 or 100 Kronen.
i
A.V.
57
AVERAGE
A.V. Disttngtiisfamg letters on sea Ashing boats
registered at Korden, Germany.
Ava. British India. Steam Navigation Co.'ssteanier.
Sank by collision with Brunhilda, in the Day of
Bengal. April 74. 1879: 70 lives lost.
Ata. Indian mail ateamer. Wrecked off the coast
of Ceylon. February 16, 1858.
Avalaaohe. French twin-screw gun-boat. Of
Httlc fighting valne. Guns 2 3'5-iii.: speed (nomi-
nally). 9 kta.
ATftlftDChe. Emigrant ship, in coDision with the
Purest. 15 miles S. by W. of Portland on her voyage
from I^ondon to New Zealand. Both vessels sank :
out ol too persona only t z were saved.
Avatt. The order to hold, stop or cease, in any
operation.
Avenger. H.M. steam frigafc. On December 20.
1S47, this vessel was lo&t off the N. coast of Africa.
when officers and crew (nearly 20c) were lost.
Aventmier. French sva>^oJn^ torpedo-boat. (St.
Nazaire, 1889.) I^ength, 151 ft.; beam, i$ft.:draught,
8 ft. : displacemrnt. 1 74 tons : complement, 54 ; arma-
ment, 2 3-pdr., 4 tubes; Hp., 1.400=20 kts.; coal,
40 tons.
Avetoge means either (a) some contributions in
equitable proportioD which is to be made by all
parties concerned towards losses and expenses which
have been incurred for the advantage of all. or (b)
some cxMtribntion to be mndc to the a.'iaurcrs for
putiaJ loss or damage sustained by Hie profwrty
insured. In the case (a) it is adjusted as Genoral
Arerage (f.t.). In the case of {b) it is adjusted
either as Particular Average or Salvage Loss (^.f .)■
The term " Average " wa.H in use before Marine
Insurance was known, and has a meaning iodqsen-
dent of insurance. In this sense it denotes all kiss
resulting from the causes excepted in an ordmary
bill of ladin".
Merchandise is usually insured either f.a,a, (free
of an average), f.p.a. (free of particular averaRe) or
w.a. (with average). For the latter there are many
Average clauses. Refer to Clauses.
Annga. S<e Mean.
Afence Adjuster. When damage has been sus-
tained by ship or cargo the documents in support of
Ibe damage are placed in the hands of an Average
Adjastcr. whose function is to apply the law and the
practical rules generally observed, to the facts of the
case, so a^ to make a correct statement of the
amounts due to or from the several partita con-
cerned. If the parties deem it advisable they invest
the Average Adjuster willi tJic autliority of an
Arbitrator, and the statement issued by him has
then the force of an award ; but in the absence of that
authority, the hndmgs ol the Adjuster, whether of
law or fact, ntay be questioned by any of the parties.
as the adjustment can only be enforced, tike any
other statement of account, by legal process upon
proof of Its correctness. (McArthur on the Contract
of Marine Insurance, p. 173.)
Average Adjiuten' Assooiatioii. Sm Association of
Average Adjiistcrt.
Average Agreemeat. See Average Bond.
Average Bond is an Agreement bctiA-een the par-
ties interested in an Adjustment (^.l*.). by the terms
of which they bind themselves to pay their several
proportions o( General Average or other chaises
when ascertained.
When a general average consists of sacrifices made
by a ship, or of expenses incurred by a ship on behalf
of the whole venture, the shipowner has a lien on
the cargo for its shares of these sacrifices or L'X|K-ndi-
tures. The form in which the lien is usually en-
forced is a demand by the shipowners of a deposit of
a sum sufficient to cover the liability of the con-
signee's cargo, or the signature of the consigner of an
Agreement securing payment of his proper propor-
tion of the genera! average when ascertained. This
agreement, which is called an Average Bond or
Agreement, is on a recognised form.
When the sacrifice is one of cargo by jettison {qjn.),
the shipowner having by the jcttiiion lost the freight
payable at destination on the goods thus sacrificed.
has also an interest in recovery in general average,
and can exercise his Urn In that case also, and thus
act on behalf of the cargo owrer.
But where the damaijc- consists nierely in de-
terioration of the cargo, without any diminution of
it or change of species such as would occasion a loss
of freight, then the only party interested in the rv-
covrry Is the owner or crwisignec of tlir damaged
cargo. A steamer put back to Liverpool, having
taken fire and flooded her holdij to rxtingiu-vh the lire.
One of the shippers, not satished with the steps taken
by the shipowners, brought on action against them,
alleging that the shipowners refused to give any
assistance to enable anyone to get an average state-
ment made out, or to take any steps tn enable the
shippers to recover contributions. Mr. Justice Lush,
after saying that the shipowner was the only person
who had the right to require security for general
average contribution from the other parti»-s uj the
adventure, wud, " The right to detain for average
contribution is dexived from the civil law, which also
imposes on the master of the ship the dut)' of having
contributions settled and of collecting the amouni,
and the usage has olwa^'s been substantially in
accordance with the law. and has become part nl the
common law of the land. I am. therefore, of opinion
that he (the shipowner) is Uable in the action for
not having taken tlic necessary steps for procuring
an adjustment of the general average and securing
its payment." (Croolwi-. Allan, 5.Q.B.D. j8.)^
AVERAGE
58
AZOF
A steamer, lionieward boand, fttxaaded near Brid'
port, but niter jctti<ion and aHsistance came ofi and
proceeded to Liverpool. There the shipowners
required a deposit of to ^ of the value of the
car^o into au account ia the name of the adjuster or
sliipowncr. or both joiutty. and the signature of nn
average bond in the form tlien rcf^ularly ^ijoied in
Liverpool. Several consiK"""-** objected to this, but
agreed to sign the London form of bond and to pay
the deposit into the joint account of the shipownpis
and themselves. This proposal the shipowners de-
clines) ; the consignees then paid under protest, and
raised an action against the ^^hipowners. In the
Court of Appeal it was decide<i that in exercisang his
Hen on carRO for fteneral average the shipowner need
not acct-pt a bond or security ; on the other hand, the
Consij^ce is not bound to sign a bond. The ship-
owner ha* the right to demand a deposit, giving the
consignee proper information, so as to enable him to
judge of the reasonableness of his demand, and if he
considers it cxcesfiive. to tender a sufitcient sum.
Huth V. I^mporl; and Gibbslrr. Lamport. L.K.
16 Q.B.D. 442 and 735. Also, Gow on Marine In-
surance, p. jqj.
Average Claoses. See Clanscs
Average Disbursements. Ser Advances.
Average Policy. See Policy.
ArecsB. French torpedo-boat 0^9^)- f^isplace-
ment, 120; complement. 34; maximum draught,
gil ft.: guns. 2 3'pdr. ; torpedo tubes, 2 15-in. ;
tvrin screw: Hp.. i^ooo^^zd kts.: cool, 16 tons.
Avni-niab. Turkish battleship (1870). Recon-
structed Atisaldo, Genoa.
length 531ft. Beam 59ft. Maximum draught 27 ft.
Displacement 9.120 tons, Complement 600.
Guns. A rtnour,
2 — 9'2 in. " Iron."
13-— 6 in. 12 in. Belt
14 — 12 pdr. 13 in. Battery.
1(1 — 6 p[lr, 3 in. Barbettes (Temi).
a— 3 pdr.
Twin screw. Hp. 11,000=16 kts.
Avoirdupois Weight. See Weights and Mcatures,
Avon. British torpedo-boat destroyer, (Barrow,
iHgn.) Length. 3to ft.; bearo.zi ft.;draught, $)^ ft.:
displacement, 300 tons; complement. 60; armament,
1* ia-|Mlr., 5 6-pdr., 2 tubes; t\Yin screw; Hp.,
6.000=30 lets,; coal. 80 tons.
Antdloio. Italian torpedo-boat. (Hlbiiig. 1S8S.)
Length. 152 ft.; beam, 17 ft.; draught, 7^ ft.; dis-
placement. 130 tons; complement, 24: armament.
2 3-pdr. q.f., 1 i-pdr. q.f., 3 tubes; twin screw;
Hp., 2.200=26 kti. ; coal. 40 tons.
A.W. Distinguishing letters on sea fishing boats
registered at Wilhelmshaven, Germany.
Awa M&ru. Jatiancse liner, belonging to the
Nippon Vusen Kaislia. Ran on the West Scar Rocks
ofi Redcar, December 27. 1906. No lives lost. The
vessel was subseqaently refloated.
Award. The decision m Arbitration.
Awash. Ri'cfs even with the surface.
Away. The cry when a vessel starts on the ways!
launching.
Aweather. Ak oppused to a-Iee; position of helm
when tiller is moved to the \vindward aide of the
ship.
Aweiirh. Sm Atrip.
Awbeft or Awatt The display of a stopped flag.
Awning. A cover of canvas spread over a vessel to
protect the decks and crew from sun and weather.
A.X, Distinguishing letters on sea fishing boats
registered at Borkom, Germany.
AJC. Distinguishing letters on sea fishing boats
registered at Norddeich, Germany.
AyakftM. Japam-se torpedo • boat destroyer.
(YokoBuka, 1906.) Length, 220 ft. ; beam, aoj ft.;
draught, oi ft.; displacement. 374 tons; arma-
ment. I i2-pdr., 5 6-pdr., 2 tubes; twin screw;
Hp., 6,ocx)^ag kts<
•
Aye. A prompt reply on Fec«iving an order,
signifying yes.
Aylmer, Matthew Lord (1643-1720). British ad-
miral. While in command of the Royal Catherine he
fought in the action off Beachy Head and Cape
Barflcur. 1692. In 1709 promoted Admiral of the
Fleet, and five years later, on retiring from active sea
liff-. was made Governor of Greenwich TTospital.
Azimuth. A word borrowed from the Arabic; is
the angular distance of a celestial object from the
N. or S. point of the horizon, or an arc between the
meridian of a place and any given -vertical line. In
the N. Hemisphere it is usually reckoned from the S.
point of the Horizon through the W. from o* to 36a*.
Azof Craft Clause. See Clauses.
1
B
59
BAFFIN
B
B. Distinguishing letter on sea fishing boats
registered at Bellast, Ireland.
B. DistingiiishiQg letter on sea fishing boats
registered at Btankvnbcrghe, Belgium.
B. Distinguishing letter on sea fishing boats
registered at Boulogne, France.
b. Abbreviation for bom.
b. Blue. Abbreviation adopted on the Charts
issued by the Hydrographic OlBce, Admiialty.
denoting the quality of the ocean's bottom.
B. Bay. Abbreviation adopted on the Charts
iuued by the >Iydrographic Office, Admiralty.
B. Black (near a booy} Abbreviation adopted
on the Chaxta issued by the Hydrograpbic Office,
Admir^ty.
B.A. Distinguishing letters on sea fishing boats
registered at Ballantrae, Scotland.
B.A.&. Distinguishiag letters on sea fishing
boats registered at Baarland, HoUand.
Babcnborg. Austro- Hungarian battleship. (Pola,
IQOi.)
Length 354ft. Beam 65ft. Maximum draught 35ft.
Displacement 8,34a tons.
Guns. A fmoMr.
3 — 9'4 in. 40 cal. " Knipp."
I a — 6 in. 8 in. Belt amidsliips.
to — 12 pdr. A in. Barbettes.
16 Maxims. 8 in. Turrets.
8 in. Conning tower.
Totptdo Tubes (tS in.j.
3 Submerged.
Twin screw. Hp. 1 1 .900 = 1 83 kts. Coal maxi-
mum 840 tons. Approximate cost ^650,000.
Bacchante- Bntish ist class cruiser. (Clyde-
bank, ltJQ2.)
Lengtlt 454ft. Beam 69ft. Maximum draught 28ft.
Displacement 12.000 tons. Complement 700.
linns. AtrnQur.
2^-9'2 in. 45 cal. " Knipp."
12 — 6 in. 6 in. Belt amidships.
I3-»I3 pdr. 0 in. Barbettes.
3 — 13 pdr. 8 cwt, 12 in. Conning tower.
3—3 pdr-
J Maxims.
Torptdo Tubas,
2 Submerged.
Twin screw. >lp. 31,000=21 kts. Coal maxi-
mum 1.600 tons. .\pprDximatecDst £800,000.
A ship of this name was present at ilie capture
of the f'uMiand Co/tero. t8i j.
Back. Sir George (1796-1S78]. British admiral.
Arctic exploior (b. Stockport). In t8tS he went
with FianUin in the Trent on a voyage of discovery
to the Arctic regions, and later accompanied
Franklin on his expedition to North America.
The expedition to search for Sir }ohn Ross la
i68j was commanded by him when be discovered
the Great Fish or Back River in Canada.
Fablicatioas : " Narrative of an Expedition in
U.M.S. Terrot " {iSjtSJ : " Narrative ol tlic Arctic
Land Expedition 183J-35" (1836). Rtfer lo Arctic
Exploration.
Back and fill. A mode of drifting safely with the
tide uf^uiiLst ihc wind.
Book a saU. To \at the wind press it the reverse
way.
Bftckbowd. .\ board across the stern sheets ol a
boat to form the box iu which the coxswain sits.
Backine-wind. A wmd which changes in a
dirt*ction contrary to that of the sun's apparent
course, as *.g., from W. through S. to E., etc
BaekBtajr. l^ng ropes extending from all mast-
heads above lower mast to both sides of chain-
wales. These arc set up with dead c^'es and
laniard:^ tu tlie back:itay-pliitcs.
Backwater. The swell of water tlirown back by
its contact with any solid body.
Baooa. John, Ltd. Kstabti^hud about the
middle of the last century by the late -Mr. John
Bacon. In 1889 Cliis conc«m was formed into a
limited company which at present own a Aeet of
ten steamers maintaining regular sailings between
Liverpool and \Vexfuid. Liverpool and the Bristol
Channel Porta.
Baoon. Begintld Hngh Spencer, D.S.O. (b. 1863).
Commander Hoyal Navy, Chief of the Intelligence
Department during the Benin Expedition, 1897.
Publicaliona : " Beiun, the City of Blood";
" Manual of Electricity and Electric Lighting for
the Navj'."
BadeiL German battleship (1&80). Reconstructed
1897. Length, 398 ft.; displacfiment, 7, 170 tons;
speed, i-'J kts. Obsulele, of no fighting value.
Badea-PoweU, Francli Smyth (b. Oxford. 1850).
Biarine painter and sculptor. Studied art in Parts,
painting under Carolus Duran ; has exhibited
many works at the Royal Academy, London, and
at the SaJon, Pahs, and other galleries. Among his
chiel works are : " The I-ast Shot." '* Nelson at
St. Vincent," *' Trifalgnr Rc-fought," " Queen
Victoria's Wooden W&Ha." " Wreck of the
Foudroyant." " Nelson Neanng Trafalgar/'
Baensch, Friedrich Beruhard Otto (i»j5 1S98)
German engim-i-r. i-xecuted the North Sea Baltic
CanaL
Baffin, WiUiam. Navigator and di^tcovcrer (b.
1584). In iMi lie accompanied Captain Jamei
Hall on bis fourth voyage in search of the North-
west Passage. In 161 $-16 be made two voyages
ia the Discootry under Bylot, and on the
BAGGARA
60
BALLAST
second of these discovered and charted Baffin's Bay.
Accounts of these expeditions were given by Baffin
himself and were discredited until verified by Sir
John Rais in 1818. Sm "Voyages of William
Batftn ■• (1612-32). '■ Marltham " (1881). Rffef to
Arctic Exploration.
BAfiKUft> A latccn-rigged Arab trading vessel
utKL'd in the Red Sea.
Bagley. U.S. torpedo-boat {1900). Displace-
ment. 167 tons: guns, 3 i-pdr.; torpedo tubes,
i l3-iii.; sliced. 28 kts.
Bag Bml. A tourtli or lower-reef of fore-and-aft
saila.
Bagnio. The Phihppme name lor a revolving
storm or cyclone.
BaiUe, WiUiam Balfour, H.D. (1S24-63) (b.
ICirkwall). Lducated Edinburgh, and on obtaitung
his degree joined tlie Koyal Navy. Wan appointed
surgeon and naturalist to tlic Niger Expedition. 1 854,
and on the dtuth of Fernando Fo was appointed in
oonimand : ascended tlie Niger about 250 niitcs
beyond the point reached by former explorers, ai\d
returned after a vo>-age of 1 18 days without the loss
of a single man. In 1841 he formed a colony at the
confluence of the Quorra and BenuL\ in which he
acted, not merely as ruler, but as physician, teacher
and priest. Within five years he opened up the
na>'igation of the Niger, made roads and cstnb-
liahed a inarkut. Hv. collected vocabularies of
ucarly fifty African dialects and traiutlated portions
of the Bible and Praycr-lxx^ into liousa. He-
died on his way home at Sierra f.*one in November.
tSOi, at Uiu early age of 39.
Ban Admiralty. See Admiralty Bail.
BaUey. U.S. torpedo-boat destroyer. (Morris
Heights, 1899.) Lcngtli, =05 ft. ; beam, 19 it. ;
draught, 6 ft. ; displacement. 255 ; aimameut,
4 6-pdr., 2 tubes ; Hp., 5,000=30 kta. ; coal,
20 tons
Bailey and Leettiam Line. See Wilson Line.
Bainbridge. U.S. torpedo-boat destroyer (1900).
Displacement, 430 tons ; complement, 64 : guns
2 14-pdr., 5 6-pdr. : torpedo tubes, 2 i8-in..
amidships and alt.; Hp., 8,000-139 lets.; coal,
139 tons.
BaioDtttta. French gun-boat, twin screw. Of
little fighting value. Guns, 2 3'5-in. : speed
(nominally), 9 kts.
Baker, Frederick Wallace (b. September 29,
1870}. American Naval architect. Graduated
irom the Massachusetts Institute of Technology :
afterward.s attending lectures at the Glasgow
Univeisity. Has been actively engaged in ship-
building, and served during the Spanish- American
war on board the I'.S, Monterey. Holds thtF
position of Cottstractor to the Lake Torpedo
Boat Co. Member of ^e Institntion of Nava!
Architects, and of the American Society Naval
Engineers.
Baker. Sir Benjamia, S.G.B., cr 190^ ; K.C.11.6.
1890. English Civil Engineer (b. 1S40). In con-
junction with Sir John Fowler Ue designed and
superintended the construction of the Forth Bridge,
1882. Consulting engineer for tht Nile Keservoir.
For services rendered u*as decorated with ist Class,
Medjidie.
Balance Log. S«« Lug.
Balance Reel. A reef band that crosses a sail
diugon^illy from outer head-caring to the tack.
Balohea, AdmL Sir John (i67o-[774). Com*
maiidcd the Chester in 17^7 wlien she was captured,
and two years later was again captured by Duguay
Trouin's squadron when commanding the Glouces'
ter. Commanded the Shrewsbuty at Cape Passaro
1718. Was lost in the Victory, 110 guns, when
that vessel was wrecketl on the Casquet Rocks
ofi Aldemey, October 4. 1774.
Baldie. A small class of Scotch Ingger tised on
Uie east coast.
Bale-ilings. A long rope or chain for hoisting
packages.
Bale, To. To lade water out of a boat or vessel
with buckets, cans, or such like.
Ball. Siamese gun-boat (1899). 600 tons. Of
little fighting value.
Baliste. French torpedo-boat destroyer. (Nor-
iiiand, 1902,) Length, iSo ft. ; beam, 31 ft. ;
maximum draught, !o ft. ; displacement. 300 tons ;
complement, 45 ; guns, i 9-pdr., 6 j-pdr. ; torpedo
tubes, 2 15-in. ; speed, 27-30 kts.
Ball. Sir Robert Stawell. cr. 1886. Lawndean
Professor of Astronomy and Geomcny. Cambridge
University ; Director of Cambridge Obser^-atory ;
President of the Royal Astronomical Society (b.
Dublin. 1840). Educated Abbot's Grange. Chester ;
Trin. Col., Dublin. In 1865 was appointed astro-
nomer to tht Earl of Rosse, and two years later
Professor of Applied MathemaHcs tn the Royal
Irish College of Science. From 1874-92 he held
the position of Astronomer Royal of Irelaml. In
1884 he was appointed Scientific Adviser to the
Commissioners of Irish Lights.
Publications; "The Story of the Heavens"
(1885), '• Starland " (1889). " In Starry Realms."
" In the High Heavens." " Time and Tide " (1889),
" The Cause of an Ice Age." " Atlas of Astronomy "
(1891), "The Story of the Sun" (1893), "Great
Astronomers" (1895), "A Treatise on the Theory
of Screws " (1900), " The Eartli'a Beginning "
(1901J.
Ballast. Anything carried for its weight when
the cargo ii too littU- to bring the vessel sutlicieutly
low In the water.
■
4
BALLIN
6i
BANDS
BaUin* Alfcefi Di»ctor-G«neral. Hamburg-
Amrnka Liae (b. Hamburg. 1857). Educated Ham-
burg. Has been coimectod with the steamship
bustntss lunce his early boyhood, having been pre-
viously to his joitiing the Hamburg-Amerika Ijac
aasoctatcd with the Canou Litie. From the time
he )omed the Ilamburg-Amenka Une it has steadily
tforgied ahead. He it wiu who bioughl at>out the
arraagement with the Union Stuamship Line (the
BmalRamation of the Slotnan Lint- with the ships of
Kdwaid Carr). whereby the passenger busmess
should be done under the direction of the Hun-
burg -A merika. Line, Between 1883 and 1905, uoder
his management, tlic capital of this enormous
steamship *^feq)nse has increaaed from 15,000,000
to 100,000,000 marks, the reserve iund from
3,000,000 to 14,000,000 marks, the proht from
3,000.00a to ^6,000,000 marks, and the ttcet
from Aj.ooo to 7i|6.}69 register tons, and to-day tht-
vrasels under hm control comprise 1 57 ocean-going
steamers, with an agpegate gross tonnage oi
957,250. Albert BalUn is mare than a great man ;
there in sometliing ol the ruler in him. and hi-
pOBsessPs the faculty of lieitig capable of guessing
llie Deeds of the future. Ail the later vessels ol
this mogniiicent fleet have been built under his
personal <lirection. and his gtmius as an organiser
ii manifest to those who have been fortunate
BBOOgh to travel on such magnificent floating
patacc« as the Amtfiita and Emptesi Angustt
Vutoria. He has the hooour of the theudabip of
the (Jermao Emperor, and has been decorated with
the Crown Order of the Mfcoiid class.
Ball Lightaing. A luminous bail or gjobe which
moves slowly and sometimes bursts, giving rise to
flashes of lightning.
Ballon Sonde. A small rubber balloon employed
for raising a meteorograph to obtain a record of
the conditions prevailing In the upper regions of
the atmosphere.
BaIdmIocj. The science or study oi mineral
springs aud baths.
Baluy. French torpedo-boat. (Normand, <8S6.)
Length, 134 ft.; beam, 11 ft.; draught, 7 ft.;
displacement, 66 tons; complement, 21; arma-
ment. 3 i-pdr., a tubes; Hp., 700=30 kts. ;
coal, 12 tons.
Balsa. A Sooth American wood, very porous,
aluiuMt as light OS cork, um:^ for making surf boats.
BaltiO Sea. An inland sea of North Europe
endoBed by Sweden, Russia, the German Empire,
and Denmark. It communicates lAith the North
Sim by a channel lAhtch Ucs between the southern
part of Scandinavia, and the nortfaem peninsTilar
of Schleswig and Jutland, and with the Atlantic
tlirough Sliagcr Kak and Kattegat. Its whole
area, including the Gulf of BoChnia, is about
t6o,ooo geographical square miles ; it is about
900 miles long, and its greatest width between
Karlskrona and Memel is sliKbtly over aoo miles.
It has three large arms — Gull of Bothnia. Gulf of
Finland. Gulf of Riga, and several bays, as the
Bay of Dauxig, Kiel Bay and Neustadter Bay. Its
depth rarely exceeds 100 fathoms, and along the
southern coast its shallowness is'a great obstacle
to navigation. It is fed by numerous rivers, some
of tliem of considerable sixe, such as the Keva,
Duna. Nicmcn, Vistula, Oder, Gotaelf. Luica, Tur-
nea. The salinity ol ttie water is very much below
that of oceanic water, and varies greatly at different
seasons. The summer temperature of the surface
water is about 6j*. In severe winters the Gulf
of Bothnia becomes frosen from shore to <{hore, and
each winter the smaller bays and creeks, particu-
larly those on the north part of the sea are frozen
over, and suspend navigation. The Kaiser Wil-
helm or Nord Ostce Canal from Kiel to the month
of the Elbe affords a short cut bct^^ecn the Baltic
and the North Sea.
Baltic Segel Club. Ste Segel Club Baltic.
Baltic Steamship Company, owned and managed
by Mc»3r5. A. Coker and Co., Liverpool, have a
sti-amer which trades between Liveipool and the
Baltic ports, taking cargo as inducement offers.
Fleet.
Ivy.
Baltimore. Old U.S. cruiser (iSBfl). Recon-
structed ji^i.
Length 325ft. Beam 48ft. Maximum draught 34ft.
IMsplacemcnt ^.tcta tons. Complement 39$.
Guns. Armour.
la— 6 in. •■ Steel."
6 — 14 pdr. 4 in. I>eck.
4 — 6 pdr. I iu. Conning tower,
2—3 iKlr.
6^1 pdr.
aCc^ts.
Torpedo Tubes,
5 .\bove water.
Twin scctw. Hp. foa-ed, 10,000—20 ktit. Coal
maximum 900 tons.
Banco. A Continental term for bank money.
Banoroit. U.S. gun-boat. (EUzabeth Point.
Length 187ft. Beam 33ft Maximum draught ijft*.
Displacement 839 tons. Complement l9<i. ,
Guns. A rmotw.
4 — 4 in. " Steel."
8—3 pdr. I in. Deck.
Torpedo Tubes.
I Above water.
Hp. i,2O0si4 kts. Coal maximum t36tons.
Bands (Naval). Any ship in die Royal Navy
when the commander bears the rank ot post-
captain or that of a superior officer is entitled
to possess a band. The number of performers
BANGALORE
63
BARCLAY
range from lo to i;, consistiiig of band-master,
band -corporal, and band&mcn. In 189J a new
Royal Naval School of Music was opened at
MeJville Hospital. Chatham. Rtftr to Naval
Kdiication.
Bansalore. East Indiamao. On April 12.
1S02. this vessel was lost in the Indian Ocean.
Bank. Rising ground in the sta. composed of
sand, mild or gravel, not rock.
Banker. A vessel employed in deep-sea cod-
Qshury on the Banks of Newfoundland.
Bankfoa, Lloyd (b. Philadelphia: November 15.
1S5-). Naval Constructor, U.S. Navy (iHg/S).
Educated University of Pennsylvania, Degree of
B.S. 187;; entered U.S. Naval Academy 1879:
complL-ting ten years' course ; acted as Assistant
EoginfLT. Philadelphia Water Department. 1S83-S6.
In 1690 was given the degree of loginiiur itcolc
d' Application du Genie Mahtime. Paris. Assistant
Engineer U.S. Navy 1885-89: Assistant Naval
ronstrnctor U.S. Navy. 1889-96 : Naval Con-
stnictor U.S. Na\-y. 1896.
Banshee. British torpedo - boat destroyer.
(Birkenhead, 1894.) Length, 210 ft ; beam, 19 ft. ;
draught, y^ ft. ; displacement, 390 tons ; comple-
ment, $0: armament, i 12-pdr.. 5 6-pdr., 2 tubes;
twin screw; Hp.. 4,500=27 kts ; coal, to tons.
Banyan-day. A term applied to a fast-day,
wlicu oatmeal was issuctl in lieu of meat.
Baptistc de Andrade. Portuguese gun-boat.
320 tons. Of no fighting value.
Bar. A shoal or bank, sand, shingle, or gravel
thrown up by the sea which endangers navigation.
Barbadoei. 14 gun.s. In October, 1780. this
vi'hsi'l was lost in a storm in the West Indies.
Barbette. A fixed armoured breast work behmd
wluch the heavy guns of a ship are mounted, the
gims revolve on turntables within, their after-end.s
being protected by means of armoured hoods. The
Temeratre in 1S76 was the first British armour-clad
to be fitted with barbettes.
Barcelo. Spauisli torpedo- Ixiat. (Gaardfji,
1886.) Length, 117 it.; beam, 12 ft.; draught.
6 ft. ; displacement. 63 tons ; armament, 2 i-pdr.,
3 tubes; Hp., 660=30 kts.
Barclay. Curie and Co., Ltd., ^^^litcinch,
Giajigow. ThL< fijm is the oldest established
concern in the upper reaches ol tlie river, the
yard at Whiteinch being just outside the city of
Glasgow.
The origin of this shipbuilding business goes back
to 1818. when Robert Barclay, a shipbuilder who
hud only limited means at his command, but was a
man of great initiative, cstablisticd a small yard at
Stobcross. His son. aUo named Robert, extended
the range of bis business, and as the wock of
excavating the channel and deepening the Clyde
progressed larger and largor ships and steamers
were buUt at Stobcross.
In 1S45 Messrs. Rottcrt Curie and James Hamil-
ton became partners in the firm, and the title by
which it has been known for sixty years past was
then assumed — Barclay, Curie and Co.
Under the management of John Ferguson, in
1847. this shipyard, which had meanwhile become
the largest repairing works on the Clyde, com-
menced building iron vessels. This new departure
brought in so much work that all the available
space was occupied by stocks.'whilst as the dimen-
sions of ships had likewise been mcrcasing. the
repairing slips became insufficient for their purpose.
The celebrated clippers that were built by the
firm gained for it such a reputation that in iSsS
it became neccssar>' to purchase a piece of land at
Wliiteinch. about 53.000 square metres in extent,
for the establishment of new shipbuilding and
engineering works. Two years afterwards, in 1857.
the Mr. John Ferguson above mentioned and
Mr. Andrew Maclean (now Sir Andrew) became
partners in the Arm, of which the latter had for
several years been commercial manager. About
the same time, Mr. Archibald Gilchru>t, who was
at the head of the engineering works, also joined
the company.
New ground was purchased in 1858 at StobcxtMS
for the rnlargemrnt of the shops, but in 1874 the
building slips there had to be given up to tlie Clyde
Trustees in connection with the extension of the
Harbour, and the work that had hitherto bean
carried on there was transferred to Clydeholm
Shipbuilding Yard, Whiteinch. Glasgow.
In 1878 the firm of Barclay. Curie and Co.
purchased the property of Jordanvale, comprising
about 130,000 square metres of laud, wjtb the
intention of making dry docks there.
In 18S4 the firm was converted into a Umtted
company, and Mr. James Williamson, shipbuilder,
aiterwards Director ol Dockyards ac the British
Admiralty, joined the Board of Directors, with
Mr. John Ferguson as chairman.
The tuaiiagemeut of the concern is now in the
hands of Messrs. James Gilchrist, chairman. WilUam
RusseU Ferguson, and Andrew Maclean, joint
managers oi the business, son:! of the late Arch.
Gilchrist, J. P.. late John Ferguson, J. P., and late
Sir Andrew Maclean, K.T., respectively. They
have the assistance of two very capable young
gentlemen, Mr. Noel E. Peck, Yard Manager for
the Naval Architecture Department, properly so
called, and the construction of the bulls ; and Mr.
Chas. Randolph Smith, Engineer Manager far the
Engineering Department for the propelling ma-
chinery. These two managers also are descended
from famiUes of Naval Constructors, for m this
firm everything is herKtlitary.
It might be said that the reputation of this yard
is due to the accumulated labours of very many
BARENTS
63
BARHAM
men of geniuB, eveiyooe of whom bks left an
inheritance of means and cxpehetice, of which
successors have dihgently taken advantage.
The present prosperity of the company- is cer-
tainly a consequence of this tradition, but not
divorced from that spirit of enterprise that soars
abo%-e its surroundings and translorms the directing
body into a homogeneous entity prompt to resiiond
to the influence of the times and to profit by every
favouring circumstance.
At present the firm owns a shipbuilding yard at
Whiteinch. occupying 80,000 square metres of land,
\nth six or seven stocks large enough for the build-
ing of vt-ssels up to 180 metres in length. The
engineering works at Stobcross are on the Admi-
ralty list for engines of 13,000 Hp. The boiler
works at Kclvinhaugh, like the engineering works,
have an outfit of machine toots of most modern
type, and can turn out boilers of any stxe. At
Kelx-inhaugh there are also the Dry Docks, capable
of taking in steamers up to 170 metres in length.
At Finnie5ton Street there arc the repairing works
which are so organised that repairs can be executed
with the utmost speed. There new shafts can
also be fitted in an exceedingly short time.
At the present time Barclay, Curie and Co..
Ltd., are undertaking the construction of their
469th vessel, and their annual production exceeds
4j,ooo tons. Among their regular patrons are :
The P. and O. Co., Pacific Steam Navigation Co.,
British India Co., City Line, Allan Line, Ellermao
Lines, BeaveT Line. A frican Royal Mail Co. .
Messrs. Elder, Dempster and Co., Ifnion-Castle Co.,
etc. For the last -men tinned company, which, as
is well known, is managed by Sir Donald Currie,
this >-ard has built about 60 steamers.
For the P. and O. Company they built the
Suttia and the Dtmgola. and many other twin-
screw steamers ; re<:cntly they bave constructed
for the Pacific Mail Co., the Oriana. of 8.066
tons, one of the largest steamers classified in
Llo^xl's Register last year, and in June of this
year they launched a steames' of ts.ooo tons gross
register, and 10.000 Hp. for the Allan Line Royal
Mail Service between Liverpool, Quebec, and
Montreal.
BarentB, WiQam. Dutch navigator. Was pilot
of Uiri*^- unsuccessful expeditions to discover the
North-West Passage. His third voyage was the
most important, as on June 19 Spitzbergcn was
discovered and the whole western coast and part
of the northern examined. He sailed round the
northwestern end of Nova Zcmbla, and his com-
pany were the first Europeans to ever face an
Arctic winter. He died on June 19. 1597, and was
buncd in the midst of his discoveries, and it was
not until 1871 that a Norwegian, Captain Carlson.
came upon Barents' winter quarters, and in 1875
recovered part of bis diary. Jttftr to Arctic
Exploration.
Bare polfli. The oooditioa of a ship at sea
without any sails seL
Barfl«ar. British ist class battleship. (Chat-
ham. l.?93.)
I.ength 360 ft. Beam 70ft. Maximum draught 77ft.
Displacement (since reconstruction) 11,000 tons.
Complement 620.
Guns. A rmour.
4 — 10 in.. 30 cal. " Compound Harvey."
10 — 6 in. 12 in. Belt amidships.
8 — 6 pdr. 9 in. Barbettes.
12 — 3 pdr. 12 in. Conning tower.
2 — 9 pdr. Boat.
3 ^faxims.
Torpedo Tubts (18 in.).
3 Submerged.
I Above water stern.
Twin screw. Hp. natural 9,000^17 kta., fbiced
i3iooo=iS's kts. Coal maximum r.iij tons.
Approximate cost £620.000.
This ship-name dates iu the Xavy from 1697, and
commemorates the Anglo-Dutch victory over the
French at Cape Barfleur, May, 1692 : Vigo Bay,
1702; battle off Cape Passaro, 1718; Graves's
action off the Chesapeake. 1781: Hood's action with
He Crasse, 1782; Rodney's action with De Grasse,
1 782 : the battle of " The Glorious First of June."
1794: Bridport's action off I. Groix, 1795; St.
Vincent, I797 : Calder's action oS Ferrol, 1805.
Barflettr, Battle ol Cape. On May 19, 1 692. the
French Navy was dcstroycJ by Admiral Russel
after the victory of La Hogue.
Barfieor Light, established 1893, is a two-flash
light every ten seconds ; duration of flash one-fifth
to two-fifths second; candle power, 3,500,000;
illuminant, electricity.
Barge. A long slight spacious boat for the use o(
admirals and captains of ships of war.
Barge, Stealing from, is a felony, punishable under
the Larceny Act (1861) by penal servitude lor not
less than three or more than fourteen years, or by
imprisonment for not more than two yearii, with or
without hard labour. The offence, which may be
tried at Quarter Sessions, consists of " the felonious
removal or carrying away of any goods or mer-
chandise in any vessel, barge, or boat in any haven.
or in any port of entry or discharge, or upon any
navigable river or canal, or in any creek or basin
belonging to or communicating vrith any such
haven, port, river, or canal.
Barbam. British jrd class cruiser (1889).
Reconstructed 1899.
Length 3S0 ft. Beam 35ft. Maximum draught 16ft.
Displacement 1.830 tons. Complement 169.-
Guns. A fmtmr.
6 — 4'7 in. " Steel."
4^3jP^- 2 in- Deck amidships.
I in. Deck ends.
BARHAM
^L
BARNEY
Torptdo Tubes. . **w ''N\.-
2 Above water.
Twin screw. Mp, 4,^00=19 kts. Coal maxi-
mum 140 toos.
Barbam. Lord Charles Uiddettoa {17:26-181$).
Bntisli admiral and Controller of the Navy, 1778-90.
First Lord of the Admiralty and created Barou
BarbaiD 1805; vicc-admira], 1793: full admiral,
1795. He never, however, hoisted his flag afloat.
Balk. See Barque.
Baikentine. See Barquantine.
Barlow, Bear-Admiral Chartos James. DS.O.
1887 ib. 184S). Entered Navy i8t>7 ; Lieutenant
of In/If xthlf at the bombardment of Alexandria,
1882 ; landed with and commanded a party which
held one ol the gates of the town until reliovcd by
troops ; served on shore in command of an outpoKt
near Port Said (Egyptian medal, Alexandria clasp,
Khedive's Bronze Star, Osmanich 4tii Class) ;
Commander of the BaccMante flag ; served with
Nax-al Brigade lantlLtl (hiring Burma Annexation
war 1S85-S6; mentioned in naval and military
despatches. General Sir U. Prcodergast in his
despatch stated that : " Commander Barlow's
march of 130 miles through tlic country with a
detachment of bluejackets reflects great credit on
tliat oflicor and his party." D.S.O. for tlieso sor-
vices ; promoted to captain (India niedol, ^ixrqia,
i8Ss 87. clasp). ' ■'*
Baniaby. Sir Nathaniel. K.O.B^ cr. 1S85 (b.
Chatham, 1839}. Educated Chatham, Sheeme»s.
rortsmouth. Altachtd to the office of the Con-
troller of the Navy from 1854-85 ; as overseer ot
ships of war biiiMing for the Crimean operations ;
as Admiralty draughtsman and calculator ; as
assistant to tlie olhcers of Chatham I^ockysnt in
devising the structural arrangements of H.M.S.
Bellerophon and unhsequcnt iron ships : os assistant
constructor ; then chief na\"al architect, and
Anally as Director of Naval Construction at "White-
hall, in succession to Sir Edward Reed (q.v.).
Was one ol the founders o( the Institution of Naval
Architects in i860. Was instrumental in effecting,
through the influence of the Boards of .\dmiralty
ond the co-operation of Lloyd's Sur\'eyors, great
and much-needed changes in the division of lorgc
passenger ships by watertight bulkheads, and in the
material of their construction. Was created
C.B. 1S76, and K.C.B. 1885. On the latter occasion
Lord Northbrook {q.v.). then First Lord of the
Admiralty, said the appointment was to mark the
appreciation of " distinguished service and uO'-
weaiicd application aa Director of Naval Con-
struction." Has been decorated with thelollowing
foreign orders :— Commander of the Order of the
Dennebrog. Denmark, 1873 ; of the Royal Military
Older of " Our Lord Jesus Christ," Portugal,
1875 : and of the Rose of Braxil, 1883,
Publications : " Abridgments of Specifications
relating to Shipbuilding," etc.. from 1618 to the
present time, first two volume-^ 1862 ; articles
" Navy and Shipbuilding " in " Encyclopaedia
Bntannica." 9th edition ; " NavaJ Development
of the Nineteenth Century."
Barnacle (lepas anatifera). A name applied
to a species of shell fish, often found sticking by its
pedicle to the bottom of ships, doing little or no
injury beyond that of deadening the way.
Barnes. Frederick Kynaatoa (b- February 11.
1826). British naval architect. Served an appren-
ticeship of six years at the Pembroke Dockyard,
and in May, 1848, was selected as a student on the
establishment of ttic School of Naval Construction,
undet the direction of tlie late Joseph Woolley.
LI..D. He remained there for three years, and took
first place in the final examination, and was selected
for another year's study at tliat college. In 1853
joined Dockyard as draughtsman, and in July, 1853,
he was appointed on the Naval Construction stafi
of the .fVtminilty. In 1^56 he made a tour of the
French Imperial Dockyard, and many large private
establishments; prior to this date very little was
known of the re.M^urCcs of the French dockyarria or
private shi])building establishmente. In i860 when
the Institution o( Naval Architects was founded
he was one of tlie hrst members, and later l>ecame
vice-president. In 1862 was appomted to the
Tlianies Ironworks, Blackv^all. to superintend the
construction of one of the «ar1y ironclad?, the
MtHolaur. and to complete the details of the design
of that class. In 18G4 was appointed Assistant
Coiistnictor of the Navy, which post he held until
the retirement of Sir Edward Reed (f.ir.). Was
then appointed Constructor of the Navy and
member ot the Council ol Coostrnction under the
presidency of Sir NathaaieJ Bornaby. K.CB. (f^.).
In 1872 he waa appointed surve>'or of dockyards,
which office he bold nntil his retirement in 1SS6.
Publications: Several papers published by the
Institution of Naval Architecta. notably one on the
" Stability of Ships," 18G1. Was joint author of
" Shipbuilding : llieoretical and IVactical," of
which the late Piolessor MacQueen Raakine was
the chief author.
Bamett. James R«nnie (K Johnstone. Sei>tent<
ber 6, 18G4). British naviil architect. Educa'
Glasgow University. Served apprenticeship with
Mr. G. L. Watson. Glasgow. Gained South
Kensington medal for Naval Architecture. In
tSBo was appointed in charge of Mr. G. L. Wotson's
office, and on the death of that famous architect
he succcedetl to the business. Is consultinjp
naval architect to the Royal Kational Lifeboai"
Institution.
was I
Barney. I'-S. torpodo-boat (tvoo). Displace
ment. 167 tons; guns, 3 i-pdr. ; torpedo tubes.
3 18-in. ; speed, 26 kts.
;t
i
lOCYCLONOMETER
65
BARRY
BvooydoBonieiar. An instrument for ascer-
taining the jMxiiion. <liAtanct'. and direction of
advance? of a cyclone or rcvolvinR storm,
BwOKTftm. TliL' trace marlci:<l on paper by a
barograph.
Baro^rnpb. A self-recording barometer.
Buomettf. An instrument for measuring the
pn.'i.'i'.iri- ul thf atniOKphcrc,
BaroD Linf, owned and managed by Messrs. H.
Hogarth and Sons, %^ith their head offices in
Glaagow, have a Hect of nine lar^fe slcament engaged
principally in general trade to Indian ports and tlic
Far East. Two oi the steamers maintain 3 monthly
Service benreen Glasgow and Lisbon and Huelva.
This line also have five large s?ilmg ships which
trafle to the colonies.
Fleet.
Ardnamutchan.
tBallaeMulish.
Baron AtdroxiMn.
VSaroH Balfour.
Baron Cawdor.
Baron Datmeny.
B/jron FJdon.
Baton FaMit.
Baron HuHtly.
Baron Inncrdate.
Barvn Kelvin.
Corryvttchan,
yf achrihanish,
Ochtertyre.
Buqiuatioe. The diminutive of barque. A
cl carT>nng a barque's full square-rigged lore-
St, but fore-and-aft rigged on main and mizzen
piasta.
BWQIW. A name given to small three-mx*tted
vesids with only fore-and-aft sails on her mizzen
niaat.
Barracks. NiteL Sm Naval Establishments.
Barratry 13 wdlul misconduct with criminal
intent committed by the master or crew of a vessel
in violation of their duty to the shipowner, and
without the connivance of the latter. (Atkinson :•.
Great Weatcxn Insurance Co., I«T. Rep., v. 27,
p. 103.)
If the captain is owner of the vessel he commands,
be eanoot, of course, commit barratry against
IiimscU : but if he is only a part owner, he may
do so against the other shareholdent. lAmould,
4th ed.,p. 713.) \i a vessel is under charter, and
entire control and management are vested in the
charterer, any act with criminal intent, committed
by the master or crew, in xiolation of ihclr duty,
constitutes barratry against the charterer, even
though It should have been connived at by tJie
general owner. (Vallejo 0. Wheeler.) An act
of known iUegulity is barratry though not intended
to defraud the owners. If owing to tbe mutinous
violence ot the crew the mafiter is com[MfIled to
deviate from his course, this is " bairatrj- of the
mariners " : but. on the other hand, repeated acts
of smugghng by the crvw. which might have been
{irwmitrd by due watchfulness on the pfirt ol tlic
master or owner, wUl not, even if they resull m
the conliscnHon of the ship, give rise to a claim on
the underwriters under this head. [McArlhur on
Marine Insurance, p. 131; Aniunld, 4U1 ed.. p.
713.)
Unless expressly exempt by tlic terms of his
contract, a shipowner is hable to the owner ol tho
cargo tor barratrous acts of hut servants, by which
the cargo is damaged (Abbott, 491). but damagf
to goods in a collision caused by tlic; negligence of
those 00 board is not a loss by barratry. (Grill
V. General Iron Screw Collier Co.. L.R., 3 C.P..476.)
Barrica. \ small cask for water carried in boats.
Barrlngton, Samael (17.29-1800). British admi-
ral. Served under Hawk at Basque Road, and in
1761 with Krppcl at Belle Isl:; became Com-
mander-in-Chief of the West Indies. 1778, and
second in command to Byron io the action ofl
Grenada. 1779 ; was present at ihe rehef of
Gibraltar, 1783 : promoted admiral, I7<>7.
Barrow Taoht Club, RoyaL See Royal Barrow
Yacht Chib.
Barrozo. Brazilian protected cruiser. (Elswick.
189C1.J SUcatlieit and copi>crcd.
Length 330(1. Beam 43 (t. Maximum Draught joft.
Displacement 3,4$* tons. Complement 300.
Guns. Armour.
6—6 In. " Sheet."
4 — 4*7 in. i\ in. Deck amidships.
10 — 6 pdr.
4—1 pdr.
Twin screw. Hp. forced 7,500i>2o kts. Coal
maximum 850 tons.
Bany. U.S. torpedo-boat destroyer ( 1 900).
Displacement, 430 tons; complement. 64; guns,
2 14-pdr.. 5 6-pdr. ; torpedo tubes, 2 l8-jn.,
amidships and aft; Hp., S,ooo-=29 kts.; coal,
139 tons.
Barry, Tohn Arttmr, Australian novelist (b.
1850). Spent many years voyaging in at] parts of
the world m the Merctiant Service.
Publications : '* Steve Brown's Bunyip " (1893),
" In the Great Deep " (1895), " The Luck of the
Native Born" (1S98), "The Son of the Sea"
(1899). "Against the Tides of Fate" <ia99).
" Line and Blue Star " ((902).
Barry. Balph Ensworth (b. Philadelphia, 1868}.
.American Naval -Architect. Apprentice at Roache's
Sliipyard and at Dclamasters. Educated Steven's
luHtitutu and Cornel! Universit>' ; was chief
draughtsman with the Union Ironworks, Inter
with the Newport Kews Shipbuilding and Dry Dock
Co. ; Ueutenant U.S. Navy during the Spanish-
American war, and now c-itculating draughtsman,
Bureau Construction and Re|>air U.S. Navy ;
certiftcates as master of sail and steam vessels, nnd
as pilot for New York. Savannah, and San Fran-
cisco ; Associate ul the Instituttun of Naval
Architects: member of the Am. Society Naval
BARRY
66
BAYLEY
Architects and Marine En^wrs. tht; Am. Societ>'
NavaJ Engineers, U.S. Naval Insiilute, and Inter-
national ConRress o! Naxngation.
Barry Dook News. Established 1 887. Pub-
lished weekly (Friday). Price irf. Address :
Barr>* Docks. Glamorgan.
Bart, Jean U65 1-1702) (U Dunkirk). Entered
the Dutch Navy, but when war broke out between
Louis IV. h« ioineU the French forces, and gained
distinction in the Mediterranean, where he held a
sort of roving commission, not then being chgiblt:
for command m the N.ivy, owing lo his low birth.
His 5UCCC5S. however, was so great that he was
given a commission and rose rapidly to the rank of
captain and then lo that of admiral, and he
became a popular hero of the French Naval Service.
Sm Rcichar." Vie dc Jean Bart," 1870; Vandereat.
" Hlsloire de Jean Bart."
Basilisk. British sloop (1,170 tons, 14'/ kts.).
Launched 1S89.
BasOina Olfa. Greek gun-boat. Of no fighting
value.
Basque Roads, BatU« of. Fought April, 1809,
when 14 French ships of the line were attacked and
destroyed by Adimrals Gambia and Cochrane. At
a court-martial brought about by Admiral Cochrane,
who accused Admiral Gambia of neglecting to
support him in this battle, Admiral Gambia was
acquitted.
Bal British torpedo-boat defitroyer. (Jarrow,
1896.) Length, 215 ft. ; beam. 30 fL ; draught.
6^ ft. ; displacement, 326 tons ; complement, 60.
armament, i i^-pdr., 5 6-pdr., 2 tubus ; twin
screw ; Hp., 6,185 = 30 kta. ; coal, 91 tons.
Batavia Lino. Nederlandsche Stoomboot-Maats-
ctiappij, W. il. Miillcr and Co., with their head
olhces in Rotterdam, have a fleet of eleven sl.can:ier!>,
four of which maintain daily service between
X^ondon and Rotterdam, in connection with the
steamers of tlic Nederland Rhine Steam Navigation
Co., uhich ply between Rotterdam and all places on
the Rhine as far as Maimheim, the remainder of
the fleet being used in a cargo carrying capacity
in different parts of Uie world.
FlBET.
Batavia //. CaUthnia.
Batavia III. Grangesherg.
Batavia I V, Hupania.
Batavia V. Iberia.
Batavia VI. Hhenatiia.
Tuclonia,
Gross tonnage, 30,000.
Bates. Llndon Wallace (b. Marsbaeld, Vt.,
November 19, 185(1). Marine engiDeer. Educated
Cliicago High School and Yale ; was surveyor an
Northern Pacific KAilroa<l, assistant-engineer
Northem Paci6c and Oregon Pacific Railroads :
connected with various railway, dock, and terminal
contracts in Oregon, Washington. Montana. Kansas,
Missouri, lllmois, Louisiana. Caliiornia. for all the
transcontinental railways : built by contract roam-
motl) dredge Beta for U.S. Government ; employed
to prepare reports and projects for improvement of
port of Antwerp : by Suez Canal C-o. on the en-
largement of the canal : by Russian Government
on the rivers Volga. Dnieper, and Bug ; by the
Queensland Government, the Calcutta Port Com-
missioners on the River Hugli ; built large hydraulic
dredge lor Russian Government, the sea-going
dredges Hetcuhs. Samson, and Archer for Queens-
land, and the I.indon Batfs for Calcutta. In colla-
boration with leading engineers designated by
Governments of Russia, Germany, Austria, and
Belgium, prepared scheme for improvement of
I*ort ol Shanghai ; Grand Prix, and decorated by
French Government for " distinguished serv'iccs to
science " ; member Western Soc. Engineers,
Chicago; life osso. Inst. Naval Architects and of
Inst. Civil Engineers of Great Britain ; member
Soc. Engineers of France.
Bathurst. Argentine torpedo-boat (Yarrow.
iSyo.) length. 150 ft.; displacement. 85 tons;
2 tubes ; speed about 34 kts.
Bathymetry. The me:\surenienl of depths.
Battenberg. His Serene Highness Prince Loais
Alexander oL G.C.B., G.C.V.O.. Personal A.D.C. to
the Iviug ; captain Royal Navy ; Director of Na\'al
IntelUffeocc (b. Gratz, May 34, 1854}. Was
naturalised a British subject and entered the Royal
Navy as cadet, 1868 ; served tn Egyptian war,
1882 (medal and Khedive's Star).
Battendown. To secure with t>atteas ; to
exclude the sea-water.
Battens. Blocks of wood tapering from one to
three iiichts broad.
Battery floating. Se$ Floating Battery.
Battleship. See Navy.
Baty. Battery, .\bbreviation adopted on the
Charts i-ssued by the Hydrographic Office, Admi-
ralty.
Bawle; boat A cutter-rigged Thames Estuary
fihhiiig-boat, witliuut main t>oom.
Bayan. S$e Aso. Armoured cruiser. Damaged
by the Japanese at the action ofi Port Arthur,
Fcbniorj' 25, 1904, and eventually blown up by the
Russians iu Port Arthur Harbour before capttula*
tion, Jannar%', 1905 ; since raised, refitted, and
added to the active list of the Japanese Navy.
Bayem. German battleship (1878) ; 7,370 tons.
Ob.sulele, of uo lighting \'alue.
Bayley, CapU Edward Henry. C.B. (1900), R.M.
(b. December. 1849). Educated privately ; H.M.S.
4
BAY
67
BEDFORD
Britanniti, Entered Na-vy J863 ; captAin 1894;
served Ashantee 1S73-74 ; served at Tientsht ia
command of first British Defence Force ; was
senior commanding ofTicer of all the allied forces,
represented during the aicgc of Tientsin, July,
1900; stibseqtiently Chie(-of -Staff to Admiral Sir
Edward Seymour (f.v.). And senior nnvnl ofTiccr at
Tientsin until September, when all naval forces
bad been withdrawn. Decorated for servicfls
while in China.
Bay ol Bosas* Battle oL On November i, 1S09, a
brilliant naval action was fought. led by Lieut.
John Tailour. and ended in the capture or deatnic-
tton of eleven armed Spanish vessels.
Budey* Goocve, and Co., Penzance. 5m Little
Western Steamship Co.
BJB. Distinguiahing letters on sea fishing boats
regifltrred at Bremen. Germany.
B.O. Distinguishing letters on .sea fishing boats
registered at Bovenkarspel, Holland.
BJ>. Distinguishing letters on sea fishing boats
registered at Bideford, England.
BditelBj. Russian torpedo-boat destroyer (1906).
Length, .185 ft.; beam, 21 ft.; draught, 7J ft.;
displacement, 324 Ions ; complement, 60 : arma-
raent 1, 12-pdr., 5 3-pdr., 2 lubes; t«m screw;
Hp., 5.600 = 36 lets. : coal. 100 tons.
B.E. Distinguishing letters on sea fishing boats
registered at BarnsUple, England.
Beaehy Haad, Battle oL Fought June 30, 1690,
when the British and Dutch Fleet, commanded by
the Earl of Torrington. were defeated by a French
force under Admiral Tourville. The Dutch lost
two admirals. 500 men, and sunk several of their
abtps lo prevent tlicm tailing into the hands of the
onerny. The British lost two sliips and 400 men.
Bftftftii \ signal mark for the safe guidance of
■hipping. litfer l-o Lighthonse.
Beadon, Daeres 0. (b. Bishopstoke, July, [857].
Educated Cheltenham College ; ."icr\'ed apprentice-
ship as an engineer with Messrs. R. and W. Haw-
thorn, Leslie and Co.. of Newcastl?-on-Tyne, in
whose services and interests he remained practi-
cally since then. Holds position of outside manager
in the marine engine department.
Beftk or Beafchead. A piece of brass fixed at the
head of ancient galleys with which they rammed
their enemies.
Bmud. The extreme width.
B«viH«ndi. A ship is said to be on her beam-
cads when she has heeled over so that her beams
apfvoacb a vertical position.
Bw a hand. Hastes.
Bear away and lear 09. To steer farther from
the wind.
Bearding. The .-ingular fore part of the rudder
at the ^ide of the stern (>03t.
Bearing. The direction.
Beat. In sea phraseology to excel in speed.
Beaofoci Sir Fnudi ii;74-i8S7)> Britbh rear-
admiral. Entered Navy 1787, and was present at
Lord Howe's action of June t, 1704. Promoted
commander 1800, and captain 1810. From 1S32-5;
he acted as hydrofjraphcr to the Admiralty. ^
Beaofort's Scale. Devised by Adnural Sir F.
Beaufoi'l, and now in general usc^for atimating
the iorce of the wind.
Beaotoy, On February 30. 1823. Mr. Weddel.
R.X.. in command of this vessel, penylrated as far
south as 74* 15' S.
Beaamont, Vioe-Admiral Sir Lems Anthony,
K.C.M.0^ K.C.B. (b. May 19. 1847I. Entered Na\-y
i860; served Arctic expedition, 1875-76 (Arctic
medal) : private secretary to I.ord Northbrook ;
First Lord of the Admiralty, and High C^m-
missioner to Egypt, 1884 ; Director of Naval In-
telligence, 1894-99 ; A.D.C to the Queen, 1895-97 ;
Commander-in-Chief Australian Station, 1900: in
personal attendance on H.R.H. the Duke of Corn-
wall and York during the Australian tour, 190I ;
decorated K.C.M.G. (or these 'services ; K.C.B. on
His Majesty's birthday. 1904.
Becalmed. Implies the state of a vessel unable
to niaki- ht-adway owing to there being no wind.
Beoke, George Loak. English novelist (b.
Sydney. New South Wales. 1848). The experience
he gained between 1870 and [893 while trading in
the South Sca-s he turned to good account in his
stories of adventure, .^mong the best known are
" By Reef and Palm " (1893). " The Ebbing of the
Tide ■' (r896). " Pucific Tales " (1897), " The South
Sea Pcarier " (1900), " By Rock and Pool " (1901).
" Brtachley Black Ship " (1902).
BeckeL A tupe-eye to receive a knot or toggle.
Bedlord. British ist claas cmtser. (Fairfield.
1901.)
Length 440 ft. Beam 66 ft. Moan draught 34 ft.
Displacement 9,800 tons. Complement 678.
Guns. A rmour.
14 — 6 in.. 45 cal. " Krupp."
8 — 12 pdr. 4 in. Belt amidships.
2 — 13 pdr.. 8 cwt. 5 in. Barbettes.
3 — 3 pt''"- »o in. Conning tower.
S Pompoms.
Totptdo Tubts (18 in.)
2 Submerged.
Twinscrew. Hp. 22,000 - 23 kta. Coal maximum
1.600 tons. Approximate cost ^77S-0O0.
This ship-name dates in the Navy Crom 1702,
u 2
BEDFORD
68
BELFAST
aod U associated witli Rooke's victory at Vigo,
1705 ; action off Cape Sparco, 170J ; Rooke's vic-
tory off Maiagar, 1704; capture of IJ3uisl«rg.
1758; expedition to Quebec, 1759; capture of
Comete. ij6i : Rodney's action off St. ViOccnt.
1780; Grave's action off the Chesapeake, 1781 :
Hootl's action with Dc Oras!>e, 1782 ; Rodney's
action with Pe Gra&se, 1782 ; flood's occupation of
Touk>n. 1793: Hotham's action off Genoa, i/y^i ;
Hothatn's action ofi Hy6rcs, 1795 ; Camperdown.
1797-
Badloid. Admiral Sir Frederick Geonte Denham
{b. 1S38). Ealored Royal Navy 1S52 ; radft uf 5.i»i
son, 1852-54 ; served dt:nnR Hiis'^inn war, BUick
Sea ; present at the bombardments of Odessa and
Sebastopol (Crimean and Turkish medals. Seba«-
topol clasp) ; mid. of VttltMe in the Baltic expedi-
tion. 1855 ; present at the bomtjardment of Svea-
borg {Baltic medal) ; aencd Black Sea during
BuMiian war (Crimean and Turkish medaU) ; rap-
tain of Shah at the engagement with the Peruvian
ironclad Huasrar ; when captain of Monarch did
excellent work for the relief of General Cordon.
1RB4. and received the thanks of the Admiralty
(Egyptian medal. Nile. 1884-85, clasp, Khedive's
Bronze Star); A.D.C. to the Queen, [888-9' ; Lord
Comml«isioner of the Admiralty, 18B9-92 ; Com-
mander-in-Chief Capi- of Good Hope and West
Coast of South Africa, 18^2-95 : in recoRnition of
services in the Benin River. l8'.)4. he receivi-d
K.C.B. (gcntral Africa medal. Gambia, 1804, Benin
River, 1894, Brass River, 1895, clasps} ; Second
Sea l4?rd of the Admiralty, 1895 ; Commander-in-
Chief North America and Vt'est Indies, 1899 ;
G.C.B. 1903 : retired 1903.
Publications: "Sailors' Pocket-Book," "The
Sailors' Hand-Book," and "The Sailors" Ready
Reference Book."
Bed of river, TJie. means the .soil iH'twecn the
two adjacent banks between which the river
normally flows. In a navigable ndal river the
property in the bed belonf;s prima facie to the
Crown up to high-water mark, but it may be vi-stcd
in a board of conservators, or (granted to a private
individual who takes subject to all public rights —
f.^..of navigation, anchorage, and grounding— such
river being a public highway. The regulation of
most of our important waterways is vested in a
Conservancy {q.v.). whicli protects but docs not
actually own the bed. unless it be in the interests
and far the purposi-s of navigation, la a non-tidal
river or at>ove lidu-llow the property in the bed
vesta I'resuniptivcly in the ripariau owners (j-i.)
ad medium f;lum aqutt, who must not interfert.;
with the natural flow of the stream so as to injure
other riparian owners ; but this prestimphon is
letiuttablc: by evidence t]\at one riparian owner i3
owner of Uie soil of the wholt- bed.
Beeohey, Frederiok William. Naval rear-admiral
and goographcr (b. London, 1796). Entered the
Navy in 1806, and was ongaged in active service
during tlie wars with France and America, 181S;
iierved under Franklin in Arctic expedition, and in
1819 accompanied Parry in the fieda; took part
in the survey of the ML-diterranean coast. 1821.
in 1825 he v/as appointed to the Blasom to ex*
plore the Bvhrine Strait, in conjunction with
Franklin and Parry. The whole voyage lasted
three years, dunog which he paiaed ilirough the
Behring Strait, and penetrated as far as lat.
71" 23' 31' N. and long. 156° 21' 30' W.. dis-
covering several islands in the Pacific and an
'•xccllent harbour near C-ape Prince of Wales. In
1847 he was appomted by the Admiralty to pre-
side over the Marine Department of tlie Board of
Trade; promoted rear-admiral, 1854; d. Novem-
b<T 2g, tSift. Refer to Arctic Exploration.
BeechinK, Jamea (t778>iK58). Inventor of "sdf-
rii-hung lifeboat." and originator of the Yarmouth
fishmg -vessel. In competition with others he was
awarded the l*rincc Consort '.s prize- for his life-
Ixjat, which was taken as a mcxInJ for the boats of
the National Lifeboat Institution-
Beerbohm^i Morning Shipping List Hst. 1S69.
Publi^hrd daily tiiiuruuiK). PricL- iid. Address:
94 Ij?3ulenliall Street, l^ndon, K.C.
Beet. Wood or iron projections bolted on each
«ide of the bowsprit.
Before, The bearing of any object which ia
f>c'fnrc.
Betiera, or Behaini. Martin (b. Nuremberg,
1436}. VVa^ appointed geographer to an ex-
pedition undertaken by Hiegu Cam to the western
coast of Africa, and as a reward for his !wr\'iccs
received the honour ol knighthood. While visiting
bis native city in 148J he constructed a terrestrial
globe in which be iticorporaLcfl the discoveries of
Marco Polo and other travellers. The globe is still
prrserved in thu family, and has frequently been
reproduced. It is not, however, accurate, as mis-
taken in the localisation of the places he visited
arc noticeable : in soqic instances they arc as much
as 16° out He died at Lisbon. 1 $u6.
Behring. Captain Vittia. See Arctic Exploration.
Belay- To lasten a rope by twining it rotind a
t)elaying-pin or ch-at.
Belcher Sir Edward (>799-i877). British ad-
miral. In iSa; he went with Captain E. W.
Beechey (j.f.) in the Blossom, when important dis-
coveries were niade. In 1851 he was appointed to
command the Assislnnif on an .\rctic expedition.
and on his return was promoted rear -admiral.
Publications : Narrative of " A Voyage Round
the World in the H.M.S. Sulphur " (184457).
Bellast and Coantj Down Railway Go. Steamboat
Service t-omnH-iKu sailing aboul thv (.-lul of May
for the summer season, making trips four tiiues
J
BELFAST
69
BELFAST
daily from BcUast to Baagor. On Saturrlays only
« steamer leave* Belfast for Bangor. Dooaghadee,
and Lame Yiasbour.
Flbkt.
Btarimagh. Sl*tvc
Oorinthian SailiiK Clab. Msublished
1&S9. FUg . Blue, with y«ilow i)«ll on r«4 shield.
Commodore, J. SIcKeghcrty; Vicc-Commodorc,
E. J. Bryne ; UoAr-l'omniodore, W. Shields ;
Treasurer. W. Hutchinaoa ; Secretary. W. J.
Hantian. Eotrance fee, 2s. 6d. ; annual subscrip-
tion, 51.
Ballwt, Port oL Belfast Harbour, the premier
harbour of Ireland, is at the hca<] of H«l<ast IjotiRh.
in latitude s^'' 56' N.. 5" 3O' W. The time of high
watt-T at full and change is lo hours and 43 minutes.
The rise of the tide varies from t>Jfi, springs to
7ft. Sin. neaps.
The prevaihng wind is from the south-west to
north-west for nine months of the year. The
harbour is safe, and the approach from tlK- sea ts
easy by means of a straight chaoael, which in
oJiiciently lighted by oil, po that it is ea&ily navi-
gated by night as well as by day. The depth of
water in the chamiel is 20 feet at average low
water.
In l6t 5 a charter incorporating Belfast a borough
empowered the " Sovereign, free htirgcAses. and
commonalty " to construct a wharf or quay at
Belfast, and in 1688 a now charter empowered the
game authority to mend the quays and receive
does.
The firat Act of Parliament for regnlBting Belfast
Harbour was passed in 1739. and rmpowere<l the
authorities to appoint officers, to make ln*e-laws,
to supply ballast, and to levy tonnage dues. In
1785 an Act wan pa.«ed by which the Belfast
Corporation, consisting of tj members, was con*
EtitDtcd. This Act empowered the new corpora-
tion to hcensc pilots, appoint a harbour- master,
mark and deepen the channel, and construct docks.
A further Act was pas:H.-d in iSj; changing the
name of the corporation to the " Corporation for
Preserving and Improving the Port and Harbour
of Belfast. " This corporation consisted of 1 8
members, two of whom were e * officio. The
corporation bad power under this Act to borrow
money, purchaj^c private quays and docks, and
construct a straight channel to deep water. The
first section of this channel was oi>ened in 1841.
the second in 1S49. and it was further extended and
deepened in 189 1.
The present harbour authority, styled the " Bel-
fast Harbour Commissioners." was constituted by
the Belfast Harboor Act at 1847. This Act gave
enlarged borrowing powers for the purpose of pur-
chasing additional property, filling up old dock«.
and widetung and improving the quays, .'\uthority
W9S also given to levy tonnage and quayage dues
on vessels, rates on goods, pilotage, porterage and
stora^, and rents. The Commuuioncrs are also
conservators of the harbour under the Belfast Port
and Harbour Conservancy .\ct, 1S52.
By the Belfast Harbour Act. i33j. the number
of members was increased to twenty-two, Uie Lord
Mayor being a member ex officio.
A person is not qualified to act as a Commis-
sioner unless he resides within 2n milc5 from the
harbour office, ami pn*w«SKe^ one of thn foltnwing
qualifications :
He must be either the registered ownw of at
least 300 tons of a vessel or vessels belonging
lo and rcgUtored at Belfast, and engaged in
the coftstinrj, channel, or foreign trade : or be
rativl a.H the occupier of premises within the
borough of Bflfa.-st on a net annual value of
not less than £60, or bi-- rated aa one of several
joint occupiers of sudi premises of not less
than £60 lor each such joint occupier ; or be
seixed in his own right or in the right of his
wife of real estate in the United Kingdom of
a net annual value not less than 1^200, or of
pcreonal estate of a gross value not Icsa than
^5,000,
The Commissioners are elected by a constituency
of shipowners and ratepayers. The elector must
be the registered owner of at least 50 tons of a
vessel or vessels belonging to and registared at
Belfast, and engaged in the coasting, cbaoocl, or
foreign trade, or be rated as the occapwr of pre-
mises within the borough of Belfast on a net annual
value of not less than ^lo.
Tlie following is a taluil.ir statement of the
docks, etc., in the harbour :
RIVBR LAGAN, Etc.
Opeoed
Qiun
Daptfa
o.fa.w.
«.1.W.
giMra,^ ,
law
iH74
1877
C«xiia Qua?
Doiwcall Quay
Alb(A Uiwr —
Qoecn'a Qu^U'
ft. In.
fl 8
24 3
3* S
23 9
n. In.
0 2
IS 5
13 9
t3 3
200
3.218
1,917
HVMSAVB CH4NMBL
" '
190)
19M
No. I St 2 qmir<i
No. 3 Quay
Whamvks
U 3
3* i
as 9
no '
I'Xia
IPOS
AlexRiiiIrA Wbtrf
CtareriM Whjrf ..
ViGloria Wburl
A'tiandra Jelly ...
New Wh»ri, Down ...
M )
a J
£4 3
)0 1
40 3
a 9
18 9
IS 9
21 ^
» 9
7S0
014
fiOO
DOCKS AND BASINS.
Opened
Docks
I Width
atCn-
Uanoe
1B91
1B72
IJOZ
Wi
1897
I CUrendon Dock I
Abercofa BwId
nufTerio Dock '
: Siwneec Dock I
MilenrmterBuia ,
York Dock I
feet
30
100
Depth
below I WMV
Lavi am
Wkw
QnxjrM*
foat
9
11
IS
36
a. I- p.
«0 3l
10 2 12
3 t 12
7 I 99
3 0 3
101 0
feet
Z.07G
l.42»
1660
1.974
971
4.141
ToUl t>Mal Qun««. 24,M) f«ct.
BELFAST
70
BELLEROPHON
CRAVING DOCKS.
Width
o( Ell-
in nee
I.«Ytl
Depth
of l>oek n,^d,h i.Minh
xbove
Oaiun
oaplnit
to Aoor
ot floor of floor
1
tmt
fl. In.
ft. In.
ft In.
ft. in.
CUten<li>n Cnvln^
»
1 9
14 9
V 6
»3 e
Dock No. 1
CUfwndDO Ofavlnn
36
Hcrft.
» 6
M 0
387 0
Dock No. 2
datum,
ddntm
Hamilton GraviiK
Dock
Atriindra Cnvirw
«0
J 7
n 9
SO 0
431 6
U
IS 0
ji 0
50 0
flOO 0
IXKk
Harboor dsmm— LerrJ of Nft 2 Chnndon Gnvlng Docli Sit).
and I ft. si in». below >Tcni<r low water Icvd.
Oidnancfi daiuio— U li. ll) Ins.) Tlxc tct-t bclnw H^rbuar
dktuiti
The Commissioners arc c^n.'i true ting
(jraving dock of ll»c (oHowing dimensions :
ft.
length o( dock or floor from the north
quoin of the inner caisson sill to the toe
of the battered wall at the Muth of the
dock 850 o
Brcadtli of dock from toe to toe of the
battered side wall below alter courses . . 100 o
Breadth of dock from coping to coping . . 1 28 o
Height of coping above harbour datum . . rfj o
Width of caisson chamber in clear 23 4i
Level of surface at inner and outer sills Ik
lo be below liarbour datum . . 24 6
This ^TA\ing dock will be one of the largest in
the world.
The docks and basins cover an area of
about 136 acres. The liarbour consists of about
590 acres of land and 1,528 acres of water, or
about 2, lis acres io all. There is a compk-le
system of tmmways around the harbour, and coal.
etc.. can be loaded direct from veutcls into the
railway trucks. Tliese tramways are connected
with ail the railu-ay systems of the country. Ship-
building IS encouraged, and the large shipbuilding
and engineering works of Meftsrs. Hartaod and Wolfi,
Ltd., and Messrs. Workman. Clark and Co.. Ltd.,
who have a world-wide reputation for the con-
struction of the largest class of ocean-going
steamers, are situated on the harbour estate.
The revenue ol the harbour from aJl soorces,
excluding loans, for the year 1906 was Ixs^.ooo,
and the Buplus, after defraying all expenses, was
nearly ^20,000.
Belfast Steamship Co., with their head office at
Poncgall Quay, Belfast, maintain a daily service
between Belfast and Liverpool, and ihm wna.
Sundays excepted, leaving Belfast at 8 p.m. and
Liverpool at 10 p.m. The steamers of the com-
pany arc lighted throughout by electricity, and
6tted with every modem converirnce for the com-
fort of passengers. The open sea passage is about
six hours.
Flbzt.
Caloric. Logic.
Comic. Ma^c.
Gwupkic. Mystic
Heroic. Optic.
Gross tonnage. 74.000.
Belgian SaUlog Clob. Boyal.
Saihng Club.
Stt Royal Belgian
Belgian Btata Railway and BCail Packet Serrioe
maintain three sf-r^ices in each direction from
Dover to Ostend in conjunction with the railway.
The new fast turbine steamer Pnttc^ss Eliiabelh
has a speed of 25 knots, and is fitted with the
Marconi system of wireless telegraphy.
another Belgioa. Ship, S»e .Antarctic Exploration.
Belgiqite, Ror&l Yacht OInb de. Set Royal Yacht
Club de Belgiqiic.
Bdier. French torpedo-boat dcstroyt*. (Nor-
mand, 1902.) Length, 180 ft. ; beam, 2t ft. ;
maximum drauf^ht, 10 ft. ; displacement, 500 tons ;
complement, 45 ; guns. 1 9-pdr., fi- 3-pdr. ; torpedo
tulws, 2 i5-in. : speed, 27-30 knots.
Bell, Henry (b. Torpichaton. 1767). Introducer
of practical steam navigation mto the United
Kingdom. In January, iSt2. hc: produced the
steamboat Comet, of 35 tons, duven by an cDgine
of 3 Hp., with a speed of 7 miles an hour, which
plied between Glasgow and Greenock. This was
the first steam vessel to be launched in Great
Britain. He died at Helensburgh, November 13.
1640, and a monumrnt was erected to his memory
at Dunglass. on the banks of the Clyde.
Bell. Sir James, cr. 1S95 (*»^ Cla.<igow). Con-
tested the Amenca Cnp with the yacht Tkistlt.
now Comet, and at the present time owned by the
Emperor of Germany.
Bell Brothers and BIocLcUand, with their head
offices in Glasgow, have a lleet of ten steamers
engaged in cargo trade, TItcse vessels have accom-
modation for a limited number of passengers.
Flbbt.
BeiUigio. Bellaura .
DeUatlsa. Beitena.
Bflia HOC A . BeUcndm.
Beliatden. Betlcvue.
BeJIasco. Bellgtano.
BellerophoiL British ist class battleship, l^d
down. tgo6.
Length 500 ft. Beam 80 ft. Draught 26 ft.
Displacement 18,000 tons.
Gvns. Armouf.
10 — 12 in. " Krupp."
18 — J in. 13 in. Belt amidships.
13 in. Barbettes.
Torpfdo Tubts (iS ia.).
4 Submerged broadside.
I Submerged Btem.
Turbine. Hp. 23.000^31 kts.
Approximate cost £1,750,000.
The fint vessel ol this name was launchud in
1786. aad disUn^uislied herselX in May, 1794. inau
engagement witli the French Retoluiionaire. She
fired the first gun at the battle of " The Glorious
First of June," I7>>4- la 1798 she was present at
the battle of the Nile, and subsequently took part
in the battle of Trafalgar. Napoleon Bonaparte,
on his surrender to Captain Maitland on July 15,
i3[5. was conveyed from Basque Roads to Ply-
mouth in this vessel. The second BelUrophon was
launched In 181S. In 1S40 she was engaged in the
boniljardmcnt of St. Jean d'Acrc. and in 1854 the
bombar(]mr>nt ol Seliastopol. The third BelUro-
phon was an iron battleship, buitt in 1856, which
In 1904 had her name changed, and is still in tise
ftt Devonport as a training establishment and
workshop.
B^erophoQO. St* Ocean Steamship Co.
Belligfinnt The term "belligerent," according
to Tlie Hague Conference (1899), which reproduces
and ampUfies the provisions of all former confer-
enccs, includes both the combatants and non-
oombatants who 1
(i) Are commanded by some rcsiK>nsible person :
(2) Wears some distinctive emblem ;
(3) Carry arms openly ; and
(4) Conduct operations according to the laws
and customs of war.
The unorganixcd inhabitants of invaded terri-
tor>' who take up arms are also regarded as belli-
gerents so long as they observe the customs of
wax. Rtfcr to Contraband of War. Neutrality,
C&rtel. Blockade, Visit and Search.
I Ballot. Joseph Rent. French naval officer and
explorer (b. Pans. March 18, 1836). Distinguished
himseU in the French expedition of [845 in Mada-
gascar, and received tlic Cross of the Legion of
Honour, He obtained permission to join the
■ £nglish expedition under the command of Cap*
I tain Kennedy in search of Sir John Franklin, and
I on this occasion discovered the strait which bears
■ his n^me between Buthia Felix and Somerset
I Land. Two years later lie accompanied Captain
lagleJield on an expedition, and while making a
perilous Journey with two comradt-s across tlie ice
was overtaken by a storm and penshed. Relet to
Arctic Exploration.
Bell Bock Light, situated near the Ffrth of Tmy,
ts a red and white alternate flarfi every 60 seconds.
Duration of flash, \ second : candle-power. 60,000 ;
burner. 6 wick ; iUaminact. oil.
Belli. At sea the subdivision of a " watch "
(f.f.) are noted by a hall-hourly striking of a bell
with a clapper.
Bdly. The swell of a saiL
Belly-band. A broad strip of canvas half-way
between the close reef and the foot of square sail
to strengthen It.
Bally-stay. A rope from the centre of the most
forward.
Bembhdge Sulinii Olab, Isle of Wight. Estab-
lished iH>i6. BurgfR ■ White, blue borders on fly,
red device to centre, representing the Isle of Wight.
Cotnmodore, R. Stewart Savile : Vico-Commodore.
Sir Charles Camplx^U : Rear-Commodore, Col. Sir
Simon Lockhart : Treasurer and Secretary. Mr.
H. H. Freman. Entrance iee, ^s 5'- : annual sub-
scription, li IS.
Beabow, 7ohn. English admiral (b. Shrews-
bur)'. 1650). In 1668, when tnuJing to the Mediter-
ranean, he defeated a Sallee pirate, and for ttUs
James n. made him captam of a man-of-war, and
for some yenrj he was employed to prot«:t English
commerce in the Channel. Took part m the bom-
bardment of St. Malo. 1693, and was in charge of
the squadron which burnt Dieppe, and bombarded
Havre and Calais. In 1696 he became rear-admiral,
and in 1698 set sail for the West Indies, where he
compelled the Spaniards to restore several English
vessels they had ^'ized. In 1700 be was appointed
vice-admiral, and returned to tlie West Indies. In
1703 iiis ship, the Brtda. gave choae off Santa
Martha to a French squadron under Du Casse. and
kept up a running fight for live days. During this
fight he was severely wounded in Uie head, hin
right leg was idiattureU by a shot, and he was
compelled to conduct the action from a cradle on
hts quarter-deck. The French admiral escaped,
and he was reluctantly forced to abandon the
chase. He returned to Jamaica, and died of his
wounds, November 4. 1702.
Banbow, Sir Henry, K.C.B„ cr. 1902. D.S.O.,
1891 ; Chief Inspector of Machinery. R.N. {b.
September 5, 1S36). Educated private school :
entered Navy as assistant engineer in 1861. and
became chief engineer 1879 ; promoted to Inspector
of Machinery 1885. and Chief Inspector of Machinery
1888; served with the Naval Brigade m tlic Nile
Expedition. 1884-85 (inedal. bronze star), and re-
paired under the enemy's fire the boiler of the
Softa. which was displaced by a shot from Fort
Habeshi ; decorated for services with the NiIb Ex-
pedition ; retired, 1893.
BencbOL Sec Thwarts.
Benooolen. East Indiaman, struck on sands
near Bude Haven, Cornwall, October 19, 1862.
when twenty-six lives were lust.
Bend. To extend or
proper yard or stay ; a
cable when stowing it.
make fast a
kink formed
sail to its
in a hemp
BENEAP
n
BERESFORD
Beneap. The utuatioa o( a vessel wh(;n she is
agronnd at the height of spring tides.
Benedetto Brin. Itslittn battlnhip. (Castdla-
mari-. 1901.)
Length 430 ft. Beam 7S ft. Mean draught 27 ft.
Bisplacement i.;.427 tons. Complement 720,
Gwns. Atmvuf.
4 — 13 in. 40 cal. " Tcmi."
4 — 8 in. 6 in. Belt.
13 — 6 in. S in. Barbettes.
16 — 13 pdr. 6 in. Casemates.
8 — 6 pdr. 13 in. Conning tower.
3 — I pdr.
3 Mwcims.
Tofpedo Tubes {\& in.).
4 Submerged.
Twin screw. Hp. natural t^.ooo^ 18 kts.. forced
lg,ooo = 30 kts. Coal majcimum 2,oou tons.
Apprcurimate coat ^i.t5a,ooo.
Bengal Lights or Blue Lights are pyrotcchnical
preparalioii^ for fii^^nals by night. I^ota&siuin
chlorate, aiuiniony, sulphide, and sulphur are the
chief Ljigrcdic-nt£ used in their manufacture. \s
the mixture is highly explosive great skill is re-
quired m the making.
St8 Coolcy's " Cyclopa^ia of Practical Receipts "
(1892).
Bengo. Portuguese gun-boat {1879). B.L. guns.
Of little 6ghtjng value. Speed [nominally) 10 kts,
Benjamin Constant Brazilian cruiser. (La
Seyuc. 1892.)
I.ength 23611. Beam 44ft. Maximum draught iSft.
Displacement 2,750 tons. Complement 380,
Guns. Armour.
4 — 6 in. " Steel."
S — 4'7 in. 2 in. Deck.
3 — 12 pdr. 3 J in. Conning tower,
3 — I pdr.
Torpedo Tubes.
4 Above water.
Twin screw. Hp. natural 3,800—14 kts., forced
4,000= 15 kts. Coal maximum 260 tons,
Ben Uae. B. K. Thomson and Co.. with their
bead office in Loith, own a tine Heel of cargo
stoamcTH trading to the East and Far East. The
sUps are all modern, with a sea speed of about
10^ kts., and have excellent accommodation for a
few first-class passengers.
Fleet.
Beniomond. Beniarig.
Bfnmoiu. Benvctiuc.
BoHsUder. BenUdi.
Beugloe. Banlawers.
Banvorltch. Benavon,
Bencltuch, Moscow.
Benarty. PHttAwr^.
ffrvttl.
Gross tonnage.1 48.D00.
Bennett Line, with their head oflliccs in T.ondon,
maintain regular i!er\*ice5 bctw-etm Goolc and
Boulogne^-sur-Mer. and between I^ndon and that
port. Steamers leave Coole every Wednesday,
Thursday, and Saturday, and from London every
Tuesday, Thursday, and Saturday, returning Tues-
day, Thursday, and Sunday.
Fleet.
Africa. Malta.
Burma. Mopsa.
dtrea. Syria.
Bennington. U.S. g^un-boat. (Chester, 1891.)
Ltugth -'3(jit. Beam 36ft. Maumum draught t6ft.
Displacement 1,70a tons. Complement 195.
Guns. Atmour.
6— 6 in, "Steel."
4 — 6 pdr, } in. Deck amidships.
Hp. 3.400= 17 kts. Coal maximum 40a tons.
Bentick Shroadt, Formcj-ly used to assist the
futtock .sliruuds extending from weather hittock
staves to the i^iposite lee<hannel3.
Benton. Steamer of Singapore sunk in collision
with an unknown steamer, April 38, 1807 ; 150 lives
lost.
Beownil German coast service battleship {1890).
Length 354ft. Beam 49ft. Maximum draught iSft.,
Displacement 4,150 tons. Complement 297.
GufU. Armour.
3 — 9'4 in. " Compound."
10 — rsJ pdr. gin. Belt.
6 — I pdr. 8 in. Barbettes.
4 Machine. 7 in. Conning tower.
Torpedo Tubes,
3 Submerged bow and broadside.
I .Above water stem.
Twin screw. Hp. 5,100= i5'5 kts. Coal maxi-
mum 580 tons.
Berenice. H.HJS. On October 13. 1866. this
vessel u-as humt in thp Persian (tull.
Bertslcrd. Vice-Admiral Lord Charles William de
la Peer, O.O.V.O., K.C.B. cr. H}o^ (b. Ircl.-md,
Fi'bnuary 10. i.'^4()). Edutatcd at Bi^yford School
and Stubbinglun, Famliam, Hampshire. Rntered
Britannia as cadet, 1859: sub-lieutenant, 18O6 ,
lieutenant. 1868 ; commander. 1875, Accom-
panied H.R.H. Prince of Wales (Edward VIL) ns
a naval A.D.C. to India, 1875-76. Commanded
H.M.S. Condor at the Ixjmbardmrnt of Alexandria.
July 11. 1882. Lan^led at Alpxnndria, and with
Royal Marines instituted a repdnr pohcc systt-m.
which imdcr his able administration achieved
marvellous results. The "Times" boiTcs{}ondent,
July 34, 1S82, says : " I say without fear and
contradiction that no such work has ever been done
with such complete absence of violence." I'ro-
moted captain, and mi.-ntioncd in despatches for
gallantry. (Egj-pf medal. AleAandria clasp, Khe-
dive's Bronxe Star. Medjidie. 3rd Clasj».) Served in
Lhe Soudan with the Kite Expedition for the relief
BERESFORD
73
J3ERRY
of Geaeral Gordon. Served on stafl of Genera!
Lord \Volscley, and subscfiufntly commanded the
Naval Brigade at the l^ttlrti of Abu Klea, Aim
Km. and Mett-mmrh. (llcntiontrd for gallantry.)
Commantled the cxpwlitian which n-jcuerl Sir
Clwrlcs Wilson's party in Sofia, when boilen were
fepaired nnder fire. Specially mentioned in de-
spatches for gallantry, and the Secretary of the
Admiralty in the House of Commons said ; " The
rescue of Sir C. Wilson by Lord Charles Beresford
wss a feat of arms equally rctnarltable tor the skill
and gallantry displayed." Kcceived the thaaks oi
boUi Houses for the operations in the Soudan.
Agoui specially mentioned in despalche.s by Lord
Wodsclcy. 1885, who ^id an ot&cer whose readiness
of rasource, whose ability as a leader are only
equalled by his daring. (Nile 188435 and Abu
Ktca clasps.) Lord Commissioner ot the Adnunilty,
1885 . resigned. 1888. While captain of Vndaunicd
rendered assiatonct; on the occasion of the grounding
of the Sngnakay. for which, during the visit of the
English Fleet to Ciolf Juan, the French admiral
viAtted the UndaunUd to personally present to her
captain, officers, and men the thanks of the French
Govcnunent. A.D.C, to the Queen. 1S97. Second-
in-command Mediterranean Station, T900-3. Com-
mander-in-Chief Channel Fleet, 1903-4. G.C.V.O.,
|i^7: K.C.B. on His Majesty's birthday, Novem-
be 9. '903.
Beresford, Sir John Poo (1766-1844). 3rittsh
admiral. In 1795. when captain of the Hussar
on the North American Station, be engaged five
French store ships, and captured two. In 1797,
when in command of the Ration, he captured a
valuable Spanish treasure ship n«ar the Bahamas.
Was present at the action in tJasque Road (1809.)
Promoted rear-admiral 1814, and made a baronet.
In 183.S he became admiral, and retired.
Berk Etshan. Turkish toqKrdo-boat destroyer.
{Gaarden. 1894.) Length. 187 ft. : beam, ai ft. ;
draught, 7 ft. ; displacement, 370 tons ; anna-
ment, 6 j-pdr., 2 tubes ; Hp., 1.2009:25 kts.
Berkeley^ James* Third Earl (1680-173^). Fought
with great crt-dit in Kooke's action otf Malagar in
1704, and in command of the 5/. George at the
siege of Toulon. Was appointed First Commis-
fiioncr of the Admiralty. 171 1, aud two years later
was promoted admiral and Commander-in -Chief o(
the Fleet.
Berkaler, Sir Oeor^e Craofleld {1753-181S). In
i^&o 62. as captain, he was in oommaod of the
frt^tc Recovery at the relief of Gibraltar ; at Lord
Howe's vicuiry. 1794. was in command of the
Marlhortrngh ; in I7c>9 he was in command of a
squadron bloci ding Brest; promoted admiral,
iRio.
Berlin. German armoured cniiser. (Dancig
Dockyard, igoj.)
Length 34tft. Beam 40ft. Maximum draught i61ft.
Displacement j.200 tons. Complement 280,
Guns. Armour.
10— 4"i in. " Krupp."
10 — 1"4 in. 2 in. Deck-
4 Maxims. 4 in. Conning tower
Toff^edo Tubes.
2 Submerged.
Twin M;ri-w. Hp. ti.ooo = 33 ki3. Coal maxi-
mum Soo tons.
Berlin. 1.775 tons. Great Easteru Railway Co.'s
mail steamer, rimning between Harwich and the
Hook of Holland, strand^-d on the rocks in the
Wcinity of Vooma Inland, at the end of the North
Pier at the Hook •■>'■ Holland ina gale. February 21.
1907, and became a total wreck. Of 14} on board —
93 pa.%wngcrs and jjo crew — only 1 s were saved,
Berliner Segler Club. Eslahlisho*! 188$- ^-om-
modorc, E. Deter ; Vice-Commodore, O. Jach-
mann ; Treasurer, W. I>ettTe ; Secretary, J. Nurren-
bach, 5 Schifloaucrdamm. Berlin.
ft
Btrliner Taoht Olnb. E.<itablished 1885. Com-
modore. Paul Scliuiult ; V'icc-Comuiodorc, F. Mcr-
tens ; Rear-Commodore, G. Gottling ; Troasurer.
C Ihlow ; Secretary. .M. Buchholu. Qub House.
Grunau. by Berlin. Rntrancc fee. mark 50 ; annual
suUicnpUon, mark 40.
Bermnrta Eig. 5m Mugian Rig.
Beroe. A small marine organism belonging to
the Ctcnophora, and found abundantly near the
surface of tlu; sea during summer. It iliflcrs from
its near allies in uot [Kisses-^iiig t^ntacle^ and
ha%'ing a wide slit-Hke mouth.
Berry. Edward (b. Ucvonport, March 1858).
Served apprenticeship H.M. steam-engine factory
at Kcyh;iro, Devonport ; in 1S75 joined the Union
S.5. Co. : in 1883 rose to the position of chief
engineer, which he retained until 181^ ; had charge,
under the late Charles du Saotory, Esq., supt.
engineer to the Union S.S. Co., of the conversion
of two crank compound engines to triple expan-
ition ; resignei) this apjKuntment in 1895, and com-
menced business as a naval architect and marino
engineer surveyor : in 1 898 accepted the appoint-
ment of supt. engineer to the Ocean S.S. Co., ol
Liverpool : memlier of the Institution of Naval
Architects.
Berry. Sir Eduratd (17G6-1631). Bntish rear-
admiral. Served wiLb Nelson in 1796. who was
instrumental in his promotion to commander in
that year : he led the txHuding party at the cap-
ture of San Jo9<eph and San Nicholas in the victory
ofi Cape St Vincent, 1797 ; promoted captain, and
took part in the battit; of the Nile ; was in com-
mand of the Foudriyitftt. 1800. at the capture of
the Gfn^eut \ in the Asamtmnun be took pidrt in
the battle of Trafalgar. 1S05. and San Domingo in
iSt; ; he was given a K.C.B. and retired, 1821.
having obtained flag rank.
BERTH
74
BIB BY
Bartli, The station ia whicb a ship rides at
anchor
Bartin, Louis Emile. Chid Constructor French
Navy (b. Nancy, March 33, 1840). Educated
PolWechnic School, and served at the arsenals o(
Chrrbourg and Brest from 1862-85 ; while there he
designed and superintended the construction oi
many ships-of-war built for the French Navy ; in
188G Wsited Japan, and superintended the con-
struction of many ships in the Japanese Na\T,
which have played so prominent a part in the
Rnsso-Japunesc war. On his return from Japan
in 1892 he became! Chief of I'licole dn Gftnic Mari-
time of Palis, and in 1895 was called to the Minislrj'
and pven the title of Director nf Material, which
v.as subsequently changed to that of Chief of the
Technical Section, and in this capacity designed
and superintended tlic construction of tlie battle-
ship Henry I v.. and the cruisers 7«a»«« d'Atc
and Juiifn-di-la Graviirf. and those 01 the class
Montcalm. Cloire. (^ambeUa. MicheUt. and Kenans :
was tile prime mover of the Bill of 1895 which led
to iJie construction of submarines in the French
Navy : is a commander of the I-^gion of Honour,
Grand Krain of the Rising Sun. Grand Order of
St. Anne, Grand Ofhcer at Puis ; member oi the
Institution t»f Naval Architects, and Director of
Nava] Construction. C.K.
Publications : Numerotis papers on naval archi-
tecture (i86y-it)o6), published in the Transactions
of the Academy of Science, Paris, the Institution
of Naval Architects, Society o( Nav-al Architects
and RtBrinc Engineers, the Maritime Technical
As&ocialion, and the Society of Science of Cher-
bourg, among which may be mentioned " Notes on
Waves and Rolling," " NavaJ Science," " Ventila-
tion of Ships," the " Resistance of Cniisers."
Berwick. British ist class cruiser. [Beardraore,
1902.)
Length 440 ft. Beam 66 ft. Mean draught 24 ft.
Displacement 9,800 tons. Complement 678.
Guns. A rmour.
14—6 in., 45 cal. " Krupp."
8 — I a pdr. 4 in. Belt amidships.
2 — 12 pdr., a cwt. 5 in. Barbettes.
3 — 3 pdr. 10 in. Conning tower.
8 Pompoms.
Torpedo Tubfs (18 in.).
3 Sobmerged.
Twin screw. Hp. 22.000 = 33 kts. Coal maxi-
mum T,5oo tons. Approximate cost £775,000.
This ship-name dat(« in the Navy from 1687,
and is associated with the battle of Bcochy Head,
1690 ; Barfleur and I-a Hague, 1692 ; Vigo Bay,
1702 : capture of Gibraltar, 1704 ; sivgv. of Gibraltar,
1727 ; Malthews's action off Toulon, 1744 ; capture
of Otphee. 1758 ; Keppcl's action ofl Ushant. 1778 ;
battle of the Dogger Bank. 1781 ; Hood's occupa-
tion of Toulon, 1793 ; the destruction of ihcAmacmt.
iflii.
BMchamnL Russian torpedo-boat destroyer.
(EJbing, i88g.) Length, 19^ ft.; beam. 18 ft.:
draught. II ft. ; displacement. 3501005 : armament,
I i2-pdr., 5 3-pdr.. 2 tubes ; Up,, 6,000=27 Icts.
BMpo«cbt8chadny. Russian torpcdo-bo*t de-
stroyer. (Elbing. 1899.1 I--ength, 196 ft.; beam.
iS ft.; draught, 11 ft; displacement, 350 tons ;
armament, i 12-pdr., 5 3^>dr., 2 tubes ; Hp,,
6,000=27 kts.
Bessflmer. Sir Benry (1813-98) (b. Charlton.
Herefordshire). Inventor of the Bessemer process
of the manufacture of steel, a process of manu-
facture which revolutionised the stoel industry
over the whole world. The pecuniary reward of
Bessemcr's invention came to him quickly, but it
was not until 1879 that the RojTil Society' made
him a Fellow and Uic Government honoured him
with a knighthoofi. He also patented inventions
tor die-casting, railway signalling, and a ship which
was to save her passengers from the miseries of
mat -de-met, this last having adjustable cabins,
which should always preserve a horizontal floor.
A boat called the Be^senter wrs built ia 1875 for
the cro55-channel service, but the mechanism was
found defective in practice, and she was ultimately
discarded. He died at London, March 15. 1898.
Bestraschny. Russian tnrjHado-boat destroyer.
{Elbing, 1S99.) Length, 196 ft.; beam. 18 ft,;
draught, 1 1 ft. ; displacement. 350 tons ; armament,
1 12-pdr., 5 3-pdr., J tubes; Hp.. 7,000=27 kts.
Beta. A fiie-float bnilt by Messrs. Forrestt and
Co., of Wyvcnhoe, lor the London County Couodl
Fire Brigade. She is too ft. in length, with a t}eam
ol 16 ft. 6 in., and a water-draught of 40 in. This
low draught enables her to pass under the bridges
at all states of the tide. On her trials she steamed
12 kts.. and with only one boiler in use a little
over II. She is fitted with four fire-pumps, which
give a discharge of 4.000 gals, ot water pL'r minute.
Between deck^. The space contained between
any two dec Us of a ship.
Betveea wind and water. At the water's edge.
B.F. Distinguishing letters on sea fishing boats
registered at Banff, Scotland.
B.H. Distingmshiag letters on sea fishing boRts
registered at Plyth, England.
B.H. Dlstingiiiahiug letters on sea fishing boats
registered at Brouwershaven, Holland.
BhimA. Steamer, in collision with the steamer
Nana in tht Red Sea, September 11. tS66.
Nineteen lives lost,
BX Distinguishing letters on sea fishing boats
registered at Brielle. Holland.
Bibby Line. One of the oldest steamship lines
trading between England and India, and was
BICKERDYKE
75
BILL
foonded in 1807. 100 years ago, l^ Mr. John
Bibby^, the gnndfatbcr oi the present representa-
tives, the fleet at that time coosisting of smatl
sailing-vessels. In 1851 the steam lleet was com-
menced, and in 1891 the Lancashire was built,
which vessel stiU holds the record iwtween Liver-
pool and Rangoon for a passage of 23 days 20 hours.
The company maintains regular sailings between
Livtiqwol and Rangoon via Marseilles and Colombo,
aad tht* steamers have excellent passenger accom-
modation.
Cluthirt. Shropshif*.
Derbyshire. Statfordihire.
Herefordshire. Warwicfuhirt,
Worctster shirt.
Gross tonnage, sj.ooo.
Bickerdyke, John [nom dc plume of Charles Henry
Cook). EngUsb oovehst and writer on angling
(b. London, 185S).
Publications : " Angling in Salt Water " (1887).
" Days in TbuJc with Rod, Gnn. and Camera,"
" Sea-Fishing "* (Badminton), " Wild Sports in
Ireland " [1897), " Book on the AU-Kound Angler "
(1900).
Bickerton. Sir Richard Himey (i75<>-i832). Eng-
linb arimirai. In 1781, wbcQ cuptam of the /n-
vmcibie. was present at the action off Martioiq^ue,
and under Lord Keith took part in the £g>-ptian
operations, and was made Commander-in-Chief at
Alexandria after the capture of that town, 1801.
He was second -in -canuuand of the Mediterranean
to Lord Nelson, 18U4 : promoted tu tbc rank of
admiral, 1810, and Commander-in-Chief at Ports-
month. l8l3.
Bioklord. Vioe-Admiral Andrew Kennedy (b.
India). Entered Navy, 1:^58 ; served in China, in
BaroAut. at the action of Siraonoseki ; in charge of
rocket-boat Research on the coast of Ireland during
Fenian riots. 1866-68 : senior and gunniry lieu-
tenant of Anuthyst dunng actions with Peruvian
rebel ironclad Huascar ; commander of Thaita, em-
ployed in transport service during Egyptian war,
1882 (Egyptian medal, Khedive's Bronze Star,
Medjidie. 3rd Class) : A.D.C. to the Queen. 1896 :
soperintendent Sbecruess dockyards, i&^y ; Com-
nander-io-Chief, Pacific Station. 1900.
Bidukft. See Kayak.
Bidder. George Parker (i8o6-7ti). English en-
gineer. Educated Edinburgh University ; prize-
maa in higher mathematics. 1873. Assisted
Stq)lien8on in the construction of the London and
Birmingham railway, and constructed several hnrs
m England and abroad — e.g.. Denmark. Norway,
and India. He planned the Victoria Dockq,
London, invented the railway swing bridge, and
was ono of the founders of the fin*t electrical tele-
gra{A company.
BMiDb, U.S. (oqmlo-boat (1900), Displace-
ment. 167 tons; guns. 3 i-pdr. ; torpedo tubes,
3 l8-in. ; speed. 28 kts.
BXE. Du^tingiushing letters on sea fishing
t>oat3 registered at Btcrvlict, Holland.
Blggiit, Andrew Stephenson (b. Ayrshire.
August 2;, 1857). Mannc eugmtrcr. Served ap-
prenticeship to marine engineering, and entenxl the
service of Sir William Arrol and Co-. Glasgow, as
principal assistant ; was appointed engineer and
manager under Su: Wilham Arrol for carrying out
the construction of the Forth Bridge, and on com-
pletion of this worlc in 1890 was made partner in
the firm ; since then has taken the leading part in
carrying out various contracts, including the steel
work of the Tower Bridge ; is managing director of
Sir WdUam Arrol and Co.. Ltd., and head, Wright-
son and Co., Ltd.; dttsigned the three famous bridges
over the Nile at Cairo ; past-president of the Glas-
gow University iCngmeerlng Society : governor of
the Glasgow and West of Scotland Technical
College ; number of council of the Institution of
Engincen and Shipbuilders.
Puhlicatiuns : Has contributed many scientific
and technical papers to the British Association,
Institution of Civil Engineers, institution of
Mechanical Engineers. Institution of Engineers and
Shipbuilders iu Scotland.
Bight. The loop of a rope when it is folded in
opposition to the end.
Bilge. That part of a ship where the floors and
second futtocks unite, and upon wtiich tbc ship
would rest ii laid on the ground.
Bilge-keel. An additional short keel placed out-
side the bilge of bouts to protect the skin in ground-
iag, and also, especially abroad, to enable them to
hold a lietter wind when saiUng and heeling over.
Bilgawajrs. The foiind.ition5 of tlie cmdle sup-
portmi; a ship upon the sliding-ways during build-
ing and launching. The bilgeways are about five-
sixtlu tlie length of the ^hip. and are about two ft.
6 in. square.
BiU. See Anchor.
BiUtnder. Formerly applied to small mcrctiant
vess<U with two masti, distinguishable by the fact
that their mainsail is bent to the whole length of
her yard hanging fore and aft Few vessels are
now rigged in this manner.
BiU board. Doubting nndcr the lore<hannel to
the waterhne as a protection from the bill of the
anchor.
BiU of exohuge. A, is an instrument in writing
whereby a debtor assigns to his creditor a debt
due to himself from a tiurd party. These instru-
ments came into use among merchants early in the
fourteenth century, notwithstanding the rule oi
BILL
76
BISHOP
Common Law that " ctioscs in action " or debts
were not assiguoble. Tliey Mcre recognised for
centtirii's in Ihe Courts of Staple and Admiralty.
which adniinistcrecl the law merchant. Their
v-alidily in conrt5 ol law generally was not cslab-
■islicd until the days of Lord Mansfield. The Bills
of T*xchangc Act, iflfla. codifies the law now
governing them.
. The person making the bill i« callwi Ihi- dramer ;
the pcreon to whom it is^ addressed the drawee, or.
after accepting it, the acceptor ; the person in
whose favour it is drawn is the payee, or, if he
endorse the bill to another, the rndorser ; while tin:
prmon to whom the bill is a.tsigned or negotiated
is the endorsee or holder.
No notice ol assignment is neccssar)- {as in
etjuity) to complete the holder's title. A bill
drawn [a) to order, or (fc) to bearer, will [a) when
Indorsed or (ft) when handed over vest a right ol
action upon the bill in a.ny prrson talcing htma
fide and for value, and without notice of any flaw
in the title of the person from whom he took it,
consideration for the bill being always presumed
until the contrary appear.
The essentials of a biJI of exchange are : (i) it
most be in writing ; (2) the order to pay mnst be
unconditional^ — i.e.. not payable on a contingency
or out of a specified fund : (3] payment must be on
demand or at a fixed or ascertainable future time ;
(4) payment must be lor a sum certain in money ;
(5) the drawee must be indicated with reasonable
certainty ; (6) if not payable to bearer the bill
must clearly indicate the payee.
• "Where the drawer and drawee are the same
person, the holder of the instrument may treat it
either as a bill or promissory note.
Bill of healtlt. A, which is included in the li.st of
a ship's (loruments, is a certificate Fiignc-d by
consuls or other authorities and delivered to the
shipmaster, stating the sanitar>- condition and
state of health ol the port at the time of her leaving.
A " clean " Mi of health means llml at tlic time of
the slnp's departure no infectious disease was
known to exist. A " suspected " or " tainted "
hilt of health is one that imports that there were
rumours of Ihc' existence of some infectious disease.
though up to tlie time of certifying it had not
appeared.
A "foul" bill of health means that when the
vesKt left the port was infected.
Bill of ladinff. A* is a receipt (or goods and an
undertaking to carry safely and deUver them in
good condition at their port of destinatioD, with
the exception of ius:i ur dauuigc caused by the act
of God, king's enemies, fire, or any daugei or
accident of seas, rivers, and navigation. Upon
<lelivery of goods on boartl the shipper receives 3
" mate's receipt," which contains the terms upon
which the goods are lo be carried. 'ITie master or
ifhip's agent altorwardM signs a bill of lading, and
delivers it lo the holder of the receipt. Three
ImIIs are made out. One is sent to the consignee,
a second goes by the ship, and the third is retained
by the shipper.
A clean bill of lading is one in which there is
nothing to qualify the admission on the part of
the shipowner that so many packages are shipp«l
in good order and \veII-condition(xl. .\ through
I«n of lading is our made for the carriage of goods
from one place to another by several shipowners
or railway companies.
A bill of lading is not a negotiable instrument,
ami the transferee has no better title to the goods
therein niimlioned than lliu transferor had, but
the i)roperty in goods will pass to the transfeit-e by
indorsement and delivery of a biU, subject to the
right of stoppage in transitu {f.u.). Indorsement
of a bill of lading by the buyer to a bona fide pur-
chaser for value will defeat tliis right of stoppage
in transitu.
ficfei to Affreightment, Damage.
Bill of LftdioR Claiue. See Clauses.
Bill ol store is a licence granted by the Customs
house authorities to a merchant, by which he is
entitled to reimport within live years unsold goods
free ol duty.
Billyboy, h large one-masted vessel principally
used on the east coast.
1
Binnacle. A box for the compass.
Birkbeck. Sir Edward, cr. 1*86 (b. October ri
iSjtS). Chairm.in ui Royal National IJfcboat
Institution ; originator and chairman of the Inter-
national Fisheries Exhibition. I^ndon, 1883 ; M.P.,
North Norfolk, (879-85 ; East Norfolk. ^885-92.
Birkenhead. Troopship, iron paddlc-wheelcd,
and of 556 Hp. On January 7. 1852, this vessel
sailed from Queenstnwn for the Cajie, having on
board detachments of the 12th I,anccrs. and. 6th.
1 2th. 43rd, 45th, and 60th Itiiles, 73rd, 74th, and
Vist rt:gimcnts. On February 26, 185J, she struck
upon a pointed pinnacle rock off Simon's Bay,
South Africa, and of (>3S persons only 184 wene
saved by the boats ; 454 of the crew and soldiers
perished.
Btrmins^bain. U.S. scout (1904),
Ll■Il^;tll ^24ft. Beam 45ft. Draught iBft.
Displacement 4,000 tons. Complement 384.
Cults. Armouf.
6^14 pdr. s in. Belt amidsliips.
Torpedo Tubes (21 in.).
a Submerged.
Twin screw. Hp. 16,000=34 kis. Coal maxi
mum 1.000 tons.
Biflooe, John, B.N. See Antarctk Exploration.
Bishop Bock Lighthonw, Stunted on the western-
most landfall rod; of thf Scilly Isles, fully exposed
to the Atlantic, occupies perhaps a more exposed
it 1
4
BISTRITZA
n
BLACK
situatkin than any t>tHrr ?n ttie twSbM, It givrs a
tiR-o-fia«h light per miimfre, the duration of Mch
flash being four second«t. 170,500 candle powrr.
u.%ing the Doaglas S-wick burner, and oil as illu-
minant. It was designed by the late Mr. James
Walker, and carried out by Mr. J. N. Douglas.
BistritBA. Roumanian inin-boat. 100 tons. Of
no lighting value.
Bits. The anchor ih .>uttd to bite when it holds
fast in the* ground.
Blttam. British torpedo-boat destroyer. (Bar-
row, 1S97.) Length. 310 ft.; beam, si ft.: draught,
5} ft.; displacement. 300 tons; complement, 60;
annamFnt, i la-pdr., 5 6-pdr.. 2 tubes ; tMrtn
screw; Hp., 6,000=30 kts. ; coal, 8a torn.
Bitti. Cro45 timbers or iron to secure the cables
when the ithip rides at anchor.
BXW. DistJngihiihing letters on sea fiahing
boats registered at Brock in Waterland, Holland.
Bile. A cold, piercing wind of Langncdoc.
BJ«rke. Ku^uian torpedo-boat. (PutilofT, 1S90.)
length ij6 ft. : beam, 13 ft. ; draught. y\ ft. ;
dtsplacvmenf. Si ions; armament, i tubes; Hp.,
i.sjo—ai kts.; coal. 1; tons.
Bjoni. Swedish armoured gun-boat. 460 tons.
Of no fighting value.
BJL Distinguishing letters on sea fishing boats
registered at Berwick -on-T weed, England.
Bk. Baak. .Abbreviation adoitted on tht; charts
issued by the Itydrographic Office. .Admiralty.
B/L. BUI of Lading.
B.L. Distinguishing letters on sea fishing boats
registered at Blankenham, Holland.
BX. Distinguishing letters on sea fishing boats
registered at Bristol. England.
Blaok Book of Admiraltjr. Tin: Black Book of
Admiralty, sai<.I Lo Imvi? betrn partly compiled
during the rcigii of Edward III., is a collection ol
■* ancient statutes of the Admiralty to be observed
both upon the ports and havens, the high seas, and
beyond liic seas "... " having been from lime
to time kept in the registry of the Court for the use
of the Jndges of the Admiralty." It is now pre-
served at the Royal Courts of Justice. Rtftr lo
" Laws of Olcron."
Blaek, John 0. (b, Glasgow, March 31, 1864).
Educated Blair Lodge, and on leas-ing school was
aittded to Messrs. Russell and Aitken, Falkirk.
■oliciton, and at the same time studied Naval
Architecture at the Technical College, Glasgow.
Finding that the law was not to his liking, his
father apprenticed him to Messrs. Blackaddvr and
Co., and finally to Messrs. Shanks and Bell, of
Yoker. Alter serving an apprenaceship be took up
activr seat We, ttnd rti 1895 *«s appo?trt«l chief
ofticer of the florpAcv, and was the means of saving
the lives of so many men of the steamer CharlftLood,
which was in collision off the Longshjp "Light with
the Bot^hesc. He afterwards commanded thia
steamer, and in iijon the PlanH Mnn ; igoi.
the We^mmsifr. which \v:is used by the .\raeri-
can Government in the Spanish-Amcricnn war to
carry coals for Admiral Dewey's fleet. la 1903 he
retired from the sea and became Marine Superin-
tendent to the Monarch Steamship Co. He «
President of the Shipmasters' and Officers' Associa-
tion, and editor of the " Scottish Shipmaster," and
is the head of the movement which has for its
object the e«tablislimcnt of a Xautical College to
Glasgow.
Publications : " Our Mercantile Marine." a
number of papers on the education of Mercantile
Officers ; " Position of our Merchant Shipping " ;
" Sanitation and IJWng Acconrmodntion on British
Cargo Steamers " ; " Discipline of Merchant
Ships."
Blackbani, C* J. (b. November ai, iSsa). Marine
engineer. Served his apprenticeship at Messn.
Laird Brothers, Birkenhead ; was appointed
.\ssistant Superintendent Engineer to the Guion
Line, and held the appointment for seventeen
years, until tht company was wound up in tSus ;
appointed Superintendent Engineer to the Isle of
Man Steam Packet Co.. and was closely connected
with the building of the paddle steamer Empress
Queen, and the turbine steamer ViJtin^. the two
fastest steamers of their class a6o3t.
Blukpool Pugeoger Bteunlioat Co^ Ltd., with
Uicir head offices at Blackpool, maintain daily
sailings from Blackpool to Douglas (Isle of Man),
Llandudno, Southport. Liverpool, Manchester.
Morecambo, and Fleetwood.
Fleet.
Btitt. Greyhound.
Dickersto^e. Qwfen of the North.
Wellinifton.
Black Prince. British ist class cmiscr. (Thames
lronwork.s. 1904.)
Length 480 ft. Beam 73ft. Maximum draught 2yli.
Displacement 13,500 tons.
Gvm. A rmour.
6 — 92 in-. SO "1- " Krupp.'*
10—6 in. 6 in. Beit amidships.
24 — 3 pdr. 6 in. Barbettes.
8 — li pdr. Pompoms. 7 in. Conning tower.
Torptdo Tubes (18 in.).
3 Submerged.
Twin screw. Hp, ^3.500 = 22-33 kts. Coal maxi-
mum 3,000 tons. Approximate cost £i,t5o,(xx>.
This ship-name was introduced into the Navy
in lh.(8 : the first Blaik Prince, which was driven
ashore by Blake's squadron. iA<n, had on board
Prince Rupert.
BLACK
78
BLAKE
Black Sea» or Euxlnc, from the old Roman name
Hontus Etixinus. is a large inland sea in the south-
cast of Europe, bounded on the north and cast by
Russia, on the south by Asia Minor, and the west by
Turkey, Bulgaria, and Roumania. It is entered
from the Medilcrranean throuj^h the channel of the
Dardanclirs or Hcllcapontw*, the Sea of Marmara
or I^opontis, and the chaiuiel of Constantinople or
Tbractian Bosphorus ; and it is connected with the
Sea of AxofE by a strait bct^vcen the Crimea and
the Isle of Taman, known as the Strait of Kcrtch or
Yenikale. The basin of the Black Sea is of an
irregular ovate form with a nearly flat bottom ; its
greatest length from east to nest is 720 miles ; its
gruatcsit breadth is in its western portion, between
ihe estuary o( the I>uieper on the north and the
mouth of the Sakaria on tlie south, where it Ls
3S0 miles. Its total area, including the Sea of
Azo0. is about 172,500 square miles. In the centre
of the basin the maximum depth is about 1,227
fathoms. The uniform mean temperature of the
sea is about 46-0, but during the summer the
surface water rises in temperature from 54* F. in
May, to 78° in August. The wmds are variable
except during tlie summer, when they generally
blow from the north-east, while at other seasons
southerly or south -westerly winds often pn;vail.
The area is wiy subject to fogs, and remarkable
lor the rapidity with which violent stonns not
unfn:qucntly rise, often to subside again with like
rapidity. This aca is practically destitute of islands
and seldom freezes, even along the shore. The
salinity of the Black Sea water varies at different
periods of the year, and is about half the salinity
of ordinary sea water.
Sm Sir John Murray 00 the " Deposits of the
Black Sea " (igoo).
Black Sea Yacht Club. Established i87s> ^^■
nuKlore, Angelo Aiuitra ; Vice-Commodore, Baron
Wladimir Mahs ; Rear -Commodore, N. Grodschi ;
Treasurer. Angelo Anatra ; Honorary' Secretary,
S. I. Doojau, Odessa. Entrance fee, 100 roubles ;
annual subscription, 30 roubles.
Bladutrake. The range of plank immediately
abtivc the wales in a ship's side.
Blacktlioru Winter. The cold weather, accom-
panied by keen north-east winds, which sometimes
occurs about the second week in April, when the
blackthorn is in bloom.
Blackwall Eitob. See Knots.
Blackwater. British torpedo-boat destroyer.
(Laird, 1903.) length, 225 ft.; beam, 23 it.;
draught, 10 it. ; displacement, 550 tons ; com-
plement, 70; armament, I i2-pdr., 5 G-pdr., 2
tubes; twin screw; lip., 7,000=25 kts. ; coal,
130 tons.
Biackwat«r Sailing Club. Commodore, J. H. T.
Tudabery; Vice-Coniuiodore. Walter H, Grayj
Rcar-Commodorc, E. Copland ; Honorary Secretary
and Treasurer. T. Lauranco Eve. Friary. Mald<
Essex ; Qub House. Heybridge Basin, Essex.
Entrance fee, los. ; annual subscription, los.
Blackwood, Tic^-Admirsl Hon. Sir Htnr; (177°-
1832). As Ucutenaul of the Invinciblg took part in
Howe's battle of June i, 1794, and in the following
year in Bridport's action he commanded the
Migma. In 1780 was attached to tlie squadron
blockading Malta, where ht> distinguished himulf
in the Penelope by attackmg the GuHlairu Telt,
which he captured. At the battle of Trafalgar,
he rendered good scr\'ice in the Euryatus.
brought home the despatches announcing the
victor>-. In 1637 he was appointed Commander-in-.
Chief at the Nore.
Blade. A flat part of an oar which is plunged
into the water in rowing.
Blake. Briti^li ist class cruiser. (Chatham,
1899.)
I-engtli 375ft. Beam 65ft. Maximum draught 27ft.
Displacement 9, 1 $a tons. Complement 590.
LUlf
rw/. I
Igar^
and^l
e
I
Armour.
"Steel and Compound."
6 in. Deck.
12 in. Conning tower.
Gttns.
1 — 9*2 in.
10—6 in.
16 — 3 pdr.
2 — 9 pdr. Boat.
7 Machine.
Torpedo Tubes (14 in.).
2 Submerged.
2 Above water.
Twin screw. Hp. natural ]j,oou^iS'5 kts.,
forced 20,000^22 kts. Coal maximum 1,800 tons.
This ship-name was first introduced into the
Navy in t8o8, and is associated with the bom-
bardmtint of Flushing, 1809.
Blake, Robert (159S-i(j57). British admiral
(b. Bridgcwatcr). Was appointed commander of
the BntisJi Flett, 1649. and in the following year
destroyed most of Pnnce Rupert's squadron at
Malaga. In 1651 he captured the Scilly Isles and
Jersey. Appointed to command the Fleet, assisted
by Rear-Admiral Bourne, against the Dutch in
1654 ; he defeated van Tromp in the Downs, and De
Witt and De Ruyter ofl the mouth of the Thames.
He sustained a reverse, however, at the hands of van
Tromp ofi Dungeness. In 1653, after an indecisive
action with van Tromp ofl Portsmouth, he met the
same antagonist off the Dutch coast and finally
routed him. Van Tromp was killed in this action.
In 1656, when war broke out with Spain, be took
charge of the blockading squadron off Cadii.
sailing from there to Tencrifle, where, finding & ,
naval force at Santa Cruz, he attacked and defeated J
them. He died August 17, 1657. on board his
flagship the George, vnthin sight of Plymouth
Sound.
5m Hcpworth Dickson's " Robert Blake '*
(1853); "A Life," by Dr. Samuel Johnson
J
BLAKELY
79
B.L.O.
^777)' D- Hannay's "Life of Blake" (tSS6) ;
[*' The First Dutch War." (Navy Rccorrls Society,
1 189*)- 1 900.)
Bl&kely. U.S. torpedo-boat (1900}. Displace-
Iveat, 165 toos ; guns. 3 i-pdr. ; torpedo tubes. 3
ri6-in. ; maximum spccU, 26 kts.
Blanche. Frigate. On March 4, 1807, this
Iveaset was lost on the French coast, when 45 men
shed.
Blanche Net. On November 35, 1 120, this
LvesscI was wrecked ofl Barfleur. The children of
PBcnry I. and a large number of attendants were
on board ; 363 persons perished.
Blanco-Enoalada. Cbiltan cruiser. (Elswick, 1893.)
Sheathed and co[)pered.
iX-cngth 370ft. Beam 46ft. Maximum draught loft.
Displacement 4,420 tons. Complement 427.
dms. Armour.
i — 8 in. '■ Steel."
10 — 6 in. 4 in. Deck.
12 — 3 pdr. 6 in. Conning tower,
lo— 1 pdr. 6 in. Gun shields.
Torpedo Tubes (18 in.).
5 Above water.
Twin screw. Hp. 11,000=21*79 kts.; forced,
■ §4. 000 = 22*78 kt». Coal maximum 900 tons.
Bland Line, was founded by Messrs. M. H.
Hand and Co.. Ltd., Gibraltar, and maintains
I* regular &teaju service between Gibraltar and
Tangiers, carrying the mail ; and frequent sailings
i.to and from Tctuao, Mclilla. I-arache. Rabat, and
|Other Morocco ports. They also undertake salv-agc
vork. and maintain the ocean tug and salvage
ner Rescut, together with an efficient staff of
liven, mechanics, etc. They were instrumental
flo ting H.M.S. AisistaMos {q.v.) from her
^pcrilons position on the shores of Tetuan Bay in
Dber, 1905.
Flbkt.
Do^in. Gibet Afusa
Express. Gibet Tarik.
Gibel Habid. NeUie.
Gibet Kebir. Rescue.
Seagutt.
Bluer. British 3rd class gun-boat [254 tons).
^Launched 1870.
Bleiuia. Swedish gun-boat (500 tons). Of no
gfating value.
Blmhftiin, 74 guns. Admiral Sir T. Troubridge.
> February- i. 1607, this vessel foundered near the
llaland of Rodriguex, East Indies, when aU on board
pperishcd.
Blenheim. British ist class cruiser. (Tliames
Jlronunrks, 1S90.)
ngl^b ^7Sf^' Beam 6$ft Maximum dranght 37ft.
Displacement g.150 tons. Complement 590.
Gutu. Armouf.
2 — 9'a in. " Steel and Compound."
10 — 6 in, 6 in. Deck.
16 — 3 pdr. 12 in. Conning tower.
2 — 9 pdr. Boat.
7 Machine.
Torpedo Tubes (14 in.).
2 Submerged.
2 Above water.
Twin screw. Hp. natural 1 3,000 = i8'5 kts,,
forced 2o.ooot=22 kts. Coal maximum i.Soo tons.
This ship-name was first introduced into the
Navy in i/o^;). and commemorates the victory o(
the Duke of Marlborough over the Frcncli in 1704.
It is associated with Howe's relief o( Gibraltar,! 78a ;
Hotham's action at Genoa, 179; ; the battle off
Cape St. Vincent, 1797 ; and the Baltic, 1854.
Blerrie Castle. On December 25, TS59. this
vessel sailed from T.ondon Docks for Adelaide.
She was lost in the Channel ; $7 persons were
drown L'd.
Bli^ WlllUm (17^4-18 r 7;. British admiral
(b. Cornwall). Saw 5iervice under Captain Cook.
1772-74 ; took part in the action off the Doimer
Bank, r78i : and Howe's retici of Gibraltar, 1782.
In 1788 commanded the Bounty {q.v.). and after his
adventures on th.it voyage was promoted captain ;
commanded ihc Warrior, 1794. off Ushant : the
Director, 1707. at Camperdown ; and the GtatiSH.
1801. at Copenhagen. Was a brave and first -rate
seaman, but one of the worst of t>Tants in days
when tyrannical naval commanders were too
numerous. Utfer to Naval Mutinies.
Blink. Norwegian torpedo-boat. (Christiania.
lyoj.) Length. 115 It.; beam. 14 ft.; draught.
f> ft. ; displacement. 65 tons ; armament. 2 i'^ in.,
2 tubes ; Hp.. 650= 19 kts.
Blit3L German 3rd class cruiser. (lOd. 188a.)
Displacement, 1,390 tons; Hp. z,70Oi=l5'5 kts.
Of no fighting valne.
BUtl. Austro-Hungarian torpedo gun-boat.
(Schichau, 1 88S.» Practically of no 6ghtin^
value.
Blixi Swedish torpedo-boat. tKarlskiona, 1898.)
Length 1 28 ft. ; beam, 15 ft. ; draught, 7 ft. ; dis-
placement, 93 tons; complement, t8 : armament,
3 l*9-in. (q.f.), 2 tuln-s ; Hp., i,250ss23 lets.; coal,
17 tons.
BUuud. A violent and bitteily cold wind
accompanied with blinding snow.
B.L^. Distinguishing letters on sea ft<)hing
boats registered at Blakhus, Holland.
bUt. Black. .Abbreviation adopted on the charts
issued by the Hydn^raphic Office. Admiralty,
denoting the qnahty of the ocean's bottom.
BX.O. Distingaishing letten on sea Tt^hing
boats registered at Blokzijl. Holland.
JLOCK
So
BLOM FIELD
Block. A shc-t) ol wooci or metal containing
sheaves for rmuiiDj; ropes.
" BlOOkade is a sipRe carriwi on by surrountling a
place uith hofttic troops or ships, soaa to prevent
the besieged Jrorr rocnving any supplies o( men or
provisions, or having any communication from
without." Tlie law of nations imposes no obliga-
tion n|xin ne\itxal3 to abstain from breach o(
hlotlcade, ard a State does not violate law^ of neu-
trality ioT failing to prevent its aubjccLi from com-
mitting breaches. For breach of blockade >thips and
cargo are liable (o confiscation, proxided notice of
such blockade has been brought lo the master's
knoivledge. and there has boon some act of viola-
tion, either by coming in or going out with a cargo
laden after the commtuccmt-nt of blockade. But a
neutral i.** generally allowed to leave a port with such
cargo as has l>een bona fidt purchased and delivered
before blockade. By the Dedaraticjn of Pahs
Kq.v.) blockadc-s to be binding must be effective.
Refct Ic Pajjcr Blockade.
Blohm and Voss. The Hamburg ahipyaxd of
Blobm and Voss, which lies on the Stainwardcr.
wa.H roiinde<I in 1877 by Messrs. Hermann Blohm
and Ernest Vos>*. The area of the dockyard is
about 50 acres, and tbrre is a vast water frontage.
The most important feature of the yard is the
repairing tiepariment. There arc five tloating
docks- N'os. t and 2 have 3,000 Iq 4700 tons
capacity, witli six departments, and can take thri.'e
ships of over 300 ft. in length : No. 4 a capacity of
I7.5(^ tons, and can take ship up to 500 It. in
length. It was in Docks No.s. i and 2 that the
lengthening of the Norddeutscher Lloyd steamers
Preussen. Bayern, Sachscn, and Pfalt was done.
These vessels were cut in two, and by means of
specially dcvi.«d hydraulic machinery pulled apart,
the Pnussen was lengthened 70 ft., and the other
three 50 ft. In the dockyard on tlic othri side of
tile wharf lies dock No. 3, which ha^i a capacity of
17.000 tons; it is furnished with steam boilers,
machines, dynamos, and in time of war can he
transported to any naval base to dock ships re-
quiring to be repaired. Hock No. 5. which is
ncaring completion, will be thr largest steam dock
ever constructod, and is to have a capacity of 35.000
tons, which will enable it to take the largest warship
or vessel belonging to the mercantile marine in
existence.
The 3*ard contains six slips in which stiijis of up to
600 ft. in length can be built, while on tlic opposite
side of the dockyard there ^re separate sUtwi for
warship building. The machine shop is furnished
with all the Litest and best appliances for the
building of marine engines, and contains electri-
cally driven travelling cranes ol 10 to 30 loiut
lifting capacity. 'Ihe boiler shop hx«i also Uiree
travelling cranes of jo tons capacity, and contains
all the necessary machinery for the turning out of
large marine boilers.
On the quays are the necessary cratws for the
reception and setting in place of machinery and
boilers, one atcam crane of 100 tons capacity, and
several small cranes, steam and electric turn
cranes, and on the sonthcm part of tlio quay a crai
of 150 tons and one portal crane of 50 tons,
establishment employs an average of 5.000 worF
men.
Of the cargo and passenger vessels built at this
yard mention may be made of the foUowi:
modem ships :
Tool dt.i[>t. Tout oil'
tlatbaranaa
Prctof~ta
tlnlnnrui ...
Fhocnicn
Gr.if Waltl^rgee ,.
.Vitilkt
niuchtr „
Pi't%dam
I MOO
19.300
IS. too
23.300
21.000
2IM0
23,000
•J.0OO
13 UXi
tl.JOO
lJ.ioa
10.000
in.ooo
1 >.D00
H«mbun( AtiimcA Lia
HoIIaod America Line.
Kotierdam
4
and the pleas u re -yadtt Priniessin Victarut Lu
S.oootons displacement, for the Hamburg- A meri<
Ijnr.
Of warships the 1st class battleship Kaiser
Cnrl der Grosse, oi 11.152 tons displacement. 13,500
I.Hp.. with a speed of 175 kts. ; the cruiser Frit-
drich Carl, 9.000 tons displacement, 17.700 I.Hp..
21 kts. speed; the ctTjiser Voicft, 9.500 tons dis
placement, 19,000 I.Hp., 21 kts. speed ; and a large
new cruiser not yet completed, of J 1.500 too*
displacement.
Blom, Ohristtan [b. Horten. Norway. Wiy
1870). Norwegian naval architect ; commander in
the Ko>'al Norwegian Navy. In i38*> entered Nor-
wegian Naval Academy, amd promoted sub-lieu-
tenant i8gi ; in iSy5 went to France to study
naval architecture at the I'ficole d'.VppUcation da
Genie Maritime in Paris, gaining his diploma with
Iir5t<la55 honours; from 1897 to it>oa acted aa
assistant-director of naval constniciion at Horten,
and in 1902, having risen to commander in the
Navy, retired from active sea life and became
director of naval construction.
3 tM^i
Blomfleld^Tice-Admiral Riobard Masii*, K.C.M.G
cr. i^o-t. C.Bf.6., i.»-\i (b. J.S35). Educated at
Stevenage Grammar School; entered Navy. 184a;
served in the Crimean campaign as midshipman.
mate, and lieutenant of A^amsruHon and Roy^
Albert ; mate of tht- first launch of the Royd
Albcfi in AKjfl Expedition. 1855 (Crimean and
Turkwh medals, Sebastopol and .\zofi clasps) ;
Ueutenant of H.M.S. Hero, conveying H.R.H. the
Prince of Wales, now King Edward VII., repre-
senting H.M. the late Queen, to the British American
colonics and back, i860; commander. 1S66 ; cap-
tain. 1873; member of the .-Vdmiralty Torpedo
Committee, 1873-76; Comptroller of Port of .\lcx-
andria from the instilutiwn uf tliat olTice in 1879;
present by invitation uf Cninmandcr-in-Chiei on
his flagship during the boiiibardmeot of Alexandria,
iS82 ; received Medjidie, jrd Class, August 1S83.
from the Khedive of Egypt in recognitioo ol his
«
BLOODHOUND
8i
BOBSTAYS
servic<« whilst actually and entirely eanployed by
His Highness beyond Her Majesty's dominion :
granted Eg>']>Uao war medal and Star of Egypt for
wrviccs rendered to H.M. Government and the
Khedive during the events of 1S82 ; Deputy Con-
troUer General of Eg>'ptian ports and lighthouses.
1888; Comptroller General, 1901 ; rcccivcMl the
order of Qsnianit-h 3rd Class from the Khedive and
Her Majesty 'i4 j»tr iiiiHsion to wear it, iSiji.
Publications ; Papers in Alexandria Archao-
logical Society's Bulletins.
Bloodbottnd. British 3rd Class gun-boat (254
tonsi. I,a;Miehed 1871.
Blossom. Ship. S*g Arctic Exploration.
Bloxamise. The method adopted by Mr. J. C.
Bloxani lo obtain smoothed mean \-alues.
Blae Funnel Line. 6V« Ocean bteam&hip Co..
Ltd.
BlDeJuket and CoAstgnard Gaxette. Published
monthly. I^'icc i<l. Addr e-.-,s : ; i Old Bailey,
London. E.C.
BUw Pster. A blue flag with a white square in
the centre, lltiii signal when hoisted at the fore
Lop-maat head denotes the vessel is about to sail.
BhMWftter. The open ocean.
Bluff. Abrupt high land projecting almost per-
pendicularly into the sea.
B.K. Diatingnishlng letters on sea fishing boats
registered at Bnxham, England.
Bn. Beacon. .\bbrc\-iBtion adopted on the
charts issued by the Hydn^raphic Offic*. Ad-
miralty.
BiV. DistinguishiDg letters on sea fishing boats
registered at Boston, Lincolnshire, England.
B.O. Distinguishing letters on sea fisliing boats
registered at Borrows toncss. Scotland.
B<NU Austro-Hunganan torpedo-boat. (Yar-
row. 189S,) LenRth, i $2 ft. ; beam, 15 ft. ; draught,
7i ft; displacement, 133 tons, complement. 24:
armament. 2 3-pdr. q.f.. 3 tabes; Hp.. »,ooo =
24 ktJ. : coal, 30 tons.
BoadiMa. Transport, lost near Kinsale, Janu-
ary 3t, 1816. when over 200 of the 82nd Regiment
peiisbed.
Board. Timber sawn to a leas thickness llian a
plank. .\I1 such timber Is under i^ in. in thick-
ness.
Boudiog-Dettiog. .\ stout rope netting placed
to obstruct an enemy.
Botrd of Ttade, The, was established in 1660 as
a couns<.-J ol trade for keeping control and auper-
mtendcDcv upon the whole commerce of the nation,
la 1872 Its functions were transferred to the Pn\y
Council, and four years later a new Board was
appointed lor the consideration of all matters re-
lating to trade and foreign plantations, with powers
of a purely coasultativc character. In 1840 tlic
Board of Trade was first entrusted witli adminis-
trative functions, which have since increased in
proportion to tlie doclme of its consultative duties.
The powers of the Board ol Trade are now ^urtly
ministerial and partly Judicial, and are constantly
being extended by statutory ejiactments.
The Board is under the dtn.>ction of a president,
a Parliamentary secretary, a permanent secretary,
and four .-uuiRtant secretaries, who. together with
a stafi, transact the whole bu&lucxs. though there
are many e.v-officio membern on the commitfoe.
There are seven departments — viz. 1 The Statistical
.-md Commercial, the Railway, the Marine, the
Harbour, the Finance, the Fisheries, recently trans-
ferred to the .\^icultural apd Fisheries Board
iq.v.). antl ilit- Baitkruplcy DcpartmcnL
Board ol Trade JooroaL EstabUahed 1886. Pub-
lished weekly (Tliursday). Price td. Address :
East Harding Street. London. E.C.
Boat The regulations respecting boal^ are con-
tained in sections 4^7-431 of the Merchant Shipping
Act, 1894, and are set out in detail under the
rules made by the Board of Trade (19025 for life-
sa%ing appliances. Bnti.sh ships arc divided into
divisions and classes, according to their tonnage
and trade, and for each class a minimum number
of boats, Ufeboats. rafts, jackets, and buoys is
specified. For failure to carrv the minimum
number of boats, etc.. and to kei.-p the same in
proper repair and ready for use. tlie master (if in
default] shall t>c liable to a fine of ^50, and the
owner (if in default) to a fine of ^loo, for each
offence. A British sliip, not provided with life-
saving appliances in accordance with tbb Act,
may be detained until the defects are rcmcthod.
In Uoyd's policy boats are included as part of
the ship. When na\'igated at sea boats carry the
lantern prescribed by Article 7 of the Regulations
for preventing collisions at sea (q.v.).
The method of ascertaining the measurement
and carrying capacity of boats is briefly as follows :
Length (outside) x breadth (outside) x depth
(inside] X '6. The product is the measurement of
the boat in cubic feet. The carrying capacity of a
boat is equal to the number of cubic ft^^t in her
measurement divided by (a) 10 io the case of a
lifeboat having at least one cubic foot of air-tight
compartments for every ten cubic feet of her
measurement, and (6) 8 in the case of other boats.
Refer to Merchant Shipping Act
Boatswain. The seaman who has charge of the
crew, boat sads, ship sails, rigging, canvas, colours,
anchor, cable, etc.. and pipes the hands to their
sevenU duties.
Bobstayt. Ropes or chains used to keep the
bowsprit down.
BOCKLIN
S3
BOKHARA
BOeUla, Arnold (iSz^'Tqoi). Swiss painter (b.
Baspl}. Studied 'Paris, Antu-crp, Brussels: acted
as art teacher at Weimar. 1866-71 : lived at Flor-
ence. 1874-85, Zurich, 1885-92, and moved to Fien-
sole, 1892. where he died. Among hia most re-
markable works arc " Pian Amongst the Reeds."
" Pirates Phindering a Castle." *' Island o( the
Dead," " Pa.nic Terror," " The Sport o( the Waves,"
" The Stillness of the Sea," " Tritons Nereids."
Bodroff. Austro-Hungarian river monitor.
I-tiiRth J84 (t. Beam ^i ft. Draught 4 ft.
Displacement 433 tons. Complement 60.
GuHS, A rmour.
3— 4'7 in. " Harvcy-nickeL"
1 — 4'7 in. a. in. Belt amid:<hips.
Howiteer. 3 in. Big guiishields.
Hp. 1,400=^13 kts. Coal 65 tons.
Bodiy. Russian torpedo-boat destroyer, (Ncv-
sky. 1902.) Length, 196 ft. ; beam, 18 ft. : draught,
ni ft. ; clisplacemt-nt. 350 tons; armament. I 13-
pdr., 5 .vpdr,. 3 tubfs; Hp., 6,000 = 27 kts.
Body. The main strength of a fleet.
Body-plan. A section supposed to cut the \-e«8d
tlirough her broadest part showing the breadth of
her timbers.
Bogatyr. Russian armoured cruiser. (Valkan
Co., 1901.)
Ixngth 437ft. Beam 5 21 1. Maximum draught 35ft.
Displacement 6,550 tons. Complement 573,
Ouus. Armaut.
12 — 6 in. " Knipp."
12— tspdr. 3 in. Deck.
8—3 pdr. 3 in. Turrets.
2 — ) pdr. 3 in. Casemates.
6 in. Conning tower.
Torpedo Tubts,
2 Submerged.
I Above water bow.
1 Above water stern.
2 Above wftter training.
Twin screw. Hp. 19.500—23 kts. Coal maxi-
mum i.Doo tons.
Bohrdt, Hans (b. 1857}. German marine painter.
His works comprise numerous pictures depicting
sea and ships, among the best known being " Re-
ception of King William II. at Spithcad," " The
Meteor " (1891). " Brandenburg's First Sea Fight "
{1893), which were purchased by the Emperor
William II.. " Opening ol the Baltic Canal " (1896).
"Sea Fight off Gothland" (I'joi), " Tht Viking's
La^t Voyage " {1896).
Boievou Russian toxpedo-boat de:>troyi^r (1905).
Length, i8s ft.; beam, 21 ft.; draught, 74 ft.;
displacement, 324 tons ; complement, 60 ; arma-
ment, j 12-pdr., 5 3-pdr.. 2 tube.1 ; tvein screw;
Hp., 5.600=36 kts. ; coal, 100 tons.
Boilcf. Russian torpedo-boat destroyer. (Nev-
sky. 1000.) Length. 196 ft. ; beam, 18 ft ; draught,
irj ft.; displacement, 350 tons; armament,
I i2-pdr.. s 3-pdr., 2 tubes; Hp.. 6.000 = 28 kts. ;
coal. '10 tons.
Boiler compoiitioiu. The life of a steam boiler,
and the method of working it economically, depends
to a great extent on the kind of water used. The
principal impurities which tend to reduce the life
and steam -producing qualities of the boiler are :
bicarbonate of calcium and ii)agne»(iitm. magnesium,
chloride of calcium, sulphate, and common salt
in sea water.
A large number of patented anti-incrusfation
compounds are advertised, the baiiis of tlie majority
being some form of alkali.
BoQers, Harine, the most general type of which
is known as the Scotch boiler, consist of a short
horizontal, cylindrical steel shell with flat end plates.
and provided with several internal furnaces com-
municating with, internal combustion cluunbers.
Another variety, the double-ended boiler, has
furnaces at both ends of the shell, with a common
combustion chamber. The single-ended marine
boiler is practically half a double-ended boiler.
Watcr-tiibc hoilcrs an; those in which tliK steam
is generated from water contiined in ttun lubes of
small diameter, by heat applied to the outside of tlie
tubes.
There are numcrou:» forms of water-tube boilers,
among which may be mentioned tlic Babcock and
Wilcox Boiler, the Stirling Boiler, the BelxHIlc Boiler,
etc., etc,
Boilers are defined by the Boiler Explosion Act
{1882} as "any closed vessel used for generating
steam, or for heating water or other liijuids, or into
which steam is admitted for heating, steaming.
boiUng, or other similar purposes." and includes
pipes conveying steam. This Act provides that a
notice of e\-ery boiler explosion, except those
occurring to boilers in His Majesty's service, shall
Ix" sr,nt to the Board of Trade within twenty-four
hours of its occiirrence.
By the Merchant Shipping Act (1S94), section 435.
a report of any incident to a steamship, causing
loss of life or injury to the person, or affecting the
seaH'orthiness of the vessel, or her efficiency either
in her hull or in any part of her machinery, must
be -lent by her owner or master to the Board of
Trade as soon as possible. For failure without
reasonable cause to comply with this section, the
owner or master .shall be liable to a fine not ex-
ceeding £$0. This section applies to all British
ships and to foreign ships carrying passengers
between places in the United Kingdom, ftefef to
Inspection of Ships.
Bokbara. P. and O. steamer on her way from
Slianghni to Hong Kong, wrecked off Sand Island.
in tlie Pescatloies group, during a typhoon. October
10, 189a ; 12; lives lost.
B.OX.
83
BONE
BX^.L. Distinguishiiig leCten on eea fishing
boats rogistrrcd at Brock op Langcdijk, Holland.
Bold shore. That which has deep water close
to tt.
BoU&rds. Strong tinibm fixed vertically into
the ground by which vessels are secured to the
shore.
Bolster. Smalt cushions of tarred canvas to
pziacrve the stays from beinf; chafed by the masts
when the ship pitches.
Bolton Steamship Co., Ltd.. owned and managed
by Messrs. F. Bollun and Co., I_ondon. have a fleet
of six modern steamers engaj^ed in cargo trade.
Flbxt.
Hamsay. Romney.
Reynolds. RosuUi.
Ribera. Rubens,
Bolt-rope. A superior rope made of fine yam
stitched round the edge of a sail to prevent the
canvas from tearing.
Bolti. A cylindrical pin of metal, used to unite
the diflerent parts of a vessel, varied in form
according to the places where they are required,
tn «hiphuilding, bolts which completely penetrate
a structure are through bolts, and those which
only paitly do so arc blunt bolts. Drift-bolts are
osetl to dri\-e Out others. Bay-twits have jags or
barbs on each side to keep tbem from flying out of
theirfades. Clench-lx>lU arc clenched with livetting
hammers. Fcnd-t>olt& are matle with long and
thick beads, and siiuck in the outermost bends of
the ship to save her sides from bruises. Set-bolts
are used for forcing the planks and Iiringiag them
close together. Scaqi-bolts and keel-bolts are
pointed, not chnched. and used for false keel or
Icmporai-y purposes. Bring-to bolts are fitted with
an eye at one end, and a knot and screw at the
other, for bringing to tlic ends at thf stem.
Bombarde. French torpedo-boat destroyer.
(Havre, igoj.) Ixngth, 185 ft. ; beam, ai It. ;
draught. lu ft. : displacement, 300 tons ; comple-
Bi«nt. 63 ; armament, i 9-pdr., 6 3-pdr., 3 tubes ;
twin screw : Hp., 6,ooo=s3fl kts. . coal. 75 tons.
Bombardmeot is more often a naval than a
milUar>- operation, and may be cither to bring
about capitulation or to destroy military stores,
arienals, dockyards, etc. In recent years the mo^t
notable bombardments ore tbose of Alexandria
and Port Arthur, the latter possibly the mo«t
tcnrit^e in history. The method employed was by
" sapping " and " mining," supported by a terrific
artillery fire. The guns used were the usual regular
siege guns of from 5-6 in. calibre, 47 and b in.
naval guns, ordinary field ordnance, and 1 1 in.
mortars weighing Aonie eight tons apiece. In all
joo guns were trained on the fortress. The mortars
fired a shell weighing about 500 pounds loaded
with an exploeive invented by Dr. Shimose, which
burst on contact. Ttiey had a maximum range of
seven to eight miles, but were tired within three
miles of the town. It is estimated that about
1 1 ,000 Russians m Vott Arthur were kiUed during
the various bombardmeut&.
Bombay. On December 14, 1864. this vessel
was burnt off Flores Tsland. near Hontcndcs, when
91 lives uTre lost.
Bombay Steam Navigation Co., with their head
office m Bombay, liave a Urge fleet of passenger
and cargo steamers maintaming a service on the
west coast of India as lar north as the Persian Gulf,
and south to Ceylon. A scr\'icc is maintained
at scheduled times from Bombay to Kurracbec^
calling at Kutch Manvie and intermediate ports
and vict versa ; a daily service from Bombay to
Goa. and vice versa ; a service at scheduled times
from Bombay to all ports south of C^oa. and vice
twsa. The vessels arc specially fitted for coolie
traffic, and haxx accommodation for as many as
1 ,600 passengers.
Bombe. French torpedo gun-txnt. (Havre.
1885.] Length, 196 It.; beam. 3r ft.: draught,
6 ft.; displacement. 413 tons; complement, 63;
guns, 4 S'l-in. ; 3 Maxims; torpedo tubes, 3
Hp., 2,000= 18 kts. ; coal maximum, too tuns.
Booftventore. Brtti&li 2nd class cruiser. (Devon-
port, 1892.)
Length 3Joft, Beam 49ft. Maximum draught 2iit.
EHspIacemcnt 4,360 tons. Complerm;ot 318.
Gums. Armour.
2— 6 in. "Steel."
8—47 in- * in- Dcck.
S — 6 pdr. 3 in. Coniiing tower,
r— 3 pdr.
Torpedo Tubes ( 1 8 in.).
4 Above water.
Twin sciew. Hp. natural 7.000=18 kta.. forced
9,000= 19*5 kts. Coal maximum 1,000 tons.
Approximate cost ^250,000.
This ship-name dating from the end of the
15th century is associated with the defeat of the
Armada, 1588; the last cruise of Drake and
Hawkins, 1595 : the Cadiz expedition, 1025 ; th*
battles off Dungeness, 1652. Beachy Head. 1690,
and Barfleur, 1692.
Bonded Prices Clause. See Clauses.
Bonded wuehoiise. A, is a place approved by
the Commissioner of Customs where dutiable goods
are deposiu^l without payment uf duty on landing.
Such places, which are under the control of revenue
officers, a0ord merchants lacihties for free exporta-
tion and for postponing the payment of duties
until the goods pasa to the consumer or retailer.
Bone, W. (b. Dcvonport. June 30, 1843). British
naval architect. Served apprenticeship Dcvonport
Dockyard from 1U57-64, and in 1867 gained diplonu
BON ETTA
BOREAS
as Fellow of the Koyal School of Nawd AreW-
tecture ; from 1867-69 acted as assistant-inspL-ctor
on the riyric for Ciovemment vtswis building under
contract ; in 1869 was appointed surveyor to
llo>"d's Registry* of British and Foreign Shipping,
and assisted the late Bernard Weymouth. Esq.. in
making tlit' great cliangc of their niles for scantlings
of vessels from tonnage basis to the present system.;
in 1876 became managing director of the Tyne
Iron Shipbuilding Co., Ltd., since which time he
has designed 150 vessels of all classes.
BonettA. British 3rd duss gun-boat (354 tons).
Launcla-d 1H71.
Bonite. French submarine. (Toulon, 1903.)
Length. 77 ft. ; beam. 7J ft ; draught, 8 ft. ; dis-
placement. fiS tons; complement, 5; Hp., 60 =
Skis.
BonneL An additional part laced to the foot of
a !>ail to i^aUier more wind.
Booby hatch. A readily removable companion
way.
Boom. A long spax run out to extend or boom
out the loot of any particular sail.
Boom-ironi. Metal supports through wfaJcb the
studding-sail booms traverse.
Booms. Spare spars.
Booth, Felix. 5m Arctic Exploration.
Booth lane, Ihe, founded in 1866 by Messrs.
AIfrer.1 Booth and Co., Liverpool, and was subse-
quently .nmalRamated in 1901 with the Red Cross
Line lounded by Messrs. R. Siagkhurst and Co.,
under the name and title of the Booth Steamship
Co,. Ltd. Tlic steamers maintain frequent
sailings from New York. iJverpoo!, Ha\Te, Oporto,
and Lisbon, to the Amazon ports of Para and
Manaos, and carry a great number of passengers
between Portuguese ports and tlic Amazon. The
company carries Ihe Royal mail tu Paxa and
Manaos, and iilao mails betwi.i:ii New York and
Braxil, The Iijuitos Steamship Co., Ltd., which
this company manage, liave a larj^c fleet of steamers
which trade more than 2,000 miles up the Amaxon
to IquitOH ill IVru.
Fleet.
Amtuon. CamcieHse. Horatio^
Ambrnse. Ceatensg. Hubert.
A HStlm, Clement. Jerome.
A ntony. Cutkbevt. }u.iiin .
Augustine. Dominie. Lan/ra»c.
Basil. DuMsluH. Madeirense.
BtHedict. Fluminense. Maranhense.
Bernard. Gvatigense. Obideme.
Boniface. Gf enory. Polyearp,
Hildrhrand.
Gross tonnage, 80,000.
mocti
crr^^J
lalt^l
ictie^l
The Iquitos Steamship Cc's
Flekt.
Bolivar. Javtiry, Nap<^
HuAscaf. Vcayali.
Cross tonnage. 5,000.
Boot-topping. A tgrm applied to sheathing
vessel with planking over felt.
Booty. Sea Prize.
Booty of War is property of a belhgerent {q.y
capturtul by an army on land and belongs to
Crown, although generally granted to the capti
as reward for their servicer. Booty ol war c>
sists principally of arms, provisions and mili
stores, private property beiog no longer liable
capture. By the advice ol a Privy CouoctI
questions relating to booty of war may be ref
to the Judges of the Prize Court ol Admiral
which ha-*:, by 3 and 4 Vict. c. 65. jurisdic
analogous to that in question of prize of war (f .
B.O.R. Di-stinguishing letters on sea 6shing
boats regiiitered at Bor^cle. Holland.
BOTA. A violent, cold, anticyclone wind, blowing
down from mountains close to the coast, if a cliillcd
tableland lies behind them. The Bora Of the
Adriatic is best known, but a similar wind b
observed elsewhere.
Borchgrevick, Canten Egaberg (1864. b.
tianta). At an early age went to Australia : ss
on the AtUatctic, 1894. and was among the
part>* to land on the Antarctic Continent, ift95.
i8«>S was given command of the Southern
expedition organised by Sir George N'ewnca ; on
hi.s return in iyo2 was deputed to tn\-C3ttgal^H
into the volcanic disturbances in the West Indie^^|
An account ol his first Antarctic voyage is pub-
lished in the Gth International Geographical Con^^
grcss, 1895. See Antarctic ExploratioD. . ^H
Boida, Jean Charles (1733-99)- Mathematician
and nautical astronomer (b. Dax). Educated
La Flechc ; visited the Azores and Canary Islands,
ol which he constructed an admiralile map ; was
an able mathematician and contributed a long
senes of valuable memoirs to the Academy of
Science. His researches in hydro-dynamics were of
great use for marine engineering, and the greater
part of tlic instruments employed in the task of
determining the arc of the meridian were invented
by him.
Bore. A sudden and rapid Hovr of a tide
«
Borea. Itahaa toipedoboat destroyer. (Naples.
190J.) Displacement. 330 tons ; maximum draught.
8 ft. ; armament, 5 6-pdr. ; lubes. 2 i8-in. ; Hp.^
6,000 = 30 kts, : coal, 80 tons.
Boreas. Man-of-war. On November 28. 1B07"
thi'^ vessel was lost upon Uie llannois Rock in the
Channel.
BOREE
85
BOSTON
BOTM. Ftench torpedo-boat .(189S). Displace-
ment. 140 tons ; complonient. 34 ; maximum
draught. 7) ft. ; guns. 2 j-pdr. : torpedo tubes,
3 15-in. ; VKin itcrew ; Hp., 3,3oo = jr kts. ; coal,
15 tons.
Borja da Moiota, Antoine Latmnt Joseph (b.
Naiitiis, SirptfinbtT ^y, i.'^44)- Eiliit.iti.'d Chaptal
College, and was admttttrd as a supernumerary
in tlie office of the Minlstr}* of Public Works in
1865 ; but subsequently in the same year entered
the scr\-ice of the Burr-au Veritas, whrrc he suc-
cearively held the poeition of Chief Accountant,
1876; general secretary. 1881 ; chief of the
administrative service, 1884 ; and was ultimately
choocD in i88g odminutrator of this important
Association. In tliese many capacitiex he has
taken a considerable part in the woik of this
Institubon, so useful to navigation and I'rench
Interaational Commerce ; he has reorganised the
offices of the Bureau Veritas in Kussia, Germany,
Italy, Swettcn, and Norway, and has coostaully
applied useful modifications or additions to the
publications of tbe Bureau Veritas, regarding the
construction ol ships. Connected with the " Reper-
toire general de la maiine marcbande " [General
Magazine of Merchant Marine) : treasurer and
member of the Burvau of llie Maritime Technical
Association ; was nominated in 1900 member of the
Head Council of the Merchant Marine. As recorder
of the universal Exposition section, he rend an
interesting report and document on the " Question
of Tonnage." and at the Congress of Lisbon held
May. 1904, by the International Association, read a
memoTvidtim on the " Load-hnc of Ships ot Com-
merce." Is Chcx-aiier of the Legion of Honour;
Chevalier of the i»t cla-ts of the Order of SL Olaf
of Norway ; associate member of the Institution
of Civil Engineers, and the Institution of Naval
Architects.
Borneo. Hutch gun-bont. (Glasgow, i8>)j.)
L Length 179ft. Beam 31 ft. Maximom draught ijlt.
I Displacement 787 tons. Complement 106.
I Guns.
I 6—41 in.
Hp. 1,000 = 13 ^^- Cool maximum 124 tons.
Borodino. Russian ist ctasa battleship. (New
Admiralty, 1901.) Sank by the Japanese at the
Baltic of Tsttshima, May 2y-2g, iiiO$.
Bomitia. l>ominion Line steamer. Sprang a
leak in mid-Atlantic, December 1, 1879, and went
down : 160 lives Irwt.
BoMnQoet, AdmirU Georfe Slanler (b. i8js).
Educated R.N. Academy, Gosport ; entered Navy
1848 ; mid. and acting mate ot Rodwy, 1854, in
Black Sea during Russian war; acting lieutenant
of Spitfitt. engaged at the taking of Kertch and
Ycnikale ; acting lu-utenant of Rodnty, in the
naval brigade before Sebastopol (Crimean and
Turkish n\edals. Sebastopol claap. and 5th Class
Medjidie) ; lieutenant of CaUulla flagship, engaged
in the bombardment and capture of the forts at the
entrance to the Peiho river, 1858 ; as lieutenant
in commiind of the Woodcock engaged wiUi the
north forts at the entrance to the I'eilio river, i860,
which were captured by the combined English and
French land forces (China medal, two Takn claap*} ;
in command of Flamer. served daring 0[)eration9
against the Taiping rebels, and was present on shore
at the taking of Min-hong.Kahding, Na-jow.Cho-lin ;
wounded in the attack on the city of Fuog-wha,
1861 ; mentioned in despatches ; employed in
various operations against pirntes in the neighbour-
hood of Chusan, 1873 ; severely wounded, in an
attack by rebels on Flamer. in llaog-chow Bay ;
mentioned in despatches ; Gold medal from Impe-
rial Government of China, and promoted to com-
HL-mder for distinguished services ; captain of
Northumberland during Ibr Egyptian war, 1 882
(Egyptian medal, BChedive's Bronze Star, Os-
manieh 3rd Class} ; rear-admiral 1887 ; vice-
ndmiml 1S92 ; admiral 1898 ; retired 1904.
Boscftwen, Edward. British admiral (1711-61}.
Present at Che taking of Porto Bello. 1740 ; and at
the siege of Carthagena, 1741 ; in May, 1747. he
distiiigiushcd himself in an engagement off Cape
Fmisterre, where ho captured ten French ships and
M. de Hocqoart, their commander ; in 1 748 be
laid siege to Pondicherry. and while there received
news of the peace, and Afadras was delivered up to
him by the French. In 1751 was made a Lord ol
the Admiralty, and chosen an Elder Brottier of
Trinity House ; in 1755 he mtercepted the French
squadron bound to North America, and captured
the Alcide and the Lys. and Hocquart became hts
prisoner for the third time. In tltis engagement
he captured 1,500 prisoners, and receivod on lua
return to England the thanks of Parliament. In
1759. when in command of the Meditcrraoean Fleet,
he pursued the French Fleet, and after a sliarp
engagement m Lagos Bay defeated them, capturing
three large .shijvs, burned two, and returned to
Spithcftd with his prizes and j.ooo pnsonent. He
died near Gnildiord, January 10, 1761, at the early
age of 50.
Boiton. U.S. 3rd class cruiser. (Chester, (SSf.)
Lengtli ;7ift. Beam 42ft. Maximum draught 20ft.
Displacement 5.000 ions. Complement 280.
Guns. Atmour.
a— 8 in. '■ Steel."
6— 5 in. i\ in. Deck.
6— 6pdr.
Hp. 4.000=15 kts. Coal maximum 450 tons.
Boiton StaaiiuhipCa^witli which i-f amalgamated
the Boston Tow-Boat Co.. with tlielr head office in
Boston, maintain a fleet of hve up.to-date cargo
steamers which trade to the Far East ; th(f two
latcet, the Shauntut and Tremont, having excellent
BOTH
36
BOURNEUl
passenger aceommodatioa, snd a sea sp«etl of
15 kts.
Flbkt,
Hyades. PUiodes. Shaumui.
Lyra, Ttenumt.
Gmss tonnage, 31,000^
Both sheets alt. Running before the wind.
Bottle Chart. Those on wluch the set oi surface
currents arc exhibited derived from papers found
in buttles wbich have been tbrciwa overlxiard for
ttiat purpose, and washed up on the beach, or
picked up by other ships.
Bottom. The part of a ship or boat which is
below the waves.
Bottomry. A bottomry bond is a marine con-
tract in writing, by which the master of a vessel,
in consideration of a sum of money advanced to
him, hypoihecatcs or binds the vessel as security
for the loan and interest. The object of such a
bond is in the interests of commerce, and to mci;t
the case of a vessel arriving at a foreign port,
where her master cannot obtain credit, in need of
repairs or necessaries the want of wtiich would
hinder her voyage. The property in the ship re-
mains in her owners, who are personally liable to
the lender, and this debt can only be defeated by
the actual total loss of the vessel. Where it is for
the benefit of all parties concerned height may be
pledged, and also cargo, but in the latter case the
master mtist if possible communicate with the
cargo-owners first. Among maritime hens a claim
under a bottomry bond take^ precedence of all
other claims except those for wages and salvage.
The Admiralty Division of the High Court, wbich
has almost exclusive jurisdiction over ail matters
relating to bottomry, will construe such bonds
liberally and with the principles of equity according
to the general tenor of their contents.
In marine insurance an insurable interest arises
thus : When a captain finds himself in a foreign
port and unable to defray his exi>cnsc3, and gt^ts
money on his own credit, or on the shipowner's,
he is empowered " in direst need " to raise money
by pledging his ship lor repayment, against her
arrival at her destination, the bond for the advH.nce
being payable a certain number of days after
arrival.
A "respondentia" bond is a similar advance.
but on cargo pledged as security. The lender of
the money has an insurable interest, but the interest
must be mentioned and specified in the policy of
insurance. (Glover 1/. Black, 3 Burr., 1.394.)
Money lent in bottomry or on respondentia do
not contribute in general average. (C, Joyce v.
Williamson, in " Park on Insurance," p. 48:.)
Bottomry Claase. See Clauses.
Bouch, Sir Thomas (1833-80). Civil engineer (b.
Thurriley). Entered the service of the Edinburgh
and Northern Railway Co., now the N.B.U. system,
and in 1849 beoaioe manager and engineor. mv
carried into effect the Hoaling ntilway for passi:
goods trains across the Firths of Forth and Tay.
He designed and superintended the constnictioa
of many large railway viaducts, and designed the
first Tay Bridge, which was begun in 1S70. This
Imdge fell in on December 28, 1879, with the train
which was crossing at the time. He was so affected
by the news that he never recovered from the shock,
and died shortly after. In June, 1879, he received
the honour ol knighthood.
Bonolier. French gun-boat (1884). Displace-,
ment. 170 tons. On service in Cochin China,
little fighting value.
Bondouria, Demetrim. Roar-admiral of the Greel
Navy (b. 1846), Entered Navy, 1863 ; com-
manding officer of Sphakietia during the Turco-
Greck war. 1897, and sent to Candia in charge of
torjiedo flotilla ; commanding oiTiccr of the Royal
yacht Amphitrite, 1889-1905 ; A.D.C. to the King,
[895 : A.D.C. Genera], 1905 : Admiral Superinten-
dent of Salamts Dockyard, 1905 ; was decorated
a Commander of the Ro^id Order of our Saviour.
1890.
BonealnTUIe, Loois Autoine de ([729-1811).,
French admiral. Served with Montcalm in Canada,
>7S^S9> ^i"l again in Gerinauy duriug the Seven
Years* War ; commanded the firat French expedi-
tion round the world, 1756-59. which led to many
important geographical discoveries ; acted as naval
commander in North jVmcrican war, and was mad«
a count by Napoleon.
Booatr* (i) A sam paid by the Government
exporters and manufacturers for the purpose
promoting a certain trade and enabling them to
undersell foreign rivals. The system has been
abolished in England.
(a) A sum paid to Army and Militia recruits.
(3) A sum distributed among the officers and
men of a warship lor naval services, other than
salvage or the capture of enemy's property.
Botint;. armed transport, with a crew of 44
ofiicers and men and two gardeners, left Spit-
head, December, 1 7S7, on a voyage to the South
Sea. On the night of .^prU 28. r789, when off
Tahiti, the seamen, led by Fletcher Christian, rose,
secured the arms, and then seized the captain and
took command of the ship. Christian, with most
of the crew, decided to retire to some unknowti
island. It was not until 1S14 that a man-of-war,
the Briiun, discovered Pitcaim's Island, and found
upon it John Adams, the sole survivor of the
Bounty mutineers, who had formed a colony there.
and installed himself chief. Hefer to Naval
Mutinies.
Bonrnflol. Australian emigrant vessel, Struck
on a reef in the Torres Straits, and became a total
wnsck, August 3, t8s3.
I
uy
i
4
BOURRASQUE
87
BOYD
BoomiirM. French torpedo-boat (1898). Dis-
placement. 140 tons; comptempnt. 34: maxunain
draught, 7^ ft. : guns, a ypdr. ; torpedo tubes.
3 15-in-: twin screw; Hp., 3,joo=3i kts. : coal.
15 tons.
BoBTSt French ist class battleship. [L'Orient.
1S96-)
I-engih 401ft. B<?am 70 ft. Maximum draught iSft.
Displacement 12.205 tons. Complement 630.
I Guns. Armour.
^^^ 2 — 12 in., 40 cal. ■* Spociol."
^^K 2 — fO'8 in. 16 in. Belt atnidsbips.
^^K 8 — 5*5 in. 15 in. Turrets.
^^^L 3 — 4 in. to in. Conning tower.
^K 10—3 pdr.
^^K JO — I pdr.
^^K^ Torpedo Tiiivs (177 in.).
^^^f z Submcn^ed.
I 2 Above water.
I Tbrce screws. Hp. 14,000 = 17 kts. Coal maxi-
miun 800 tons. Approximate cost ;ji ,300,000.
BoavinBs. French coast service battleship. (T^
I Seyne. 1^92.)
I Length 292{t. Beam 50ft. Maximum draught 34ft.
I Displacement 6.S35 tons. Complement 335.
I Gum. Armour,
I a— 13 in.. 45 c*I. *' CreusoL"
I 8 — 4 in. lb in. Belt aniidship5.
I 4— J pdr. 14 in. Turrets.
1 10 Small. 12 in. Conning tower.
J^^L J'orpido Tubts {177 in.).
^^P 3 Above water.
Twin screw. Up.. 8,900= [6'2 kts. Coa] maxi
mum 337 tons. Approximate cost ^575.000.
Bow. Tbe fore end of a vessel, being the ronnding
part forward, beginning on both sides where they
arch inwards, and terminating where they close
at the stem.
Bowdea-Smitb, Sir Kathaolel. K.C.B., cr. 1897.
Briti-sh admiral {b. Hampshire, 1838). Entered
Navy. 1852. .-ind was naval cadet in IVtncMestet
dunng Burmese war, 1852-53 (Burmah medal and
Pegu cla£pl ; mid. in PovtU George in the Baltic.
1854-55 (tiaJtic medal) ; was present at the capture
of Pelho foru, 1858, and as lieutenant of the
ChssapealU was present at the unsuccessful attack
on the Taku forts. 1S59 (China modal. Fatshan
and Taku clasps) ; served as flag-captain on the
Mediterranean and F.ast Indian stations : senior
officer S.E. coast America. ; commanded tbe
Britannia. 1883-86 ; one of the British representa-
tives at the International Marine Conference, 1889 ;
Commander-in-Chiel Australian Station. 1893-95 :
K.CB. on the commemoratum ol Her Majesty's
Diamond Jubilee ; Command PT-io -Chief at the
More. 1 899- 1 900; retired, I903.
Bowen, Richard (1761-97). British naval officer
(b. Hfracombc). On board the Foudroyant he parfa-
cipatrd in the capture of the Livety and the Pe^ase ;
in 1794 be dbtin^lshed himself at the attack on
Port Royal. Martinique, which resulted in the cap-
ture of the Btenvenu ; al the battle oQ Cape St.
Vincent, 1797. when in command of the Terpsichore,
he gained further glory by engaging pinglc-handed
the Spanish four-decker Sentissima Trinidad ; was
present at the bombardment of Cadiz, and was
shot dead during that ill-fated attack on Santa
Cruz.
Bower BQchors. Those at the bow in constant
nse.
Bowgnoe. A fender to prevent the ship's side
receiving in]ur>'.
Bowline. A rope fastened forward to bow tbe
leech of tbe sail.
BowUafr<briille. A span on the leech of a square
SAil tu wiucU tlic iMiwliue IS clinched.
Bowring and Co., Ltd., 0. T. See English and
American Stcimship Co.
Bowse. To haul with tackle.
Bowsprit A long spar ranking with a lower
mast projecting over tl»c .stem. Beyond it extends
the jibtioom, and beyond that again tbe flying
jibboom. To these spars are secured the stays of
tbe fore-mast and oi the spars above it. On ttiese
stays are set the lore and fors>topmast stay-sails.
the jih3. and flying-jib.
Bowsprit shroads. Strong ropes or chains
leading from nearly the outer end of the bowsprit,
giving lateral support to that spar.
Box. The spacu between the back-board and
the stem-post of a boat where the coxswain sits.
Boxer. British torpedo-boat destroyer. (Chis-
«nck, 1S94.) Length. 201 tt. ; beam. 10 (L :
draught, 7 it. ; displacement, 247 tons ; comple-
ment. 45 ; armament, i 12-pdr., 5 6-pdr., 2 tubes;
twin screw ; Hp.. 4,soo«27 kts ; coal. 60 tons.
Box-hauUng. \Vhen the ship is veered sttaxp
round on her heel, the head >*ajds brace flat aback,
the after yards squared ; to avoid making a great
sw«ep.
Box her ofl. To force the bow from the wind.
Boyarlo. Russian cruiser (3,200 tons). This
vessel struck a mine outside Dalny, February 12,
1904, and foimiered.
Boyd. WQUam {b. Amcliffe, Octolier 17. 1839).
Educated Rugby and King's College. London ;
entered business in 1863. and became a partner in
the engineering firm of Messrs. Thompson. Boyd and
Co., of Newcastle, and on tlic dissolution (1874)
wa-t appointed managing director of tbe Wallsend
Slipway and Engineering Co. ; director of John
Spencer and Sons.Ncwbum Steel Works. Newcastle ;
tirst president of the North-Ea-st Coast Institution
ol Engineers and Shipbuilders (1884-86) ; member
of tbe Newcastle School Board (1871-77) ; joined
BOYES
86
BRASSEY
the lat Kewcaatle Vol. Artillery in 1665, and com-
manded the corps from 1871-79. wfaen he resigned ;
firsl Mayor of Wallsend. November 1901.
Poblications : Has rrad papers at various times
before the Institution of Mechanical Engineers and
tho North-Eait Coast Insutution of Engineers and
Shipbuildera.
Boyes, George Thomas Henry. Director ot
transports. Admiralty. Entt-rcd Navy. 1854 ;
was present at the siege of Stbastopol. expedition
to Kertch and Ycnikale. and attack and capture
of Kinburn [Crimean and Turkish mL-<lali, Scbasto
pol clasp) : commander nf .^cAiWm diiiiuR Egyptian
war (l^gyptian medal, Khedive's Bronze Star, 3rd
Class Medjidie} : captain of the Ausou during the
operations attending the salvage of H.M.S, Nowe
at Ferrol. iHt)2 ; commodore and naval ofticer in
charge, Horg Kong, iR<»_;-9fi ; acting director ot
trans]>orts. looo: retirod. itfot ; commander
jnd cla.ss Saxe-Emestinc Order.
Publication : "The Salvage of H.M.S. Howe."
Boyevoi. Russian torpedo - boat destroyer.
(Yarrow. ji>o6.) Displacement, 356 ; complement.
63 ; armament, i i2-pdr.. 5 3-pdr., 3 tubes, 18 in. ;
Hp.. 5.700=26 kts. ; coal.Sotons.
Boyne. Mail steamer, from Brazil, raa on a rook
during a log, 15 miles ofi Uahant, and became a
total loss.
Boyne. British torpedo boat destroyer. (Heb-
biim, 1904.) Length. 222 ft. ; beam, 23^ ft. :
draught. (>^ ft. : displacement. 600 ; complement.
72; armament, i i3-pdr., 5 6'pdr., 2 tubes.;
twin screw; Hp., 7.500=35 kts. ; coal. 126 teas.
This ship-name is associated with the attack on
Carthagena, 1741 ; Barringlnn at St. T-ucia, I77fi ;
Byron's action ofl Grenada. 1779; Roduey's
action with De Guichen, 1780; capture of Mar-
tinique. 1794.
Boyne. 9R guns. On }>\ny 4. 1795, this vessel
was destroyed by fire at Portsmouth, causc<l by the
explosion of the magazine, when mobt of the crew
perished. Portions of the uxeck were recovered in
June. 1840.
B.R. Distinguishing letters on sea fishing boats
registered at Breskens. Holland.
BiK. Distinguishing letters on sea fishing boats
registered at Bridgwater, England,
br. Brown. Abbreviation adopted on the charts
issued by th« Hydrographic Ofticc, Admiralty.
denoting thi- quality of the ocean's bottom.
Brace to or by. To bring the yards back to
make them shake.
Brace-np. To place the yards as far forward as
thty will go, for tin.- ptirpose of heaving to.
Braokenbitcy. Admiral John William. CBLG.,
1879, C.B., iSiij. Commanded the Skak's naval
brigade during the Zulu war ; promoted oa|>tain
for services on West Coast of Africa. iSfti (Zuln
medal and clasp) ; captain of the Thaiia during t^e
i^f?yptian war, 18S7 (Egyptian mcdai, Kliedive's
Bronxe Star. Medjidie. 3rd Class) ; captain of
Tutquoiu during operations on East Coast of
Africa. iSHj-gt ; mentioned in despatches: navatg
officer in charge of na'i-al establishment, Bermuda, '^
1894-96 ; second in command of the Channel
Squadron, 1898.
Braokish. Water not fresh.
Bradshaw'i General Railway Steam N&rfgation
Oalde lor Great Britain and Ireland. Established
1837. PubUshcd monthly. Price 6rf. Address:
5«i Flpet Street, London, E.C.
Bragasna. A lateen-rigged trader of the Adriatic
Bragozzi. A lug-rigged trader of the Adriatic.
Brails. Ropes passing through leading blocks on
the hoDpfs of the niizzcn mast and gafl, fastonod to
the outer-most leech of the sail in difics^tmt places to
truss it close up as required ; all try-sails and iicveral ^
of the stay-sails have brails.
Brail up. To haul in the sail.
Brand. Xcrwcgian torpedo-boat. (Christiajua,
1899.) Length, 128 ft.; beam. 15 ft.; draught.
6} ft. : displacement. 84 tons ; armament, 2 1*4 in.
q.f.. 2 tubes : Hp., 1. [00=^23 kts.
Brandenburg. German tst class battleship (iSgi)
Length jSn It. lieam 64 ft. Maximum draught 26 ft.
Displacement 10,060 tons. Complement $68.
Guns. Antumr.
6—1 1 in. " Compound."
8 — 4' I in. 15 in. Belt.
8 — I5i pdr. 12 in. Barbettes,
a — ^i pdr. 5 in. Turrets.
4 Machine. 12 in. Conning tower.
Torpedo Tubes.
z Submerged.
1 Above water stem.
Twin screw. Hp. forced 10,000 = 17 kL*?. Coal
maximum 1.050 tons. Approximate cost;^7so.ooo.
Bransfleld. See .-Xntarctic Exploration.
Bruaey, Capt. Hon. Thomas Allnntt Brassey.
B.A.. J.P.. M.A., F.R.G.8. West Kent Yeomanry
(b. March 7, 1863). Eldest son of first Baron
Bras-wy, married Lady fdina Mary, third daughter
of lir-st Marquess of Abergavenny, 1889. Educated
Eton ; Balliol College, Oxford. Editor " Naval
Annual." 1890; assistant private secretary to Earl
Spencer when First Lord of the Ad miralty ; assistant
secretary to Royal Commission on Opium ; con-
tested Epsom Division, 1S92 ; Christchurch. 1895
and 1900 ; member .Agricultural Organisation Asso-
ciation ; is a director of Powell. Dufi[r>'n Steam
Colliery Co. ; chairman of the Pcrtusola Co., which
owns important lead smelting works near Spefia,
in Italy.
Publication: " Problems of Empire" (1904).
"BRASSEY
89
BRENNAN
Bnaer* Thomu. BarcBi, K.OA^ DX^ 7^.,
D.OJL {b. Stafford, 1836). Brcaroc a Civil I^rd
of the Admiralty, 1880-1*3, and Secretary to the
Admiralty, t88,^-ft; ; cliairman of the Opium C^m-
nunion, and the CommtSRinnH on llnKctaworthy
Ships. Coaling Stations, and Pensions to the Aged
I^)Or : pr«sid«nt of the Institntton of Naval
Architects, 1893-Q5 , Govc-rnor ol Victoria. i8g5'
1900. Id 1876 he and Lady Brassey undertook a
voyage round thr world in Ihcir yacht the Sun-
beam, and Iho account which was published of the
voyage attained great popniarity. He is a high
authcmty on na\-a] questions and has been a fre-
quent writer on those subjects.
Publications : " Work and Wages " (1872).
"British Seamen" (1877), "The Eastern Queg-
tion " (1878), " Foreign Work and linRlish
Wages" (1879). "The British Navy." in live
i^volumes (1883-83) : edited (or a number of years
'The Naval Annual."
BrauiuehweiK. German 1st diss battleship.
(Krupp, i9oa.)
Length 43uft. Beam 72ft. Mean draught 26 ft.
Diaplaccment 13,200 tons. Complement 691.
Cuns. Armour.
4— II in. 9 in. Belt.
14 — 67 in. 11 in. Barbettes.
aa — 34 pdr. II id. Turrets.
13 — I pdr. 12 in. Conning tower.
3 Machine.
ToTptdo Tubes.
5 Submerged bow and broadside.
I Above water stern.
Three screws. Hp. 16.000= 18 lets. Coal Maxi-
dium 1,600 tons. Approximate coot /i. 160.000.
BnrL Kussiaii torpedo-t^oat destroyer. (Ncvsky,
1902.) Length, 196 XL ; beam, i4 ft. , draught,
11} ft : displacement, 35a tons : armament.
1 l2-pdr., 5 3-pdr., 3 tubt^a ; Hp.. 6.000 = 37 kta.
BzuciL British torpedo-boat destroyer. (Qydc-
bank. 1S96.} Length, 2t8 ft.; beam, 20 ft.,
dnnight, 5^ ft. ; displacement. 300 tons ; comple-
ment. 60 ; armament, i 12-jHlr.. 5 6-pdr., 2 tubct) ;
twin screw ; Hp.. 6,ooocs30 kts. ; coal. So tons,
Brszeo. British torpedo-boat dertroyer (300
tons. 30 kts.]. Launched 1896.
BAJ). Di&tinguisliing letters on sea fishing
boats icgiKtered at Broadford, Scotlajid.
Brvak balk. To commence di-Kharging cargo.
Brwk har abeor. When a vessel is forced by
nd or current to pass Ihc wrong side of her
' Anchor.
Breakwaters. See Harboun.
firwming. Cleaning a ship's bottom by buraiog.
Breast-lut. A rope or cable useil to confine a
ship's broadside 10 a wharf or quay.
BNUt liook. Thick pleott Of timber osnl to
strengthen the fore parts of a ship.
Breda. In August. 1702. tht.i vessel, flag-ship
of .Admira.! John Benbow. gave chasv to the Santa
Matiha. a French vessel under Dn Ca««e ; and
although unsupported kept up a running light for
five days.
Breeses. Wind in general, whether weak or
strong.
Breeies, LAiut and sea. Winds which blow near
the coast, from sea to land during the day. and
from land to sea during the night.
Bremn. Gertuan armoured cruiser. (Weser.
Bremen, 1903.)
length 341ft. Beam 40ft Maximum draught i6flt.
Diaplacement 3,200 tons. Complement 280.
Guns. Armour.
10 — 4'i in. " Krupp."
10 — 1*4 in. 2 in. Dtxk.
4 Maxims. 4 in. Conning tower.
Torpedo Tubes.
7 Submerged.
Twin screw. Hp. 11.000=23 ^'^^- ^^^ maxi-
mum Soo tons.
Bremer-VuUcan flohifTban and SCaschinenlafarik.
Vcgesack, Bremen. This shipyard was founded
in 1893. ^"<1 ^''^^ ^^ an?a of about 8n 3cr(r«, water
frontage of three-quarters of a mile, and is f urmshed
with all tliv latest appliances and machinery
necessary for a large modern yard. It has six
slips capable of building the largest vcsseU, each
slip liaving electric travelling cranes. Smcc it was
founded, 506 vessels have been launchetl. auionK
which may be mentioned large mail, passenger and
freight steamers for the Norddcutscher Lloyd.
Hamburg-Amcnka Line, Hansa Line, Argo Steam-
s)up Co., \. Kirsten, Hamburg, and a number o{
small steamers (or the Woerrtiann Line, and the
Ea.it Africa Line. Between igoa and 1905 vessels
were launched with a net tonnage of 138.25U. .and
machinery of 76,.Ho I.Hp.
Bremei Yacht Clab. EstaULshed i8ot. Commo-
(ItKe. A. Boyes ; Vice-Commodore, joh. Mailer ;
Renr-Commodore, H. Wurtniann ; Treaanrcr, .V
Frese ; Secretary. G. TAttcher. Woltmershauser,
Dreicck. Bremen. Germany. Annual subscription,
mark 15.
Brennaa. Louis. Inventor of tlie Brennan
toriiedu (l>. IrcUnd. 1852). In 18S2 the British
Admiralty, recognising the value of his torpedo,
invited him to England, paying him a retaining fee^
of iS'OOo, and engaging him for a period of three
yeai'S at a .-ialary of ,^2,000 a year and expenses, to
enable him to improve his invention, (le was after-
wards given a reward of £110.000. and a salary of
£1.500 tor five years. In 1907 hn prodnced a
working model of bis invention, the mooo-rail
BRENNUS
90
BRILLIANT
gioscope train, which no doubt, in the oear fnture,
will be put to practical use.
Brtnniu. Fruuch ist class batUc-abip [1891).
Length 3;5ft. Beim 6jft. Maximum draught ijit.
Displactment 1 1.395 tons. Complement 696.
Guns. Armour.
3 — 134 in. 42 cal. " Crcusoi steel."
10 — 64 in. tS in. Belt amidships.
4 — 9 pdr. iS in. Turrets.
14 — 3 pdr. 5 in. Conning tower.
3 Maxims.
Torpedo Tubes.
6 Above water.
Twin .screw. Hp. 1 3,600= 17.5 kts. Coal maxi-
mum Sou tons. Approximate cost i99S-°^*°*
Brenton. Sir Jahleel (]7;o-i844}. British vice-
admiral. Served in ihcBarflru* at Cape St. Vincent ;
flag-captain to Saumarex in tlic actions at Algc-
ciras and Gibraltar. iHoi ; was wrecked and taken
prisoner in the Minervt. 1803. and imprisoned tUl
i8cA. In May, tSio, when m command of the
Spartan, be defeated a Franco -Neapolitan flotilla ;
lor this serWce be was made a baronet in 1813, and
K.C.B. 1815; was subsequently a resident Com-
misBioner at the Cape of Good ! lope, and Lieutenant
Governor at Greenwich Hospital.
St* " Life ol Sir Jalilcel Breaton," by Raikcs.
1846.
Brett, John (1830-1902]. British painter. The
chief expunent of the prc-Kapbaelite method aa
applied to sea-6cape ; elected A.R.A.N.. 1S81 :
Among his principal works are " Britannia's
Realm ' (i8tio) ; Tate Gallery, London. " The
Norman Archipelago " (1S85), in Manchester :
" Kortli-West Gale off the Longship Lighthouse,"
in Bimiinghani.
BrickfieMer. A ver>- hot, dust-laden wind
blowing from the North in New South Wales.
Bridge, Admiral Sir Cyprian Arthm George, O.C.B.
1903.K.C.B. 1699 ib. March, 1837). Entered Koyal
Navy, 1S53 ; served in BtisM in White Sen, 1^54 ;
present at the operations oi the Bar oi Archangel,
and at ihf attack on Solovelski ; was rired on when
landing with a flag of tmce on one of the Soto-
vetski Islands ; took part in the second expedition
to fetro Paulovski ; present in the Pelorus in the
Bay of Bengal during the Indian Mutiny : landed
with a naval brigade and proceeded to the Burmese
{rentier ; member of the Committee on Heavy
Guns, 1878 ; machine guns, 1879 ; Ordnance
Comnuttee, 1S81 : Director of Naval Intelligence,
18&9-94 • Commander -in- Clue- f Australian Station,
'895-97 ; K.C.B. on Her Majesty's Birthday. iSfio ;
W'jis appointed by the Board of Trade in con-
junction with Mr, Aspinall, K.C. (f.c). to inquire
into the North Sea outrages (l>ogger Bank) {t^.v.]. in
Hull. October, 1904.
Bridgewatar, Francis Egecton, Third Duke ol
(1736-1803). Projected tlie first navigable canal
ejcecuted in Great Britain in modem tunes, and
has sometimes been styled " The Father of Brttisb
Inland Navigation." The canal, constructed on
the adv)c<* of James Bhndley, was 77^ miles long,
and spanned the Irwell trom Worsley to Man-
chester, subsequently being extended to the Mersey.
and owl 1220.OOO. In 1S87 this canal was sold
to the Manchester Ship Canal Co. {q.v.).
Bridle. Two parts of a cable from t}ie hawee to
the mooring.
BrJdport, Sir Alexander Hood, First y»ooant
(1737-1S14). English admiral. Was in charge of
the Minerva in Quiberon Bay, 1759. and in Uk
same frigate captured the iVatwick in 1 761 ; com-
manded the Robust in the acUon off Ushant. 1777 :
in 17^0 promoted reax-ndmiral, and two years later
was present at the relief of Gibraltsu* ; he was
second-in-command to Lord Howe in the victory
of June I, 1794. for which he was made fiaroo
Bridport ; in 1795 he defeated the French oft
L'Orient for this victory he was promoted vice-
admiral, and created a peer of the realm and placed
in command of the Channel Fleet.
Brierly, Sir Oswald Walters {1817-94). En^ish
marine painter. Duriitg the Crimean war he was
on board Keppel's ship in the Baltic, and pub-
lished a series of lithographs ; he took sketches for
Queen Victoria at the naval review at Spithead,
iR^C ; he accoin[]anic<] tlie Duke ol lidiaburgh
round the world, 1867-63, axul the Prince (King
Edward VI I.} and Princess of Wales on tlacir tour
to Constantinople and Egypt. Among his best-
known works are : " The English and French
Fleets in the Baltic " (1854), " The Retreat of the
Spanish Armada " (1872^ " I>rake takuig the
Capitana to Torhay " (1872). "The Loss of the
Revenge " {1877), " The Decisive Battle ofi Grave-
lincs" (18S1).
Brig. A two-masted square-riggwl vessel with-
out mainsail or tr^'-sail, mast at)aft the main masL
Brigantine. .\ square-rigged vessd with two
ina.<its.
Bright, Sir Charles Tilstoa ([832-88). Telegraph
engineer (b. Wanstcad, 183^]. At the age of ao
he became engineer to the Magnetic Telegraph Co..
and in that capacity superintended the laying of
lines in various parts of Great Britain ; in 1853 he
laid the first submarine cable between Enj^and and
Ireland; in iSjS be laid the first Atlantic cable,
and subsequently siiperviMid the laying of sub-
marine cables in almost every part of the world.
Brighton. See L.I3.S.C. Ry. steamers ; also Tufa
bine Steamers.
Brilliant. Ship. See Rcnncl, James.
Brilliant British 3rd class cruiser (1S91).
Length 3uott. Beam 43ft. Maximum draught iSIt
Displacement 3,400 tons. Complooicnt
1
BRIN
91
BRISTOL
Guns. Amumr^
2 — 6 in. "Steel."
6 — 47 in. 3 in; Deck.
S — 6 pdr. 3 in. Conning tow«r.
T— jpdr.
4 Machine.
Torpedo Tubes (14 in.).
4 Abovf wntpr.
Twin screw. Hp. nntunU 7,000 ™ 1 8* 5 kis..
lorccd 9,000=530 ku. Coal maximum 535 tons.
Approximate cost ^300.000.
This ship-name was first inbx>duced Into the
Na\'y in I7!;5, and is associated with the bombard-
ment of Havre, 1759 ; action of! Vigo, 1751.
Brin. Bmedetto ft83-i-93). Italian oavat en-
gineer and administrator (b. Turin). !□ 1S73
Admiral St. Bon. Minister of Marine, appoiuteil
him l'nder-Secretar\- ol State, and later be was
promoted Minister of Marine, ntiich office bo held
imtil i&9t, and dunog that time distinguished him-
self by the manner in which ho developed the
Italian Navy. The huge armoured cruisers Dan-
doio. 13,26s tons, built 1S78 (reconstracted 1S97),
and the Jtaha, 15.654 tons, tmilt 18S0, Wftre ht»
work, though he afterwards abandoned their typo
in favour of smaller and faster vessels of the Vartsa
and Garibaldi class. He died on May Z4. 1(^9^.
While Minister of Marine, he. more than any man.
must be regarded as the practical creator of the
Italian Navy.
Brindler. Junei (i7i6-;3). English engmeer, the
pioneer of English inland na^cigatIon, who planned
tor the Duke of Bridgewater the canal from WonJcy
to 3iattchcater. Daring his life he designed and
superintended the coiuttruction of over 36$ miles
of canal, the most important of which was the
Grand Trunk between the Trent and the Mersey.
Brine. linday. British admiral (b. 1834).
Entcrefl Mavy, 1847, and was mid. of the teandfr
during the operations in the Black Sea, iS<;4 ;
he commanded an outpost battery at Eupatoria
at the action of November 14 : was mentioned in
despatches, and Kazetted for ** meritorious ser-
vices." and promoted lieutenant, receiving in addi-
tion lor his services the Crimean and Turkish
medals, with Sebastopol clasp ; aitcrr serving as
lieutenant of the Rrtribution in the Baltic, he was
sent oot to China, and was in charge of a division
of boats at the attack on Peibo forts in 1859, and
commanded the Opossum at the capture of the
Taku forts in the following year (China medal,
Canton and Taku clasps) : he was captain of the
Briton, and senior officer on the east coast ol
Africa, and was employed in the suppression of
the slave trade, receixing from the Admiralt>' the
expression of " tlieir appreciation of the able
manner in which the stirxnce had been carried
out " : in 1S75 be accompanied Sir Douglas Forsyth
to Mandahty witb the missioa to the King at
Bnrmah, and in the following year proceeded in
the BtHan with the Resident at .\den to Tamarida
to execute s treaty with the Sultan of Socctra ; at
the occupation of Cyprus, 1879, ho commanded
the Invincible ; he received the gold medal of the
Royal United Serx-ice Institution in i8Sa. and for
five years was a Younger Brother of Trinity House,
and one of the Naval Assessors to the House of
Lords : he retired in 1S94.
Publications : " The Taeping Rebellion."
" American India,as : their Ancient Earthworks and
Temples."
Bring by the iM. To incline too rapidly to lee-
ward, till wind, after crossing atem. backs the
sails.
Bring to. To anchor or stop by backing; a sail.
Bria. Swedish torpedo-boat. (Karlakrona, 1900.)
length. i2fi ft.; beam, 15^ ft.; draught, 7 ft.;
displacement, 92 tons : complement. 18 ; armament.
2 i'5-in., q.f., 3 tubes ; Hp.. 1.350=23 kts. ; coal,
17 tons,
Brisbane. Sir Charles (1769-1S39). British rear-
admiral. Was mid. at the battle of Dominica,
1782; was present at the occupation of Toulon,
and under Nelson in Corsica ; in 1796 in the Oistnu
he successfully defended himself against two
Spanish frigates of superior force : in command of
the Doris he planned and executed the gallant
cutting out of the ChevtetU from Camarat Bay ;
in 1807 he achieved his greatest success, the cap-
ture of the Curacao and several Dutch vcs.iels with
a force of four frigatcK only ; he wa.s decorated
K.C.B,, 1815, and retired with the rank of rear-
adnural. 1819.
Brlsbftoe. Sir JAmei {1774-1826)1 British naval
officer. Younger brother of Sir Charles Bri^tbane
{q.v.) ; was mid. in the Qtuen CharhUg at the
tiattle of *' The Glorious First of Jane," 1794 ; was
present in the Cruiser at the bombardment .of
Copenhagen, 1801, and was promoted in 1.S16: he
commanded l-ord Exmouth's Oa^ship, the Queen
Charlotte, at the bomtjardmeut of Algiers, and (or
services rendered was created a knight.
Brlsto! CbEonel Tactat CInb, Swansea. Estab-
lished 1875. Hag : Red ensign. Burgee : Red,
blue cross, with Prince of Wales's feathers in
centre. Commodore, The Earl of Dunraven ;
Vice-Commodore. Major J. Edwards Vatighan ;
Rear-Commodore. Edward H. Bath ; Honorary
Treasurer. P. I-ingdon Thomas ; Honorary Secre-
tary, F. G. Andrews. Entrance fee, £2 2s. ; annua
subscription. (2 2s. Outport members, £t 6j.
Bristol Pleasure Steamers. P. and A. Campbell's
steamships maint.iin a service of marine L-xoursions
in tlic Bristol Channel between Bristol, Caxdifl,
Clevedon, Wrston, Newport, Minehead, I.ynmouth.
Iltracombe. Clovelly, Chepstow. Mumbles, and
Tenby,
BRISTOL
92
BRITANNIA
BOHHU DoOH.
Brighton Qtueil.
Bristol, Port ol.
FbBrr.
Britannia.
Cambria.
Gltn Tttisa.
has for one
HavensxDood.
WavevUf.
Westward Ho.
thousand years
It begiiu; the
n)aintaini:c) a k-ading position.
twentieth century by constructing docks at Thfi
head of the Bristol Channel of such magnitude and
cost as to surpass all municipal ochievcmenta
^thcrto attempted in this direction.
' The shipping trade of the port with distant
parts of the world dates back for many centuries.
Veescis were fomierly dischaigetl and loaded at
landing-places along the banks of the tidal nver
Avon, which then flowed through the heart of the
city. In 1809 a new course lor the nver was
fornu'd. and the old water way for a length of two
and a half miles was converted into a floating
harbour. This is now equipped with modem
wharves, granaries, transit sheds, cranes, ratiwa>-s,
L-tc, . and many lart;c man u factories and other
industrial concerns arc located in the immediate
neighbourhood of the quays.
In the course of the last 40 years the river
navigation lias been greatly improved. The
channel has been deepened, and banlts and points
have been marlcrd by b scries of illuminated posts
and lights, and a new entrance lock baa been con-
structed, the result being that it is now possible
(or vessels of 325 ft. in length between perpendi-
catar.s to enter the city docks witli Uttle or no
delay.
The dimensions of the docks arc as follows :
The City Docks.
Depth of water on sill :
Mean spring tides . . . . 3,1 ft.
Mean neap tides .. .. .. 23 ,,
Length of lock . . 350 ,,
Width of lock O2 ..
Area of doclis . . . . . . 83 acres.
Lengtli of wharfage . . . . 4.S9S yds.
Avonmouth Dock.
Depth of water on sill :
Mean spring tides
Mean neap tides
(.engtli of dock
Width of dock
Length of lock
Width of lock
WidtJi of extension
Area of doclc
Length of wharfage
fiayal Edvoard Dock.
Depth of water on ioner sill :
Mean spring tides
38 ft.
aS ,.
3.180 „
500 ,.
485 ..
70 .,
iSo ,.
19 acres
1 ,600 yds.
40 ft.
Mean neap tides . . 30
Length of dock
Width of dock
I.ength of lock
Width of lock
Area of dock
1,120 .,
1,000 „
87s ..
100 ..
30 acres
Length of wharfage (at present saitc-
doncd}
PortiaUad Dock.
Depth of watrr on sill :
Mean spring tides . .
Mean neap tides . .
Length of dock
3.730 Jl-
34 ft.
34 ..
1,800 .,
300 ..
444 M
66 ..
12 acres
'M3 yds-
Width of dock
Length o( lock
Width of lock
Area of dock
Length oi wharfage
All these docks ha\'e extensive covered quays
and shed accomnwdation. At the Avoumouth
Dock a fruit store and warehouse have been pro-
\-itlc{l specially for the West Indian trade. Cold
storRs.with a capacity of zso.ooo cnbic tt., atforrl
ample accommodation for carcases of beef and
multon. as well as provision lor other perishabld
articles, and nine oil-tanks each averaging over
t, 000.000 gallons storage capacity for the reception
of petroleum. The floating pontoon dock is 355 ft.
long and 6z ft. wide, and is available for the reocp-
tioQ of vessels of these dmiensions.
The RoyaJ Edward Dock, the first sod of which
was cut by H.R.H. the Prince of Wales on March 5,
1903. will be completed in the early part of 1908,
and uill be replete with every modem convenicac«
for the loading and discharging of vessels.
Bristol 8t«m Nivigatioa Co., with their head
ofiicv-^ 111 BiisloJ, maintain a regular service of
steainer>i from Bri.stul to txitli Cork and Dublin.
Steamers leave Bristol every Thursday, returning
Irom Cork every Tuesday. Steamers leave Bnatol
for Dublin every Tuesday, and return over>' Friday.
FUSET.
A rgo. Blarney. Killarney.
Briftow, Cftptain. S^r Antarctic Exploration.
BritAnnia. British 1st class battiesliip. (Ports^
mouth. 1Q04.)
Length 453 ft. Beam 78 ft. Mean draught 2t« ft.
Displacement 16,350 tons. Complement 777.
Guns. Armour.
4 — 12 in. " Knjpp."
4- — 9'2 in. 9 in. Belt amidships.
10 — 0 in. 13 in. Barbettes.
14 — 13 pdr. 13 in. Conoing tower.
M— J P^r.
3 Maxims.
Torpedo Tubes.
4 Submerged broadside.
I Submerged stem.
Twin screw. Hp. i8,ouo=iS'5 kts. Cool n>ax>>
mum 2.000 ;ons. Approximate cost £1 ,500.000.
This ship-name was first introduced into the
Navy in i<>S3, and is atisociatctl with the battles of
Har^eur and 1^ Hogue, 1&92 ; Hood's occupation
of Toulon. 1793 : Hotham's action off Gcooa, 1795 ;
Hotham's action of Hydres, 1795 ; battic off Cape
*i
J
BRITANNIA
93
BRITISH
SL Vniwnt. 1797; Trafalgar, 1805 ; borobardment
of Scbastopol. 1854.
In ift6o the Prince of Wales {now King Ed-
ward VII.) laundied a vessel o( tliis name wliicli
was fitted as a training ship for naval cadets,
and stationed at Portsmoutli. She wa^ subso-
quL'ntly translcrrcd to the Dart, where la 1905
she was superseded by the Roj-al NavuJ CoUege.
D.irtmoutli.
Britannia ( 1 887). British subsidised mer-
chant ship. P. and O. Company (q.v.). Dimen-
swtw. 465x53x34 't- ; gross tonnage. 6.523 1
Hp.. 6.000=^17 kts. Principally used as a Govern-
ment transport. Passenger accommodation, 304.
Britannic See White Star Line.
Brttilb AdttlxaL Emigrant ship, wrecked on
King'^ Island, Baks's Strait, May 23, 1874. when
80 out of 89 p*r4on5 were lost.
British Am«rica AssoranM Co. Incorporated
)88j. Capital. 18(0.000. Smcc the incorporation
this company ha-s paid a steadily increasing diW-
(j«nd. which for the last 70 years has averaged
^'31%. and a Reserve Fund has been built np of
Tlic directors of the company are : Hon. George
Cox (prcsidfntK J. J. Kenny (vice-president and
managing director), Augustus Myers, Thomas
Long. John Hoskin. K.C.. I.L.D.. Hon. S. C. Wood.
Robert Jaaray, UcuL-CoL H. M. PellaiL. E. W.
Cox. Head oRicc : Toronto. Ontario.
Britufa and Atrican Steam Rangatioa Co., Ltd-.
m-a« originally cstablishetl in 1858 to run a line of
cargo and passenger steamers between Glasgow,
Liverpool, and the West Coast of .\frica. In tgoo
a new company was formed with a capital of
^l.ooo.ooo. with Sir \. L. Jones as ctiairman. to
acqnire an additional fleet of steamers for the
service. They purchased from Messrs. Elder,
Dempster and Co. a number of vessels, and to-day
own a fleet «f 95 stcamrrs, aggregating J69, 170
tons, and control an extensive boKinesK with the
West Coast of .\lnca.
Britidi and Foreign Marine Insurance Co.. Ltd.
Registered J.Tnu.iry S, 1863. Authons«'d aipital.
^1.340,000 (paid up. ^;68,ooo. or £4 per share).
The Reser\'e Fund is ^900.000. and the balance of
Profit and Loss Account carried forward to Janu-
»ry I, 1906. ^141,285. Present dividend, 20%.
The directors o( the company are :
Liverpooi. — Richard Kobson (chairman), G. B.
Hcyworth {deputy -chairman), Joseph Beausire,
William Bingham. Harold Brocklcbank. Arthur
Earle. E. Edmondson. H. H. Hammond. Sir Ed-
ward Lawrence. SamueJ Sanday. Hugh L. Smyth,
TiKnnas Woodsend. Underwriter, John Davies ;
s«cret3Lry, Arthur McNeill.
London. ~ 'the Kt. Hon. Lord Avcbury (chair-
ixian), E. T- Doxat (dcpaty-chairntan) . Robtsrt
Balfour, Augustus Philip Brandt, Erm-st Chaplin,
C. G. Du Croz, Herbert Edlmann. W. Scott Elliot,
James N. Graham, J. Howard Gwyther. J. J.
Hamilton, F. J. Johnston. Underwriter, Thomas
J. Storey : secretary. Thomas Davis.
Head office ; British and Foreign Chambers,
<; C-LStlc Street. Liverpool. London Of&cu : i Old
Broad Street, E.C.
British and Foreign Steamship Co.. Ltd.* have
a fleet of 14 large modem cargo steamers
trading to various parts of the world. These
vi^seJs arc fitted with the latest appliances for the
handling of cargo.
Fleet.
Sainl Andrew. Saint Hugo.
Saint Btde. Ssint Irene.
Saint CtUtthrri. Saitit Jerome.
Saint Dunstan. Saint Leonards.
Sainl Egbert. Saint ?/tchotas.
Saint Fillans. Saint Oweatd.
Saint George. Saint Qttentin.
Gross tonnage. i;6.i6o,
British and Irish Steam Packet Co.. with their
bead ot&cc in Dubliu. maintain a service twice a
week, leaving London for Dublin Sunda)*?) and
Wednesdays, and Dublin for London Wediiescl-iys
and SatunJay.s. callmg at PortsmouUi. Southamp-
ton, Plymoutli. and Falmouth. The fleet consists
of six large and powerful steamers, with excellent
passenger accommodation for some six to seven
hundred passengers, and a sea speed of 13 kts.
Fleet.
CaUhot, Lady Olive.
Lady Hudson Kinahan. Lady Roberts.
Lady Martin. Lady Wolseley.
Gro&s tonnage, 7,00a.
British Dominions Blarine Insurance Co., Ltd.
Registered September t;, it)o4. with an authorised
capital of £i5oo.ooo. of which sliarcs to the extent
of £201,000 were issued and ;^ioi,ooo called up.
The capital is composed of 17,000 fully-paid £3
preference shares, interest on which is limited to
6"^, per annum, and 50,000 £i ordinary shares, ol
which I: has been paid up.
The directors of the company arc : His Honour
Judge Bompas, K.C (chairman). Sir W. E. M
TomliosoD. Bart.. F. H. Booth. Alex. C. Mackenzie,
P. H. Marahall. H. T. Collick. G. Wigley, J. W.
Rogerson. Underwriters. Robert Gardner, Moun-
tain and Co., Ltd. OfQces : sj Royal Exchaoge,
London. E.C
British India Steam Navigation Co. Founded in
i^>5 t>y the Ute Sir William .MacKinnon, as the
Calcutta and Burma Steam Navigation Co.. for
the performance of mail services for the East
Indian Co. In 1857 the Battic and Cape of Good
Hop* were sent out to inaugurate the business. In
1862 a fresh mail service wa^ entered mto, whicJi
included an additional route, ami the name of the
compaay was oflficiaily altered to its preaeat title.
On the opening of the Suez Cnnal thi<t company's
steamer, the Indian, conveyed the firet cargo of
Indian produce to England through the canal.
In 1872 tlie Aden-Zanzibar Mail Service was put
on, and from then until now new routos have been
constantly added. The company t» under con-
tract vrith the Indian Government (or mail services
to Persia. India, Burma. Haat India, the Mauritius,
and also runs other services to liaiavia, Queens-
land, etc. In 18S9 a three weekly service was
started from Calcutta to Manila, which has since
been extended to Moji, Kol>e. and Yokohania.
The company lias a capital of 1^1.700,000, and pays
dividends averaging about 10%,
Fl-KKT.
Africa. Jetutiga. PuMdua.
Amarapoota. Jumna. Pum^a.
Antra. KafiuttMaia. Putiata.
A ska. Katara. Qutda.
A roc». Katoria. Quen mba.
Bancoora. Kisttta, Quiloa.
Bangala. Kota. Ramapoora.
Beswada. Lalpoota, Rangoon.
Bhadra. Lama. Rasmara.
Bharala. Landaura. Sango!a.
Bhundara. Lawada. Sanlhui.
Booidana. Lhasa. Saiara.
BulifHha. Lindula. Scindta.
HycuUa. Linga. Stalda.
Canata. Loodiana, ShiraJa.
Catpetttaria. Lunka. Si'dhana.
Chanda. Madura Siisa.
Chupra. Madda. Sofata.
Colaba. Manora. Surada.
Dilwara. Matiana. Tara.
Dumra. Megna. Taroba.
Dunera. MeanaUJiy. Tiesta.,
Dwarha. Momhassa. TMtmgwa.
EUora. Miittra. Unganda.
Ethiopia. Ntrbudda, Ujina.
Fazilha. Nevasa. Via.
Fultala. Notfshera. Umbatla,
GoaSpara. Nuddea. Umta.
Goiconda. Obra, Upada.
Gootkha. Ohara. Uriana.
GwatioT. Okhta. Vadaia.
Henzada. Onda. Virawa
Hindu. Oniptnta. Waipota.
Jslanda, Ootabaria, Wardka.
Jsmatla. Orissa. Wofoanga,
llaura. PacAumba, Warora.
Jtinda. PalamcaUa. Zaida.
Itola. Palilana. Zamania.
Itria. Pmtakota. Zihtnghla.
Gross tonnage, 441.000.
British Harioe Salvage Co., Limited, Glasgow,
wBs^startcd in iSHft to carry on the business ol sal-
von of fttrandt^d and sunken vessels and their
cargoes. The registered office ol Uie company
is at the Royal Exchange, Glasgow, and its salvage
appliances are stored at Greenock, close to quay
and railway, ready for despatch by sea or land.
I'he company's plant consists of i> in,, 10 in., and
8 in. ccDtrifuga] stt-am pumjM. each complete with
boiler and piping, diving gc^ar, portable electric
overland and submarine lights, heavy purchase
blocks, Eteel wire hawsen. etc., two wrought iron
pontoons with screws and lifting chains.
Britiib Maritime Tnut, Ltd^ nonaged by
Messrs. Funiess, Withy and ('o,, Ltd., West
Hartlepool, has a fleet of 22 modem vessels
engaged in the cargo trade to various parta of
the world, some of the latvr ones having Limited
accominudation for passuigcra.
Flhbt.
Adriana. Cyntkiana. Pcruviatui.
Alkentann. Gracmna. Potomac.
Ausl^iana. Guardiana. Sandoam.
Birmingham. Indiana. Tkornity,
Cebrtana. Lugano. TuJkoe.
Como. MaitHcke. li'e stkampton.
CroxdaU. Otiana. Wyandotte.
Pewtiana.
British Pacific Cable, owned proportionately by
the Governments of the United Kinsdom. Canada.
and Australia, the proportjon-s being the Ignited
Kingdom and Canada five-eighteenths. New South
Wales. Victoria. Queensland, and New Zt:aTaiid
two eighteenths each, was constructed b>- Ibe
Ti'legraph Construction and Maintenance Co., at
a cost uf iL.7*iS,ovo. U runs Irom Vancoiiva to
Fanning I-^asd, thence to Fiji and Norfolk Island,
and by mrans of two cables to New Zealand and
Queensland respectively. It has a total length
of 7,833 nautical miles, and was opened to traff.c
on December 8, 1902.
British Qneen. l*acket, from Ostend to Msu^gate.
wreckctl on the Goodwin Sands, Oecember 17. 1814,
when all on lioard ijcrishcd.
British ship is a ship British ounied, surveyed.
mea-surcd. and registered according to the require-
ments of the Merchant Shipping Act, 1894. Such
vessel is regarded as a part of Great Britain, and is
subject, together with all on board, wherevor she
may go, to the jurisdiction of the nation whose
flag she flics. Not more than 64 pereons can
lie registered as owners, and the majority may
direct the ship's movements.
Every transfer of a British ship or Jthart.* thereof
by way of sale or mortgage, or upon death, mar-
riage or bankniptry of an owner, must be registered.
Refer to Flag. Restraint on Ship, I^g Book, Pas-
senger Boats, Foreign-going Ships. Yacht,
Passengers.
British TTaderwriter. Hstablisbed 1896. Pub-
lished montldy (ftrst Saturday). Price j,d. Ad-
dress : 6 Dorset Street, London. E.G.
BRITON
BirttoD. Set Uaioa-Cutie Uoe.
Brk. Broken. Abbreviation adopted on tho
charts issued by the I lydrographtc Office, Admi-
ralty, denoting quality o( the oC(^ao's bottom.
Broaching to. Coming np into the nrind.
Broad, tieor^e Alexander, H.T.O. (b. 1844)- Staff
captsta. Roj-aJ yacht Aiberia j^ince 1897 ; cnt»niid
Navy, i860; nax-igating lieutenant of I'alotous
while atlachi:*! to Arctic Expedition, 1875 ; stafl
commander on flagship Triumph, Pacific, 1885-88 ;
Sorthumberiand. Channel Fleet, 1889-go ; Cam-
ptvdown, Channel Fleet, 1890-92 ; commaiided
Royal yacht Elfin. 1S92-97. Decorationa :
rKamond Jubilee medal, 1897 ; Prussian Royal
Order o( tlw Crown, 2nd class. 1901. Ktlrr to
Arctic fixploration.
Broadside. The whole side.
Broadside on. The whole side of a veas^ as
opposed to end on.
Brock, Walter (1836-1906). Marine engineer.
Educated Glasgow Academy and Glasgow Universi-
ty ; in 185a apprenticed to the firm of Messrs. R.
Napier and Sons, and on completing an apprentice-
ship of five yeATS, part of which was spent in the
dockyard at Brest fitting engines in vessels for the
French Navy, be was appointed dniughuroan in the
firm ; in 1859 he accepted the position of head
draughtsman «ith Mtssrs. Wm. Simpson and Co.,
but in 1864 be returned to Mes&rs. K. Napier and
Sons, as manager of their engine works : became a
partner in the firmof Messrs. Penny and Co. in 1S78,
and a (cw yearn later m the shipbuilding 6rm of
Messrs, William Penny and Brothers ; was, up to
the time of his death, managing director of both
hrms, which, altliouj^h cairied on under difiercat
designations, are in reality one. Was a Chevalier
of Leopold of Belgium; member of Institution of
Naval Architects, of the Institution of Civil Engin-
eers, and the Institution oi Mechanical l-'ngineers
ol England, and of the Institution of Engtncera
and Shipbiiildvrs in Scotland.
Brocken Spectre. See Anthelion or Glory,
Brocklebank Line, owned by Mcssia. tl. J.
Brocltlebaiik, of Liverpool, [K>s.-ics.«! a fine fleet of
targe steamers, carrj'ing pa&acngcrs and trright at
scheduled times from Liverpool to Calcutta direct.
via the Sues Canal.
FtBET.
A meet, ^f alalia nd.
Gengali. Sfantpur.
Gaekwar. Mamvirri.
Mahtatta. Matheran,
Mahronda. Pindari.
Broke, Sir Philip BoweiTere (1776- 1S4 1), British
rearadmiral. Uo^ prnent at the siege of Bostia,
at Hothant's ijfjf.) two actions In 1795. and at the
BROKER
battle of Cape St. Vincent, 1797 ; on June i, 1815,
in the SkannoH he engaged the U.S. frigate Chesa-
peake, and after a severe action obliged the enemy
to surrender. He was created a baronet 1813, and
made K.CvB. 1815.
See " Life," by Brighton. 1866.
Broken-backed, lite stale of a ship, so loosened
in her fra.nie as to drop at each cirJ, causing; the
lines of her sheer to be mlLTrupted.
Broker. A sbipbrokcr is usually employed to
effect the charter of a ship. He is paid a commis-
sion of 5 per cent, on the amount of freight by the
shi)K)wnrr. to which he is as a general rule entitled,
whether the freight is earned or not. Where
several brokers are employed to obtain a charter,
the first to introduce the principals to each other
becomes entitled to the commission. Shipbrokers
arc bound by the instruction of their principal!;,
and will lose their nghi to brokerage for scting in
contravention thureof. A ttiird party chartering
a vessel through a broker who is acting contrary to
his instructions cannot enforce it against tlie ship-
o«-ner. but his remedy for any damage he may liave
suffered by the broker &o actinf< would tie an action
for breach of warmnty of authority against such
brulwr.
In Manne insurance h^ks are utually placed
before the underwriter by a broker, an expert in
insurance law and practice, whose poution in the
matter is somewhat important, as he becomes
respoubtbte to the underwriter for the premium,
although the underwriter stUI is liable to the assured
(the employer of the broker) for the loss, in the
event of a claim arising on the policy. The assured
is debtor to the liroker. and the latter to the uoder-
writer ; and the underwriter is debtor to the aasutBd
for losses. (Amould. 5th ed.. p. 19a.)
Tho underwriter is prevented by the receipt
clause in the policy from claiming the premium
from the assured direct, or seeking to set otl an-
settled prrmiunu against losses : be mu^t look to
the broker for his consideration, and the latter to
the assured. In short, tlie underwriter is entirely
debarred from claiming upon the assured direct ;
unless the latter has acted fraudulently, or has
connived at the commission of fraud by the Itroker,
in the particular instance. It is settled law that tlie
broker has a lien for the amount of the premiums on
every policy cflectwl by him. wht-ther lor u princi-
pal or for an itgent. If a broker employs another
to efiect an insurance, and divides the brokoia^e
with the latter, the sub-agent has a lien for the
premium paid by him to ttu: underwriter, both as
agaiiut the principal and the agent first employed,
and is entitled to hold the policy until that hen is
satisfied, though the premniiu tuLs be«n paid by tlie
assured to the &rst broker. Further, when the
broker lias been employed by the assured direct, lie
ha.1 a hen upon eactt fxilJcy in hi« possession tor tlie
general balaiKe of liis account with the latter, tn
BROKERAGE
^
BROWN
tfatf event of a lens arisiog on a. policy the claim h
generally collected by the broker from the under-
writers and settled by the Cnstom of Llo\'d's (o.v.).
(McArthnr on the Contract of Insurance, p. 36 :
Phillips on Insurance, vol. TI.. s. i.qog). In
companies' policies it is usnal to suhstitnte for the
acknoxvlcdgmcnt of the receipt of the premium a
promise on the {lart of Ibc assured to pay it. but
under tJic clauM so worded the obligation of each
party to the other stands upon the same fooling —
the clause being only a promise to pay. Refer to
Principal and Agent.
Brokerage. The commission charged by mer-
chants and brokers for securing and transacting
business for ships.
Brontometer. A combtnalinn of meteorolc^ica)
instruments rfcsigned to facilitate thr study of
ihunrlfrstorms. Pens register in anUinc ink. on
paper worked by a clock on a drum tibout 12 in.
long, the velocity of the wind, rainfall, and the
Ktmotiphrric prcMurc ; other pens worked by kej-s
record the exact tiine of thimder or lightning, and
the tlumtion and intensity of hail.
Brooklyn. U.S. belt cruiser (i8<>;)-
Length 400 ft. Beam 65 ft. Maximum draught aS ft.
DLsplacuuiL-nt g.215 tons. Complement 500.
Guns.
8 — 8 in.
12— 5 in.
12 — 6 pdr.
4— r pdr.
4 Catlings.
Armoitr.
" Har>'ey."
3 in. ^U amidships.
8 in. Barbettes.
8 in. Conning tower.
Torpedo Tuhrs.
5 Above water, bow and broadside.
Twin screw. Hp. forced 16,000=21 kts. Coal
maximum i. €50 tons.
Broom. ■'V tx^soni at the mast-liea<l signifies the
ship is lor sale.
Broome, Thomas C. (b. Wolverhampton. 1869)-
Aitcr leaving school in 1S84 he went to sea. aiid in
itjS<« pas^'d for second mate and master, and four
yeaiH later obtHUU-d uii extra mast^r'.s ciTtiricate. In
1897 hi* rL-ci^tvL-d a commissiou as sub-Ueutenant in
the Royal Naval Reserve, and served on H.M.S.
Camfcudjjf. Defiance, and Astrea, 1899-1900, ajid
in the latter year received a heuteoant's commis-
sion. In ig03 he retired from active sea life, and
joined the Tyiier Line as as&i^tant marine superin-
tendent. Joine<l Institution of Naval ArcliiLects,
1904.
Brougbt alonKside. " After which she shall load
there from the charterers a fuH and complete cargo
of . the cargo being brought to and taken from
along!iide at the charterer's risk and Expense."
The above clause is found in most charter-parties,
and markii the plact; where, and the time when, the
responsibiUty for the cargo passes from the char-
terer to the shipowner, and again at the pert of
delivery from the shipowner to the charterer or his
ooiuQgnee. It u not sufficient tliat the cargo be
placed within easy reach of the sliipowner ; it must
be actually brought alongside tlie ship at the
charterer's expense {^.e.. " free alongside "), and
wherr the ship, owing to her draught, is unable to
get up to the wharf, thn cost of lightering fails on
the charterer. Similarly at the tcrnunatioii of the
voyage, the cargo is delivered, and the shipowner's
risk ended, as soon as the cargo is put overside.
i
Brown. Andrew. JJP, (b. Glasgow. 1835). Marin
engineer. I-elt school 1S37 to serve apprentic
ship with Mr. John Neilsen, Oakbauk Foundry,
Glasgow: wai; appointed assistant druughlsman
to Messrs. Todfl and MacGrt^or. 1 849 : engaged
in Caledonian running engine shops. Glasgow. 1850 ^^_
ani in 1.S60 joined the late Mr. Wm. Simons aJ^H
Renfrew, and is now chairman of Wm. Simons antl
Co., Ltd. He is the oldest engineer and ship-
builder on the Clyde, and has been associated with
many events in marine engineering, such as the
Prompt (1854), the first screw steamer running
between Leitli and London, in place of the old sailing
smacks ; Viviandicte, the pionc-er coasting .steamer
of the Qyde Shipping Co. ; the Anchor Line
India {1877), the first vessel fitted with compound
engines on the North Atlantic service ; the Oxtom,
the first four-screw propelling ferry steamer built for
vehicular traffic on the Mersey {1S79) ; the first
hopper dredger (18O6] ; the first steam hopper
barge in Europe f[S6i) ; the Finmestnn, and
the first elevating deck ferry steamer built
for vehicular traffic on the Qyde. The great
advance made in building may be seen from thCv^_
fact that the first hopper dredger had a capacity ol^H
300 tons, while the latest construction, the CebA
{1905), for the Natal Government, is of 3.000 tons.
He became a member of the Renlrew Town CouncD
in 1865. and continued a member until 1900; was
elected Provost in 1S77, and held that poaitioa
for 15 years; member of the Institution of Civil
Engineers.
PubHcation.s : Has contributed papers to t!
Institution of Shipbuilders and Engineers
Scotland, on " Improved Drinlging Plant," in 1S74
and 1 899, and also read at the Institution of Civil
Engineers in 1894 a paper on " Recent Tj-pes of
Ferry Steamers."
Brown, A. B. (b. Ringwcod, 1S39). Aite^
serving an apprL-uticesbip at sea, he. in 1 86] , entered
the service of the P. and O. Co. as a junior officer,
and was proniote<I chief officer in 1S66. In 1868
the Japanese Goveniinent. having decided to light
and buoy its coast, purchased a steamer and offered
him command, and hi: was actively engaged for
several years in the service of the Mikado's Govern-
ment, surveying sites and superintending the con-
Ktruction of lighthouses and beacons, etc. In 1874
the Japanese Government decided on sending an
expedition to Formosa, and purchased from the
P. and O. Co. thtrtr steamer Delta, which was
A
i
BROWN
97
BRUNEL
re-chriiitenad Takasa^ Maru, and he was given
Dommand, and had charge of the transport nf i.jioo
men to Laingluao Bay, under General Saiga. On
the termination of the expedition, the Japanese
Government found itst-lf with a number of steamers,
uid an arrasgement yras made with Mr. IwaHalh
Yatiro to purchase the ships and form a company
and this formed the nucleus of the Mitsu Uishi
Company ; in fact, the modem Mercantile Marine
of Japan. In 1874 he rctnrned to Great Britain
and purcha-'wrd two other merchant vessels as a
(nrther addition to this fleet. On his retwm to
Japan in 1675. he was appointed to assLst in
forming a marine bureau. In 1885 a new company
was formed, the Nippon Yusen Katsha, to take over
the then existing steamship companies, the Mitsu
Bishi Co.. and the Kiodo Unyu Kaisha. and at the
rwiuesl of the Government he was appointed general
manager. In May, 1889, he rfrsign(-<l this position
.-uid came to England to take charge of the com-
pany's shipbuilding programme, and other busineiis
requiring expcrrt superintendence ; settled in
Glasgow and founded the 6rm of Messrs. A. R.
BrewQ. MacFarlane, Ltd. He has been closely
associated wiili the modem Mercantile Marine of
Japan from its earliest infancy, and assisted in
tonnding the Tokio College, and the Tokio Marine
Insniance Co. For service rendered to the Japan-
ese Government, he was decorated with the 3rd
Order of the Rising Sun, and was the fint British
subject in Japan to receive this honour.
Brown* George Matthews (b. South Shields,
May 11. 1S72J. B.A.. B.Sc. W.H. School. Served
apprenticeship in the engine works department
of Messrs. PalmcTS Shipbuilding Co.. Ltd..
Jairow ; aftcxwards working in their drawing ofUcc.
Gained Wlutworth'.s Scholarship in iSt^j ; gradu-
ated B.Sc., Durham, with honours, in 189^. and
B.A. (Part II. Science Tripos). Cambridge, 1900.
At present engaged as chief engineer in the [lOwer
and mioing department of Messrs. Thomson. Hou-
ston Co.. Rugby.
Publications : Has contributed papers to the
Engineering Society on " Steam Practice and
Electrical Engineering."
Brown, Lieut, Se$ Arctic Exploratioa.
Browne, Sir Benjamin Chapman, K.T. (or. 1887).
D.CL. (b. 1S39). Served his apprenticeship at the
£3swick Works under Sir W. G. Armstrong ; in
1870 took an active part in tiie recon-structjon of the
old 6rm of R. W. Hawthorn, with a special view to
ihc development of the marine engine trade, and
during the next 16 years was closely connected
with engine building for the British .\dmiraUy, the
Italian, French, Russian, and many otfter Govern-
mentx. In 1896 he btHramc cbairman of the firm
of R. and W. Hawtljom, Leslie and Co., Ltd..
the amalgamation of R. and VV. llawihom and Co.
and tfaa shipyards of A. S. Leslie and Co. ; he is
also connected wiUi electric light and power com-
panies, an<l with the coal trade ; w well known
in connection witli labour institutions, and in 1904
ho served on a committee appointed by the Home
Secretary, to examine the working of the Worker's
Corporation Act. Member of the Institutions of
Civd Engineers, Mechanical Engineers, and Naval
Architects.
B.B.U. Distinguishing letters on sea fishing
boats registered at Bruinisse. Holland.
Brohn. Johuines [b. Borris. Denmark. March 11,
1868). Served his apprenticeship in Flensburg
Shipbuilding Yard, and with Messrs. Mackie and
Thomson, Glasgow. Studied naval arcliitccture
and engineering at the Glasgow University, and
took his degree of B.Sc.. and in 1891 the degree of
D.Sc. was conferred on hma ; in 1895 he joined the
staff of the Committee of Lloyd's Register of
British and Fnrcign SlLipping, L.ondon. and still
retains tlie post of Scientific Adviser to this body ;
in 1900 he was awarded the gold medal by the
Institntion of Nax-al Architects for his paper
*' The Stresses at the Discontinuities of a Ship's
Structure."
Publications : A number of papers dealing with
the -Strength and Stability o( Ships, read Itrforc
the Institution of Naval Architects, and the Insd-
tutton of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland.
Broiler. Steamer. In collision with the llasuvll
off Aldborough, August 19, i!i66; 15 lives lost.
Brtlix. French and class cruiser. (Rochefort,
1894.)
Length 361(1. Beam 46ft. Maximum draught aoft.
Displacement 4.750 tons. Complement 370.
Guns. Armour.
2 — ^7'6 in.. 4S cal. " Creusot " steel.
6 — 5"5 in. 4 in. Belt amidships.
6 — 9 pdr. 4 In. Turrets.
4 — 3 pdr. 4 in. Conning tower.
Torpedo Tuhes [tfj in.).
4 Above water.
Twin screw, lip. 3,300= iS'5 kts. Coal normal
406 tons. Approximate cost £350,000.
Braizez. British torpedo-boat destroyer. (Chis-
wiLk, 1895.) Length, 201 ft. : beam, ig ft ;
draught, y ft. ; displacement. 347 tons : comple-
ment, 45 ; armament, t is-pdr.. 5 6-pdr.. 2 tubes ;
twin screw ; Hp., 3,5oow37 kts, ; ooal, bo toos.
Brummer. Cferman protwited gmi-boat (1RS4);
Displacement. S70 tons. Of no 6ghting value.
BnmeU Isambatd Kingdom {1806-59). English
civil engineer. Was one of the pioneers in the
development of ocean steam navigation ; be de-
signed the Great Western, the £rst ship to make
regular voyages across the Atlantic, 1838 ; lie built
the Great Britain, the first large iron stcanuhip
which was navigated by tlie screw piopeller.1845 : be
juyson''
98
BUENOS
constnictfrtl the huge Great Eastern for the Ea«lcrn
Steam >Jn\-iKation Co., 1R53 ; Rave rm:ch attention
10 gun improvement, and designed a floating guo
carriage for the attack on Kronstadt, 1854. Ho
died on board the Great Easttm. September 15,
1859. See " Uie ot I. K. Brunei." by Isadoro
BrunM, i8;o.
Bnrson, John Joshua (b. Newcastle, Marcli 4.
S868) . Marine engineer. Educated Glasgow Tech-
^nical College, where he took first place in steam and
mechanical engineering, with first-cIass honours.
gaining Atkinson's bursarj' ; at the Glasgow Univer-
sity he gained first prize for mechanical engineering,
and held Eldej-'s bursary for marine engineering and
naval construction ; served his apprcnticcsliip with
Mcs&rs. R. and W, Hawthorn. I..eslie and Co.; from
iKi;)o-95 was employed in the drawing office of the
Kaval Construction and Armaments Co., having
under his entire charge the shipbuilding and
engineering department. Member of the lustilu
lion of Naval Architects,
BJ. Distinguishing letters on si?a fishing boats
registered at Beaumaris. England.
B. Th. U.,or British Thermal Unit, is the unit
quantity of heat emploj-cd by engineers. It is
medianically equal to 778 ft. Uw. of work, and is the
amount of heat required to bring one pound of
waler from 49* to 50" F.
B.T.U.,or Board of Trade Vnit, is the legal unit
for the sale of electrical energy to tlic public.
B.IT. I>islingui5hlng tetters on sea fishing boats
registered at Bunschoteo. Holland.
BnccuiMT. A name given to pirates who
formerly inft-sted the Spanish coast.
Buccaneer Yacht Club. Established 1898. Com-
modore, Major R. Giles B^ad^llaw ; Vice-Commo-
dore, A. Christie Bradshaw ; Rear -Commodore,
Charles R. Catchpool ; Honorary Secretary and
Treasurer, Licut.-Col. A. T. Simpson, Bosham
Abbey, Sussex. Entrance fee, £i }s. ; annual sub-
scription, ^3 3j.
Buchan, Captain David. Ste Arctic Exploration.
Bncbardo. Argentine torpedo-boat. (Yarrow.
i8go.) Length, j 50 ft. ; displacement, 85 tons ;
2 tubes ; speed, about 24 kts.
Baoklond, Henry Birkett [b. SmiUi Shields,
March lO. iS6g). Served hi.s apprcntitcship witli
Messrs. Black, Hawtliorn and Co., Gateshead ; from
there jnined Messrs. Henry Watson and Sojis as
draughtsman, and subsequently the Ccnlrnl Marine
Engineering Works, Hartlepool. Having obtained
his Board of Trade certificate at sea. was appointed
managiT of the Tyue Boiler Works Co.. Ltd.. where
under his charge several bridges were built for
India, and also in 1887, during the French scare.
4.^0 spherical submarine mines for the Home and
Indian Govcmmojits. tn iSSA he embarked in
business on his own account as a consulting
engineer and nax-al architect at Newcastle. Know-
ing that boilers are the heart of a Bteamer, he
early made them his special study and care, and
has designed and patented the " Buckland Vertical
Donkey Boiler " and the " Stanley Spherical
Marine Boiler."
Buckle. Vic6-Admiral Claude Edward (b. Dar-
ham, 1^39). EulL-rcd Navy, 1852 ; cadet of
Laandsr, and served in Black Sea during Russian
ivar : joined Valorous December. 1S64; was en-
gaged in two niglit attacks on the sea front at
Sebastopo!, the capture of Kerlch and Ivinbiirn
(Crimean and Turkish medals, Sebaslopc^ clasp) ;
joined Inflexible. 1S56 : was eugaged in the de-
struction of the Chinese fleet at Escape Creek.
Sawshu. and Fat&han ; took part in the capture of
Peiho forts, 1838 ; was mentioned in despatches
by the Commander-in-Chief (China medal. Canton.
Fatshan, and Taku clasps) ; was lieutenant in Hero
when hlic took H.U.II. The Prince of Wales to
Canada ; A.D.C. to the Queen. 1889-91 : captain,
senior naval officer. Gibraltar, 1S89-92 ; senior
officer on the coast of In-laml. 1K9S-98 : promoted
admiral. August I3. 1903, when he retired,
BacUers. Two blocks of wood fitted together
to stop up the hawse-holes to prevent the ship
taking anv water in a hca\-y sea.
BucknaU Steamship Lines. Ltd.. managed by the
founders. Messrs. Bucknall Bros., possess a fleet of
a6 first-class steamers. The present company
was formed in tQoo to take over and exlead
the British and Colonial line from London to
southeast African ports, established 1892. The
company maintains monthly service from London
to Madeira, Cape Town, Algoa Bay. East London,
and Natal ; also lines between New York and South
Africa and New York and India, as wdl as a line
between Manchester and the Persian Gulf ports.
Budapest Austro- Hungarian battleship. [San
Kocco, 1896.)
Length 323ft. Beam ;61t. Maximum draught 2ilt.
Displacement 5.C00 tons. Complement 469.
Guns.
4 — j>'4 in., 35 cal.
6 — 6 in.
1 2 Maclilne.
Armour.
" Harvey."
10 in. Belt amidships.
8 in. Bulkheads.
10 in. BarlK'ltes.
8 in. Conning tower.
Torpedo Tubes (177 in.).
4 Above water.
Twin screw. Hp. 8,500=17 kts. Coal maxi-
mum 500 tons.
Buenos Aires. Argentine cruiser.
vHcfS-) Sheathed and coppered.
Length 4oSft. Beam 47ft. Maximum draught ^aft
Displacement 4.S00 tons. Complement 400.
BUGALET
99
BURAN
Cum. Armour.
a— Sin. "Steul."
4 — 6 in. s in. Deck amid^liips.
6 — 47 In. 5 in. Oun shields.
4 — 6 pdr. 6 in. Conning tower.
i6 — 3 pdr.
Torpedo Tubvr,
5 Above water.
Twin screw. Hp. natural 13,000=33 kts., lorcrd
17.070—34 kti. Call maximuin 1,000 tons.
Bosalat
Gulf.
A larg« trading boat of the Peratan
Baseaod. French ^nd class cniiser. (Cher-
bourg, 1893.)
Length 3oHlt. Beam 45ft. Maximum draught szlt.
Displacement 3.773 tons. Complement 358.
1 Guns. Armour.
^■b' 6 — 6*4 m. 3 in. Deck.
^^^ 4 — 4 in. 3 in. Sponsona.
^B 4—3 [xlr-
^^^ II — 1 pdr.
^^K Torpedo Tubes.
1^^* 3 Above water.
Twin screw. Hp. 9,500=19 kta. Coal maxi-
roum 587 tons. Approximate cost /30o,ooo.
BoUd. A vessel's form or construction.
Bonder's risks. Tlic great tncrcas*.- in the sixu
and in the values of steamers Itas made tlie risk
wlule m cour»! of construction a ver>' serious one
to aJl concerned, ond cpccial terms haw been
arrajiged by the underwriters for the due protection
ol buildpra and owners. Rtfer to Builder's Risks
Clauses.
Bulgeways. Stt Bilgeways.
Bulk, ^^'hc^ cargo is stowed without sacks or
packages.
Bulkheads. Partitions built up to divide the
ship into separate sections.
Bollard. King and Co. See Natal Line.
BnlleD, FTsnk Thomas 0^57)- Engli&h author
(b. Faddmgion). Served at sea, (869-83 on a
whaler: from tSdj-Sg he worked as cterk in the
Meteorotogicai Othce. Among bis best-known
writings arc " The Cruise of tho CacKaiot" (iS^8).
" Idylls o{ the Sea " ( 1 899). " With Christ at Sea "
(1900), " De«pSeaP)underings "(looi)' " ^ Whale-
man's Wife" {1902), "A Sailor Apostle" (1903).
••Sea-Wrack'* (1903), "Creators of the Sea"*
(1905)-
BuMnoh. British torpedo-boat destroyer. (Hull
19UI.) Length, 210 it. ; beam, 20 it. ; draught.
5I it. ; di^laceaient, 300 tons ; complcmeut, 60 ;
armament, i 13-pdr., j 6'pdx., i tubes; twin
scnw ; Hp,,.5,SoOiB3o kts. ; coal, 80 tons.
Bull Boek Ugh^ established 1SS9 on BuU Head,
Bantry Bay, is a single fla&b Ught every ij
seconds ; duration of flash, three seconds : candle-
power, 300.000 maximum ; burner. 10 ring Douglass ;
illumtiunt, oil gas.
BoQ-rope. A rape from tiie jib-boom to keep a
buoy or boat from the bows.
BoU^s-eje. -^ thick piece of glass inserted into
scuttle hatches for the adnussiou of hght.
Bulwark. British i st class battleship. (Devon-
port. 1899.)
Length 430ft. Beam 7$(t. htaximam draught 29(1.
Displacement 15.000 tons. Complement 750.
G»Ni. Armonr,
4 — 12 in,, 40 ual. " Krtipp."
12 — 6 in. 9 in. Belt amidships.
16 — 12 pdr. 12 in. Barlx-ttcs.
G — 3 pdr. 13 in. Conning tower.
2 Maxims.
Torpedo Tubes (18 in.).
4 Submerged.
Twin screw. Hp. 15,000=18 kts. Coal maxi-
mum 3.100 tons. Approximate cost /r.ooo.ooa.
Bulwarks. The woodwork round the vustcl above
her deck.
Bamboat. A small boat used when carrying
provifioita to a ship lying at a distance from thf
shore.
Bamkin shroada. Strong chains fixed on stayti
to ihe buiiikin ends to support the strain exerted
by the fore-tacks upon them.
Bampkin. A short boom projectmg irom bow.
Bunt;. A sLup[>Gr (or the large opcnmg in the
bulge of a cask called a bunghole.
Bunk. -A. sleeping-place.
Boat, The middle part of a sail formed into a
cavity that it may gather more wind.
Bont-Unes. Kopes attached to the foot of a
sail which are used to haul it up.
Buoy. A floating objtct to mark a navigable
channel to warn a vessel against submarine danger,
or to serve as an anchorage.
Buoyanoy. Capacity lor floating hghtly.
Bttoy-rojM. The rope which attaches the buoy
to the anchor.
BOTUkoS. Russian torpedo-boat destroyer (190b).
Length, 1S5 (t. : U-am. ^1 ft ; draught, /f ft. ;
displacement, 3^4 tons; complement, 60; arma-
ment, 1 i2-pdr., ; 3-pdr., 2 tubes; twin screw;
Hp.. 5,600 = 36 kts. ; coal, 100 tons.
Bonn. Gale from the north-east, accompanied
witli drifting snow, in the Sleppea of Central Asia.
See Purga.
£ 2
BURDEN
too
BUSLEY
BnrlaB, The number of tmui weight whieh a
ship will carry wlion loadrd.
BorgM. A 8\%'aIiow-tJu]cd broad flag uaed in
merchant ves-stch. cuttrrs. and yachis.
Bmmeiiter and Wain's EnKioeering and Sliip-
tailding Co., Ltd^ Copeidiagen. Ttiis firin was
started in July, (fl46, by H. Baumgarten and
C. Bumetster. Thdr business, employing 30
hands, manufactured various machinory, stationary
Btcam -engines, and boilers, tlic tlisl marine engine
being turned out a few years later, tn 184^.
Messrs. Banmgarten and Burmcifitcr carried on
their works vdih great energy and ability, and the
business expanded rapidly, keeping pace with the
increasing demand for steam power in all branches
of industry.
From 1861, on the retirement of Mr. Baumgarten.
Mr. Burmeistcr was sole partner a few years, when
ho in 1865 askrd Mr. William Wain, a gentleman
of considerable mechanical skill and vatnable
practical knowledge, to join him and become a
partner in the firm, the name then being changed
to Burmeistcr and Wain.
The firm continued progressing successfully as a
private firra until 1872, when it was formed into a
limited company, with C. F. Tietgen as a chair-
man, and a board of management, witli C Bur-
roeister and W. Wain as directore. The company
has bad the benefit of retaining the interest and
scr\*iccs of Mr. Wain until his death, 18S2. and
Mr. Bunneister until his retirument in 1U9O.
The two merited chiefs have in course ol time
t)«en followed by ©there, and full adv-anlage has
been taken by the introduction of modem machinery
and recent appliances and facilities.
The company has built and cngined about
350 vessels, aggregating 191.000 tons, with jt/.cxjo
l.Hp., and from 1872-1906 carried out 8,700 larger
repairs to steamers.
The Btcamcn built comprise several of special
types, such as icc-breakera, large railway ferries,
salvage steamers, and steamers for telegraph ser-
vice, war vessels, mail and passenger steamcn*.
yachts, and oil steamers.
The engine dcpartmeiit. besides having built the
engines for all the new steamers built by the com-
pany, has supplied th*.* greater part of the tmginea
for the warships of the Royal Danish Navy.
Further, it has built the engines for the eU-ctnc
plant. Sewage, and waterworks of the Corporatiou
of Coi>enliagcn. for a great nunilxir of factories,
and many other stationary plants in Deomack ;
the engines for the Electric Central Station in St.
Petersburg ; for the electrical works iu StockUoUn,
(iotlirnburg. Klagstorp, and Fredcrikshald in Nor-
way, etc. ; engines to Malaga, South America, and
l;idia for electric plant.
Not only engines but also boilers ol various
types have been supplied to a great number of the
abovv-Damed plants, and during the last two years
the conqnny has delivered and set working abont
100 Dtcsal engines of various dimension:* : and
recently they have taken up the manafacturing of
steam turbines for electricity works.
Many heavy lorgings have been turned out from
these shops for works iu Denmark. Norway, Eng-
land, Scotland, Ht^and, Russia.
Boniham Tacbt Clab, Essex Established 1895,
and new wiuti added in 1900, which was opened by
the president of the club, l^rd Claud Hamilton.
Commodore. C. H. Colland ; Vice-Comroodore,
C. J. R. Tijou ; Rear-Commodore, G. M. Roberts ;
Hononuy Treasurer. A. L. Ramage ; Honorary
Secretary. R. K. Moooey. Entrance fee. £i rir. 6rf. ;
annual subscription, £1 111. 6d.
Barni. Russian torpedo-boat destroyer {190O}.
length. 185 ft.; beam. 21 ft.; draught. ;| ft.:
displacement. 324 tons ; complement,6o ; armament,
I 13-pdr., s 3-pdr., a tubes; twin screw; Hp.,
5,600=36 kts. ; coal. 100 tons.
Burns. O. and J., Ltd. See Scottish and Irish
Royal Mail Line.
Burnt, Ste Fire ; aim Memorandum.
Borroogh, Sieven. See Arctic Exploration.
Bant o( the mouoon. The suddc^n change of
weather accompanjnng the setting in of the south-
west monsoon.
Barton, R., and Sons, published by the lat«
Mr. R. Burton, of Newport. Mon.. over a century
ago. Since 1840 it has been carried on by his
three sons, who in 1898 formed the business into
a limited company. Their steamers maintain
regular ser^nces between Liverpool and the Bristol
Channel ports, and daily services between Bristol
and Cardiff, and Bristol and Newport, Mon.
Barton. A small tackle with a double and
single block u.<ied to set up or tighten shrouds.
Bash ol a sheave. The metal lining on which a
pin reals.
Basley, Carl fb. Kcustrclitc. October 7, 1850).
Educated at High 5»chool, and on Itaving gained
practicU experience m engineering in a large
factory : in 1871 he entered the Academy in
Berlin, and three years late-r passed out with first-
class diplomas for marine engineenng. and entered
the Imperial Geimon Marine as second engineer ;
in 1875 he was engaged as marine engineer at the
Imperial Wharf, Kiel ; in 1879 he became associated
with the marine academy and school at Kiel,
attaining the degree of profMSor in 1890. and 6vc
yi-ars later the title of Geheimen Regterungsrat ;
in t8v6 he joined F. Scbichau in Elbitig *ad
Danzig ta naval con<itructor. which position ha
still holds ; he was a juror on the committee of the
exhibitions, Hamburg (18S9). Chicago (1893),
Antwerp (T894), Lubeelr [1895), Kiel (t996).
Brussels (1897). Parw (1900) ; was a member of the
organixatton " Schittbautchnischcn Gcscllschaft." a
scicotific organization of shiphiillclrrs and ship-
avrncrs founded in 1R89. on the lines of tht- Institu-
tion of Naxi'al Architecti in this conntry, and th<;
Association Technique ^^aritime oE France, having
for its aim the improvements of national ship-
building : he is an enthusiastic yachtsman, and has
devoted mach time to this sport ; was one of the
founders of the Marine Rcf^^tta Association. 18S7,
which was changed in iM^n to the Imperial Yacht
Qub. of which he is still one of the directors ; was
the founder of the German Sailing Association.
1558 ; was on baird the German torpedo-boat
S. 43 carT>-ing the news to H.M. The German
Emperor of the result of the Dover- Helgoland nice
00 June 24. 1902, when that vessel wa.s run into
by the British steamer Fursby. nearly losing his
life: in 1900 he was elected chairman of the Ger-
man Airship Association, Berlin; he is author of
many well-known technical works, and hm read
papers before various scientihc institutions. Among
his works may be mentioned :
I. Die Meerwasscr-DbtiUicr-Apparato dcr fvaisar-
lichen Marine, Berlin. 1880.
3. Die Schifhnachinc. Kiel. 2 Bde. u. i Atlas,
I. Aufl. 1333; II- Auil. 1884; russisch l8Sy; III.
Aufl. l8<)l ; cngl. iSgj.
3. Die Vcrwcndnng flussiger HeizstofTc fur
Schiflskeasel. Berlin. 1K87.
4. Die Entwickelung der Schiflsmachine in den
letztcn Jahrxchnten. Berlin, I. Aufl. iSaS, III.
Aufl. i8g2.
5. Dm ncupren Schnelldampfer. Kiel, I, Aufl.
1891, II. Aufl. 1893.
6. Die Entwickelung des N'orddeutschen Lloyd
and der Hamburg Amerikaa Packetf. Act. Ges.
Zusammcn mit R. Haack. Berlin, 1893.
7. Die jungsttin Bestrebungen und Erfolgc des
deutacbcn Schiffbaues. Berlin. 1895.
8. Die Wasscrrohrkessel der Dampfschiffe, Berlin.
1S96.
9. Die gesundheitUchen Einrichtungcn der mo-
dcmen Dampfschiffc, Berlin. 1S97.
10. Der Kampf un den ostasiastischen Handel.
Bcrlia I. Aufl. 1897. II. Aud. 1S9S.
II. Die raodemcn Untcrsccbootc. Berlin, 1899.
Bon. A small Dutch fishing vessel.
Bostamente. Spanish torpedo-boat. (N'ormand,
18S7.) Length, 126 ft. ; beam, loj (t ; draught,
6^ ft. : di.<iplaccmcnt, A3 tons ; armament. 3 3^>dr.,
2 tubes , Hp., 800 = 22 kts. ; coal, 25 tons.
Bastard. British 3rd class gun-boat (254 tons).
Launched iSjt.
Bote Shipbuilding, Engineering, and Dry Dock
Oo., lAA. Amongst the leading dry dock under-
takings in the Bristol Channel, tlic Bute Ship-
btttlding, Engmccring, and Dry Dock Co.. Ltd..
oocopies a front place. This company was formed
in the early part of the year [8R3, and the first
vessel entered the Graving Dock on Jane 22, 1885.
The Bute Dry Dock was therefore constructed and
opened ahoot three years prior to the opening of
the Roath Dock.
This dr»' dock was constructed at a time when a
2,000 ton ship was accounted a large vessel, and it
i.s indicative of the foresight of the promoters
when it is remembered that the dock haa a length
of 600 ft. and a breadth of 87 ft., with a depth of
water over the sill at spring tides of 28 ft,, .ind there
is consequently no difhculty in accommodating
the modem sized steamship.
The Bute Dry Dock occupies a unique positron,
inasmuch as being situated within the Roath Basin.
Vessels taken in hand are conveniently situated for
subsequent loading in the Roath Basin. Roath
Dock, or £a.tt Dock, and may be moved to cither
of these wet docks regardless of tides with a
minimum of delay and cxpcnst*, a cousidenttioa in
these day<! ol keen competition which is not Uyf*
sight of by shipowners.
As regards equipment, one of tho chief features
of tlic dry dock is its compactness. The work-
shops arc arranged around and in close proximity
to the dry dock, with a crane railway alongade
between the dock and the shops, which are well
served with three steam travclUng cranes, capable
of handling material and heavy machinery, etc.,
of all descriptions, and this, coupled with the
proximity of the workshops, enables oiierations to
be earned on with the greatest expedition. Tho
large crane is capable of lifting 30 tons, and has a
lifting power of 8^ tons over a radius ol 50 ft.,,
these capabilities mcetiog all the needs of ordinary
ship repairing work.
TIio various workshops are exoellently equipped
with up-to-date machinery plant and tools, replete
in ever}' detail, an important f.'tctor in the suc-
cessful working of a dry dock and ship repairing
concern. There is a complete electric light in-
stallation 'n the workshops, yard, and dry dock.
and no barrier exists to continuous working, re-
pairs being carried on at night mtcmaily and
externally upoa vessels in tlic dry dock or along-
side in the wet dock, under the same conditions aa
by day.
The Bute Dry Dock has always moved with the
times, and amongst its innovations of late years
has been a complete equipment of electrically
driven appliances. These conditions have com-
bined to give " The Bute " a name for despatch
and economy which it is difficult to beat, " prompt-
ness and uffcctiveae&s " being its chief charac-
teristics.
Tlie dock is fitted with powerful stuam-pumps,
but it may be also drained by means of sluices
discharging into the entrance channeL
The dry dock is divisible into accttona by a
caisson, thus enabling an onlmary sized steamer
to remain in dry dock for extensive repairs, IcaWng
the other portion available for other ves«J
The work undertaken by " The Bute " is most
varieil and cosino]>olilan. In its earliest days as
many as five vessels have been accommodated at
one time. Now it is a common occurrence for a
large tramp steamer to monopolise the whole of
the dock, a contrast which spcalts for itscU. Ocean
liners, troopships, stately *' sailers," mud-dredgers,
and warships have found a temporary resting*
place in the Bute. In August, 1902, the Japanese
cruiser Takasago wag dry-docked for cleaning and
painting, the work being efficiently and expedi-
tiously carried out in Uiree days to the entire
satisfaction of the Japanese naval authorities.
The repair of ships has not been the only work
undertaken by the Bute Dry Dock. Successful
salvage operations have helped to make the name
of this (enterprising firm, one of these being the
steamer Fidete Ptimavesi, which was successfully
raised after sinking in the Roatb Dock while
loading in September, 1892. A later case was tliat
of the Pitta, which sunk while loade<l near the
entrance lock of the Roath Basin. After being
raised this vessel was kept afloat while txiing dis-
charged, and was afterwards docked and rL>pairud
by the same firm.
A particular feature of the Bute Dry Dock
whkh claims special attention is its capabiUtics
for docking loaded ships, a feature which has
gained for it a rejmtation to which it is deservedly
entitled. Over 20 ships have been dr>' docked
with cargo and repaired in this condition, two
recent cases being the Vattxhait Bridge (gross
register tonnage, 3,391}, loaded with a full cargo
of rails, and extensively repaired, and the HiU'
grove (gross tonnage. 3.465). with a cargo of 5.500
tons of coal. The success which has attended the
docking of loaded vessels is sufficient proof of the
solid formation o( the dock bottom.
In 1901 the mercantile pontoon was acquired,
and is worked as an annexe to the parent concern.
The pontoon is situated in the Roath Dock, and
represents the only dry dock accommodation avail-
able there. It is ^ao ft. long and 52 ft. wide, and
ia capable of raising vcsscl.i up to 2,600 tons dis-
placement. Tlierc are excellently e<nupiwd wark-
sh^s in close proximity to the pontoon.
The Bute Dry Dock has shared in the prosperity
of the sliip-rcpairing industry, and commercial
succa<w<i has attendetl the enterjjrise in no small
measure, the name of the Bute Dry Dock being
synouymuus with an up-to-date policy, good
management, and, as a result, large dividends.
This pcf'iHoo the company has maintained, atUiough
the conditions of the ship -repairing trade at the
present day and the exceptionally keen competi-
tion now prevailing have operated in giving a
temporary check to its erstwhile commercial success.
Buderage. Once a tax upon all imported wine,
and paid to the King's butler. Obsolete since
1S09.
'roi^j
Bott. The end of a plank.
Buttock. The breadth of the ship's stem h
truck upwards.
Button, Sir Thomas. See Arctic Exploration.
Batt-sUngs. Slings by which casks are raised.
Bnys-Ballot^s Law. In the northern heraisphere.
" Stand with youx back to the wind and the
haromfter will be lower on the left hand and
higher on the right." Directions arc reversed In
the snuthem hemisphere,
Bosiard. German 3rd class cruiser. (Danxig,
l8yo.)
Length 356ft. Beam 30ft. Maximum draught 19(1.
Displacement 1,555 tons. Complement 165.
Guns. Armuur.
8 — 4*1 in. "Steel."
7 Maxims. 3 in. Deck amidships.
Torpedo Tubes.
2 .M>ove water.
Hp. 2,900=16 kts. Coal maximum 300 tons.
B.T. Distinguishing letters on sea flshing boats
registered at Vegesack. Germany.
B.W. Distinguishing letters on sea fishing boats
registered at Barrow-in-P'urncsa, England.
B.W.O. These letters stand for Birmingham
Wire Gauge, wltich extended the appliLation of the
gauge introduced by Sir Jose]>h WhitworUi in
1857. In 1884 the C.W.G. became the Imperial
Standard wire gauge. The various si2e5 arc usually
denoted by numbers.
B.Z. Distinguishing letters on sea fishing boats
registered at Bremerliaven, Germany.
By. On or close to the wind.
Byclaga. Russian submarine (1905). Spaed.
g kts.
Bylott Robert. See Arctic Exploration.
Byng, The Bon. John ;i704-57). English
admiral. In 1756 he fought an unsatisfactory
action off Minorca ; was subsequently court-
ntartialtcd. and on being couWcted for not having
done liis best was Si-ntcncecl to be sliot. He was
executed on board the Monarch at Portsmouth,
March 14. 1757. There was no imputation upon
his honour or courage, but he suffered this penalty
for his too strict obseT\ance of rules, didcipline,
and points of naval etiquette.
Ses Charnock's " Biographia Navalis" (1797).
Clowe's "Royal Navy" (1896-1901).
Byron, Hon. John [1725-8G). English vice-
admiral. Accompanied Anson round the World.
1740-44, and gained the nickname of "Foul
Weather Jack." In the Dolphin he ^-isited
Madeira, BradJ, Patagonia, Falkland Islands, the
Padiic, Society Islands. Ladroncs, Batavia, and
BY
lo;
CABOT
tJw Cvpe. In 1 769 be «'sa appointed Gorcmor ot
Nvwioundland, and nine years later was dospatclied
ia commaDd of a fleet to watch the movements oi
Count D'Estaing. and in July, 1779, foufibt an in*
decisive eagagrmcnt with tiim off Grcoada.
5m Byron's journal on "A Voyage round the
World" (1767).
B7 the board. Over the ship's ade.
By the head. \\'hen the vessel draws more
water forwanl.
Bythesea, Rear-Admiral John, V.C. C.B.. OXE.
(1327-1906). Hdncatrtl Grnsvenor College, Bath.
Entered thr Nax-y as a voluntciT ist class. 1841 ;
promoted lieutenant, tH^g ; commander, 1856 :
awarded the V.C. while serving in H.M.S. AnogaHi
in Russian war.
Extract from the " Garette," February 24. 1S57 :
" On August 9, 1854, having ascertained that an
A-D.C. of the Emperor of Russia had landed on
the Island ol Wardo in charge of a mail and de-
spatches for the Russian general, Ucutenant Bythe-
sea obtained permission for himself and WUiam
Johnson, stoker, to proceed on shore with a view
to intercept them. Being disguised and well
armed, they concealed themselves till the night of
the 1 3th, when tlia mail bags were landed close to
the spot where they lay Sfcretod in the bushes.
The mails were accompanied by a military escort,
which passed dose to them, and which, as soon as
it was aJtcortained that the road was clear, took its
doparturc. Avaihng thcmsL-lvi.'S of tliis opportunity
Ueutenant Bythesea and the stoker attackixl the
6ve men in charge of the mail, took three of them
prisoners, and brought them in their own boat on
board the Arro^ani."
Coramnndcd the Locusi in, the Baltic, 1S55
(Baltic medal), and the Cruiser in China during
the war, 1838-60 (China medal. Taku clasp) :
captain. 1861 ; a member of the Royal Com-
mission on Defence of Canada. iSf*2 ; Naval
Attach^ at Wa^shington, 1^55-^57 ; in command of
tbe Pkabt ill the flying squadron under Admiral
Hornby, 1870 ; Consulting Naval Officer to Govcm-
ntcnt of India. 1874-80 ; rear 'admiral, 1877.
By the stern. When the vessel draws more
water aft.
Bytachok. KuKsian submarine (i()o6). I..ength,
50 It.; l^>eam, 14 ft.; displacement, no tons;
tpeed, loltta.
ByweU Cutle. In collision with the steamer
P*inmx Alict (j.w.). September 3. 1S78.
Byiantla. French steamer, sunk by collision
with the English steamer Rinatdo in the Dar-
danelles, December 18, 1878.
B.Z. Distinguishing letters on sea 5shing boats
rcgi'«tvrcd at Bergen op Zoom, Holland.
0. Cape. Abbreviation adopted on the charts
issued by the Hydrographic Office, Admiralty.
0. Centigrade
C. DisUoguishing letter on sea fishing boats
registered at Cork, Ireland.
0. Distinguishing letter on sea fishing boats
registered at Caen, France.
c. Coane. Abbreviation adopted on the charts
uMued by the HydrogtaphJc Office, .\drairalty,
denoting the quality of tlu- ocean's bottom.
C.A. Distinguishing letters on sea fishing boats
registered at Cardigan, England.
Cabin. A compartment of a ship %vhcre pas-
sengers and officers reside.
In a passenger ship the cabin is that portion of
the ship which is set apart for the exclosive use of
passengrrs. 1
A cabin passenger (Merchant Shipping Act, i8<>4;
section 268, subsection 3) is one who :
(fl) Has at least 36 clear superficial feet to his
exclusive use.
(ft) Is messed throughout the vo5ragc at the same
table as the master.
{e) Has contracted to pay a fare of at least
thirty shillings a week.
(d) Has a ticket in the form prescribed by the
Board of Trade.
In a cargo ship the cabin is the space rcservcti for
the use of the officers, and cannot generally be uiwl
for the stowage of cargo. In loading a " full and
complete cargo," the charterer cannot claim cabin
space for passengers or goods, unless specially pro-
vided for in the contract, and should he do so.
their passage money can be claimed by the ship-
owner ; and the goods stowed in the cabin can be
charged freight at the current rales. Refer to
Ikferchant Shipping Act ; Passenger.
Gable. A strong rope or chain by which tho
.ship is kept at anchor.
Cable laid, A nine-stranded rope.
Caboose. The cook-honse or galley on deck.
Cabot. Sebastian (i474-'5S7)- The renownctl
navigator and contemporary of Colnmbus (b.
Bristol). Wtien Henry VITI. resolved to enter the
new lield of maritime discovery, he granted a patent,
dated March ;, 1496. to Louis, Sebastian, and
Santos Cabot, who went to seek out, subdue and
occupy at their own charges any regions which
before "had been unknown to all Christiana."
They were authorised to set up the Royal banner,
and a fifth part of the gains of the voyage was to bo
n-ser\'ed to the Crown.
John and Sebastian sailed from Bristol in tho
Matthew in 1497. and it is probable that the Island
of XewfouiuUand was discovered on this voyage.
CACKLING
104
From 3 map drawn by Sebasttmn Cabot, and en-
graved by Clement Adams, which was liuug in
Qnccn Elizabeth's gallery at Whitehall, the most
precise account of the discovery was obtained. Tlic
notice runs as follows : ** In the year of our Lon!.
1497, John Oibot, a Venetian, and his son Sebastian,
discovered that countr>*, which no one before his
time had ventured (o approach, on June 24, about
five o'clock in the morning." He called it the Terra
ptimum ntsa. because this was the place that first
met his eye in looking from the sea. On the con-
trary, the island which Ues opposite the land he
called the island of St. John, because it was dis-
covered on tlic festival of St. John the Baptist.
In [498 a second patent was granted to John
Cabot, authorising htm to take six ships of not
more than 200 tons, in any port of the realm " and
them convey and Icdc to the lande and the isics
of late founti by the saJd John in ourc name and
by cure commandment." Before the expedition
was ready John QalKSt died, and Sebastian, with a
fleet of five vessels, set sail from Bristol in May.
On this voyage he dLscovcrcd 1,800 miles of sea
coast on the. North American Continent, probably
passing into Htidson's Bay, which some authorities
represent he discovered, but ol this there is nothing
authentic.
Nothing more appears relative to Seba.stjan
until 1517, when he undertook, with Sir Peter
Perke, another voyage to Spanish America. In
Aagust. 1526, a squadron was fitted out under
Cabot to pursue Spanish discoveries in the Pacific.
but some of his ofhceis having spread dissatisfac-
tion in the fleet, the original pluu was abandoned
as impractical, and the fleet put into T^ Plata. He
explored the river for a distance of jt;o miles, but
being attacked by the natives he was compelled to
abandon furtlirr discoveries up the Paraguay, and
returned to Spain, 1530. On his return to England
in 1549 he was made Grand Pdut of England, an
office which is said to have been created for him.
He was active in promoting the cxpetlition of 1553
to Russia, which opened to England the trade ol
Oiat country, the success of wliicli gave him thf
life pajnnent of Governor of the Muscovy Company.
He died in England in 1557, about 80 years of age.
Cackling or KecUing is covering a cable spii-ally
wth old rope to protect it from being chafed in the
hawse hole.
Cacongo. Porlnguese river gun-boat { 1 886).
Displacement 2S0 tons. Of little fighting value.
Cadet ships, Naval. See Naval Education.
Cadets, Nav&L Sft Naval Edncation.
Cadet's Owa. Katablishcd 1902. Published
monthly. Pnce jd. Address : 8j Ham Park
Road, West Ham, London, E.
Cadiz. London steamer. Wrecked on the Wizard
Hock, Brest, August 8, 1875 ; 62 persons wore lost.
CAIRNS
Cadii, Battle oL One hundred vesscLi of
Spanish Armada destroyed by Sir Francis Drake
at this battle. 15S7, A French squadron here
surrendered to the combined Spanish and British
flees. 1S08.
Oadmoi British screw sloop. Disptacemi
r. 070 tons : Hp., 1.400; speed. 13J kta.
Cassar. British ist clasa battleship. (Ports-
mouth, 1896.)
Length 41,1ft. Beam 7-;ft. Maximum draught jofL
Displacement 14,900 tonit. Complement 757.
Jrts^^
Armour,
" Harvey."
9 in. Belt amidships.
14 in. Barbettes.
14 in. Conning tower.
Gum.
4 — 13 in.. 35 cal.
12 — 6 in.
16 — 12 pdr.
12 — 3 pdr.
3 — 13 pdr. Boat guns,
a Maxims.
I'orpsdo Ti/^tx (18 in.).
4 Submerged.
I Above water stem.
Ivdn screw. Hp. natural 10,000 — 16*5
forced iz.ooo=>i7'5 kts. Coal maximum 2,000
tons. Approximate cost ^i.ooo.ooo.
This ship-name was introduced into the Navy
ill 1793. and is associated with the battle of "The
Glorious First of June," 1794 ; Algeciras. i8oi
Saumarez's action, 1801 ; Sir Richard Stracha&l
action, 1.S05 ; Ba-^u^ur Roads. 1S09.
Caiman. French coast service battleship (1685).
Reconstructed. 1901.
Length ag^ft. Beam 59ft. Maximum drau bt 15ft.
T>isplaccment 7,000 tons. Complement 3B1.
Guns, jlrfttour.
2 — lO"8 in., 45 caL " Compound."
'') — 4 in. 19 in. Belt amidships,
to in. Turrets.
12 in. Conning tower,
Hp. 6,000= i4'5 kts. Coal maxi-
n
10 — 3 pdr.
Twin screw,
mum 800 tons.
A small Levantine vessel.
Sm Oiiras. Noble
Ctiqae.
Cairaglen Steamship Co., Ltd,
and Co.
Cairn Line. See Cairns. Noble and Co.
Caima, Charles Waldie (b. Dublin, October t=,
1872). M.Sc. Durham Univcryity. In 1893 he gained
the North-ltast Coast Engineering Scholarship, and
in 1894 the Wulworth Scholarship, and later in
the same year was bronre medallist in mechanical
engineering, City and Guilds of Tendon ; studied
at the Durham Univtrsity College of Science,
Newcastle {now Armstrong College) ; was appren-
ticed to Messrs. R. and W, Hawthorn. Leslie and
Co.. Ltd., 1893-95. and later joined the Central
Marine Engineering Works, West Hartlepool,
where be did much interesting work in connection
with some of thi* improvements in marine engineer-
ing practice inaugurated under the late Mr. Thomas
Mudd. M.lnst.C.E., and Mr. W. C. Borrowman. In
J
CAIRNS
'05
CALEDONIA
1899 he joiaed Messrs. Vickers, Sons and Maxim ;
af(c>r sooiL- tintu ihcrc, a pericxl at sea, and on the
HtAti of the Tyiic runtoftiLH unJ Dry Dock Co..
he, ill H>oj, embarkftl iik biiiUiiess 00 his own
account as consulting t.-ngtnccr. and acts as
superintend i^t engineer for the Caini Line and
Caclic Stcam:iliip Co. Mc>inber of Uic North-East
Coast Institute of Engtact-rs and Shipbuilders.
Oatnu, Notle and Oo^ with th«ir head ofhccs in
Newca-stle on-T>-ne. have a fluct of two steamera,
and alM) act as managers for the Cairn Line of
Steamers, the Gaelic Steamship Co., Ltd.. and
the Cainiglen Steamship Co., Ltd., in which they
are finaacially inter^ted. Ttte vessels are ail
modem cargo carriers, but have no passenger
accommodation .
Flest.
Cairn Line.
iCairnatoH. Cairmsh, Cairnnrvts,
'CaitHCfag. Cairnmote. Cairnlvch.
Cairndon. Cairttttttr. Cairnross.
Cairntsla.
The Gaelic Steamships, Ltd.
CairHAU. Cairnstralk.
Cairnbnfin. Caimm'.>»a.
The Caimglcn Steamship Co., Ltd.
Caitngltn.
Cairniyiyu.
Cairns, Noble and Co.
Catrndhu.
CaimgatvaH.
Oftiro. Iron ship, carrying gunpowder, wrecked
ort Gouyh Island, January, 1877.
Oaittoo. An adopted term for a sort of float
sunk 10 a required depth by letting water into it
which, when it is liauled under a ship's bottom,
receives her steadily, and on pumping out the water
floats her. It is also a name applied to a vessel
fitted with valves, to act in.stead of gatc3 for a diy
dock. In engineering work it is a chamber of Iron
Off wood used in the construction of subaqueous
foundations. It is used in places where either the
water or the permeable soil is too deep to allow a
dam to be erected, and serves the same purpose as
a cofierdam. The largest caissons ever used vren
tbosc of the East River Suspension Bridge at New
York, of which one was 170 ft. long by 100 ft. wide.
O.AX. IHstinguishing letters on sea fishing
txnts registered at Calab, France.
Ofttebcia. Small Italian cruiser. (Spexia, 1&94.)
Length 249it. Beam 43ft. Maximum draught 17ft.
Displacement 2.49^ tons. Complement J54.
CMns. Armoui.
4 — 6 in. " SteeL"
6 — 47 in. 2 In. Deck amidships.
S— 6pdr.
8— t pdr.
2 Machine.
Torpedo Ti^s,
a Submerge.
Twin screw. Hp. forced 4,000=16 kts. Coa!
maximum ;go ions. Appro.vitnatc cost £185,000.
Calais Light, established 1SS3, i3 a four-flash
light every 1 5 seconds ; duration of flash j second ;
candle-power, 900/wo ; illuminant, electricity.
Oalamianei. U.S. gun-boat. Captured from
the Spuniirds in the Spanish-.^mertcan war.
CalatsJQma. Italian torpedo gun-boat (1893)^,
DutpUcoment 850 tons. Complement 118,
CuHs. Arntiiur.
1 — 4'7 in. " Sttx'I."
6 — 6 pdr. li in. Deck.
3— t pdr.
Torptdo Tubts.
0 Above water.
Twin screw. Hp. 4,100=19*5 kts. Coal maxi-
mum I So tons.
Calouita. Ship. On a voyage from South Shields
to Aden, took fire m mid -ocean, September 1 1. 187.1.
and foundered ; many Uvcs lost.
Caldftr, Sir Robert (i743-(Si3}. baronet (b.
Elgin). KngU.sh admiral. Entered the Navy
as a midshipmaa in 1 75*;. and in 1766 was
promoted lieutenant, and served in the Esstx under
the Honourable George Faulkner, in tlie West
Indies ; he attained the rank of post-captain In
1783. and 14 years later was named " Captain
of the Fleet " by Str John Jarvis, and took part in
the battle of Cape St. Vincent, and wai solectcJ as
the bearer of despatches announcing the victory to
King George III,, for which he was knighted, nvaX
the following year raised to the peerage , in. [ 790
he was promoted rear-admiral, and two years I iter
was despatched with a small squadron in pursuit of
the French force, wlio were conveying »uppti^'~> lo
the French iu Egypt ; in this he was not success-
lul, and on his return to Enf^and he struck his
flag ; he was, however, recalled to service, pro-
moted vice-admiral, and when tn comman 1 olf
Ferrol engaged a superior force of French and
Spanisli ships; part of the fleet chased by Nelson
from the West Indies to Europe ; the action look
place on July a. 1805. and after a combat of four
hours, during which time he captured two Spanish
ships, be gave orders to discontinue the action ; in
consequence of the strong public fcchng against
him in England, he demanded a court-martial,
which was held on December jj, 1305, and n-sulted
in his being convicted of an error of judgment, and
he was severely reprimanded for not liavini; done
his utmost to renew the engagement, at the same
time be was acquitted both of cowardice and dis-
afiection : the tide ol public feeling having turned
again, and in recognition of his services, and of his
acquittal of the charges made against him be was
appointed Commander of Portsmouth. He died
at Hull. Hampshire, August ji. 1818.
Oalfllooift (1S94). British subsidised merchant
ship, P. and O. Co. (7.r.\ Dimension 1, 486 x
CALEDONIA
lo6
CAMELEON
54 ^ Hi f^' gross toiuiago, 7,558; passenger
aocosnmodation, 490 : Hp., 10,000^18 kts.
OaledODJA. Formerly one of H.M. train ing-sh(ps
6talione<i at Vinh oi I-'orth. and sold July 10. jqo6.
She was originally named Ihe Impre^vable. and waa
modelled exactly after Nelson's famoua ship the
VictoTy. a ttire«-decker ot 3.808 tons displace-
ment, and can^'ing 98 guas, she was launclied at
Chatham in i8to, and \(as one of the North Sea
Fleet, which, under Admiral Young, watched
Napoleon's vessels ; at the great naval review
at Spitliead she was the flagship of the Duke of
Clarence. after^N-ards King William IV., and later
took part in the bombardment of Algicn ; in 1843
(the became flagship at Dcvonport. and subse-
quently for a period of 24 years was a naval
training ahip for boys there: in 1886 she was
renamefl the Kent, but on being sent to the
Forth she was christened the Caledonia.
' Caledonian Cuul is a waterway, partly natural,
and partly artjiicial. and passes through GU-nmore.
Invemess-shire, connecting the Atlantic Ocean
with the Moray Firth branch of the Norlli Sea. In
1773 James Watt was eraptoyed to survey the
country- lor a distance of about 60 miles, with a
view of forming a ship canal between the two seas.
thereby saving a coasting voyage of some 400 miles,
but it was not until iSoi. when Telford and Jessop
made their estimate of the cost, that the construc-
tion of the canal commenced. In 1822 the canal
although only two-tliirds finished was opened for
navigation. Its total length, including tucks, is
60J miles, depth at standard level 17 ft., breadth
at surface 100 it., and at bottom 50 ft Of the
whole distance about 37J miles is natural take
navigation, and the remaining £3 artificial or
canal navigation. It is chiefly used by fiiihing
fleets, and by small pleasure steamere.
Calilornift. U.S. 1st claKs cruiser. (Union Iron-
works, 1 1103.)
T.ength 502ft. Beam 70ft. Maximum draught 27ft.
Displacement 13,400 tons. Complement S22.
Guns. Armour.
4—8 in., 45 cal. " Krupp."
14^-6 in. 6 in. Belt amidslnps.
18 — 14 pdr. 6 in. Turrets.
12 — 3 pdr. 9 in. Conning tower.
8 — I pdr.
8 Colts.
2 Field guns, 3 in.
Torpedo Tubes (18 in.).
3 Submerged.
Twin screw. Hp, 2^,000=22 kts. CoaJ maxi-
mum 2.000 tons. Ap])roximate cost jTi .300.000.
Oftll. A whistle used for piping the hands on
deck for their various duties.
CaD&o. I'.S. gun-Loaf. Capturc<l from Spain
during t lie Spanish-American war. 01 Ultle
fighting ^-alue.
Oalliopt, Italian torpedo-lynt (1906). Loa,
1C15 ft. ; beam. 17 ft. ; draught. 7 (t. : displi
ment, 200 tons; armammt, 3 3-pdr., 3 tuV
twin screw ; Hp., 3.ooo»2^ kts. ; coal,40tons.
Calm. A quiescent state of the air.
Calm belt. See Doldrums.
Calm centre. Tlic vortex of a cyclonic sConn. |
Calypso. British 3rd class cruiser (3,770
t4'6 kts.}. Launched 1883.
Camber. The curve of a ship's plank.
Cambria. Iron screw ntcamcr, lo»t in a stof
of! Inishtraliull Island. N.W. Ireland. October
1870 ; 170 lives were lost.
Cambrian. British 2nd class cruiser. (Pem-
broke, 1893.)
Length 320ft. Beam 45ft. Manraum draught aift.
Displacement 4.3G0 tons. Complement 318.
Guns. Armour.
3 — 6 in. " Steel."
8^4'7 in. 2 in. Deck.
a — 6 pdr. 3 in. Conning tower.
1—3 pdr.
Torpedo Tubes (16 in.).
4 Above water.
Twin screw. Up. natural 7,000=18 kts., {orc«d_
9.0001* 19*5 kLs. Coal maximum 1,000 tons.
Approximate cost ^250.000.
This ship-name has l>eeQ borne by &hips in the
Na\'y sincv i7(>o. and is associated witli the bom-
bardment of Copenhagen. 1807. and the victory ol
Navario, 1857.
Cambridge. British gunnery school ship (4.971
tons). Launched 1858.
Cambridge Vaiversity Croiging Olab. Established
1893, ■^^'t'' tlu" object 01 the pruinotion of inter-
course between members of the t.Iniveniity. the
interests of amateur cruising and racing, and tbdr
mutual advantage and mstruction as regards
nautical subjects generally. Flag : Red enaign.
Burgee ; Gnles across ermine, in tlie dexter chief
a lion passant guardcnt or a burgee representing in
design and colours the coat-of-arms of the univer-
sity, but sinifiUlied by omitting the book and
three o( the four lions ; the lion retained to be in
the upper part of the faoist of the flag. President,
C. B. Finch; Commodore, C. J. P. Caves; Vke-
Commodore, Uev. H. Rogers ; Rear-Commodore,
J. Phillimorc : Honorary Treasurer, H. Y. Oldham ;
Honorary Secretary, Edgar T. Adams, Downing
College. Annual subscription, los. 6d. Residents.
£1 IS. (for the first three years).
Cameleon. German armoured gun-boat {187s).
Displacement, i,too tons, carrying one old la-in.
gun. Of little fighting value.
Oameleon. Cutter. On August 37, 1S34. thi>
vessel was run down off Dover by the Castor,
innate, when 1 3 oi the crew were drovmed.
CAMMELL
107
-CAMPBELL
Camm«ll, Lurd and Co^ lAL To recotmt the
history of Uie wcH-knowii firm oi Laird is almost
equivalent to giving a history oE the steamship
itself, so intimately has the lirm been aBsoeiated
with the origin and growth of iron vessels ; and.
moreover, while the Birkenhead Ironworks may
safely claim to be one of the oldest shipbuilding
firms io the kingdom, it rclainnl (or upwards of
7S years its original character as a private
family concern. The business was converted into
a limited company, under the title of Laird Brothers.
Ltd., in the year 1900.
In 1S24 William Ijiird laid the foundation of the
existing establishment, but it was his son, John
Laird, who in 1S29 recognised the future poAtti-
bilities of iron as a material foe shipbuilding, and
he gave practical proof of the faith that was in
him by constructing in that year what, if not
actually the first iron ship, was certainly one of
the first.
Shortly after thit initial attempt MacGregor
I.aird, also a son of William Laird, made another
siep in advance by being the first to take an iron
vessel on a sea voyage. This was the Alburka.
forming one of the African expedition's vessels.
In 1838 the first screw steamer was launched at
Birkenhead to the order of an American naval
officer, and was christened with his name, Robert
F. Stockton.
In 1839 Mr. Laird received his first order from
tho Admiralty lor an iron paddle steamer named
the Dotvr, which was employed as a mail packet.
When in i56i Mr. John Laird retired from the
firm, his three sons, William, John, and Henry H.
Laird, entered into partnership, under the stylo of
Laird Brothers.
On the death of Mr. John Laird the younger,
early in 1898, Mr. William Laird, the sole re-
maining member of the partnership of 1 66 1 ,
associated with him in partnership Mr. John
McGregor Ijtird. who bad for several years taken
a leading part in the general conduct of the busi-
ness, Mr. William Laird, jun., and Mr. Roy
McGregor l^ird, each being a son of one of the
members who cotuttiluted the firm in 1861, and
therefore representing the fourth generation that
has sprung up to continue the traditions of the
firm.
In 1903 an important extension of the works
was decided upon, embracing a large area of land
adjcMning the present yard, on which a filung-out
basin of ample extent and two large graving docks
capable of taking in any sixe of steamer have boen
coDStmcted, together witli new shops complete
with all the most modem appliances ; and. in con-
nection with this extension, an amalgamation was
arranged with Charles Cammell and Co., Ltd., of
Sheffield, thft well-known steel and armour plate
makers, the name of the new company being
Cammell, I^rd and Co., Ltd.
Mr. John McGregor Laird and Mr. K. R. Bevis
joined the board of the new company as directors,
the former being .subsequently appointed chairman.
Thii amalgamation places the company in a
position to construct entirely on their own premises
vessels of war ot the largest class complete with
their armour, ready for service.
During the So yeara of their existence the
Birkenhead works have turned out a vast amount
and variety of work, embracing steamers of all
classes, from the Atlantic liner to the small river
steamer, and for many years past very special
attention has been dex-oted to the design and pro-
duction of %-csscls of war of all typ«s, as is evidenced
by the fact that 104 vessels have been built for
ilia Majesty's Navy, among which have been four
tst claAs batUc.*iliip5i of 14.000 tuns and [3.000 to
18,000 Hj).. and a large number of gun-vcsaela,
torpedo gun-boata. and torpedo-boat destroyers,
and recently seven of the new 25J knot destroyers
have been completed and successfully passed
through their trials.
The works have also built many armour clad
vessels, gun-boats, and torpedo-boat destroyers for
the Dutch, Portuguese, Russian, Peruvian, Argen-
tine, BraziUan, Chilian, and other navies.
Campania (1893). British subsidised merchant
ship. Cunard Line [q.v.). (Liverpool. New York.)
Dimensions, 620 x 65 X 37 § ft. ; gross tonnage,
12,950; Hp,, 30,000 13 2 1 kts,
GampbeU, Captain Frederick Livingston, B.N.
(1854-1906). Entered the service as a cadet.
April 7, 1868, and promoted captain, 1897, and
tx:forc his appointment as su peri u tend cnt of Sheer-
ness Dockyard, 1905, in succession to Rear -Admiral
W. H. P. Graham, he commanded tho Majestic,
1st class battleship in the Channel Fleet. He was
killed while hunting with the MeyncU Hounds.
January 34, 1906.
Campbell. Rear-Admiral Charles (b. March 26,
1847). Educated Royal Naval Academy. Gosport.
Entered tlic Britannia. 1S60 ; commander in Thalta
employetl in transport service during Egyptian
war. 18S2 (EgyjiUau medial. Khedive's Bronw
Star) ; when la command of tho Phttomei on the
East Coast of Africa he commanded the road*cuttiflg
party to Xana's stronghold, was four days under
fire, and led the centre attack, and on leaving
Zanzibar was presented by th« Sultan with a
handsome sword in commemoration of his services ;
was created C.B. in recognition of his services In
the operations against the chief Nana in the Benin
River ; mentioned in despatches (general Afri'ra
medal, Benin River clasp), and given a D.S.O.
(or his prompt action in saving the hves of tha
wounded in Benin City on February 18, 1897
(Benin clasp) : as captain 01 tho Empress of In-iiit
was second-in<ommand to Admirals Ilarria eud
Nod during the operations in Crete. i897<99' '
JAMPBELL'S
io8
CANOPUS
Campbell's Steuialuiw. Set Bristol Pleasure
Steamers.
Campbeltown and Glaagunr St«am Packet Joint
Stock Co.* Ltd., one of the olrlest stpatriihip
companies in existence, maiDtain a service for
passengers and cargo between Campbeltown and
Glasgow, sailing twice daily during June, July,
and August, and once daily during ilie rest of the
ytar, calling fin touU at Greenock and Gourock, on
the Firth of Clyde, Loch Ranza and Pinunill in
Arran. and Cairadall in Kintyre.
Fleet.
Davaar. Kinloch, Kinlyrs.
Campbeltown Taoht Club. E.Htablisbed 1894.
Flag : Red ensign. Burgee : White with red bar
and blue lona cross. Vicc-Commodorc. D. Mac-
Callnm ; Rear -Commodore, G. W. Gardiner ; Trea-
surers, T. I-. Brown, R, Y. Maxtons ; Secretaries,
T. MncKelvte, J. J, Smith. Annual subscription,
Camperdowu. Battle ol Fought October 11. 1797,
whtn Admiral Duncan, with a fleet of 18 ships.
defeated the Dutch fleet under De Winter, and
captured 1 1 of the enemy's vessels. In recog-
nition of this victory Admiral Duncan was created
Viscount Lord Ounriin of Camperdown. and given
an annual pension of /3.000,
Camperdown. British ist class battleship (10.600
tons, i6'9 kts.). Launched i8S$.
Oampe, Harold Edward Josnlyn (b. London,
1874). EdiicaU'tl lying's College, London ; took
honours diploma for naval architecture at South
Kensington ; apprenticed to Messrs. Harlaad and
Wolfl, Belfast, and after serving his time joined
the firm of Messrs. Palmer, Ltd., alterwards holding
an important position with Messrs. Swmi, Hunter,
Ltd., and Sir Kaylton Dixaii. Lid. : in [900 he
established himself in London as a consulting
engineer, naval architect, and marine surveyor ;
member of the Institution ol Naval Architects and
of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers.
Canada, Jamaioa, Steamship Co., with the bead
oflTiceS) in Toronto, have a fleet of two steamers
which maintain a bi monthly service to Kingston
(Jamaica], calling en route at Santiago de Cuba.
Flbbt.
Kathinha. Veritas.
CaiudJan. Steamer. On June 4, 1861, this
vessel struck ou a field of ice in the Straits of Belle
Isle and foundered ; 35 lives were lost.
Canadian Aostralian Line was established in
1893, and runs in connection witli the Canadian
Pacific Railway. The (our steamers of the fleet
arc under contract with ilic Canadian, New South
Wales. Queensland, and Fijian CWivemmcnts for a
monthly mail service Iwtwccn Vancouver, Victoria
(B.C.). Honolulu. Brisbane, and Sydney (X.S.W.).
Fl»st.
Aorangi. Moana.
MiottvTA. Mahano.
Gross toonagv. 11.350.
Canadian FaciAc Railway Steamers. See Empress
Line.
Canadian Yacht Club. Royal. See Royal Canadian
Yacht Chib.
Canal is an artificial waterway constructed
the conveyance of goods or passengers by boat
sliip. Canals may be classified under two di^n-
sions : (i) Ordinary inland navigation canaU ; and
(2} ship canals pro\iding a means of inexpensive
transportation between ocean and ocean, or between
the ocean and some inland centre.
Ref»r to SuejE Canal. Manchester Ship Canal.
North Sea and BaJtic Canal, North Holland Canal.
Amsterd.im Canal, Bruges Canal. I^anguedoc Canal,
Caledonian Canal. Corinth Canal, Cronstadt Canal,
and Panama Canal.
^
Can baoy. A contraction of the words
buoy."
Cannibalism. The act or practice of eating
human flesh ; man eating.
CaoninK, Sir Samnel (b. 1833). Eoglisb civil
engineer. Was closely conncctcfl with the manu-
facture and successful laying of submariuc cables
in the Atlantic and Mediterranean, notably in con-
nection witli Atlantic Cable Expedition of iSi
and 1869.
I
Cano, Juan Sebastian del (1460-1536]. S
navigator. Accompanied Magellan on his voyage!
round Cape Horn, 151^), and on his death assumed
comnuind of the cx|)edition. He returned to Spain,
1533, by way of the Cape of Good Hope in the sole
surviving ship of the fleet, and was thus the fint
circumnavigator of the globe.
Canoe. .^ light sballaw boat pointed at either
end.
Canoe Club, RoyaL Set Royal Canoe Qub.
Canopo. Italian torpedo-boat (1906]. Length.
165 ft. ; beam, 17 ft. ; draught, 7 ft. ; displacement*
200 tons ; armament. 3 3-pdr.. 3 tubes ; twia
screw : Hp.. 3.oooa35 kts. ; coal. 40 tons,
Oanopns. British ist class battleship,
mouth, 1897.)
Length 418ft. Beam 74ft. Maximum draught 36ft.
Displacement 13,950 tons. Complement 750.
Guns.
4 — 12 in., 35 cal.
12 — 6 in.
10—13 pdr.
6—3 pdr.
3 Maxims.
Torpedo Tmbat (18 in.).
4 Submerged.
Annour.
" Harvey-nickel."
6 in. Belt amidships.
13 in. Barbettes.
13 in. Conning tower.
CANT
109
CAPPANUS
Tvrinsciww. Hp. i3,soo*t8'3S kts. Coalmud-
mum 2,300 tons. Approximate cost. ^900,000,
This ship-name was introduced into the Navy
in 1798. and is associated with San Domingo,
1S06, Dordanelle*!, 1807.
CmU Anything diverging from a. ceatnX right
line.
Ctnvu. A cloth made of hemp.
Osp. A block of wood used to confine two masts
together in order to lengthen thcra ; also pieces of
oak on the upper blocks on which a vessel is built
to receive the keel.
Cap d'Aotiler Light, situated on the coast of
France, Ivnglisb Channel, was established in 1894.
and is a single dash Ught every 30 seconds ; dura-
tion of tight, one second ; candle-power, 220,000
maximum ; burner, mantle 55 mm. diameter ;
illuminant, incandescent, acetylene, oil.
0ftP6. A projecting point of land running out
from the coastline, diffcriug from a hcndlami in so
much that a cape may I>e low-lying.
Cape Byron Light, c»i.ihllKhod 1901, situated on
the coast of New South Wales, is a two-fiash light
every 70 seconds ; duration of flash, one-ftfth
second ; candle-power, 145.000 ; burner. 6 wick :
illnminant, oil.
Cape Fintsterre. Battle o(. In 1747 Vice-Admiral
Atison intercepted off Cape Fiaisterrc a powerful
French fleet bound (o thu East and Wtrsi Indies.
He captured six men<of-war and four Ea«t India-
men. The French admiral, Jonquiere. surrendered.
Among the £>hips captured wore the ImtincibU and
the Glory.
Cape Francoise. Battle ol Fought October 21,
1 757, between Uie English and French, when the
latter, although superior to the British in ships by
jjion than two to one. suffered a crushing defeat.
Oape Qri»-]lei Light, situated in Straits of Dover,
Lsa single flash light t-very five stxonds ; duration of
Hash, one-tenth second ; candle-power estimatec)
at t^.ooo.ooo; illuminant. electricity.
Cape Henry. Action off. Fought March 16, 1781.
betu'een the British, under Vice-AdmiraJ Marriott
Arbuthnot, and the French, under Commodore dea
Toncbes. The action was indecisive, but resulted
in the British regaining command of Chesapeake
Bay.
Qipe la Hive Light, e:«tabluhed 1S95. ^ *■ nnglu
flash hght every hvc seconds ; duration of flash, one-
tenth second ; candle-power estimated at lo.ooo.ooo;
inuminant, electricity.
Cape la Hogae, Battle ot FouKhl M.Yy w. i<^2.
when the l3nti:ih and Dutch fleets under Admirals
Russel and Rookc defeated the French fleet com-
manded by Admiral Tourville. The British burnt
13 of tlie enemy's ships and destroyed eight more.
Cape Leenwin Light, estaWiahed i3^, situated
on the south-cast coast of Western Australia, is a
single Hash light every five seconds ; duration of
flash, one-fifth second ; candle-power. 145,000
burner, 6 wick ; illuminant, oil.
Cape St Blase U^t, established 1S07, situated
fioutli-west of MuvscJ Bay, SuutJi Africa, is a two-
dash light every 15 .seconds; duration of flash,
one-third second; candle-power. 5.000; burner,
1 wick Douglas; illuminant, oil.
C^e St Vincent, Battle oL Fought February 4.
1797, when Sir John Jarvis. with the Mediterranean
fleet of 15 sail, defeated tJie Spanish dcet of 27
ships of the line, taking four stiips and linking
six. For this victory he was raised to the peerage
as Ear! St. Vincent.
Capitaa Merinotarpa. Chilian torpedo-boat de-
stroyer. (Laird, 1902.} Displacement, 350 tons;
armament, i 12-pdr., $ 6-pdr. ; tubes. 2 i8-in. ;
Hp.. 6.250=30 kts. : coal, 90 tons.
Capitan Htuoagamere. Chilian torpedo-boat de-
stroyer. (Laird. iSg6.) Displacement, 300 tons ;
armament, i i3-pdr., 5 6-pclr. ; torpado tubes.
2 i8-in. : Hp.. 6.250^30 kts. : coal. 90 tons.
Capitan O'Brien. Chilian torpedo-boat destroyer.
[Laird. 1903.) Displacement. 350 tons ; armament,
I !2-pdr., 5 6-pdr. ; tubes. 3 18-in. ; Hp., 6.350 =
30 kts. ; coal, o^ tons.
Capitan OreUa. Chihan torpedo-boat destroyer.
{I^ird. i89(>.) Displacement, 300 tons ; arma-
ment, 1 l2-pdr„ 5 6-pdr. ; tubes, 2 iS-io. ; Hp..
6,250= 30 kti. ; coal, 90 tons.
Capitaa Prat Chilian battleship, (La Scyne.
'«90.) ^.,„ }
Length 32Sft. Beam 60ft. Maximum draught 36ft
Displacement 6,901 ions. Complement 480.
Cum, Armour,
4 — y'a in. " Creusot."
8 — 47 in. u in. Belt amidships.
6 — 6 pdr. io in. Barbettes.
4 — 3 P*^- 4 in- Redoubt amidstiips.
10 — 1 pdr.
Torptdo Tubes.
4 Above fratex.
Twin screw. Hp. natural 8,000=17 kts.. forced
I2,ooo±=i8'3 kts. Coal maximum t.ioo tons.
Approximate cost ^391. 000.
Capitan Tbompaon. Chilian torpedo-boat. (Yar-
row. ]8<>S.) Displacement. 140 tons : maximum
draught, 7| ft. ; armament, 3 3-pdr. ; tubes.
3 14-in. ; Hp.. 2,200=^27 kts. ; coal, 40 tons.
Cappasni. The worm which adhem tn and cat.s
the bottom of wooden ships not sheathed with
copper.
CARPENTER
I 12
CARTEL
Oarpenter, OapUln Alfred, t>S.O. (b. 1847).
Enletrd Na\'>' i860; Uvntcnaot iftjo; served as
UeutGnantiii the Cholimgcr Scientific Expedition .and
received ihc Albert inedaJ, second class, as a marie
of Royal favour for gallantry in saving life at sea.
June. 1876. Extract from the " GasetU: " : " At
10.30 p.m. on the 31st January, 1876. while the
Challenger was at anchor in Stanley Harbour.
Falkland Islands, in five fathoms of water, distant
a quarter of a mile from the shore, Thoni&s Bu&h,
ail A.B., fell overboard from the steam jMniiaci:
which was coming alonfi^ide. and sank without
uttering a cry. The night waa dark, the weather
boisterous and raining, there waa a short, choppy
Sea (which rendered swimming extremely difficult),
and an outscttiiig current. Lieutenant Carpenter,
without a moment's hesitation, jumped from the
gangway and swam towards the spot where the
man disappeared, some 20 ft. from the ship ; he then
dived, sci2etl hold of Bush, and brought him to the
surface, and supported him for three to five minutes,
but Bush being a very heavy man, and encumbered
with thick waterproof clothing, and moreover being
quite in.scnsibU-, Lieutenant Cari>enter. as he got ex-
hausted with his exertions, was obliged to let hini
slip down ; he supported him with his legs lor a few
moments, and then they were both hauled into the
piciiace, and taken on board the Challenger. Evct>'
eflort was at once made by the medical o&cer to
restore Bush, but without success. There were
several patches of floating kelp round the ship,
amongst which the strongest swimmer could be
helpless, wliich materially increased the risk
incurred." Commander. 18S3 ; conunandcr in
command of Myrmidon during the naval and
mihtary operations in Eastern Soudan. 1883-8(1 ;
mentioned in despatches (Egyptian medal, Khe-
dive's Bronze Star) ; cummaudcr in charge of
Marine Survey of India, 1S84-S9 ; served with
Naval Brigade during Burmah annexation war,
1885-86 ; received the thanks of the Go\*cmmcnt
of ladia, and specially mentioned in despatches.
D.S.O. for this service (India medal, Burmah clasp).
Oartaois. French torpedo-boat destroyer. (Nor-
uiaiid, 1903.) Lengtli, iSoft. ; beam, 3i ft. ; maxi-
mum draught, lu ft. ; diBplacemeut, 300 tons ;
complement, 4$ ; guns, 1 9-pdr., 6 3-pdr. ; torr^edo
tubes, 2 15-iiu Speed, 37-30 kts.
Can, Admiral Henry John (b. July, 1839)-
Entered Navy, 1852 ; Ucutenant, i86a; heutenant
ol Bombay when .she was burnt at 6ea. 1S64 ; nitti-
tioned iu despatches for gallantry ; commander.
J871 ; captain, 1679; senior officer at Bermuda,
18*12-94; rear-admiral, 1894; admiral superin-
tendent Devonport Dockyard, 1896 ; retired
1899: vice-admiral, 1901; admiral, 1904.
Carriage ol goods br sea. See A0reightment.
Carriok. Brig. Lost in a gale in the St. Lawrence,
May ig, 1847 ; 170 emigrant? perished.
isit^_
Oarriclc bend. See Knots.
Oarrington, Richard Chnstophef (1826-75). ^^i-
Ush astronomer (b. l.,ondon) . Equipped an
observatory at Redhill. Surrey, iu 1853, and in
1857, after three years' survey of the zoac of the
Heavens, within nine degrees of the North Pole, he
completed a catalogue of 3,735 stars. His observa-
tion of sunspots and discovery of the compou
law of solar rotation were published in 1S63.
Oarronade. An obsolete gun formerly used at
close quarters in naval engagements.
Carton line, with the head office at Carron.
Sterlingshire. N,B.. incorporated by Royal Charter
'" 1773> is ^"(^ o^ tl>*-' oldest in tlic country. One o(
the steamers sail every Monday. Wednesday, and
Saturday from London for Grangemouth, and
another every Friday for Bo'ness, returning for
Crangemoutli everj- Wednesday, Thursday and
Saturday, and Bo'ni'ss evL-ry Tuesday.
Fleet.
Avon. Grange.
Firth. Thames.
Carry away. To breaJc.
Carry on. T« spread all sails.
Carsteni, Samuel (b. Denmark. 1851). Served
his apprenticeship to practical wood shipbuilding
in Denmark, and in 1876 was appointed to the
aliiphuilding yard of Messrs. J. and G. Thoinpscu
and Co.. Glasgow, for the building uf some compo-
site gun-boats for the British Government ; in 1877
he joined the dra^ving ofFice of Messrs. Chaxtes
Mitchell and Co., and three years later was ap-
pointed head diaughtsinan with Mes'vrs. Richard-
son, Duck and Co. ; in 1888 he joined the designing
department oi Mesixs. Palmer and Co., Jarrow.
and was appointed chiel m the technical depart-
ment of Messrs. Burmeister and Wain, Copenhagen,
in 1889,
CarteL A vessel commissioned in time of war to
exchange pnaoners of hostile powers, or carrying
proposals from one to another. No arms, ammu-
nition, or war-like materials are permitted to he
carried on board, excepting a single gun for sig-
nalling purposes.
Cartels are conveniiona between belligerents
(f.t/.), and are usually made by high ofHcials {e.g<,
generals or admirals) in the exercise of their imphcd
general authority, for the purpose of pcrmiltuof
certain intercourse of a pacific character. Tbey
relate chiefly to communications by post, telephone
or railway, tliu treatment of wounded, and the
exchange of prisoners.
Cartel slijpe arc those vessels belonging to beUi^
rents (t/.)'.} which arc commissioned for the carnage
by sea i)f exchange prisoners. By the customs of
nations these ships must not trade or carry cargo,
despatches or munitions ol war, except one gW
CARTER
iI3
CASSINl
lor purpOBM ol stgnaUing. They hold u official
documcat specifying theii' cliaractcr, and exempting
them from capture or moIcstaUon, but for tlio
brtsicli of gunvral rules or any specially imposed
conditioHH thry arc liable to seizure and confiscation.
Oftrtsr. William Charles (b. Lonilon. Febru&ry it.
1859). Educated Ifniversity College School and
Oty o( London School ; apprenticed to Messrs.
J. and F. Howard, ou the coni:lu:>ion of wliich be
Joioed the drawing office staiF of Messrs. Wigham.
Richardson and Co.. and ser\-ed the firm both in
the ^ops and at sea. In 1881 joined Messrs.
Harland and Wolff, Belfast, and was engaged there
for several years in designing marine and structural
engineering work ; was also a lecturer at the
Mechanics Iimtitutc, Beliast. on engineering
subjects ; in 1S91 he commenced business in
London as a Consulting Marine Engineer and
Technical Adviser to Shipowners. He holds the
position of consulting engineer to niany steamship
and induxtrial companies.
Member Tnstitutioa ol Naval Architects, associate
member of Institution of Civil Engineers ; holds
bronze medal for machine design.
Publicalions ; "Practical Hints in BoUer De-
sign." •* The Principle of Moments," " About
Work and Power," etc.
Carthagena, Battle off. Fought August 19. 1702.
between the British under Admiral Benbow and
Che French under Admiral L>u Casse. During the
engagement a chain shot shattered the leg of
Admiral Bcnbow who, in spite of his wound, con-
tinued to conduct the action and was successful in
driving the French ofl.^Had he been supported by
the whole squadron the victory would have been
complete and Admiral Du Casac his prisoner.
Admiral Benbow died of his wound in October. 1703,
at Jamaica.
Carvel. A lateen rigged vessel formerly used
by Spaniards and Portuguese.
Carvel build. A vessel or boat the planks of
which arc ail flush and smooth, the edges laid close
to each other, and caulked to make them, water-
tight, as opposed to clinkia-built, where they
overlap each other.
Canbiaaoa. French avisoa (189$).
Length soi^lt. Beam 27ft. Majumum draught 12ft.
Displacement gOu tons. Complement 139.
CvHs. Armour.
I — 4 in. "Steel."
3—9 pdr. I in. Deck amidships.
;— 3pdT.
Hp. 5,000=31 kts. Coal maximum 135 tons.
ClM. Outside planking of the ship.
OaBfr-htriding. The operatioa by uhich wrought
or cast iroa ii hardened by dccarbonisation,
whereby the surface is converted into stoel. The
process of conversion is that the iron to be treated is
packed in cast or wrought iron chests in iron
oxide powfler and heated to a dull redness for
varying periods according to the size of the article
and the thickness of the coating required.
Case-shot or Canister-shot was a form of pro-
jectile formerly much used in gunner)'. It con-
sisted of a number of small iron balls, varying in
weight and number, packed in a cylindrical metaJ
case or canistci, fitting the tiore of the gun from
which it is fired. Owing to its small effective
range it is now practically superseded, and its place
is taken by the use of machine guns discharging
shrapnel.
Cashiering. Scandalous conduct unbecoming an
otticer and a gentleman is punished in the British
Navy by cashiL-ring, i.e.. cancellatioa or annulment
of commission, which renders oflicers Incapable of
serving the Crown again.
Outamare, Steamer bdongmg to the British
India Steam Navigation Co. wrecked ofl Guardafui,
July la. 1877.
Casiiuets Light Built in 1877 on a reef to
tlie west of Alderuey. Channel Islands , tias a
three-flash light per half minute; duration of
flash, two seconds ; candle power nmximuni,
60,000 : eightwick burner (1894) : illuminant,
oil.
Canard. French ^nd class cruiser. (Cher-
bourg, 1696.)
T^'ngtb 326ft. Beam 45ft Maximum draught 23ft.
Displacement 4,000 tons. Complement 593.
Gums. Armour.
6 — 6'4 in. 3 in. Deck.
4—4 in. 2 in Sponsons.
4—3 pdr.
ri— I pdr.
Torptdo Tubes.
2 Above water.
Twin screw. Hp. 9,500= I'j kts. Coal maxi-
mum 624 tons. Approximate cost ^300.000.
Casse-Tlte, French gunboat (18S4). Displace-
ment ];u tons. On service in Cochin, China. Of
httle 6ghting value.
Cassier *s Uagasine. Established i $9 1 . Pub-
lished moutbly. I^ce fs. Address : 33 Bedford
Street, London, W.C. '
Casaini. French avisos (1894).
Length 369ft. Beam 27IL Maximum draught 12ft.
Displacement 960 tons. Complcmrnt ij*/.
CuHS. ArtHouf.
I — 4 in. *' Steel."
3—9 pdr. 1 in. Deck amidshii'^
7—3 pdr.
Hp. 5,000^3 1 kta. Coal maximum 135 tons.
CftMiopM. Italian lorpetlo-boat.(Naplc«, 1906.]
Length. 165 U. ; beam, 17 ft. ; draught. 7 It. ;
displacement, 300 tons ; annamcnt. 3 j-pclr., 3
tubes ; Hp., 3,ocK>=>a5 Irts. ; coal, 40 tons.
Oastelfldardo. Obsolete Italian battleship. Of
no fighting value ; now used as torpedo dep6t in
harbour.
CuUne. U.S. gun-boat. (Bath, 1893.)
Lcnj;Ut io^lt. Beam ,uU. Muxunum draught 15ft.
Displacement 1,177 tons. Complement 151.
Guns. Armour.
8 — 4 in. " Steel."
4 — 6 pdr. } in. Deck amidships.
Hp. 3.200=^ j6 kts. Coal maximum 292 tons.
CaatlQ y&cbt dnb, Solent. EstabUsbed 1S87.
Bur^fec : RltJ, white cross, castle in centte. This
dub is a purely racing club (or the Y.R.A. small
classes, and gives the most regattas of any of thc
Solent clubs. The club house stands on Calsbot
Spit, under the shadow of tlie old castle^ bui]t in
tho reign of Huury VIII., and its site is rented
from the War Department. Commodore, Col. The
Hon. H. G. L. Crichton, .\.D.C. ; Vice -Commodore,
Frederick Cox ; Rear -Commodore, The Eaxl of
Hardwjcke ; Honorary Treasurer, R. S. Hankinson ;
Secretary. W. Campbell. Entrance fee, £'$ ; annual
subscription, £3.
Oast-ofi. To let go.
C>nr. French submarine. (Rochefort, 1903-)
Length, 77 ft. ; beam, 7i ft. ; draught, 8 ft. ; dis-
placement, 6S tons ; complement, 5 ; Hp., 60 =
8 kts.
Cutor and PoUox. Fiery balls which appear at
the mast-heads, yard-arms, or slicking to the
riggings of vessels in a gale at sea.
Cat. A ship built OD a Norwegian modeL
Cataluna. Spanish armoured ship (1900).
Length 34dit. Beam 60ft. Maximum draught 3sft.
Displace men I 7,000 tons. Complement 497.
Guns. Armour.
3— 9'4 in. " Harvey."
8 — 5*5 in. 12 in. Belt amidships.
2 — 12 pdr. 12 in. Bulkheads.
8 — 6 pdr. 8 in. Barbertes-
8 — J pdr. 8 in. Coniung tower.
Torpedo Tubes.
2 Above water.
Twin screw. Hp. natural 10,000= 18 kts., forced
15,000=20*25 kts. Coal maximnm 1.300 tons.
OaUmar&n. A small raft formtd by logs lashed
together, soinetimca carrying an outrigger, in use
among the natives of India, Cej'loD, and the Straits.
Oatapolte. French torpedo-boat destroyer. (Nor-
niantl. looz.) Length. 180 ft, ; beam, 21 ft. ;
maximum draught, 10 It. ; displacement, 300 tons :
comptcment. 45 ; guns, i g-pdr., 6 ^-ixtr. ; torptJo
tubes. 3 15-ui. ; speed. 27-30 kts.
Cat-block. A strong three-fold block usually
ployed for hoisting the anchor.
Catch. Denoting among fishermen the quanl
of fish taken at a haul.
Cat-iall. A rope rove to the cat-block.
CsUl Cathedral. Abbreviation ad(^ted on the
charts issued by the Hydrographic OiVicc, Ad-
miralty.
Oatharpin le^s. Ropes connecting lower parts ol
futtocU nhroufls, _
Oat-head. A bracket serving to suspend
anchor clear ol the bow.
Catherine Adammn. Wrecked on the coast
New South Wales. 3$ miles from Sydney, June 3.
1875 ; 30 lives lost.
OatinaL Freuch 2nd class cruiser. (GraavUI
[896.)
Length 3.pfL Beam 44fL Maximum draught 3lf
Displacement 4,000 tons. Complement 378.
Arm9ut.
" Steel."
3 in. Deck.
3 in. Casemates.
2 in. Conning tower.
GUHS.
4 — 6*4 in., 45 cal.
10 — ^4 in.
10— 3 pdr.
4 — [ pdr.
Torpedo Tubes {ij'j in.).
2 Above water.
Twin screw. Hp. 8.500^ 195 kts. Coal
mum 750 lona. -Approximate cost £350.000.
Cato. 50 guzu. On November 5, 17S3. thb
vessel was lost on the Malabar coast, when AdmiiaJ
Sir Hyde Parker (q.v.) and the crew perished.
Cat-rig. A rig formed of one sail, fore-and-aft
mainsail, used by pleasure-boats in light wind.
Cat's-paw. A term used to indicate a light wind
springing up in a calm ; a name also given to a
particular twisting hitch made iu the bight of a
rope.
Catterthun. Steamer, from Sydney to Hong
Kong, wrecked on the Seal Rocks oR Cape Hawk.
August 8, 1895 ; 65 hvcs lost.
Cattle Clauses, Sea Clauses.
CaoUdng. Forcing oakum into the seams o( the
planks of a ship's deck to prevent leakage.
CavaL A large cleat for securing ropes.
Cave, Admiral John Halliday. C.B. (b. 182;].
Entered the Navy, 1849; lieulcaant ol Frinctu
Royai iu the Baltic Expedition. 1854. and senior
heutenant of the Diamond attached to the Naval
Brigade at the siege of Sebostopol ; present at the
storming of the Redan, 1S55 ; mentioned in de-
spatches (Crimea, Baltic, and Turkish medals,
Sebastopo! clasp. Kright of the Legion of Honour,
Stb Oa^ Medjidic).
CAVENDISH
CERVERA
OsireiidiBb. Thomu (i 560-93) (b. Tiimley St.
Mary). Commandert an eicpnJiHoa to the South
Seas in 1586. Sailing from Plymouth with three
small vessels be passed through the Straits of
Magdlan, and cruised along the coast of Chili, Peru,
and Ueirico. He sank many Spanish ships, and
captured off the coast of California the Santa A nna.
a vessel belonging to the King of Spain, with a
cargo of immense valoe. Returning to England
with his plunder by way of the Cape of Ciood
\^rrpe, he reached Plymouth on September 9.
having dicumnavi gated the globe in 2 years and
55 days. The second voyage which be undertook
with five vessels was a most disastrous one. His
crews nere mutinous, and after leaving the Straits
of Magellan they obliged him to steer for Eng-
land, and hr died on the voyage home m 1592.
He is attributed with having discovered a harbour
which he named Port Desire on the east coast of
Patagonia.
CbvO. See Drat.
CE. Distinguishing letters on sea fishing boats
registered at Colcrainc, Ireland.
Cteille. French snd class cruiser. (La 5e3mc,
1890.1
L«ogth 378ft. Beam 49ft. Maximum draught soft.
Displacement 5.800 tons. Complement 486.
Guns. Armour.
S — 64 in. " Sted."
10 — 5'5 in. 4 in. Deck ainidsliips.
6—6-8 in.
Torpedo Titbts.
4 .\bove water.
Hp. 10.200=^19 ktfi. Coal maximum 1.000 tons.
Ctatmr. 74 guns. On September 2 1 , 1783,
this vessel foundered on her passage from Jamaica.
Most of the otTicers and crew were lost.
Oantiaro. ItaUan torpedo-boat (Naples, 1906.)
Length, 165 tL '. beam. 17 ft. : draught, 7 ft. : dis-
placement, ioo tons : armament, 3 j-pdr., 3 tubes ;
twin screw ; Hp., 3,ooo«z5 lets. ; coat, 40 tons.
Gntiind*. The thermometer scale, frequently
called after Celsius, in general use on the Continent.
in which the interval between the freezing and
boiUng pomts is divided into 100'. the freezing
point b<ung o", and the boiling point loo*",
Omlrft-board. A drop keel used in racing crafts,
its object bring to prevent a boat making leeway.
Centre of baosraooy. Term used in naval archi-
tecture for tlic mean centre of that part of a vessel
which K below the water line.
Omtarion. British ist class battJeship. (Ports-
fDOUlh, \A<)2.)
Length 360ft. Beam 70ft. Maximum draught 27ft.
Displacement (since reconstruction) 11,000 tons.
ComE)lement 630.
Armout.
" Compound Harvey.**
13 in. Belt amidships.
9 in. Barbettes.
12 in. Conning tower.
Chm$,
4 — 10 in.. 30 cal.
10 — 6 in.
8 — 6 pdr.
14—3 pdr.
2 — 9 pdr. Boat.
3 Maxims.
Torpedo Titb«s (18 hi.).
2 Submerged.
1 Above water stenL
Twin screw. Hp. natural 9.000=17 kis.. forced
13,000=18*5 lets. CoaI maximum 1,13$ tons.
Appnuciroatc cost ^630,000.
This ship-name has been used in the Navy since
15S0, and is associated with defeat of the Spanish
.Annada, 15A8 ; Blake's action with Tromp off
Dover. i6s> ; battle off the North Foreland. 1653 ;
battle off Lowestoft. 1665 ; St. James's fight.
1666 : BaHlcur and t.a Hogue, 1693 : Anson's
circum navigation, 1 740-44 ; capture of the Acapuico
galleon, I742 ; Anson's \*ictory off Finisterre, 1747 ;
expedition to Quebec. 1759 : reduction of Havana.
1752 : Barringtoa at St. Lucta. 1778 ; Rodney's
action against De Guichen. 1780; capture of the
Dutch East Indian Settlements, 1795 ; action off
Vixagspatam. 1804.
Ctram. Dutch gun-boat.
Length 176ft. Beam3$ft. Maximum draught lift.
Displaccmont 541 tons. Complement Hi.
Guns.
3—4*7 in.
1 — 3*9 in.
3 — I '4 in.
Hp. 8.000=12 kts. CoaI maximum 140,1008.
Of no fighting value.
OerMre. A French gun-brig of seven guns and
a crew of 87 captured by Lieutenant Coghlaa in
the liarbour of L'Oricnt. July 36, r8oo.
0«nl« de la Voile de Paris. KstahUshed 1S58.
President. Georges Pottier ; Vice-Presidents, E.
Laveme. J. Valton ; Treasurer, Fcrdiaoad Doucet ;
Honorary Secretary. Jacques Baudrier. 53 Rue de
Chateaudun. Paris ; Oub House. Mureaux (Seine
and Oise). Entrance fee, 40 francs ; annual
subscription, 60 francs. ,
Cerde de la Tofle de Poi»y. HsUblishcd 1888.
President. A. Leroy : Vice-President. G. Waren-
horst ; Rear-Commodore, H. Descombes ; Treas-
urer, C. Liegard ; Secretary. P. Malet, Hotel
de TE^tur^eon. Poissy (Seine and Oise). Annual
subscription, 10 francs.
Oeres. On November 10. 1866, this vessel was
lost near Comsoe. Ireland ; 36 lives lost.
Oenrera y Topete. Pascaal. Spanish admiral (b.
i^30)' Admiral -in -Chief during the Spanish-
American war, 1808 : was blockaded at Santiago
by (he American admiral Samson, who oo July 3
defeated the Spanish fleet, compelled by force of
CESAREVITCH
I [6
CHAIN
public opinion in Spain, though against Ccrvera's
better judgment, attempted an escape, which re-
sulted in the destruction or capture of every
Spanish ship, tlie death ol cnc-third o( their men,
and the surrender of Orvera as prisoner o( war.
Cesaievitch. Sm Tse-sarevitch.
Ceylon Steamship Co.. Ltd., ^^-ith their head office
in Colombo. Ccylou. have a fleet ol two modern
steamers engaged in a weekly service round the
Island of Ceylon.
FtEET.
Liuiy Gordon. Lady Hmchck.
CJ. DistiTigaishing letters on sea fishing boats
registered at Cardilf. Kngland.
CITX In a mercantile contract these letters
stajid Toi " cost, freight, and insurance." and mean
that the price paid covers the cost of the rckkIs to
be sent, their freight, and insuiance during transit.
When goods are sold under a C.F.I, contract the
seller fulfils his part of tlie contract when he ships
the goods, and hnnds to the consignee the shipping
documents and policy of insurance ui conionnity
wth the contract.
O.I}. Coast guard. Abbreviation adopted on
the charts issued by the Hydrographic Office,
Admiralty.
0.0. Distmguislung letters on sea Aalung boats
registered at Kallantsoog, Holland.
C.H. Distinguishing letters on sea 5shing boats
registered at Cherbourg, France.
C.H. Distinguishing letters on sea fishing boats
registered at Chester, England.
Oh. Church. Abbreviation adopted on the
charts issued by the Hydrograpliic Office. Ad-
miralty.
Obacabuoo. Chilian protected cruiser. {Elswick,
1898.)
Length 36r.ft. Beam 4Gft. M<ix:taCTi draught soft.
Diaplacemt-iit 4,joo tons. Coinp'.-.uicnt 400.
Guns. Afttutur.
2 — 8 in. ' Harvey-nickcI,"
10 — 47 in. 4J in. Deck.
13— IJ pdr. 4 in. Gun shields.
6 — 3|pdr.
Torpedo Tube*.
5 Above water.
Twin screw. Hp. forced is.ooo— 24 kts. Coal
maximum 1.000 tons.
Cbacahaoo. Iron&hlp. Went down in the Channel
after colliiiion with the* steamer Torch, March 1,
1873 : 24 lives lost.
Chads, Admiral Sir Henry Docie, K.C3., cr. 1S&7
(b. itiiy). liducatcd Ruyai Naval College. Ports-
mouth ; as mid. served and engaged in boats of
^ndromacMe in action tvitb pirates and suppression
of piracy m the Strait» of Malacca. iBi6 ; senior
lieatenant of Harlaquin, 'was woundcil in an attack
on pirates in the Island of Sumatra. 1844; as
captain was present at the capture of Bomarsund
in the Baltic, and specially recommendc-d to tlio
Admiralty by the marshal commanding the French
troops (Baltic medal) : captain superintendent of
Ueptlord Dock and VictiiaUing Yards. 1863-66;
rear-admiral, 1S66 ; flag-officer second in comauuul
Cliannc-l flcvt, 1S69-70 ; viL<.--adm.iral, 1872; Com-
mander-in-Chief at the Norc, 187(^-77 ; admiral,
1877 ; K.C.B.. 1887 ; retired. 1884.
Chaffer. A name applied to a whale or grampus
in the northern seas. S
Chafing mate. Mats used to protect the rigging.
Choimite. Portuguese gun-boat (1897)* Dis-
placement. 340 Ions, At present on the Zambesi.
Chain. A connected series of hnks of metal
passing through each other so as to move more or
less freely, and thus form a strong but flexible
string, used for various purposes, as for restraint.
support, connection, transmission of mechanical
power, etc. Chain making is a special iodiistry.
The welding of the links until recently was almost
entirely done by hand. The manufacture of weld-
less steel chains of a size up to one inch diameter
metal is now accomplished by machinery. Chain
cables arc gcncraUy made in lengths of from iz| to
35 fathoms, the lunglli being joined together by
shackles. A cable's lengtli is 100 fathoms of
6'oS ft. each, and is one-tenth of a nautical mile.
The targe-st sizes of cliaii\s pass, before use, certain
standard tests undur Lloyd's Register, which im-
pose a strain sufficient to detect bad material or
workmanship, yet not so severe as to injure fie
metal; Cliains used as cables on British ships
must pass a statutory test and be properly stamped.
The various Lest requirements of the British
Admiralty and the United States Testing Board
can be found in Kent's "Mechanical Engineers'
Pockct-Book," 1901. The breaking strain of any
chain may be calculated from its cross section, to
the area of wliich it bears a fixed proportion. The
largest mooring chains on record were made in
1907 lor osc on the Mauretania and Lusitania.
the links were 4^ and 1;^ diameter, the weight of
each end link 336 pounds, and each common hnk
343 pounds, the swivel connection weighing 4.485
pounds, and each shackle /ri [x>und$, giving a
total weight of moorings of over 200 tons.
Chain. A measure of 66 feet.
Chain cables. All vcbsels have to carry anchc
and chain cables tested up to a strain ranging wit
till' si«i; of the vessel.
Chain-plates. Iron plates, the lower ends
which are bolted to the ship's side, to wliich the
dead-eycfi are fastened.
CHAIN
ii:
CHAMBER
duun-pamp. A large hand porop, worked by
endless chains producing a continaous flow of
water.
Challenger. See Challenger Expedition.
(Chat-
Oballenx«r. British =nd class cniiKr.
ham. 1903).
length J55ft. Beam j6ft. &>[axiTniini dmught 2ih.
Displacement 5,880 tons. Complement 475.
Gunt. Armour.
II— <Sin. 3 in. Deck amidships.
8 — 13 pdr. f> in. Conning tower.
I — 12 pdr., a cwt.
6— 5 pdr.
2 Maxims.
^^B Torpedo Tubes (18 in.).
^^^r 3 Subrnrrgcd.
W Twin screw, Hp. 13.500=21 kts. Coal maxi-
■ mum i,32<; tons. Approximate coat £420,000.
I ChaUeii«er Expedition. H, M.S. Challmger. a
I British man-of-war selected by the Admiralty to
■ carry out an investigation of the physical and bio-
I logical conditions of tlie great ocean basins, was a
steam corvette, with a spar upper deck, of 2.300
tons displacement, ami 1,300 Hp. Only two guns
were retained, and the space occupied by the other
guns, ammunition, etc., was utilised in providing
accommodation for zoological and chemical iabora-
tniies and other workrooms, and for scientific
appvata. special sounding and dredging platforms
being erected, and also an engine for hauling in
the dredging and sounding Lines. The fitting-out of
the ChaiUtiger wa3 coninu-nced in June, 1872, and
she sailed from Portsmouth on Uec-eiubor 21, 1672,
retummg to that port on the completion of her
circumnavigating voyage on May 34, 1676. During
this period of three years and five months the
distance sailed was nearly 69,000 miles, and about
500 deep sea soundings, as well as 133 dredgings,
i$i trawlings. and 265 series ol temperature obser-
vations beneath the surface, were taken.
The Challenger carried a full complement ol
oavml officers and men, under tJie command of
Captain G. S. Nares. who was replaced at Hoog
Kong by Captain F. T. Thomson. The scientific
work was entrusted to a civilian stafT, consisting of
» Professor C. W>'>'ille Thomson, director ; J. Y
Buchanan, chemist ; H. N. Moscley. naturalist ;
John Murray, naturalist ; R. von Willemoes-Suhm,
naturalist ; and J. J. Wild, secretary and artist. Dr.
von Willemoes-Suhm died during the course of the
cruise io the Pacific, and the only surviving
Bt«nb«rs of tltc civilian staff at the presmt day are
Sir John Murray and Mr. J. Y. Buchaiuin.
» After the return of the expedition, the work of
preparing the scientific n»u1ta of the voyage for
publication was at first under the direction of
Professor Sir C. WyMUe Tbomsou, wlio dte^j in
i88>2, the direction then parvsing into the hands oi
hii chief assistant. Mr. (afterwards Sir) John
Mmray. Th« official reports, pubhshed by H.M.
Government. 6lletl 50 large quarto volumee.
which appeared at intervals between the years
1880 und 189s. and contained 39,500 pages, illustra-
ted by 3.000 hthographic and chromolithograpbic
plates and maps, and thousands of wood-cuts In
the text. The list of 76 authors inchides the
names of scientists of world-wide reputation —
British, Colonial, Continental, and American —
who dc\'Otctl in many caMts years uf study and pains-
taking labour to the department of knowlcdgu
allotted to them. The scientific work carried out
on board H.M.S. Challenger practically laid the
foundations of the recent science of occanc^aphy.
and the published results of that work formed the
starting-point for all subsequent rc-scarcUt-s.
In addition to the Official Rciwrts, edited by Sir
John Murray {50 vols., 1880-95). of thcexpcdition,
sec Spry '9 "Cruise of H.M.S. Challenger," 1 876.
" Notes by a Naturalist " (Moscley, 1879). Befer to
Murray, Sir John.
Cbunber oH Commerce. A, of which there arc
more than 100 lu the United Kingdom, is an
association of merchants, manufacturers, capitalista
and oUicns engaged in commerce, for the purpose
of promoting meicaniite and industrial iutoicsts
m general, and those o[ their own district in
particular. Some chambers of commerce arc
incorporated by charter, oLhen> incorporated and
registered under the Companies .\ct5 and licensed
by the Board of Trade, and others neither incor-
porated, registered nor licensed. They collect
statistics and information on all matters relating
to trade, discuss measures affecting their interests,
and represent their views to the pnblic authorities.
Action with regard to legisiati^'c measures is taken
by petitionmg Parliament by the representation to
the House of their views through some private
member.
The earUest Chambftr of Commerce in Great
Britain was that of Glasgow, incorporated in 1783.
The London Chamber of Commerce was formed in
I8S2, and the AjiLsociaiion of Chambers of Commerce
of the United Kingdom, which mcctu in conference
annually lor the discussion and promotion of
measures afToctiog trade and commcraal interests,
was founded in ]&6o.
Ohamber ot SbiyyhiS is an association of mer-
chants of the United Kingdom, established in 1878,
(or the purposes of Parhamentary work and com-
munication witli the i>rincii>aJ C^vemment depart-
ments on matters relating lo -ihipping.
It consists of two committees. (1) The Ship-
owners' Parliaroentar)' Cotnimttee, which watches
public BilU aflecting shipping matters, and k>okfi
after Parliamentar)* shipping interests, [z) A
Documentary Conimiltc«, which dtsals with cttartcr-
parties. bills of lading, aod the forms of maritime
dociuncuts.
CHAMBERS
ii8
CHANGE
Chambers, OeotKfl (1803-40). Marine painter
(b. Whitby). For several years pursued a life of
the sea. He was employed by Thomas Homer to
assist in painting tlte great panor&ma. of London
for the Coliseum (the exhibition bnilding in Regent's
Park, which has since been demolished). Hift best
works represent naval battles. Two of these —
" The Bombardment of Algiers " (1836) and
" The Capture of Porto Belle " — are in Greenwich
Hospital.
Chjunhers, John, Lowestoft. This firm was
established in 1878 a* " Page and Chambers," the
title being altered succcseiNcly to " Page and Co.,"
" Chambers and Colby." and " John Chambers."
Over 260 wood-built ntssvcIs of \-arioas descriptions
have been launched, including yachts, lifcboaLa,
cargo vessels, dccp-sca trawlers, and herring
driftt-rs. Among the vessels built may be men-
tioned the yacht Hoyden (for Mr. T. G. Bowles),
the yacht Zephyr (for Mr. B. Dowson). the
yacht Meridtn (for Mr. E, R. T. Croxall). and the
herrlDg drifter Consotalion. This latter was the
first steam herring boat on the coast, and was so
successful that the firm have launched subsequently
80 of this well-known t>*pe of steamer. The advent
of the steam drifter has. in fact, revolutionised the
herring fishery of the Kingdom. The last vessel
launched wa^ the Thomas B. Miller, a. mission
trawler for the Royal National Mission to Deep Sea
Fishermen.
Cbamoia. British torpedo-boat destroyer. Foun-
dered in the Gulf of Patras through one of her screw
blades coming off and piercing her bottom.
Cbamplain, Battle ol Lake. Fought in 1814. when
the American frigates commanded by Macdonnugh
defeated the British fleet.
Cbamplam, Samuel d« (1567-1635)- First French
Governor oi Canada (b. Brouage). Sailed for
Canada in 1603 ; on his third voyage he founded
Quebec, discovered the lake which now bears his
name, and established a flourishing fur trade. He
was brought to England a prisoner when Quebec
foLl before the British, 1629 ; but by (he treaty of
St. Germain, when Canada was restored to the
French, 1632, he was released, and again became
Governor, and remained 90 till his death.
5« " Life," in French, by Dionnc, 1891, and
by Gravier, igoo.
Charopness, H. Robert, H.V.O. (b. 1852).
Educated Old Brompton, Kent ; Assistant Director
of Naval Construcrion at the Admiralty ; entered
H.M. Dockyard, Chatham, in 1866, at the age of 14,
taking first place in competition for entry. After
four years spent in theoretical study and acquiring
a practical knowledge, ho obtained second place
at the examination for admission to the Royal
School of Naval Architecture, then located at South
Kensington Museum, and joined there in 1870 ; at
the end of his Uiird session, tlie school was trans-
ferred to the Royal Naval College, Greenwich,
where his final session was paned : he was then
appointed to the Drawing Office at Chatham Yard.
where, after one year, he proceeded to the Admi-
ralty tor duty and. returning to Chatham in 1875.
was appointed to assist In supervising the con-
struction of H.M.S. TinUraire; in May. 1877, Iw
was again transferred to the Admiralty, where he
remained till Match, 188$. being appointed a
second-class Assistant Constructor on the Estab-
lishment of the Royal Corps of Naval Constructors
in 1S83 ; from the Admiralty he was appointed
overseer to the Barrow Shipbuilding Works, and
while there he received the thanks of the Admiralty
for a report upon a type of submarine torpedo-boat ;
in November, 1R86, he was sent to Portsmouth to
reorganise the Drawing Ofhce staff ; he was pro-
moted to first -cla.u Assistant Constructor in Novem-
ber, 1889, and in that capacity, until April, (895,
he was closely ossociatcsd with, and largely responsi-
ble for. the accelerated rate of ."ihipbuilding. hav-ing
charge of H.M.S. Centurion, and later of the Royal
Sovereign class of battleships, on delivery from
contractors, as well as of the building of the
Majestic, Princ* George, and Casttr. In April,
1895, he was appointed to Malta Yard as Chief
Constructor, and remained till April. 1897. The
thanks of the Admiralty were conveyed to htm foi
expedition in fitting bUgc keels to H.M.S. Barfleut
in three weeks, and the Governor of Malta also
eotprcssed satisfaction with the work done in pie-
paring transports for conveyance of troops to Crete.
In February, 1897. he was appointed chief eoa-
f^tructor at Devonport, just after the first modem
Ixitlleship at that yard had been laid down, and
held this appointment unHl the end of 1902 ; at the
launch by Her Majesty the Queen of 11. M.S. Queen.
on March 8, 1902, when His Majesty the King also
laid the first keel plate of H.M.S. King Edward VII..
he was decorated by His Majesty with the fourth
class of the Royal Victorian Order ; wa.s appointed
Assistant Director of Naval Construction, taking np
the appointment on January 1, 1903. Member
of Insritntion of Naval .■Vrchitects.
Publication : A paper on the " Launch of a
Battleship," read before the tnstjtution of filecfaaju*
cal Engineers.
Chan. Channel, Abbreviation adopted on the
charts issued by the Hydrographic Ofl^ce. Admi-
ralty.
Change ol Voyage, Ttiis expression in the Oovia*
tion Clause refers only to a change after the policy
has once attached by the commencement of a
voyage of such a kind that, if not changed, it would
bave been within the pohcy. It has been held
that an initial declaration of insurance on any other
voyage is outside the policy, and that therefore the
"cbangeof voyage" never took effect at all in such
a case. {Israel v. Sedgwick, S Times Law Reports.
72A ; also Gow on Marine Insurance, p. 61.)
Jitfer to Deviation ; also Clauses.
CHANNEL
119
CHARLESTON
*'^»*»' See Trinity House l*ilotage Districts ;
Fairway.
Cbonoel IsUnds T*oht Club, Rorftl. Set Royal
Cliann*;! Isiiindb Yacht Club.
(Bunnell or OhAliu. Projcctious over a ship's
side on which the rigging in fiprcad.
Ohanxy. French snd class cruiser. (Bordeaux,
1894)
Length 361 ft. Beam 46 ft. Maximum draaght soft.
Displacement 4,750 tons. Complement 570.
Guns. Armour.
a — 7*6 in.. 45 cal. " Crcn«ot " ste«l.
6 — 5*5 in. 4 in. Belt amidships.
6—9 pdr. 4 in. Turrets.
4 — 3 P^l'- 4 ^f^- Conning tower.
Torpedo Tubes (tj'? in.).
4 Above water.
Twin screw, Up. 8,300= iS's kts. Coal normal
406 tons. Approximate cost £350,000.
This vessel went ashore off the coast of China, a
little below Shanghai, and was abandoned.
Chaplains, NavaL See Na\'al Education.
Chaifcf. British torpedo-boat destroyer. (Pop-
lar. 1894.V T-ength, 190 ft. ; beam, 18 ft. ; draught,
5i ft. ; displacement. 250 tons ; complement. 45 ;
armament, t iz-pdr., 5 6-pdr., a tabes ; twin scr«w ;
Hp., 3.100=27 kts. ; coal, 60 tons.
Cbargoors Biaais (French Steam Navigation
Co.) have a fleet of 35 excellent stcamera, fitted with
all the latest modem improvements (or the trade in
which they are engaged. A service is maintaine<l
from HavTe, Dunkirk, Bordeaux, and Marseilles
at scheduled times for Colombo, Singapore, Saigon,
Tourane. and Haiphong, taking passengers and
cazgo (or transhipment, for Bangkok, Pnom-Penli,
and Hanoi. A monthly service (or the West Coast
of Africa sailing from Havre and Bordeaux, (or
Tenerifie, Dakar, Conakry, Grand Bassa, Grand
Lahou, Cotonou, Ubrev-ille, Cap I.opex. Setto-Cama,
Mayumba, Loango, Banana, Boma, and Matadi. A
ser\'ice for Brazil from liavrc and Dunkirk for
Vigo, Leixoes, Lisbon, Pemumbuco, Bahia, Kio de
Janeiro, and Santos. A service to La Plata from
Havre, Dunkirk and Bordeaux, calling at Vigo,
Teoeriffe. Monte Video and Buenos Aires. A Far
East service leaves Antwerp and Dunkirk for
Singapore, Shanghai, Hankow, Taku, Japanese
ports, San Franct.-K:o, and the River Plate.
Flekt.
Admiral Alty, Campana.
Admiral Attbs. Campintu.
Admiral Battdin. Canarias.
Admiral Courbet. CanRwUttf.
Admiral d« Kef taint. Carolina.
Admiral Exeimam. Choiun.
Admiral I-'ourtchuti. Colombia.
Admiral ffamelin, Catonia,
Admiral Jaureguibfrry, Ci»tic«rdia.
Admiral Laloueiu TrwiUe.
Admiral Ma^on.
Admiral Nitlfy.
Admiral PotUy.
Admiral Rigault de GenouiUy.
Admiral Sailandroiuc de
Lamornaix.
Admiral Superr*.
Admiral Troudg.
Cordilleras.
Cordoba.
CorriemUs.
Corsica.
Europe.
Paraguay.
Santa E'e.
Ville de Maceio.
Ville de Maranao.
ChBrlemAgne. French ist clans battleship.
(Brrtt. U«J5.)
Length 337 ft. Beam 67 ft. Maximum draught 28 h.
Displacement 11,260 tons. Complement 631.
Guns. Armour.
4 — 12 in. " Harvey -nickel."
10 — s'$ in, 14 in. Belt amidships.
8 — 4 in. 1 3 in. Turrets.
20 — 3 pdr. 1 2 in. Conning tower.
Torpedo Tubes (177 in.).
4. Submerged.
Twin screw. Hp. 14.500=18 kts. Coal maxi-
mum 1,100 tons. Approximate cost j^i, 100,000,
Cborlemaffne. Iron clipper. Wrecked on the
coast near Canton, March 20. 1857; the loas
amounted to about ^tto.ooo.
Charleniont« Packet Lost between Holyhead
and Dublin, December 23, 1790, when 104 of the
passengers and crew were drowned.
(Hiades. tn 163 1 this vessel, commanded by
Lake Fox, explored the western side of Hudson's
Bay as far as a place called Sir Thomas Roc's
Welcome. In August he met Captain Jainc^ and
the Bristol ship Maria [if-V.) in Hudson's Bay, and
together they went North, and reached 66* 47' N.
Refer to Arctic Exploration.
Charles Uartel. French ist class battleship.
(Brest. 1893.1
Length 390 ft. Beam 70 ft. Maximum draught 17 ft.
Displacement 11,862 tonb. Comptrmcnt 620.
Guns. .Armour.
3—12 in,. 45 cal. " Creusot steel."
2 — io'8 in. 18 in. Belt amidships.
8 — 5"5 in. J 5 in. Turrets.
4 — 9 pdr, 9 in. Conning tower.
30—3 pdr.
Torpedo Tubes (17*7 in.).
3 Submerged.
4 Above water.
Twin screw. Hp. 14^500=18 kts. Coal maxi-
mum 1,000 tons. Approximate cost £1.000,000.
Oharlestoa. U.S. lat class cruiser (1903)*
Length 433 ft. Beam 65(1. Maximum draught 33 ft.
Displacemeat 9,700 tons. Complement 564.
Guns. Armour.
14—6 in. "' Krupp."
j8— 14 pdr, 4 im Belt amidships.
13 — 3 pdr, 4 in. Battery.
12 — I pdr. 5 in. Conning tower.
8 Colts.
^CHARNER
i20
CHASSELOUP
Torpedo Tuhei.
2 Submfrgrd.
Twin screw, lip. 2i.ooo^3i'> lets. Coal maxi-
roum i.suo tons.
Charner. French armouml cruiser. (Rochefort.
1895.1
Length 348(t. Beam 461t. Maximum draught igft.
DisptacomcDt <(,70«) tonit. Complement 375.
Guns. Atmour,
3 — 76 in. "Steel."
6—6*5 ii'- 4 >"• ^)t amidships.
14 Small. 5 in. Barbettes.
4 in. Conning tower.
Hp. 8,300= iS kts. Coal 500 tons.
Chart. A hydrographit map representing a por<
tion of the earth's suriace projecttd 011 a plane.
The tcini is commonly n'btricled to those intended
lor navigators' uae on which merely the outlines of
coasts, islands, etc., arc represented. In tlie
earliest charts the earth's surface was regarded as
flat, and it was not until 1569 that Meixalor
treated it from a spherical point of view. Motlcrn
Admiralty charts arc prepared and issued by direc-
tion of the Hydrographic Depaxtmpnt. In Ad-
miralty charts all the information necessary to a
navigator is included, and the recognised abbrevia-
tions use<l arc as IoHoks : In the caae of buoy»
capital letters are used to denote their difference
in colour ; the quality of the sea bottom is ex-
pressed in small letters ; soundings are shown in
fathoms when numerals are market! on the white
surface, and in (eet when appearing on tiie dotted
surface ; lights arc shown by a yellow dot with a
red spot in the middle : currents indicated by a
feathered arrow in the direction of their flow ;
rocks IxJow the surface by a dotted circle with a
cross inside ; rocks awash or above wat«r by a
dotted circle, witli one or more dots according to
the number ol rocks indicated.
Cliaxtered compuiiM arc companies which have
been granted a charter by the Crown, auihorising
tlirm to carry on certain business. Formerly
chartered companit-s were formed for tile purposes
of colonisation and the expansion of the Empire,
and possessed an exclusive monopoly of trade and
great powers of governance, as in the case of the
old East India Company ; hut modern chartered
companies which are principally engaged in trade
are confined by the rights and powers they acquire
on concession, the Crown merely authorising or
recognising the acquisition of such rights and
powers — €.g,, tlie Royal Niger Co., 1886; the Im-
perial British East Africa Co.. 18^9 : the South
African Co.. 1889. lig/er to South Sea Bubble.
Chartered freight. Sm Freight.
Charter-party. A charter-party is a contract
between a ^hipo»nc■^ and a meichant, by which
the former agrees to piece a ship, at a part thereof,
at the disposal of the latter (called the charterer] for
a pftTticular voyage or voyages, or for a certain
period of time, [t may be made verbaily, but is
usually in writing, and must, to be available in a
court ol law, bear a ■>ixpcany stamp, I'nlLss the
contract amount to a demise or lease oi the ship.
th« ownership of the vessel continaee in the ship-
owner, and her master and crew are his servants.
The provisions oi the Hxittcn contract, wtiich can-
not be contradicted or varied by parol evidence,
are either conditions precedent, the tu^ach of
which by one party entitles the other to r\;pudiate
the contract, or collateral promises, the breach
of which only gives ttie injured party the right to
damages. Whether a particular clause amounts
to a condition or is merely a warranty iq.v.) de-
pends upon the intention and meaning of the parties
as appears on the instrument; but all representa-
tions concerning the ship are iicated as condition!,
and a shipowner who knowingly makes a mis-
representation with regard to the ship is liable to
an action for deceit. The proper persons to sac
or be sued under the contract arc primarily the
contracting parties, but where made by agents i3ut
ordinary law of principal and agent [q.v.) applies.
Kffer to Affreightment, Broker. Fire of Expense
to Ship, He or They Pajing Freight, Brought
Alongside. Always Afloat.
Oharjrbdis. British 2nd class cruiser. {Sheer-
ness, 1893.)
Length jiuft. Beam 4(jfl. Maxiniuni draught 2lft.
Displacement 4,360 tons. Complement 318.
Guns. Armour.
2—6 in, " Steel."
8—47 in. 3 in. Deck.
8 — 6 pdr. J in. Conning tower.
1—3 pdr.
Torpedo Tubes (18 in.).
4 Above water.
Twin screw. Hp. natural 7.000=18 kta.. foreed
9,000^19*; kts. Coat maximum i.ooo tons.
Approximate cost £250,000.
Chanakmp-Laubat French 2nd doss cr
(Cherbourg. iSyj.)
Length 308ft. Beam 43ft. Maximum draught aafi.
Displaccmtnt 3,773 tou5. ConipK-ment 358.
Cum. Armour,
6—6*4 in- 3 io. Deck.
4 — 4 in. 2 in. Sponsons.
4—3 pdr.
II — I pdr.
Torpedo Tuhts.
2 Above water.
Twin screw, lip. 9,500=19 kts. Coal maxi-
mum 587 tons. Approximate cost /300.000.
OhasMhrap-Iatibat, Harquia de (b. June u.
1863). In iSAq joined the £cole Central des .Arts
ct Manufacturc-s ns a mechanical engiaeer, and
later graduated from the Institution of Civil
Engineers of France, obtaining the No£o pri«c in
1897 for naval work, and subsequently Iwcame
cruisei^^
I
manager of the Soci6t6 des ChanHers and Ateliers
o( Gironde. He Is treasurer o( the Society of Gvi)
Engineers of France and vice-president of the I-igue
Maritime Fran^isc. Assoc, of the Inst, of Naval
Architecbi.
Publications : " Remarks on the Battle of
Yolon, and the Conditions that Warships have to
fulfil " (April. i8g6), " Marine Boilers " (April.
1897), "The Different Modes of Gunnery on
Ships " (April, 1898)," The Naval Strength of Spain
and America " (May, 1808). " Naval Materials "
(July. i8981."LarReMailSteamers'*(i8<>8)." Notes.
on the Evolution of the Construction of Warships "
(February. 1900). " Modern Ships of War " (edited
by V. r. Danod, Paris. lyoj).
Obasse-Haries. A coasting vessel used on the
French shores of the Channel. Ingger'riggcd, with
two or three masts and sometimes a top-sail.
Ohsssiron Light, situated in the Bay of Biscay.
established tS>>5. is a single Saab light every
10 seconds ; duration of fla;h. half second ; candie-
power. 360.000 maxinmm ; bnmer, mantle 30 mm.
diameter ; illitminant. incandescent oil gas.
Chatcaarenanlt French sod class cmiaer. (La
Scync, 189S.}
Length 457 ft. Beam 56 ft. Mean draught u ft.
Displacement S,oi8 tons. Complement 600.
Guff-f. Armour,
3— 6'4 in., 45 cal. 3 in. Deck.
fr— 3'S in. I J in. Ca^mates.
10—3 pdr.
Three screws. Hp. 33.000=23 kts. Coal maxi-
mum ^.foo ton5. Approximate cost /6io,ooo.
OhatfleU. Adninl Alfred JTobn* O.B.. cr. 1S87
(b. i^jf|- Entered Navy, 1S46; sub- lieutenant.
1851 ; Ueutt'nant, 1854; lieutenant of Gladiator in
Baltic expedition, 1854 ; preoeot at bombardment
of Bomarsund (Baltic mcrlat) ; alio in the Black
Sea, the blockade of Odessa, and all operations
before Sebastopol, and at capture of Kiabum
^Crimea and Turkish mcdab, Sebastopol clasp) ;
commander. 1S63 ; captain. 18^ : captain of
Amtihyst blockading the coast during tlie Ashantee
campaign. 1874 (Ashantee medal) ; joined in the
engagement with the Peruvian tnrret ship Muascat,
1877 : conuuondcd on south-east coa:£t of America
for two years, and H.M.S. Thundettr m Mediter-
ranean : superintendent Pembroke Dockyard, 188)-
85 ; awarded good service pension, 1882 : rear-
admtraJ. 18S6 ; vice admiral, iSsii ; admiral, 1897.
Chatham. See Docki,-aids, Naval.
Chattanooga. U-S. 3rd class cruiser (lAgil.
Liengih 793tt. Beam 44ft. Maximum draught 17ft.
Displaci>racnt j.3oo tons. Complrmcnt 293.
Guru. A rmour.
10 — 5 in. " l[ar\'ey-nickeL"
8 — 6 pdr. a In. Deck.
2 — I pdr.
s Colls.
Twin screw. Mp. 4,soo~iA'S kts. Coal maxi-
mum 700 tons.
0haiUlC67. U.S. torpedo-boat destroyer (1900).
Displacement. 4J0 tons ; complement. 64 ; guns,
2 i4pdr., s 6-pdr. ; torpedo tubes, 2 iS-ta. amid-
ships and aft ; Hp.. 8,000 = ^9 kts. ; coal. 139 tons.
Cheeks. Pieces of timber in duplicate and corre-
sponding perfectly to each other.
Cheerful. Liverpool steamer. In collision with
H.M.S. Heclij in the Bristol ChanneJ, July 21.
1885 ; I J livM lost.
OhaerfaL British torpedo-boat deatroyor. (Hcb-
bum. 1897.} Length, 310 ft, ; beam. 31 f L :
draught. 8 it. ; displacement. 308 tons : comple-
ment, 6a ; armament, i ra-pdr., 5 6-pdr., 2 tubct ;
twin screw ; Hp., 6.000=30 kts. ; coal, 82 tons.
Cbelmer, British torpedo-boat destro^'er. (Cfais-
wick. 1904.) length. 222 ft. ; beam, 33^ ft. :
draught, gj ft. ; displacement, 600 tons ; comple-
ment, 72 : armam'-'nt, t ts-pdr., < rt-pdr., 2 tubes ;
twin screw ; Hp., 7, 500=^35 kts, ; cool. 136 toos.
Cheq. Chequered (near a buoy). Abbreviation
a<lopte<I on the charts issued by the Hydrographic
Oflict. Adrtirslty.
OhernoniDrets. Russi.-in gun-vessel. Black Sea.
(Nicolaiefl, 1899.) Length, 210 ft. ; beam, 35 ft ;
draught. It ft,; displacement, 1,224 tons; com-
plement, r6i ; guns, 2 8-in.. i 6-in., 7 q.f. ; torpedo
tuljes. 2 above water; Hp., i,5oo=«l3 kts. ; coal
maximum, 350 tons.
CherwelL British torpedo-boat destroyer. (Pat*
nicr, 1903.) Length, 22.^ ft. : beam, 23 ft. ;
draught. 10 (t. : displacement. 540 tons: comple-
ment. 70 ; armament, 1 la-pdr., t, 6-pdr., 2 tube* ;
Hp.. 7,000-3 2 s kts. . coal, 9; tons.
Chesapeake. American Irigate in Boston Bay
(50 guns, 376 men), commanded by Captain T.aw.
rence, struck to the ShannoH, a Bntish frigate
(38 guns. 320 men), commanded by Philip Vere
Broke, alter a severe action of 1 1 minutes, June i,
1813.
Chesapeake and Ohio Steaoubip Co., Ltd„ with
Lhcir head olfice in London, have a fleet of seven
modem cargo steamers, which mainiain a regular
service from Loudon and Liverpool to Newport
News.
Fl-BBT.
Athiann. Powhatan.
jtUeghany. jMiihhiiu. ftappahauMixk,
KamawMa. SheMuJoab.
Gross tonn»i;c. 2$.66<}.
Chess-trees. Iron plates with thlmbl<<> eyes on
each top side.
Chester. U.S. scout 11904).
Lfnxth 434it. Beam 45ft. Draught tSfC.
Displacement 4,000 tons. Complement 384.
Gu»s. Armour.
6—14 pdr. 3 — 5 in. Belt amidships.
Torpedo TuIm (21 in.).
3 Submerged.
TwHn screw. Hp. 16.000 — 24 kts. Coal maxi-
mum 1 ,000 tODS.
Cbest-rope. See Guest-rope.
Chevalier. French torpedo-boat (i803). r*'s-
placcment, 134 tons; complement, 32; maxiinuin
draught. 7 ; guns, 3 ,vpclr. ; torpedo tubes, a Ij-io. ;
Hp.. 2.700=537 kts, ; coal, 17 tons.
Ohioafo. OW U.S. cmiscr (iBfis). Reconstructed
iSgo.
Length 328ft. Beam 18ft. Maximum draught 23ft,
Displacement 5.000 tons. Complement 459.
Cuns. Armour.
4 — 8 in. I J in. Deck.
14—5 in.
1^6 pdr.
Twin »crew. Hp. io.oodm 19 kts. Cool maxi-
mum 940 tons.
Chichester, Rear- Admiral Sir Edward, Bait.
C.M.G.. 1899 ; C.B., 1900 (b. 1849). Entered K^vy.
1863 ; sub-ticutonant, 1869 ; lieutenant, 1870 ; lieu-
tenant of the Tbalta daring the war in Egypt,
1883 : promoted lo commander for services rendered
1882 {Egyptian medal, Khedive's Bronze Star) ;
principal transport oHiccr in Egj'pt. 1884-85 ; cap-
tain, iSSS ; senior officer in command of H.M.
ships employed in protecting North Sea fisheries.
receiving the thanks ol the Lords of the Admiralty
for "judgment and tact displayed "; C.M.G. for
wrvices in Manila; A.D.C. to the Queen, 1899;
naval transport officer at Capo Town during the
Boer war, iS99-i9f>n; mentioned in despatches,
1900, by Lord Roberts, who wrote ; " Captwn Sir
E. Chichester has carried out his arduous duties
with an ability and tact which have ensured the
smooth and succcsslul working in all the arrange-
ments." Again, in 1901. mentioned in despatches
by Lord Roberto, as follows : " The arduous work
ol disemtiarking tlie troops, supplies, stores, re-
mounts and mulc«, and embarking the many thou-
sands of sick and wounded and discharged men
reflects the greatest credit upon Captain Sir Edward
Chichester and the staf! at each of the four ports."
C.B., Octoljcr, Hjoo, for services during the Boer
war; A.D.C. to the King, igoi-02 ; rear-admiral,
1902 ; admiral supciintendcnt in charge of alt H.M.
naval establishments at Gibraltar, 1904.
Ohidori. Japanese torpedo-boat. (Normand.
1900.) Length, 147 ft. : beam, 16 (t. : draught.
8 ft.; displacement, 150 tons; complement, 26;
armament, i 6-pdr., 2 3-pdr.. 3 tiilics ; twin .screw ;
Hp., 4,200= jo kts. ; coal, 30 tons.
Ohihaya. Japanese torpedo gun-boat (1901).
Displacemeot 850 tons. Complement 135.
Gtms.
3—4-7 in.
4 — 1 3 pdr.
Torpedo Tubes.
3 Above water.
Twin screw. Hp. 6,000=21 kts. Coal maxi
mum 250 tons.
Ohfldwall Halt Hull steamer. Wrecked ne
Cape St. Vincent, Portugul. April 11, 1878;
lives lost.
Ohiti (iSQ4). French subsidised merchant sh
Messa^ertes Maritimes (q.v.). Dimensions. 462]
57 x46 ft. : gross tonnage, 6,371; ;Hp., 6,000^ 17 kt
Chimere. French crmser -avisos (iSSi).
placement. 327 tons : draught, S ft. ; armament.
2 i-pdr, : speed (nominally), 11 kts.
Chimes. That part of the waterway projectiiig
above the deck plank wliicb is gouged hollow to let
the water run free.
China (1896). British subsidised merchant ship.
P. and O. Co. (q.v.). Dimensions, 500 x 54 X 33 ft, ;
gross tonnage, 7.900 ; passenger accommodation.
464 ; Hp., 9.400= r8 kts. This vessel was
wrecked on Perim Island, May. 1900; eventually
got of! and refitted.
China and HanUa Steamship Co., Ltd^ managed
by MfS-srs, .Slu-.van. Tonii-s and Co., Hong
Kong, have two modcn: steamcrR. which maintain
a service from Hong Kong to Manila and vice vaa.
These vessels have excellent passenger accommoda-
tion, and carry a large quantity of cargo.
Fleet.
Rubi, Zafiro.
Gross tonnage. 5.080,
China Mutual Steatnsfaip Co., Hong Kong.
Ocean Steamship Co.. I-td.
China Navigation Co. was formed in
by Messrs. John Swire and Sons, of London, for
trading in China, and the first vessels built were
two 1,200 tons gross register completed in 1876.
Thoy now have a fleet of 64 steamers, all of which
have been built by the Scotts' Shipbuilding and
Engineering Co.. Ltd., of Greenock, trading from
China, as far south as Australia, as far west as
the Straits, and as far north as Vladivostock and
the .\mur River. They also have ships trading
up Uic Vang-lsc to Ichang, i .000 miles from the sea.
where the rapids prevent navigation farther xnto the
interior.
Chin Chtt. Japanew gnn-hont. Displacement,
440 tons. Captured from the Chinese at Wei-i
Wd, 1895. Of no fighting value.
Chinckle. Small bight in a line.
Chine. Part of the wati?r-way projecting alw
the deck plank, hauled out to let the water run
free.
CHIN
Cbln BoklL Japaneae gun-boat Displacement,
440 tons, CapturrtI from the Qiine^e at W*i-
Hai-Wei, 1395. Of no figbUng value.
Obin IFaa. Japanese gun-boat. Displacement,
440 tons. Captured from ttic Chinese at Wei-Hai-
Wei, 1895. Of 00 fighting value.
Cliinot^ A warm, dry wind at the eastern base
of the Roclty Mountains, similar to the Ffllin.
Chin-pen. Japanese gun-boat, displacement.
440 tonii. Captured from the Chinese at Wei-Hai-
Wei, 1S05. Of no fighting value.
Ohla Set J apanese gun-boat. Displacement .
440 Ions. Captured from the Chinese at Wei-Hai-
Wci, 1895. Of no fighting value.
Chin To. Japanese gun-lxtat. Displacement. 440
tons. Captured from the Chinese at Wei-Hai-Wei,
iSg$. Of no fighting valtic.
Chin Tea. Old Japanese battlesliip. Captured
from the Chmese at Wei-Hai-Wei. 1S95.
Length 3oSft. Beam 59ft. Ataximum draught 23(1.
Displacement 7.3$° tous. Complement 400.
Guns.
Armour.
4— li in.
" Compound."
' 4—^ in.
14 In. Belt amidships.
' 10— J pdr.
13 in. Barbettes.
2—1 pdr.
8 in. Conning tower.
L
Torpedo
Tub^s.
H
.1 .\bove
water.
Twin scrvw.
JIp. natural 6,200= 14*5 kts. Coal
inaxiiiium i.ouo tons.
Chips, -^ colloquialism for the ship's carpenter.
Ohishima. Japanese cruiser. Sunk in coUision
with ih<^ Hevenna. a V. and O. steamer, in the Gogo-
shima Straits, July 30, 1B95 ; 75 livea lost.
OhitoM. Japanese armoured cruiaer. (San
Francisco, 189S.)
I^ength 405ft. Beam4B(t. Maximom draught asit,
Diiplacrmeat 4,760 tons. Complement 405.
Gttnj. Armour.
2—8 in. " Steel."
10—47 ^- Ai ^' Deck.
t3 — 13 pdr.
6 — 3} pdr.
Torpedo Tubes.
4 Above water.
Twin screw. Hp. i;.ooo=32'5 kts. Coal maxi-
mum I .ouo tons.
OhiTOdft. Old Japanese cruiser. (Qydebank ,
1689.}
Len^b 308ft. Beam 43ft. Maximum draught I7tt.
Displacement 2.450 tons. Complement ^$0.
Cans. Armour.
10 — 4*7 in. " Chrome Steel."
15—3 pdr. 4i in. Belt.
i Catlings. 1 in. Deck.
Torptdo Tubt3.
3 Above water.
Twin screw. Hp. 5,500^19 kti% Cool maxi-
ntam 420 tons.
Chook-ft-Uook or Bloek and block. When the
tackle blocks meet
Cht^ftL Japanese gunboat of slow speed and
no fighting valne.
Cbok»-ft-lafl. To make fast round both parts
of the fall, to prevent the leading part from ren-
dering.
Chow*<:how. .\ Chinese word for eatables.
Cbriitian CorneUtu. Netherlands torpedo-boat.
{Yarruw, l«/05.) Length. 152 ft.; beam. 15 It.;
draught, 7^ ft ; displacement, 130 tons; comple-
ment, 25; armament, 2 2-pdr., 2 tubes; Hp.,
I,900a27 kts. ; coal, 36 tons.
Ohronomph. An instrument for registering
mechanically intervals of time in such a manner
that on inspection of the record afterwards the
observer is able to measure these intervals with
great accuracy. Thi.s instrument differs from tho
chronometer and chronoscope. in being self-
registering. Its essential parts arc generally a
cyhnder worked by clock-work, and kept in con-
tinuous revolution, and a marker which travels
parallel to the axis of the cylinder, and register?
on a sheet of paper wrapped round the cylinder.
It was by means of an instrumeat constructed on
this principle, as early as 1864, tliat Bashforth
carried out his great experiments on the flight of
projectiles oi high velocity through the air.
Chronometer. An tnstrnmeut in tltc nature of a
clock or watch (or the exact measurement of time.
They are fitted with a compensation balance, ad-
justed for the accurate measurement of time in all
climates ; and used for the determination of the
longitude. The rating of chronometers Ls usually
conducted at Government Observatories, and are
set to the time of some first meridian. British
ships and most .\mericans nse the time of Green-
widi meridian ; the French nse that of Paris, tn
the handling of chronometers care should be taken
to stow them as near as possible to tlie centre of
motion, where the vibration of the veasel i.i least ;
to avoid as much as possible any changein tempertt-
tore in the place where they are kept ; and to
place them ea far as passible beyond any magnetic
influence. Chronometers are fitted in their cases
on gimbals, by which means a horixontal posirion is
always maintained.
Ohnok. Sea-sbell ; sometimes the coUoqntaliam
for the boatswain.
rhntun Steamer. From Glasgow for Shanghai ,
foundered in a gale ofi Ardroeisan, October 20, 1874.
CL Abbreviation for Cirrus, as adopted by the
International Meteorological Committee, and used
in the International Cloud Atlas.
Ci.-OQ. Abbreviation for Cirro-cumulus, as
adopted by the International Meteorological Com-
mittee, and used in the International Cloud Atlas.
CXF. SmCF.1.
Cigno. Italiaa torpedo-boat. (Naples, 1906.)
Length, 165 ft. ; beam, 17 ft ; draught. 7 ft. :
displacement. 200 tons ; aniiament, 3 3-pdr.,
3 tubes; twin screw; Hp.. 300^2$ kts. : coal.
40 tons.
Oiso^e. French sea-going submarine. (Toulon,
1905.) Length. 118 ft.; beam. I2| it; draught.
84 ft.; displacement. 172 tons, above; comple-
ment, 20; Hp.. aoo=io'5 kts. above, 8 kts.
below : torpedo tubes, i 17'7-in.
Clmbria. Hamburg steamer. Sunk by collision
with the English steamer Sultan, off the coast of
Holland. January 19, 1883: 454 lives lost.
Cimelerre. French £un-boat. Displacement,
140 tons ; draught, 4 ft. ; gun?:, 2 3"S-in. ; speed
(nominally), ^kls.
Cincinnati, U.S. 3rd claas cntLsrr. (Brooklyn.
1S92.)
Length 300ft. Beam 42ft. Maximum draught 21ft.
Displacement 3.213 tons. Complement 339.
Gvns. .-tuttour.
II — Jin. "Steel."
8 — 6 pdr. aj in. Deck.
4 — I pdr. 2 in. Conning lower.
Twin screw. Hp. 10.000=19 kts. Coal maxi-
mum 556 tons.
Cinqne Forts. In early historj' the Cinque Ports
— comprising Dover, Sandwich. Romney, Hastings,
and Hythe, and Uic two ancient towns of Win-
chclsca and Rye — were cnchartered corporations
under the custody of a Lord Warden and his
officers, to whose juri.sdiction they were alone
subject. In return for this special privilege they
had to provide ships and crews for the King's
services. Within the limits of the Cinque Ports
the Lord Warden had the exclusive jurisdiction ol
an admiral, and tried aU offences committed on the
liigh seas. The exclusive civil jurisdiction of the
Lord Warden, except as to thi- adjustment of salvage
and the jurisdiction of tho Admiralty Court of the
Cinque Ports (q.v.). «-as abolishc<] in i&js, and the
office of Admiral of the Cinque Ports ceased in 1882,
but the Cinque Ports arc still for certain purposes
treated as a separate county, and have: their owu
militia and volunteer corps, whilst t^ach Port
retains its own special borough jurisdiction.
Otnqae Poets Yacht Club. Soyal. Sec Roya'
Cinque Ports Yacht Chib
C1k». British torpedo gun-boat (1892).
Length 23urt. Beam 27ft. Maximum draught islft.
Displacement Sto tons. Complement .S5.
Guns.
2—47 in.
4—3 pdr.
Torpedo Tubes.
5—14 in.
3— iR in.
Coal Tnaximnm 160 fotw. Si
Twin screw.
17 kti.
This ship -name is associated with I>na
action off Camperdowo. 1797; capture of Mar
tinique. 1809.
(Kroe, Frigate. 32 guns. On Novcmbex
1803, this vessel was lost off Yarmouth.
Cirro-cumuliu. Ste Clonds.
Oirn^itratas. See Clouds.
Cimu. A name given to ronndish, ctirting.
elevated clouds. Refer to Clouds.
Cirnjano Videk. Chilian torpedo-boat. (Yarrow,
1898.) Displacement, t.)o tons ; maximum draught,
72 ft. ; armament. 3 3-pdr. ; tubes, 3 14-in. ; HpL(
2,200=27 kts. ; C04I, 40tona.
ffl.-i. Abbreviation for Cirro-stratus as adopt
by the International Meteorological Committee,
and used in the Intemational Cloud Atlas.
Oissoi Veliki, See Sissoi Veliky.
uniftee, t
City Line. This line was founded in 183
Messrs. George Smith and Sons, and subsequently
sold in 1901 to Messrs. J. R. Ellerman. The line
comprises a fleet of 22 steamers plying between
Glasgow, Liverpool. London, and Calcntta, Bombay.
Kurrachee.
FtEKT.
City of Atheits. City of Karachi.
City of Benares. City of Khios.
City of Bombay. City of Lucknow.
City of Calcutta. City of Madrid.
City 0/ Cambridge. City of Manchester.
City of Corinth, City of Oxford.
City of Delhi. CUy of Perth.
City of Dundee. City of Sparta.
City of Edinburgh. CUy of Vienwi.
City of Glasgow. CUy of Venice.
CUyot Yorh.
Gross tonnage, 108,000.
City of Boston. On February it, 1870.
vessel Knilcd from New York. A board stating
that she was sinking was found on the Comi^
coast.
City of Chicago. Inman Atlantic Uner. Ran
ashore near Old Head of Ktusalc during a fog.
July 21, 1892. Captain'!) certificate suspended foc
nine months.
City of Oolambns. U.S. passenger ship. Ran
a Tvvl off tilt- coast of Ma.tsachu.sctbi, January iS,
1S&4 ; 97 lives lost.
th^^
City ol Cork Steam Packet Co., \vitlt tb
head oflicos at Cork, own a fine fleet of large and
well -apportioned Kteamships. which maintain a
service for London, Liverpool, Bristol, Southamp-
ton, and Milford.
CITY
I2i
CLARK
Ottr o( DnUJn Steam PMket Co., Jointly cany-
I irvg on day and night IrUh mail wrvice with
I the London and North -Western Railway Co.,
' have a fleet oi lour twin-screw steamers, with a
speed of about 24 kts. The average passage
between Hctybead and Kingston is 2 hra. 4$ miD&
ft Fleet.
^^^_ Coaneut^hi. Munster.
^^m Uimtcr, Ulster.
OKy of Gluffow. Steamer. Sailed from Glasgow
in 1854. and was ne\'er heard oi again. There were
I 4^ persons on board.
01^ of MoatrcaL Inman liner. Burnt off the
coast of Newiomidland on her way to Liverpool,
Asgttst 10, 1887.
City of Paiia. Inman Atlantic tiner. With about
()8o passengers aiid 370 ciew, led New York,
Much 19, 1S90. On .March 35 the starboard
(sgine brake down, and the intlow of water stopped
the engines, and the vessel was without machinery
or BaiUng apparatus. She was picked up and
tcmed into Queensland, March 39, 1890.
Civil Branches, Naval. 5» Naval Edacation.
Qvil engineer. See Engineer.
CiTil Engineers, InstitaUon of, which was founded
on January 3. 1818, and incorporated by Royal
Qtuter. June 3. 1858. receiinng supplemental
darters extending its powers in 1887 and 1896,
hn its headquarters at Gt. George Street. London,
S.W., mrnibrrs, a-isociate nirmbcnt, honorary
BKDbivs. associates, and itndenbs niimliering 7.386.
AtOcog tho objects of the institution arc the ad-
vaocemeot of mechanical science and the training
oi Qvil engineers in that species o( knowledge
which is essential to them.
OJL Distinguishing letters on sea tishing boats
'tsistered at Colchester. England.
U. I>istinguishing letters on sea (tsliing bonis
L n|i3tcml at Carlisle. England.
tL Ctay. Abbreviation adopted on the charts
iSDed by the Hydrographic Office, Admiralty,
denoting the quality of the ocean's bottom.
ffllttp. Metal bands applied to a mast or yanl
toprrvent the wood from bursting.
OUlt Uns. Began a fortnightly service from
Clttgow and Liverpool to Bombay and Kurrachee in
1S78, adding one to South and E.-ist African ports
in tS8t, and another to Colombo, Madras, and
Calcntta in 1882. a joint service to New York
(bpKt to South and East African ports appearing in
'*93. Twenty-nine turret-deck steamers figure in
the fleet, of wluch the C/«ti Colquhotin is the largest.
Tb« Line is under the management of Messrs.
CaywT. Irvine and Co.. of Glasgow, Liverpool,
JjoatAon. and Manchester, whose senior partner,
Charles Cayter, Baii.. was the founder.
Clan Alpins,
Clan BiulMHan.
Clan Camtron.
Ctan Campl-tAl.
Clan Chattan.
CtcH Ckisholm.
Ctan Cottjukoun.
Clan Cumming,
Clan Fatquhat.
Clan Ferguson,
Ctan Forhet.
Clan Frasfr.
Clan Gordon,
Clan Orahattt.
Clan Gtnnt,
Clan Lamoiii.
Clan Leilie.
Clan LivJiay.
Ctan MacaliiUr.
Clan Macatday.
Ctan Macdonatd.
Cian Macdougall.
Clan Macfadyen.
Clan Macfarlani.
Gross
FtKET,
Clan Macintosh,
Clan Macintyr*.
Clan Mackay.
Clan Mackinnon.
Clan Madachlan,
Ctan Maclaren.
Clan Maclean,
Clan Macleod,
Clan Macmillan.
Clan Afacnab.
Clan MacneiL
Clan Mai-phtrson.
Clan Mathtion
Clan Menziei.
Clan Murray,
Clan Ogihy.
Clan Ranald,
Ctan RobertiiiH, ■
Ctan Rosi,
Clan Shaw,
Clan Sinclair.
Clan Stuart.
Clan Sutherland.
Clan Urqukarl.
tonnage. 199,000.
(Han line ol shlpt. See Dunlop Steamship Co.,
Ltd.
Clanwilliam. Richard Jam«« Bleade, Foortta Earl
ol, cr. 1776. G.C.B. ; K.C.M.G. ; F.R.G.S. ; Ad-
miral of the Fleet. 1895 (b. 1832). Entered Navy,
184S ; heottnant of Imperieuse. 1354-55. blockading
the Gulf of Finland ; served in the Baltic. 1854-5$
(Baltic medal) ; employed in the destruction of
Chinese wat-vcsscls, 1837 (China medal) : at the
destruction of Fatslian flotilla of war-junka, June.
[857 {Fatshan claspj ; severely wounded at the
capture of Canton, 1831 (Canton clasp) ; specially
mentioned in despatches : decorated CB.. 1877 '•
A.D.C. to the Queen, 1S72-76 ; I-oril of the Ad-
miralty, 1 874-80 ; rear -adrairnL 1876 : Comrawnder-
in-Chief, Flying Squadron, 1S80-82 : K.C.M.G..
18S2; Commander-in-Chief. North America and
West Indies, 1885 ; K.C.B.. 1887. on the occasion
of the celebration of the completion of the fiftieth
year of her late Majesty's reign ; Commander-in-
Chief, Portsmouth, 1891-94; Admiral of the Fleet.
1895-1902 ; retired, 1902.
Clapper. A name ior the valve of a pnmp-box.
Clark, Joaiah Latimer (1332-98). English en-
gineer and electrician (b. Great Marlow). Asso-
ciated with the construction of the Britannia
Tubular Bridge, and in 1S50 joined the Electric
Tckgraph Co. He remained with this company
till 1870. during vrhtch period he introduced many
improvements in the telegraph system, including
the insulation of underground wires by gutta-
percha, and the method of preser\'ing sabmarinc
cables by a covering of asphalt, hemp, and silica
kkDovm as Clarh's corapoond, He also invented a
single c&meia for taking stereoscopic pictures.
Was bead ol tbc firm of Clark and StandfieM.
wlijcli firm, since 1874, have dtrv-oted Ihciusclves
to the coiuitruction of floating docks and hydraulic
canal lUts. It is attributed to a suggestion of
Clark's tltat the affixing of stamps to telegrams as
payment and the registering of abbreviated ad-
dresses for telegrams was Introduced by the Tele-
graph Office anthorities.
Clark, Vicd-AdminU Sir Boaverie Francu, K.O.B.
cr. 1900 (b. 1843). Entered Nav-y, 1854 ; cadet on
tlic CossacM in the Baltic, present at the bombard-
ment of Svcaborg (Baltic medal] ; mid. and acting
mate in the Ariel. East Coast of Africa, and cap-
tured several slave dhows ; sub-lieutenant, i36i ;
lieutenant. 1862 ; lieutenant of Esk during the New
Zealand war, 1863-65. and served wUli Naval
Brigade at Waikato (New Zealand medal) ; com-
mander. 1875; captain. 18S4 ; captain of Anson,
received silver medal " al Valor di Marina " from
H.M, the King of Italy for services rendered at the
wreck of Utopia, in Gibraltar Bay, 1891, receiving
from the reigning Duke of Saxc-Coburg-Gotha the
second decoration of the Saxe Ernestine Order,
189J ; director of transport, i8y6 ; rear-admiral,
1899: vice-admiral, 1904; retired.
Clark, Lyonel Edwin (b. London, February 3,
1S56). Educated Dulwicli and Mertun Collegi:,
Oxford ; in 1876 joined the* linn of Messrs. Clark
and Standfield, and on the death of Mr. Standticld
in 1890 became manager, and in 189B senior
partner. As head of the 6rm he has bad the
designing of many floating docks and other large
works, in all [mrts of the world, including docks
capable of dealing with the largest ironclads for
the Spanish, Amencan, British, and Austrian
Governments. Mt-mber of the Institutions of Naval
Architects and Civil Engineers.
Clark, William Tietney (1783-1852). English
civil engineer (b. Bristol). Constructed the Ham-
mersmith Suspension Bridge, 1824-27, and the
suspension bridge over the Danube at Budap'-st,
1839-49, which was classed as his most important
work, and cost over £600,000.
Clas Hom. Swedish torpedo gun-boat (1898).
Vi little fighting value.
Length 223ft. Beam 27fL Maximum draught lolt.
Displacement 700 ions.
Guns. Armour.
2—47 in. *' Bofors steel."
4 — 6 pdr. J in. Deck.
2 in. Conning tower.
Torpedo Tubes,
1 Submerged bow.
Twin screw. Up, 4,coo=io kts.
Clasp-book. A split iron clasp moving on a
pivot.
daaslfleatioa. 5m Lloyd's Registry of British
and Foreign Shipping and Bureau Veritas.
Clat Uggla. Swedish torpedo gun-boat (1899).
Length 323ft. Beam 27jft- Maximum draught oft
Displacement 700 tons. Complement 99,
Guns. A rmour.
2 — 4.'7 in. " Bofors steeL"
4 — 6 pdr. I in. Deck.
2 in. Conning tower,
Torpedo Tubes.
I Submerged bow.
Twin screw, lip. 4,000^20 kts-
OlaoMi. In marine insurance policies marginal
printed clauses take precedence il they ditler Irom
tlie body of the policy, and written clauses take
precedence over printed clauses. As Judge Dua
expressed the difference : Tlie printed words may
not express the intentions of the parties, the
writte-n words certainly do. More importance is
attached to clauses and conditions introduced by
the parties themselves than to customary forms of
expression. •
Amould gives two valuable rules of practice oo
the subject :
(i) The provision of the text and clauses of the
policy in favour of the assured are throughoDt
taken to be cumulative, and not restrictive ot
exclnsdve of one another ; in other words, extn
clauses added to the policy with the intention ol
adding to the txtcnl of Uie assured's indemnity
are not allowed to deprive him ol any indemnity
he may have under the original text. For instance,
in Hagedorn v. Whitmore (1 Stark 157) the cxin-
cncc of a sj]cx:ial clause dcahng with the payment
of damages to liners was not allowed to deprive
the assured of a claim for damage wliich he bad 00
the policy in the ordinary pnntcd form.
(2) Any ambiguity in an exception to, or re-
striction of, the terms of a policy is taken in x
sense least favourable to the underwriters. The
ground for this apparent liord treatment of aoe
of the parties to the contract is given by C. j.
Cockbum in Notmcn v. Anchor Insurance Ca
(4 C.B., N,s., 4S1), namely. " the policy being the
language of the company must, if there be any
ambiguity in it, be taken most strongly against
them " (Amould, 5th ed.. p. 805, etc. ; Marshall,
p. 229).
American Avbragh Ci.AUSfis. — No partial \asi
or particular average shall be paid in any case
miiess amounting to 5 per cent. Bread, flax, flax-
seed, and sugar arc free from particular average
under 7%. Coffee and pepper {in bags or bulk)
and rice are free from i}articular average under
ID%. Cassia (except in boxes), hemp, mattm|.
tobacco atems are free trom particular average
under 20%.
The followmg are free irom particular average .
B&gs and bagging (and articles used for), car-
riages (pleasure), cheese, cotton bagging, fiah (dry).
CLAUSES
fruits (preserved or otherwise), furniture (house
bold), grain (all kinds), hay, hempen yam. hides.
Indian meal, iron (bar. bundle, rod, hoop, sheet),
looking-glassos, madder, musical instruments, rags,
roots. i»It, likiiis, steel, snraac, bn platen, tobacco.
vegetables, wicker-ware, willow (manufactured or
otherwise), wire (all kinds), and all other articles
that are perishable in their own nature.
Warranted by the insured free from damage or
iajur>', from dampness, change ol flavour, or being
spotted, discoloured, musty, or mouldy, except
cattscd by actual contact of sea water with the
articles damaged occasioned by sea perils. Not
liable lor leakage of molasses or other liquids
unless occasioned by stranding or collision with
another vessel.
N.B. — The warranty " trtt itom average " ;
free from average under 5% unless general is not
quahhcd by the important exception customary
in the English policy " or unless the vesael be
stranded, sunk* or burnt."
Average Clauses. — Being only to cover tha
risks esKCpted by the clause " f.p.a. unless stranded,
etc.." but no claim to attach hereto unless it
amount to % on the whole interest.
Biu. OP Laoikc Clause. — Including all liberties
aa per Bill of Lading.
Bonded Pkices.— In case of claim for particular
avmge bonded prices arc to be taken as the basis
of settlement. Rpecially in the case of teA. tobacco,
coflco, wine, and spirits imported into this country
— a rule of the Average Adjusters' Association
(yv.).
Bottomry Clause. — To pay such proportion of
the I as may bo recovered in consequence of the
stirety being destroyed or diminished in value by
reason of the perils insured against, or of any
nabsequent Ixmd or bonds.
CAPTuaE Clause. — Warranted free of capture.
seizure, and detention, and the consequences
tfaereoi, or of any attempt thereat, piracy excepted,
and also from all consequences of hostihties or
warlike operations, whether' before or after dc-
claration of war.
Cattle Clauses. —Against all risks, including
tnortality and jettison arising from any cause
whatsoever. Animals walking ashore, or when
alung from the vessel, walking after being taken
out of the sling, to be deemed arrived, and no
claim to attach to this policy on such animals.
Each animal to be deemed a separate insurance.
{b) Warranted free from mortality unless caused
by the stranding, sinking, nr burning of the ship.
or by collision with another ship or veaseL
{€) Liable only in case of total I068 of veswl
and of animals, or for payment of general average
levied on all interests.
Continuation Clauses, — Skip in Shipi
poiidtt. — " Id the event nl any shipment coming
upon this poUcy, the value of which is in excess
ot the sum then remaining available, it is mntoally
127
CLAUSES
agreed that the underwriters ahaU grant a policy
for such excess up to but not beyond the amount
of this policy, and the assured shall pay the premium
thereon at the same rate.
Time Sttameft. — [a) Should the vessel hereby
insured be at sea on the expiration of this policy,
it is agreed to hold her covered until arrival at
port of destination at a premium to be arrangod,
provided due notice be g^von on or before the
expiration of this policy.
(&) Should the be at sea on
the day of 190 it is
hereby agreed to issue a policy covering the vessel
from that date in accordance with the continuation
clause contained in the original policy or policies.
Cotton. — To pay average on each 10 t>ales
running landing numbers, or on the whole, and on
pickings without reference to scries or percentage.
With liberty to stop and stay at ports and places
to tranship, to compress, and to lighten.
U Is understood and agreed that this insurance
attaches as soon as the cotton becomes the pro*
perty of the assured, or is at their risk, and covers
said cotton in presses, yard-t, railroad depots, or
wherever it may be, and continues so to attach
until safely landed at the port of destination. This
policy also covers cotton intended for interior
points in Europe until its dchvcry at the mills, if
with customary despatch and when so specified in
the certificate of insumnce.
Including risk of crait to and from the vessel.
Each lighter or craft to be considered as if sepa-
rately insured. Held covered in event of deviation
provided the same be communicated to assurers
as soon as known to the assured, and an additional
premium paid ii required.
Warranted by the assured free from any liability
for merchandise in the possession of any carrier
or other bailee, who may be hable for any loss or
damage thereto : and for merchandise shipped under
a bill of lading containing a stipulation that the
carrier may have the beocfit ot any iniurance
thereon.
It is by the assared expressly stipulatoJ in re-
«[)ect to land carriers that no nght of subrogation
is, or is to be abrogated or impaired by or through
any agreement intended to rcheve a carrier from
duties or obligations imposetl or recognised by the
common law or otheru-ise.
The insurance on cotton hereunder shall in all
cases be null and void to the extent of any msumnce
with any lire insurance companies, directly or in-
directly covering upon the same property, whether
priw or subsequent hereto in date.
in case of loss prior to issue of certificate or
poUcy, and negotiation of exchange for purchase ol
cotton, the liability under this ia<;urancc is not to
exceed the cost of the cotton and cliaigcs added,
except in cases where the assured is compelled by
his contract to replace the cotton destroyed, in
which cases the actual cost of the new cotton, and
of placing it wherr the old coHon «ras lost, shall
be the limit of claim, provictcd it docs not exceed
the srnn insnrcd. Refer to Particular Average.
Ckaft. — Special Clause. — Including all risks of
craft lighterage aad/or any other conveyances by
land or by water from the time of leaving manu-
factory, aod/or warehouse, and /or import steamer.
and /or ship, and /or docks until on board the
vessel, and from the vessel until rafely delivered
into consignee's warehouse or destination in the
interior, and of fire while waiting shipment, and all
risks incidental to steam navigation or otherwise,
and tranahipmcut and oil Uberties and conditions
as per Bills of Lading, including neghgonce clause.
Each craft, or lighter, or package to be (leeme<l a
separate insurance. Including all risk of theft
and /or pilferage.
SltLlSA Craft Clausb. — Including all risk of
crall, especially at Sulina, and /or in the River
Danube, or from ports or places in the River
Danube, to the vessels at Sulina.
Azor Cratt Claosb. — Including all risk of craft,
especially at Yenikale anr] the Sea of Axof, or
[rom ports or places in the Sea of Azof to Yenikale.
C.T.L. Clausb. — In the event of total and/or
constnicUve total loss no claim shall be used by
underwriters on ship in respect of freight.
CuSTOMABV Average Clavsbs ;
jitrouiroot. — Each 30 brls.. or 50 tins.
Cigars. — Each case.
Cochinsal. — Each bale, or $ packages.
CittMamott. — Each 5 bales.
Coffee. — Every 10 hogsheads, tiercea, or casks,
20 br1s. or 50 bags running landing mimbors.
Cctoanut Oil.^To pay average it damage
amount to 3% on each series of 5 pipes, lo pun-
cheons, or 20 hogsheads original numbers.
Cotinn Seed CrtAtf.— f.p.a. under 10% on tha
total interest (American).
Cotton. — American and Egyptiaji. Each
10 hales running landing numbers, or on the
whole, and on pickings ^s-ithout references and
scries or percentage. East Indies black leaf dts-
coloration not admis<;ible unless bale so aficctcd
had bcrti in actual contact with sea water or fire.
Flax and Hemp. — Each interest mark or
quality {or each 5 tons or zo package) as raised
from the ship's hold.
Fish 0(7.— Each cask.
Flout. — Every lioo value (Sago flour).
Ginger. — Every Rs. i.ooo value running land-
ing nuniljers (;%(.
Goodi (Manchester). — Each package.
Hides. — Each r.ooo hide«, it amounting to
Wflf s. — Subject to i«% particular average.
indigo. — Each package.
Jute (Calcutta to Dundee).^ — 5 % each 250 bales.
Lac Dye. — Each package.
Leather. — 5% each bale particular average.
Mohair. — Each bale.
,<]tn^^
>niJ^^
Myrohftlans. — Ha^ 500 bogs : each £100 value
tf 5%.
Palm fCernets. — Every 8 tons running lan>
numbers.
Olive oil. — Each 10 casks or ^ tons ninnii
landing numbers.
Opium. — Each package.
Palm oil. — Each 3 tons M* 3 cask running land-
ing nuralK-rs.
Pepper. — Each 50 hags.
Pimento. — Every 10 bags running landing
nnmbers.
Pape oil. — Each 5 tons.
Rape seed. — Each 500 liags running landing
nnmbers (5%).
Pice (Calcutta and Rice ports). — Each ;o bagc,
100 bngH, ur aoo bags, according to arrangomeiil,
oiitrt'ard. if cirraned, each 50 hags.
Pum. — Each mark or interest.
Sdfo.— Each 20 boxes.
Saltpetre. — Each 100 bags.
.Sejtna. — Each 5 bales.
Sheep shins and skins. — Each bale
value.
ShrlJac. — Each package.
■Silk. — Each hale.
Sugar. — Each 20 boskets or 50 bags. Eadi
7$ baskets or 300 bags.
Tea. — Each 10 chests, 20 halt chests, or 40
quarter chrats following landing numbers.
Tin plates. — Each 100 boxes : each 50 boxes.
Tobacco. — Each 10 hogsheads. 10 boxes, jo
bags, or 10 tierciis,
IKoo?.— Modilcxranean and Black Sea. tMh
5 bales. Cape, each bale : Cameli wool, «ach J
bales : River Plate, each 5 bales ; East Indian;
each 10 bales running landing numbers ; W.CS.
America, each bale ; Australia and New Zealaad,
each bale.
DECKtOAD CtAUSE.— In anil over all. Inclu-
ding risk of craft and/or craft to and from the
vessel aLso deck-load. Pe/er to Jeitiwwi clause.
Destination Ct.auses. — (a) Warranted free of
all average, but to pay a total loss on such portion
as does not reach its destination.
(b) Warranted free of all average but to pay a
total loss on such portion as docs not reach its desti-
nation in the ship.
Detention Clause.— Warranted free from any
claim, consequent on loss of time, whether arising
from a peril of the sea or otherwise.
Deviation Clause.— In the event of the veasd
making »iiy deviation or change ol voyage, it b
mutually agreed that such deviation or cbangr
shall be arranged, provided due notice be given by
the assured on receipt of advice of such dcviatioa
or change of voyage.
DiHiNiSHtKG Clause.— It is agreed that the
amount of risk shall be reduced by one-twelfth for
each expired month.
F.a.a. — Warranted free trom all average, with-
out benefit of salva^. Warranted free from all
average without benefit of saJvage, but to pay a
total loss on such portion an does not reach its
destinatioo. '
F.G.A. — General average and salvage charges
payablr according to foreign statement or prr York-
Antwerp rules, li in accordance with the contract
of aflrcightment (q.v.).
F.pa. (Old clauses^. — (a) Warranted Irce from
particular average unless the vessel or craft be
Btranded, sunk, or burnt, each craft or lighter
beinfi deemed a separate insurance.
Unden^'hters. not'withstanding Uiis warranty, to
pay for any damage or loss caused by fire or by
coUistoo witli any other ship or craft, or with ice,
or any substance other than water, and any special
charges for warehouse rent, rcshipping, or for-
warding, for which they would othcr%«'tse be hable.
Also to pay the insured value of any package or
packages which may be totally lost in tranship-
ment.
[b] Warranted frc<; from particular average, unless
the vessel or craft be stranded, sank, burnt, or on
fire, or strike the ground, pier. quay, bridge, or
against any other object, whether stationary or
floating on the water, especially ice. or in collision
(the collision to be of such a nature as may be
reasonably supposed to have caused the damage).
or veKsel put into a port of distress and duicharge
cargo. Each craft or lighter to be deemed a
separate insurance, but to pay landing, ware-
bousmg. forwarding and special charges, if incurred.
Including partial loss from the wharf or quay into
craft, and vice versa, as wcU as loss in transhipment.
General average payable as pi.>r foreign statement,
or Yoi^-Antwerp rules if so made up. irrespective of
insured value. Including all risks ol act of default,
error of judgment, of pilot, master, or crew. In
the event of any deviation or change of voyage, it is
hereby agreed to hold the assured covered at a
premium to be arranged.
{e) Warranted free from particular average
unless Ibc vessel and /or the interest hereby insured
be sirandt-d, sunk, on fire, or in collision ; or a fire
occur on board by reason of which loss or damage is
caused to tlie interest hereby assured ; each craft
or lighter being deemed a separate insurance.
UDderwritexs, notwithstanding this warranty, to
pay for any loss or damage which may reasonably
be supponed to have been caused by vessel or craft
being in contact with any substance other than
water, ice included, and any special charges for
warehouse rent, rcshipping or forwarding, for
which they would othcrwijui be liable, also to pay
partial loss arising from transhipment.
This palic>' to hold the assured covered on interest
as above by the vessel as above and/or craft and/or
any other steamer or steamers, ship or ships, and/or
any other convt-yancc or conveyances, until safely
debvered at destination as above, or until lost.
Including all risk whilst waiting shipment and/or
reshipment, and all other risks and losse-s by land
and water until delivered into the warehouse or
other places for which the goods have been entered,
or in which it is intended they shall be finally
lodged, whether previou.sly cli-iKhBrged or landed
elsewhere witliin the port or place of dwliiiation
or not. with or without recourse against lightermen.
and all risk of craft and/or craft and/or boats
especially to and from the ship or vessel and/or of
any special hghterage. each craft and/or lighter to
be deenied a separate? insarance. Deck-load to b«
deemed a separate insuraiKe;.
With leave to call and stay at any ports and/or
places in and /or out of the way for orders and/or
any other purposes whatsoever necessary or other-
wise.
General average and salvage cliarges jwyable
according to foreign statement if so claimed, or as
per York-Ant^verp rult-s. or as per York-Antwerp
rules, ift9o, if in accordance vritb the contract of
aflreightmeDt
Including all liberties and exceptions and/or
exemptions hr per charter-party, and/or new and/or
bill of lading. Including negligence clause.
Including all nsk nf negligence, default and/or
error in judgment of master, manners, engineers,
pilots, or any others of the crew.
Seaworthiness of vessel admitted as between the
assured and underwriters.
tncloding risk by raU and/or inland conveyances
from warehouse in interior and whilst awaiting
shipment, and whilst on quay at port of discharge.
The above clauses /uid conditions are additional
to those contained in the annexed jxJtcy. and so
far as they are inconsistent therewith are to super-
sede the same.
F.p.a. — New clause called F.p,a. and port of
distress clause.
Warranted free from particnlar avera^, unless
the ship or craft be stranded, sunk, on fire, or unless
there be a forced discharge of cargo at a port of
distress, or in collision (the collision to be of such a
nature as may reasonably be suppoaetl to have
caused or led to the damage claimed for), bnt to
pay landing, warehousing, forwarding, and special
charges, il incurred ; also partial toss arising from
transhipment.
Including all risk of craft, or otherwise, to and
from the vessel, each craft or lighter to be deemed
a separate Insnrance.
Freight Contingency Clause. — On increased
value on arrival by jiayment of freight and/or
charges being against the risk of depreciabon by
perils insured against only : total loss and/or loss
of a part to t)e deemed an arrival, but to mdude all
risks of craft and/or raft at destination, and the
risk of toss of the whole or part after the freight
may have bcconur due.
Gbnbral Clauses. — Including ri^k per any con-
veyance to destination, and for not exceeding sevca
r
days from noon of date deliveiy order is accepted
by buyers.
In the event of claim to pay average as customary.
In the event ol claim lor particular average, the
same to be ascertained b>' comparison of the sound
and damaged prices, after the deduction o( Irdght
and duty. Refer to Particular Avcraue.
Held covered whilst on quay awaiting shipment.
and/or in waichoui^c.
Including risk (rom taking po^AcssJon and until
on shipboard.
Held covered on wharv-cs. and/or quays, and/or
in u-ajchouse, awaiting shipment, and/or until
foru'ardrri to destination or elsewhere.
All losFPS and claims nri:dng under tliis policy lo
be settled according to the usage and customs of
Lloyd's.
Average as customary.
Grain CLAtrss. — Indudmg all risk of craft to and
from the vessel, especially iroin the voutcl when
discharging in the river, or in any dock on the
Liverpool side oi the river to the grain warehouses ;
each lighter or cralt to be considered a separate
risk.
GacuNoiNc. Clause. — [a) Grounding in the Suez
Canal. River Danube, and Dcmerara. or on the
Yenlkale Bar not to he considered a slranding.
{b) Grounding hi canals, harbours, or tidal ri\cr
not to be deemed a strand.
MancSrster Ship Canal Clause. — Grounding in the
Manchester Ship Canal or its comnectiona. on the
River Mersey above Rock Fern- slip, if occurring on
A voyage to or from a point on the Manchester Ship
Canal i^hall not hr deemed to be a strand.
GrARAKlEE OF UNDER WRITERS' CLAUSE. — A.B.
ha'ving guaranteed the solvency of the under-
WTiters on this policy, wc the said underwriters
agico that in case of loss or other demand the same
shall be plaa-d to our account, and shall be held to
hf'. part payment of any money due or that may
bi-come due from the .saiil A.B., but in the event o(
a claim undi.r this policy we arc at liberty, as
against the assurers, to set oH agatn.<tt it moneys
due or becoming due to us from tlic said A.B.
Honoi:r Policies (attached to the policy). —
" In the event of loss this policy is to be deemed
sufficient proof of interest No
Per. " *■ It is understood and agreed that
full interest is admitted on this policy."
Ice Clause. — Should the navigation he inter-
nipted by ice. the captain lo have liberty to pro-
ceed lo and discharge at any ndghhonring |x>tI ;
the rislt. to continue until safe arrival of the goods
at their destination by land carriage or otherwise.
IKLAND Conveyance. — {a] Including all risks.
incKiding fire from the warehouse to the ship, and
■while on wharf or quay, or in stores or elaewherc
awaiting shipment, and till on t>oard.
{b) I'his addition to {a) and by any conveyance
from the vessri's place of discharge to the hnal
destination of the goods.
iNt^KD Risk Clause. — (Outward) Inclnding a.U
risks of inland conveyance to place ol shipment,
and of fire in transit, and whilst awaiting ahipmc:
in docks, warehouse or elsewhere.
(Inuvrd.) tticluding risks per inland eonv
ances from port of discharge to destination.
{ManchesUr outward.] Including the risk from'
Manchester to place of shipment by railway and
for other conveyance, and of fuv in trantfil, and
whilst waiting in docks, warehouses, or elsewhere.
Institute Builder's Clauses (1906). — ^This
inaurancc is also to cover all risk.*:, inclnding
fire, while under construction and/or fitting ont,
except in buildings or workshops, but including
maleriaJs in yards an<l blocks of the a.ssure<l. or on
quays. [Hiiituons, craft, etc., and all risk which in
transit to and from the works and /or the vessel
wherever she may be lying, also alt risks of loss or
damage through collafKie of supports or ways from
any cause whatever, and all risks of launching
and breaking of tlie ways.
This insurance is also to cover all risks of trial
trips as often as required, and all risks whilst pro*
ceeding to and returning from trial course.
With leave to procec'<l to and (rora any wet or
dr>' docks, harbours, ways, cradles, and pontoons
rlunng the currency ol this policy.
In case of launch lailtire, underwriters to bear all
subsequent expenses incurred in completing launch.
Average payable irrespective of percentage, and
without deduction of one-third, whether the a verage
he particular or general.
(ieneral avei-agc and salvage charges as per
foreign custom, payable aa per foreign statcmei
and^or per York-Antwerp rules, if required ; and
the c\'cnt of salvage, towage, or other assistance
being rendered to the vessel hereby insured by any
vessel belonging in port or in whole to the same
owners, it is hereby agreed that the value of such
service (without rcganl to the common ownership
of thf vexxels) shall be asuTtainrd by arbitration in
the manner hereinafter provided for under Colhsion
clause, and the amount so awarded, so far as applica
blc to the interest hcicby insured shall constitute
a charge under this policy.
In the event of dcxnation to be held covered at
additional premium to be hereinafter arranged.
To cover while building all damage to ha'
machinery, apparel, or furniture, caused by settling
of the stocks, or of hoisting or other gear, eitl
before or after launching, and white fitting out.
With leave to increase value.
It is also agreed that any changes of interest
in the steamer hereby insured shall Dot aHcct
validity of the policy.
And it is expressly declared and agreed that no
acts of insurer or insured in recovering, saving, or
preserving the property insured shall be considered
as a uaiver or acceptance of abandonment.
This insurance also specially to cover loss of
dvnagc to the hull or machinery, through ncgti-
?nt.
p»__i
ate I
,ing
•%
rcs^i
no
or
ed
.4
CLAUSES
i.;i
CLAUSES
gcDce ot master, manners, (.-ngineers, or {nlota, or
through exploaJons, bursting of boilers, breakage of
shafts, or through ajiy latent dctLxt in tlic machinery
or hull, or from explosions, riots, or other
causes of whatever nature, arising either on shore
or otherwLsc, howsoever causing loss of or injury
to the property hereby insured, proWclcd such loss
or damage has not resulted from want of due
diligence by the owners of the ship or any of them.
or t>y the manager, and to cover all nsks incidental
to steam navigation, or in graving docks.
iNSTtTUTz Builder's Collisioh Cuiuse. — And
at is further agree^d that if the ship hemby insured
&h&ll come into coUisiOQ with any other ship or
vessel, and the assured shall in consequence thereof
t^ecome liable to pay, and shall pay by way of
daiuagL-s to any other person or pcxMiii^ any sum or
sums uot exceeding in respect of any one such
collision the value of the slup hereby insured, wc
the assurers wHll pay the assured such proportion of
such sum or sums so paid as our subscriptions
hereto bear to the value of tiic ship hereby insured.
And in casus whi're the liabililyof tltuship trns Imico
contested with a consent in writing, of a maiohty
of tiie underwriters on the hull and/or machinery
(in amount). We will also pay a like proporuon
of the costs thereby incurred or paid ; but when
both vessels are to blame, then, unless Ihu liability
of tlic owners of one or both such vessels become
limited by law. claims under this collision clause
shall be settled on the principles of Cross Liabihtlcs,
as if the owncis of each vessel liad been compelled
to pay to the owners of the other of such vessels
such one half or other proportion ot the latter's
damages as may have been properly allowed in
ascertaimiig the balance or sum payable by or to
the assured in consequence oi such collision.
Aad it is farther agreed that the principles in-
volved in this clause shall apply to the case where
both vessels are the property in part or whole of the
same owners, all questions of responsibility- and
amount of liabiUty as bctwceu the two ships being
left to the decision of a single arbitrator, or failing
such agreement to the decision uf arbitrators, one
to be appointed by the managmg owners of both
vessels, and one to be appointed by ibc majority
in amount of underwriter's interest in each vessel ;
the two arbitrators cliosen to choose a tliird
arbitiator before entering upon the rclervnce.
The terms of the Arbitration Act of iSt>9 to apply
to such reference, and the decision of ^ucb single
or of any two of such tlireo arbitrators, appointed
as above, to be final and binding.
This clause shall also extend to any sum which
the assured may become liable to pay, or shall pay
for ttie removal of obstructions under statutory
powers, for injur)' to baibouis. wharves, piers,
stages, and similai structures, or for loss of liie or
personal injury consequent on such collision.
I.ssTrTUTX Builder's pRorucrioN and Inoeu-
.frrv Clause. — And we further agree that if the
assured shall become liable to pay, and shall pay
sum or sumti in respect of any res^wnsibiUty,
claim, demand, damages, and/or expenses, or shall
incur any other loss arising from or occasionod by
any of the following matters or things dunng tne
currency of this policy in respect of tho ship hereby
insured, that is to say ;
Loss or damage in respect of an)* other ship or
boat or in respect of any goods, mcrchandi^H:.
freight, or other things or interests, whatsoever, on
board such other ship or boat caused proximately
or otherwise by the ship insured in so far as the
same is not covenxl by the running down clause
hereto attached.
Loss or damage to any goods, merchandise,
freight or other things of interest whatsoever,
other than as aforesaid, whetlter on board the said
steamer or not. which may arise from any cause
whatever.
I.OSS of or damage to any harbour, dock, graving,
or otherwiw, slipway, way, gridiron, pontoon, pier,
quay, jetty, stage, buoy, telegraph cable, or other
fixed oi movable tiling whatsoever, or to any goods
or property in or on the s^ime. howsoever caused.
Any attempt or actual raising, removal or
destnicbon of tho wreck of the said steamship or
the cargo thereof, or any neglect or failure to raise,
remove or destroy the same.
Any sum or sums from which the insured may
become liable to incur from causes not bereiobcforo
specified, but whiCh are or have heretofore been
absolutely or conditionally recoverable from or
undertaken by the Liveqjool and London Steam-
ship EVotection Association, Limited, and/or N'orth
ol l^ngland Protecting and Indemnity Association,
6m/ excluding loss of hfe and personal injury.
We will pay the assured such proportion of siich
sum or sums so paid, or which may be required to
indemnify the assured for such loss, as our respcc*
tive subscriptions bear to the policy value of the
ship hereby insured, and in case the liability of
the assured has been contcatcil witli tlie consent in
writing of Uie majority oi the underwriters, or the
ship hereby insured in amount, wc will also pay a
like proportion of the costs which the assured shall
thereby incur, or be compelled to pay.
Institute Time Clauses li«jt>6). — And it ia
further agreed that if the ship hereby insured shall
come into collision with any other ship ur \'es3el,
and the assured shall m consequence thereof
become liable to pay, and shall pay by way of
damages to any other person or persons any sum
or sums not exceeding in respect of any ooe such
collision the value of the ship hereby insure<l, this
company will pay the assured such proportion of
throe-fourths of sucli sum or sums so paid as its
subscription hereto bears lo the value of tlic ship
hereby insured, and in cases in wliich the liabihty
ol the ship has been contested, or proceedings have
been taken to Umit liabihty, with the consent in
writing of this company, the company will also
F 2
CLAUSES
132
CLAUSE
pay a like three-foorUis of the costs which the
assurtxl shall tlicrcby incur, or be compelled to pay ;
but when both vessels are to blame Uien unless
the liability oi the owners ol one or both c( such
vessels become limited by law, claims under this
clause shall be settled on the principles of cross
habilitics, as U the owner of each vessel had been
compelled to pay to the owners of the other of such
Vessels snch one-half or other proportion of the
lalter's damages as may have been properly
allowMl m ascertaining the balance, or sum payable
by or to the assured in consequence of such col-
lision.
Provided alwrays that this clansc shall in no case
ejttend to any sum which the assured may become
liable to pay or shall pay lor the removal of obstruc-
tions under statutory powers, for injury to harlmurs.
wharves, piers, stages, and similar structures,
con&etjuent on auch collision, or in rBsi>ect of the
cargo or engagement of the insured vessel, or for
loss of life or personal Injury.
Should the ^■c53c! hereby insured come into
collision witii or receive salvage service from
another vessel belonging wholly or in part to the
same owners, or under the same management, the
assured shall have the same rights under this
policy as they would have were the other vessel en-
tirely the property of owners not interested in the
vessel hereby insured : but in such cases the
liability lor the collision or the amount payable
for the services rendered shall be referred to a aole
arbitrator, to be agreed upon between the under-
writers and the assured.
In port and at sen, in docks ami graving docks,
and on ways, gridirons, and pontoons, at all times,
in all places, and on all occasions, services and
trades whatever and wheresoever, under steam or
sail, with leave to sail with or without pilots, to tow
and assist vessels or craft in all situations^ and to
be towed and to go on trial trips.
Should the vessel at the expiration of this policy
be at sea. or in distress, or at a pon of refuge or of
call, she shall, provided previous notice is given to
the underwriters, be held covered at a pro rata
niontlUy premium, to her port of destination.
Held covered in case of any breach of warranty
as to cargo, trade, locality or date of sailmg, pro-
vided notice be given and any additional premium
required be agri-ed immediately after receipt of
advices,
Sboitld the vessel be sold or transferred to new
management, then, unless the underwriters agree
in writing to such sale or transfer, this policy shall
thereupon become cancelled from date of sale or
transfer, unless the vessel has cargo on boaj'd and
has already sailed from her loading port, or is at sea
in ballast, in cither of which cases such cancellation
shall be suspended until arrival at final port of
discharge if with cargo, or at port of destination if
in ballast. \ pro rata daily return of premium
sliall be made.
twot^
mten^H
■ately.'^
ew
«».
es.
be
This Insurance also specially to cover (ftubject
free of average warranty) loss of, or damage to bull
or macrnnery through the negligence of master,
mariners, engineers, or pilots, or crew not to be
considered as part owners within the meaning of
this clause should they hold shares in the steamer.
General average and salvage charges to be ad-
justed according to the law and practice obtaining
at the place where the adventure ends, as if the
contract of afireigh tment contained no special
terms relating to general average and salvage
charges, except that, where the contract of aflreight
ment provides for the application of York-Antweip
rules, or. in cases of wood cargoes. York-An
rules omitting the first word of Rule I, underwri'
shall pay in accordance with such provisions.
Average payable on each valuation separately,
or on Uie whole-, without deduction of thirds, new
for old whether the average be particular or general.
Donkey boilers. Avinchci;, cranes, windlasses,
steering gear, and electric hght apparatus shall be
deemed to be part of the hull, and not part of the
machinery. Refrigerating machinery and insulatii
not covered unless expresbly included in the policy?
Warranted free from particular average und
3% but nevertheless when the x-essel shall have be«tt
stranded, sunk, on fire, or in collision with any
other stiip or vessel, underwriters shall pay the
damage occasioned thereby, and the expense of
sighting the bottom after stranding shall l>e paid if
reasonably incurred, even if no damage is found.
No claim shall in any case be allowed in respect
of scraping or painting the vessel's bottom.
Grounding in the Suez Canal, or m the Manches-
ter Ship Canal, or its connections, or in the River
Mersey above Rock Ferry SUp. or in the Ri
Plate (above Buenos Aires) or its tributaries, or
the Danube, Demerara, or Bilbao River, or In the
Ycnikalc or Bilbao Bar. shall not be deemed to be a
stranding.
The warranty and conditions as to average
under 3% to I>c applicable to each voyage as if
separately insured, and a voyage shall be deemed to
commence at one of the following periods to be
selected by the assured when making up the claim,
vis. : at any time at wtiich the vessel (i) begins to
load cargo or (2) sails in ballast to a loading port.
Such voyage shall be deemed to continue during
the ensuing period until either she lias made one
outward and one homeward passage (including an
intermediate ballast passage, d made) or has
carried or discharged two cargoes, whichever
may first happen, and further in either case, until
she begins to load a subsequent cargo or sails in
ballast for a loading port.
^^^lcn the vessel sails in ballast to eflect
repair such sailing shall not be deemed to be a sailing
for a loading port, although she loads at the ropsir-
ing port. In calculating the 3% above referred to,
particular average occurring outside the period
covered by the policy may be added to particular
%
.VBT^J
: saus m
: damago^l
lasaillna^^
CLAUSES
133
CLAUSES
average occurring within such period, provided
it ocCTir upon the same voyage {as above defined),
bnt only that portion of the claim arising within
such period shall be recoverable hereon. The com-
mencement of a voyage shall not be so fixed as to
overlap another voyage on which a claim is mi^de
on this or the preceding policy.
In no case shall underwriters be liable for un-
repaired damages in addition to a subsequent total
loss sustained during the term covered by this
policy.
The iiuturcd \-aluc shall he taken as the repaired
value in ascertaining whether the vessel is a con-
structive total Ioft£.
In tlic cvi-nt of total or constructive total low
no claim to be made by the nnderwriteni for freight,
whether notice of abandonment has been given or
not.
In the event of accident whereby loss or damage
may rc:sult in a claim under this policy, notice shall
be given in writing to the underwTlters. where
practicable, and if abroad, to the nearest Lloyd's
agent also, prior to sur^-ey, so that they may
appoint their own surveyor if they so desire ; and
whenever the extent of the damage is ascertainable
the nnderwriter^ may take or may require the
assured to take tenders for the repair of such
damage. In coses where a tender is accepted by or
with the approval of underwriters, the underwriters
will make an allowance at the rate of £30 per cent,
per annum on the insured value for the time actually
lost in waiting for tenders. In tlic event of the
assured iaihug to comply witli the conditions of
the clause, ^13 per cent, shall be deducted from the
amount of the a.tcertained claim.
Warranted free ol capture, seizure, and detentioo.
and the consequence thereof, or any attempt
thereat, piracy excepted, and also from all conse-
qoeooes of hostilities, or warlike operations,
whether before or after declaration of war.
._ per cent for each uncom-
menced month if it be mntually agreed to
cancel this policy as follows
for each consecutive 30 days the vessel
To return may l>e laid up in port, vit. : — „
aad per cent if in the United King*
dom not arrival under
average.
per cent, under average, or if
abroad ;..
iKamvrtt Voyage CLatraES.— .^.nd it is further
agreed that if the ship hereby injured shall come
into collision with any other ship or vessel, and
the assured shall in consequence thereof become
liable to pay. and shall pay by way of damages to
any person or persons any sum or sums not exceed-
ing in reject of any one such collision the value of
the ship hereby insured, this company will pay the
UBured such proportion of three-fourths of such
sum or sums so paid as its subscription hereto
bears to the value of the ship hereby insured ; and
in CAMS in which tTie liability of the ship "has been
contested, or proceedings have been takm to limit
hability. with the consent in writing of this com-
pany, the company mhU also pay a like proportion
of three-fourths of the cosM which the awured shall
thereby incur or be compelled to pay : but when
both vessels are to blame, then unless the tlability
of the owners of both of such vessels become limited
by law. claims under this clause shall be settled on
the principle of cross-Uabilities, as if the owners of
each vessel had been compelled to pay to the
owners of the other of such vesaels such on«-haU
or other proportion of the latter's damages as may
have been properly allowed in ascertaining the
balance or sum payable by ur to the assured, in
consequence of such collision.
Provided always that this clause shall in no case
extend to any sum which the assured may become
liable to pay, or shall pay for the removal of obstruc-
tions under statutor>- powers, for injury to harbouta,
wharves, piers, stages, and similar structures, con-
sequent on such collision, or m respect of the cargo
or engagements of the msured vessel, or for toss o(
life or personal injury.
Sliould the vessel hereby insured come into
collision with or receive salvage service from any
other vessel belonging wholly or in part to the same
owners, or under the same management, the
assured shall have the same rights under ttii.s policy
as they would liave were the other vessel entirely
the property of owners not interested in the vessel
hereby insured : bnt in such cases of liability for
the coUiston. or the amount payable for the services
rendered shall be referred to a sole arbitrator tn bo
agreed upon between the underwriters and the
assured.
This insurance also specially to cover (subject
to the free of average warranty) loss of or damage to
hull or machinery through the negtigence of the
master, mariners, engineers, or pilots, or Uirough
explosion, bursting of the boilers, breaking of the
shafts, or through any latent defect in the ma-
chinery or hull, provided such loes or damage has
not resulted from want of due diligfucc by the
owners of the ship, or any of them, or by tlie
manager, master, mates, engineers, pilots, or crew.
not to be considered as part of the owners within
the meaning of this clause should they bold shares
in the steamer.
General average and salvage charges payable
according to the foreign statement or per York-
Antwerp Rules, if in accordance with the contract
of affreightment
Average pa)*able on each valuation separately or
on the whole without deduction of thirds, new for
old, whether the average be particular or general.
Donkey IxMlers, winches, cranes, windlasses,
steering gear, and dcctric light apparatus shall be
deemed to be part of the hull and not of the ma-
chinery. Refrigerating machinery and Insulation
not covered unless expressly included in thi'i policy.
WuTsnted {ree from psiticnlar average under
3%. bat iMTvcrtheless when the vessel shall ba\-e
been stranded, sunk, on fire, or in coIIiskhi with any
other ship or vcastl, underwriters to pay the danaage
occaaioaed thercl^y. No claim shall be allowed in
xcspect of Kcraping or painting the veawl's bottom,
whetbcT &t)e be Btranded or cot ; but the expense
ol sighting the bottom oitei stranding shall be
paid, if reasonably incurred, even U oo damage be
foaod.
Grounding in the Suez Canal or in the Manchester
Ship Canal or its connections, or in the River
i/ttney, above Rock Ferry Slip, or in the Kiver llate
(above Buenos Aires] or its tnbulanes, or in the
I>anube. Deinuara, or BObao River, or in the
Yenikale or Bilbao Bar shall not b« deeinad to b« a
stranding.
The tnsnrcd value shall be taken aa the repaired
value in ascertammg whether the vessel is a con*
stnictivc total loss.
In the event of accident wbcrcby loss or damage
may result in a claim under this jKilicy, notice shall
be given in wnting lo the anderwriters where prac-
ticable, and, if abroad, to the ocarest Lloyd's agent
also, prior to sur>-ey, so that ihey may appoint
their own Burvcyor if they so desire ; and whenever
the event of the damage is ascertainat>Ie, the under-
vriters may take or may require the assured to take
tenders for tlie repair ot such damage. In cases
where a tender is accirpted by or witJi the approval
of onilerwriters, the undcrwritCTs will make an
allowance at the rate of ,^30 per cent, per annum on
the insured value for the time actually lost in
waiting for tenders. In the event of the assured
failing to comply with the conditions of the clause,
£tS pw cent, shall be deducted from the amount of
the ascertained claim.
Warranted free of capture, seixnre and detention,
and the conBeqiiencps thereof or any attempt there-
at, piracy excepted, and also from all consequences
of hostilities, or warlike operations, whether
before or after declaration of war.
Held covered in case of deviation or change of
voyage provided notice be given, and any addi-
tional premiums required be agreed immediately
after receipt of advices.
With leave to sail with or without pilots, and to
tow and assist vessels or craft in all situations, and
to be towed.
With Icavu to dock and undock and go into
graving dock.
Jettison Cuidsb. — (a) Warranted free from
claim for jettison or washing overboard. (6) War-
ranted free from particular average and from all
claim for jettison or washing overboard.
(c) Warranted £rec from all average but to cover
risk of jettison and washing overboard. Jie/er to
Deck Load clause.
Leavk to Call. — With leave to call at any inter-
mediate ports and places for all purposes.
Machimekv Clause. — Zn case ol Iom or aijn;
to any part of a machme consisting, when oompkte,
for sole or use, of several parts, the undcrantin
shall only be liable for the insnrecl val ue of tbt put
lost or daniagrd.
Meat.— {A.mehcaiO tp.a. clause, but a can
of the prolongation of the voyage after 14 din id
pay for any damage to or deterioration of &
meat.
Neclicekcs Cukvss. — It is agreed that Ik
assured shall not be prejudiced by the insertiaa tt
tbc bill of lading of the following clauses : —
{a) The act of God. perils of the sea, hrc. bamtiy
of the master and crew, enemies, pirates, chicvti
arrest and restraint of prioces, ruler!^ and people,
collisions, stranding, and other accidents of navigs-
tion excepted, even when occasioned by the ne|b-
gence, default, or error in judgment of the pQot.
master, mariners, or other servaDts ot tbe ^1^
owner.
(&) The insertion ol the London Conference Rofas
of Affreightment m the bill of lading and /or charter
party.
Passage Monsv Clause.— Against all ccsti,
chafes and liabilities, the master's penalties ex-
cepted, to which the owners or charterets of tbe
ship may be subjected under the 50th and $iai
sections of the i8th and i^lh Victoria, cap IJ9.
entitled the Passengers Act 1855 ; and under tlK
t4th, 15th, and i6th sections of the 36th and 77t&
Victoria, cap 51, entitled The Passengers Ameml-
ment Act 1863, including the rcplenishtng of tlw
provisions and stores, required by the Act oi
putting into a port in the United Kingdom ; liso
the maintenance of the passengers according to tbe
dietary ol the Act while the vessel is detained afttf
putting into a foreign port. But it is andesstood
that tlie underwriters' liabibt)- shall not exceed a
total loss from any one casualty, and that they shall
not be liable lor the expense of replenishing thr
provisions and stores or maintenance as aforesaid,
except the putting into port be caused by accident
or damages to the ship.
Petboleuu. — Not liable for leakage unless the
vessel be stranded or in collision, or there be ft
forced discharge of cargo at any intermediate port
of dii>Lre«s and it amount to over 3% on the whole.
Average payable on each 500 cases of and over
3%, but only the excess of ii% on the vfhdt
interest for leakage claims.
pHOFiT Clause, Commission Clause. — Wairant-
ed free of all average, but to pay a total loss on aucb
packaged as do not reach their destiuatjon by any
conveyance.
Reinsurance Clause. — (a) " Being a re*
insurance subject to the same clauses, and condi-
tions and/or change of voyage as original poUcy
and policies, and to pay as may be paid thereon."
(lb) " Being a reinsurance against the risk of
total loss and/or constructive total loss only, and no
claims to attach to this policy for salvage charges."
CLAUSSEN
Sue and Laboor Claitsb.— " And in case of any
Iocs or misfortuac it shall be lawful to the assured.
their factors, servants, and assigns, to sue. labour
and travel for. in and about the defence, safeguard,
and recovcr>- of the said goods and merchandises
and ship, etc.. or any part thereof without prejudice
to this insurance ; to the charges thereof we. the
aasnTcrs. will contribute, each according to the
rate and quantity of his sum herein insured."
Tea (China). — To pay average on each lo chests,
20 half chests, or 40 quarter chests foUowing landing
oumbcra, but no claim to attach for wet or damp in
respect of any package unless the tea therein shall
have been in actual contact with sea water.
Tobacco (American). — In case of particular
average to pay the excess of 5% on the value of each
10 hogsheads following landing numt>ers.
Total Loss Only (T.I„0.). — The interest
insured by this policy to be against the risk of total
loss only.
(This clause is an engagement distinct from the
main body ot the policy, and is not subject to the
restrictions contained in the memorandum. The
Uabihty onder it is not a tiabihty for particular
average, but for a claim over the amount of the
policy ; as, for example, expense incurred in an
luisuccessful attempt to save a ship which is never-
theless totally lost)
Total Loss Clause. — Against the risk of total
los only.
Trading Clause. — Outward cargo to bo deemed
homc\«ard cargo 24 hours after arrival at first port
or place of trade.
Valuation Clause. — The insured value shall bo
token as the required value of the vessel in ascer-
taining whether there is a constructive total loss
under this policy.
Waivrr Clausb. — .4nd it is expressly declared
and agreed that no acts of the insurer or the insured
in n?covcring. sa\ing, or preserving the property
insured shall be considered as a waiver or acceptance
of abandonment. Refer to Sue and Labour ClauAc.
Yacht Claure.^ — To pay a claim if amounting
to i. ».... or upwards (generally i^o).
Qaiussn. Qttcn Wilhelm (b. Bremcrhaveu. Janu-
ary 23. 1S45). Served his apprenticeship in the
shipbudding yard of Messrs. Joh. C. Tecklenborg.
Bremerhavcn ; in 1866 be joined the shipbuilding
yard of Messrs. Caiid and Co., Greenock, where he
became head draughtsman, under the managtment
of Mr. Jame» Dtckaon ; in 1870 he retumod to
Germany and jomed the firm in which he served
his apprenticeship, and m 1 876 he became managing
partner, having in the meantime designed and
superintended the construction of several steamers
for the well-known firm of Fned. Krvpp. Essen.
Under his direction the firm established a new ship-
building yard at Geestemuode, and in 1^83 added
engineering works. In 1897 the Ann was converted
into a Umitcd compainy, and he was appointed
CLEMENS
managing director. Member of the British Inst.
of N'avaJ .'Architects and the Gennan Schiffbautech-
nische Gesellschaft.
Clawing-off. To beat to windward from a le«
shore to avoid getting into difhcultica.
Claymore. French torpedo-boat destroyer.
(Forges et Chantier^, 1904.) Length, 180 ft. ;
lieam, 21 ft. ; maximum draught, 10 ft. ; displace-
ment, 300 tons : complement, 45 ; guns, t 9-pdr..
6 3-pdr. ; toqiedo tubes, 3 ts-in. ; speed, 27-30 lets.
Olajrs. Fatil Jean (1819-1900). Belgian marine
painter (b. Bruges). Was one of the founders of
the Marine Belgian School of Art, and his work is
particularly strong in depicting the beauties of the
sea at peace. His best known pictures are : " Dutch
Boats in the Flushing Roads " (National Gallery,
London}, " Festival of the Scheldt at Antwerp '*
{New York), " Calm on the Scheldt " and " Coast
near Ontcnd " [Brussels), " The Open North Sea "
(Munich), " Entry of Queen Victoria into Ostend
in 1857.'
Clearance is a certificate issuod by the Customs
aiithonties showing that the vessel therein named
has complied with the Customs requirements, paid
her port and light dues, and is entitled to proceed
to sea. It can be obtained by the master " as
soon as his cargo i^ in such a xmsitian as to enable
him to make out his manifest {q.v.) for the use of
the Customs."
daftt. A piece of wood with two arms for belay-
ing ropes, Abo small wcdgvs used to secure sails
from slipping.
Olfiineoa. Samael Lsnghorne (better known as
Mark Twain), American author and humorist
(b. Flonda]. At the age of 17 became a qualified
pilot on the Mississippi River, and in his " Life on
the Mississippi " he graphically records liis experi-
ences while " learning the river." After drifting
about the United States he went to San Francisco,
and in i8;S was supplied with money by one of
the leading nevrspapcrs in that city to join a party
goiug to tlie Mediterranean ports. The letters
written by him during this voyage were gathered
in ift6g into a volume, "The Innocents Abroad,"
and the book won an enduring popularity. Among
his best known works arc : " Roughing it " (1873),
"The Gilded Age" {1873), "Life on the Missis-
sippi " (1874). " Tom Sawyer " (1876), " A Tramp
Abroad" (1880). "The Prince and the Pauper"
(i88i). " .\dventures of Huckleberry Finn " (1884) ;
" A Yankee at King Arthur's Court " (l88g),
" The Amencan Claimant " (1897). " Pudd'n-head
Wilson ■■ {1S94), "The Man who Corrupted Had-
leyburg " (iQOo), " A Double -Borreiltx! Detective
Story " (1903). A complete edition of his worica
was published in 22 vols, in 1900 by the American
Publishing Co., of Harvard, Con.
CLENCH
136
CLOUD!
Clwirfi.
secure.
Biuiing the end of a. bolt to keep it
Cleopatra. British 3rd class cmiser (380 tons,
13 kU.). Launched i8;8.
Clermont This vessel , dcBigrocd by Robert
Fulton and launched on tlic Hudson River, U.S.A.,
in September. 1607. was the first successful vessel
propelled by steam. She made the trip from New
York to Albany, a distance by ri^-er of about 150
miles, in j2 hours.
Cleveland. U.S. 3rd class cruiser (tdgi).
Length zgift. Beam 44ft. Maximuro drauf^ht 17ft.
Di.splaccntcnt 3,200 tons. Compleinent 293.
Guns. A rmtmr.
10 — 5 in. " Hajvc>*-nickcl."
8 — 6 pdr, 2 in. Deck.
2 — I pdr.
7 Colts.
Twin screw. Hp. 4.500s 16*5 lets. Coal maxi-
mum 700 tons.
Clew-ganet. Hauling up the clew of a cross,
Olew-line. The line which hauls up the clew.
Cl«w ol a saiL The corner to which the sail is
aftachccl.
Ctewi. An arrangement of small ropes for
slin^ng hfimmocks.
Climate. The awrage condition of meteoro-
logical phenomena at a given place.
CUmatoIOKiCftl station. A station at which
observatiotih are niado only once a day, usually at
9 a.m.
Climatology. The science or study of climate.
OUnoh. The inner end of a cable ; also method
of connecting a rope cable to an anclvor.
Clinker-built (chncber-butlt). Afiphed to a boat
<x ship built 'M'ith the lower edge of each plank
overlappmg the one below.
Clio. Italian torpedo-boat. (Naples, 190(1.)
Length, 165 ft. ; beam, 17 ft. ; draught, 7 ft. ;
displacement. 200 tons : armament. 3 3-pdr.,
3 tubes; twin screw; Hp., 3,000=35 kta. ; coal
40 tons.
OUp. Hooks for catching hold of fish.
Clipper. A name applied to Australian sailing
NliijiH, ciwing to the sharp, fast, low in the water,
rakish appearance of the vessel.
Olog^hanled. The general trim of a ship's sails
wlirii .'-.■liliii)^ clohc* in to the wind.
dOK-reefed. ^\it sails reefed.
CloM to the wind. A name applic^d when sailing
just sutticientJy near to the wind to fill the sails
without .shaking them.
Clothi. In a saO, are the bnadtlis of canvas in
its whole width.
Olood. Moisture in the air condensod into
visible form.
Clond-bani. Sudden precipitation ol a great
amount of rain or hail in a short time.
donds. The different modifications and forms
of cloud, as originally given by Luke Howard,
were Cimi?. Cirro-cumulus, Cirro-stratus. Cumulus.
Cumulo -stratus. Stratus, and Nimbus. It is desir-
able, however, to employ the nomenclature adopted
by the International Meteorological Committee,
and mufd in the International CUnid Atlas, which
is as follows :
Ctrrus (Ci.).— Detached clouds. deUcate and
fibrous-looking, taking the form of feathers, gene-
rally of a white colour, sometimes arranged in
belts, which cross a portion of the sky in " great
circles." and. by an effpct of perspfclivc, converge
towards one or two opposite point? of the horizon.
(The Ci.-S. and the Ci.-Cn. often contribute to tbe
formation of these belts.)
Cirro-Stratus (Ci'.-S.). — A thin, whitish sheet,
times completely covering the sky. and only giving
it a whitish appearance (it is then sometimes called
Cirro-nebula), or at others presenting, more or less
distinctly, a formation like a tangled web. Tliis
sheet often produces lialoe around the sun and
moon.
CitTO-Ciimuius (Ci'.-Cw.).— Small globular masses
or white flakes without shadows, or having very
slight shadows, arranged in groups and often
lines.
Aito • Citmutut {A.-Cm.). — I^argtsh globnii
masses, white or greyish, partially shaded, arranged
in groups or lines, and often so closely packed that
their edges appear confused. Tlic detached masses
are generally larger and more cumpact (changing
to S.-Cu.) at the centre of the group. At the
margin they form into finer flakes (changing to
Ci.-Cu.). They often spread themselves out
tines in one or two directions.
AUo-Sttatus {A.-S.). — A thick sheet of a
or bluish colour, which shows a brilliant patch in
the neighbourhood of the sun or moon, and which,
without causing halos. may give rise to coronx.
This form goes through all the changas like the
Cirro-stratus, but by measurements made at
Upeala its altitude is one-half less.
SirtUo-CumulHs (S.-Cu.}.— Large globular masses
or rolls of dark cloud, frequently covering the
whole sky. esjiecially in winter, and occasionally
giving it a wavy appearance. The layer of Strato-
cumnlus is not, as a rule, ver>* thick, and patches
of blue sky are often visible through the inter-
vening spaces. All sorts of transitions between
this form and the Alto-cumulus are noticeable. It
may be distinguished from Nimbus by its globular
or rolled appearance, and also because it docs not
bring rain.
1
F^^n
Nimbus (M). — Raio-cloud. A thick layer of
dark doudii, without shape iuid with ragged edge,
from which continued rain or snow generally fails.
Through the oponings in these clouds an upper
layer ot Cirro-stratus or Alto-stratus may almost
invariably be seen. If the layer of Nimbus
separates up into shreds, or if small loose clouds
are visible floating at a low level underneath a
large Nimbus, they may be described aa Fracto-
nimbus (the " scud " of sailors).
Cumulus {Cu.). — Wool - pack clouds. Thick
clouds of which tJie upper surface is dome-shaped,
and exliibits protuberances while tlio base is
horizontal. These clouds appear to l>e formed b}'
a diurnal ascensional movement, wbicb is almost
always observable. When the cloud is opposite to
the sun the surfaces usually presented to the
observer have a greater brilliance than the margins
of the protuberances. When the light falls aslant
these clouds give deep shadows ; when, on the con-
trary, the clouds are on the same side as the son,
they appear dark, with bright edges. The true
Cumulus has clear tipper and lower limits. It is
often broken up by strong winds, and the detached
portions undergo continual changes. These may
be distinguished by the name of Fracto-cumutus.
Cumi^- Nimbus (Ch.- W.).^The timnder -cloud ;
shower -cloud. Heavy masses of cloud, rising In
the form of mountains, turrets, or anvils, generally
having a sheet or screen of fibrous appearance
above (" false Cirrus "), and underneath a mass of
cloud similar lo Nimbus. From the base there
usually fall local showers of rain or of snow [occa-
sionally bail or soft hail). SmneLimes the u^iper
edges have the compact form of Cumulus, forming
into massive peaks round which the delicate " false
Cimis " floats, and sometimes the edges themselves
separate into a fringe of filaments similar to that
of the Cirrus cloud. This last form is particularly
common in spring showers. The 4ront oi thunder-
clouds oi wide extent frequently presents the form
of a large bow spread over a portion of the sky
which is uniformly bnghter in colour.
Stratus (S.). — A horizontal sheet of lifted fog.
When this sheet is broken op into irrcgntar shreds
by the wind, or by the summits of mountains, it
may be distinguished by the name of Fracto-
stratus.
CHowtt. Sir WUUftm L«ird (1856-1905). Naval
critic and writer (b. llampstcad). Educated Alden-
baro. King's College, London, and Lincoln's lun,
and at the last moment abandoned the Bar for
joomahsm, and wTote on technical subjects, chiefly
naval, subsequently devoting himself to researches
in naval history. Some of his papers on the condi-
tion of the Navy have been translated into many
lanyuages, and have hod an enormous influence
upon naval as well as public opinion. He served
on the Arts and General Committees of the Royal
Naval Exhibition ol 1891. gained the gold medal
of the United States Naval Institute in the follow-
ing year. Was electod a Fellow of King's College,
London, in 1895, and chosen an hnn. member of
the Royal United Service Institution.
Publications : " The Naval Pocket-Book." *' The
Captain of the Mary Rose," " Blood is Thicker
than Water," " History of the Royal Navy."
dobbtne. Dropping with tide or current, drag-
ging the anchor.
dab-haal. Method of tacking by letting go loe
anclior when wind Is out of sails ; bringing head
to wind.
Club Haritimo del Abra. President, Don Thomas
Zubiria ; Vicc-Picsidcnt, Don Pedro MacMahon :
Treasurer, Don Angel Llona ; Secretary, Don
Manuel Galindez, Las Arenas, Bilbao. Entrance
fee, I2S pesetas ; annual subscription, 60 pesetas.
Clab Kantico de Bilbao. President, Don Benigns
de Cha^-arri ; Vice-President. Don Justo D. dc
Somonte : Treasurer, Don Jose de .Arbide ; Secre-
tary. Don Antonio Carlevaris, Club House, Nuevo
Teatro, Bilbao. Entrance fee, 150 pesetas ; annual
subscription. 60 pesetas.
Olab Nautique de Nice. E.stablishcd 1883. Pre-
sidetit, F. Pilatti! ; Vice-Presidents. J. G. Maurel.
A. Chauchard, A. Isnard ; Treasurer, D. Sauvaigo ;
Honorary Secretary. L. Bonligtio, 93 Quai du
tmdi. Nice; Honorary .\s3istaut-S«:retary, L. Des-
joyeux. Entrance fee, 30 francs ; annual sub*
scription, 30 franca.
01yd* (1890). British subsidised merchant
ship. Royal Mail Company {q.o.). Dimensions.
436x50x33 ft ; gross tonnage. 5,620; paiwenger
accommodation. 554; Hp., 7,540—17 kts.
Clyde. British drill-ship (1.447 tons). Launched
1829.
Clyde Bill ol Entry. Established 1840. Pub-
lished Tuesday. Thursday, and Saturday. Price
£1 115. 6f^. per annum. Address : Glasgow.
Clyde Corinthian Yaoht CInb. Estabhshed 1876,
with present headquarters at Hunter's Quay. It
was originally known as " The Clyde Corinthian
Sailing Club " at Dunoon. Towards the cud ol
i87() the Loch Long Sailing Club wa? amalgamated
with it, and in 18S0 assumed the present title.
Flags : Red ensign and red burgee, with white
cross, and in the centre a yellow shield with lion.
Commodore, Wm. Connell ; Vice-Comnuxlore, R. S.
Allan ; Rear -Commodore, C. Maclver ; Honorary
Secretary and Treasurer, John D. AUisoo. En-
trance fee, li IS. ; annual sulMcriptiuu. ^l is.
Clyde line, owned and managed by Messrs.
W. M. P. ayde and Co., ^f New York, have a
fleet of five steamers, which maintain daily sailings
from New York for Florida, calling at the principal
CLYDE
138
COALING
ports en rotttf. This line ia the only water line to
Florida without traDghipment.
Fleet.
A lifowfuin . A fapokos.
Apache. Comancke.
Infuois.
Clyde Shipping Oo^ with their head offices in
Glasgow, have a liirge fleet of full-powered steamers,
which maintain regular steam communication
between Glasgow, Greenock, Plymouth, Southamp-
ton, Ncwhaven. Dover, and London ; Belfast, lly-
mouth, Soutliampton, and London ; Waterford,
Plymouth, Soutliampton, and London ; Glasgow,
Greenock. Waterford. and Cork ; Glasgow, Greenock
and Limerick ; Belfast, Dabliu, Waterford. and
Cork ; Cork and south-west coast of Ireland ports ;
Glasgow, Greenock, Antwcrji. and Ghent. The
company also maintain a fleet of powtirful tug
stcamcns at Glasgow. Greenock, Dublin. Queens-
town, and Cardiff.
FtMBT.
Ailsaetaig. Flying Swallow.
America. Ftying Swift.
Arattmore, Plyi^S WiUh.
Copeland. Flying Witard.
Dungeness. Carmoyi*.
Eddystone. Gocdufin.
Fastnst. Ireland.
Flying Cormorant. Kalibia.
Flying Dutchman. Kish.
Flying Elf. Lizzard-
Flying Falcon. Longships.
Flying Ftsh. Needles.
Flying Fo:t. Pladda.
Flying Linnet. Portland.
Flying Afist. Rathlin.
Flying Phantom, Salia.
Flying Scotsman. Sanda.
Flying Scout. Sheemess,
Flying Spindrift. Skerrynore.
Flying Sportsman. Sptthead.
Flying Sprit*. Toward.
Tushar.
Clyde Yacht Club. Royal. See Royal Qyde
Yacht Club.
C.1I. DistingTiistiing letters on sea fishing boal^
registered at Campbeltown, Scotland.
0.0. Distinguishing letters on sea fishing boats
registered at CourseuUes, France.
0.0. Distinguishing letters on sea fishing boats
registered at Carnarvon, England.
Coak. Small triangular piece of p4!rfor&ted bracts
in sheave of a block to pL'event splitting and galling.
OoftUnff ol shipc at sea. In 1&91 Admiral Sir
Michael Seymour succeeded during the naval
xnanaeuvres in coaling his squadron at sea by the
aid of mechanical appliances. In the Spanish-
American war, 1898, some oonting was thus accom-
pliKhed, and although coaling stations are now
eagerly sought after by alt Powers, a fleet which is
able to assert and to maintain the command of the
sea will not And ^rcat difficulty In its coal supply.
Coaling by the Tcmperley transporter has been
largely used in connection with the coaling of war-
bhips at sea. The transporters are made for toads
of from 5 to 60 cwts., up to i.ooo ft. in length.
and a travelling speed of from 1,000 to 1.500 ft.
per minute. The record for coaling from a coIHer
without outside lalx)ur was achieved by Lord
Charles Beresford's flagship King Edward, which
took in 950 tons in 3 hours 20 minutes, or an
average rate of ^85 tons per hour.
Coaling stations arc ports specially fitted out and
used for supplying steamships with coal. In tSSt
a Koyal Commi.wion, under the presidency of the
Earl of Carnarvon, reported on the question of
British coaling stations, which resulted in the sum
of £1,155,100 being granted by the British Govern-
ment for improving the armament and works of
these stations. Britain lias coaling stations in
every part of the world, .^niong them are Gibraltar.
Malta, Aden, Bombay, Kurrachee, Trinconoalee.
Colombo, Singapore. Hong Kong, Simon's Bay,
Table Bay. Mauritius, Sierra Leone, St. Helena.
Jauiajca, St. Lucia. Halifax, and Bermuda. A
complete list of coaling stations of the world, ia-
eluding those on the Admiralty List, is appended.
Home Ports.
Grimsby, Scilly.
Harttepool. Seaham.
Holyhead. Shields (Nortb)J
HuU. Shields (South). '
Leith. Southampton.
Limerick. Sunderland.
Liverpool. Swausea.
London. Stornoway.
Londonderry. Troon.
Milford Haven. Tynemouth.
Newcastle. Waterford.
Aberdeen.
Ayr.
Ardrossaa.
BaiTy.
Belfast.
Birkenhead.
BIyth.
Bristol.
Cardiff.
Cork.
Cowcs.
Dartmouth.
DubUn.
Dundee.
Exeter.
Falmouth.
Glasgow.
Abo.
Ajaccio.
Alexandria.
Algiers.
Alton a.
Amsterdam.
Antwerp.
Augusta.
Barcelona.
Ban.
Batoum.
Newport (Mon.). Wuarmouth.
Oban.
Plymouth.
Portland.
Portsmouth.
Port Talbot
Wexford.
^^'hilby.
Whitehaven.
Wigtown.
Youghal.
EuRopEAif Ports.
Bergen.
Beyrout
Bilboa.
Biicrte.
Bona.
Boulogne.
Bordeaux.
Bourbon.
Br£ttesn<es-
Bremen.
Brake.
Br^merhaven.
Brindtsi.
Caen.
Cadis.
Cagliari
(Sardinia).
Calais.
Constantinople.
Copenhagen.
Corcubion.
Corfu.
EiffiOPEAN Ports — (cont.)
ATtAirnc Ports— («Mtf.)
Coninna.
Cronstadt
Danzig.
CarentAn.
Cettc.
Qiarente,
Cherboui^.
ChrUtiania.
Christiamund.
Diepp*.
Dordrecht.
Dram.
Dunkirk.
Drontheiin.
Elsinorc
Emdpn.
Euplea.
Fdcamp.
Fiumc.
Flashing.
Galatz.
GalUpott.
GeestemQnd^.
Genoa.
Gibraltar.
GraveUnes.
Hamburg.
Havre.
Helsingborg.
Honfleur.
Huelva.
IbraU.
Kiel.
Kusteodji.
La Rochelle.
Lisbon.
Malroo.
Nfalta.
Marseilles.
Meracl.
Messina.
Nantn.
N^1«0.
Narva.
Nordcnham.
Odessa.
Oatend.
Ornn.
Palermo.
Piraeus.
Port Said.
Port Audcmer.
Pontrcox.
Revel.
Riga.
Ronen.
Rotterdam.
Salonica.
Savona.
St. Petersburg.
St. Male.
Schiedam.
Seville.
Smyrna.
Stettin.
Stockholm.
Suez.
Solina.
Syra.
Tarifia.
Toulon.
Trieste.
TrouviUe.
Tnnis.
Valery.
Varna.
Venice.
Vigo.
Villairanca
(Nice).
Wilhelrashaven.
Zaandam.
Zea.
Ajlahtic Ports
Antigua.
'Ascension.
Bafaia.
Bahia Btanca.
Baltimore.
•Barbodoes.
Beira.
Behze.
* Bermudas
Boston (U.S.).
Buenos Aires.
Cape Coast Castle
•Cape Town.
Cape Verdes (St Vin-
cent).
Ceara.
Charleston (S.C).
Cheater (U.S.).
Congo.
COosaw River.
Cnrafao.
Dix Cove.
Elmina.
Falkland Islands.
Fayai (Azores).
•Fernando Po.
Galveston.
Gam Ilia.
Greenport.
Gnlfport.
(North and South).
•HaUfax.
Havana.
Horn Island.
•Kingston (Jamaica).
•Lagos.
La Plata.
Las Palmas.
I.oanda.
Louisberg (CB.).
Madeira.
Maranham.
Marcus Hook (VS.).
Martinique.
Mobile,
Bioote Video.
Moaaamedes (West
Coast. S.Africa).
Nassau.
NataL
Newport News.
New Orleans.
New York.
Norfolk (Va.).
Para.
Pensacola.
Prmamhnco.
PhHadHphia.
Pictou.
Portland (M.).
♦Port Stanley (F.I.).
Punta Arenas.
Punta Delgada.
Quebec.
Quctta.
Rio de Janeiro.
Rosario.
Santa Cnu (Teneriffe).
St. John (N.S.).
St. Johns (N.F.).
•St Lucia.
•St. Helena.
St. Michael's (A2or!>s).
Wimou
St. Pftul de Loanda.
St. Thomas.
St. Vincent.
Santos.
Savannah.
Ship Island.
•Sierra Leone.
♦Simon's Town.
Sydney (CB.).
Trinidad.
Vera Cnw.
Whydah,
th (N.S.).
Indian Ocean and China Seas.
•Adon. Karatzu. ^Newcastle
Amoy. Killindim. (N.S.W.).
Bangkok. Kobi. Otani.
Batavia. Kurracbec. Penang,
•Bombay. Labuan, •Perim.
Bossorah. Madras. Rangoon.
Btishire. Manila. Saigon.
•Calcutta. •Mauritius. Seychelles.
Canton. MojL Shanghai.
Cocoftada. Mombasa. ♦Singapore.
•Colomba Moulmein. Sourabaya.
Delagoa Bay. Muroran. Suez.
Galle. NagasakL •Trincomalee.
Hakodadi. Yokohania.
•Hong Kong. Zanzibar.
Pacific (North and South) and Austrauisia.
Adelaide.
Acapulco.
Astoria.
Auckland.
Brisbane.
Caldera.
Callao.
Chlloe.
Christchurch.
Comox.
Coquimbo.
Coionel.
Diego Garcia.
•EsquimalL
•Fiji Islands.
Guayaquil.
Hobart Town.
HoQolulu.
I-Tmg George's
Sound.
I^dysmith.
Leruka.
Lota.
Mazatlan.
Mclboame.
Mam a i mo.
•New Westmin-
ster.
Otago.
Portland (O.).
Panama.
Payta,
Perth.
San Diego.
San Francisco.
Seattle.
•Sydney.
Tacoma.
Tahiti.
•Taboga.
Tamsni.
Fechao.
Tonkah.
Union.
Valparaiso.
Vancouver.
Victoria (V.I).
•Wellington.
Ports marked • are on the Admiralty List.
Coil Btorchant and Shipper. Established 1900^
Published weekly (Satunlay). Price (by subs.).
Address : 165 Strand, London, W.C
Oo&mingfl. A rest of a ship's hatch.
Ooast. A general name lor the littoral of any
country, applied to that part of the land only
which hes contiguous to the sea.
Ooftitar. The expression " coaster " includes all
British ships trading from one part of the United
COASTGUARD
140
COBRA
f
Kingdom to another, and all foreign ships carrying
cargo, passengers, or ballast from one part ol the
United Kiugdom to another, or Jrom the Channel
Islands or the Isle of Man to the United Kingdom,
or vice versa.
The coasting trade is confined to coasters, exc^t
vessels coming from parts beyond the seas with
inward cargo for more than one port in the United
Kingdom. If any goods shall be taken in or put
out ol any cnaHtcr at sea or over the sea, or if any
coaster touch at any place over the sea, or deviate
from her voyage unless forced by unavoidable cir-
cunnstances. or ii, having touched at some place
over the seas, thr master docs not declare the fact
to the proper officer on first arrival in the United
Kingdom, the master shall be liable to forfeit /loo.
The master of every coaster must keep a cargo-
book, in wliich must be entered {inter alia) the
name of every port of loading and the nature of
goods taken on board. Before leaving the port of
bading a tracsire must be siKne<l by the master,
and a copy given to the Customs officers : and
btffore goods can be discharged, and within 34 hours
of arrival in port, the tranaire must be handed to
the Collector of Customs, under a penalty of £30.
By the Merchant Shipping Act. 1S94, coasters
arc exempt from :
(i) Compulsory pilotage.
(a) Registration, if under 15 tons.
0) Agreement with crew, and marking deck and
loadhncs. See Merchant Sliipping Act
U) li not carrying passengers, from carrying
certi£calcd officers.
Coastgujird. The, a force originally intended solely
for the pre\ention of smuggling; now forms part
W of llie Navy, and acts both as a naval rcstrrvo
{q.v.) and a means of coastal defence. The force,
wtiich was transferred from the Customs Commis-
sioners to the Admiralty in t$S7. and Hmited to
10.000 o^iccrs and men. is under the superintend-
ence of an admiral, and is annually exercised
afloat. Its duties ashore include the prevention
of smuggling, the protection of ship-nTecked pro-
perty, assisting distressed vessels, and the keeping
of weather reports and the hoisting of storm signals.
There are 1 1 coastguard districts in the United
Kingdom, each under a captain, who has a cruiser
and revenue cutters under his control.
Coasting trade. By Act of Parliament (39 and 40
Vict. c. 3(1. &. 140) it is enacted that all trade by
sea from any one part of the United Kiugdom to
any other part thereof (the Channel Islands and
the Isle of Man being counted as part of the United
Kingdom) shall be deemed coasting trade, and all
ships while employed in such trade shall be deemed
coasting ships, and all foreign ships proceeding
either with cargo, passengers, or in ballast on any
voyage from any one part of the United Kingdom
to another shall be deemed subject to the same
laws, rules, and legulatioaa as British ships when
so employed. In spite of the absence of any special
restriction on foreign vessels, British ships control
practically the whole of the coasting trade of the
United Kingdom, foreigners claiming only 10^.
Coatit Itahan gun-boat (1809).
Length 287fL Beam 50ft. Maximum draught 10ft.
Displacement 1.J13 tons. Complement 154.
Gnns. Annour.
12 — 12 pdr. "SteeL"
I in. I>«k.
Tarpeda Tubas.
2 Above water.
Twin screw. Hp. S.oooa^j Uts. Coal oonnal
160 tons.
I
Coats, James (b. Glasgow, December 22. iSjj).
Educated m Liverpool, and 5cr\-od his apprentice-
ship on the Clyde. After a period at sea. obtainio^
a marine engineer's certificate, he in 1881 went to
Russia to superintend the construction of a. large
arc light plant, and to light up the petroleuin
works at Novorocsisk. lu 1883 iic went to India
as engineer to the Indian Phosnix Gold Mines, and
on his return in 18S6 he was offered by the Kgyptiaa
Govcrnmi-ut a position of chief engineer of a
petroleum expedition, and while there erected
works. On his return to England he joined ths
steam navigation party on behalf of the Fairfield
Shipbuilding Co., where he gained exi>erience u
to the requirements of the engine-roooa stafl of
the Navy, having been at the speed trials of many
ironclads. In 1S88 he went to Peru as chief
engineer of tlie London Pacific Petroleum Co.. and
remained there three years, returning to Scotkod
in 1S92 to take tip the position of chief engiaon
to the Scottish Co-Operativc Wholesale Sodetr
After a period of 11 years witli this company he
went to .Vorway on behalf of the Standard Cm-
struction Co.. in charge of the worki^hops far
Edison's great scheme for scparatmg the on
ma^etic&lly, and since his return to England has
beoi engaged in transforming the power used in
factories from steam driving to electricity.
Member of the Institution of Ivngineers and Ship-
builders of Scotland ; associate member of the
Institution of Electrical Hngineers ; vice-prvsident
of the West of Scotland Scii ntific Societ>'.
Cobbing. An obsolete form of punishment.
formerly inflicted for breach of discipline.
Coble. A low 6at boat with square stem,
in cod and turbot fishery.
Coboose. Sk Caboose.
Cobra. British torpedo-boat destroyer. {1 ^
wick. i[>ot.) This vessel was wrecked in a pfe^
ofl the t^ncasbire coast on September 18, 1901.
and immediately went to pieces, her shell not being
strong enough to bear the weight of her 1
and armament.
COBRA
141
CODES
Oobn. A lutro- Hungarian torpedo-boat. (Yar-
row, 1A99.) Length, 153 ft. ; beam. 1^ it. : draught,
7i ft. : displacement. 133 tons: complement, 34:
armament. 2 3-pdr. q.f., j tubes; Hp., i,Soo=
24 kt^. ; coal. 30 tons.
Codinafl. British ist class cruiser. (Fairfield.
1905.)
I.ength 480ft. Beam 73ft. Maximum draught a/ft.
IWsplaccmcnt 15 1:50 tons.
Cuns. A rmoUT.
6—9*3 in.. 50 cal. " Krupp."
4 — 7*5 in. 6 in. Belt amitJshtps.
34—5 pdr. 6 in. Barbettes.
8 Pompoms. 6 in. Turrets.
Maxims. 7 in. Conning tower.
Titrptda Ttibu (18 in.).
3 Submerged.
Tvfin screw. Hp. 23,500=^23 kts. Coal maxt-
mum 2,000 tons. Approximate cost ^i, 129,500.
Cochrane, Admiral The Hoo. Sir Arthor Auck-
land Leopold Pedro. K.C.B., cr. 1889 (t>- 1824)-
Entered Na\y. 1840 ; mid. during operations on
coast of Syria, including the bombardment of .\cre,
1S40 (Syrian medal) ; lieutenant, 1845 '• com-
mander. 1851 : commander of Driver in the Baltic
Fleet, t8s4 (Baltic medal) ; captain. 1854 ; present
in boat action at seizure oi Dutch FoUy Fort,
CantOD, i8$G ; commander 3rd Division of N'aval
Brigade at the attack on Canton. 1657 ; present at
the destruction of the Fatshan flotilla of war-
jonks, 1857 : wounded (China medal, Fatshan and
Canton clasps] ; rear-admiral, 1870; Commander-
in-Chief, Pacific, 1873-76 : vice-admiral. 1876 ; C.B..
1655; captain's good service pension, 1868-70;
admiral. 1881 ; flag officer's good service pen-
sion. 18S6; retired. 1886.
Cochrane, Admiral Thomas. See Dundoaald,
Thomas Cochiajie, Earl of.
Ooohnne, Sir Alexander Forrester IngliB (175S-
TS32). British admiral. Was present at the action
ofi Martinique, 1780, tn the j>f '»i/agH. In 1801 he
commanded the Aja.v in Lord Keith's expeditiou
to Egypt, and became Second -in-Command under
Duckworth, and was present at the battle of San
Domingo. 180G. He was made vice-admiral, 1S09 ;
K.C.B., i8t5 : admiral, 1S19.
Coctaraae, Sir Thomas John (1789-1873). Eog*
Itsh admiral. When in command of the Surprise
be captured the .American privateer Decatur, sub-
sequently assisting in the attack on Washington
and Baltimore. He was promoted vice-admiral,
185a ; admiral, 1856 ; and an Admiral of the Fleet,
1S65.
CookbOL Situation of anchor when suspended
from cat head.
Cookbom, Sir Oeorge (1773-1853). British ad-
miral. Served in the East Indies and Mediter-
ranean, and a&sistcd as captain of the Minerva ftt
the blockade of Leghorn, 1796, and fought at the
battle of Cape St. Vincent. He afterwards parti-
cipated in the reduction of Martlnii|ue, 1809. In
1813, on his promotion to rear-admiral, he was
sent to North America, where he grratly distiti-
gaisbod biuuielf during the various operations in
the Cheiapeahe. and took a large share at the battle
of Bladcnsburg and the capture o( Washmgton.
Early in iSt; ho received the Order of the Bath,
and in the autumn of that year he carried out in
the Northumberland {q.v.) the sentence of de[>orta-
tion to St. Helena which had been passed upon
Bonaparte. He was created G.C.B. and made a
Lord of the .Admiralty in 1828. From 1841 to
1S46 he was First Naval Lord. In ]S5i he was
made Admiral of tlie Fleet, and a year before his
death the baronetc\' fell to him by herita^
Cockey, George Herbert. Engineer R.N. ; D.S.O.,
1900 (b. November. :87i). Educated Bloxham,
Banbun-, Oxford ; assisted at salvage operations
at Ferrol on board H.M.S. Howe (1893) : Australia
in H.M.S. Karrakatta. [894-97; China, 1900;
D.S.O. decorated for services with Royal Marines
at the defence of Tientsin, and with the Brigade
during Admiral Seymour's attempted relief of the
Legation : employed in repairing and constructing
temporary armoured trucks and mounting the
4-in. guns of the Algerine at Pei-Yang ; present at
the capture of the native city ol Tientsin (China
medal) ; mentioned in despatches.
Oockle. (Cardium eduie.) A genus of the
common bivalve molluscs, many of the members of
which are edible, and have considerable commer-
cial value.
Cot^it A place near the after hatchway of old
wooden warnhips. where wounded men were
attended to.
OoCTte. French armoured gun-boat. (Cher-
bourg, 1889.)
I..ength iSift. Beam 40ft. Maximum draught isft.
Displacement 1,680 tons. Complement 100.
Guns. Armnur.
I— loB in. "Stael."
3 — 3*9 in. 10 in. Belt amidships.
2 — I '8 in. 8 in. Big gun shields.
Hp. 1,700=13 kts. Coal 300 tons.
Code-signals. Flags for commanicating at sea.
Codes, Telegraphic. A system of words used to
represent sentences with a view of reducing the
cost of telegraphing or cabling and to secure
secrecy. The best and probably the mo^t univer-
sally used code is the A.B.C., first published in
1873, Private codes are much used, and there arc
various systems for tlieir construction. There
are certain regulations made by the International
Telegraph Convention which must be conformed
with, the most important of which 'is. vie., only
Dutch, English. French. German. Italian, I\]rtu-
CODRINGTON
142
COLLINGWOOD
gnese, Spanish and T-atin may be used, but any or
SlU of these languages may l>c contained in one
telegram. Words of more tliao 10 lettcra are
charged as two ^vorda.
Codringtoii. Sir Edward ( 1 770- 1^51). British
admiral (b. Gloucester). Entered the Nav>' in
1783 ; as lieutenant on board Lord Howe's flagship
he saw service at the txitlle ol " The Glorious First
oi June." In Lord Bridport's action ofi L'OriCDt.
1795. he comnianded the DabeU, and 10 years later
he rccrivcd command oi the Orion, in which he
fought at Tralalgar. In ifiii he sailed lor North
America ami. on being promoted the following year
to rvar-admiral, was Captain of the Fleet at Wash-
ington and Baltimore, afterwards taking part in
th? attack on New Orleans. In lOzO ho was in
command of the combined fleets of Great Britain,
France and Russia, sent to restrain Ibrahim Pasha
from operating against the Greeks, In 1827 the
battle of Na\-arino was fought, in which the;
Turkish and Egy|jtian fleets of 36 sail, with gun-
boats, schooners and craft of all sorts, were almost
entirely destroyed. Having attained the rank
of admiral, 1337. he became Conimnnder-in-Cluef
at Portsmouth.
See Memoir by Lady Boucher. 1873.
CoiMlocon. French 3rd class cruiser. [St. Na-
taire. 1894-)
length 312ft. Beam 30ft. Maximum draught 14ft.
Displacement 1.900 tons. Complement 190.
(Tkws. A*VlOUT.
4— 55 in. " Steel."
3 — I'S in. [J in. Deck amidships.
Torpedo Tubes.
5 Above water.
Hp. 5,800=19 kt*. Coal maximum 300 ions.
Cofferdani. A water-tight enclosure formi'd by
piles 3 to 6 ft. apart driven into the bottom of a
river, the intermediate space being packed with
day, so as to form a water-tight wall. It is used as
a dam when laying bare the bottom of a river in
order to establish a foundation for a pier, abut-
ment, quay or docks.
OogiiQe. French torpedo-boat dcKtrcivcr. Length,
iijo ft, : beam, zi ft. : draught, q^ ft. ; displace*
ment, 431 tons; complement, 48; guns, i q-pdr..
fi 3-pdT. ; torpedo tubes, a i7"7 in. ; speed, 27-30
kts.
CoU. Rope laid in ring fashion.
CoL A neck of low pressure between two anti-
cyclones.
Colchester. 50 guns. On September 21, 1744.
this vessel was lost on the Kentish Knock, when
$0 toen perished.
Cold. Coloured. AbbreNnation a<toptcd on the
charta uisutd by the Hydrographic Ofhco. Admi-
ralty.
4
OqUbuu Pacific Cc's steamer from San Fhiu-
Cisco to Panama, wrecked off south-west coast of
Mexico : loS lives lost.
CoQapslble boat A kind of boat of which the
frame is collapsible for compact stowage, either oo
shipboard or for transportation.
CoUlir. -^n eye in the end or bight of a shroud or
stay, to go over the mast -head ; also a rope formed
mto a wTeath with the heart or dead eye seized in
the bight to which the stay is confined at the lower
part.
Coii«ges, Training, See Naval Education.
CoUiflr. Vessels employed exclusively in carry
ing coals.
Oollingwood, Cuthbert First Baron Collingwood.
I75<i-i8l0 (b. N"rwca«tle-on-Tyne). Entered the
Navy at the age of 11, and was in the Skanmm
under command of Captain (afterwardfi .^dminUl
Brathw-ditc, to whom he was indebted in a
great measure for that nautical knowledge which
marked his career. After serving under Admiral
Roddam he, in 1774, went to Boston, and a year
later, on being promoted lieutenant, joined the
unsuccessful expedition to the Spanish Main, the
idea being to iiass into the Pacific by navigating
the River San Juan and I^kes Nicaragua and
Leon. He first saw active service in America,
and fought on shore at the battle of Bunkers HiJl.
1775. In 1779 he was made commander of the
Batlger, and shortly afterwards post-captain ol
the small frigate H inchinbtoke. In 1783 he was
appomteri to command the Sam^nn. of 64 guns, and
aubs<*quenlly to the Mediator, destined for the West
Indies, where with Nelson, who was in command of
that station, he remained for some years. In 17S1
he bad tlie misfortune to be wrecked in the PglUan
in a hurricane, and he returned to Kng1.'\nd and
remained on shore until 1793, when he was appoint-
ed captain oi the Prince. Sagship o( Kear-Admiral
Powyur. On the outtjreak c( the French war in
1793, he look part in Lord Howe's victory, June I.
1794, and in command of the BarftfUt displayed
great judgment and courage ; on l>oard the Exeel-
leni he shared in the victory of February 14, 1797.
at the battle off St. Vincent. In January, 1799,
lie was promoted vice-admiral, ami hoisting his
flag on the Triumph joined the C-hannel Fleet. In
1803 he was employed in watching the French
Fleet ofi Brest, and for two years he displayed the
most unwearied vigilance in EH<icluirging this duty.
In the Roval Sovereign ho was second in command
to Nelson at the battle of Trafalgar, and led the lee
column, and the manner in which he carried his
ship into action, and fought the SaH$it Anno fthe
largest ship of the line thc^'n afloat^ ^ngle-handed,
and eventually had the satisfaction of seeing her
strike her colours, in .ijgreat measure helped to de-
moralise the Spaniards, and to the victory at Trafal-
gar. On the death of Nelson, CoUingwood assumed
COLLINSON
143
COLLISIONS
supreme commaod of the fleet, and on his return to
England was raised to tho p«era|[4 aa Baron Col-
lin^-ood of Coldbump and Heathpool. and received
ike thanks of both Uouses ol Parliament, with a
pension ol ^3,000 a year. lo ohgiual genius and
darinf; lie waa inferior to Nelson, who had no
equal ; but his merits as a naval oiSc*^r were of the
first order, and in seamanship and general talent
many who were famihar with both considered him
superior. He was an enemy to Impressment and
flogging, and was given the honourable name of
" father " among bis crew for bi:i kindness, lie
died on board the Vilte dt Paris, ofi t'ort Mahan.
March 7, itiio. His bc»dy was CQnve>'ed to
England, and buried in St. Paul's Cathedral.
ColUnson. Ste Arctic Exploration.
CoQiaioil. In marine insurance the coUisioo
clause becomes operative when the vessel insured
has been in collision with any other ship or vessel,
and when in caoscquence uf their ^^liip or vessel
h&ving been in fault thi; owners become liable to
pay and shall have paid to the persons interested in
tl]e other ship or vessel for the damages sustained,
such damages not to exceed the value of the insured
ship or vcsstl. i.e.. the policy value (Seward v.
Owner of the Vtta Crut. 5 Asp. Mar, L,C, 386.)
The proportion ol this amount for damage sus-
tained for which the underwriter ol the msured
ship is liable under the clause is three-fourtiis
of the sum paid as above by the assured. The
maximum liability of the underwriter in any
one case is 75% of the insured value, irrespec-
tive of costs. There is no liability on the under-
writer to pay costs unless expressly iucluded.
thou0t in practice they are usually adoutted.
(Xenos V. Fox, L.R. 4 CP. 665.) The balance
(S5%) of the owners' liabiUty is either separately
insured, or specially included by an alteration in
the clause. (McArtliur on the Contract of In-
surance, p. 296,)
The total amount under the Merchant Shipping
Act of ij)<M {l-V') >or which a shipowner, British
or foreign, is in our Courts liable for damage to
property and loss of life or personal injury (pro-
vided he is not by his own default concerned in it)
** j£'5 P^ ^"^'^ '• ^^ excluding the personal damage
i% per tun. reckuaed un the net register ol shipii ;
and on the gross register, wathout deduction of
engine room space, of steamers, each collision taken
separately.
Unless specially included, damage by collision
to the following are not included in the protection of
the clause : NNTiarves, )ettics, floating buoys, pon-
toons, stages, piers (floating or fixed), break-
waters, quays, or dock walls, or slmihu structures.
(Damage to the vessel faer^eli is claimable in par-
ticular B\Yrage.)
The portion of the collision clause limiting the
liability of the underwriter to thrce-lourtbs ol the
damage the owners of the insured vessel have had to
pay is now frequently altered to a " four-fourths "
clause, which, of course, includes the entire liability ;
ami most of the leading companies will now issue
poUcies without a collision clause, but givmg full
protection lo the shipowner for all his important
liabihtjcs. Stt Cow on Marine Insurance, p. J54.
Briefly the decisions of Uabihty under ihe col-
lision clause have led to the following conclusions : —
{a) When neither vessel can establish a claim
against the other for default, no damages can be
recovered, each vessel bearing hev own loss.
{b) When one vessel is in default and solely to
blanie. this vessel is responsible tor the damage
sustained. If the policy value of the insured ship
exceeds ^.S per ton, the undorwritor pays the pro-
portion that his subwuipttou bears to that value.
(0 \\1ieu both vessels are to blame. Settle-
ments under this condition vary, but generally the
damages &ustamed by both are added together and
the sum halved, each vessel being debited with
one-half. (Stooravaart v. P. and O. Co., L.R.
7 H. of L. 748 : Chapman v. Royal .Vethurlands
Co., UR. 4 P.D. 157 ; Voorwitrts v. Khedive.
L.R. 7 App. Cas. Soo ; London Steamship Associa-
tion V. Grampian Co., L.R. 24 Q.B.D. 32 and
665 ; McArthur p. y>2.)
In the case of botli vessels to blame it is of great
importance where outside of England the action is
to be entered, as the treatment difiers widely —
United States of .America is as in England ; France
and Belgium according to the degree of each ship's
fault: Portugal, Spam, Italy, and Holland, each
ship bears her own loss ; Germany, neither can
recover ; Russia (probably), rests where it falls ;
Scandinavia, Court decides in each case. See
Gow on Marine Insurance, p. 349. and McArthur
ou the Contract of Marine Insurance, Appen-
dices I. 2. and 3,
Ail these arrangements of liability rest only on
the insured shipowner having paid in respect of
bis respoosibihties. In the ca^u of a collision
between two vessels bt'louging to the same owner,
he cannot under the ordinary clause recover any-
thing from underwriters ou either vessel, but had
himself to bear his collision damages unless they are
claimable as the direct results of a sea [>eril. This
is generally avoided by special clause agreeing that
in sucb uises the principle of the collision clatise
will bo maintained. Heter to Clauses.
Collisions at Km. " There are four possibiUties
under which an accident of this sort may occur. In
the first ptac€, it may happen without blame being
imputed to either party ; as where a loss is occa-
sioned by a storm or other vis major. In chat case
the misfortune must be borne by the party on whom
it happens to light ; the other not being responsible
to him in any degree. Secondiy, a nusfoituoe of
this kind may arise where both parties are to blame ;
where there has been want of due diiigcucc on both
tides. In stich a case the rule of law is Uiat the
COLLISIONS
144
COLLISIONS
loss iniitt be appartxnied between them. Thirdly ,
it may happen by the misconduct of the saflering
party alone ; and then the rule is that the sufierer
must bear his own burden. Lasily, it may have
been the fault of the ship which ran thf> other down,
and in this case the injured party would be entitled
to entire compensation from the other. *
Id order to raise a presiunpUoo of laott against
the olhw, each ship must pro^-e her own caae. In
two cases only docs a statutory presumption arise,
fix., where there baa been (1) an infringement of
the regulations which might possibly have con-
txibutrd to the collision ; or fa) a bilure to stand by
and render assistance after collisioil. In a collision
between a ship in rootioQ and one at aachor the
burden of proof rests with the former to show that
the accident waS not due to her negUgencc. The
regidations for the prevention of collisions at sea
(f.r.) which -werr drawn op by the InCcmatkmft]
Marine Conference held at Wasliington in 1890
have been universally adopted. They apply to all
ships at sea, on tidal rivers and inland waters.
except where special locaJ rales, which every State
has the right o< making and enforcing within its
inrisdiciion, are operative.
^^hen a collision occurs l>etween any ships in
tcmtotial waters the action is decided, wherever
tried, by the Ux loci — ix.. the law of the particular
place where the collision Iiappens.
Actions for collision an the high seas between
any ships are tried in the Admiralty Co>art of that
country within the jurisdiction oi which pixxeedings
are first commenced-
The British Admiralty Court has jurisdiction to
try any caase brought for coUi»on between any
ships. British or foreign, in any waters, provided
the injury complained oi is an actionable offence
according to En^ish law. In actions foe collision
on the high seas between any ships, whether
British or foreign, the Admiralty Court of this
country administers not the law of flags, but the
British maritime law {q.v.).
Vrlten an action is pending in a foreign Court,
the Court of .Admiralty may stay proceedings here.
or d^Tmisff the action, or put the plaintiff to bis elec-
tkm ; and a final jadgment in a foreign Court is a
bar to suhseqnent proceedings elsewhere. The form
oi procedwe and remedy in all coUisioo actions is
aoOOnUne to the law of the tribunal before which
the case is tned.
Refef to ApportJooBeiit, Accident. Foreign Ship.
Damage.
OoUiaioiu, BeffolatioQ lor the Prvrentiaa it Sea,
U96. AriicU i.^Rnles conceming Ughts diall be
complied with in all weathers from sunset to sunrise.
Artidt 2. — A steamer under way shall carry (o)
a white light not less than 20 ft. above the hull,
showing an uobrokpn bght 10 points oti each bow ;
(£r] on the starboard side a green light showing from
right ahead to two points abaft the starboard beam ;
(c) on the port side a red light showing from right
ahead to two points abaft the port beam : (d) gireo
and red Ughts to be fined with inboard screens, to
p<e%-ent their showing across the bow ; (c) an
additional white bght may be carried further aft.
and at least 15 ft. higher than, bat similar to cod
struction to. the light mentioned in sabdivuioo {s).
Afiiile 3. — A steamer towing a vessel shAfi carry
in additkm to her side hgfats, two white lights
vertically, one light not less than six ft. above the
other : and if towing more than <me vessel, and tbt-
length of tow measures more than 6,000 ft., three
white lights.
Afti^ 4.- — (o) A vessel wluch from accidaot is
not under command shall carry : <i) by night two
red all-round tights vertically -, (3) by day two
black balls or shapes. (6) A tel^rapb ship at
work shall carry : (i> by night three aD-ronad
lights vertically, the highest and lowest being red
and the middle one white ; (3) by day, three
shapes, the highest and the lowest being red aod
globular, and the middle one white and diuiiood>
shaped. («) Side UghU tf under way.
VcsA^ referred to in this article abo carry
side lights when making way throogfa the water.
AritcU 5. — K sailing ship tmder way, aod any
vessel being towed, cany side lights only.
ArticU 6. — Small vessels under way. if preveated
by bad weather from fixing side lights. riiaU lt«q»
them ready for exhibition in time to pfevnt
collision.
Article 7. — Steamers imda^ 40 tons, and vessetoof
less than 30 tons under oars or satW when vn^"
vray, are not abligBd to carry lights, but may carry
Ughts amilar to thoee in Article a, or a oombtaed
lantern. Rowing boats shall have ready for sse a
hand Untera showing a white light.
ArticU S. — Pilot boats on duty carry only as
all-round white mast-head light, and exhibit flare*-
up every 1 5 minutes. Side lights are to be ready
for use and exhibited in tunc to prevent coUisioo.
ArticU 9. — Se* Fishing Boats.
ArticU to. — A vessel being overtnkSB shall :
a Aare-np. or may cany a fijced lantern
showing a white light.
ArticU II. — A vessel under iso ft. long, wlieaat
anchor, shall carry forward, where it can best be
se«n. an aU-round white Ught. A veasel Ofcr
1 50 ft long, when at anchor, dutt carry mm mUSr
tional light astern.
A fticU 1 2 . — E \>ery vessd may, in order to attract
attention, exhibit a flare-up. or use a detooatiiis
signal, in adtbtion to the lights prescribed by these
rules.
ArticU 13. — Nothing in these rules shaU interfere
with signals made between ships of war, sailing
sh^ under con\-oy, or recognicioa signab dotf
registered and published.
ArticU 14. — \ steamer under sail only, but
having her funnel up. shaU by day carry aoe black
bailor shape.
« ready
tision. ^H
COLLISIONS
145
COLLISIONS
AftuU l^.^In fog, mist, falling snow, or heavy
rain, by day or night 1 {a) A steamer under way
shali sound, at intervals of not more than two
minutes, a prolonged (4-6 seconds) blast.
(6) A steamer with engines Btopptx], and having
no way on. shall sound, at inter%-ala of not more
than tvto minutes, two prolonged blasts, with an
interval of about one second between them.
(c) A sailing ship umlcr way sliall sound, at
LDtervals of not more than one minute, one blast
if on starboard tack. t\»-o blasts if on port tack,
three blasts if wind aft.
(d) A vessel at anchor shall ring her bell rapidly
for five seconds at intervals of not more than one
minute.
ifi) A vessel towing, a telegraph ship at work, and
a vessel not nnder command shall, when under
way, sound one prolonged and two short b1a*rtn at
intervals of not more than tw*o minutes.
Articie 16.— Every vessel shall, in fog. mist, etc..
K) at a moderate speed, having regard to the
existing drcumstanccs. A steamer bearing, appar-
ently forward of her beam, the fog signal of a vessel,
the position of which is not ascertained, shall stop
her engines and then nangate with caution.
AfticU 17. — WIten two sailing vessels are ap-
proaduDg one another, so as to involve risk of
coUtsion — one shall keep out of the way of the other,
as follows, vu. : —
(a) A vessel running free shall keep out of the
way of one dDse-hauIed.
(b) A vessel close hauled oa the port tack shall
keep out of the way of one close-hauled 00 the
starboard tack.
(c) When both are running free, with the wind
on different sides, the vessel which has the wind on
the port side shall kix-p clear.
(d) When both are running free, with the wind
on the same side, the vessel tu wiadwaml shall
keep clear.
{e) A vessel having the wind aft shall keep dear.
ArticU 18. — When two steamers are meeting
end-on, or nearly so. so as to involve risk of collision,
each shall alter her course to starboard.
ArticU 19. — \Micn two steamers arc cra^ng, so
as to involve nsk of collision, the vessel which has
the other on her starboard side shall keep out of
the way.
Article 30. — When a steamer and sailing vessel
arc proceeding in such directions as to involve
risk of collision, the steamer shall keep clear.
Ariicld 21. — When by any of these rules one of
two vessels is to keep out of Lhe way, the other shall
keep her course and speed.
Noit, — When, in consequence of thick weather
or other causes, such vessel finds herself so dose
that collision cannot be avoided by the action ol
the giving -way vessel alone, she also shall take
such action as will best aid to avert collision.
Artide 22. — Every vessel directed by these rules
to keep out of the way of another shall, if possible,
avoid crossing ahead of her. and
{Article 23) — shall, if necessary, slacken speed,
stop, or reverse.
Article 2j\. — Every vessel overtaking another
shall keep out of her way. An overtaking vessel is
one which comes up with another from any direction
more than two points abo/t the beam. No subse-
quent alteration of the bearing l>etween the vessels
shall relieve on overtaHng ship of her duty to keep
clear.
Articie ij;. — In narrow channels every steamer
shall, where safe and practicable, keep to that side
of the fairway {<J-^-) which lies on her starboard
side.
Artide 26, — Sailing ships under way shall keep
clear of sailing vessels engaged in fishing.
Articie 37.— in obeying these rules, regard shall
be had to all dangers of navigation, and to any
special circumstances which may render a de)>ar-
ture from these rules necessary, in order to avoid
immediate danger.
Articie 28. — One short blast from a steamer
under way means, " 1 am directing my counie to
starboard." Two short blasts mean, " I am dir<-ct-
ing my course to port." Three short blastn mean,
" My engines arc going full speed astern."
Article 21). — Nothing in these rules shall exonerate
any vessel, or the owner, master, or crew thereof,
from results of neglect of any precaution required
by ordinary practice of seamen, or by special cir-
cumstances.
Article 30. — Nothing in these rales shall interfere
with the operation of any special rule made by
local authority.
Article 31. — A vessel requiring assistance shall
use the following signals, either together or
separately, vii. : —
By day or night —
(i) A gun or other explosive signal fixed every
minute.
(3] Continuous sounding of fog signal.
By day —
(1) Letters N.C. of the International Code.
(2) A square flag with any ball above or below
it
By night —
(1) Flames.
(3) Rockets or shells fired once a minute.
Aids to memory of the rule of the road at sea,
by the late Mr. Thomas Gray. C.B. —
1, — Two steamshtps meeting.
" When both side lights you see ahead,
Port your helm and show your RED."
S. — Two steamships passing.
•• GREEN to GREEN— or. RED to RED—
Perfect safety— Go ahead I *'
COLNE
146
COLUMBUS
3. — Two steamships crossing.
Nott. — This is tbe position of greatest danger ;
there is nothing for it but good look-out. caution,
and judgment.
" If to your starboard RED appear,
It is your duty to keep dear ;
To act as judgment says is proper ;
To Port — or SUrboarcl— Rack — or Stop her I
But when upon your Port is seen
A steamer's starboard light ol GR£EN,
There's not so much for you to do,
For GREEN to Port keeps clear of you."
4. — Jtll ships must keep a good look-out.
" Both in safety and iu doubt.
Always keep a good look-out ;
In danger, with no room to turn,
Ease her 1 Slop her I Go astern ! "
Colae. British torpedo-boat destroyer. {Chia-
wick, 1905) Length. 222 ft, ; beam. 33^ ft. ;
draught, 9^ ft. ; displacement. 600 tons : comple-
ment. 73 ; armament, i 12-pdr., 5 6-pdr., 2 tubes ;
twin screw ; Hp., 7, 1:00=25 kts. ; coal, 126 tons.
Colomb. Vic&-AdxniraJ Philip Howard (1631-99).
Inventor and biu^^rapbcr (U Scotland). Saw active
service during the Burmese war, 1852 (Bunnah
mctlal and clasp). Is the inventor of the system
known as Coiomb's " Flashing Signals," which has
been universally adopted throughout the world.
Publications: Essays on "Naval Defence"
(1893). " Navai Warfare " (1891), " Memoii of Sir
Astley Cooper Key " (1898].
Colombia. Pacific Steam Navigation Co.'s
coastal mail steamer from Panama to Valparaiso,
lost at I^bos de Tterra. August 10. 1907. One
passenger and two of the crew perished.
Colombo. Hast India mail steamer, wrecked on
Minicoy Island. 440 miles from Point de Galle,
Ceylon. November 19. 1662. No lives were lost.
Colonial Ughthoosei. (Merchant Shipping Acta,
1894-9S.] The expression " colonial hgbts " means
any lighthouses, buoys, or t-eacons on or near the
coast of a Biitish possesuou, and maintained by
the Board of Trade out of uiuncys provided by
Farliantcut, or out of colonial light dues.
The dues, whtch arc fijced by the Sovereign by
Ordeis in Council, and cannot be levied in a»y
British possession without the consent of the
Legislature of that possession, arc collected and re-
covered from the owners or masters of all vessels
passing or deriving benefit from the lights in respect
of which the dues are levied, by persons appointed
by the Governor, and are paid over to the General
Lighthouse Fund, subject to the prior payment
thereout of any sums payable on account of money
secured on those dues at the commencement of
this Act (1890) in accordance \s'ith the conditions
OD which the money is secured. After deducting
the expenses of collection the dues are applied to
erecting and maintaining the lighthouses, etc., in
respect of which they are levied. Accounts of .
hght dues received, and sums expended in con-1
struction. repair, etc.. are annually laid before
Parhamcnt.
Colonlat Mntual Fire Instiranoe Co. Established j
1878, IranbAcUng firf. marine, fuU-Iity, guarantee,]
plate glass, and accident insurance. Authorised!
capital, ^250.000, of which ^loo.ooo has been sub
scribed in 100,000 shares of £t each. Dividends
at the rate of 8% per annum aic paid, and a
Reser\'c Fund ha-s txren built up of ^75.000.
OOicrs 6u Market Street, Melbourne.
Colorado. U.S. ist class cruiser. (Cramp's,
190J.)
Length $02ft. Beam 70ft. Maximum draught 27it.
Displacement 1 -[.400 lona. Complement 822.
Guns. Armour.
4 — 8 in., 45 caL " Knipp."
14 — 6 in. t> in. Belt amidships.
18— 14 pdr. 6 in. Turrets.
12—3 pdr. 9 in. Conning tower.
8—1 pdr.
8 Colts.
2 Field guns. 3 in.
Torpedo Tubes (iS in.).
2 Submerged.
Twin screw. Hp. 23,000^22 kts. Coal maxi-
mum 2,oou tons. AppFOximalr cost /)!, 300.000.
ColoHiu. British 2nd class battleship {9,410
tons, 142 kts.). Launched 18S2.
Columbia. U.S. commncc destroyer (1893).
Length 4 1 2ft. Beam 58ft. Maximum draught 26ft.
Displacement 7,430 tons. Complomuit 524.
Guns. Armour.
I — 8 in. " Harvey."
2 — 6 in. 4 in. Dock.
S — 4 in. 4 in. Sponsoos.
13^-6 pdr. 5 in. Conning lower.
4 — I pdr.
4 Colts.
Totptdo Tubts (18 in.).
4 Above water.
Three screws. Hp. forced 2i,soo=33 fcts.
maximum 2.40a tons.
Columbia. Iron steamer (2.750 tons). In collisic
with the small wooden steamer San Pedro ofl tli
coast of Northern California, July 20, 1907, Oul
of 361 passengers i$o were drowned.
Colamhas, Bartolomeo (i44S-<5ij)- Brother of
ChriatojiluT Columbus (b. Genoa). Accompanied
Bartolomoo Diaz on his voyage to the Cape of
Good Hope, 1486-S7 : commanded the auxihary
Heet dtspatchi-d after Columbus sailed 00 bis
second voyage, 1494 ; was given tlus small island
of Mona. near Hcspaniola. whore he resided OAtU
his death.
COLUMBUS
147-
COMMERCIAL
Oolnmbtu. Christopher (1436-1506). tn Italian.
Cristofero Colombo, and in Spanish, Cristobal Colon.
Disco\-crer ol the New World called America
(t). Onoa). Went to sea at the age of 14, and is
knowD to liavt; visited, among other places during
bis early activity. England, Ireland, and the Greek
Islands. In 1740. when he was wrecked during a
sea fight i*ith some Venetian galleys off the coast
of Portuf^al, he landed and settled at Lisbon, and
during the next few years made many voyages to
Madfara and the Azores. On August .1, 14^2, an
expedition consisting of the Santa Maria, a docket]
ship with a crew of 50, commanded by Columbus
in prrson, the PtnJa. with 30 men under Martin
Pizon, and the Nina, with 50 men under his brother
Vinccntc Pizon, the whole expedition numbering
only 120 men, leit Spain. Three days after the
shipA had set .sail the Pinta livtt her rudder, and
they had to put in at TeneriiTc to refit. On Scp-
Eember 6 they weighed anchor once more, and bis
real voyage of discovery began. On October 12
land was sighted in the Bahamas, which was named
by Cjjlumbus San .Salvador, He discovered Cuba
and Haiti, and returned to Europe after his ship
Smnta Maria had been MTccked. On September 1 j,
during that voyage, the variation of tlie magnetic
needle wa.f for the lirst time observed.
On Spptember is, 1493, be set out with a much
larger squadron, and reached Dominica, an island
in the West ludica. tte returned from his second
voyage in 1496, and set out on a third, which
resulted in the discovery of the mainland of SouUi
America. In 150:1 he set out on his last voyage,
daring which he explored the Gulf of Mexico, re-
turning in 1.104. He died. May 20, 1506. at Valla-
dolid, in Spain.
St€ Washington Irving's " Life and Voyages
cd Columbua " (1S31). Sir A. Help's (1869), and
J, Winsoc's " Narrabvc and Critical History of
Amexica." Vol. H. (1885-89), "Life." by Fernando
Columbus, Major's "Select Letters of Columbus,"
biof^raphie^ by Markliam (1893), and Adanus (1S92).
Cohimbai, City ol. Passenger ship. Ran on a
rvcf on the coast of Massachusetts and went down.
January t8. 1884 ; 97 lives lost.
Oomh. .-V smalt piece of timber under the lower
part of the beak-head for the forc-tack to be
battled to. In some vessels it is used instead of a
bunikin. It has the same use in bringing the fore-
tack on board that the chess-tree has to the main
tack.
CJonnrma. Andite A. (b. Vails. July 10, 1S42).
Spaniitb naval architect. Educati'd ;it tlic School
of Na\-al Architecture, Fcrrol. In 1364 waa ap-
pointed assistant naval architect, and in 1873. by
order of the Spanish Goveniment, he was appointed
constructor of the largest graving dock in Fcrrol.
and after completing thw work In; was in 1880 nrnt
to I-ondon as rngmeer to the Royal Spanish Naval
Commission, and was subsequently attached to the
Spanish Legation in London. In i83r he went to
Paris and reprcjscnted the Spanbsh Navy at the
Congress des Electricous. On his return to Fcrrol
in 1 884 he was appointed Chief ot the Royal Dock-
yard, and under his direction many ship-i of war
were built, and he derigned and supenntended the
construction of six ships of war for tlic Spanish
Navj,'. building by Messrs. Vila and Co.. Fcrrol.
in 1898 he retired from the Navy with the rank ol
General of Naval Architecture. For services
rendered he has been decorated with the Legion
d'Honneur, France, and the Grand Cross of Naval
Work in Spain.
Member of the Institution of Naval Architects,
of the Royal Society of Arts, of the Institution of
Electrical Engineers, of the Association Technique
Maritime, and of the Soci6t£ Internationale dca
Electricienes of Pans.
Publications : " Treatise on Shipbuilding,"
adopted as a text-book in engiocering schools ; and
many articles published in the transactions of
technical societies.
Comst. German torpedo gun-boat (1892)-
Length 333ft. Beam 31ft. Maximum draught 13ft.
Displacement 9^ tons. Complement [15.
Guns. ArtHour.
4— iSi pdr. *' Steel."
2 Machine. i in. Dock.
t in. Conning tower.
Torpedo Tubes.
1 Submerged bow.
2 Above water.
Twin screw. Hp. 4.500^ 19 kts. Coal maxi-
mum 1 20 tons.
Comet, See Bell, Henry.
Oomete. French gun-boat (1884). Displace*
ment, 470 tons. On China station.
Come ap. To let go or slacken.
ComiDg-np. When the wind shifting allows a
nearer approach to the course.
Commander. In the British Navy ranks below
captain and above first lieutenant : is second oflicer
in command of a smaller vessel not commanded by
a captain. Optional retirement. 45 ; compulaory
retirement, 50.
Commercial, Shipping, and Oeaeral Advertiser
(or West Cornwall. Established 1867. Published
weekly {Saturday). Gratis. Address: Penryn,
Cornwall.
Commercial treaties are contracts made between
States in iurtherance of security of trade, naviga-
tion, or personal legal rights. The subjects dealt
with include importation, exportation, transit.
transhipment, bonding of goo<lB, Customs tariffs,
navigation charges, quarantine, admission of
vessels to ports and docks, coasting trade, fisheries,
and Consuls and their rights. They determine the
COMMISSION
148
COMPAGNIE
local position of subjects of each State in the other
country in regard to rcskloncc. property, taxes,
mihtnry sen-ice, and nationality.
GommlBSion Clatue. See Clauses.
Conuoissioned officers, NaraL Set Naval Educa-
tion.
CommissiODan, NavaL -SV^ Admiralty, t^rds of
the.
Commodore In the British Navy is temporarily
conferred to a post captain when commanding a
small squadron. He is entitled to exercise most of
the functions of the 6ag-ofIicer, and to hoist the
broad pennant. In yacht clabs the comroodore is
president ; in the mercantile marine he is the senior
master serving afloat.
Commodore Py. Argentine torpedo-boat. (Thorny-
croft, i$9o.) Length, 150 ft. ; displacement,
110 tons ; } tubes ; speed, 24 kts.
OommoB bend. See Knot
Commonwealth. British ist class battleship.
[Fairfield, 1905,}
Length 453 ft Beam 78 ft Mean draught 3^ ft.
Displacement (6,350 tons. Complement 777.
Guns. A rmemr.
4 — 13 in. " Krupp."
4— 9'3 in. 9 in. Belt amidships.
10 — 6 in. 12 in. Barbettes.
14 — 13 pdr. t2 Id. Conning tower.
14— i pdr.
3 Maxims.
Torpedo Tubes.
4 Submerged broadside.
1 Submerged stern.
Twin screw. Hp. [8.000= i8"5 kts. Coal maxi-
mnm 3.000 tons. Approximate cost ^t, 500,000.
Comozants. See St. Elmo's Fire.
Compa^nie At Naripation Harocane et Ar-
meniemie. This company, with therir head cilices
in Marseilles, have a fleet of ii well-appointed
vessels sailing from Marseilles every alternate
Wednesday for Sanisouii, Trebizonde, Batoum. and
Novorossisk, returning from Novorissisk via inter-
mediate ports every alternate Sunday. A service
is maintained once monthly from Marseilles to
Tangiers and the coast of Morocco, and one twice a
month from ManeineH for Gibraltar, Tangiers, and
the coast of Monxxo.
FUET.
AnaMie. Circassie. Meurtht.
Armenie. Imtretfiu. Mingvelie.
Btthyni*. La GauU. MoselU.
Caramanie. Oued Sebou.
Oompafoie de Naiigation Mixte, with their head
ofhces at MarseiUcs, have a fleet of 14 steamers,
which maintain frequent sailings from Marseilles
to the Mediterranean ports. A service is main-
tained every Saturday from Marseilles for Bizerte,
I
Tunis, and Palermo, and vie* versa ; one every
Friday from Marseilles for Philippeville and BAoe.
and tic* vena ; one every Wednesday from Mar-
seilles to Oran, Beni Saf, Nemotirs, Mdilla, TctOBan..
and Tangiers, and viu versa ; one every Wednsiday
from the same portit. catling at Palermo and
Malaga : one every Tuesday and Friday from
Marseilles for Algiers ; every Weducsday for Tunis,
Sousse. Monastir, Mehdia. Sfax. Djesbab,
Tripoli.
Fleet.
Emir. Medjerda. RJkom*.
Djurjura. Mouiouya. Soudan.
Feiix TonacMe. Oasis. Tafna.
I Sly. Omara. TetL
La Marsa. Tottaru.
Compagnie des Bateaoz A Vapeiu da Hord. with
their head offices in Punkirk, have a fleet of 30
modem steamers, ranging from 700 to 5.000 tons.
The company, which is now one of considcaabie
importance, commenced in a very modest way to
i8;3. Services are maintained from Dunkirk to
Bordeaux, Marieillca. and Cette. where they con-
nect with the Messagerics Maritimes for Sooth
America, and with the Comp. Transatlantique ior
the Mediterranean, China, and Japanese ports. A
service from Dunkirk to Havre, which connects witlt
the Comp. Tran.satlantiquc (or New York ; from
Dunkirk to Bayonne ; from Dunkirk to Boulogne,
L'Orient. La Kochelle, and Kochefort ; from Don-
kirk to Hamburg; from Dunkirk to London. A
service is also maintained three times a month to
Morocco via Gibraltar.
Fleet.
Cambria. Vilte de CariMa^.
Frederick Morel. Vilie de Cette.
Jean Barl. Viile de Constattiim.
Maria. Vilte de Dunhrr^iu.
Word. ViiU de Litte.
N. Verberckmoes. Vilte de Lorient.
President. V'lile de MarsgiUst.
Viile d' Arras. Vilte de Hockefort.
VUU de Bordeaux. Viile de Strasburg.
Viile da Boulogne. Vilte de Valenciennt.
Compagnie Fran^ais de Nangation 4 Vapeor.
See Gyp. Pabre and Co., Marseilles.
Compagnie Francaise de Cabotage des Men dc
Chine, with their head olfice in Paris, have a fleet
of three steamers engaged m passenger and caigo
trade on the coast of China. These vessels have
accommodation for a large number of native
passengers on deck.
Flhet.
Binh Thuan. Hainam. Pku Yen.
Gross tonnage, 4,100.
Compagnie 6^n6rale Tiansatlantlqae, with their
head ofiice in Pans, was establi&hed in 1S63, and
has a fleet of 56 steamers aggregating 182,331 ton;.
the vessels including La Lorraine and La
COMPAGNIE
149
COMPANIA
both of which bAve a speed of 31 kts. A service
is maintaioed every Saturday from Havre for New
York, SAiUng irom New York (or Havre every
Thursday. A service from St Naxaire and Bor-
deaux for the West Indies, VeDrzuela, Central
America. South and North Pacific. Cuba, and
Mexico. Steamers al&o trade from Marseilles to
Algiers, Bi2crtc, Bono, Bougie, CoUo, Sjidjellt, La
Cello, Malta, Oran. Pliilippuville. Tabarka. Tunis.
Slax nnd Sotiasr.
Corapagnis Havratse Feninsnlaire de Navuiation
A Vapeor. with their bead office in Havre, is the
outcome of the purchase of the business and
steamers of E. Grosos, now director general oi this
company. The fleet cooststa «f 1 1 powerful modem
nail, passenger and cargo steaniersi. which maintain
regular sailings from Havre to Portugal. Spain,
and Algeria, and vkt versa ; from Havre to Ri-
UQSon and Madagascar, and ifice versa ; and from
Havre to Chili and Prru, and vice versa.
Fleet.
C(mitanttn. Vttte d' At§ef.
CPiigo-Suarex. ViUe du Havre.
Dfitmtti. ViUe de Majunga.
HavtaisM. Villc tie Paris,
t^adagascar Ville de Tnmatave.
^ VitU de Tarragotu.
Ctonptgaie Hineillaise do MavigatioQ A Vapear
(Ftaissinct ct Cie.K ^mUi the liead crtices in Mar-
seilles, have a fleet of 18 steamers, which maintain
B service from Marseilles for Corsica ; a postal
•ervice for the West Coast of Africa : a service
for tfao Levant and Danube : and one to Naples.
Steamers leave Marseilles for Bastia and Livoume.
Fridays and Sundays ; for Ajaocio. Moncla>'S and
Fridays ; for Propriano every Thursday ; for
Calvi and lie RotissB, Wednesdays. A service from
Nicic to R-uitia every Wednesday, and for Ajaccio
every Saturday. A monthly service from Mar-
seilles lor the West Coast of Africa ; and a fort-
nightly service for the Levant and Danube, calling
at Genoa. DardaneJIes. Constantinople. Bourgas.
Varna, Sulina. Galatz. Braila.
Fleet.
Daihan. Ltamone.
Socognamo. L'MoK.
vrte. Luxetie Fraitsinet,
'vnioj. Mate Fraissiiut.
Esttrel. PelioH.
Faraman. Sta mboul.
Fetix Fraitsriut. Tanrus.
Colo. Tibet.
Henry Ftaissimt. Ville de Bastia.
Compacaie lUditerraofenne de SavigaUon* with
their head ofhces in Marseilles, have a tleet of 1 3
excellent paeenger and cargo steamers, which
maintain a service from Marseilles, Nice, and Port
Vcitdrcs, to Corsica. Algiers. Tunis, and Italy.
Steamers sail from Marseilles weekly lor Ajaccio ;
twice a week for Bastia ; weekly Ux Algiers, via
£
Port Veodres : weekly for Tunis and Naples ;
weekly for Leghorn. From Nice weekly lor Bastia.
Naples and Tunis. From Port Vcndres weekly for
Algiers.
Fleet.
■Algerien. Gallia. Sutnidia.
Bastiais. Iberia. Orient.
Corsica. Italia. Tavignano.
Entile. Jeanne d' Arc. Viaavone.
Monie d'Ore.
Compagnie Traasatlantiea de BarceloDA. with
their head ofhces in Barcelona, have a fleet of
excellent passenger steamers, which carry the mails
from Barcelona to Antilles and Central America,
transhipment for North and South Pacific Coast
taking place at Colon. Regular sailings are
maintained from Barcelona and Genoa, to Cadiz,
Las Palmas, Teneriffe. Santa Cruz. San Juan,
Havana, Pt. Limon. Colon, Sabanilla. Curafao.
Porto CabfJlo. and La Guaira. A service is main-
tained at schcdul^l times from Genoa, Naples,
Barcelona and Cadiz, for New York, Havana, and
Vera Cruz. .\ regular monthly service from Santan-
dcr to Havana and Vera Cruz. A ser\'ice from
Genoa, Barcelona, and Cadiz to Santa Cruz, Tene-
rifte, Monte Video, and Buenos Aires. A regular
service for the Philippine Islands, from Liverpool.
Spanish Ports, and Genoa, calling at Port Said, Suez,
Aden. Columbo, Singapore, Manilla.
Fleet.
AlicatUe. T.eon XII.
Antonio Ijopet. Manuel Caloo.
Buenos Ayres. Montevideo.
Isla de Luxon. Moniserrat.
tsla dr Panav. P. de Satrustegui.
Compania Maritima Cabana (formerly the Munson
Steamship Line), with their head offices in New
York, have a fleet of five steamers trading between
New York. Havana, and Cuba. Regular -uiilings
arc maintained at scheduled times, and three of the
steamers have accommodation for passengers.
Fleet.
Cubana. Mobila. Olinda.
Curityba. PaJoma.
Gompuiia Tniniw*lant!ivt, Cadiz, v,-ith the head
oSices at Cadiz, have a fleet of 22 modem steamers,
which trade between Cadiz and the West Indian
Islands. These vessels, nearly all of which have
been built in England, have excellent pa5uengcr
accommodation, and are fitted with the latest
machincty for working cargo.
Fleet.
Alfonso XII. C. Lopes.
Alfonso XIII. Cristina.
AlicanU. I. Lujon.
A. Lopet. I. Panay.
B. Aires. J. Pielago.
Cataluna. Larache.
C. Cadii. Leon XIII.
M, Catvo.
Mogador.
Montevideo.
Montserrat.
Ritbai.
Satrusleg.
S. Franco.
Villaoerde.
COMPANION
150
CONCORD
Oomptnion. A high covering for a hatchw&y.
Company, A, is aa aasociation of peraoas called
members, whose shares are traniferable. A limited
company is one in which the liability of the share-
holders is limited to the nominal value of their
shares. Syndicates are associatianri formed cither
under agreements which constitute the members
partners, or under the Companies Acts, in which
case their position docs not differ legally from that
of otiicr registered companies. The Companies
Act. 1863-1000. protects the public from imposition,
so far as it is possible to do so, by requiring certain
legal and public formalities in the formation.
prospectus, commencement of business, powers,
acts, accounts, and '.vinding-np of every company.
Compass Coarie is the course steered by ship's
compass.
Composite. In shipbuilding a vessel con-
structed partly of wood and partly of iron having
an iron framework with a wooden skin.
Compresaor. A curved bar to brace the chain
cable against a beam.
Comiis. Britidh 3rd class cruiser (3.380 tons,
12I kts.). Launched 1878.
Compaas, The Mariners\ which is a declination
compass, is an iitstmuicnt used at sea for directing
the course of a ship. Although the invention of
the compass wxi formerly placed about the year
1303, there are indications that it was used in
China some 2.000 years ago. and it is certain it was
in use in Europe during the twelfth century. The
discovery of the magnetic declination or variations
of the compass is due to Columbus, and was made
by him in 1493. The compass consists of three
parts, vii., the box, the card, and the needle. The
box is circular, and usually made of brass, and ia
huDg on gimbals, so that it maintains a horizontal
position in every motion of the ship. The mag-
netised needle, which is the essential part of the
compass, is fixed to the lower part of a card, which
revolves with the ucedlc. The upper surface of
the card is divided into 32 points, with their inter-
mediate quarters, and in addition all steamships
have the circumference of the compass card marked
out into .160 degrees. In iron or steel vessels there
is a deviation of the north and south line from the
magnetic meridian, owing to the permanent
magnetism of such a vessel. This is compensated
(or by placing a permanent steel magnet in the
neighbourhood of the compass, which exerts an
equal and opposite couple to tliat due to tltc ship.
Tliere are numerous improved and patent com-
passes, including thase of Pope, Preston. GowlanH.
Harris, Walker, and Scor«by. The one most in
favour, Iiowever, was patented in 1876 b>' Sir
William Thomson (afterwards Lord Kelvin).
(?.f.).
The declination compass is an instrument
invented to measure the magnetic declination of the
place when its astrononueal meridian is known.
The Inclination Compass is an instrument for
measuring magnetic inclination or dip.
See Cavallo's "Treatise on Magnetism" (2nd
ed., 1800). Macphvrson's " Annals of Com-
merce " (1805), Johnson's " On the Deviations of
the Compass" (1853), Scoresby's "The Compass
in Iron Ships" (1855). Evans and Smith's "The
Admiralty Manual of the Compass," Merrifield's
" Magnetism and the Deviation of the Compass "
(Part II., 1872], Harris s " Rud. Treat, on Mag-
netisin " (ifi?^), Thomson's "Natnro" (voL x.,
p. j«8. 1874).
Con. Abbreviation for Connecticut.
ConcMlmeot. In marine insurance all facts of
Importance bearing 00 the risk must be placed before
the imderwriter. To conceal a material fact
voids the insurance. The principle is that an
underwriter is entitled to assume as the basts o!
a contract that the assured has communicated to
hira every material fact not only which he knows,
but which he ought to have known. Hence, when
an agent, the shipper of goods, who ought to
have telegraphed to the owner the news of the .ship's
loss, purposely refrained from doing so. and sent
the news by post in order to give his principal time
to insure, the insurance was held void. (Proud-
foot V. Monteflore, L.R. 2 Q.B.D. 511.) The
penalty for concealment, generally speaking, is
that tlxc polic>* is wholly void, or, more prrciselyj
voidable at the option of the underwriter on first
discovery of the concealment. He may elect to
condone it and retain his premium, but he most
make his ejection at once. (Marshall on losur&noe,
p. 450.)
The obligation to communicate any fact bearing
upon the risk re^ts equally upon the underwriter
with the assured ; and therefore if at the time of
effecting the insuraiice the underwriters were pri-
vately cognisant of the fact tha.t the ship had
arrived in safety, the jmlicy would bo void as to
him, and an action would ho against him for the
recovery of the premium. (Carter v. Boehm ;
Marshall on Insurance, 2nd ed., p. 466.)
Untrue deductions of value on a " ship or ships "
policy, representing risks which have run off as of
less value than they actually were, vitiates a poKcy
on the ground of concealment, or rather of mis-
representation. (Rivaz V. Gcrussi. 4 Asp. Mar.
L.C. 377 ; also Morrison v. Universal Co., L.R.
8 Ex. 40, 197.)
(3oDCord. U.S. gun-t»at (Chester. 1891.)
Length 230ft. Beam 36ft. Majcimum draught 17ft.
Displacement 1,700 tons. Complement 294,
Guns. Armtmr,
6— «ia. "Steel."
2 — 6 pdr. I in. Deck amidships.
2—3 pdr.
Mp. 3,400=16 kts. Coal maximum 401 tons.
JL
CONDE
151
CONSTANCE
Ooode. Frcacb lat daas cruiser. (L'Orient,
1900.)
Leagtli 460^1. Bc-ani 63ft. Maximum draught 26it.
Displacement 10,000 tons.
Armour.
" Krapp."
6} in. Belt amidships.
8 in. Turrets.
S in. Conning tower.
Guns.
a — 7"6 in., 40 cal.
8 — 6"4 in.
6 — 4 ID.
1 8—3 pdr.
3—4 pdr.. Boat guns.
Torpfdo Tuhes (177 in.).
3 Submerged.
2 Above water.
I Above water stem.
; screws. Hp. io.soo^se kts. Coal maxi-
mum t.590 tons. Approximate cost ^^875.000.
Oonde de Vcnadito. Spanish cruiser. (Carta-
gena. iS38.) Length. 310 ft.; beam. 33 ft;
draught, 13 ft.; displacement, i.iis tons: com-
plement. 130; guns. 4 4'7 in., 2 37 in. ; torpedo
tubes, 2 above water ; Hp.. i,6oo=c 14 kts. ; coal,
230 tons,
Oondor. Dutch gunvesseL Displacement, 400
tons. At present on commission on Indian Station.
Ooodor. French avisos. (Rochcfort, 18S6.)
Length 3i6ft. Beam 39ft. Maximum draught 16ft.
Dtsplacement 1,200 tons. Complement 134.
Guns. A rmour.
5 — 3 "9 in. " SteeL*'
I — 3'5 in. 1} in. Deck amidships.
Torpedo Ttibes.
5 Above water.
Hp. 3,8003:17 kts. Coal maximum 300 tons.
Of small fighting value.
Condor. German 3rd class cruiser. (Hamburg,
1892.)
Length 346ft. Beam 33(t. Maximum draught i;ft.
Displacement i.6uo tons. Complement 1O5.
Guns. Armour.
-41 ia. "Steel.*"
I Small. 3 in. Deck amidships.
Totf>*do Tubes.
2 Above water.
Hp. z,9ooa 16 kts. Coal maximinn 300 tons.
Ooodoroet. French ist class battleship. I.aid
down 1906.
Length 475ft. B«amS4ft. Maximum draught 27ift.
Displacement 18,000 tons. Complement 6S0.
Guns. Armour.
4 — 12 m. " Knjpp."
13 — 9*4 in. 10 in. Belt amidships.
16— 13 pdr. 1 3 in. Turrets.
8 — 3 pdr. 13 in. Conning tower.
Torpedo Tubes (iS in.].
2 Submerged.
3 Above water.
Three screws. Hp. 33,500=19 kts. Coal maxi-
mom 2,010 tons. Approximate cost ;^i,835.ooo.
Oondora. Italian torpedo-boat. (Ansaldo, 189S.)
Length. 1 54 ft. ; beam. 16 ft. ; draught. 6( ft, ;
displacement, 136 tons; complement, 27; arma-
ment. 2 3-pdr., 2 tubes ; twin screw ; Hp., 2,5000
27 kts. ; coal. 33 tons.
Oooflict. British torpedo-boat destroyer. (East
Cowcs. 1S94,) Length. 205 ft : beam, 20 ft :
draught, 8 ; displacerocat, 370 tons ; complement,
50; armament, i 12-pdr., 5 6-pdr.. 2 tubes; twin
screw ; Hp.. 4,370 = 37 kts. ; coal, Co tons.
OoDneotioaL L'.S. tut class battleship- (New
York, J 904.)
Length 4sGft Beam 76ft. Maximum draught 37ft
Displacement 16.000 tons. Complement 916^
Guns. A rmour,
4—13 in., 45 cal. " Krupp."
8 — 8 in. 1 1 in. Belt amidships.
13 — 7 in. 13 in. Turrets.
30 — 14 pdr. 9 in. Conning tower.
13—3 pdr.
14 Small.
Torpedo Tubes (18 in.).
4 Submerged.
Twin screw. Coal maximum 2,200 tons.
Approximate cost /1,300,00a.
Conning. Directing the helmsman.
Congaeror. On December 26. ift6i. this vessel
was stranded on Rum Cay, near the Baliamas, and
was lost The captain was censured for neglect of
duty.
Conqoeror. East Indiaman. homeward bound,
wrecked near Boulogne. January 13, 1843. Crew
and passengers lost
OonqDoror. On February 15, 1760. this vessel
was lost on St Nicholas's Island. Plymouth.
Oonssmncy is a board of cotnmissioncrs or
trusteeft in whom the control of a river or port is
vested by Act of ParUament The Board regulates
the navigation and flow of water, protects fisheries,
and adopts measnrcs to prevent pollution. Tlie
Thames Conservancy by the Act of 1894 consists
of 38 conservators, whose authority extends from
Cricklade to Yantlet Creek, and includes the right
to improve navigation, the maintenance of tow-
paths, locks, etc.. the licensing, the erection of
wharfs and piers, the dred^ng of the river, and
removal of obstructions. The Thames Conser\*ancy
possesses all rights in the bed and soil of the river
up to tngh-water mark.
Oonjerrators of the Thames. See Thames C^-
servancy.
Constance. A vessel, built by Messrs. Elder in i860,
with engines of large c>iinder capacity to admit of
great expansion with sur lace -condensers and super-
heaters to the boilers. It was worked with steam
of 32 pounds pressure, and wex« compound engiaei
with six cylindtrre. The economy of fuel was vwy
CONSTRUCTIVE
152
CONSULATO
marked, as th«y wero able to obtain ooe indicated
horsc-povk'cr with 2} pounds oi fuel. The engines,
howe\'er. were excessively complicated and heavy
for that time, their weight being about 5I cwt.
per maximum indicated horse-power.
CoDstractive total Ion U a loss o( a ship con-
demned on account of her having sustained injuries
so extensive that she is not worth the cost of
repairs.
As to constructive total loss of cargo, the under-
writer engages only that the thing iiixurud shall
reach its destination capable of being used under
the same denomination that it had when the risk
commenced — 1>.. that a &hip shall reach its de-
stination capable of b«'iiig used as a ship, and that
cargo, say rice, shall reach its destination capable
of being used as rice.
The questions, therefore, are :
(1) Is it practically possible for the assured to
make the thing insured reach its destination i
(2) Will or does it reach its destination capable
of being used under the denomination it had before
it was damaged by perils of the sea ?
There arc many points, some ol great nicety,
bearing on auytlting that could hv said : but.
speaking generally, it is an un'^'ritteti law of marine
insurance that the assured must act as a prudent
uninsured owner would do. if the outlay neces-
sary to remove or repair the damage is what a
prudent uninsured owner would undertake, it is
not a constructive total loss ; if he would not. it is.
There is a constructive total lo€S of goods when
the goods cannot practically reach thoir destiua-
tion— 1.#., when the expenses resulting from perils
of the sea will exceed the probable proceeds of Uie
goods at their port of destination.
To make an underwriter liable for a total lo^^s
when it is a constructive total loss only, a notice
of abandonment is necessary. There cannot be a
coiutructtve total loss of freight, for there is nothing
to abandon.
By English law the assured cannot say to his
underwriter ; " Here, take my property. Give me
the amount for which you have insured it." All
be can legally say is : "I give you notice that, in
consequence of such and such circumstances, I
now make my election, and declare my intentions
to transfer my interest in what I have insured vvith
you, d{:maiiding in return the sum insured there,
and now I make you the o£er of this Irausfer."
This tender or notice of abandonment should bo
made as soon as the assured has made up his mind
that it is rea.sonably certain the interest in effect
will be totally lost
H he delays, then all that he does may be
reckoned up against him as testimony of his un-
willingness to tender abandonment at the proper
time, and he may in consequence have to be
satisfied with some form of indemnity that does
not confer on him a payment of a total loss against
the transfer of his property, but leaves bim with
that property repaired, so as only to be as good as
it was before the accident causing the damage.
If the notice of abandonment to the under-
writers has not been accepted, there is a posa-
biUty of neither assured nor underwriter taking
steps to save the imperilled property : neither may
be inclined to act in such a way as may be held
to indicate an assumption of ownership which each
wishes to declaim. This is the reason of the crxist-
cnce of the " Waiver Clause " or " Sue and Labour
Clause." by which it is " expressly declared and
agreed that tlie acts of the assured or ttic assurer
in recovering, saving, or preserving the property
shall not be considered as a waiver or acceptance
of abandonment." If, on the oUier hand, the
assurcd's tender of abandonment is difficultly
operative as regards both assured and underwriter,
each of them has exercised his option and must
abide by the consequences. (Gow on Marine Insur-
ance, p. 147.) Refer to Abandonment; also Clauses
Valuation.
Constraotive Total Loes Clause. See C7.L.
Qausc. I
Ooninl, Meroan tile, is a Govern me nt official ,
resident abroad, wtio is appointed to guard the
rights of the subjects of the natioa he serves, and
to watch the interests cf that country commercially.
Mis powers are wide and various, and he enjoys
ccrtaui immunities and privileges by virtue of hi»
office.
The duties of a British Consul include reportins
on local import and export trade, administeriog
any oath or af&davit, holding inquiries respecting
offences committed on the high seas by British
seamen, issuing and counter -signing passports,
sok-muising marriages contracted t>etween Britaih
subjects or between a foreigner and a British sah-
ject. registering births and deaths, and as5istii%
shipwrecked or unemployed seamen. All docu-
ments alTixed with the Consular seal and signed by
the Consul or hisdcputy arc admitted as evidence in
a British Court of Law without proof of seal of
signature.
ConJiulate ot the Sea, The {Consulato del mare),
is the earliest known collection of sea laws and
customs, and was printed at Barcelona in the
Catalan language in 1494, whereof the only existiflg
copy is in the Paris National Library. It consisted
of a code of procedure issued by the kings of
Aragon for the guidanci: of Courts and Consuls at
sea. a collection of ancient customs, and a body
of ordinances for the government of wai^ps.
Although not universally recognised, it was adopted
by most of the Mediterranean States, and England
adhered to its rules until it was superseded by the
Declaration of Paris, 1856 (^-v.).
Oonsulato del Hare. Stm Consulate of the Sea.
Oontmt. A document specifying a veasd's
destination, stores, etc. signed by her master and
delivered to the Customs aatbohties before she can
clear outwards.
OobAmI British torpedo-boat destroyer. (Bir*
kenhead, 1694.) Length, 3io ft.; beam, ig ft.;
draught, 9 ft. ; displacement. 390 tons ; comple-
ment, 50: ammment, 1 l3-pdr.. $ (S-pdr., 2 tubes;
twin screw ; Hp., 4,4O0'=27 kts. ; coal, 60 tons.
ContintutioD ClaoMt. S££ Clauses.
Contraband. See Smuggling.
Contraband ol war. Gofxls said to be contra-
band of war are divided into two classes, {i) Abso-
lute contraband — i.e., all articles primarily manu-
factured or ordinarily used for naval or military
purposes in war time. (2) Conditional contraband
— I.*., articles which niay be and are used in times
o( peace as well as of war. the law of nations
looking at their destination to detennioe their
character. A neutral ship carrying contraband of
war is by the law of nations liable to confiscation if
captured by a belligerent, though of late the
practice has been relaxed where the owners of the
ship and cargo arc diflerent persons, the contra-
band goods only under such circumstances being
aejyed. Yet the knowledge of a shipowner that tiis
vessel is carr^-ing contraliand. or the fact that she
IB saibng under false papers, renders her liable to
confiscation in addition to the goods she is carrying.
The hability to seizure commcncrs when a vessel
leaves port, and ends when her contraband cargo
is discharged.
Great Britain has recently drafted a memo-
randum on which it is proposed to negotiate with
Germany. France, and Rus.<ua (or tlie conclusion of
an agrcemvii (, aticctiDg contraband. There will be
three lists :
1. " Abiotute " contfoband. — Articles to be placed
in the first class have already been accepted by the
Confereocc. Others can be added after due notifi-
cation.
2. " Condiiional " contraband.— VuvX of alt kinds,
railway and telegraph material, foodstuffs, dothing
and materials for clothing, com. Additional articles
can be added after due notification. Liability to
confiscation, save on payment o( full compensation,
only to come mto force after the expiration of a
fixed period, say. 30 days.
j. " tion-declarable " contraband, — Mails, raw
cotton, raw wool, silk, jute, and other raw material
ol the textile industries : iUuminatiiig otis ; oil seeds
and nots ; rubber, gums, hops : raw hides and
homs ; raw sugar; metallic orvji ; explosives not
nsed for warlike purponea.
Ko goods arc to be considered conditional con-
tTaband unless generally destined for the armed
forces of the enemy. The burden of proof is to be
oo the captor, and full compensation is to be paid
if tiie charge is not substantiated. Neutral destina-
tion is to render ships immune to capture for con-
traband.
It is understood that in return for agreement on
these points Great Britain %vQuld give up the
doctrine of cootinuoua voyages with regard to
contraband. Reftr to Visit and Search, Neutrality.
Oontribotiiig valaes. Su General Average.
Controller, Nara], is the third naval ord who has
care of the material of the fleet. His duty em-
braces all matters connected with naval construc-
tion, dockyards, engines, ordnances, and sto es,
with the exception of coal. He is responsible not
only for the administrative but also of the execu-
tive part of naval shipbuilding. He is responsiUe
for the satisfactory construction and pcTformance
of ships, and the Director of Naval Construction is
responsible to the controller. See Vasey Hamilton's
" Naval Administration." 1896.
Conveyanoing includes all legal draftsmanship.
A conveyance is the instrument by which property
is transferred from one person to another, and
includes assignment, appointment, lease, settlement,
and other assurance, and covenant to surrender.
It is made by deed on a sale, mortgage, demise,
or settlement of any property, or on any other
dealing with or for property. The object of con-
veyancing is to express intentions in the shorteat
and clearest manner.
OODTOr is the accompaniment and protection of
merchant vessels by warships of their country in
time of war.
With regard to neutral ships under convoy, most
Continental nations have a<lopted the principle
that the dt^laration of the convoying officer that
the merchantmen under his charge carry no con-
traband of war exempts them from the belli-
gerent's [q.v.) right of visit and search {q.v.).
Great Britain, however, has always refused to
recognise this immunity of convo>-ed vessels, and
hold that the so-called " right of convoy *" has no
existence except by virtue of a treaty between
States mutually conceding that right. In marine
insurance a warranty [q.v.) to sail under convoy is
a stipulation in the policy that tlie ship shall so
sail, and implies that the convoy shall be for the
whole voyage, that the sailing orders will come
from the officer of the convoying ship, and that the
insured vessel will do her best to keep with her
convoy-
Cook, Omptaln Hatw (1738-79). Celebrated navi-
gator (b. Marton. Yorkshire). After some years
spent in the North Sea and Baltic, he in 1755
joined the Royat Navy, and distinguished himself
to such an extent that he was appointed master
successively of the Stuy, Grampus, Garland, and
Mercury, in the last of which he was principally
engaged in surveying the St. Lawrence Hivor, of
COOK
154
COOTE
which he pnbKsbed a chart of the journey from
Quebec to the sea, and the coast of Newfoundland.
Tn 1768 he receive<J a commission as liputonant.
•Jid set sail m tbe Endeavour, a vessd of 370 tons,
accompanied by several men of science, to observe
the transit of Venus. From Tahiti, where he
erected an obs«rvatofy, he set sail in quest of the
Great Continent, then suppcraed to exist in the
South Pacific, and reached the Island of New
Zealand, which he circumnavigated, aud charted
the coast. From New Zealand be proceeded to
Australia (then called New Holland), and 00
April 28 came in sight of Botany Bay. From
Australia, Cook sailed to New Guinea, and thence
to Batavia, where his ships had to be laid up for
repairs.
In 1772. having been raised to the rank of cap-
tain, be was placed in command of the Resolution,
& ship of 462 tons, and a smaller ship called the
Adventure, which were sent out to determine the
extent of the reported southern continent. He
reached Madeira on July 29. touched at tht? Cape
of Good Hope, and from there the expedition
entered the Antarctic circle in January, 1773.
After skirting the ice in high latitudes, and being
satishci) that no land existed within the limits of
his researches, he set sail for New Zealand. Sailing
again to the south and east the ResoluiioH again
encountered ice. and in January. 1774, in longitude
106* 54' W. Cook reached his highest latitude.
71* 10' S. After entering among tlie Society
l$Iands, steering northward he navigated the
southern tropic from Easter Island to New Tripodcs,
and discovered the island named by him New
Caledonia.
He then set sail for home, reaching England on
July 29, 1775, the Adventure, which liad become
separated from the Resolution in the South Seas,
arriving the previous year. In 177^ he had charge
of an expedition to the Pacific to endeavour to find
a passage round the north coast of Nortli America.
Tlie two ships, the Resolution and Discovery, were
speedily equipped and placed under his commar^l.
He sailed in the Resolution from Plymouth. July 12,
1776, the Discovery, under Captain Clarke, saiUng
shortly afterwards. The two ships joined company
at Cape Town. On this voyage he discovered a
group of islands, which he named the Sandwich
Islands, after the Earl of Sand^nch, who had
taken great interest in the expedition. After cir-
cumnavigating these and laying down their posi-
tion on a chart, he reached the coast of North
America, and explored it from about the 45th
parallel to Icy Cape, where thej- were stopped by
the ice. Returning to winter ofi the Sandwich
Islands, he discovered Nfaui and Hawaii, and it
was here, in consequence of some trouble with the
natives, that he met his death. February 14, 1779,
being murdered in attempting to reach his boat.
Sm " Life " by Kipple, 1778, by Bcsaut, 1S90.
by f^Dghton, " The Diet, of Nat Biog." The
accotuit of his first vfyyufce, written by htmacU,
Is in vols. II. aud III. of " Hawkesworth's Voyaffio,"
1773, that of the second, published in two vols.
in 1777, and of the third in three vols., 1784.
Refer to Antarctic Exploration. Arctic Expknatioa.
Oook, George Croose (h. New York, October 24.
1875). Educated Webb's Academy of Shipbuild-
ing, New York. In 1897 be entered the hull con-
struction department of Messrs. W. M. Cramp and
Sons, shipbuUdiog company, Philadelphia, and
spent several years in work on naval vessels few
tbe United States, Japanese, and Russian Coven-
ments. In 1898 be resigned hit position, aad
entered the department of naval architectore of
the Glasgow University, where he was a student for
two years, and won senior class honours in naval
architecture. On leaving Glasgow he entered tbe
hull construction department of Howaldtswerke.
Kiel. Germany, and remained there some time.
After making a tour of the shipyards and schools
of naval architecture of Europe, he established
himself a"? a naval architect in New York Qty.
Ho is instructor of naval architecture at the Ne*
York Nautical School, and lecturer on shipbuildiDS
for the public schools of New York City.
Publications : Papers published in transactioas
of the Society of Naval .Architects of New York ;
contributions to leading American technical journal.
Cooltfl s;atem. The. which sprang up iipoa the
abolition of slavery, is the importation of labouxen
from China, India, and other countries by natiocu
cither tliem.<>clve» deficient in labourers or hoping
to increruie their own industrial profits by the em-
ployment of foreign labour cheaper than that
locally obtainable. In India the Govenunent
regulates the exportation of coolies, which it
restricts to British colonies, Guadeloupe, Mar-
tinique, and Dutch Guiana. Since 1903 Chineaa
labour has been exteDsi\'ely employed in the Ttans-
vaal.
Cooperate is a system in the North Sea of barter-
iug tobacco, spirits, etc., to seamen and lishermea
by Dutch and other boats, called coopers. The
North Sea Fisheries BUI (1888) prohibited thii
traffic.
Ooote, Arthur {b. Huntingdonshire. March. 1841).
British naval architect. Served his apprenticeship
at Messrs. Denny Brothers, Dumbarton, then for a
year with Messrs. Samiiel-son. of Hull ; and for theot
undertook the delivery of a number of twin-9cre«
Largcs for work on a chain laid between Roaen and
Paris. In 1S64 he joined Mr. Andrew t.ealie in
partnership, at the Hebbum Shipbuilding Yard,
Newcastle ; and on the retirement of Mr. Leslie
became the sole partner. In iSSs he formed an
amalgamation with Messrs. R. and W. Hawthonv.
and became one of the two Directors of Messrs. R.
aud W. Hawthorn, LesUe and Co.. Ltd. He ii
cbairmaji o( ttie An(>Io- Australian Steanuhip Co.,
Ltd.,and Fivcmanaf thcCityof Londoo. Mcmbcroi
the Institution ol Naval Architects ; ot the Institu-
ttoD ol Mccbanical Engineers ; and ol the lostitutioa
of the North-East Coiut Engineers and Sliip-
builders.
Oopenhasen* Battle ot On April 2nd. 1801.
Lord Nelson and Admiral Parker defeated the Dutch
fleet of 23 ships of the line, wht-n r8 of the enemy's
fleet were captured or destroyed. Again in 1 807 ti%e
Dntch fleet surrendered to .\diniral Gambia and
Lord Calhcart. The capture consisting of 18 ships
of the line, 15 frigates, 6 brigs, and 25 guii-boats,
together vnfh immense naval stores.
CoQaette. British torpedo-boat destroyer. [Chis-
wick, i8y8.) Length, 310 ft. ; beam, 19 It. :
draught, 7 ft. : d»placement, 365 tons ; comple-
ment, 60 ; armament, t 12-pdr., 5 6-pdr., 2 tubes;
twin-screw ; Hp., .s.Sooejo kts. ; coal, 80 tons.
Coracle. An ancient British boat constructed of
wicker work, covered by skins, oilcloth, etc. ;
still in use among Welsh and Irish fishermen.
Oorml. {Coraitiaria.) A name applied to the hard
calcareous support or skeleton of many species of
marine zoophytes. The coral producing animals
abound chiefly in tropical seas, and their growth
depends mainly u{ion the mean winter temperature
ol tho tea, and they are confined to seas in which
the temperature of the water during the winter does
not sink, on an average, below 60* or 68** Fahr.
The reef-building corals arc essentially shallow
water forms, flourishing betwreen extreme low
water mark and depths of from 3o to 2$ fathoms.
By their continued growth and aggregation of
countless generations, they form reels, barriers, and
isim of vast extent. The red coral {Coralhum
titibrum) of the Mediterranean is highly prized to:
cnunental pnqwaes.
The chief works on Coral and Coral Islands are : —
Proc. Key. Soc. Edin. (1878-80) ; Cuppy, Proc. Roy.
See. Edin., xiii. (1885-86) ; W. Wharton. " Nature."
xxxvii. (1887-88), tv. (1896-97) ; J. Murray.
"Nature," xxxix. (1888-89): C. Darwin. "Struc-
ture and Distribution of Coral Reefs" (1889);
Sidney j. Hickson's " Naturahst in N. Celebes "
(1889) ; J- D. Dana, " Corals and Coral Islands "
(1B90) : W. Savillc Kent's " Great Barrier Reef of
Anstialia " (1893) ; Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin.,
rxx\-iiL (1896) ; J. Stanley Gardiner. "The Coral
Reefs of Funatuti, Rotuma, and Fiji " ((Proc.
Camb. Phil Soc., ix., 1898) ; " Thu Fauna and
Geography of tlie Maldive and Laccadive Archt-
peUgoes" (190O : A.. Agassis, Bull Mus. Comp.
Zod., passim, and Mem. Mos. Comp. Zool., xxvi.
(1903) ; W. J. SoUas, " Report to the Comouttee of
the Royal Society appointed to inve«tigate the
Structure oi a CoraJ Reel by Boeing " (Proc Roy.
Soc, bt.).
Oonl Iilud is an island made in a large measure
of coral. Bermuda is an instance ol the kind.
Refer to Coral Reef.
Ooral RmL a reef consisting to a comsidcrablc
extent, though not exclusively, of coral. The slooy
skeletons of zoophytes form large masaes of lime-
stone, and these with shells, fragments o( echim. etc.
become cemented together by carbonate ol lime,
derived probably Crom the decomposition ot dead
coraL Darwm divides coral reefs into three kiud-i —
(1) the annular or lagoon reef, generally called an
atoll, (2) the encircling or barrier reef, and (3) the
fringing or skirting reef. The first two are found
only where subsidence is in progress. An encircling
reef, that is. one encircling an island at same
distance from the shore, is found in an area of
:iubsidence where the central mountain of high land
has not yet disappeared beneath thi: ocean. A
barrier rcct — the best known example ol wtiich
is one runomg parallel to the noith-cast coast of
Australia for i.ooo miles, 350 ot them without a
break — is a portion of what, if completed, would bv
an encircling leof. A fringing reef, close to the
aliore of a volcamc island, is produced by the eleva-
tion of the area, which con\-erted into dry land the
narrow channel by which it was at one time separa-
ted from the shore. The Dangerous and Society
Archipelagoes are areas of subsidence uith ntolls.
as is the case writh the Bermuda litland, tlie only
spccimpn in the AUanbc ol an atoll. The New
Hebrides. Solomon Islands, and New Ireland
aflord examples of fringing reefs.
Oordillere (189$). French subsidised merchant
jhip. Mr>is.igeries Marilimes [i/.v,). Dimensions,
463 X 57 X 46 ft. ; gross tonnage, 6.375 : Hp.,
6.000=17 kts.
Coiintb. Union liner. Sunk in collision with
H.M.S. Fir<riranrf. March, 1886.
Corinth CanaL This ship canal crosses the Isth-
mus ol Cormth. The work was commenced in 1.S82,
but nut completed until iSgj, through lack of funds.
It is four miles long. 100 ft. broad, with a bottom
width ol 72 ft., and a depth of 26 ft. It shortens
the sea route from the Gulf of Patras to the Gulf of
Athens by 180 mdes. Owing to the deficient
width, strong currents, and to the tact tliat tlic
sides of the canal have given much trouble since its
opening, notwithstanding that long lengths have
been protected by masonry, or rubble stone, the
traffic is principally conhned to small vessels. The
total cost amounted to approximately ^3,000,000.
Corinthian Taoht Clnh, Royal. See Royal
Connthian Yacht Oub.
Cork jack«U A jacket lined with cork for the
purpose of sustaiuln|[ the wearer on the surface of
the water.
Cork Yacht Clab, RojaL S« Ro>'al Cork Yacht
Qub.
CORMORANT
156
COSMAO
Oormonuit. Late screw sloop. Displacement,
1. 1 30 tons. Flagship of the Admiralty Snperin-
tcndent at Gibraltar Dockyard.
CormoraaL German 3rd class cruiser. (Danzig,
1892.)
Length 346ft. Heam 33ft. Maximum draught 15ft.
Displacement 1,600 tons. Complement 165.
(jUHS. ArtHOur.
8— 4*1 in. "Steel."
7 Small. 3 in. Deck amidships.
Torpedo Tub4s.
2 Above water.
Hp. 3,90O»i€ kts. Coal maximum 300 tons.
Corn. Set Memorandum.
CornwaU. On March 19. 1S71. this vessel was lott
in colhsion ^^itb the Himalaya. oB Hartlepool.
Cornw&ll. British ist class cruiser. (Pembroke,
1902.)
Length 440ft. Beam 66ft. Mean draught a^it.
Dis(tlacement 9,800 tons. Complement 678.
A rmour.
" Krupp."
4 in. Belt amidships.
5 in. Barbettes.
10 in. Cooning tower.
Gnns.
14 — 6 in., 45 cal.
8 — 12 pdr,
a— 13 pdr,. 8 cwt.
3—3 P^r.
8 Pompoms.
Torpedo Tubes (18 to.}.
3 Submei^ed.
Twin screw. Up. 22.000=23 kta. Coal maxi-
mum 1 .600 tons. Approximate cost ;^775,ooo.
This ship-name was introduced into the Navy
about 1685, and is a.<isociated with Barfleur and
La Hogue. 1692; capture of Port Louis, 1748;
Knowles's action oS Havana, 1748 : Byron's action
off Grenada, 1779: Rodney's action with De
Guichen. 1780.
Cornwall Yacht Clab, Royal. Set Royal Cornwall
Yacht Club.
Oomwallifl, British I s( class battleship. (Thames
Ironworks. 1901.)
Length 43gft. Beam 75ft. Maximum draught 27ft.
Displacement 14.000 tons. Complement 750.
Guns. Armour.
4 — T2 in. " Krupp."
12 — 6 in. 7 in. Belt amidships.
12 — II pdr. II in. Barbettes.
6—3 pdr. 12 in. Conning tower.
2 Maxims.
Torpedo Tub$s (18 in.>.
4 Submerged.
Twin screw, Hp. 18,000=19 kts. Coal maxi-
mum 3.000 tons. Approximate cost ^1,000.000.
Conkwallis, Sir William (1744-1819)- British
admiral. Served at Louisburg. 1758: battle of
Quitieron, 1759 : and vi&a present at the capture of
the Achille by the Thunderer, 1761. In 1779 he
took part in the battle ofi Grenatta, and greatly
distinguished himself. He was commander of the
Canada with Hood at St. Kitts. and Rodney, off
it;
»i9'
im
fS
M
itorl
Les Saintes. 1782. In 1795 by a great feat of
strateg>', skill, and daring, when in command of a
small squadron, he managed to escape from a supe-
rior Frt-nch force, and for this he was made fuD
admiral. His nickname in the Navy wa.s " Billy
Blue."
Corona, A scries of small coloured rings, due to
relraction through thin clouds, round the sun or
mooa. The order ol the colours is the reverse of
that in the rainbow.
Coronation. 90 guns. On September x. 1696.
this vessel foundered ofi the Ramhead. The civw
were saved.
Corposants, See St. Hlmo'sFire.
CorrieDlM. Argentine torpedo-boat destroyer
(Yarrow, 1896.) Displacement, 250 tons ; amuMir,
1 in. Protection amidiihips : armament, 1 14-pdr.,
3 6-pdr. ; tubes. J i8-in. ; Hp., 4,300 = 27 kts,
Corrigao. Frencli ship. S«e Korhgan.
Corsaire. French torpedo-boat (1892). Dis
placement, 171 totis : complement, 32; maximum
draught, si ft. ; guns. 2 j-pdr. ; torpedo tubes
2 15-in. ; Hp.. 2,500=25 kts. ; coal. 15 tons.
Cortes. Steamer. Foundered in the Bay of
cay, December 16. 1874 : 35 lives lost.
Coia. Joan dela (1450-1510). Spanish navigatw
(h. Santuna, Italy). Accompanied Columbus as
pilot in 1492. and was sect on several expeditions
to explore tho newly-discovered lands. He made
two coloured maps on vcUum. one mzirking the dis-
coveries by Columbus and his successors, and the
other the Spanish possessions in Africa. He was
killed at Tabasco in Central America during
skirmish with some Indians.
See " Life," in Spanish, with reproduction
maps in six sheets. tSgz.
Cosens and Co., Ltd., with their head offices at
Weymouth, uwu u fleet oi eight excellent pleasure
steamers, which maintain frequent sailings during
the summer montK^, from Weymouth, Swanagc and
Bournemouth, to Ryde. LW.. Cowes. Southsea.
and Brighton. Excursions are also run to Torquay,
Exeter. Teignmouth, and Dartmouth.
Fleet.
Albert Victor. Majestic. Prtmisr,
Brodick Castle. Monarch. Qmmm.
Empress. Victoria,
Cosmao. French 3rd class cruiser. (Bordeatuc,
1890.)
Length 312ft. Beam joft. Maximum draught 141
Displacement 1,900 tons. Complement 190.
Guns. Armour.
4— 5*5 In. "Steel."
8— r8 in. ij in. Deck amidships.
Torpedo Tubes.
5 .^bove water.
Hp, 6,000 a 20 kts. Coal maximum 300 tons.
Of small fighting value.
'as
I
I
COSPATRICK
157
COURT
OofiNiUOk. Emigrant vessel. Took fin in mid
ocean on ber way to Auckland, New Zc&land,
Kovcmbcr 17, 1B74 ; 470 lives lost.
Couaek. British oc^an-gomg Lorpcdo-boat de-
stroyer. (Laird, 1906.) Length. 250 ft ; bfam,
25 ft. ; firaught, 7^ ft. ; displacement, j^ tons :
complement. 6u , armament, 3 t2-pdr.. 1 tubes;
3 screws; lip., I3.ooo=>33 kts. ; coal maximum,
1S5 tons.
Costilicb Fntielli, Trieste. Sm Aoatro-American
Steamship Co.
Cotton cIftnB«s. Ste Clauses.
Cooleunine. Trmch torpedo gim-lxuit. (Mavre,
1896.)
Length 196ft. Beam 21ft. Maximum draught 6ft.
Displacctiicnt .t^g tona. Com]>tcnicnt 63.
Gum. Tofpedj Tubes.
4 — r"8 in. 3 .\bove water.
Up. 2,€ioo=i8 kts. Coal maximum 100 tons.
Of no fighting value.
Coont Belgioioso. Indiaman. On March 13,
17S3, this vessel was lost oB DubUn Baf, when
147 souls perished.
Coantv. A prefix applied to many words oi
our language generally signifying opposition.
Ooontess Evelyne. Cardiff screw steamer. Sunk
by colli-sion with the City of Hatnbutg. near Trevose,
May 3. 1S93 ; 34 lives lost
Ooap«r, SinoUtr (b. Wick. August 34. 1856).
Mecbamcal engineer. Educated Local School,
Fraserburgh, and Grammar School, Aberdeen.
After serN-ing his apprenticeship with Messrs. Bar-
clay. Curie, and Co., Glasgow, he entered the
Glasgow Univrrsity. and took a complete engineer-
ing course, obtainmg the certificate of proficiency
in cngmeering science. While at the University,
and for some time after completing his course, he
worked in the physical laboratory under Sir
William Thomson (I^rd KeK^n). being chiefly
engaged in carrying out a series of experiments
opOD the elasticity of metals. In 1S79 he entered
the employment of Messrs. Miller and Co., Coat-
hridge, and there designefl a large amount of new
and special plant for ^eel works. In tSSs he was
appointed engineering manager of Messrs. I. and W.
Beardmore, Glasgow, and continued in tim ap-
pointment until 18S7, when he went into partner-
ship with the late Mr, Lindsay Burnet, Moore Park
Boiler Works, Govan, and since his death has been
Psole partner in that business. Has been Member
ol Council of Institution of EnginccrK and Ship-
boilden in Scotland, and om; of their representa-
tives on Lloyd's Technical Committee ; member
also Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Institu-
tion of Naval Architects, Iron and Steel Institute,
and Roya] Philosophical Society.
I
Publications : Has contributed papers on various
engineering subjects to the Tmttitution of Engineers
and Shipbuilders in Scotland.
Courbet French and class battleship (i88>}.
Reconstructed [903.
Length 318ft. Beam 69ft. Maximum draught 28ft
Displacement to.ooo tons. Complement 689.
Guns. ArtmntT.
4 — io'8 in. " Iron,'*
3— 9"4 in. 15 m. Belt amidships.
I — 6'4 in. 9 in. Battery.
10 — ^4 In. 3 in. Conning tower.
17 — I pdr.
Torpedo Tubes.
None.
Tvrin screw. Hp. 8,ioo»[5't kts. Coat nonnal
9on tons.
Conrenr. French sca-goiag torpedo-boat de-
stroyer. (Chiswick, iSSa.) Length. 147 ft. ; beam,
15 ft.; draught, 4} ft.; displacement. 129 tons;
complement, 37; armament, 4 Nords., 1 tubes;
twin screw ; Hp., 1.550 = 23 kts. ; coaJ, 35 tons.
Cotines. Mainsail and foresail of square-rigged
ship.
Cottrt-martial in the Navy consists of trials by
a special court composed of admirals, captains, or
commanders, or ol officers of any of those ranks
for the trial of oflcnccs under the Articles of War,
the whole system resting an the Naval Disciplme
Acts, i860 to 1S66. Under the Act of i«66. the
court-martial must consist of five to nine ofbcers.
the rank of the president depending on that of
the prisoner, and must be held publicly on board
of one of H.M.S. ships of war. Except in the case
of mutiny, where the trial is held immediately, it
is necessary to give at least 34 hours' notice for
the attendance of the ofhcers constituting the court
The captain of tlic ship in which the ofleoce Js
committed is the prosecutor, and the prisooer is
given a copy of the charge, and allowed to prepare
a defence, and consult legal advisers, communicate
with witnesses, and obtain the services of a friend
to represent his case. The Board of the Admiralty
have under the Naval Discipline .Acts the general
power of suspending, annulling. modif>*ing sentences
which are not capital. The jurisdiction extends
to aO persons belonging to the Navy, to land
forces and other persons on board, shipwrecked
crews, spies, and persons borne on the lx)oks of
H.M. ships in commission. The defimtion of the
jurisdiction of locahty includes harbours, havens,
or creeks, all places within the jurisdiction of the
Admiralty, all places on shore out of the United
Kingdom, all dockyards, barracks, hospitals, etc.,
all places on shore m or out of the United Kingdom
for all ofiences punishable under the Articles of
War except those specified in the Naval Discipline
Act of i860. If the hnding of the coon is " Not
COURT
t58
CRAIGIE
guilty." tite judge advocate draws it up, and it is
signed by aU the members. The trndiiiK is arrived
at by taking the opinions oi the majority. Should
the prisoner be found guilty and sentenced to im-
prisonment, the punishment begins from the time
of sentence. VThcn the sentence is death, notice
is given by the firing of a gun from the ship where
it is to be carried out.
See Simmons on the " Cooatilutioo and Prac-
tice of Court -Martial " (1875), Tring's "Treaties of
the Criminal Laws of the Na\'y " (1861) ; also "The
Annual Mutiny Act," Articles of War, Naval
Disctpbnc Acts.
Court, Vice-Admiral oi the. See Vice-Admiralty
Courts.
ConlaUu. French tortjedo-boat destroyer. (Forges
et Chanticrs, 1904.) Length. 180 ft. ; beam, 31 ft. ;
maximum draught, 10 ft. ; displacement. 300 tons :
complement, 45 ; guns, i g-pdr., 6 jpdr. : torpedo
tubes, 3 15-iD. : speed. 27-50 lets.
Coverley and Westray Line, taken over by the
Ellerman Lmcs, Ltd., in i^ot, maintain a service
of passenger and cargo st<::arocrs bctwet-n London
and Oporto. A monthly service was inaugurated
in 1904 in conjunction v<tlh the Allan Line to
Urugnay and the River Plate.
OOVBTS are unstamped documents issued prc-
paiatory to the preparation of the stamped policy
lor the protection of the assured. Refer to Slip.
Cowry. The popular name of the shells of the
Cyprocidc, a iamily of molluscs. Upwards of 100
species are recognised, and Ihey arc widely di.stri-
buted over the world, being lound chietly in shallow
water along the seashore. They are used for
money and barter, and are collected in great
quantities in the Maldive Isles, in Ceylon, along
the Malabar coast, and Bonieo. and vaiious parts
oi the AErican coast from Ras Hafun to Mox»m-
bique. They are still used in India, East Africa,
and Central Atnca. In India it requires 3,840 to
make a rupee, and in Siain 6,400 are equal to a
tical, or about is. 6(f.
Cox, Walter Reieigh (b. Falmouth, iBC;). Served
an apprcnticeslup of five years at engineering, two
years shipbuilding, and. liaving obtained coiisidci-
able experience in Glasgow, he was in 1890 ap-
pointed managing director of tl;e shipbuilding and
repairing department of Messrs. Cox and Co.,
Falmouth. He has Wide experience in the con-
struction of yachts, tugs, barges, etc.. of all types
and dc^icriptions, and lius carried out some of the
must iutniuite repairs to boilers and machinery
that have been executed in the West of England,
and in re-classiug, re-boilcring, and re-engining
vessels of ail typts.
Member of the Institution of Naval Architects.
Oonvaiiu The seaman who steers a boat.
O.P. Distinguishing letters on sea fishing boats
registered at Kolijnsplaat, Holland.
0^. Creek. Abbreviation adopted on the charts
issued by the Hydrographic Othce, .Admiralty.
C^b. A form of windlass lor hauling ships ioto
dock.
Cradle. A frame consisting of bilgeways, poppets,
etc., on which vessels are constructed.
Oratt. A term in sea pliraseology for every kind
of vessel.
Craft ClaoM. See Clauses.
Craig, George Butt, 7.P. (b. .\pril 23, 1849^
\\'as originally t'dvicuted with a view to the le|Esl
profession, but tus inclination towards engineering
science early manifested itself, and he entered the
drawing office of Messrs. Thomas Wingatc and Ca.
Glasgow. Alter being connected with this fim
for some lime, he became draughlsmaii to Messs.
John FuUerton and Co., of Paisley, and irom there
migrated to the east coast, where for some yean
he was chiei draughtsman to Messrs. Wighim
Richardson and Co.. Newcastle. Subsequently hr
t>ccamc superintendent engineer for the P. and 0.
Co., which position he held for many years. Os
reiiigmng this he decided to commence business 00
his own account, and accordingly started the
Northumberland Shipyard under the name ca
Me!s.<ir5. Edward's Sons and Craig. At present hr
is Henior {lartner m the firm of .Messrs. Cmg.
Taylor and Co.. which yard he laid out aboat
21 years ago.
Craigie, Vice-Admiral Robert William 0>- >^9)>
Entered Navy. 1863 : sub-Ucutcnaut, ihOS ; Uea-
tenant, 1872 ; gunnery lieutenant of Active, landed
w'ith a detachment from that vessel during ttkc
Kofhr war, 1877-7S ; commanded at Fort Curmmg-
ham ; mentioned in despatche.s fur valuable icr-
vices rendered on the Gaika frontier ; took part in
the operatious against SandilU ; again mentioned
in despatches ; landed with the Naval Brigade
during Zulu war, i878-7i>, and acted as adjutant
to the Aciive's detachment ; present at the achuo
of luyczanc, i87g. at tlic defence to Port Dam-
ford ; acted as i^taif-oflicer of tli« Naval Brigade
composed of detachments from the Shah. Boadicn,
and Active; mentioned in despatches; promoted
for services rendered (Zulu medal and claspl .
commander, 1879; commanded the Flitl on tfic
Cape of Good Hope and West Coast of Alnci
station ; received the thanks of the Foreign OJii«
for valuable services rendered in negotiatmg
treaties with the chiefs of the Oil River District.
promoted to captain for services rendered, 18&6;
received the R.N. college prize lor steam and nav&l
CRAMP
•59
CRESCENT
architecture, tSS/, and the gold medal of the Koyal
United Service Institution, 1892 ; commanded
H.M.S. Hyaa'nth on the China station, and acted
as senior naval olficer at Singapore. iSoa ; took
part in the operations of the International Squadron
in Crete, ;8(J7, wlieu in command o( the Camper'
domm : served a^ wnior British naval oflicer trom
March si to May 24, iSsV* : good serx-ice |>easion,
1898 ; promoted rear-admiral. 1900: admiral
superintendent oJ Chatham Dockyard, 1902 ; vice-
admiral, 1905.
Cramp. Obarlcs Heory. American shipbuilder
(b. Philaddphi.-i, May i). iSaS). Served an apprcn-
Ucrahip «-ith John Rircly lor three years, subsc-
quentiy bocominR attached to his father's yard in
tS^S. No <ichool of DQval architecture of any kind
C3rist^^d at that time in the United States. TIic
ttme of his entrance into the shipbuilding trade was
the hcginninK of a great transition from wood to
iron or steel in the materiaJs for the construction
of ships, and in the substitution of steam for sails
for propulsion. During the beginning of his carcrr
a large number of vessels were built in his father's
yard, most of which were defttgnod by him — coast-
wise sailing ships, tiu^e-raasted schooners. Cali-
fornia clippers, paddle and screw steamers, screw
tug-boats, and Uic firsl .screw war vessel, the
Lihcptador. for Venezuela. At the beginning of
Ibc Civil War he designed the ironclad battleship
Ntw Itonsides. which was built of wood, mounting
14 ir-in. Dahlgen guns and two Parrots of 8-in.
calibre ; al»o the fan cruiser Chattanoitga, and the
monitor Vfuoo, and rebuilt sf^vcral others, and at
the end of the war the monitor Tetrof was buill.
Engine building was started in 187 1, and the
modem compound rnginc introducc<l. Since that
time every type ol vessel, battleship, armoured
cmiaer, gun-boat, and ocean merchant steamer has
hecn built, mostly o( his own design, and up to
the time of his retirement from active participation
in the busioL'ss m i^oi he hod designed and super-
intended the construction of some 350 vessels.
Onnace is the right to use u crane for loading or
nnloadtng goods, and the price paid for its use.
Crane. British torpedo-boat destroyer. (Janow.
1S96.) Length. 215 ft.; beam, 20 ft.; draught.
6| ft. : displacement. 334 tons ; complement, 60 ;
annament, 1 iz-pdr., 5 6-pdr., 2 tubes; twin
screw : Hp.. 6,336=30 kts. ; coal. 80 tons.
Crank. Unstable ; incapable of carrying sail
vrithout danger ol overturning.
Craven. U.S. torpedo-boat (iSqS). Displace-
ment. 147 i guns, 3 I pdr. ; torpedo tubes, 3 i8-in. ;
maxinium «pet^. 27 kts.
Crawford, Lieat-Colonel Thomas, JT.P. fb. Novem-
ber 9, 1925). Commenced his business career in
the offices of Messrs. Loah, Wilson and Bdl, with
whom he remained for 1; years. In 1854 he
entered the firm of Messrs. C. Mitchell and Co.. and
when this firm amalgamated with that of Sir W. G.
Armstrong. WhitiA'orth and Co., he remained with
them, and is now head of the commercial depart-
ment, and celebrated the jubilee of his connection
with them on November 8, 1904. Has been con-
nected with the public tife of Walker since 1859,
and acted as secretary for the first local board.
He joined the ist Northumberland Volunteer De-
tachment as a private in (859, and retired as hon.
lieut. -colonel in 18S7. with the long servic-e medal
He is chairman of the Walker Local Board, of the
Walker Urban District Council, president of the
Walker Mechanics lastitute, chairman of the
Walker and Wallsend Union Gas Co. and Claptiam
Stcam.4htp Co., Ltd., alderman of the Newcastle
Corporation, and J. P. for Northumberland.
Publication : " Nineteenth Century Moles on
Walker."
OrawL A wooden pen built on the sea coast to
contain fish or turtle.
CreaBoCe. A colourless liquid obtained by the
distillation of wood tar.
Credit, Letter oL A letter written by one party
to another re«i nesting the party addressed to
advance the bearer or person named a specified sum
of money.
CreeL Set Krcel.
Creeper. Small graphng-irons for draggii^ a
harbour for lost properly.
Crepuscular rays. Diverging beams seen when
the sun is near the cv-itcm or western horizon, and
clouds arc gathered round its disc.
Crescent Briiisb ist class cruiser. (Ports-
mouth, 1892.)
Length 36oit. Beam 60ft. Maximum draught 26ft.
Displacement 7,700 tons. Complement 544.
Guns. Armow.
X — 9*2 in. "Steel,"
l» — 6 in. s in. Deck.
13 — 6 pdr. 12 in. Conning tower.
2 —9 pdr. boat.
5—3 pdr.
2 Maxims.
TofpeJo Tubes (18 in.).
2 Submerged.
Twin screw. Hp. natnral io.oo>= 18*5 kts..
forced 12.000= 195 kts. Coal maximum 1,250
tons. Approximate cost 1^20,000.
This ship-name is associated with the battle off
the North Foreland, 1653 ; capture of the French
Berkeley, 1759 ; capture of the French I.a Rtuninn,
■ 793 : capture of Cape of Good Hope, 1795.
OraMy. British ist class cruiser. (Furfield,
1899.)
Length 440ft. Beam 69ft. Maximum draught zfifi.
Duplacement 12,000 tons. Complement 700.
" Krnpp."
6 in. Belt aniidahipa.
6 in. Barbettes.
12 in. Conning tower.
Guns.
2— g'2 in.. 45 caJ.
12^6 in.
12 — 12 pdr.
3 — 13 pdr., 8 cwt
3— J pdr.
2 Maxims.
Torpedo T»6ss (18 in.).
3 Submerged.
Twin 6crew. Hp. 2i.ooo^23'5 kts. Coal maxi-
mum 1 ,600 tons. .Approximate cost, £749.000.
Crev, nie, means the whole ship's company
with the exception of the master. " At common
taw the master of a ship has authority over all the
mariners {i.e.. the crew), and it is their duty to obey
his commands in all lawful matters relating to the
navigation of the ship or the preservation of good
order." The owner is only bound to provide
sufficient and capable crew, which, since i^SJ. may
be composed of all nationalities. The crew of an
emigrant ship must satisfy the emigration officer.
When a complaint is made to the Board of Trade
or a detaining officer by some of the crew that any
British ship is uasaatc, Uic Board or officer may.
unless the complaint is made by one-fourth (being
not less than three) of the seamen, require security
to be given by complainants for the cost of ascer-
taining whether the ship ought to be detained, and
lor compensation.
In all British vessels, except coasters under
80 tons, the master must enter into an agreement
with the crew in a form approved by the Board of
Trade, and in the case of foreign going ships (^.f.)
each seaman must sign the agreement in the
presence of a superintendent. The High Court has
power to rescind any contract between owners or
master and seaman or apprentice if, under the
circumstances, it appears just to do so.
Reftr to Seamen, Employers' Liability, Wages.
Merchant Shipping Act.
Cricket. British ocean-going torpedo-boat dc-
atroyLT. fWliite. I906.)
Crimp, A, is one who for commLssion undertakes
to supply ships with seamen, decoys another into a
foreign naval or military service, or induces sailors
to desert. The Merchant Shipping Act, 1 894
(sections iio-ri3, 213.219I. provides that seamen
and apprentices for merchant ships shall only be
engagt^d by masters, mates, or other bona fide
•ervants of the owners, or by a person licensed by
the Board of Trade for this purpose, who shall
receive no remuneration other than the fees autho-
rised by this Act. An unlicensed person supplymg
seamen shall be liable to a penalty of £20. Local
authorities may. with the consent of the Board of
Trade, maJic byclaws relating to seamen's lodgings.
and impose fines not exceeding ^50 for their contn-
vfution. The Act further makes it a punishahi.*
offence for a lodging-house keeper to detain «
seaman's effects, to solicit a seaman to becotae
a lodger, or to remove a seaman's goods from sajr
ship, except under his personal directions.
An unauthorised person who. without permissioni
goes on board any British ship upon her arrival at
the end of her voyage at a port in the United Kmg-
dom. or remains after being warned ofif. is liable to
fine or imprisonment. This section may, byOrdcn
in Council, he made to apply to ships of ford*n
nations which have a similar provision against un-
authorised boarding, and so desire.
Crimping still abounds m nuuiy ports of tht
United States.
Cringle. An iron ring confining a sail to a stay.
Cristoloro Colombo. Italian 3rd class cruurt
(Venice. 1693.)
Length 34(}ft. Beam 36ft Maximum clraogfat iTft.
Displacement 3.700 tons. Complement 238.
Chins.
6— 47 in.
2 — 2*2 in.
4 — I "4 in.
Hp. 2.300=16 kts. Coal maximum 445 tons.
Of no fighting value.
crl. Coral. Abbreviation adopted oa the cbaiti
issued by the Hydrographic Office, Ailmiraltj.
denoting the quahty of the ocean's bottoni.
foooodO. German armour gun-boat. (Bremen,
1S80.)
Length 154ft. Beam 36ft. Draught iiit.
Displacement i,f>9i toiw. Complement 76.
Guns. Atmour.
I — 13 in. " Steel."
3 — 3*3 in. 8 in. Belt amidships.
8 in. Gun shields.
Torpedo Tttbts.
2 Above water.
Hp. 759=10 kts. C<ial 80 tons.
Cromer crab-boat A boat somewhat rc!fcmbliDg
a jolly boat.
CrODstadt Canal was made with the object ol
bringing St. Petersburg into direct communicauon
with the Baltic for large vessels. In 1877 opera-
tions were commenced and the canal was com-
pleted in 1885. Starting from the Neva, at St.
Petersburg, the canal proceeds in a south-westerly
direction for about two miles, and then runs in a
straight line north-west to Cronstadt. It is t7^
miles in length, and for the first 7} miles, where it
is protected by embankments, it has a bottocn
widUi of 275 ft. The depth is 22 ft. throughout.
Three basins, formed by widening out the canal
near St. Petersburg, give an area of 330 acres (iw
the accommodation of shipping. The total cost
ol the canai was about ^1,300,000,
CROSSING ^^ i6i
GnaiDg Une. See Naval C«remotdec
Crossing the bows. Passing close alicad.
Croujaok. Th<> sail set on the cmasjack.yard.
Orouiack>bracH. Ro\ks applied to the nyjixen
yard arms to change the positioa of tliQ mainsail
occasiDRAlly.
Crossiack-lifU. Koi>es which reach from the
mizzen masl-hcad to yard arms on the minKm mast
to steady and suspend the ends. Their use is
principally to support the weight when a number
of men are employed on it furUng or reehng the
sail.
Oroiiiack'-yuds. The lower yard on the mizzen
ma&t, to the arms of whicli tlic clues of the mizzen
topsail 13 extended. The ti-rm is applied to any
fore-and-aft vessel scltiug a .square-saU, flying
below the lower croas-trucs.
CrnM plmn The traversed timbers of the bits.
QrOH-flpalM. Temporary' bcaiii.H supporting the
ship in frame nntil the d<«clt knees are fastened.
Oros»-tnet. Timbeis under tops and at top-
mast heads supporting top-gallant rigging.
Crotohei. See Crutch.
Crow. An iron lever to prise or remove weighty
bodies,
Crown. .\ name applied to finishing a knot by
passing the strands of the rope over and under each
other above the knot.
CrowV!oot. A number ot small lines brought
to a common centre.
OhnrVneit. A smalt shelter for look-out man
.it lop-gaUant mast-head.
Croxler. Frvioia Ba wdon Uoim ( 1 796- 1 S48).
Arctic explorer ; made three voyages with Parry.
1871-27. .\ccompanicd Captain Koss in the
Terror, iiijg, and sailed in the same vessel with Sir
Jobn Franklin's cx[M:dition, 1845. and perislied in
the Polar regions.
5m M. CUntock's " Fate of Sir John Franklin,"
5Ched.. 18S1.
OniMr. An armed vessel used to protect the
commerce of its own country, or to inflict damage
on that of another.
Gruisinff Yacht Clah, Royal. See Royal Cruising
Yachl Club.
Cmpper, A chain to keep down the hoel of the
jtbboom.
Omtch. A support for tiic main boom of a sloop.
brig, or cutter fixed on the taffrail. A metal s^^ivel
for oar to work in,
OralohlcT. Williun Cains (I)- rg4A). Commander
{retired) R.N.R. : Secretary to the Navy League,
CU.-N.
lat« Chatnnan Shipmasters' Socict^r. Sea servite
from i86j-94 in sailing shipst. mail steamers, and
H.KI. ships. Seventeen years in command of
mail ste-amers. Has written on naval and marine
subjects for many years past.
OA Distinguishing letters on sea fishmg boats
registered at Cowes. Isle ol Wight, England.
O.T. Distinguishing letters on sea fishing boats
regUtorod at Cnstletovm, Isle of Man. Etigiand.
C.T.L, Abbreviation for Constructive Total Loss.
Cn. Abbreviation tor Cumulus as adopted by
the International Metoorological Committee and
used in the International Cloud Atlas.
Oabaa Steftmtbip Co. (Cuban Line) have » fleet
of i>\x large pa^^senger and freight steamers trading
from London to Bermuda. Vera Cruz, and Coat
zacoalco:!. and one from Antwerp to the same ports.
FX-EET,
Caya Bontto. Cayo Largo.
Cayo DomtHgo. Cayo MaiuattUto.
Cayo Gitano. Cayo Soto.
Caekoo. Briti.sh 3rd class gun-boat (354 tons).
Launched 1H73.
Ooddy* A cabin or cook-room usually in (ore
[tfirt of vcasel ; in lighters and barges at the stem.
Cnmberlaad. British ist class cruiser. (London
and Glasgow, ii^z.)
Length 440ft. Beam 06rt. Mean draught 24fl.' '
Displacement 'j,8oo tons. Complement 678.
GuKS. Armour.
14 — ft In.. 45 cal. " Krnpp."
8 — 13 pdr. 4 in. Belt amidships,
a— 12 pdr. 8 cwt. 5 in. Barbettes.
3 — $ pdr. 10 in. Conning tower.
8 Pompoms.
Torpedo Tubes (18 in.).
z Submerged.
Twin screw. Hp. 22.000 — 23 lets. Coal maxi-
mum 1.600 tons. Approximate cost ^775.000.
This ship-name is associated with the capture of
Calcutta. 1757; the battle ofl Cuddalorc. 1758:
Negapatam, i7;8 ; Pondichcrry, 1759: KeppeFs
action off Ushant, 1778: Hyftres. 1795: and (he
action at Kosas. 1809.
Cambru Light. Firth td Clyde, is a two-flaali
light cvcr>- JO seconds ; duration of flash, two fifth
second ; candle-power. 158,000 ; illuminant, elec-
tricity.
Cnmolo-aimbiu. See Clouds.
Camoloi. See Clouds.
Ca.-H. Abbreviation loc Cumulo-nimbus, as
adopted by the International Meteorological
Committee, and u«d in the International Cloud
AUaa.
CUNARD
[62
CURRl
Ouwrd,Sir8&miMl (1787-1865). Anglo-Canadian
shipowTiPT lb. Halifax). Foanded in 1839. together
with George Burns, of Glasgow, and David Maclvcr.
of Liverpool, the British and North American
Royal Mail Steam Packet Co. In July. 1840. he
established the firet steam postal communication
between England and America, and developed this
service by building iron ships, of which the Persia
was Ilie first, subsequently superseding the paddle
by the screw propeller, of which the China (1862)
wafl the first.
Canard Steamship Co., Ltd.. whs nrigirally csta
blishcrl in 1840. with the liritannia, a wooden
paddle steamer which made her fint voyage
between Liverpool and New York in 14 days,
S hours, at the rate ot S| kts.. which was, in
thatc days, a remarkable achievement. la 1878
the company took over thi' businrs.H of the British
and North American Royal Mail Packet Company,
and the British and Foreign Steam Navigation
Co. It now owns a Ueet of 22 steamers, all of whidi
are fitted with the Marconi system of wireless
telegraphy, and in 1903 tlie Lucania, with Signor
Marconi {q.v.) on board, was the first vessel to hold
communication with both sides of the Atlantic.
Tlie " Cuuard Bulletin," contaiiiing the latest
MarconigraniH. is published on the steamers, and i«
the first real ocean ncwiipapcr. In 1903 the British
Government agreed to len<l this company ^s.iSoo.ooo
at an interest of 3|%, and also to subsidise the
company to an extent of ^150,000 per annum, on
condition thry built two large steamers of high
speed for tlir* Atlantic trade, and to hold its fleet at
the Government's disposal for 20 years, lliis
agreement was the outcome of negotiations arising
from the formation of the Atlantic Shipping Com-
htne. The Z.wraiuahcld for .some time the Liverpool
record for the fastest passage both wuitward and
eastward, her time westward being 5 days, 7 hours,
33 minutes, with an average speed of 3) Si kis. ;
eastward. 5 days, 8 honrs. 38 minutes, an average
speed of 22'oi kls.
The westward Atlantic record, with Uic exception
of the highest day's run. is at present held by tlu'
Luiitania. She has made three trips to New York
and back. The following table shows at a glance
Uw achifvi-ments of the Lusitania on her six
voyages :
Date-.
AhItm! «i
Time onVi
jase
Avrracr Siiec.i
l}»ys
hr*.
0
4
19
K
IS
3i
lUilH.
KjmjIS.
Ocr. 11
Oct. Zi
Nov. 8
Nov. 3 J
Now York
Now York
Daiiil^E^ck
Hem Vork
Dauiit's Rock
*
54
49
S
. U
40
5
2J*1
ZS'61 -
In achieving her record voyage her runs ior the
four clear days at sea were 606, 6t6. 61S, and
610 kts., and the averngn .tpced tliroughout was
34*25 kts. Her record. 618 kta. for a day's steam-
ing, beat the previous record held by the
land of the Hamburg-Amerika Line by 17 kts.
This has now been beaten by the Afauretania 00
her maiden voyage by her steaming 624 kt». in
34 hours. The average speed for a day's nin wis
25 kts.. and the maximum speed attained 25) kts.
Tliis vessel holds ihc eastward record, having made
the passage from Sandy Hook in 4 days 22 hosn
29 minutes, beating the Lusitttnia's record previoas
passage by 21 minutes.
FlEET.
Etmria.
Jvemia.
Lucania.
I.uiUauia.
^faurelam^^
Pannonia.
Pttvia.
Sajionia.
Slavonia.
Sylvamia.
Tytia.
I'ltonia.
UtnLti».
Veria.
Aleppo.
Brescia.
Campania.
Ctttmatiia.
Caronia.
Car path ia.
Cherbourg.
Cypria.
Gross tonnage, 193.000.
Otmha, Tristao d« Canha (1460-1540). Porta
guese na\igalor. DiscovcrL'd the islands wfaicii
bear his name, in the South Atlantic . cioDq^ucnd
the Island of Socotra : 'visited Madagascar. MonJn-
bique, and the coast of Zaa^ibar.
Cnnningbam. Explorer. See Arctic Exploration
Cnracoa. Brirish 3rd class cruiser (3.3S0 toss.
13 kts.}. Launched 1678.
Camnts. Progressive flowing of water in «k
dirrction compelling all bodies floating therein tn
submit to the stream.
Carr«nts, Oceanic. See Ocean.
Currie, Archibald and Co., with their head offica
in Melbourne, have a fleet of five steamers tradinj
from Mciboumei to Calcutta, and Melbonnw ani
Cape Town. These steamers maintain regular ser-
vices from Melbourne to Java and SingapOR,
Colombo. Madras, and Calcutta, carrying a limitwl
number of passengers, cargo, and live-stock. Laigt
quantities of. horses are shipped by this Une froB
Australia for the Government remount dcpartmcitt
in India.
Fleet.
Darius. Forttinatu%.
Eurylus. Gracchus.
Ctirri«, Sir Donald, Q.C.&X.G., cr. 1897 , K.O.IUU
cr. 18S1 (b. 1835). Head of the UnioA-Castle List
of steaniKhips (f.f.) bctwern London and Soutli
.Africa, m which capacity ho has rendered Wd-
portant service to the Government on various occfc-
sicin.<i.
Ourrie Line, with their head offices in Sunderlanf.
maintain a service every Friday from SunderUml
to Leith, returning from Leith every Thorjdi*
This line is one of the few now in existence on wtid
intoxicating liqnors arc not sold.
FUiET,
Britannia, Watsmn^
CURTATONE
163
CUTTER
Onrtaftooa. Italian gua-boat. (Venice. r8S/.)
Length I77it. Beam 32 ft. Maximum draught 1311.
DispUcement 1. 200 tons. Complement iti.
GUHX.
4 — 32 in.
3^1 "4 in.
Hp. t.iou=i2 kls. Coal maximum 300 toii^.
(If no figliting value. '.>
Curtis, Sir Roger {1746-1816). English adtmroi
(b. Downtoa. WUte). Was flag-captain to Lord
Howe in Xortb Amenca ; as commander of the
Briiliant was present during the fiiege of Gibraltar,
1782. and tx>mmaade<l the ^faval Brigade; in ij'yi '.
was appointed Lord Howe's Captain o( the Fleet,
and was present at the action ol " The Glorious
First of June." I7<H. For scr\'icfs rendered he
was promoted vice-adniirul and created a baronL't.
In 1803 he was (nade admiral, and five years later
Comnumder-in-Chict at Portsmouth.
Cortis Tarbine. See Turbines.
Coreon-Howe, Vice-Admiral Honourable Assheton
Oore (b. 1S50). Entert-d Navy, 1S63 ; liuutonaut,
tS/3 : Arbt lii-utcnant of Bacchante during her
voyage with the Princes in 1879-80; flag-captain
of Boaduea ; as chief of the staJl served in Cfac
Naval Brigade, landed under the command of
Vice-Admiral Hon. Sir E. R. Fremantle, K.C.B..
CM.G., Commander-in-Chief on the Kast India
Station, few the punitive expedition against the
Saltan ol Vitu, m East Africa, October, 1S90;
mentioned in despatches ; C.B. for this service
«;general African me-dal, Vitu [tScjo) clasp) ; Assist-
ttt-Director of Naval Intelligence, 1891-92 ; cap-
lain of CUopaira. 1894 ; landed a party of seamen
ud marines lor the protection of the mbabitants
of Bloefielda, Nicaragua, and it is ackuowledgcU
liut his prompt action on this occasion prevented
>B outbreak of dvU war in Nicaragua; C.M.G.,
i&9(j, lor services rendered while engaged in ttie
protection of the Newfoundland Fisheries; j\.D.C.
lo the Queen, 1899 ; second -Ui -command Ctiaunel
Squadron. 11/02; C.V.O.. 1902; second -in •command
Qiina Station^ 190J.
Ottihinc. l^S. torpedo-bout (1890). Displace-
ment. 105 tonji ; guns, j i-pdr. ; torpedo tubes,
3 iV-in. : maximum speed, 23 kts,
Oaitane<, Tic«-Admiral Sir Beginald Neville
fb. 1847). Eutcitd Navy, iBOu ; sk;r\L'd wilU Naval
Brigade of Euryatm at the storming of Kah-ding,
1862 : in the same ship at the actions ol Kagosima,
1863. and Shimonoseki, 1864; lieutenant, 1868;
Royal Hoxnaoe Society's silver modal, 186S, fur
t fiunptng overboard and assisting to support Gunner
I W. Foster, K.M.A., who had fallen into the water
ila.moaxe. until a boat arrived ; captain, 1885 :
Ktant' Director of Naval Inlvlligence Depart-
At. 1887-90; Naval Attacb6 to .\merica, 1895;
„O.C, to the Queen, 1897 ; rear-admiral, 1899 ;
C.M.G., 1900. fbi' seiidces In Crete : Director kif
Na\'ai Intelligence, 1890 ; second in-cominand
Mediterranean fleet, I902 ; C.V.O. on the occasion
of the visit of H.M. Kmg Edward VII. to Malta.
1903 : vice-admiral. 1904.
Ctulomary Average Clauses. See Clauses.
Ciutom ot Lloyd's. In mannc insurance where,
points of law are doubtful or not defined ttio estab-
lished custom usually followed is accepted, and
called the custom of Lloyd's. To entitle a particular
trade custom to judicial sanction, it muiit be shown
to be reasonable, general, and notorious in the
branch of trade to which it appertains, and .one
which is not at variance with the plain words of
the contract If the custom conforms to these
conditions, judicial cognisance will be tnken of it ;
but if it does not conlorm to each and all of them
it will be disapproved unless made a term of Uie
contract by agrcwinent betwtL-n the parties. Opon
satisfactory evidence o( assent by the parties,
whether express ur iinplted, to a particular usage
ot trade, the Court will construe the contract in
accordance with su^li u^iagc, though it be at variance
with U'gal principle ; but in the absence of proof of
assent to the usage, the' coutruct will be inter-
preted in strict accordance with the law. (Stephens
V. Australaaiana Co.. LAl. Hep. v. 27. p. 585 ;
Stewart v. West India and Pacific Co., L.R. Kep.
v. 37, p. 833 ; Bartlelt v. Pcutland, 10 B. and
Cr. 760 ; UcArthur on the Contract of Marine
Insurance, p. 53.)
Castom ol the sea. S^e Naval Ceremonies.
Castoms. See Duty.
Ciutoau Union, A, is the combination of different
countries or rfialcs, each previously possessing a
separate tariif system, into one area, with a common
tariff and free trade iuier se.
Such union, called a "Zollveroin, "after theaaniv
given to the German Custom Union founded In
1828, has been proposed for the several parts of
the British Empire, and for the States of North
and South America. .\ customs union between the
Free State, Cape Colony, Basutoland, and tlic
Bechuan.iland Protectorate was agrci,!<l upon in
1896, but perhaps the most notable example of a
modern Zollvercin is afforded by the Common-
wealth of Australia (lyoi).
Cut and run. To cut the cable and move off
qui|clcly.
Cutlas. A sabre which is slightly curved. The
name applied to tbe smalt -htindk-d swords supplird
to the Navy ; has a llj.t, vaults, .^lightly curved
blade, and is belter adapted for cutting tlian
thrusting.
Oatter. Small, hingk-masted. sbatp-buiU. broad
vessel carrying lore and aft mainsail. gaH topsail,
stoy fi.<resaU, and )ib.
CUTTLEFISH
164
DALHOUSIE
CatUefista. U.S. submarine. (Quincy, 1906.)
Cut water. The fornnoat part of a vessel *s
prow.
C.Y. Distinguish ing letters on sea fishing boats
registered at Cutlebay, Borra. Scotland.
Cyclone. An area of relatively low barometric
pressure, decreasing towards Ihc centre, In which
the wind blows !tpirally inwards, and in the northern
llenmphere in the* opposite direction to thv move-
ment or the liands of a watch. The name is
usually applied to tropical revolving Rtorms.
Oyidone. French torpedo-boat ( 1(198). Displace-
ment, 140 ions : complement. 34 : maximum
draught, 7} it. : gims, a J-pdr. : torpedo tal>es,
2 i5-in. : twin screw; Hp,. ,1,200=31 kLs. ; cnai,
tc tons.
Gydoop. Nctherlantlit gun-boat. Tndian Navy
(1893), Displacement, 438 tons.
Qrolope. Italian gim-boat. (Naples, 1903-) I^s-
placrmtiit 8ji tons; Hp., 3,500315 kta.
CyRUVt. British torpedo-boat destroyer. (Chis-
wiiJt. iSi^S.} l.(:ngth. 210 ft. ; beam, 19 ft. ;
draught, 7 ft.; displacement, 285 tons; comple-
ment, 60 ; armament. 1 i3-pdr.. 5 6-pdr.. : tuU-s ;
twin 9crcw ; >^., 5,8oqb30 kts. ; coal. 80 tons.
OymrlO <iS99). Bnlish Kub!tidi.sed merchant
ship. White Star Line (f .r.). Dimensions, 58s x
64 >< 37 It- ; gross tonnage, 1 3.096 ; pasisenger
accommodation. 1,420; Hp., 7,300=1$ kts.
Ojmthia. Bnti.sh torpedo-boat destroyer. {Chis-
wick, 1898.) Length, sio ft. ; beam, 19 tt. ;
draught. 7 It. : displacement. 285 tons ; comple-
ment. 60 : armament. 1 i2-pdr., $ 6-pdr.. 2 tubes ;
twin screw ; Hp.. 5.800-30 kt9. ; coal, 80 tons.
Oyprien Fabre and Co. Set Fabre Line.
0^ Distingui!>hing lettcn on sea fishing boats
registered at Cadsand, HoHard.
Ont. Steamer. Wrecked oS the Lizard. Janu-
ary 23, 1859 : 14 hvea lost.
D. Distinguishing letter on sea fishing boots
reffistcied at Dublin, Ireland.
D, Distinguishmg letter on sea fishing boats
r^tetercd at Dunkirk, France
d. Dark. Abbreviation adopted on tbe charts
i.uued by the llydrographic Oflice. Admiralty,
denoting Uie quality of the ocean's bottom.
OJL DistingnisJung letters on sea 6sbing boats
reifttCTed at Droglieda, Ireland
Dabchlck. A small diving binL
Daooa. British India Steam Navigation CO-'s
steamer. Wcut o«i a reef of rocks aboat 400 miles
frum Suez, and bocanie a total wreck. Passengers,
mostly emigrants, .savr<l by the steamer Hotaria,
.May 16. 1S90.
Daedalot. Drill-ship for RA)-al Naval Reserve.
Dago. In sea slang the name fior anyono ol
Spanish, Portuguese, or Italian descent.
Dague. French torpedo gun -boat (Havre, r88s4
Length, 196 It. : beam, si ft. ; draught, 6 It. {
di^ilacemrnl. 41.1 tons: comploineot. 63; guns.
4 8'i-in., 3 Maxims; torpedo tubas, 2 ; lip.. : ^kxi
= 18 kts. ; coat maximum. 100 tons.
Dababiyeh. A boat u-sed on the Nile fur pas-
senger tnitlic. ii-iiially tu-o-irasteil. with trisiitjniMr
sails.
DahlgTMO. U.S. toqiedo-boot (1898). Dis-
placement, 147 tons ; guns, 3 i-pdr. ; torpedo
tubes. 3 18-in. ; maximum speed, 2^ kts.
Dally Freight Register. EstnbUshed 189^ Pub-
lished nioiiiinj'. Price 421. per annum ; country.
631. Address : 1 1 Tokenhouse Yard. London, £.C.
Dally Shipping Regiatar. I^stablivhed 1877. Pub
lislitKl moruing. Pi ice id. Addn-ss : Swansea.
Dakota. Great Northern Steamship Co-'s .\men-
can mail and passenger steamer. Went ashore oH
Nagami. JajNiu, February. 1907, and became a
total wreck. No lives lost. The Dakota and her
cargo represented a loss to I-,ondon undcrvrritcra of
^£750,000.
Dale, Admiral Alfred Taylor (b. 1840). Entered
Navy, 1S54; strvvd as mid. on Commandcr-in-
Chiei's staff at the capture of Peiho. 1858 (China
medal. Taku clasp) ; Ueutenant, i860 ; com-
mander, 1870 ; captain, 1876 ; A.D.C. to the Qnnai,
1889-91 ; rear-adniirul, [Sgi ; privatr secirtary to
the First Lord of the Admiralty. 11*89-93 ; com-
manded " D " flwt on the Blue side under Rear-
.Vimiral Fitiroy at naval manoeuvres, 1893; Kcar-
Admiral Second-in-Command, Channel Squadron,
1894; commanded "B" fleet on tlic Ked aide
under Vice-Adniiral Fitxroy at the naval mantsn-
vres, 1894 ; vice-admiral, 1897 ; admiral, lyoj ;
retired, 1905.
Dais. L'.S. torpedo-boat d(*stroyer (1900). Dts-
placenieot, 420 tons ; complement, 64 ; guns,
2 I4pdr.. n Opdr. ; torpedo tubes. 3 18-ia.. amiit-
ships and alt ; lip.. 8.ooo=2y kts, ; coal, 139 tons.
Daltaoliiift. On October 19. 18;}, tfiis
fouiKlen:<l off Beachy Head, when the ta
liaasengcrs. and crew perished. The cargo »o>
worth ^Too.oon.
Dalfaousie. Screw steamer. Lust otUie mouth ol
the Tay, NovemUdr 24, i8C^ ; 34 Uves kMt.
DALRYMPLE
i65
DANGEROUS
I
Dalmnple. Alttxiadar (1737-1808^ First hydro-
Iffrapher to the Bntish Admiralty (b. New Hailos,
Edinburgh). Devoted hi5 lile to geographical and
hydrographical studios, and published, in addition
to many pamphlets an account ol " Discoveries in
the South Pacific Ocean Bclorc ij6^"
OftDUIgs* "^^^ AdmiralLy Court has always juris-
diction over torts cominitled by Britislk subjects
on the high sea.i.
By the Admiralty Courts Acts. 1840 and 1861.
the liigh Court ol Admiralty has jurisdiction to
decide all claims in the nature of damage received
by any Khip, or done by any ship. The juriftdic-
tion. under the Act of r86i, hat* been held to apply
to cases ol collision between two British vesseLi in
loreign inland waters (the Diana. Lush. . 5 39) ,
and to foreign ships in foreign waters (the Courier,
Lush,, 541). and to every kind ol injury to person
or property caused by a ship {the Sylph. 3 Asp. 37),
and to all injury to a ship caused by persons or
property (the Ztta, 1893. App. Cos. 4.. 468). But
It has been held thB.t tbe Admiralty Court has no
jurisdiction over claims by tliird parties for damages
for loss of Ufe under Lord Campbell's Act in an
action in tern, (tlie Vera Cna. 1868, 10 App.
Cas. $•)). By section 6 of the same Act tbe High
Court of Admiralty lias juhsdictioa over any claim
by the owner or consignee, or assignee ol any bill
of lading of any goods carried into any port of
£ngland or Wales in any ship fpr damage done to
the goods or any part thereof by ihc negligence or
miscoaduct of, oc foe breach of duty, or breach of
contiact. on the part of the owner, master, or crew
of the ship, unless it can be shown that at the time
of tbe institution of the cause any owner or part
owner of the ship is domiciled in England or Wales.
Kcfer to Accident, Limitation of Liability, ColUsion
at Sea. Apportionment. .\dmiraUy, High Court of.
Maritime Lien, Affreightment.
Dampbcbiffs Rhederei ** Union," with their head
ofTiCf m Hamburg, have a tlei-t of 12 steameni
carrying cargo to %-arious partt of the world. A
special service is maintained at scheduled times
irom New York for Peraambuco, Babia, Rio dc
Janeiro, Santos, and vica versa, lour steamers being
eatclusively employed on tUu run.
Flket,
AU>aru>. (Anther. SsigMun^.
A Ibtnga. Gutitrune. Siegtintte.
Barcelona. Fallania. Syracusa.
tifunhildt. Pisa. Verona.
Crom tonnage, 37.000.
Winiam (1652-1713). English navi-
stor (b. East Cokt-r. Somersetsture). He served
lin 167} in the Dutch war under Sir Edward Sprftgge,
land was present at two engagemeuis. In 1679 he
L^uied a party of buccaneers, with whom he croescd
|tbe Isthmus ol Darien. They spent the following
lyew on the Pia-uvian coast, where they captured
several veeseb in the Pacific Ocean, and conducted
a pimtical war against the Spaniartls. In 169S he
explored the coast of .Australia, and was wrecked
on the Island of Ascension on his way home. He
then joined Woodcs Itnger's iirivatrering rxprdi-
tion, for which he actixl :Vf {lilot, and on this voyage
rescued Alexander Selkirk. Ilia works arc well
known, and have frequently bwn rcprinK-d. They
consist of " A Voyage Round the World," 3 vols.,
1697: reprinted, 1893: "Two Voyages to Cam-
peachy," 1699 ; " A Voyage to New Holland,"
1709. See \V, C. RuMell's " Dampier," I8S.>.
Dan. Abbreviation for Danish.
Dana, Bichard Henry (1815-^2). American
autlior. Was an authority in the department of
Maritime Law. and in 1841 wrote " The Seamen's
Friend." He also published in 1840 an account of
his own sailor life, " Two Years Before the Mast."
which attained great popularity.
Dandolo. Old Italian battleship (1878).
Length 341ft. Beam 65ft. Ailaximum draught 30ft,
Displacement 12,265 tons. Complement 506.
Guns. A rmour.
4—10 in. " Steel."
7—6 in. 2 1 in. Belt amidships.
5 — 4'7 in. 17 in. Redoubt.
16—6 pdr. 10 in. Turrets,
8—1 pdr.
4 Machine.
Torpedo Tubes.
4 Above water.
Twin screw. Hp. natural 7.500=15 kts. Coal
maximum t.ooo tons. Appro-ximate cost ^860,000.
Dandy. A small cutter or sloop with jigger-
mast abaft, carrying mlzxen lug-sail.
Dangerous goods. The expression " dangerous
goods " includes aquafortis, vitriol, naphtha,
benzine, gunpowder, lucifer matches, nitro-glyccrine,
petroleum, explosives, and any other goods of a
dangerous nature. (Merchant Shipping Act, 1894
section 446.)
(t) No person shall send or carry on any ship,
British or foreign, any dangerous goods, without
marking their nature outside each package, and
giving notice in writing of the same, together with
the name and address of the Minder, to Uid master
or owner on shipment, tinder a penalty of j^ioo for
each oflencc.
(a) For knowingly sending or carrying such goods
under a false description a person is liabte to a fine
ol £500.
(3) The master may refuw to carry, or demand
to have opened, any package he suspects toc<Hitain
dangerous goods.
(4) The master may throw overboard any goods
lie considera dangeroos if unmarked, or ol which he
has had no notice ; and neither he nor his owner
shall be subject to any liability, criminal or civil,
for so throwing goods overboard.
DANIEL
i66
DARING
(5) Any Court having Admiralty jimsdktioa may
declare forfeited any dangerous goods sent or
carried without proper notice liaviug been given, or
tiiitnarlicd , or uuOcr a false drifCTiptiun.
(6) N'o emigrant &Iup sliall carry dangerous goods
U cargo.
Daniel Stcinman. Wliite Cross steamer. Struck
on tlic rodcs ofl Sambro'. Nova Sootia, April 3,
]{jii4 ; 1 30 lives lost.
Dftoiurk. Danish emigrant ship. Sunk in the
Atlantic, about 800 miles from Kewfoundland .
April 6, 1869. Captain Murrel, oi the Atlantic
Transport liner Missouri, and his crew rescued all
on board. At the Mansion House on May 24, 1689.
Captain Murrel, in the presence ol u distinguished
company, received from ttie Lord Mayor a silver
salver with an inscription and a purse ol £500 Irom
the citizens of London. The ofhcers and crew also
received testimonials.
Dannebrog StQamstup Co., Copenhagen, owned
and managed by C. K. Hansen, have a fleet of 13
modern cargo steamers engaged in cargo trade in
the Nurtli Sea, am) vhtious parts of the world, as
inducement ofien.
Flekt.
Amalisnborg. Kronborg.
Bralhingsborg. Rosenborg.
J-'lyrtdeftorg. Skandtrborf.
Ftedemhorg. Sohorg.
FredetiMsbvrg, Utegelborg.
Icnisborg. Stjcmeborg.
Utani**itorg.
Dantoa. French 1st class battleship. Laid
down, L'Orient, 1906.
Length 475(t. Beam 84ft. Maximum draught 2j^ii.
Displacement 18.006 tons. Complement 680.
Guns. Armour.
4 — 12 in. " KrupiJ."
i2^y"4 in. 10 in. Belt amidships,
10^12 pdr. 13 in. Turrets.
8— 3 pdr. ] 3 in. Conning tower.
Torptdo Tubes (18 in.).
2 Submerged.
3 Above water.
Three screws. Hp. 22,500= 19 hts. Coal inaxi
mum 2.010 tons. Approximate cost j£l.6oo,ouo.
Dantzig, German armoured oaiser. (Danzig
Dockyard, )9t>s.)
Length 34111. Beam 4olt. Draught i6^it.
Displacement 3,300 tons. Complement 280,
Guns. Attnour.
10 — 41 in. '* Krupp."
icv— r4 in. 2 in. Deck.
4 Maxims. 4 m. Conning tower.
Torptdo Tubes.
a Sabincrgcd.
Twiascrew. Hp. ]i,oo0Ai3kts. Coalfiuotons.
Oanobe (<S93). Brittsb sabsidisod xnefcbant
ship. Royal Mail Steam Packet Co. iq.v.). Dimen-
sions, 430x52x33^ ft.; gross tonnage, j.S^i:
passenger accommodation. 655 : Hp.. 6.650s
t; kt*!.
Danube Craft Ctousc. Sm Sulina Claasc.
Danube Navigation Commisiion was oonsbtntel
in i8s6 when, by the Peace of Paris, the navigation
of Uie river was declared free to all nations. Ongai-
ally it was an express condition that it shouW
dissolve in 1858, but by various conferences it has
been continued, and still continnes to exist. It
exercises sovereign powers o^-cr the mouth of thf
Danube, where it has conducted cngint-cring work*
Tl possesses its own f!»g. iiinfonii. and police, and is
empowered to raise loans and make its own laws
Its jurisdiction extends as (ax as the Iron Gate.
Daphne. Coasting steamer. Turned turtle in tbe
Clyde, July 3, 1883 ; 124 lives lost.
Dard. French torpedo-boat destroyer. (Nor
maiid, 1902.) Length. 180 It.; beam, 21 ft,
maximum draught, to ft. ; displacement, joo tons:
complement, 45 ; guns, t y-pdr.. 6 3-pdr. ; torpeiki
tubes, 2 15-in. ; speed, 27-30 kts.
Daidanellfis or Hellespont, or Straiu of GeIlipol>.
is that long strait about 45 miles in length, and
varying from one to five miles in width, bctwem
Europe and .\sia, connecting the ^geau Sea with
tlie Sea of Marmora. It is Of great strategic tin-
portance. as it commands the entrance to Constanti-
nople from the Mediterranean. It is stronglj
fortified on both sides, and the channel is i«i>-
tccted by torpedoes. During the Kusso-Japaotie
war, two vessels of the Russian Volunteer Fleet
passed through the Dardanelles under a commeroil
fiag. July 4 to 6, 1904. These vessels were peaDj
fast cruisers, and intended to interfere with shippiflg
and ill fact in the Red Sea stopped a number ^
Bntiiih and Gcmiaa ships. Eventually, ou receipt
of instnictions Irom die Czar, delivered to them l.t
British cruisers near Zanzibar, tfa«y ceaaed opcrs^
Lions.
Dardanelles, Battle of the. On Fc-bniarf t^
1807, Admiral Sir John Durkworth. with a BIltlJ^
squadron, forced his way through to ConstaiiU
nople. and relumed on March 3, when great dasaicc
was done to the British ships, the castles ol
Sestos and Abydos hurling down stone shot apov
the vessel.
Dardo. Italian torpedo-boat destroyer. (Sdu
chau. I goo.) Displacement, 320 tons; majanmin
draught, 8| ft. ; ymiamunt, i 1 3-pdr. ; 5 <t-y^. .
tubes, 2 i8-in. ; Hp., 6.000=30 kts. ; coal. So ta&
Dating. British torpedo-boat destroyer. [Ctta-
wick, 1893.) Length, 185 ft.; beam. 19 tt.
draught, 7 It. : di.splacement, a^y tons ; compk-
raent.4S : armament. 1 12-pdr., 36-pdr., 3 tub«
twin screw ; Hp., 4.300 = 27 kts. ; coal, 50 tons.
DART
.67
DAVIS
Dui. ScKVr survey inK vessel (1882). Dia-
pUcement 470 tons ; speed (about), 8 kts. ; lent to
the N.S.W. Government for surveying purposes.
Dirtmonth. Lord Oeorre teggt (i6i7-^t).
English ndmiral. Ser\-eti witli dislinction (hiring
Dntch war. Was appointed in ifiSS Admiral of the
PT*«t by James H.. and sent to intercept the
Pnnc« of Orange. He died a prisoner in the Tower
of London.
DmrtmoQth CoUeRe. Su Naval EstabliKlimenti;.
Dart Sailing Clab. Dartmouth. Established iqoo.
Burgve : Red. blue dart pointing to mnst. Enaign,
red. Commodore. A. H. Bridson ; Virx--Commo-
dore. F. L.. Carslaki- ; Rear-Commodorr. A. F. G.
Brown ; Honorary Trfa.«inrtT. W. Pollard ; Honor-
ary Secrelarj*. F. L. Hockin. Entrance fee. i<w. 6rf.
, Annual subscription, soiling members, los. 6d. : and
' noa-satling members. 5s.
X>vt Tacht Club. Royal. See Koyal Dart Yacht
Qnb.
Sllhsr. British torpedo-boat destroyer. (Pop-
lAT. 1895.) Length 190 ft. ; beam, iS ft. ; draught,
& It. : displacement. 350 tons ; complc^mcnt, 45 :
unameut. i is-pdr., 5 6-j)dr.. 2 tubes ; twin
i<^n^; Hp., 3,180=36 kts. ; Doal, 60 tons.
D'Auu. French 2nd class cruiser. (St. Na-
mre. 1896.) • i
l^njjth 32fift. Ream4Sft. Maximum draught 33ft,
l>isplacement 4,000 tons. Complement 393.
GuMS- Atmour.
C — 6"4 in. J in. Deck.
4 — ^4 in. 2 in. Sponsons.
4— .1 pdr.
II — I pdr.
Tntpf4o Tubei.
z Abo\'e water.
Twin screw. Hp. 9,500=19 kls. Coal maxi-
Binm '^ij4 Ions. Approximate cost {joo.ootj.
Daapbin. Knsncb torpedo-boat (iSs>9)- Dis-
E>Uccment. 120; complement, 54; maximum
<I>aught, y^ fl. . guns. 3 J-pdr. ; torpedo tubt-3.
1 i$-tn. ; twin screw ; Hp., 3,000=16 lets. ; coal,
)6 tons.
Oaria, Jamei (b. DnmU-irtonshirc, July 17, 1843).
&«nr«d bis apprenticeship in Glasgow with Messrs.
^Lkxander CiiapUn and Co.. his shipbuilding
npeneace being mostly connncd to the design and
coutrnction of light draught boats. He made a
fecial study of heal as applied to the steam engine,
■ad has fijBt paper on this subject was read before
Ur Junior Section of the In<ititution of Engineers
ad ShipbuildcRi of Scotland in 1876, About the
froT t877 he introduced the livc-stcAm-surface-
bsatcr (for heating the feed-water before entering
boders). which is now considered a necessary
to htgb-pressnra steam boilers ; but
engineers were 90 sceptical as to its utility that the
inv«ntor undertook to fit two Atlantic liners with
his apparatus, which, after being subjected to a
severe test, proved the system a complete success.
He is senior partner ol tiic firm of Davie and Horno,
Eugine(;r<s, Julinstonc, Scotland, whose principal
work is the manufacture of the " Davie " patented
specialities lo evaporators, heaters, Alters, pumps,
etc
Member of the Institution of Engineers and
Shipbuilders of Scotland.
Davis. U.S. torpedoboat (189S). Displace-
ment, 110 tons; guns. 3 i-pdr. ; torpedo Cubes, 3
i8-in. : maximum speed. 33 kts.
Davis, Tioe-Admiral Edward Henry MeggB (b.
1846). Entered Navy. ifi6o ; lieutenant 1870 ;
tirst lieutenant Active, served on shore with Naval
Brigade at Cupe of Good Hope during Kaf&r war,
1877-78 ; specially promoted for services rendered :
commander in transport service at Natal during
Zulu war. 1S79 {Zulu medal and three clasps) ;
captain of the Royaliit, lioisled the British flag on
1 3 islands of the Gilbert group, 1893 : C.M.G. lor
services connected with islands in the Western
Pacific. 1894 : rear-admiral. 1901 ; vice-admiraJ,
'905-
Davis, John (is;o-t6o;). Xlclebrated English
navigator (b. Sandridge). He made three voyagas
for the British Government in search of the North-
west Pass.agc to the Pacific. In the first he pushed
his way round the southern end of Greenland,
across the strait that bears h'L<) name, and along the
coast of BafHn'a Bay to the Cape of God's Mercy,
which he thus namfd. believing tliat hLs ta.sk was
accomplished. In the second (is85} he made httic
further progres.^. In the third (1587) ho reached
the eatrancc ol the strait subsequently explored by
Hudson. In 1591 he joined Cavendish in his
.second voyage to the South Sea, and after the rest of
tbe expediciou retamed, unsuccessful, he con-
tinued to attempt, on his own account, tlie passage
of the Strait of Magellan ; this he did not accom-
plish, but became the discoverer of the Falkland
r.slands. In 159? he piloted a large Dutch mer-
chant fleet from Midtldburg in Holland to the East
Indies. Three years later he accompanied Sir James
Lancaster, as first pilot, on his voyage in the service
of the E.ist India Company, and in 1605 he .sailed
again for the same destination witli Miclielbourn
in the Tiger. On his way home he was murdered by
J.-tpanesc pirates of? the OKfit of Malacca. I-Ie
published " The World's Hydrographical Descrip-
ttoo, whereby it appears that there is a short and
speedy passage into the Soutli Seas to China by
northerly navigation" (Ijjndon. IS95) ; "The
Seamen's Secret " (1594) ; and invented the Back-
staff, or Davis Quadrant. See Markham's " Joba
Davis " [18S9). Refer to Arctic EKploratioo. • 1
DAVIS
168
DEBEN
DaVbt W. T. (b. Dcvonport. May si. tS6j).
British naval architect, Serveil apprenticeship at
Portsmoutb Dockyard, and in 1887 passed ttrst at
the examination for cT>try at the Royal Naval
CoUfge, Greenwich. After completing the course,
and successfully passing Ihe ncceRsary rxa mi nations,
he. in l8go, was appointed Assistant Constructor at
Portsmouth Dockyard, where lie served until 1903,
and was then promoted to C<mstnictOT, and joined
the Admiral ly Constructive Staff.
Darit, A derrick of wood or iron, with sheaves
or blocks at its end, projecting over vessel's aide ior
hoisting or suspending ship's boaL
Davo&t, French 3rd class cruiser. (Toulon.
1889.)
Length 38911. Beam 40(1. Maximum draught aift.
Displacement 3,037 tons. Complement 336.
CuHS. A rmour.
6 — 6'4 in. 3| in. Deck.
4 — 9 pdr. 1^ in. Conning lower.
8—3 pdr.
Torpedo Tubes.
4 Above water.
Twill screw. Hp. 9,ooo=3o"5 kts.
Approximate cost j^333,ooo.
Davy Jonen. The spirit of the sea.
Davy Jones's Locker. The ocean : the common
receptacle for all things thrown overboard ; it 1.1
a phrase for death or Ihe other world, when speaking
of a person who ha-t I>ecn buried at sea.
Say and night treezes is the najtic applied to the
diurnal variations in tlie direction and velocity of
the wind. Over the ocean the period i.s but feebly
marked ; on land, how-ever, the winds are distinctly
stronger about noon than at night.
Day degree. The accumulated temperature is
expressed in " Day Degrees " — a day degree signi-
fying l" of excess or defect of temperature abo\x
or below 4J". continued ica 34 hours, or any other
number of degrees for an inversely proportional
number of hours.
Days of grace. Days allowed by law or ciistom
for payment of Bills of Exchange (except those
payable at sight or on demand} after specified day
of payment, thus when three days are allowed, as
usual in England, a bill due on the fifth of the month
is payable on the eighth.
D.D. Distinguishing letters on sea fishing boats
registered at Dordrecht, HoUand.
D^D. Days after date.
D.E. Distinguishing letters on sea fishing boats
registered at Dundee, Scotland.
Deaden her way. To retard progress.
Dead-eye. A round, flattish wooden block with
three holes without sheaves.
Dmd frvlgbt ia the compensation paid to a ship-
owner for failure to idiip a full cargo. Hefrr to
Freight.
Deadman. Henry Edward. C.B., cr. 1904 (b.
March 7, :84.?). British naval architect. Served
his apprenticeship at the Royal Dockyards of
Deptfnrd and Chatham, and in 1S64 gained an
Admiralty scholarship at the Royal C^^Uege ot
Na\-al .•\rchitecture. and the diploma of Fellow ot
the School in t367 ; since that time has been
wholly employed in the Admiralty «cr\-ice ; Con-
structor in Bombay Dockyard. iSSO'tij ; Con-
structor at Chatliam. i88j-86 ; Chief Constructor
of Portsmouth. 1886-93 ; Chief Constructor at
.\dnuralt>'. 1892-1902 ; Assistant-Director of N'aval
Construction on Admiralt)*, 1903.
Deal Castle. 34 gunn, in October. 1780, this
vessel was lost in a storm in the West Indies.
Deane, Charles George (b. London. 1869). Served
apprcnticusliip with thi; Thames Iron Works and
Shipbuilding Co.. Blackwall. In 1891 wa^ ap-
pointed as assistant naval architect to tbc P. and
O. Co.. and spent eight years supervising the com-
pletion of the company's shipft. In 1903 he was
promoted naval architect, and has been associated
with the designing of a number of the largest and
finest ships of Ibis fleet.
Member of the Institution of Naval Architects.
Deane, Riobard {ifitQ-S3). British soldier sea-
man. Held joint command in 1653 with Blake
and Monck. and was killed at the first battle cB
the North Foreland. Sea "Life." by J. B. Deaat
(1S70).
Dease. Explorer. See Arctic Exploration.
Death, Appearances indicating. There is 00
breathing nor heart's action, ibc eytUds are gene-
rally half closed, the pupils dilated, the ;a«
clenched, the rmgers srmi-contracted. Within i
varying period, usually not more than 13 hoo^
the body becomes rigid, owing to tlic developmot:
of ngor-mortis. The blood grantatps to the most
dependent parts, and develops di»co1oration of the
skin, knou-n as pnst-mortem rigidity or poKi-morttm
staining.
Deben Sailing Club, Woodbrid'ge. Was first e»to^
lished m 1S40 as the " Deben Vacht Cluh." and aet
with great "succww for many years, the shlppini
trade at Woodbridgc and general interest in 4t
waters being tbt-n, hefore the days of railways, of
a more robust nature tlian at ](rcscnt. Some tiar
during the fifties the club fell through, hrt
was restarted in 1864, but again succumbed. Ii
1886 it wa,s again revived, under the present tiOe.
for the purpose of encouraging Iioat-saiUng on fl»
river Deben, and up to thu* time has provtfl joe-
cessful. It may be mentioned that the Sym
built for Mr. D. B. Gall in iS-i^ ffirst secretary*
the club) by Gerrard. of Woodbridge, is still «flo«t
DEBENTURE
169
DEFIANCE
her , jubilee having been celebrated at Harwich in
1^3. She is still in the same fanuly, being now
the property of Mr. AUred Gall. Burgee : Blue,
white spot in centre. Coiuniodore, Walter Brooke ;
Honorary Secretary and Treasurer, Frank Amer.
Annual .-subscription, 5^. minimum.
I Debeotnre. An instminent of the nature of a
liill or bond, by which a debt is cinimable. May
bear interest or confer some peculiar advantage.
It is given al the Custom House lo claim a draw-
back.
Deoatnr. U.S. torpedo-boat destroyer (1900).
L>i$plHCx-nient. 420 loiLs ; compluinuit. 64 ; guns,
2 l4-p<]r,. 5 6-pdr, ; turjiedo tubes, 2 18-ia.. araid-
aliipt and alt; Hp., 8,000=^29 kcs. ; coal, 139 Uma.
IMddte. Frtmch gun-boat. (L'Orient. 1B99.)
t-ength. tS4 it. ; lieam. 26 ft.; draught, ix ft. ;
displacement. 631; tons; complement. 99; guns,
2 3'9-in.. 4 a s-in., 4 r4-in. ; Hp., i,ooo>=l3 kts. ;
coal, 100 tons.
Dack. A floor in a ship above the bottom of the
hold. Decks may nm from stem to stem, or be
but partial.
Dm& ouvo. If goods carried on deck are lost
or damaged tli« shipowner la only liable under
exprevs contract or universal custom of a trade.
The master of any ship arhvinf? in the United
Kingdom from abroad between the last day 01
October and April 16 is Uahic to a fine of is lor
■.very 100 cubic feet of wood goods carried to any
uncovered space on deck, unlE-ss hu can sliow that
his arrival in the United Kingdom between these
dates was due to exceptionally severe or e:ccep-
iionaJly unfavourable weather. No goods, luggage,
or stores shall be carried on the upper or pas-
jengCTs' declcs of an emigrant ship unless they are
properly secured and do not interfere with the
health or comfort of the j>as9engera. Jttftr to
Jettison, Mercliant Shipping .\ct.
Deck boose. Aay bcilt-up house of wood or
iroa on the deck of a vessel. Those in the after
part of the ship are termed after deck houses ;
tbose in the lore part of the ship forward-deck
home*.
Deck Load ClaaM. S*e Oau-ses.
Declar&lioa ol Paris was a diplomatic instrument
ai^ed by the rcpn::scnta lives ol all the Powers
except the United States. Spain. Mexico, and
Venezuela at the Congress of Paris, 1856. It was
obligatory only for and between the Powers who
Acceded to it, and bad the cficct of securing to
iKilimlii a largrx carrying tratlmg in time of war.
Tbe following measures were suU^Xtd :
(I) Privateering is and rcmauis alxilishcd.
(a) The neutral flag covers the goods of a bflli-
gercoL (7 p-)- with the exccptioa of coatraband
ol war.
(3) Neutral goods, with tbe exception of con-
traband of war {g.v.). are not liable to capture
under a belligerent's flag.
(4) Blockades (^.v.\ in order to be binding must
be effective — i.e.. maintained by a force sutficienl
leally to prevent access to the coast of a belligerent-
la the Spanish- American war both sides declared
thnr intention to adhere to the above rules (except
Spain as regards privateering).
Declinatloa compass. Sm Compass.
DeolinatJoa neodle, or declinometer, is an tnstm-
ment lor ri-^i^tt-ring the (iraount and variations of
the magnetic declinations. The variation east is
generally reckoned negntlvo. and west poeitivi'.
Declination ot a celestiat object The distance
north or soutli from the oquinoctud, and is measured
by Uiat portion of celestial meridian which Is inter-
cepted between centre' of object and e<iuinoctial.
Deooy. British torpedo-boat dtstroyer. This
vessel sunk after collision with the Arun off the
SciTIy Isles on .\ugust 13. 1904,
Dee. British toq>cdo-boat destroyer. (Palmer.
(903.) Lengtlt. 225 ft. ; beam. 23 ft. : draught.
10 ft. : displacement, 540 tons ; complement, 70 ;
armament, i 12-pdr., 5 o-pdr., 2 tubes ; Hp.,
7,000-025 kts. ; coal, 12; tons.
Deep. The estimated fathoms between the
inarkH on the hand lead line. Re/er to Lead.
Deep sea deposits. See Deposition.
Deep sea exploratioiL. Sea Ocean. Abyssal
Animals, Challenger Expedition.
Dee Yacht Club, Royal. See Royal Dec Vacht
Club.
Defence, British armoured cruiser. (Piembroke.
1905)
Length 490ft. Beam ^^it. Mean draught 26ft.
Displacement 14.600 tons. Complement 755.
Guns. Armour.
4— 9'2 in., 50 cal. " Krupp."
to — 7'$ in. 6 in. Belt amidahlps.
30 Small 6 in. Barbettes.
7 in. Conning tower.
Torpedo Tubes. '
5 Submerged.
Hp. forced 27.000=23 kts. Coal mascimum
2 ,000 tons.
Delenoe. 74 guns. On December 24, 1811. this
vessel, with tbe SI. Georff (gS guns) and the Hero,
stranded on the coast of Jutland ; 3,ooq lives lost.
Defiance. British torpedo schooUhip (5,370 tnns)
Launched 1861.
Deflaace. 64 guns. In October, 1 780. this
vessel was lost in a storm in the West Indies.
DE
170
DENISH
De EonwTt Admiral Sir Alfftfnoa Ftederiok Rons,
K.C.B., cr, 1903 (b. 1S27). lintered Navy. 1S40 ;
present in the opcraiions 00 the Syrian coast.
1840 (Syiiaa and Turkish medals) ; was flag-
lieutcnaiit to Sir George Seymour in the West
Indies when in command of H.M.S. Brisk, cap-
tured aitcr a hard chase the cttcbrated Spanish
slaver ilanueta ; lieuicnant, 1846; commander,
iS53 : captain, 1857 ; senior officer at Jamaica in
tlie Wolvereve during the rebellion, iBOs. and le-
ceived the thanks of the Governor and both Houses
of Parliameot ; senior o&ccr on the lakes of Canada
in the Aurora during the Kenuin disiurbances,
1856-57 (Canada medal and cla^p) : cunimanded
H.M. ships Deva^latjifH, Victor, Wvivercne, Aurora,
and Abvukxr in the West Indies; rear-aiUiiiiul.
1875; commanded the Brisk and Hector on the
Cape of Good Hope and }lomc Stations ; Com-
mander-in-Chief in the Pacific, 1876-7^ ; in the
Shah with the Amethyst engaged for three hours
the Peruvian rebel turret ship Huascar. May, 1S77,
driving her under the shelter of the town of Ylo,
when she ei^caped after dark, and surrendered next
day with the Peruvian squadron. His action being
questioned in Parliament. Sir J. Holker. Attorney-
General, said : " JJuascat having committed acts
which made her an enemy of Great Britain, De
Horsey was justified in what he did." The Lord
Commifisioneis of the Admiralty, in comiuunicating
the decision of the law ofiicers. wrote : " My lords
now desire me to convey to you their approval of
your having put a stop to the lawless proceedings
of the Huauat. Vice-admiral^ 1S79: admiral,
1S85 ; senior ofiiccr in command of Oiannel
Squadron, i88s : retired. 1892.
Publication : " T<ule of the Road at Sea."
Dejatelny. Russian torpedo-boat destroyer
(1905). Length. 185 ft. ; beam. 21 ft, ; draught,
7^ ft. ; displacement, 334 tons ; complement, 60 ;
armament, i 12-pdr., 5 3-pdr.. 3 Maxims, j tubes ;
twm screw; Hp., $,(ioo^st> kts. : coal maxunnm,
100 tons.
Delaware. Steamer. Wrecked oS ScUly Isles on
December 30, 187 1, when only two out of 47 persons
were saved.
Delfin. Norwegian torpedo-boat. (Elbing, 1896.)
Length, 128 ft.; beam, 16 it.; draught, 6$ ft.:
di^accment, 84 tons ; armament, 2 14 q.f.,
3 tubes; Hp., 1,100=34 kts.
Delfino. Italian submarine. (Speii&, IB94.)
Length, 78 ft.; beam, 10 ft.; displacement, in
tons; complement, 12; torpedo tubes, 2; Hp.,
150^^12 kts. above. 10 below.
De Long. U.S. torpedo-boat (1900). Displacc-
munt, 165 tuns: guns, 3 i-pdr. ; torpedo tubes,
3 iS-in. ; maximum speed, 36 kts.
De LOOK. Oeoffe Wadiliiffton (1844-81). Araeti-
can Arctic explorer (b. New York). In 1875 **
sailed on the Junita, commanded by Captain
Bratne, in search of the arctic cxpiaring stoaner
Polaris, and was detailed to the commadd of the
launch which was sent out by the Junita irnn
Uporoivik. Greenland. In. 1879, m command ot
the Jeanetie, he set sail from San Francisco for
Siberian Straits, the cxpcilition being fitti-d. out by
Thomas Gordon Bennett. On September 5. iSfq.
the vessel 'A'as enclosed in the ice-pack, and after
a long drift was finally crushed by the ice on
June 12. 1881, in 77* 15' N. latitude, 155* E.
longitude. The members of the expedition jour-
neyed by sledge and boat isu miles to the New
Sit>erian Islands, during which most of then
perished, L>e I-ong among the number. The
journal, tn which he made regular entries up to the
day of his death, ha.s been edited by his wife, and
published under the title " Voj-age of the Jeanetk,"
Hefer to Arctic Exploration.
Dtmocratle. French ist class battleship. (Brwi,
1905.1
Ixngth .152ft. Beam 79ft. Maximum draught ijit
Diir^jlacemcnt 14,865 tons. Complement 793.
Guns. Armour.
4— ij in., 50 cal. " Krupp."
10 — ; 6 in. II in. Belt amidabipa.
8 — 4 in. 1 3 ia. Main turrets.
24—3 pdr- '3 in. Conning tower.
Torpedo Tubes (1904).
3 ^submerged.
3 .\bove water.
Three screws. Hp. iS.ooo^iS kts. CoaJ maxi-
mum 1,830 tons, .Approximate cost ^i,435,ooa
Oemorrage is the sum paid to the shipowner b;
Uie uhartercT fur each day taken in loading or di^
charging the ship beyond tlie lay days or agreed
tin:c. It IS usually stipulated iu charter-paitiia
that the charterer may, by paying a certain sua
per diem for overtime, detain the veasel for a
specified time, or for as long as be pleases after thr
expiration of the lay days.
M'hen the demurrage days are limited by sped*'
contract the sum due for delenliou of vessel beyoiHl
them will be taken as the measure of loss for tfaf
furtliLT time in the form of damages. Demuria^r
cannot be claimed lor detention by a public eAontf
or for delay caused by the shipowners or theff
servants. All ordinary causes of detention, sv3k
as the orders of a harbour master, are at tbt
cliarterer's nsk, and he must pay demurrage even
though the delay were inevitable. Claim for de-
murrage ceases as soon as the ship 13 cleared odI
and ready for sailing, though unable to proceed od
account of heavy weather,
Denish State Bailways have a fleet of 3 1 moden
steamers, wluch maintain services ia conjuncuoo
DENNY
i7»
DEODORO
with this railway and also to ports in various parts
of Denmark and the \nctntty.
Fleet.
Ahxandra. Mati».
Palmar. Masnedsurid.
Dannstk^old. M joiner.
Fredencia. Nyborg.
FtBjn. Ogir,
Fym, Pfins Christian.
tffisingborf^. ' Prinsesst Ahxandrine.
Hjalmar. Sjaiiatid,
Inijfborg. Skimgr,
J yila ltd. Sta ikodder.
KjobtnhiKe*. Stanhalk.
Korsor. Strib.
Kronprinsesu Lotti<g. Thor.
Kronprins Frtdenh. Tkyra.
Lattbaik. Tyr.
Valdgmar.
GroM tonnage. 19.45a
Denny. AKfailmU (b, Dumbarton, Feliruary 7.
1S60). Served his apprenticeship with Messrs.
WiUiam Denny and Brothers. Dumbarton, and
studied at the Rov-al Naval College. Greenwich, for
three yean . u-tsumcd (>ait:icr in Messrs. Wiiliiuu
Denny and Brothers in 1883, from which time he,
has taken a leading part in the design of all vessels
built by that firm ; one of the founders of the
Brittah Corporation for the Survey and Registry
oC Shipping ; chairman of the Technica] Com-
milti-e, and rri^ponsiblc for tlic rules since 1892 ;
a member of the Committee on Freeboard, which
sat in the year 1S98 ; a member of the committee
upon the design and construction ol torpedo-boats
fthe Cobra Committee), 1892-94: past -president of
the Insdtntion of Enginc-crs and Shipbtiildcrs in
Scotland : past-president of the Junior Engineers.
London ; member of council of the Institution of
Naval Architects ; member of the Main Committee
on Standardisation, and chairman of the sub-
committee on Ship and Engine IKaterial.
Publications : The author of numerous technical
papers published in the Transactions ot the Insti-
tution of Naval Architects, principally on the
" Strength and StabJity oJ Ships."
Donnjr. John HcAiuland ib. Dumbarton. Novem-
ber 29, 1B5SI. Educated Dumbarton Burgh
Academy and T.ansanne. Switzerland. Being in-
tended for his father's business. Me^ssrs. W. M.
Denny Brothers, Dumbarton, he received a 5i:>eaal
commercial training pnor to joining the firm, and
was apprenticed to the counting house. On several
occasions he was sent abroad in the interests of his
house, and in his successful efforts to extend the
business visited almost every part of Europe ; and
one of the first contracts be was successful in
obtaining was the rc-*ngining of one of the North-
German IJoyd steamships. His next attempt to
secnn; a portion of the Continental trade was a
contract for the building of the fast peddle steamers
Pnnesss fTtnfititt and PrhKtss Josepkins for the
Belgian Government. With Russia he has done a
large business, supplying the principal vessels for
the volunteer fleet, one of which was intended for
the transport of criminal convicts to Saghalin. He
naturally e^-inced a deep interest in all matters
connected with the shipping and shipbuilding
industries, and his services have lieen requisitioned
several times for important committees appointed
by the House of Comnwns and the Board of Trade.
He was a member of the special committee which
dealt with thp War Office contracts, in another in
connection with shipping subsidies ; was appointed
hy the Government on the committee which sat
to investigate t'v; cause of the decrease of volun-
teers in the Brui^ Mercantile Marine, and acted
as a member of the Tonnage Committee. He is
a keen volunteer, and as colonel commands the
1st Diuiibartonshire Rifle Volunteers, one of the
strongest and most efficient in the service.
D'BntiWQUteanx. French zod class cruiser. (La
Seyne, 1896.}
Lengtli jgjft. Beam 58ft. Maximum draught 36ft.
Displacement 8,114 ^oca- Complement 521.
Guns. Armimr.
2— <)"4 in.,40 cal, " Harvey."
I a — 5 '5 in. 3 m. Deck.
12 — 5 pdr. 0 in. Turrets.
4 Maxims. 10 in. Conning tower.
Torpedo Tubes (177 in.).
2 Submerged.
4 Above water.
Twin screw. Kp. 13,500= iq'; kts. Coal maxi*
mum 1,000 tons. Approximate cost j£670,ooo.
Dennr. U.S- jrd claw cruiser (1802)-
Length zgift Beam 44(1. Maximum draught 17ft.
Displacement 3,200 tons. Complement 393.
Qmi*. Armour,
10 — 5 in. " Harvey-nickel."
8 — 6 pdr. 2 in. Deck.
2 — I pdr.
2 Colts
Twin ficrew. Hp. 4.500^ 16*5 kts. Coal maiti-
mum 700 tons.
Deodoro. Brazilian coast service battleship.
(La f^pync. iSyfi.)
Length 26.Sft. Buain 4Sft Maximum draught 15ft.
Displacement 3,162 loos. Complement 200.
Gmhj. Armour.
2 — 9'2 in. " Harvey-nickel."
4 — 4'7 in. 13 in. Beit amidships,
2 — 13 pdr. S in. Turrets.
4 — 6 pdr. 5 in. Conning tower.
4—1 pdr.
Torp$do Tubes {18 in.).
2 Submerged.
Twin screw. Hp. 3,400=14 kts. Coal maxi*
mum 34a tons. ' "*' '
DE
172
DESERTION
DeOnstis, Albert DeiCoatidiCasielnoovo. Italian
vice-admiral. Ufliciatt Maumiano ; Grando Uf&-
cialc Corona d'ltalia. £atercd Navy, tS66;
captain of Piemontc (turin^ Crotan Insurrccttou,
lS95-<X>; Director ol Naval Ordiunce and
Torpedoes. Spezia. 1900-03 ; Chief ol thr Stafi of
the I'ket on mission to li.LM. the Sultan, 1902-03
(Mcdjidic, ist Cla55} ; Pfvsidcct ot the Permanent
ComiuiRMon for experimenting with guns and
torpp^or^, 1903-04: rcar-admira], 1904: A.D.C
to thu King. 1904-05 ; Commander-in-Chief of iIil-
occao squadron, 1905-06: vke-admiral, 1906.
Publication : " Technical Text-book on Gunnery."
Dep. Abbreviation for department.
Depetit Thonan. French i st cla.<is cruiser.
(Toulon, 1905.)
Len}^h 460ft. Beam 63ft. Maximum draught 2411.
Displacement 9.367 tons. Complement 6iJ.
Guns. Armour.
2 — 7*6 in, " Harvey-nickel."
S — 6'4 hi. 6} in. Belt amidships.
4 — 4 in. 8 in. Turrets.
16 — 3 pdr. 6 in. Conning tower.
Totptdo Tubes (177 in.).
3 Submerged.
Three screws. Hp. 22.000=31 kts. Coal maxi-
mum 1 .600 tons. Approximate cost :£900,ooo.
DeprMsion. Se< Cyolono.
Depth. The measure of anything from the
surface of highest point downwards.
Derrilbtl is the term applied to any ship or part of
a ship or cargo found floating on the open seas, and
abandoned by those in charge without Ike hops
of recot'cry or inttHtion of returning. (For derelicts
found on or near the coast of Great Britain, refer
to Wrpck.)
The question in every case is one of intention. If
the crew intended to return the property cannot be
treated as derelict.
Salvagr i't payable to pcrsouR bringing derelicts
into safety, and. by an old rule of Admiralty, the
salvors were awarded one-half of the value salved.
but now the amount of award depends on the
circumstances ol the case, and never more than
a moiety is given, except where an action goes by
default and tlic owners only appear at trial.
By the Derelict Vessels (Report) Act, 1896. the
master of every British ship shall, under a penalty
of is. notify Lloyd's agent at his next port of call
or arrival of the existence and locality of any
derelict vessel. Refer to Admiralty Droits.
Derriok. A single spar supported by stays and
guys u»ed in loadinK and unloading vessels.
De Kuyter. Dutch battleship (iqnz).
Lcngthjiatt. Bcaiu 4tift. Maximum draught iSft.
Displacement 4,950 tons. Complement 320.
CUHS.
2 — 9*4 in., 40 cat.
4 — 6 in.
8 — 12 pdr.
a — I pdr.
Amumr,
" Kxupp."
6 in. Belt amidships. ;
10 in. Barbettes,
to in. Conning tower.
Torpedo Tubes (18 in.).
2 Submerged.
I .\bove water bow.
Twin screw. Hp. 5,300=16 kts.
tnum 680 tons.
Co«l man-
De Rtiyter (Ruijterj. Michael Adriuissoon.
Ruytcr.
1
Derwent. British torpedo-boat destroyer. (Ha'
thorn, 1903.) Length, 320 ft. ; beam. 2j ft;
draught, 10 ft.; displacement, 534 tons; com-
plement, 70 : armament, i i2-pdr., 5 6-pdr..
2 tubes ; twin screw ; Hp., 7,0001=35 lets. ; coal,
130 tons.
Derwent Yacht Clab. Established 1880. Com-
modore, O. R. Tinning : Vice-Commodore, W. E.
Jordcn ; Honorary Treasurer, D. R. Lucas;
Honorary Secretary, J. E. Philp, Hobart. Tas-
mania. Annual subscription, £1 is.
Deoaix. French ist class cruiser. (St. Kaiaire,
.1901.)
Length 426ft. Beam 53ft Mean draught 54ft.
Displacement 7.70a tons. Complement 520.
Guns. Artnouf.
8 — 6'4 in.. 45 cal. " Krupp."
4 — 4 in. 4 in. Belt amidshipSL
10 — 2 pdr. 4 in. Turrets.
6 in. Conning tower.
Torpedo Tubes (177 in.).
2 .-^bove water.
Three screws. Hp. 17,000 = 21 kts. Coal maxi-
mum 1,200 tons. Approximate cost ji75o.c»o,
Descartei. French 2nd class cruiser. (St. Na-
Zaire, 19^)
Length 333ft. Beam 44lt. Maximum draught silt
Displacement 4,000 tons. Complement 37&.
Guns. Armour.
4 — 6'4 m., 45 cal. " Steel."
10—4 in. 2 in. Deck.
10 — 3 pdr. 3 in. Casemates.
4 — I pdr. 2 in. Conning tower.
Torpedo Tubes (17*710.].
2 Above water.
Twin screw. Hp. 8.500=19*5 kts. Coal maxi
mum 750 tons, .\pproximatc cost ^350.000.
DMtrtion. A seaman deserting Xzona the mer-
chant service or sea Ashing service, except for the
purpose ol joining the Roy»l Na\-y, is liable to
forfeit all wages due and the effects he leaves. If
desertion takes place abroad any wages a merchant
seaman may earn in any other ship until liis return
to the United Kingdom arc liable to be lorfciled to
satisfy any excess of wages paid to a substitute
engaged at a higher rate. Except in the United
Kjng[doiD a deserter from the merchant service is
also Itablo to impriwnmont for not mor«> than I3
weeks, with or without hard labour. If abwnt
without leave at any time within 24 hours ot the
ship's leaving port, a merchant seaniaii or fisherman
forfeits two rtnys' wagijs, and in addition, (or every
34 hour»' absence, either a sum not exceeding &ix
days' pay (four days' pay in the case of a fisherman).
or any expenses in hiring a substitute. If abroad a
merchant seaman is also liable to imprisonment
not exceeding 10 weeks with or without hard latwur.
For desertion or absence withoot leave a merchant
seamiui is liable to be arrested withont a warrant
and taken back to his ship, all costs and expenses
properly incurred to be i>aid by the offender, or
dedacted from his wages. (Merchant Shipping
Act (iSfk^l. scclioos ^21-324.)
Tlie offences of desertion and absence without
leave by those subject to naval discipline are dealt
with in the Naval Discipline Act. 1866(9.^.). and
the Xaval Deserters Act. 1847. By these Acts an
ofieader is liable for desertion (i) 10 the enemy,
to capital puni.shmeDt ; {2) under other circum-
stances, to i*enal servitude or other punishment.
In both cases there is also forfeiture of pay. effects,
prize-money, bounty, salvage, allowances, gratuities,
pensions, medals, and decorations. For absence
without leave an offender is punishable with im-
pH!K}nment not exceeding 10 weeks, with or withoat
hard labour, or other punishment, and if absent
for a month, and ia not tried for the offence, he is
liable to the above forfeitures. For assisting or
persuading to desert from the Navy, a person not
subject to the Naval Discifrilne Act is liable to a
fine not exceeding ^30 or ^20 respectively.
Deimoiaec. U.S. jrd class cruiser (1902).
Length jr>:(t. Beam 44ft. Majcimum draught i;ft.
Displacement 3.200 tons. Complement 393.
Guns. Aimour.
to — s in. *' Harvey-nickel."
8—6 pdr. 2 ia. Deck.
3 — 1 pdr.
2 Colts.
Twin screw. Hp. 4.500=1 16'5 kts. CoaI maxi-
mnm 700 tons.
■ . I. .'ii
DMnneff. SimoD. Sm Arctic E:cploration.
Detente. Rrmsh torpedo-boat destroyer. (Chis-
wick. 1S98.I length. 210 ft.; beam, to ft.,
draught. 7 (t. : displacement. 2S$ tons ; complc-
nient, 60: armament, 1 12-pdr., 5 iS-pdr., 2 tubes;
twinscrew: Hp., 5,800^30 kts. ; ooal.Sotons.
DMtination claoMI. See Clauses.
D*WrMS. French avisos. (Rochefort. 1897.)
Length 312ft. Beam j^ft. Mean draught i6ft.
Displacement 3.460 tons. Qjmplement 134.
Guns. Armour.
2 — 5"5 in.. 45 cal. " Hard steel."
4—4 in- I? in- Deck.
8-3 pdr.
Torpedo Tub*s.
3 Above water.
Twin screw. Hp. 8,500=21 kts. Coal maxi-
mum 480 tons. Approximate cost £210.000.
Destroyers or torpedo-boat destroyers are vessels
of great speed designed to act against hostile tor-
I>edo flotillas. This class of vessel was first Intro-
duced into the British Navy in 1893 : anJ the first
two, the Havoc and Hortut. of 240 tons dt.splacc-
mont, had a speed of 27 kts, At the present time
destroyers arc from 350 to 360 tons displacement,
with a speed varying from 30 to 35 kts. They
carry quick-firing guns, and torpedoes, and are
!<pecially constructed at tlie bow to enable them to
rnn down and sink a torpedo- Ixtat.
Destractor. Spani:ib torpedo gun-boak (Clyde-
bank. isa6.)
DijTplacement 366 tons. Complement 45.
Gums. Armour.
I— 3*5 in. "SteeL"
4— « pdr. 1} in. Bulkheads.
2 Nordcnfelts.
Torpedo Tubes (15 in.).
3 .Above water.
Twin screw. Hp. 3,800—202 kts. Coal maxi-
mum 1 10 tons.
Detention clauM. See Clauses.
Det Forenede Dampskibs Seiskab. Seg United
Steamship Co., Copenhagen.
Detroit VS. 3rd class cruiser (1891I.
Length 2$7ft. Beam 37(1. Maximum draught 16ft.
Displacemeat 3,000 tons. Complement 250.1 ,
Guns. Armour.
9 — 5 in. " Steel."
<5 — 6 pdr. I in. Deck.
2 — ] pdr. 2 in. Conning tower.
2 GatUogs.
Torpedo Tubes.
4 Above water.
Twin t»crew. Hp. 5.400= 17 kts. Coat maxi-
mum 435 tons.
Oeutacta-Amerikanisohe Petroleom-GeielUchalt,
with their head oifice in Hamburg. havi> » fleet of
18 modem tank steamers engaged in the kerosene
oil trade.
Fleet.
August Korff. Gut HeiL
Bgm. Petersen. Heliits.
Brilliant. AfaniiMtim,
Dtuitckland. Paula.
Diamant. Phoebus.
Elise Marit. PromelAsus.
Energie. Standard.
Excelsior. WmsMimglam.
GeisttTUunde. Wilikommen.
Gross tonnage, 64.800;
DEUTSCH
174
DEVASTATION
Deuticb'AQstralische Dampfschifls-OeselUchalt.
See German Australian Steamship Co.
DeaUchfl LeT&nt Line, with their head offices In
Hamburg, havf a fleet o( 30 first-class steamers,
maintaining services belwi-cu Hamburg, Antweip.
and the Mi'tlitnTancan PortK, Russia, E^ypt. and
Arabia. Steamers leave flamburg and Antwerp at
scheduled times for Malta, Pira>iu, Sm/ma. Con-
stantUiopIc, and Odessa. Another service to
Burgas. Verna, Golatj, and Braita. Anotbrr in-
cludes Alexandria, JaRa. Bcyrout. Alcxandrctla,
and Messina. Another to Novororaislc, Maliupol,
Taganrog. A :>cn'ice is maintained from Ham-
burg, calling at Dover, which conveys passengers
and cargo to Lisbon. Algicn*. Tunis, and Constaiiti
nopte.
A ndros. Lemnos. Pyrgfls.
Argos. Lesbos. Hhodos,
Afkoi. Lipsoi. Samos.
Chun. Milos. Strittbos.
Dthsi iVrtjroj. ShyrfM.
Enus. i'aros. Utantbui.
(Jalaia. PaimoM. Tenedos.
Imbros. J'era. 'J'hasos.
Kypros, pyh*^ Ttnos.
Kythnos. Yclos.
(ji05?> tonnage. 6b,oon.
Dmitschen DampIschiflfahrts-0«seUschAft "Han-
SR,*' See Hatisa Line.
Deatacheo DampEschiflf&hrtt-GesflUchaft " Eos-
mos.
Stc Kosnios Luic.
Deutsche Ost»Africa Line, with their head o&ices
in HHiiihurg. maintain a main and intermediate hnc
of steamers to East and South Atrica. The fleet
consists of 13 modem, well-built steamers, par-
ticularly adapted to the class of trade m which they
arc engaged, having excellent accommodation
(or paiiM^ngers. A monthly service Is maintained
from Hamburg and Brcmcriiaven, via Cape Colony,
to Durban and Ddagoa Bay ; a forlnightly one via
Marseilles, and another via Genoa, through the
Suez Canal, to East and South Africa, which boats
connect with a line running from the East Coast of
Africa to Bombay.
Flbst.
A dmiraL Hersog. Marhgraf.
Butgermeister. Kanxter, Prasidenl.
Feldmarshall. Konig. Primessin.
Gouverneur. Kfonptittz. Ptingregent.
Dentschland ( 1 900]. German merchant ship.
Hamburg - Amerika Liuc iq-v,). Dimensions.
686x67X40 ft.; gross tannage. 16.503; Hp..
33.000— 23'5 kls.
Deatiobland. Atlantic steamer. Wrecked, on
the Kenti5h Knock sandbank, at the numtli of the
Thames, Ucceqibet h. 1875 ; ;u lives lost.
Deatscbland. German 1st class battlesh
(Krupp, 1904.)
length 450ft. Beam ^jfl. Mean draught a5lL_
Displaccmc-nt 13,400 tons. C<rtnplemcot 700.
uuus. Armour.
4-rT-ii in. " Krupp."
14 — C>'7 in. 10 in. BelL
32 — 34 pdr. 11 in. Barbettes.
4 — t pdr. 1 1 in. Turrets.
4 Machine. 12 in. Conning tower.
Torpedo Tulvj.
6 Submerged, bow, stem, and broadside.
Three screws. Hp., 16.000= 18 kta. Coal
mum i.aoo tons. Approximate cost^i,20o,fi
DeateohUnd P. German ist class bat
lAN'iIhelinshaven. 1905.)
Length 4ioft. Beam 72ft. Mean draught 3511.
Di!iplai:cmeal 13.400 tons. Compleoient 700.
iiuHs. Armour.
4 — 1 1 in. " Krupp."
14— 0'7 in. 10 in. Belt.
33-^24 pdr. 1 1 in. Barbettes.
4 — I pdr. 1 1 in. Turrets.
4 Machine. 13 in. Conning tower.
Torpedo Tubes.
6 Submerged, bow, stem, and broadside.
Three screws. Hp. 16,1)00=1 18 kts. Coal maxi-
mum I, Sod tons. Approximate cost ;^i ^00,000.
Deatschljuid R. C>crman ist class battleship.
(Krupp, 1915O.)
Length 430ft. Beam 73it. Mean draught lift.
Displacement 1 3,400 tons. Complement 7oaL
Guns. Armour.
4—1 1 m. '* Krupp."
14 — 6'7 in. 10 in. Belt.
22 — 34 pdr. II in. Barbettes.
4 — [ pdr. II in. Turrets.
4 Machine. 12 in. Conning lower.
Torpedo Tubes.
6 Submerged, bow. stem, and broadside.
Three screws. Hp. i6.oooniS kts. Coal maxi-
mum t,8uu tons, .approximate cost ^1,200,000.
Devutation, British sad class batUeafaip (9,330
tons, 14 kts.). Launched 1871.
Devutation. French 3nd class battleship (1879).
Reconstructed looz.
length 3i8it. Beam 69ft. Maximum draught 38f(.
Displacement 10.000 tons. Complement 689.
OuKS. Armour.
4 — 10'$ in. "iron."
3 — 9*4 in. 15 in. Belt aiuidatups.
1 1 — 4 in. 9 in. Battery.
4—9 pdr. 3 in. Conning tower.
13—3 pdr-
30 — I pdr.
Twin screw, Hp. 8,100= 15*1 kts. Coal normal
900 tons.
>EVIATION
175
DIAMOND
Den&Uoo. In ininnL' insurance it is of the
utmost iinportance to specify accurately the port
or place at which the risk commences, and the
port or place at which it terminates. It is an im-
plied coodition that the vessel shall follow the
coarse usually taken by other vessels in the same
trade. Any deviation from the ordinary track,
however sKght, wiUiout a justifying cxuse will
vitiate the policy. To me^t this latter ri^k a. ctaiae
called the " Deviation clause " is usually insertcfl
m the poUcy, to this e&cct : " In the event of the
vessel making any deviation or chan^v of voyagt-.
It is mutually agreed that .such dt;viation or ctiange
Hhall t>e held cov«rv<l at a premium to be arranged.
providKi du« notice be gi\-cn by the assured on
receipt of advice of such deviation or change of
voyage." fiefer to Voyage. Cbaiigo of Voyage,
Leave to Call, Clau3<'9.
Deriation. See Compass.
Deviation claiue. See CUusi-^.
Deviation of the Compaii. The angle included
between the Magnetic North and the Compa<>.s
North. This error is due to the disturbing influ-
encea of tho iron of which tlie ship is built, as
mdder-posts, masts, ctuilns. funnels, etc. ; her po«n-
tion when building, her cargo, or other causes within
the ship.
DcTlL Priming nude by bruising and damping
guniK)W(lcr.
Devonport Dockyard. 5«< Dockyards, NavaL
Devonabir*, British ist class cruiser. (Chat-
ham, 1904.)
l.ength 450ft. Beam 68ft. Maximum draught 35ft.
Ihsplacement 10700 tons. Complement 653.
EGuns. j'trmour.
4—75 in* " Krupp."
6—6 in. 6 in. Belt anudii.hipt,
2 — I z pdr. 6 in. Barbettes.
« — 3 pdr. 12 in. Conning tower.
3 Maxims.
Torpedo Tubtt.
2 Sirbmergcd.
Twin wrcw. Hp. 21.000=224 kts. Coal maxi-
mum 1,800 tons. Approximate cost ^850,000.
This shtp-namc is associated with Barlleur and
l.a Hugue, 16^2; Anson's victory off Finistcrrc,
1747: Hawke's %-ictory ofl Usiiant, 1749; the
reduction ol Havana, [762.
DfW. Condensation of moisture on solid objects,
caused through cooling by radiation.
Demr, 6«orge. American admiral (b. Mont-
peher, 1837). Graduated U.S. Naval Academy.
11156. Took part in the forcing of the entrance to
the Mississippi, and served as lieutenant on the
ateam sloop Misiisuppi when she was shattered by
the Confederate batteries at Port Hudson. In 1897
he was aaigned, at his own request, sea service, and
sent in command 01 the squadrm to the Far East.
On May t, 189ft, during the Spanish- Auerican War.
after having received orders to " capture or destroy
the Spanish Fle<:i " at the Philippines, be steamed
into Manila Hatlwur. His flag-ship Otympta lod 111
a fight at cIu^c lunge. which lasted atiout eight
houni. until the last Spanish flag was hauled down.
He destroyed or cajjtured the whole of the Spanish
ilcct in tlu.> Far Ea^t witliout the loss of a single
ship. On his return to .^meric:l in October. lS(j9,
be received a great o%'ation. was pramote<l admiral,
and received the thanks of Congress.
Dew-point. The teniperaturv at which dew
begins to be deposited.
Deyatclni. Russian torpedo-boat destroyer
(i90(;). Length, 185 ft. ; beam, u ft. ; draught,
7| ft. ; displacement, 324 tons ; complement, 60 ;
armament. 1 12-pdr., 5 3-pdr., 3 tubes ; twin screw ;
Hp., 5.600 = 26 kts. ; coal, lootons.
D.EC Distinguishing letters on -tea fishing Ixiats
registered at D.irlmoutli. England.
Dhow. -A. wooden vessel having generally one
mast and a lateen sail, used by Arabs in the iied
Sea and Arabian iiixU, for carrying small cargoes.
DX Distinguishmg letters on sea fbhing boats
registered at Dieppe, France.
Diadem. Bntish 1st class cruiser. (Fairfield,
1*96.)
Length 435ft. Beam 69ft. Maximum draught 37ft.
Displacement ii.ooo tons. Complement 677.
Gutts. A rmouT.
16—6 in. ■' Harvey.'
12—12 pdr. 4 in. Belt amidiilupi.
2 — 12 pdr., 8 cwt. 12 in. Conning tower.
13— 3 pdr.
3 Maxims.
Torpedo Tubes (iS in.).
a Submerged.
Twin screw. Hp. 16,500^30;^ kts. Coal maxi>
raum J.ooo tuns. Approximate cost ^554.800.
This ship-name was introduced Into the Navy in
178J ; and is associated with Hood's occupation of
Toulon, 1793; St. Vincent, 1797 ; Hotham's action
oS CenoR. 1795 ; Hotham's action off Hy^res, 1795.
Diagonal build. E>eBoting the manner of boat
building in which the outer shell consists of two
layers of planking with the keel in opposite direc-
tions, constructed upon temporary transverse
mo<Jels.
Diamond. Bri tish 3rd class cruiser. {Laird ,
1904) _,
Length 360ft. Beam 40ft. Mean draught \^U
Displacement 3.000 tons. Complement 296.
G«tti. A rmotu.
12—4 in, "Steed."
8—3 pdr. 2 in. Deck.
3 Maxims.
Torpedo TitLts {i8:in.)«<
2 Above water. j , ip^na'
DIANA
176
DIDEROT
Twin scnw. Up. 9,9oo»zt'7s kts. Coal maxi-
jnum 500 tons. Approximate co&t ^240,000.
' This ship-name is associated with the defeat of
the Spanish Armada., 1588 ; battle of the Kentish
Knock. 1653 : battle ofi Portland. 1653 ; t>attlc off
the North Foreland, 165J ; Blake's attack on Porto
Farina ; battle o( Bantry Bay, 1689.
DiaUL British and class cruiser. (FairfieTd,
LcngLh 36411. Beam 54it. Maximum draught ^^rt.
Displacement 5,600 tons. Complement 450.
Gtm$. Armour.
1 1 — 6 in. " Harvey.*'
8 — 13 pdr. 3^ in. Deck.
1 — 13 pdr.. 8 cwi. 6 in. Conning tower.
;— 3 pdr-
3 Maxims.
Torpedc Tubts (18 in.).
2 Submerged.
I Above water stem.
Twin screw. Up. natural S.ooo^ 18*5 kts., forced
g,6oo=ig*5 kts. Coal maximum 1,076 tons.
Diana. Rnnsian cruiser. (Galcmii. 1899.)
Length 410ft. Beam 55ft. Maximum draught 3 r ft.
I>i9|]iacement 6,630 tons. Complement $70.
Guns. A MMiir
8— 6 in. "Sicel. "
22 — 12 pdr, 2^ in. Deck.
8 Small q.l. 6 m. Conning tower.
4} Engine hatches.
Torpedo Tttbes.
4 Above water.
Three screws. Hp. 11,600 = 20 kts. Coal maxi-
mum 1,430 tons.
Escaped from the Japanese at the battle of
Round Island. August 10, 1904. anrj reached Saigon,
and was int<Tncd till the end of the war.
Diathetmanoy. The property in virtue of which
the solar ra>'s pass through a medium without
raisiofr its tcnipcr.ilure.
Diaz, Baitolomeu (1455-1500). Portuguese navi-
gator (b. Lisbon). \Va.«i the fxrsl to sail round the
"soutliem extremity of Africa (i486), which he
named Cape of Bad Hope, the name being after-
wards changed by King Joao II. to Good Hope.
In 1497 he was superseded by Vasco da Gama, and
sailed under him as second-in-command on a
voyage of discovery. He was with CabnU's ex-
pedition to Calicut, India, during which Brasil was
discovered.
DTlMTTille. French avisos (1892).
Length 363ft. Beam 26ft. Maximum dranght lafi.
Displacement 925 tons. Complement 140.
Guns. Armour.
1 — 4 in. " Steel."
3 — 9 pdr. I in. Deck amidships.
7— 3 pdr.
Twin screw. Hp. 5,ooo«3t kts. Coal maxi-
mum 13s tons.
Ditdda. lamea (b. Arbroath, March 4. 184;
Served an appreoiiccship to the building of smal!
wooden vessels, and in 1870 went to America and
started a shipbuUdiug yard on his own aocouoL
Subdcqueivtly joined the Union Ironworks as super-
intendent of their shipyard, and in 1884 designed
and superintended the construction of the fini
Killing- vessel built on the Pacific coasL While
with this fiim hr wbh closely Lonncctcd witli the
construction of 20 war vesseU for the United States
Navy and a cruu>cr for the Japanese Navy. In
1905 he severed his connection with the Union
Ironworks, and started business on his own account
as na%'ai architect and marine vngmeer.
E^bltcations : Has contributed papers to thr
Society ot N'aval .\rchitects and Mechanical En-
gineers, and to the North-East Coast Institution ol
Engineers and Shipbuilders. ^
Diokinson, JTobn, and Sons. Ltd., Palmer's Hit!
Engine Works, Sdndt-rland. These works were
founded in 1S52 by the chairman of the present
company. The site, comprising about 4^ acres, is
of peculiar formation, in former days having been
an old ballast hill, on the site of which the present
works are erected in terraces. The difierent fiats
arc excavated from the side oi the hilt, and secured
by means of heavy concrete retaining walla.
The principal manufacture is tliat of marine
tiigincs and boilers. Extensive repairing work to
connection with this industry is also carried out
The boiler shop has lately been extended and
fitted with the latest type of ctiacbiner>- for dealing
with Ixiilrrs up to 80 tons weight. The engine
works are also htted with machinery of modem
type, and no expense has twen spared to make
the whole factor^' complete and fully equipped for
dealing expeditiously and ellicientty with the com-
pany's manufactures. There is a river frontage
of about 630 ft., and machinery ia shipped from
the quay on board the steamers by means of ^
large 80-ton crane. ■
The output for the last ten years was as follows .
1897. II sets of engines, representing 30.760 I.Hp.
X898. 32 ., „ .. 38.654
1U99. 16 ,, „ „ 29.004
1900. 31 „ ,. ., 41,1
1901. 16 „ ., .. 3i.n
1902. 17 „ ,, ,, 31.030
1903. 11 M .. .. 34*733
1904. 30 „ ., .. 43.1
1905. 17 ., .. .. ii.6sA
1906. 30 .. ,. .. 51. I€
The number ol men employtxl is about I .ooQ.*
DkL Abbn-viation for dictionajy.
Diderot. Fri'nch ist claaa battleship. Laid
down Kyob.
Length 475ft. Beam 84ft. Maxinuini.dcaught37^f|.
Displacemeat iS,ooo tons. Complement 68ok
DIDO
■t77
DIU
Armour.
lo in. B«lt axnidfthtps.
13 la. Turrets.
13 iQ. Conning tower.
4 — 12 in.
12 — 9*4 in.
16 — 12 pdr.
8—3 pdr.
Torpedo Tubes (18 in.).
2 Submerged.
3 Above u-ater.
Ttiree screws. Hp. 32,500=19 kis. Coal maxi-
mum 2,010 tons. Approximate cost ;£i. 825,000.
Dido. British 2nd class cruiser. (Ix)ndoo sad
Glasgow. 1896.)
Length S^-iit. Beam S4ft. Maximum draught 23ft.
Displacement 5,600 tons^ Complement 450,
Ghns. Armour.
1 1 — 6 in. " Harvey."
6 — 12 pdr. 2f in. Deck.
1 — :2 pdr., d ewt. 6 in. Conning tower.
^H, 7—3 pdr.
^^^L_j Maxims.
^^^^^ Totpfdo TuAtfi (rS in.).
^^^^^^^ 2 Submerged.
I 1 Above water stem.
I Twin screw. Hp. natural 8,000= ia"5 kts., forced
9.6oo«>i9'5 kta. Coal maximum 1,076 tons.
Diffby. Sir Henry (1769-1842). English admiral
(b. Chrihtcliurch). Commanded the Africa in the
battle of Trafalgar. He was made admiral 1841.
Dilloiu Iffriffnl"! (b. London. 1854). W&s for
sotoe years identihed u-itK banking and hnanctal
institutioos in the- raetrcpolLa. In 1^93 be became
general manager and secretary of the Palmer Ship-
building and Iron Co. Has been twice Mayor of
Jarrow, And is president of the Xorttiem Union of
Mechanics.
Publications : Several works on Banking;
Diminishing Claose. Sc€ Clauses.
Dinghy. A small boat fitted with settee sail pro-
lud by paddles in use on the coast of India.
Dip. The inclination of the magnetic needle
towards the earth.
In navigation the dHlerence of the latitndes of a
star seen from two levels.
The angle contained between the scn.sible and
apparent horicon. the angular point being the eye
of the observer.
The allowance made in all astronomical observa-
tions of latitude over the height of the eye above
the level of the sea.
Dip. To tower, generally with the intention of
hoisting again.
n<|lkiit<il)Hili An instrument foe determining
correct time by transit observations of the sun or
oi the stars. The tint instrument vas constructed
by Dent from a design patented by Bloxham m
1^3. Plossl, of Vienna, impnn'ed it. and Stein-
luttl three years later brought out the transit prism
which is now used.
Dir«ot linaa Weal Indian Sarvioa, with a fleet of
13 well-built modem vessels, maintain services to
the West Indian Islands. One of their steamers
leave London fortnightly for Barbadoes. Grenada,
Trinidad, and Dcmcrara, transhipping al Barbadoes
for St. Vincent, St. Lucas, Montsvxrat, and St.
Kitts. A bteamer leaves Glasgow every three
weeks for Barbadoes, calting at and transhipping for
the same ports.
Flkkt.
Croum 0/ A rragim. Salybia.
Crown of CastiU. Sarslpon.
Crown of Grenada. Setrana.
Crottm of Navarre, Sphtroid.
Naparirna. Statia.
Saba. Torgorm.
Yanariva.
Disooant. An allowance made for money paid
before it is due. To discount a bill is to buy from
the holder the right to receive the money upon ii
when due.
Discovery. In May, 1612, Sir Thomas Button
sailed in this vessel on a voyage of discovery to
the polar ii^gioos. He entered Hud<ion's Bay, and
wintered at tlie mouth of a river 57° 10' N. The
following year he explored Southampton Island as
far as 65^ N.. returning to England in 1613. En
1615 Robert Bylot, master, and William Baffin,
pilot, sailed in this vcwel and carefully sur%"cycd
the coast of Hudson's Strait, and iiailed round the
great channel now known as Baffin's Bay. .\ll the
capes, islands, and sounds discoverer! were named
by these explorers alter the promoters of this
expedition. Refer to .Antarctic Exploration, also
Arctic Exploration.
Disk of the San or Moon. Tlte round face, which,
on account ol the grt>at distance, appears flat, as
like a plane surface.
DiiplAOimMit. The weight of %vater which a
vessel displaces when floating. The water dis-
placed is equal to the weight of the ship.
Distinguished Service Order was introduced
in i^^t) tur navai and, army officers who per-
formed distinguished service. It ranks next to
the Fourth Qass of the Royal Victorian Order.
The decoration consists of a white enamel cross
edged with gold, with the Imperial Crown on one
side and the Royal Cipher on the other. It is
worn on the left breast and suspended by a red
ribbon witti a blue edge.
Distreis. A terra used when, owing to damage
or danger, the ship requires immediate assistance.
Din. Portuguese corvette. (Lisbon, 1SS9.)
Length. 147 ft.: beam. 37 ft.; draught, 13 ft.;
displacement, 717 tons; ctnnplcmeal, 114;. guns,
I 5g-in., 2 4"7-in.. i 3-pdr. ; Hp.. 700^ la ktsj ;
coal. 80 toosi
DIURNAL
178
DIXON
Oinriul motions of the pUnets axe the spaces
they move through in the day.
Diaraal inninaUty or DiumAl Tariation. Changes
due to the urac of day.
IHarnal ran^e. Tlie amount o( variation between
the maximum and minimum of any element during
the 24 hoam.
Divine Service in Navy. Sec Naval Ceremonies.
Diving. This art has been practised from very
early times in the Indian seas, divers being em-
ployed in bringing up from considerable depthi^
corat, pearl, sponges, etc. The record time a good
diver can remain under water ^^ithout the aid of
artificial means is about three minutes. The
earliest contrivance lor enabling divers to remain
for any length uf time under water was the dixing-
bell, but thi.<; was not entirely a success owing to
the necessity ot the bell having to be frequently
drawn to the surface in order to get a fresh supply
of air. It was in 1830 ttmt Mr. A. Sicbi:, the founder
oi the firm of Siebe, Gorman and Co., Ltd., in-
vented the open diving-dress, which consisted of
a dress made of sohd sheet iDdiambber between
specially prepared twill. The helmet, made of
highly planished tin copper, with gunmetal fittings,
was fitted with two side oval or round thick plate
glasses in brass frames with guards. The .-lir was
suppUed from an air-pump by means of a vulcanised
Indiarubbcr air-pipe attached to a gunmetal inlet
valve in the helmet, by which the air is allowed to
enter. The diving-dress of to-day is merely an
improvement on that invented in 1830. Divers at
a depth of 32 ft under water have upon the surface
of their whole bodies a more than ordinary pres-
sure of 20,000 lbs. weight, yet, when we consider
the oiiiformity of that pressure, which causes no
dislocation of the parts, all tho external being
equally aSectcd with it, it is not to be wondered
that divers complain of no sensible pain though
they be pressed with so great weight of water.
The following table represents the pressure in
pounds on the square inch at a given depth of
water:
20 ft. . . 8 J lb«, 1 30 ft. . . 56i lbs.
30 .. .. 13J ,. 140 ., ., 60J „
40.. .. 17* .. »5" .. •- 65i ,.
so „ .. 21 J „ Limit.
60 ., . . 36^ „ 160 „ . . 69J „
70 .. .. 3*4 ,- »70 ., .74 ..
80.. ,. 34t „ i»o ., .. 78 ..
90 ,. . . 39 „ 190 .. . . Sai ..
100 „ .. 43J „ 204 „ .. 88J „
J 10 „ . . 47f „ The greatest depth any
lao ,, . . 52J „ diver has ever de-
scended.
Dise. U.S. cruiser. (Newport News, 1893.}
Leugtli, 389 ft. ; beam, 48 fL ;^ draught, 20 ft. ;
dicfdacement, 6,145 tons; complement, 181 ;
gtins, 8 ;-in.,4 6-pdr., 4 i-pdr. ; Hp.. 3,800= 16 Irts.
coal maximum, 1,371 tons.
Dixon, OMfg« (1755-1800). Englisli navigauv.
Ser\-cd under Capt. Cook in his third expedition 00
the North-West coast of America. In 17S5 he act
sail in command of the Queen C/iariotte — a com-
panion ship, the King George, being tioder the
command of Capt. Portlock — in tlic interest of the
King George's Sound. Co.. London, to make s
minute examination of the North-West Coast oi
.\merica. The voyage resulted in the discovery
of numerous small islands, ^^lorts, and bays, of
which Queen Charlutte's Island. Port MulgTave,
Norfolk Bay. and Dixon's Archipelago arc the
most important. He returned to England in 178I.
In the following year he published an account of
his voyage, entitie<l " A Voyage round the Wofld,
but more particularly to the Nortli-West Coast of
.America." whicb contained many valuable charts.
In 1 70 1 he published " Tho Navigator's Assistant"
Dixon, Harold RaytKm [b. Middlesbrough. 1872).
Educated Harrow and France. Served liis appren-
ticeship in his father's firm. Sir Raylton Dixon
and Co., Ltd., and in 1897, on its registration as a
private company under the Limited Liability Acl,
he was selected a director, and on the death ol
Sir Raylton Dixon in igoi became chairman. He
is a director of tlie British and .\frican Steam
Navigation Co., and the Imperial Direct West
Indian Mad Service, Ltd.. and under hia capable
direction the Cleveland Shipyard has not only
maintained its high standard and reputation, but.
if possible, enhanced it.
DixoD and Co.. Ltd., Sir Raylton. Middlesbrough-
on-Tees. The history ol this firm, whose name
is synonymous with abihty to undertake and
execute work in ship construction and repair. Is in
brief tliis. The originator, Mr. Ka.yllon Dixon.
after serving hia time as a premium apprentice witli
Messrs. Coutts and Parkinson on the Tyne, com-
pleted his articles with Messrs. Charles Mitchell and
Co., of the same river. In 1859 he went to Xht
Tees as niaoager of a shipyard there, and, three
years later, established under the title of Packbousr
and Dixon, the undertakiii^j which later resolved
itself into Raylton Ihxon and Co., subsequently
being registered! in 1897 ^ ^ limited company under
the present title of Sir Kaylton Dixon and Co., Ltd.
From small beginnings the works gradually
extended until they became of their present im-
portance, employing about 3.400 hands ; building
passenger and other high-class vessels lor tbr
British Government, and some of the most im-
portant shipping companies at home and abroad.
TTw yard is replete with alt the latest modets
machinery for the construction of vessels, and
among tlie clients of the firm may be mentioned .
Mesars. Elder. Dempster and Co., Lamport and
Holt. Moss Steamship Co.. Shipping and Coal Co.
of Rotterdam, General Stcanuiliip Co., Booth
Steamship Co.. Java, Cbina. and Japan Line, Louis
Dnyius and Co.. Glover Brothers, and tlic Beigcii
Steamship Co.
The yard turned out in 1906 nght vessels, aggre-
gating 26.610 B.T. ^tosa tons, and the figures tor
Uie previous five years arc : —
Year. B:T.'Gro98 tftrts.
1905 27.780
IV04 Ji.787
1903 . . 20407
1902 18,152
1901 . , 3$,60()
Giving an average siie ot vessel of 3,336 B.T. gross
tons.
Dixon, Thomu (i). Thkkley, May lo. 1848).
Serve*! apprenticeship with Messrs, PHIc, Spence
and Co. In 1868 appointed cashier to Sir Raylton
Dixon and Co., and on the firm being converted
into a private hmitcd company in 1&Q7. was made
secretary, and on the death of Sir Raylton Dixon
iq.v.) was appointed a director.
Dixon, Thomas, and Sons, with their head officcin
Bellast. have a ileet 01 two steamers, which run in
conjunction with those of the Lord Line {q.v.).
Fleet.
BtlfaU. Baudot.
Dltrr, >7orwcgian torpedo-hoat. (Chrtiittania,
1900.) Length, tii ft.; beam. 14J ft.; draught.
6i-ff.; displacement, 65 tons; armament, 3 I'^-pdr.,
2 tubes ; Hp., 650= 19 kts.
O.K. Distinguishing letters on sea fishmg boats
registered at Duodalk, Ireland.
DJ*. Distinguishing letters oq &ea iiithii^ boab>
registered at Deal, England.
Ooitrl DonakoL Russian armoured cruiser
(1883). Sunk by the Ja[ianesc at the battle of
Tsushima, May 37-29, 1905.
Dmitricff. Russian torpedo - boat destroy<;r
(1906). Length, 185 ft. ; beam. Ji It. : draught,
7i ft. : displacement. 3^4 tons; complement, 60;
armament, i ii-)xlr., 5 ,1 pdr., 2 Maxims. 2 torpedo
tnbea ; twin screw; Hp., 5,600 = 26 kts.; coal
majdroam, 100 tons.
Dnitptf ( 1894). Russian Government Uncr.
Length, 460 ft.; beam, 52 ft. ; draught. .:(> tt .
gross tonnage. 5,432 : Hp.. ib.jboW iS kls.
0,0. Distinguishing letters on sea Ashing boats
re^tered at Douglas. I>>lc of Alan, England.
DotoOWOlett. Russian lorpnlo gimhoat (1906).
Displacement. <i3S tons . speed, 19 kts. '
Dock comp&nies. See Harbour,
Dock doM arc payments made by the owner of a
ahip using a dock to the dock company, and arc in
proportion to the vessel's registered tonnage. The
term includes payments by the shippers of goodii.
Vessels belonging to the Board of Trade {q.v.) and
the General Lighthouas AuthmitieB ata exempt
from dock dues.
Dock maitw is one whose duties consist in
managinjE! and directing the raovemonts and berth-
tug tii oil shi)is uuiig any dock under his control, the
collection of dock dues, and the carrying into ctlecl
of the dock bye-laws. Hu is appointed by, and is a
servant of the dock-owners, who are responsible
For any damage to property directly traceable to
his acti, or default*: arising from orders given by
liim within the Ttcopc of his authority, provided
tliat. in cases of coULsion there has Iteen no con-
tributory negligence on the part of the mast«r or
crew of the vessel doing damage, and that the dock
master's orders arc properly executed.
Docks. A dock is an artificial enclosure into
which ships may be floated for the purpose or
repair, discharge, or loading. They .are divided
into thrve classes— tidal docks or basins, wet docks,
and gra\*ing or dry docks.
\ tidal dock is one which has an open entrance,
and the water level in the dock rises or folia acoonl-
ing to the state of the tide. ''
In a u-et dock the water is matntaju'i^r ttX OIK
uniform level by closmg the entrance tiy means of
watertight gates.
Craving docks or dry docks are used exclnsively
for the repair of veiwls. They are fitted with
water-tight gates at one end ; tlie gates have sluices
in them, in order to allow the water to gradually fill
tlie dock to admit the vessels. Such docks arc
iiupplicd with a row of keel blocks up the centre,
and the vessel is placed with her keel immediately
over tfaem. and as the water is pumpctl out, the
vessel gradually settles on these blocks.
Floating docks, which arc invariably constructed
of iron or steel, fulfil the same purpose as that of a
graving or dry dock.
Refer to Ilartx>urs; l^ndon. Port of; Bristol,
Port of : Belfast, Port of : Loith, Port of : Naval
Kstablishmcnts.
Dock warmntg are docunicDts of title lo goods
and acknowledgments on the part of dock com-
panies th-it they hold and are responsible for certain
quantities of goods specified therein. Between the
two contracting parties the transfer of a Dock
warrant operates only as a token of authority to
lake possrssion. and not as a transfer of possession.
But any document of title may be lawfully trans-
lerred to any person as a buyer or owner of the
goods, and if he in turn transfer such documcnl of
title to another who takes bona fid€ and lor valuable
consideration, the last transfer will liavc the same
eilect for defeating the vendor's lieu, or right of
stoppage tn transUu t^,*.}. as the transfer of a bill of
lading has for defeating the right of sta))i>age in
transilM. Dock wan^uts are not. howe\'cr, nego-
tiable mstnimouu, and Uie transferee acquirer no
bottor title to the goods than the ir«ib>icior had.
(Sale ol Goods Act, 1^3. and Factofb Act.jfiflV')
DOCKYARDS
1 80
DOMETT
Dockyards, Naviil. Sn Naval Establishments.
Dodd, Thomas Jamec (b. Portsmouth, April, 1847).
Educated Hortsraouth. and in i86i paascd first in
the examination before the Ci\'il Service Commis-
fiiont-rs, and was enterwl in Portsmouth dockyard
as n shipwright apprentice. After serving five
ye.-iTB he was granted by Ihe Lord Commissioners of
the Admiralty a scholarship for a further two years,
during which time he studied the principles of
design, and was instructed in the actual work of
]a)-ing oflF and ship's construction. In 1868. after
completing seven years' apprenticeship, he was
appointed an assistant overseer of iron and compo-
site vessels building by c-ontracl for H.M. service,
and was .so employed on the armour-clad frigates
Swiftsure ajid Triumph, on tJie turret -ship Cyclops.
four iron gun - vcescIs. and the iron troopship
AsiiiiaHce. In May. 1873, he was appointed
surveyor to Lloyd's Register of British and Foreign
Shipping at Leitli and Sunderland, and assisted the
late Mr. Martcl in the preparation of the first free
board tables whidi were accepted by the Govern-
ment in rSgo. In 1874 he was appointed exclusive
sur\-eyor at Genoa. Italy, and in 1677 was appointed
to Marseilles, on special duties. In February, t88o.
he wa.3 promoted to Glasgow, and in 1900, when the
Glasgow Committee of Lloyd's Register of British
and Foreign Shipping was formed, he wa.s api>ointc<l
secretary of that cnnimiltL-e, in addition to the
principal survcyorship.
Member of the Institution of Naval Architects,
and of the Institution of Engineers and Ship-
builders of Scotland.
Ooff. To pass zigzag the tails of a stopper or
other ropes.
DogalL Italian 3rd class cruiser. (Elswtck,
1889.)
Length 250ft. Beam 37ft. Maximum draufjht 15ft.
Displacement 2,000 tons. Complement 257.
Cuns. A riHOur.
6—6 in. " Steel."
I— 3"9 in. 2 in. Deck,
g — 3'a in. 4 in. Deck gun shields.
Torpedo Tubes.
4 Above water.
Hp. 7,600=^19 kts. Coal maximum 480 tons.
Dogger. A Dutch smack carrying main and
mizzcn ina^t, principally used for fishing on Dogger
Bank.
DofCger Bank. A sand l»ink in the middle of North
Sea between Hngland and Denmark, and extending
within 40 miles of tlie Yorkfthire coast. Has an aver-
age depth of 10 to 20 fathoms. Famous cod-Ashing
centra. Here on the night of October 21, 1904, the
Russian fleet (which wns afterwards annihilated
by Admiral Togo at tlie battle of Tsushima) when
on its way to the Far East fired on the trawlers,
sinking the Cratu. and damaging others, and killing
two and w-ounding many of the fishermen. An
International Commission was held to inqnire into
the incident, and the Russian Government was com-
pelled to pay compensation,
DoKger Bonk. BalUe ol. On August $. 1781. aa
indecisive battle wa.s fought tjctwcen the Brilisb
under Admiral Sir Hyde Parker and the Dutch.
DoegflU's Coat and Badse. A sculling phte
founded by Thomas Doggclt in 1716 for Thames
watermen who have finished tlieir apprenticeship
within a year prior to the race. It consists of a red
coat with a large silver badge on the arm. The
race takes place annually, the course being from
London Bridge to Chelsea, and is always keenly con-
tested. A record of winners has been preserved
since 1791.
DoK*s ear. The leech of a sail between the reels
wh(jn it sticks up.
Dofvane. A small contrivance made of thread,
cork and feathers, to show the direction of the wind.
Dog-watch. The half-watches of two hours each.
from (our to six, and six to eight in ttie evening.
Doldrunu. Those parts of the sea near the
equator vvhere calms arc generally experienced.
Dolphin. A bollard post on a quay to which
liawsers are made fast.
Dolj^hin. U.S. gun-vessel. (Oiester. 1885. 1
Length. 240 ft, : beam. 32 ft. : draught. 17 ft. ;
displacement, 1,486 tons; complement, 117 ; guns,
2 4-in., I 6-pdr.. 6 .vpdr. ; Hp.. .2.250=15 kts.;
coal, 173 tons.
Dolphin striker. A short gafi s-j^ar for guyi
down the jibboom which it supports.
Dom Oarloa I. Portuguese armoured ship (1898).
Length 360ft. Beam 46ft. Mean draught 17ft.
Displacement 4.100 tons. Complement 473.
Guns,
4 — 6 in.
8— ^'7 in.
13—3 pdr.
10— I pdr.
A rmaur.
"Steel."
4i in. Deck.
4 in. Conning tower.
Torpedo Tubes.
2 Submerged.
jt Above water.
Hp. forced 13.500^
'33 kU. Coal
Twin screw,
maximum 700 tons.
Domett, Sir William (1754-1828). English ad-
miral. Shared in the action ofif Ushant, 1778 ;
Arbutlmol's Bction in the Chesapeake, 1781 ; was
in command of the flag-ship Roiuney in the !Hediter-
ranean at the outbreak of the war, 1793 ; com-
manded Hood's flag-ship, the Royal George, in
Howe's battle of " The Glorious First of June."
1794. In 1799 he was present at Basque Roads,
and two yearn later was promoted fiag-captain to
Sir Hyde Parker (q.v.) at Copenhagen. He was
one of the Commissioners of Naval Inquiry, ap-
pointed in 1803 on dockyards, which sat until
March, 180S. He was made admiral, 1819.
DOMINION
i8i
DONA
Dottlnloa. British lytclsw^ttlcahip. {Vkkeis.
Length 453ft. Beam ^Sft. Mean draught 36ft.
Displacement 16.JS0 tons. Complement 77;.
CGuH*. A rm«wr.
4 — 12 in. " Krupp."
4 — 9'3 in. 9 in. Belt amidships.
10—6 to. 13 in. Barbettes.
14 — I a pdr. 1 3 in. Conning tower.
U— 3 pdf-
3 Maxims.
Torpedo Ttihts.
4 Sabmerged hroadsirte.
I SubmM'ged stem.
Twin screw. Hp. 18,000=18*5 kis. Coal maxi-
mum 3,000 ions. Approximate cost j£i,5oo.ooo.
Dominion Stflanuhip Lina. In 1870 some Liver-
pool and N>-W Orleans cotton merchants lormcd
the Mississippi and Dominion Steamship Co.. Ltd.
Since 1804 the propnctar)' company ha.? been the
British and North Atlantic Steam Navigation Co,.
Ltd. A weekly passenger service between Liver-
pool and Quebec and Montreal in the summer and
Halifax {Nova Scotia) and Portland (Maine) in the
lA-inter is maintained, as well as a regular weekly
freight service from Liverpool to Portland through-
out the year. There is also a fortnightly freight
service between Avonmouth and Quebec and
Montreal in the summer, and Portland in the
winter. The largest steamer is the Norseman.
9,546 tons. There is building a new twin-screw
steamer of 14,000 tons, which wtU be named the
^fherta.
Flbbt.
Afantman.
IyCofHishmaM, Notuiman.
Dom inicn . OUa wa .
Cambromatt.
Canada.
I .■CofHishmaM,
Dominion.
, Enftishmmn.
Ottoman.
Roman.
TuHomaHm
Vancouver.
WttshmaH.
Gross tonnage, 88,650.
Dom Lois I. Portuguese gun-vessel. (Lisbon
1895.) Length, 151 f L : beam. 27 ft.: draught.
14 ft : displacement, 710 tons ; armament, 4 4'1-in.,
3 a's-in.. 3 Maxims i Hp.. 512=9 kti, : coal.
100 tons.
Domnle, Admiral Sir Comptoa Edward. K.C.B..
cr. 1898; O.O.V.O., iyo5 {b. Worcestershire. 18411.
Educated Royal Academy. Goaport ; entered Navy,
i8;6: lieutenant, 1863; lieutenant commanding
Atferitu ; promoted to commander for his skill and
gallantry in services against pirates in China,
t866-68 ; captain, 1876 ; captain of Dtdo, 1879-83 :
saw active service om. West Coast of Africa and the
Cape during Boer war ; Acting Commodore,
Jamaica, iSAi : captain of Temeraire, 1884-86 ;
captain H.M.S, ExcslUnl, Gunnery School, Ports-
mouth. 1886-90; vice-president of Ordnance Com-
mittee. 1890-91 : Director of Naval Ordnance and
Torpedoes, 1891-94; Rear- Admiral, Mediterranean
Fleet, 1S94 96 : Admiral Superintendent of Naval
Reserves, 1897 ; I^«eident of Boiler Commission
since 1900: Commander-in-Chief. Mediterranean
Station, 1903 ; retired October, 1907, on attaining
the age of 6s.
Don. Russian Government liner ( 1690). Length,
504 ft. ; beam, ^j ft. ; draught, 34 ft. ; gross ton-
nage. 8,430 ; Hp., 16,400 — 1 1) kts.
Doo&ld. James (b. Glasgow, 1867). Served ap-
prenticeship with the Fairfield ShipbmMing and
Engineering Co. , Glasgow, From 1 8g i -qti was
assistant to Dr. Francis lilgar in the London
offices of the company. In 189Q he joined the
Union Ironworks. San Francisco. Calilomia. as a
naval architect and assistant to the general manager
Id 1901 he severed his connection with tliis firm
and joined as naval architect the New York Ship-
building Co.
Member of the Institution of Naval Architects
(England), and of the Institution of Naval Archi-
tects (New York).
Dontldion Line- Established in Glaagow in 1854
by Donaldson Brothers, who started busineia with
the little wooden bark Joan Tavtor, of J39 tons,
trading between Glasgow and the River Plate.
Their first iron vessel was the barque Miami, built
in 1867. and their first steamer the AsiarU. S(> ? tous.
built 1870. They now have a large fleet, which
trade regularly between Glasgow and St. John,
N.B., Quebec, .Montieal, Baltimore. Norfolk, and
NewiKjrt News, and make a speciality of live-stock
and frozen cargoes, their principal .tteamcrs being
fitted with cold storage on Hall's principle.
Flebt.
A Uidsi. Hsstia. ManHOm
Almora. Indrani. Orthia.
A Ihania. Kastaita. PaviS^nia.
Cassandra. Lakoma. SaJacia.
Concordia. Tritonia,
Gross tonnage, 65.000.
Complement 89.
AnHQUT.
•• Staef
6 in. Conning tower.
"Don Alraro de Basau. Spanish torpedo gun-
boat (1897).
Displacement 830 tons.
Guns.
2 — 4 in.
4—3 pth.
3 Catlings.
Torpedo Tubes.
I Submerged bow,
3 Above water.
Twin screw. Hp. natural 2.500 = 17 kts.. forced
3.300% 19'S kt3. Coal normal i30 tons.
DOOA HarU d« Molina. Spanish torpedo gun-
boat (1806).
Displacement S50 tons. Complement 89.
Gutu. A rmour,
3—4 m. " Steel."
4 — 3 pdr. 6 in. Conning tower.
a GtttlinRs.
DONEGAL
I 82
DOUBLE
*■''■■ Torpedo Tubet.
1 SubmcTgtd bow.
2 Above water.
Twin screw, lip. natural 3.500=17 kts., forced
3.500=19'$ kt5. Coal normal 120 tons.
Donogal. Rritl<ih 1st cUss criilser. (Fairfidrl.
1902.)
Ixngth 44oJt. Beam 66(t. Mean draught 24ft.
Displacement g.8oo tons. Complement ^78.
Gums. A rmovt.
14 — 6 in.. >t5 cal. " Knipp."
8 — 13 pdr. 4 in. Belt amidships.
3—13 pdr., M cv-t. 5 in. Barbettes.
3—3 pdr. [o in. Conning tower.
S Pompoms.
Torpedo Tttbo (18 in.).
2 Submerged.
Twin screw. Hp. 22.000 — 23 kls. Coat maxi-
nmm 1,600 tons. Approximate cost ;^7 15.900.
Donets. Russian corvette. Black Sea. (Nico-
laiefl, laSS.) LeuKlh, 210 ti. \ beam, 35 ft.
draught, 1 1 ft. : displacement, 1 ,224 ; complement.
i6j ; armament, 2 8-in.. i 6-in., 7 q.f., a torpedo
tubes ;Hp.. i,soo»ij^ kts; coal. 250 tons.
Don loan de Anttria. U.S. gun-vessel. (Cartha-
gena, 1898,) I.ength. 210 ft. ; beam, ^2 ft. ;
draaght, 13 ft. ; di'^plaecment. 1,159 tons : comple-
ment, I jo : armament, 6 4-in., 4 6-pdr., 4 Maxims ;
Hp.. 1.500=14 ktn. : coal, 210 tons.
Donkey-engine is a subsidiary engine driven by
&tcam Irom tiic main boilers, used on ship board
(or working winches, capstans, and pumps.
Don Pedro. French steamer, from Havre to I.a
Plata, wrecked off the N.W. coast of Spain. May 27,
1894 : *7 Wvw lost-
Donskoj Kasak. Russian torpedo gun-boat. (St.
Petersburg. 1905.) Displacement, 625 tons ; speed,
19 kts.
Donskoi Kassack. Knssian tori>edo-buHt de-
stroyer. (Yarrow, 1906.) Displacement, 5oStons ;
draught, S ft. ; complement. 75 ; armameot.
2 12-pdr.. 5 6-pdr., t tubes ; Hp., 5,200 = 26 kts.
Doon. British torpedo-boat destroyer. (Yar-
row. 1904,) Length, 222 ft. ; beam, 23} ft ;
draught, 9] ft. ; difsplacement, 600 tons : comple-
ment. 72 ; armament, i la-pdr.. 5 6-pdr., 2 tubes ;
twin screw ; Hp.. 7,500^35 kts. ; coat. 126 tons.
Dorade, French submarine. (Toulon, 1903.)
Length, 77 It. ; beam, 74 ft. ; draught, 8 ft. ; dis-
placement. 6S tons; complement. 5; Hp., 60 =
S kt5.
Dorla, Andrea (1466-1 560), Famons Genoese
admiral. VrTien ^o years of age he entered into
Ihr service of Franci:^ I. of France, axtd was given
command of the fleet in the Mediterranean, and
captared Genoa for the French in r537. After dual
\'ictDry Francis I. slighted him, and when con-
ducting the blockade of Naples for the French he
was persuaded to change sides, receiving from
Charles V. a promise of the freedom of his native
town. His action altered the fortunes of the war,
and he drove the French from Genoa ; re-established
the republic on a broad basis, which he continued
to maintain in unity and independence until his
death. See Petit's " .\ndre Doria. un Amiral Con- .
dotticre, 18B7." 1
Doris. British 2nd class cruiser. (Barrow,
1S96.)
length 364ft. Beam 54ft. Maximum draught ;
Displacement 5.600 tons. Complement 450.
Guns. Armour.
II — 6 in. " Harvey."
8 — 12 pdr. zj in. Deck.
1 — 13 pdr.. S cwt, ^ in. Conning tower.
7—3 pdr.
2 Maxims.
Torpedo Tubes (18 in.).
3 Submerged.
1 Above water stem.
Twin screw. Hp. natural S.oooc^ i8'5 kts., forced
9.6oos=i9's kts. Coal maximum 1,076 tons.
Dwis. Frigate. On January
vessel was lost on the Diamond
Bay.
12. iSu5, this
Rfx:k, Quiberoa
i
%
1
I
Dorobasch^s Floating Cargoes. Established 1 8 5S. 1
Piiblislieii daily (morning and evening). FVice (by'
subscription), .\ddress : ii Tokenhouse Yard,
]-ondon, E.C.
Dorothea. This vessel, commanded by Captain ^
David Buchan, sailed, April, 1B18, for the polar
regions. Driven into the pack upon a he^ivy
tiwell ^e was severely nipped, and bad to return |
to Englanrf. fiefev in Arctic Exploration.
Dorset Yacht
Yacht Club.
Club. BoyaL See Royal Dorset
Dortmnnd-Weser-Ems Canal i:onnects the West-
phahan co.nllif]ds with the Woscr at Munster, and
forms the intermediate link between the Midlaad
Canal and the Rhine-Wes«r-Elbc Canal. It was
commenced in [892, and cost about four million
sterling. It is 174 mile.s long, and has an average
depth of about tii ft., and can be navigated by
vessels up to 750 tons.
Dociolny. Russian torpedo-boat destroyer (i
Length, 185 ft. : beam, 21 ft. ; draught. 7 J ft.
displacement. 324 tons; complement, 60; arma
ment, i ts-pdr., 5 3-pdr., 2 Maxims, a tubes
twin screw; Hp., ^,600 = 26 kts. ; coal, too tons.
Doable. To strengthen a ship with extra plank-
ing vfhr-n through age or otherwise she has tKcomo
loosened.
1
DOUBLE
»83
DOWELL
i
DoaUe iuaranoe aaxaedmet happeoa when the
8&m« interest is insured vnih two different under-
writers wtthout any fraudulent intention. In such
cases the rule is that the assured claims his loss in
full from one set of underwriterb. and they in turn
claim a return of onp-half from the other under-
^^Titenl. The same phncipk* holds if the araounts
are any other proportion than half.
Dooclu. Sir Andrew Soape (1761-97)- British
naval otliccr. In 1794 uas flag-captain ol the
Quun CharloUe, I-ord Howe's flag-ship .it the
hattle of " The Glorious First of June." when he
■was dangerously woundod. In the following year
he took part in Bridport's action a£F L'Onent.
Dotiglu, Admiral 8ir Archibald Laidas, K.C.B.
(b. 1S4J). Entered Navy iSjG ; served as mid-
shipman and lieutenant of the Avtagon ; present at
all the engagementi^ o( the Kaval Brigade up the
nvers Congo and Gambia during her commission
on the coast of Africa : gunnery lieutenant of
Aurora, and commanded a gun-boat on the lakes of
Canada during the Fenian invasion, 1U06 ; com-
mander. 1872 : instructor in the use of Harvey's
torpedo of the Channel and Reserve fleets. 187* ;
selected by the Admiralty to proceed to Japan as
Commander of the Kaval Mission to instruct the
Japanese Navy ; served as Director of the Imperial
Japanese Naval College at Yedo for two years ;
received the thanks of the Emperor of Japan, and
approval of his service* from the Admiralty ;
captain, 1S80 ; captain of Serapit during the naval
and mihtary operations in the Soudan, 1S84
(Egyptian medal. Khedive's Bronxe Star) ; member
of Ordnance Committer. 1887-90; A.D.C to the
Qoc«i. 1893-95 : rear-admiral, 1S95 ; vice-president
ol Ordnance Committee, 1896; Commander-in-
Chief East Indian Station, 1898 ; Lord Commis-
sioner of the Admiralty, 1899 ; vice-admiral. 1901 ;
Commander -in-Chief North America and West
Indies, 1903 ; K.C.B., 190J ; Commander-in-Chief
at Portsmouth, 1904 ; admiral, 1905.
Douglas. Sir Charles. British rear-admiral. Took
a distinguished part in the relief of Quebec, 1776 :
coQUuunded the Stirling CaslU in the action oil
.Usbaiit. 1778. and was CaptaJii of the Fleet to
Rodney in the battle of Lcs Saintes. Me is credited
U'lth having first mtioduced flint gun locks into
the Navy.
Douglas. Sbolto. British admiral (b. 1833).
Served during Cafree and Burmese war (Cairee
and Burmese medals) : present in the Baltic
fhiring Russian war. at the bombardment of
Sleiburg (Baltic medal) ; served during China war.
1655-58. at Fatshan (China medal, Fatshan clasp) ;
commanded the Coromandet at the capture of Bogtic
and Pcihu forts (Taku clasp) ; landed with Naval
Brigade at the capture of Canton, 1857 (Canton
daap) ; commander of Esf>fir, 1860-64. on West
Coast of Africa during slave trade blockade, whan
ha captured and liberated over 3.000 slavea ; com-
manded the Indian troop-ship Malabar, frigate
Aurora, and ironclads Achtlies and Resistance;
C.B.. 1 88 1.
Donelass, Sir James NiohoUs (1836-98). English
engineer (b. London). Became chief engineer to
Trinity House Corpomtion. for whom he designe<l
and superintended the construction of many hght-
houses, especially the structure which replaced the
Eddystone IJghthouse, 1878-82, He carried out,
with Tyndall and Faraday, many experiments on
lighthouse illumination and fog-stgaalliag.
Dooro. Bntish mail Kteamer. Sunk by collision
with Spanish steamer Ytirrac Dal. April t. 1883;
59 lives lost.
Dove. Sss .Antarctic Exploration.
Dove. British torpedo-boat destroyer. (Hull,
lyoi.) Length. 310 ft.; beam, zo ft.; draught.
5i ft. ; displacement, 300 tons ; complement,
60; armament. 1 i3-pdr., 5 6-pdr:, 2 tubes; twin
screw; Hp.. 5,800=3 jo kts. : coal, 80 tons.
Dover and Ostend Belgian Qovenuneat Mail
Paoket See Belgian State Railway and Mail
Packet Service.
Dover Straits, Battle ot. On September z8. 1653,
the Dutch admiral van Tromp defeated the British
admiral Blake. The Dutch, with a fleet of So
ships, engaged the British fleet with 40 ships, several
of which were captured and six destroyed. The
Dutch admiral sailed in triumph through the
Channel, with a broom at his mast-head, to denote
that he had swept the British from the seas.
Dowell. Sir William Hootagn (b. 1825). Entered
Royal Navy 1639. Suivcd as midshipman of Druid
and Blenhgim ; served in Clilna. and took part in all
the operations from the attack on the barrier at
Macao in 1840, to the capture of Ning Po. 1841
(China medal and clasp) ; landed with the Naval
Brigade at Monte Vidt-o, 1846-47 ; gunnery lieu-
tenant uf Albion in Black Sea; present at ttie
siege ol Sebastopol (Crimean and Turkish medals,
Scbastopol clasp. Knight of the Legion of Honour,
Medjidie, 5th Class) ; served with Naval Brigade
at the capture of Canton, 1S57 (China medal,
Canton clasp) ; C.B., 1864, for services in Japan ;
in command of the West Coast of Africa and Ca]>e of
Good Hope Stations, 1B67-71 ; second in command
Channel Squadron. 1877-78 ; senior ofhcer on the
Coast of Ireland, 1878-80; aenior officer in com-
mand of the Channel Squadron. 1883-83 : attached
to Mediterranean fleet and engaged in Egyptian
war, 1882 ; K.C.B. for services rendered (Egyptian
medal, Khedive's Brouxe Star. Osuianieh. J»d
Class) : commander-in-chief China, 1884-85 ; com-
nModer-in-chief DevtHiport, 1888-90; retired 189a,
and received admiral's good service pension 1891*
DOWN
184
DOXFORD
Down. A ridge or bvik of suid cast up by tbe
action of th« wa or wind near the shnre.
Downa. Battle of the. On Fdiruury 30th, 1653.
thf British under IHIake defeated van Tromp and the
Dutch fleet ofi Portsmouth, laking and destroying
tj men ol war and 30 merchantmen. On June 2
the Dutch and Kuglisli ilec-U ucrc again engaged
ofl the Nortti Foreland, and victory was once more
for the BritiaU. Six Dutch shjp» were captured,
I i sunk, and tlie rest ran into Calais Roads.
Downi. Tba. A roadstead eight miles long and
six miles wide, on the coa.st of Kent. Extends from
N. to S. Foreland, and is protected on the E. by The
Goodwin Sands. Ships can (ind sale anchorage
there except during Southerly gales.
Dowse. (Douse.) To strike or allow the saih to
fall suddenly on account of itquall.
Doxfotd, William, and Sons. Ltd., Sunderland.
Th:s great establishment ou the Wear, which ha.s
aiuined world-wide reputatioo, is the result of
sustained eflort. continuous striving, and steady
growth from grandfather to grandson. It was in
11(40 that the hrm was established by the late-
T^*illiam Doxford, who started a little wooden
sbip-buildtng yard at Cox Green, and U wns here
that the " worthy master " built many a " strong
and goodly vessel, that did laugh at all disaster,
and with wave and whirlwind ^^Testie." with
" timbers fashioned strong and true, stemson and
keelson and stemson knee, framed in perfect
aymmeiry,"
The Arm to-day are famous for their great ocean
carriers, and it must not be forgotten that more
than a generation ago they were equally famous
for their fine sailing ships, which rank amongst the
stateliest vessels then turned ont on the Tj'ne
or Wear.
By the middle of the century it was clear that
the day of the wooden ship waji doomed ; and «(0
moving with the tiroes, Mr. Doxford left Co\ Green
and started a ship>building yard at Pallion. m 1857.
somewhat to the west of the present site, which
they piiurcluuied in l86g. Here five sliim were laid
down, and steamen uf thi^ ordioary iron cargo ty{>e
were built in considerable nunibcnt.
In I tJ78 an engine -building department was
added to the yard. litre for many years steamers
were bmlt and cugined, and ihc reputation of the
firm grew, .-^t this time tlic capacity of the yard
was about 28,000 tons of shipping per annum, with
five building slips ; shortly afterwards, these five
slips were converted into three of larger size, capable
of turning out vessels up to 12,000 tons dead weight
on each berth. From the time of this change the
tonnage output of tbe firm steadily rose, until in
19U2 it had reached 43.000 tons. Dunngthis period
extra maohinery, railway uocoinmodation, and a
fitting out quay, including a 150-ton r.adial crane.
were added to the establishment. Property sur-
rounding it was gradually acquired, until finally.
1901. .1 start was made with the extension of
premises, and three extra slips were de&igucd.
These slips were started in 1903, and completed in
1 904. enabling the firm to lay down the fir^t keel in
Iheir new yard in June of that year, before the dose
of which three large vtswuls had bucn lauociuMl.
thereby bringing the out]>ut of the firm up to 53.000
tons, all in turret steamers. In 1905— the first yi
in which the full capacity of the increased establish'
ment was tested — tlie total output of tonnage wj
87.000 tons, and in 1906 this was increased
106,000 tons, a total which placed the firm in
immediate front raidc of British builders.
In September, 1901, the engine works were
destroyed by fire, and were rebmlt on an enlargi
scale. In the process of rebuilding the firm ti
the opportunity not orJy to lay down new maichineiy^
of the most powerful type u-ith alt the Latest
improviiments, but L>rought this department righ{
up to date, with a capacity lor turning out 30 sei
oi marine eiiginctt per amium, with an I.Hp.
45.000.
l*he engine and boiler shops consist oi two ba;
of 49 ft. span, and two bays of 32 ft. span, all 350 ft
long. Each bay lias four overhead travelling,
electrical ly-d riven cranes. Weights up to 80 tons
can be lilted and transported in the wider ba>-s.
These shops arc htted throughout with the most
up-to-date tools and machinery, electrically driveo.
For over a decade the name of Doxford has been
inseparably identified witli the turret deck steamer.
The caJly prejudices against it liavu goD«. Ship-
owners who at &rst dcctined to experiment with
now recognise its merits. They have proved to
economic and commercially cthcicnt craft, and tbi
are found in every trade, which is attested by tl:
simple fact that there are now afloat and building
175 turret vessels with an aggregate gross tonnage
of 670,000, and a dead -weight capacity of 1,080^000
tuna, to the credit of the PalUon yard.
In their long ship-building experience this
tuive turned out many notable ships. Thi
started with number one vessel in 1863 ; their
wooden vessel was constructed in 1864 ; their last
composite ship in 1S69 ; and their first steel ship in
1882. In 1874 they built three gun-boats and one
corvette — Opal — for the British Navy, and have
recently constructed six torpedo-boat destroyers,
among which are the Violet and the Sylvia, capablv^H
of steaming 30 kuotis. So far back as 1879 the)r^|
built the biggest dead-weight steamer then afloat,
the Grecian, of 4,500 tons, for the Allan Line.
In 1896 they repeated the same performance on a
much larger scaJc. the vessel being theyf/joa, a
vessel of 11,300 tons dead-weight, which was th«^|
largest tramp steamer buUt that year. In 1903^*
they again peTformed an achievement in shipbuild-
ing by turning out the three largest single-deck
ships afloat, vU., the B.I. steamers Quiloa. Quetimba
and Qxuda. each of 12,000 tons dead-weight, th«ae
ip-
',000
finsH
rheifl
lastfl
D.R.
'«5
DRAKF
I
bcitig the lu'gest tdmf ^twiipew -wiricli ham yet
been built. For the Clan Line the firm has con-
structed no fewer tlian 30 turret ^ttenmcru, chiefly
from 6,000 to 8.000 capacity.
Among the more recent important devHopments
bT Messra. Doxford, is the twin-masted collier, the
E. 0. Saitmnrsk. built for the Louisville and Nash-
ville Railroad Co.. for their coal trade from Pensa-
cola to Tampico. She is fitted up with Doxford's
system of derrick gear, and can discharge 3.000 tons
of coal per day out of her five hatches, and deliver
same direct into the railway tnickii, which are
standmg 6 ft. from the quay wall. When it is
remembered that Doxford's are now able to build
and engine two ships for e%'ery calendar month of
the year, some idea of the extent of the establish-
ment and the perfection of its organiuition will be
understood.
D.II. Distinguishing letters on sea fishing
boats registered at Dover, England.
Draak. Nethcrland coast defence monitor (3,000
tons). Very old, and of no fighting value.
Dmbler. Canvas lacrd on the bonnet of a sail to
give It more drop.
Drag. Applied to an anchor when not holding.
Dragon. Britisb torpedo-boat destroyer. (Bir-
kenhead, 1S94O Length, 210 ft. ; beam, ig ft. ;
draught, 7 tt. : displacement, J90 tona ; comple-
ment. 50 : armament, 1 12-pdr.. 5 6-pdr., 2 tubes :
twin screw; Hp., 4.500=^27 Jets; coal, 60 tons.
This ship-name is associatrd with the battle off the
North ForeJaud, 1653 ; battle off LowestoU, 16O3 ;
capture of Belleisle, 1671 : reduction of Havana,
176J ; Caldcr's action off Fcrrol, 1805.
Dragon. French sea going torpedo-boat. (Nor-
mand, i8o3-) Length. T38 ft. ; beam, 14) ft. ;
draught. 8 ft. : displacement, 139 tons ; comple-
ment. 26: armament. 2 j-pdr. 3 tabee : twin
screw; Hp., t, 400= 35 kts. ; coal, 10 tons.
Dragon Fly. British coastal torpedo-boat de-
stroyer. (White. 1906.)
Dragonnt). French torpedo gun-boat. [Harrc.
1885.) I-ength, 196 it. ; beam, 21 ft, ; draught.
ft,; displacement, 4x3 tons; complement, 63;
fnitt, 4 fl't in., 3 Maxims, 2 tubes ; Hp.,
a.oooMiS kts. ; coal maximum, too tons.
Drake. British ist dass cruiser. (Pembroke.
1903.)
Length 5 Ji^L Beam 71 It. Maximum draught 38ft.
Displacement 14,100 tons. Complement 900.
Ouns, Armour.
2 — 9'3 in., 4$ caJ. " Krupp."
}6 — 6 in. 6 in. Belt amidships.
14 — 13 pdr. 6 in. Barbettes.
3 — 3 pdr. 13 in. Connmg tower.
3 Maxims.
T^rrpdib Tii&er ftS in.).
a Submerged.
Twin screw. Hp.. 30.000.-^33 kts. Coat nuxi-
mum 2,500 tons. Approxim."ite cost ^1.000,000.
Drake. i» guns. On June 30, 1833, this vessel
was lost near Halifax, when several were drowned.
Drake, Sir Francis (JUS-OS)- Celebrated English
Admiral (b. Tavistock). He joined the ill-fated
expedition of Sir John Hawkyns, destroyed by the
Spaniards 1567. where he acquired a great reputa-
tion. After two vo^ragejt to the West Tndtns he
sailfd from Plymouth. 1573. for Nonibrc de Dios.
which he successfully attacked. He crossed the
Isthmus of Panama, and committed great havoc
among the Spanish shipping. Having embarked
his men and filled his ship with plundi-r, he set sail
for England, arriving at Plymouth. 1573. In
December, 1577, he sailed with another squadron.
intending to undertake a voyage through the South
Seas to the Straits of Magellan, which no English-
man liad hitherto attempted. He reached the
coast of Brazil on .April 5, and entered the Rio de
la Plata, where he parted company with two oi his
ships. On Angust 20 he entered the Straits ol
Magellan, and on September 35 passed them, having
then only his own ship. He tlten worked his way
up the Went Coast of South America, making several
priies by the way. OH Cape Francisco he cap-
tured the Cacafuego, with more than 1 50,000 pounds
of treasure. He then struck across th« Pacific, and
returned home by the East Indies, Cape of Good
Hope, and Sierra Leone, atui reached England,
September, 1 5S0 — the first Englishman to circum-
navigate the globe. The voyage occupied two
years and tea months. In 1585 he set sail with a
fleet of 25 ships to make reprisals 00 the Spaniards
m the West Indies, and took the ciUea of St. J ago,
St. Domingo. Carthagcna. and St. Augustine. In
1587 he went to Lisbon with a fleet of 30 sail, and
having received intelligence of a great fleet being
assembled in tlic Bay of Cadiz, destined to form part
ol the Armada, he entered the bay, and burnt up-
wards of 10.000 tons of shipping. When the
Armada appeared the following yuar, he was
appointed vice-admiral under Lord Howard, and
enhanced his reputation in the running fight up
channel, where he made prize of a very large
galleon commanded by Dom Pedro dc Valvrz. who
was reputed the projector of the inva.<don. In 1 595
he saOed on his last expedition to the Wust Indies.
After a series of misfortrme he died of dysentery at
Porto Bello. A monument was erected to his
mwnory at Tavistock, and there is a duplicate of it
on Plymouth Hoe.
Sff Barrow s " Life of Drake " (1843), Sir J. K.
Laughton, "The Diet, of Nat. Biog.,*' Corbett'a
" Drake and Tudor Navy " (iSgg), " The Worid en-
compassed by Sir Francis Drake " by Fletcher fl638j,
" Sir Francis Drake, his Voyage *' (i 593) by Thomas
Maynarde, published by the Hakluyt Society In 1849.
DRAUGHT
t86
DRISTK
Dninsht. The depth of water a ship displaces
when floating.
Draw. AVhcn sails are wdl 61lcri b)' the. wind.
Drawback. Aii allowaacc granted by Govern -
mcnt to encourage exportation ol an article, or a
return of duties paid upon certain articles on
exportation.
Dreadnought. British ist class battieship. (Pbrts-
month. it)o6.)
Length 500ft. Beam Soft. Draught 26ft
Diitplacement 18,000 tons.
GuHS. Armour,
10 — 13 in. " Krupp."
18—3*5 '"■ t2 in. Belt amidships.
12 in. Barbettes.
Tmpfdn Tulms (iR in.).
^ Submerged broadside.
I Submerged stem.
Turbine. Four screws. Hp. 23,000 = 21 kts.
Approximate cost ^r .750.000.
The first vessel of this name in the Navy was
laiinchfd in 1573. and is described as measuring
400 fens and carrying 200 men. She took part in
the overthrow of the Invincible Armada, and
participated In the attack upon Cadiz under Sir
Walter Raleigh. She was reconstructed in the
latter part of the reign of Charles U,, and was lost
with the greater part of her ship's company off the
North Foreland. Another vessel of the same name
took part in thv- battle of Barflfur, and in the year
1742 a Dreadnought of fio gunB, measuring ojS tons,
was built at Portsmouth, and one commanded by
Captain the Hon. Edward Boscawen captured the
French frigate Medfe of 26 guns and 240 men.
In 1801 she was ordered to be brnlcen up, and a
new (hrrc-deckcr of 98 guns, building at Ports
mouth, was given her name by Lord St. Vincent.
This is the vessel which took part in the battle of
Trafalgar, and in 1831 she was moored ofl Dcpt-
ford and used by the Seaman's Hospital Society
for several years, eventually being broken up
some time in the seventies. The immediate pre-
decessor of the present Dreadnought was an iron-
clad turret ship designed as the h'ury, but launched
under her new name in 1871;. She carried 4 I2'5 in.
38 ton muzzle-loaders, and had engines of 8.000
Hp.. which gave her a speed of about 13 kts.
She is still in existence in the Kyles of Bute, to
which place she was removed in 1005.
The new- Dreadnought has lurbioe engines and
four .screws, and can average a speed of iS kts.
on ocean \-oyages. Most warships have only twin
screws, and the advantage even of two screws is
well illustrated by the recent passage of the Torrible
from Hong Kong to Malta at an average speed of
ir^ kts. with one of her screws disabled. This
advantage is doubted in the case of the Dread-
nought : indeed, it is much more tlian doubled.
There is only one engine to each screw in a war-
ship with reciprocating eagines. In the Dread-
nought there are ten turbines in all, six for going
ahead and four for going astern. Their arrange-
ment ts as follows. At the forward end of the
inner shaft on the starboard side there is a turbine
for going ahead at cruising speed. This turbine
may for purposes of reference be called A. Abaft
of this there is a low-pressure turbine, C, for going
ahead. Abaft of this, and in the same casing.
there is a low-pressure turbine, V, for going astern.
At the forward eud ai the outer shaft there is a
high-pressure turbine, B. for going ahead, and abaft
of this there is a high-pressure turbine. X, for
going astcxn. At cruising speeds the steam passes
successively through .^ to B and thence to C before
passing through ibc condenser. At high speed
A is cut out. and the steam passes direct to B, and
thence to C For going a.<ttern thi? steam passes
first to X and then to Y. Tt will be seen that ba
all cases both screws arc actuated. The arrange-
ment on the port side is $j*mmctrical with that
just described. It would seem to follow that,
unless all three of the turbines in the series for
going ahead and both of the turbines in the series
for going astern are disabled at once, at least one
of the siarboard screws can be driven ahead or
astern : and the same reasoning applies, of course,
to the port screws. It is scarcely necessary to
point out how much greater a security against
total breakdown is obtained by this s>'stcna than
by the system of twin screws actuated by re-
ciprocating engines.
Dredging. Sm Clubbing.
Dresdener Maschinenbauiabnk Schifiswerft Actiea
Gesellscbaft Uebineaa. This yard is famous for its
river steamers, ot which it has built no fewer than 52,
with 50.690 T.Hp., for the Rlifue, amongst which
may be mentioned tht; Rhcinj^oid and the Kaiserim
Augusta Victoria. The average output is about
7.643 net register tons per annum.
Dress. To ornament a ship with flags.
Drift. Floating without guidance.
Drlft-aet. A long uct. the top floated by car£
and Uie lower edge sunk by lead sinkers, by which
mackerel, herring, and pilchard are caught. A
numhrr of nets, to the extent uf a mile or more,
are ii.sed by each boat, and are left suspended
vertically in the water for some hours after sun-
set, when they arc usually " shot " or sot in the |
water in the neighbourhood where fish are thought
to be schooUn^, the boat riding to a warp at the
leew&rd end of the line until the nets are hauled
again.
DilAtig. Norw<^an torpedo-boat. (Christiania,
1901.] Length, iii ft.: beam. 14^ ft,; draught,
(>^ ft. ; displacement, 65 tons ; armament, 2 1*4 in.,
j tubes ; Hp,, 650== 19 kts.
I
DRISTIGHETEN
187
DUBLIN
DrisUghaten. Swedish battleship. (Undholmen.
1900)
Length 385ft. Beam 48ft. Maximam draught i6ft.
Disptficement 3,500 tons. Complement 250.
Gmhs. AtmoHF.
3— «■> in. " Kntpp."
6 — 6 in. 8 in. Belt amidships.
10— 6pdr. 8 in. Turrets.
3-^1 pdr. 8 in. Conning tower.
Torpeda Tubti.
2 Submerged.
Twin screw. Hp. $.s;o=iG'8 ktd. Coal maxi-
mum 400 tons.
Driver. A large square sail set with a great
yard on end of the spanlcer boom across taSrai)
wtien the wind is a(l.
Driving. Dragging the anchor in o gale.
Drizzle. Rain in very small dtop«.
Droghers. Smail craft plying ranrd the bays ol
the Wc<!i Indian Islands.
Drogue ur Sea anchor. Ati arrangement for pre-
venliDg dnft and keeping a vessel's head to sea in
bad weather. .\ drogue can be made by some
canvas and a few spais, hut most iishcJincn now
carry a roady-madc c,-invas bag ^prrad at its
mouth by a bamboo or iron ring, and fastened to
a bridle. This can at any time be bent on to a
warp and used eitfaei for heaving-to in bad weather
or for checking the boal'^ w&y when runnirg into
a crowded harbour.
Droits. Admiralty. S-fM Admiralty Droits.
Drop astern. To slacken itfaip's way to allow
anotliei to pass beyond het.
Drop of a raiL The distance the foot is trom the
yard.
Drought. A long continuance of dry weathn.
Ab6utute diought. a period of more than 14 con-
secutive days absolutely witliuut rain. Partial
drougUt. a period of more than 28 consecutive-days,
thf aggr^ate rainfall of which does not exceed
o'oi in. per diem (Syiuons).
Drowned. I0 be deprived of life by submersion
in water 01 other liquid.
Drowning. Asphyxia caused by Immersjon of
the whole txxly, or even of the face only, in any
fluid.
Drowning, Betone 0! the. In addition to a
knowledge of Huiiiuoing tlio moiit essential rc-
quisitea ui order to effect the auccessful rescue of
• drowning person are courage and presence of
roind. Always approach a drownmg person from
belund. a.4suriQg him m a loud voice that he is
safe. Before jumping in throw ofi, it possible, all
clotbvs. Do oot approach a person in the water
while h^ is sttu^ghng, ^« you so by run great risk
of being clutched and dragged under, but keep
off for a 4ew socoods. till he gets quiet, then seite
him firmly by the hair, turn him quietly on his
back, giving him a sudden pull which will cause
him to float, then throw yourself on your back,
and with Ijoth hands graspmg his hair you con
float or swim for the shore. It is ol the first im-
portance, however, that both yourself and the
person you are saving should be on your liackn.
When attempting a rescue by diving seize the hair
of the head with one hand only, using the other in
conjunction with the feet for regaining the surface.
The exact position where a body lies under water
may often be found by noticing the air bubbles
which wiil occasionally rise. Do not lose your
presence of mind should you at any time l»c grasped
by a drowning person, but, having taken a full
breath, allow yourself to sink with him, and in
almost every case he will release his hold. Refsr
to Apparently Uead, Method of Restoring the.
Drudge. British gun-boat {S90 tons).
Drommood Cutle. ITnion Line steamer, with
mails and passengers from Africa, struck on the
rocks between Ushant and the mainland, June.
iS^T), and became a total loss ; 250 lives lost,
Drory, Tice-Admiral Sir Charles Carter, K.C.SJ.,
cr. 1903 (b. 1S4C1). Educated Collegiate School,
Frederickton, N.B. ; entered R.N., 1859 ; sub-
lieutenant. 1865: lieutenant. 1S6S; commander,
1878 ; captain, 1885 ; member of Ordnance Com-
mittee. 1893; received the thanks of the Foreign
Office for services in Crete, 1896; rear-admiral.
1899 : Commander-in-Chief , East Indies, 1903 ;
K.CS.I., 1903 : Second Sea Lord of .\dmiraltv,
1^04 : vice-admital. 1904.
Dryftd. Britiah torpedo gun-boat (1894).
Length 250ft. Beam 30ft. Maximum draught 1 ifU
Displacement i ,070 tons. Complement 1 20.. '
Guns.
3—47 in.
4— 3 pdr.
Turpido Ttibcs (18 in.).
5 Above water.
Twin screw. Hp. natural i,suu= 17 kts., forced
3.500=18'$ kts. Coal maximum 160 tuns.
D/8. Days after sight.
1KB. Distmguislung letters on sea ^hing boabi
registered at Dumfnea, Scotland.
DJ.O. See Distinguished Service Order.
Dab. A term applied to a pool of deep and
amootli water in a rapid river.
Dohlin Boy Sailing Olab. EsUblishcd 1884.
Commodore, Captain Viscount Cnchton ; Vice-
ComnuMlore, J. B. Boyd : Honorary Treasurer,
W. M. A. Wright; Honorary Secretary, J. H.
Hargrave. 4 Haddington Terrace, Kingston. Co.
Uubhn. Annual subscription, 10s. ttd.
DUBLIN
188
DUKE
DnUiii (Coitoma) BUI OS Sntrr. Established
1858. Published daily (morning). Price 30*. per
annum. AddrMA : DuUin.
Dabnqne. U.S. guo-boRt. (Morris Heights.
1904.) LengTb. 174 ft : beam. 35 tt. : draught.
IJ (t. : displaCL-nicnt, 1.085 ^^& l comptement,
162; armauumt. ft 4-'in., 4 6-pdr.. 2 i-pdr. ; Hji..
i,aoo> u Itts. ; coal, aoo tons.
Due D'Aqaitaine. ^4 guns. On January 1 ,
!/&[. Lbib Vessel was lost off Pondicherrj', when
all perished.
Da Cluyl*. French 2nd class cruiser. (Cher-
bourg. 18^5.)
length 336ft. Bmm 45ft. Maximum draught 33ft.
Displacement 4.000 tons. Complement 393.
(7u}is. Armour.
6 — 6'4 in. 3 in. Declt.
4 — 4 in. 2 in. Sponsons.
4—3 Pdr.
. ^.11— I pdr.
TotpeJo Tubes.
2 Above water.
Twin screw. Hp. 9.500=19 kts. Coal maxi-
mum 624 tona. Approximate cost ^300,000.
Duck. The finest quatity canvas, used for small
Duckb&m. Fzediio £Uot (b. Falmouth, June i^.
1 84 J ) . Served bis appi enticeship with Messrs.
Peto Brasscy and Bctts at the Victoria Docks. In
1868 he was appointed engineer of the Millwall
Docks, in whidi j>osition he remained til) t8L,i8,
when he was appointed general manager. In 1905,
on hi« retirement, he was made a director of the
docks. He has during his life acted as a consulting
engineer, and among his inventions art- the *' Hydro-
static Weighing Machine " and the " Pneumatic
EJevator." now oxti^nsively used in disclmrgtng
grain cargoes. Member of Institution of Ctvil
ginerrs.
Pubhcations : Contributed papers to the Institu-
tion of Civil Engineers, for one of which he was
awanlrrl the Telford gold medal and two premiums,
Dtickworth, 8ii Jobn Thomas [1748-1817). Eng-
lish admiral (b. Leatherhead). Entered the Navy
Jn 1759, and in 1770 wa^ appointed lieutenant of
the Primess Royal, flagship of Admiral Byron, in
whicli he sailed to the West Indies. After having
bci-u present in the action ofl Grenada, 1779. hr
commanded thcOtioti under Lord Howe, and took
part in tht? Uircc days' naval engagement with the
Brest fleet, wtudi terminated in a glorious victory
on June i, 1794. For bis conduct on this occasion
be received a gold medal and the thanks of Parlia-
ment. In 1804 he won a victory off San Domingo,
and in the followmg year, when in command with
the h'oxal 6ewfc, paiMcd through the Dardanelles,
bot sustained considerable loss in tfSectine hts
return, the Turks having strengthened their posi-
tion. In r8io he was appointed to the chief com-
mand at Plymouth, which he held until hin dcaLh.
April 14. [817.
Dnsay TroQia. French auxiliary cniioer. (1
Tonkin.) I.ength, 446 ft. ; beam. ;o ft. ; depti
36 ft. ; diiplacement, 6,300 tons; armament,
7 5'5-m., and amallqX ; Hp. (nominal), 632 = 17 1
acot,
DtigdBle. W. H.. lUnsUOJE^ XXV.A. (b. »ton^
mouthshire. July. 1859). Served an apprcitticeihip
of seven years as pupil with Messrs. R. and J.
Exuns, of Liverpool, and eventually became chief
draughtsman and lirmlly manager of this firm.
From Liverpool he went to Belfast, and joined
Messrs. Workman, Clark and Co., where be had
charge of their scicntihc department for 12 months.
He then joined Messrs. Horland and WolS as
works manager, and had charge of the building
and completion of the twti White Star I Jne steamers.
Teutonic and Majestic. In 1892 he was invited to
become shipyard manager to Palmer's Shipbuilding
and Iron Co., Ltd., and after a period of seven years
with this firm he* left to take up the ptosition of
managing director of Messrs. S. P. Austin and Son.
Ltd., of Sunderland, which position he still holds.
He is a member of the Institution of Civil Eogincers,
Institution of Naval Architects, prcsideat of the
North East Coast Institution of Engineers and
Shipbuilders, member of the River Wear Commis-
nion and of the Technical Sub-Committee to
Lloyd's Registry of British and Foretgn Shipping.
Doguay-Trouin, EenA [1673-1736}. .\ famous
French adniiral (b. St. Malo. June 10, 1673). In
1691, securing a privateering frigate, he did much
damage to English shipping, and took many
valuable prizes. In 1697 lie entered the French
Navy, and speedily made his name as a commandrr
in the war of the Spanish Succession, making a
briltiant capture of Dutch vessels. His most
glorious action was the capture in 1711 of Rio de
Janeiro. In 1715 he was made chief of a squadron,
and in 1728 Commander of the Order of St. I^uis
and Lieutenant General. He died Scptembtir 37,
Dnilio. Old Italian battleship. Of no figAti
value.
Duke LinA (Dublin and Glasgow Steam f^ke
Co.), with their head offices in Dublin, maintain 1
ser\-itc oi steamers every Monday, WerloesdayJ
and Friday, and every alternate Tuesday, Thur
day. and Saturday, from Dublin for Glawow
tirecnock.
Fleet.
Duke of Fiff. liuk* of Mvntrasm.
UuA* of Gordou. Ouhe of Rothesay,
I
DUKE
189
DUNDONALD
1Mb «I Xdinbiush. Britinh ist cUm
{Pembrolce, 1904.)
LcDKth 4Soft. • B«ain 73(1. Maximum draught 27ft.
Oiaplacemcnt 13,500 tons.
Gun*. Armour.
C^-^'a in., 50 cal. " Krapp."
10—0 in. 6 ill. Bfit amiiJHliips.
34—3 p<lr. 6 in. IHarbellt-s.
8 — li pdr. Pompoms. 7 in. Conning tower.
'torpedo Tubes (i& in.).
3 SubmergiKl.
Twin screw. Hp. 23.500= a./'^^ kts. Coal
maximum 3,000 tons. Approximate cost £r.i ;o.ooo.
Paha ol Sutberlftod. Steamrr from London,
wrccVed oft the pier at Aberdeen, .\pril 2. 1853.
vchtn tlie captain and many of the passcngcnt and
cruw perbUed.
Dake of WelUiurton.
<^.o7i tons. Launchrd
Dumbea ( i S89I . French subsidised merchant
ship. Mtssagerits Maritimes (g.v.). Dimensions,
463x46x33 ft. : gross tonnage, 5,917 ; Hp., 5,000
= i5 lets.
DnnbW. Chpper. Wrecked on the rocks near
Sydney, August 20, 1M57 ; 121 Uvea lost.
DimouL Rritisli 1st class bnttlcsliip. (Thames
Ironworks. loot.)
Length 42<)ft. Beam 75ft. Maximum draught 37lt.
Displacement 14,000 toai. Complemunt 750.
Guns. Armour,
4 — 12 in. " Krupp."
12 — 6 in. 7 in. Belt uinidships.
12 — 12 pdr. 1 1 in. Barbettes.
6—3 pdr. 12 in. Conning tower.
2 Majdma.
Torpfdo Tubes {18 in.).
4 Submerged.
Twin screw. Hp. i8,doo>iI9 kts. Coal maxi-
mum 3.000 tona. Approximate cost ^1,000,000.
DniUMa, Adftm, Viscount of Caniperdown {1731-
1804). An illustriou-s navaJ commander (b. Landie,
Forfarshire). Entered Navy 174C, and in 1749
became a midshipman in the Centurion. He served
in the attack on Goeree. 1758 ; in the attack on
Havana, 1762 ; at the deleat of the Spanish fleci
bj' Kodney oR Cape St. Vincent, 1760; and took
part in Lord Howe's relief of Gibraltar as captain
of the BUnheim. 1782. In 1795 he hotiited hts flag
as Commander-in-Chief of the North Sea Fleet In
recognition of his great victory o\*er the Dutch
dwt under L)c Winter on October ri. i^g/. he was
created Lord Viscount Duncan ot C1mpt^o^%n
and Baron of l.undie. vrith an annua) pension of
£3.000 a year. He died August 4. 1804,
DwiOMi. RotarU ILP. (b. Govan. 1850}. Educa-
ted Glasgow High Scliool and Academy. Served
dp to on^neering with Messrs.
Alexander Chaplin and Co. After completing his
time went to Glasgow University, taking his civil
engineer's certificate after a two years' course, and
several W«lkcr prizes. He thrn worked with the
firm of Messrs. Dobs and Co.. imrl Rubseipiently
W. and A. M'Onie as draughtsman. In 1876 he
embarked in business on his own account in partner-
ship with Mr. William Ross, taking over the business
of Messrs, Addison, Hamilton and Barrie. He is
senior partner of Ross and Duncan. A\'hitefieH
Works, Govan, and was elected a member of Par-
liament for the Govan Division of [.anorkshire in
1900. He is, perhaps, best known as the pro-
prietor and editor of the Imperial Unity Magazine
" Britannia," which was foumled in 189O. and cir-
culates through the Empire. He is a member of
the Institotion of Civil Engineers, Westminster, and
of Institution of Engineers and ShipbitUders in
Scotland, a Life Fellow of tlie Koyal Colonial
Institute, and member of Council of the British
Empire League.
DondoiuUd. Thomas Cochrane, Tenth Earl of
(1775-1860}. British admiral (b. I^narkshire).
At the age of 17 he joined the Navy as midshipman
on board the Hind, and uas afterwards transferred
to the frigate Thetis. In 1798 he was sent to the
Meditcrraneaa to serve in the fleet under the com*
mand of Lord Keith. When in command of the
sloop Spudy he performed a senes of exploits in
capturing vessels immensely superior to hit own.
aimng others the Spanish ship El Ganta. The
cruise of the Speedy, which had occupied some 13
months, riuring which she took upwards of 50
vessels with 133 guns, and 534 prisoners, ended in
her own capture by three French line-of- battle
ships, after making su gallant a rotiataact: that thn
French captain to whom Cochrane delivered up his
sword at once felnrncd it. In the Ba'iiquc Road-*,
1809, witli a division of hrc vessels, he pushed
within the enemies' lines, ellcctiag inunense dcstruc*
tion. In 1S14 he was dismissed the Service and
scntrticud to a year's inipri.iionraent, and fined ^1 ,t>uu
for being implicated tn a Stock Exchange swindle.
His ruin and disgrace were completed by hi5> being
expelled from the House of Commons and deprived,
with the usual humiliating ceremony, of the
Knighthood of the Bath, which had been Urstowrd
on him after his heroic service at Basque Roads.
At the close of bis impntKinment, finding that there
was httle hope of his being again actively engaged
in the service of his native country, he accepted
a couunand in the Chilian Navy. 1818, and greatly
distinguished himself by the capture of the Spanish
frigate Esmeralda. He afterwards joined the Navy
of Brazil, and secured the independence of that
country, 1823-2$. He became an adnural in the
Greek Navy in 1827, and fought against the Turks.
In 1832 he was reinstated in his owa pU*:e 111 the
British Navy, and became fuU admiral 1851. He
DUN LOP
190
DUNN
wrote the " Autobiography o< a Seaman " (t36i) :
" Narrative oi Services in the LilK-ration of ChiU.
Peru, and Brazil" S«£ " LiJe " by Fortcscue
(1891^.
Dnnlop. David James ih. Mexico. December 7,
183S), Kducaied Glasgow Academy, Glasgow
High School, am) Liverpoul. Servt-d hm apprea-
iicc^tup at geDf-ml engint-uring with Messrs. Neilson
and Co., Glasgow. In i86u he wcat to Java as
assistant to a firm there, and in 1S62 he joined
Messrs. Randolpli, Elder and Co. ; wa* responsible
for the design of a Hoattng dock for the French
Covcmment at Saigon, nnd had charge of the
erection and completion of this ivork, which was
accomphsbed with Chinese labour. On returning
TO England he joined ^lessrs. John Elder and Co.,
at the Fairfield Shipbuilding and Engineering
Works. Govan. In 1870 he began husints-s on his
own account at Port Glasgow, under the name of
Messrs. CuniitTe and Dunlop. When Mr. Cnnlific
retired in 1881. the name of the firm was changed
to that of David J. Dunlop and Co., and he became
the sole partner. He ha^ been closely connected
with the building of passenger steamers, c^ble
eteatDCTS, oil steamers, and large yachts, and is the
patentee of " Dunlop 's Marine Engineering
Governor."
Dtuilop, John O. Sorted his appreobceship
(1864-69) with Me»si3. Kandolph, Elder and Co..
Glasgow, and before its completion was placed
in full charge of machinery building, including
the earher sets of compound engines for the
Nax-y. He was responsible in (S70 for the
engines of H.M.S. Tetudos, Hydta, and Cyclops.
]n 1872 he become engineering works manager at
the Fairfield Works of Messrs. John Elder and Co.,
and here he completed the machinery ot many
notable steamer.<t. His hrst triple expansion set
was for the Pacific Mail Stcamtrr Iberia. Amongst
otlier notable cralt engined wa^i H.M.S. InfiextbU,
Condor, Flamingo, and Nelson, and several ini-
poriani merchant ships, including the greyhound
Arizoha. Id i^j*) he became superintending
ciiginciT for the Orient Line, and under his regime
the Orient, Autlrat, and Otmui were added to the
fleet. In the last named, completed in 1&&6, he
introduced quadruple expansion engines in the
Australian service. Ho was the first lo iatroducc
ciectrii: incandescent lamps on board ship, and in
overcoming many oi the practical difficulties, he
materially advanced the electrical era. Another
direction in which he rendered immense service-
was in the appUcaiion of the cold storage system on
lioard ship. He was the hrst to fit refrigerators for
passenger retjuirement, and for cargoes frozen
from Australia, and to his energy is due Uie begin-
ning ol one ot the trades ol lasting advantage to
our Colonies. In 1^(87 he became vnginct-ring
manager ol the Clydebank Works, and a few years
later managing director. While at Clydebank
be has been responsible for the construction, of may
wai&liii>s and merchantmen. Among the former are
the battleships ftamiUies. Jufriter. and HtnduOam
the Japanese Asatri. and the cruisers TfrnUr,
Suitij. OaccAante. Leviai/mn. and Antrim ; vhile
among merchant ships first place is occupied by the
Cunard and other Atlanhc hncrs, and high-apenl
channd steamers. He fittwl turbine inAchiner>' to
the 39,ffoo ton Cunardcr of 19 kts. speed, and to the
one of 38,000 tons of 25 kts. speed for the same
fleet.
Dnnloii Steamship Co., Ltd., with which is in-
coiporalftl till- <}iiccii l-iiii- of .stcaracrs. and tlw
Clan Line of bhips, uwiiihI and managed by ilessrs.
Thomas DuiUqp and Sons, was fonndtst by thr
father of the present partners ia the year 1851.
The company started shipping with a number ol
wooden .ships ; the firsl iron ship, the Cian SfatUc^
being built in 1874. At the present time thr
coiiijtany have six iron and !4tee] sailing ships and
nine steamers. The sailing ships arc all called
"Clans." and the steamers "Queens." The
ve.sset3 are not engaged in any particular trade,
but carry cargo to and from all parts of the world
as inducement offers.
Flekt.
Clan Bttchanan.
Clan Galbtaith-
Cian Graham.
Clan Macheniie.
Clan Macphetson.
Clan Jivbcrtson.
Queen Adilaide.
Qt*een Alexandra.
Queen Antelia.
Qu^en Cristtnu.
Queen Eleanor.
Queen Helena,
Queen Lnuise.
Queen Mary.
Qaeen Olga.
Dunn, James. British naval architect, .\ftef
serving bis apprenticeship in the Chatham Dock-
yard, he entered the department oi Surveyor of
the Xavy at the Admiralty. His work there was in
connection with the design of the first iron armour-
plated M-a-guing ship built for the Britiuli Navy,
the Warrior, and later of the Achilles and other
ironclads. From i366<69 he superintended the
construction uf the Audaciotn, returning to tlie
Admiralty to till the position of cliief draughtsman.
In iHjii, before the Koyal Corps was formed, he
v-aa given the distinctive Litlc of Assistant Con-
structor and Chief Draughtsman, aod after the
formation of that body, he hllcd successfully
various appointmenUi up to senior chief coostractor,
ajid on occasion5 acted as Dirrctot of Naval Con-
struction. In these several capacities he was asso-
ciated with the design of many British warstiips.
In 1875 he was deputed to undertake the survey
of merchant ships with a view to the selection oi
vessels to be placed on the Admiralty li&-t of
merchant cruisers, and to him is largely due the
credit lor bringir^ this scheme to a jtractical success.
When H.M.S. Df(cr<-/«as lost in istii, and an explo-
sive connnittiH; apixnnted to invc-stigate the cause,
he was chosen to represent tb^- Admiralty. In 1884
DUNNAGK
igi
DURANCE
he y/UA appoiated to aaaisL the War Office in its pro-
parabon of Ihe Nile Expedition to relieve the late
General Gordon. In 1H85 he was the Admiralty
representative on the Load Line Committee, and io
1898, after hi» retircmont, sm-vod on a second
committee on the <w-ime subject. In 1897 ^'^
became a dtrector of Messrs. Vickers. Sons and
Maxim, Ltd., and has been responsible lot the de-
sign of many warships built by tliem for the British
and ioreign Navies, involving, in some instance!),
important departures. He is a vico-prcwdent of
the Institution oi Naval Architects, and a J. P. for
the Boroufib of Barrow-iaFurness.
Publications : " Memoirs on Modern Merchant
Ships," " The .\rrangemcnt and Equipment of
Shipbuilding Yards," " The Watertight Snb-
Division of Ships," and other papers published in
the Transactions of the Institutions of Naval
Architects. Mechanical Engineers, etc.
• Dnanacc. Loose wood or valuctrju substance
4Bed lor packing cargo to prevent it shitting!.
Doaoil, French avisos (1896).
Length 3s6lt. Beam z8ft. Maximum dtau^jht 1 jft.
J>i5placement 900 tons. Complement ui.
Guns.
6—9 pdr.
6— J pdtl
Twin screw. lip. 6,400 = 23 kts. Cool normal
137 tons.
Daparray, Loaia Isidore (1786-1865). Fretidi
navigator (b. Paris). From 1817 to iSao he served
under Freycinet in his great voyage round thi-
world, and explorations in the North PacUic, being
entrusted with tlu- Hydrograpluc operation.^ on
board the fratn.i. In r8J2 he attained the rank
of Ucutenant. and was entrusted with the command
of the CotfuilU, which was engaged m scientific
explorations in the South Pacific and along the
coaat of Soath .'\menca. He surveyed part*) of
Australia and New Guinea, discovered Drummond,
HendervUlf. Charlotte, and other Islands, one
of which received the name of Duperrey. From
this voyage he brought b.ick not only great additions.
to cartography, and important data in regard to
(he currents of the Pacific, but also numerous
pendulum ubwivations ser\'ing to detfrminc the
magnetic equaiur, and to prove the equality of the
flattening of the two hcmit-phcics. The value of
his labours was rcfuif^^ed by his admission into
the Academic dm Sciences in 1842. He died
in August, 1865. The following are his principal
works: "The IVrtie Historique," "The Hydro-
graph.' and " The Physique," and " The Voyage
autour du Monde sur la Coquille," Paris, 1826-30.
Dnplaiz. French tst class cruiser. (Rochefort.
i<ioo.)
Length 425(1. Beam 5»<t. Mean draught 34ft.
Displacement 7,700 tons. Complement 530.
Cum.
8 —6*4 in., 45 cal-
4-^4 in.
10—2 pdr.
Arfnour,
" Krupp."
4 in. Belt amidships.
4 in. Turref.'*.
6 in. Conning tower.
Torpsda Tubts {17'j in.|.
2 .Above water.
Thiw screws. Hp. 17,000 = 21 kts. Coal maxi-
mum 1,200 tons. Approximate cost ^750.000.
Dopont. U.S. torpedo-boat (1897). Displace-
ment, 175 : guns. 4 I -pdr. ; torpedo tui>cs. 3 iS-iu. ;
maximum speed. 27 kts.
Dopoy de L6me. French ist class cruiser.
(Brest, 1890.1 Reconstructed 1905. 1
Length 3;4iL Beam 51 ft. Maximum draught .26ft,
Displacumeut 6,400 tons. Complement 521.
Ouns, Atftumr.
3 — 76 in. " StceL"
6— ^'4 in. 5 in. Belt amidships.
6 — 9 pdr. 4 io. Turrets.
8 — 3 pdr. 5 in. Conning tower.
Torpeda Tub^s (I7'7 in.).
4 Above water.
Three screws. Hp. 16.000^23 kts.
Approximate cost j(4i6,ooo.
Dapny da LAme, Stanislas Charles Henii Laurent
(1810-85). Kronch navil aicbitect (b. Pl<K:inuur,
near L'Orieot). Entered Iicole Polylechniquo in
1835. and later was sent to England to study and
report on iron shipbuilding. He planned and
supenntonded the construction of the first French
war steamer, Napoleon, 1848-52. and sutiseqnently
transfanucd saihng men-of-war into steamships.
In 1858 he de&igned and !)U|>cria tended the building
of the first French ironclad. La Gloire. At the
beginning of the war with Germany in 1870 he
was appointed a member of the Committee of
Defence, and during the ^icgc of Paris occupied
himself with planning a steerable balloon. The
experiments, however, that were made with it did
not prove entirely satisfactory. He received the
Cross of the [.cgion of Honour in 1845. wa.s
made a commander in 1858, and Grand Officer in
1863. H« died at Paris on February i, 1885.
DuqnMne, Abraham Marqols (1610-88). French
admir,\l (b. Dicppf). Ttiok part in the defeat of
Ihe Spaniards at Lerins, 1637, and again belorc
Tarragona, t^i. His greatest exploit, however,
was his defeat of the united Dutch and Spanish
fleets oH Stromboh in 1676. This battle gave
France for a lime the complete control of the
Mediterranean. It was in this engagement Chat
the heroic Roytcr, commander of the Dutch
aeet, fell.
Doranoe. French avisoa-tramtport (1885). Of
little lighluift value. Guns, 4 5's-m.. 4 9-pdr. ;
speed {nominally), 1 1 kts.
DURANDAL
192
DYNAMIC
DnrandaL French torpedo-boat dMlioyw'. (Kor-
mand. 1889.) Lmgth, 180 ft, ; beam, to ft. ;
draught. 10 ft. ; displacement. 300 tons : comple-
ment. 63 ; armamcat. t p-pdr., 6 3 pdr., x tubes ;
twill Htmw ; Hp., 5.000 = 28 kts. ; coal, 84 tons.
Dnnitord. Beai^Adininl Jobn. O.B^ D.S.O. (h-
1849). Entered Nivy. 1863 ; Iit-utcnant, 1872 ;
commander. 18S3 ; commander commanding
Mariner ; srrvtfl during the Burmah Annexation
war. 1885-86: with field force on staff, and also
with Naval Brigade : present at engagement at
Minhla ; mentioned in naval and militiry de-
spatcbes : D.S.O. tor services rendered; com-
manded Naval Brigade and flotilla of arme«)
launches in Upper Burmah. 1887 : mentioned in
despatches : services specially acknowledged by
Viceroy and Secretary of State for India (India
medal and Burmall cla»p]. 188J-87 ; captain, 1888 :
a L.or(I CommiiisioneT of the Admiralty, 1901 ;
rear-admiral, igo;; commander-in-chief. Cape of
Good Hope Station, t^o^.
Dorston, Sir Albert Jolm. K.O.B., cr. (897
(b. Dc'vonpori, October 2^. 1840)- Jingineer rear-
admiral. Entered Portsmouth Dockyard Febru-
ary, 1S61, and while .serving apprenticeship as an
engineer .student he in 1865 j|;ained a scholarship
at the school of Naval Architccturt* aiul Marine
Engineering, and in 1868 became a Fellow ; entered
the Navy as an assistant -engineer of the second
class in 186S ; served in H.M.S. Ocean, then on the
China Station, on which the late Sir W. N. W.
Hewitt. K.C.B., V.C. (q.v.). was nt]miral and Sir
John FishoT, G.C.B. (q.v.). commander ; from 1872-
81 served as assistant -engineer at Portsmouth, and
from iR8r-88 as chief engineer at Sht'ernes.s, and
subsequently nt Portsmouth Dockyard ; wa."? ap-
pointed Chief F.ngineer Inspector to the .Admiralty
under the late Richard Sennett. and in April,
1889. was promoted Englneer-in-Chiel ; has been
closely connected with the change from the
cylindrical to water-tube boilers in the ships of
H.M. Navy.
Dast-counter. An instrument for counting the
number ot dust particles in a given volume of air.
Dost-storm. A whirlwind passing over a dry or
sandy district aiid carrying up the dust into the
air.
Dntchnuui. In sea phraseology a name for a
bloclc or wedge of wood driven into a gap to bide
H hnrily-made joint.
DutiOl. Exoitt and Oustoms. 1. The Excise,
which forms part of the Inland Revenue, is an
inland tax (i) on certain cummodities (chiofly boer.
spirits, and tobacco) produced and consumed within
the country : (2) on licences granted to certain
trades and professions — e.f;.. auctioneers, pawn-
brokers, and pubticaus ; and (3) on liccDCCS for
certain luxuries — «.;.. annarial bearings, male aer-
vanLs, and motor-cais. The CommissioneT^ of the
IiUand Revenue, under the Inland Revenue Regula-
tion .\ct, 1S90, and the Excise Management Act.
1837. have wide powers as to the nianagement and
collection of Excise duties.
3. Customs are duties charged on certain im-
ports and exports, and arc regulated mainly bv
the Customs Consolidation Act. 1876. and the
Stamp Act, 1901. Duties are now levied {imin
alia] u)x>n wine, beer, spirits, tobacco, tea, cofiee.
cocoa, sugar, dried fruits, chicory, molasses,
glucose, chutney, pUying-cards, conioctkinery, con-
densed milk, and saccharin. The powers of Customs
oflicials include the prevention of smuggling (^.r,)
and the prosecution of offenders, the rights of
search, M;izure and forfeiture, the restriction of Uiv
landing of goods to specific places, and the limiting
of the size of vessels and packages containing
dutiable goods. OlTcnces against Excise and
Customs laws are tried before Courts of Sanunary
Juris<Iiction. though grave cases of snuiggling may
still he dealt with by the High Court under the old
Exchequer procedure.
D.V. Distinguishing letters on sea hshing boats
registered at Deventer. Holland. ^
Dvenadut Apostolor. Russian ist cla^is battl?
ship. Black Sea fleet. (Nicolaieff. 1893.)
Length 3ja(t. Beam 6oft, Maximum draught 26ft
Displacement 8,4110 tons. Complement 500.
Gufis. .-irmour.
4 — li in. " Compound."
4—6 in. 14 in. Belt amidships.
H—s pdr. ] 2 in. Turrets.
10 Maxims. 12 in. Conning tower.
Torf*edo 7ubes.
6 Above water.
Hp, ii,5ooesifi kts. Coal maximum i.joo tons.
Dmrt British ist class gun-boat (710 tons.
ijjkts.l. Launched 189S.
Dyelny. Russian torpedo-boat destroyer (1906).
Length, 185 ft.; beam, zi ft.; draught, 7J ft.;
displacement, 324 tons ; complement. 60 ; arma-
ment, 1 i3-pdr., 5 3-pdr., 2 tubes; twin screw;
Hp., 5,600=36 kts. ; coal, too tons.
Dymphoa. This vessel, commanded by Lieu-
tenant Hovgaard, of the Daniiih Navy, who accom-
panied Nordenskold iu his discovery of the North-
East passage, was fitted out to ascertain if land
existed to the north of Cape Tchelyuskin. He
sailed from Copenhagen In July, 1882, and was
unfortunately beset in the ice pack and compelled
to winter in the Kara Sea. liefer to Arctic Exrplora;
tion.
Dynamic cooling. The cooling producefl by the
expansion of air when it passes into a rcgioo q|
dccrcascil pressure.
IS
u
Drnkmo. Strictly, aoy machine of which
mechamcal motion is traosfoincd into electric
currrnt ; thus applicable lo ail oiajncto-rlecUic
machines in which a currenL is produced in coils
of wire rotated in the neighbourhood of a maRnct.
The term dj'namo or dynamo electric machine is
now by usage restricted to those machines which
give a continuously direct external current.
Machines which give alternating currents are dis-
tinguished as alternators.
Dyn&momflter. An apparatus for mea»unng
force or power, as, for example, the jwwer de-
veloped by a steam-engine or other motor. In
practical engineering it is also called a break or
absorption dynamometer, in consequence of the
enerT5>* being absorbed by a friclional resistance.
Lcroy's dynamometer is a spiral spring in a tube.
Power IS appUed to condense the spnng, and the
prcftsure utdicated by a graduated bar. Rcguier's
dynamometer consists of an elliptic spring whose
coUapse in the direction of its minor axis is made
to move an index-finger on graduated arcs. The
Sector dynamometer is made ol a bar of steel, bent
in the middle, and having a certain flexibility. To
each limb is attached an arc. which passes through
a slot in the other hmb. Ijxjpa at the ends of the
ores permit the device to be placed between the
power and the load, so that the limbs are drawn
together when power is applied.
O.Z. Disttoguishing lettcn on sea hshing boats
trgisterrd at LVlfzijI. Holland.
E. Distinguishing letter on sea fishing boats
registered at Esbjerg. Denmark.
B. Distinguish mg letter on sea hshing boats
re^tered at Exeter, England.
E. Abbrev-iation for east.
Sagte. H.M. ship. Wrecked on the rocks ofi
Scilly Isles. October a:, 1707, when Captain Hen-
cock and crew were lost.
XaclB> British dhll-sfalp {z.m^' tons). Launched
iSo4.
Eagle SpMd. Emigrant vessel. Foundered near
Calcutta, August 34, 1865 ; 365 coolies drowned.
ftgnr llie motion and high wave produced by
Ihc influx of water of the ocean into the mouth of
a river at the flow of the tide.
Bftines, Ea«inMr Rear-Admiral Sir WilUain.
Chief Inspector of Macliinery. Entered NaN-y as
assistant-engineer. 1844 : engineer, 1845 ; chief
engineer, 1847 : chief engineer o( InfiexibU during
the Crimeaa war.'engaged^in attack on the Russian
batteries at OatcbakofI and Fort Nicolaicfl, 1854 ;
present at the blockade o( Odessa.
E. and 0. E. Abbreviation lor errors and omis-
sions excepted.
Bazdley-WUmot, Bev-Adminl Sydney Harrow.
(b. Mrirtlakc, 1847). Educalal Stubbington, Farc-
bam. Entered Navy, iS6a ; served in EmsraJd
and Duncan; promoted lieutenant. 1869; gunnery
lieutenant, 1876 ; senior lieutenant of Vernon
torpedo school ; served at the .Admiralty, 1881-84 !
commanded H.M.S. Dolphin in Red Sea, i.SSs-Se ;
assisted in the defence of Suakim (Egyptian medal,
Osmanieh 4th Class] ; promoted captain, 1886;
served in the Intelligence Department, .\dmiraUy,
1887-90 ; appointed superintendent Ordnance
Stores, Admiralty : retired, i&<)y
Publications : " Life ol Vice-Admiral Lord
Lyons." "Our Navy for One Thousand Years,"
" Our Fleet To-day and its Development During
the Last Half-Century," " Our Flags ; their Ori^n,
Use, and Traditions."
Buingf. Small ropes employed to fasten the
upper comers ol a sail to its yards.
Earle'9 Shipbuilding and Engineering Co.. Ltd.
This shipbuilding yard was estabhshod by Jklcssn*.
CharlcH and William Earlc at the Victoria Dock,
Hull, in 1853, the first vessel bailt being the
\finistsr TfiorbecA. 3^8 tons gross, and 60 N.Hp.
In 1863 Messrs. Earle purchased the site of the
present shipyard, on tlic .side of the Humbcr which
is two miles wide opposite the yard, and in course
of time the engineering works and boiler shop were
transferred to this site. 10 that now all are in one
compact area of .26 acres, with direct railway com-
munication into the yard from the North HasLcm
Railway and the Hull and Barnsley Railway. In
1871 1 1 steamere were built and engined by Messrs.
C. and W. Earle, with a total of 10.033 tons gross.
In this year (1S71). owing to the death of Mr.
Charles Eaile, and declining health of Air. William
Earle. lim nndf^rtakmg was disposc^d of to a limited
company, under its present name, the tirst chair-
man being Mr. (afterwards Sir) K. J. Reid. who
had then recently retired from the Chief Con-
structorslnp of the Navy, and the vice-chairman.
Sir John Brown, the founder of the famous Sheffield
fiTm bearing his name. Sir John Brown became
chairman in 1874, and rctamed the position lot
nearly 20 years. Messrs. C amd W, Earie had
confine«1 their business to ordinary mercantile
steamers, but under the company many larger and
more important vessels were built, including iron-
clads for foreign governments, warships for the
British Navy, and several first-rate steam yachts,
two being for the late Emperor ol Russia, Alex-
ander til., at the launch of one of which he was
present. In 16S4 Mr. .\. E. Scaton (who had been
with the company since 1871) became general
manager, and later on a director, and he retained the
management until 1899. In i<)oi the undertaking
was purchased by the laic Mr.C, H.NVibon th^n M.P.
H
for West Hull (afterwards Lord Nunbumholme). and
a new company was formed under his chairmanship.
Tlic entire reconstruction of the works was im-
mediately taken in hand, and the year 1902 vras
practirany devoted to this object, no expense being
spared in re-arranging the yard, erecting new build-
ings, and installing new machinery of the latent
and mo«t efficient type, all the machinery being
worked by electric power. This work has Ix'cn
carried on during the saccecding years, and the
company now possesses a .ship>*ard with the best
facilities for building and launching vessels of any
siic, extensive engineering shops, and an excep-
tionally spacious and well-equipped boiler .shop
capable of dealing with enginrs and boilers of the
largest description. Thcr<> are also within the
works (our patent shps. the largest taking vessels
up to 3,600 tons, and two tidal docks (or fitting
out new ships and repairs. A loo-ton crane i$ in
course of erection. During the whole of its career
Earle's has been noted for the excellence of its
work, and perhaps no better proof of this could be
given than tlie long connection it has bad in build-
ing for the WilHon Line, The ninth vessel built
here, launched in 1655. was for Mcsars. Thos.
Wilson, Sons and Co.. and since that lime llie yard
has seldom been without one or more, sometimes
several, vessels on the stocks for that firm, no
fewer than 105 steamers having been built here fur
Messrs. Wilson. U is mentioned above tluil the
first vessel built in the yard was the Minislsr Thor-
becit, launched in iSS3- This vessel was built for
Messrs. Kingro!>c, and since that time several
vassela have been built here lor Mcurs. Ringrosc
and their sticccssors, the Hull and NctbrrlanM
Steamship Co., Ltd. Earle's have al^o built
II steamers for the Great Central Railway Co.. and
nearly all the fleet of the Great Eastern Railway
Co. have been built here, and there is one vessel
on the stocks for this compajiy fit ihc pri-sent time.
Many vessels oi tiie Britit.li Navy, liuilt in H.M.
Dockyard, have had their engines and boilers con-
fitmcted and fitted by Earle's. including H.M.S.
London and H.M.S. FotmtdabU. cadi of 15.00a
I.Hp. One feature of Earle's has been the building
of steam trawlers. One of the first, if not the
first, steam trawler that was ever built was the
Zodiac, launched here in 1681. built to the order of
the Grimsby and North Sea Steam Trawling Co.,
Ltd. This vessel was built on the lines of the then
existing powerful sailing vessels, and had large
sail power in addition to tho propelling machinery.
Since that date the steam trawling industry has
developed to an enormous extent, and the vessels
have greatly increased in size and elaboration of
fittings, and are now solely driven by their pro-
pelling machinery. Following on the success of
the Zodiac. Earle's built a large number of these
vessels, and still have a department devoted to
this class of work. Over l6o sleaiu trawlers have
been bnitt and equipped by tht conigiany, and
their v^^ssebi have always had an excellent reputa-
tion (or seaworthiness.
Eul of Xoira. On Augnst 8. 1S21. this
was lost on the Burbo Bank, near Liverpool, wboi
40 persons were drowned-
Earnest, British torpedo-boat destroyer. (Bit-
kenhead, 1896.) Length, 2to ft.; beam, 31 ft;
draught, 5I ft. ; displacement, 300 tons ; cooiple-
ment. 58 ; armament, i i3-pdr., 5 6-ixlr.. 3 tubes;
t%vin screw , Hp.. ^1,000 = 30 kts. ; coal. 80 tons.
Eammoce. Newcanle steamer. Foundered a
a cyclone off the BahaTna.<i, September 5. 1689 ;
tR lives lost.
E!ase her. In steamers, reduce speed.
Ease off. To slackrn out a rope carefully.
3EM6 the helm. To move it backwards ami^
shipfi.
East End News and London Shipping Chronkdt.
Established 1859. Published weekly {Tuesday and
Friday). Price, rrf, and ^tt. Address : 46 Htgb
Street. Poplar, London, E.
Eastern (Sty. On August ^3 24. "*58, this vcsjH
wii.'H hurnt near thr efiiiator on her way to Mel-
bourne. By great exertions all on board wen
saved.
Eaitern Uonuch. On June i, 1859, this vessel
was burnt at Spilhead. The vessel contained
about 500 invalid soldiers, who, with the crew,
behaved admirably, nrtil only eight lives were last.
Butern Taoht Club, Boyal. See Royal Eastect
Yacht Club.
Easting. A counte made good or gained to the
east ward .
E.B. Distinguishing letters on sea fishing boats
registered at Elburg, Holland.
Ebb. The falling reflux of the tide, or its retnni
back from the highest of the fiood or high water.
Eekness. Russian torpedo-boat. (Abo, iS^a)
Length, 136 ft.; beam. 13 ft.; draught. 7J ft;
displacement. 81 tons ; complement. 13 ; armament.
2 l-pdr.. 2 lube3 ; Hp., 1,100=21 lets.; coal,
17 tons.
Eolair. French sea-going torpedo-boaL (La
Seyne. 1891.) Length, 144 it- : beam, 40^ it.;
draught, 7^ ft. ; displacement, 128 tons : comple-
ment, 36 : armament. 3 3-pdr., 2 tubes ; twin
screw ; Hp.. 1 .100 — zi} kts. ; coal. 17 tons.
Eclipse. British and class cruiser. (Portsmouth.
.S94.)
Length iOj^t Beam 54ft. Maximum draught ajft.
Displacement 5,600 toua. Complement 450.
Gum. A rmaur,
1 1 — 6 in. " Harvey. ' *
a — 12 pdr. 2\ in. Deck.
I — 13 pdr., S cwt. 0 in. Conning tower,
7—3 P«lr.
2 Maxims.
To*p«do TtriMS (iH in.).
2 Submcrgt-xl.
I Above water nhmi.
Twin screw. Hp. natural 8.000=18*5 ^ts., foicctl
9.600= i9'5 Iits- Coal maximum 1.076 tons.
RtncDv speaking, extends to all cases
of obscuration of one heavenly body by the inter-
ve'ntion ol another, either between it and the eye
or between it and the source of ibt illumination,
ccn-sequently it includes besides eclipsias of the sun
and moon traosits of inferior planets, the conceal-
ment of stars by the moon or by a planet, or the
concealment of a satellite by its primar>'. Solar
(xlipM is the name given to a total or partial con-
cealment of the sun by the moon, Lunar ecUps<-
i<f the total or partial concealment of the moon by
the shadow ol the earth. .Sjx ccUpae of the sun
can only occur when the moon at tlie time ol mean
ooDjuoctioa with the suu u witlnn ig)" of her
node ; a limar uchpse when she is within ij^" of
her node. There may be as many as seven edipse-s
in a year. o( which four would be solar, thrre ol
these partuil. while uf tlie lunar ecUpstes two would
be total. The Icaat possible number iu the year
would be tno. and in this case each eclipse would
h« solar.
BJ>. Existence doubtful. Abbreviation adopted
ca^ the charts issued by the Hydroffraphic Office.
j\dmiralty.
•d. Abbreviation for edition and edited.
BUft. Swedish gun-vessel. (Karlskrona. 1686.)
t.ength, 185 ft. ; beam. 37 ft. ; Uiaught, \o\ ft. ;
displacement. 54^ tons : comp)eitu-nt. 76 : arma-
ment. I lo-m., I 6-in.. 2 T5 in., 3 Maxims; Hp..
O6oai3 kts. : coal. So Tons.
Bddy. A tf-rm usv^ for the water which falls
back on Ihc rudder of u ship ander sail.
Eddystone Lightboasa. situated in the English
Channel nme miles from the coast of Cornwall and
about 14 miles S.S.W. of Plyinouth Breakwater.
Ttie fimt lighthouse to be erectiMl here Was one of
wood built io 1700. and swejrt away by a storm
thrre yf^T% later. The second, also constructed
uf wood, was erected iu 17U6, and burnt down in
1755. The third, which stood for over too v-eara,
wax doMCiwd by Smeatun, and built of vtonc,
1757. In 1877 the Corporation of Trinity House
decided to erect a new lighthouse, aiul selected a
site I JO feet S.S.E. from Sniealon's Lighthouse.
ThtH was foiuul necessary owing to tlie rork tounda-
tion of the old lighthouse becommg undermmed
by the waves. The fourth Eddystone Lighthouse,
the foundation stone of which \va& laid by the late
Duke of Hdinburgh on August 19. 1879, was com-
ptcte<t in lS82, when the upper portion of Smeaton's
tower was removed and re-erected on Plymouth
Hoc- Th^ light, the intensity ol which is 70.tx.1j
candle-power, has a range of rjj miles, and givef
a double flash at intervals of lialf a mmute.
Eden. Ship. On November 8, i&7$, this vnsd
sailed from Valparaiso. She was set on fire by her
mad captain and blew up. The crew were rescued by
the Juanita.
Eden. Britisli torpedo-boat destroyer. (Parsons,
l^.^) length. 320 ft. : beam. 23 It. ; draught.
8] It. ; displacement, 52; tons : complement. 70 :
annarocnt. t 12-pdr., 5 6-pdr.. 2 tubes ; twin
screw : Hp., 7,000=25 ktji. ; coal. 130 tons.
Edgar. British ist class cruiser. (Fairfield,
Ifloo.)
Length 360ft. Beam bolt. Maximum draught 26ft,
15isplacement 7,}$f^ tons. Tomplement 540.
Guns. Armour.
3^^ 3 in. " SteeL"
CO— 6 in. 5 in. Deck,
13— 6pdr. 12 in. Conning tower.
5—3 Pdr.
2 Maxims.
Torpedo Tub£S (18 in.}.
J Submerged.
Twin screw. Hp, natural to,ooo=«i8'5 kts,,
forced 1 2.000 Ez: 2o's kts. Coat maximum t .350
tons. Approxunatc cost £410.080.
This lihip-namr- wa.<i incroduced into the Nav>*
by Charles II,. i'J63, and is associated with the
fir^it battle of Sthooneveld. 1673 ; battle of the
Texel, 1673 ; battle of Bantry Bay, 1689 ; battle of
BcBchy Head, 1690 , Barflcurand La lloguc, 1692 ;
Boscawen's victory' in Lagos Bay, 1759 ; reduction
of Havana, 1762 ; Rodney's action off Cape St.
Vincent, 178a ; Copenhagen, iBoi.
Edgar. 70 guns. On October m. 1711. tlii^
vessel blew up at Spithead. when all on board
perisho'l.
EdgUd QtliMt, French I St class cruiser. iBrest,
1005.)
Length 528ft. Beam ;oft. Maximum draught 37fr.
Displacement 13,480 ton.H. Complement 750.
Guns. Armituf.
4 — 7*6 in.. 45 cal. '■ Krupp."
r6 — 6'4 in. ri| in. Belt amidships,
fl — 9 pdr. 8 in. Torrets.
34 — 3 pdr. 8 in. Corming tower.
Tntpe4o Tiii« {177 in.).
3 Submerged.
1 Above water.
Three screws. Hp. 40,000 » 24 kts. Coal maxi'
muni. 2.4UU tons. Ajiproximatc cost, j^t. 350.000.
Edge away. To decline gradually from tlie
course which the ship formerly steered by going
more away from before the wind.
Edge in with. To steer oblt<pu>ly towards a given
object.
Bdi. Netherlands gun-vesscl. (Flushing. 1898.)
Length, 179 ft.; beam, 30 It; draught. 11 ft.;
displacement. 787 tor» : complement, y5 ; ttrma-
mont, J 4"7-m., 2 2"9-in., 4 i 4-in. , Hp.. 1.100=
I J kts. : cool. 1 1 1 Ions,
k2
EDINBURGH
196
ELDERS
EdiabUTKb. Ilritish and class batLl«ship (0,430
Lons. 14-2 kts.). launched 1882.
Editb. Steamer. In collision with Ibc DucMcss of
Sutherland ofl St. John's Point, Ireland. Both
ships went down.
Edjder. Turkish torpedo-boat. (Gaardm,i89o.)
Length, 152 ft.; beam. i8j (t. ; draught, 7 ft.;
displacement. 150 tons; armament, 5 3-pdr.. q.f..
2 tubes ; twin screw : Hp., 3.200=23 ^^•
Edaannd. Emi^atit ship, from Limerick to New
York, wrecked otT the Western Coast of Ireland.
November 12, 1850.; 100 lives lost.
Edue. .'\bbre\'iation for educated.
Education En^Mrmg. Naval. S^e Naval Educa-
tion.
Edacfltion. NavaL See Naval Education.
Edward Yacht Club. E>iiabUslit.<d 1901. Hono-
rary Treasurer. T. W. Berr^-; Honorat)- Secretary-.
W. Stewart. Kingstown. Co. Dublin. Knirantx-
fee, ^3 ; annual subscription, j£j.
E.E. Distinguishing letters on sea nshing boats
registered at Eemrun. Holland.
B.S. Abbreviation for errors excepted.
E.O. Distinguishing letters on sea fishing boats
registered at Egmond-Aan-Zec. Holland.
e.g. For example.
Egeria. British surveying vessel (940 ions.
113 kts.). Launclicd 1S73.
Evypt |i8g;). British subsidised merhcant ship-
P. and O. Co. (q.v.). Dimensions, 500 x 54X 33 It. ;
gTo<:s tonnage. 7.900; passenger accommodation'
52^; Up., 9400=18 lets.
Efypt. Atlantic liner. Burnt at sea July iS,
xit/o ; crew and passengers saved by the GvsUv
Oscar.
S,H. Distinguishing letters on sea fishing boats
registered at Enkhuizcn, Holland.
Bid«r. North German Lloyd steamer. Struck
on the rocks near the Isle of Wight, during a fog,
January 31, 1S9Z ; captain, t66 of tiic crew, and
227 passengers, together with mails, were saved.
The vessel was refloated and towed into Southamp-
ton, March 39. 1892.
Eldsvold. NonK-cgian coast service battleship-
(FJswick, iifuo.)
Length 290ft, Beam 5uft.
Displacement 3,800 tons,
fjuns.
2-~^ in., 45 cal. '
6^6 in.
Mean draught lOft.
Complement 250.
Armour.
" Krupp."
7 in. Belt.
8 — 13 pdr.
6 — 3 pdr.
Twin screw.
mum 400 tons.
6 in. Turrets.
5 in. CoHemateM.
Totprdif TiAes.
2 Submerged.
Hp. 4.3so>*i7 kts. t'oal maxi-
Ekaterina XL Old Russian battleship. Black Ses
(1R86}.
Length 339ft. Beam 69ft. Maxiinum draaght 19ft.
Displacement lo.jjo tons. Complemeot 530.
Gum. Armour.
6 — 12 in. " Compoand."
7—6 in. iS in. Belt amidships.
8 — 3 pdr. 12 in. Barbettes.
4 — I pdr. 16 in. CoDning tower.
ft Maxims.
Torpedo Tubes.
7 Abovfl water.
Twin screw. Hp. 11,000=16 kts. Coal maxi-
mum S70 ton?i.
Elastic force o! vapour. Pressure of the water
vapour in the atmosphere.
Elba. Small Italian cruiser. (CAsteUamaie.
'893.1
Length 273ft. Beam 42ft. Maximum draught 18ft
Displacement 2.730 tons. Complement 347.
Guns. A rmtmr.
2— 6 in. "Steel."
8 — 4'7 in. t in. Deck.
8—6 pdr.
8 — I pdr.
Torpedo Tubes.
3 Above water.
Twin screw. Hp. 7,500= 18*5 kts. Coal
mum 500 tons. Approximate cost £200,000.
Elba, BattleoL Fought .\ugust z8. 1652, between
the British under Admiral Badilcy and the Dotdi
under .-\dniiral van Galen. The Britisli lost tii«
Phanix during the engagement, and were oon-
pcUed to retire to Porto Longoue. The Phatuis
was, however, recaptured on November 30 by the
British under Captain Owen Cox.
Elbe. North German Lloyd steamer, frotit Bcfr
men to New York. Sank in collision with Um
Craihis, of Aberdeen, off Lowestoft, January jo,
•''95 ; 334 lives lost.
Elbing-Oborland CanoL commenced in 184$.
ajid ruu:ih(--d m 1S60, at the cost of ii2S.ooo. coo-
nects Lake Drauseu and the port of Klbing with
Lakea Geaerich and Diewenz. It is no uUles long,
with a width of 52^ ft., and a depth of 4^ ft.
Elbow. An angle formed by two cables or ropeL
ElCiUlO. U.S. gun- boat. Captured troin
Spaniards in the Spanish-American war, 1898.
Elder. Dempster and Oo. Sm Imperial Dii«ct
Wf-it India Mail Service Co., Ltd.
Elder, John {1824-69). Shipbuilder and roarine
cnginet'i ;b. Glasgow). Was the first to experiment
with and bring into practical use compound steam
engines.
Elders and Fyfles, Ltd., was formed in 1901, aad
is the oijtcom<: oi the immense development of the
West India banana trade. The senicc began with
^
foui* steamers, since wbicb nine have been added and
fitted with Ki>ectal arrangements for the sale con-
veyance ol fruit. R^ular servicts are maintained
between Jamaica and Costa Rica from Manchester,
and from Dristol (Avonmouth). tn 1904 tlic
company nas entrusted witli the carriage of parcels
and mails to Costa Hica.
F1.8BT.
Andrea. Golden Eagle Ntcoya.
Appomattox Greenbrier. Oracabessa.
Barratua. GuancMt. Pacuare.
Chtckakominy. Manistee. Reveniaton.
Chirripo. Mariposa. Taora.
Etperanta. Matina. Zent.
Miami.
Gross toooage, 53.00a
Eldenlie Steamship Co., Ltd. See Turnbull.
Martin and Co.
Eldhdge, Qtorgt. British naval architect. Served
his apprentii:c:ilup in H.M. Dockyard, Chatham. In
1864 joined the firm of Me?tani. R. Na{iier and Son<t,
Glasgow, as assistant manager in the shipbuilding
department. In 1872 jomcd Messrs. Palmer and Co. ,
Jarrvw, as manager of their shipbuilding department,
and in the latter part of 1873 he went to St. Ppters-
burg to take charge of the shipbuilding department of
the Baltic Ironworks, there being closely connected
M-ith the building ol ironclads and cruisers for the
Russian Government, and many steamers for mer-
cantile ser^■)ce, On returning to England in 1879.
he was appointed to superintend the buitdmg of the
Czar's yacht Livadia, then on the stocks at Mcssra.
Elder and Co., Glasgow. In 1BS2 he joined the
Orient Steam Navigation Co. as Naval Architect,
and on tlie sinking of the Austral in Sydney
Harbour, he made a contract with this firm to raise
her. which, after two months' arduous work, he
mccessfnlly accomplished. In 1884 he returned
to London, and t^tablishi-d himself as a consulting
naval architect and engineer. In March, i.SBS. he
made a contract with the JarTo%v Shipbuilding Co.
to go to Bilbao to select a site for building, and to
prepare plans and estimates for the establishment
of works to build thrc« cruisers for the Spanish
Government. Was selected by the Council of the
Institution of Naval Architects to r<*present them
on the Life Savmg .^pplLaaae^ Committee.
Xtoetnu British torpedo-boat destroyer. (Clyde-
. 1901-) Length. Ji8 ft. ; beam, aoft. ; draught.
5J ft. ; displacement, 300 tons ; complement, 58 ;
armament, t ts-pdr. 5 6-pdr., 2 tubes; twin
screw; Hp., 6,000*30 kts. ; coal, 80 tuns.
EleotHc shock. Unconsmoasness trom. See Appa-
rently dead. Methods of re^stortng the.
Etoctric t«l«graph. Ste Telegraphy.
BSsctromttor. An instrument for measuring the
electnficatioa of the air.
■kv* Fnunli (1645). British naval architect
(b. Portsmouth). Was in the service of the Admi-
ralty from 1 867 to [871. In 1879 he wa^ appointed
adviser on naval construction to the Japanese
Government, which post he held for two years,
until he was appointed professor ol naval archi-
tecture and marine cngini^cnng in the L'luvcn^tty of
Glasgow. In 1886 he re^iigitcd this pu^iLiun to
l»ecome first director of H.M. DockyarrU. a pa4t
which he held until 1892. He then acted as na\-al
architect to the Fairfield Shipbuilding and Engineer-
ing Co., Glasgow.
Publication: " Ships. Old and New."
EUftgot I'urktfih tarp<.'do - boat. (Se«tn PO-
nentc, 1904.) Length, 165 ft. ; bean, 18^ ft. ;
draught, 4}^ ft. ; displacement. 165 tons ; Hp.,
3,200=27 ^ts.
Eliot, Whately, Bllnst.O.B. (b. Novutnber 23.
1841). Civil engineer. Articled pupil to the late
Sir J. Coodc. C.E., at the Admiralty Breakwater
Works at Portland. 1861-64. Subsequently en-
gaged on dock and harbour works at SuuderLand,
Tynemouth, Isle of Man, and in New /.caland.
Engineer to Peterhead Harbour Board, 1875-80 ;
resident engineer of harbour works for the Cape
Government, 1880-85 \ resident engineer of the
Eastham section of the Manchester Ship Canal,
including the entrance locks. Appointed by the
Admiralty in 1894 superintending civil engineer of
the extension of H.M. Dockyard at Keyham. in-
volving an expenditure of about ^4,000,000, and was
in charge of the construction of tht* works from their
coramencement until completion al the end of igoS,
when he retired from the Admiralty sea-vice.
Elizabetha Roumanian protected cruiser. (Rls-
mck, 1887.)
Length 330ft. Beam 33ft.
Displacement 1.320 tohs.
Cutis. .4 rmmtr.
4 — 5"9 in. " Steel."
4 q.f. 3 in. Dock.
z Maxims.
Torpedo Tubes.
4-
Hp. 3.000B16 kts.
EUu Scott, This vessel, 154 tons, commanded
by Mr. Jolin Ballcny and the Sabrina. cutter, o( 54
tons, under Mr. Freeman, started out on an expedi-
tion of discovery to the antarctic regions in 1838.
In February. 1839, when on about the 163° £.
nit^ridian. land was sightiKl in 66° 30' S., and subse-
quently Sabrina Island was discovered in March,
1839. Refer to Antarcbc Exploration.
EDa. I-ondon and Hamburg steamer. Left the
Thames on December 14. 1873, and nothing was
ever heard of her,
EUermaa Lines. Ltd^ wHth which are incorporated
the Hall Line, the City Line, the P^ayanni Line,
ELLIDA
Wratcott atul I^urancc Line, Cov»ley and Westray
Line, was founded in 1840, and originally managed
by Messrs. John Dibby. Sons and Co.. under the
style of Uie BiLby Line, until 1870. when it was
purclmsrd by McMsrs. Frrderick Leyland and Co.,
and siili.<«t>qae-ntly known as the Leyland Ltne, until
acquired by the Morgan Combination, wlio sold the
Mediterranean portion ol the business to Mr. J. K.
Ellermao. Steamers trade regularly between Liver-
pool and Portugal. Italy. Sicily, Adriatic, Alexan-
dria, Gibraltar, Malta, Syria, Smyrna, and Con-
stantinople.
EUida. Norwegian gun-vrsseL (Horten. 1881.)
Length, 187 It. ; beam, 32 ft. ; draugtit, 14) ft. :
diiiplacement, 9S4 tons; complement, 128 ; anna-,
nirnt. 2 47 in., 4 2'9-in., 4 r4-in., 3 tubes, 1 sub-
merged : Hp., 300«: 15 kts. ; coal. 120 ton&.
Elliott, Robert, B.Sa (b. Chicbuator. June iS,
i860). Surveyor to Lloyd's Regi.iler. Scrvi-d his
apprenticeship as an engineer with Messrs. A. and
J. Inglis, Glasgow, and in Kovember, i8t:io, entered
the Glasgow University, and in April, 1B84, gradu-
ated as B.Sc. in engineering. He obtained a Tliom-
son scJioiarsliip in the physical laboratory, and was
employed on the Ute Sir W, Tliomson's (afterwards
Lord Kelvin) (^.c.) and the late Professor Fleming
Jenkin's stafi, whore he superintended the manu-
faclitrc (at Messra. Sieniins' works. Woolwicli) of
the Atlantic Cable (or the Commercial Cable Com-
pany. In 1885 be joined the Bntish India Steam
Navigation Co., and ser\'ed a term ot lour years
at aea. Having obtained a Arst-class engineer's
certificate from the Board of Trade in 1889. he
was appointed as sur\-cyor to IJoyd's Registry.
Elmo's Fiw, St. 5« St. Elmo's Fire.
Elmalie, John Elmslie lh. London, May 3q. 1844).
In 1S61 he was apprenticed to Messrs. Saniudu
Brothers, of Poplar, ami after being connected
with this firm as draughtsman, he, in 1871. com-
menced business as a naval architect and con-
sulting engineer. He has been connected with
the designing of a large number of ships, and in
iSgo. in conjunction with the late Mr. WUiam
John, prepared plans for a 9.000 ton cruiser for
the Spanish Government. Member of the Institu-
tion of Naval Architects, and member of Council
of the Institution of Marine Engineers.
Ekmcation. The angular distance of a planet
from the sun, as it appears to us upon tbe earth.
ElsasB. Crfrrman ist class battleship. (Schichau,
1903.)
Length 430ft. Beam 73ft. Mean draught 26ft.
Displacement 13,200 tons. Complement 691.
GuHt. Armour.
4 — n in. " Knipp."
J4— 67 in. 9 in. Belt.
13 — 24 pdr. 1 1 in. Barbettes.
19 — 1 pdr. 1 1 in. TiuTota.
8 Machine. 1 2 in. Conning tower.
Torpgdo Tubes.
5 Submerged bow and broadside.
t Above water stem.
Three screws. Hp. 16.000=18 kts. Coal maxi
mum 1.600 ton-'^. Approximate cost ^1.160,000.
Exnanule FQibertO. Old Italian battleship.
(Castcllamaro, 1897.)
Length 344ft. Beam 69ft. Maximum draught
Displacement 9.800 tons. Complement 543.
Cuns. Armour.
4 — 10 in. " Harvey-nickel."
8 — 6 in. 10 in. Belt amidshipa.
8—4*7 'I* '° '"■ BarljcttcS-
6 — 12 pdr. 6 in. Conning tower.
6—3 pdr.
Torpedo Tubes (18 in.).
4 Snbmerged.
Twin screw. Hp. natural 9.ooa«siO kta.. forced
I3,500s>t8 kts. Coal maximum 1,000 tons.
Approximate cost £700,000,
Embankment A structure raised to prevent
water from overflowing a tract of country or to
support a roadway ; a bank or mound of earth ot
cement to form a barrier against the encroacbmeat
of the sea. against the overflow of a river, or to
carry a railroad, canal, or road across a track of
low ground. In civil engineering, it is technically
the earth which requires to be heaped up to pro-
tect a level.
Embargo is a temporary detention by a State
of vessels within its porbt. On the breaking out ot
hostilities it was once usual to lay an embargo upoo
all the enemy's merchant vcsseb within reach.
with a Mcw to their being declared prize of war,
but the custom has grown up of allowing the veaseb
of belligerents which, at the outbreak of war, arc
in a hostile port time to unload, reload, and dei:<art.
A State may lay an embargo on its own ships wttb
a view to their employment in the service ol the
nation or to prevent their carrying certain i>ro-
ducts out of the country. An embargo puts an
end to contracts relating to a ship unless her deten-
tion is certain to be short, in winch case it
ponirily suspends them.
Embassies. The name given to the residence
ambajasadors. ministers or envoys extraordinary.
representing their country at foreign Courts. ■ As
representatives of Sovereign Stales, ambassadoa
take precedence after the blood-royal, wfaOe
ministers rank after dukes. Great Britain sendl
out eight ambassadors — 10 Paris, BerUn, St. Peten-
burg, Rome. Vienna, Ctmstantinoplc, Washingtoa,
and Madrid. An ambassador is not subject to
the civil or criminal laws of tbe countr>- to whidi
he is accredited. Ambassadors arv entitled to
audience of the Sovereign, but in Great Britain only
in tbe prt^sence of a Minister of the Crown.
Emerande. French sea-going submarine. (Cher-
bourg. 1903.) Length. 147 ft. ; beam, 13 ft.;
I
4
Ml
eeofl
maadmum dranght, I3 it. : dtoplaceroent, 309 tons
above, 44: tons below : complement, aa ; torpedo
tubes, 6 l7'7-iQ. : Hp.. 600=12 kts. abox-e, 8 lets.
below.
Emerston. The time when any planet which is
eclipsed bfgiiw to recover light.
Emir BoohankL Russian torpedo-boat. (St.
Petenburg, 1905.) Displacement. 600 tons ; speed,
14 kbi.
Smpandor Carlos V. Spanish cruiser (1895).
Length 4ajit. Beam d^lt. Maximum draught aSft.
Displacemeni <),3oo toas. Complement 600.
Guns. Armaur.
2 — g'4 in. "Creusot special."
8~5'5 in. 2i in. Deck.
4 — 4 in. to in. Barbettes.
2 — 12 pdr. 12 in Conning tower.
8— 6pdr.
2 Machine.
Torpedo Tulm.
6 Above water.
Twin screw. Hp. natural 15.000^19 kts., forced
18.300 = 20 kts. Coal maximum 2,000 tons.
Empire Tnuuport Co., Ltd. See Houlder Steam-
ship line.
Employers* liability. The Employers' Liability
Act of i"^*" yivt-s lo workmen increased rights o(
action agaiiL<;t their masters for personal injuries
sustained during service. The expression " work-
men " applies only to certain classes of labourers,
■eamon. and apprentices ticing expressly excluded.
But at Common Law the employer is still liable
U he provides mcompctent follow- workmen, if he
has been guilty of personal neghgencc. or if his
inachincr>' is dangerous or incQicient. unless the
workman is aware of the danger and has accepted
the risk. Refer lo Passrngem, Protection [Em-
ployees* LiabiUty Act and Workmen's Compensa-
tion Act).
Emptess Line, Canadian Paciflo R&Uway. was
established in 1S91. aud maintained a three-weekly
serv-ice of magnificent tmo-screw mail t»oat$ between
Vancouver and japan and China, callii^ at Yoko-
hama. Kobe, Nsgasalct. Shanghai, and Hong Koog.
In 1903 15 large .Atlantic steamers were porchasied
from Messrs. Klder. Dempster and Co.. and with
these lliretr separate services are maintained from
Liverpool, Bristol, and London. In summer the
terminal pKMls are Quebec and Montreal, in wmtcr
St. John, N.B-.the I^ondon line including Antwerp.
They also maintain a service on the upper lakes.
Pacific coast, and lakes and rivera In Bntuh
Colambda. '
The steamers plying Ix'tween Vancouver and
Japan and China arc aubsidisecl for service aa
craisers
The Emprtxs of Inland holds the record between
Liverpool and Quebec, having made the passa^
in 6- days, 8 hoars, and 50 minutes, beating the
former record by over six hours. British mails by
this route via Quebec, and then overland to Van-
couver, where they are put on steamers plying
between Vancouver, Japan and Ouna, land about
six days ahead of t.ho«r «?nt via the Suc£
mute. The Emprttss of Britain holds the record
from between Moville, Ireland, and Rimonski.
Quebec, her time being five days, 21 hours, 17 min-
utes. This time is 6j nunutcs bnttrr tlian any
other former passage on record.
Fleet.
Alberta.
Athabasca.
AtheHian,
A war.
Beaver.
Chantur.
Danube.
Empress of Britain.
Empress of China.
EmprtTs of India.
Empress of Ireland.
Empress of Japan.
Lake ChamplaiH.
Lake Erie.
Lake ManittAft.
Lake Miekigan.
Manitoba.
Milufttuhee.
Monmouth.
\fontcalm.
AfonteagU.
MoHiexunia.
Afantfort,
Montreal.
Montrois.
Mount Royal.
Mount Templs.
Otter.
Princess Ueatrice.
Princess Louisa.
Princess May.
Princess Viitoria.
Quaan City.
Tartar.
Tees.
Vosewitee.
Gross tonnage. 100,000.
Empress of Britain. (Govan. t^.) British
sulwulistxl intTcliaiit ship. Canadian Pacilic Rail-
way. Dimennions. 550x65 X 40 ft. ; grow tonnage,
14.500. Passenger accommodation. 1,778 ; Hp..
18.000 = 20 kts.
This steamer arrivc^l at Rimouski on June 18.
it>o6, having covererl the distance between Movtllo,
Ireland, and Rimou.ski. Quebec, in 5 days, 21
hours, 17 minutes. This time is 63 minutes better
than any other former passage on record.
Emprea ot China (1S91). Britlih subsidised
merchant ship, Cau-ulian Pacific Railway Co. [q.v,).
DimcnsioiLs. 4.^5 X 51 X 33 ft. ; gross tonnage. 5.947 :
passenger accommod.ition, 230 ; Hp.. lo.oooa
l6( kts.
Empress ol India. Bntish ist class battleship.
iPfinbroke. 1H91.)
Length 380ft, Beam 75(t. Maximum draught jolt
Displacement 14,130 tons.
Guns.
4— '3'5 in-
to— 6 iit
16— 6 pdr.
la— 3 pdr.
2 — 9 pdr. Boat.
1 Maxims.
Torpedo Tubes (18 in.).
2 Submerged.
I Above water stem.
.■irmour.
" Compound."
iS in. Belt amidships,
17 in. Barbettes.
14 in. Conning tower.
EMPRESS
200
ENGINEERING
Twin screw. Up, natural 9.000=15 kt».. forced
l3,ocx]9ei7 ktn. Coal maxtmum 1.400 tons.
Approximate cost /900.000.
Empress ol India (iS^i). British subsidised mer-
chant ship. Canadian Pacific Railway Co. (?-?.}■
Dimensions. 485 X 51 X 33 It. : gross tonnage. 5.934;
passenger accommodation. 330 ; Hp., 10.000=
I6ikts.
Empress of Ireland. (Govan. 1906.) British
sobsidisid mcrchajit ship. Canadian Pacific Rail-
way. Dimensions. 550x65 >: 40 ft. ; gross tonnage.
14,500; pass4^nger accommodation, 1,778: Up.,
iS.ooosxo kts.
Empress ol Japan {1891). British subsidised
merchant ship. Canadian Pacific Railway Co, (y.r.).
Dimensions, 485 X 51 X 33 ft. : gross tonnage. 5,940 ;
passenger accommodation, 230; Hp.. 10.000 =
i6i kts.
Empresa lasulana de Navegacao, with tlieir head
offices in Lisbon, have two excellent steamers,
which maintain regular services from Lisbon to
the Madeira Islands and the Azores Islands. The
voyage to Madeira occupit'^ 40 to 42 hours, accord-
ing to the wcatJicr, and the steamship San Miguel
on this run has excellent accommodation for pas-
sengers. A ser\'ice is maintained twice a month
to SL Micbac], one steamer going direct and doing
the journey in three days, the other calling at
Madeira and St. Maria taking five day.-*. A steamer
leaves Lisbon about the beginning of each month
for Madeira. St. Maria, St. Michael. Terccira,
Graciosa. St. George. Pico, and Faval, returning
by the same route, and due to arrive in Lisbon
early in the following month.
Fleet.
Funchal. San MigutL
Gross tonnaRe. 3,500.
Empceza Nacional de Navegacao, with their head
offices in Lisbon, have a fleet of i& excellent
steamers, which maintain regular services from
Lisbon to the Madeira Islands, St. Vincent, Prin-
cipe, St. Thom6. Landana, St, Antonio do Zaire.
Ambrizattc. Ambriz. Loanda. Novo, Redono,
Libitto, BcngucUa, Mossamcdcs. Bahia, Porto-
Alexandree, I^retixo M.-irques, Beira, and Mozam-
bique ; a service from Madeira to St. Vincent. St.
Antao. St, Nicholas. Sal Boa-Viste, Meio. Praia,
Tarrufal, Togo, and Brava ; another service from
Lisbon to Thiago, Bissnu. to Bolania.
Fl^KT.
Africa, Cabo Verde. Malange.
A mbaea. Cazengo. Mindelh.
Angola. Guine. Portugal.
Bmguelta. LoamUt, Principt.
Bissau. LobUo. Zaire.
Bolama. Lusilania. Zambtiia.
EnootintM'. British 2nd class cruiser, (Devoa-
port, 1903.)
Length 5SSft. Beam 56ft. Maximum draught 3 1 ft.
Displacement 5,880 tons. Complcmemt 475,
Guns. A mumr.
1 1 — 6 in. 3 in. Deck amidships.
8 — 12 pdr. 6 in. Conning tower.
1 — 13 pdr., 8 cwt.
6 — 3 pdr.
2 Maxims.
Torpedo Tubes {18 in.).
2 Submerged.
Twin screw. Hp. 12,500 = 21 kts. CoaJ maxi-
mum I.ZZ5 tons. Approximate cost ^430,000.
Endeavour. 14 guns. In October. 1780. tlus
vessel was lost m a storm in the West Indies.
End lor end. Changing a rope that is 'worn ;
substituting strong for weak.
End 00. A direct hne with the ship's length a.^
opposed to broad side on.
Endsrmioo. British ist class cruiser. (Hull,
1S91.)
Length 360ft. Beam 6oft. Maximum draught abii.
Displacement 7.350 tons. Complement 540,
Guns, Armour.
2 — 9*2 in. " StecL"
10 — 6 in. 5 in. Deck.
12 — 6 pdr. 12 in, Conning tower.
5—3 pdr.
2 Maxims.
Torpedo Tubes (18 in.).
3 Submerged.
Twin screw. Hp. natural 10,000 it 18-5 kts..
forced 12,000= ig'5 kts. Coal maximum 1,150
ton.s. Approximate cost £430.000.
This .nhip-namc \va« first introduced into the
Navy in 1779. and is associated with Rodney at
Dominica. 17B2. and the capture of the Amencan
frigate President. 1815.
Eodymion. Sailing vessel. Burnt in the Mersey,
January 31, 1S60; loss estimated at ^£30,000.
Eng. Abbreviation for English.
Engineer. Sec Engineering.
EoKineet. EsUblishod 1856. Pabliahed weekly
(Friday). Price 6ii. Address: 33 Norfolk Street.
London. W.C,
Elngineering. The art or science of constnictiag
engines or machines, and executing such works u
fall to the duly of an engineer. Engineers may be
divided into four branches — military, manne
mccbaoicaJ. and civU. A military engineer has to
do with that branch of the science which is con-
nected with the design, construction, and mato-
teuance ol fortifications. The dubes of a marine
01 naval engineer embrace works partly ol a
military and partly ol a naval character. He is
responsible for the design and construction ot
, vessels of war, and of various engines of war, suck
as torpedoes and other projectilee.
ENGINEERING
20 1
ENSIGN
Qvil engineehiig is the most extensive braacb of
the four, and may be said to have originated in
England about the middle of the last century,
owing to the extraordinary development of the
sj-stem of ioternal communication, as well as by
the application of steam and electricity for the
purpose of oar manufacturer. A civil engineer
requires a knowledgo of mutlicmatics to enable him
to investigate as well as apply the rules laid down
by writers on those branches of the mixed sciences
to which his attention uiD roost frequently be
drawn. He should have an ultimate knowledge
of the principles of mechanics, hydiaulics, and all
branches of natural philosophy. He should be
able to draw neatly, and should understand the
pnnciptes of projection upon which all engineering
drawings are constructed. His work includes the
construction of roads, bridges, rulways, canals,
harbonn, and drainage works.
A mechanical engineer is one who. is efitcient in
the invention, contrivance, and adjustment of all
kinds of macliincr>-, who is acquainted with the
strength and quality of material used, and possesses
s thorough knowledge of the power of steam, of
electricity, and of the engine in all its modifica-
tions, and the use to which this mouve power is
applied.
BtaflBMrtaff. Established tSQ6. Published
weekly (Friday). Price 6rf. Address : 35 Bi-dford
Stret't. txmdon, W.C
Eilgin0«riiig B«oord. Established 1874. Pub-
lished weekly (Saturday). Price 6d. Address:
146 Meet Street. London. EC.
BngixiMtinc Standards Committee, which is
supported by the Institution of Uvil LIngineers,
the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, the
Institution of Naval Architects, the Iron and Steel
lasHtutc. and the Institution of Electrical Engineers.
was formed ui January. 1901, on the motion of Sir
John Wolfe Barry. ICC.B., to consider the advisa-
bility of standardising various kinds of iron and
steel sections. The original committee consisted
of six members, and at the first meeting, held April.
1901. it was decided to recommend that the various
Institutions now associated with the Committee
be approached and invited to nominate two
menilters each on the Committee. The invitations
were accepted, and the Committee on Standardisa-
tion thos constituted met for the de^atch of
businesson April 26. 1901. In 1901 the standardisa-
tion of locomotives and uf tests for eoginoering
materials was included, and early in the following
year the standardisation of electrical plant. The
work nndertaken by the Committee has thus from
Ume to time been enlarged, and the following
subjects have been or are now under considcntion :
Rolled Sections, Railway and Tramway Rails.
Locomotives for Indian Railways, Pipe Flanges,
Screw llireads. Pipe Threads. Limit Gauges. Rail-
way Rolling Stock Materials, Tyre Profiles, Steel
Castings and Forging for Marine Work, PortUod
Cement. Cast Iron Pipes. Geaeratcu^, Motors and
Transformer, Prime Movers lor Electrical Pur-
poses, Tclcgraph.'t and Telephones. Electric Cables,
Electric Tramway Materials, Electric Automobiles.
Electrical Plant Accessones.
Maih CoXMtrrEE.
Sir John Wolfe Barry, K.C.B. (Chairman).
Sir Benjamin Baker, '
K.C.B.
Sir WUiiam H. White,
K.C.B.
Sir Alexander R. Binnie.
Sir Douglas Fox.
James C IngliK.
Profussor Unwin.
William H. AUw.
Edward P. Martin.
G. Ainsworth,
Arthur Cooper.
Archibald Denny.
Dr. Francis Elgor.
Sir William Preece.
K.CB.
tJvminated l>y the Intt.
of Civil Enginetrs.
I Nominated by the Inst.
i of Mechanical Enginean.
1 Nominated liy the Iron
I niid Steel InsiituU.
\ Nominalfd hy the fnst.
I of NavaJ Architects.
Nominated by the Inst.
Colonel R. E. B. Cromp- f of Electrical En/finetrs.
ton, C.B.. R.E. '
Dr. J. H. T. Tudsbery (Hon. Secretary). lostitn-
tion of Civil Engineers.
Leslie S. Robertson (Secretary), 28 Victoria
Street, S.W.
Engineer's Qazatte. Published monthly. Pnce
6^. Address ; 56 Chancery Lane. London, W.Q.
EnKineers. Naval. See Naval Education.
Engineera' Yacht Club, Royal. See Koyal
Engineers' Yacht Club.
English and American Shipping Co^ Ltd., managed
by Mfs^ir^. Bowriiiy Kros.. Ltd., with branch olfices
at Cardiff. St. Johns (Newfoundland). New York,
and San Francisco, have a fleet of 14 modem
steamers engaged in various cargo trade*.
Fleet.
Adra. Inca. Mystic,
Bona. Mokta. Polm.
Catalone. Mora, Roda.
Dominion. Mxttcia. Vera.
Hneha. Zuffa.
Gro3s tonnage, 43,665.
&iKluh Channel Distriet. See Trinity House
Pilotage Districts.
Enroth. Swedish submarine. (Stockholm,
i^Oi.) Length. 83 ft. : beam, 13 ft ; draught.
ii'6ft.; displacement. 1 46 tons ; Hp., 100=^11 kts.
Ensign is a national dag flown at the mizKcn
peak or at the ensign stafl of a ship, mdicating her
nationality.
Great Britain has three ensigns, of which the
Union flag forms a part, (i) The White Ensign.
ENTERPRISE
202
ERNl
which bdongs exclusively to the Royal Navy,
except that the Ro\-a] Yacht Squadron has special
pniniissioii to fly it. This is flontL by all ships of
the Royal Navy, and at all naval stattonn. The
Union Jnck occupies one quarter of the field, the
upper quarter nearest the flagstaff. The rest of
the ensign is white, having the St. George's Cross
upon it, throughout its length and height. The
white ensign is the only one of the three that carries
a cross upon its field in this way. {2) The Blue
Ensign is flown by ships belonging to the Naval
Reserve. The Union Jack occupies one quarter o*
the Geld as in the white ensign, and Uic whole of the
rest oi the flag is takru up by ttie blue lield. Some
yacht clults have piTniis:>ii.'n to fly this ensign.
(3) The Red Ensign is fiov\-n by all British ships
which do not belong to the Royal Kavy or the
Royal Naval Reserve. The design is the same as
that of tlic blue ensign, substituting red for blue in
the field. Any BritiHh subjrct may tly this flag, and
it is nnquestionably the right one for private indi-
viduals to display on occasions o( national rejoicing.
llie proportions of all these ensigns are the same
as those of the Union flag. viz.. the length is double
the height.
Some Colonics Hy the blue ensign, as New South
Wales and the Straits Settlements ; and some the
red, as Victoria, Queensland, Tasmania. New
Zealand, Canada. Cape Colony. West African
Settlements, Malta, etc. With the blue or red
ensign the badge of the Colony is displayed on the
field or " fly " of the ensign, tiefer to Union Flag.
Enterprise. Indian Marine steamer. Foundered
ofi Port Blair, Andaman Islands, during a cyclone.
Novembers, 1891 : 70 lives lost.
Enterprise. In 1S49 this vessel, under Collinson,
sailed from England in search of Sir John Franklin
(f .f.). Refer to Arctic Exploration.
Entrance. A term for the bow of a vessel under
the load watcr-Iini.-.
Entre Rios. .\rgentinc torpedo-boat destroyer.
(Yarrow, 1896.) Lcngtli, 190 ft. ; beam, i^ ft. ;
draught. 7} ft. ; dL<^placcmcnt, aSo tons ; comple-
ment, 54 : armament, i 14-pdr.. 3 6-pdr. q.f., 3
tubes; twin screw; Hp.. 4,000^ 26^ kts. ; coal,
80 tons.
Entry and Trftining, Kaval. Set Naval Educa-
tion.
Epte. French torpedo-boat dcetroycr. (Foi:gcs
et Chantiem. 1 904.) length, rSo ft. ; beam. 2 1 ft. ;
maximum draught, 10 it. ; displacement, 30a tons ;
complement, 45 ; guns. 1 Q-pdr., 6 3-pdr ; torpedo
tubes, 2 15-in. ; speed, 27-30 kts.
Epenrier. French torpedo cruiser. [Rocheiort,
1887.)
Length 9|6 ft. Baun 39 ft. Draught 15^ ft.
Displacement 1,268 tons. Complement 134.
GmmSr A rMtAwr.
5— 3*9 in. -Steel."
T— 3'5 in. tJ in. Deck amidships.
Torptfdo Tubes.
5-
Hp. 3,200 — 17 kts. Coal 160 toiu.
Epiea. French torpedo-boat destroyer. (Kor^
mand. 1902.) Length, 180 ft. ; beam, 11 ti.1^
maximum draught. 10 ft. ; displacement. 300 tonsf
complement, 45 ; guns, i g-pdr.. 6 5-pdr, ;
tubes, a 15-in. ; speed, 27-30 kts.
Eqaatorial carreni. Ste Ocean.
Squiooz. Either of the two points of intersection
of the elliptic and the equator ; so called because, ua
the sun's arrival at cither of them, the nigbt
everywhere equal in length to the day. The sa
crosses from south to north ol the equator at
vernal equinox on or abont March 21, and
on its passage from north to south of the same \
about September 21.
Erebus. Sm Franklin, Sir John.
Erkason. U.S. torpedo-boat {1891). Dis
ment. 120 tons; guns, 3 i-pdr. ; torpedo tubes,
3 iS-in. ; maximum speed, 33 kts.
I
on.
rioo^^
the
Ericsson, John (1803-89). Naval engineer ('
Sweden). Was engaged on tlic construction
the Gota Ship Canal. In 1S36 he came to London.
and in partnership with John BraiUiwaitc cojl^.
stnjcted the " Novelty," a locomotive engine
the Liverpool and Manchester Railway competitii
at Kainhill. He and Stephenson weri; riN-als in the
competition for the first locomotive, and the p:
was won by Stephenson with the "Rocket."
was the first to introduce the screw propeller in a
practical way, and was awarded a onc-fifth share of
the £20,000 given by the Admiralty for the inventioa.
In 1S39 he went to America, where he subsequently
built the famous warship Monitor, from the appear-
ance of which dates the modem era ol nan)
armament. He also invented the steam fire engine,
the first torpedo-boat, a solar engine, and practic&l
surface condensation as applied to steatn naxngation.
He died at New York on March 8, 1889.
Erlth Taoht Olab. Establishetl i9(»o. Coran
dori", T. R. Sairs ; Vice-Commodore, H. Ne
Lloyd ; R ear-Corn mtKlorf. W, E, Ganney ;
surer, T. Davies ; Honorary Secretary, W. A.
Merrall, Clnb House. Erith, Kent. Entrance le
l\ IS. ; annual subscription, £\ \$.
Enw. British torpedo-boat destroyer. (Psdm«
1903.] Lengrth. 225 It. ; beam. 23 IL ; draugbi
10 ft. ; displacement, 540 tons ; complement, 70
armament. 1 13-pdr., 5 6-iHlr., 3 tubes; f
screw : Hd.. T.ooosac kts. : ooal. oc tonn
%
screw ; Hp.. 7,000^25 kts. ; cioal. 95 tons.
Ernest Bmuil
Kafatre. 1905.)
Length sijft. Bfam 72ft. Mean draught 27ft.
Displacement 13.644 tons. Complement 750.
Gums. A rmour.
4—7*6 in., 45 oal. " Knipp. "
13—6*4 in. 6| in. Belt amidships.
J4— 3 pdr. 8 in. Turrets.
Jt in. Conning tower.
Torftcdo Tubss (177 in.).
2 Submerged.
2 Above water.
Three screws. Hp. 38.000= 23's kts. Coal
maximum 3.300 tons.
.Approximate cost £1 .350,000.
Eraest Simoni (1693). French subsidised mer^
rhanc ship. Messageries Maritimfs (q.v.). Otmen-
sions. 443 X47 X36 ft. ; gross tonnage. 4,562 ; Hp..
5.000 >« 17 kts.
Erot. A minor planet discovered by M. Witt, of
Berlin, August 14, 1&9S. The brightness of this
planet when nearest to the earth is that of a seventh
tna^itude star. It is a mean distance from the
sun of 135.500,000 miles, and approaches within
1 3,500,000 miles of the earth.
Error of oftpodty. The error in the height of a
mercurial barometer arising from the change of
level of the mercury in the cistern.
Enatz Alexaadrino. German armoured cruiser.
(Danzig. 1905.)
Length 34: ft. Beam 40ft. Maximum draught I7ift.
Displacement J.J50 tons. Complement 2&0.
Guns. Armour.
10 — 4'i in. " Krupp."*
10 — I pdr. a in. Deck.
4 Mochins.. , 4 in. Conning tower.
Torpedo Tubes.
2 Submerged.
Twm scruw. Hp. ii,ooo»33 kts. Coal maxi-
mum 800 tons.
Ersatz Blitx. German armoured cruiser (1906).
Length 341ft. Beam 40ft. Maximum draught I7)ft.
Duplaccracnt 3,250 tons. Complement 2S0.
Guns. Armour.
10 — 4'i in. " Krupp."
10 — I pdr. 2 in. Deck.
4 Machine. 4 in. Conning tower.
Torpedo Tuhts,
2 Submerged.
Twin screw. Hp. 11.000 = 33 kts. Coal maxi-
mum Soo tons.
Bnftta Oomet. German armoured cruiser (1906)-
!.,ength 34 1 f t. Beain40ft. Maximum draught I7^ft-
Di.<tplacemcnt 3.250 tons. Complement 2S0.
Gmui. A rmour.
10— 4'i in. " Krupp."
10— I pdr. 3 in. Deck.
4 Machine. 4 in. Conning tower.
Torpado TiAsa.
2 Submerged.
Twin screw turbine engines. Hp. 11.000=933 kts.
Coal maximum 800 tons.
This was the firat waiahip fitted with German-
built tnrbinc engines.
Ersats Meteor. German armoured cruiser, (Kiel
Dockyard. 1905.)
Length 341ft. Beam 40ft. Maximum draught i6>ft.
Displacement 3.300 tons. Complement 280.
Gutif. Amtour.
(o — 4*1 in. " Krupp."
10 — 1*4 in. 2 in. Deck.
4 Maxims. 4 in. Conniog tower.
r 'rpado Tubes.
2 Submerged.
Twin screw. Hp. tt.ooocazj kts. Coal maxi-
mum Soo tons.
Ersatx PfeiL German 3rd class cruiser (ic)o6).
Ersatz Saoben. German turret-ship (1906). Dis*
placement, i^i.oootons.
Ersatz Waobt. German armoured cruiser (1Q06).
Length 341ft. Beam 40ft. Maximum draught i^^fL
Displacement 3,250 tons. Complement 280.
Guns. Armour.
10 — 4*t in. " Krupp."
10 — I pdr. 3 in. Deck.
4 Machine. 4 in. Conning tower.
Torpedo TiAes.
2 Submerged.
Twm screw. Hp. n non — jj Irta. Coal maxi-
mum 800 tons.
Erakine, Sir James Elphinatone. E.03.. cr. 1897
{b. December, 1S33). .\dratra.l of the Fleet.
Entered Royal Navy, 1852 : in 1880 was appointed
private secretary to Lord Northbrook, then First
Lord of the .Admiralty : Commodore on the .Aus-
tralian Station, 1881-84; promoted rear-admiral.
i8-S0. and sat on the Admiralty Board as Lord
Commissioner from February to August ; senior
oSicer on the coast of Irc^Iand. ift38. and one of
the umpires in the naval mantsuvres, t8*>4 ; Com-
mander-in -Chief, North American and West Indian
Station. 1895 : during hit command on the Aus-
tralian Station he had the honour of conduc-tiDg
to a satiBfactorj' conclusion the negotiation with
the New South Wales Government in regard to the
site for a naval dcp6t. witli a view of establishing
a naval base in Australian waters ; was selected by
H.M. Government to carrj* out their instructions
to proclaim a British protectorate in New Guinea
and adjacent islands : principal naval A.D.C. to
the King, 1901-02 : was appointed a Commissioner
to inquire into matters relating to French treaty
rights in Newfoundland, 189S ; created K.C.B..
June 22. 1897. oQ ^^ commemoration of Her
Majesty's Diamond Jubilee : Admiral of the Fleet,
October 3. 1902.
ERTOGRUL
204
ESSEX
ErtogniL Turkish Government cruiser. Foun-
dered in Japanese waters during a heavy gale,
September 18, 1890.
EnhenoK Ferdinand Blax. Austro-Hungarian
battleship. (Trieste, 1905.)
Length 3goft. Beam 72ft. Mean draught 24ft.
Displacement 10,600 tons.
Guns. Armour.
4 — 9*4 in., 40 cal. " Krupp."
12 — 7'6 in. 8 in. Belt amidships.
14 — 12 pdr. 9 in. Barbettes.
12 — I pdr. 9 in. Turrets.
4 Maxims. 8 in. Conning tower.
Torpedo Tubes (177 in.).
2 Submerged.
Twinscrew. Hp. 14,000= I9'25 kts. Coal maxi-
mum 1,315 tons. Approximate cost ;^9i3,500.
Erzhenog Friedrich. Austro-Hungarian battle-
ship. (Trieste, 1904.)
Length 390ft. Beam 72ft. Mean draught. 24ft.
Displacement 10,600 tons.
Guns. Armour.
4 — 9'4 in., 40 cal. " Krupp."
12 — 76 in. 8 in. Belt amidships.
14 — 12 pdr. 9 in. Barbettes.
12 — 1 pdr. 9 in. Turrets.
4 Maxims. 8 in. Conning tower.
Torpedo Tubes (17 in.).
2 Submerged.
Twinscrew. Hp. 14,000= i9'25 kts. Coalmaxi-
mum 1,315 tons. Approximate cost ;£9i2,5oo.
Erzhenog Elarl. Austro-Hungarian battleship.
(Trieste, 1903.)
Length 390ft. Beam 72ft. Mean draught 24ft.
Displacement 10.600 tons.
Guns. Armour.
4 — 9'4 in., 40 cal. " Krupp."
12 — j'6 in. 8 in. Belt amidships.
14 — 12 pdr. 9 in. Barbettes.
12 — I pdr. 9 in. Turrets.
4 Maxims. 8 in. Conning tower.
Torpedo Tubes (17 in.).
2 Submerged.
Twin screw. Hp. 14,000= 19*25 kts. Coal maxi-
mum 1,315 tons. Approximate cost ^912.500.
EsboiB Snare. Danish torpedo school ship
(530 tons).
Escopette. French torpedo-boat destroyer. (Nor-
mand, 1902.) Length. 180 ft. ; beam, 21 ft. ;
maximum draught, 10 ft. ; displacement, 300 tons ;
complement, 45 ; guns, i 9-pdr.. 6 3-pdr. ; torpedo
tubes, 2 is-in. ; speed, 27-30 kts.
Escatcbeon. The place in the middle of the
ship's stern where she carries her name.
Esmeralda. Chilian cruiser. (Elswick, iSgn.)
Sheathed and coppered.
Length 436ft. Beam 5311. Mean draught 20ft.
Displacement 7,000 tons. Complement 500.
Armour,
" Harvey."
6 in. Belt
6 in. Balkbeads.
4 in. Gun shirids.
Guns.
2 — 8 in.
16 — 6 in.
8 — 12 pdr.
9—6 pdr.
3 — 3 pdr.
Torpedo Tubes (18 in.).
3 Submerged.
I Above water bow.
Twinscrew. Hp. i6,ooo=22'35 kts. Coal maxi-
mum 1,350 tons.
Espandon. French sea-going submarine. (Oier-
bourg, 1901.) Length, 111 ft. ; beam, 9^^ ft. :
draught, 5^ ft. ; displacement, 106 tons above,
200 tons below; Hp., 350=12 kts. above, 8 kts.
below ; torpedo tubes, 2 17'7-in.
Espero. Italian torpedo'boat destroyer. (Naples.
1904.) Displacement, 330 tons ; maximum dinught,
8 ft. ; armament, 5 6-pdr. ; tubes, 2 i8-in. ; Hp..
6,000=30 kts. ; coal, 80 tons.
Espiegle. British sloop (1,070 tons, 13^ kts.).
Ssponu Argentine small cruiser. (Laird, 1890.)
Displacement 550 tons. Complement 124.
Guns. Armour.
2 — 14 pdr. " Steel."
I — 8 pdr. i^ in. Belt amidships.
2 — 3 pdr. I in. Conning tower.
Torpedo Tubes.
5 Above water.
Twin screw. Hp. forced 3,000= ig's kts. Coal
maximum. 1 30 tons.
Esqaire. The following are legally entitled to be
so addressed, viz. :
1. The younger sons of peers and their eldest
sons.
2. The eldest sons of knights and their eldest
sons.
3. Chiefs of ancient families by prescriptive
right.
4. Esquires, by creation of office, as heralds,
judges, naval and military officers, iustices of the
peace, and barristcrs-at-Iaw.
5. Esquires who attend a Knight of the Bath
on installation.
Essex. British ist class cruiser. (Pembroke,
1901.)
Length 440ft. Beam 66ft. Mean draught 24ft.
Displacement 9,800 tons. Complement 678.
Guns. .irmout.
14 — 6 in.. 45 cal. " Krupp."
8 — 13 pdr. 4 in. Belt amidships.
2 — 12 pdr., 8 cwt. 5 in. Barbettes.
3 — 3 pdr. to in. Conning tower.
8 Pompoms.
Torpedo lubes (iS in.).
2 Submerged.
Twin screw. Hp. 22,000=23 kts. Coal maxi-
mum 1,600 tons. Approximate cost ^775,000.
ThU ship-iiai&A dfttM in tHe Kavy from i6s3,
and is usocistrd with the battle of T>oweatoft,
1665: The Foar Days' Fight. j666: St Jamea's
Fight, 1666 ; Barfleur and La Hogue, t6g2 ; Vigo
Bsy. 1703 ; capture of Gibraltar, 1704 : battle off
Cape Pa&saro, 1718 ; capture of Betloiale, t;6i.
EiMX Taeht Olab, Leigh. Established 1890.
Flag : Red rnsign. Burgee : Red, lilur shield with
tlirec cutlasses id crntre. Commodore " R. FVost-
Smith : Vice-Commodore, P. Geary : Rear-Com-
modore, M. Pearce Powell ; Honorary Treasurer,
A. J. Ray; Honorary Secretary', A. R. Ray.
Entrance foe, £1 is. ; annual subscription, £t is.
Iftebluhmsnt ol Um port Se* Tides.
Eithrador or Stevedore. A man who stows cargo.
Eitoe. French gun-boat (1884). Displacement,
170 toas. On service in Cochin China. Of littie
fighting value.
Estonian TaeM Olab. Established 1S88. Ad-
miral. H.l.H. The Grand Duke Alexei Alexandro-
vitch : Commodore, R. voo Gemet ; Vice-Com-
roodorcs. Baron E. Ugcrn-Stemberg (W. district).
A. Sesemaon (N. district) : Treasurer. Egon Koch ;
Monofary Secretary. F. Kusmanofl. Rcval. Russia.
Entrance fee. 10 roublen ; annual sulMchption,
10 roubles.
Ettnmaduxa. Spanish cruiser (1900).
length 388ft. Beam 36ft. Maximum draught 15ft.
Displacement 3.030 tons. Complement 360.
Guru. A rmour.
4 — s'5 in. " Steel."
4 — 4 in. 1} in. Deck,
3 — 13 pdr.
4—6 pdr,
4 — I pdr.
Twin screw. Hp. forced 7.800=18 kts. Coal
maximum sio totis.
EatorgeoB. French submarine. (Toulon, 19^3.)
Lengtli, 77 it. ; beam. ;J ft. ; draught, 8 ft. ; dis-
placement. 68 tons ; complement, i ; H|}„ 6o««
a kts.
Bten. Steamer belonging to the English Pacific
Steam Navigatioa Co. Wrecked about loo miles
north of Valparaiso, July 15, 1877 : 100 lives lost.
Etaiifta windt. Northerly winds which blow
iistenlly in Uic Mediterranean every year
ng the summer months towards North .Africa.
To these winds Egypt owes much of her fertility.
Xthalion. 38 gunii. On December 34. 1799,
this vessel was lost on the Penmarks.
Ethehdge. Copeland Knight (b. Ramsgate. May.
1 850}. Served his apprenticeship with Messrs.
J. D, Willis and Co.. and in 1879 joined the firm of
Messrs. Moulder Brothcr-i and Co.. London, and
bad full cliarge of the working of their time-
chartered and genera] cargo boats running to the
River Plate. On the formation of Messrs. Houlder
Brothrrs. Ltd.. he rrcrived the appointment of
marine •iupcrintendent and manager of their marine
department, and under his control the fleet became
one of the first cargo lines afloat During the
South African war the Houldcr Line ships were
used to transport horses (or Ihp British Govern-
ment with unqualified success. Mcmbrr of In.stitu-
tion of Naval Architects, and -Associate Member
of Institution of Marine Engineers.
Etna. Dutch torpedo-boat- (Yarrow, 1883.)
Length. 100 ft. : beam. 13) ft. ; draught, $^ ft. ;
displacement, 45 tons: complement, 16; arma-
ment, 3 I'pdr.. a tubes: Hp., s$o=3i kts. ; coal,
7 tons.
Etna. Small Italian cruiser (tSSs).
length sSjit. Beam 43ft. Maximum draught 30ft.
Displaceroent 3,530 tons. Complement 308.
Ouns. • Armour.
8—6 ia " Steel."
S— ^6 pdr. 3 in. Deck.
8^r pdr. i in. Conning tower.
Totpidc Tubts.
1 Submerged bow.
3 Above water.
Twin screw. Hp. 7.480=178 kts. Coal normal
6cx} tons. Approximate cost £235,000.
Etrnria (18S4}. British subsidised merchant
ship. Cunari Line {q.v.). (Liverpool. New York.)
Dimensioas, 501 x 57 x j8 ft. ; gross tonnage, S.xas r
Hp., i4,5<x>=i8 kts.
Xtroria. Small Italian cruiser. (Ortando. 1891.)
Length 2&2ft. Beam 39ft. Maximum draught 17ft.
Displacement z.sSo tons. Complement 246.
Guns. A rmour.
3— 6 in. "Steel."
8 — 4'7 in. I in. Deck.
8—6 pdr.
8—1 pdr.
Torpedo Tubes.
j .Mjove water.
Twin screw. lip. 7,500= tS's kts. Coal maxi-
mum 500 tons. Approximate cost £300,000.
et. teq. Abbreviation for "and the following."
Bttrick. British torpe<1o-boat destroyer. (Pal-
mer, 1903.) Length. 235 ft. ; beam, 23 ft. : draught,
loft. ; displacement, 540 tons; complement, 70;
armament, i 12-pdr.. 5 6-pdr., 2 tubes ; twin screw ;
Hp., 7,000^25 kts. ; coal. 95 tons.
EapbratM and Ttgria Steam Navintion Oa, Ltd..
have a fleet of (our steamers, trading in the Pen>ian
Gulf. A service is maintained from Bussorah for
Bagdad weekly, and viet versa : a service from
Mahommrrah for Ahvmz fortnightly, and vice versa.
Fleet.
Btosst Lynch. MaUmir.
Khalifah. Mejiditk.
EURIDICE
3o6
EVERTSEN
Bnridioe. lulian torpedo gun-boat (iSgi)*-
Displaccoicnt &50 tons. Complement itS.
Guns. Armour.
1—47 in. " Steel."
6 — 6 pdr. ri in. Deck.
3 — 1 pdr.
Torpedo Tubts.
6 Abo\'c water.
'Iwin screw. Hp. 4,100= 19*5 kis. CoaJ miuci-
inmn ifto tons.
Euro. Italian torpedo-boat destroyer- (Schi-
chau, 1900.) DiRplaccmrnt, 320 tons ; maximum
draught. 8} ll. : arnianirnt. 1 tz-pdr.. 5 6-pdr. :
tulxrs, J tSin. ; Hp.,6,ooo = jo kts. ; coal. 80 tons.
Buropa. BntUh ist class cniiwr. {Clydfbank-
1897.1
Length 450(1. Beam 6Q(t. Maximum draught 37lt.
Displacement 1 1 .fjoo tons, romplcmenl 677.
Cutis. .4rmo\tr.
X6— * in. " Harvey."
12—12 pdr. 4 io. Belt amidships.
2 — 12 pdr., 8 cwt. 12 in. Conning tower.
12 — 3 pdr.
2 Maxims.
Torpedo Tubes*
2 Submerged.
Twinacrcw. Hp. 16.500= 20*25 kts. Coal maxi-
mum 2,oocj tons. .Approximate cost ^600.000,
BuryalUB. British i?t class rniiscr. fVickcrs.
I got.)
Length 454ft. Beam 6(>lt. .Maximum draught a8(t.
Di.-iplacemcnt 12,000 tons. Complement 700.
Guns. Atimour.
2 — 9"2 in.. 45 cal. " Knipp."
12.— 6 in. 6 in. Btit amidshiiis.
1 2 — 1 3 pdr. 6 in. Barbettes.
3 — 12 pdr.. 8 cw!. 12 in. Conning tower.
3—3 pdr.
2 Maxims.
Torpedo Tubes (18 in.).
3 Submerged.
Twin screw. Hp. 21,000 = 21 kts. Coal max)
mum 1.600 tons. Approximate cost ^800.000.
Tliis ship-name was first introduced into the
Navy in 1653. and is associated with Nclsuu's
victory at Trafalgar, 1805.
Eorydice. Training ship. I-'oundered ofi Dun-
nose. Isle of Wight, March 34. 187S ; ,100 lives lost.
Tliis vessel was snbsequmtly raised by the Admi-
ralty divers, by ha%Tng oak toggles placed lusicle
each port hole, to which were attached BuUivant
wire hawsers carried up by two lifting Irigates.
which were moored over the wreck.
Goxlne. The ancient name of the Black Sea.
Svantt Bobley Dangliion (b. 1846). American
naval officer. Greatly distinguished himself at
the battle of Santiago, when in command of the
iowa.
PublicatioB : " A Sailor's Log " (I90^)<
Bvui, Bir Fred«nok JTobn Owen (ifi 1 s-S5).
English hydrographcr. Wrote m coojuoctioa with
Archibald Smith. " .\dmiraliy Manual tor de>'Uboo
of the Compass" (i860), wliicfa i.% the staikdox^
text-book. Was hydrographcr to the Admiralty,
1874-84.
Evans. Thomas Lather (b. Cardigan. September •
1852). In t&66 went to sea, and after serving i-i
years in sailing ships obtained command. For
1 8 years be commanded steamers on foreign service,
and in 1S93. having retired from active vca. life
bfxame marine KUi>crintcndent to a large stearasbti^
company. In March. 1902, commenced busitus
on his own account as a marine surveyor. He w*>
in May. 1903. appointed local manager and scrrrtari
ol the Donald Stramship Co. During hia cam? he
has had a long and valued experience in supefia*
tending sal\'ing and repairing large steamers ia
variou.1 parts of the world, lie has the distjnctioa
of having 9upcrvi.sed the repairing (practicany dn
rebuilding) of the .\merican steamer \ferrimm.
which \'e*sel became historical in the Spanuii-
Amencan war. and was blown up at the entrance
to Santiago Harbour by Lieutenant Hobsun. oi tfct
IJ.S. Navy. He retired with a maftnificent record,
fox alter a jieriod o( nearly 28 years of sea servKtt,
trading in all parts of the worid. he had never bees
tn colhsion. nor bad any vessel which be had
commanded been ttunk or stranded. Member ol
the Society of Arts and Commerce. London .
As-sociair Member of the Institution ol Naval Arciu
tects, and Associate Member of th« North-East
Coast Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders.
Evaporation. The process of vapour passing mto
the »ir trom w^ter and moist surfaces.
Evaporimeter. An instrument for measuring thr
amount of evaporation.
Bv«a keel. When a ship is cvculy tnmmed.
drawing the same quantity of water fore-and-aft
Evertsen. X Dutch ruival family, of which nitR
members have fallen in action at sea. Among tbc
most prominent are Vice-Admiral Cornelius E\'ert
sen. killed in the second battle ot the North Foreland
1666 ; Admiral Jan Evertsen, killed in the St.
Jsme-s's fight. 1&66 ; and Lieutenant .\dminl
Cornelius Evertsen, who greatly distin((uislud
himself at the battle of Beachy Head, 1690.
Evertaen. Dutch battleithip (1694)-
Length 284it. Beam 47ft. Maximum Uraught 1$,
Displacement 3,520 tons. Complement 360.
Gutts. Artnour.
3 — 8'2 in. " Harvey."
3—6 in. 6 in. Belt amidships.
6—12 pdr. 9^ in. Barbettes.
6—1 pdr. 9J in. Conning tower.
Torpedo Tubes.
3 Above water.
Twin screw, Hp. forctd 4.800= 16 kt«. Coal
350 tons.
EVSTAFF
a07
FABRE
Brstefl. Roaeisn turret battleship. Black Sea.
(NicoUiefi, 1906.^
Length .yah. Beam 73lt. Draught 37ft.
DisplaDemcDt 13.7.1:1 tons. Complement 731.
Guns. Armour.
4 — 1» in. " Krapp."
4 — 8 in. 9 in. Belt amidships.
is-^ in. 7 in. Bulkheads.
1^— 3 ia. 10 in. Barhettes.
a — I H in.
Tarptdo Tt4b*s.
5-
Hp. ■o,6ooaBi6 kts. Coal maximum 1,400 tons.
ExcaUeuL British guimeiy ahip ($08 tons).
Launched 18^3.
EXMM lonumnee Co., Ltd. Registered March
19, iHi>.|, with an authorised capital, issued and
called up, of ^5,000, in 3,000 shares oi l\ each, fully
pftid. The company does business in fire, burglary.
rnarine, and credit insurance. Since its incorpora-
tion the company has paid a steadily increasing
dividend, from 5% in 1896, to l^ per share per
annum for 1903, and since then at the uniform rate
ol l\ per share per annum. The company has now
accumulated a resiTvi- fund of j^^o.oou, a.s well ast a
special rcst-rve fund of £15,000. for deirrcctatiun of
investments. Tlic invested funds (excluding re-
serves) amount to ^m.ooo.
Manager. C. E. Heath ; Secretary, R. E, Hall.
Of&ces: Winchester House, Old Broad Street.
London, E.C.
Km. British torpedo-boat <lcstroyi:r. (Palmer,
1903-} Length, 325 IL ; t>uara. 23} ft. ; draught.
10 ft. ; displacement, 540 tons; complement, 70 ;
armament. 1 i2-pdr.. ; 6-pdr., 3 tubes; twin screw;
Hp.. 7,000=35 kts. ; coal, 95 tons.
Executives, Nanl. Stt Naval Education.
Eie Yacht Club, Rxmouth. EstabUshcd iSdg.
Kecu^ni^cd by V.R.A.. 1895. Burgee: A black
dtss with a red bonlo' on a white (ground . with thr
three castles of Exeter in yellow in the centre.
Ensign : Red. The club house is on the pier at
Hjonouth. Commodore, J. E. Norman ; Vice-
COmmodore. Louts Bamberger ; Rear -Commodore,
H. Mellanby ; Treasurer. A. J. Darke; Honorar>'
Secrfiary. H. F. FoUard. Entrance lee, loj. 6rf. ;
annual subscription, £1 \t.
Exmonth. British ist class baUleship. (Laird.
IVOi-)
Length 439 ft. Beam 75 It. Maximum draught 27 ft.
I>t5ptecement 14,000 tons. Complement 7i;o.
CuHi. ArmOUf.
4 — 13 in. " Krupp, "
13 — 6 in. 7 in. Belt amidsliips.
t3— 12 pdr. 1 1 in. Barbettes.
6 — 3 pdr. 13 in. Conning tower.
3 Maxims,
Torptdo Tubes (iS in.).
4 Submerged.
Twin screw. Hp. 16,000— ig kts. Coal maxi-
mum 3.000 tons. Approximate cost ^1.000,000.
Expert witoesi. Tlie evidence of experts is one
of the exceptions to the rule that witnesses must
.speak to facts and not express opinions. When
questions of science, skill, or trade arc involved, the
opinion of a witness, himself possessing particular
expenence or knowledge, may aid the Court in
forming a correct judgment, and is adtni»stble as
evidence. liefer to Nautical .Assessors.
Explosivei. Sm Dangerous Goods.
Express. British torpedo-boat destroyer. {Bir-
kenhe.T:!. iJig/ ) Length, 227 ft.; beam. 32 ft.;
draught. 9 ft. . displacement, 300 tons ; comple-
ment, 60 ; armament. 1 12-pdr., 5 6~pdr.. 2 tubes ;
twin screw ; Hp.. 6,000^31 kts. ; cool, So tons.
BxptCM warranty. SW Warranties.
Extended protest. Ste Protest.
Extremadora. Spanish cruiser. (Cadiz, 1903.)
Length, 290 ft. ; beam. 36 ft. ; draught, 14 ft.
displacement, 3.030 tons; guns, 8 4-in., 4 2'2-in.,
2 r4-in. ; armour, "steel," 2 in. deck amidships;
Hp.. 7,ooota2o kts.
Eye. A round loop of a shroud or stay whetv it
goes over tfie mast.
Eye ot the ftorm. Tbe vortex, or calm centre*
of a tropical revolving stonn.
F. Distinguishing letter on sea fishing boats
registered at Fano, Denmark.
F. Distinguishing letter on sea fishing boats
registered at Favcniham, England.
F. Distinguishing letter on sea fishing boata
registered at Fecamp, France.
F. .Abbreviation for Fahrenheit.
L Fine. .Abbreviation adopted on the charts
issuetl by the Hydrographic Office, Admiralty, de-
noting tile quality of the ocean's twttora.
F.a.iu " Free of all overage." Captain's effects
arc generally so insureil, and where two or more
different and di^ttinct binds of goods are insuted on
one policy th« lues of the whole of any one kind
entitles the assured to claun the insured value of
the same. " As soon as it is ascertained that the
goods arc of different specicii it b as U the different
species were enumerated." (Mr. Justice Williams
in Wilkuifion v. Hyde. 3 C.B„ W.S. 30; Gow on
Marine Insurance, p. tgt.) tie/er to Clauses,
Average.
Ftbie Line, owned and managed by C>*p. Fabre
et Cie., Marseilles, ha\-e a fleet of six excellent
steamrrs, which maintain a regular service from
FAERDER
208
FAIRFIELD
Naples and MarseOtes for New York. This service
has been maintained for the last 21 years, and the
line has built ap for itself a great reputation, and
claims that no passenger has perished through
accidents of the sea on any of its steamers since it
has been established.
Fleet.
Gallia. Siaaiiia.
Gtnmania. Neiistria.
Madonna, Roma.
Faotdflr Steamship Ocl, with their head offices in
Christiania. maintain a weekly service from Grange-
mouth to Chrisliaria, and vice versa. A steanitr
leaves Grangemouth ever>' Wednesday, carrying
passengers, and visits the picturesque scenes of
Eastern and Southern Norway.
Flbkt.
Norway. Scotland.
Fag-end. The end of any rope when it has
become untwisted.
Faht6iiheit. The thermometer scale in geserul
use in English -speaking countries, in which the
interval between the Ircczing and boiling points
is divided into 180°. tht: fn-czing jxiint being 32°
and the boiling point au",
Fahrenheit, Gabriel Daniel (i6&6-t736) (b. Dan-
zig). In 1714 he conceived the idc-a of substituUng
mercury for spints of wine in the construction of
thermometers, and is well known for the im-
provements made by him in the construction of
the thermometer and baiouictcr. He took a.s the
zero of his thermometric scale tht! lowi?**t l«iii-
peraturc obscr^-cd by him in Danzig during the
winter of 1 709. The space between this point and
that to which tlic mercury rose at the temperature
of l>oiUng water he div*ide<l into 212 parts. He
dierl September 16. 1 7 36.
Fairfax, Sir Henry (1837-1900). Engli<th ad-
miral. Served with distinction off south-cast coast
of Africa in suppressing the slave trade. He
personally superintended the studies of Um late
Prince /\il>crt Victor and Prince George. Prince of
Wales. Commanded the Monarch at the bom-
bardment of Alexandria. 1^82 ; a Na\'al Lord of
the Admiralty from 1889-93 ; promoted admiral,
1897.
Fairfield SUpbaildlnR and Engineering Co., Ltd.,
Govan, Glasgow. Thi; Fairlirld uork^ liavt.- for
half a century been in the front rank amongst
Bntish shipbuilding and engineering concerns.
' Miilwnght work was commenced in 11^34, steam-
sliip machinery was first constructed in 1S53, and
some time later shipbuilding was enlL>red upon, the
firm gradoally concentrating their energy upon
marine work. The first compound engine ever
placed OQ board ship was constructed by the firm
in 1854. and they were the Hrst to introduce the
triple expansion engine to the Atlantic service.
Consistent with the principle, as demonstrated
by this and other precedents, that the firm shall
always lend its intluencc to progress, tbe construc-
tion of the steam turbine has been entered upoo
with an active confidcncp as great as tlie resulting
succcra. There have already been constnicted by
the firm a huge number of turbine installAtions fui
channel steamers, and amongst the ivork oq hau!
at the beginning of the current year was the
41,000 Hp. for the four-screw cruiser Jmdomiiablt.
the 3S.OOO Hp. installation lor the new battleship
Btiietophon, and turbines of 14.500 Hp. for each oi
the two high-speed steamers for service bctweeo
-Marsfillea and Kgypt.
The Fairfield Works, situated at Govan. tm
miles down the river from Glasgow, have an ara
of S5 acres, with a frontage to the river of 2.600 tL
There arc ten building berths capable of taking the
largest ships, and for tlic fitting out of these after
they have been floated there is a dock five acre* in
extent, with an entrance 240 ft, wide, and liaving
a depth of water sufhcient to enable vessels draw-
ing 29 ft. to continue afloat at any stage of the
tide.
The first ship built was completed in 1861, aad
since then the progress, alike in power and size o(
sliips, in the value and volume of titc work done.
and in the economy in consumption and weight of
machinery, has been continuous, tn the thirties
the firm's wages biU was only about ^2,000. bat
by i86[ it had advanced to ^54,000, and now
reaches £400.000, while the value of the work com-
pleted per annum has muUiplifd tenfold in tbe
same period.
The following table gives figures rcgardlni
volume and value of work done :
Qbln-
(luennial
Toanife
of vessels
■ ■
ToDnMe
ef largeM
veueU
Uuflchwl
Indicated
hone-
puwct of
L«rfe«t
power in
V«lueor
worlceoo-
pleted p«
muMifl
period
launched
enelnes
comi>Ie(e(I
veuel
1861-05
15,860
l.fifrl
27.137
2.300
iAm
laae-TO
€4.89S
3.B44
319B9
3.100
snjm
1371-75
130.076
4,Kaa
97.900
4.174
T&jta
l37(i-80
99,134
11.803
91.384
n,383
633,4X5
lS8l-a5
1J4.Q1U
7.719
308.702
H.500
1.063.301
1886-90
109.554
8,249
177.S90
16.000
31S.W
tS41-«5
36.6fin
13.952
X17.091
12.000
6 15.9! •
1^90-1900
lZ3.dS8
i:.ouo
235,680
21.000
»ir.*ij
1901-OS
H2.71S
16.420
249.033
3aooo
1.0.)S.i:*
1906
One year
1 30,0*3
14.300
29,380
».3eo
i.i»4.5ei
The great majority of the vessels btiOt by the
company are for the mail and passenger service
and for the Navy. In the latter category the com-
pany have done valuable work. In all about 60
warships have been completed, and several othen
built in the Royal Dockyards have had Lheu*
machinery from the Fairfield Co., whose association
with the Admiralty has extended over 37 years,
and it is indicative of the improved organisation
and equipment that this naval work has in the
last decade enormously increased in volume and
FAIRFIELD
2og
FAIRFIELD
impOTtanc^. The company built H.M. battleship
CormmoHmtaitli, one of the vessels of the King
Edwatd VJt. class, which comes next to the
DtfoJnoughti in fighting powtr. They have also
been cutruAtod with the construction o( the turbine
machinery for tlie HetUrophon, one of the new
Dreadnoughts now being built at Portsmouth Dock-
>*ard. Even more remarkable, however, is the
JndomUabU, an armoured cruiser, now in the com-
pitting stage, which will far excel in fighting power
any battleship afloat, will be adcfjiiatcly protected,
and will hare, \nth her turbine machinery, a speed
of 35 kta. Her predecessors as armoured cruisers
\rere the Cockmnt. the Donigai, the Good Hope.
the Crtssy and Aboukir {sister ships), the Bedford
{at the County class), the Diadtm, the Aigotuiul,
and many other protected cniiscis. The advance
made in these vessels is suggested by the loUowing
table, which includes vessels with all of which,
except the Axtsttalia. Terrible, and Minotaur. Fair-
field has been identified :
GENKKAL PAJtTICULARS OF SUCCB^SIVK TVE>£S
OP CRUISERS.
DIf ,
Dtt-
NWM
Date
Leoctb
place- '
I.R.P.
siamd
Coit
BWl
vnd
fwl
. 1
tooa
koou
£
Au9tralit$ ...
IS»
300
S.6M
8.500
irs
2S5.000
Bdtar
IflW
JfiQ
7.3M
13.000
»5
4io,gao
189)
500
I4.30O
23.000
22S
7oe.too
Dimdem
1896
*M
11.000
16.300
SOi
ss4.aaD
Cre*t
18W
440
)3.D0O
21, COO
20 75
749.000
OoodHefie...
1901
300
14,100
M.O01}
as
990,000
Dtmegitl
1901
440
9.600
Z2.000
23*0
713.900
Coc/^rans ...
IMS
490
lijoa
U.S0O
0*0
1.119,50(1
Mittotauf ...
IKKi
490
ujoca
zrjKta
no
1.410,010
Imdamiiabit
1907
S»
17.2SQ
4I.00O
uro
1.744,000
The advance in the armament of recent cruwers
may thus be indicated :
Coed Hope, — Two 9'2-in. and i6 6-I11. guns,
equal to 8^.700 foot tons for one round.
Dont^al. 14 6-in. guns, equal to 46,984 foot
tons for one round.
Cochrane. — Six 9'i-in, and four 7*5 m. guns,
equal to 161,470 foot loos (or onp louod.
Minotaur. — Four o'3id. and 10 7"5-in guns,
equal 10 170,140 loot tons for one round.
Indomitable. — Eight la-in, guns, equal to j8l,>76
foot tons for one round.
This gives the collecti\*e energ>' from each gun
for one round, and it will be seen that the progress
baa been at an enormously greater ratio tluui either
the tonnage or the cost of the ships.
It would be impossible, however, within the
spare available to indicate Ihp features of the other
warships, including many Iui;b-class destroyers and
two 35 kt. scout*, the Forward and the Foresight.
The merchant work undertaken ts equally im-
portant. The splendid work done by the late
Sir William Pcarcc in improving the form of the
earlier Atlantic Uncra is a matter of general his-
tor>-. and from the Fairfield Works (here came in
the rtgfatics and nineties a long succession of record-
breaking ships. Including the AriMona, the AUuka.
thcOff^on, the Vtnbna. the Etruria, XYicCampanto,
and the I.ucania, while in recent times the per
fonuance of such vess^t .ih the Emptrss of Ireland
and the Emprea of Britain shows that Fairfield
still maintains the success of lormer years. For
the South African service the works have produced
almost a steamer each year in recent times, and
each has always been superior to its predecessor
in all features which conduce to comfort. Many
notable liners have been b<uH for the Anstralioa
tradi^, and a long connection has bet'n maintained
with the Pacinc trader sincrr the Fairfleld Co. sent
the first steamer witli compound engines acres*
the ocean for service on the South .\mcrican coast,
now very many years ago.
Amongst the most interesting of the later ahipa
are the two vessels, the Heliopotis and Cairo,
which have been built for the new British express
service between Marseilles and Alexandria, with a
view to assisting the further development of Egypt
as a health and toiuist resort. The new vessels
.ire to have a speed of 31 kts., their length being
545 ft., and their tonnage 13.000 tons ; the
machinery ia to develop 14.500 Hp., and the pubhc
rooms, with tbe cabins and other conveniences for
the passengers, promise to signalise the highest
excellence achieved in naval architecture. The
company have been particularly successful with
scnnv steamers lor channrl oiid paddle steamers
for river tralfic. The latest productions of Channel
steamers are the Dieppe, fitted with turbines, for
the Xewhavcn and Dieppe service ; the Viper, also
a turbine steamer, for the express daylight service
between Ardrossan and Belfast ; and the Hazel.
completed this year to inaugurate a new daylight
service between Ardrossan .ind Portrush.
All the departments of the work? have been
recently reorganised, and the machinery is now
driven entirely by electric power, the central
station having an elect ro-moti\'e capacity of
3,6jo kw. It is not possible in a short article to
convey any complete idea of the extent of the
modem organisation and et^uipment, but it may be
said that in the moulding loft the principle of pre-
paring templates has been corrie*! to a fine art,
and thus 9;% of the steel work on the ship can be
prepared at once to fit precisely mto place on the
berth, the rrsult being that the preliminary work
occupies but a short time, while the fitting and
riveting are rapidly completed.
The platers' abed has an area of to 0,000 square
ft., and here is some of the finest machinery made
for shipbuilding work, in a yard from which such
a long succession of steamere with extensive pas-
senger accommodation have come one naturaJly
expects to find an extensive joinery and cabinet-
making department. The building for this is
340 ft. long by 160 ft, broad, and in it there is
even* conceivable type of wood-working tools. ■
The engine and boder works have also been re-
FAIR
210
FALSE
arranged in order that tbe latest form of turbine
machinery may be constructed, not only rapidly,
bat with that high precision which is such an
important element in working cllictency. As to
the plan of the boiler works, it is perhaps sufficient
to say that in the past ten years the average output
of water-tube boilers alone has been nearly 40.000
Hp., and at the tiamc time a large nomtjer oi
cylindrical Ixiilers have been completed, the out-
pat, as shown in the table, averaging for lo years
46.000 Hp. As in the case with tbe shipbuilding
yard, so with the engineering department, prac-
tically everything required for the ship is com-
pleted within the work^.
A cominuTiity of interests was recently established
betu'ccn the Fairfield Co. and Messrs. Cammcll.
Laiid and Co., Ltd., of Sheffield, the world-re-
nowned makers of armour platen, etc., and jointly
with Messrs. John Brown and Co., Ltd.. the three
firms are the proprietors of the Coventry Ordnance
Works, Ltd.. who manufacture all kmds of gun and
mountings, thus placing the Kairlield Works in the
position of being able to build and e>c]mp with arma-
ment and ammunition all classes of warships.
F&ii Isle Li^ht (Skroo], between the Orkney and
Shetland Islands, was established in 1893, and is
a two-flash light every 30 secondii : duration of
Hash, i second : candle-power, 72,000 ; burner,
6 wick ; iltuminaut. oil.
Fairway. " \Miercver there is an open navigable
jia^age, used by vessels proceeding up or down
Channel, tliat may be said to bo a fairway." It is
not necessarily confined to that pare of the river
which is marked by buoys, but includes ail that
part in shore which is navigable for vessels of
moderate draught. Local rules or customs often
prohibit the anchoring of vessels in tlie lairway,
and in case of collision a vessel so anchored would
be held to blame, unless compelled to anchor in
such a place by unavoidable neccssit)'^*.g., fog.
lie/er to Collisions, Regulations lor the Preven-
tion of (Article 25).
Faiiweatber, Clement Wilson {b. Newcastle.
July. 1858). lingineer. Served apprenticeship
Ousebum Engine Works, Newcastle, worked on
co-operative principles by the Rev. Dr. Rutherford.
In 1880 joined the drawing office of Messrs. J. I.
Thomycroi't and Co., Chiswick. and was engaged
in the dt-sign and construction oi high-speed
machinery. In 1881 bccaim- chtrf draughtsman
with Meaars. Humphrey, Tennant and Co.. Dept-
ford, and during the period he remained there —
about five years — tbe machinery of some of the
largest battleships was designed and constructe<L.
He returned to Newcastle in 1885. and became
chief draughtsman to Messrs. Ernest Scott and Co.,
and in l8gj severpd his connoctinn with this lirm
and started business on his own account as a con-
stUting, general, and dectiical engini-er and con-
ruomtig. I
txactor, and has carried out some large power and
light installations. In iqoo he became general
manager of the Northern Counties Electrical Supply
Co.. Ltd.
Fair wind. -■V M*ind wliich allows a ship to steer
directly on her true course.
Fairy. From Harwich on a surveying cruise,
lost in a violent gale otf the coast of Norfolk.
Xoveniber 13, 1840.
Fairy. British torpedo-boat destroyer. | Fair-
field, iit97') Length, 227 ft.; beam, as iu:
draught, 9 ft. ; displacemeot, 300 tons ; comple-
ment. 60; armament. 1 i3-pdr., 5 6-pdr., a tubes,
twin screw ; Hp., 6,000^31 kts. ; coal, &o Kma.
Fike. One circle of coiled rope.
Fake down. To arrange a rope clear for ruSi
Falcon. British torpedo-boat destroyer. [Faif-
ficld. 1901.) Length, aso ft. ; beam, ai ft:
draught. 9 ft, ; displacement, 300 tons ; coi^U-
mcnt, Co; annament, 1 i.2-pdr.. s 6-pdr.. 2 tobec:
twin screw ; Hp., 6,000 — 30 kts. ; coal. 80 tons.
Falconer. William {1732-69). Scotch poet (h.
Ldinburgh). After serving some years at sea be
entered the Navy, and was drowned when tba
Aurora frigate foundeced outside Cape Town. He
edited " The Universal Marine Dictionary," 17^,
and his poem, "The ShipwTcck " (1763), wh
founded on his early experiences.
Fslk. Norwegian torpedo-boat. [ChristiMua
ii^oj.) Length, in f L ; beam, 14 ft.; draught
6^ ft. ; displacement. 65 tons ; armament, 2 I'^-hi.
2 tubes ; Hp.. 650= ig kts.
Falke. Cm^roan 3rd claxs cruiser. (Kiel. lft9A)
Length 346ft. Beam a^it. Draught 15ft.
Displacement i,S55 tons. Complement 165.
CuHS. A tmour.
8— 4 in. "Steel."
7 Maxims. 3 in. Deck am.idslups.
Torpedo Tubes.
2.
Hp. 3.900:^15 kta. Coal 300 tcma.
Fait That part of a tackle to which power t»
applied in hoisting.
Falline ofl. When the ship deviates from hci
couise owing lo change of wind.
Falmontli Bailing Club, l^stablished 1894. Com
modore. Major j. Mead ; Vice-Com.modor«. H. 5t
Tuke ; Honorary Treasurer, N. Robins ; Honorvr
Secretary, G. E. Lucas, 6 Harbour Terrace, Fal-
mouth. .Annual subscription. loi. Gd.
False keeL An additional keel to protect Uw
m.iin keel in case of grounding.
False point. So called tiecause frequently ai^
taken for Point Palmyras. Is a land-tocked har
hour in the Cuttack district of Oriasa, situated m
3o» 30' N. latitude and 86* 47' £. longitude. Two
1
DAvigftble chaaoeb lead uUand acro» the Maliiinadi
deJta and connect the port with Cuttack City. A
UghthouMT (vinblc 19 miles) is situaLud a little lu
the sonth of the anchorasc. which is safe, roomy,
and completely land-locked.
Fsmbridge Taoht CHob. £<(tablished i8g^. Com-
mmlore. Cyril C. L. lonidus ; Vicft ■Commodore.
L.. K. HugRins ; Rear Commodore. R. D. l^onaM :
Honorary Treasurer. Donald M. Uaig ; Honorary
Sccrclary, Francis B. Cooke. 2 1 Harvard tloiirt .
Weal Knd Ijiiv. London. \.W. EjitraAcc (ec,
l«u. 6tf. ; annual subscriptioQ. £1 n. and los. ftd.
nune. Btiush torpedo bout destroyer. (Chttt-
wicVi, 1896.) Length. 210 it, ; beam, 14 It, ;
draught. 7 ft. ; displacement, 275 tons ; comple
tneot, 60, armament, t ij-pdr., 5 6-pdr., 4 tubes ;
twin tfcrew : Hp., 5^00=30 lets,; coal. Sa toius.
This ship-oamc is associated with Bryon's action
ofl Grenada. 1779; Ktxlney's action with De
Crassc, 1782 ; Taku forts, 1900.
Fml The Rnull vane which turns the cap of tiu-y
siiiock-mitl on its axis to kc^p the sails presente<J
to the wind.
Fan&l. French lor lighthouse.
Fanor line. A line used as a haul down, rove
through a block at the jaws of the ga6.
Tunt, Admiral Sir Charles George, ]LC3.. igoi
(b. Xovembor, ifj/t- Entered .Vavy iSjl ;
served as midshipman in Black Sea during Russian
War (Crimean and Tarki&h medals, Scbastopol
clasp) ; lieutenant, 1859 ; commander. 1868 :
captain. 1875 ; first lieutenant of GatiUea dorinc
her commissjon under Captain H.R.H. the Dnkc
of Edinburgh ; cap tain -superintendent of Shecmcss
Dockyard. iS88-^; rear-admirat, i8qo; admiral-
stip«rintendent of Portsmouth Dockyard. (893-96;
vice-admiral. 1896. President of the Committee
appointed to consider the organisation and work in
the dei>artment of director ol naval construction.
and the engineer -in -chief.
Fang. A pump is ^d to fang when tlie l»xej> do
not hdld the water left oa them.
Fanoy. On January 1, iSaS, this vessel was lost
in Jenc>- Roads, when Lord Harley and many
others jwrislicii.
Faoshatve. Admiral Sir Edward 0«nny8. G.C.B. ^^^F^ <>' ^^ '^^'^^
(l8i4-'9«*6). Entered the Navy, sSaS. and
vras made lieutenant In 1835. ^^ ^^^ Ta.ak he
served on board the DitpAnc, corvette, during
operaticMLS on the coast of Syria, including the
reduction of Acre in 1840. In 184 1 he was made
conunander. and four years later took the Cruiser
out to tlie East Indies. In August ol tliat yeiU hr
commaodcd the boats at the destruction uf Mallou-
Coo. a pirate stronghold on the coast of Bornao. for
which be wa» promoted lo Ibe rank of captain.
From 1848 to the end of 1S52. he commanded the
Daphna in the Pacific, and in August. 1854, com-
mandod the CorsdcA. a screw corvette, whtcbin 1S55
he took up the Baltic, wberc her name came
prominently bclorc the public in connection with
the seizure, by the Rus^iians, of a boat that wa-i
sent ashore with a flag of truce at Hango Head.
In August. 1S54, he was moved into thf Haitin^s,
one of the 74-gun ships which liad been converted
into an auxiliary screw vc<;sel of 60 guns. In
May. t8<;6. he was appointed to tlie Centuriim.
which he commanded in the Mediterranean for
three years, (n tS6i he was appcnnted superin-
tendent at Chatham Dockyard, an office which he
held till his promotion to rp-ar-a<lmiral in [8O3. In
1865-^6 hr was Junior Lord of the Admiralty, ajid
from 186.S to 1S70 tie Wii5 superintendent of Malta
Dockyard Id 1870 h'; was promoted to be vice-
admiral, and in September of that year was appoml-
ed to tlie command of the North America and West
Indies Statioas, which he held for the usual term of
throe years. In r87t he was nominated a CB.
In 1875 he was appointed president of the Royal
Naval CoU^e. which had lately been reconstituted
at Greenwich, and after three yearj he was moved
from it to be Commander-in-Chief at Portsmouth,
an office which ho was still holding in November,
1879, when, having attained the limit of age. 65,
he was put on the retired list.
Fantod. A cdloquiatism for eccentric officers.
Fkfdag*. Dunnage.
Furagai U.S. torpe<lo-boat destroyer, 189S.
Displacement, 373 tons ; armament. 6 6-pdr. ;
torpedo tubes, 3 i8-in. ; Hp., 5,6003x31 kts. ;
cool. 44 tons.
Parta^t. David OUucoe (iSoi 70). First admiral
of the T'.S Xa% y (b. Knoxville, Tennessee). Served
with distinction in the war with Great Britain. 1812,
in the Essex, whtch vea.set was afterwards cap-
lured by the P*a'Af, at the battle of Valparaiso
Bay. 1S14. During the .\mcrtcan Civil War he
foined tbc North, and was instrumental in bringing
about the surrender of New Orleans. 1862. and
Mobde. 1864. 5m" Life," by Captain Mahan, 1892.
Fashion piecoi. The hindmost timbers of a
ship terminating the breadth, and forming the
Fast. A rope or chain by which a vessel is
secured to a wharf.
Fastaat Lighthoase. situated upon the Fastnet
Rock, od the smilh-west coast of Ireland, was
commenced in the year 1889. the provtoos structure
completed in 1S54 having booome considerably
undermined.
Fathom. A measure of six feet
FA U CON
212
FELLOWES
FftneoD. French torpedo crolser. (Toulon,
1888.)
T..ength 216ft. B<^ni 39ft. Draught ijjft.
Displacement 1.3 n tons. Complement 134.
Guns. Armenr.
5— 39 in. "StccJ."
t — a"5 in. 1} in. D«lc amidships.
Torpedo Tubes.
5 Above water.
Coal 150 tons.
Faaeonnean. French torpedo-boat destroyer.
(Normand, 1901.) Ij-ngth, 183 ft. ; braro. 20 ft. ;
draught, 10 ft. : displacrmcnt, 300 tons ; comple-
ment, 63 ; armament, i 9-pdr.. 6 3-pdr., 3 tubt^s ;
twin screw ; Hp., 5.000=37 kts. ; coal. 84 tons.
FftTftiit. Netherlands gfun-vesset, Indian Navy
(189S}. Displacement. $00 tons.
Favourite. On April 39, 1354, this vessel collided
with the American barque Ilapef ofl the Start, in
the Channel, on her way from Bremen to Baltimore.
and immediately went dnwn ; aor livt-s werr- lost.
Fawke8> Vice-Admiral Sir Wilmot Hawkesworth.
K.C.T.O. (b. December. 1846). Entered Navy.
i860; lieutenant. 1867; commander, 1880;
captain, 1886 : commander of Royal Yacht Osfronw,
1884-86 : H.M.S. RaUigk. 1SS6-90 ; Mercury.
1893-96; TetribU. 1896; Canopus, 1899-1900.
Naval adviser to the Inspector-General of Fortifica-
tions ; private secretary to the First Lord of the
Admiralty, 1S97-99 and 1900-02 ; rear-admiral
commanding cruiser squadron, 1902-04 : vice-
af!mira], 1905.
Fawn. British torpedo-boat de&troyer. (Jarrow,
1897.) Length. 315 ft. ; beam, 30 ft. ; draught,
6J ft. : displacement. 335 tons ; complement, 60 ;
armament i i3-pdr., 5 6-pdr., s tubes ; twin screw ;
Hp., 6,581 = 301^1. ; coal. 91 tons.
Vkf, To fit ; planks when lying with no per-
ceptible space between them arc said to fay to the
timbers.
F. C. and 8. Warranted free of capture and
seizure, etc. In marine insurance this clause
Umiting the indemnity means that, unless specially
arranged for, the. undcPAriier is not liable where the
particular thing happens which he is \varrantcd free
ifora. "Capture '" and "Seizure " have not sole
reference to the actions of belligerents : both words
together cover every act of taking forcible posscasioo
either by a lawful authority or by an overpowering
force. {C-ory v. Burr. 5 Asp. Mar. L.C. 113 ;
Johnston v. Hogg, 5 Asp. Mar. L.C. 53.) The
words "all consequences of hostilities " are to be
confined to occurrences which are the immediate
result of hostilities. (louides v. Universal Marine
Co.. t Mar. L.C. o.s. 353 ; 8 L.T. Rep. st.s. 705 ;
14 C.B. N.s. 359.) Refer to War Clause; aiso
Warranties.
FJ). Dlstingniihing letters on sea fishing 1
registered at Fleetwood. England.
F.E. Distinguishing letters on aca, Gahing 1
registered at Folkestone, England.
Faather. Said of a ship when raoving raptdljr
through the water she leaves a foaming ripple
As applied to rowing the horizonta.) adjust
of an oar as it rises from the water.
Feather edge. A term for planks thicker on out
cdRt' than the other.
Federal Steam Navigation Co., Ltd., with .1 fleet of
eight steamers, was organised in 1885 by Mr. AUu
Hughes, and is the outcome of the purchase of the
steamers and business of Messrs. Money, Wigram
and Son. The fleet consists of large steamn
engaged in coni'eying general merchandiae to
AustraUa and New Zealand, rettiming to SoDtb
Africa and London with wool and frozen prodnoa
Gross tonnage, 46.933.
Fei-ying. Small Chinese cruiser. (Stettin, TS95.I
Displacement S50 tons. Complement 90.
OuHS. A rmour,
2 — 4'i in. " Steel,"
6—6 pdr. 3 in. Gun shields.
2 — I pdr.
Torpedo Tubes.
3 Above water.
Twin screw. Hp. 5,500—22 kts. Coal maxi-
mum 75 tons.
Fel. Abbre\'iation for Fellow.
Feld - Olarshall - Oia! - Soheremetyeff. Ru
submarine (1905). Length, 77 ft. ; displaccmei
175 tons : speed, 7 kts.
Fdiz. 12 guns. On January 22, 1S07,
vessel was lost near Santander. when 79 lives
lost.
Felloweg. Admiral Sir John, K.03.. cr. t^oy
O.B., 1895 (l>- 1843). Served in Ariel and Hifk
flyer on East Coast of Africa, in suppression of Ibt
slave trade ; wounded in attack on the native forts.
Persian Gulf ; mentioned in despatches ; Aag-
captaia of Minotaur, flag-ship of Vice-Admtral
Dowe during Egyptian war. 1882 (Egyptian ntedaL
Khedive's Bronze Star, Medjidie 2nd Class] ;
principal tnin>jport officerat Suakim. 188; ; and was
specially mentioned in the despatches of tho Com-
mander-in-Chief, Lord W'olscley, for tile great
ability shown in carrying out the duties ; C.B. lor
scrviceji rendered (Suakim, 1885, clasp, Khedive's
Bronjte Star) ; A.D.C. to the Queen, 1893-95 ; Cap-
tain-Superintendent of Sheerness '.Dockyard. i894-
95 ; umpire in Naval Manoeuvres. 1896 ; Second-in-
Command of Channel Fleet. 1897-98; decorated
with Saxe-Erne.'itine Order of the 3nd Cla&s. 1898;
K.C.B. on His Majesty's birthday, 1903 ; received
Royal Humane Society's bronze medal. January Iflk
I
FELLOWES
2iS
FIDLER
1S63. when a lieotenont. for jumping into the
water off Villa Marca. Alhca. and assistinf; in the
rescue of two men.
Fdlowtts, Rear-Admiral Thomas Hoonson Butler,
CJB. (tS6S). Entered Navy. 1S45 ; served during
the Russian uar, 1854-56 ; lieutenant, 1854 :
iieutmant of Odin during operations in the GuU of
Bothnia. 1S54 ; present at the capture of the farts
at Bomarsnnd. 1S54 {Baltic medal) ; present at
the capture of Kertch and Kinbum {Crimean and
Turkish medals, Scbastopol clasp) ; commander,
1S63 ; as commander of coastguards repeatedly
mentioned for saving life from shipwrecks: four
times received the high approval of the Admiralty ;
awarded silver meda! by Royal National Lifeboat
Institution for going out in the Penzance lifeboat
and assisting to rescue a crew of eight men from Ibe
dittrrssed bhg Willie Ridley oS Plymouth : com-
mander commanding the Naval Brigade throogh-
ont the Abyssinian war : present at the battle of
Arojte and capture of M^^dala, t868 ; specially
mentioned in military de«ipatches. and received the
high approval of the Admiralty ; promoted captain,
1B68. for services rendered {Abyssinian medal) ;
rear-sdmiral. 1886.
Fdneoa* A small vosael in ase in the Mediter-
nnean propelled b>' oars.
Fender. An npright timber or mass of old r<^e
ttsfled into a heavy open net made of rope, placed
igainst the edge of a pier, dock wall, or wharf, to
pieveut injury by the contact of ve^tsels, drift, or
flaattng ice.
Fttvtuon* Wilfrid Hanry (b. Glasgow, June 36,
1858). Educatrd High School and Anderson's
College, Rdinbnrgh. Bronre medallist and winner
of Qoeen's prize for mechanical engineering (18SA].
Served his apprenticeship with Messrs. John Elder
«>d Co.. Glasgow, and in 1894 'was offered, and
»tt(rpted. the position of Chief Draughtsman to the
^ui^Id Engineering Works, which position he still
Fwgnson, William Rosselt {b. Whiteinch, Fcbru-
iry tti, i-'Si'..^). Educated Glasgow Academy,
^fton Bank. St. Andrews and Glasgow University.
I3 iftSo was apprenticed to the Clydeholme Ship-
yvd. In 1888 became a director in Messrs.
B»nday, Curie and Co., Ltd., and in 1901 became
■■laaagmg director. Was cuuiiected witli the
1.4aarkshire Engineering Volunteers for a period of
'■^X years. haWng risen to the rank of captain, and
EtiUinpd a certificate for tactics. Member of the
Ifltitntion of Shipbuilders and Engineers.
fWnaadex, luon {1538-1603). Spanish naviga-
'* During one of his voyages in 1563 h« dis-
'■ntrrtj ihc two islands which now bear bis name
"^ the Chilian coast. In (574 he discovered the
i^iads of St. FeUjc and St. Ambrose, and his
^pMiioiw who survived him aflirmed that during
a voyage in 157<S to the southern ocean they carae
in sight of a continent which mu^t have been either
Australia or New Zealand.
Femiower. British steamer. Foundered near
Saigon, August 26, tS36 ; 50 lives lost.
Ferret, British torpedo-boat destroyer. [Birken-
head, 1893.) Length, 194 ft. . beam. 19 ft. ;
draught, 5 ft. : fli.'splaccracnt. 280 tons : comple-
ment, 50; armament, i u-pdr., 3 i5-pdr.. 3 tubes;
twin screu' ; Hp., 4,310=' 37 kts. ; coal, 70 tons.
Ferrol, Battle of. Set Calder, Sir Robert
Ferry. A passage across a river or narrow neck
of the sea by boat.
Ferry-boats. licensed vessels for conx^eying
passengers across a river or narrow neck of the sea.
Fervent British torpedo-boat destroyer. (Pais-
ley, 1895.) Length, sooft. ; beam, 19ft. ; draught,
7 ft. ; displacement. 370 tons ; complement. 50 ;
armament, i 12-pdr., 5 6-pdr., 2 tubes ; twin screw ;
Hp.. 3.800 = 27 kis. ; coal, 70 tons.
Fetch. To reach.
Fetch way. To move by the vessel's motion
through being unsecure.
Feth-i-Bolend. Turkish battleship {1870). Re-
constructed Ansaklo. Genoa, 1904.
Length 331ft. Beam S9ft. Maximum draught 27ft.
Displacement 9.120 tons. Complement 600.
Guns. Armour.
3 — 9"2 in. " Iron."
ia^-6 in. 12 in. Belt.
14 — 12 pdr. 13 in. Battery.
10 — (5 pdr. 3 in. Barbettes (Temi).
3—3 ptlr.
Twin screw. Hp. 1 1.000= 16 fcts.
F.g.S. Foreign general average. Refer lo
General Average. Clauses.
F.HL Distinguishing letters on sea fishing boats
registered at Falmouth, England.
Fid. A small conical pin of wood or iron used to
open the strands of a rope in splicing.
Fiddle-block. A long block having two sheaves
of difiereai diameters in the same plane ; not in
parallel planu as in a double block.
Fidler. Henry (b. November i. 1847). .\fter
.serving hw apprenticeship, was engaged in railway
construction at home and abroad, and in the design
and construction of iron bridge and other con-
structional work. In 1B79 he entered the Director
of Works Department. .Admiralty, and in 1895 was
appointed head of the technical staff of the Naval
Works Loan Department, and engaged, under the
civi! engineer-in -chief and his deputy, in super-
vising the design oi various national works carried
out under the Naval Works Act's. These works
inchidcd the dockyard extensions at Keyham.
FIELD
214
FIFE
Gibraltar. Simons Bay. and Hong KofiR. and the
defensive turbours at Portland and Gibraltar.
The dockyard extensions indnded nine (paving
docks of from 450 ft. la 850 ft. in lenglli, with
depths over the sills ^-arying up to 35 it. below low
water spring tides ; four wet docks or basins, with a
lolal area ol 83 acres; wharf walls: dockyard
liuildings. deslKjycr slips, naval magazines and
coaling stations. Tlie enclosure and defence of
hatboun included breakwaters or molra of various
types of construction, both rubble mound and block
work, with their lighthouses, etc. The dock
entrances also necessitated the dcsiRn and con
struction of 18 steel caissons, all of 95 ft. width at
coping, of the sliding and ship types, and ranging
from 45 Id 55 ft, in height. In 1900 he was ap
pointed inspecting supcrinicnding civil engineer ot
naviil loan works, and in 1906 upon the amalgama
tion of the Works I-oan Department with that o:
the Director of Works, was placed upon the retired
list. He is the inventor of a special form of tilting
gear for the deposit of .sloping concrete block worlt
in breakwaters and other marine works, which has
been succMsfully employed at Gibraltar, Simons
Bay. Hong Kong, and in Mexico. Bermuda, etc.
Publications : The article on " Dockyard Exten-
sions " in the Su]»plement to the " Encyclopiedia
Britannica " ; " Notes on Construction in Mild
Steel " (l-ongmans). He is aho Editor of Riving-
ton's " Notes on Building Construction " (Long-
mans).
Field, Rear-Admtral A. Hostyn, F.R.8. Hydro
graphcr of the Navy (b. June 27. \S^y). I-^ntered
the Navy in 1868. and six years later took three
first class certificates, and the Beaufort testimonial.
gaining thereby early promotion to the rank of
lieutenant in 1875. He wa.s promoted to com
niander in 1S89 : post-captain. 1S05, and rear
admiral in May, tgoA. He has *kTvcd almost con-
tinuously in H.M. ships employed on sur\ey< in
various parta of the world, from the year 1S76 to
1904, when he was appointed Hydrographcr of the
Na\'y in succession to the late Sir William Whurlou,
the only breaks in his surveying work l>uing occa-
sioned by his commanding a recruitinK party in
Hngland for a few montbs, and studying during one
session at the Royal Naval Court. Greenwich, as
commander. He is the author of articles in the
loth edition of " Encyclopjedia Britannica" on
"Nautical Sur\'eying," "Sextant." and "Sound-
ing," also of a paper in Pioceedirgs of the Royal
Society (1905) on "The investigations of an area
of magnetic disturbance in Loch Roag, N.B.," anil
a paper published in the Royal Asironomiciil
Society's monthly notices on " A method for
determination ol time by equal altitudes of two
stars on opposite sides of tJie meridian."
FlBM,Cynu Wert (1819-93). American capitalist.
Founder of the Atlantic Cable (b. Stockbndge,
Mass.). In 1854. in connection with Peter Copper
and other capitalists, he organised th« Nm» Yoril.
Newfoundland, and London Tolegrapli Co., tad
began operations in 1855 by lapng a submaiiM
cable to Ireland, which, bowevrr failed to wtA.
The same year he organised the Atlantic Tdegrapk
Co., and after repeated failures this compaajr
Imd a cable which transmitted messages succca-
fully, but only for a :>hort while. lo 1865 as
attempt was made with the Great Easi^tn to la;
another cable, but it was not until the foUowiai
yrar that his long continued efforts were crowned
with complete success. Among bis otbci ctiterprau
was the development of the elevated railwaj
s^-sicm in New York City. In iSvi be lost a giml
bulk of his fortunes and died at New York OB
July 13, \6<i3.
Field. Admiral Edward. C^. (iSg?). Educatod
private school at ClUton ; Koyal Naval Colla^.
Portsmouth; entered R.N,. 1S4S ; naval cadet of
CoHUs at tht: action off Obligado witli the combtood
Frmch and English squadrons to op>«n the Parana
River to commerce, 1^45 ; landed with Naval
Brigade- at Coluna, in the River Plate, oppowtr
Buenos Aires, 1846 ; lieutenant. 1651 : commanda
i8s9 ; captain, 1869 : rear-admiral. 1886 ; vice
iidmimT, iSg2 ; admiral, 1897; when he retired.
Field. Thomas Storar. British nax^al architect
Was articled in 1876 lo Messrs. Samuda Brotheri, ot
Poplar, and at the expiration of his apprenticeship
joined the firm, and had charge of the completioa.
equipment and trial? of vessels they built, amoi^
them being the warships Kaiur and Dcuiacktt^
fGerman) ; Starling. Stork. liavn, Triton, BeliMsli.
Orion (British): Foa-Sn (Japanese); RiacJnuk
Aquidabau (Brazilian) ; Almiraute Brown (Ai^ee-
tine) : Majinc-Zaffcr (Turkisli) : Imperial Austriu
Yacht Albert Victor ; Louise Detgmar. Maty B*»-
trica {S.E.Ry. Channel Service). Member of tbc
InstitutioQ of Naval /Vrchitects.
Fieramosea. Small Italian cruiser (i8ft8).
Length ,29tift. B^-ani 46ft. Maximum draught 2oft
DL<t{)lacemcnt 3.600 tons. Complement joS.
Guns.
8 — 6 in.
5—6 pdr.
8 — I pdr.
Twin screw.
Armour.
"Steel."
2 in. Deck.
I in. Conning tower.
Torpedo Tubes.
3 Submerged.
3 Above water.
Hp. forced 7,700=" 17*5 kt*. Coal
normal. 600 tons.
Approximate cost ^335.000.
File, William (b. Pairlie. 1857)- British naial
arclutcct. The first craft designed, built. uiA
owned by him was the Ctto (1876). whilst his first
notable success was the Cyprus, also designed and
built for himself three years later, which practi-
cally won ever>' ract* she sailed in. This boat
was the forerunner ot some of the most succenfol
racing craft ever built, such as the i<fsptun$> 10
tons, the AnttMona, 40 tons. Senta. 7s tons, Sham-
rock I J I.. 27S Ions. etc. He has designed practi-
cally aU th« veseels built at Messrs. W. Fife and
Son's yard at FairUe. besides over loo yachts,
constructed all over the world.
FHe. WQliun. British naval architect. After
entering his father's yard at the age o( 1 3,
he took full charge when 30 years old, and
carried on the business stngle-handed for 40
years. Among the famous craft turned out from
the }-ard were the Stella (tSsi). Cymba (1853},
Cyntfita (1856). Surge (1858), Amy <t859). Surf,
and Fiery Crots (1863), Fiona and Torch (1S65),
Kitnuny (1866], Amadine and Foxhound (1870),
Cuckoo (1873), Nepa. Cylhera. and Bloodhound
(1874). Af«t%ta (1876). Condor (187S). and Moina
(1S81)). The CyUura's (ate is one of the countless
mysteries of the oceiui. She left Xew York on a
March afternoon in 188S, on a voyage to the West
Indies, with a company of 14 oo board, and from
that date neither yacht nor anyone that sailed on
her have ever been seen or heard of.
File. WQliam (1833-1903). British naval archi-
tect. Alter having (^tiied a nfputation as a
builder of fishing craft, William Fife constructed
in [814 the famous river steamer Industry, the
sixth steamer butlt on the Clyde. The first yacht
built at the yard was the l^mloih, 50 tons, and the
most successful a cutter, the CUant, 35 tons. The
former was constructed for Mr. James Hamilton,
of Holmhead. the &rst commodore of the Royal
Northern Yacht Qub. She was the first yacht to
make a passage from the Qyde to the Mediter-
ranean.
Fthrafl. Those forming on each side of the
quarter-deck the upper fence of the bulwarks.
FiAe. A Scotch tug-rigged fishing vessel mth
stzaigfat stem and stem posts.
Kgirt ^!ll*fnn»^ D. (b. Caniogli, Genoa. Italy.
May. 1S75). Italian naval architect. In 1890
took first-class certificate as a marine engineer at
the Naval Institute, Genoa, and in 1895 ^<^^ ^^^
degree of naval architect at the Royal School.
Served at the Royal Dockyard, Spezia, m the con-
struction department, until 1897, when he came to
England and joined the ^na of Messrs. R. and W.
Hawthorn. Leslie and Co. . Ltd. In 1 90 1 he
became associated with the Thames Ironworks
Shipbuilding and Engineering Co., Ltd., in their
warship building department, and later, at the
invitation of Messrs. N. Odero and Co., Genoa, left
England to take a post as chief in their ship-
building yard.
Figurehead. 8hip% A carved bust or full-length
figure over the cut-water of a ship ; the remains
of an ancient superstition. Great expense was
formerly lavished on figurehead decoration. In
1796. by order of thn Admiralty, figure-heads
ecned to be used in the British Navy, and the
custom has now practically died ont. only a few
sailing ships now carrying thrnt.
Figttre-ot-«tght knot A knot made by passing
the i-nd ovc-r and round the standing part, up over
its own part, and through the bight.
FQibustier. French torpedo-boat (1899). Dis-
placement. 130; complement, 34: maximum
draught. 9^ ft. : guns. 2 3-pdr. ; torpedo tubes.
2 15-in. : twin screw ; Hp., 3,000=26 kts. ; coal,
16 tons.
FilL To brace the yards so that the wind strikes
the after :jide of the sails, and advances the ship in
her course, after tlie sails had been shivering, or
braced aback.
Final port. Questions have sometimes arisen
as to the duration of risk when a vessel has been
insured " to her final port of discharge or destina-
tion."
" The final port of discharge or destinatioD mdans
the port where the ship is intended to and does dis-
charge the bulk of her cargo ; and the last port is,
not the port where the ship may have been origin-
ally destined to disctiarge any part of her cargo, hut
the place where she does actually discbarge the
whole of it." (Preston v. Greenwood. 4 Doug.
38-33.) A marine policy until a ship arrives at her
final port of discharge covers her only until she
arrives at her port of discharge, and does not pro-
tect her while she is a seeking ship from island to
island. {Moore v. Taylor. 3 L. J. K. B. 133.) " Last
port of discharge " means " the last practicable
friend^ port of discbarge " (Browne y. Vigne, 13
East 183). Refer to Cargo.
Final sailins " in a charter-party means the final
departure ol a vessel from a port named, writh her
papers on board, and everything complete for the
purpoac, and with the view of proceeding on her
voyage %<rithaut the intention of coming back,
though, without clearing the fiscal limits of the
port, she may have been dnvcn back by stress of
weather." (Price v. Livingstone, q Q.B.D. 679.)
The words " final sailing " are of importance in
connection with the commencement of the pay-
ment of freight, and the commencement of under-
writer's risks under a policy of marine insurance.
Finitterre, Battle oL See Cape Finisterre, Battle
of.
Finland Line ol Royal Mail Steamen maintain a
regular $er\'tce between Hull and Fmland, leaving
Hull es-erj- Wednesday, all the year round, for
Copenhagen and Hango, and every Saturday lor
Copcobagcn and Aim. The company's steamers
are fitted out with every modem luxury, and arv
recognised to be the fastest and most comfortable
steamers sailing to the Baltic.
Flbbt.
Arctnrus. Poiarii.
Aetna. Uranim,
Finn. Russian torpedo-txnt destroyer. rVar-
row. 1906.] Displacement, $08 tons : draught,
8 ft. : complement. 75 : armament. 2 i3-pdr., 5
6-pdr., 3 tubes; Hp., 5.300 = 26 lets.
Finska Anglartygs Aktiebcdaget, witb their head
ofBce ill Ilclsingfors. tiavt; a fleet of 32 modem
steamers, several oi whidi have a limited accommo-
dation (or passengers, engaged io trading to various
parts of Europe.
Fleet.
Algot. Pallux,
Arctunts. Pahris.
Aslraea. Pirius.
Cafielta. Hhea.
Certi. Tamca.
Juno. To*.
Imt. UUeatborg.
Noun Finland. Urania.
Oihanna. Van DaUeln.
Or tan Vesta.
Paths, Weltamo.
Gross tonnage, 25.590.
FInnt. French znd class cruiaer. (Brest, i893<)
Length ^oStt. Beam 43ft. Maximum dranght 22ft.
Displacement 3,772 tons. Complement 358.
Cuus. Armour.
6 — 6'4 in. 3 in. DecV.
4 — 4 in. 2 in. Sponsons.
4—3 pdr-
1 1— I pdr.
Torpedo Tvbft.
2 Above water.
Twin screw. Hp. 9,500 = 10 kts. Coat jnaxi-
mnm 587 tons. Approximate cost ^300,000.
Fire. In marine insurance the underwriter is
liable lor loas by 6re, however caused, except it be
combustion ganereUad through the inherent defect of
the thing insured, or in consequen/:* of it having
been shippfd in a damaged stale. 11 the combus-
tioa bos been caused by sea damage sustained by
Uie goods after shipment, it is covered by the
policy, and, no matter how the fire has been
caused, if it extends to other goods which arc
unconnected with the cause of the disaster, or to
the ship herself, the uadcrwriLer is hable.
Fire nwy anae from many causes — from lightning,
from spontaneous combustion, the negligence of
the master or crew, the acts of enemies, or even
the burning of a vessel by the municipal authorities
from fear of being infected. Even if the cause of
fire is not Jinown, the. underwriter is liable.
Fire is covcretl by the policy from any cause
except the vice ptopre of the thing insured, or M
the goods are shipped in a damaged state, or
otherwise, so as to be unfit for carriage, and thereby,
without any exti-rnal accident (such as unusual
heat of the hold arising from a leak), burst into a
flame, Ihe undcrwritpr on these particular gncKis is
not liable, though if the fire spread to other goods
tinconnected urith the cause of the fire, or to the
ship, the underwriter would, of coutbs^ be respon-
sible. (McArtliur on the Contract of Insurance,
p. 1 14 : Amould on Insurance, 4th ed., p. 694.I
tn the case of the wording in the meoioFandmi
iq.v-) the word " burnt " refen only to the ycwL
Fire in the cargo docs not remove the objectio*-
A beam scorched or a floor charred would soffioe.
Refer to Burnt,
Flrelirand. K.M. ship. Wrecked on the rocb
uff Scilly Isles, October 32, 1707, when Captaia
Hencock and crew were lost.
Firefly. British torpedo-boat destroyer. (Thonif*
croft, t>jo6.) Lcagtli. 168 ft.; beam. 17 (t;
draught, 6 ft. ; displacement. 230 tons ; comple-
ment, 35; armament, 2 i2-pdr. . 2 tubes; threr
screws; Hp., 1,700 = 26 kts.
Fire Qaeea. British general depdt ahtp t44<>
tou^]. Launched 18B1.
Fire ships, the use of which is said to date fma
the destruction of Bastticus by the x-ictoriota
Vegnesic near Carthage, arc now obsolete except
among the Chinese. Tliey were usually ve«seb
filled with combustible materials and fitted witti
shearing-hooks and grappling-irons to hook ao<l
set fire to the enemy's ships. Fire-ships vrcrc used
with great eflect at the siege of Antwerp, 158:;
against the Spanish .\rmada. 15S3 ; in i8og by
I.ord Cochrane against the French ships in Aix
Roads.
Fish. A piece of wood convex on one side acd
concave on tlie uthcr used to strengthen a wiAk
mast or yard.
Fish-block. The block of a fish-davit.
Fish-dant. A dcTrick for hoisting the flukes ol
an anchor.
Fisher. Admiral Sir John Arbathnot. K.C.. O.CJ.
(cr. ic)<j2). O.M., A.D.C. (b. 1^41)- Entered .\'a\7
1854 ; Beaufort testimonial ; served in the Balbc
during the Russian war (Baltic medal), and in tk^
Highflyer. Chesapeake, and Furious during th»
China war ; took part in the capture of Canton and
Peiho forts (China medal. Canton and Taku cla^) ;
captain of the Inflexible at the bombardment of
Alexandria. July 11. 1S63; landed in command oi
Naval Brigade at Alexandria : adapted and com-
manded the " Ironclad Train " ; created C.B. for
services rendered (Egyptian medal, Alexandras
clasp, Khedive's Bronie Star. Osmanieh ud Class),
director of Naval Ordnance and Torpedoes. 1886-
yi ; A-D.C. to the Queen. 1887-90 ; Admiral-
Superintendent of Portsmouth Dockyard. 1891-97 ;
K.C.B.. rS94 ; Commander-in-Chief. North America
and West Indies, 1S97 ; acted as delegate aful
naval expert at The Hague Peace Confercaoe.
1899 ; Command er-in-Chici, Mediterranean Sqaad-
ron, 1899 : Second Sea I^rd of the Adnutalty,
1902 ; C.C.B., IQ02 ; Commander-in-Chief, Ports-
mouth. 1903 ; member of Lord Esher'a CommMMi;
FISHERIES
217
FISHING
1904; First Sea Lord of the Admiralty, October.
19*4*
Fisheries, Board of. AKrlooItore and FisfaniM
Board. The Board oi Agriculture and Fisheries
Act. 1903. tranarerrcd to the Board of Agriculture
fstylM since the commfncement of this Act the
Board of Agrictilture and FiBheries) tlic powers
■ formerly exercised by the Board of Trade under
the Salmon and Freshwater Fisheries Acts. f8M-92.
the Norfolk and SnHolk Fisheries Acts, 1S77 and
iStfS. the Sea Fisherits Regulation Acts. tS38,
tSgi (Part 11), and 1894. and the Oyster Fisheries
Acts, 1866-84.
These powers include the protection and pre-
8«T\-ation of inland and territonal water fisheries.
and the collection of returns and statistics relating
to fisheries.
This Act does not apply to Scotland.
Ftslmy Board ol SooUand. The, as constitnted by
the- Sea Fisheries Regulations (Scotland) Act.
1R95, is compered of seven members appointed by
the Crown, on the recommendation of the Secre-
tary for Scotland, who hold office for five years.
The Board ol Britip* White Herring Fishery.
under the Herring Fisheries Act, 186S. and the
Sea Fisheries Act. 1875. was dissolved, and re-
placed in 1S82 by the Fishery Board of Scotland,
^irhosr powers included the suiM-rvision of fisheries
and hemnK curing, the improv'emcnt of harbours,
the imposition ol tolls, royalties, and penalties,
and tlie making and cnlorcomcot of bye-laws and
reflations. The duties of the Board briefly were
to *' take cORnisance of everytliing relating to the
coast and deep-sea fisheries ol Scotland, and take
such measures lor their improvement as the funds
under thcii admiui^iratton and not otherwise
appropriated admit oi." The Act of tSt); recon-
stituted and extended the powers of the Fishery
Board, and deals with the establishment of fishery
districts within the jurisdiction of the Board.
Rffer lo Sea Fisheries, Fishery Districts.
Fishery distrietl, of which there are 53 in Eng-
land and Wales, and 105 in Scotland, are controlled
by local boards of conservators, who are (i) either
appoiotcd by county councils, or (z) are qnalifird
by the ownership of lands or fisheries, or (3) are
r^ircicntativc members elected by holders of
ttcefiCTH. The boards arc formed for the protection
of fisheries and the administration of the laws ol
close season, and have extensive j>owen under the
Salmon Hsherics Act* and the Freshwater Fisheries
Acts, including the appointment of bailiSs. Uie
issaing of licences, the purchasing of dams and
weirs for the purposes of removal, the making and
enfort-ing of bye-laws, and the prosecution of
offenders. Refer to Sea Fisheries.
Fiah-fall. The tackle of a fish-davit.
Ilah-book. A barbed, spiial. curved instrument,
the aharp portion teimnmuog in a straight barbed
point parallel to the shank. uM<t lot catching fisb.
Fishing boals. (Merchant Shipping Act, 1894,
sections 369-417.) The expression " fishing boat"
means a vessel, of whatevtrr size and in whatever
way propelled, which is for the time being em-
ployed in sea fishing ur in the sea fishing service
lor profit.
The tonnage of a fishing l»oat for the purpose
of this part of the .\ct sliall be taken to be ia the
case of a steamer trawler her gross tonnage, but in
any other case her register tonnage.
I. Provisions applying to the whole fishing ser-
vice.
(i) All British fishing boats, including those used
otherwise than (or pmlii. sli.ill be lettered and
numbered, and have official papers, and shall for
that purpose be entered in the fishing boat register.
Unless so entered the master or owner is liable to
a tine not exceeding £20. and the boat may be
detained. She is also deprived of any privileges
or advantages oi Bririah fishing boats, hut for the
purposes (or liabilities and punishment she is re-
garded as a boat duly entered. Orders in Council
may regulate and enforce the entry of fishing boats
and any convention with a foreign country relative
to the registry, lettering, and numbering of fiahing
boats.
(3} A fishing boat, whether used for profit or
not. shall not proceed to sea unless —
(a) If decked, she is provided with boats accord
ing to her tonnage ; and
(6) If carrying more tlian 10 paasengcrs she has.
in additioo to other boats, two lifebuoys and a
lifeboat, or boat of a buoyant character.
For contravention of this section the owner and
master shall, if in default, be liable to fines of ^lou
and £yi respectively.
(3) Discipline.
(a) For desertion and absence without leave
refer lo Desertion.
lb) Wilful disobedience to any lawful command
is punishable by imprisonment for not more than
four weeks and forfeiture of two days' wagc-s, or,
if the offence is continued, by imprisonment for
not more than la weeks and forfeiture of six days'
wages for every 24 hours of ofiencc 01 the ejcpenaes
of luring a substitute.
(c) Assaulting the skipper or second hand is
punishable by imprisonment for not more than
1 2 weeks.
(d) Combiung to disobey orders, or neglect duty,
or impede navigation is punt.sbable by imprison-
ment for not more than 12 weeks.
(«} Wilful damage to Iwat or stores is punishable
by not more than t2 weeks' Imprisonment and
forfeiture of a sum equal to the amount of damage.
(/) 5m Smuggling.
ig) The skipper shall be liable for the above
oflcnces if he were a seaman.
(A) Civil rights for breach of contract are un-
affected by the above criminal proviaions.
FISHING
2[8
FLAG
ii) OesertcTS. in addition to other immchmcnts.
may be convpywl back to Iheir ^hipA.
ifi Warrauts for the apprehension ol Mamen
chained with the above offences may be issued by
supenntrndcnta or officei* ol the Board ot Trade.
(4) Thr »lrippcr shall, under a penalty ol £20.
keep a record of deaths, iojuriea, iU-treatment,
panishments. and every casualty to his boat.
The superintendent «hall have all the powera of a
Board of Trade iaspcctor for inquiring into the
cauae and particulars of death, injuries, etc., and
shaQ determine disputes as to wa^u, share of
•pmftts. engagement, iiervice or discharge, and pro-
vi-]on?t supplied. Where a seaman is paid by a
^h.if' in ihc catch the owner most, under a penalty
f)| i^. rrnrlcr a detailed account in a form appro«-ed
by ttic Board of Trade.
i. Provisions applying to all fishing boats of
35 tons and upwanh. Se* Apprrntioe.
3. Provisions applying to tiawlers of J5 tons
and upwards.
fi) The skipper or owner must, under a penalty
of /s for each offence, enter into an agreement
with thf crew m a form approved l>y the Board ol
Trade, containing certain particulars and condi-
tion.s of service.
la) The owner shall, within 34 boon of a boat's
ileparltirc. send to tlie superintendent a list of htr
<rew. under a penalty not exceeding £1;.
(J) A full account oi wages, showing all deduc-
tions therefrom, shall be delivered to each seaman.
(4] On discharge or payment of wages a certifi-
cate of discharge Kpeciiy-iog the period of service
shall be signed by the skipper and delivered to
each aeaman.
{5) If a boat goes to sea without a properly
certified skipper and second hand the owner shall
be liable to a fine not exccedmg j^30.
4. Lights and fog signals.
Boats under 30 tons net register when under-
way, but not fishing, arc only obliged to have ready
for use a hand lantern showing red and green on
alternate sides. Boats of 20 tons net register and
upwards when trawling in tlte sea ofl the coast of
Europe north of Finisterre carry two white and
the ordinary underway hghts. or. if stationary, the
anchor light only. British fishing boats of 20 tons
and upwards, underway in the sea of! the coast oi
Europe lying north of Finistcrrr. with trawls
down, must carrj- ordinary underway lights, or a
combination lantern, or a white globular light.
For all British sailtng fishing boats engaged in
trawling in these waters a white globular light with
red pyTOtcchnic fiarea may be substituted.
In fog. mist, or falling snow a vessel trawling
shall blow her foghorn and ring her bell alternately
at intervals ol not more than two minutes.
Fishing Oasette. Estabbshed 1876. Published
wcikly il'tiday). lYice 2d. Address: St. Dun-
Stan's House, Fetter Lane, London, E.C.
nih. BoraL Sm Royal Flab.
Fish Trades Oantta. Established iSS$.
3J.
Ptib-
Addicsi;
lisbcd weekly (Saturday). Pric«
39 Fwh Street HiH. London. EC
Fitch, John (1743*98). Builder of the first steaa-
boat 1.1 America. In [786 he was successful ui
forming a company to work his inventioa, aoil
shortly aiterwards a steam packet was launched 00
the Delaware, which attained a apecd of abtnt
three miles an hour. In 1 700 a steajnboat butlt b>-
him conveyed passengers on the Delaware, but ^f
undertaking was a lOKiog one, and led to the di»
acdutioa of the company. In 1793 be went tr
France in the hope of being at>le to introduce hti
invention into that country, but mot with *o
success. All his efiorts resulted in coauneroil
failure, and. reaping from his inveatioos nothing
but disappointmcut and poverty, be commuted
suicide in 1798.
FilKor. Bobart (1805-65). English adntn!,
hydrographer, and meteorologist. Commanded Vb»
B^ofU 08i8-3i) on her voyage of discovery, aiul
surveyed the coasts of Patagonia and Ttarra ati
Fuego. He also commanded the BtAfU during brr
famous voyage round the world (1S31-36]. Fioo:
I843-45 he was Governor of New Zealand, but vu
oot popular. In 1854 he was appointed meteon>-
logist to the Board of Trade, and in that capacity
initiated many valuable investigation?! in meteoro-
logy, ilevismg that system of weather forecxA
and storm wanungs still a feature of motel
organisations.
Publications : In conjunction with Captain Kis(
he published in 1839 " Narrative of the Surveyiag
Voyages of the Adventure aod the Btaf/k."
" We.ither Book" (1863). which is based 00 i»^
vestigations extending over many years.
Five-day means. Frequently employed on the
Contineni, by which the year is $ubdi\-ided into
73 pentads, or periods of five da^ each.
FX. Distinguishing letters on sea fishing tjoao
registered at Finsterwald. Holland.
Flag. A general name for the distingui^oi
colours of any uation ; also a certain banner br
which an admiral is distinguished frorn the inferiv
ships ol tiis squadron. The flags ol the Bntub
Navy were severally on a red, white, or blue fitid
and were displayed from the top of the royal pode
ol the main, fare, or mizzcn mast, according tockc
rank of lh>! admiral. This diversity of colour h>i
now been long done away with. The white 6rld.
with the red St. George's Cross, and the sioistitf
upper comer occupied by the Union, is now ex-
clusivcly used in the British Navy, the blue baoi
assigned to the Reserve and the red to the ma-
cantile marine. An admiral displays his flag i£
the main truck, a vice-admiral at the fore, a naf-
admiral at the miuen. The lirst British flag «f
importance is the Royal Standard of Great BriW*
FLAG
319
FLAVIO
and Irdand hoisted only ^fthea th« King or Qaeen
ia on board : the sccoad is the Anchor of Hope for
the Lord High Admira-I or the l^rds Commisstoners
of the Admiralty ; ami the third is the Union flag
for the Admiral of the. Fleet, which 19 the next
ofiCicer under the Lord High Admiral. The various
Other departments have each their respective flag*
besides the national flaf[. Merchant ships are per-
mitted to bear lesser flags on their maat, with the
arms or design of the &rm to which they belong,
but they " must not resemble or be mistaken for
any of the flags or signals used by the Royal
Navy " under certain penalties. When a council
of war is held at sea. if it be on board the admiral's
ship the flag must be hung on the main shrouds,
if on the \-ice*admiral*s on the fore shrouds, and if
the rear-admiral's on the mizzen shrouds. The
word flag is oitc-n familiarly used to denote the
admiral himself. A vessel's flag ut evidence of her
national character, and, by the Merchant Shipping
Act, 1894. section 74. must be exhibited by every
British ship except fishing boats duly registered
(1) 00 a signal from one of His Nfajcsty's ships;
(3) 00 entering and leaving a foreign port ; and
(3) (if of $0 tons gross tonnage) on entering and
leaving a British port. For default in complying
with this section the master shall be liable to a
fine not exceeding ^100 for each offence.
U a person uses the British flag and assumes the
British national character on board a stiip owned
wholly or in part by i>er8ouB not qualified to own
a British ship for the purpose of cnaking the ship
appear to be British, the stiip shall be hable to
forfeiture.
li the master or owner of a British ship does
anything or permits anything to be done with
intent to conceal her British character or to assume
a foreign character, or to deceive any person en-
titled by Briti&h law to inquire into her character.
the ship sliall be liable to forfeiture, and the master
shall be guilty of a misdemeanour.
The red ensign is the proper flag for all British
ships not entitled to use the blue ensign, which is
confined to ships commanded by an R.N.R. ofibcer
wk) carrying 10 R.N.R. men among tlic crew.
For carT>-ing illegal colours by British ships the
master or owner (if an board), and every other
person hoisting the colours, shall for each offence
incnr a fine not exceeding £100, and any oflicer
(naval or military'} 00 full pay. or Customs officer
in His Majcstj*'s dominions, or any British consular
officer, may board any ship on which illegal colours
arc shovel), and seize and confiscate them. Nefer
to Ensign.
Flag offlcofB in the Navy arc executive officers
^ with lank superior to that of a captain, and when
actively employed hoist the flag instead of the
pennant as their emblem of command. Flag-
officers are appointed to the commands of naval
stations at home and of fleets at home and abroad.
and also to be superintendents of dockyards at
home and abroad. Alt British flag-officers are
appointed by the Admiralty in pursuance of the
King's pleasure.
Flag ship. The ship carrying the Admiral's flag.
Flag-signalling. Set Signalling . Semaphore.
Flags, National. See National Flag^.
Flambflig. French torpedo-boat destroyer. (Nor-
mand, 1903.) Length. 180 ft. ; beam, xi It. ;
maximum draught, 10 ft. ; displacement, 300 tons :
complement. 45 : gund. i 9<pdr., 6 3-pdr. ; torpedo
tubes. 2 15-in, ; speed. 37-30 kts.
Flamnut. French armoured gun-boat (1SB4).
Of little fighting value. Dbplacvmcnt, iii|;o
tons ; draught. loj ft. ; guns (cJd), i 9'4-in.. 1 3'5-iA. ;
armour, " Compound." ^i-i^. Belt ; speed (nomi-
nally). 13 kts.
FlannMry. Sir Jimes Fortiums. K.T., cr. 1S99.
Bt, 1905 (b. Kivcrjjool, 1851). British marine
engineer and naval architect, Ser\ed his apprcn-
Itceahip at the Britannia Works. Birkenhead, and
was a student at the Liverpool School of Science.
1 !c entered the service of Sir Edward Reed {7. v.), and
had charge of the construction of the machinery of
many warships for Germany, Chili, Japan, and
other foreign governments. In 1878 he com-
menced practice on his own account as consultmg
engineer and naval architect, and i» now head
of the firm of Flannery, Baggallay and Johnson.
having branches in Liverpool and Rotterdam. He
has devoted special attention to the construction of
tank steamers for carrying petroleum in bulk, and
is consulting engineer to the leading steamship
companies in this business. He has aba given a
great deal of time to the construcbon of boilers,
and the development of liquid fuel, and a largt.-
number of vessels arc fitted under his patented
system. He was elected a member of ParUament
for the Shipley Dtx-lslon of Yorkshire in i8gs, and
rc-clecled in 1900, Is a justice of the peace for
Surrey. Kent, Essex and Ijsndon. am! one of H.M.
Lieutenants for the Cit>- of London. Member of
the Institutions of Naval Architects. Ct^'il EngineerB,
and Mechanical Engineers, and is Pa!4t President of
the Institution of Marine EnRineer?.
Pablications : Papers read at the Transactlorut of
the Institution of Ct\'il Engineers and the Institu-
tion of Naval Architects.
Flan. A ship butlt with her bow flanchuig out-
wards to throw ofl the bow-«eas is said to be fiarv-
built.
Flat aft. When ttw sheets of fore-and-aft sails
are taut to bring her head to the wind.
Flatten in. Tlie order to make the sails fiat aft.
Flano GHoia. Old Italian crui<tL>r fi.S$i).
Displacement j.o^o tons. Complement ttto.
FLAW
220
FLOAT
Gmu. A pMowr.
6 — 47 in- "Steel."
4 — 6 pdr. 1^ in. Deck.
8—1 pdr.
Torpedo Tubes.
2 Above water,
Hp. 4.cxxisii3 kts. Coal 500 tons.
Flftw ol wind* Sudden, unreliable, uncertain
gu.st.s of wind.
Fleche. French torpedo gun-boat. {Ha\Te.
1865.) Length, 196 ft. : benm, 31 ft. : draught.
6 it. ; dispUceracnt. 413 tons ; complement, 63 ;
guns. 4 6'1-in., J Maxims. 2 torpedo tubes; Hp.,
2,000= i8 lits. ; coal maximuin, 100 tons.
Fleet. The general name given to a Ro)'al Navy.
also any number of shij^ keeping in company.
Fleet training. See Naval Training.
Flemiih horse. An outer short foot-rope at
the yard ami, for sailors to stand on.
Fleubarger Sohiinna OeieUschftft, Flenaburg,
This firm, founded in i$^2, has made rapid progress,
and I3 to-day the leading fixm on the ScMeswig-
Holstcin coast. The yard covers an area of 44 acres.
and gives i-mploynii^nt to about ^.uuu men. The
first vessel built. 1aunche<l in 187$, waft the Doris
Brodersen. a veiiiicl of 195 ft. iu length, and a net
tonnage of 684. The first vessel built for Bremen
ahipou-QCTs was the steamer /. H. Niemann, for
the Neptune Co. During the first 25 years of the
existence of the yard 175 vessels were launched,
u-itli a net tonnage of 243.501, and to6,]o2 I.Mp.
Almost all the well-known steamship lines in
Germany ha\'c placed orders with the firm for
vessels, notably the Hamburg - Amerika Line.
Kosmos Line. German East Africa Line, German
Australian Steamship Co., Hamburg. South Ameri-
can Steamship Co., Plansa Line, Argo Steamship
Co.. Roland Line. Bremen. Foreign companies are
represented by the West India Co. and the East
Asiatic Company of C^Knhagen, and vessels for
•ome of the leading Norwegian firms. A special
feature of this yard is the building of floating docks,
the first of which, a dock of 140 ft. in length with a
lifting capacity of 2,300 tons, was built in 1S92. A
similar one was built in 1897 ''>'' Copenhagen, with
a lifting capacity of 3,900 tons, and in 1903 one for
the Hambnrg Reihersticg. with a lifting capacity of
11,000 tons. The dockyard is replete with the
latest moilem machincr)- ; there are seven slips
capable of building ships up to 10,000 tons dead-
weight capacity, served by electric and steam-
driven travelling cranes. All the work shops are
fitted with a complete installation of electrically-
driven machinery and the latest inventions in
pneumatic toots.
Fleuborger Segel Clnb. Efital)li.>aied 1 890*
President. L. Meyer ; Vice-President, H. Schnldt ■
Treasurer, O. Schmidt; Secictar>'. J. H. Jensen-
Club House. Flensbufg, Germany. Bnlrascc fee
10 mark, annual subscription. 20 mark.
Fletcher. WoodhiU and Oo., with their hea>i
offices in Manchester, was established in 1893 by
Mr. H. A. Fletcher and Captain T. J. WoodhiU
Their vessels trade fnjm Manchester to Fnuirr
Portugal, Spain. Italy, and vice versa.
Flenret French torpedo-boat destroyer
(Forges et Chantiers, 1904.1 Length. 180 ft :
beam. 31 ft. ; maximum draught. 10 ft. ; disptao^
ment. joo tons ; complement. 45 ; g^uns, 1 9-p^.
6 3-pdr. ; torpedo tubes, a is-in, ; speed 37-30 Irtt
Fleuros. French ^nj class cruiacr. (Cberbour^^
1S93O Length. 329 ft. ; beam. 39 ft, ; draugtu.
15ft.; displaccmcat, 1,289 tons ; complemeat, 174.
guns, s 3*9-in.. 6 rS-tn., 4 Maxini.s. 4 torpcOu tuta.
Hp., 4,ouo= 17 kts. ; coal niaximutu, tSo tons.
Fig. hi. Floating light. Abbre\-iation adopted
on the charts issued by the Hydrographic Qttce,
.•\d mi rally.
FUbostier. French torpedo-boat. (Noraaad.
1S94.) Length, 143 ft. : beam. 16 ft. ; dnioght
*i\ IL : displacement, lyi tona ; complrxnent. xi.
armament. 3 j-pdr., 3 tubes; twin screw; Hpu
1,500=33 kts. ; coal. t6 tons.
Flinders, Hatthew (1774-1814). Kogti^ nan-
gator and explorer (b. Boston. Lincolnshin].
Entered Royal Navy, 1789, and after a \'oyagc to
the Friendly Islands, the West Indies, and servaig
in the BrJUrophoH during Lord Howe's faniinii
battle of " The Glorious First of June." 1794. ofi
Ushant. he went in 174; as midshipman in thi
Reliance to New South Wales, where he did nmek
valuable surveying, accurately laying down the
outline and bearings of the Australiaa coast. In
1798 he was commissioned to proceed in the slocy
Norfolk to prove conclusively that Van Diemeni
Land was an island by circumnavigating iL Uc
is credited with ha\*tng fiptt suggested the saow
Australia for the island conhnent. In iBoi, in
the Investigator be circumnavigated Australia and
charted the Gull of Carpentaria. On his way hocu
as a passenger on H.M.S. Porpdist, he was wrected
on a coral reef about 800 miles from Port Jaciaoa.
Reaching Mauntius he was seized by the French
Government, and held a prisoner until iSio. H«
devoted the remainder of his life in preparing tiB
" Voyage to Terra Australia." two volamcs, witbs
folio volume of maps. The very day, July ig, iSu.
on which his work was published he died at ibr
early age of 40. See Tbynne'a " M. Flinden
I1S96).
Flirt. British torpedo-boat destroyer. (Jano",
1897.) Length. 3i$ ft.; beam, 30 ft.; draoglit.
6J ft. ; displacement, 335 tons; com^plcmeot, ^ .
armament, 1 iz-pdr., 5 6-pdr., 2 tabes; tvui
screw; Hp., 6,581 =30 kts. ; coal, 91 tons^
Float. The act or state of a person or dval
resting on the surface of the water.
FLOATING
221
FLOWING
ntwtini btttarr. Fcnrmetly a, heavily armed
and arxDOured vessel, intciidcil for l>ombarding
fortresses, and not aea-goiug. The British and
French, by floating batteries, bnsoght about the
fall of Kinburu in i8;s- Every modern battleship
is now a floating battery to a great extent.
FloatinK docks. ' Sm Docks.
Floating policy. Sm Policy.
Flogging. (In the Na\'y.) Corpora] punishment
may still tic administered to Naval seamen or
marinM, but only in case of mutiny to petty
officers, and never to officers. The limit of the
number of lashes allowed by law is 48. but the
Lords of the Admirally, who must sanction the
scnteace, have directed that the number of lashea
shall not exceed 2$. and recommend that flogging
be not inctudid m any sentence. Flogging In
deemed equal in degree to imprisonment, but must
not accompany penal servitude, and does not carr)'
forfeitures with it. Ai the present time (1908)
the system ol flogging in both Army and Navy is
suspended.
Refer to Naval Discipline Act.
FlolU'. Jnttioe (b. Hambm^, June 4. i85$)-
Marine engineer. After nervmg his apprBnticeship
and flnishing his technical education, be served
for two years as engmcor with the Hamburg-
Amerika Lintr, and the Hamburg-South-Amerika
Line, and in February, 1878. be entered the services
of the Stcttiner Maacbinenbau Actien-GesellschaJt
(^^ulkan). and worked as leading fitter, and latterly
in the drawing office. He left Stettin in 1880, and
became draughtsman to Mcasrs. Robert Steel and
Co., Greenock. In October. 18*3, he rejoined
the firm of Stettiner Maschiuenbau Actien-Gesell-
schait (Vulkan), in the cngmccnng department, ajid
remained with them until March, 1897. when he
went to Genoa to take charge of the engine works
of Messrs. Odeio in their tui'o ship>'ardn in Genoa
and Sestri Poaente. In August, 1^98, he returned
once again to the VuJkan Co., as director of the
engineering department, and since then all their
important deliveries in the shape of machinery
for war-vessels, express steamers, and merchant
vesseb have been executed under his direction.
Flood. An uiundation caused by heavy rain-
fall or the overflow of a river.
Floor. The bottom of a vessel on each side of the
keelson.
Flora. Britisli 3nd class cnnser. (Pembroke.
1893)
Length 330ft. Beam 49ft. Maximum draught sitt.
Di^taccment 4.360 tons. Complement 318.
Guns. AtMOur.
2— 6 in. "Steel."
8 — 4"? in. s in. Deck.
8 — 6 pdr. 3 in. Conning tower.
I— jpdr.
Torpedo Tubes (18 in.).
4 Above water.
Twin screw. Hp. natural 7,000=18 kts.,
forced 9.000=19*5 kts. Coal maximum t.ooo
tons. Approximate cost ^250,000.
This ship-name was introduced into the Navy in
T761. when the Vesiale was captured from the
French and re-namcd Flora. It is also associated
with the capture of the American Fox, 1777 ;
capture of the French Nymphe, 1780; capture
of the Dutch Castor. 1781 : Rodney's victory over
Du Grasse, 1782 ; Warren's frigate action. 1794.
Flares. Nethcrland gun-boat. {Amsterdam,
1888.) I-ength. 176 ft. : beam. 25 ft. ; dnught.
:ii ft. ; displacement. S4* tons; complement. 82 ;
armament. 3 47-ia.. i 2'9.Ln.. 2 1'4-in. ; Hp..
650= 1 1 \ kts. : coal. 75 tons.
Floriano. Britziliao coast service battleship. (La
Seync, 1898.)
Lvngtli 368ft Beam 46ft. Maximum draught 1 sft.
Displacement 3,16a tons. Complement aoo.
Guns. Armour,
2 — 9'2 in. " Harv-ey-nickel."
4 — 47 in. 3 in. Belt amidships.
3 — 12 pdr. 8 in. Turrets.
4 — 6 pdr. 5 in. Conning Lower.
4 — I pdr.
Torpedo Tubei (18 in.).
2 Submerged.
Twin screw. Hp. 3,400a< [4 kts. Coal maxi-
mum 346 tons.
Florida. U.S. monitor. (Eliiabeth Port, 1901)-
Length 252ft. Beam 50ft. Maximum draught 13ft.
Dliplncement 2,755 tons. Cxjmplement 130.
Armour.
" Krupp."
II in. Belt amidships.
II in. Barbettes.
8 m. Conmng tower.
Guns.
3 — 12 m., 40cal.
4— 4 in.
3 — 6 pdr.
4—1 pdr.
2 Colts.
Torpedo Tubes (18 in.).
2 Above water.
Twin screw. Hp. 2.400—12 kts. Coal maxi-
mum 400 tons.
Florida, State oL Glasgow steamer. Sunk by
collision with tlie t>arquc Ponema in mid ocean.
.^pril iS. 18S4 ; 123 lives lost.
Florio Sabattioo. See Navigazioae Generale
Italiana.
Flotilla. A fleet of small vessels.
Flotnm means such portioDs ai a wreck of a
vessel or cargo as cuntiuue floating. Refaf to
Wreck.
Flotten Ver«ia. A German non-party organisa-
tion locul^.■d ui 1897 to carry through the German
naval programme of that time. This organisation
is on the lines of the British Nav^' Lciguc.
Flowing sheet. The position of sheets of tlie
principal sails when eased aft to the wind.
FLUKE
222
FOO
Fhlkft. The broad holding part of an anchor
which prnclrates the ground.
Flash. AnyllitMg of fair surface.
Flusfa-dMked. Without poop or forecaiittc.
Fly, A compass card ha\-ing the points or
rhumtw, 32 in ntiniber, marked upon it. Tlir
angle of the ship's course with the magnihed
meridian iti shown by a line called the lubbers line.
As appiied to a Hag tlie length Irom the stafi to
the outer edge.
FlTing Dntdmuui, •\ famous marine spectre-
ship formerly siippoeed to liauot the Cape of Good
Hope. The tradition of seamen was ttiat a Dutch
skipper named Van Straaten. irritated with a foul
wind, swort that he would bf;it into Table Bay in
spite of God or man. and that foundering with the
wicked oath on h'vn lips he has ever since been
working ofT and on near the Cape. There are
kindred k-geadti of a lost Spanish galleon en
countered on the line, and of a phantom schooni-r
in the Nortli Sea. The term is now rxtcnded lo
false reports of vessels seen. Wagner's opera, " Der
Fliegende Hollander," Fitzball's drama. " The
Flying Dutchman," and Manual's novel, " The
Phantom Ship," are all founded on this tradition.
Flying Pish. British torpedo-boat destroyer. (Jar-
row. 1897,1 Length, 215 ft. : beam, soft. ;draught,
6J ft.; di.>:placeinent, 325 tons; complement, 60;
armament, t ra-pdr., 5 6-pdr., 2 tubes ; twin screw ;
Hp.. 6.581=30 kts, ; coal. 91 tons.
Flying-jib. .-\ sail set upon a fl^ing-jibboom.
Flfing-iibhoaiu. A spar which is pointed through
the iron at the jibbooro end. This lies bewle it.
and the heel steps into t^ie Ix)wsprit cap.
Flying-Jib stay. The stay on which the Hying-
jib is set. Rffrr to Stay.
Flying s&iL A tight sail set aloft for light
weather, which is not furled or stowed aloft.
Flying SQOid. {Ommaxinfikes sagittatus.) The
name given by sailors to the cuttle.
Fdu. Fatlioma. Abbreviution adopted on the
charts issued by the Hydrographic Ofiicr, Ad-
miralty,
F.H. Distinguishing letters 011 sea fieliing boats
registered at Frcderikshavn, Denmark.
FoAm. British torpedo-boat destroyer. (Chis-
wick, iSg6.) Length, 310 ft. : btam, ]<> ft. ;
draught, 7 ft. ; displacement, 273 tuiLs ; cuniple-
inent, 58 ; armament, i 12-pdr.. 5 6-pdr.. 2 tiibist ;
twin screw ; Hp.. 5,800 = 30 lets. ; coal, 80 tons.
F.cb. Abbreviation for free on board.
F.O.b. Delivered free on board (f.o.b.) means
that goods bought which are to be sent by sea are
put on board at the seller's expense. Tlie property
in goods delivered f.o.b. does not pass to nor is
at the risk of the purchaser until shipment. The
freight and insurance are paid by the purchaser.
liefer to Stoppage in tfamitii, C.f.i.
Fo*c'a*l*. For forecastie. A short upper deck
lorward, «txi\-e the main deck : tn small veaseli ibr
quarters lor the crew down forward : sometimn
■too forepeak.
Fog. A mist at sea.
Fog-bow. White rainbow seen on a thick
4
Fog signahi, BlaiitiQW. In the old clays, wbn
i$hips depended solelv upon the wind as a moani
of progression, the need of special regulations for
signalling in thick weather was not greatly fdt.
and the primitive customs ia vogu^. such as tbf
ringing of belts or hammering on tlie anchor stock,
were, no doubt, adequate (or the prevention o(
colli-siofis. But towards the middle of the ntnt^
teenth cent my the iiilroductiou of stfam jxiwrr
and the vast increase in Bnrish shipping about ttit?
time rendered necessary some definite and univtr-
Kally understood rules for signalling in foggy
weather, and In 185.S the Admiralty first sancUccwd
the use of a honi to indicate the starboard lack,
and a bell the port tack ; and in 1S63 steamers wcrr
ordered to use a steam whistle in fog. aad saiho;;
dbips a foghorn, whilst ships at anchor rang Lhar
bells at stated intervals. During that year, and
since then, the Sovereign has (under powers which
were first conferred by the Merchant Shipping Act
1863, and which have been continued in shImp-
quent Aci« until the present day) promul(*ated. by
Orders in Council, various sots of collision rrguls-
tions, including signals to be used in fog ; but it
was not until i8<)6 that the present code of regok-
tion.i, the result of the International Marine Co*-
grcs.'i of TSoo, came into force.
See -Article 15 of the Regulations for the Previa-
tion of CoUisions at Sea. 1896.
On or nvnT the coasts of the United Kingdoa
pilotage authorities maintain a system of souid
signals, to be used when lights arc obscured. 906
these take tlte form of gun><. rackets, sirens, whistla.
horns, trumpets, IwlW. gnngs. or expIosi\'e signals
On certain shoals, or to mark the entrance to cer-
tain channels bell-bnoys or Courtenay whislhng
buoy's arc placed, which sound automatically bt
the action of the waves Refer to ColIiKions. Rego
lalioQs for the Prevention of, at Sn.
Fifbn. A warm, dry wind de.sccnding from the
mountain-s, most frequent in .Mpine valleys, and
cLscwhere. in mountainous districts. It owes iti
dr>-ness to the circumstance that the air ts tie-
scentUng from a mountain ridge, and 19 warmed W
compression in its descent.
Displaor
Folding boaL Set Collapsible boat.
FoUce. Swedish armoured gun-boat,
ment, 400 tons.
Poo-chiog. Chinese armoured crui»t_>r (ifl^jj.
I.enntli :;;3(i. Ik-am ^Oft. Draught iMt.
Displaciritieut 2,5uu Ions.
FOOT
Ctnu.
jinttoufr '
3 -5 in-
"SiedJ'
J— ipdr.
4 in. Deck amidships.
^f 4 Maxims.
4 in. Gun shields.
^^^ Hp. a,4oo= !6 kta.
Foot Thn lower end of a mast or sail ; also the
mea-sure of la inchrs, or one-sixth o( a (athom.
Fool«. Sir Bdwvd Jamei {i7^r-t^33)- HnglUli
vicc-admiral (Iv Riahopstwiimp). Was prcs<^t at
ihe Uattlts ol Dominica. 1783 : Si. Vincent. 1797.
and cammaadcd the Seahorse in the Bay of N'apio
in June, ty<fi. where ho signed the treaty, which
WKK afttfrwards a.nniilk-d by Nelson. For details
of his controversy with Nelson set " Captain Footc's
Vindication " (1S07). T. B. Badham in " Eoglish
Historical Review '" (1^196). A. T. Matian in " Eng-
lish MUtorical Revu-w " (1899]. and " Lite of
NeUon " (2nd ed-). Badham's " Nelson at Naples "
(1900), Mahan in " Eiighsh Historical Review "
{1900). l^ughton'A " Nelson's Letters and De-
spatches •■ ri886). " Life of Nelson " (1895).
Foote. U.S. torpedo-boat (iS95). Displace-
ment, 143 tons; gons, 3 i-pdr. ; torpedo (»bes,
3 iR-in. ; maximum speed, 34 kts.
FooMvpes. Those under the yards and jib-
booms for men to stand on.
Foot-toa is the unit of energy one ton avoir-
dupois raises one fool high.
lor. Foraminifera. .Vbbr»,*\'iatJon adopted on
the charts issued by the Hydrographic Office.
Admiralty, denoting the quality of the ocean's
liottoin.
Fonminilen. An order of animals belonging
to the sub-kingdom Protozoa and the class Rhiro-
poda. The body is contained within a calcareous
test, or shell. Foraminifera axe always of small
siie. and often, indeed, microscopic. With the
exception of Gromia, which occure both in fresh
and salt water, they are exclusively martac. Some-
times thi-ir shells constitute sea sand.
Forban. French torpedo-boat {1898). Displace-
ment, 140 tons: complement, 34: maximum
diaugbt. 7j It. ; guns. 2 3-pdr. ; torpedo tubes.
2 15-m. ; twin screw; Hp.. 3,200=31 kts.; coal,
15 tons.
Fort»»8. Commander WUUant Balfour. Entered
Navy. 1859, hcutenani. 1870; lieutenant of Hart
during the opcaations in the Lingie and Tukat
rivers, against Malays, in the Straits of Malacca.
1874 (Pcrak medal and clasp) ; received the Albert
tnedal. second class, as a mark of royal favour for
gallantry in 8a\-ing life at sea, March. 1871.
Extract from the " Gatotte " ■ " On the night of
S^tember 17, 1870. while H.M.S. Rapid was pro-
ceeding from Tarragona to Gibraltar, a t)oy fell
frora the main yard-arm, and in his fall struck his
head against the gunwale of one ot the boata. and
was thereby rendereil insensible. Sub -Lieu tenant
W. B. Forbes at once, in the dark, jumped over-
board and seized him, and persisted in keeping him
up. at imminent risk of his owu life, for when the
ship's boat which was lowered to take them up
reached them Sub-Lieutenant W. B. For(>ea was
quite exhausted, and. with the boy. was under
water. Had the boat arrived a minute later both
would liave Iwen drowned."
For this gallant deed he also received the silver
medal of the Koyal Humane Society. He retired
with the rank of commaoder. iSSS.
ForUn. French 3rd class cruiser. [Rochclort.
1890.)
length jtJit. Beam jolt. Draught irtft.
Dliplacf-ment 1,935 tons. Complement 19".
Guns. Armi^ut.
4— 5'S in. " Steel."
R q.f. \\\n. Dr«k amid.<ihlps.
Torpedo Tuhes.
5-
Hp. s.7ooi=20 kts. Coal 200 tons.
Fore-aod-att. From head to stem throughout
the ship's length.
Fore-and-ttlt rig. AM sails not set to yards ;
jibs, stay sails, and gafi sails.
Fore-and-alt sails. See Fore-and-aft rig.
Fore-brac6S. Kopi-Ti applied to tlie fore yard-
arms to change the position of the mainsail occa-
sionally.
Fonioaitlo. The forwaxd part of a v-essel under
the deck where the seamen live.
Forecastle, Top-gaUani A short upper deck
forxv^rd .
Fore-chains. Broad and thick planks projecting
horizontally from tlic ship's outside, to which they
are fayed and bolted abreast of and somewhat
behind tlic foremast.
Forefoot, or gripe, is the foremost piece of the
keel, or a timber which terminates the keel at the
forward extremity, and forms a rest for the stems
lower end. It is connected by a scarf to the
extremity of the keel and the other end, which,
incurvated upwards into a sort of knee, is attached
to the lower end of the stem. .Mso an imaginary
line of the ship's course or direction.
Foreign-going ships include every ship employed
in tnidmg or gomg between some place in the
United Kingdom and some place beyond the Umitx
of the United Kingdom, the Channel Islands and
Isle of Man, and the continent of Europe between
the River Elbe and Brest inclusive.
Ships engaged in the wliaJc, seal, walrus, or New-
foundland cod fisheries, with the exception of those
engaged in the cod fisheries which belong to ports
in Canada or Newfoundland, are deemed foreign-
going ships, and not lishiitg boats.
Refer to Crew, Passenger Boats. Shipmate, Log-
book, .Apprentice, Merchant Shipping Act.
FOREIGN
224
FORE
Foreign ports. British ships in foreign ports we
deemed to be " parts of Great Britain." and aU
offences against property or person committed by
master, mate, or apprentices of British ships in
foreign ports, v?hether committed afloat or ashore.
and any crime committed by any person on board
a British ship an>'whcre, are within Admiralty
jurisdiction. By the Admimlty Court Act, 1861,
" the High Court of Admiriiltj' ahall have juris-
diction to decide all claim in the nature of damage,"
including damage by cotliston between British or
foreign ships in iorcign inland waters. 'Ilic docu-
ments of every British ship not carrying pas-
nengcTs must be delivered up to the Customs or
Consulnr officers if she remains 4S hcniiB in a
foreign or colonial port. (Merchant Shipping Act.
1894. section 357.) By the Act of tSGi, Admiralty
junsdiction extends to any claims for necessaries
Kupplicd to any ship, whether British or foreign,
in any British or foreign port.
Foreign seaman. A, serving on a British ship is
in the same position and subject to the same rights
and liabilities as a British seaman.
A foreign seaman on a foreign sliip is subject
to the law of the flag he serves under, though in a
British port his position may be affected by Eng-
Ush law — t.g., he has the right to have the ship
arrested to enforce a claim for wag«. Foreign
seamen deserting from foreign ships in British
ports may be arresteil and given up.
A foreign seaman or apprentice discharged or
left behind abroad, or shipwTecked from any
British stiip. and being in distress, is assisted and
provided with a passage home, all expenses being
a charge upon the ship to which he l>elonged.
Refer to Merchant Shipping Act.
Foreign ships are, to a great extent, regarded in
the same legal aspect as British ships. The regula>
tions for the prevention of colluiions (q.v.) apply to
all foreign ships in British waters, and to most
foreign ships anj-where. A foreign ship in British
waters may be inspected to see she is properly
provided with lights and fog'Signals. is subject to
the same ])enaltie5 as a British ship for offences
as to deck cargo, load lines, draught and the
carriage of dangerous goods (3.V.), and may be
detained if overloaded or undermanned. A foreign
ship, injuring the properly of a British subject,
or subject to a claim for salvage or wages, may be
arrested if found within the jurisdiction, A for-
eign ship becoming a British ship (q.v.) must be
registered by the name she previously bore, unless
specially permitted by tJic Board of Trade to
change the name.
Rffgr to Limitation ol UabDity, Territorial
Waters, Crimp. Boilers, Accidejit, Loadlinc, Pas-
senger Boats, Merchant Shipping Att, Possession
of Ship, Daroagr, Collutinns at Sea.
FofsL Russian submarine (1905K Speed, 9ltts.
ram<
For»-Ufti. The ropes which reach froin the fore-
mast bead to the yard-anus to steady and suapea<]
the ends. Their use is to keep the yard ia equih-
briuni. or raise one of its extremities higher thaa
the other if necessary, but*particalarly to suf^xm
the weight when a number of men are em^fed
on it furling or reefing the sail.
Fore lower topsail-braoes. Ropes applied to tlu
fore lower topsail-yard-arms to change the po&itioo
of the mainsail occasionally.
Fore lower topsail-lifto. Ropes which reach btm
the fore-mast to the lower >-ard-anns of the lowfr
topsails to steady and suspend the ends. Tbas
use is to keep the yard in equilibrium, but parti-
cnlarly to support the weight when a number of
men arc employed on it ftirling or reefing the safl.
Fore lower topsails. The lower topsaib of the
fore-mast. Itffer to Topsail.
Fore lower topsaO-jard. The lower topsail >-ard
on the fore-m.ist. Jie/er to Topsail, also Yard.
Fore-nutfft. The forward lower mast in all vcsseh.
Fore-nuut-head. Tlie upper part of the fore-mast
TTnmedialcIv helow thp top-mast.
Forenede Dampskibs SeUkab. S»e United Stcaa<
ship Co.
Fore peak. The contracted part ol the \
forward, close to the bow under the lower deck.
Fore reach. To shoot ahead or pass anollMr
vessel whcu on the wind.
Fore-ro7al. The name of a light sail on the Jor-
mast, spread immediately next above the topgallant
sail, to whose yard-arms the lower corners of it uv
attached ; it is never used but in fine weather.
Fore royal>bftCk stays. The stajrs which lad
down to the vessel's aide Arom the forc^rajal
liefer to SUy.
Fore royal-braces. Ropes applied to the face
royal -yard -arms to change the position of the m*io-
sail occasionally.
Fore roya]*mast. The royal-itiaat on the fan-
mast. Ite/er to Royal-mast.
Fore royal-stay. I'hc royal-«tay on ihe fore-
most. Jiefer to Slay.
Fore royal-stnilding-satL A studding-sail set on
the fore-royal.
Fore royal-siaddmg-sail boom. A spar rigged cm
on the fore royal-boom for the purpose o( setting 1
studding-sail, liefer to Studding-sail.
Fore royal-etudding-sail-aheet Ropes or cJn^u^
fastened to one or boUi of the lower corners 01 llii
fore royal -studding -sail to extend and retain ibf
clue down in its place. liefer to Sheet.
Fore royal-stndding-iail-tack. The ropes to con-
tine the weather lower comers of the loiv roraf-
studding-sail when the wind crosses a ship's coani
obliquely.
FORE
225
FORE
For* royai-ftaddlttff nihyftrd. The yftrd on the
fore-royal on which tlie itur!<!ing-sail ifl set. Refer
tn Yard.
Fon royal-jrtrd. Ttie fourth yard abovp the
deck on the lore-mAst on -which the royal is set.
Reff.t tn Yard.
Forenumer. African mail steamer. Struck on a
sunken rock off St. Lorcnto, Madeira, and went
down October 35, 1854 ; 201 lives lost
ForeBaiL In square-rigged vessels the lowest
squaresail on the fore-mast; in lug-rigged vassels
the principal sail on the fore-mast: in a cutler,
ketch, or dandy the name is given to the Staysail,
which is of srcond importance to the mainsail and
is set on the fore-stay to the stem-head.
Fore&hore is the shore of the sra or its estuaries
which liPs between the ordmary high water and low
water iq.v.) marks. The title to foreshore is prima
facit in the Crown, bat this may be rebutted by
evidence (i) that it has been given to a subject by
eitpre^ grant, e.g.. by parcel of a manor or parish,
or fj) from which a grant may be presumed, e.^.. of
prescription, or ancient grant in general terms,
explained by evidence of modem user or acts of
ownership, such as enclosing and embanking
against the sea.
The rights of the Crown or grantee of the fore-
shore are subject to the public rights of navigation
and fishery (unlcns tlie graiit of a several fishery
has, prior to Magna Charta, been acquired by an
tndividuai), and of passage over the foreshore for
these purposes. The public rights of navigation
include those of anchoring or 6xing mooring!!, and
of landing goods, but not of bathing or taking shells
or seaweed. The public rights of fishery include
the taking of floating fish, but not oysters or
mttsscls. There is no public right to take sand or
shingle, except by prescription. The owner of
lands adjoining the foreshore has free access to and
egress from the sea, and the rights of beaching
and hauUng up boats. When the property In the
foreshore is vested in the Crown, the public have
the right to walk on it. but no rigtit to trespass on
adjoining lands to get there. It is the duty of the
Crown to protect the Realm from the inroads of the
sea, and persons who sufier loss owing to neglect
to keep barriers in proper repair have a right of
action against the Crown. On the other hand, a
private individual " although he is not bound to
keep the sea out. must not do any act which will let
the sea in " ; but the liability to keep certain
property («.g., a sea wall) in repair may be imposed
on an individual by prescription. In case of
accretion from the sea, if gradual and imperceptible
in progress, the new formed land accrues to the
owner of the adjoining soil ; but if sodden then it
belongs to the Crown. Similarly, where the sea
encroaches gradually, the land so Iml belongs to the
Crown ; but in the case of sudden eacroochmeot
It still rem«ns in its original own^, provided land-
marks exist by which it may be identified.
For^shrODds. The shrouds or lower and upper
standing rigging of the fore-mast. Refet to Shrouds.
Foresight British scont. (Pairfield, 1904.)
Length 360ft. Beam 3Rjft. Maximum draught 13ft.
Displacemeul 2,545 tons. Caiupteuicnt 36S.
Guns. Armour.
10 — 13 pdr. i| in. Deck.
6 Pompoms.
Tarpedn Tubes.
2 Submerged.
Twin screw. Hp. 17,000 = 25 kts. Coal maxi-
mum 380 tons. Approximate cost ^275,000.
This sliip-namc is associated witii tljc defeat of
the Spanish Armada, MAS: batUe off the North
Foreland, 1653 ; Blake's action at Porto Farina.
166s ; St. James's fight, 1666.
Fore-skjrsaiL A small light sail above the royal
on the iorc-mast.
Fore slqrsail-backstays. The stays which are
led down to the vessel's side from the tore sky-
sail, fftfer to Stay.
Fore skysail-braoes. Ropes applied to the fore
skysail-yardanus to change the position of tie
mainsail occasionally.
Fore akysail'inatt The skysail-mast on the fore-
mast. Refer to Skysail-mast.
Fore skysail-stay. The stay which supports ttic
pole or upper portion of the ro^-al-most on the fore-
mast. Refer to Stay.
Fore skysaii-yard. The yard on the fore-mast
above the royal-yard, do which the skysail is set.
Refer tn Yard.
Por^stay is that which reaches from the fore-
mast-head towards the bowsprit end. Refer to
Stay.
Fore top. The top on the fore-mast. Refer to
Top.
Fore topgallant-back stays. The stays which arc
ted down to the vessel's side from the fore-topgallant.
Refet to Stay.
Fore topgallant- mast. The topgallant -mast on
the forr-iii;t-t. U.fcT to Topgallant- mast
F(we topgaDant-MiL The Uiird sail above thc
dcck on the fore-mast. Set above the topsail yards
in the same manner as the topsails above the lower
yards.
Fore topgallant-shroDds ^c topgallant shrouds on
the fore-mast which extend to tliccross-ti^es. where,
passing through holcfi in the ends they contiaue
over the futtock -staves to the topmast rigging, and
descending almost to the top, are set up by laniards
passing through thimbles, instead of dead-eyes.
Fore topgallant-stay. The topgallant-slay on
the foro-raast.
I
FORE
226
FORMIDABLE
Fore topEaUuit stnddingsail-boom. A spar rigged
out on the (ore topgallant ior the purpose of settinR
out a studdingsai!. Rrfer to Stiidiiingsail.
Fore toKallant stiiddinssafl-haUiardB. The tackle
employed to lower or hoist the sttxddiagsaiU on the
fore-topgallant.
Fore topgallant atuddinggaPt. See Fore topmast-
studdingsail.
Fore topgallant studditursail-sheeL Ropes or
chains fastened to one or bnth of the comcis of the
fore topgallant studdingsail to extend and retain the
clue dovm in its place. Ifefrr to Sheet.
Fore topgaUant staddinftsail-tack. The ropes to
coiificc the weather lower comers of the fore top-
gallant studdingsail when the wind crosses a ship's
courw obliquely.
Fore topgallant studdingsail-rard. The yard on
which the fore topR.ilUnf stiidrJingsail is set. Refer
tn Studdingsail.
Fcra'tapgallaat-yard. The jrard on the foremast
next above the topmast. Refer to Yard.
Fore topmast The topmast on tlie (ore-mast.
liefer to Mast ; Topmast,
Fore topmast-back stayi. The stays which are
led down to ttie vessel's side from the fore-mast.
Fffrr to Stay.
Fore topmast-head* The upper part of ilu:
second <iivision of the fore-mast above the deck.
Fore topmast-shronds. Topmost-shrouds on
the fore-mast, extended from the topmast head to
the edges ol the tops, set up to the futtock dead
eyes.
Fore topmast-stay is that which comes to the end
of the bowsprit, a Uttlc beyond tKe fore-stay on
which the fore topmast-5ta}*sail runs on hanks.
Hefer to Stay.
Fore topmasi-stayiail. A triangular sail hoisted
upon a stay on the fore topmast.
Fore topmasUiiuddincaail. A sail set outside
the topsails and topf^allant sails on the fore- mast.
They have yards at the head, and are spread at the
foot by booms, which slide out on tlie extremiticK
to the lower and lopsail yards, and their heads or
yards arc hoisted up to the topsail and topgallant-
yard arni.<:.
Fore topmast atuddiagsail-ttoooL The spar rigged
out for the purpose of setting the fore topmast-
studdingsail. liefer to Studdingsail.
Fore topmut stoddingnul-baUiards. The tackle
employed to lower or hoist the lore topmast-
studdingsait.
Fore topmast studdingsail-abeet. Ropes or chains
fastened to one or both of the lower comers of the
fore topmast -studdingsail to extend and retain
tlic due down in its place. Refer to Sheet.
Fore topmast stnddingsail-tack. The ropes to con-
fine the weather lower corners of the iore topzoau-
studdiogsail when the wind crosses a ship's course
obliquely.
Fore topmast staddings&fl-yard. The yard on
which tlic fore topmast-studdingsail is set. Refer
to Studdingsail.
Fore-traok. The truck on the fore-mast. Reft*
to Truck.
Fore nppei-topsail. The upper topsail oa the
fore-m.ist. Refer l.-i Topsail.
Fore npper topsail-braces. Rope^i applied to tlic
fore upper topsail yardarms to change the position
of the mainsail occasionally.
Fore apper topaail-yard. The upper topsail yard
on the foremast. Refer to Topsail, also Yard,
Fore yards. The yards on the fore-mast. Rtirt
to Yard.
Forfarshire. On September 6, 1838. this veeel
was wrecked on her passage from Hull to Dundrv.
wliL-n 38 out of 53 persons pcriahw!. The Outw-
Fame lighthouse keeper, James Darling, and ha
daughter Grace {q.v.) rescued 15 persons.
Forge ahead. The vessel moving slightly ahfad
when hove to.
Fork-beam. Half beams used to support the
deck at hatchways.
Forked lightning. T>ic branched or sinuos
flashes of lightning.
Formidable. British ist class battleship. (Ports-
mouth, 1S98.)
Length .130ft. Beam 75ft. Maximum draught J^ft.
Displacement 15,000 tons. Complemnit ;-So.
Guns. Armour.
4 — 13 in.. 40 cal. " Krupp."
9 in. Belt aniidship*.
la in. Barbettes.
13 In. Conning tower.
J 2 — -6 in.
i5 — la pdr.
6—spdr.
2 Maxims.
Torpedo Tubes (18 in.).
4 Submerged.
Twin screw. Hp. 15.000=18 kts. Coal man-
mum 3. 300 tons. Approximate cost /i.ooo.ooo.
This ship-name was introduced into the Navy la
'759. hy the capture of the Freiich FormiiUbk U
Quiberon Bay. It is also associated with KeppcT*
action against D'Or\'illiers off Brest, 1 778 ; Rodner*i
action with De Grasse, 1 783.
Formidable. French snd class battleship (iB80.
Recooatructed [901.
I.cngth .i3ift. Beam 69ft. Maximum draught 3»n
Displacement 12.150 tons. Complensent 635.
GuJfs. AriHour.
2— 10-8 in. "Steel."
4—64 in. 16 in. Belt amidships.
8 — 5"S "1- 'fi in. Barbcttus.
18—3 pdr. 13 m. Big gun stuclda
FORREST
2^7
FOX
Torptdo Tubet (177 in.).
6 Above water.
Twin screw. }lp. natural 5,000= 14 kt$.,
forced 9,700=16 kts. Coal maximam 800 tons.
FocTMt, Thomu (1739-180^). English navigator.
Eutvrci] ilie Eaat India Co.'s service in 1749. and
commanded an exploring party to New Guinea on
behalf of this Company in 1774- In 1779 he pub-
lished his account of his " Voyage to New Guinea
and the Malacca:!." He also wrote " From Bengal
to Quedab " (178^), " Voyage Ironi Calcutta to the
Mcrgui Archipelago " (1792), and " Treatise on the
Monsoon in East India " (17S2).
Forte. British and class cruiser. (Chatham,
1&93)
l.eng(h iioH. Beam 49ft. Maximum draught 21ft.
Displacement 4.360 tons;. Complrment 318.
Guns. A rmour.
2— 6 in. "Steel."
8—47 in. 2 in. Deck.
8 — 6 pdr. 3 in. Conning tower,
t— 3 pdr.
Torpedo Tttbts (18 in.).
4 .\bove water.
Twin .icrcw. Hp. natural 7.000B18 kts..
I forced 9,000= 195 kts. Coal maximum 1,000 tons.
Approximate cost £550,000,
Fortescoe-Flannery, Sir James. See Flanncry,
Sir Jj.me3> Furtoicue-.
FortlL British znd class cruiser (4,050 tons,
i6'8 kts.). Laonched 1886.
Forttl ind Clyde OuuU, completed in 1791, uith a
[ lengtii 01 nearly 40 miles, extends from Oiaogc-
moutb on the east to Bawling, Dumbartonshire, on
the west, and connects the Firths of Forth and
Clyde, thus di\iding Scotland at its narrowest part.
It is supplied with water by the Hillend reservoir.
It was on this canaJ in 1789 that the fiiYt attempt
' of using steam power ou canals was made.
Forth Corinthiftn Yacht Club. Headquarters,
I Granton. EtitabUshed 18S1. Qub bonsc. 13 St.
I Andrews Street, Edinburgh, This club was formed
I to enconrage amateur sailing, part ot its constitu-
' tion bemg that no paid bands are allowed in any
' race upon yachts under 10 tons, Tliames measure-
ment. Burgee : Blue, gold shield, lion in centre.
Commodore, W. T. Surry ; Vice-Commodore, R.
I Peyton ; Rear -Commodore, J. Hampton ; Honorary
LTrvRsorer, David W. Johnson. Annual subscription,
it If.
FcrOl Sailing (Hub, RoyaL See Royal Forth
I Sailing Club.
Forward. I^nti»h scout. ^Fairfield, 1904.)
|].eiigth jbult. Beam 3U^lt. Maximum draught I Jit.
Displacement 3,545 tons. Complement 268.
Guns. Armour,
10 — i2 pdr. l| in. Deck.
S Pompoms.
Torpedo Tubes.
2 Submerged.
Twin screw. Hp. 17.000^^ 25 kts. Coal maxi-
mum 380 tons. Approximate cost £275,000.
Forward. The fore part ot the ship.
Forwarding Claoje. See Clauses.
Forwood Bros, and Ckh. See Morocco, Canary
Island and Madeira Ltne.
Fother. A weight of lead equaUing 19} cwts.
Foodre. French torpedo depot ship. (Bor-
deaux, 189s.)
Ixogth 374ft. Beam 5211. Maximum draught sjlL
DisplaceniL-nt 6.v9t> tons. Complement 410.
Armour.
•• Steel."
3} in. Deck.
8 Torpolo boaL-t.
4 Torpedo launclies.
Twin screw. Up. natural 8,000=17 kts., forced
1 1400= 199 kts. Coal maxunum i.ooo tons.
Approximate cost £410,000.
FouL As opposed to clear, implying entangle-
nicnt.
Foal hawse. \\^cn a ship with two anchors out
by swinging crossi"* her cables round each other.
FounnuiL A four-stiandcd rope.
F.O.W. {First open walar.) Tha tetters f.o.w. arc
inserted in charter-parties with reference to vessels
trading to ports in the Baltic, to mean " imme-
diately after the ice breaks up."
Fowey Tuht Olub. Established 1894. Flag :
Ked ensign. Burgee : Ked. black shield in centre.
Commodore, E. A, Atkinson ; Vioc-Commodore,
C. P. Johnson ; Rear -Commodore, A. T. Quiller-
Couch ; Honorar>' Treasurer, A. H. Hern ; Honorary
Secretary, H. D. Phelps. Entrance fee, £1 u. ;
aimual subiscription, £.) 3s. ; annual subscription
(non-reiiiiJL'nts), £l is.
Fowler, Sir John (1817-98). English civil en-
gineer. Constructed, in partnership with Sir
Benjamin Baker, the i-orth Bridge. 1883-90, for
which he received a baronetcy. See " Lile " by
r, Matkay (1900).
Fox. A fastening made by twistmg rope yarns
together and rubbing it with tarred caiivaa.
Fox. U.S. torpedo-boat (1S98). Displacement,
110 Ions ; guns. 3 i-pdr, ; torpedo tubes. 3 18-in. ;
maximum speed, 33 kts.
Foi. British znd class cruiser. (Portsmouth,
1893-1
l.cngth 320it. Beam 49ft. &laximum draught 21ft.
Displacement 4,360 lous. Complement 318.
Guns. Armour,
3 — 6 in. '■ Steel."
8—47 m. .2 in. Deck.
8—* pdr. 3 in. Conning tower.
1—3 pdr.
I 2
Torptdo Tvbu (i8 in.)-
4 Above water.
Twin screw. Hp. natural 7.000*118 kts.. forced
9,ooo<eig'5 kts. Coal maxiinum 1,000 tons.
Approximate cost ^250,000.
Fox, Edwin MarshaU (b. Bo&ton, July tz. 1852I.
Was originally iatended lor tbc law, and catered
the Columliia Law College, from wliich lie graduated*
and was called to tiif New York Bar in 1878.
While a law student he was engaged in literary
work, and was on the stafl of the " New York
Herald," Uiuiug which time he paid much atten-
tion to scientific matters. He was the first to
bring Edison and his various inventions before the
notice of tlie public, and in 1890 became interested
in the armour plate invented by that distinguished
and well-known marine inventor, Mr. I lay ward
Augustus Harvey (f.v.). In 1890 he came to
Europe for the purpose of presenting the advan-
tages of the Harvey armonr plate to the various
governments. His success was immediate, as
within two years he succeeded in procuring its
adoption by the British. French. Russian, and
Austrian Governments. To carr>' out the work
he formed three companies, known respectively aa
the Harvey Steel Co. of Great Britam, the Socictu
des ProcWes Harvey, which took over the rights
for France, and the Harvey Continental Steam Co.,
which acquired them for the Continent. For many
years he has been a prominent member for the
American Society in London, and was in 1905
elected its chairman. Mcmt^r of the Iron and
Ste«l Institute and the Institution uf Naval Arclii-
tects.
Fox. Lake. See Arctic Exploration.
Foxhound. i3 guns. On .\ugust 31, 1809. tlus
vessel foundered on hor passage from Halifax,
when the crew perished.
FOjle. Bntish torpedo-boat destroyer, (fjird.
1903.} Length, 335 It. ; beam, 33 ft. ; draught.
10 ft. ; di^laccmeot, 550 ; complement, 70 ; arma-
ment, I i2-pdr., 5 6-pdr., 2 tubes; twin screw;
Hp., 7.000^25 kts. ; coal, t20 tons.
F.p.a. Abbreviation lor Free Particular Average.
i-tefer to Particular Average.
F.R. Distinguishing letters on sea fishing l»oat.s
registered at Franeker. Holland.
FJL I>i9tinguishing letters on sea Bshing boats
registered at Fraserburgh. Scotland.
Ft. Abbreviation lor French.
Ftua. The three-masted wooden schooner,
specially built for Nausen's arctic expedition in
1893. llei: uutside planking is ver)' thick, and
varies fioni 24 iu. up to 28 in. She has auxiliaiy
engines working a scruw propeller.
Fnme. The frame of a vessel consisiA of the
kef], stem, stcm-posttt. and ribs.
Fna^aia. French submarhie. (Cherbourg, 1901.1
length. 1 18 ft. ; beam, 9i ft. ; draught, 9 ft. ; dis-
placement, 146 tons; complement. 9: Hp., 250=
8 kts.
fVsncesoo Fermcio. Itahan armonretl cmisc,
(Venice, 100,;.)
length 344fL Beam 50ft. -Maximum draught ;;ft
Displacement 7.400 tons. Complement si7
Guns, Armour.
I— 10 in.. 45 cal. " Temi."
3 — 8 in. 6 in. Belt amidships.
14 — 6 in. 6 in. Barbettes,
ro — 12 pdr. fi in. Conning toww.
6— 3pdr.
3 — I pdr.
TotfteJo Tubes {i3 in.).
4 Above water.
Twin screw. Hp. 13.500 = 30 kts. Coal maxi-
mum i,?on ton*! .approximate cost j£6oo.ooa
Francesco Morosioi. Italian baitU-ship {1SS5].
Length 323ft. Beam 65ft. Maximnm draught 30ft
Displacement 11,200 tons, Completnecit 53^1.
Guns. Armour.
4 — 17 in. "Compound."
3 — 6 in. 18 in. Belt amidships.
4 — 47 in. iB in. Redoubt.
2 — 12 pdr. 18 in. Conning tower.
10—6 pdr.
17 — 1 pdr.
Torpedo Tubes.
2 Submerged.
1 Above water.
Twin screw. Hp. natural 7.500=15 kt».. foitcd
10,000= i6'5 kts. Coal normal 850 tons.
Approximate cost £780,000.
Francfaane. French torpedo-boat destroyer.
(Normand, jgoj.) Length, 180 ft. ; beam, 21 ft.;
maximum draught, 10 Jt. ; displacement, 300 tocu,
complement, 45 : guns. 1 9-pdr., 6 3-pdr. ; torpciki
tubes. 3 15-Ln, : speed, 37-30 kts.
Franklin, Sir Jobn. See Arctic Exploration,
Frapping. crossing and drawing together Uw
several parts of a tackle.
Ftetid. In marine insurance fraudulent dcahxtg
at any sta^e of the transaction is fatal to the
rights of the party rctponsible for it. (Roberts v.
Fonnereau. Park on Insurance, p. 196 : Arnould on
In.surance, 4th ed., p. 483.) No return of prcmiaia
is due in the case 01 fraud, {Rivar o. Gcrusa,
4 Asp. Mar. L.C., J77.) A valuatioa when ui
serted in the policy is conclusive for the par3x;9t»
of the contract, and cannot he disputed except m
case of fraud. (Barkert. Janson, L.R. 3 CP.. 301}
*' If the plaintiHs intended Imm the beginmnf
to cheat the underwriter*, the assignees can re
cover nothing. The fraud entirely vitiates the
contract." (Sir J. Mansfield in Naigh p De i<
Cour, 3 Camp. 31Q.)
Fnnenlob. German mrmoured cruiser. (Weser,
1 90s.)
L.ength 33SU. Bram 40ft. Maximum draught I7(t.
Displacpmrat 3.715 tons. ComplemeDt api).
Cutis. Armour.
TO— 4" I in. " Kmpp."
10 — I pdr. 2 in. I>eck.
4 Machine. 4 in. Conning towrr.
Totftedo Tttbts.
1 Submerged.
Twin screw. Hp. n,ooo=3t kti. Coal maxi-
mum 700 tons.
FMeda. Italian torpedo-boat destroyer. (Schi-
chau. 1S99.) Displacement, 320 tons; maximtim
draught, %\ ft.; armament, i u-pdr., % &-pdr. :
tubes. 2 iS-in. ; Hp., 6,000^30 kts. ; coaJ, 80 tons.
Free, Ttaom&s fti. London , March o. 1 8 5 ;1.
Entered SL-a service in 1873. ^nd from 1886-S9
commanded Royal Mai! and other steamers in all
parts of the Miortd. In 1899 he toined Messrs.
Huddart Parker and Co., Ltd., as marine saper-
intcndcnt of their Australian line of stramers : is
a lieutenant in the Royal Naval Reser^-e. Frilow
of the Royal Meteorological Society. Yoanger
Brother. Trinity Ifoosc, a Liveryman of the
Joinets' Company and holder of Lloyd's medal for
meritorious service. Associate of the Institution of
Naval .\rchitects.
Fr«e All Average Olnose. See CUuses. F.a.a.
Free alongsiile. St« Brought Alongside
Freeboard. That [wirt of the vcs-wl above water.
Free freight Wlierc a bill of lading expresses
that go*xi8 are to be carried ftfi^ht frtf. or at a
nominal rate, the holder of the bill is entitled to
have possession of them upon payment of what
is reeerved. and cannot be called upon to pay
more. A mortgagee, taking possession of a ship
after gtxidB have been shipped freight fru, cannot
claim more freight than the contract stipulates
(or, and a purchaser of the ship takes her subject
to the existing contracts. Where goods were
shipped freight free iu a vesbcl belonging to the
shipper, and during the voyage the shipper became
bankrupt, it was held that the assignees of the
bUls of lading for value were entitled to delivery of
tlic goods as against the tmstccn in bankruptcy*.
(Mercantile and Exchange Bank v. CUd^ione,
la UT.. H.9., 641.)
Free from »efage. See .\vcragi'.
Free of exiiense to ship. By the clause in a
chartrr-p.irty "cargo to Iw brought to and taken
from alongside ftM of expenst to ship." the liability
r for loading and discharging rests upon the charterer,
nnd not the shipowner. If no time is lixed for the
completion of the work, it must be done within a
reasonable time, and " the whole obligation . . .
upon the charterer is to do his best to procure
appUances that ar« customarily used at this port
for the purpose " of discharging or loading. Refer
to Demarragc.
Free Farticnlar Averace OUue. See Clanses,
F.p,.i
Free port. A free port is one at which ships of
all nations may load and discharge without pay-
ment of Customs duties and commercial charges,
except harbour dues. The objects of such immunity
were to attract trade and facilitate the interchange
and distribution of goods destined for distant
markets, but the utility of such ports has been
almost destroyed by high protective duties and
the bonded wart-hou'^e [q.v.) system. At the
beginning of the last century about 30 free ports
existed in varloos parts oi the world, but the
number has gradually diminished, and at the
present time the principal remaining ports of this
character are Hamburg, Hong Kong. Singapore,
Copenhagen, New Orleans, and. to a limited extent,
the coaling stations of Aden, Gibraltar, and St.
Helena.
The Treaty Ports of China are said to lie " free
and open." which only meaiut tliat they are open
to foreign trade, and that vessels of any nationality
may freely resort there.
Free sailing. Sailing with a faxv wind.
Freeang-iKiint The temperature at which water
freeres or ice melts — viz., 3a* Fahrenheit, and
o* Centigrade.
Flight is a term used for (a) money payable for
the carriage of goods under a bill of lading (generally
called " bill of lading freight ") ; or (6) money
payable for the hire of a vessel under a charter
party (generally called " cttartered freight ") ;
(r) sums paid in advance in both these caseu. If
the freight is payable at destination no part of it
by English law is earned by anything short of the
performance of the contract — i.e., delivery at
destination. Should the completion of the voyage
become impossible, no freight is due to the ship-
owner unless he forward the goods, nnr u freight
[>ayable where goods have been destroyed or sold
at an intermediate port, even for their bcnciit.
Whore goods are damaged freight is due, though
the consignee has a claim against the shipowner
for such damage, except in the case of actual or
constructive loss. Where freight is only payable
on delivery, and the owner of goods voluntarily
accepts tlicm at an intermediate port, he is liable
for freight pro ralit itineris. Wliere freight is paid
in advance it cannot be recovered if goods are lost •
but in the case of freight to be paid " in advance
if required," and the money is not. in fact, paid,
the shipowner cannot require payment iJ goods
are kmt. A shipowner has a lien on goods for their
freight, and may detain them until payment. The
law of other countries differs in this respect. To
make freight a total loss the disabiUty must extend
to the cntxxc Ircigfat covered by the policy. (Alltj
FREIGHT
»^
FREMANTLI
V. Bristol Marine Co., L.R. i App. Cas. 209.) Sm
McArthur on the Contract of Marine Insurance,
p. 84, and Gow on Marine Insurance, p. 160, where
this subject ts lully dealt with.
Passage money should be insured as such, and
not included in freight. (Denoon v. Home and
Colonial Co.. L.R. 7 C.P. 341.)
Chartered ftft'gkt is one of the most difficult sub-
jects ol marine insurance. To entitle the assured
on a policy on chartered freight to claim for loss
of time resulting from an accident " caused by
perils of the 5t-a," the loss of time must have been
such as to cause a loss of hire during the currency
of the polic)*. [Hough [I. Head, Court of Appeal,
54 X- J- QB. 294 : afhrmed 55 D.J., Q.B. 43 C.A. ;
Inman v. Bischoff, House of Lords, 6 Q.B.D.
64S ; 7 App. Cas. 670 ; Mersey Shipping Co. v.
Thames and Mcrecy Co., UR. 1893, P.D. 109;
Dcdonin Co. r'. Bradford, Court of Appeal. 1893,
10 Times L.R. 70.)
When a vessel is chartered on time the ship-
owner is evidently exposed to loss by perils of the
sea, etc., of the hire for the period of the charter.
If the hire is paid month by month the amount of
risk ts reduced month by month by the amount
of the monthly hire. In time charters this monthly
method of payment is now so usual that a special
clause, called the DiminiKhing Cla.uSL' {q.v.}. is
usually ioserted in the policy reducing the amount
of risk monthly as payment of freight is made.
Bjit freight is also in.«iured " chartered, or as if
chartered, on board or not on board " — that is. a
sum is insnrcd on freight for a certain time, whetlicr
the vessel is under engagement or not. with cargo
or not, and whether or not freight has been paid.
Sometimes the words " full interest admitted " are
added, but this addition makes the policies non-
legal, and what are called " honour policies " (q.v.).
There is an important case bearing on construc-
tive total loss of freight from delay. The Sftirit of
tht Dawn, Liverpool to Newport, to load thence a
cargo of rails, got ashore in Camar\'on Bay. So
Jong a time was taken in getting her afloat again
and repaired that the charterers threw up the
charter and engaged another i-essel to take tlie
cargo of rails, which were wanted at San Frandaco
lor a railway. A claim was consequently made
for a total loss on fieight, aud in tht: case, Jackson
t'. Union Marine Insurance Co., the jiiry found tliat
till! delay was such as put an end commercially to
the intended venture ; that there had. vn fact,
been a constructive total Joss of freight, and that
the company was liable. In the charier oi the
Spirit of tht Dawn there was no cancelling date,
60 that the charterer liad not by the contract of
afirdghtmcnt the option of accepting or dcchning
the services ol the ship had she arrived at Newport
after that date. One result of this decision was
the adoption of this clause. " Warranted free from
all claim for loss of freight consequent on deten-
tion, whether arising from ' perils of the sea or
otberwiac,' " which is now usually insoted in all
policies on freight. {See Cow on Marine losuranca
p. t66; also Jackson v. Union Marine, L.R. H.
C.P. 135.} It is not to be inferred from this caae
that underwriters on freight are liable for a Io6b
resulting from delay tluough perils of Lbe mu,
where the proximate cause of the loss in the opera-
tion of a special clause in the contract of affreight
ment, such as " cancelling option," for it bas b««i
decided otherwise in the ca3e of the Inman Steara
ship Co. V. Bischoff, 4 Asp. Mar. L.C. 419, and
Mercantile Marine Co. v. Tyser, ibid.. 5. p.
(McArlhur on the Contract ol Insurance, p. 145. «.)
Suppose the charter of the Spirit of tht Damm had
contained the cancelling clause the company migbt
have pleaded that the Cancelling Clause was so^ne
thing which ought not to affect the company, as
the underwriter of the cximpany was ignorant ol
its existence when he accepted the risk. Thu,
however, would not avail, since one who insure*
chartered freight has notice of a choxter-party. and
might have learned its terms had be iiiquireii
(Allison V. Bristol Marine, 1 App, Cas. 309.) The
loss is occasioned not so much by the CaoccUiag
Clause, as such, as the frustration in a conunerciil
sense ol the purposes oi the voyage. (Lowndes
on the I^w of Marine Insurance, p. 126.) Rtftt
to Free Freight. He or Tiiey Paying Freight.
Fnigfat Oontinge&CT Clause. See Clauses.
Frfligbt, Dead. See Dead Freight.
Freitas Line, owned and managed by A. C de
Freitas and Co., Hamburg, have a fleet of six
steamers, which maintain services at scheduled
times from Hamburg and Rotterdam via New-
castle, to Algiers, Trieste, Veoicc, Fiun[ie, Ancooa,
and Smyrna, and ina versa.
Flbbt.
Bagdad. Lusitania. San MigvtI.
Dyzatn. Pergamon. Vcneria.
Fremantie, Admiral Hon. Sit Edmand Bobvl^
G.C3. (cr. 1899), K.C.B. (cr. 1889). CBLG^ F.B.eX
(b. London, June 15. 1836). Educated Cheam
School, Surrey; entered the Navy. 1S49; mid.
of the Spartan during Burmese war, 1S52-5J
(Burmese medal) ; heutenoiit, 1857 ; commander.
1861 ; served during New Zealand war, 1864-^.
captain, 1867 : served on shore during .\shan:K
war, 1873-74. 3.nd was severely wounded m tht
arm whilst superintending the artiller>' during the
skirmish (Ashantee medal, Coomassie clasp) ; C.B..
C.M.G.. 1874; A.D.C. to the Queen. iSSi-S;.
Hoyal Humane Society's silver, bronxe, and gold
(Stanhope) medals ; 6rst award for saving the
of a first-class boy in Plymouth Sound. 1877
second award [Stanhope gold medal and Shipwreck
Society's medal) for jumping overboard from the
Invincible wliile she wa.s steaming eight knots and
saving the hfe of a man who had fallen overboard.
1880 ; rear-admiral. 1885 ; Sccond-m-Commanil.
Channel Si^uadron. 1 8116-^7 ; Commander-iQ-Ouei.
ira- 1
4
i
«k^
FRENCH
Eut Indks Station, 1S88-91 : K.CB., 1689: vice-
ftdmirai, tS^ ; (or servicM readered while in com-
mand of the British fleet oD the occasion of the
blockade of the coast of the Sultan of Zanzibar he
received the Royal Order of the Crown, ist class,
from His Majesty the German Emperor. King ot
Prussia, and the Order of the Brilliant Star, ist class,
from the Sultan of Zanzibar ; when Commander-in-
Oiief on the East Indies Station landed with Naval
Brigade, which he commanded in persou for the
evpedition against the Sultan of Vitu (Vitu. 1890,
clasp) ; Commander-in-Chief, China Station, during
Chinese and Japanese war, 1893-45 : admiral, 1S96,
and Commander-in-Chief, Oevonport, 1896-99 ;
CC.B.. 1899; rebrrid. 1901.
Publications : " The N'a\*y as I Have Known
It." t.ivcs of Hawke and Boscawen in "From
Howard to Nelson," Prize essay on naval tactics
(gold medal), Royal United Service Institution
(1S80). writer m magazines on naval subjects.
TlBtlh like. Method of coiling a rope by
mnning it backwards and forwards in parallel
hands so that it may run easily and freely.
Fmfatn Um nip. To slacken a cable or rope in
order to r^eve stress and friction.
Frey*. German protected cruiser (189;).
Leogtli j44ft. Beatn 57ft, Maximum draught 2jft.
Displacement 5.880 tons. Complement 465.
Guns. Armour.
2 — $2 in. " Krupp."
8 — 6 iui 4 in- Dock.
10— 13I ptir. 4 in. Turrets.
10 — 1 pdr. 4 in. Casemates.
4 Machine. 8 in. Conning tower.
Tarptdo Tubas.
2 Submerged {i in bow).
Three screws, Hp. 10.500=19 kta. Coal maxi-
mum i.ooo tons. Approximate cost ^500,000.
Fraycmet. Louis Claode DesaaUM de (1779-1843).
French navigator. Eatcrcd the French Navy in
1793, and after taking part in several engagements
against the English, he joined an expedition sent out
nnder Capt3.in Bourdin in the Naturalisi and
Ceogrmpfu lo explore the south and southwest
coast of AustraUa. In 1817 be commanded the
Urania, in wliich Arago, Gaudichaud. and Pelhon
went to Rio do Janeiro to take a series of pundulum
foeasurements. For three yearn he cruised about
visiting Australia. Marianne. Sandwich and other
Pacific islands. South America, and many other
places, returning to France with a tine collection
in aU departments of natural history, and notes an<l
drawings, which form an important contribution to
a knowledge oi the countries visited. He published
the result of this voyage with the title of " Voyage
Atour dn Monde." He also completed Peron's
account of Bourdin's expeditioo.
MibL French cruiser, (Brest, 1894-)
l,ength 308ft. Beam 43ft. Maximum draught aift.
Pisplacemcat 3,773 tons. Complement 358.
GwM. Armour.
6 — 6'4 in. 3 in. Dock.
4 — 4 in. 2 ta. Sponsoos.
4—3 pdr-
II — t pdr.
Torpedo Tubes.
2 Above water.
Twin screw. Hp. 9,500=19 kts. Coal maid-
mum 5.87S tons.
Fiiek. Henry Edgeworth (h. Baltimore). Served
apprenticeship with Uiu Baltimore and Ohio Rail-
way Co. In 1697 ho came to England and joined
Messrs. Harland and Wollf in the shipbuilding
department. Returning to the United Stales in
1901, he accepted the position of supenntcndent
of construction with the Maryland Steel Co.. and
subsequently, in 1 904. joined th« Fore River
Shipbuilding Co., of Quincy, Mass. He has been
connected with the construction ot a varied class of
steamers, iacludiog tugs, river steamurs. oil cargo
steamers, freight and passenger ^tcament. for the
North Atlantic trade : battleships, cruisers, and
torpedo-boat destroyers lor the American Navy.
Associate member of the Institution of Naval Archi-
tects, member of Society of Naval .\rchitccta and
Marine Engineers, also member of Society of Arts.
and Fellow of Royal Meteorological Society of
London.
I^iftdrioh der Qrosse. (Stettin, 1896.) German
sabsidbed cruiser. Norddeutschcr Uoyd. Dimen-
sions, 530 X 58 X 35 It ; gross tonnage, 1 0,694 :
I.Hp., 7,100.
Frf«irich Kari. German armoured craiser.
(Blohm. isKJ^-1
Length 394ft. Beam 65ft. Maximum draught 26ft.
Displacement 9,050 tons. Complcmcoi 557.
Guns. Armour.
4 — 3*2 in. " Krupp."
10 — 6 in. 4 in. Belt.
10 — isJ pdr. 6 in. Turrets.
10— I pdr. 6 in. Conning tower.
4 Maxims.
Torpedo Tubes.
1 Submerged bow.
2 Submerged broadside.
I Above water stem armoured.
Three screws. Hp. 18,5003121 kts. Coal maxi-
mum 1,50c tons. Approximate cost ;^9oo,ooo.
PrttttoiMl. Netherlands armoured cniiscr. (Rot
tcrdam.'i888.)
Length 307ft. Beam 49ft. Draught [8ft.
Displacement 3.847 tons. Complement 333.
Guns. Armour.
»— 5'9in. "Steel."
6 — 4*7 in. 2 in. Deck amidships.
4— 3 9 in-
S — 14 in.
Torpado Tub**,
4 Above water.
Hp. 10,000=19 kts. Cool 400 tons.
FRIGATE
232
FROZEN
Ftigate. Originally a Mediterranean vessel pro-
pelled by sails and oars. Subsequently a warship.
something botvvcen a sloop, brig and a ship oi the
line. Tliey were usually employed as cruisers or
scouts.
FVigatoon. A Venetian vessel carrying only
main mast, jigger and miuen-mast and bowsprit
Frith. On August 13. iSog. this vessel was
wrecked in the Firth of Domocli ; 40 lives lost.
FritbjoL Gcnman coast service battleship (1891).
Lcngtli 254ft. Brain ^gft. Maximnm draught tSft.
Displacement 4.150 tons. Complement 297.
Guns, Armour.
J — 9'4 in. " Compound."
10—5*5 to. g in. Belt.
6^1 pdr. 8 in. Barbettes.
4 Macihinr. 7 in. Conning tower.
Torpedo Tuhes.
3 Submerged bow and broadside.
I Above water stern.
Twin screw. Hp. 5,ii3o=t5'5 kts. Coal maxi-
mum 5fio tons.
FrithjoL Norwegian torpedo gun-boat. [1695].
Displacement 1.380 tons. Complement 154.
Guns.
2—4*7 in-
4 — I J pdr.
4—1 pdr.
Tarpfdo Tubes (14 in.).
1 Submerged bow.
2 Above water.
Twin screw. Hp. 3,000=15 kts. Cool maxi-
mum 160 tons.
Frobisber, Sir Martin (1535-94). Engti&h navi-
gator (b. Yorkshire), In 1554 he went with a
small fleet of merchant ships to Guinea, under
Admiral John I^ock. As early as 1560 Probisher
had conceived the idea ol discovering a north-west
passage to Cathay. After 1 5 yean of continued
disappointment he was eventuaily — mainly by the
help o£ the Ear! of Warwick — put in command of
two tiny barques, Gahriel and Michael. On June 7
he left Blackwall and sailed northwards to the Shet-
land Islands. After pacing Greenland, the Gabriel
reached the coast of Laiiradnr on July zS. Some
days later Wall's Island at the month of Frobisher
Bay was reached and landing effected. He re-
turned home in September with an account of
the discovery of ore which was noised abroad as
being really a lump of gold ore. In 1578 he started
with the Poyal ship Aid, and the two ships of hi.s
former voyage, financed by the Cathay Co.. with a
charter Irom the Crown giving the company sole
right with regard to the supposed gold ore. Arriving
once more at Hall's Island he collected a great
quantity of this black earth, and solemnly took
possession of the country round in the Queen's
name. The return was begun on August iz. and he
landed at Milford Haven on September 30. This
ended what was little better than a 6asc& The ore
seems to have been not worth smcltiiig, and tl u
diflficutt to say how the mmonr arose that it wm
gold. It is sometimea said that Frobisher was &
party to the deception in order to obtain means to
carry out the great idea of hts life In ifS; hr
sailed with Sir Francis Drake on the pra&tabU
expedition to the West Indies, and no doubt shared
largely in the booty brought home. In 158S tw
did such excellent work in the Triumph agaiiut Uk
Spanish Armada that he was rewarded with tia
honour of a knighthood. He commanded a sqwd-
ron two years later ofi the Spanish coast, and in
1 594 he went to the aid of Henry IV, of France. In
November of that year, while taking part in tlie
siege of Croaan, near Brest, he received A wound ui
the hip from which he died at Plymouth at
November 23. His body was brought to London
and buried at St. Giles's. Cripplegate.
5« Jones' " Life ol Frobisher ■* (1878). the
Hatcluyt Society's '* Three Voyages of Frobisher."
Campbell's '* Lives of Admirala." Hit/tr to Arctic
Exploration.
From. See At and From.
Fronde. French torpedo - boat dcstroya-
(Normand. i<^3.) Ijjngth. 180 it. ; beam. 21 ft
maximum draught, 10 ft. ; displacement. 300 torn,
complement, 45 ; guns, i 9-pdr., 6 3-pdr ; torpeAo
tidies, 2 15-in. ; speed, 37-30 kts.
Ftoit lamp. An oil lamp used in lighthouses, and
placed beneath the oil tube of an Argand Uunp to
keep the oil in flmving condition in cold weather.
Fronde. WlUiua (1810-79). English engincxr
and mathematician (b. Devonshire). Spent a great
part oi his life in scientific researches. notsUr
m connection with Ute behaviour of ships, Xhmt
rolling, resistance, and propulsion. His last wnd;
was the construction of a dynamometer for detes-
mining the power of marine engines.
Frosen meat. The development of the imta
meat trade, which began with an experimeobi
shipment in a sailing vessel in 1S80, has been enor-
mou?. Over 400 steamers arc now fitted with
refrigerating plant for meat cargo, many of the
imitallations being of a capacity of 200.000 cubic h.
of insulated space, while some now in progress will
provide 400,000 cubic ft. of cooled spnce m one
vessel, with a carrying capacity of 100.000 carcass
The total refrigerating carrying capacity of the
steamers running between New Zealand and (bt
United Kingdom instated to be 8,633,400 carcaao.
Irat the .steamers have not carried reKulariy thcff
full capacity. A similar advance in the shipmeal
from the United States and Argentina has also taka
place. Recent shipments from Chile arc reported.
The total output of the various freezing worin
in all parts of the world during 1(^7 is estimabed
at over 400,000 tons, of which five-sixths fonad •
FRYKHOLM
FULMINANT
markel in the United Kingdom. The total quantity
represents the aniouitt oi freight which the ship-
owners were called upon to find.
The iniuraacc of » hkrgc and perishable an
interest has bad much attention, and the present
special tarifi and clauses arc tlic result of much
attention and conference, and pmcticaUy cover
every risk to the meat. Refer lo Clauses.
Frykholm, Johan Lndvig {b. Hljtar. June 20.
l8?7; d. Stockholm. September ;, 1904). Educated
Military Sdiool, Stockholm, and iH 1S57 was ap-
pointed Ueatonant tn the Koyal Danish Navy.
After liaving sers'cd in the N'av'y he took three years'
leave, and joined the Mercantile Marine, and gained
experience in seaman^ihip. He returned to the
Navy, and in 1862 was selected lo study naval
architecture : was promoted lieutenant in the
Naval iVrultery Department, and in 1S67, having
successfully parsed his cxamiDatioQ as constructor,
was appointed to the constructive mginccring
stafi. lu 1875 he was apixiinted Profc^isor in
the Navigation School at Stockholm, and retired
from active sea life with the rank ofj captain.
In 1S76 he went, on behalf of the Swedish
Government, to the works of Messrs. NVhitc
head and Co.. Ftume. to study, and on several
occasions he superintended ships building under
contract for the Swedish Navy. In 1882 he was
promoted to director in the marine engineering staff.
which position he held until 1888, when he retired.
In 1887 he was appointed to the Pilotage Branch of
the Board of Admiralty, and he was inspector of
passenger ships in Stockholm. He was a knight of
the order ol Gusiavus Wosa, Kmght of the Order
of the Royal North Star, and the Russian Order ol
StStanislaws. Member of the Institution ol Naval
Architects in London, and of several Swedish
organisations.
Publication: "Treatise on the Steam Engine,"
whicli is tttill in use, and prescribed for study at
the Royal Naval School, and the Navigatjon Schools
in Sweden.
F.8. KIag:>taff. Abbreviation adopted on the
cliarts issued by the Hydrographic Office, Admi-
ralty.
Ft. Abbre\-iation (or feet.
Fl, Feet or foot. Abbreviation adopted on
tlie charts issued by the Hydrographic Oflice,
Admiralty.
FaboU. Japanese torpedo-boat destroyer. (Yar-
row. 1905.) Displacement, 380 tons ; complement.
55 ; maximum draught, 9 ft. ; armament, 1 12-pdr.,
5 6-pdr. ; tubes. 2 i8-in. : Hp.. 6.000^31 kts. ; coal.
95 tons.
Fnel is the name applied to all substances
tbat may be employed for the production oi heat
by combostton with atmospheric air or oxygen.
Xhcsc substances have purely urgaoic or vegetable
origin, and may be classified ad follows : Natural
fuels — Wood, peat, lignite, bituminous coals, an-
thracite. Liquid and gaseous luels, manufactured
by the distillation o( natural fuels, an follows —
Petroleum and petroleum refuse, tar and tar refuse,
coal gas. pro<lucer gas. water ga^t and oil gas.
Wood, air dried, contains about 33% of moisture,
and 40% of carbon.
Peat, about 20% of moisture and 60% of carbon.
Anthracite cool, almost entirely free carbon.
Bituminous coals, about 91 % carbon.
Caking and furnace coals, about 90% carboa.
Gas coal, about ii^% carbon.
Non-coking, long flame coals, about 78% carbon.
Lignite, from 65-70% of carboa.
Petroleum, crude, about 85% of carbon.
See " Pud and Refractory Materials " {Sexton.
1897), " Fuel and its Application " (Mills and
Rowan, 1889).
FnjL Japanese ist class battleship. (Thames
Ironworks. [890.)
Length 412ft. Beam 7jEt. Maximum draught 39ft.
Displacement li.^oo tons. Complement 600.
, Guns. Armow.
4^—13 in.. 40 cal. " Harvey."
10 — 6 in. iS iu. Belt amidships.
16 — 13 pdr, 14 in. Barbettes.
4 — 3| pdr. 6 in. Turrets.
14 in. Conning tower.
Totfiedo Tubes (18 in.)-
4 Submerged.
I .Above water bow.
Twin screw. Hp. forced 13,690=18 kts. Coal
maximum 1,300 tons.
Fulgurites. Sihcious tubes of various sixes,
vttrihtid internally by lightning striking the ground
and fusing the sand.
Foil and hy. Sailing close to the wind with sails
full.
Fnllerton, Admiral Sir John Beginald ThomaSt
a.O.T.0., igot : K.C.T.O.. 1899 (b. 1840). Entered
Navy, 1853: heutenant, 1861; Ueutcnant of
Bombay when that vessel took fire and blew up oQ
Monte Video, 1S64, when 97 officers and mea
perished : commander. 1B71 : captain, 1878 ;
presented by Her late Majesty' Queen Victoria
with a diamond ring ioi his gallant conduct ou the
occasion of the collision between the Koyal Vacht
and the MisUetoe. tn the Solent, 1885 : commanded
the late Queen's yacht. Vich>fia and Albert, from
1884, and reappointed to command on becoming
rear-admixal in 1893; C.B. (Civil), 1896; C.V.O.,
1896; Order ol St Anne of the ist Oaas, 1896;
K.C.V.O., 1S99 ; vice-admiral. 1899 : had the
honour to be in command ol the Royal Vacht when
the remains of Queen Victoria were conveyed from
Osborne to Portsmouth. 1901 ; and acted as sup-
porter of the Royal coffin ; G.C.V.O., 1901 ;
admiral. 1904; retired, 1905.
Fvlminaot. Old French monitor (1879}. Now used
for local defence and as a torpedo base.
FULMINE
234
FURNES5
Fnlmfne. Italian torpnlo-boat destroyer. {An-
saklo. 189S.) Displacement. 39S tons; maximum
draught, 9 ft. ; armament. 5 6-pdr. ; tubes, 3 18-ia. ;
Hp., 4.Soo=2S kts.
Fulmixoki. (Fonneriy 55i7fiy.) Japanese tor-
pedo-boat destroyer. Captured from the Russians
duriug the Russo- Japanese war. Length, 185 ft. ;
beam, 21 ft. ; draught. 7J ft. ; displacement. 334
tons : complement. 60 ; armament, i i3-pdr.,
5 5-pdr.. 2 tubes : twin screw; Hp.. 5,6000 26 kts. ;
coal, 150 tons.
Fnltoo. U.S. submarine (1901). Length, 63 ft ;
beam. It} ft.; displacement. 120 tons; comple-
m(*iit. 50; Hp.. i.&oo = S kts.
Fulton. French gun-boat. Displacement, 900
tons.
Fulton, Robert (1765-1815). American engineer
and mechanic [b. Pennsylvania). Conceived the
idea of propelling vessels by steam, and in 1797 he
went to Paris, and it was tbeit: that he best suc-
ceeded, after repeated trials, in propetUng a boat
through the water by the aid of Hteam. In 1806
he returned to America and there met with more-
decided success, as in the following year hv
lauuchi-d a vessel which travelled by steam from
New York to Albany, a distance of 150 miles in 32
hours. Tliis was the beginiiing of successful steam
navigation. in 1814 he constructed the first
United States war steamer, and was subsequently
employed by the American CoN-emment in making
canals. (Ic devoted some ttnic. and made many
important experiments, on submarine explosives,
and was engaged upon an improvement of his
submarine torpedo when he died.
Fnmif^ate. To purify inkxtcd air by means of
burning.
Funeral Honours. See Naval Ceremonies.
, FonneL A metal tube used for carrying oH
,smokc.
Funny. A small light, narrow pleasure boat,
used for sculling.
Forienx. Freuch coaKt service battleship [1883].
Reconstnictecl 1905.
length 249ft. Beam j8ft. Majtiroom draught asft.
Displacement 6,000 tons. Complement 250.
Cuns. Armour.
2 — 9"4 in. " Compound."
4 — 9 pdr. 19 in. Belt amidships.
8 — 3 pdr. 9 in. Turrets.
10 in. Conning tower.
Torpedo Tubes.
2 Above water.
Twin screw, Hp.. 5.000= i3"s kts. Coal nor-
mal 300 tons.
Farioas. British snd class cruiser. (Dev<»iport,
1896.)
Length 320ft- Bcam'57ft. Maximum draught 24ft.
Displacement 5.750 tons. Complement 480.
GtMS. Amtour.
10 — 6 in. 2 in. Belt bow.
8 — 12 pdr. 3 in. Deck.
\ — 12 pdr., 8 cwt. 9 in. Conning tower.
3—3 P'lr.
2 Maidms.
Torpedo Tubes (18 in.).
2 Submerged.
I Above water stern.
Twin screw. Hp. 10.000= 19 kts. Coal maxi
mura 1.175 tons. Approximate cost ^300,000.
ForL To roll up square sails.
Fornesfi, Sir Christopher. S.B.. ILP., J J^ DX. \h
West Hartlepool, April 23. 1S52). Educated
privately, and in 1869 he entered the fimi of which
lie is the head at the jjresent lime. In 1S70 hr
was instmmental in working a fleet of American
schooners for bringing produce from the L'mtol
States to the Tync. and it is perhaps due to thr
employment of this fleet, which was graduaSv
replaced by steam, that be in 1S75 decided to start
in the steamship business. He was the first to
build cattle steamers to carry live cattJe and trocei
cargoes from the United States and Canada to thr
North of England. On his return from a \'isit to
America he founded the celebrated Furness Line of
steamers, and undertook the management of
them. On the retirement of Mr. Edward W*ithT,
of the firm of Messrs. Edward Withy and Ca.
Hartlepool, he acquired Mr. Withy's interest m tht
business, and amalgamated it a few years Ister
with his own firm, under the name of M«sn
Fumcss, Withy, and Co., Ltrt., of which he is the
head. In 1895 he received the honoor of Vniglii-
hood from her late Majesty Queen Victoria, m
recognition of his eSorts 00 behalf of tfaosc grec
industrial enterprises which have given this couctir
such a prominent place in the commezxial worU-
and also in recognition of his generosity m ginng
j£30,c»o towards founding the " Fumess .Kgcd
Seamen's Pensions " for seamen of the port of
Hartlepool.
Fumeu Railway Co. own a fleet of three exceUeot
paddle wheel steamers and one scrxrw steanuf.
which maintaiu regular services at scheduled tinM
between Barrow -in-Fumess and Fleetwood.
Fleet.
Fumess. Lady Matgwet^
Lady Evelyn. Walnsy.
Forness, Withy and Co.. Ltd., with their bad
ofiice in Wt;st Hartlepool, have a 6cet of 25 modtfB
cargo steamers, some of which have excdkct
accommodation lor passengers. The compasr
was founded by Sir Cliristoplicr Fumess. who
was subsequently joined by Mr. Edward Withy.
when the business of the firm was increased, inrf tbe
yard which at present holds such a prominent
position for the building, engineering and fittnf
out of vessels was started.
FURNITURE
235
GAIDAMAK
I
Flhbt-
Atbiana. Eoangtline. Runo.
^Almtriana. Fatadav. St. John City.
Annnf>olii. Flortnct. Sicily.
CMlingwood. Gloriana. Syracuse.
CynSkiana. London City. Taboico.
Dahoms. Mariana. Tamffico.
DaitoaMati. Ohio. Ulunda.
Durani^o. Peruviana. Venango.
Queen Wilh^mina.
Fomitaro. Every article witli which a ship is
6tt«d out.
Flint BisnutfOk. G<rrman armourfsl cruiser.
(Kiel. iSa7.)
Length 4io(t Beam 65(1. Maximum draught 37ft.
Displacement 10700 tons. Complement 529.
Guns. A rmour.
4 — 9'4 in. " Knipp."
12—6 in. 8 in. Belt.
10 — 154 pdr. 8 in. Barbettes.
10 — I pdr. 8 in. Turrets.
8 in. Conning tower.
Torptdo Tubes.
5 Submerged bow and broadside.
I Above water stem.
Three screws. Hp. i3.<5oo=i9 kts. Coal maxi-
mum 1.300 tons. Approximate cost ^900,000.
Fnijr. Ship. Sm Arctic Exploration.
Fate. French armoured gun-boat. (L'Orient,
18S6.)
Leoglh t65ft Beam 33ft. Draught loft.
Displacement 1,124 tons. Complement 84.
Guns. Armour.
t — 9*4 in. " Compound."
I — j's in. 4 in. Deck amidships.
4 Maxims. 4 in. Gun aliiclds.
Torpedo Tt^s.
I Above water.
Hp. 1.5001^13 kts. Coal ISO (oos.
Fnihima. Japanese gun-boat. (Yokosuka.
|(>oo.) Of little fighting value.
Foso. Old Japanese battleship (1877).
Displacement 3.800 tons.
Guns. Armour.
2—4> in. " Iron."
4 — ^4*7 in. 9 in. Belt amidships.
1 1 — 3 pdr. 8 in. Battery.
Torptdo Tubes.
3 Above watej.
Of small lighting value. Used for purpose* of
coast defence.
Fnttock-shrondl. Short pieces of chain or rope
securing the lower dead-eyes and futtock -plates of
top mast rigging to" lower mast forming laddeiv.
whereby ihe sailors climb over the top-bnm.
P,T. DistmguUhing letters on sea fishing boats
registered at Fowey, Englaml.
Pmu Danish cmtser. (Copenhagen. 18^4.)
Length 326ft. Beam 45ft. Draught tSft.
Displacement 2,55; tons. Complement 407.
Guns. A rmour.
18 — 59 in. " Steel."
8 Maxims. t} in. £>eck.
Torpedo Tubes.
2 Above wrater.
Hp. 3.700=13 VXa. Coal 300 tons.
Fylgia. Swedish armoured cruiaor (1905).
Length 379ft. Beam 49ft. Mean draught 16ft
Displacement 4.060 tons. Complement 322.
Guns. Armttur.
ft— 6 in,, 45 caL " Krupp."
14—6 pdr. 4 in. Belt.
5 in. Turrets,
4 in. Conning tower.
Torpedo Tubes (18 in.).
2 SubmcrgecL
Twin screw. Hp. i3.ooo=2i'5 kts. Coal maxi-
mum 900 tons.
Q. Distinguishing letter on aea fishing boats
registered at Galway, Ireland.
O. Distinguishing letter on sea fishing boats
registered at Gravclines. France.
8. Gnlf. Abbreviation adopted on the charts
issued by the Hydrograpliic Office, Admiralty.
g. Gravel. Abbreviation adopted on the charts
issued by the Hydrographic Office. Admiralty, de-
noting the quality of the ocean's bottom.
Q^. Distinguisliing letters un !u>a fishing boats
registered at Gaastcrland. Holland.
Gabbiano. Italian torpedo-boat. (Spezia, 1906.}
Length, 165 ft ; beam, 17 ft.; draught, 7 ft.;
displacement. 300 tons ; armament, 3 3-pdr..
3 tubes; twin screw; Hp.. 3,000 = 25 kts.; coal,
40 tons.
Oabfiel. A small vessel of 25 tons, tn which
Frobisher {q.v.) ondertook his fint expedition for
the discovery of a shorter route to India by the
north-west. Refer to Arctic Exploration.
Qadfly. British coastal torpedo-boat destroyer.
(Chiswick, 1906.} Length, 168 ft. ; beam, 17^ ft;
draught, 6 ft; armament, 2 12-pdr., 3 tubes,
speed, 36 kts.
OaeliO Steamsbipi, Ltd. See Cairns. Noble
and Co.
Qafl. A spar used to extend the heads of sails
not set nn stays.
Qaiassa. A lateen-rigged, cargo-carrying boat
Ot the Nile.
Oaidamak. See Shikinami. Torpedo gun-boat
/Schichan, iSny)
QabU Britisb torpedo-boat dcsiTDyer. (Yurow,
1905.) Length. 32? ft. : beim. 23^ it. ; dmught.
9J it. : displacement. 600 tons : complcmont, 72 ;
armament, i 12-pdr., 5 6-pdr., 2 tul>cs ; twin screw :
Hp., 7.500=25 kta. ; coal. 126 ions.
Oalf. A wind or current of air, bavinft » velocity
of ovrr 30 niiica an hour stronger than a bret-ie.
but less violent than a tcmprst,
Qklilfre. French avisos. (Rocbcfort. 1897O
Length 330ft. Beam 34ft. Maximum draught lyfl.
Displacement 2,350 tons. Complement 248.
Guns. Amumr.
4— S"5 in., 45 cal. " SteeL"
3—4 m.
8— 3pdr.
Twin screw,
mum 380 tons.
i^ in. Deck.
3 in. Gun shields.
4 in. Conning to^^■e^.
Torpedo Tubes.
3 Above water.
Hp. 7.000=20 kts. Coal maxi-
Approjdmate cost ^joo.ooo.
Oslilei. Italian despatch -boat. (Venice. 1885.)
Length, 330 (t. : beam. 36 ft. ; draught. 8J ft. ;
displacement, 886 tons; complement, log ; arma-
ment. 4 4'7-in.. 2 3'3-in., 3 i'4-in., 2 tubes; Hp.,
1,390=^15 kts- ; coal, 300 tons.
GftUant. The namo applied to a top-sail.
OaDeon. A large ship of commerce used by the
Spaniards in South America.
Oallay. A flat-built vcseel used in the Mediler-
raiifaii piopellcd by sails and oars.
Galley Head Light, established 1878. is situated
M>uth-west of rionalcilty Bay. Co. Cork, and is a
bix or i^ven flash Ught every 60 seconds : dura-
tion of flash, four seconds ; candle-power maximum,
120,000; burner. Wigham's 38 to 108 jets; illu-
minanl, gas.
Galliot (Caliot.) A small galley designed only
for chase, generally carrying one mast, with 16 or
30 oars : used in the Dutch merchant service.
Gallows bitts. CrotK pieces on small boats at
the hatchways for stowing away booms and spars.
Gals. Abbre\'iation for gallons.
Galvanisiagt which came into general use Jihortly
l»ftore iS^D. as applied to iron, is the proceis for
coating iron with zinc to protect it from rusting.
The process of galvanising is cleansing the iron
with acid and Bcnuring with sand, when it is dipped
in a hath of molten zinc covered with ammonium
chloride to act as a flux.
Galveston. CS. 3rd class cruiser (1903).
Length 392ft. Beam 44ft. Majomum draught i/it.
Displacement 3.200 tons. Complement 2<ii.
OuMS. .'irmour.
10 — 5 in. ■' Har\cy-nickel."
8 — 6 pdr. 3 in. Deck.
3 — I pdr,
3 Colts.
Twin screw. Hp. 4,500a: 16*5 kts. Coal maxi-
mum 700 tons.
Galwar Taobt Club, Royal. See Royal Galwir
Yacht Chib.
Gama, Vaaco da (1469 1524) (b. Portugal). Wat
the pioneer of i-:iiropean commerce ajid Kmptre in
the I'ar Ea.st. In 140; King Joao appointed hun
for the supreme coraroaud of an expcditioo to
explore the East of Africa. Tlic fleet, consisting
of four vessels specially built for this mtssioo.
sailed down the Tag\is. July. 1497. and four months
later cast anchor in St. Helena Bay. Continiuag
the voyage to South Africa, they rounded the Cape
in safety, and In the beginning of the next year
reached Melinda. Thence steering eastward under
the direction of a pilot obtained from English
merchants at that port, he reached Calicut. Indi^
May, 1498. Ho returned to Portugal the foUow-
ing year, and in 1 502 ventured on a second vo)*a^.
and founded the colonies of Mozambique and Sotala
on the cast coast of .\frica. Soon after his retina
he retired, and for 30 years took no part in pntaSc
affairs. In 1534 he was by Iving Joao I IT. created
Count of Vidigueira. and nominatL>d Viceroy of
India. This high position he was not destined U>
hold for long, as on the Ctiristmas Hvc foUowini
his arrival he died after a short illness, and wts
buried in the Franciscan monastery. Cochin. Is
1538 his body was exhumed and conve>-<d to
Portugal, and entombed in the town of Vidigueira
The important discoveries of Vasco da Ganu
raised Portugal to one of the foremost places amonf
the nations of Europe, and hastened the colo&isa-
liou aiul civiH^tion of the East by opening its
commerce to the great Western powers. Aft
account of his voyages was 'written by a companaon.
AU-aro Velho, in 1838. See a journal of "The
Voyages of Vasco da Gama " (Hakluyt Societp.
1869), Towle's •* Vasco da Gama," Cooley's " Hi»-
ton,- of >taritime Discovery."
Oambetta. Ship. See Leon CambeUa,
Gambier. Lord James (1756-1833). Kngtish ad-
miral (b. at the Bahamas). Entered the Navy in
1767 as midshipman on board the YartHouUt, and
his family interests obtained for him rapid pro-
motion. He was raised in 1778 to the rank of
post-captain, and appointed to the Raiei^h. He
was at the relief of Jersey, 1779. and took part u
the capture of Charlestown, 1780. At the Peace
of 1783 he wa.-^ placed on half-pay. but on the oot-
brcak of tlie war of the French Revcdution he wv
appointed to command the Defence tmder Lord
Howe, and in her he had an honourable share ui
the action ofl Ushant at the battle of " The Gloriom
First of June." Tn 1807 he commanded the fif<t
which blockaded and bombarded Copenhagen, aai
forced the surrender of the Danish Navy, con-
sisting of ig ships of the Une. besides frigates,
sloops, gon-boats, and naval stores. This service
was considered by the Government worthy oi
GAM BIER
237
GARNIER
special acknowledgment and he received the
thanks of both Houses o( Parliament, and was
rewarded with .1 peerage. Two years later he, in
supreme command in the Channel, with Lord
Cochrane nominally under his orders, dostroyed the
French fleet in the Buquc Koads. It was said in
this action that he Tailed to act as vigorously as
be might have done, and on his return to England
was court -mar tiallcd, but " most honourably
acquitted." In iSjo be became Admiral of the
Fleet. He was not popular with many of his nava)
contemporaries. His predilection wa.i for a UIc
on shore, and he utili&ed his family interests to
such an extent that be remained for nearly half
the time during the Great War a member of tlic
Admiralty. He was a man of earnest, almost
morbid, religions principlcfi, nnil of undoubted
courage, but had neither the genius nor the strength
of mind fitted for high command or high oflice.
Oambier. Screw steamer. Sunk by coniston
with the Eaiby in Port Philip Bay, August 28.
1891 ; 21 lives lost.
GftmmoQing. A strong lashing used to secure
the bowsprit to the head knee.
Chucboard. A phmk with cleats or steps nailed
to i t for people to walk on.
Omnges. British training -ship lor bo^ (j>594
tons).
Qmugway. The narrow deck leading from qaartcr
deck to the forecastle ; the entrance to a ship.
Gap. Canal oL An important French irrigation
channel, which connects the Drac and Durance
rivers. Its total length is 445 miles. The work
was commenced in [8G4. in 18S0 irrigation b^an
to be applied, and in 188S the work was com*
plctcd.
Qatboard. A name given to the first plank
fa«rtcnrd to the keel of a ship.
Qarda, Ddflgo (b. Dimante, Ai^entina, August 29,
1867). Educated Argentine Naval School. In
1888 he entered the Navy, and was closely con-
nected with the construction, armament, and equip-
ment of all ships built in Europe for the Argentine
Navy from 1S91 to i<)or. Is at the head of the
Torpedo Submarine defence of the Ministry of
Marine at Buenos Aires.
Oardner, Lord Alan (1743-1809). Engluh ad-
miral (b. Staffordshire). When in command of
the Maidstone captured after a severe action the
French LioM. ^77^; commanded the SuUan in
Byron's action oS Grenada, 1779, in 1782, in the
D%tk». took part in Rodney's victory ofi Les
S«mteK ; was present at Howe's victory, the battle
of "The Glorious First of June," 1794; he took
part in Bridport's action off L'Orient, 1793.
Gardner, Lord Alan Hyde (1770-181 5). English
vice-admiral. Commanded the H*ro under Caldor
in the action ofl Ferrol, 1805, and in the same year
took part in Strachan's action off Cape Ortegal.
Garforth, Vloe-Admiral Bdmond 8L John, O.B.
(1887). Entered Navy. i84'» . tCKtk part in the
Baltic campaign. 1854; Crimea, t8S4-$5 ; present
at the operations against Kinburn and Kertch.
and blockade of Sebaslopol (Baltic, Crimean, and
Turkisli medals, Scboslnpol clasp) : lieutcuant,
1855 ; in Petorus. 1857. served in the Naval
Brigade. Burmese frontier ; subsciiucntly in New
Zealand (New Zealand medal) ; commander, 1857 ;
commanded ll.M.S. gun-vcs-V;! Penguin, East Coast
of Africa, [867 ; conveyed the latt: Dr. Livingstone
on his last expedition to the coast of Africa, 1666 ;
Inspectmg Commander. Coast C.iuirds, Hastings.
1870-73 ; presented with silver telesct^ic from the
German Emperor for rescuing passengers to
German emigrant ship, run on shore at Hastings,
1873; commanded Philomel in East Indies. 1873-
76 ; commanded expedition against forts at Ma.H-
naah (GuH of Oman). 1874 ; served in Malay cam-
paign, 1875-76; captain, 1876; commanded Naval
Brigade attached to 1-arut Field Force (Perak
medal) ; captain of Eclipse during Egyptian war,
1882 (Egyptian medal. Khedive's Bronze Star.
Osmanieh. 3rd Class) ; C.B., 1887. on the occasion
of the celebration of the completion of the fiftieth
year of Her Majejity's reign ; captain's good ser-
vice |H:asion. 1889-90; rear-admiral. 1891 ; vice-
admiral, 1903.
GaribaldL .Argentine armoured cruiser. (An-
saldo. 1S95.) Purchased from Italy.
Length 528ft. Beam 59|ft Maximum draught 2; ft.
Guns. Anttow.
6— 4'7 in. *' Harvey."
3 — 10 in. 6 in. Belt amidships.
10 — 6 in. 6 in. Bulkheads.
10 — 6 pdr. 6 in. Barbettes.
10 — 1 pdr. 0 in. Conning tower.
Torpedo Tubes.
4 Above water.
Twin screw. Hp. natural 8,600=18*5 kts., forced
13.000=20 kt^. Coal maximum 1,000 tons.
Cart ^50,000.
Garland. A collar of ropes to prevent the
shrouds from cha0ng.
Qanwt A purchase fixed to the main-etay used
for hoisting carRO.
Gamier, Marie Joseph Francois (iS39-73)- French
naval officer and explorer. Commanded the ex-
pedition to Cochin China, 1860-63 ; a member of
the expedition through Tibet, 1866-6S. penetrating
to Tali-fu. the capital of Yun-nan, and success-
fully returning to Shanghai ; served in the defence
of Paris, 1870-71, and. returning to the East, met
his death at Hanoi. His chief work " The Voyage
d'exploration en Indo-Chine effectu6 pendant les
ann6es " ([866]. See M. Francis Gamier, by
Petit, 1885.
GARRY
238
GENERAL
Qarry. British torpedo-boat destroyer. (Yar-
row, 1905.) Length, 222 ft. ; beam, 23J ft. ;
draught, gj ft. ; displacement, 600 tons ; comple-
ment, 72 ; armament, i 12-pdr., 5 6-pdr., 2 tubes;
twin screw ; Hp., 7,500=35 lets. ; coal, 126 tons.
Gustang, Walter. M.A., F.B.S. (b. Blackburn,
Lancashire, 1868}. Educated Blackburn Grammar
School and Jesus College, Cambridge. Late Fellow
and Lecturer of Lincoln College, Oxford ; assistant-
director of Marine Biological Association, 1889-90 ;
naturalist to Marine Biological Association, 1892-
94 ; delegate of H.M. Government to International
Conference on Exploration of the Sea, 1901 ;
scientific adviser to British Commissioners, Copen-
hagen. 1902-03, and Hamburg, 1904 ; convener of
the committee on Trawling Investigations under
the International Council ; naturalist in charge of
Sea Fishery Investigation under the Marine
Biological Association of the United Kingdom (q.v.).
Publications : Numerous memoirs on marine
biology and sea fisherj'.
Gaskets. Platted ropes to secure the furled sails
to the yards.
Gatt. Term used on the Flemish coast to indi-
cate a channel.
Gaolois. French ist class battleship. (Brest,
1896.)
Length 387ft. Beam 67ft. Maximum draught 28ft.
Displacement 11,260 tons. Complement 631.
Guns. A rmour.
4 — 12 in. " Harvey-nickel."
10 — 5*5 in. 14 in. Belt amidships.
8 — 4 in. 13 in. Turrets.
20 — 3 pdr. 12 in. Conning tower.
Torpedo Tubes {ly'y in.).
4 Submerged.
Twin screw. Hp. 14,500=118 kts. Coal maxi-
mum 1,100 tons. Cost ,^1,100,000.
Gauntlet. A name applied to a rope round the
ship to the lower yardarms for drying scrubbed
hammocks.
Gauss. Ship. See Antarctic Exploration.
Gazelle. German armoured cruiser. (Krupp,
I8g8.)
Length 328ft. Beam 39ft. Maximum draught 17ft.
Displacement 2,650 tons. Complement 249.
Guns. Armour.
10 — 4'i in. " Krupp."
14 — I pdr. 2 in. Deck.
4 Machine. 3 in. Conning tower.
Torpedo Tubes.
1 Submerged bow.
2 Submerged broadside.
Twin screw. Hp. 8,500=21 kts. Coal maxi-
mum 560 tons.
G.D. Dislinguishing letters on sea fishing boats
registered at Gravendcel, Holland.
G.E. Distinguishing letters on sea fishing boati
registered at Goole, England.
Gear. A name for the rigging of any particular
spar or sail.
Geflon. German armoured cruiser (1893}.
Length 334ft. Beam 42ft. Maximum draught aift
Displacement 3,770 tons. Complement 303.
Guns. A rntour^
10 — 4*1 in. "Steel."
6 — 4 pdr. 1^ in. Deck.
8 Machine.
Torpedo Tubes.
2 Above water.
Twin screw. Hp. forced 9,000=20 kts. Cml
maximum 750 tons.
Geier. German 3rd class cruiser. (VS^lhdm-
haven, 1896.)
Length 349ft. Beam 35ft. Draught isfft
Displacement 1,597 tons. Complement 165.
Guns, ArtHour.
8—41 in. "Steel."
7 Maxims. 3 in. Deck amidships.
Torpedo Tubes.
2 Above water.
Hp. 2,9150=16 kts. Coal 300 tons.
Geiser. Danish small cruiser (1893).
Length 257ft. Beam 27ft. Maximum draught 13ft
Displacement 1,290 tons. Complement 155.
Guns. Armour.
2 — 4"7 in. " Steel."
4 — 6 pdr. I J in. Deck.
6 — I pdr. 4 in. Conning tower.
Torpedo Tubes.
4 Above water, bow, stem and broadside.
Twin screw. Hp. natural 2,400=16 kts.. forced
3,000=17 kts. Coal maximum 135 tons.
Geisor. German steamer. Lc^t in collision with
the steamer Thingralla, off Sable Island. Nortb
Atlantic, August 14, 1888 ; 105 Uves lost.
Gelderland. Dutch cruiser (1899)-
Length 311ft. Beam 48ft. Maximum draught 18ft
Displacement 3.950 tons.
Guns. Armoitr.
2 — 6 in. " Steel " and " Harv^."
6 — 47 in. 2 in. Deck.
4 — 12 pdr. 6 in. Gun shields.
8 — I pdr. 4 in. Conning tower.
4 Machine.
Torpedo Tubes.
3 Above water.
I Submerged bow.
Twin screw. Hp. 10,000=20 kts. Coal maxi-
mum 970 tons.
General Admiral. Russian armoured cruiser.
(St. Petersburg. 1875.)
Length 28sft. Beam 49ft. Draught 31ft.
Displacement 4,725 tons. Complement 313.
GENERAL
239
GENERAL*
Guns.
Atmout.
6 — 8 in.
" steel.'
2 — 6 in.
6 in. Belt amidships.
10 q.f.
Torpedo Tubes.
4 Above water.
Hp. 4,472=14 kts. Coal i.ooo tons.
Geaeral Admiral Gral Apraksin. See Ohinoshittui.
Russian coast service* battleship. Captured hy the
Japanese at the battle ol Tsushima, May 37-29.
1905-
Oetieral Alvada. U^. guo-boal (i.jou tons).
Captured from the Spaniards dunng the Spanisli
American war. Of Utile fighting value.
Ofloenl Aft/ng9 may be explained as a contribu-
tion to defray the cost of all loss or a sacrifice
deitberaUiy. judiciously, and x*oiun(ariiy made for
the benefit of all the interests involved ; and. as
all beneBt by it. all share its cost. (Birkley v.
Preagrove. 1 East 23S.)
Such losses as jettison (g.v.] of cargo to prevent a
ship foundering, or cutting away of uiasts to right a
ship on her beam ends, or towing a disabled vessel
into a place of safety, might be given as illustratioa
of General Average.
The sacrifices or expenditure must be extra-
ordinary in kind : if it is only extraordinary in
degree it is not General AvcraRe,
A General Average muit arise from some inten-
tional act performed to save all interests concerned,
the act being, as a rule, the only alternative of
saving wltat is at risk. It is an intentional act on
the part of man — a deliberate sacrifice to meet
the crisis, as distinguished from, say, the natural
elements.
The sacrifice or expenditure must result from
what tlic captain does for alt — not as agent for the
shipowners only. II the motive is the latter alone,
it is not General .\vcrage. The o^'oer has given
him charge of the ship, with authority to use, on
his behalf, everything belonging to her for its own
proper work under whatever emergencies, and to
whatever extent, the carrying out of his contract
may require; he has placed under his command a
crew whose services arc to be employed in that work ;
however protracted the voyage may prove, and, as
the ship must at first be and then be kept sea-
worthy, the owner under his contract imphedly
authorises the master tu incur expense in making
needful repairs. In all this the captain is merely
acting as agent for the owner.
If in a storm, the ship on her beam ends and
going over, the master jettisons cargo to right her,
JJUU is a General Average act. If, instead of this,
the sea washed out cargo, or snapped asunder the
masts and rigging, this loss, no matter who gained
by it, would not be General Average — it would fall
alone^on the interests carried away or sacrificed.
Hire of extra hands to pump a ship after spring-
ing a leak is allowed in General Amrage both in
England and America, but the expense of hiring
extra hands in the room of those who have deserted
is not allowed, nor arc gratuities promised to seamen
in order to encourage them to do their duty, for
such ptx>mise is in law entirely void.
Ransom to an enemy is now prohibited in this
coontry byposltivelaw ; this extends, however, only
to enemies, not to pirates or plunderers. It is
jirt'lty certain that any money juud to Uicm hy the
captains in order to induce them to Hberalu Uiu
ship and the rest of the cargo would be General
.\verage.
ff goods be voluntarily and without fraud given
lip to pirates by way of com{iogition, it is a loss
claimable under General Average. If. however,
they are forcibly taken and plundered, it is not
claimable as General .\vcrage.
When in the course of a voyage, in order to save
a ship from foundering, to float her after stranding,
or enable her to make a port of distress, part ol the
cargo is put into boats and Ughters, and lost before
reaching the shoie, such loss is claimable under
General Average.
If cables are cut or anchors abandoned in onler to
avoid a peril involving a Total Loss, as for the pur-
pose of putting to sea in order to avoid a lee shore in
a gale of wind, it is a General Average loss. If
thpy are cut simply to enable the ship to pursue
her voyage, and not because of peril, it is not
General Average.
But, in case of unforeseen danger which sweeps all
ordinary rules before it, this limited authority
passes into the larger discretion possessed by the
captain as agent on behalf of all. He may then,
in case of net:d, consign to destruction this or that
portion of the property in order to preserve the
remainder, or he may engage salvors, and incur
an expenditure extraordinary in its nature and
unUmited in its amount, or at the utmost limited
only by the value of the entire property. This he
may do, if by that means the prc^ierty can be
iTTought into safety.
Still, this agency of his is strictly limited to that
which first called it into being, viz.. the necessity
of removing an unforeseen danger or loss, and the
expense resulting from what is done under such
forced agency on behalf of all must tw borae pro-
portionately by all in common.
To maintain a salvage claim for General Average
the operation must be for the benefit of all the
interests.
.\ ship ran ashore in Malahidc Bay. In order
to get her ofl. the entire cargo was discharged ;
and afterwards, by a separate operation, con-
.stdcrable expense was incurred in Aoating her off.
and towing her to Liverpool for rtrpairs. The
Court of Queen's Bench held that this latter ex-
pense n-as not General Average, btit a Parttcnlar
.\verage on ship alone.
In like manner it was held that when a ship with
her cargo on board bad been driven on shore at
GENERAL
240
GENERAL
Calcutta by a cyclooe. and, after her cai|;o and
rigging bad bcca unshipped, the vessel herself was
dug out at au expense of ^2.300. this expense was
not recoverable au General Average, tlif cargo
having been in safety bcfom it was incurred.
Where, however, all tliat is done towards salving
the ship is one continuous ofietattou, commenced,
carried on. and completed for the purpose of saving
lioth ship and cargo, it has been held that the cargo
contributes to the entire expense, although part
may have been incurred after its discharge-
All that is ultimately sa\'ed out of the venture,
ship, freight, and cargo contributes to^roaJcc good
the General Average Loss, pro\ided it was actually
at rislc at the time the tieneral Average took place.
Goods landed be/ore a jettison do not coDtribute
to tliat jettison, Ix'cause they were not exposed to
the risk and witre not saved by it. Nor for the
same reason do goods taken on board after tho.
jettison.
For purposes of Assessment the property sacri-
ficed for the general benefit is regarded as though
it had never been lost, hut actually wore a portion
of the cargo on which the contribution is assessed.
Its supposed value is assumed, and in proportion
to that amount it pays its full sharu of the loss.
Money paid tor wages and provisions for the crew
during the delay at port of refuge is not claimable
either as General Average or Pai-bcular Average,
it falls entirely on the shipowner, because he is
bonnd by hi-s contract, and as part of the considera-
tion for freight, to keep a competent crew on board
from the commencement to the end of the voyage.
In one English case, indeed, when a ship " put in "
to refit in consequence of a Particular Average loss,
and the crew were discharged imDicdiatcly on her
entering the port in distress, but afterwards hired by
the master to work at tlie repairs, not as saUors,
but as labourers, it was held that their wages and
provisions during the delay in retitting might be
brought into General Average. The weight oi this
authority is, howevtsr. not great. U has never
been followed. There is nothing in the fact of
ptitting into a port in distress to discharge the
owners' contract of aSreightment, and white that
remains entu'e, the obligation imposed ot keeping
and paying a competent crew ttirougliout the
voyagt" is not it-leased. Such expenses are, how-
ever, admitted as General Average in the United
States, and also by the French Code, provided the
loss to be reiKiircd is General Average, and the ship
is freighted by the month. Continental Codes
generally admit tbem also, altliaugh, perhaps, there
is hardly any point even in the perpleixed doctrine
of General Average in which there is greater diversi-
ty in positive laws.
The Court of Appeal has decided that the cx-
pcoBSes of wnrcliousing and reloading goods neceji-
sarily discharged at a port of refuge to permit tlie
carrying on of repairs, pilotage, and oUier necessary
outward expenses are, equally with the iaward
charges and cost of discharge, recovexable u
General Average. (Attwood p. Selleir. L.R 4
Q.B.a 342 : S Q.B.D. 286.)
But in the case of a vessel which put back leaky
to her port of departure for the common safety,
the House of Lords held ttiat when a vessel puts in
to repair such Injury as this, in tho nature d
a Particular Average, the cost Of reloading the catf]
is not rL-coverablc in general average, but fonns a
l»arlicular charge on freight. (Svendsea v. Will-
see, r.R. 10 App. Cas. 404.)
Values made good. — Goods, as a rule, ought to
bo contributed for on the same value at which tkn
would have contribntcd. In most cases that is thf
net value thcj* would have sold for at their port ol
destination, deducting freight, duty, and landiai
charges, unless the cause of the General Aven^
contribution be so near the outset of the voyafc
tliat the adjustment is made at the port of departuxr.
In that case, their value is naturally assumed tobe
their cost price. incUiding shipping charges, hut
not premiums of insurance. Bu t ii the abip does not
reach its destination, and the adjustment is setticd
at an intermediate port, the loes to be made g/aoi »
tbeir net value there.
In other words, the amount of damage dooe tB
and by the act of jettison i.s to be estimated for the
purposes of adjustment by deducting their rttt pro*
cecrds, as damaged, from what would have been
their net proceeds if sound.
Damage done to goods or merchandise by water
which unavoidably goes down a ship's hatchway
or other place opened to jettison cargo during a
gale is now allowed in General Average, aa is also
damage from same cause to cargo broken or eholed
by derangement of stowage.
Damage done to ship or cargo by water or other-
wise in extinguishing a &re on board the ship i»
allowed in General Average, but no compensatioQ
is made in General .Average for damage done by
water to packages which have been oa fire.
If the freight has been absolutely prepaid, cfacc
the advantage is transferred from the owner of the
ship to the owner of the goods. The value of the
goods is increased by the amount of freight paid on
them. In such a case the shipowner does Mt
contribute in respect of tlic freight, tlic freight is not
deducted fiuiii the market value of the goods, VihOi
that is the basis of contribution, and il tlic goodi
contribute on their invoice cost the advance fretgbt
must be added to it. The York-Antwerp Rule
reads : " In every case in which a sacrifice of cai^
is made good as General Average, the loss of freiglit
(if any) which is caused by the loss of cargo shifl
be likewise made good."
Cargo contributes on its net market vadue at tte
date of delivery, or at the time and place wbicb
form the Ijasis of adjustn^eut, deducting thereiron
such expenses as the merchant must incur ia the
event of deUvery, and will escape from in the cvnt
ot Total Loss— that is the discount, freight. landiiv
GENERAL
241
GENERAL
and warebousLUg charges and brokerage. In other
words, they aro allowed for as if they bad not been
sacrificed (York-Autwcrp Rule). The cost ol
marine insuiauce is not to bo deducted. Sales
afloat are disregarded, ah being spcculatiooji which
cannot afiect third parties. If tbe cargo is damaged,
it contributes on its damaged value only.
Sailurii' wages do not contribute.
ProviKJoas put on board by the idiipowncr are
coven*cl under "Ship," and cnnsefjuently i:untri-
bute under that head : or, ii for passengers, then
under " Passage Money " or " Freight " ; but if
the provisiona are put 00 board a chartered vessel
by the sliipper. General Average is usually asjieswd
00 what remains unconsumed at the end of the
voyage.
Wearuig apparel, jewels, etc., if attached to the
person do not contribute, nor does ordinary
passenger's baggage.
Gold and silver, jewels, precious stones, etc.,
coatributc if not carried on the person or forming
part of the wearing apparel.
Bank notes, being not so much property as
evidence of property, PliiUips thinks ought not to
contribute, Wcskitt and Amould, on the other
hand, think they should.
The clause " To pay general average according
to foreign statement if so made op," or words to
that effect, ore nov: osually inserted in policies. By
this clause the underwriter agrees to pay on an
adjustment made abroad, and according to the
general average thereat. (Harris v. Scaramangcr,
L.T. Rep. V. 26, p. 801 ; Groer v. Poole. 4. Asp.
Mar, L.C. 300. Se* Lowndes on " General
Average " where the differences in foreign and
English taw are given in detail.)
General BoQUedano. Chilian cruiser. (Elswick.
18^.) Length. 240 it. ; beam, 46 ft. ; mean
draught. 18 ft.; displacement, 3,330 tons; com-
plement. 302 : armament, 4 4*7-111., 2 i2-pdr., 2
6-pdr., 3 Maxims ; Hp., 1,500= 13 kts. ; coal, aoo
tons. This vessel ts now ased as a training ship.
Qcneral B«lgraiia Argentine armour^-d cruiser.
(Leghorn. 1897.)
length 33Sft. Beam 59ft. Maximum draught 36it.
Displacement 7,000 tons. Complement 500.
Guns. Armour.
3— 10 in. "Ttmi."
14—^ in. G in. Belt amidships.
3— 13 pdr. 6 in. Barbettes.
10— € pdr. 6 in. Conning tower.
13 — I pdr.
Torpedo Tubes.
4 Above water.
Twin screw. Hp. 13,000 = 20 kla. Cool maxi-
mum 1.000 tons.
Ctoaaral CUuues. Set Clauses.
General Conoba. Spanish gun-boat (Ferrol,
1884) Length, 1$; fL ; beam, 35i ft.; draught.
8^ (t. : displacement, 515 tons ; complement, 93 :
armament, 3 4'7-in., a q.L, i tube; Up., 600=
1 1 kt<i. : coat. 80 tons.
General Grant In May. iS66,|[this vessel, on a
voyage from Melbourne to txindon, was wrecked off
the Auckland lalee. when 87 perished.
General LiaafM. Spanish cruiser (1903).
Lt-ngth .;46ft. Beam 35ft. Maximum draught i6ft.
Displacement 1,713 tons. Complemonl J13.
OuHS. Armour.
i^S'S in. '• StceL"
4—410. 1} in. Deck.
6— 6 pdr.
4—1 pdr.
Twin screw. Hp. 6,793=30 kU. Coal maxi-
mum 260 ton:«.
Genwal ten Martin. Argentine armoured cruiser.
(Leghorn, 1S96,)
Length 328ft. Beam 60ft Maximum draught 24(t
Displacement 3,733 tons. Complement 500.
GuHS. Armour.
4 — 8 in. " Harvey steel."
10—6 in. 6 in. Deck amidships.
6 — 4*7 in. 6 in. Bulkheads.
1 2 — 2"3 in. 6 in. Barbettes.
6 in. Turrets.
Torpedo Tulet.
4 Submerged.
Hp. 13,000=19 kta. Coal i.ioo tons.
General Ship. Where separate contracts, usually
by Bill of Lading (ij.v.), have been entered into
between a master or shipowner and each shipper, for
the conveyance of his goods to tlie ship's port of
destination, ttie sltip carrying such goods is called a
general ship, as ojiposed to a chartered ship — i.e., a
ship let to one or more persons under a contract of
affreightment {q.v.).
General Slocnin. On June 15. 1904, this veasel
caught fire while carrying a large number ol excur-
sionists on the Hudson River, U.S.A., when over
1,000 persons perished. Captain William Van
Schoick, who was in command, was convicted of
partial responsibility for the disaster, and sentenced
to 10 years' imprisonment on January 8, 1906.
General Steam Navigatioa Co.. Ltd. Established
in 1824, incorporalfd by ,\ct of Parliament. 1S34.
and incorporated under the Companies Acts (1862-
1900} in 1901, is essentially a Luudon institution,
believed to be the oldeet steamship company in tlie
world, and the pioneer of steam shipping on the
Thames. The first steamer was launched in i32t,
and in 1832 the Monarch, a vc^ijicl oi 1.200 tons,
was considered a gigantic sLeomboaL Besides Uie
East Coast services to Scotland. Continental
trades are ser\-ed between Hamburg in tlie Nortli
and Bordeaux in the Soutli ; other lines extending
to the Mediltrrancaii, Adriatic, I.evant, and Black
Sea. They aUo run a well-known service of summer
between LondOD, Southend.
Uvt^tr. Runsgate. aad Yuioouth.
Saalne bLterest. 5m Honour Policy ; aUo
Utant.
QiJUB . OuLOinff* Hamburg and New York
pturkct. On jAnuary i, 1^5$. this vessel was lost
nr&r the inouth of the Elbe, when 96 people perished.
OtOTftli. U.S. liit class battJeship. (Bath Iron-
work:*. (904.)
I.«ugth4j5(t. Beam 76ft. Maximum draught 36ft.
IM»pl«c«oient iS,iio tons. Complement 703.
Gmnt. Armour.
4^1 3 tn.. 40 cal. " Krupp " and
S—^ in. " Harvey-nickel."
13—4 in. 1 1 in. Belt amidships.
1 1—14 pdr. 10 in. Turrets.
11 — 3 pdr. 10 io. Barbcttos.
4 — 1 pdr. 9 in. Conning tower.
SColta.
Torpedo TmUs (18 io.).
4 Submerged.
Twin screw. Hp. 19,000=19 kts. Coal maxi-
mum 1,900 tons. Cost ^1,300.000.
Qeorgi Pobedon&seta. Russian battleship. Black
Sea. {Sobftstopol. 1S96.)
Length jsoft. Beam 69ft. Draught 26}ft.
Displacement 10.280 tona. Complement 500.
GuHs. Armout.
6 — la in. " TIarvcy steel."
f— 6 in. 16 in. Belt amidships.
8 — j'9 in. 13 ia. Barbettes.
6 Majdms. 1 2 in. Turrets.
Torpedo Tubes.
7 Above water.
Hp. 13,500=16 kts. Coal 700 tons.
Otr. Abbreviation for German.
Oecda. Swedish armoured gun-boat. Displace-
ment, 460 tons.
0«rlaoli«t Captain de. See Antarctic Exploration.
Geimau-AiutraUan Bteamsliip Co.. Hamburg
(Deut-sch-AustraJische Dampfschifls-Gesellschaft),
wa3 founded in 1888, and incoq>orated in September
of that year. The capital was about ^aoo.oon. in
shares of ^50. and about j£ioo,ooo debentures.
Seven new steamers were ordered for a regular
service between Hamburg, Antwerp and Australia
(Adelaide. Melbourne and Sydney}, with a capacity
of 3,600/4,000 tons d.w*.. and a speed of 10 to loj
kts. The service was started in July, i88g, with
the steamer Elberfeld.
The fleet has been gradually increased, and at the
present moment comprises 29 steamers, of 130,500
registered tons, with an average speed of about
13 kts.^
I After having in the first years limited the trade to
Australia, it was extended in the course of time to
South Africa (Cnpc Colony), aud Nethcrland Indies,
and home via the Straits and British India; the
eastern and western ports of Australia being ser\Td
by sepaiBle lines. There arc three regular tioes
maintained at present, fix. r
Line I. — From Hamburg, Rotterdam and .Kat-
wwp (every four weeks) to Cape Town. Algoa Bay,
Melbourne, Sydney', Brisbane and homewards from
Australia, via Colombo, to Antwerp and Hamburg
Line 2. — From Hamburg. Rotterdam and .Ant-
werp (e^'ery three weeks) to East LoDdon, Fre-
mantle, .Adelaide, Bala via. Sanioraag. Sourabajra
and homewards, via Malabar Coast to ManetUes,
Amsterdam and Hamburg.
Lim 3. — From liamburg. Antwerp and LisboD
(every four weeks) to Cape Town, Algoa Bay. Md-^
bourne, Sydney, Townsville, Macassar. Sourabayi
Tjilatjap and Padang. and homewards to MaisiUei
Amsterdam and Hamburg.
From Norwegian and Swedish ports a service 1
maintained as inducement ofl'ers. but not at As
dates.
Gornuui Eut Africa line. 5f« Doutache
Afrika Linie.
Oermania. Mail packet. On December }|]
1872, this vessel was wreckc-d off La Rochelle, wh
24 persons perished.
Qermania. Dr. Fetcrmann, of Gotha, at
own risk and expense, httud out tkU veaaei.
mandcxl by Captain Ku]i]i:u'i:y, and sailed from
Bergen, May. i863. Il'-r cruise extended to Hui-
lopcD Strait, iu Spitzbergeu. Jiefer to Arctic
Kxploration.
German Imperial Yacht Club. See Kaiserlicber
Yacht Club.
German Levante Steamahip Oo. See DcutsctM
Levantc Line.
German Ooean. Sea North Sea.
German Steamship Co., oi Galatea, which is
partly a Government concern, have a fleet of
64 steamers, about 47,000 gross tons, which main-
tain sailings from Constantinople to the Asiatic
coast 0I the Black Sea, and also to the Syiiaa
coast.
Gerritz, Dirk. Sec Antarctic Exploration.
Gertsog Bdinboorski. Ru3sian armoured cruiser.
(St. Petersburg, tS77.)
Length iS^it. Beam 49ft. Maximum draught 21ft.
Displacement 5,000 tons. Complement 500.
CuHS. Armour.
4— 8 in. "Steel."
5—6 in. 6 in. Belt amidships.
13 q.f. 6 in. Big guu shields.
Torpedo Tubes.
2 Above water.
[Hp. 5.200= 15 ku. Coal 1,000 tons.
O O. Distinguishing letters on sea fishing boati
registered at Gcertruidenberg, Holland.
G.B. Distinguishing letters on sea fishing boats
registered at Grangemouth, Scotland.
GHARAWA
243
GILCHRIST
Qbanwt. Small Zanribar outrig]^ boat.
Oib. A forelock.
Gibraltar. British r$t class craUer. (Glasgow,
Length 360ft. Beam 6o(t. Maximum draught 26ft.
Displacement 7,700 tons. Complement 540.
GuHS. A ftnour.
»— <j'a in. " Steel."
10—6 in. 5 in. Deck.
13 — s P^- 12 In. Conning tower.
5— 3pdr.
2 Maxims.
Torfiido Tubfs (18 in.).
2 Submerged.
Twin screw. Hp. natural 10,000= i3"5 kts.,
forced 12,000=19*5 ^^- '^oal maximum, 1,250
tons. Approximate cost ^430,000.
This ship-name is associated with Itoscaweo's
action ofl l-agos, 1759; capture of Spanish prize,
/Vwi'jt, which was reoamcd Gibraltar. 1780 ; Hughes
against Dc Sufircn off Cuddalore, 1783 ; the battle
of " The Glorious First of June." 1794 ; Hotham's
action o0 HyAres, 179$ ; attack on French in
Basque lioads. 1809.
Oibrttltot Tacht Club. EsUblished i8.)7. Flag :
Blue ensign with castle. Burgee : White, blue
cross, castle in centre. Commodore, Rear-Admiral
Sir Edward Chichester ; Vice-C-ommodore. G. O.
Spratt : Rear-Comraodore, Captain D. Kctchcu ;
Honorary Secretary and Treasurer, H. S. Snook.
Annual subscription, las.
Oibaon, JoMph Hamilton. Marine engineer.
Serx'ed apprenticeship with Mpssfs. r.aird Brothen ;
obtained a Whttworth Exhibitioner in 1892, taking
honours in machine construction, steam, and geo-
metry, and in the following year obtained the
Whilwortfa medal ; was for four years lecturer on
engineering at the Liverpool School of Science and
the Birkenhead Mtmicipal Technical Classes ; in.
1889 was appointed chief draughtsman in the
engineer's drawing ofBce of Messrs. Cammell, Laird
and Co., Birkenhead ; he is associated with various
ioiprovrments in modem marine engine practice.
notably the " Flexible Seated Stop and EqutU-
brium Valves " for large power and high steam
pressure : is the inventor of a system of machine
cutting bevil and worm glass: member ul the
Institution of the North-East Coast of Engmcers
an*^l Shipbuilders.
OilnoD. George, and Co., with their head ofiice
in Leith. began running ships between Loith and
Rotterdam towards the end of the eighteenth cen-
tury. For 50 years or more the service was carried
on by schooners, and it was not until 1850 that the
firm ventured on building their first steamer, the
Balmoral, since which time larger, more powerful,
faster, and belter equipped steamers have been
added from timr to time to meet the requirements
of the tradt^- The fleet now consists of 14 modem
cargo vid passenger steamers, one of which, the
DuTwaHf, hi^ds the record between Rotterdam
and Leith. made in June, 1904. tlic time being
25 hours. The company maintain regular scrvicei
between Leith and Rotterdam. Amsterdam. Har-
lingen. Antwerp ; Ghent. Temeuren, Dunkirk,
Calais : Dundee and Rotterdam : Grangemouth and
Antwerp ; and also from Middlesbrough, Newcastle,
and other North of England ports as required.
Ft.«KT.
Amniet. Mascotie. PmerU.
A strota^er. Melrou. Qtteniin.
Dunt/ard. Ni^cl. Ronai.
Jiildon. Otbonu. Talitman.
Heriot. Windsor.
Gross tonnage. 18,200,
Oier. Netherlands gun-vessel, Indian Navy.
Of no fighting value.
OiOard, Vio»-Ad]nlral Georee Angmtos, CILO,
(b. 1849). Educated at sc.a. Entered Navy, i3<52 ;
served in Arctic Expedition, 1875-76 {Arctic medal) ;
lieutenant of Penelope during Egyptian war. 1882:
(Egyptian medal, Khedive's Bronze Star) ; com-
modore, 2nd class, in command of Newfoundland
Fisheries, 1899 ; C.M.G.. 1902, for services on
Newfoundland Station.
Gift rope. A rope for boats at the guest-warp
boom.
Gig. A hght, narrow, clinker-built ship's boat.
Gtibeft, C. Humphrey (b. Nottingham. May 36.
1865). Enginecr-in-Chief of the Chilian Navy.
Served his apprenticeship at Rouen. France, and
in i88(5 gained a .senior Whitworth scholarship
and Admiralty Rcholarship m marine engineering
at the Royal Naval School. Greenwich. Served at
sea for two years, and then in the drawing othces
of Thornycroft's and Maudslay's, and was in-stru-
mental in arranging the agency of the Bvllcvillc
Boiler, taken over by the latter firm. While at
St. Denis he made a special study of the practical
construction and worlung of this boiler prior to its
introduction in the British Navy. In 189; was
appointed Engincer-in-Chief of the Chilian Navy,
assuming at a later date the additional direction of
the naval construction branch. Member of the
Institutions of Naval Architect. Civil Engineers,
and Mechanical Engineers.
Gilchrist, James (b. Glasgow. February 16. 1847)-
Servt'd his apprenticeship with Messrs. Barclay,
Ctu-lc and Co., and in 1868 was appointed their
head draughtsman, which post he held until 1876,
when he was made manager of the engineering
department. In idSo, shortly after the death of
Mr. Robert Curie, he became a partner in the
business, and in t<>oo. on the death of Sir Andrew
Maclean, he was appointed its chairman. He has
been president of the Institution of Enginewn and
Shipbuilders in Scotland, and for 11 years repre-
sented this instjtutioa 00 Lloyd's Technical Cotn-
GILDER
244
GLASGOW
mittu. Member of the Tradeg House of Clamow,
the Merchants' House of Gl«sgow. the Chamber of
Commerce o( Glasgow, and a.lso of tlir Institution ot
Naval Architects.
OiUer, WilUain Henry (1833-1900). American
Arctic frxplorer (b. Philadelphia). In 1878 he
accompanied Schwatka tn his search for Sir John
Franklin, and subflrqucntly look part in the search
for the Dc I-ong expedition, 1B81.
Pubhcations: " Schwatka's Search " (1881), " Ice
Pack and Tundra " (1S83).
Qillies. Captain. Set Arctic Exploration.
Oillmor, Horatio Gonzalo (b. MeDominec. U.S.A.,
(870). Naval Conitnictor. U.S. Navy. Entered
the United Stales Na^-al Academy in 18^)7. and
graduated in 1891. In the autamn of that year he
was sent by the United States Navy r)ei>artment
to study naval architecture at the Roya] Naval
College, Greenwich, and after completing a three
years' course received a first-class professional
certificate. In 1894 he was appointed assistant
Naval Constructor in the Navy Yard. New York,
and in i8g5 went to sea on the flagship Nem York
with the North Atlantic Fleet. In 1896 was ap-
pointed surveyor for torpedo-vessela building at
the works of Messrs. Hcrreshofi Manufacturing Co.,
and in 1900 came to England as surveyor to the
cruiser Albany, which was being oonsLnicted at the
works of Sir W. G. Armstrong. \Vhitworth and Co.,
at Newcastle. He returned to America in 1900.
and is engaged as surveyor for vessels building (or
the United SUtes Navy.
Oimbola. A joint (or securing free motion in
suspension ; used for suspcndiug a compass, lamp,
or chronometer, so that it may always attain an
equal position or be in equihbrium.
Ola. Sm Gyn.
Oiovaaol Baasan. Small Italian cruiser. (Els-
wick, 1883.)
Length 278H. Beam 42ft. Maximum draught Kjft.
Displacement 3.330 tons. Cxjmplement 295.
Guns. Anmtnv.
6—6 in. "Sted."
4 — 6 pdr. i^ In. Deck.
S — I pdr. 2 in. Conning lower.
Totptdo Tuhts.
1 Submerged bow.
3 Above water.
Twin screw. Hp. 6.550^17*5 kts. Coal normal
600 tons. Cost ^325.000.
Qiptj. British torpedo-boat destroyer. (Fair-
field, 1S97.) Length, 337 ft. ; beam, as ft. ;
draught. 9 ft. : displacement, 300 tons ; complc-
ment, 60 ; armament, 1 li-pdr., 5 &-pdr.. 2 tubes ;
twin screw ; Hp., 6.000=930 kts. ; coal. So tons.
Gitdl«. Planking over the wales ot bends.
OM-i^iiiat. Ropes by which the threads are_
triced up on a mast.
Oiretal. Roumanian gun-boat (iSdo). For
im tliL Danube. Displacement, about too tonaJ
armament. 2 6-pdr., t l-pdr. ; speed, alout lo lets.
GJrL The situation of a ship when prevented
from swinging to the wind or Udc by being moored
taut.
Giuseppe QaiibaldL Italian armoured
(Sestri Ponente, tool.)
Length 334it. Beam 6oft. Draught ajjft.
Di^Iaceraont 7.294 tons. Complement 540,
Guns. Armour.
t — lo in. " Harvey Steel."
3 — 6 in. 6 in. Belt amidship
T4 — 6 in. 6 in. Barbettes.
10 — 3'9 in. 6 in. Turrets.
6 — 18 in.
Torptdi} Tubes.
4 Submerged.
Hp. i4,7oo«3o kts. Coal t,30o tons.
G.K. Distinguishing letters on sea fishing
registered at Greenock. Scotland.
gL Globigcrina. Abbreviation adopted on
charts issued by the Hydrc^raphic Office, Aj
miralty. denoting the quality of the ocean's bottc
Gladiator. Bntish 3nd class cniiser, (Pa
mouth. 1896.)
Ixrngth 330ft. Beam 57ft Maximum dravghl a4fL
Displacement 5.750 tons. Complement 45oi>
Guna. Armour.
10—6 in, a in. Belt bow.
8—13 pdr. 3 in. Deck.
I — 12 pdr.. 8 cwt, 9 in. Conning tower.
3—3 pdr.
3 Maxims.
Torpedo Tubes (18 in.).
2 Submerged.
I Above water stem.
Twin screw. Hp. 10,000=19 kts. Coal
mum 1.175 tons. Approximate cost ^300,000.
Glaive. French torpedo-boat destroyer. Length
i(>o ft. ; beam, at ft : draught, 9{ ft. ; displace-
ment, 431 tons; complement. 48 : guns, 1 9-pdr..
6 3-pdr. ; torpedo tubes, 2 i7'7in. ; speed. 37-
30 kts.
Qlugcm and Highland Royal Mail Steamen,
belonging to Messrs. David MacBraync and Sotu.
estabhshed about 60 years ago, comprise a fleet of
30 steamers, which maintain passenger, mail, and
cargo service from Glasgow, Greenock, Oban, Bella-
chulish. Pt. William. Pt. Augustus. Ini'cmess,
Mallaig, and Kyle to Loch Alsh, and to practically
the whole seaboard of the western highlands ol
Scotland.
Glasgow and Sonth-Westem RaOway Go.. VbL,
own an excellent fleet of ii paddle-wheel stiHUOOco.
the latest addittoo, the Aiaianla. having turbine
engines. A scwvice is maintained all the year
round between Glasgow. Greenock, and Dunoon,
Rothesay, Kyles of Bote. Lochgoilhcad, and Holy
Loch, and in summer between Glasgow and Amin,
Ayr. Stranraer, Arrochar. A service all the year
roond betv,-een Ardrossan. Brodick, Lamtash, King's
Ooss, and Whiting Bay. A service from April i
to Srptember 30 between Pairlie and Millport,
Ktlchattan Bay and Rothesay.
Fleet.
Ataiania. Jupittr. Af intrva.
Gitn Rosa, Mttro. Neptune.
GUn SaunoM. Mtpcuty. Vic^foy.
Juwy. Vvlcan.
OImcow. DnbUn and Londonderry Steam Packet
Oo^ Ltd^ with their liead offices in Glasgow, have
a fleet of 10 first-class steamers, which carry pas-
sengers ami cargo at regular intervals from Glasgow
and Greenock to Dublin, Londonderr>*, Coleraine.
Sligo Bay. BalUna, and Westport. During the
summer scaaon the company runs a daylight service
from Glatgow to Ardrossan and Portrush. They
also maintain services between Heysham and
Dublin, and Heyshara and Londonderry, and a
service £roin Liverpool to Lame and Westport.
Flbst.
A iitlsM. Daisy. Olive.
Brier, Elm. Rose.
Cedar. Fern. TkittU.
Lay.
QSaigOW. Port of. At the present day the Clyde
navigation consists of i8| miles ol river trans-
formed into a great navigable highway. Within
the harbour thi,Mt: are three tidal docks, providing,
with the riverside quays, over 8} miles of berthage.
Although as early as the middle of the sixteenth
century the citizens of the riverade burghs made
some attempts to deepen the fords, and 50 years
later the municipality began to improve the river,
it was practically still in a state of nature in 1755.
Tberc were then in the 5J miles between Glasgow
and Renfrew 13 shoals, one having only t; in.
at low water, and four only 18 in. each ; but,
carrying out an Act obtained in 1770 authorising
deepesting to at least 7 ft at low water. Golboniv.
of Chester, who had previously reported, got a
contract in t;;^ from the municipality to deepen
the Dumbuck Ford to at least 6 (t.. and actually
accomplished a depth of 7 ft. This, on a visit
made by him in 1781. was found to have become
14 ft. through the increased scour of the river,
produced by the contraction of the stream by
jetties.
The next step towards further deepening was
taken under the Act of 1809. authorising at least
9 ft. at low water, and the third advance was
authorised b>' the Act of \Sj^, sanctioning at least
1 3 ft. at low water.
The next Act dealing writh the improvement of
the river was that of 1840, authorising the deepen-
ing of the harbour and river throughout to at least
17 ft. at neap tides, and laying down lines for
further widening.
The most serious natural obstacle in the later
deepening of the river was the Elderslie Rock,
discovered in 1854 by the grounding of a vessel.
The rock, which was found at a depth of 8 ft.
below low water, and extended across the river
and along it nearly 1,000 ft., was, after years of
labour, and at a total cost of j£7o,ooo. removed by
1886 to a depth of 20 ft. below low water.
With the advantages of progressively improving
dredging appUanccs. and the introduction 40 years
ago of steam hopper barges, the deepening has
gone on continuously till at pn^itent a waterway
has been formed, affording a navigable channel
deepened almost throughout to 22| ft. at low
water, giving, with the tidal range of about 1 1 ft..
33^ ft. at high water.
The magnitude of the work of bringing the river
to Its present condition — practically a great artificial
waterway— and the n-tnlt accomplished will be
realised when it is stated tliat during the last
56 years over (;S,ooo,ooo cubic yards of material,
including that excavated in the construction of the
docks, have been dredged : that the bed of the
river has been lowered from Glasgow to Dumbuck
Ford between 24 and 2g ft., and is now practically
level ; and that a vessel drawing 274 ^t. has come
up to Glasgow on one tide.
Of the existing three tidal docks the earliest.
Kinf^ston Dock, was opened in 1S67. and has
five acres of water space, with 830 lineal yards of
quayage ; the next. Queen's Dock, opened partially
in 1877. and wholly io 18S0, lias a water area of
about 34 acres, with over 3.300 lineal yards of
quayage: and the last. Princes Dock, partially
opened in 1893, and wholly in 1900, has a water
area of 35 acres, with 3.737 lineal yards of qua^'age.
In 1793 the quayage of the hartxiur of Glasgow
was only 382 yards in Icngtii. and the water area
four acres. In 1840 the quayage was 1.937 yards
in length, and the water area J3 acres. In 1869
the quayage was 5.604 lineal yards, or 334 yards
more than three miles, and the water area 76 acres.
In 18S7 the qiia>'agc was six miles in length, and
the water area i<;4 acres. To-day the quayage is
15,115 yards, or fully 8^ miles in length, 7,263
yards thereof licing on the north and 7,543 yardn
on the south side of the river. The area of the
existing quayage is 546,581 square yards, or about
113 acres.
The harbour is provided with three graving
docks, side by aide, on the south bank of the river.
Two enter oil the harbour, and the third is entered
from Princes Dock. The first was opened in 1875,
the second in t486. and the third in 1898. The
leading dimensions of the docks are as follows :
GLASGOW
,946
GLOIRE
L«i)tfOior Flnor
Widtb of Entruce m lop
Depth of water on sill ai Hixh
Wain Sprinca
Dock
Ho. 1.
ft. In.
SSI 0
72 0
22 10
Dock
Ko 3-
f(. in.
iJi a
67 D
Dock
No, i
f<. In
S80 0
U 0
22 to 26 G
A new dock is in coarse of construcfian at ClydL'-
bank, about six miles from Glasgow Bridge, (or
the accommodation mainly of the coal and ore
trades, with the object of relieving the harbonr.
and setting the mineral quad's there free for general
traffic The dock, which will be connected with
tlic CaledoDian and North British Railways, will
have 17 acres of water area, with 1,800 lineal
yanis of quayage.
Clyde nav^^tion is, ajid has been since l8s8,
administered by an incorporated body of 25 statu-
tory trustees, who give their service* gratiiilotisly.
consisting of :
The I-ord Provost of Glasgow {tx offieic).
Nine To«*n Conncillore of Glasgow.
Fifteen members representative of the shipping,
mercantile, and trading interests of Glasgow.
The trust is possessed of riveiwde lands pur-
chased from time to time, and held in reserve lor
dock and wharf extension, there being on the
south side 134 acres at Shicldhall and ShicLs, and
on the north side 21 acres at Merklands. near the
harbour. The trust, which is not worked for
profit, has done immense service in furthering the
developments of the commercial and industrial
interests of the City of Glasgow and West of Scot-
land. The trustees provide the waterway and
harbour, and receive in return the dues on vessels
and Kood-^.
Glasgow Salvage Aasociation is intimately con-
nected with the Association of Underwriters and
Insurance Brokers in Glasgow {^.v.]. which from
its earliest records in the beginning of the nine-
teenth century appears to have had a department
for looking after any wTcckcd and damaged pro-
perty in which its underwriters happened to be
interested. In 1857 a special committee was ap-
pointed lor attending to salvage work, entitled
" The Glasgow Underwriters Committee for the
IVotrction of Commercial Interests as Respects
Wrecked and Damaged Projwrty." Similar com-
mittees had been instituted in London and Liver-
pool a short time before that date. This com-
mittee existed until 1SS5, wbea it was incorporated
under the title of " The Glasgow Association for
the Protection of Commercial Interests as Re-spects
Wrecked and Damaged Property," and in 1S95
the name was altered to " Tbe Glasgow Salvage
Association. "
The association is managed by a committee, and
has a stafi of experienced surveyors and wreck
agents. The objects of the association are to pro-
tect the interests of owners and underwriters by
promoting despatch and economy in the salvage of
ships and tbeir cargoes, and by otherwise mioimmai
loss and damage arising from maritime casualbo.
QlAQOOf, -\ genus of Nudi branch i&te G«sicr>
pods, of uhich there arc seven kno^m species It
Is nftrn found floating OD seaweed in the Adanti:
and Pacific. The upper parts are of a brilliant tK
colour, the lower ones pearly white.
Qlued frost. The coating of ice produced ettbc
by a frost setting in after a partial thaw or by tin
falling during Iiard frost and coogealing as it fiCi
Gkuur. Brirish torpedo gun-boat (1890^.
Length 350ft. Beam 27ft. UaJdmum draught lilL
Displacement 735 tons. Complement 90.
Guns.
2—47 in-
4— 3pdr,
Torpedo Tubts.
5—14 in-
3—18 in.
Twin screw. Coal maximum 160 tir^r- •^r^
lykts.
CHMolwii, Oount, Prince Victor of Hobaalob**
Ltnceobtirg (1833-yi). Germaa admiral. SerrsJ
in the Crimean war and before Sebastopol, (834-56
in the Chiacse war, 1837 : devoted himself oa ha
retirement from active sea service to sculptaic.
A statue of Alfred the Great erected at WanUif.
1877, is his best-known work.
Glen Line, established about 30 years ago, mam
tain regular scrv'ices at scheduled times bxja
London to the Straits. China, and Japan. Thu
tine, bdonging to Messrs. MacGregor, Govr and Co.
is one of the most important of tbe few lines no*
owned ]>rivatcly. and steamers have now snpei
scded the famous tea-clippers from China.
Fleet.
GUntarn. GtenlocJiy. Glanroy.
Glen4sk. GUnlogan. Glanstr^g,
Olenfarg, GtenturttL
Gross tonnage, 40,000 tons.
GHint. Norwegian torpedo-boat. (Christianu
1903.) Length. 111 ft.; beam, 14 ft.; draught.
6^ ft.; displacement, 6; tons; armament, s t'4tiL.
3 tubes ; Hp., 650= 19 kts.
Globular lightning. 5m Ball lightning.
Gloire. French ist class cruiser. (L'Orient.
1900.)
Length 46aft. Beam 63ft. Maximum draught j6ft
Di.splacoment 10,000 tons.
Guns. Armour.
2 — 7*6 in., 40 cal. " Krupp."
8 — 6'4 in. Gf in. Belt amidsfaipa.
6—4 in. 8 in. Turrets.
18 — 3 pdr. 8 in. Conning tower.
3 — 9 pdr. Boat guns.
Torpedo Tub«s (177 in.).
2 Submerged.
a Above water.
I Above water stera.
GLOOM
247
GOLD
Three screw*. Hp, 20,500=11 kt». Coal maxi-
mum 1,590 toiu. Approximate cost j^875,tx>o.
Gloom. Th« daxkneas occaaiooed by a dense
pall of cloud.
Oloriaox. 74 guns. Oq October 5, 1782. thia
vessel was lost in the West Indies.
Olorj. Coloured rings seen round the shadow
of an observer, projected on to a cloud or fog lying
below him : also called " .-VntheUoo."
Glory. British ist claM battleship. (Laird. 1899.)
Li:Qgth 418ft. Beam 74it. Maximum draught 36ft.
Displacement iz.9SO tons. Complement 750.
Guns. Armour.
4 — 13 in., 35 cal. " Harvey-nickel."
ia--6 io. 6 in. Belt amidships.
10 — 13 pdr. 12 in. Barbettes.
6^3 pdr. 12 in. Conning tower.
3 Maxima.
Torpedo TmUs (t8 io.).
4 Submerged.
Twlnscrew. Hp. i3,500=iS'35 kts. Coolmaxi-
mum i.500 tons. Approximate cost £i>(x»,doo.
This ship-name vizs introduced into the Navy by
the capture of the French Gioire by Anson, ofi Cape
Fioisterre, 1747 ; and is associated with the battle
of " The Glorious First of June," 1794 ; Calder's
action ofi Ferrol, 1S05.
ttoter, Sir Jobs, K.T., JJ?. (cr. 1900). Senior
partner iu the firm of Glover Brothers, shipowners.
London (b. 1829). Chairman of the Mercantile
Steamship Co., Ltd. : an ex-President of the
Chamber of Shipping of the United Kingdom :
three times Chairman of the General Shipowners'
Society ; member of the Council of the Shipping
Federation, Ltd. In 1899 he was elected to the
important ofhce of Chairman of Lloyd's Register of
Rritisliand Foreign Shipping, the Premier Classifica-
tion Society of tlie world, a position he holds at the
present time. He has rendered conspicuous and
useful pubhc services in many capacities, and is
regarded as an authority on matters pertaining
to the ahippiug industry of the comitry. He gave
evidence by request before the Royal Commission
which sat in 1874 on the subject of unseaworthy
ships, and the Committee of the House of Commons
on the Grain Acts. He was nominated by Govem-
(oeot to serve as a member of the Royal Commission
of t88o on the tonnage laws, whose deliberations
resulted in the passing of much useful legislation
on the subject. He was a member of the Com-
mittee for Consohdating the Laws on Marine In-
surance, which sat under Lord Herschell and Sir
Robert Reid, M.P. ; he also »er\-cd on the Depart-
sneatal Committee appointed by the Board of Trade
to consider the Mercantile Marine Fund (Light
Dues), and on the Committee which, in 1898-99,
under the Chairmanship of the late Lord St. Helier
(then Sir Francis Jrune), investigated the subject
of North Atlantic Load Lines, whose recommenda-
tions were unanimous, and have since become law.
He took a leading part in the Suez Canal controversy,
which secured the rejection of the Childcrs Agree-
ment, and \fns afterwards one of a small committee
which negotiated directly with Messrs. de Lcsseps.
the agreement under which the affairs of the Canal
have since been regulated. As a result the dues
were reduced, the number of Kitish diicctora in-
creased from three to 10, and tfic management has
been so improved that steamers pass through the
Canal in less than half tlie tamo formerly occupied.
He has been a member of the Council of the Royal
Statistical Society (or upwards of 30 years, during
which time be lias made many valuable contribu-
tions to its Journal on Statistics affecting the
Shipping Industry.
Glow-worm. British coastal torpedo-boat de-
stroyer. (Tboniycrolt, 1906.) Length, 168 ft. ;
beam, 17} ft, ; draught, 6 ft. : displacement 330
tons ; complement, 35 ; armament, 2 12-pdr.,
3 tubes : 3 iKrews ; Hp., 3,700=26 kts.
Glut. A piece of wood or iron which keeps a knot
from clcffiing.
OJL Distinguishing letters on sea fishing boats
registered at Genemuiden, Holland.
OJT, Distinguishing letters on sea fishmg boftts
registered at Granton, Edinburgh, Scotland.
ga. Green. Abbreviation adopted on the charts
issued by the HydrograpMc Office, Admiralty,
denoting the quality of the ocean's bottom.
Gnat. British coastal torpedo-boat destroyer.
(Thomycroit, 1906.) Length, 158 ft. ; beam. 174
ft. ; draught, 6 ft. ; displacement. 230 tons ;
complement, 35 ; armament, 2 12-pdr., 2 tabes;
Hp., 3.700 = 26 kts.
Gnome. French submarine. [Rochefort, 190].)
Length, 135 f t. ; beam, g^ ft. ; draught, 9^ i^ '•
displacement. 185 tons ; complement. 9 '. Hp.,
3ooi=9 kts.
0.0. Distinguishing letters on sea hshmg boats
registered at Goedereede. Holland.
Go about Tacking ship.
Q.O.E. Distinguishing letters on sea fishing
boats registered at Goes. Holland.
Ooita Italian torpedo gun-boat (1887].
Dtspliiccmcnt 860 tons. Complement 105.
Gttns. Armouw.
6—6 pdr. " Steel."
!§ m. Deck.
Torptdo Tub«s.
3 Above water.
Three screws. Hp. natural i .goo = 1 7 kts.,
forced 3,600 = 20 kts. Coal maximum 130 tons.
Approximate cost £70,000.
OoMflnch. British surveying veaaei (805 tons,
ij kis.). Launched 1889-
QiM lac«. See Uniform, Naval.
GOLDSBOROIGH
248
GOOSE
OoUsboroiisk. U.& toqiedo-boaX destraytr.
{Portland. I9(M-) l^cs^th. 194 it. ; beam. 30 ft. :
dnn^t. s It. ; dbpUcement. 347 toos ; comple-
OEMit. 44; annameat, 4 6-p<lr.. 3 tubes; twin
screw: lip.. 5.850=30 kts.: coal, 1301003.
GotiattL. BritHh ist class tnttlcsAiip. (Chatham.
T^ii^rth 418ft. Brani 74fL &[axifnum draogbt :61t.
DlsplAceRMmt 19,950 (ooa. Complement 750.
Crmn. ."frivTaHr.
4 — %9 in.. J5 oil. *' Ilar\-ey-mckel."
6 tn. Belt amidship<t.
11 in. Barbettes.
12 in. Conoing tower.
IJ— 6 io.
to— 13 pdr.
e — ^ pUr.
■ Maxims.
Torptdc Tubes (iS in.).
4 Submersed.
Twutftcrew. Up. 13.500=18*25 Icta. Coalmaxi-
tnum 2.300 tons. .\ppro.ximate cost ^900,000,
Ck)loviun, Tasiljr Mikhailovioh. Russian vjce-
admiral {h. Culynki, I7?6). Educated Cronstadt
Kaval School. From i8oi to j8o6 sen-ed as a
volunteer in the English Na\-y. In 1S07 he was
commissioned by the Russian Admiralty to survey
the coast d( Kamchatka, aud that of Nottb-Westera
Ammca, includins the Kurile Islands. In 1810.
whilst attempting to sun-cy the coast of the Island
of Kunishir, he was Sfired by the Japanese, and
nilaiiK'd by tliem as a prisonet tor three years. He
returned to Russia aud wrote his " Narrative of my
Capture in Japan." In rSi/ the Russian Govern-
ment planned another expedition which had for its
object tlic circumnavigation of the globe by a
Russian ship, and he was appointed to corotnand.
He started from St. Petcreburg. 1817. sailed round
Cape Horn, and arrived at Kamchatka, returning
to Europe by way of the Cape of Good Hope, and
landed at St. Petersburg. September 17. r8rg. He
died July. ) 83 1 . The'record of his successful voyage
was pit Wished at St. Petersburg in 1822.
Oomyastolu. Russian torpedo-boat destroyer,
(Nevsky. 1903.) Lengtli. 196 ft. ; beam. iB ft. ;
draught, 11^ ft.; displacement, 350 tons; arma-
ment, I 13-pdr.. 5 j-pdr., 3 tubes; Hp., 6,000=
27 ktfi.
Qondola. A light boat used on the canals of
Venice, nsing at each end to a sharp point, painted
black, under Government rL-gulations.
Good and Sous, J. See Finbnd Steamship Co.
Ooodenoaith, famM Graham (1S30-75}. Briti^Ji
nav.-ii oilicer (b. Stokf Hill. Surrey). Served in Ihe
Baltic. 1854-56: in Cliina, 1857, and was preseot
at the capture of Canton, and at Faishan Creek, and
distinguished himself at the capture of the Taku
forts in 1858. He was killed by a poisoned arrow
at Santa Craz. Set Markham's " Commodore
J. G. Coodenough " (1876).
Goodenonxh Medal, founded in i88d in memory'
of Commodore Coodcuough, is a gold medal awarded
awiuaUy to the best eaamiiMtioa m gunnery ]
by any na\*al sub-heutenant.
Oood^eom. Metallic eyes bolted to the
posu on whidi tlie rudder i.s hunj; ; in each tlvre a
a hole to receive a corresponding pintle bolted on to
the back of the rudder, which this turns from adtM_
side as on an axis.
Good Hope British ist cla!« frruiser.
licld, 1901.)
I.eugth 5txjft. Beam 71ft. >fBxinium draught
Oifiplacement I4.[ootoas. Complement 900.
GuHs. Armour.
3^-9*3 in., 45 cal. " Knipp."
16—6 in. 6 in. Belt amidships.
14—13 piir. 6 in. Hartwttes.
' 3 — 3 pth". 1 3 in. Conning towci.
3 Maxims.
Totpedo Th&m (18 in.).
3 Submerged.
Twin screw. Hp. 30.000 — sj's kts. Coal map-
mum 2,500 tons. Approximate cost £990.000.
Good Kewg. A yacht of 150 tons, the first ve
that ever approached the Antarctic circle, and one
of a fleet which sailed from Rotterdam under the
command of Jacob Maha, 1 5<>S. She was separated
from the rest of the fleet in the Straits of Ma^vtUa.
and was carried south, recording the discovery d
high land in 64^ S. ; she was evcntiialty captured \rj
the Sp.injardf, Refer to Antarctic Exploratiec
Goodrich Line, owned and managed by tbe
Goodrich Transportation Co. of Chicago, have a
fleet of nine steamers, which maintain rcgubt
services through the great lakes. The steajnen
are all modern up to-date vessels, and have accom*
niodation for a large number of passengers.
Fleet.
Catotina. Geofgia.
Chicago. Indiana,
ChriUopher Columbus. Iowa.
City of Racine. Skeboygam.
Virginia.
Goodwin Saiida. Sand banks on the east of Kent,
about 10 miles in length from N. to S.. and betweeo
six and seven miles from the coast. At high water
this bank is covered to a depth of about 16 (t. : »t
low water a considerable portion is above the sea;
iu some places fiom 3i to 5 ft. They lorm U^
natural breakwater, sheltering from the easterty
gales the Downs, a hne anchorage about eight nnlii
long and six miles wide, between the shore and the
Crtxidwin Sands lightships. Xumerous buoys, fog-
signals and vi-anung guns warn vessels approacbi^
too closely.
Goose-neck. A swinging boom. The
iron supporting a studdingsail boom.
Goos^winga. The situation of a course expomi"
to thf wind when tho bunt lines and lee!-clatt_»r_
hauled up and the weather-clue down.
GORDON
349
GOSSAMER
<laiiOB, 8ir Asm AManuidw {tTSs-iSfiq).
British admiral (b. Aberdeenshire). In 1795 h«
was prcwnt in the action ofi L'Orient. and took an
active i>arl at the battles o( Cape Si, Vincent and
the Nile, 179H. Commanded tho Active in Hoste's
action off Lissa. (811. and the AdriaUr-. at the
capture of the Pomtme. He became admiral in
1S54, and Admiral ol the Fleet. iS6-^.
Gordon, Admiral William Everard Alphonso, C.B.
Entfred Navy. i3jo ; employed on shore m Jamaica
during the insurrection. 18:12; mateof Cam^Mijftf at
blockade of Alexandria, 1841 ; commanded boats of
Infitxibie in suppressing the rebellion at Wanganui.
Xew Zealand, 1S4; ; and also at destruction of
piratical junks, Hong Kong, 1548 ; served during
Kaffir wnr. 1853-53 ; commander of Sampafeil at
the bombardment of Sebastopot. T854 ; (Crimean
and Turlush medals. Sehastopol clasp. Knight of
the Lejtion of Honour. 5th Oaw Medjtdle) ; captain,
l96o ; rear-admiral, 1876; vice-admiral, 188 1 ;
admiral, 18^7, when he retired ; CB., 1896.
Gordon-StablM. Wflliam, II.D„ CH. ReUrcd
surgeon Roy-al Navy. Novelist, journalist, natural-
ist, member of Humanitarian Societ}*, vice-president
S.P.K.A. ; wandering secretary to Birds Protection
Society, etc. Boru in Bauflshire, N.B., May 21.
1840 Studied at Univcntity three years, and
foor years at roedianc, same Univcrsily; servwl
nine years in Royal Navy ; invalided on half-pay ;
two years m merchant service ; two cruises to
Arctic regions. Travelled much — America, Africa,
Indian Ocean, India, etc
Publications : About 1 36 book*: in all. with nenal
novels, nature and science columns, elc. Among
them " The Cruise of the Snow-bird." " Leaves
from thr Log of a Gentleman Gipsy ," " From Pole
to Pole," " In the Dashini; Days of Old." " Every
Inch a Sailor. ' " To Greenland and the Pole," " A
Millionaire's Crave," *' Onr Humble Friends and
Fellow Mortab " (\ voir), " In the Laud of the
Lion and the Chinch " fiSg/). " A Girt from the
States." " Courage, True Hearts," "The Pirates'
Cold." " Frank Hardinge," " Story of the Days of
Alfred the Great," " Annie o' the Banks o' Dec,"
" Travel Nor'ward and West with the Wandering
Caimvan " (1898), and many Iwys' book^ ; " Popu-
lar Medicine and Hygiene," " For Honour, not
Honours," " Tea. the Drink of Pleasure and of
Health." "Travels by the Fireside," "Health upon
WTiecIs." '* Rola Vitie." "Cycling for Health." etc.
Gordon Steam Shippinit Co., Ltd., witli tlieir head
office in London, have » fleet of 18 modem cargo
veasds ongaged in trading to the East and Far East
and various ports of the world as inducement offers.
This company also manage the Unison Steam-
shipping Co., Ltd., with a flf ct of two steamers.
Ptttrr.
Gordon Steanuthippinc; Co.. Ltd.
Amy. Askbri>'-tkf. Au^u-tUt
Annaitaale. Atbara. Dargai.
EUa.
Khartoum,
Sybil.
tngram.
Kurrachee.
Victoria
Kaifos.
Rfcta
VioUt
Kaly.
SobraoH.
Wntty.
Unison Stcamabipping Ca., Ltd,
Kariha. Kartnn.
Gross tonnage. 4i,Cf$6.
Gere. An angular piece of planking used in a
ship's frame ; also a triangular piece of canvas sewed
into a. sail to widen it at any part
Gorge. The groove or score of a pulley.
Germ. Dantah coast defence turret ship. (Copen-
hagen. 1S7J.)
length 331ft. Beam 40ft. Draught [4ft.
Displacement 3,304 ions. Complement t$H.
Gum. Armour,
i^ia in. " StccL"
3^3'4 in. 7 in. Belt aroidships.
4 Maxima.
np. 1.670=13 lets. Ccial II j tons.
Ootcliea. George Joaohim. Lord fb. August 10,
1851 ; d. Fcbruan." 7, 1907). Educated Rugby and
Oriel College, where he took a first class in the final
classical school. In 1863 be entered Parliament
as member for the City of London, and eight yeara
later he became First Lord of the Admiralty, a post
which he held until the dissolution in 1874. He
represented East Edinburgh in Parhameut in iS8$
and later St. George's, Mauovex Square, and it was
while representing this constituency that he
entered upon a brilliant term of office as Chancellor
of the Exchequer. The great outstanding feature
of his tenure of the Chancellorship was tlic extra-
ordinary' success that attended his scheme for tlie
reduction of the interest of the National Debt. His
next period of political activity is embraced in the
last five years he passed in the House of Commons,
during which h« was First Lord of the Admiralty
for the second time (189$). In a .'«cns«. indeed, he
became the father of our raodcm Navy. He in-
creased the p^rjontul of tho Navy from SS.noo to
1 14,000 ; he developed and fortified the dockyards,
not only at home, but abroad ; he enormously
enlarged the Naval Rftservc. and strenglhene<l
the naval arrangements for home defence, and
brought thr whole service up to a high standard
of eSiciency. The year 1900 brought his active
political Ufe lo a dose, and the rest and ease of the
House of Lords followed. In the last month of that
year be was raiitcd to the peerage as Viscount
Goschen. He died of lieart failure at bis residence
at Seacox Heath. Hawkhuzst, February 7, 1907,
at the age of 76.
Gossamer. British torpedo gun-boat (iRoo).
Length sjoit. Beam 27ft. Maximum draught tsfL
Displacement 735 tons. Complement 90.
Guns.
3—47 in.
4—3 pdr.
GOTA
250
GRAFTON
Torpedo Tubes.
5— 14 in.
3— 18 in.
Coai maximum 160 tons.
Twin screw. Coai maximum 160 tons. Speed
1 7 lets.
Otftft. Swedish batUcsfaip. (Lindholmcn, 1891.)
Reconstructed 1901.
L«agth 254ft. Beam 48ft. Maximum draught 17ft.
Displacement 3,300 tons. Complement 237.
Guns.
Armour.
I — 8*2 in.
" Creusof •
7 — 6in-
1 1 in. Belt.
11— 6pdr.
10 in. Conning tower.
3 — 1 pdr.
7 in. Fore tamets.
5 in. Secondary tnircta.
TarptHo Tube$.
1 Submerged bow.
nrin screw.
Hp.
4.650=15 kts. Coal maxi-
mum 300 tons.
Wt«tiorRi Yaohtldabb. EstabUshed. igoi. Com-
modore, Henrik Pripp ; Vice-Commodore, Consul
C O. Wijk ; Secretary, Harald Wapler. Khstine-
lundsgatan 5. Gothenburg. Entrance fee, too
kroner; annual subscription. 100 kroner.
Gotha Line, owned and managed by Messrs.
Jonason Stetnhagcn and Co.. of Gothenburg, have a
fleet o( first-class stcamere. carr^nng passengers and
cargo from Gothenburg, Antwerp, Rotterdam,
Havre, and Rouen, and vie* versa. A service is
maintained once a week between GOthenbui:g, Ant-
werp, Rouen and Rotterdam, and every fortnight
from Gflihenburg to Rouen and Havre.
OOthenboTK Taobt Clnb. RoyaL See Royal
Gflthcnbiirg Vacht Club.
Gotbio (>893l. Bribsh subsidised merchant ship.
White Star Line {g.v.). Dimensions. 490x53x33
ft. ; gross tonnage, 7.755 ; passenger accoromodn*
tion. 350; Hp.. 5.000s: 1 5 kts.
OoQgh, Admiral Frederick William. O.B., 1S75
(b. 1824). Educated Brussels; entered Na\T.
1838 : male of President at Cape of Good Hope ;
served in Kafhr war. 1846; in command of parly of
bluejackets, field piece, and rocket tube ; rcceivefl
official thanks of the Government and Commander-
in-Chief (Kaffir medal) ; in galley of Cleopatra
captured an armed slaver in the Mozambique
Channel. Senior lieutenant of H.M.S. London at
bombardment of Sebastopol, 1S54. subsequently
served for nine months in trenches before Sebasto-
pol in command of 150 men, was wounded, and
promoted to the rank of Commander for distin-
guished service (Crimean. Turkish and Sardinian
medals, Sebastopol clasp ; Knight of the Legion of
Honour and 5 th Class Medjidie) ; received promotion
to captain for zeal during mx years' ser\ice in
command of Hastings division of coastguard!^.
Emigration officer and nautical surveyor, Liverpo(rf,
i864'7() '- has been Ave times gazetted for dis-
tinguished service.
Ooorook Taoht Club. Eatmliliiliad i894> Commo-
dore. D. McPherson ; Vice-Commodore, J. dark
NciU ; Rear -Commodore. R. M. Mann : Treasurer.
J. McIngUs*; Secretary. W, B. Stevenson. lu B»tii
Street. G!a.sgow. Entrance fee, £1 is.', annual
subscription, £1 is.
(OT. Abbreviation for government.
GoTemoIo. Italian gun-boat. (Venice. \h^)
LenRth. 1S5 ft.; beam. 34 ft.; drau|j;ht, 14 ft.:
displacement, 1,235 tons; complement. 131 ; amu-
ment. 4 47-in., 2 r4-in., z Maxims ; Hp.. 1,100=^
1 3 kts. ; coal . 300 tons.
Governor Fenner. From Liverpool for Amcrtca-
■was run down off Holyhead by the steamer SoOvkf-
hani, of I'liblin, February 19. 1841.
QoWt Harriaoo tnd Co.. with tbeir head office a
Glasgow, have a fleet of 13 modem cargo steasuo
engaged in the carriage of freight to vaxions parts d
the world. This firm is the outcome of the amalfv-
matinn of Allan C. Gow and Co. and P. H. Dixos
and Harrison.
FtEET.
Arroyo. Vennachat.
Rosnsaik. Verfnout.
Vaidivia, Vi«n na.
Vateita. Vimeita.
Vancouver. Virginia,
Venttia. ViUoria.
Volga.
Q.B. Distinguishing letters 00 sea fishing twab
registered at Gloticester. England.
Qr,, Om, Green (near a buoy or ligbtJ
Abbre\'iatlon adapted on the charts issued by the
Hydrographic Office, Admiralty.
Or. Abbreviation (or Greek.
G.R.A. Distinguishing letters on aea ftafaiof
boats registered at Grauw, Holland.
Graah. Captain. See Arctic Exploration.
Gradient The dificrencc in pressure, tempera-
ture or other meteorolt^cal elemoat per onit of
distance.
Graft. Ornamenting a rope with wcavings d
fine yam.
Grafton. British armoured cruiser (1893).
f-fUKth 360ft. Beam (Vift. Maximum draught afitL
Complement 540. Displacement 7,350 tons.
Guns. Arntotir,
2 — 9*2 in.. JO cal. " Steel."
10 — b in., 40 cal. 5 in. Deck.
13—6 pdr. 7 in. Big gun shields.
5 — 3 pdr. 6 in. Casemates.
2 Maxims. 13 in. Conning towci.
Torpedo Tubes (18 in.).
2 Submerged.
Twin screw. Hp. natural io,ooo:= iS'c kta,
forced 12,000=19*5 kts. Coal miaxinjum 1.J50
tons. Approximate cost ^^30,000.
GRAHAM
45 r
GRAMPUS
Graham. 0«iieral Sir James, K.OJB^ cr. 1902 (b.
Malta). Royal Marines, retired. Served in Baltic
Expedition, iSS4-S5> including the destructioa of
telegraph statioos (medal) ; served in H.M.S.
Agamtmnott when enga{;ed in laying Atlantic Tele-
graph Cable ; H.M.S. Black Prince when towing
floAtiiig dock to Bermuda ; commanded a battalion
of marines during the campaign in Egypt, 1S82 ;
present at the seizure of the Suez Canal during
insurrection under Arabi Pasha (mentioned in
despatches, " London Gazette." September 2 and
November 2. 1882) ; present at the actions ol Tel-
el-Uahuta, Mabscmali, Kassassin, and Tel-cl-Kebir
(medal. Tel-el-Kebir clasp. Khedive's Star, and
Ovroanieb, 4th Class).
Qrabam. Harquu ol. Jamas. D.L. (b. 1878).
Eldest son of Unke of Montrose. Educated Eton ;
BciA'ed as an apprentice in the ship Hespmts and
as a volunteer for two years in H.M.S. Volage.
naval training squadron. In tS^jg went as navi-
gating officer in Lord Brassey's yacht the Sunbeam
on her voyage home from Australia ; in 1900 served
in the South African war with the Naval Brigade
landed from H.M.S. Doris ; commander of the
Clyde Divi-iion. Royal Naval VohiElcer Reserve ;
is a member of the AdmirAlty VoluntciT Com-
mittee for adniiniKtcnng this force ; holds a yacht
master's certificate. Associate member of the
lostitotion of Naval Arctiitects, of the Merchants'
duld, and also of Uic Scottisli Stiip Masten'
Society.
Publications : Hns published numerous articles
io technical Jind other majjazines.
Graham, Sir James R. G. See Admiralty.
Gnh&m. Sir William, 6.C.B., cr. 1902. K.03., cr.
1887 (b. 1&25). rthtish admiral. Ent^ered Koyal
Navy, 1842 ; 5cr^ed in II.M.S. Vi'iiterwiUh, Decem-
ber, 1851, and was engaged in the first attack on
Lagos: also present at the s<?cond and successful
attack on Lagos ; nas gazetted June, 1S54, for !>cr-
vices in the Gulf of Bothnia when serving in H.M.S.
Lsop&rd, and again in February, 1KK5, for ser-
vices reod<^cd against Kertch (Baltic. Crimean and
Turkish medals. Scbastopnl clasp) ; promoted to
tbe rank of commander for services rendered in
China War, 1S57-5S {China medal, Canton clasp] ;
commanrlcd the /mmir/o/ii), 1871-73; Resistance,
1874; Bnintini'tJ, 1S74-77; Admiral Superintendent
Malta Dockyard, 1661-85; Lord Commissioner ot
the Admiralty and Controller of the Navy, 18S5 ;
President of the Royal Naval College, Greenwich,
iBJtS-oi : retired, 1891.
Grain cargo. In order to secure stabihty the
MercUiint Shipping Act, 1894 (sections 45^-456).
makcM rtpecial regulations for every ship carrying
com, rice, paddy, pulse, seeds, nuts, or nut kernels.
which amount to more than one-third ot such ship's
regtstcrrd tonnage. For failure to take necessary
nod reasonable precautions Hgaiu^t shitting the
master or agent may be fined ^300. Where a
British grain ship 19 bound from a Mediterranean
or Black Sea port to ports outride the Straits of
CibraltAr, or where a British ship is laden \tith
grain in North America, the following special
precautions arc enforced, unless the vessel be
loaded or built in a manner approved by the Board
of Trade.
1. No grain in bulk shall hr carried between
dt-cks, except such as is necessary' for feeding the
cargo in the li€xld, and is carried in proper fts'dera.
2. Where grain is carried in bulk in any hold, and
proper provision tor filling the same with feeders
is not made, not less than one-quarter ol the grain
in such hold shall be in bags supported on platforms
laid on the grain in bulk. This section does not
apply to ;
[a) Oats or cotton seed ;
[b) Sailing ships of less than 400 tons, not
engaged in .\nicncan trade ;
[c) Ships laden in the Mediterranean or Black
Sea. if divided into compartments and fitted with
longitudinal bulkheads or shifting boards, and if
not carrying more than one-fourth of the grain
cargo, and more than 1,500 quarters in any one
compartment, provided each division of the lower
hold is fitted with proper feeders ;
(rf) Ships in which the grain does not exceed one-
half of the whole cargo, and the rest of the cargo
consists of cotton, wool, flax, barrels or sacks ot
flour, or other suitable cargo so stowed as to pre-
vent the grain in any compartment from shifting.
3. Where grain is carried in the hold or between
decks, whether in bags or bulk, the hold or space
between dcclis shall be divided by a longitudinal
bulkhead or sufficient shifting boards which L-xtend
{rom deck to deck or from deck to keelson and are
property secured, and if the grain Is in bulk are
fitted grain-tight with proper fillings between the
beams.
4. In loading the grain shall be properly stowed,
trimmed and secnred. Before leaving, or within
48 hoars after leaving, her final port, tlio master of
every grain ship sailing fiom ports in the seas or
country mentioned above shall deliver notice of her
draught, the grain carried, and its quantity, the
mode of storage, and precautions taken against
shifting to the British consular officer, or, if in a
British port, to the chief Customs olhcer. who shall
forward it to the Board of Trade as soon as practic-
able.
Oraia clause. See Clauses.
Grampus. U.S. submarine. (San Francisco,
1902.). Length. 6$ ft.: beam, 11 ft.; displace-
ment, 120 tons ; complement, 5 ; torpedo tubes, 1 ;
Hp., 160=38 kts. above, 7 below.
Oramptu. A cetacean (Phocaena Orca). Closely
akin tu a jKirpuisc, but much larger, being some-
times 2u ft. long. It is black above water, and
white below.
GRAND
252
GRAVELL
Ortnd Bmnk. The name gh-en to tbe snbniprg«d
plateau, Khich has an area o( some 500,000 squaie
miles, and a depth of from 10 to 160 fathoms,
extending S.E. from the coast ol Newfoundland.
Thn bank guT* employment to some 1 00.000
ftshcrmen (British. American, and French).
Onnd Gftnal. 5r«- Yun-bo.
Qnnd Duke Alajds. Russian auxiliary cnitaer.
(Hftihiim. iK<>c),} Length. 384 ft. ; beam. 37 ft. ;
dranght, 15 ft.; displacement, sj^o tons; Hp.,
3.500= r6 kts.
Qrand Duke Constantine. Rns&tan anxiUar)'
cruiser. (Ilcbtuni, i8qi.) Length, 284 ft ; beam,
i7 ft. ; draught, 15 ft. ; displacement, 3,400 tons;
Hp., 3,5oo=i6kts.
Onnny. A name applied to a knot in wliich tli*-
second tie is across, clifTering from a reef knot in
wliirli the fiid and outer part :ire in line.
Qranl, Admiral John Frederick George. Entered
Navy, i¥4,'l; served aa midshipman and male ot
^'tl^fty^ duriny the whole of the Crimean war.
and was present an<l assisted in the following
operations : Bombardment of Odessa. 1S54 ; cap-
ture and destnictioa of Redoubt Kaleh, 1854 ;
bombardment of Scbastopol, 1854 ; towfng the
Vengeance mto action ; destruction of the MarlcUo
Towers at Djiniiteia. 1854 ; tximbaidment of
Soujuk Kaleh. 1855 ; capture of Kertcb, 1855 :
night attack on Sebastopol, 1B55. aud final capture
of that place in September, 185; (Crimean and
Turkish medals, Scbasto|Kil cU^ip) ; on lieutenant
was present at the capture of Taku forts, China.
i860 {Chinese raedaJ) ; engaged in various opera-
tions against the rebels in China, iSb3 ; second
in command of tbe siege guns at the capture of
Kabdmg ; twice gazetted for services during these
opcratiomt : commander. 1867: commanded the
Midge in suppressing piracy in the Straits til
Malacca : specially mentioned in despatches for
these svrvicos, and received the thanks oI his
Commander-in-Chief and the Lords Commissioners
of the Admiralty; captain, 1875; comnuuulod
troop ship Malabar. 1879-8 1 ; captain superinten-
dent of Bermuda dockyard. 1884-87 ; received the
thanks of .fVmerican Government for saving the
MafSiiiit from destruction uhen her cargo was
OQ fire ; rear-admiral, 1890; vice-admiral, 1&97 ;
admirBl. 1902 : has been employed since 1876 by
the Hume Department as nautical assessor to the
House ot Lords.
Qranti to thipping compuiies. These annual
subsidies by the Govenunent are paid either lor
(I] the carriage ot mails : (2) the encouragement ol
trade ; or (3) the maintcQancc ot national defence,
and the right to obtain inercanttle vessels in Xime
of war.
(i) A sum of /QOb.500 for the carriage of mails
la annually paid by the Go^xtamcnt to various
steamship companies, of which the Peninsular and
Oriental Co. are by iar the most largely subsidised '
(^330,000).
(3) As the outcome of the racommendatiotts
made by the West India Royal Commission (i8g
97), ^40.000 is annually paid to Elder, Dempste
and Co. to encourage the fruit trade from Jamaica.
(3) In 1901 a sum of /77.813 was paid to seven
steamship companies for the right to call on
]8 steamers. The wholi* «iliject was thoroughly^
considered and reported on by a Select Committo
of the House of Commons in 1902, when opinion
was expressed that, for purposes of national de-
fence, (a) thf phncipli* of sulwridies by the Ad-
miralty is only justified for obtaining a limited ,
number of vesscLs of the highest sperd and great
coal endurance, built according to Admirulty re-
quirements : and (A) vWmiralty subsidies are use-
less merely as retaining tees.
In IQ03 the British Government agreed to lend
the Cunard Sti-aiiisliip Co., I^d.. of IJ^'erpool,
^2,6oo,uoo. at an interest of 3{%. and also to
subsidise the company to the extent of 1^150,000
per annum, on condition they built two large
steamers of high speed for the Atlantic trade, and
to hold their fleet at the Govemmeot's disposal
lor 20 years, the two vesseb built being the
LuiUania and Mauwttania.
Hefer lo Cunard Steamship Co., Ltd.
Grapnel. A small anchor with four palmed
ilawH at (iiic end and a ring at tin- otiwr.
Grappler. Burnt near Bute Inlet. Vancouver
Island. May 3. 1883 ; 70 lives lost.
Orushopper. British coaetal torpedo-boat de-^
stroyer. (TliQmycroft, 1906.) Length. 168 ft, ;
beam, ij^ ft. ; draught, 9 ft- ; displacement. 330 ;
complemi-nt, 35; armament, 2 12-pdr., 2 tubes;
J screws ; Up.. 3,700 = 26 kts.
GtatinSL Open woodwork used for covering
hatchways.
Oraapel. (Gcirman.) Soft hail.
Grave, Graiing doek. A dry dock used tor the
inspection and repairing of ships.
GrareU, John (b. Trieste. May, 1855). Kducated
Armenian College and Ruyal School at Gorx.
Served apprenticeship to shipbuilding at St Andrea
and Rocco, and to complete lus practical educa-
tion and gain wider experience he came to Kug~
land, and was fur some lime connected with ship-
building and engineering works on the Thames.
After going to sea for a term he returned to Italy,
on behalf ol Messrs. John Gwynne and Co.. to
assist in the erection of large centrifugal pumps at
Codigon. In 1881 he joined the Bureau VerrtA*
as assistant to the head technical ofhce at BmaseK.
and snlKieqnently to Liverpool ftt shipwnght sur-
veyor. .After being at this port a few months he
came to I^ondon, and in December. IH83. wss
transferred to Newcastle -on -Tyne as chief surrcyor.
While in Newcastle he superintended the con-
GRAVES
253
GREAT
atmction of several new types of vessels, the most
prominent being oU-taak and tarret steamerB.
The ice-brcalicrs EnHatA. Baikal, Sampo, and
others were built for the Russian Govcmmcat
under hia superintendence. He was for many
years vice-president of the North-East Coast In-
stitntion of Engineers and Shipbuilders, represent-
ing It for 10 years on the council of the Durham
College of Science, and it was during his term of
office that the Chair of Naval Architecture and
Engineering was established. In 1894 he received
the Order of Chevalier from the King of Portugal,
and in 1S9S '^"^^ appointed chief representative of
the Bureau Veritas in the United Kingdom.
OraVM. Sir Thomas (1747-1814). British ad-
miral. Commandt^d the Bedford in the action in
Chesapeake Bay, 1781. and the battle of St. Kitts,
1783. In iSoi he served in the expedition to the
Baltic as third in command under Hyde Parker
and Nelson. In i .S05 he was engaged in blockading
the French coast, more particularly tlie Rochelort
Squadron, which. howc\'er. escaped in spite of hit
vigilance. In 1813 he reached the rank of admiral
and retired.
Gravatand Sailing Clab. Established 1S94. Cap-
tain, F. Flower ; Honorary Treasurer and Secretary.
E. J. Sandham. 15 I'ark Road, Graveseiid. Kent.
Entrance fee. los. td. ; annual subscription, lo^. f4.
Grarimu Spanish coasting steamer. Wrecked
off the Philippine Islands. May 33. 1895 ; 168 lives
lost.
Graritroke. Hartlepool steamer. Wrecked out-
side Ctixhaven, 1&92 , 24 Uves lost.
grd. Ground. Abbrr%'Lation adopted on the
charts issaed by the Hydrographic Oflice. Ad-
miralty*, denoting the quaUty of the ocean's bottom.
Great Basses LighUtooM. Designed by Mr.
Douglas. Situated six miles from the nearest land
off tbe coast of Ceylon ; illuminant, oil.
Omt Britain. This ve-sscl was the first iron
screw stKamcT, .ind pioneer of the modem Atlantic
liners, and was built in 1845. ^^'^ length over all
was 333 feet, with a gross tonnage of 3.270, and a
Hp. of i.soo.
OrMt Central Railway Oo.*b flteanuhips. consist-
ing of 16 tine sli-amers of the most modern con-
struction, maintain a regular service from Grimsby
to Hamburg. A steamer leaves Grimsby for Ham-
burg daily ; every Monday, Wednesday, and Satur-
day for Antwerp, returning from Antwerp every
Tuesday, Thtu^day, and Saturday, A steamer
leaves lor Rotterdam ever> Wednesday and Satur-
day, retumiog fruni Rotterdam every Tuesday and
Satuiday. The steamers on lhi*> run art^ the two
lurbine^ \Satyiebvne and Mttiin^ham. The sea
passage occopies only about i ■> hours. The average
paasogo to Hamburg is about 30 hottxs, and to
Antwerp about 3o hoars.
Flbbt.
Ashion.
Chester.
Ctty of Bradford.
City of Leeds.
IMcesier.
Lincoln.
LutterufOrth,
Marytebone.
Mininghttm.
Northenden.
Notlingham.
Oldham.
Rflford.
Sheffield.
Slaveley.
Wreth^tm.
Qreat Ciicle Sailing. See Navigation.
Great Eastern. A paddle and iron screw mer-
chant steamer, 679 ft. long, 82 tt. broad, with a
tonnage of 18,915, launched 1854, when she was
by fax the largest vessel in existence. She was
designed by 1. K. Brunei and^Scott RusscU. and
built on tlie Thames. Her paddle engines gave
1,170 Hp., and her screw engines about 1,000 Hp.
The highest attained by her on any voyage was
[4 kts.. and her greatest day's run 333 kts. She
did not prove a successful speculation, and after
being used as a cable-laying ship she was wrecked,
1885, when about to be broken up.
Great Eastern Railway Co.* with a fine fleet of
twin-scrt-w sti-amcrs, maintain a service, carrying
passeogers from Harwich via the [look of Holland
and also via Antwerp, to all ports of the Continent.
A Ixjat leaves Harwich daily about 10 p.m,, and
arrives at Hook of Holland about 5 a.m,, returning
from Hook ol Holland about 11.20 p.m. A boat
leavos Harwich about 10 p.m. every week-day,
and arrives at Antwerp about S.30 a.m., returning
from .Antwerp about 7 p.m.
A msterdam.
Brussels.
Fleet.
Cambridge.
Chelmsford.
Colchester.
Dresden,
Vienna.
Oieat Qneeuland. On August 5, 1876. this
veGsel sailed for Melbourne with a cargo of gun-
powder. She is supposed to have exploded near
Finisterre, as pieces of her wreck were found there.
Her pa:£Scogers and crew numbered $69.
Great Western Bailwar Oo. own a fleet of
2 1 .steamers, three of which have triple-screw
tnrbine engines, and are used for the new service
lietwoen Fishguard and Roaslare. Fishguard Har-
bour is only 54 nantjcal miles from the harbour of
Rosslare, Ireland, and the steamers, which main-
tain a speed of 22 kts., cover the distance in well
under three hours. This route thus affonb the
shortest sea passstge to Ireland. An express ser-
vice of steamboats is also maintained from Wey-
mouth, to and from the Channel Islands, daily
during the summer months, and tri-weekly in the
winter. Another service saiUng • daily (Sundays
excepted) from Fishguard to and from Waterfotd.
Flsst.
Anielopt.
Cheshnc.
Dolphin.
GaseU*.
Great Sotdhfrn.
Grgat M'esttm.
Ibex.
Lynx.
Man xtna tt.
Melmon.
Paimeriton.
Pembroke.
Reindeer.
Roebuck,
Sir Francis Drake,
Sir Richard Grenuiile.
Smealon.
St. David.
St. Davids.
St, George.
SL Patrick.
Great Tacmoatb TacbL Club. Yarmouth. Estab-
lished iSSj. Uui(;ee : Kt-U and blue, with scmi-
lion. passant with fish's tail. Fla^ . Red ensign.
Honorary Secretary, G, II. L. Blake. Annual sub-
scriptioo, $s.
Oreen Fly. British coastal torpedo-boat de-
stroyer. (Thornycroft, 190O.) Length. 168 ft. ;
beam, 17^ ft. ; draught, 6 (t. ; diapUcement.
S30 tons; complement. 35; armament, 2 i2-pdr..
2 tutjes ; 3 screws ; Hp., 3,700=26 kts.
Oreen ray. A flash of greenish-blue light seen,
when the sun's disc appears or disappears, ia a
suurise or sunset on a clear horixao.
Oreensbields, Cowie and Oo. See Knight Steam -
sliip ("o.
Greenwuli Royal Navil College. See Na^-al
Education.
Greig. Russian coast defence ship {1870). Of
no tighting value.
Qrenade. French armoured gun-boat (1884).
Of little fighting value. Displacement. 1,150 tons ;
draught, loi It. ; guns (old), i 9'4-in.. 1 3'S-in. ;
armour, " Compound," 9^-iti. belt ; speed (nomin-
ally), 13 ktH.
Grenadier. French torpedo-boat (1893). ^^s-
placement, 139 tons; complement, 26; maximum
draught, 8} It. ; guns, 2 3-pdr. ; torpedo tubes,
2 15-m. i twin screw; Hp., i,4O0b>35 kts.; coal,
16 tons.
Qrenlell, Sir Harry Trem«nheere (1845-1906)-
Biitish admiral. Eiitured tilt; R.N., 1858. and was
made a lieutenant in March, 1 866. Promoted
1876, and commanded the Cockattice during the
Egyptian war. 1882 (Egyptian medal aud Klicdive'a
Bronze Star]. In 1842 ^hc invented the night sights
for ordnance. During tlie operations in Crete,
1896-97. he commanded the lioyai Sovereign, and
lor his services on this occasion received C.M.G.
In March, 1900. he was raised to dag rank, and in
September, 1901, boiated his Hag in tlie BarfUur
as second in command on the China Station.
.■Vfter a period ol two years on that station he re-
turned to England, and in OLlober, ist^< was
appointed second in command iu the Mcditerraucau,
with his flag in the Vencrabie. In February, 1905,
he became a vice-admiral, and in June oi the same
year was made a K.CB.
Orfefl. (French.) Soft hail.
Greyhound. British torpedo-boat destroyer.
(Haw-thorn. 1900.] Length. 210 ft. ; beam. 21 it.;
draught, 8] It; displacement, 316 toos; comple-
ment, 6a; armament, 1 12-pdr.. 5 6-pdr.. 3 tuba.
twin screw; Hp., 6,000^:30 kts.; coal, 90 toiui.
This ship-name is a5.s(x:iatcd with Blake's acticw
with Tromp off Dovt-r. 1652 ; battle of the Kenti^
Knoclr, 1652 ; battle off Portland. 1653 : Barfleur
and La Hoguc, 1692 ; Rodney against De Guichen,
178c.
Grid-iroo. A stage of solid timber for receiviqg
a ship in order that her bottom may be examined.
Gfffloil. British torpedo-boat deetroyer. (Bir-
kenhead, (896.) Length, 210 ft. ; beam. 20 It. ;
draught, si tt. ; displacement, 300 tons ; com-
plement, 58; armament, l 12-pdr., 5 6-pdr.. 2 tubes;
twin screw; Hp., 6,000=30 kts. ; coal. 80 tons. ^
Orip. To hold. "
Qxipe. A projecting piece added to the forefoot
for the express piiT3K)se of malong a vessel hold a
better wind by creating more lateral reaistancr
the fore part Refer to Forefoot.
Griper. This vessel, commanded by Lieutenant
Edward Parry, sailed in 1819 on a voyage of dis-
covery to the polar r^ions. Sffar to Arctic Ex-
ploration.
Griping. Coming up into the wind while sail:
clos«-hauled.
I a
1
fishing
Orirltaa. Roumanian composite gun-boAt.
placement, iiotomi.
O.EiX). Distinguishing letters on :
boats registered at Croningen, Holland.
Grog. Spirits and water mixed.
Grolous, I. [b. Choisy-le-Roi, May 7. 1849). fa
1&67 entered the technical school, and subsequently
joined the corps of Marine Engineers ; Iiom 186^-72
was a student at the £cole d'Applicatioa du Gtoie
Maritime; went on active service in 1S72, and
MTved at Toulon. Indrc, and Brest with the
Mediterranean Fleet ; in 1882 entered the
of the General Tran.satlantic Co. as aasistani
engineer, and in 1902 became enginetrr-in -chief
tliat company ; was in 1889 made a Chevabcr
the Legion of Honour ; member of the French
Maritime Technique .Association and the iBstitutioa
of Naval Architects.
Gromiashtcht Russian torpedo-boat destroyer.
(St. Petersburg, 1904.) Length, 196 ft. ; beam.
18 ft. ; draught, Ji-^ ft. ; dis[}lacement. 350 tons;
complement, 53 ; armament, i i2pdr., 5 3-pdr.,
3 tubes ; Hp., 6,000=27 kts. ; coal, 50 tons.
Grommet. A rope ring.
liliag^
Dis-
4
GROMOBOI
255
GUERNSEY
QtOfflOboi. Russian afxaourod cniiMr. (Baltic
Works. 1890.)
Length 473ft. Beam 68ft. Maximxim draught 29ft.
Displacement 12,367 toos. Complement 800.
Guns. Armour.
4 — 8 in. " Harvey-nickel."
16— 4 in. 6 in. Beit amidships.
^^ 20—13 pdr. 6 in. Casemates.
^^^ 16 — 3 pdr. 10 in. Conning tower.
^^V 8 — 1 pdr.
^^B Torficdo Tuhes.
^^B 3 Sabmerged.
^^B 2 Above water.
Three screws. Hp. r.S.ooo=3o kts. Coal moxi
mum 3.500 tons. Approximate cost j^qoo.ooo.
Grondeai. French torpedo-boat (iSgo)* Dis-
placement, 133 tons; comptemcnt. 27: maximum
draaght, 5 ; guns. 2 3-pdr. ; torpedo tubes. 2 is in. ;
Hp.. 1.750=24 kts. ; coal, lo tons.
Orondin. French submarine. (Toulon, 1903.)
Length, 77 It. ; beam, 7J ft. ; draught, 8 ft ; dis-
placement, 68 tons : complement. 5 ; Hp., 60=
Skts.
Oronsnnd. Danish gim-boat. 200 tons. Of no
figbtmg value.
Orosoi. Russian submarine (1905). Speed, g kts.
Grosser Kortuni. German ironclad. Sunk by
collision with the Ktmig IVilMm, May 31. 1878 :
300 lives lost.
Grouadage. T^Innpy paid for permission to
anchor.
Groanding GUnse. S/e Clauses.
Ground swelL \ heavy Nvrell often in fine
wralher preceding a gale.
Ground tackle. Ropes and tackle connected
with tlic auchoTS and mooring apparatus.
Grow. A term applied to the cable when it is
being hauled in.
QrO7D0. -A. frame of woodwork constructed
across a beach between high and low water to
break and check the action of the wave*.
Grostastohy. Russian gun-boat (1S90).
Uength 233ft. Beam <t(ft. Maximum draught 14(1.
Displacement 1.500 tons. Complement rso.
Ghhs. Armour.
t — g in. " Compound."
I— 6 in. 5 in. Belt.
_t6 Small q.(. i in. Deck.
jj in. Bulkhead.
Torftcdo Tvhti.
I Above water.
Iviin screw. Up. 3,000—15 kts. Coal maxi-
mum 1 30 tons.
Oronil. Rususian torpedo-boat destroyer. (St.
I-'cteniburg. i<>m.) Length, 196 ft. ; beam. iS ft. :
drwi^t, ii| ft.; displacement, 350 tons; arma-
ment, I t3-pdr., s 3-pdr., 3 tabes; Hp., 6.000=
37 kta.
QrocoroL Russian torpedo-boat destroyer.
(Havre, iqoo,) Length, i36 ft. ; beam. 20 ft. ;
draught, io ft.; displacement. 300 tons; arma-
ment, I I3-pdr,, 5 3-pdr., 2 tubes; twin screw;
Hp., 5,000=35 kts. : coal. 80 tons.
Grabbe, Admiral Sir W. 1. H. 5m Hunt Gnibbe,
Admiral Sir W. J.
Gnunmet. Sso Grommet.
G.S. Oistingiiishiug letters on sea fishing boats
registered at Ga.<sellc. Holland.
G.T. Distinguishing letters on sea fishing boats
registered at Grafhorst, Holland.
Ot, GrL Great. AbbreviaLion adopted on the
charts issued by the Hydrographic Office. Ad-
miralty.
G.TT. Distingnishing letters on sea Ashing boats
registered at Guernsey. England.
Guarantee of anderwriters. The large marine
insurance companies publish anuual reports giving
their financial position. Each underwriter at
Lloyd's deposits with Uie committee at least ^5,000
in securities as caution money to meet ultimate
liabilities. The total amount of these deposits, as
given by the secretary in March. 1906. was
^3,500,000. Of course, each underwriter is re-
sponsible for his name on policies to the assured
for nil claims arising therein in the course of busi-
neas, the caution money being held in re»cive in
case ol need. The solvency of underwriters can
be, and is, guaranteed on policies for a numioal
con-sirjeration. ftefer to Claose.
Otiaraatee of Underwriters Claue. See Clanses.
Ooardia Marina Contrerra. Chilian torpedo-boat.
(Yarrow. [S98.) Displacement, 140 tons ; maxi-
mum draught, 7f ft. ; armament, 3 3-pdr. ; tubes,
3 r4-in. ; Hp.. 2,200=27 kts. ; coal, 40 tons.
Ooardia Blarina Riqaelme. Chilian torpedo-boat
destroyer. <L.aird. 1896.) Length. 210 ft : beam.
2ii ft.; draught, 5^ ft.; displacement, 300 tons;
complement. 65: armament, i t2-pdr., 5 6-pdr.,
3 tubes : twin *crew ; Hp., 6.000=30 kts. ; coal, 90
tons.
Gndgeons. The metal braces with eyes, boltt-d
upon the stern post, for the pintles of the rudder
to work in. as upon hinges ; also the notches made
in the carrick-bitts for receiving the metal bushes
wherein the spindle of a windlass works.
Oneiw. French submarine. (Cherbourg. 1906.)
Displacement, 44 tons.
Gnemaef Yacht Club. EstablLthnl 1890. Bui^ee :
White, with yellow border and shield in centre.
Commodon;. C. B. Gardner : Vice-Commodore
T. Mattel ; Honorary Treasurer. W. Dupuy ;
Honorary Secretary. I. C. Ozanne. Entrance fee,
tos. ; annual subscription, lof.
Ooesa-wArp. Rope Btretched gaant for hauling.
Qaeydon. French ist class cruiser. (L, 'Orient.
1899)
Length 460ft. Beam 6jft. Maximum draught 34ft.
Displacement 9.517 tone. Complement 612.
Guns. A rmour.
2 — 7'6 in. " Harvej'-nick^."
8 — 6*4 in. 6| in. Belt amidships.
4 — 4 in. 8 in. Turrets.
t6 — 3 pdr. 6 io. Coniiiag tower.
Torpedo Tubes (177 in.).
2 Sabmerged.
Three screws. Hp. 19,600=21 lets. Coal maxi-
mum 1.600 tons. Approximate cost /875,o<x),
Qttiolien. French 2nd class cmi&er. (St. Nazaire.
1898.)
Length 436ft. Beam ssft. Maximum draught 37ft.
Displacement 8,227 tons- Complement 630.
Guns, Atmaut.
2^-6'4 in., 45 cal. " Harveyed."
6 — 5*5 in. 2j in. Deck.
10 — 3 pdr.
5— I pdr.
Three screws.
mum 2,000 tons.
I) in. Casemates.
6^ in. Conning tower.
Toppedo Tubes.
2 Abo\*e water.
Hp. 24,000=33 lets. Coal maxi-
Approximatc cost ^650,000.
Gnion Line. See Cnnard Line.
ChildborKsazid. Danish gun-boat Displacement
200 ton-s : Hp.. 300.
Golf Line. Ltd., with their head oflice in London.
have a fleet of four modern cargo steamers engaged
In the cargo trade to various ports in Europe.
Fleet.
Gulf af Ancud. Rapallo.
Gulf of Venice. Sicily.
Gross tonnage, 12,690.
Gall Ol Aden. Steamer. Foundered on her way
from Liverpool to Valparaiso, May 13, 1890 ;
73 Uves lost.
Golf Transport Line, owned and managed by
Messrs. J. 11. VVeisford and Co., Liverpool, was
registered as a company in 1902 to take over the
liusiness established by Mr. J. K. Welsford in 1887.
The line comprises a fleet of seven modem cargo
steamers, which maintain a regular service from
Liverpool to New Orleans and GalvestoD, and also
trade to all parts of tlie world, carrying cargo as
inducement oSers. The company have branch
ofhccs at Galveston and Houston. U.S.A., and
agencies in all the principal American ports.
Fleet.
Ikhal. Industry. Irada.
Jndore, InMuta, Tntlt.
Inhum.
Oan. See Guns.
Otmboftt See Navies.
Gunner. KayaL 5** Warrant Officer.
Gunnery schools; lUvsL See Kaval Estatfeh
mcnts.
God pnctiee; HatiL The Admiralty issue u t
Blue-book the report of the directors of uvil
ordnance on the result of the battle practiu
carried out by ships of the fleet each yew- Is
circulating the report for 1906 their lordships tx/a
with extreme satisfaction the very marked in-
provements made, in spite of con.siderablc incnaK
in range, over tlie result obtained in 1905.
The following is an abstract of the results oC I
the firings.
BATTLE PRACTICE,
Sqsadroo.
1 2nd Cnitwr ,..
zlCMna FImK ...
Alluitic Fleet
P.«»i Indltt» ...
MedtlcrrvMsn
6C4t<eof Good
i Hope
: Channel Fleet
8 lu Cruiser ...
9i3rd CnlKT ...
lO'AuilTalii
11
Total
Jl'MC
I 190S
68
67 W5
»7
t6*l
nil
2U'6
203 0
tws
1460
140 1
M'2
787
98 '4
HEAVY GlINLAVEBS'-
TEbT.
t'leet or
Squadrao.
lad CroiMT ...
Medilen^neui
ird Cniiker ...
AtUntic
luCnuser _
Cl»ln»
Cbann«l ..
Tmdera. Ac. ...
Cape of Gobd
Hope
N'.A-aBdW.I.
Aiutralii
&<ist Indies ...
Total
[ 1906
I 1905
LIGHT QUICK-FIRING
GUN LAYERS
• TEST-
i
U-PonndMB,
6«od 3 Ptmadm.
Fleeter
OS
fi
M
1 ' c '
Fleet or
f
Squad rod.
a,g
S'juadcotu
0
2w
2
I**
Zx'ic 1 =*
1
Atlaniic ... ..
B
HJ
♦■566
Atlantic ... „
-1 f— ■
9,91 ) ly
2
2nd Cruller ...
4
44
4213
Jrd Crufser ...
4 1 31 1 J t?*
s
3id Cruiser ...
3
J4
4 107
Cape of Good
HoM
* f 47 ! ) >»
4
Ciiina
4
46
4053
M editorranesn
10 , «U , 1 VJ
3 Mediterranean
V
129
33W
ls4 Cruiser
6 111 ' Itf
6IAuftiralla
}
M
S'01«
2nA Cruiier
4
7
IM Cruiser ...
1
14
ZIO!
tisi Indies
f>
44 ' ; j!*
a
Cbadiiel
2S
271
2'661
S.A, Aii.i We»t
Indies ...
t
9
East Indka _.
1
9
tya
::hanaBl
21
IM :*>'
ifi
rhina , ...
K
37 : ^'
II
renders
12
AusiralCa
5
c ■ : 1 '■
Total 1|««
3J
S94
3 417
Total ( *'"*
•4
6fcO ■
47
$38
I'll
*""' 1 igos
83
)ao
DBSTROVERS- BATTLE PRACTICJB,
Order of
M<rii.
Flotilla.
No. t4
SMps.
No.o(
Mrn
Firing.
Pote
porUaK
1
Z
3
Medjiemneaa... ..
China
Cbanoel
■^-^ -IfSS:::
«
34
W
J6
204
701 ?t
UUl
XZ8M
U
ST
312
M3
37 W4
In the gun-layers* testa the captain of Ae gon.
or the gun-aimer, is called upon to demonstrate
his capacity tor hitting the mark, and the magnts-
cent niaikmanship oi the British gun-layers b
shown in several of the returns. The result of the
GUNROOM
257
GUNS
1906 battle practice «how5 not only that advance
hMS been made, but that it has far exceeded the
advances which have been made in other competi-
tions. The practice is carried otit at a di^ttancc
of from lour to five milea. wiih ships steaming at a
speed of 15 kt5., the aimio^ being done entirely by
mcani; of iiutrument!; in Lhc control positions. In
the ixtttle practice for 11^05 the average points ucrc
qS'4. uhereas in 1906 they were 181*7. or nearly
double.
In order of merit for the squadrons the Second
Cruiser Squadron stand Arst. with the best .ship of
the sc]utidron Drahf. the flagship of Prince Ij>uis
of Battenberg. The ships on the China Station,
under Vice-Admiral Sir Arthur Moore, come next.
this fleet having come up from filth place. The
Kin^ Alirtd is the l>cst ship in the squndrou. of
which kIic is f1ag»t)ip. The Atlantic Fleet takes
the third place in order of merit, with the Britannia
as first ship of the squadron. It will be noticed
that the Drake and her nistrr-shiits, which couic
first, mount nothing heavier than the 9'2-in. giinN :
and this gun has given excellent results throughout
the firing.
For this purpose targel^. generally floating ones,
are used. The special regulations for long-distance
target practice arc these : The targe: is 50 ft. long
hj 35 ft. high, having a mast 35 ft. high. Each
ship IS to make two runs on a straight course,
opening fire at 6,000 yards, one run for each broad-
side. Tlic ship is to steam 12 kts.. and firo is to
l^r continued for four minutes during each run.
All heavy guns that will bear ore to fire cm each
run. One ship is to mark for the other, and only
actual hit!( to be recorded.
Ounroom. A namr applini to the mess to which
thr juninr officers — i'.e.. sub-Iieu tenants, midship-
men, cadets — belong.
0I1&S* NavaL The earliest record of cannon
being used at sea were those made of hoop-iron
tMUS, intended (or firing stone balls, in vogue about
135a. For aliout two centuries Httlc was done to
bring the cannon into more practical use, and
although in 1500 a large Unglisli ship, tlic HcHty
O'oct a' Ditu. earned some heavy guns, it was not
until 1612 tliat we learn of the ships in the Navy
carrying guns to any extenL In 1677 the first
approach to the regular establishment of guns for
ships of s'arious classes was decided upon, and the
following talilc givL-s the guns carried by the
various rates :
' FUst fates
SeesodCMM
TWrd nuct
«pr».
26
32-pn. 1t>-rrt.
I2vrf
Salt en-
Jm
T«»I
Ttie gun most in ^vour at the close of the
eighteenth and at the opening of tlic nineteenth
centuries was the cast-iron, smooth-bore muirle-
loadcr.^fir^t the 33-pdr. and later the 6S>pdr.
Carrooades were used for " smashing " rather than
for penetrating the skin or structure of ships.
.Mthough the A8-pdr. M'as improved by a lining of
wrought iron being inserted in the bore, whereby
the energy at 1.000 yards range was increased
from 390 to 600 foot-toos, httle progress was made
until after the Crimean war. when chemists under-
took the investigation of the action of explosives,
and metallurgists sought to produce stronger
metaU.
The general idea was that the more violc-nt the
expkinion the greiiter would be tile velocity of the
projectile. Under such condilions short weapons
mitnralty found favour ; and. indeed, with the light
spherical, ill-fitting projectile there was little aih-an-
tagc to be gainc-d by lengthening the I>ore. With
the ialftKluction of the rifled cannon much heavier
and heller fitting shot became possible, and it was
then realised that it was not the explosion that was
wanted, but a continuous pressure acting on Iho
base ol a shot for a relatively con.*)idrTiiblc pericxl.
Guninakers hail mcanwHile improved thestrengtli
of the weapon by a recognition of the fact that
wrought iron was twice as strong in the direction
of the fibre as across it ; and thus in the sixties
the>' began to coil a central tube, surrounding it by
hoops, welded or shrunk on. The bore was rifled
to give the shot that rotatorj' motion which pre-
vents irregularity in flight, and conduces to accuracy
of fire at long range. The smooth-lx>re gun was
effective up to only 1,000 yards range, as com-
pared to the 6.000 yards and 7.000 yards for the
modem weapons.
Breech -loading was first introduced into Iho
Navy in if^SO \>\th the " Rifled Ordnance Arm-
strong" gun, inventeil by Ixird Armstrong {if. v.),
founder of the Hlswiclc works, hut was dis-
carded because the details for closing the breech
had proved deft-etive, which defect, however,
was caused by carelessnes.^ in not ciming this part
of the gun properly, and it was not until ifiSo
tliat they were reintroduced into the Service.
Various improvements gradually increased thu
power of the gun. The Irngth and weight had
enormously grown, but the increase in energy up
till the eighties was not commensurate with the
augmentation of the weight of the projectile and
charge.
The advance from the jS-ton gun of 1870 to the
I io)-tun gun ol 1S87 involved the muUipl>*ing by
five of the charge of powder, which quadrupled
the energy of the gun, but the carrying power of
the «hof was still d<^ficient. The velocity had in-
crvRfcd in jo years from 1.600 to j.ooo it. per
.•tecond. At the trial against a specially prepared
target a gun of this weight and calihre drove an
armour-piercing proj^tile through 30 in. of com-
pound armour. 6 in. of iron. 3o ft. of oak, $ ft. ol
granitf, and 11 ft. of concrete, "J^The cost of the
charge was. roughly speaking. £io for powder and
projectile, and iiS'^% of the price ot the gun,
K
GUN
258
H
which cost approximatelv, without mounting, about
^1 5,ix>o. Towards the end o( the ninctct-nth cen-
tury- ihe practice ol winding the tubes o( hca\'5'
guns with steel wirp to give increased resistance
was introduced, especially in weapons for use in
the British Navy. In the manufacture of tliciie
f;nns romtd the inner tul>c tlicrc is coiled something
Uke i3i> niili?^ of wiiL*. wliich il^lf has a breaking
strain ol between 90 and 110 tons per square in.,
and is put under a tension o( fioni 54 tons per
square in. nl the inner wires, and 32 tons per
square in. of the nutur nires, no tluit the ultinuiLu
reststance of strain consequent upon the Qring of
tbe gun is enormously increased. Velocities of
r.6oD ft. per second are thus realised, and own
moic i» quite feasible, so that the penetration of
wrought iron at i.'xxj yards range has now been
increased to 42 in.
If wc compare the la-in. gun to-day with the
weapcin of (he sanu- caUbre of 20 years ago, when
there wa.< do widi-ued chamber for the explosive,
when pristnatic powder of low expansive pow*cr
was used, we find that the penetration of wrought
iton at 1,000 yards range has been doubled and
the po*;RibIe effective range multiplied fivefold.
There has also bcrn an enormous gain in quicker
fire by improved hreech niiM:haniflu». and efficient
hytlraiihi. and electric mountings, whereby the gun
and all its loading, eJevating. and training machinery'
is rotated.
Qun tackle. A tackle composed of a rope rove
through lT\o single blocks, the standing part being
made fast to the strop of one of the lilocks.
Gontec's Line is a logratithmic scale of propor-
tionaI.s. named after its inventor. Edmund (Hintor,
wherein the distance between each division is
equal to the number of mean proportionals con-
tained between the two terms, in such parts as the
distance between one and lo is r 0,000, etc.
Gnawole. The liorizoutal plank fitted along and
covering 01 binding the heads of the timbers and
so forming tl»e top of the boat's side.
Qoisets. An angle iron or bracket used to
stiffen the angle of a structure.
OastAVe SCede. French submarine. fl'oulon .
1893.) I^cngth. 150 ft.; beam. 12 ft.; draught.
11 It.; displacement. 336 tons; complement, 9:
Hp., aaowtokts.
Gnstevo Sampaio. Brazihan torpedo gun-bo;it.
(Elswidc. 1806.)
Displacement 500 tons. Complement 95.
GVHS,
2—35 in-
4—3 pdr.
Torpedo tubes,
3 Above water.
Twin screw. Hp. 2.300=18 kts. Coal maxi-
mtmi 1 50 tons.
Gutter-ladga. Crossbars laid aloag a haUbvav
enabling them better to sust^n a weight.
Goy. Lieatenant Baifl Jobn Doa«Iaa, Rjr... VX.
As mid, of the Bar/lcitr was aw'arcled tlic V.C for
great coolness and braver)' at Ute attack on Tientsii,
July. 1900.
Extract from the "Gazette." January i, 1901.
" On July 13, 1900 during the attack on Tientjn
city, a very heavy cross-fire was brought to bar
on the Naval Bri^dc, and there were sevorti
casualties. Among those who fell was an A.R.
i. McCarthy, shot about 50 yarcN short of cover.
Mr. Guy stopped witli him and, aftpr seeing wliai
the in|ur>- was. attempted to lift him up and catrr
him in. hut vuas not strong enouf^h ; so. af titr bimliof
up the woimtl, Mr. Oiiy ran to f^t assisiance. Id
the meantime the remainder of the company luu!
|>assed in nnder cover, and the mtire fire Irom tit
city was concentrated on Mr. Ciuy and McCartlir.
Shortly after Mr. Guy had got tn under cover tW
slrctchere came up. .\gain Mr. Guy ria&hed "Mrt
and tisiistcd in placing McCarthy on tlie sLretchd
and carrying him in. The wounded man «a»
however, shot dead just as he was being camcil
into safety. During the whole time a very he3*7
fire was brought to bear upon Mr. Guy, and tk
ground around him was absolutely ploughed np."
He was mentioned in Vioe-Admiral Soyminr^
despatches, and promoteil Ucutenant.
Giun. A rope used to keep Rpar« or otlw
weights' bodies from swmging against ship's sidf.
O.W. Distinguishing letters on sea Ashing boUs
registered at Glasgow. ScoUand.
Qwin. U.S. torpedo boat. (Bristol, t^^
Length, Q9J ft. ; beam. I2i ft, ; draught. 3J It;
displacement, 46 tons; armament, ; i-pdr..
3 2-pdr. ; Hp.. 850=^21 kts. : coal. S tons.
O.y. Di-stinguisbing letters on sca fishing boats
registered at Grimsby, England,
gy. Gray. Abbreviation adopted un the chaiD
issued by the Hydrographic Office. Admiralty,
denoting the quality of the ocean's bottom.
Gybe. Allowing when nearly b&fore the wind
the fore-and-aft sail to shift from onn side to ttic
other.
Qynmota. French submarine. (MouriUon. 1 • - -
Length, 56 ft. ; beam, 6 ft. ; draught, 6 ft.
placement, 39 tons ; complement, 4 ; Hp., ese
6 kts.
Oyn. A three-legged machine fitted with 1
wimllass, heaving in the fall from a purcha*-
block at the summit, much used for driving ptles, ^
H- Distinguishing letter on sea fishing botti
registered at Havre, France.
H. Distinguishing letter on sea fi&lung boati
registered at Heyst, Belgium.
H
259
HAGG
H. lasting uisbing letter oq sea fishing boats
registered at Hcbingor, Denmark.
H. Dtstinguisbing letter on 8tra fishing boata
registerpd at Hull, England.
H. Hour. Abbreviation adopted on the ctiarls
issued by the llydrographic Offic«, Admiralty.
h. Hard. Abbreviation adopted on the charts
led by the Hydrographic Office. Admiralty,
loling the quality of the ocean's bottom.
H.A. Distinguishing letters on sea hsliing boats
registeri'd at Harlingen, Holland.
Baack, Carl RadoU Otto (b. in Wolgast, Prussia,
October 1;. 1833). Ci\il engineer, .\ftcr three
years ol practKal work in wood shiptmilding he
Went to the i^hipbiiililing school at Oiabow. near
Stettin. In i8;o he ioiiiLHl the linn of Fruchicnicht
and Brak. Brcdow, as engineer, and in tti$7, when
(his firm was converted into a joint stock company,
under the name ol the Stettiner Vulcan Machmc
Building Co., his services were retained, and he
aubscquenlly became a director. Maay vesacU wctc
constructed under his <lireclioas, including warships,
torpedo boats, and mail steamers of ever)' kind and
size fur England and abroad. After leaving
Vukan in iftB;, he went to Berlin, and began to
practise as a civil (.•ngmeor. lu 1898. by order of
the Secretary of Stale, he aided at the triaJa which
were then being made at the newly built Dortmund-
Enu Canal, ol which the scicntihc work was under
Ills care. Has pubh)i>u-.d several works on ship-
building, and contributed papers to the InstilDLion
01 German Engineers.
BaaL Netherlands coast defence monitor (1S70).
Dt;^Iacem<L>nt. 2.000 Ions. Of no 6ghting value.
ffftbanft. Spanish turpcdo - boat. (Chiswick,
188;.) Length, 12; ft.; beam. ii| ft.; draught.
6 it. : displacement, 59 tuns ; armament. 1 machine-,
2 tubes; Hp., 730=21 kts.
Habioht German gun-boat. (Elhing, i83o.)
length, 174 ft. ; beam. 29) Jt. ; draught, it) ft. :
displacement, 848 tons ; complement, 130; arma-
n>«»t. 5 4*v-in., 5 Maxims; Hp.. 600-= ra kts.;
cool, loo tons.
Babsliurg. Austro- Hungarian battleship. (Tri-
este, lyoo.)
l,rligtb 354!!. Beam Oslt. Maximum draught 35ft.
Diiiplaceniriit •'^,340 tuns.
Gum. Atmvur.
i — 9'4 in., 40 caL " Krupp."
12—6 in. K iu. Belt amidships.
10—12 pdr. 8 in. Barbettes.
16 Maxims 3 in. Turrets.
& in. Couiung tower.
Torpid*/ ThUs (18 in.).
2 Submoiged.
Twin screw. Hp. 1 1,900= iK'5 kts. Coal maxi-
ruutn 840 tons. Appnmniate cost £6jo,oou.
Hl1*t Frcnd) torpedo-tXMt drHtrnyer. (Tnulon.
1906.) Length, 190 ft : tieani, at ft. ; draught,
tof ft. ; displacement, 335 tons ; complement, 62 ;
armament, i g^pdr.. 6 3-pdr.. 2 tubes ; tw*in screw.
Hp., 6,ooo»2S kts.
Haddington, Earl of. Srr Admiralty.
Hadfield. Bobert Abbot. Managing director of
Hadfield's Steel Foundry Co., Ltd., the largest
makers of projectiles in the world. He is tlte
inventor of " Era " manganese steel, and was tlu:
first to make a non-magnetic steel, a product never
known before, ix., il wat unknown that an alloy of
iron could be made possessing entirely opposite
qualities to tho^: tisvially a.scritM:d lo metal. He is
an ex{H!rt metallurgi.st. and lias bei'ti awarded the
Bcsjicmer medal by the Iron and Steel Institute ;
the Howard prize, and a premium of 65 guineas :
the George Stephenson gold medal and premium ;
the Telford gold medal and premium by ihe Institu-
tion of Civil Engineers, and on two separate occa-
sions gold medals by the I^Vench S«Ki*ti d'Encour-
agemcnt j>our I'lndu^irie Nationnle, and the John
Scott medal and pn-niium by thi- .-\mchcan Franklin
Institute. President of the Tronand Steel Institute.
Past Pre^dent of the Sheffield Metatliirgtcal
Society ; member of Council of the Institution of
Civil Engineers, member of the Institution of
Mechanical Engineer*, .American Infitituteof Mining
Engineets. Fn'nch Suciete d'Encuuragi-meut pour
rindustrie Kationale. German Vitpiu der Eiseo-
huttenleute.
Publications : Many pnpers read bcfor« the iron
and Steel tn.stitutc ; Institution of Civil Engineers.
and other scientific bodies ; and hiLs publiahed,
in conjunction with l>e Gibbids, "The Sluirter
Working Day."
Bageo. German coast si^rvice battleship {1893).
Length 254ft. Beam 4Qtt. Maximum draught idft.
Displacement 4.150 tons. Complement 297.
Guns. Armour.
3 — 9'4 in. " Nickel -steel."
JO — t5i pdr. 9 in. Belt.
0— I pdr. 8 in. Barbett'.-s.
4 Machine 7 in. Conning lower.
Totpetto Tubts.
3 Submerged Iww and broadside,
r Above water stem.
Twin screw. Hp. 5,100=151 kts. Coal maxi-
mum 580 tons.
Bigg, Rear-Admiral Jacob (b. Gotland, 1850).
Edur.;it<jd at Visby . entered the Naval College at
Stockholm, 1858 ; suh-licu tenant, 1863 ; sorvcd
in ships in the Baltic. Medilerraneaii, Atlantic, West
Coast of Africa and Korth .America ; surveyed a
considerable part of the East Coast of Sweden :
[n-ojccted and carried out many important schemes
for the safe navigation of warships in the Swedish
AKhipelago, 1^73-84 ; created Knight of the North
Star for services rendered, iflSg ; director of the
Na\'al College. l8vo-(j5 (Commander of the Royal
K Z
Danish Danncbrog Order and the ProssiaJi Kron
Order, and Rothtr Adier Order) : superintcndenL
of tbe Royal I>ocky.ird at Stockholm. 1^^6-99
(Russian St Stanislaws Order, with Star) ; Coni-
mandcr-in-Chief ol the Stockholm squadroo, 1896 ;
appointed to rear-admiral. 1899 ; member of several
naval committees (Commander of the Royal
Swedish Order of the Sword, I5t Class) ; saperin-
tendcot of the Royal Dockyard at KarlskroDa, rll9ri ;
Commander-in-Chief of the coaiit squadron, 1900
(gold medal for valour) : Commaadcr-in -Chief of
tlie Ro}-al Naval station at Karlskrona ; left the
active service. 1^04. Marine painter and etcher ;
rrslorcd. on account of his archa-olofjical stutlii-s.
several aid moiU'ls of ^hips for the Exhibiiton at
Stockholm, 1897.
BftL Norwegian torpedo-boat. (Elbiug. 1S9S.)
Length, 138 ft.; beam. 16 ft.; draught. 6} ft.;
displacement, H4 tons; armament, 3 i'4-in. q.f..
a tulNfs ; ?[p., i.iou^ J4j kts.
Bu-«hL Chinese cruiser. (EUwick, itt^S.)
Length i^fi. Beam 46ft. Mean draught 17ft.
Displacement 4.}r>a tons. Complement 450.
Guns. Armour.
3 — 8 in. " Harvey."
10—47 tn. 5 in. Deck.
I J — 3 pdr. 6 in. Conning tower.
3—1 pdr.
Torfitdo Tubes (18 in.).
S Above water.
Twin screw. Hp. forced 17.0009:24 kts. Coal
maximum t.ooo Ions.
Bail. Frozen nun. Large tiailatones sometimes
conust of alternate deposits of hoar-frost and ice.
EftiUng bmte. Ser Naval Ceremonies.
Bai-cbeo. riiinp.sc cruiwr. (Stettin. 1S98.)
Loiigtli 328ft. Beam 41ft. Maximum draught irtfl.
Ditiplaccrot-Dt j.ooo tons. Complement 344.
Citns. Armour.
3 — 6 in. " Steel."
8 — 4*1 in. 2^ in. Deck amidships.
6 — 1 pdr. s in. Btg gun shields.
1 J in. Conning tower.
Torptdo Tubes {14 in.}.
I Submerged bow.
3 Above water.
Twin screw. Hp. 7.500= i9"5 kts. Coal maxi-
mum 500 tons.
nU-chew. Chmi-sc crui^r. (Stettin. 1897.)
Length 33^ft. Beam 4 lit. Maximam draught i6(t
Displacement 3,000 tons. Complement 244.
CuHs, Armour.
3—6 in. " Steel."
6 — 4'i tn. 3i in. Deck amidships.
6 — I pdr. 3 in. Big gun shields.
1) in. Conning tower.
Ttn/tfdo Tule\ (14 in.).
1 SubnuTgrd bow.
2 Ahovf water.
Twin scnsw. Hp. 7.500= ig'5 ku. Coal raajti-
mum 500 tons.
Hai-yonf. Chinese cruiser. (Stettin, (897.)
Length 33$ft. Eleam 41IC Maximum draught 16ft.
Di.splaccmcnt 3,000 touii. Complement 244.
Guns. Armour.
3— 6 m. "Steel."
ft — 4' I in. 3| in. Deck amidships.
6 — I pdr. 2 in. Big gun shields.
I J in. Conning tower.
Torpedo Tubes [14 ia.)<
1 Submerged bow.
2 Above water.
Hp. 7.500^ r9*5 kts.
Coal nuLXi-
Twin screw,
mum 500 tonn.
Hal-rtin-tatU Baltlo oL In 1895 the Chinese
fli-rt uniU-r Adituial Ting, during the war between
China and Japan, was surprised otf the Yalu by the
Japanese Hect under Vice-Admiral Ito. Tlic
Japanese victory was complete.
Hajen. Swedish submarine. (Stockholm. 1904.)
Lingth. 71 ft.; beam, 12 ft.; draught, 9I ft.,
displacement, 107 tons; complement, 6; arma-
ment, I l8-in. lube; Hp.. 200^7 kts.
HaJBQ. Dattiah torpedo-boat. (Copenhagen.
1896.) Length, t$4 ft.; beam, 15 It.; draught,
7i ft. ; displacement, 142 tons ; anuaiuunt, 1
4'7-in., 1 i-pdr., 3 tubes : twin screw ; Hp.. 2.300M
22(J kts.
Bakers teeth. A phrase apjiUed to »ome part of
the deep soundings in the English Channel.
BJLZi. Distinguishing Ictteni on .•ica fishing boats
registered at Hulsteren. Holland.
Balcyon. Bntijih torpedo gun-boat (1S94).
L<.Migth lioix. Beam 30ft. Maximum draught 13ft
Displacement 1,070 tons. Complement 120.
Guus.
2^47 ia-
4—3 pdr.
Torfvdo Tubes (18 in.).
5 AImjvc *«iter.
Twin screw. Hp. natural 2,500*317 kta..
forctxl 3,500= iS's kts. Coal maximum t6o tons.
This sliip-name was first mtroduccd into tho Nav -y
in r77y, and Is associated with tbe bombardment o4
Copenhagen, 1H07.
BalUBuU (1788-1844). British naval omcer as:m.4
explorer. Kdueaied at the High School ot £d&.
burgh, and entered the Kavy in 1802. In 1816
commande4l the sloop Lyra, which accompaam
Lord Amherst's embassy to China, and in this ve^
he performed the cruiiie which he descnbet in I
most inteicsting work. " An Account ol the Voya.
of DiB*:overy to the West Coast of Korea and t9»*
Great Loo^hoo Islands m the Japan Sc« " (iftf^J
In i^ao he published extracts from "A Jrmnr.^*'
written on the coasts ot Llnli, Peru and M-
His otJici witrk*. mclu'le
Travt
HALL
261
HAMBURG
America" {1829), "Spain and the Seat of War in
Spain " {1837), " Fragments olVoyageoand Travels"
[<f vols.. 1831-40). His last work, a collection of
sketches and tales under the imnie o( " Patchwork "
(1S41). was published just belorc be wid seized with
lEuanity. He died in Haalar Hospital, Portsmouth,
September 11. 1844.
Han, Obarles Francis (1831-71). Amencan
Arctic explorer (b. Rocheatei. U.S.A.). In 1859
be volunteered to the Amrrican Geoj;raphical
Society to " go in search of the lK>Des of Franklin,"
and sailed in a wlinler commanded by Captain
Buddingion. who hid picked up the linglish search
ship R^sijluir. ill May. 1S60. When ice bound he
took up hisalKxlt: witli tlic Kskjuio, living witti Lhem
tor two ytTirs. adopting their hobits. and acquiiing
IhfiT lanf;uagc ; travelling about with thtm in the
region to the north of Hudson's^ Bay. where he
acquired much valuable information. He published
an account of hi<^ experiences in 1864 under the
title of " Arctic Researches and Life anii>nj> the
Esquiuiaux." In 1864 be made a second expedition.
Aod was successful in obtaining definite and tc-
Sable news of the fatt- of iwo-thirds of Franklin's
Tlie exp^ition which brought him moiit
incntty into notice was fttted out in 1871. at
tijc expense of the United States Government, with
the object of reaching the supposed opcu Polar sea,
tad if possible the North Polf. On Jnly 29. 1871.
the Potarii left New York, and after making a re-
■narkably r.ipid passage by Dax-is Straits and Smith
Sound, reached the latitude 82* 16' N., the highest
hUtnde reached at iliat time of which there was
Uy authentic report. He dic<l shortly afterwards.
itfter a short illness, at Polaris Bay. An ofTicial
"Sfanative of the Seconil Arctic Kxploralion "
Was published by the United States Government
hi 1*179. fie/et to .\rctic Exploration.
jaoie
• from
Hall. Frederic MiUa (b. 1875}. After serving four
yvsLTB as sub- lieu tenant engineer in Royal Navy.
^k«CUll« assistant to Lloyd's Surveyor in Marseilles,
^^bsequently acting as superintendent engineer to
*^no«B shipping companies. Was appointed
.loyd's Surveyor, but did not take up appointment,
k-Urr conuuenciu^ busuiesa as coiisulting engineer
surveyor in Newcastle-on-Tync, Associate
'^'kember of ttio Institution ol Naval Architects ;
kember of the North-£ast Coast Institution of
^ftiipbuilders and Engineers.
HaUebarde. French torpedo-boat destroyer.
Sonnan<]. I903.) Length, l3o It. ; beam, 21 ft. ;
maximum draught, 10 ft. ; displacement. 300 tons ;
^^iwnpltment. 45 ; guns, i 9-pdr.. 6 3-pttr. ; torpedo
^*abc«, 3 15-in. ; speed, 2j-$u kts.
RaUUrds. Tackle employed exchiMvdy for
*^^»iatmg and lowering sails.
Halliday. BreTet-Kajor Lewis Stratford ToUe-
'luche, V.C.. R.BLLX (b. 1870J. Serve*l dunng
Boxer Rebellion at the siege of the European
Lcgatioos, Peking, 1900 (China Medal. Legation
clasp) ; awarded the V.C. for services rendered on
June J4, 1900.
Extract from the " Garette," January i . 1901
"On June 24. the enemy, consisting of Boxers
and Imperial troops, made a fierce attack on the
west wall of the British Legation, setting fire to the
west gale of the south stable quartcn>. and taking
cover in the buildings which adjoined the wall.
The lire, which spread to part of the stables, and
through which and the smoke a galimg &re was kept
up by the Imperial troops, was with diiliculty
extinguished, and, as the presence of the enemy in
the adjoining buildings was of grave danger to the
Legation, a sortie was organised to drive them out.
A hole was made in the Legation wall, and Captain
lialliday, in command of 20 mariucs. led tbe way
into the buildings, and almoKl immediately engaged
a party of the enemy. Before he couKl tise his
revolver, however, he was shot through the left
shoulder at point blank range, the bullet fracturing
the shoulder and carrying away part of the lung.
Notwithstanding the extremely severe uature of
his wound. Captain lialliday killed three of his
assailants, and. telling his men to 'carry on and
not mind him,' walked back unaided to the hospital,
refusing escort and aid. so as not to tUminusb tbe
number of men engaged in the sortio."
Hall Line, established about 40 years ago. was
acquired by Mr. J. K. Ellerman, chairman o( the
Lcyland Line, and subsecjuently taken over by, and
now forms part oi. the Ellerman Lines, Ltd. A
regular service of pasiscngor and cargo steamei^t
between Liverpool and Bombay and Kurrachee
is maintained, in conjunction with the Harrison
and Clan Lines from Glasgow and Liverpool to
South and East African ports.
Hall Line. Cardiff. See Cardiff Hall Line.
Hall's Line, owned by Mestsra. John Hall, junr,
and Lo., m.iinlam regular saihngs from London for
Lisbon. Gibraltar, Malaga, and Cadiz, calling at
Faro, Portsimao, Setubal and Havre on the home-
ward journey.
Ft-S8T.
Briiannta. Lusitania.
Iberia. Malaga.
Lisbon. PgninsuUt.
Halo. Large circle of coloured light surrounding
the sun or moon, conunonly of about 44° in diameter.
Halyards. See Halliards.
Hambroogh. A name given 10 small lines used for
lashings, etc.
Hamburg, German armoured cruiser. (Vulcan,
Stettin, HJ03.)
Length 34iit, Beam 40ft. Maximum draught idjft
Displacement 3.300 tons. Complement 38a
HAMBIRG
262
HAMBU
Armtmr.
io^>^~i ak. " Krupp."
l»-4*4fel. 3 in. Deck.
4 MloJMft, 4 in. Conning tower.
2 Satunoivd.
T»ia Ktrv. Mjv 11,000— 23 kls. Coal maxi-
^nfevf-ABViks Linie. In the spring of 1847,3
BwtrcT ol tbr moiit n-s)K>cted merchants of Ham-
bucy (ftUk«ff««] tofrthoT to discuss ways and means
od rmiflcv hiixls for cstat>1is>iing a regular line of
tka^ bHwrrn Kurope and America. The views
ol ib«r onrtchaiits wen? very modest. They pro-
poSMl to st&n the roini>any wilb a capital of £32,500,
dtvMnl tnto 60 sliarrs o( £3?$ each. The shares
WMTvtAlten iiphyaliout .11 shareholdcis, the greatest
•imber of riwuTs subscribed for by any one indi-
vidxia.} Lirinj; four.
The company commenced with (our small saiting
•hi|M, three of which were built in Germany and one
in England. The names of tlic first three shijis
were Deulscitland. Fhein, and Amerihtt, and \\\tfw
ships cost on the average about /4.000 each. Tht-
tyrutuhiand was the largest of the four vessels, being
copabic of accommodating about 200 emigrants
and about 20 cabin passengers ; her cnrr>-ing
capacity was 717 tons.
Jn 1853, five more sailing vessels were added, the
total carrying capacity being 4.000 tons, and each
accommodating some 200 passengers. In [S56 the
first screw steamer in the company's service left
Hamburg ; this was the Borusiia. a vessel of 2.349
tons, constructed on thu Clyde. From this time
when the company nbaiidoai-^1 sailing sliips aud
took to steam, its great prosprrity nuiy hv said to
have dated. In 1857 it absorbed the old Eagle Co..
of Hamburg, which had previously been its rival,
and Uicii began to run boats to Central and South
America, and latt-r to China, Japan, and tlie Straits
Settlements.
Nearly three quarters of a century has elapsed
since the firiit steamer cros&cfl from Europe to
America, and from that time down to the present
the history of thv North Atlantic Stfajiiship enter-
pnse has been one of great and continuous imj>ort>
ance. Thanks to the magnificent performances
of Uie Dccaii greyhound Deuiichland. a vessel of
16.502 tons, built in Germany, with engines of
j/iSoo Hp., the Hambiirg-Amerika Line held fur
many year? the blue ribbon of the North Atlantic.
Jn September, 1900, the DcuisrhlaTiti went from
Sandy Hook to Plymouth in the record time of
5 days. 7 hours, 38 minutes, the t-ntire distance of
2,982 miles bi-ing traversed at an average speed
of 23*36 kts-, 545 kts, being the longest day's
mo. Since then the Deulschlond has attained an
average speed of 23*51 kts. east-bound, and 23*24
kts. west-bound, and covered 607 kts. in one day.
Tlip Amerilta. bitilt >iy Mriwr«t. Hariand and Wolfl.
Vcstcm i
iiese stq
Belfast, and tbe Kaiserin Augusts Vicsovim^
by the Valean Engineering and Rlupbuildz9|
Stettin, are the last vessels built by the coni
and are unrii'alled. They contain the
modern improvements, and prove the on
and successful efiorls of the management o
line to add to the comfort and convenience ol
patrons. The feature that distinguishes thi
vc&gcls from all other Atlantic liners is that fc
first time in the history of ocean enterprise
is on board a rr^laurant d la cawte. undq
management of the Carlton Hotel Co. The £■
which is now being built for this company by M
Hariand and Wolfi, of Delfast. wiU l>c, when
pletcd. the largest passenger steamer in the 1
In this, as in all the later additions to the Hant
Amcrika flet^t, the policy of not sacrificing
comfort of paasengers to high speed will be adi
to. The vessel will have a sea spcc<l 0/ from 20
kts.. and her appointments will, if such is
edipsc those of the Afiutifia and Kaise/in A
Victoria.
In March. 1907. eight steamers of the '
mann Line were acquired by purchadtf
the commencement of business to ^Vcstcm \
Africa, and with the purchase of these si
the tonnage of the Hamburg-Amcrika
creased by 30,757 gross register tons,
company a total tonnage of 957,250
tons.
Like nioiil new enterpriser, the Han
Amcrika IJue had to meet many trials am
appointments ; but, despite all difTiculties. t
grown and pro.'^pered year by year, until
it is the greatest of all the great steamship
panics in the world. The extraordinary prfl
of Haniburg as a seaport during the last 30 yi
the nineteenth century may be due in no
measure to the enterprise of this Unc. whii
day owns a fleet of 363 vessels, 159 of
are large ocean steamers, and maintain)
services to all parts of the world. The rou;
the weekly twin-screw steamers, carrying
American and Kuiupeau mails, arc : Ham!
Southampton, Cherbourg, and New Ycu-k. ret
via Plymouth and Cherbourg, Other services
Hamburg evm- Sunday for New York, via
logne-sur-Mer, and Southampton or I'l>-niouth
addition to which there are regular sorvicM
Hamburg to Montreal, Halifax. PorDand. Ba
Philadelphia. Baltimore^ New Orleans. GaU
West Indies, North, Central and South 1
River Plate. Panama, Mexico, Venezuela, Ccloi
and West Coast of South America ; Stet
Nrw York : Genoa to River Plate ; New
to China and Japan; New York to Levant
service via Bremen to logo and Dahomey,
Rotterdam to Sierra Leone, the tvory and
Coast, via Antwerp to the Congo and AngoUi
fast mail and passenger service outwards vm
and Boulogne, bomewatds via Southampton
HAMBURG
Boulogne to Cami'Fon, and
263
HAMILLA ^^H
one Pia Lome to German
Nauptia.
^^^^H
South-West Africn. A service via RottcKlam to
Nanarra.
^^^^H
Lagos and Forcados. via
Rotterdam to Senegal,
Nicaria.
Schaumbttrg. ^^^^H
^beria and the Ivory
Coast, via Antwerp to
Nicomedia.
Sckwartbutg. ^^H
Madeira, Senegal, Gambia
Casamance, and French
Numdntia.
Scotia. ^^H
Gumea, and via Kottetxlaio to Lagos and the Ott
Oceana.
Segitvia. ^^H
River. A service i.^ also maintained tietwceti Cape
Paitajua.
Scnegnmbia. ^^^^H
Town and Swakopmum
This company also
Parthia.
^^^^H
manages the paaBonger business of the Union Line
Patagonia.
^^^^1
bo New York, the Hamburg -South American Stcam-
Patricia.
^^^^H
khip Co. to Brazil and the Argentine Republic.
Peiho.
Sitr-sia. ^^^^H
The Metliterrancan service Lt being exte-nded and
Pennsylvania,
^^^^H
improved. The famons Union liner Scott has been
Pisa.
^^^^H
nirchascd for the run between Naples and Egypt
Polyugsia.
^^^^^1
n connection with the service to Berlin, fn 1903 a
Ponto-i.
^^^^^1
ievr passenger service on the Hiviera between
Poseidon,
^^^^H
Scooa, San Remo, Monte Carlo, and Nice was
Prdsident.
^^^H
kuugurated.
Pretoria.
^^^^1
Flee r.
Prine Adalbert.
Si. Thomas. ^^^H
jibessinia.
Dacia.
Prim August Wilh^m.
Staatssebretdr Kraetke. ^^^^H
A cilia.
Dania.
Print Eiiei Friedrich.
^^^^1
Admiral voM Tirptiz.
Difulschlantf.
Priue Jaachim.
^^^^1
Albanc.
Dortmund.
Print Oskar.
7*011^1114. ^^^^H
A&ingia.
Etrutia.
Ptiut Sigismund.
Thes.ialia. ^^^^H
Atcsitt.
Fiirst Bismarck.
Rapallo.
Thuringia, ^^^^H
AUxMndria,
Galicia.
lihaetia.
^^^^^1
AUtghmny,
Georgia.
Rhenania.
^^^^H
AtUmaitm'A.
Altai.
Gouvenuur JaesckMe.
Rugia.
^^^^1
Grama.
Saiamanca.
Vandatia. ^^^^H
AUwnbuTf.
Graf W alder ate.
Sambiii.
^^^^H
Ambria.
Granada,
Sardinia.
^^^^H
A tturika.
Habsbur^.
Samia.
^^H
Anchoria.
Hamburg.
Savoia.
Westphalia. ^H
AudatusiM.
Hellas.
1 1 building. ^^1
A nioHtua.
Hif/>ama.
Gross tonnage. 957.250, ^^^^|
Arabia.
Uoaufho.
Hamburger Tacht Clab.
Established 1892. Com- ^^^^H
A ragoma.
Hoerde.
modore : C Voklcm.mn
Vicc-Conimixlore, F, ^^^^^|
, Arcadia.
Hahensiaufen.
Duderstadt : Rear-Commodores, II. Leitncr, F. ^^^^^|
Armmia.
rUyria.
Kisser ; Treasurer. Dr. C,
A. Joscphson ; Secretary, ^^^^^|
Artemisia.
I Stria.
P. Fritsche, Qub House, Schleusscnltrucke 8, Ham-> ^^^^^|
Asiytia.
Itkaha.
burg. Entrance fee, mark
10: annual sutificription. ^^^^^|
Bttdtnttt.
Kaiicrin Auguste
mark 2s,.
^^^^H
Barctltma.
SaiaviA,
Victoria.
Karlsruhe.
H&mburg-Soath American Steamship Co. See ^^^^M
Bavaria.
Kartkaqo.
Haraburg-.\mf;nka Line,
^^^H
Selfiraoia.
Konig Friedrich
Hamidiflti. Turkish central battery ship (1893). ^^^^H
Beriin.
A ugust.
Length 29211. Beam
56ft. Draught 25ft. ^^^H
Beihania,
KowUxm.
Displacement
S.700 toua. ^^^^1
Blacker.
KronpriHtasiin
Gurts.
Armour. ^^^^H
Bolivia.
Cecitie.
10— io'2 in.
'Steel." ^^H
Bosnia.
La Plata.
3 — 6fi in.
iq in. Dock amidships. ^^^^|
Boston.
Liberia.
6—1 pdrJ
in. Barbettes. ^^^^^|
Brasilia.
Loongmoon.
in. TuiretA. ^^^^^|
Bris^avia.
Lydia,
Torpedo
Tubes. ^^^1
Suljfaria.
Lyeemoon.
2
^^^^H
C. Fe*d. Laeist.
Macedonia.
Hp. 4.500=9 1 3 kts
Coal 600 tons. ^^^^|
CaUbria.
Mannheim.
Hftmfllft MlMkoIL ThU
■ibip was lost on the ^^^^H
CaUdonia.
Mechlenbufg.
r^nconna Rock, near Shangtiai. Mrith a valoable ^^^^^|
Chrruskia.
Meteor.
cirgo and specie, amounting tn ^^50,000, on board. ^^^^^H
CAristiam'a.
MoUke.
Di^-cr Ridyord succeeded
n recovering ^40,000 of ^^^^^|
Conrtantia.
Nassottia.
the lost specie at a depth of about 160 ft. ^^^^H
HAMILTON
264
HANDY
Hunilton. Un November 15, 1S43, this vessel
was lost on tlic CuiU1ci:t Sands, near Hanhich,
wbcn al[ hands u-i:rc lost.
Hamilton, Riiebt Hon. Lord George. O.O.S.I.,
cr. igoT,, as. (I'. DcccmlMT. 1845)- Third non
of first Duke of Abercorn. Educated Harrow.
First Lord of the Admiralt>'. 1885-86, 1 886 1902.
During his tenure ol office wide and gencnil reforms
were introduced into the naval st'rvice and Ad-
miralty system, which has since been the founda-
tion of the modem re-organisation of the Navy.
The dockyards were completely rc-adapted and re-
organised : the custody of all jitorcs for flip Na^'y
was Iranaft-rrcd from the now office tn the Ad-
nuralty. and a completdy new schcmt; lor the
active ntohilisation of the Na\y was introduced.
In 1889 he carried tlirough Parliament the Naval
Defence Act by wliich 70 ships of war, coating with
thrir ordnance and storcj* ^J i ,000,000. were built
and ready for commission within five yearn. He
also helped the Imperial Defence Act. under which
Australia and New Zealand contributed towards
half the cost of building and maintaining a special
squadron to be located in Australian waters.
HamOtoii, Admiral Bir Richard Vesey, O.O.B.,
cr. 1 8^5 (b. I Say). Educated Royal Naval
School. Entered Nav>', 1843; licutemint, 1851;
served in Arctic Expedition, 1850 -f;i, and in search
of Sir John Frankhn, 1853-54; 1*^ '^ sledge party
100 miles : first lieutenant of Desperate In Baltic
during Russian war (Baltic medal) ; lii^iilenant com-
manding the Haughty at the destruction of Fatshan
flotilla, 1857 (China medal, Fatshan clasp, men-
tioned in despatches) ; promoted commander for
ser\*ices ; captiiin, 1862; Superintendent of Pem-
broke Dock>-ard. 1875-77 ; Senior Naval T^ord of
the Admiralty, 1889-91 ; Commander-in-Chief,
China. 1885-87 ; K.C.B. en the occasion of the
celebration of the completion of the 5nth year ol
Her Majcst>''s reign ; president of Koyal Naval
College. Greenwich, 1891-94; Flag-Oflftcer's Good
Service Pension. 1895 ; C.C.B. on the Queen's
birthday, 1895. Jt0fcf to Arctic Exploration.
Publications : " Royal Naval Handbooks,*'
" Naval AdmioialraiioD." *" Letters of Sir Thomas
Byam Martin."
HamiltoD, Reu-Admiral Williuu Oes Voeax
(b. 1852). Entered Navy. 1866; lieuUnant, 1874;
served as sub-lieutenant in Vulture on East .\frica
Station ; specially promoted to lieutenant for ser-
vices in coniirction with the suppression of the slave
trade ; lieutenant of Active during Kaffir war.
1877-78; landed with Naval Brigade; present at
the action at Quintana ; mentioned in despatches ;
served with Naval Brigade during Zulu war, 1879 ;
present at the battle of Inyezane ; mentioned in
despatches (Zulu medal and clasp) ; hcutenant of
Alexandra: present at the lx>mbardmcnt of Alex-
andria ; landed with Naval Brigade on the occupa-
tion ol Alexandria, and served wiUi Nayal Brigade
during the occujiation ol Port Said lEg>-ptun
medal, Alexandria clasp, Khedive's Brooxe Sbui.
employed in agisting in tiic supervision ol Uufo
building by contract under Na^'aI Ocfencc Aa.
1889: flag-captain. North American Station, i8«-
95 : commanded 1I.M.S. Gra/ton and i/noAc
1895-96; RamtUies. 1S96; Chief o( Staff. Mediter-
rancan Station. 1896-99; A.O.C. to Tl.M. Kmt
Edward VII. on tlie occasion of bis corxmatuD.
1902.
HamiltoD Yacht Clab. BoyaL Sm Royal Hamil-
ton Yacht C4ub,
Hammock. A swinging bed made of canvH.
swung between decks, xised now only in the Navy
Hamond. Sir Qtaham Edeo (1779-1362). Engli!>i
admiral (b. Loiidoo), Was in T^rd Howe's tUf-
ship at the battle of " The Glorious First of June."
1794; was present at the battle o£ Co[>enhagea,
1801 ; in 1847 he was promoted admiral, and ir
1863 Admiral o( the FIl-cL
Hamper Equipment and gear al>out the dcdk
of a vrssi'l.
Hampshire. British tst class crtiiser (Elswict
Liiigth 4soft. Beam 66ft. Maximum draught 25ft
Displacement 10,700 tons. Complement 655.
Guns. A rrru>t$r.
4 — 75 in. " Knipp."
6— <5 in. 6 in. Belt amidships.
2 — 12 pdr. 6 in. Barbettes.
22—3 pdr. 12 in. Conning tower.
2 Maxims.
Torpedo TtAas.
2 Submerged,
Twin screw. Hp. 21.000=22^ kts. Coal mas*
mum t.Soo tons. Approximate cost ^850.000.
This ship-name is associated with Blake's acUw
ofi Portland. 1655 ; reduction of Havana. 17&2.
Hampshire. Steamer. Sunk off St. Ivcs^, Cctn
wail, No\ ember 18. 1S93 ; 32 lives lost.
Hampshire Telegraph and Naval Chronicle. Eits
blished 1799, Published weekly (Siiturday). I'm!
2d. Address: 149 fleet Street, London. E.C
Hampton Roads, Battle ot. During the Amencao
Civil War. [S63, the Confederates converted Uk
wooden frigate Merritnac into an ironclad, and tt-
named her the Virgmiu. At the same time thi
North built the turret ship Monitor. These v«»ds
met (III March 9. 1862. in Hampton F<oads, a*!
fau(^ht an imlfcisive action.
Hand orer hand. Hauling rapidly one hand afto
the. other.
Handsomely. Signifies leisurely, with care.
Handy. British torpedo-boat destroyer. (Far-
field. (895.) Length. 200 it.; beam. J9 ft.,
draught, 7 ft. : di^laccmenl, 270 tons ; complt-
ment. 50; armament 1 12-pdr., 5 6-pdr.. 3 rulm;
twm screw ; Hp.. 3,800=27 kts. ; coal, 70 toos.
HANDY
265
HANSCOM
Handy billy. A small axe.
Huidy Shipping Gaide. HsUbliahed 1887. Pub-
lished weekly (Saturday). Price 6d. Address :
4 iicvia Marks. I^^ndon. E.C.
Ban(c. To hold last ^\'ithout belaying,
H&n-Hah-SBkm. Siamese gun-boat {140 tons).
Annamcnt. 1 4-)n., bX aD small ; speed, about
7 lets.
Hanks. Skeins of line or twine.
Hannibal. British tst class battleship. (Pcm-
lirokf. 1895.)
l-^ngth 413ft. Beam 75(1. Maximum draught jofl.
Displacement 14.900 tons. Complement 757.
OuMS. Atmour.
4 — 12 in., 35 cal. " Harvey."
13 — 6 in. q in. Belt amidships.
16 — li pdr. 14 in. Barbettes.
12—3 pdr. 14 in. Conning lower.
2 — 12 pdr. Boat guns.
3 Maxims.
Torpedo Tubft (18 in.).
4 Sabmerged.
I Above water stern.
' Twin screw. Hp. natural io,oao™iC*5 kts.,
forced 12,000=17*5 kts. Coal maximum 2,000
tons. Approximate cost ^f ,oou,(xkj.
This ship-name was first mtrodiiced into the
Navy in 1652. and is associated with the battle ofi
the North Foreland, 1653 ; Algeelrav, 1801.
HaanoTBr. Grrnian battleship. iWdhclmsbaven,
Length 39Slt. Beam 7411. Draught 24^fL
Displacement 13,200 tons. Coinplumunt 600.
Gunt. Armour.
4— II in. ■■ Krupp."
14 — 07 in. 9^ in. Belt amidships.
12^34 in. 10 m. Barbettes.
12 — 1'4 in. 10 in. Turrets.
^^^ 6 in. Conning lower.
^^K Tvrpfiio tubes.
^^^^^^ 5 Submerged.
^^^^HK Above water.
^^^^^), 16.000=18 kta Coal 1,800 tan.<i.
Approximate cost ^2,200,000.
Hanw. German protected cruiser (1898).
L^^gth 34<Mt. Beam S7lt. Maximum draught 2311.
Displacement 5,880 tons. Complement 465.
Guns. A rmour.
z — *'» in. " Krupp."
8 — 6 in, 4 in. Deck.
10— 15^ pdr. 4 in. Turrets.
10 — I pdr. 4 in. Casemates.
4 Machine. 8 in. Conning tower.
Torpedo Tubes.
3 Submerged.
0 in bow.)
Tliree screws. Hp. 10,5001319 kts. Coal moxi-
piuiD 1.000 tons. Approximate cost ^$00,000.
Hansa Una. (Deutschen-DampfschiflT-fahrts-
Gc$clUctiaU " >lan.5a.") Established at Bremen in
1S80. and maintains n regular service oi t&st cargo
steamers from Bremen, Hamburg, and Antwerp,
via Middlesbrough and London, to Bombay aind
Kurrachee. ^Colombo, Madras, Calcutta, and Ran-
goon : a fortnightly service between Bremen.
Antwerp, and the River Plate ; and a line has also
been established from New York to Calcutta via
the South African ports.
Fleet.
Arensburg.
A rgenfgls.
Axmftls.
Bdrerifels.
Crosta/els.
Drach£nfels.
Ebernburg,
Ehrgnfels.
Ghaztpitr.
Golden fets.
Gttttnfets.
Heimburg.
Hohenffis.
Jamaipur.
Kybfels.
LicMen/rls.
I.tetienfels.
Marian/ets.
Marksburg.
Minntburg.
Mirzopur.
SfoUhefels.
hieidentels,
Neubau BtaunfeU.
Neubau RottnfeU.
Neurnfels.
Ofkfnfels.
Habtnfets.
Reichenfeis.
Rheinfels.
Sudelibur^.
Schartfels.
Sch6nfels.
Schwarrtnftti.
Soneck.
Stmnetibttrc.
StahUch.
Steingerger.
StoUenfels,
Tannenfets.
Trautenftls,
Tn/*ls.
Wartburg.
Wartenfeis.
WtiisenfeU.
Wcrdenfcb.
Witden/els.
Wolfsburg.
Gross tonnage, 209,000.
Hanflcom, Charles Ridgley ^b. Portsmouth. U.S.A. ,
June (.. 1.^50). Aniencau naval arcliitecL Served
apprenticeship in Portsmoutli Navy Yard, and on
completing his time was appointed to dutiee con-
nected with the building ol iron sloops-of-war and
monitors which were being constructed on behalf
of the American Navy at Roach's, Cramp's, and
Harlan and lloUingsworth's shipyards. He has
served at uU the Navy yards on the .-\tlaalic Coast,
and fioiii [882-t>o was chief drauglitsman of the
Advisory Board, and expert assistant to tlie Chief
Naval Constructor at Washington. In 1890 he
accepted the position of general superintendent of
the Bath Irouwurks. which position he held until
1900. During this time wax and merchant vessels
ol various types were designed and built by him.
and also some of the largest and ^finest steam
yachts in America. In 1900 he established the
Kastem Shipbuilding Co.. New London, and became
president and general manager. He luis Uccn con-
nected with the construction and design 'of many
passenger and cargo ships, notably tbe Minnesota
and Dakota, for the Great Northern Steamship Co.,
tbe largest vessels ever built on the .\mcrican
contment.
266
HARBC
kmA
.-■ C* III.
,- 4 -ill.
0— 1-* pJr.
cv -I iHlr.
.._ ^-..^iwcs and
-.- ^- t^ririon of
,*a^ »,^ tiitfir head
«itxTf ^fveni- Thurs-
->-.-^ —^uming every
Zar.
^ vfrrvg Steamship Co.,
-, , N;t-:une Steamship Co.,
.-. -.>. .Lo Kxit. (Putiloff, 1891.)
^jvl :.: it. : draught, SJ ft. ;
,■!■> : complement. 13 ; arma-
;-.;Ns ; Up., i,ioo=2l lets. ;
B^^tllfre. Norwegian coast service
■•^,;. l*«,\uu 4Sft. Maximum draught 19ft.
.>;j>v:'.".eiit ;-40o tons. Complement 220.
A rmour.
" Harvey."
7 in. Belt amidships.
8 in. Turrets.
6 in. Conning tower.
Torpedo Tubes.
2 Submerged.
Twin scn.'w, Hp. 3,700=17*2 kts. Coal maxi-
mum 5".^ tons.
BirboniS include harbours properly so called,
whothor natural or artificial, estuaries, navigable
nvi'R). piers, jetties, and other works in or at
which ships can obtain shelter or ship or unship
gO(xls or passengers. The ownership and manage-
ment of harbours are vested in Boards or Com-
missioners, under the control of the Board of Trade,
and are the subject of special Acts of Parliament,
supplemented by provisions of the Harbour Docks
and Piers Clauses Act, 1847.
The authority owning or managing a harbour
generally has power to levy harbour dues, and to
make bye-laws and regulations for the movement
of ships, their governance whilst in harbour, the
loading and unloading, landing, warehousing,
stowing, depositing, and removing of goods, etc.,
and may enforce special laws of navigation to the
exclusion of the Regulations for the Prevention of
Collisions at Sea {q.v.). A harbour authority is re-
sponsible to ships using the harbour for the negli-
gence of its servants, if acting within the scope of
their employment, and for the proper condition of
the harbour, and must remove obstructions, and,
with this object, may raise, remove, or destroy any
wreckage which is likely to cause obstruction. On
the other hand, the owner of every vessel or float
of timber shall be answerable to the harbour
authorities for any damage done by his vessel or
float to the harbour works, unless at th(
such damage the vessel was in charge o
pulsory pilot.
All harbours may be classed either as b.
the protection of ships from stonns or
suited for commercial purposes. Harbo
be diWded into two classes — natural and
Natural harbours are those protected froi
by the configuration of the coastline, a
utility as such depends on the depth of
the protected area, the size, width, and sha
entrance. The bay of Rio de Janeiro, su
as it is by high mountains, and having an
rather less than a mile in w-idth, is on
largest natural harbours in the world.
Harbour, N.S.W., possibly ranks only si
Rio dc Janeiro. For facility of entrance ;
plete shelter Milford Haven, in \Vales
equalled.
Artificial harbours are those which depc
breakwaters for their safety, and consist c
more breakwaters so arranged as to fon
roadstead, which shall be easily acccssibl
largest vessels in all states of the weather a
One of the largest purely artificial harbou
world is that one now being constructed
British Government at Dover.
Deep water and tidal harbours for coi
purposes axe usually an arrangement of
breakwaters, or both, which enclose a sheet
enabling vessels to moor at the quay wall •
which form the inner side of the piers. I
where the coastline lies open to the vcrj' h
it is often necessar>' to make a double or cc
harbour.
Breakwaters difler from piers in their n
necessarily adapted for commercial p
Their object is to tranquillise those portior
sea which they cover, and which thus be
sheltered anchorage. Breakwaters inav be
into two classes ; (i) Vertical, or nearly
structures of built masonry, for arresting
shore progress of the waves, and for ei
fleeting them seawards or deflecting them la
{2) composite breakwaters, partly slopi;
partly vertical, and act by causing tlie w
break, and also by partially reflecting thi
ward or deflecting them laterally. The bre;
at .Aberdeen and the Dover Admiralty I
e.\amples of the first class. In the PI
breakwater, the slopes of which are fac(
heavy stone pitching down to l.wyo.s.t.,
the sea side having an inclination of i in
that on the harbour side 1 in li, is an t
of the second class. Cherbourg, which slop
low water to high water, above which levt
is a vertical barrier raising at 12 J ft. abo
water, is an example of the third class.
Scc " The Design and Construction 0
hours " (1886), Stevenson ; " Harbours,
Waters, and Docks " (2 vols., 1885), L. F.
Harcourt ; " Priociples and Practice of Harbour
Constmctioa" (1885), Shield ; " Tides and Waves "
(Airy '5).
Hud-A-lee. The positioa of helm as opposed to
hard-a-wcathi-'r and hard-up.
Htrd-A-wettlief. The positioa of the helm as
opf<wc<l to harri-a-Icc.
Hard-down. Sm Hard-a-lce.
nt,rAiwkg IiraaU T.O. Gunner M.M. Navy.
Served in ibe Ctessv. t8$4-55. in the Baltic during
Russisn war (Baltic medal) ; gunner of Gladialot.
1871 ; Toceived modal from the Princess Imperial
Recent o( Brazil for aervices midered at Rio de
Janeiro : gtmncr of Vicior EmmanusJ during
A&liant^e campaign (Aahantee medal) ; gunner of
Alaxandrtt, prcwnt at the bombardment of Alex-
andria, iflS?, where he ohlained a V.C
Extract from the " Gazette " :
" At ntiout nine o'clock on the morning of
Joly [1, 1882. wliilst the Alexandra was engaging
tho forts at Alexandria, a lo-in. spherical shell
passed thronf;h tho ship's side and lodged on the
main deck. Mr. Hanlini^. hearing the shout that
* There 13 a live shell just atiovt": the hatchway,"
rushed up the laddrr from bdow, and. observing
that the fuse was burning, took some water from
a tab standing near, and Uirew it over the pro-
jectile, lie then picked up the shell and put it
into the tub."
For this service he was promoted to chief gunner
(Egyptian medal. Alexandria clasp, Khedive's
Broaic Star).
Htrd-Op. The position of the helm as opposed
to hard -down.
Hardy. British torpedo-boat destroyer. [Sun-
derland, iSi];.] Lengtl). icib ft. ; beam, 19 ft. ;
draught. 5 ft.; displacement. 245 tons; comple-
ment, 50 ; armament. 1 is-pdr., 5 5-pdr., 2 tubes ;
, tmn screw ; Hp.. 4.300 = 26 kts. ; coal, 70 tons.
brdy, Sir Tbomas Mutarman (i7^-'839l*
British viLc-adinital , a native ot Dorsetshire, and
one of tlic three famous Dorset captains at the
battle ut Trafalgar. Educated at Crewkcme and
Milton Abba». Entered the Navy in 1781, and
■was promoted lieutenant ol the MeUofer. 1793.
and thxe« >'cars later, when Xclson (^.v.) hoisted
his flag on the La Altneroe, at wliich ship Hardy
had been appmnted Ueutenant in the preceding
August, b^an the inseparable friendship which
lasted until the death of the hero of Trafalgar.
He took an active port in all Nelson's pnocipal
nax'a) engagements, St. Vincent, the Nile. Copen-
ha.gen, and was dag-captain in the Victory at
Trafalgar. Nelson regarded him not mereJy as a
right-hand man. but made hun the recipient of his
oioat mtimate confidence, and died la his arms in
the cockpit of the Victorv. his Last words being
"Cod bless you. Hardy." In a letter written to
his brother-in-law. Mr. Manficld, when on board the
Vieiory, four days after the battle of Trmfalgar. he
said: "We have, on the 21st inst., obtained a
most glorious x-ictory over the combined fleets, but
which has cost the country a life that no money
can replace, and one for whose death 1 shall ever
mourn : our dear and ever-to-be lamented lord fell
in action." When he retamed to England after
Trafalgar he rendered ravaluable service to his
country boUi on the North and South America
Stations, and it U !sud that his tact and prudence
alone savnj England from a third war with the
Uni ted States. In 18 30. when Lord de Grey
formed his first Cabinet, William IV. only accepted
the nominatioo of Sir James Graham (whoso naou
he declared he had never heard of) to the post of
First Lord of tti- Admiralty, on the understanding
that Hardy, whom he knew well, and of whose
abiUty and prudcuce lie ciitettaiued the highest
opinion, should bo First Sea Lord. On the 23nd
anniversary of Trafalgar he struck his flag, and
was appointed Governor of Greenwich HospitaJ.
He died on September 26, iS}9, having served tho
State under no fewer than four Sovereigns. inclad>
ing her latr Majesty Queeti Victoria.
Harfleor, Battle oL In 1416 the British Fleet,
under John. Duke of Bedford, defeated the French,
who were investing Havrt-.
Harkess, W., and Son. Ltd.. Middlesbrough-on-
Tees. The foundation of this business under-
taking was laid in the year 1853. when tlic late
Mr. William Harkess. father of the present chair-
man, acquired the site of the present shipyard, and
commenced ttie building of small coasting and other
wooden vessels. Up to that ]>oriod he had been
connected with shipbuilding in the Sunderland dis-
trict, of which town he was a native, and in trans-
ferring his enteq>risc to Uic Icka lie became one of
the pioneers of shipbuilding upon that river. For
some years the work of the ^-ard was restricted to
river craft and small coasting vessels, of which a
very large number were tomcd out. but during the
sixties tliose were auperaeded by larger composite
vessels, including full-rigged ships and " chppers "
of handsome proportions and with fast sailing
powers. The transition to utm screw steamers
took place towards the Latter end of the sixties.
and for the next twenty years the &rm— now
styled W. Harkess and Son— recorded a steady
output of Iron, steam, and sailing vessels, which,
combined with an extensive amount of repair
work, kept the establishment in constant employ-
ment. In the year i838 the firm laid down its
first steel vessel, a steamer of some 1,100 tons.
for foreign owners, and in the enstiing period to
1903 built some forty odd steel vessels of varying
sizes and designs. In this Utter year the son of
the original founder, being then the sole proprietor,
converted his business into a private timitod com-
pany, of which he became chairman and joint
managing director with Mr. Robert Mitchell. Con-
HARL
268
HARLAN D
tinuing tbccoDncction of the late (irm. and adapting
the yard to the modem requirements of the trade,
the directors have been able to undenake a steadily
increaiiing volume of orders up to the present day.
The ^-ard contains thrcu building lierlhs. capable
of turning out Bomc lo.ouo register tons per annum.
The Ki2e of vessels is limited to joo ft. in length,
but inside of this the company build vessels of
vcr)' varying construction and design. Amongst
tlie spiecial work tunied out in n<ccut ymufi may be
nieiitioned the Paclusoff. built and cqnippi-d to
the Older of the Russian Government for hydro-
graphical and survey work in the Kara and White
Seas ; a run of six sister vessels of the double
raised deck type, carrying some 2.10a tons dead-
Weight, and very large cubical capacity in holiLs ; the
MaAtetful. a ij-kt. passenger and cargo vessel,
engaged on the Liverpool to London trade, and
being the largest vessel exclusively engaged in the
coasting trade of Great Britain. The company are
at present building their fifth vessel for the owners
cl the Mailerful (Messrs. K. H. Powell and Co.. of
Liverpool), and have ;u5t completed two l2-kt.
mail and passenger boats for Messrs. Elder, Demp-
ster and Co.'s West African branch coaat trade.
In addition to building tlie company undertakes
a fair amount of repairing work, using the Com-
missioners' Dry Dock when necessary for this
purpose, and ha\-ing a floating dock of its own for
veascls of smailtT tonnage. Although restricted
as to length of building l^erths at present, the
directors have under consideration a scheme of
extension of their premises, which, in conjunction
with the gradual electrification of tJie plant now in
progress, promiseji to aHord a wider field for their
energies in the near luture.
^ The company's returns for last year were :
[ Taatnbore . Copenhagen ., i. 98 1 tons.
Orlantl. Sandefjord ,, .. 2,452 ,,
Fatihful. Liverpool .. .. 1,398 ,.
HarL Thick rolling fogs from the sea.
HarlBDd and Wolfl, Ltd., Belfast Shipbuilding in
Bt'lfast as a progiessiNe industry is of comparatively
recent growth, and yet there is probably nocommcr-
tial centre more prcmincnlly identified with the
trade to-day than the port from which have emana-
ted so many of the largest vessels in the world.
The firm of Harland and Wolfl was founded in
1859, when Sir Edward (then Mr.) Harland, who
had taken overa small shipyard from Messrs. Kobert
Hickson and Co., was joined by Mr. G, W. Wolff as
a partner. The euphonious name of Harland and
Wolli ha-s lH.-cn retained cvlt .since, but. nccdli-ss to
say, tillitr names liave beon largely aHMXiatcd with
the progress and success of the firm — notably, the
Right Hon. Xxrd Pirrie (the present chairman).
and the general manager, Mr. A. M. Carli.sle. From
JOO hands at the commencement, the number of
employees of the cstablisbmrnt has increased,
until in busy times it dotv exceeds 13,000, with a
weekly wagefl bill of over ^'30,000. and the fim
held until lait year the record for the amount of
tonnage turned out in one year at one yard, having
in IQ03 launched eight vessels, aggregating tio^j
Itoard of Trade gross register tons and 100.4M
LHp. ; this prciuctinn was remarknblc not only
for the total tonnage, but the rnormotis average
size of the vessels constructed, v$i., ijt.Soo tons.
one of them being the White Star liner BattU
(aj,876 tons). It is worthy of notice, ixuareovcr.
Umt this huge tonnage represents inen?Iy the nonnil
capacity of the works in bnsy times, Measn. Har-
land and Wolfl having previously during the last
10 ycar» Irefjucntly produced between Ro.ooo and
lua.ooo tons annually. The following list siion
tliat in no Ir-ss than seven years out of the last 10
their t<HMiage output has exceeded 80.000 tons :
1 No. of
Boudof Trftde
I.Hp.
Vf*Hls.
Cross TooQUe.
I8Q6 .- .
12
SI .316
61 JM J
1897 ... .
10
MJ«
4ij»m
IS99 ... .
, 7
B2.634
6C.190I
190t .„ .
") '
e2,aofi
7«.0M^
I'JOi ... .
110.463
100.4a J
1905 ... .
.1 9
njgr
ftsnM
1906 ... .
11
i3.23S
TTie following figures giving the tonnage output ta
quinquennial periods since 1B63 will servr to illia-
trate the progressive character of the concern :
TBnocl.
■ >
Vestels Built.
Gros* Tons.
lB59-ISfi2 (3 yesn]
13
t«.16l
16*4-1867
M
92,801
1B67-1B72 ,
31
*7a*6
1S?2-IB7T
M
H.496
1877-llK
37
SIJ19
1882-I0S7
U
i3a.<m
IBST-IBU
38
259.901 J
tflM-lfl97
3T
3M.7ir m
IBW-IWH
13
4iM7r 1
l'XI2-19(» <4 ywt> ... ^ ...
33
l»39-19l». „ .« _, ...
Mt
i.«e&.ui-^
These figures apeak more eloquently than any
words could do as to thedevclopment of the industry
carried on by this ftrm in Belfast, a development the
more remarkable when it is rememlxred iJiat oU
the materials— coal, iron, etc. — have to be imported
The class of wcirk turned out by Harland and
Wolti bus alwav-t biTn ol a superior kind, and. w
many of their vessels being full-powered passengef
steamers, the tonnage figures by no meami exagge-
rate the immense volume of work performed, Ibt
larger vessels especially, with their lar^ deck
erections and luxurious appointments, as also tluu
powerftd machinery, representing a value greallr
exceeding that of the more ordinary class of tonnage.
Possibly the best illustration of the class of work
turned out and the specialisation of large vcsads
may be conveyed by reference to the last five wsdk
constructed for the White Star Line, and the two
latest vessels for the Hamburg- Amerika Un«
HARLAN D
2fi9
HARLAND
and the Flolland-Anicnka I inc. The leading
particulars of thr%e ve&seU Are as follows :
OTerall
Brodth
Dqrtfe ' Ton-
aaae
pbo*-
n«Dt
I.Hp.
ft. to.
ft.
ft. In.
70S e
66
« (5 ; :Taf*
31.590
SjOOD
Celtic
7D0 0
n
49 0 ao.9oi
37.S70
II,G0O
Cedric
TOO 0
n
49 0 2l.(US
SSJW
L2,600
BaUic
7M 9
n
49 0 23.176
4a7«0
IZ.600
AdrioHc ...
m 9
n
49 0 33.000
41.000
16.000
fie6 0
u
U 0 n.734
42.100
1$.OOCI
Ni^*w
Amtienlam
6l(i 0
«8
48 0 16.9U
31.130
9.400
ITiese vessels, most of them vritli nine decks, and
accommodation for betwtea two and three thousand
pasKngr.nt. beaideA a crew of four or flvc hundred.
are amongst the most notable productions of the
firm during recent yeans.
One of the most epoch-making vessels ever con-
structed by Hariand and Wolff was the first
Oceanic, the pioneer «f the White Star Line, which
vas built in lH^a, and was a great advance on the
general practice in passongrr steamers at that time.
She was not only a notable vessel from a naval
architect's point of view, as regards her genrral
design and constniction, being of raucli greater
relative length in proportion to beam than had
previously been ventured on. but in this vessel what
may be called the first real attempt to ensure the
coniiwrative comfort of ocean voyagers was made
by the introduction, of the saloon and cabins
amidships. The principle of catering for the
comfort of passengers has of course been greatly
developed Jdiicc that time, and tliat the encourage-
ment given to Ocean travel by the introduction of
this principle has had rnormotts influence on the
mercantile marine Is evidenced by the wonderful
development in passenger trafEc that we witness
to-day on every ocean route. U may be mon-
tioned incidentally that this vc»scl, as did also the
Briiannic and Germamc. built for the same line, ran
for a quarter of a century in the line with great suc-
cess, and undoubtedly had a large share in building
up the reptitatioD of l>oth the owncri and builders
aUke.
It is interesting to notice that Messrs. Hariand
and Wolfl's identification wth shipbuitding has
been practically coincident with the genera!
adoption of iron and steel as the material for ship-
building, and they have certainly been noi the
least able ex[>onent$ of the capabtlibes of this great
industry, and have thus played an important part
in m:untaiuiog the supremacy of British ship-
building.
As li well known, Ifesiirs. Hariand and Wolfl's
connection with the ^^^itc Star Line has been
unique, practically the entire Hect having been built
by them. They have also built for most of the
other principal British and foreign steamship
companies, including the Hamburg- Amerik a Line,
the Holland- Am erika Line, the P. and O. Co.,
the Pacific S.N. Co.. the Union-Castlc Line, the
Leyland Line, the Dominion Line, the Bibby Line,
the Atlantic Transport Line, the Ru^'ul Mail Steam
Packet Co., and the British India S.N'. Co., thn
vessels lor these lines being all ocean steamers.
They liavc. however, also built tiomc of the moat
notab'c types of cross-channel stcameiri for the
Dublin-Holyhead and the Bel fast -Liverpool routes.
They have {or the most part confined their atten-
tion to work for the mercantile mannc, but occa-
.HJonally have built a few Government vessels, in-
cluding some gun-boats : and recently built the
Admiralty yacht Enchantreis. Messrs. Hariand
and Wolff have also constructed the machinery
for some of the latest and largest vessels in the
British Navy, including the first-class battleships
H.M.S, HannihtU. Qwi-tt. Kin<; FdamrH VIT.. and
Hihetvia. and they have in hand at present
the machinery for the lirst-class cruiser H.M.S.
Minotaur, of 27,000 I.Vlp.
.\n interesting feature of HarLind and Wolfl's
work has Ix^eu Ihe many important heavy repairs
and reconstruction undertakings, including dunng
recent years the Cfiina. after the \tssc1 had been on
the rocks at Pcrim for several months, the vessel's
bottom having to be entirely reconstructed. The
work of docking this vessel for repairs was in itself
a great engineering feat, and the same may be
said of the Philadelphia (ex faris) which had run
on to the dreaded Manacle Rocks. The Paris
was made practically a new vessel, with an im-
proved formation of the stem and entirely new
engines aod boilers were put into her, and as the
Philadtipkia she has htxn. very successful in the
American Line ever since. The famou.s Scot, of
the Union Line, was cut in two in dock, and length-
ened by building over 50 ft. into the midship body,
a similar operation being performed with the
Ham burg- Amerilca hner Auffttste Victoria.
The White Star liner Suevic, which went ashore
on the Stag Rocks, was cot in ball by means ol
dynamite charges by the salvors, the after portion
being towed into Southampton. A new fore-
part was built by Messrs. Hariand and Wolfl. and
towed from Belfast to Southampton, where tlie
joining of the two portions was satisfactorily com-
pleted— a brilliant finale to possibly the greatest
salvage teat of modem times.
It may be mentioned that during the South
African war over 20 vessels of Hariand and Wolff's
build, aggregating 150,000 tons, all twin-screw
vessels, and therefore of the roost useftU type, were
employed in the uansport service.
The works have b«m greatly extended during
recent years, and now cover an area of about So
acres. The latest development witlun the works
has been the complete electrification uf the plant,
the electric generating station being one oi the
largest private stations ia the country.
Lately Messrs. Hariand, and Wolfl. Ltd., have
acquired a piece of land at Southampton for the
purpose of erecting repairing shops and necessary
HARMAN
ayo
HARROWS
berths for cairying out heavy repairs, and, If
necessary, reconstruction und<?rttikin(ts.
Hftmuuit 8ii John. British admiral. Com-
niaodcd tlie Wtkome in the first Dutch war, 1653 ;
sevcidy wounded at the second battle 00 the North
Foreland, 1666 ; defcatetl the combined French
and Dutch fleets at Martinique. t6f>j. Tn the third
Dutch war was prcsf-nt at Sole Bay. 1672, and in
the actions of Schooncvcld. He died 1673.
HumattAn The hot cast wind bloning from the
interior oi Guinea to tiic Alhintic Ocean, prevailing
on tbe West Coast o( Africa, generally in Dcccniljcr,
Januar>'. and February, blowing for a |)eriod con-
tinuing Irom cme to 1 5 days. Coming ofl the dusert
it vt dry, (hough alw'3)-& accompanied by haze, and
is luden with clouda of rcddL<^l) du^t. suspended ui
the atmosphere, and obscuring the sun. This *
wind i-H opposed to the sea. breeze, which nould
otherwise blow fresh irom the west on to the land.
Harmon;. On Febniar>- 27, i86i, this vessel vras
lost with :ill hands oil Plymouth.
Harness hitch. A species of knot by vhich a
rope is benl to a spar.
Harpings. The fore pacts of tlic wales which
surround the bow of a ship to strengthen her.
HarpoD. French torpcdo-boal destroyer. (Nor-
niand, n>'2.) Lenglli. iHo it. ; beam, ai ft. ;
maximum draught, 10 It. ; disptacctncnt, 300 tons ;
complement, 45 : guns, i g-pdr.. 6 j-pdr. ; torpedo
tobcs, z is-in* ; speed, 37-30 kts.
^rpoon. A spear with barbed points, used in
whale fishery.
BaxiK)oner. Trans;>ort. Lost near Newfound-
land, November 10. 1816 ; 300 lives lost
Harrier. British lorpodo gun-boat (i&94)-
Length 250(1. Beam 3olt. Maximum draught 13ft.
Displacement 1,070 tons. Complement 120.
Guns.
2—47 in.
4—3 pdr.
Torpedo Tubes {iS in.|.
5 Above water.
Twin screw. Hp. natural 2,300=17 kts.. forc»d
3,500=^18*5 kts. Coal maximum 160 (ons,
Harris. Admiral Sir Robert HastiinKs, K.C.U.Q..
cr. 1898 (b. 1843). I'resulent oi Koyaf Naval
College. Greenwich ; entered Navy, 1856 ; lieu-
tenant, 1863; commander, 1S70: captam. 1879;
rcar-adroiral, 1895 : inspector-captain of training
ships. i8<)o-g3 ; commander commanding training
squadron, 1893-05 : Second-in-Command Mediter-
ranean squadron, 1806-58 : Commander-in-Chief
Capo of Good Hope and West Coast of Africa
Station. iSgS, during the war with tbe Boers, 1809-
1000 (South Africa modal) ; ICX.B. for services
during the war ; rear-admiral in Mediterranean
fleet, 1896-98 ; reprcsejited Great Britain in the
Council of Admirals, 1897-98 during the pacifi-
cation of C^ftte. and recdved K.C.M.G. for
services ; \'icc-Bdiniral. [901 ; admiraJ. 1904,
Publications: "Revision of .Mston's Seaman-
ship." " Maritime Power and its Probable As
cation in War."
api»rdB^
Harrison. Alfred (b. Snnderland. Fpf>niary
1856). Marine engineer, .\ftrr servinR hiii apjn
tic<!ship with the North- liastem Marine Knj^ineorinj
Co, he was appointed draughtsman, and later left
to go to spa as one of their guarantee engiooen.
When tlic North-Eastern Marine Engineering Co.
decided to build engineering works at Wail&end.
he was appointed to take charge ot the acrvr ma-
chinery during construction, and on tho. comx>letioii
of thc>e works he wa.s apiH)inlcd chief tlmu^tsmaa,
which posilton he lield until 18S7. At that time
the late Sir William Allan {q.v.). wlio was managing
director of the Korth-Eastcra Marine Hngineeriog
Co.. started the Scotia Engine Works, Sundetiand.
and he was appointed works manager, and later,
when it became a limited company in i8<m, was oat
of its first directors. In 1900 tlus conipany
amalgamated with the firms ol Thomas Richaxdsoa
and Sous, Hartlepool, and Fumess, Wcstgarth and
Co., Middlesbrough, the new company being
registered as Messrs. Kichardsons. Wcstgarth and
Co., and he became local director and manager ol
the Scotia Engine Works. He was for &ome 30
years conn»ctod with the late Sir WdUann AJLan,
and stiLl continues the eight-hours day. so success
tutly inaugurated in 1S92 at the Scotia Engiw
Works.
Member of the Institution of Naval .Architects,
of the Council of the North-East Coast Institution
of Engineers and Shipbuilder, lay member of the
Sunderland Corporation Museum. Library, and
Art Gallery.
Harrison Line was established in 1830^ and is
managed by Messrs. Thos. and Jas. Ilaniaan, ol
Liverpool. Thiscompany maintains regular saihn^
from Liverpool to Calcutta, New Orlcajis. GaJvestoti.
Brazil, West Indies and South of France ; also
joint sailings by the El I i-nnan- Harrison Ijoc
between Glasgow and Liverpool to South and
Africa. Gross tonnage. 194.323.
1
Harroway, George Miiobell [b. Blyth. March 16^
1M68). Served apprenticeship at Blytli and »
period at sea. Joined the firm of Messrs. Wigham
Richardson and Co., Walker, and wa.*i appointnl
cliief of their designing department. In 1897
joined the firm of Sir Raylton Dixon and Co.. and
became manager ; has made a sptcial study of
designing of self-trimming bulk-carrying steamen
having large clear holds and ample water ballast
for light voyages, part of the water being carried it
the upper part of the vessel making her easy in 1
sea-way. These vessels have given the great»t
satisfaction, and are built on the Harroway and
Dixon patent cantilever trame principle.
HART
271
HASWELL
Htlt. British torpedo-boat destroyer. (Fair-
CeUI. 1895.) length, 185 ft ; beam, 19ft. ; draught.
y ft. : displacement. 260 tons ; comptemcnt,
50; arntament, 1 i2-p<lr., 5 6-pdr., 3 tubes; t\v'in
screw; Hp., 4,010^27 kts. ; coaU 70 tons.
Hartlepool'! Daily Shippiog Uit Established
1875. Publbihcd daily (morning), Pricr 6i. per
quarter. Address : Tlie Hartlciioois. Durham.
Hartteri J., and Co. See Briti&h and Irish Steam
Packet Co.
Bartnoll. Alfred Ernest Northoott a>- Exeter. 1 870} ■
Served hi:i apprcnliccilii}! on the Thames, and has
been employed in the drawing offices of various
firms in the United Kingdom, devoting his special
attention to the designing of warships, both Britisb
and foreign. He has also spent some time deagn-
ing yachts, and was connected with a celebrated
yacht-building firm in the South oi England. In
1900 he was appointed superintendent to Messrs.
Cox and King, and among some of (he craft that
have been cjcecutcd by him are the Amelia lor
H.M. the King of Portugal. Rovensha for the Arch-
I>uchess Maiic Theresa of Austria, Banshee for the
late Colonel H. L. B. McCalmont, and Lorena, the
first oci-anjturbinc yncht built. Mrmbrr of the
lOKtitutlon of Naval Architcctii.
Publication : " The British Navy."
Hanikas«> Japanese torpedo-boat dt^troyer.
(KoU-. 1906.1 Length. 220 It.; beam, 30J ft..
draught. 9^ ft.; displacement, 374 tons; arma-
ment. I 13 pdr., 5 ri-pdr., 2 tiibo^ ; twin screw;
Hp., 6,OOOa39 kts.
Harrey. Bir Thomai (1775-1841). British naval
olhc^T. Scived in Ihc RamiUies under Lord Howt:
in the liattle of " The Glorious First of June " ;
KA a lieutenant in the Prince ^of Wales in Brid-
port's action of! L'Orient, 1795 ; commanded the
I'aiican at the reduction of Trinidad, i/g/. In
1S07 hr?- took part in the passage of the Danlanelles.
He was promoted \-ice-admiral in 1837, and was
made Commander-in-C'liiuf on the North Aiuencan
Station.
Buwich. 70 guns. On September 1. r6gi, (his
veasel Mras wrecked on Mount Hdgcumbe. when the
crew perished.
Harwich, Battle of. In 1666 a naval engagement
took pbcu U'tHtrcii the Dutch and British fleets:
the contest looted four days, and was indecisive, the
Dutch losing 15 ships, the British nine.
Harwich Yacht Clab, RoyaL See Royal Ilarurich
Yacht Oub.
Harwood. Brig, Lost in ct>IUsion with tlie
sttamcr Trident, near ttie Mouse light, oti the Nore,
Octobers. iSji-
|F H.A.9. Distinguishing letters on sea fishing
boats registered at 1-Iassclt, Holland.
Ibshidate. Old Japanese cruiser. (Japan. 1891.)
Length 295ft. Beam joIL Maximum draught 21ft.
Displacement 4,377 tons. Gnnplement 36a
Cwuns. Armour.
I— ij-6in. "Steel."
1 1 — 4'7 in. 1^ in. Deck.
5— lapdr. 12 in. Baibettes.
II — 3 pdr. 12 in. Conning tower,
3 Machine.
Torpedo Tubes.
4 Above water bow and stem.
Twin screw. Hp. j.4oost6'7 kts. Coed maxi-
mum 405 tons.
Hashitaka. Japanese torptslo-buaL. (KawaHki,
I1J02.) J^ngth. 147 It.; beam, 16 ft.; draught,
8 ft.; displacement, (50 tons; complement. 26;
armament, i 6-pdr.. 2 3 f>dr., 2 tubes ; twin screw ;
Hp., .|,300a37 kts. : coal, 30 tons.
Hasp. A semicircular damp used to sacnro
the bowsprit to the bows.
Hastings, Admiral Alexander Plantagenet, C.B.
{h. India. 18.13). Educated Elm Grove. Eahng,
H.M.S. Bntannia; entered R.K., 1858; lieutenant.
1865; commander, 1870; captain. 1B78 ; flag
captain of Euryalus during Egyptian war, |883 ;
C.B. for services rendered (Egyptian medal, IChe-
dtvc's Bronze Star) ; scrvcil during naval and mdi-
lory operations in Soudan. [884 ; comiiiauded nav;ii
brigade landed for protection of Suakim. 1S84 ;
acted as Governor ot Musawwa, 1884 (Suakim clasp):
captain of Royal Naval College, Greenwich, 1885-89;
rear-admiral. 1894 '■ vice-admiial, 1900 ; admiral.
1904.
Hasty. British torpedo-boat destroyer. (Poplar,
1895.) Length, 140ft.; beam, 18 ft.; draught,
5( ft. ; displacement, 350 tons ; complement. 45 ;
armament, t iz-pdr.. $ 6-pdr.; twin screw ; Up.,
3.250=16 kts. ; coal. 60 tons.
Haswell. Charlei H. (b. New York, May 33, 1809).
CiVil and mechanical engineer. At Uic age of 19 he
vnteied the employment ol Mr. Jaiucs A Maine,
tlien the largest manufacturer of steam engines and
Iwilers in America, and six years later was asked
by the Commissioners ol the Uniteil States Navy
to present designs for the engines and boilers of the
steam frigate Fulton, then on the stocks. On
h-aniing what wa'S to be ri'tjuired of her he recom-
memted that she shouhl t>e len);lht-nf<l 30 ft. ;
this, however, the authorities did not agree to at
the time, and it was not until 1853 that they realised
their mistake, and lengthened her some 30 it. In
1843 the Act of C>rganis.ition of Engineer Corps was
altered at his suggestion, and he Mras appointed
by the President as Enginccr-in<!hicf. He was
aupi-raeded in 1851 for political reasons, and owing
to ill-health, and being detailed for sea service, he
was compcUcd to resign. He left the service, and
returned to New York, and started practice aa a
civil and marine engineer. From 1855-59 lie waa
HATCH
572
HAWKE
a member of the Board ot Councilmen of New York
City, and in 1888 elected Prcaident During his
professional career he has designed and superin-
tended the construction of yachts, cutters, and
many ittcanirr?^, the bulkhead of Hart's Island, and
one on tlie Hanrl(;m River. He was a trustee of tlic
New York and Brooklyn bridge during its con-
struction. Member of the .^merica^ Society ot
Civil Engineers, member of the Institution of
Naval Architect* (England and the Ignited Slates).
Hatch. A half door.
Batch-bOit. A half-decked boat with hatcht-s
for covering in all or portions of tlie open part
formeriy much used in the lower Thames.
SaXo, Japanese torpedo-boat. (I-Cure. 1903.)
Le-ngth, 147 ft. : Ix-am, 16 ft. ; draught, 8 ft. ;
displacement, 150 tons; complement, »(i ; arma-
ment, 1 6-pdr., 2 .vpdr., j tubes ; twin screw ; Hp.,
4.600=27 kts. ; coal. 30 tons.
Batvohani. Japanc-«e torpedo-boat destroyer.
(Kobe, igcrfj.) Leugtli, :2JU ft. ; t>eam. 3o( ft. ;
draught, y^ ft. ; dt!i])lac«mciit, 374 tons ; amiaiiicnt
1 i3-pdr., 5 6-pclr., a tubes ; twin screw ; Hp..
6,ODOs29 kts.
HatBiue. Japonosc battleship. On May 15,
igo4, this vessel came in contact with a mine which
injured her steering gear, and 30 minutes allcr-
wards, a second mine exploding under her. she
foundered in 33 fathoms of water. Of her crew.
795. only 300. including Rcar-Admiral Nashilw,
whose flag she carried, and Captain Nakao were
saved.
Hatsashima. Japanese torpedo-boat destroyer.
(Yokoauka, 1906.) length. 220 ft. : beam, zoj ft. ;
draught, 9} ft. ; displacement. 374 tons ; anna-
ment, i 12-pdr., $ 6-pdr., 2 tubes; twin screw;
Hp., 6,o(K5=29 kts.
Hatsuyuki. Japanese torpedo-boat destroyer.
(Yokosuka, 1905.) Length. 220 ft. ; beam, 2o| ft. ;
draught. 9J ft.; displacement. 374 tons; arma-
ment, I 12-pdr., 5 6-pdr,, 2 tubes; twin screw;
Hp., 6,000=29 kts.
Haughty. British torpedo-boat destroyer. (Sun-
derland, 1895.) Length, uX> ft. ; beam, H) ft. ;
draught, 5 ft. ; displacement. 265 ton.s ; complc*
nicnt. 50; armament, 1 i2-pdr., 5 6pdr., 2 tubes;
twin iscrew ; Hp., 4,000=27 kts. ; cool, 60 tons.
Haughty. British torpedo-boat destroyer. Kun
mto by a cargo steamer in tlarwich Harbour, and
bad to be beached.
Haul on board. The order for liauling down the
main lack.
Haul up. Sailing from towards the wind.
Haunch, A sudden fall or break.
Havelook Line, with tJieir head office in Sunder-
land, maintain a service from London for Scar-
txirougb and Sunderland, and vice versa. A steamer
leaves Londoo every Wodoesday, returning er
Saturday.
Fleet.
John HavciocM.
Haven. A. safe refuge ; a small harbour.
Havat Steamship Co., Ltd.. owned and
by C K. Ham>c'ri, Copenhagen, has a st
en]i;aged in the North Sea cai^ trade.
Flket.
h'yen.
Gross tonnage, 1,850.
HavJk. Netherlands gun-veasd, Indian Xa\T.
Displacement, 438 ton-S,
Hark. Norwegian torpedo-boat. (Cbristiania.
190J.) Length, iii ft. ; beam. 14^ ft. ; draught, 6^
ft.; displacement, 65 tons; armament. 3 1'4-iiL.
2 tabes ; Hp., 650^19 kts.
Havock. British torpedo-boat destroyer. (R^
lar. 18^3) Length, 180 ft. ; beam, iS ft. ; draught.
5t ft. ; displacement, 340 tons; complement. 43 ;
annament, i 12-pdr., 3 rt-pdr., 3 tubes : twin screv.
Hp., 5.500= 26 kts. ; coal, 57 tons.
Havornen. Danish torpedo-boat. (Copenhagen,
1S96.) Length, 154 ft.; beam, 15 ft.; draugbt
7} ft. ; displacement, 142 cons ; armament, 1 4'7->il
I l-pdr.. 3 tut>cs ; twin screw; Hp.. 2.3oo=i22'y
kts.
Hawke. British ist class cruiser.
1891.)
l-«ngth 360ft. Beam 60ft. Ma.vimuni draught 26ft.
Displacement 7,350 tons. Complement 540.
, Ouns. Armour.
a— 9-3 in. " Steel."
10 — 6 in. 5 io. Deck.
12—6 pdr. 13 in. Conning tower.
5—3 pdr-
2 Maxims.
Torpedo Tvbes [i3 in.).
3 Submei^ed.
Twin screw. Hp. natural lo.ooo ^ i8'5 kts..
forcetl 12,000= i9*5 kts. Coal maximum 1,350
tons. Approximate cost ^430,000.
Hawke, Lord Bdward (wos'i/St). En^isb
admiral (b. London). Entered the Navy at aa
early age, and in 1733 was promoted commander of
the IVotf. He first distingui?tlied himself -in the
action off Toulon in 1744, when he broke from the
line of battle in order to engage the Pod^r. and
although he succeeded in causing her to strike hn
colours, he was dismissed from the service for «
breach of discipline. He was, however, almost
immediately restored by the lying's commands, and
in 1747 was promoted to the rank of rear-admir»l,
and gained a victory over the French ofl FUUs*
tcrrc. In 1756 he succeeded .Admiral Byug as
commander ol the fleet in the* Me*1iterranean. The
battle which brought him his chief lame was gained
in 1759. when be attacked the French Fleet ttodcr
(Cbathaa,
HAWKINS
^7:^
HAWTHORN
Admiral ConlUns, off Belleisle (Quiberon Bay), when
more than half the French were cither disabled,
captured, or driven on short. For this brilliant
victory, one of the most daring and successful
actioiu on record, gained with the lo^ of only two
vcaaek, he recr-ived tho thank.s of the Hoiue of
Commons, and a pciuion of ^2,000 per annum. In
1765 he waa appointed vice-admiral of Great
Britain, and First Lord of the Admiralty. In 1776
he was raised to the peerage with the title of Baron
Hawke of Towton. He died Octotter 17, 17S1.
Hawkins. Sir John. Sff Hawkyns.
Hftwksluw, Sir John (1^11-91}. Rnglish en-
gineer (b. Yorkshire).^Was engaged as engineer
at the Liverpool Docks, and subsequently had
charge of the railway and na\-igation works of the
Manchester Barry and Bolton Canal Co. In 1845
he became chief engineer to the Manchester and
Le«ds Railway, and subsequently to its successors,
the Lancaabire and Vorkshirc Railway. In London
he was resixinsible for Charing Cross and Cannon
Street Railwa>'3, together with the two bridges
which carry them over the Thames. In 1862 he
became engineer to the Amsterdam Ship Canal,
and in the following year wa-^ chonen to make the
inquiry a.^ to the practicnbility of the Suez Canal,
as the scheme at that time was in very bad odour,
and the Khedive had determined to stop the work
if expert opinion was unfavourable. His report,
liowever, was entirely fa>'ounible, and M. de
Lrsseps was able to say at the great opening cere-
mony of the Suez Canal that " to Hawkshaw he
owed the canal." He had a wide experience in
the constmctionH of tiarbours and docks, aiuong
others being Holyhead Harbour, Teuarth Dock.
(he Albert Dock at Hull, the South Dock of the
East and West India Docks in London. He was
also engineer of the Severn Tunnel, which, owing
to the difEcultics encountered in its construction,
ranlu as one of the most notable engineering
undertakings in the nineteenth century. He died
in London, June 3, 1S91.
Hawkyns, Sir JTohn (1532-95) {^- Plymouth).
Was tlie hmt Englishman to engage in the slave
tralhc. He made three voyages to the West
Indies, the first in 1563, the second in 1564. and
the tliird. made in company vrith Drake, 1 567. On
his third voyage he was attacked by the Spanish
aothonties at Sanjuan de Ulloa. and escaped with
only two of his ships. In the expedition against
the Armada, 1588. he was appointed vice-admiral,
and [loisted his flag on board the Victory. Two
years later, in company with Sir Martin Frobisher
(j.p.) he intercepted tlie Plate Fleet off the coast
of Portugal. In 1595 he undertook his last expedi-
tion to the Wt-at Indies with Sir Francis Drake,
and^died of! I*ucrto Rico, November 12, 1595.
lie was the first to use chain-pumps and lighting
netting for shipa.
Hawm, a orots. When the ship swings half-
round.
Haw», Ad elbow. Wlien tlie ship swings once
round.
Hawse, A round toro. When the ship swings
twice round.
HaWM-bolai. Cylindrical holes through the
bows uf a >ihii< through which the cables pass.
Hawse, In the hAwse. in a space close nliead.
Rawae, Opan. Wliee the tinea of the cable run
clear uf i-ach other.
Hawn-pipe. Metal lining for the hawse-holes.
H«WM plug. I^arge pieces of wood, naed for
plugging (he hawse-pipe.
Hawser. A heavy rope or stee) wire used for
moving ships.
Hawthorn. Leslie and Co., Ltd^ B. and W..
Newca»U*!-ou-Tyne, was formed in 1SS5 by the
combination of the engine works of Messrs. R. and
W. Hawthorn, of Newcastle, with the iihipyard
established at Hebbum in 185} by Mr. Andrew
Leslie. The size and output of the works liave,
of course, very largely increased since that date, and
now cover about 50 acres, w^ith a river frontage of
4,570 ft. Messrs. Uawthoru, Leslie and Co. enjoy
a world-wide reputation fur the cxcelleocu of tlieir
ships, marine engines, and locomotives.
The engine works, which arc situated on the
river frontage at St. Peter's, have a capacity for
reciprocating machinery of about 100,000 I.Hp.
per annum, and large extensions have recently been
made to the buildings at this dejiartment. and new
plant installed for the construction of turbine
machinery. The engine urorks have in recent
years been almost fully engaged on warship work
for tlie British and foreign Govemmenis, and have
cngincd every type of warship, including battle-
ships, cmisers, destroyers, and most recently the
new type of scout -the Advtntntc and AUenttve.
At present the engine works are constructing tur-
bine machinery for H.M.S. Temeraire which will
develop 23,500 Hp.
The shipyard at Hebbum has constructed a
large nurabc-r of destroyers, and. apart from their
achievements in mrrcantilo work, have obtained
some notable successes with this class of vessel
both in speed and economy in coal consumption,
having built the fastest destroyer ever constructed,
and obtained the unique result of 31 kts. per ton of
coal consumed. It will also be seen on reference
to the Admiralty returns tliat the six destroyers
of the Derwent type built by R. aud W. Hawthorn,
Leslie and Co. satished thu Admiralty, and were
taken over after fewer trials than the other vessels
of tliis class. There is at present under i;onstruc-
tion one 33-kt. destroyer (turbine) and two first-
class torpedo-boats (turbine). The shipbuilding
department has a irontagc of over i.joo ft., and
compriw-s seven Inrths for building %'essrls uj) Id
700 ft. in leagth, and a dry dock 450 it. ia length.
'where, in addiUoD to efticient ship repairing, some
specially difficult shipbuilding contracts in the way
of lengthpniog and attt^ring ships have been carried
out. There is a large forge at the Hcbburn Yard
which turns out a large quantity of forging^, such
as stern frames, rudder frames, sbaftiDgs, etc.
The wood -working shop at the sliipyard is worthy
nf special notice, as it may claim to be amongst
the beet equipped shops in the kingdom, and it
has turned out some oE the fmest work for pas-
senger accommodation.
Tlic 42J .ship^i on the books of the firm include
a lar^u nunilter trading to Auslmlia and New
Zealand in the passenger and frozen meat trade.
South and North America. South Africa, China
and Japan, Canadian Lakes, as well as for tlic
principal Russian and South American merchant
fleets, and include vessels (or Alfred Holt and Co.,
Russian Steam Navigation Co., Wro. Milbnm and
Co. , Tumbull , Martin and Co. . New Zealand
Shipping Co.. Ltd.. Shaw. Savill and Albion Co..
Ltd., British India Stea.ni Navigation Co., Ltd..
Booth Stcamsliip Co.. Adelaide Steainahip Co..
Swedish South African Line, Lloyd Braziliero
Federal Sluam Navigation Co.. Fred. Li-yland and
Co. (1900), Ltd., and namerous oiher prominent
shipowners.
At tlic inauguration of the Russian Volunteer
Fleet by some patriotic Moscow merchants, llu*
first vessel w-is placed with Messrs. Hawlhoro,
Leslie and Co. This vessel was to be of high 9perd,
and though used for passengrr and cargo serxirp
in lime of peace it was to be adaptable in time of
war as a transport and auxiliar>' cruiser. These
reqmrcmrnts were fully met, with the result that
thr construction of nearly all the highspeed
vessels of this powerful organisation have been
entmsted to the Hcbbom Shipyard. Probably
the most famous of these R.V.^. vessels is the
Smolensk, which, by her " piratical " exploits
during the recent Rauo~Japanrse war. attracted
a good deal of attention, and showed the practical
utility of this type of vessel in modern warfare.
MoBsn. Hawthorn, I^eslle and To.. Ltd.. arc »oII
known as the designers atwl builders of the Rnt
luibiiiC-propelled x-essel lor actual service — the
T.B.D. yiper, which, by attaining the speed of
nearly 37 kls., proved herself the fastest vessel
ever built. It i*. unfortunati- lh;»t the career of
the Viper was so suddenly cut short by stranding
cm one of the Channel Islands in a fog dtmng some
naval manmuvrt-s. but her cfliciciicy and capabilities
had bc«n proved to the Admiralty, and two other
turbiue destroyers, the Vetvj and the Edsn. both
built at lU-bbum, have been added to the British
Na\-y since her low. ami the firm is now engaged
in the coiuttruction of a .•iimilar vessel to steam at
a speed of 33 kts.
The firm is as famous for its locomotives as for
ships and marine engines, and at one time they and
Messrs. Stephenson were two of tlie principal firms
in the country for supplying main tine locomotives
to our great railway companies. At the present
time, however, as most of the Brirish railway
companies construct their CDguies in their own
shops. Messrs. Hawtliorn, Leslie's output has bcea
diverted to colonial railways, to tank engines for
collieries, and locomoHve cranes for cootraCtors'
works. Records and present orders show that the
firm "s productions are highly appreciated all over the
world.
Hay, Admiral ol the FlMt The Eight Hon.
Lord lohtt, O.C.B. (tHSe). British admiral (b.
Geneva. iSjy). Entered Navy, 1839; ^r\c>l in
the China war, 1842 ; captain of the ll'as^ and
Tribune in Black Sea ; se^^'ed in the Naval
Brigade in the Crimea, 1855 (Crimean and Turkish
medals. Sebastopol clasp. Knight of the Legion
of Honour, and Mcdjidtc, 4th Class) ; captain
of Odin in China war. 1859-^; commanded a
situadron of gun-boats at the capture of Pciho
rort.s (China medal, Taku clasp) ; Lord of the
Admiralty, 1866, 1868. 1871, iSSo, and 1S83 ;
M--coad-iu-camnuuid, Channel Squadron. 1875 ;
Commander in-Chief, Mediterranean Fleet, iSSj-^,
during the war in Soudan (Egyptian medal.
Khedive's Urooxe Star, decorated by the Sultan
with the Grand Cordon of the Medjidie}. iS8i .
First Sea Lofd of the Admiralty. 1&86; Com-
mander-in -Chief. tSS7 : Admiral of Uic Fleet. 1&8S.
Hay, Admiral The Right Hon, Sir John CbarlM
Dalrymple. 3rd Bart,, cr. iji^. O.C.B.. FJLSm
D.C.L.. D.O. ll>. i.'*.'i). Educated Ruyby. lialen-d
Navy, 1834; served to first Kaffir war; landed
with the seamen and marines (or the defence of
I*ort EIiKabi-th and Algoa Bay ; served on We^t
Coast of Africa in suppression of slave trade ,
Served in Denbow during operations on coAst oC
Syria ; served at bombardment of Beyrout, and
present at capture of St. Jean d'Acre, 1840 (Turkish
nicdnls. cla<^p for St. Jean d'Acre) ; took part as
dag-hcuteiiaut to Sir T. Cochrane in operaiions al
Malurla Bay, and on the coast of Borneo, ii^^a;
commander, iA^Q ; coramaodcr of Cottanbint, and
senior ofticer at destruction of Chinese piratical
fleet* in Bias Bay and Tonkin River, 1844; (uo-
moted captain tor services rendered, itijo ; captain
of Hannibal ; present at capture of Kerlch and
Kinburn. and at siege and fall of Sebaatopol A
(Crimean and Turkish lucdald, SvbaslojKtl cloiip.
Mcdjidie. 4th Class); member of Royal Commissiua^^
at Greenwich Hospital, 1859-60 ; chairman of Irooi
Plate Committee, 1861-64 ; rear-admiral, i8(S6»
Lord ul the Admiralty, 1866^; vioe-odmlsalJ
1873 ; iwlmiral, 187^
Publications : " Suppression of Piracy in
China Seas," " Leaves of My Log-book."
HAYABUSA
275
HEBE
HBTAtusa. Japanese trapedo-boat. (Normand,
1B98.) Ltpgth. 147 ft. ; beam. 16 it. ; draught.
8 (t, : displacement, 150 tons; complement, 26;
arraament, 1 fipdr., 2 3-pdr., 3 tubes : ilp.. 4.300^
30 kts. ; coal. 30 tons.
Hayikase* Japanese torpedo boat destroyer.
(Osaka, 1906.) Length, 320 ft. : beam, 20)1 ft. ;
draught, 9} ft. ; dutplaccment. 374 tons ; arma-
ment. I li-pdr.. s 6-pdr.. a tubes; twin screw;
Hp., 6.000=39 kts.
DvsibUa. Ninshiro (b Na^attaki. Scptc-inlicr,
iS7.t)* Japanese mechanical engineer. Educated
Tokio Higher Technical Collegr, and Knidnated in
1895. Ai*^ ^'^^ Uien appointed as an assistant-
engineer in the Mitsu Bi&lii Dockyards and Hn-
ginccring Works, and i« at present engaged in that
yard in (ho mechanical testing laboiatory. Is a
professor in mechanics at tlie Tokio liigher Technical
College, and an inventor of three or four patents
on engineering apparatus.
Hayatorl. Japanese torpedo-lioat destroyer.
(Yarrou", iqoi.) Displacement, 306 tons; com-
plement. 55 : maximum draught, SJ ft. ; arntamr>nt,
I l3-pdr.. 5 6-pdr. ; tubes. 2 iS-in. ; Hp., ft.ooo=^
31 kta. ; coal. 95 toa.<!.
Bares, IsaM IstmI (1837 81). American .\rctic
explorer ih. Pennsylvania). Servwl untler Dii Can.-
in the second Grinnell c]q>rdition. 1853-55. Antlior
ol " .\n .\rctic Boat Journey " {1S60), " The Oyten
Polar Seas" (1867), "The Land of [>esolation "
I1S72)-
Hayter, Hudson {1825)- English engineer. Was
as9ociat«l with Sir John Hawkshaw (f.r.) in most
of bis work, among the most important of which
is Charing Cross and Cannon Street bridges and
stations. Holyhead Harbour, Amsttxdam Ship
Canal, the Severn Tunnel, and the Buenos Aires
Docks.
Bftaard. Bntush torpedo gtmboat (1804).
Length 350ft. Beam 30ft. Maximum draught I3{t.
Displacement 1,07^1 tons. Complement t2o.
Guiis.
i— 4'7 in.
4—3 pdr.
Tofpedo Tubes (iS in.).
5 Above water.
Twin screw. Hp. natural 2,500=17 Irts., forced
3,500 =ai8'5 ^^ Coal maximum lAo tons.
Ban. V'apour slightly less dense than a fog.
sometime!^ produced by the presence ol dust
particles.
H. B. Distinguishing letters on sea fishing boats
registered at Hct Bildt, Holland.
H. 0. Distiugutshmg letters on sea fishing boats
reicfistered at Cuxhaven. Germany.
H. D. Distinguishing letters on sea fishing boats
re^tercf] at Hdder. Holland.
B. D. Distinguish! ni^ letters on sea fishing boats
registered at Hardinxvcld, Holland.
Hd. Head. Abbreviation adopted on the charts
issued by the Hydrographic Office, Admiralty.
R. S. Distinguishing letters on sea fishing boabi
registered at Penzance, England,
Heod-saiU. The name for all sails set on the
forcma'^t tiowsprit, jib, and flying jibbooni.
Bead sea. When a ship sails head on to the
*ica.
BMdway. l-'Tgiiif- alicad.
Heard, Captain. Sre Autarclic Exploration.
Hearne, Samuel. Sm Arctic Hxploration.
fitoart. A large block of wood liimishcil with
one hole in thf middle grooved only for one rope.
Hurty. Special servHcc vessel. Vorth Sea Fish-
eries ((.300 tons).
Heath. Admiral Sir Leopold Oeoige. K.O.B.
(b. iSt7). Educated Royal Naval College, Ports
mouth. Gained first medal, 1831. and price com-
mission as lieutenant. 1840; commander, 1S47 ;
commamler of Nicer : present at attack of Lagos.
1850 ; captain, 1854 ; present in Ni^itr and Sans
f>arett during the Crimean war ; principal agent of
transports at Balaclava , promotion fnr services
rendeted (Crimean Jind Turkish medaU, Si'bastopol
clasp, Medjidie, 4th Class); C.B., 1855 ; commodore
of Octavia commanding East Indian Squadron
during Abyssinian war, i86t} ; r«ceive<1 the tlianks
ot Parliament fat Sf-rviccs rendered ; K.C.B.
(.\byssinian medal) ; rear-admiral, 1871 ; vicc-
admlral. 1877 ; admiral 1884.
Heave down. To careen for repair.
Heave in stays. To come up to the wind for
tacking.
Beave short. To heave iu the cable until the
vessel i-> nearly over her anchor.
Heare the lead. Taking soundings with the
liand lead-line. liefer to Lead.
Baave the lOC To determine the .ship'ii speed
by the loy-liuc over the sti:rn. Rf/er to Ixig.
Bebbing. An old name ap]Mied to the taking of
fish on the Thames below London Bridge at ebbing
water.
Heba. British torpedo gun boat (iS<>a).
Length 230ft. Beam 27ft. Maximum draught is^ft.
Displacement 610 tons. Comptemcut 85.
Guns.
2—47 in.
4—3 P<ir.
Totfifdo Tubes.
S— 14 in-
3— 1 8 in.
Twin screw. Spet;d 17 kta. Coal maximum.
160 tons.
HECLA
276
HEMY
Had*. Ship. 5<tf Arctic Explomttoo.
HecljL Bntish toipcrio drpdt ship (6^00 tons.
13 kts.). Launched i!%;S.
Bc*L The Icnkcr end of thr .strm-poHt which is
connected to the ship'ii kL>el ; the lower end of aoy
boom. bow5j)rit. or mast
&el ehftio. A chain or rope from bowsprit cap
to keep the jibboom ouL
HhUbc tan. The effect produced on the com-
pass by the he«ling of an iron or composite fltap.
thr an^e tocreasicj with the amotint of heel.
HmL To. To Ust or tk o\-cr or IncUoe at an
ani^c from the perpendicular, as wbea a vcsseJ
lies over to the wind.
Hc«iBriE«nit, 7M0k ?bil Sm Arctic Exploratioii,
Beibet Hama. Turkish torpedo cnuser. (Tur-
key-. 1S93-) Length, ssfy ft. ; besn. 37 ft. ; draaght.
14 f L : dispbcesaent. 1,960 ions: armament.
5 59-in.. 6 O'i'^- ^ 9-^' ' tubes: Hp.. 3.5fx>B
BetghL Any gnMmd above tlie common leveL
HeSinriM. Netberiands coast defence momtor.
PisplACtintnt, 3.000 tons.
HeimdaL Norwegian gim-boat. (Chrisiiania.
t»9y) tcQgth. 167 ft. : beam. 27 ft. ; drao^bt.
13 ft. : diyUoetPt. 620 toQs : complenicat. 61 :
aimsKSt. 4 3-5-in.: Hp.. 7oo«ia kts. ; coal.
Haimfc] Dam&h small cnnarr <iS94).
LcDfA 357iL Beam 37ft. Maximum draugbt 13ft.
INsplaonBest 1.1901005. Complement 1C5.
Omms. Armtom,
i—A'7 »■ " Steel."
4—6 pdr. ij in. Deck.
6 — 1 pdr. 4 in. Cowung tower.
Torpedo TvUs.
4 AUn-e water btnr. stem, and broadside.
Twin actew, Hp. natural 9.400= 16 kts.. fomd
3.000=17 kts. Coal maximum 125 toos.
BliBiaH. German coast service battleship
UafHi a54lt- Beam 49ft. Maximum dmncfat i8Jt.
Dia|AacenMAt 4, 1 50 tons. Complemrat 397.
Cmmt, Jnmmr.
J— «-« to. ** OMnpouad."
10— ifi pdr. 9 in. Belt.
6— r pdr. a m. Barbettes.
4 Madiiae. 7 m. Cooning tower.
Tm^^ T^ts,
3 Sabancr^ bow and bnadnde.
I Above water stem.
Twn aarm. Hp. s,taos>tsi kt&. Coal snaxi-
OMm 58olo«kSL
■Mfrik. Japanese coast deSetxr battkahtp^
TUs VfMd Wtt sank by coining m contact with
A* wibsaiiius mine dwing the Rugo-Japaneae
BlUa. Danish small cmfser (tB9^-
Length 233ft. Beam j^fL Maximum drati^l ijt
Displnceneat 1.290 ton& Complement 155.
Guns. A rwu>ur.
3 — 6 in, " Steel."
4 — 6 pdr. t) in. Deck.
6— t pdr. 4 in- Conning tow.
Torpfdn Tttb^s.
1 Submerged bow.
4 Above water.
Bow, stem, and broadside.
Twm screw. Hp. forced 3.000=17*5 kts. C^
maximum 133 tons.
Bikk. Gertnan toq^edo gun-boat (189$).
Length 33<. Beam 36ft. Maxiinnm diansht 16A.
nisplaccment 2,040 tons. CofnplenicBt ijl^-
Gmmt, Armtomr.
4— »5*P**'- "SteeL"
6 — 6 pdr. I in. Deck.
3 Machine. i in. Conning xtmt
TorpOo Tttbes.
I Submerged bow.
3 Above wat^r.
Twin screw. Hp. O.000— Z2 kta. Coal wa»
mum 330 tons.
Helena. V.5. gun-boat. (Ne-wrport New«, tMO
Length JSoft. Bcam^olt- Draught lofi-
Displacement 1.39a tons. CAmplanent 256.
*— 4 hi. * StecL"
4 — 6 in. (in. Deck amidskips.
4—1 pdr. 2 Big gun shields.
Ufk 1.9MS15 kts. Coal 300 toos.
Beteoteai. Danisk battleship (1878). Rccos-
structed i49&.
Length 357ft. Beam S9ft. Maximtim draogtit :ifi-
Ddplacrmcftt 5.370 tons. Comptement 5><x
Gmmt. ArwtauT.
I — 13 in. " Iron."
4 — lo'a ia. 12 in. Belt.
5 — ^4*7 In. 10 m. Battery.
10 Madiiae. 10 in_ Torrcts.
T»p(4o Tmtm.
4 Aiiove water.
Twm soew. Up. 4.000^ 13 kts. Coal aorv
114 loos.
Bflbo. Tbe wbeei nsrd loc moving the nattb
BslHVaft. Ptatting the nsdder to staxboinL
Hate%«4ae. Potting tke rodder oa tba ««aA«
side of the stern-posts.
■^■HHHB. Tbe seaman wbo gntdes tkr skif If
tkebctm.
A vmletit. odd, eastariy wind Us*^
lag down the wcfllani slope of CkosfclL Cash«>
Engtafa mariae {»*■'
lb. Ncwcastle-oo-Tyne. 1841). Ajncug hb b^
kuiwn works are ** Pikluuda." ia tbe Tale Gsa<T<
HENDERSON
HENRI
London ; " Homeward," at Birmingham ; " Home-
vrind." in Australia: and "Birds of Prey," i^ot.
Leeds.
Henderson. Frank Hmnam, Reu^Admiral,
C.M.G. fl), June 3, i8;o). Entered Navy. iS(j2 :
sulj-liuutctutnt of Vuiture, specially protnotcd to
lieutenant for capture of slave dhow with t8o slaves
ofi coast of Arabia : Henten-int of Active, specially
employed in transport and beach duties during
Ashantee war, 1874 (Asboniee mrtUl) ; xnior
officer on Eclipte during Egyptian war, lilSi
(E^plian medal, Khcdiv-c's Bronze Star) ; com-
mander commanding Racoon on E^t Coast of
Africa, 1891-94, in suppression of slave trade,
making several captures ; commanded mixed force
on an rxjiedition to tfic I.amu forest country, Hast
CooKt of Africa, tnking lievcral fortified villagrs
and posts : rccei\xd Koyal Humane Society's brouxe
medal. Febniary 37, 1870. for jumping overboard
at sea in latitude lA" 30' S., longitude 75** 10' W,,
ftod Kaving the lifr of C. Barlow, boatswain's mate
of H.M.S. PkeAe ; captain of Fox. and a senior
officer on West Coast of Africa during Sierra Leone
rebellion. i8(>tj, twice mentioned in despatches,
decorated C.M.G. for these scr\ices : comraandetl
battleship Goliatk in China imtil paying off in
190J : captain of dockyard and King's Harbour-
master at Cbatbam until his retirement, Jone,
' Bendersoo, Junes Blaclock, D.ScGUigow (b.
Clast^ow, March 5, 1871). Frolessor 01 Applied
Mechanics at the Royal Naval CoUegL-. Greenwich.
Educated Whitehall High School and at Allan
-Glens. Entered Glasgow University in iRfl?, and
graduated in engineering (with highest hoaoun;),
mathematics, and natural philosophy. 1892. He
au'arded an Exhibition Scholarship, and was
engaged in research work under Uic direction of
the lato Lord Kelvin, lie? studied in Berlin, under
Helmholu Planck and Du Bois, alter which he was
appointcid lecturer and demou.stratcir of phy&ics
■nd rlectrical enginecriug at ttic Yorkshire College.
I.«eds. From 1 901 -0$ be held the position of
itnrer and senior dcmonatratoi in electrical en-
^ioecring aL the new Jauit^s Watt Electrical En-
peering Laboratories. Glasgow L'nivctsity. Mem-
"bcr of the Institution of Electrical Engineers.
Publications : Numerous scicntiric papers pub-
li^cd in the Transactions of the Royal Societies,
philoiophical magaunesand Weidcmann's Annalen.
Eeodersoa. Vice- Admiral Reginald Friand Hann&m
(b. 1846). Entered Navy, lS6«-i ; Iitiitenant. iS'-o ;
commander. 1881 ; commander of IttvincibU at the
bombardment of Alexandria. 1882 ; landed with
Kaval Brigade, and commande<l armoured train at
Alexandria throughout the Egyptian war ; men-
yooed in despatches (Egyptian medal, Alexandria
aaap. Khedive's Bronxc Star. Medjtdic, 3rd Class] :
Lin. 1887 : rear-admiral. 1901 : principal of Sir
Edward Grey*a committee appointed to inquire
into the question of naval reserves : .Admiral-
Superintendent of Portsmouth r>ock>-ard, 1903 ;
admiral commanding Coastguards and Reserves,
190s-
BendnfOO, Vice-Adminl William Hannam (b.
Jun* 20. 1845). F-"Uti'*1 till! N'avy in 1H5*), ami
was promoted sub-lieutenant in 1864 : lieutenant,
1866 : commander. 1879 ; captain. 1886 ; rear-
admiral. 1&99; and vice-admiral, 1904; served in
the Witrr expedition in iSyo; from 1898-1900 he
commanded the squadron at Jamaica, and was a
member of the Lej^laturu and Pnvy Council oi
that island ; in 190J he returned to England, and
was appointed Admiral -Superintendent of the
Devon port Dockyards.
Henderson, P., and Co.* ^''"i their head office in
Glasgow, have a dect of 10 steamers sailing at
regular intervals between Glasgow, Liverpool, and
Rangoon direct, i-i'a Suez Cinal. and vitt vtrsa.
They are specially built for the Eastern passenger
and cargo trade, and arc fitted with all the latest
improvements. The passenger accommodarion is
situated on deck amidshiiM.
Fleet.
A marapnora. Burma. P^ffK-
ArracaH. Jrrawaddy. Ranf^aon.
Aim. MandtUay. Tcmis$eti%n.
MttrUtlan.
HeneagA, Admiral Sir Algernon Charles FiesebK
O.03.» or. 1902. K.03., cr. 1892 (b. 1S54I.
Entered Navy, 1846 ; ser\'ed in Haitin(>i during
operations in Burmah (Burmah medal) ; served as
lieutenant in the St. Jean d'Acre during Russian
war, 1854; present at the capture of Bomarsund ;
served Black Sea. 1855 (Baltic, Crimean ami
Turkish medals. Sebastopol clasp) ; Captain's Good
Service Pension. 1881-84 • Second in-Cominnnd.
Channel Squadron. i88$-S6; Commander -in -Chief,
Pacific Station, (887-4)0 ; Comma ntler-in -Chief at
the Nore, I892-«^ ; silver medal. Royal Humane
Society, for jumping overboard. February n. 18*1,
when m command ol the H.M.S. Falcon, into the
river Gambia, Sierra Leone, and saving the life of
a boy who li:id fallfii into the harbour.
Benley Soiling Club. Established iSt/i. Com-
modore. Fred. C. Hunter ; Vice-Commodore. W. H.
WcJdon ; Rear Commodore. W. Wallmgton ; Honor-
ary Treasurer and Secretary. W. H. Woldoa,
C.V.O., College of Arms. Queen Vicloria Street,
London, E.C^ Annual subscription, it los.
Henri IV. French coast defence battleship.
(Cherbourg, 1^99-)
Length 350ft. Beam /jtt. Maxiauim draught zjft.
Displacement 8,948 tons. Complement 460.
Guns. A tmour.
a — io*8 in., 45 cal. " Harvey-nickel."
7 - s's in. 1 1 in. Belt amidships,
la— 3 pdr. loin. Turrets.
3 — I pdr. 8 in. Conning tower.
Torpedo Tubss (177 in.),
3 Submerged.
Thrcescrews. lip. ii.5oo=i75 kls. Coal maxi-
muni 1,100 tons. Approximate cost ^Sio.ooo.
** He or they payinit freight" These words,
fmiuently found io bills ol lading, coosdtuts a
condition that the consignee is liable for the pay-
mrut of freight in order to obtuin delivery. The
demanding and lajcing of goods from a ship by a
purchaser or assignee of a bill of lading is evidence
of a n^w contract and proniiM> to pay by him. and
he is liable for tbr amount to the shipowner.
If, however, the consignee or assignee accepts
goods mtTcly a^ agent for the real owners, he can-
not be liable for freight.
" It is now well settled that the usual clause in
bills of lading engaging the master to deliver goods
to Uic consignees or assignees, ' he or they paying
freiglit." is inirixluccd for the benefit of tlie masti-r
only, and docs not cast upon him the duty of
obtaining at bis peril the freight from the con-
signees at the time ol the delivery." He may
therefore deliver the goods, and he or the ship-
owner recover the amount from the consignee. If
the latter refusf to pay the shipowner can look to
(he shipper for the paymcDl of ireight due.
Beroolcs. British ^rd cla.*^ battleship (8,6So
toiw. I4'(i kts.). T..innchcd 1H68.
Hercules, Pillars of. The name given to the two
rocks ^vh1ch fomn the entrance to the Mediterranean
Sea (Calpe). the rock of Gibraltar and Abyla
(Ccuta).
Herdman, WUIiam Abbott, D.Sc., F.R.S., P.L.8.
(b. EdinbufRh, ifiss). £ducale<l Udinhurgh
Academy and University. Graduated, 1879 ; assis-
tant to Sir Wyvillc Thompson in Challenger Ex-
pedition ofiOx^e ; president of Zoological Section,
British A.ssociatioa. 1895 ; general secretary, British
Association. l^_i ; was instrumental with otbeni in
establishing the marine biological station at Port
Erin. Isle of Man, and at the Sea-Fish Hatchery at
I*iel, near Barrow ; is honorary director of scientific
work of Ih^- Lancaster Sea. Fishery Committee ;
was sent to Ccfylon, 1901-02, to investigate and
report to the Government on the ]>earl oyster
fisheries ; professor of natural history. University
ol Liverpool, smcc i888.
PnbHcations : " Report on the Tuoicata Col-
lected during the Voyage of the Chalien^er " (1882-
S9), " The Invertebrate Fauna of the Firth of
Forth," "The Fauna of Liverpool Bay" (1896-
1900), " Oysters and Disease " (iSgO-gq), " Phylo-
genetic Classification of Animals, Fishes, and
Fisheries of tlic Irish Sea " (190J), " Report to the
Government on the Ceylon Pearl Oyster Fisheries,"
Royal Society (rgos-oj).
Herlnl Tn^e. Danish coast service battleship
(1S99).
Length 273ft. Beam 49ft. Maximum draught i6ft.
Displacement 3.470 tons. Complement 250.
CHfM.
ArtHout,
J— 9*4 in.
" Krupp."
4 — 6 in.
7 in. Belt amidships.
10 — 6 pdr.
7 in. Turrets.
4 — 1 pdr.
7 in. Conning tower.
5 Machine.
Tnrpedc Tubes.
3 Submerged. ^_
Hi
). 4,200= i6'5 kts. ^1
Harmann. Steamer belonging to the Argo
Sleaiiiship Co.. of Bremen. Sunk in collision nidi
a four-masted vessel, name unknown, near tlie
liast Goodwins October 30, 1906 ; 23 lives lost
Hermaphrodite brig. A vessel with a brig's I
most and a schooner's main mast.
Hermes. British and class cruiser. (FairfirH
Length 3Soft. Beam 54ft. Maximum draught :2lL
Displacement $.<)oo tons. Complement 450.
Guna. Armour.
II — 6 in. 3 in. Deck.
8 — 13 pdr. 6 in. Conning tower.
I — 12 pdr., 8 cwt.
C — 3 pdr.
2 Maxims.
Totfiedo Tubes (18 in.).
2 Submerged.
Twin screw. Hp. 10,000 = 30 kts. Coal
mum 1,100 tons. Approximate cost £3oo.ooa
Hermione. British 2nd class cruiser. (Devos-
porl. idy*.)
Length 320ft. Beam 49lt. Maximum draught ziit.
Displacement 4,360 tons. Complement 318.
Guns. Armour.
3— 6 in. "Steel."
8—^47 in. 2 in. Deck.
8^6 pdr. 3 in. Conning towetr.
1—3 pdr.
Torpedo Tubes (18 in.).
4 Above water.
Twin screw. Hp. natural 7,000=18 kts,. loned
9,000=19*5 kts. Coal maximum i.ooo tons.
Approximate cost j(3$o,ooo.
Hero. On Dpceniber 24. 1811. this vessel, wil
the St. George (98 guns) and the Defence (74 gu;
stranded on the coast of Jutland ; 2,000 lives losi
Heioo. A Urge bird which feeds on fish.
Herreshofft Nathaniel Greene. American yachc
designer (b. Rhode Island, 1848). Designed the
Vigilant. Defender. Columbiit, and Reliance, winnen
of the international yacht races for the Amenra
Cup. He has also designed numerous vessels.
including torpedo boats for the AmcricjLn Govent-
ment.
Herring fishery. Unc ol the most important ef
the fishing industries, and probably one of ibe
oldest, in so much that it can be traced back
from the landing of Cednc (one of the Saxoo
HERTHA
279
HIBARl
adventurers about 49S A.D.). Important fisheries
are to be found all over tbc North Sea, in the
North Atlantic as far sonlh as latitude 37* N.,
both the American and Kuroi>ean coasts, in the
Norwegian Sea. the White Sea. and the Sea of
Japan. Probably the most important ftsheries
are round the British Isles, and the fishing grounds
along the east coast from tlic Shetland^ to Norfolk
are fished by British, Dutch. German. French, and
Belgian fishermcti during the months June to
December. The Yarmouth fishery was evidently
rec<^n)sed as being wcU established in 1108, as in
that year Henry I. agrcrd to take as an aimvial
payment for thw privilege of Yarmouth being a
burgh to mtlliers of herrings. To-day the Yar-
mouth drift-boats are the largest used for this
kind of tUhing on any part of our coasts. They
arc deck vessels of about $6 tons, some of them
being 52 ft. on the keel, with 17 ft. beam, and
7 ft. depth of bold. The herring season on the
Scotch coast is one of the greatest harvests of
Scotland. Drift fishing is the method by which
most of the Scotch herrings arc taken, and fishing
is carried on almost all the year round u-ith more
or less importance, the principal winter or spring
fishing t>eing oS Ayrshire, in the Firth of Forth
and the Moray Firtli. The fi^ihing season bi^ius iu
Iklay at the Hebrides, at the Shetlands in May and
June, and cmtinuing along the east coast until the
end of September. See " llemng and Herring
Fishery." Caux. i88j ; "The Herring." Mitchell,
1864. litfer to Royal National Lifeboat Institu-
tion.
Hertha. German protected cruiser US97).
T-cngth 3.i4ft. Beam S7ft. ^faximura draught 23ft.
Displacement 5,880 tons. Complement 463,
Guns. A rmour.
C2~&'2 in. " Krupp."
8 — 6 in. 4 in. Deck.
10 — 15I pdr. 4 in. Turrets.
10 — I pdr. 4 in. Casemates.
4 Machine. 8 in. Conning tower.
Toipudo Tubes.
3 Submerged (i in bow).
Three screws. Up. 10.500=^ 19 lets. Coal ma xi-
mam i.nou tons. .Approximate cost /joo.ooo.
Hertog Headrik. Dutch battleship (1903).
Length 312ft. Beam ^iilt. Maximum draught iBft.
Displacement 4.M50 Ions. Complement 320,
Guns. Armour.
a— 9*4 In., 40 cal. " Krupp."
4 — 6 in. 6 in. Belt amidships.
8 — 13 pdr. 10 in. Barbettes.
3 — I pdr. 10 in. Conning towtr-
Torpedo Tubes (18 in.)
3 Submerged,
r Above water bow.
Twin screw. Hp. 5.300— |I> lets. Coal maxt-
mam 680 tons.
Htota, Helnrieh ftudtilf (1S57-94). Gemoan
physicist (b. Hamburg). Wireless telegraphy is
the practical development of the experimental facts
established by Hertz, and gives to the Hertzian
waves an added importance. His discoveries rank
ic importance with those of Faraday's, the dis-
coverer uf the iuduction of currents. All his
important writings have been translated into
English by D. E. Jones. " Electric Waves "
(>^93)t (snd ed., 1900), "Miscellaneous Papers"
(18^), " Principles of Mechanics " (l89<>). See
Oliver Lodge's " HerU and his Works" (i8g$).
Henen. German ist class battleship. (Krupp.,
iyo3.)
Length 430ft. Beam ^2ft. Mean draaght 36(t.
Displacement 13,300 tons. Complement tvji.
Guns. Armour.
4—11 in. " Krupp."
14 — 67 in. 9 in. Belt.
13 — 34 pdr. 1 1 in. Barbettes.
13 — I pdr. 11 in. Turtets.
8 Machine. 12 in. Conning tower.
Torpedo Tubus,
5 Submerged bow and broadside.
I above water stem.
Three screws. Hp, 16,000=18 kts. Coal maxi-
mum 1,600 ton.s. Approximate cost £1,160.000.
Hext, Rear-Admiral Sir John. K.CXEm cr. 1897-
Entered Navy. 1857 ; lieutenant, 1865 ; led boat
expedition at Etmina when lieutenant of Decoy
(specially mentioned for services rendered and
promoted to commander) ; landed with boat's
creu-s and destroyed the native town of Bootej*
(mentioDud in d<s>(iatchfa, Ashauteu medal) ;
served during Eg^'jitian war (Egyptian medal,
Khedive's Bronze Star, Medjidie. jrd Class) ; direc-
tor of marine under Government of India, and
member of Bombay Fort Trust, 1883. This ap-
pointment was renewed for anotlier hve years in
March. 1887. artd again renowt-d for a ptuiod o(
five years in 1893 : served during Burmah annexa-
tion war, 1S85-86 : CLE.. 1889; K.C.LE., 1897:
received thanks ol the Government of India for the
valuable services rendered by him lo the State
during his tenure of the appointment of director
of the Royal Indian Marine
ELF. Distinguishing letters on sea fishing boats
registered at Finkenwarder. Hamburg. Germany.
ELO. Distinguifihing letters on hca li^hing boats
registered at Hljorring, Denmark.
H.H. Distinguishing lctt<:rs on sea fi.<)hing boats
registered at Hamburg. Germany.
H.H. Di'itinguishing letters on sea fishing boats
rcgi.sti.red at Harwich. England.
HX Distinguishing letters on sea fishing boats
registered at Hiodeloopen, IloUand.
Bibul. Japanese torpedo boat. (Kure. t^oj.)
Length, 147 ft. ; beam, 16 ft. ; draught, 8 (t. ;
t
HIBERNIA
280
HIMALAYA
di^lacemcnt, 150 tons; oompleiDeat. 26; vrnn-
mcnt, I 6-pcIr., 3 j-pdr., 3 tubes ; twin screw ; Hp.,
4,2aci^27 lets. : coal. 50 loaa.
Hibernia. British ist ctoss battleship. (De^'on-
port, [904}
Length 453ft. Beam ;r8ft. Mean draugbt 26ft.
Di<iplacement 16,350 toils. Complement 777.
Ghju. a rmout.
4 — 12 in. " Knipp."
4 — 9'2 in. Q in. Belt amidships.
10— 6 in. 12 in. Barbetics.
14—12 pdr. 12 in. Conning tower.
14—3 pdr.
2 Maxims.
Torpedo Tubes,
4 Subtnergi-d )>roa<lside.
1 Submerged stern.
Twin screw, Hp. 18,000^18*5 kts. Coal maxi-
mum 2,000 tons. Approximate cost ^1,500.000.
Bibernia. On February 15, iSj3, tlib vessel was
hiimt in W, long. 2»*. S. lat. 4*. when iS'i penions
(out ol 232) ]>L>rishc-d.
HibOcL JapaucsL- torpi-do-boat dcslxoyer. (Voko-
suka, 1906.) Length. J3o ft. : beam, 20^ ft. ;
draught, ijji Jt. ; clispiaccnient. 374 tons ; arma-
ment, 1 i2-pdr., 5 6-pdr., 2 tubes; twin screw;
Hp., 6,000^29 kts.
ISdes. See- AtrnioTaiidnm.
Higgs, WiUiam Berry (b. January 14. 1863).
Served his apprenticeship with Messrs. Edwards and
Symes on the Thames, and aiter obtaining thorough
and practical experience in all branches of ship*
building and engineering was appointed to their
drawing ofiice. in 1890 he was appointed chief
draughtsman to Uiisfirm, and in 1893 was npi>ointed
su peril! tcntling engiiiecr iind constructor of shipping
for H.M. War IX-ipartuiL-nL, which position he held
until 1H99, During this lime he was closely con-
nected with the design and inspection of steamships
and submarine mining vessels. On being otfered
the management of Messrs. Vo.<iper and Co., of
Portsmouth, he resigned and joined this firm.
During his career he has had directly under his
supervision tliC construction of something lihe 30a
vessels. -Mt-mbiT of the Institution ol Naval .\rchi-
X*x\s.
High Court o! Admiralty. .Sm AdiniralLy High
Court.
ffighflytr. British 2nd cUsa cruiser. (Fairfield,
1898.)
Length 350ft, Beam 54ft. Maximum draught iiM.
Displacement 5,600 tons. Complemeut 450.
Ctins, Armour.
1 1—6 in. 3 in. Deck.
8—12 pdr. 6 in. Conning tower.
I — 12 pdr,, 8 e»t.
: 6-3 pdr.
2 Maxims.
Torpedo Tubes (18 in.).
3 Submerged.
Twin screw. Hp. 10,000 = 20 kLs. Coal nun*
mum 1,100 tons. Approximate cost ^^300.000.
Highland Yacht Clab, RoyaL S«« Royal Uigb-
land V.iLhl Club.
Higb-presaure system. See Anticyclone.
High was. The tenn means the open sea. or that
vvliith i& common to all nations. y<e.fer to Tern-
tonal Waters,
Hjghton, Francis WilUam (b. Hchester, Noven-
ber 8, 1861). Engineer-comm antler Royal Nary.
Educated Marlborough College. From 1883-86 he
took a special course of marine engiaeeriag at the
Koytd Naval College, Greenwich, and in 1895 wu
ap]Kiinted assistant to the chief engineer of Ports-
month and Chatham Dockyards. In 1899 he wu
promoted to Arst assistant 10 the chief en^ncer v
the Devonport Dockyard, and later served as
engineer •commander on H.M.S. IntplacabU. In
1905 he received the appointment of first a^sistAiit
to the chief engineer at I'ortsmouth Dockyard.
Member of the Institution of Naval .Architects..
Hike. A colloquialism lor going away.
ffilda. L. and S.-W. Railway Co.'s steamer,
bound lor St. Maio, wrecked ofl Jardine Lighthouse
three miles from St Malo, on Novcnibrr 18. 190;;
only five passengers and one of the crew saved ;
<»9 lives lost. At the wreck inquiry, when the asses-
sors were Captain Ronaldson, t!ommandcr Cabome,
K.N.K., and Rear-.^d^1iral Churchill, it was deodeJ
that the vc:£SeL had the nece&sary number of con-
I>a8»e8 Qu board, and that Ihcy were in good ardff.
that she had proper and suthcicnt Admiral^
charts, sailing Oircctious aud tide tables, tliat wbed
she left Southampton she was in good seaworthy
condition as regards hull anj equipments, and wu
supplie^l with -the requisite boats and ]tfe-sa\'ia|
appliances. Tlie cause ol the stranding and km
of the vessel will never be definitely knou-n. It
was shown that no blame could be attaclicd to Blr.
\\'illiam Gregory, the master.
Hildebrand. Ccrman coast service battleship
Length 25411. Beam 49ft Maximum draugbt iSIL
Displacement 4,1 ;o tons. Complement ^97.
Gitns, ArmoHT.
3 — Q'4 in. " Nickcl-steol."
10— isj pdr. 9 m. Belt.
6—1 pdr. 8 m. Barbettes.
4 Machine. 7 in. Conning tower.
Totpedfx TubcA.
3 Submerged buw and broadside.
Twin screw. Up. 5,100^15} kts. Coal maxi-
mum 5S0 tons.
Himalaya. British subsidised merchant ship
(iiJ92). P. .and O. Co. (q.v.). Dimcn.siL>ns. 46$X
52 X 34^ It. ; gross tonnage. 6,89s ; passeofer
accommodation, 409 : Hp., 7.600=17 kts.
HINDOSTAN
28r
HOCKADAY
HindoftuL On January ii, iSo^, this vosCel
went to piecrs on the Culvers.
Hindustan. British tst class battleship. (Clyde-
bank. I '>>.). 1
Length 45Jft. Beam ;8ft. fttean draught 26ft.
Di&placentcnt (6.350 tons. Complement 777.
Guns. Armour.
4 — 13 in. *' Krupp."
4 — 9'i In. 9 in. Belt amidships.
10 — 6 in. 12 in. BarlHitLes.
'14 — rs pdr. rs in. Conning tower.
14— J pdr.
2 Blaxims.
Tiitpcdo Tuf'cs.
4 Submc'igL-d broadside.
I SubiniTgtd stem.
Twin screw. Up, i3,ooo==tS"5 lets. Coal maxi-
mum 3,000 tons. Approximate cost ^1,500,000.
Hine Brolhsn, Maiyport. Sea Holme Unc.
Hitch. A species of knot by wliich ropes are
connoctcrl.
Hltctaer. An obsolL-tc It-mi for a boat hook.
Hi-ying. Chinese crui!»er (18^7). Length, J53
ft. ; beam. 36 ft. ; draught. iS ft. : displacement,
3.165 ('^'^ '• armament, 2 8-in., 8 4'7-in.. 4 Maxims,
t tube ; Hp,, 3,400— ji kts.
Binci. Foniierly Afftfiatra i/f.v.). Japanese ist
das battlcsBhtp. (PhUadelphia, 1902.)
Lco^h i74ft. Beam 72ft. Draufiht 2$(t.
Displacement 13,700 tons. Complement 672.
Cuus, Armour.
4 — 12 in. " Krupp."
12 — 6 in. g in. Belt amidships,
so—j pdr. 9 in. Barbettes. ,
6 — 1 pdr. 10 in. Turrets.
xo in. Conning tower.
Tornado Tubes.
4 Submerged.
1 Above water.
Hp. 16.000=3 iH kts. Coal maximum 2,000 tons.
BjtilhainiTULr, Carl Adam. Ro^ar-admiral in the
Sw.fiiih Na^-x' (h. 1N46). Cadet. 1S61 ; sub-
lleutennnl. 1865 ; served in the Greek Navy, 1882 ;
director of naval ordnance- in Stockholm, i8c)i-q7 ;
commanded the Gtmnery School. 1895-9(1 ; director
of the Naval War Collegt- in Slockholm. 18981901.
soprnntrndent nt Knrlskronn DockyanJ. 1901-04;
Commander-in-Chief in KarLikron.i ^cc 1904 ;
nrar-admiral in the Home Squadron, 1898-1900 ;
commanded the- Slockhobn Stjuadron, 1903 ;
r>cl6qu6 Technique at The Hague Peace Conference,
1899.
H.K. Distinguistiing letters on sea fishing boats
registered at Hardcr^^ijk, Holland.
HX. I>istinguishiDg tetters on icn fishing boats
togLstcTed at Noordwal. Holland.
H.L. Distinguishing letters on sea fishing boats
regbitcrcd at HartlcjKwl VVcst. England.
BMld. Swedish torpedo-boat. (Normand.
1905.} Length, 13c; ft. : baim. 15 ft. ; <lmnght. 6|
(t ; displacement, 96 tons ; coroptumcnt. 18 ;
armament. 2 i*5-in.. 3 machines. 3 tubes; Hp.,
1.900=35 kts.
B.U.8. Abbreviation for His Majesty's Ship.
H.N. Distinguishing letters on sea Qsbing boats
registered at Hoom, Holland.
H.O. Distinguislung letters on sea fishing boats
registered at Hoogcvecn, Holland.
H.O. Dialing ui&liing letters ou sea &^ng boata
registered at Honfleur. Fraacu.
Ho. House. At>l>revintion ado])lM on the
cfaortu issued by the Hydrographic Ollicc. Admi-
ralty.
Hoar-frost. Frorcn dew.
Hobbler. A name given to an unliccn.'icd pilot.
Roobe. French ist class battleship. (L'Oricnl.
l$86.) Reconstructed 1899.
Lcngtli J47f1. Beam 65 It. Ma.Yimum draught 30ft.
Displacement 1 1 ,000 tons. Complcromt 611.
GuHs. A rmour.
»^i3'4in., i6cal. " Stcol."
iS in. Belt amidships.
16 in. Barbrttcs.
16 in. Turrets.
2— io'8 in.
12—5-5 i"-
4 — 9 pdr.
12— 3 pdr.
Torpedo Tubes {177 in.),
4 Above water.
I .Mxjvc water stem.
Twin screw, lip. ii.joa^i6 kts. Coal maxi-
mum 800 tons. Approximate first cost ^700,000.
Hochc. French torpcdo-lxjat destroyer, length,
lyu (t. ; beam. 21 ft. ; draught, oi ft. ; <lisplnce-
ment, 431 tons : complement, 4B : guns. 1 9-pdr..
(> 3pdr. ; lorptxio tubi-s, 2 ij'j-in.; spfcd, 27 =
30 kta.
Hookaday, WDliam Thomu (b. Ea^t stonvhouiw,
l>\on, Jum II. i.S(8). British naval architect.
Kducated Plymouth High School, and after 9er\'ing
five years of his appic^nlice^thip in Ihc R(iyal Dock-
yard, Devonport, obtained by com[X-'tition an
Adniimity scholarship for a three year?' course at
the Royal Niival College, Greenwich, where in 1880
lie gained his professional diploma as naval archi-
tect ; he scrvc<l at H.M. Dockyard. Dcvonpcwt,
from 1880-83 as draoghbiman on Jfpectal duties
assigned to Admiralty Ktiident<( on lenving R.N.
College ; was appointt.'d assistant constructor on
thf formation of the Royal Corps of Naval Con-
structors in 1883. and employed in the Constructi\T
Department of the Admiralty from 1883-89. under
Sir N. Bamaby {q.p.\ and Sir Wdliam White {q.v.).
From 1889 to 1S91 he assisted on the Admiralty,
overseeing duties at the Thames Iron Works iu the
construction of 11. M.S. Blmhrim. Grafttm. and
Thfieus. and on the reorganisation of the drawing
staff held the appointment from 1891 to 1899 of
hodgf:
2S3
HOLDFAST
assisU.Dt constructor in charge of the drawing
ofTice constructive dopartniimt, H.M. Dock\-ard.
Devonport. Held the position of constructor,
H.M. Dockyard. Portsmouth. i890-i(»«J. and ol
chief constructor. II.M. Dockyard. Ilcrmuda, 1902.
to early in 1905, whea, on the reduction of the Naval
Establkliment at Bermuda, he Lxxanie temporary
addttion.-il chi'"f constniclor. H.M. Dockyard,
I'ortstnouth. which position he now holds.
Hodge> RowUnd Frederick WflUam (b. Sunder
land. Scptembrr 15. r!%5o). Served his apprentice-
ship at the yard o( Messrs. Schlosinger, Davis and
Co., and at the Fairfield Shipbuilding and Engineer-
ing Co.. Ltd.. and in 18.S9 was appointed general
manager to Mrasr?. Swan. tluntcT. Ltd., Wallsend.
In 1898 he founded the Korthumberland Ship-
bnilding Co., Ltd. (^.r.), and became mauagiiiR
director and principal owner. This costal ili Ah men t
has, from a small iK-ipnning, t>ccomc one of the
moat prominent »nd import.int yards on thr North
Coast, the output being something like 40.000 tons
of shipping annually, lie haa made a 5pecia]ity
In the building of large cargo steamers, and particu-
larly those nf a type with a dead weight capacity n(
7,000 ton.i. Memlier of the Institution of Naval
ArchitectK, and of the North-East Coast Inatitation
of Engineers and Shipbuilders.
H.O.E. Di<itingui»hing Icttent on sea fishing
boats registered at Hoedekenskerke, Holland.
Bog. A flat scmbbing broom to scrape a ship's
bottom under water.
Hogarth. H.. and Sons. Sft Baron Line.
Hogged. Applied to a vessel when the ends of
the deck droop lower than the midship part.
Hoggie or Hog boat. An old Inre-andaft rigged
dinker fishing boat of great beam, used at Brighton
In the last century. Probably connected with heck
boat, an old term ffir a pick, but also uHid for a
clinker-built boat with eovered foresbeets. Pro-
bably of Dutch origin.
Hofflud. Russian torpedo-1x»t. (Ishora, 1894.)
Length, ijS ft; beam. 16 ft.; draught. 6^ ft,;
dispJacement, 85 tons; complement, i.i ; arma-
ment. 3 i-pdr., 2 tubes: Hp.. 1,200= 2j lets.; coal,
17 tons.
Hocne. British ist class cruiser. (Vickcrs, rttoo.)
Length 454ft. Benm 69ft. Maximum draught 38ft.
Displacement 12.000 tons. Complement 700.
(muhs. Armour.
3 — 9'3 in., 45 cal. " Kmpp."
13—6 in. 6 in. Belt amidships.
12—18 pdr. 6 in. Barbettes.
3 — 13 pdr.. 8 cwt. 13 in, Conning tower.
3— 3pdr.
3 Maxims.
ToTptdo Tubas (iB in.).
3 Submerged.
Twin screw. Hp. 3i,oD0=:st kts. Cool maxi-
mum 1,600 tons. Approximate cost ^oo.ooo.
Hobt. Perpcndicutar height of a flag or salt as
opposed to the f]y.
H.O.K. Distinguishing letters on sea fiahing
boat!* regi.stercd at Hock, Holland.
Btfk. Cbnstoffer WUhelm (b. Sweden, Decem-
tx-r 12, 1R5S). Swedish n.^val architect. Educatetl
Strrngnas College, Sweden, and in 1S77 entered
till- Roy.-il Engineering College. Sttickbolm. to
ol'iain scicutific traming as a mechanicat engineer.
In 1880 he joined Messrs. W. Lindberg'a works at
Stockholm, and in 1882, after having obtaincit
two years' piracLiail experience in completing
marine engines, went to Paris to study naval
architectorc at the Iicolc d' Application du Gftnie
Maritime. In 1S84 he came to Dumbarton, and
spent a year at Mr-wrs. W. Denny and RrothpTs*
yard, and in 188$ joined Sir James Lang and Sonn,
Ltd., as B naval .irchitect. In July, iqoi, he em*
barked in busioesi on his own account as a naval
architect and consulting engineer at Stockholm,
and in 1902 was appointed legal surveyor for the
City of Stockholm, and a director and principal
manager of W, Lindberg's Verkstads and Varfsktie-
holag. He U the inventor of a trunk-deck type of
steamer, which is now being used in EogLind and
Grnnany. and has invented a waler-tube boiler,
four of which have recently been bnilt in Sweden.
Member ol the North-East Coast Institution of
Engineers and Shipbuilders, and was the firat gold
medallist of that institution. In 1904 formed m
Swedish Institution of Naval Architects, and 1
became its president. Member of the Institution
of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland, of the
Institution of Navnl Architects, of the Imttitution
of Civil Engineers, and of the Council of the Swcdtth
Institution of Civil Engineers.
Publications : Scientihc papers on shipbuilding,
published in the Transactions of the North-East
Coast Institution of Engineers and Shipbujld«n,
and on " The Unsinkability of Cargo Carrying'
Veasels." first paper. 1890. second paper. iSyi ;
" Speed and Power of Ships " (1894), Institution
0/ Naval Architects ; " A Rapid Method of
Stability" (1892); "An Approximate Curve of
Stabihty ' (1893) ; " Trunk-deck SU-amerDi^ar//. "
(1892) ; and numerous articles in technioJ papen
in England, Germany, and Sweden.
Hold. 1'ho whole interior Cavity of a ship.
HoUIftiC Bay Yacht Club. AustriUia. Esublisbed
1SS3. Flag : Blue ensign, white cross in comer.
Bargee : Blue and red, with white cross. Com-
modore, H. F. D. Munton ; Vice -Commodore,
F. Luxmoorc ; Kear-Commodore, Dr. R. St. Mark
Dawes ; Honorary Treasurer, F. A. SmJtli ; Honorary
Secretary. A. Le Rcy Boucaut. Annual subscrip-
tion, ^1 rs.
HOLLAND
HOL2APFEL
BoUaad. Dutch cruiser (1S96).
I^nfjtti 505ft. Beam 4dft. Maximnm draught tSft.
DispUcemeDt 3,900 toss.
Gl$ns. Armour.
7 — 6 In, " Steel " and " Harvey."
6—4*7 in. 2 ID. Deck.
4 — 13 pdr. 6 in. Gun shields.
8 — I pdr. 4 in. Conning tower.
4 Machine.
Torpedo Tubes.
4 Above water.
Tvrin screw. Hp. 10,000=20 kts. Coal maxi-
mum 9^ tons.
Holland. U.S. submaiine. (Elizabeth Port,
1H96.) Length. $4 ft. ; beam, jo ft. ; displacement.
74 tons; complement. 5 ; toq^edo tubes, i ; Hp .
150=8 kts.
Holland, Vlce-Admlnl Swinton Colthont (b.
1844). Entrrctl Navy, 185; ; linitt-nant. 1865 ;
commander, 1878 ; captain, 1884 ; commodore of
the second class, and naval officer in charge of
Hong Kong, 1896 ; Admiral Superintendent Chat-
ham Dockyards. 1899 ; vice-admiral, 1905. Is the
inventor of a signalling lamp for flashing use in
small craft and torpedo-boats, which can be used
either for oil or electricity. Received the l^o prize
for steam and naval architecture at Royal Naval
CoUege. J88J.
HoUaad-Anurica Line, ^vith the ht^d offices in
Rotterdam, have a fltret of six large twin-acrcw
steamers, of which the Nteuw Amsterdam, a vessel
of 17,000 tons, heads the list. A tvgiilar srtvicc is
maintained from Rotterdam to New York, and
vUe versa. Special attention is paid to passenger
accommodabon, which is replete with every luxury.
A mtleidyh. RoUerdam,
Nieuw Amsterdam. Ryndam.
Noordam. Slotetdyk.
k Potsdam, Svestdyk.
Statendam.
Gross tonnage 106, 502.
Hollaiid Steamihip Co.. with their head oftices in
Amiiterdam, have a fleet of nine ktcamcrs, which
maintain a service between Ixmdon and Amster-
dam, and Hull and Amsterdam. A steamer leavir<i
l-oodon every Wednesday and Saturday lor
AxDsterdam, and vice versa ; one every Tuesday.
Wednesday, and Saturday from Hull (or Amster-
dam, and viu versa.
Flkbt.
Amstetstroom, Rynstroom.
Eemstroom. Schetdetstroom.
Maaatroom. Ve^htsJtoom.
Propatria. Ystroom.
Zaanstroom.
Gross tonnage, 10,000.
Holmt lioa, owned and managed by Measn.
Hiac Brothers, of Maryport. have a fleet of five
modem cargo steamers and three sailing ships,
which maintain frequent sailings from West
Cumberland ports to the Continent. Baltic, Canada,
and tlie United States. AU the vessels in this
fleet have accommodation for a limited number of
paseengers.
Fl-EET.
Steamers.
Abbey Holm^. Greta Holme.
Forest Holme. Isel Holme.
Nether Holme.
Saihng .Ships.
CaiUt Holme. Eden Holme.
MyrUe Holme.
Gross tonnage, 15,660.
Holmj, Archibald Campbell (b. Glasgow. Xovem-
ber j6, i36i). Educated Glasgow High School,
l^nivcrstty, and at Amiens. Served his appren-
ticeship on the Clyde with Messrs Barclay. Curie
and Co., Ltd., and later joined the firm of the
Fairfield Shipbuilding and Engineering Co., Ltd.
During tlm rime he pursued his studies at the
Technical College, Glasgow, winning several medals
from the science and art department a1 South
Kensington, and at the Glasgow University tmdcr
Profeaetor Klgar. In 1888 he went to Barrow .and
joined the Naval Construction and Armaments
Co., Ltd., and from there to Mc&sra. Palmer's Ship-
building and Iron Co., Ltd. In 1890 he joined the
surveying stafi of Lloyd's Registry of British and
Foreign Shipping.
Member of the Tn-^titution of Naval Architects.
Publication : " Practical Shipbuilding " ; a
treaiisr on the Structural Buildmg and Modem
Dfsign of Steel Vessels.
HolsOlDL. Applied to a ship that rides without
roIlinR or pitching.
Bolt and Co., Alfred. See Ocean Steamship Co.
Holyhead. London and North- Western RaUway
caiilr slraniei. Suuk by colhsion with the Ger-
man barque .4lAambra between Dublin and Holy-
head. Octt>lirr 51, 1881 • 1$ lives lost.
Holy Loch Sailing Clnb. Kstablished lass.
Commodore, D. T. Cai^iU ; Vice-Commodore, Sir
WiUiam Cony, Bart. ; Treastircr and Secretary.
R. &L Maun, 3i Glassford Street, Glasgow. En
trance fee, lot. 6d. ; annual subscription, lot. tjd.
Holr-stoae or BoUj-stone. A piece of sand-
stone used tor scrubbing livcks ; .so called from
being originally obtained by phindcring church-
yard.'; of their tombstones.
Holzaplel. Max (b. Brake, Germany, April 3,
tSOt). In 1S79 hL- came to Knglsnd and entered
the office of Messrs, .\. C Holraprt-I. Towurds the
and of 1881 he embarked in busiiicwi witli hi:i two
brothers as manufactuirre of anti-corroeivc and
anti-fouUng composition under the style of M.
Holiapfcl and Co. In 1B90 the buMness via»
ioTvncii into a limited company, and he became
chairman.
Home. VVben the sails are pn^rly lodged to
the yards ; the anchor iii said to come home when
it dra^ through the ground.
H. 0. N. Distinguishing tetters on sea ft&hing
boats registered at Hontenisse, Holland.
Hon. Abbreviation lor honorary.
Hong Kong. SiL-ami-i. Wtccked on a sunken
rotk ntar Aden, February 22. 1875.
Hong Kong. Canton and Uocao Steamboat Co..
Ltd., wit-b tbetr lieatt office in Hong Kong, have a
flvcl of 10 modern steamer?, four oi which are en-
gaged on the Hong Kong and Canton Line. The
steameis depart Irom Hong Kong lor Canton
carrying His Maje&ty'fi mails daily at K a.m. utid
5.30 p.m.. and vice versa. A service is maintained
from Itong Kong to Macao daily, and vies versa.
A service i& nuintaiiiMl three times a week between
Canton and Macao ; steamers leave Canton every
Tuesday, Thursday, and Saturday for Macao, re-
luniing cverj* Monday, WefliiesjJay, and Friday.
A joint .<»ervice is maintained with the China
Navigation Co., Ltd., and the Indo-CIiina Steam
Navigation Co., Ltd., between Canton and Wuchow.
Three stesuners are on this run. and departures
from Canton and Wuchow take place abont five
limeH a week.
Fleet.
Fatshan. Honam. Powan.
Hankow. Kinshan. Sainam,
Heuugshan. Lungshan. Tah Hing.
Nanntng,
(iross tonnage, t6,ooo.
Hong Kong Mam. Japanese Government liner.
(1898). Dimensions, 431 x 50x29 it. ; gross ton
nage, O.i'jd; Hp.. 10,000=17 ^^'
Hong Kong Yacht Club. Royal. Sea Royal Hung
Kong Yacht Club.
Honuer, Joseph (b. Clonmel, October 31, id5<j).
CointnnniJer Koyal Navy. After passing through
the Royal Naval College. Greeuwicb, and obtaining
three ftrst-^:]a8S certificates, he was specially pro-
moted to the rank ol lieutenant on board the
Excellent at Porlsniouth, and Obtained a firet-class
certificate, and in 1884 he was selected by the
Admiralty to take an advanced course of chemistry
and higher mathL-nmtiui at the Ruyal Naval CuUegc.
In 1885 he Hervetl as junior hlaS-oflicer at the
Cunnery School. Portsmouth, and in 1886 was
appointed gunnery lieu tenant on 11. M.S. Minotaur.
flagship oi ihe Channel Squadron. Wlieii lI.R.Ii.
of ^H
rrsei^F
the Duke of Edinburgh was appointed Coniniander-
in-Chio( of the Mediterranean Squadron, be was
selected as gu^ncrj'-licutenant of his flagship, tha
AUxandfa. where be served Xrom i8ft6-^ In
1892 he was appointed to the Licportant pontiaa
of assistant-secretary of the Ordnance Committw.
and took an active part in the tatroduction o:
smokeless powder (Cordite). In 1S96 be was ap
pointed commander of H.M.S. Dolphin, this vessel
being occupied in maintaining order in the IsiaaJ
of Crvtu during the ruvolntioo. In 1)^95 he obtained
tlie gold medal and Ga^cuigne pnze (Koyal Umted
Service Institution) lor an essay on the beat mcaof
of manning the Navy. In this essay lie adx-ouatnl
many relurms, practically all of which have bceo
adopted by tlic Admiralty, particularly that
intro<lucing a short 5er\*ice for a portion
naval seamen which will form a well-traiucd
and provide good seamen lor the mercantile manw.
In 1897 he joined the fiim of Sir W. C. Anostroa|,
Whitworth and Co., Ltd., at ttieir Ordnance Works.
Elsvrick.
Associate member of the Institution of Naval
Aichitecls.
Publications : Cold nic<lal prixe essay and vanow
papent on technical subjects, publishcxl in ibe
Transactions of the Royal United Service lootitv-
tion.
Honour oi the flag. .?«« Naval Ceremonies.
Honour PoUdes Clause. See Clauses.
Honour Policy. In marine insurance theri' : !.:-'
be some bona fide interest to insure, and the in
surer must have an interest as owner or agent is
insuring it. Any policy bearing the words " Policy
prcx)( of inlercst," " Free from all avera^. and
without benefit of salvage,'* " Interest or so
interest, " is. on the face of it, illegal, and canool
be taken into a court of law. Such documents ut
termed " honour policies," and though, to the
honour of underwriteis it must be 3ajd, that i
loss upon one of them is very rarely queatiuui^
still it 13 well to be quite clear that it can be vIl*
putcd, and that tliL-re is no legal remedy. (De
Mattos V. Nortli, 1..K. 3 Ex. 185.)
A policy worded " On five tierces co0ee at ^ii
per tierce policy to be deemed sufficient pnm( d
interest " was held void under the statute. *' tin
object of which," said the learned Judge, " was to
prevent insurances in which the policy was to U
the proof not of the amount, but of the eustents
of the interest." And in another similarly worded
case on cotton, where the interest realty existiA
and cuuld be proved, the policy waa held to ba,
void for the same reason.
Hood. Briti&h i.st class batUuship.
1891.)
Length jSolt. Beam 75ft. Maximum draught 3^1
Displacement 14.^00 tons. Complement 654.
HOOD
285
HOPE
<rtf>». Armour.
4 — ij's in. " Compound.'
10 — (5 in. 18 iu. Bo-It amidships.
10 — 6 pdr. 17 in, Turrels.
II — 3 pdr. 14 in. Conniug tower.
3 Maxims.
Torpedo Tubes (18 in.).
3 Submeq^ed.
I Above water stern.
Twin screw. Hp. natural 9,000315 lets., forced
13,000=17*5 kts. Coal maximum 1.450 tons.
Approximate cost £y20.ooo.
Hood. A covoring for the skyligbt of companion-
batch.
Hood, Alexander (1758-9S). British naval ofliccr.
Sc-ivcd un<]t.-r Captain James Cook in the kaohiluin.
1771-75. When in command of the Mars, [orming
part of Bndport's Channel Fleet, he was mortally
wounded, I7<>8. Refer to Arctic Exploration.
Hood, Arthur WUUam Adand. B&roa ((824-
1901). Enghsh adrntral (b. Somerset). Entered
Ihe Navy at the age of 13, and saw active ser-
vice on the north-east coast of Spain, and on
the coast of Syria. In 1845 he went out to the
Cape as gunner>- mate of the I'restdeni, the flag-
ship of Kear-Admiral I>acre. At the outbreak oi
Lbe Kuasian war he saw much fighting, and was
promoted to commander in recognition of his
services wntli the Naval Brigade before SetKut(^>oI
(Baltic. Crimeatfi. and Turkish mcdal», Seba^topol
clasp). He was present and took part in ibc
destmctton of the junks at Fatshan Creek. 1857.
and the capture ol Canton (Chin.i me<lal. Fntshan
and Canton clasps). From 1862 to 1866 he was
on the North American Station, and on his return
to England was appointed to the command of the
Exeeliant. and made governor of the Royal Naval
College of Portsmouth, and three years later
Director of Naval Ordnance. From 1377-79 he
was Junior Lord of the Admiralty, and from
l8So-83 he commanded the Channel Fleet. In
June. 1885, he wa* appointed First Sea Lord of
the Admiralty. He was made K.C.B., September.
1869, and in Fcbniar^*, 1892, was raised to the
peerage as Lord Hood of A\'alon. He retired in
1889, and died on November 15, 1901.
Hood. Sir Samuel, First ViHoant (17241816).
Engbsh admiral (b. SomexBetahire. Entering the
Navy at 16 years of age, he qnickly obtained pro-
motion, becoming lieutenant m t74(>: commander.
1754. As a Ueutcnant he took part in Anson'a
action oA Cape Finisturre. and *s commander in
the action ot^ Louisburg. In 1757 he attacked and
captnred the French ship AquHon. and in 1759 he
repealed the achievement, capturing the Bellona.
In 17S0 he u-as promoted to the rank of rear-
adiniral, and aerved with Sir George Rodney in the
West Indies, where he displayed great ability in
the action off Martinique. 1781, and in the fc^ow-
ing year repulsed Compe dc Grassc at St. Ivitts,
and later, when serving as Second-in-Commond
under Rodney, he took part in tlie total defeat of
the Ficui^h Fleet off r>ouiiuica. For his services
he was created a Peer of Ireland, Mrith tlia title of
Baron Hood ol Catheriogton. In 17&8 be became
a Lord of the Admiralty. On the outbreak of war
with Fiance in 1793 he waa appointed to the cxim-
mond of the fleet in the Me<literram-an, and gained
possessioa of Toulon and of the French Hect which
lay in that port, and cUecied the reduction of
Corsica. In I7i>4 he reached \.\\k rank of admiral,
and two years later was appointed Governor of
Greenwich Hospital, and raised to the English
peerage, with the title of Viscount Hood ol Whitley.
Many of his prufe».sional pajieni were printed in
1895 ^y ^^^ Navy KecordH Society [q.v.).
H(»k. A strengthening frame conformmg to
the inner tihape of the vessel supporting the for-
ward onds of the deck.
Hooker. A Minoll coast vciuel generally used by
pilot)!.
Hooker. Sir Joseph Dalton, C.B., tS6.,, a.C.S.I.,
cr. iS',7, K.O.SX, cr. i!>;;. M.D,. D.C.L.. LL.D.,
FJl.S» F.B.C1.6. Retired surgeon. R.N. (b. Halcs-
wortti. titi7j. Etlucated high school; University
of Glasgow. Surgeon and naturalist H.M.S.
Erebus in Antarctic expedition under Sir James
Ross, 1839-43 ; visited as a naturalist the Himalaya
Mountains. Eastern Bengal, the Khosia Mountains,
etc., 1847-51 ; S)Tia and Palestine, i36o; Morocco.
1871 ; die Rocky Mountains and California, 1877 ;
ossLstant director Royal Gardens, Kcw, 1855-65 ;
director. lS6$-85 ; president Royal Society, 1872-
7 J ; decorated with the Prussian Order Pour Ic
Meritc.
PubUcatioRs : " Botany of the Antarctic Expedi-
tion," " Handljook oi the New Zealand Flora,"'
" Himalayan Journal." " Students' British Flora."
" The Rhododendrons of SUckim, Himalayas,
Morocco, and the Great Atlas" (witli J. Ball.
F.R.S.), " Tlic Flora of British India."
Hoops. The square iron bindings oi the anchor
stock.
Hc^e. A small bay.
Hope. Linton (b. Macclesfield, April 19, 1863].
Before taking up the profession of a naval architect
he was trained at Brighton as art master of the
Science and Art Department, and was lor some
year* the headmaster of the Worthmg School of
Science and Art. During this period be spent a
con^dcrable time :>tudyiiig yacht building among
the south coast yards. In 1888 hn went to South
Africa, and in 1890 had command of a small ex-
pcdititm to Matabcleland and tlosbonaland. On
his return to England m 1893 he took up des;gning
as a profession, and his &nt notable success was
HOPKI]
386
HORSE
tliat ol the Sorceress, built in 1894. This boat was
B radical departure froni any ol tJic existing types,
being the first troc skimming dish raced in this
country. In 1895 he designed the Lotus, and in
1896 his thirtl boat, the KtsnUt, was practically
invincible, making the remarkable record of
40 firsts, towx seconds, and one third prize in a
total of 45 starbs, and winning nearly three times
her own value in pri«e«. His wnall-raters have
been designed for all parts of the world, and liave
been almost invariably successful. His present
HOrh consists lorgt-ly in designing motor-boats, bis
first racing mntar-bnat. Napttr !., winning the
British International dip in I90_i, Since then hr-
has dc-lgncd a large number of other miccessiul
motor-boats and yachts, the luont notable of whidi
ate the 50-tcin auxiliary schooner MoUthaitk, and
the 4o-(i. French mcing boat t-^gru Ilotth/ttti.,
wlticb in the autumn of 1905 attained a spc«d of
a^'So kts.. whic>i is the fastest speed ever attained
by a motor-boat.
Member ol rhe Institution of Naval Architects.
Publications : " Small Yacht Construction,*' an<I
numerous articles on the designing and conslniction
o( motoiboats.
Hopkiiu. U.S. torpedo-boat destroyer (iqoo).
i>ih7)lacement, 408 tons ; complement, 64 ; gnns.
2 14-ptlr., 5 6-pdr. ; torpedo tubes, j i8-in., amid-
sliips and aft ; Hp.. 7,300334 kts. ; coal, I$» lofis.
Hopkins. Admirftl Sir 7obii Omnuuiner. O.C.B..
I.V>. K.C.B., rh.j- (I'. i>,H). Edutaled Mail-
borough Collcgf. Tnlcn-Tj K.N., i8,|8 ; scrvi-d in
the Situi Patfit, lintannta, and L<>»thn dunng
Crimcou war, 1S54-55, and at Sebaslopol (Crimean
and Turkifih medals, Srbastoj>ol clasp) ; was private
si-crctary to First Lord of the Admiralty, Farl of
Nortlibrook (i/.i'.), l5Sl-8i ; Director of Na^ll
Ordnance, 1883-86; Supchnteodent of Portsmouth
l>ockyariJ, 1886-88 ; Naval Lord of the Admiralty
and Controller of the Navy, l8S8-yl : Couiinaudt^r-
in-Oiief of the NoMh American and West Indian
Station, i8g3-i>5 ; on Mcdilerranean Station, 18^-
99 ; retired, 1S99 : was controller (with Sir William
White (y.c.) as asststaut-contiollct} when the pro-
gramme instituted by Lord Geoigc Hamilton (f.v )
was entered on ; In 1901 wa:i awarde<l good service
pension of ^300 a year.
Bopldiuon, Evelyn ftomersel. BJI. (b. London.
July 10, 1875J. I'-ducated hlunricll School, Tiver-
ton, and Exeter College, Oxford, started biisiiu-vi
as a partner in the Solmt Yaclll Agency. Cowcs,
with Mr. BaAil (^raiil, and lia^ been connected with
yacbbt and yachting as designer, builder, and owner
ever since.
Associate member of llie Infttitution of Naval
Arcliitects.
Boriftan. The visible horlxon is that which is
>n-n while Iht' rye t-s elevated above the surface,
and the rrnsible is that which in sevo when tht-
eye is on a level with the water. The depreMlon
of the former below the latter is called the dip of
the visible horuoa.
Horn. The arm of a cleat.
Hornby. Sir (HoSny Thomas Phipps {1825-95).
British admiral. At the age 01 u li-.' went lo aea
in the flagship of Sir Robert Stockford, afterwards
serving in the flagship of Rear Admiral Perc>' at
the Cape. In 1858 he was sent out to China to
take command of the Thbutu, subsequently com-
maiidtng the Nepiuuf. In 1S70 he commanded
the Channel Fleet, and was lor two years a Junior
Lord ot the Admiralty. In 1SS7 he went out as
Commander-in-Chief m the Mediterranean, where
his tact and the ilc termination witli which he
conducted the foreign relations with Russia at the
time uf her advance on Constantinople cohauced
tus reputation and won for liim a K.C.B., and be
was recognised as perhaps the most able com
mander on tlie active list of the Navy. On hauling
down Ills flag he u'-as decorated G.C.B., and in 18HK
jiromotcd Admiral of the Fleet. Was appointed
on the staff ot ttu- Ofrman Hmperor dunng bis
visits to EugUnd in 18&9-90. He died March j,
IS95-
Roniat Briti>h lorpedo-bost destroyer. (Poplar,
1895.) Length, tSo ft. : beam, 18 ft. ; draaghl.
5j ft. : <lispln(emen1. 240 tons ; coniplpinent. 4j ;
armament., I 12 pdr., 3 6 pdr., 3 iMb.-^ : twin "-rw ;
lip.. 3,500»a6kts. ; coal, 57 tons.
Horapipe. Formerly the name ol a musical
inbtument, which, having become oboQictc, has
been appropriated for a jig-like dance, common
among sniloo.
Hone. A foot-rope under the yard for aaihws
to tread on when reeflng. lfx»ing, or furling satb^
Horse-power is the name given to the nntt in
trims uf wUtch engineers measure the powrr vf
bteam-engmes, water-wheels, and other pniiw
movers. It is defined to be the rate at wbicli an
engine works when it docs 33.000 foot pounds of 1
work per minute, a foot pound tx-ing tlic amount '
of wurk necessary to rai^e a one-jiaund WLight a |
loot liigli. The amount of work is independent ol i
the tjuic it lakes, but tlic shorter the time m which ^
the work is done th*- greater the jiowcr. Th< j
l.Hp. of a stcam-eugine. or iho total |H>wer tin
puiton exerts, is found by measuring the
of cflecti\-c pressure per square inch of
throngbout the stroke by means ol the i.
diagram and multiplying it by the total area
tlie piston to get the total force. Thii product
this quantity into ihe length of the stroke gi'
the work done, and this, if multiplied by tlie n'
ol stxokes per minotc, and mulliphed by yj.oa
gives the Hp. The brake Hp. b that which
motor can eliect in doing outside work, and in i-
cuse of steam-engines m less than the l.llp.
HORSLEY
287
HOUSTON
Bordty Xdne, Ltd., owned and managed by
Meiers. George Horslcy and Sons, West Hartlepool,
fta» a fleet oC 12 modem cargo steamers carr>-tng
cargo to various ports oi tha world as indnccmoot
offiers,
Flekt.
licucliff. liastwood. Xlrriitinn.
Ckirkladf. Gteenbank. Rorkclif/.
eta f t nioH t. HorsUy Set ma.
Dalmatly. HunJcUff. Serhury.
Hoskins, Sir Antboay HUejr [18381901). BritiBli
admiral. Present at the capture of Canton and
the Taku forts, 1857; served as rciir-jidmiral in
tJie Egyptian war. 1882. and was in command at
the seizure of the Suez Canal ; Comm-inder in-CIiief
of Mediterranean Station, 1S89-91 ; three tunes
Lord of the Adiuirolty.
HoBpitals. Naval, are eslablbthmeiits under (lie
Ailmimlty fur the treatment of sick and disabled
officers and nu*n of the Royal Navy and Royal
Mannes. The nritixh naval hospitals are : Kaslar,
Ptymoiith, Yarmmitb. HaulbowUne. Chatham ;
aUo at Sydney, Trincomalee, Colombo, Yokohama,
Cape of Good Hope, Hong Kong. E«]uinialt.
Malta. Bermuda, l-Lilifax. Gibraltar, Jamaica. It
b at Haalar that the stcU-bcrth staff receive their
training before going afloat, and practical training
IS there provided for ?iurgeons entering the Royal
Navy, fitter to Naval Establishments,
Eoet Men. An ancient fraternity at Newcastle
wUo inaugurated the sea-coal trade.
RoUiam. Admiral ol Uu Ftoet Sic Charles
Fnderick, O.C.B., cr. 1 002, K.C.B., cr. 1 89? .
O.C.V.O« cr. loot (b. 1843). Served New Zealand,
i'5*x)-64 ; as lieutenant led party at several attacks
on the rebel redoubt at Rangaxira. and was in
charge of a detachment party detailed to escort an
oftwr across some mud flats in rear of enemy'n
poritinn. Mentioned in despatches (New Zealand
»«dal ; wounded). Flag ofUccT in the Alexandrrt
I* Coramander-in -Chief at the Itombardimint of
Alttandria. July 11, 1SS2 f Egyptian medal. Alexan-
■Ifla clasp and the Khedive's Broare Star. Os-
•Ottich, 3rd Class). Created CD. in recognition
^ dtstingutshed service ; .•\.D.C. to the Queen,
»88fi^8 ; member of the Royal Commisaion an the
^y*tcm of purchase anil contract for the Navy, 1S86 ;
*-<»(I ol the Admiralty, i88g : Commanderin-
^~^dct. Pacific Station, iSyo-92 ; Conunander-in-
^icf at the Nore. 1897-99; Commander-in-Chief
** Portflrooulh. 1899-1903 ; created K.C.B. on
*^«» Majesty's birthday. 1 805, and G.C. V,0.. Novm-
"^ 9, i9or ; Admiral of the Fleet, 1903.
Qotham. William, Lord. British admiral (1736-
''•3). Served under Howey, 1778, and pre-
**<it at the battle of Martinique, 1780. In [795
^ght two successful action.^ against thu French
^^ Grnoa and HyArta, for which he was promoted
^ lull admiral.
BbtunU' British port guard ship U>oto tons.
II '2$ kts.). Launched 1S70.
Honlder Line. Me^rs. Houldcr Bros, and Co..
Ltd., with which is incorporated the Oswestry
Steamship Co. and the Empire Stx^araship Co.
(being made a public company in 1898I, was
established in 1849 by the late Mr. Edwtn Houlder.
In the old days of clippers this firm wx-i con-
sidered in the front rank a^ leading loaders from
London to the Australian Colonies, and to-day the
Grange fleet of moilem steamers for lasscngers
and cargo arc well to the fore. Regular steam-
ship services far passengers and cargo are main-
tained bolwcpu England and Australia and New
Zealand, River Plate and South Africa, Australia.
New Zealand and South Africa. Thin company is
the pioneer of the frozen meat trade from Australia
and the River Plate, and special steamers have been
added from lime to time to meet the requiremrrnts
uf tltis branch of cargo. The &teajner» which run
from the South and East African ports arc specially
adapted for bulky and heavy cargo. The Itoyttoa
Grange ran out from thu United Kingdom to the
Uiv<>r Plate in a few liours over 31 dayii.
Flubt. .
BetKOH Graniif. Oswestry Grannf.
Elstrea Gtange. Ovingtiaan Grange.
Ev<rton GraH^e. litppin^ham G*it»^e.
Drayton Crauge. Royston Grange.
Havershnm Granot. Snutkern Cross.
Hornby Grange. Thorpe Graitge.
Lart^lon Grange. Urmston Grauge.
Gross tonnage, 62,505.
HooodlniT. I'hat portion of the mast between
the deck and the top of the hounds.
Hotuids. Projections at the ma.Ht-head sup-
porting the trestle -trees.
House flag. A name given to a particular flag of
special design, used to denote the company to wliich
the vessel belongs.
Hotiaing. The part of a mast below the upper
deck.
HonBtoa lane was formed in 1883 by Mr. R, P.
Houston. M.P.. senior partner of the firm of Messrs.
R. P. lioustou and Co., Liverpool, and conststa of
a fleet of steamers of which the tlyactnthus,
Hypalhia. Hydraipe.s, steamers of 14) kts. speed,
and of 5.756 tons gross register, head the list ; in
addition to which the line owns a considerable
quantity of harbour craft. Regular and frcqnent
services of freight steamers arc maintaiocd to and
from Glasgow and Liverpool to the River Plate
and South Africa, also from the Continent. Middles-
brough and London to South Africa ; New York
to River Plate and South Africa ; Galveston to
[Jverpool and Contmcjital [lorts : Letth. Man-
chester and Liverpool to Hamburg, and vice versa.
HOVELLERS
2S8
HOWARD
Fust.
Hatitntu*.
Hanmodnu.
H*rwten%d0$.
HstUmis.
HellopM.
Herminiu*,
Het-mtone.
Heiione.
Hetperida.
Uiiarius.
llippomutttf.
Homorim$,
Horatius,
Hortcusius.
Hottilius.
HjwUkes.
UyJrmsp«$.
Hyp^tkia.
llyptfia.
Gross tcnnage. 98.^65.
BoreUen. A Cinqoe Port tcnn tor pilots; also
applitd to beach combers.
Bon to. To ^top.
BawgtaiH, George WniiAm (b. Aarhas. Penaiarb.
Kovcmber 28. 1S57). Commander of the Danish
Navj*. CradoatM Xa*-al Academy, 1879. and
nominated sub-lieotcxtant ; promoted lieutenant.
18S2 ; commander, 1897. In 18S3 took a coarse in
naval architecture at the Royal Naval CoUl^ge.
Greenwich, and to 18S6 was appoinLrd on the
technical stafi of the Ro\-aI Dockj-ard, Copenhagen.
In 1895 he joined Messrs. Burmeister and Wain.
Copenhagen, and became director oi their shipbuild-
ing department, during which time the Imperial
Russian yacht Slandant was batlt. He was
appointed Professor of Naval Architecture at the
^tassachosctts lostititte of Technology, the estab-
lishment for training naval constructors for the
United States Kavy. Is a Knight of the Danish
Dcnnebrog, and several foreign ordent.
I^Dblications : " Subm.'u-inc boats" (1H87), and
several papers published in the Transactions ol the
Institution ol Naval Architects and the American
Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers;
namcrous articles on mihtar^- and technical subjects
in Tidsfikrift for So\-asni. Copenhagen.
Bbwildtswerke, Kid. Energy and technical skill
has made in little mori' than a quarter ol a century-
ihc Hfiwaldt Works one of the largt^t in Ger-
many, utu\ illu»lratcs a page in the history of tlic
German iron ship and marine engine building.
Beginning in a small way in 1877 with a vessel
<^ ft in length. tSi rvgbter tons, and 120 lip.,
the size, tonnage, and speed were gradually in-
creased. In 1 88 1 tiic Pwgen£S and Socrates werr
boilt lor the Peruvian and American Navies, and
a cargo vessel in the follouing year of 258 ft. in
length, 1.840 register tons, and 660 Hp. Work for
tins yard came rapidly, and in 1883, after only
having been established six years, they launched
their lootb ship, and Crom a small beginning of
25 to 30 men. the number of employees ran to
Tooin January-. i88l.and 1,200 in 1883. Bctwern
1881 and 1884. 83 ships were built. «-ith a displacc-
mcnt of 80.807 tons, inclnded in the number being
tbe American cnusers DiogeHes and Topeka. the
Benivian cruiser Saawta (now LJmim}. aad jbe
San Timg and San Sckmw for the Clunear Govnn-
mcst. In 1S89 the coocem was forttMid ittto 1
joiat stock cotnpaay, and further dcretopmesb
were immrdiat^ coouneactxl. At tbe o^esut^ti
the works is 1876 the yvx] covered an ana el
about $36 aqtiare >>ards. and they had about in
acres of adjoining land. In 1 SS6 the yard corrnd
4| acres, and they had acqtmed jS acres of ' -
Tea ytan later the yard was increased to i\.
acres and 50 acnx of land acquired, and to^
tbe works cover nearly nine acres and the sv-
roonding land about 180 acres, which, shonU tk
nect-ssity arise, would enable the works tr y
eolarp^d to double their sixr. In August. 1-.
they launched their 300th ship. Siocc the oa^
lishmrnt of the works. 433 siup« of all klDdl tiut
been built, which include {ast cruisers for Ik
German and forcig:n navies, tratoing and tiansMR
ships for tbe Rnsaan Navy, small coast stumm.
and some of the largest ocean mail and pasenp
steamers for the Atlantic, steam >-achts aaJ
torpedo- boats, floating docks, floating crans
dredgers, harbour traffic boats, ptonac^ — in bet,
nothing is too large or too small lor this cnagnifiast
yard. In 1901-02 the Gauss was constructed al
this yard for the German South Polar expeditua
The -v-essel was 16S ft. in length. 39 ft. beam. tU
was constructed entirely of wood. A whole ton
liAb becm created round tite works, and tbe caicCtJ
the comfort of their workmen studied, as is evil]
by tlie magnificent model dwellings, lodging I
club, bbrary. reading-room, and naceting-haU!
vidcd for their use.
The works are replete with Uic latest aK^sarj
rlectrically-driven plant, engine sliops, boiler 1
smelting and casting foundries, carpenters' wvb>l
shc^ are iostaUed with the latest modem Genu^j
English, aad American machinery*, which
the work turned out to be of the highcat
and the name Howaldt in now. and always has I
synonymous with the highest (juality.
Howard Smith Lin«. owned and niana|^ bfl
Messrs. Howard Smith and Co., Ltd.. with th*f
head offices in Melbourne, possess a fleet of iff
steamers, carrying imsscngers and cargo freai
Melbourne to all ports of the AnsLralasian Cokrntf-I
The \Tssel3 maintain regular services at schcdn
times from Melbonme lor Sydney, fJe
Brisbane, Maryborough, RorkhamptoD,
Townsvillc, and Cairns : £rom MeIbounie~
AdeLiifte. W'allaboo. Pt. Pine, and Pt, .\tijnisa;J
from Melbourne to Albany. Fremantle. and Pwft.
Fleet.
Ags. ChillafOf.
Batrabool. Daam.
Bombala. Derwtnt.
Bftveric, Edina.
nuninifon^. Ena.
Burwah. Gabo.
KomoommH.
t-tus n'Gtmni. j
/Vfflpnsff.
Ttmr.
Tyvian
HOWE
289
HOZIER
Bowe* British ist class battleship (1RS6). THa-
placement, 10,300 tons; Hp,. 11.500=16 kts.
Strarded on Pereiro Reef at the entrance to Fcrrol.
Spain. Xoverober 2. 1893. rrojccUons o( the rock
on which she stramicd entered tlirough her ilotihlc
bottom, anci had tolw blaitted auayby Hmall charges
of dynamite before she could be salved. She was
Heated by the Neptune Salvage Co., ol Stockholm,
and is still in the Briti.sh Navy at the present time.
but of little fighting v;ilue — practically obsolete.
Howe. Richard Howe. Earl (i725-i7gg>. English
admiral. Educated Fton. At the agr of 14
mt^Tpd thp Snvy as niidshipman on bo;ird tlie
Stvrtn. In his loth >*car be was made a lientcnant,
and shortly after was appointed to the command
of a sloop of war the Baitimoro, in which with the aid
of the Grryhound, frigate, commanded hy Captain
Noel, he HistinRxii^hed himself by defeating two
Krench vessels jtrcatly superior to his own, which
were carrying supplies and reinforcements to the
Pretender. In 1755 he wa^ appoiulLxl in command
Of the Dunkirk, and joined Uut squaxlron of Admiral
Boscavren bound for America. In the course of
itio voyage he took a prominent part in capturing
tm> French men of- war, the Akydc and Lys, and
vu with the expedition to Basque Road in 1757,
and present at the battle of Quiberon Bay, 1759.
In 1733 he was appointed to command the Channel
Fleet, and ordered to ptoceud to the relief of Gib-
nltar, then besieged by the conibmcd land and
Ka Igrccs of France and Spain, which bo ably
eSectod, compelhng the nnited HcntA, which
"umbered 44 sail, to retreat to Cadir. In July. 1787,
•k was made an Admiral of the white, and raised
to»n earldom. On Ihc commencement of the war
'•ilti France alter the revolution, he w.is appointui
Ojinmandcx-in-Chicf of thr Ch-inncI Squadron, and
on June i, 1794. gainocl a p-e^it victorj- over the
Jrench fleet off Ushant. known as the battle of
'The Giorioas First of June," In 1796 he was
■^c Admiral of the Fleet, and died under a violcat
^itaclt of gout, August s, 1799.
See "Life," by Barrow. 1837.
HbvreU. loseph Bennett (h. Swnnseji. Feb
''•arj- 19, 181S, d. November 4, 1904). When a
>'DUng man ho went to Newcastle and jointKl
*<«5r3. Naylor, Vickers, and Co., now Messrs.
'Vkftrs, Sons and Maxim. He resigned that posi-
*'<«i and embarked in Imsincss on his own account,
I •id speedily gainrd a vru\p reputation for improvo-
■"etits in the manufacture of stceL At the Exhiht-
**a of i86j be received the annual medal awarded
**''■ excellent quality ol cast stei'I.and was the first to
^"ikf ste«*l ingots of heavy weight, and manufacture
^'iicJWe mUd cast steel. He originated the applica-
tion of such steel for constmctive purposes which
*at called Homogeneous metal, and the first boiler
lt>4deof «tee1,and the firststet-l boat was constructed
^ this metal. Tltis boat, the ^ta Robert, was built
^ Messrs. Laird's, of Birkenhead, for the uBe of
Dr. lavingstoDe on the Zambesi Kiver, Central
Africa. He was the first to apply mild steel to the
manufacture of locomotive boiler tubes. In 1868
he founded the Brook Steel and File Works. Shef-
field, which owing to the enormous micccss of mild
steel tubes for boilers necessitated the RstaHish-
ment of a separate department fur the manufacture
of these tube?, and a company was iormed to under-
take this at Wincobank. Subsequently the two
companies were amalgamated, and he was chairman
until his death, at the age of 86. which took place at
l^eamington. Was a member of the Institution
of Mccrhanical Engineers, of the Society of Arts, and
of the Institntion of Naval -'\rchitccts.
Howell* Walter J.. C.B^ cr. 1901. K.C.BL, cr. 1907
(b. 1854). Marine Secrvbiry to the Board of
Trade. Educated Loughborough; King's College.
London, and in France. Called to the Bar, Inner
Temple, 1S86, and entered the Board of Trade by
open competition in 187J. M'.os private Rccrelary
to Sir Henry Calcroft, when he was Permanent
Secretary to the Boarrl. and to Sir Michael IItcki>-
Bcach when he was President (1H92). Was pro-
moted to be chief of the Marine Dcpartmeut in
1899. lu iQOi H.fcL the King conferred upon him
a Companionship of the Order of the Bath. Has
on scvlthI otcasions given evidence before Parlia-
mentary Committers on matters relating to
shipping.
Howker. Sm Hooker.
Howth Baily Llffht, situated in Dublin Bay.
established inn;, is a single flash hght every half
minute; dumtion of f]a.^h, 2^ seconds; caadic'
power. 200, oon ; burner. Wi^ham's .^S to loS jets ;
illuminant, giu.
Howtb Bailing Olub. ii^tabhbhcd 1S95, i.'omnio-
dore, W. Hf rb<Tt Boyd ; Honorary Treasurer and
Secretary. J. Stuttaid, Island View, Howth. Co.
DubUn. Annual subscription, las.
H07. To call a maji ; a small vessel rigged as a
aloop employed for running short distances on the
sea coast.
Hoytake Sailing Club, Cheshire. Kstablisherl
1888. Buryei* : Hfil. yellow hvrr in centre. Com-
modore, John Ballardte ; Vice - Commodore, T.
Harhridge JoDcs ; Rear-Commodore. J. Ingtam
Thompson ; Honorary Treasurer, G. W. Rot>lns ;
Honorary Secretary. W. J. Pope. Entrance fee,
li IS. : annnal subscription, {i is.
Hozier, Colonel Sir Henry Kcmtagn, K.C.B.. cr.
1903 (1842-1907). Educated Kugby. Edinburgh
Academy, and Royal Military Academy, Woolwich.
He received his commis.sion in thv RoyaJ Artillery
when quite young, ajid shortly afterwards was
ordere<l to Peking. Served in the China campaign
M'ith the Royal Artillery, and was present at the
capture of the Taku fort.s, and the action near
Tang Chow, for which he received racdal with two
clasps. On the conclusion of the war he returned
H.P.
290
HUGHES
to this country and was transferred to the 3nd Life
Guards aji Hctitenant. In 1861 he entered the Stati
College, at the head 0/ the list, and two years later
passed out with the highest honours. In 1864 he
toolt part in tlic campaign between Germany and
Denmark, aiid -wns appointed to the Topographical
Staff of the War Office. He served as war corre-
spondent for the "Times" during the war of 1866
between Prussia and Austria, and when peace was
established he was appointed secretary to the
Commission on forming a Reserve for the Array.
and afterwards sen.*ed as Assistant Boundary Com-
missioner under the Royal Act of 1867. During
the latter portion of that year he acted as Assistant
Military Secretary to Lord Napier of Magdala,
Commander-in-Chief of the British expedition
sent to Abyssinia, for which he received a medal.
and was shortly afterwards promoted to a captaincy
in the 3rd Dragoon Guards. In 1870 he received
an .ippointment as Controller at Aldershot, with
the honorary* rank of licntenant-colond. bat on Uie
outbreak of the Franco German war was selected
assistant Military Attach^ at the headquarters of the
German Army. At the conclusion of the war he
was re-appointed to the War Office Staff, and in
1S74 he received the appointment of Secretary of
Lloyd's, and thereupon was removed from the
active list. As Secretary of Lloyd's he developed
ami introduced many reforms which have been of
considerable henefit to that gigantic institution
and the insurance of the wxirld at large. He retired
from Lloyd's in October, 1906. after 32 years'
service He stood high in thr Masonic world, ami
was senior Grand Di-acon of England ; mem!>er of
the Grand Lodge of Scotland ; Past Master of the
Ubique l-odgc. and a member of the Westminster
Quaystonc and Household Brigade Lodges, and one
of the fotiniters of the Lntine Lodge.
Publications : Is an author of no little repute on
military topics, his works including "The Seven
Weeks' War," " Invasion of England," " British
Expedition to Abyssinia," " Breed of Horses for
Military Pnnxwea," " Life of Turenne."
HJP. Distinguishing letters on sea fishing boats
registered at Hoofdplaat. Holland.
Hp. Abbreviation for horse-power.
B*&. Distinguishing letters on sca fishing boats
registered at Hcrkingen, Holland.
Hr. Harbour. Abbreviation adopted on tlie
charts issued by the Hj-drographic Office. Admi-
.ralty.
9L8. Distinguishing letters on sea fishing boats
registered at Haamstcde, Holland.
HJ. Horizontal stripes. (Near a buoy.) .Ab-
breviation adopted on the charts issued by the
Hydrographic Office, Admiralty.
H.T. Distinguishing letters on sra fishing boaLs
registered at Heenvljct, Holland.
Roascar. Old Chilian battleship. Of th2k
fighting value. Dittplaccment. i.Soo tooa; xna
ment. 2 old (8-in,) b.l. .Armstrong guns.
Haddart, Parker and Oa. with their head ofion
in Melbourne, have a fleet of excellent passfly<!t
and cargo steamers sailing between Mrlboume ud
New Zealand, and Melbourne and roimd tk
Australian coast. A service is maintained froo
Melbourne every Thursday for Gcelottg. Sydney,
and a monthly scnicc from Sydney to Melbotnu
Adelaide, Frcmantle and Gcraldton. ; a senncr
at scheduled times from Airlboumc for the Gipf»
land Lakes ; ono between Sydney and Hobart ; cm
from Melbourne to Hobart, Dunedin. LyttrUos.
Wellington, Napier, Gisbomc, Aocklajud and Syd-
ney. The turbine steamer L^Mmgana leaves MH
bourne cvcr>- Monday, Wednesday, and Fridii.
for I^unccston, returning Tncsdaya^ Tbursdqi
ami Saturday;.
Hudson, Henry. English navigator, of vfaoa
early personal history nothing is known- He •■
employed by the Musco\'y Co. to cndca\'oiir to
discover the North-East and North-West Paa^K
with the object of finding a passagc^ to China otM
and shorter than that by the Cape of Good H<^
In his first voyage, 1G07, in the Hopewrll. hegottf
far as 83° N. lat.. and, being convinced there «k
no passage, returned to England. His aeaad
voyage, 1608. was unsuccessful, and his coiofB?
being satisfied that the passage could not be Koam
plished. directed all its energies to trading wflt
SpiLzbergrn. In l6o<), on behalf of the Dvtd
Ha.st India Co.. he made a voyage to America, fli
explored the Hudson River. On his last voyifL
1610. be sailed in the Disrovcfy. a vessel of 70 tgnL
and discovered the great bay that bears ha nua,
.After wintering in the southcxn extremity o! th»
bay, his crew mutinied, and set him. his son. ari
seven of his men adrift in a small t>oat, and b««a
never seen again. The Discovery was finally fanN(lt
to London, and in t6i2 was again fitted ont, a4
commanded by Sir Thomas Butler on a sinibr
expedition. See " Henry Hudson, the Naxigatcr.'
Hakluyt Society. iS'io. R^fer to Arctic Expkn
tion.
Hng. To sail as near as possible.
Haghes. Thomas Wniiam. British naval aitk-
tect (b. London. June 5. (853). Edooiirf
privately. Served apprenticeship ia the mjp*
engineering works and shipyards on the Tboim
In 1874 joined the Peru\'ian Sa.vy, and »»
appointed to the monitor Huascaw as saut
cogincer in 1879. On October S of that ytarb
was taken prisoner in the action against the CkSitf
Navy, but was exchanged in December, and rebn-
ing to Peru was promoted chief engineer. a»<
received a gold medal voted by Coni;-
1881, tilt; Navy of Peru having complett .
peared in the struggle with Chili, with the tuJl o^
sent of tbe Peniviaa aathoritles he joined the
Al^entine Navy, and went to Fiamc with the
Ioi|>cdo'tIivision for experience at Messrs. White-
head's factory. In tdSj he was Appointed inspector
oi war-vessels then bailding lor the Argentine
Navy Commission in Europe, and in iSSj technical
advisfr to the Argentine Legation in London.
&lL-inbcr of the ^Institution of Naval Architects
and the Institution of Mechanical Engineers.
Hoik. A vessel condemned as unfit, onseaworthy.
HnU. Tbe ship's body, independent of masts'
yards, sails, rigging, aiid other furniture.
HdB. U.S. torpedo-boat destroyer {1900}. Dis-
placement, 40S tons ; complement. 64 ; guns.
2 I4'ptlr.. 5 6-pdr. : torpedo tubes. 3 iS-in..
amidships and aft; Hp.. 7.ino= £<» kts. ; coal.
I JO tons.
Hall. Commander Thomoa A., B.N.. F.B.0.5.
Inspector ot Admiralty chai U lo thu Alcrcauliie
Mahne. Went with the party in search of Sir John
Franklin. 1848-54; employed on the survey o(
I^estiDc, Cos^iu, Tunis, and Sicily, i86o-b6 ; on
the compilation oi the Admiralty wind and current
ctuutsof the wutld, 1866-72 ; siupcrintcudciit of Uic
Admiralty charts. 1872-79.
Publications '. " Practical Nautical Surve>'ing
uul Handicraft of Na\-igation," " Pilot's Handbook
olthe English Ctiaund," Rapcrs "' l*ractiCf ol Navi-
K&tionand Nautical Astiouoniy. "
BdU and Netberland Steamship Co.. Ltd., with
thpii lirad ufiices in Hull, m:imtain a service of
ittamers every Monday, Wednesday and Satnrday
ftom Hull to Rotterdam, returning from Rotterdam
<VHy Toestlay. Wednesday, and Saturday. A
Wiee is maintainetl from Hull lo Anuterdam
'"wy Monday, Wednesday, and Saturday, returning
'wa Amsterdam every Tuesday, Wednesday, and
Saturday. A service from Hull lo Harliugen every
"tdoesday and Saturday, returning from Har-
•'■gen every Satnrday and Wednesday. AH the
'*»els of the fleet are modem up-to-date steamers,
**! the services are designed for both passengers
*^ cargo.
FUEET.
Ettnstroom. Hynstroom.
Jervaulr Abb^y. S*aguU.
Kukham Abbey. Swallow.
Mintster Tak. Swatt.
Prof. Buys. Swift.
Hifvaiilx ^bhfy. Whitby Abbey.
Zaansttoom.
fiull-down. When only the vessel's masts and
^Ml can be seen on the horizon.
BsUt. In marine insurance a policy on " Ship "
*^tides not only tbe hull or body of the ship, but
^'ilmals and outfit, and it has been expressly
'^Kided that provisions foi the crew are included iu
W* word ■• furniture." (Brough u. Whitmore.
Maishall oa Insurance, and ed., p. 733.) Tn th«
CA^c of steamers it will cover machinery, boilers,
coals and engine stores, the provisions of tbe crew
and " all the appurtenances necessary, suitable, or
usual to a vessel of such description for the
purpaie of navigation on a voyage such as that
described." (Phillips on Insurance, s. 463.) In
the case of a Greenland whaler, however, it has been
held that the tishlng tackle and stores, snch as
harpoons, lances, etc.. for catching the whales and
seals, as well as the caaka, cisterns, etc, for receiving
the oil and blubber, wx-re not covcrt;d by a general
policy on the ship, as it was tlie custom lo insure
such articles on exprL-ss ttjms. (Hoskins v. Peters-
gill, 3 Dougl., 222.) Similarly passengers' stores,
fittings (or the carriage of passengers or Uve stock,
refrtgcnttiii]; machinery, grain platiorms. temporary
ballast, dunnage woo^l, arc treated as external to the
i<hip. but the permanent ftttings necessary on a
vessel regularly engaged in a particular trade are
identified with the ship. (Mi;:j\rthur on Insurance,
P- S>i.)
The voyage risks on hulls terminates 34 huant
after the vt-ssel has been anchored in good safety
at her destination, but " and for 30 days after-
wards " is generally added, particularly in a foreign
port. There 30 daya arc reckoned from the expiry
of the 34 hours, hut if so reckoned, the policy wUl
require an additional stamp, as the ordinar>-
.stamp cuvcrH only jo days.
Hamane Society, Royal. See Royal Ilum.ine
Society.
Htunbsr. British store ship (i .640 tonnit
launched 1878.
Humber keeL A clinker built craft in u<ie on tlie
H umber.
Humber Sailing Club. Ivstablished i8()7 Co^1^^
modorc, A. K. Pearson ; Vice -Commodore, C. W.
Day ; Rear-Commodore, R. Leggott ; Treasurer,
W, A. Austin ; Secretary, A. A. Walker, 97 Argylc
Street, Hull. Entrance fee. 10.*. 6rf. ; annual sub-
scription, los. <jd.
Humber Yawl Club, an ofishoot of the East Coast
sectioa of the Royal Canoe Club, was established
in 1SS9 by enthuiiiastic small boat sailors, and
exi.sts luaitily for the promotion of crulsiug, sailing,
and the designuig of smnll yachL>. The club is
divided into three sections — namely. River Humber,
River Hull, and Hornsea Mere — with the heatl-
quarters at Hornsea Mere.
A club year>book is published annually con-
taining a record of tbe members' cruises, together
with descriptions of local craJt and local waters.
The members do not confine their cruising to
British waters, but many have undertaken in small
yachts trips to Sweden, Denmark, North Germany,
Holland, Belgium, and France.
Homldity. Se4 Relative Humidity,
1.2
HUMMEL
292
HURRY
Hniymutl. Gcrtnaa anwnned Kua-bou. (Bk»-
ra«n, ii^i.)
Length t43^ Beam 36iL DEkoght lojft.
Ih^lBC«mciil 1 ,091 totu. CompiecDcat 76.
Gmu, Anmour.
I— lain. "Si«l.*
3 — 3'3 in. 8 in. Beii anudship^
2 Maxima, 8 in. Ciuo shields.
Torpedo Tutta.
3 Above water.
ilp. 759== I o kU. Coal 40 tooa.
BmfUiftiL Mail fitcuncr. On lur maidm
TOyafe wncked ofi the cuast of Nova Scotia.
February so, r80a ; xoj persons perished.
Boat, Bjmgnj (!•. Mancbnter. January jj,
iSay ; d. iJrcemUr 2, 1904). Educated ManchMter
(iraraniar School, and on Irav-mg school went to
Bahia. Brazil. On his return to this coantr^' hr
cDtcmal tbr office of a patcut a^fac>-, and mnainvd
tJtcrt* until 1857, uhen he fmbarkMl in business on
his own account, which is still carried on under
the title of Messrs. Edmuntl Hunt and Co. H«
waa one ot the ohgiaal nicmfjc-rs ot the Institution
of Engioeeni and Shijibuilden in Scotland, foundetJ
in 1857 by E*ro(essor Ranldne. It may be noted
that of those who founded the institution 47 years
ago only two now remain on the list ol members.
Me waa also a meml>er ol the Ko>'al Fhilosophical
Society of Glasgow, and was greatly interested in
colour lision. ami in 1897 published a txxik on the
subject. He was a great mathematician, and his
mathematical work led him into friendship with
the talc Professor Kankme and Six llesr^* Bessemer.
He retired from active businc^ in 190U. and died
at Whitehall. Botliwell. in liis 76th year.
Banter. 0«orge Burton (b. Sunderland. Decem-
ber 19, 1^5). Shipbuilder. Served his appren-
ticc^ip with Messrs. W. File Hay and Co.. Sunder-
land, and acted at an early age as manager of their
yard. He then joined &lessrf. R. Napier and
Sons, and remained with tbcm about two yearn.
returning to Sunderland aa manager lo Messrs.
W. Pile Hay and Co. in 1871. In 1*174 l»e ioined
Mr. S. P. AasUn, and founded the business of
S. P. Austin and Sons, Lit!., and in 1880, after the
death of Mr. C. S. Swan, he came to the Tynu,
Ix-coming chief partiu-r in the firm of Messnt.
C. S. Swan and Hunter, Wallsc-nd. In 1895 this
Arm became a limited liability company, and in
1903 amalgamated with MeSHrs. Wigliam, Richard-
ion and Co., and arranged to takt- ovor the ship
and engine rt-pairiag business of the Tyne Pontoon
and Dry Docks Co. He acts as managing director
of this huge concern, Uic largt-st ol its kind in the
world, and also i& a director oi the Wallsend Slip-
way and Kngincehng Co. In 187^ he introductKl
the combination of transrverse framing with cellular
arrangc-racnl ol floors and keelsons for carrying
water ballast in Uie double bottom of stcamabipii.
amr almat invariably osed. He van who m-
qunsible lor the adaption and desiffB ol |pM
cowed shipbuilding sbcds with roo< electric caoo
at the WaUsend shupyanl. Member ot the Co«ei
Of the Institution of Naval Archibecta. and 1
member of the Technical Coninuttce ol U0S&*
Register, representing the Institntioa of Ka«i
Architects on tliat committee.
Bnnter, 7oha (1733-1831). Briiisb admiral ft
ScotiandJ. SeiveU at the c^Knre of Quebec --
Dogger Bank, 1781 ; Gibraltar. 1782. In ;
with Admira] Phihp, helped to establish the cnkx.}
of New South Wales, of which cokioy he w
Governor from 1795-iSoo.
Htmtar. British torpedo-boat <ic«srroyrr <fvi
fifld. 1S95.) Length, znu ft.; beam, 19 tL.
dranghl, t^ ft. ; displacement. H*o ton» ; ceiBfir
nivnl, 45 , iiruiamcut, 1 u-pdr., 5 <>-ptlr.. 3 tohn,
twm icrn* ; Hp.. 4.000 = 37 ktss ; coal. 60 toos.
Knal-Gnibbe. Admiral Sir Walter Jamei, &CB.
cr. 1899. K.C.B.. i:r. 18S2 (b. iS33;i. En'fffl*
Nax-y. 1845 ; scr%-cd as lieutenant of Satmrft to
West Coast of Africa at the bomfaanlmart «
Pc^ie and Labadie . took part in the defence ¥
Cfiristiansborg Castle, October, 1854 ; apf mV
to command H.M.5. Ttater on West Coast d
Africa, 1855, A"^ ser\'ed in her for the im.i|i 1 1 wm
of the slave trade; received the thanln of tkt
Liberian Republic for •crviccs rendered dvi^
in.surTection ; senior lieutenant of Arro^auS dtaf
operations on the River Gambia. 1&61 ; was ^
sent at the capture oi the stockaded town ol Saim .
mentioned in despatches, and promoted lo om
mander ; commanded Jaseur for suppression •>
the stave tradt.' on West Coast of Africa, l863-tf :
promoted to captain, and appointed in chaxyr •
the Island of Ascension ; commanded T^m^
1872-75 : commanded Naval Brigade during I
part of the Aabantee war ; present at the
of Borborrossie. at the battles of Ainoaiul
Ordahsu, and capture of the Cooma^sic ; meni
in despatches (Ashantce medal, Cooiuasstc
as captain of Sultan was senior captain
Mediterranean Fleet, and commanded the Of
Shore Squadron in the attack of the
division of the forts of Alexandria, 1K83 ; K.1
for ser%'ict.-s rendered ; had charge of the
and their convo\- iu the feint at Aboukav ;
ployed watching ilie enemy's coAst becx*
Darotctta and Aboukir until close of raff'lT'f
(Egyptian medal, Alexandria clasp, Khe(&i«>
Bronze Star) ; Commander-in-Chief on Caf* d
Good Hope and West Coa&l of Africa Static*
iSSS-SS ; Admiral-Supermtendent. Dcvonport
yard, i88S-9i ; president of tht.- Royal
College, Grt-enwich. 1894-97 i G.C.B. 00
Majesty's birthday, 1899.
Htirricane. See T>'phoon.
Bony. A wliarl Irom which coals are !
HURTLE
293
HYDROGRAPHY
HarU«. Being propelled by swrell or wind.
Honuvns. Japaceae torpedo-boat destroyer.
(Yokosuka. i^oi.) Lt-ngtti, 220 ft, ; bc&ro. 20} ft. ;
draught. <>J ft. ; displacement. 374 tons ; armament,
t i3-pdr., ; 6-pdr., 3 tubes; twin screw; Hp..
6,000 = 20 kta.
Hnfbftnil , The agent appointMl by owners to
act on their bchali.
Huaur. British torpedo gun boat (1894).
Len^gth 2Soft. Beam 30ft. Maximum draught ijft.
Di^taccment i ,070 tons. Complement 1 20.
Guns.
3—47 in.
4— ipdr.
Torpedo Tttb0S (18 in.).
5 Above water.
Twin screw, Hp, natural 3,500= 17 kts.. forced
3,500= i6'5 kts. Coal maximum i6a tons.
HlHUr. Austro-Hongaiiaa torpedo-boat de-
stroyer. (Yarrow, 1905) Length, J19 ft. : beam.
So| ft. ; displacement, 384 tons ; complement, 64 :
armament, i 2-pdr., 7 J'pdr., 2 tutics : twin screw ;
Up.. 6,000 = 28 kts.
B.V> Dutinguishmg letters on sea fishing boats
registered at Hdlcvoetsluis, Holland.
HvaL Norwegian torpedo-boat. (Elbing, 1896.)
Length. 123 ft. : beam. 16 ft. ; draught, 6} ft. ;
diaplaccment, 84 tons ; armament, 2 i'4-in., q.i.,
2 tube? ; lip., 1, 100=241 ^l^-
Hralor-buuL A Norwegian fore-and-ait rigged
boat, stem and stem alike, but with little sheer
mod great beam, used on Uie south coasts.
Hvalrouen. Danish torpedo-boat. (Thomycroft,
tSS4,} Length. 114 fL ; beam, 12^ ft.; draught,
6| It. ; displacement, 64 tons ; complement. 14 ;
armainent, 2 i-pdr, i machine, 2 tubes; Hp.,
660= iS ku, ; coal. 10 tons.
Bvas. Norwegian torpedo-boat (1898). Length,
III ft. : beam. 40^ ft. ; draught. 6 It. ; displace-
xneot. 63 tons ; otmameat, 3 t*4'in., 2 tubes ; Hp.,
650- Hi kts.
B.T.H. Distinguishing letters on sea hshiug
boats registered at Hook of Holland, Holland.
H.VX. Distinguishing letters on aca. fishing
t>oabi registered at Hoogvhet, Holland.
H.W. Distinguishing letters on sea fisliing boats
recutcTcd at Hoogl&nd. Holland.
B.W. High water. Abt>reviation adopted on
the charts issued by the Hydrographic Office,
Adinjr;illy.
H.WJ''. and 0. High water full and chajige.
Abbreiiation adopted on the charts issued by the
(iydrogiaphic OGhce, Admiralty.
Brwinth. British and claa^ cruiser. (London
and Ola^gow, 1898.)
L«ogth 350ft. Beam 54ft. Maximum draaght 32ft.
Displacement 5,600 tons. Complement 450.
Guns. A tmour.
1 1 — 6 in. 3 in. Deck.
8 — 12 pdr. 6 in. Conning tower.
1 — 12 pdr., 8 cwt.
6—3 pdr.
3 Maxims.
Totptdo Tub^s (id in.).
3 Submetf^od.
Twin screw. Hp. 10,000 = 20 kts. Coal maxi->
mum 1. 100 tons- .Approximate cost ^juo.ooo.
Hymia. British 3rd class gun-boat (254 tons).
Launched 1873.
Hydra. Greek battleship ( 1 889) . Reconstructed
La Seyne, igoo.
Length 331ft. Beam 52ft. Maximum draught 34ft,
Dlsptacemtant 5.000 tons. Complement 440.
Gums. Armour.
» — [0'8 in. " Creusot ste^l."
5 — 6 in. t2 in. Belt.
I — 4 in. tj in. Battery.
8—9 pdr. 1 3 in. Barbettes.
4 — 4 pdr. 13 in. Conning lower.
12 — I pdr.
Torptdo Tubti.
I Above water bow.
3 .\bove water broadside.
Twin screw. Up. 6.700:»i7 kta. C0.1l iiiaxi-
mum 600 tons.
Hydra. Netherlands torpedo-boat. (Yarrow,
1800.) Length, 130 ft. : beam. 13) It. : draught,
fi ft. ; displacement. 77 tons ; complement. t<* ;
arm.imcnt, 2 l-p<lr.. 3 tubes ; Hp., i,2oo=j.i kts.
Hydraulic machinery* the use of which can be
traced back to an early date, includes all machinery
actuated by water and used (or the generation,
stowage, transmission, and application of power.
Lord Armstrong {q.v.) was the pioneer of the later
day application of hydraulic power, his first
triumph being the bydrauric crane. Hydraulic
machinery is now largely used in dock and qxiay
cranes, warehouse cranes, factory cranes, cranes
for steel works, lifts, balances, canal lifts, cngioea,
punching machines, rivelters. planes, forging presws,
plate-benders, flanging presses, brakes, and
machinery on board ship.
Hydrograiihy. A name applied to the scieuco of
marine surveying, and sometimes applied to the
surveying of lakes and rivers. It is conducted for
the pur|iase of making maps and ctiarts of navigable
waters, marking depths of the sea, currenta, tides,
rocks, and all information necessary to u navigator.
It is one of the most important functions of the
Navy in times of peace, and a special office con-
stituted in 1795 placcH at the head of the work
the hydrographrr to the Adraiialty, There are
qiecial ships detailed for the work, over and above
Cbe observatioiis and reports made by vessels of
HYDROMETER
29A
IDAHi
tiie waters in which they find themselves. In 1868
H.M.S. Lightning cooducted extensive operations
in decp-sca sounding, and from 1 869*70 H.M.S.
Porcupine was engaged on the same worJi. The
lamous' 'CbaJlcnger Expedition (q.ff.), 1872-76,
rendered magnificent service to scientific progress.
I'hc hydiograpbcr to tiic Admiralty has under liis
supervision charts, tidu labli-s. and light lists for
various parts of the world, and controls the scientific
vole ol the Navy cstiniate for observations. sur\*eys.
charts, and cbronomotcrs.
Hydrometar is an apparatus for measuring the
density ol bodies, generally of fluids, but some
forms of tlir inslrtiment arc adapted to the deter-
mination of the density of solids. The marine
hydrometer as supphcd by Uic British Govcnuncnt
to the Royal Navy and the nierdmnt marine are
gIaA.s instrurocfl1«. and generally serve to indicate
KpcciCc gravitira from Tooo to I'ojfo. They arc
uHually employed for taking olwervations of the
density of sea water, and before being used are
compared with the standard instrument and their
errors determined. The saliuometcr is a hydro-
meter intended to indicate the strength ol the brine
in marine boilcta in which salt water is employed.
Hydrostatics. That de[»rtment of science which
tjcats of the conditions of equilibrium m hquids.
For a hquid to remain at rest in any vessel its
suriacu must be everywhere at right angles to the
forces which act upon the molecub-s of the liquid,
and every molecule of the mass of the liquid must
be subject in every direction to equal and contrary
pressure. It two or more liquids be placed m the
same vessel they will arrange tbcmsdves according
to their relative densities, after which the ctiuili-
brium will be stable. Pascal's law is that pressure.
existing anywhere upon the mass of liquid, is
transmitted undiminished in all directions, and
acta with the same force on all equal surfaces, and
ill a diiectioii at right angles to those surfaces.
Byetometry. The determination of tlie amount
of water condensed out of the atmosphere in tlie
form of rain, hail, or snow.
EygrOgnph. A sell -recording hygrometer.
Hygfometsr. An instrument for measuring the
humidity of the air.
Hygromstry. The delia^nunation ol the amount
of water present in the air in a vaporous form.
Hypsometor. A thermometer for measuring alti-
tude's by lilt.- lowering of tlie boiling-point of water
consequent upon the reduction of atmo^heric
pressure at high altitudes.
Hyihe Taobl Club, Southampton. Established
1U94 at Hythe, Southampton. Kaccs once a month
darin}; the summer for the Solent classes, with
occasional races for crutscra. Burgee : Blue, red
saltire. Commodore, The Lord Montagu of Beau-
lieu : Vice-Commodore, L. Roberta VfeSt ; Re
Commodore, T. M. I^rd ; Honorary Secretary and
Treasurer, Captain R. T. Dixon. Entrance fee,
£3 2s. ; annual subscription, £3 2s. ; annual sub-
scription (ladies), li IS.
SJZ. Distinguishing letters on sea fishing boatt^
registered at Huixcn, Holland.
L Distinguishing letter on sea fishing boat3
registered at lagny, France.
L, Id. Island. Abbreviations adopted on
charts issued by the Hydrographic Ofhcc, Ad-
miralty. J
ibla. Abbreviation for, the same ■
IbokL J apanese i st class anuouml cruises.
(Kure, 1906.)
Displacement 16,000 tons.
Guns. Armour.
4 — 13 in. " Krupp."
8—8 io. 7 in. Belt amidships.
14^4'/ in. 7 in. Barbettes.
7 in. Conning tower.
Torpedo Tubts.
4 Submerged.
I Above water,
loUDi. British sloop (970 tons, 122
Launched 1BS5.
Iceberg. An insulated mountain of ice. wbetb
on Atctic land or floating in the sea. Tlicy oft
attain huge proportions, aojA in some cases haw
been known to be aground in 120 fathoms of water,
rising to a height of 120 ft. above iL Huge moun-
tains of ice are frequently encountered fay Atlantic
liners in the north .\tlantic Ocean.
Ice-breaker. A vcsai-l provided with means ol
bteaking the ice, for opening and keeping opra a
clinnne] for ships.
loe Clause. Seg Clauses.
loe sailing. See Yacht.
Ichthyology. The science of fiahes.
LD. Distinguishing letters on sea fishing bosi
registered at Isafjordr. I>ciunark.
IdibO. U.S. ist class battleship. (C
1905.)
I^ength 375ft. Beam 77ft. Mean draught ;
Displacement 13,000 tons.
Guns. Armour.
4 — 13 in.. 4f cal. " Krupp."
8 — 6 in, 9 in. Belt amidships.
8 — 7 in. 13 in. Turrets.
20 — 14 jxlr. 9 in. Conumg tower.
12—3 pdr.
8—1 pdr.
3 Field guns.
IDJEN
295
IKOMA
Toppsdo Tub^s (tS in.).
2 Submerged.
Twin screw. H()., 10,000=17 kts. Coal inaxi-
muro 1.750 tons. Approximate cost ^qoo.ooo.
Idjen. Netherlands torpedo-boat. (Amsterdam.
1889) Length, isS ft.; beam. 13 ft; draught.
6^ ft.; displacement, 90 tons; armament, 2 i-pdr.,
3 tubes ; Hp.. 840=20^ lets.
Idle, 6«orge. British naval architect (b. London.
January 8, 1863). Served his apprenticeship to
shipbuilding with Messrs. R. and H. C.reen. of
Blackwall, eventually becoming their chief draughts-
man. Since 1890 haa acted as technical advl-tcr
as regards na\-aJ architecture to the Commissioner
of Irish Lights. Memberof the Institutionof Nava]
Architects.
Idlan. The ntJie applied to seamen who, being
hable to constant day duty, arc not required to
keep a night watch.
^^■Tm* Japanese protected cruiser. Purchased
from ChiU, 1898. Reconstructed 1901.
Length 270U. Beam 40ft, Maximum draught iS^ft.
Displacement 3,000 tons. Complement 300.
Guns. Armour.
2 — 6 in. " Steel."
6—4*7 u>' 1 in. Deck.
1—6 pdr,
<5— 3 pdr.
Twin Krew. Hp. 6,000=18 kts. Coal maxi-
mum r>oo tons.
Idzumo. Japanese armoured cruiser. (Elswick,
1899-1
Length 400ft. Beam 6Rft. Maximum draught z^ft.
Displacement 9,600 tons. Complement 483.
Guns. Armour.
4— « in, " Krupp."
14 — 6 in. 7 in. Belt amidships.
12 — 12 pdr. 6 in. Turrets.
8 — 2j pdr. 14 in. Conning tower.
4 Small.
Torpedo Tidt4S.
4 Submerged.
Twin screw. Hp. 14.SOOB 3075 kts. Coalroaxi-
snum 1,400 tons.
I^ Distinguishing letters on sea fishing boats
registered at Irvine, Scotland.
Le. Abbreviation for that is.
lAoft. French ist class battleship. <Brest. 1898.)
1,ength 40ofL Beam 68ft. Maximum draught 2711.
Displacement 12 100 tons. Complement 630.
Guns. Armour.
4 — 13 in. " Harvey."
8 — 6'4 in. 13 in. Belt amidships.
8 — 4 in. 12 in. Turrets.
24—3 pdr. 12 in. Conning tower.
Torfieda Tubes (177 in.).
3 Submerged.
3 Above water.
Three screws. Hp. 15,500s iS kts. Coal maxi-
mum 1,100 tons. Approximate cost ^1,300,000.
An appalling disaster occuttwI on board this
vessel on Marcb 12. 1907, in tKe dock at Toulon.
The compressed air-chamt>er in a torpedo ex<
ploded, which caused the powder-magazine in tho
stero battery to blow up ; [05 lives lost.
levstaA. Russian ballle^ip. Black Sea. (Nioo-
taiefl. 1904.)
Length 371ft Beam 72ft Maximum draught 28ft.
Displacement la.fioo tons. Complement 731.
Gums. A rmour,
4 — 12 in., 40 cal. " Krupp."
t6 — 6 in. 9 in. Belt amidsliips.
14-^12 pdr. 12 m. Turrets.
6 — '3 pdr. 10 in. Conning tower.
6 — 1 pdr.
Torpedo Tubes.
I Submerged bow.
3 Submerged broadside.
I Above water stem.
Twin screw. Hp. 10,600 » 18 kts. Coal normal
670 Ions. Approximate coat ^1.000,000.
Ignorance. If a loss happens through the ignor-
ance of the master of a ship, it is not considered as
a " peril of Ihn sea " ; conse(iuenily the assurers
are not liable. Nor is his ignorance of Admiralty
law admissible as an excuse.
Igaatemi. Bnizili^n torpodo-boat. (Thorny-
croft. t9or.) Length, 150 ft. : t>e.-tm. 14^ ft. ;
draught, 5 ft.; displacement, 150 tons; comple-
ment, 37 ; armament, 2 q.f.. 4 tubes ; twin screw ;
Hp.. 1.550=27 kts. ; coal. 23 tons.
LB. Distinguishing letters on sea ftsbing boats
registered at I[iswich, England.
Dcadsuchi. Japanese torpedo-boat destroyer.
(Yarrow, 1899.) Displacement, 306 tons ; comple-
ment. 55 : m3.ximum draught, 8^ ft. ; armament,
I i2-pdr., 5 6-pdr. ; tubes, a 18-in. ; Hp,, 6,000^
31 kts. ; coal, 9; tons.
ZU. formecly Nithotai I. {tj.u.). Japanese coast
defence battleship. {St Petersburg. 1889-)
Length 326ft. Beam 67fL Maximum draught 27ft.
Displacement 9,900 tons. Complement 600.
Gutu. Armour.
3 — 12 in. " Compound."
13 — 6 in. 14 in. Belt amidships.
i&— 3 pdr, 13 in. Barbettes.
4 — I pdr. 6 in. Conning tower.
Torpedo Tubes.
6 Above water.
Twin screw. Hp. 8,000=15 kts. Coal maxi-
mum 1 ,000 tons.
Ikoma. Japanese ist class armoured craiser.
{Kure, igoG.)
Displacement t6,ooo tons.
I.L.
296
Gm.s.
ilrflKWr.
4 — 12 in.
" Krapp."
* — 8 in.
- m Brit anm1%hTpt
U— 4*7 in-
7 in. Barbettes.
7 to. Comnng tower.
T^rptdo Tuttt.
4 SabineTged.
I Above water.
LL. Distiiignishing letters on sea fishing boats
registered at Ilpeodam, Holland.
UcrlOB Pm****'T Co. 5«« Steel, Young and Co.
II* i» B«tl light, situated off Cape FinisteiTe.
established in 1902, is a foor-flash lig^t every
2$ seconds : dnratioD of flash, one-fifth second ;
candle-power, 250,000 maxiniDm ; burner, mantle
55 mm. diameter; illuminant, incandescent, petro-
leum vapcnir.
Ha ^erge li^t, established in 1903, situated off
Finisterrc, on the coast of Spain, is a single flash
light every five seconds ; duration of light, one-
fifth second : candle-power, 600,000 maximum ;
burner, mantle 55 mm. diameter ; illuminant,
incandescent petroleum vapour.
UawBRa and Soath Coast Stsun HsTlgatiaci Co^
Ltd^ hav(> a fleet of six steamers which maintain
services from Sydney to WoUongong, Kiama.
Shoalhaven, and Xowra every Tuesday and Friday ;
to Ulladulla, Bateman's Bay, Clyde River, and
Kellingcn, Mondays and Fridays; to Bermagui,
Tathra. and Eden, Mondays and Thursdays; to
Momya and Naroom every Tuesday.
Fleet.
Alhwrie. Eden.
Bcea. niawarra.
Commonderry. Peterborough.
Illinois. U.S. ist class battleship, (Newport
News, 1S98.)
Txngth 368ft. Beam 72ft. Mean draught 23ft.
Ujsplaccment 11,565 tons. Complement 490.-
Guns. Armour.
4—13 in., 35 cal. " Harvey-nickel."
14 — 6 in. 16 in. Belt amidships.
6 — 6 pdr. 16 in. Turrets.
4 — I pdr. 10 in. Conning tower.
4 Colts.
2 Field guns, 3 in.
Torpedo Tubes (18 in.).
4 Above water (armoured).
Twin strt.w. Hj). forced 10,000=16 kfs. Coal
in.-iximiim 1,450 tons.
Ai>proximatc cost ;^950,ooo,
niusthoua, IJiitish 1st cla.ss battleship. (Chat-
ham, 1896.)
Length, 4i,'}ft. Ream 75ft. Maximinn draught 30ft,
Displacement 14,900 tons. Complement 757.
4 — II in., 35 caL
12 — 6 in.
16^12 pdr.
13— 3 pdr.
IMPERIAL
Artmour.
" Harvey."
9 in. Bdt amiddgt.
14. in. Barbettes.
14. m. CcKiiiing tovo.
2 — 12 pdr.. Boat guns.
3 Maxims.
Torpedo T^bes (iS in.).
4 Snbmei;ged.
I Above water stem.
Twin screw. Hp. natnnd 10.000=16*5 idi,
forced 13.000= i7'5 kts. Coal H^3»^«^Tntllll jfKt
tons. Appnndmate cost £1 .000.000.
This ship-name is associated with Hood's occqi-
ti<m of Tonlon. 1793 ; Hotfaam's acti<m ofi Gam,
1795-
Immmaam, The moment when an eclipse bc^K
or when a planet enters into a (3ark shadow.
InoKOie. British special ser\-ice vessel (460 tsi^
Launched 1882.
Impcntcr Alwkwmir IL 'Old Russian battldNr
(1887). Reconstructed, rearmoiiTed. 1904.
Length 326ft. Beam 67ft. Maximum draught i;i
Displacement 9.900 tons.
Guns. A rmour.
2 — 12 in. " Compound."
12 — 6 in. 14 in. Belt amidships.
16—3 pdr. 12 in. Barbettes.
4 — I pdr. 6 in. Conning tower.
Torpedo Tubes.
6 Abo^-e water.
Twin screw. Hp. 8,000= is'q kts. Coal na*
mum I. zoo tons.
Imperator Aleksandr m. Russian ist dtf
battleship. (Baltic, 1901.) Sunk by the Japaao
at the battle of Tsushima. May 27-29, 1905.
Imperator Nikolai L Sec I At. Old Roasitf
battleship (1889). Captured by the Japanese i>
the battle of Tsushima, May 27-29, 1905.
Imperator PaveL Russian ist class battles^
(St. Petersburg, 1905.)
Length 425ft. Beam 78ft. Mean draught 27ft.
Displacement 16,630 tons.
Gums. A rmour.
4 — 12 in., 40 cal. " Krupp."
12 — 8 in. II in. Belt amidships-
20 — 12 pdr. 12 in. Turrets.
20 — 3 pf'''- ^2 in. Conning town.
Torpedo Tubes.
2 Submerged.
2 Above water bow and stem.
Twin .screw. Hp. 17.600=18 kts. Coal muJ"
mum 3,000 tons. Approximate cost ;f 1,500,00a
Imperial Direct West India Blail Serrioe Co., IM*
managed by Messrs. Elder, Dempster and Co,
Liverpool, was incorporated in February. 1901.100
steamers having been specially built for the tnde;
IMPERIEUSE
297
INDEPENDENCIA
the P«Ti Htndtrson and Port Antonic were subse-
quently added to the fleet. They are subsidi&cd
for the camaj;c of H.M. mails, and apcctaJly fitted
out far the convcyauicc of fruit, inoro particularly
bananas. Regular .viiltngs are maintained from
Avoomouth every alternate Saturday lor ICingstoa
(Jamaica), and one ol the steamers leaves Kingston
ev-ery alternate Thursday for BrUtol.
Fl-EET.
Port Antonio. Port Maria.
, Port H«ndenon. Port Morarte.
Port Kingiton. Port Royal.
Gro&s tonnage 25,152.
Imperleoae. British ist class cruiser (8^00
ion<, :67 kts.). Launched i88j.
Impetaenx. 74 guns. On Augu:»t 24, 1793. this
vessel was destroyed by fire at Portsmouth.
ImpUCftble. flnttsh ist class battleship. (Devon-
port, 1899.)
I-engtb 430ft. Beam 75 (L Maximum tlraugbt 3Qft.
Displacement 15,000 tons. Complement 780.
Gttnt. Armour.
4 — 13 in.. 40 cal. " Krupp."
12 — 6 in. 9 in. Belt amidships.
16— 12 pdr. 1 J tn. Barbettes.
6 — 3 pdr. 13 in. Conning tower.
2 Maxima.
Torpedo Tubas (iB in.).
4 Submerged.
Twin screw, lip. i5,ooo=«iS kta. Coal maxi-
■*ium a.aoo tons. Approximate cost ^^1,000,000.
This ship-name was first introduced into the
^Bvy in 1778, and a vessel of this name captured
*^*ie Sevolod. i8ofi.
Implied warrantiei. Ste Warranties.
Impregnable. 98 guns. On October 19, 1799,
^^is vessel was wrecked between Langstone and
^bichester,
Impnguable. British traimng ship (or boys
(^»S57 tons). Launched t86o.
Immunient. 5m Navy.
Imne, William (1837-1906). One of the founders
OJ the White Star Line (q.v.).
la. The state of any sails in a ship whun they
^e furled or stowed, in opposition to out, which
**«»phes that they are set or extended to assist the
**Mp's course.
in. Abbreviation for inches.
U).A. Abbreviation for Institution of Naval
■^-ixhitects.
Inadsunu. Japan<«e torpedo-boat destroyer.
V^arruM. iSSg.) Length, 220 ft ; beam. 20^ ft. ;
^''^ught, 9^ ft.; displacement, 311 tons; com-
P^tmcnt, 55 ; armament, 1 12-pdr.. 5 6-pdr., z tubes ;
*Wia screw; Hp.. 6,000=31 kts. ; coal, 95 tons.
1r boud. Anywhere within the ship.
laoh. The smallest lineal measure to which a
name is given ; it has many subdivisions.
Inclination compass. Sm Compass.
Indefatigabla. British and class cruiser (1S91).
Length 3ooit. Ucaiu 43ft. Maximum draught iSft.
Displacement 3,400 tons. Complement 373.
Ghhs. a vtnour.
3—6 in. ■' Steel."
o — 4'7 in. 3 m. Deck.
8— ^i pdr. 3 in. Conning tower.
1—3 pdr.
4 Machines.
Torpedo Tubes (14 in.).
4 Above water.
Twin screw. Hp. natural 7,ooo=^i8'5 kLs.,
forced 9,oou=2o kis. Coal maximum 535 tons.
Approximate cost ^300,000.
This ship-name was first introduce<l into the
Navy in 1784, and is associated with the capture
of the Spanish treasure frigates, 1S04 ; and the
attack on the French at Bascjue Roads, 1809.
Indemnity Uatnal Marinfl Assurance C^l, Ltd.
Established 18^4. at which ume 13,453 aharts of
^[Do uach were subscribed, and ^3 i^s. (kl. per share
paid. Tliis has gradually been incruosL-d until
entirely out of profits ^50 per sliare has been paid
up. In 18S1 £301,000 capital was returned to the
shareholders, and tin; number of .shares altered to
67,000 of £20 each, witli £y paid up, and iu 1886 a
further sum o( £26^.000 capital was returned tu lUe
shareholders, the shares again altered to ^^13
each and the company registered under the Com-
panies Act, 1862, with a capital of /i.ooo.ooo in
67,000 sliuresi of £1$ each, with ^^201,000, £3 per
Htiare paid up. During the last five yeara the
amount paid by way of dividends has been iss.
per share per annum, free oi income-tax, and a
reserve fund of £329,000 has been built up.
The directors of the company are : Spencer H.
Curtis (chairman), Cliarles D. Rose, M.F. (deputy
chairman), Rt. Hon. Lord Aldenham, Henry Bern-
hard Brandt, Herbert Broolts, Alexander 11.
Goschen, Edward Charles Grenfell. Cyril Curney,
Robert K. Hodgson, Frederick Huth Jackson,
William John le Lacheur. Witliam Meyer. Lewis A,
Wallace, junr., Henry Haslam (underwriter).
Offices. I, Old Broad Street. London. E.C
Indepandenoe. On February 16, 1853. this vessel
was wreckfd on the coast ol Lower California ; she
afterwards took hic, and 140 persons were either
drowned or burnt to death.
iDdependencia. Argentine battleship. (Laird,
1891.)
Length 330lt. Beam 44it. Mean draught 13U.
Displacement 3,336 tons. Complement. 225.
INDEX
J9^
INDOMITABLl
Guns.
2—9-4 »n-
4—47 "»-
4—3 pdr.
2 — I pdr.
Twin sciew.
Annour.
" Compound."
S in. Belt amidships.
8 in. Barbctles.
4 in. Conning tower.
Torpedo Tubes.
3 Above water.
Hp. natural 3,100= tyi kts.,
forced 2,780= 14*3 kt5. Coal tnaxiniuro 340 tons.
IihIml Tbr- flat bar which carries the scale and
index-glass of a quadrant, extant, qnintant, or
scxtatit.
Index error. The error made in laying off ihn
scalf of an instrument.
Index-gloss. A plane siKrculum, or mirror of
quick -silvered glass, which moves witli the index,
and is designed to reject the image of tiic sun
or other object opon tlie horizon glass, whence it
is again reflected to the eye of the observer.
India. British subsidised meichant ship (189b].
P. and O. (.0. lq.v.\. Dimcn.>iioaa. 500 x 54x53 C ;
gross tonnage^ 7,9<'0 ; passenger acmmmodation
4^7 ; Hp.. 0,400=1(1 lets.
India. Urifish armourcd-plaied gnardship oi
icscrvi', UagMiip o( the Admiial-Supenntendent,
Devonpoit Dockyard {6.3701005). Launched ifcyi.
Indis. Aiutralla Steamship C!o. i»e^: Curric and
Cv.
Indian Mail steamer. Wrecked ofi the coast
ol Newloundland November 21, 1859; 27 lives
lost,
Indiana. I'.S. isl class battlcahip. (Cramp,
Length jfSft. Beam 69ft. Maximum draught 2811.
Displacvmunt io,2S8 tons. Complcmcot 470.
Guns. Afmout.
J^ — 13 in, " llar\-ey.'
£ — S in. 18 in. Belt .imidships.
4 — 6 in. 17 in. Barbettes.
3O~0 pdr. 10 in. Conning tower.
6 — 1 pdr.
A Colts.
Torpedo Tubes (18 in.).
3 Above water.
Twin screw. Hp. natural 8,000=15 kts., forced
9.^00=17 kts. Coal maximum i.8'>o tons.
Indian Ocean. This dcsif^nation is given to that
oceanic division of the globe bounded on the north
by India ;inU Persia, on the west by EutT>pc and
Africa and tht.- meridian passing southwards trom
Cape Agulhas, and on the cast by Farther India,
the Stinda Islaiub. the west and K>uth Australia
and the meridian parsing throuifh South Cape in
Taamanirt, In the north it i» dividetl into two
basins by the Peninsular of India — vit., the Arabian
Sea LD the west and the Bay ol Bengal on the
east. It has reallv no dciinite southern limit, but
mai^H
it is considered to terminate at the parmlld about
(40" P.) which stretches between the bott then-mart
points of the .\friran and Australian continents
near which, al>out midway betwt-cn these two
extremes, lie the volcanic islands of St. Paul mad
.\niiitcrdam. It attains its greatest breadth, morr
than 6.U00 miles. Iictwrcn the south points nj
.\frica and Australia. Murray gives the total area
reckoning to 40*" S., and including tbe Red Sra
and Persian Gulf, as 17,320.550 English squaK
miles. e<]uiva]cnt to 15,042,000 geographical sqioir
miles. This ocean receives few large rivers, the
chief being the Zambesi. Indus, Ganges, Biab
maputra, and the Irawaddy. Murray c^timaics
the total land area draining to the Indian Ocean
5,050.000 geographical scjuare miles.
It has the uniform average depth of from 3.;
to 3,300 fathoms, except three small dcpr<
which sink below the 3,000 fathom hne. Tliese vt
Wlmrton Deep, which covers an area oi abovt
50,000 miles, Maclear Dcvp, ami the long, narrvi
Je0re)-£ Dcty off the south of Australia.
Large p<M-tions of the bed still remain u
plorcd, but a fair knowledge of its general form
been gained from the soundings of H.M.S. CMa^-
lender [q.v.). German Gazelle Expedition, aai
various cable ships, and in 189S information wu
greatly added to by the German Vaidivia Expwii-
lion. The greatest depth recorded is 3.332 fathoaa
by the Valdivia. 'XTie mean temperature of tbe
surface water is over 80° F. in all parts N. of 1 j" S,
imt from that line it gradually decreases as tlM
.Arctic regions are approachc-d. Below 2,ow
fathoms the temperature i& fairly uniform, ratigiiij
between js" and 37* F. The warmest saiUa
water is found in the Arabian Sea, and along tbe
belt from West Australia to South Africa. Nortl
of the equator the surface circulation is under tbe
control uf the iiion<>uou>;, aud changes with then.
During the northci-n summer Uie south-west moo-
soon sets up a strong northerly driit.
In the Arabian Sea along the line of 13* S. i
strong current ot warm water flows west totranli
Madagascar, which south of Cape Corrientes becoDn
ihc Agulhas Current, one of the trxost powertci
slrcim currents of the globe. South of 3c* S
reaction currents, or "back drifts," move in ib*
opposite direction along the flanks of the AgulbAi
currents. These " back drifts " arc of great ua-
porlance to navigation.
The principal islands in the I ndian Occu
are .Madagascar. Mauritius. Reunion, RodrigQCt
Socolra. Ceylon, and the archipelagoes of ibc
.•Vndamans. Kicobars, Maldives, and X-accadives.
Indian summer. Fine weather for a few din
about September 30 in North America.
IndomiUti]«. British armoured cruiser. (Fid^j
field, 1907.)
Length 530 ft. Beam ySJft.
Displacement 17,250 tocu.
INDOMPTABLE
299
INGLIS
Guns. Atmouf,
8 — 13 in. '* Krapp."
18 — 3*5 in. 13 in. Bflt amidships.
13 in. Barbettes.
Torfttdo Tubis (ifl in.).
4 Submerged broadside.
I Submerged stem.
Turbine. Hp. 40,000= 35 kts. Approximate
coal maximum 3.400 tons.
Approximate cost ^1.744.000
Xndoniptabl6. French coast service battleship
(1S33}. Rfconatnictcd 1901.
Length z^t^it. Beam 59ft. Maximum draught 25ft.
[Mspta^cment 7,000 tons. Complement j8i.
Gum. Armow'.
a^iofl in., 45 cal, " Compound."
6 — 4 in. 19 in. Belt amidshipii.
10—3 I>dr. 10 in. Turrets.
1 2 in. Coooing tower.
Twin screw. Hp. 6,000= i4'5 kts. Coal maxi-
mum 80D tons.
Indn Lina, Lld^ with their hearl offices in Liver-
pool , havo a fioct of steamers which operate between
New York and the Far East, and in the Colonial
trade trom London. The company has only been
formed a short tune, and at present owns modem
cargOK:aTTyiiig vesiela.
Fleet.
tndra. Ittdralenta. tndrasatnha.
indvadsvi. Indratnayo. Indravettt.
Indtaghiti. Indfoni. Indrawadt.
Indrapura.
Indraoght A peculiar flowing of the ocean
towards any contracting part of coast or coasts,
sach as that which .<tet» from the Atlantic into the
Straits of Gibraltar and on other coasts of Europe:
and Africa. It usually applies to a strong current,
apt to caase a sort of vortox.
Indoi. P. and O. Co.'s steamer. Wrecked ofi
the coast of Ceylon, November 8. 1884.
Intanta IsabaL Spanish sloop. (Cadiz, 1887.)
Length. 211 ft. : beam. 33 ft. : draught. 12} ft. :
displacement, 1.112 toru ; complement, 130 ; arroa-
in«nt, 4 4'7 in., 3 3'7-in., 3 q.f., 3 tabes: Hp.,
1,500=14 kts. ; coal, 330 tons.
Inlemet. French avisos. (Bordeaux, 1S99.)
Length 312ft. Beam 39ft. Mean draught i6ft.
Dl.^(Jlact:mt:lll 3,4<Jo tons. Complement 234.
Gun$, A rmour.
2 — 5*5 in., 45 cal. " Hard steel. "
4—4 in. 1 } in. Deck.
8 — 3 pdr.
Torpedo Tubes.
3 Above water.
Twin screw. Kp. 8,500 = 21 kts. Coal maxi-
mum 480 tons, .\ppioximate cost ^310,000.
Ingwiiere Hystt Chilian torpedo-boat. (Yar*
row. rSo8.) Displacement. 140 tons ; maximum
draught, 7( ft : annament, 3 3-pdr. : tubes,
3 14-in. ; Hp., 2.300=37 kts. : coal, 40 tons.
Ingeniere Matllla. CKilian torpedo-boat. (Yar-
row. 1898.) Displacement, 140 tons ; maximum
draught, 7} ft. ; armament, 3 3-pdr. ; tubes, 3 14-ui. ;
Hp., 2.2nnD27 kts. ; coal. 40 tons.
IngUs, A. and 7., Ltd., Glasgow. The 6rm of
.\. and J. Ingtis was founded in 1847. when Anthony
Inglis was joined by liis brother John m the en.
gineering premises at Warroch Street, still occupied
by the firm. Their first important contract was
obtained in T850. when they received the order for
the engines and boilers of the paddle-tug Clyde,
belonging to the ' lydc Navigation trustees. This
machinery, after 57 years' constant service, is still
in daily use In 1863 ground was ocqaircd at
the confluence of llic Kelvm and the Clyde, and
the establishment of Pointhouse Ship Yard t^a
commuuced.
Messrs. Inglis have always aimed at producing
quality rather than quantity, and have confined
their attention almost entirely to pa.<)senger stenmers
and yachts. Of other types perhaps the mOTt
intcrirsting arr tlie train transfrx steamers con*
structeri by them. The last of these, intended to
carry trains for a joumcy of over 50 miles on the
River Plate, was completed in 1907. They have
also built several oil-tank .^teamen (or the Anglo-
American Oil Co. Of pas.scnger steamers they h.ive
built over 50 for the British India Co. and com-
pamcs connected with it. Many of the cross-
Cbanucl steamers engaged m the Irish trade have
come from Pointhouse. Recently Me^rs. Inglis
supplied quite a fleet of coasting steamers to New-
foundland. Their paddle steamers are well known
on the River Clyde, the River Plate, and the
Chinese rivers. They have built a large number
of yachts, botli steam and sailing, and were rt'ceutly
selected by an Admiralty cunimitte<e to build a
turbine yacht for H-M. the King.
An interesting undertaking in the way of recon-
struction was the conversion by Mes-frs. Iiigli.s of
the IChc<live's Mahroussa. « paddle yacht built in
1S66, into a modem vessel equipped with turbine
machinery.
InglU. John (b. Glasgow. July 16, 1842). LL.D.
(Glasgow University). Educated Glasgow Schools
(Various^ and at Glasgow University. PupQ of the
late Professor Ttioouon (Lord Kelvin) (q.v.) in class-
itwm and laboratory : also of the late Professor
Rankine. Served apprenticeship as marine en-
gineer in the works of Messrs. A. and J. Inglis,
Glasgow, and since 18SS has been iKnior partner
of the firm. Pointhouse Shipbuilding Yard was
opened in 1862, and i.s mcwtly employed in the con-
struction of high-claM passenger steamers, yachts,
etc. A steam yacht of 3,500 tons is at present
being built there for the ser\'ice of H.M. King
Edward VIL Is a director oi the North-British
Railway Co., and of the Merchants' House, Glasgow.
A tmatce of the Clyde Navigation and of Clyde
Lighthouses ; a J.P. of the county oX the City of
Giajgow. In 1S93 the Khedive of Egypt con-
ferred on him insignia of a commander of the
Tin[>criHl OrdLT of U»c Osuianich.
In irons. When a vessel will not obey her helm
owing to the sails being badly placed.
Inland Oonveyanoe ClaasA. See Clauses.
Inland Risk Claase. Sec Clauses.
Inland sea. Implies a very large gulf suiroundcd
by land, except at the communication with the
ocean, such as the Baltic. Red, and Mediterranean
Seas, the Inland Sea of Japan, etc.
Inman Lise, founded in 1857 by Mr. William
Inm.iii. who formerly managed the fleet of sailing
vrssds tradinR between Liverpool and Phila-
dtlphia, owned by Richardson Brothers, of Liver-
pool, afterwards Richardson. SiKrncc and Co. The
comixany was purchased by a group of United
States capitalists, and forms part of what J5 now
known ac the American Line {q,v.).
Inman. WilUam (1825-81). Founder of the Inman
Line of Kteamers [q.v.).
USM. Distinguishing letters on sea fishing boats
registered at Inverness, Scotland.
Inschener Hechanik Anastossow. Russian tor-
p«io-l>oat ileatrnyer. (Havrt-, lyoo.) Length,
1S6 ft. : l)cam, 20 It. : dnitight, 10 ft. : displace-
ment, 3tx> tons; armament, i la-pdr., s 3-pdr.,
3 tubes; twin screw; Hp., $.000=15 kts. ; coal.
80 tons.
Inscbencr Mechanik Dmitiiew. Russian torpedo-
boat destroyer (1906). Length, 185 ft. ; beam,
:t ft. ; draught, 7^ ft. ; displacement, 324 tons ;
complr-mcnt. 60; armament, r ta-pdr.. 5 3-pdr..
3 tubes; twin screw; Hp., 5,600=36 kts.; coal.
100 tons.
Inschener Mecbauik Swerow. Russian torpedo-
boal dtstroycr (1906I- Length, 185 ft. ; beam.
21 ft.: draught, 7J ft.; displacement, 334 tons;
complement, 60; armament, i 1 3-pdr., $ 3-pdr..
2 lubes; twin screw; Hp.. s,6oo-»26 kts.; coal,
]OD tons.
Insolation. Solar radiation.
Insolent. British 3rd class gun-boat. Launched
iSSi.
Inspection ol ships. (Merchant Shipping .4ct.
1S94. sections 728-;50. 734-736. 202-206.)
The inspection of ships is carried out by in-
spectors appointed by the Board of Trade, who
report ;
(1) On the nature ajid caunes of any accident
or damage caused or subtained by any ship :
(3) whether the provisions of this Act or any
regulations made thereunder liave been complied
with ; or {3) whether a steamship and her machinery
are in proper condition.
An inspector may board any ship, inspect ha
machinery, boats, equipment, and papers, examioc
witnesses on oath, and rcT]uirc the production of
documents and books for the purposes of bis
port. Any person refusing to attend as a witm
or to produce any document in bis possession, or
obstructing an in.spcctor in the cxocutioa of his
duty, shall be liable to a fine not exceeding £10.
Ship^kTight and engineer surveyors are also ^
pointed to examine the hull, machinery*, boats.
equipment and ofhcer's certiiicales, crew accom-
modation and ventilation, and may require a ship
to be docked for the purpose of surveying her hull.
A medical inspector is appointed by the local
marine board for each port (or where there is. no
such board then by the Board of Trade) . and paid out
of the Mercantile Marine Fund. His duties arc to
visit and inspect medicines, anti-scorbutics, and
medical stores before a \-c8scI is allowed to !ea\-e.
If in the opinion of the medical inspector the
articles inspected are deficient in quantity or
quality, he shall give notice to the chief officer ol
the Customs, who shall deiain the vessel ui
defects ore remedied.
If a ship proceeds to sea before released by a
competent authority, her master, owner, or otber
person who sends the ship to sea, if privy to the
ofience. shall be liable to a fine not exi
^100.
A medical inspector shall, on application.
amine any seaman applying for employment ia
any ship, and give lo the superintendent a report
stating whether the seaman is in a fit state for
duty.
Reffr lo Merchant Shipping Act, Passenger Boai
(for emigration officers).
Inst .'Vbbreviatiou for instant preswnt raontk.
Inatitate Boilders* Clauses (1006). See Oauses.
Kceediq^—
ion. e^^
<
Inatitate Boilden^ CoUisioa Clatuo. Sre Qaoses.
Icatitate Builders * Promotion and Indemmtr
Clause. See Clauses.
Institate Time Clauses (1906). Sm Clauses.
Institute VoyaRe daoses. See Clauses.
Institution ot Naval Architects. The Institv
of Naval Architects was founrird at a meeting
held on January iG, i860, at the Society of Arts.
Mr. H. Chatfitid in the chair. At thw meeting
were present a number of prominent naval archi-
tects and shipbuilders, among whom may be men-
tioned Messrs. John Scott Russell, John Penn,
E. J. Rccd. John Grantham. OH\*er Lang. F. K.fl^
Barnes, Nathamrl Barnaby. and the Rev. Joseph "
Woolley, who had been principal of the School d
Mathematics and Naval Construction at Ports-
mouth.
The professed objects of the institution were to
promote the improvement of ships — first, by
bringing together the results of the experience of
INSTITUTION
301
INSTITUTION
naval uclutocts, shipbuilden. mariiie engtaeen,
nxvai officers, yachtsmen, and oUios. and em-
bodyinn this experieoM in th« printed Transactions
of the inauttitton : secondly, by the carrying out of
expenmental and other ioquuics rvlaUog to the
ariencg o( shipbuilding ; and. thirdly, by the ex-
amination of new inventions and the invesbgatioa
of professionai questions.
The first president of the institution was Sir
John FakiDgton fa£tvrwaids Lord Hampton) who
ior 30 years presided over the oieetinga and guided
the destinies of the society. He was succeeded in
iS*o by the Earl of f^vcnsworth. who \n turn was
followed by Tx>r() Bia±scy in iS<n, by the Earl of
Hopetoun in 1896, and by the Harl of Glasgow in
1901.
The secretanal duties were undertaken for tlic
first few years by Sir Gdwaid (then Mr.) Reed,
who had taken an active port in establishing the
institutiocL He was followed in 1S73 by Mr.
Merrifidd, who acted as honorary secretary for a
period of 10 years; while Mr. (now Sir George)
Holmes subseqaentlv held office as secretary for a
period of over 20 years. The present secretary,
Mr. R. W. Dana, was appointed in tgoi. To their
ceal and devotion much of the success of the
inxtitution may be ascribed.
The institution at first consisted of memlwrs
and asiwciales only, and membership was restricted
to profeasifinal naval architects and sliipbuildcrs,
but was soon extrnde*! so as tn incliuU- inarini:
engineers as well. An intermediate class of
membership, trrmed " associate members." was
formed in 1899. and a few years later a student
dasfl was added to enable younger men to enjoy
mo&t of the advantages of membership at reduced
fees. The numbers now on the books are : Honor-
ary members, 12; members, 1,097: associate
members, 118; associates. 476: students. 93 —
total. 1.796-
The institution compdMS among its members
a large number of distinguished naval architects and
Atupbuiidere of all oatiooaUties. Until the year
igSA there existed outside Great Britain no society
devoted purely to naval architecture, but in that
year the Association Technique Maritimo was
founded in Paris, while in i8q.i the Society of
Naval Arcliitects and Marine l^ngmoers sprang
into existence in New York, followed in 1899 by
the Scbiflbautechnische Gesellachaft in Berlin. All
these societies are modelled upon the I^nglisb
institution, and they contribute largely to promote
the scientific study of naval architecture thtoogbout
the world.
The meetings of the institution are held uinnally
in London, shortly before Easter, in the Hall of the
Societ>- of Arts, while numerous summer meetings
have dnnng the past 30 years been held at the prin-
cipal shipbuilding centres of thr United Kingdom,
and also abroad in Parts, tieiiin. Hamburg and Hor-
deaux. In 1897 an International Congress of
Nmval Architects was held tn London under the
auspices of the institution ; His Majesty- the King,
(then Prince of Wales) opened the proceedings at
the Imperial Institute, South Kensington. Dele-
gates attended on behalf of the various maritime
governments, and ttic cnngre&s was successful in
bringing together a large number of British and
foreign naval architects and shipbuilders.
The Transactions of the institution form a
collection of (at present) some 50 quarto volumes,
containing papers and reports of discussion on all
subjects relating to the theory and practice of
naval architectun? during the past half century.
The classic researches of Froude into tlie rolling
of ships and the theory- of ship r«isla.nco. Raiiktne's
investigations of these and other problems, the
onmeroua and valuable contributions by Scott
Russell. Sir Nathaniel Bamaby. Sir Edward Reed.
Sir William White. Sir John Durston. Sir PhiUp
Watts. Mr. WUiiam John, Dr. Elgar, Mr. Martell.
Professor BUes — to mention only a few of the dis-
tinguished names that occur — will be found in the
pages of the Transactions.
The Ubrary. which was started by gifts of books
from the late Mr. Samuel Read. Mr. T. J. Ditchbtim.
and others, now contains all the principal modem
works and periodicals relating to naval architecture,
besides a number of the early and rarer books of
historic interest to the student nl this <tubie<;t.
A gold medal and premium arc offered annually
by the Council for papers of cxce))tional merit
contributed by members outside the governing
body.
Scholarships in naval architecture of the annual
value of ^50 and lunaUe for tlxree years are also
administered by the Council of the Institution, who
base their award on the results of the Board of
Edocation's examinations in the prescribed sub-
jects.
From the earliest years of its formation, the
institution, through its Council, has taken an
active part in matters rt-Iating In the education
and training of naval architects, ft was m conse-
que^ice of such action th;it a school of naval archi-
tecture was established at South Kensington in
iS^. Ihcrc having been none in existence m this
country since the closing of Ihc School ol Matbc-
luatics and Naval Construction at Portsmouth
in 1851. The itchool at South Keosmglou was
ploci-d under the direction of Mr. McmAeld (the
honorary secretar>' of the institution) as Principal,
while Dr. WooUcy was appointed Director of
Studies by the Admiralty. The school fully justi-
fied its existence from the start, and continued to
receive the caro and attention of the Council of the
institution, to which it owed its existence. It
was finally transferred to Greenwich, where it
was merged into the more comprehensive estab-
Uahment of the Royal >faval College. The fine
collection of ship models at South Kensington,
which had been transferred there from Somerset
INSTITUTION
302
INTERMITTENT
House at the time the School of Naval Architecture
waa established, still remains to recall the (act
The Institution oi Naval Architects also eaetcises
inflncncc through its representatives apon various
public bodies, such as the Technical Sub-Committee
of IJoyd'K Register, the Ad\*isor)- Committee to the
Board of Trade, the National Physical Ijaboratory
at Boshey, tbo Engineering Standards Committee,
the Courts of Liverpool and Sheffield Universities.
and upon the Governing Body of the Imperial Col-
lege of Science and Technology at South Kensing-
ton ; while the \'arious departmental aod other
Committees that are frequently appointed by
Government to inquire into matters relating to
shipbuilding or marine engineering usually include
members of the ijtstitution among their numbers.
Of late years the conditions attaching to election
as member have been made more ngorous in order
to raise the standard of qualifications for full
membership, five years' previous occupation of
a position of primary re^toosibility being now
reqajred of candidates, in addition to the existing
qualifications regarding education and training.
The offices and Ubrary of the institution ha^-e
for the past 30 years been situated at 5 Ad<-Iphi
Terrace, l^ndon, WX.. tlie rooms deriving an
historical interest from the fact that Carrick. tlie
famous actor, and Mrs. Gariick occupied them for
almost as long a period as the Institution of Naval
Architects.
InstitatioD of Naval Architects. Swedish, founded
in the autumn of 1904. works very much on the
eamc lines as the Institution of Naval Architects.
Loodon. The institution has about 120 members,
and. practically speaking, every prominent Swedish
stupbuilder and marine engineer belongs to the
institutioa. Meetings are held twice a \-ear at
Stockholm, in the hall of the Swedish Institntion of
Civil Engineers, when technical papers connected
with shipbuilding and marine engineering are read
and discussed.
Insurable interest Su Interest.
Xnsoranoe. Sre Marine Insurance, Life Assur-
ance.
Iiuarance gvaraatees. See Guarantee of Under-
writers.
Ittsorer. See Insurable Interest.
Inteue cold, Unooiucioasness from. Set Ap-
parently Deail. Methods of restoring the.
Intensity of Ugbt. The decree of brightness of
a planet or comet, expressed as a number varying
with the distance of the body from the sun and
earth.
Interest In marine insurance what is an in-
surable interest ? Prinwxily. ownership ; secondly,
a substantial concern in its preservation. Some-
one who is to have benefit from its existence, or
prejudice from its loss (ex-alien enemies). Shippers,
consignees, agents, have aa insaratiJe ioterest in
property 00 which they possess a valid claim its
advances, etc : the assignee of a bill of lading in
respect of moneys due to htm ; the nxtrtgagee of
the ship ; a trustee in the prt^>erty. and the mdei*
writer in respect of hta risk. rMcArthor on Innr-
ance. p. 95.) Each part owner of the ship has tiie
right to insure his share as principal ; if the maoa^-
ing owner insures the whole be insures co-owner's
shares as agent. (Fn-'Dch 0. Backhouse, 5 Bvn.)
As with cargo, if two persons have insared the ship,
and each to its full value, the total recovery cu
only be for one value. A freight actoally coo-
tracted lor under a bargain that can be enforced
at law is an insurable interest ; a future fr«ghx not
thus secured is not.
The one rule upon which English law insists a
that to constitute an msurablc interest in fmgkt
there most exut some legally cn&jrceabde baigaoi
or contract. (Patrick v. Eamea. 3 Camp. 441.I
Profit can be insured if a rcasooable expectatJoo
of such interest can be shown, or a legal interest
in the arrival of the venture. (.Amonld. 4th ecL,
pp. i6. 37. A5.) Reftr Jo Honour Policies aad
Bottomry.
A mortgagee has an insurable interest in a Ship
up to the amount he has advanced upon it u
security unless the excess of this amount is on
account of the mortgagor. The position of the
latter is di0erent : he is entitled to insure the sh^
for her full value ; for although in case of ber km
the security of the mortgagee is gone, the mort-
gagor IS still hable lor the debt. (Amould. p. 307.
citing .Mlston v. Campbell.) Sea Gow on iiMtiat
Insurance, p. 8j.
The payer of advances for expenses at and ittm
a port ot refuge to destination of a ship compcBcil
to put in from accident has an insurable intereM
thereon.
The lender ot money on bottomry (^.v.) or rv-
spondentia (^.v.) has an insurablo interest thencn.
but the interest must be specifically named in the
pohcy. fGlover v. Black, 3 Burr, 1,394; Pukoa
Insurance, p. 301. 1
PassagR mone>' is an tn.Hurablr interest.
Seamen's wages (except the master's or his coo-
missioQ) and slaves cannot legally be insured.
The word " goods " does not cover bcmds c
titles, fodder. live-stock, spare outfit of ship, or
effects. All these interests must be specificaDr
named in the pohcy.
Interest policy. Ses Pohcy.
Inierinsalar servioH of the Canaiy inlands.
Elder, Dempster and Co,
Intermittent light. One of the lights exhibited m
lighthouses under the catoptric system. This light
bursts suddenly into view, remains steady a sheA
time, and is then eclipsed for half a minute.
INTERNATIONAL
303
INVINCIBLE
bitBCnatiaiitl oode ol ficnalB. i. The new iiUer-
I Hmhonal coda of signals, which came into force in
T901, consists of 36 flags (two bargees, five pen-
nants, and 19 square ilags). lepresentiDg the letters
oi the alphabet, besides an " answering pennant,"
or " oode flag."
A (MA'Aag signal is a towage or special message.
A Arw-flag signal is urgent or Important matter.
A MrM-flag signal includes compass money,
weights and measorcs. fractions and decimals,
auxiliary phnses, general vocabolary. divisions ol
time, barometer and tbermometer, and numerical
table.
A four-Aa^ signal refeni to geography, spelling,
■nd names of ships.
a. IKstant signals {used when the condition of
the atmosphere renders it impossible to distin-
guish the coloun of flags] include cones, balls.
drum.s. square flags, pennants, and whefts (any
flag tied in the centre).
5. Semaphore signals.
4. The Morse code may bv used at night or in
thick weather, either by long and short flashes of
light, or by long and short blasts on the whistle
or siren.
Rgfer to Collisions. Regulations for the Preven-
tion of. at Sea (Article 31), Telegraphy and Sema-
phore Signals.
International law. (1) Public " The law of
nations is that collection of usages which civilised
States have agreed to observu in their dealings
with one another. Treaties and Acts of States are
but evidence of the agreement ol nation.s, and do
not, in this country at least, per se. bind the
tribunals. Neither, certainly, does a consensus of
jurists : but It is evidence of the agreement ot
nations on international points ; and on such
points when they anse the English Courts give
efiect as part of English law to such agreements."
Vi^eatcm attributes international law to the
iollowing sources : Text writers of authority as
witnesses of usage, treaties of peace, alliance and
crommcrce. ordinances of particular States pre-
scribing rulea for the conduct of their commis-
sioned cruisers and priic tribunals, adjudications of
intemationaJ tribunals, written opinions of official
jurists given confidentially to llicir governments
and the history of wars, negotiations, treaties, .ind
other transactions relating to the pubUc intercourse
of nations.
(3} Private intemationa] law is that branch o£
municipal law which determines before the Court
of what nation and by what law -a i>articular action
shall be tried. Questions as to whether a person
owes allegiance to a particnlar State where be is
domiciled, and whether his status, property' rights,
and duties are governed by the lex fori, the lex
ioci, or the lex domieilti are subject to private
international law.
bitentational Henaattte MiiTinft Co. See Amen-
can Line.
Interoational Navigation Co. See American Line.
Intertrooioal. The space included between the
tropics on each side of the e(|nator, making a xone
of nearly 47 '.
Zn the wind. Head to wind, sails flapping.
Intoxication. Unoonscioasneis troin. See Appa-
rently Dead, Methods of Kestoring the.
Intrejnd. Ship. See Arctic Exploration.
Inverolyde, Baron (Sir John Rums) {1821-1900-
Educ.ite<^l Glasgow University, and subsequently
became associated with the Cuuard Steamship Co.,
of which his father u'as one oi the founders.
Uecame head of this company on the netiremcnt o(
the original partners.
Publications : " The Adaptation of Merchant
Steamships for War Purposes," " Something about
the Cuuard Line." " A Wild Night," and " Glimpses
of Glasgow Low Life."
InTorolyde, 2nd Baron (G4--oigc Arbuthnot Burns)
(l86i-i9U5). Son of ist Barun Invutclyde, whom
he succeeded as chairman of the Cunard Steam-
ship Co. Served for some time as Lord Dean of
Guild of the City of Glasgow.
Inver Steamship Co., managed by Messrs. T. B.
Kuydcu, of Livcr^iool. have a fleet of two modern
cargo steamers. These vessels are not in any
particular trade, but carry cargo to and from
^'onous ports of the world as inducement oSera.
Fleet.
Inveresk. Imierctyde.
Inversion o! temperfttore. A warmer stratum of
air above a, colder one.
Inveatigatot. tn 1&49, this vessel, commanded hf
M'Clure, sailed from England in search of Sir John
Franklin [q.v.). He/er to .Arctic Exploration.
loTiota. Turbine steamer belonging to the S.-E,
and C. Railway Co., built Dumtiarton. 1905. Has
a gross tonnage of i .680, Hp. 9,000. and sea speed
of 22 kts., and holds the record between Dover and
Calais. This vessel is usually used by Royalty
when crossing the Channel.
Invincible. 74 guns. On March 16, 1801. this
vessel was wrecked near Yarraontti, when Captain
John Rennte and the crew, except is6 bands,
perished.
Inrinoibte. Briti5h armoured cruiser. (Elswtck^
1907.)
Length 530ft. Beam jS^it.
Displacement 17,350 tons.
Guns. Armour.
8 — 12 in. " JCrupp."
18 — 3*S in. 12 in. Belt amidships.
13 in. Barbettes.
INVOICE
m
IRONCLi
Torpedo TuUi (iB in.).
4 Submerged broadside.
I Submerged stern.
Turbine. Hp. 40.000=- 25 kts.
Approximate cost ^1.750.000.
Invoice. A document enumerating goods sold
from A to B. Where the goods arc exported Uy A
to be sold on his own atxount the document is a
specification, and not, strictly speaking, an invoitt-
loann 2natoiut, Russmn tnttleship. Black Sea.
{Nicolaiefi, 1905.)
Length 371ft. Beam 72ft. Maximum draught'38ft.
DiHplacemrnl is.oootOns. Complcmtrat 731.
Guns. .■ffiii'Mir.
4 — la in., 4ocal. *" Kmpp."
16 — e in. 9 in. Belt amidship?}.
14 — 12 pdr. (3 in. Turrets.
6 — 3 pdr. 10 in. Conning tower.
6 — I pdr.
Torpedo Tubes.
1 Submerged bow.
2 Submerged broadiiide.
I Above water stem.
Twin screw. Hp. 10.600^18 kts. Coal normal
670 tons. Approximate cost ^1,000,000.
Ion. Any minute material particle which carries
an electrical charge.
Ionian Bea. Situated to ilic south of the Adriatic,
and in reality that part of the Mediterranean which
lies between Italy and Greece.
Iowa. U.S. battleship. (Cramp's, 1896.)
Lengtli 3<5ort. Beam /alt. Maximum draught 28ft.
Displacement 11,410 tons. Complement 4S6.
Ovns. Armifur.
4—12 in. "Harvey."
8—8 in. 14 in. Belt amidships.
4—4 in. 14 in. Tnrrets.
23^-6 pdr. 10 in. Conning tower.
4—1 pdr.
4 Colts.
2 Fickl guns, j in.
Torptdo Tubes (iS in.).
i Abo%'e water.
Twin screw. Hp. forced ii.ooox>^6'5 kts.
Coal maximum 1,780 tons.
ApproximaW* cost £1.000,000.
Iphigenia. British 2od class cruiser {ifigi}.
I-ength 300ft. Beam 43 ft:. Maximum draught 1 8ft.
DispLiccment 3,400 tons. Complement 273.
Guns. Atnurur.
2 — 6 in. ''Steel."
6—47 in. = in. Deck.
* — 6 pdr. 3 in. Conning tower,
I— 3 pdr.
4 Machine.
Torpedo Tubes [14 in.),
4 Above water.
Twin screw. Hp. nataral 7,000 wiS's kts.,
forced 9,000 = 30 kts. Coal maximuna 555 tons.
Approximate cost £300,000.
This ship'Oame was first introduced into the
Navy in 1780. and is associated with the capturt
of (he French Inconsiante, 1793 ; and the capture
of Boarbon, 1810.
Iquitos Steamship Co., ltd. Sea Booth Line.
Irene, obsolete (.ierman cruifier (1S8S).
Length 3 34Jt. Beam 4211. Maximum draught X2fi.
£>ispiacemenl 4.300 ton;*. Complement 365,.
Guns.
4—6 ia.
8 — 4*1 in.
6^4 pdr.
a Machine.
Armour.
" Steel."
3 in. Deck.
3 in. Conning tower.
Torpedo Tubes.
1 Submerged bow.
2 Above water.
Twin screw. Hp. B,ooos:iS kts. Coal
mum 750 tons.
liUe. Italian torpedo gun-boat (1S91].
Displacement 850 tons. Complement ij
Cuns.
1—47 in-
6—^ pdr.
3-1 pdr.
ArfMour.
•' Steel."
li in. Deck.
Torptdo Tubes.
0 Above water.
Hp. 4.100=^ i9'5 kts.
Coal maxi-
Twin screw,
mum I So tons.
Iridesoent cloads. The under-iuiriace of ciim
or cirro-cumulus clouds illuiiunated with nogs or
patches of iridescent colours.
Irig. British steamer. Sunk ofi Cape ViUaoCK
November 8, i88j ; 35 lives tost.
Irish pennants. Fag ends of rope hanging oa
liie hgging.
Irish Sea* connected wiih the AU&ntic on the
soutli by St. George's Cliaimd. on the north bf
St. Patrick's or North Channel, is the sea wfaidi
ties between England and Ireland. It is com-
paratively sptaking shallow, the maximum depth
being about 850 ft. in St. Patrick's Channel. There
is a great difference in the height of the tide on the
different sides, the tide on tlic eAsl side being coo-
sidt-rably grciiti-r Uian lh.-it on tbc west.
Irish Shipowners Co., Ltd.
Irish Tacht Club, Royal.
Club.
See Lord Line^
See Royal Irish Yacht
Iron-bound. AppUed to the coast wheie tht
shores are composed of rocks which rbc peTpendtcii-
larly [lutii the sea. and have no anchorage neu
them.
Ironclad. Anamogenerally applied to allarmoand
vessels. Origmaily used in 1855, wl^en a system of
plating ships with iron was first tried 00 sonw 01
IRONS
305
ISAAC
the French fioatiag batteries. The French Gloirt
was the first iionclud to be built, but was quickly
foUowed by the EDglish armourfsd vessels al the
old Warrior class.
JntM, A ship is said to be in irons vrbea. by
mismanagement, she is permitted to come up to
the wind and loose ber way. Also the tools used by
caulkers lor driving oakum into the seams.
Ittm-flieJc. The coiidtLoa of a vessel when the
iron work becomes loose in the timbers from corro-
sion.
Iron-work is the general name for all piec«s of
iioa used in the construction and equipment of
ships.
Imwftddy FlotUU Co.. Ltd., have a fleet con-
aistuig of Mv ateamL'i~3 and taunches, 8 tugs, 107
0au and barges, and 1 31 cargo boats. A service is
maintained by the large express steamers from
Rangoon to Mandalay, and the rest of the fleet
mamtain services at scheduled times on the rivers
in Burmah, principally on the Irawaddy.
XmsisttUe, British 1st class battleship. (Chat-
ham. 1S93.)
Length 430ft. Beam 75ft. Maximum draught 39ft.
Displacement 15,000 tons. Complement 780.
GuHt. A rmoMr.
4 — 12 in..4ocaL " Kruiip."
12 — 6 in. 9 in. Belt amidships.
16 — 18 pdr. 1 a in. Barbettes.
6 — 3 pdr. 12 in. Conning tower.
2 Maxiniff.
Torpedo Tubas (18 in.).
4 Submerged.
Twin screw. Hp. 15,000=18 kts. Coal maxi-
mum 2.300 tons. Approximate cost £1,000,000.
This ship name is associated with ihe capture
of Martinique, 1794; Bridport'a acHon off 1.
Groix, r7«)5: St. Vincent, 1797.
lirigatioa is the systematic application of water
to land in order to promote vegetation. In Egypt
tfae art of irrigation can be traced back to a very
ewty period, and some very tangible remains, still
extant, ol ancient irrigation works may be found
in many cuuntiius of Europe and Asia, and in some
parts of Northern .Africa. In India the Ganges
c:anal with its many tributaries, scrvmg Cawnporu,
Aligarli, Etawali. and other places, bounded by the
Ganges on the nortli and the Jumna on tbe south,
Afiords an excellent example of what irrigation
can do for a large txact ot country which is almost
without rain. In Fiance irrigation has met with in-
creasing favour of late yean. Since 1875 the
Government has ofiercd prizes for the beat examples
of irrigated farms. In Belgium, irrigation is exten-
sively practised in the district of L.a Campaign,
where the whole process is carried out in the most
methodical way, and under strict government super-
viinou. Tlw enormous dam built for the purpose
of aocumnlating the Nile wftters at Assouan, and
forming an extensive lake, will irrigate and bring
under cultivation coosiderablo tracts of land, and
also have a beneficial cfiect on tbe climate of Lower
Egypt,
Set \\^ilcox " Egyptian Irrigation " (jud cd. 1S49}.
King's " Irrigation and Drainage " (1899}. Buckley's
" Irrigation Works in India " (1905), Wilson's
" Manual of Irrigation " (1893).
Irvine, Admiral Sir Gsmgo Canfleld D*Aroy-t
K.C.B., ur. i.>*jj. Lulti»;d ^avy, 1S45 ; served as
luidaUipmau 111 the boats of the AIiuph, in an expe-
dition composted of the boats ol tlie Alaim, ViMtn
and Dating, up the river St. Juan Le Nigaragua ;
was pre>!cut at the storming and taking of the forts
at Serapagni; present at the taking of the forts
at TruxUlo ; !>erved in tlic Hastings and Piht in
China ; mate in the Megaera in the Black Sea
during Russian war. 1854: promoted lieutenant,
1854 (Crimean and Turkish medaU, Seba^tojiol
dash) : lieutenant of Centaur ia the Baltic during
tbe year 1855 (Baltic medal) , senior lieutenant ot
Doris escorted H.K.H. Hrince of Wales during his
tonr in the East, i86a : commander, 1863 ; cap-
tain, 1867 ; commanded the Hotspur in Bcsika
Bay, and up the Dardanelles, during the Torco-
Russian war, 1878 ; commanded the Perteiape at
the bombardment of Alexandria, 1883 ; C.B. for
services (Egyptian medal. Khedive's Bronze Stat) ;
captain's good service pension, 1881-85; rear-
admiral. iSSs ; leor-odmiral Second -in -Command
Channel Squadron. 1868-89 '> Secoud-in -Command
of " B " fleet engaged in the naval manoouvres.
1889; vice-admiral, 1891 ; admiral. 1897: retired,
1897-
Is. Islands. Abbreviation adopted on the
charts issued by the Hydrographic Office, Admi-
ralty,
Isaax^ Percy L«wU (b. Liverpool, March 22, 184,5).
British naval aruhiUxt. After serving an appren-
ticeship of five years to iron and steel ship-
building, he joined Messrs. George Forrester and Co. ,
Liverpool, and in t&Oj planned and supervised
a Large amount of work to tbe Creat Eastern, in
preparing ber to carry 2,000 lirst-class passengers
from New York to Ifa^Te, fur tlie Paris Exhibition.
In 1S71 he went to .America for Messrs. Palmer's
on special work, and on return was apjKitnted
a manager of that firm. lu 1874 be come to l^ndoii
to practise as consulting naval arctiitect, and in 1879
became techoical adviser to several of the leading
marine ongincermg companies. Since 1SS8 he has
been superintendent engineer of tlie Eastern
Telegraph Co., Ltd., and consulting engineer to that
company's associated submarine telegraph com-
panies. Has given special attention to the sut>ject
of watertigUt doors and has patented two. Member
ol the Institution of Naval .'VrcUitects.
Publications: " Historical Notes on Shipping,"
" Unseaworthy Ships," " Lloyd's Register," " The
ISABEL
306
ISLY
Scfttir of Steel Vessels." " Onr Cntisen and the
Far East"
X»btiIL SpAmsh sloop. (Cadiz. 1S67.} Length,
211 ft. : beam. 52 It. ; drangbt, I3| ft. ; dispUce-
taeot, 1,111 tons: complenuxiU ijo; armainest,
4 47-m., 3 3'7-tn.. J q.l.. 2 tabes; Hp.. 1.500 =
14 kts. ; coal, 220 tons.
T— fc^n. Thb vesad. together with the AU^-
miuUr, coimnajided \jy Captain John Ross and
lieuteniuit Edward Puiy, sailed Irom England.
April. 1 8 18. foUowiog in the wake of Baffin's
voyage of 1616. The chief feature of tfaa voyage
was thai the explorers were able to corroborate
Baftn's diBCOvenesu Refer to Arctic Exploration.
bakmrmal Ubm. Lines drawn through places
ha\'uig the saine anomaly, e.;.. the same difierence
between the actnal meait temperatorEs and the
tbeoretica] mean tempaatares for places in a gnvn
latitude.
balln, CbariM OUw. American yachtsman
lb. 1S54)- Was promotcj of the syndicate in 1895,
which won the America Cop with the cutter
D4f*mder {q.o.j. against Lord Danraven's ValMyrie
III. In October, 1899, was jouit owner with J.
Plexpcmt Morgan of the Co/mi*6m, which defeated
Sir Thomas Liptoa's Shamrock L. and again in I901
with the same vessel defeated Skomroth II. He
was also part owner of the ReUante. which won the
Cap contest in 1903 against Shamrock III. Hefer
to America Cup.
Ut. British 2nd class cmiser. (Loodoa and
Glasgow, 1896.}
I-ength 364ft. Beam 54ft. Maximum drangfat 23ft.
Displacement 5.600 tons. Complement 450.
Armtmr.
'* Harv^."
2^ in. Deck.
6 in. Cooning tower.
Guns.
II — 6 in.
S — 13 pdr.
I — 13 pdr., 8 cwt.
7— 3 pdr.
2 Maxims
Torpedo Tubes (18 in.}.
2 Submerged.
I Above water stem.
Twin screw. Hp. natural 8.000 = i8'S kts.,
forced 9,600= I9'5 kta. Coal maximum 1,076 toiu.
This ship-name is associated with the bombard-
ment of Havana. 1759 ; capture ot the Onftammt.
1761 ; Hughes against I>e Sufiren in East Indies.
1782-83 ; Hood's occupation of Toulon, 1793 ;
Camperdotvn, 1797 ; Copenhagen, 1801.
Iikooss&y. Russian torpedo-boat. (La Seyoe,
190s-) Length. 185 ft; beam, 3i ft: draugbt.
7\ ft. : displacement, 524 tons ; complement, 60 ;
annamcnt, 1 12-pdr.. 5 3-pdr., 2 Maxims, 3 tubes ;
twin screw ; Hp., 5.6oon26 ktL ; coal, 100 tons.
Ilia de Caba. U.S. gun-vessel. (Elswick, 1888.]
Captured txom Spain at the battle of Manila. May 1 ,
189S. Length. 192 ft. : beam, 30 ft. : draught,
ia\ ft. ; diq>Iacement, 1,125 toai ; complement.
160; guns, 6 j-ia^ 4 6-liL. 4 Maarimj ; anaoai,
"Stcid." 3\ m. deck aakkbhtpc ; Hp., 3,637«
16 kts.; coal. 160 tons.
Ida da Loos. L.S. gna-v«sscL (Elswick. i88S.|
Captiued £nom ^iBtn at the battle of MbjuU,
May 1. 1898. Length. 193 ft.; beajn. 30 fL,
dtanght, I3i ft.; dispUcement, s.135 tons; coa-
plement, 160; gusks, 4 4-in., 4 6-pdr., 4 Maxists:
annour. "SteeJ." 3^ in. di^k aimdslups ; Hp.,
2,637= <6 kta.; coal, 160 tons.
J
Idud. GcoetaUy spealdng applied to any
suironnded by water, as distiog;nisbcd from matB
land or water : properly q)eaking. it should oalj
apply to smaller portioas of larul- Their mattsisli
and form axe various, as is their origia, some haviof
erideatly been npheftved by volcanic cmptico.
others are the result of accrirtioo. and still mcR
rrvcaling by their strata that they were formerir
attached to a neighbouring land. The whole am-
tinoons land of the Old World forms one island,
and the New World another, while th« canib
across the isthmus of Sues and Psanama wouU
make each into two. Australia, Madagascar,
Borneo, and Britain are among the ULrger yxairrV*
of islands.
Island ol ica. A name given to a great qnaatit;
ot ice cuilecled mto mie Mihd mass and floating od
the sea. They are often met with on the cossts
ot Sptzbergen, and of great danger to the ships
employed in the Greenland seal and whale fishcrici
Island Sailing Club, Cowcs. Established iS8^
Burgee : Red, castle in centre. Commodoiv,
Captain J. Orr-Ewing ; Vke-corrunodoee. G. H
Harrison ; Rear -Commodore, F. T. Hew ; Hooar
aiy Treasurer. P. L, Guitoa ; Secretary, T, \V, B.
Faulkner. Entrance fee, £\ is. ; anpu»t sub-
scnption, £1 \s.
Isl« of Man Steam Packet Co., Ltd^ with their head
oihces at E>ouglas, Isle 01 Man, w^afT^tTtin ^ servior
with their fleet of 12 vessels between Liverpool afrl
Douglas. Isle of Man ; Fleetwood and Douglas.
Isle of Man ; from Douglas to Dublin. Belfast,
Glasgow and N'ortli Wales ; and Blackpool and
Liverpool.
Flket.
DougUu, Mona*i IiU.
EUam Vammim, Mona's Queem.
Empress Queen. Prime of Wales.
Penetia. Queen Victons.
King Orry. TynmaU,
^f<yHa. Vilting.
Isle of May Ughlhoose, Firtb of Forth, estab-
lished 1S86, is a four-flash light every 30 secooda;
duration of flash, two-hfth seconds ; candle-powv
not determined ; illuminant. cicciricity.
laly. Old French cruiser (1S91].
Length 346ft. Beam 45ft. Maximum draught 23ft.
Displacement 4,300 tons. Complement 407.
ISMAY
307
ITSUKUSHIMA
Gums, Armew.
4 — 6'4 in. 4 in. Deck.
6— s'5 in. 4 in. Gun shields.
2— 9pdr.
8— 3pdr.
10 — I pdr.
Torpsdo Tithes.
4 Above waiLT.
Twin screw. Hp. 8,000= 19 lets. Of siuaU
fighting value.
Imuj, Junai Bruc« (b. Livrrpool. 1863). Presi-
dent and Managing Director of the International
Mercantile Marine Co. Educated Harrow, and on
leaving school entered the office of Mesars. Hmay.
Imrie and Co. (White Star Line). -After serving
some time in Liverpool, he went to New York as
agent of the company, and on his return to Liver-
pool in ifigi became a partner in the firm, and on
the death of his father, in November, 1899. became
chairman of the White Star Line, which now owns
3 1 steamers, aggregating over 360,000 tons. He is a
director of many leading public companies in Kng-
land, among which may be mentioned the L. and
N.-W. Ry., the Liverpool, London, and Globe Insur-
ance Co., and the Sea Insurance Co. He carried to
a successful issue the negotiations with Mr. J. Pr-i-
jKjnt Morgan, by which the Wliile Star Line was,
in 1902, incorporatL'd in the Intrxnational Mercan-
tile Marino Co.. and in i<)04. on the retirement of
Mr. C. A. Griscom from the Presidency, he was
unanimously elected to fill his place.
Iimaj, Thomas Henry ii^37-99)- &itish ship-
owner (b. Muryport). One of the founders of the
Whito Star Une {g.v.).
iMtarg. Lines on maps showing equal atmo-
spheric pressure.
IlObroatal Uhm. Lmes on maps showing cqoal
tisnes or hours of thunderstorms.
Iiohcli. Lines on maps showing equal amounts
of bright sunshine.
Iiobyels. Lmes on maps showing equal amounts
of raiuiall,
Iionephs. Lines on maps showing ef|ual amounts
ol cloudiness.
Isotherms. Lines on map^ .-ihowing rqual
tcinptT.itiircs.
Ispolait«lnl. Russian torpedo-boat. (La Seyne,
1905.) Length, 1H5 ft ; beam, 3t ft ; draught,
7) ft. ; displacement, 324 tons ; complement. Go ;
amament, i la-pdr.. 5 3-pdr.. 3 Maxims. 2 tubes :
twin screw ; Hp., 5.600 » 36 kts. ; coal, 100 tons.
Ilthmoi. A narrow strip or neck ol land con-
necting a peninsular to its continent, two inlands
together, or two peninsulars, without reference to
size.
IteL Atibreviation lor Italian.
lUlU. ItaKan bottteship (1880). Reconstracted
1904.
Length 400ft. Beam ;5ft. Maximum draught 33ft.
Displacement 15.654 tons. Complement 675.
GuHS. Armour.
4 — too ton, *' Compound. "
8 — old 6 in. 3 in. Deck.
4 — old 4"7 in. 19 in. Redoubt
12 — 6 pdr.
32 — I pdr.
Torpedo Tubes.
4 .\bove water.
Twin screw. Hp. 11.900=17 5 kts. Coal maxi-
mum 3,000 tons. Approximate cost £1,200.000.
Italian. >[crchant steamer. Struck on a rock
near Capo Finisttrre, March. 1869 ; 26 lives lost.
Italia Steam Navigation Co. (Royal Italian Mail
Service), with their bead offices in Genoa, have a
fleet of four first-class twin-screw steamers, which
maintain a service from Genoa to South .American
ports. .\ steamer sails every Saturday from Genoa
to Monte Video, and Buenos Aim, calling at
Santos.
Fleet.
Cotogwe, Siena.
Raoetina. Toscaua.
IfaAea. British torpedo-boat destroyer. (Laird.
1903.) Length. 225 ft ; beam, 23 ft. ; draught,
3IO ft. ; displacement. $50 tons : complement. 70:
armameat, 1 12-pdr.. 5 6*pdr.. 3 tubes : twin screw ;
Hp., 7,000 = 35 kts. ; coal, 130 tons.
Ito, Admiral TiMOOnt Toko (b. Sat^uma Pro-
vince. 1843). Chief of General Naval Staff.
Educated Tokyo Kaisei College : entered Imperial
Japanese Navy. 1868 ; commander, 1872 ; com-
mandc<t Afizuma, Nasskin, Fuso. and ifiyni iu suc-
cession, Took part in civil war of 1877 ; promoted
captain. 1882 ; brought the Naniwn home from
England. 1885 ; rear-admiral, commander ol
standing squadron ; vice-admiral and chief of
Yokosakn naval station, 1892 : fought the battle
of Yala «ith all the comNned squadrons under
command. 1S94 ; chief of naval general staff. 189s ;
created viscount, and presented with a First
Order of the Rising Sun, and Second Order of Golden
Kite for services in the war. Promoted fall
admiral in 1898.
Itsakushima. Old Japanese cruiser. (La Seyne,
t8S9.)
Length 39$ft Beam 50ft. Maximum draught lift.
Displacement 4.'77 tons. Complement 360.
Guns. Armour.
I — 12'6 in. " Steel."
1 1 — 4'7 in. I J m. Deck.
5 — 12 pdr. 12 m. Barbettes,
1 1 — 3 pdr. 13 in. Conning tower.
3 Machine.
Torpedo Tubas.
4 Above water bow and stern.
Twia screw. Hp. 5.400:= 167 kts. Coal maxi-
mum 405 tons.
Iver Hvitfeiat Danish battleship (1S86). Bamcd
in I9U4 and refitted.
Length 243ft. Beam 49ft. Maximum draught 2olt.
Displacement 3,290 tons. Complement 298.
Guns. Armour.
1 — io'2 in. " Compound."
4 — 47 in. ti in. Belt.
12—3 pdr. 8 in. Barbettes.
6 in. Conning tower.
Totpedo Ttibei.
4 Above water.
Twin screw. >lp. 5,000^3 15*5 kts. Coat maxi-
mum 2;o tons.
Ivernia. British subsidised merchant ship
(1900). Cunard Line (q.v.]. Liverpool, New York.
Dimensions, 581 x 64x38 It. ; gross tonnage. 14,058
Hp., 10.000=16 kts.
LW. Abbreviation for Isle of Wight
Iwftki. Japanese gun-vessel. (Vokostika, l8S.v]
Lrngtii, M7 ^t. ; liram, 25 ft.; draught, 1 1 ft, ;
displacement, 700 Ions ; coinplpmenl, 115 : arma-
ment. I 5'9 in., a 47-in. ; Up., 700=10 kts. ; coal,
100 tons.
Iwami. Formerly Orff/. Japanese istclass battle-
ship. (Galemii 0.strofi, i9e>2.) Captured by the
Japanese from the Russians at the t>attle of Tsu-
shima, May 37-29, 1905.
Length 276ft. Beam 76ft. Mean draught .:6fi,
Dl'^Iacement 13,500 tons. Complement 750,
G«HS. A rmour.
4 — ra in. " Krupp."
12— 6 in. loin. Belt amid.thips.
20 — 3 in. I r in. Turrets.
20 — 3 pdr. 10 in. Conning tower,
Toipedo Tubes (18 in.).
2 Submerged twoadside.
I .\bove water stem.
1 Above water bow.
Twin screw. Hp. 16.500=18 ktn. Coal maxi-
mum 1,350.
Iwato. Japanese armoured criusef. (Elswick,
1900.)
Length 400II Beam 68ft. Maximum draught 24it.
Displacement 9,800 tuns. Coniplrmcnt .fSj.
Guns. Armour.
4 — 8 in. " Kmpp."
14 — 6 in. 7 in. Belt amidships.
12—12 pdr. 6 in. Turrets.
8 — 2| pdr. 14 in. Conning tower.
4 Small.
Torpedo Tubes.
4 Submerged.
Twinscrew. Hp. 14,500=2075 kts. Cpalmaxi-
mum 1.400 tons.
Inunrod. Small Rn.ssian cruiser (1803). Stmkby
the Japanese at the battie of Tsnsfaima, BCaf 37-39.
1905.
3, DisLinguishing letter on soa. fiahing boati
registered at Jersey, England.
Jaok. A cross trees. The name given to a unall
flag, the union without the fly.
Jack, John WilUam (b. Manchester. June 7. 1859}-
Educated Glasgow. Served apprenticeship wUk
Messrs. Robert Napier and Sons, when that firm
were the only builders o{ warships on the Oydcb
After studying naval architecture at Glasgow
University, he became chief draughtsman, aad
designed several vessels, notably the AberJen,
pioneer of steam to the old clipper line bailing fnua
Ihe port from which she derived her name, aad
fitted with the first set of triple expansion engines.
Later the H.M.S. Ophi'r (Orient Line), chosen for her
seagoing qualities for H.R.H. the Prince of Wales'
tour round the world. In 1895 ^'^* joined EarieS
Shipbuilding Co., Hull, and in i8(>7 n-;tA appointed
naval architect and manager of Messrs. Day.
Snmmers and Co., where he hast designed ami
carried through work for nearly all the prindpil
shipping companiefl in the kingdom.
Jack, William Obarles (b. Portsoy, X.B.. >fovciB-
ber y, 1857). Cousulting engineer. Hoog Kong.
Served hts apprenticeship as a marine engineer at
Messrs. George Clark's, Sunderland. Went to «•
as junior engineer, 1879, and obtained chief «ngio-
ecr's certificate in 1882. Appointed Ing^ieur es
Chef of the Service Snhventionne des C-orre^MD'
dances Fhiviales, Tonkin, in [887, which post be
held for 1 1 years, building the fleet of river steamca
for the above service, which included the light
draught stem wheel steamer Vunuan, the lint
steam vessel to successfully navigate the Red Rivtf
and reach the Chinese frontier through Tonkin, i.S>>.
la recognitioQ ot this be received the decoration
of Officer of the Order of the Imperial Dragon ol
Annam. In 1S98 he joined the Hong Kong ami
Wbaiiipoa Dock Co. as superintendent engineer,
and as their representative contracted with Adnant
Dewey for the salvage of the sanken Spanish war-
vessels iu Manila Bay, three ol which were sacce»-
fully floated and refitted in Hong Kong, for the
U.S. N'avy. From 1901 to 1 903 assistant manager to
the above dock company's Kowloon establiahmoat.
during which time he conducted several $alva^
operations. He published an im£>ortant paper
road before tlie Institution of Engineers and Ship-
builders of Hong Kong, comparing the reUttvc
cost of shtpbuildmg in that port and at homf-
Elected president of that institute in 1904. Estab-
lished himself AS consulting engineer in 1903, and
in April. 1905, contracted with Admiral Baylc to
refloat Ihe l-'rpnch cruiser Sully, strajided on the
Tonkin coast, an operation entailing the loot
JACKET
309
lANE
and fti<l«ou5 work ot cutting away the rocks from
underaeath the vasel whilst lying in a moat
esipoted positioa. Member of the Institutian of
Nmvftl Architects.
Jtokei. A casing of a steam chimney when it
passes through the deck.
Jadcman, Cbules. Stt Arctic Exploration.
JMkson, Vice Admiral Sir Thomas Storges,
K.aT.0. (b. ia.»3). Entcrtf.1 tht: N"av>-, 1856 :
midshipman of CaUuHa, served at the c-apttire of
the Peiho forts. 185S, and as .VD.r. to Captain
W. K. Hall, in every expedition in Uic operations
a^iiMt Chiiia (China mnial. Taka clasp) ; lieit-
teoant, 1S614 ; commander, 187J ; captain, t86t ;
commodore of second class and naval officer in
charge at Jamaica ; captain's good service pension,
iSojI-gfi ; rear admiral. 1846; admiral superin-
tendent of Dcvonport Dockyard, 1899; made
K.C.V.O. on ihe occasion of the Royal visit to
DeA-onport for the launch of H M.S. Queen, for
laying down the keet of H.M.S. King Edward VII.,
aitd laying down the foundation stone of the
Britannia Naval Cc^lege.
Publications : Editor of two volumes dealing
with the loRs of vessels of the time of Nelson,
engsf^d in the gn-at tights of 1794-1805, published
by the Navy Kecords Society.
Jack-stay. A rope slay taut, to which others arc
made fast.
XaooIw. William Wymark (h. I^ndon. !>eplcmber
8. 1863). Son of WilUam Jacobs, who was manager
of Sooth Devon Wharf. Wapping, E.. and It is
possible that a residence for many years at the old
wharf house gave him the means of acquiring the
insight into the lives of seamen which characterises
his works. After leaving school he entered the
Post Office, and spent some years in the Savings
Bank Department, during which time he wrote
several short storieK, and published " Many Car-
ftoes." He left the Civil Seivicc in 1899. and has
aioce devoted himself to writing.
Among fus best-known works are : " Nfaiiy Car-
goes" (1*96), "Skipper's Wooing" (1897). "Sea
Urchins " (1898). " Master of Craft " (1900), *' Light
Freights" (1901), " At Sunwich Port" (igoj), "The
L.ady of the Barge" (1903). "Odd Graff {1903).
Jacob*! Md«. A abort rope ladder with
mmden steps oaed for ascending the rigging.
Jacob no HMmiktfok. Dutch battleship (1905).
Length 33itt. Beam 4dft. Maximum draught 18ft.
Duplacement 5.300 toos. Complement 344.
Guns. A rmour.
3 — 9'4 in., 40cal. " Krupp."
6 — 6 m.
8—12 pdr.
4— ip<lr.
6 in. Belt amidshipa.
10 III. Barbettes.
10 in. Conoing tower.
Tofpedo Tubes (iS in.).
3 Submerged,
I Abov« water bow.
Twin screw. Hp. 6.;oo»i6 kts.
Jaflo. Italian torpedo-boat. {£tbiug, 1906.)
Jasoar. German gun-boat. (Danzig, 1899.)
I-ength, 205 ft. : beam. 29^ ft. ; draught, 11 ft ;
displacement, qoo tons: complement, 121 ; arma-
ment, 8 3'.t-in., 6 t'4-in., 2 Maxims; Hp.. t3,ooo»
13 kts. ; coal, l<54 tons,
Jakob Bagge. Swedish torpedo gun -boat. (Malmo,
1899.) Length, 32J It. ; beam. 77 ft. : draught.
ia| ft : displacement, 787 tons . complcmcot. too ,
armament, a 47-ia.. 4 2'3-in., i tube ; Hp.. J.Q/o*?
rg's kts.
Jamaica Tacht Club, Royal. Set Royal Jam^ca
Vacht Club.
Jamei, Matthew Ooulion (b. Gateshead. July 4,
1857). British iia\'al arrhitect. Apprenticed to
the late Mr. Charles Mitchell Walker. Became
draughtsman to Messis. Wigham Richardson aud
Co., and later joined tl\c firm of Messrs. Robert
Stevenson and Co., Hcbburn, as chief draught»-
luan. In 1892 he was appointed uaval architocl
and inspecting shipbuilder for the Prince Line of
steamers, and designed and superintended the con-
struction of many of Ihu principal .steamers of tliat
fleet. In r.S9<) he became managing director of thn
Mercantile Dr>- Dock Co.. Jarrow. Ta chairman
of the North-East Coast I>ock Owners and Ship
Repairers' Association, and a member of Council
of the North-East Coast laititution ol Engineers
and Shipbuilders. Was awarded the gold sliip-
bnilding medal ol that institution for his paper an
tonnage measurement. Has a Queen's medal in
naval architecture, and was for some years loc*
turer on that subject at the Rutherford and Wall-
s«ad Atheiueum. Member of Inatitntion of Naval
.Architects.
Publicatioas . " Tonnage Measurement," " The
Stifiening of Colliiiioo Bulkheads." " Structural
Detaila of Model Ships," " Passenger Accommoda-
tion in Steamfthips."
JamWi WiUUm. Naval historian. Wrote " Naval
History of Great Britain from 1793-1830." wltich
was published in t824, and was an accurate and
valuable work. He died 1827.
James Crosifleld. Iron ship. Wrecked ofi Lang-
oess, Isle of Wight. January 5. 1867 ; all on board
were lost.
Jus. In February, 1S23. Mr. Woddell. R.N., in
command of thiii sailing vessel, penetrated as far
south as 74* is' S. Ruler to Antarctic Exploration-
Jane, Frad T. Naval author, axtut. novelist
(b. .August 6. 1865). Educated Exeter School.
Contested Portsmouth, 1906.
JANET
310
JAPAN
Principal publications : " Fighting Shipa."
" Naval Annual " (plans, photographs, details, and
special identification for the M^arships and prin-
cipal merchant liners of the world, published
yearly). "Heresies of Sea Power" {1907). "The
Naval War Game," " The Imperial Rossian Navy "
(1905), "The Iinpenal Japanese Navy" (1905).
Kovels : " Blake and the Rattlesnake " (1S94),
"The Port Guard Ship" 09°**). contributor to
several reviews and magazines, special naval
correspondent " Daily Chronicle," " Daily Dis-
patch," Manche;tcr, "Engineer." " Scientific Aini:ri-
can," special naval aitist " niusLratcd I^ondun
NCWTJ."
Janet Boyd. Barque. Lost in a storm off Mar-
gaic, January 20, 1855 : 28 lives lost
iangar. A kind nf pontoon constnicled of tuo
l»oats with a platform laid across, used by natives
in the East and Far East to convey horses, cattle.
etc. . across nvcrs-
JvL Hayen. In 1B63 Captain KarLsen, when in
command of this vessel, cirrumniivigattd the Spitz-
bcrgen group for the first time.
Janni. British toipcdo-lioat destro>'cr. fjar-
row, 1895.) Length, 200 ft. ; bram, 10 ft. ; draught,
6| ft. : displacement, 251 tons ; complement, 50 ;
armament. 1 2-pdr.. 5 6-pdr., 3 tubes ; twin screw ;
Hp.. i.7Bo=27 kts. : coal, Oo tons.
Japan. I'acific mail stramcr from Yokohama, took
fire of! Hong Kong, December 17, 1874. and was
lost.
Japan, Battle Ot Sea oL Admiral Togo's report
oi the battle of tlie Sea of Japan, as published
by the Imptaial Naval Headquarter staff :
By the help of Heaven our united squadron
fought with Uie enemy's Second and Third Squad-
rons on May 37 and 38, and succeeded in aUnoat
annihilating him.
When the enemy's fleet first appeared in the
south seas our squadrons, in otwdience to Imperial
command, adopted the strategy' ol awaiting him
and striking at him in our home waters. We
therefore concentrated our strengtli at the Korean
Straits, and there abode his coming north. After
touching for a time on the coasrt of Annam, he
gradually moved northward, and some days before
the time when he should arrive in our waters
several of our guard-ships were distributed on
watch in a south-easterly direction, according to
plan, while the fighting squadrons made ready for
battle, each anchoring at its beise so as to be ready
to set out immediately.
Thus it fell out that on the 37th. at 5 a.m.. the
southern guard-ship Skinano Maru reported by wire-
less telegraphy : " Enemy's fleet sighted in No. 303
section. He seems to be steering for the east
channel."
The whole crews of our fleet leaped to their
posts. The ships weighed at once, and each
sqaadroo. proceeding in order to its sppoiotHl
place, made its dispositions to receive the eneBf-
At 7 a-ra. Ihc guard-ship on the left wing ol tke
inner line, the Itumi, reported : " The tacaeft
ships arv in sight. He has already reached a foaf
3; naatical miles to the north-west of Ulmiuai.
he is advancing north-cast," The Togo (Captaa
Togo Masamichi) section, the Dewa section, aad
the cruiser squadron (which was under the dii«!
command of Vice-Admiral Kataoka.) came mtti
touch with the enemy from 10 to 1 1 a.ni., betweet
Iki and Tsushima, and thereafter as far as the
neighbourhood of Okmoshima these ships, tha^i
fired on from time to time by the enemy, soccos-
fully kept \TX constant touch with bim, and c<»
vcyed by telegraph accurate and frequent rupom
of hi.<* state. Thus, though a heavy fog covro:
the sea. making it impossible to observe an>^hia(
at a distance of over five miles, all the condiuox
of the enemy were as clear to us. who were 30 cc
40 miles distant, as though they had been noda
our very eyes. Long before we came in sight oi hin
we knew that his fighting force comprised tk
Second and Third Baltic Squadrons, that he had
seven special service ships with hiin. that he vtt
mar^Jialled in two columns line ahead, that lii
strongest vessels were at the heat] of the nclu
column, that his special scnico crait followed 0
the rear, that his speed was almut 13 kts.. and ifan
he was still advancing to the north-east.
Thej-cfore I was enabled to adopt the stntegf
of directing my main strength, at about a pA.
towanls Okinoshima, with the object of attadoic
the head of his left column- The main squadrM,
the armoured cruiser sqnadron. the Una sectioo.
and the various destroyer sections at noon rcAcfael
a point about in nautical miles north of Okioo
shima. whence, nith tlie object of attacking the
enemy's left column, they steered west, and tX
about i.30 p.m. the Dewa section, the craisa
squadron, and the Togo (Captain) sectioo stiU
keeping touch witli the enemy, arrived one afttf
the other and joined forces. At 1.45 p.m. wt
sighted the enemy for the first time at a distaooi
nf several uulcs bouth on our port bow. As lu4
been exjKCtcd. his nght column was headed by
four battlcsliips of the Borodino type, his lelt Iw
the Ostyc^ya. the Sissoi Valiky. the Ntrfarit^. aad
the Nahhimoff. after which came the XikotM t
and the tluee coast defence vessels, forming another
squadron. The Jemchu^ and the Ixumrud WfR
between the two columns, and seemed to be ictn^
as forward scouts. In the rear, obscured by tbefof.
we indistinctly made out the Ot^g and the Avfor*.
with other second- and third-class cruisers, fonoiag
a sqnadron ; while the Dmitri Donskot. the VImikmm
Monomakh, and the spwaal service steamers »<«
advancing in column line ahead, extending to x
distance of several miles.
I now ordered the whole fleet to go into actioA.
and at 1.55 p.m. I n.n np this signal for aU the
JAPAN
311
JAPAN
ships in sight : ** The fote of the Empire depends
upon this ex-ent. Let e\*cry man do his ntmort."
Shortly aftcnvards the main squadron headed
south-WL-st, and made as thongh it would cross the
enemy's course at right angles ; but at five minates
past two o'clock the sqnadton suddenly turned
east, and horc down on the head of the enemy's
column in a diagonal direction. The armoured
cniiacT squadron followed in tiic rear of the main
squadron, the whole forming single column line
ahead. The I>ewa section, the Urio section, the
cruiser squadron, and the Toga (Captain) section,
in accordance with the previously arranged plan of
action, steered south to attack the rear of the
enemy's column. Such, at the beginning of the
battle, vere the dispositions on both sides.
Fight op thx Maim SgUAOROtt.
The head of the enemy's column, when our main
squadron bore do^-n on it, changed its course a
little to starboard, and at eight minutes past t^'o
o'clock he opened fire. We did not reply lor some
time, but when we came wthin 6,000 moires'
Tvnge we concentrated a hca^'y fire on two of his
bkttleships. This seemed to force him more than
ever to the south-east, and his two columns simul-
taneonsly changed their course by degrees to the
east, thus falling into irregular columns line ahead,
and moving parallel to ns. The OsJyabya, which
headed the left column, was soon heavily injured,
burst into a strong conflagration, and left the
fighting line. The whole of the armoured cnnser
squadron was now steaming behind the main
squadron in hnc, and. the fire of both squadrons
becoming more and more eflective as the range
decreased, the flagship Km'az Suvaroff and the
Xmperator Alexander III., which was tlie second
in the line, burst heavily into flames, and left the
fighting line, so that the enemy's order became
more deranged. Several of the ships following also
took fire, and the smoke, carried by the westerly
wind, qm'ckly swejit ovkt the face of the sea. com-
bining with the fog to envelop the enemy's fleet.
so that our principal fighting squadrons ceased
firing for a time.
On our side also the sliips had suffered more or
less. The Asama had been struck by three shells
in the stem near the i^'ater-line, her steering-gear
bad been injured, and she was leaking badly, so
that she bad to leave the fighting line ; but she
performed temporary repairs, and was very soon
able to resume her place.
Such was the state of the main fighting forces on
each side at 3-4; p.m. Already the result of the
lAttlc had been decided in this interval.
Thereafter our main squadron, forcing the
enemy in a southerly direction, fired on him in a
leisurely manner whenever his ships could be dis-
cerned through the smoke and fog. and at 3 p.m.
wc were ia front of his line, and shaped a nearly
Bouth-easteily course. But the enemy now sud-
denly headed north, and seemed about to pass
northward by the rear of our line. Therefore our
main squadron at once went about to port, and,
with tlie Niishin leading, steered to-^the north-
west. The armoured cruiser squadron also, follow-
ing in the main squadron's wake, changed front,
and thereafter again forced the enemy southward,
firing on him heavily. At 3.7 p.m. the Jtmchug
came up to the rear of the armoured cruiser
squadron, but was severely injured by our (ire.
The Oiiyabya also, which had already been put out
of action, sank at ten minutes past three o'clock,
and the Kniat SuvarofJ, which bad been isolated,
was injured more and more. She lost one of her
masts and two smoke-stacks, and the whole ship,
being enveloped in flame and smoke, became un-
manageable, and her crew fell into confusion. The
enemy's other vessels, sufiering heavily, duuiged
their course again to the east. The main squadron
now altered its direction 16 points to starboard,
and, the armoured cruiser squadron foltowmg, they
pursued the retreating enemy, pouring a con-
stantly heavier fire on him, and discharging U»-
pedoes also whenever occasion oficrcd. Until
4.45 p.m. there was no special change in the condi-
tion of the principal fight. The enemy was con-
stantly pressed south, and the firing continued.
\\'hat de»cr%'cs to Ixr specially recounted here is
the conduct of the destroyer Ckihaya and of the
Hirose destroyer section at 3.40 p.m., as well as
that of the Suzuki destroyer stiction at 4.45 p.m.
These bravely fired torpedoes at tlie flagship
Suvatoff. The resnlt was not clear in the cast* of
the first-named boats, but a torpedo discharged by
the last-named section bit the Suvaroff astern on
the port side, and after a time she was seen to list
some 10 degrees. In those two attacks the
Shiranui. of the Hiroee section, and the Asashio,
of the Suzuki section, being each hit once by
shells from ships in the neighbourhood, fell into
some danger, but both happily escaped.
At 4.40 p.m. the enemy apparently abandoned
the attempt to seek an aveuuu of escape north-
ward, for he headed south, and seemed inclined to
fly in that direction. Accordingly, our chief fight-
ing force, with tlie armoured cruiser squadron in
advance, went in pursuit, but lost him after a time
in the smoke and fog. Steaming south for about
eight miles, we fired leisurely on a second-class
cruiser of the enemy's and some special service
steamers which we passed on our starboard, and
at 5. JO p.m. oar main squadron turned northward
again in search of the enemy's principal force,
while the armoured cruiser squadron, proceeding
to tlie south-west, attacked the enemy's cruisers.
Thereafter until nigh Hall these two squadrons
followed dificrent routes, and did not again sight
each other.
At 5.40 p.m. the main squadron fired once upon
the enemy's special service steamer Utnl. which
was near by on the port side, and at once sank her ;
then, as the squadruii was steaming north in searuli
ol the eniimy, it sighted on the port bow the
remaining ships of his priodpai iorce, six tn number,
flying in a cluster to the north-cast Approaching
at ooce. it steamed paralld to these, and then
renewed the fight, gradually emerging ahcaid ol
them and bearing down on their tront. The enemy
had fleered north-east at first, but his course w-aa
gradually deflected to the west, aad he &naUy
pusbcd north-west. This tight on parallel lines
continued irom 6 p.m. to nigbeiaJI. The enemy
suffered so heavily that his fire was much reduced,
whereas our deliberate practice told more ami
more. A battleship ol Lbe Altxandir III. type
quickly lett the fighting hnt.', and fell to the iear«
and a vc&iel like the Botodiiio. which led the
column, took fire at 6.40 p.m.. and at 7.33 suddenly
became enveloped in smoke, and sank in an instant.
the fiame^ having probably reached her magazine.
Further, the ships ol the armoured cruiser squadron,
which Were then in the south pursuing thti enemy's
cruiser squadron northward, saw at 7.7 p.m. a stiip
'ike the Borodino, with a heavy list, and in an
unmanageable condition, come to the side oi tlic
Nakhimtjff, where she turned over and went to the
bottuui. It was subbequuutly asccxtaincd from
UiB prisoners that this woa the Alexander III..
and that the vessel which the main squadron saw
sink was the Borodino.
U was now getting dusk, and our destroyer
scctioni and torpedo sections gradually closed in
on the enemy from the east, north, and south,
their preparations ior attack having been already
made. Tberclore the mam squadron ceased by
degrees to press the enemy, and at 7.28 p.m.. when
the sun was sL-tting, drew oS to the eaat, I then
ordered the 'J'atsuta to curry orders to the fleet
that it should proceed northward, and rendezvous
on the following morning at the Ulncung Islaiuls.
This ended the battle during dayliglit ou the
27 th. ^
KiCRT or 7H£ DEWA, USllV, AND ToGU (CaPTAIn)
SSCTIONS AKD OF THE CRCISBR SgUAOKoN.
At 2 p.m., when the order to open thL- fight was
given, the Dewa, Uriu, and Togo sections, and the
cruiser squadron, separatmg from the main
squadron, steamed back south, keeping the enemy
on the port Um-. In pursuance of ttie strategical
plan already laid down, Uiey pioceeded to menace
tin; vessels iorramg liic enemy's rear — namely, tba
special service steamers and the cruisers OUg.
Aurt/ra, Suietlana. Alnuu, Dmitri Donskoi. and
Vladimir Moni/inakh. The Dewa and Uriu soc-
tions, working together in line, reached the enemy's
cruiser squadron, and. steaming in a direction
opposite to his course, engaged him, gradually
passing round his rear, and emerging on his star-
board, wheiu Ihi; attack was renewed on parallel
courses ; tlicn, taktug .idv^ntage oi their superior
speed, these sections changed iioat at thmi own
convenience, sometuoes eogagmg tho enemy on
the port side, sometimes on the starboard. Ailei
30 minutes of tliis lighting the eneniy's regtf aectkm
gradually fell into disorder, his special semoc
steamers and warships scattering and losing their
objective. At a litde after 3 p.m. a vessel hke the
Aurora left tbc eiicmy's rank and approached our
nhips, but. being severely injured by uur heavy
Hre. she fell back. Again, at 3.40 p.m., three of
the enemy's destroyers saUied out to attack us.
but were repulsed witliout accompUshiug axtythuig.
Tbc result of this combined attack by the Dews
and Uriu sections was that by 4 o'clock there had
been a marked development of lbe atuation. the
enemy's rear sections being thrown completely mto
disorder. Ships iu this quarter had fallen out oi
tlieir formation ; all seemed to have suffered mort
or less mjury. and some were seen to have become
unmanageable.
The Uriu sectiuu. at about 4.20 p.m.. «Ting one
ol the enemy's special service steamers (profaaiJi'
the Anjisr). a three-master with two smoke-stacks.
which bad become isolated, at ouce bore down on
htr and sank her. 'lliis section also laictl heavily
on another special service steamer, a four-mastei
with one funnel (probably Uic lUis), and nearlf
sank her.
About this time our crmser squadron and the
Togo section furiving on the scene, joined fofcei
with the Dewa and Uriu sections, and, all wockia|
together, pursued and attacked the enemy's dis*
ordered cruiser squadron and special scrvioe
steamers. While this was in progress, four of the
enemy's warships [perhaps the coast dcfcxm
vessels), which had been iorced back by our mam
squadrons, came steaming :>outh, and joined h0
cruiser squadron. Thus the Uriu section and our
cruiser squadron became heavily engaged widt
these for a time at short range, and aU sufiend
more or less, but fortunately their injuries wen
not serious.
Previously to tliis the Kasagi, flagship of the
Dcwa section, liad been hit in her port bunker
below the water-line. As .slic made water, it
became necessary for her to proceed to a ptaa
where the sea was calm in order to effect tcnxporary
repairs. Kear-Admirol Dewa huuseli took aviy
the Kasagi and Cfittosc tea that purpose, and the
rcniainiug »Uips of his section passed under tbs
command of Rcar-Adiniral Uriu. At 6 p.m. tiM
Kasagi reached Aburaya Bay. and Kear-Adminl
Dewa, transferring his flag to the Chitose, stcamf«l
out during the night, but Uic Kasa^t's repairs re-
quired so much time that blie was not able to take
part in the pursuit the following day. The aa|-
sliip Taniwa. of the Unu section, also receivvd a
shell below ttiu water-line astern, and at aboot
5.10 p.ni. she had to leave the hghting luxe and
c&fict temporary' repairs.
Alike in tlie north and in the south^the^enemy's
whole fleet was now in disorder, and had fallen utto
I
I
a pitiably hrok*n condition. Therefore at 5.30 p.m.
oar armonrwl cruiier squadron separatw! from the
main squadron, and, steaming south, attacked the
enemy's cruiser squadron. At the same time the
enemy, forming a group, all flr<I north, pursued by
the Urin section, the cruiser squadron, and the Togo
section. On the way the enemy's battleship Kmiai
Stnartiff, which had been left behind unmanage-
ab!r. a» well as his repair ship Kamchatka, were
sighted, and the cruiser squadron, with the Togo
section, at once proceeded to destroy them. At
7.10 p.m. the Kamchatka was sunk, and then the
Fnjimoto torpedo section, which accompanied the
CToi^er squadron, jilcamod out and attacked the
Smaraff. She made her last nststancc with a
sman ^n astern, bat was finally struck by two of
our torpedoes, and went down. This was at
7.20 p.m. Very shortly afterwards our ships in
this part of the field received orders to rendcavons
at the Utneung Islands, and Mibsequcntly we
ceased fighting, and steamed to the north-east.
Fight of thk Dksteoveb and Torprdo
Sections.
The fight during the niRht of the 37th began
Immediately after the battle during the day had
ceased. It was a vehement and most resolute
attack by the \-ahous destroyer and (or]>edo sec-
tions.
From the morning of this day a fitrong south-
weitt wind had raised a sea so high that the handhng
of small craft became very difficult. Perceiving
this. I cansed the torpedo soctinn which accnm-
panird my own .<Bquadrnn to take refuge in Miiira
Bay before the day fighting commenced. Towards
evening the wind lost some of its force, but the
sea remained very high, and the state of alTairs
was very unfavourable for night operations by our
tc»rpcdo craft. NeverthcU"ss, our destroyer sec-
tions and torpedo sections, fearing to lose this
unique occasion for combined action, all stood out
before sunset, regardless of thr state of the wrathrr.
and. each vying with the otht-r to take the lead,
approached tlic enemy. Tlie Fujimoto destroyer
section steaming from the north, the Vajima de-
stroyer section, and the Kaicase torpedo section
from tlie north-east, bore down on the enemy's
main squadron, wliile the rear of the same s<]uadron
was approached by the Ymhijima destroyer sec-
tion from tlie east and the Hirow dcstroyrr section
from the south -vast. The Fukuda, Otaki, Aoyama,
and Kawada torpedo sectioos, coming from the
south, pursued the detached vessels of the enemy's
main squadron, as well as the group of cruisers on
a parallel line in his left rear. Thus as night fell
these torpedo craft closed in on him from three
sides. Alarmed apparrntly hy this onset, the
rnemy at 9un.set steered off to the sooth-west, and
seems to have then changed his course again to
the east. At 8.15 p.m. the night battle was com-
menced by the Vajima destroyer attacking the
head of the eneany's mJiin sqoadnm, whereafter
the various sections of torpedo onft swarmed about
him from e\-ery direction, and until 11 p.m. kept
np a continuous attack at close quarters. From
nightfall the <-ncmy mado a <!eaprrale rvstvtance by
the aid of search-lights and the flashint; of guns,
bnt the onset overcame him. he lost his formation,
and fell into confusion. hU vessels scattering in all
directions to avoid our onslaught The torpedo
sections pursuing, a pell-mell contrst ensued, in
the course of which the battleship Sissoi Vsb'ky
and the armoured cruisers Admiral Nakhimoff and
Vladimir Monamakh. three ships at least, *-ero
struck hy torpedoes, put out of action, and rendcrerl
uumanagcible. On our side No. 60 of the Fukuda
torpedo section. No 54 of the .\o>'aina scciion, and
No. 5; of the Kawada sections were all sunk by
the enemy's shells during the action, while the
destroyers Hari$samf. Akattuhi, Ikaxuchi, and
Yufiri, as ^»-ell as the torpedo boats Sagi. No. SSI,
and No. 53, suffered more or less from gun-fire or
from collisions, being temporarily put out of
action. The casualties also were comparatively
numerous, especially in the Fukuda, Aoyama. and
KaMrada sections. The crews of the three torpedo
boats which sank were taken oG by their consorts,
the Kari, No, 31. and No. 61.
According to statements subseqnenUy made by
prisoners, the torpedo attack that night was in-
describably fierce. The torpodo craft steamed in
so rapidly anri 50 close that it was impossible to
deal with them, and they came to such short range
that thr warsliijw' guns could not be depressed
sufficiently to aim at them.
In addition to the above the Suzuki destroyer
section and other torpedo sections proceeded In
other directions the same night to search for the
enemy. On the 25th, at 3 a.m., the Suzuki section
sighted two ships steaming north at a distance of
some 37 mttes ea.st-north-e.ist of Karasaki. The
section immediately gave chase, and sank one of
the ships. Subsequent statements by prisoners
rescued from her showed her to l»e the batUcahip
Vopon'n, and that she vtas struck by two torpedoes
on each side, after which she sank in a few minutes.
The other torpedo sections searched in varions
directions all night, but accnmpltshod nothing. |
The Fight om May 28.
At dawn on May z8 the log which had prevaileil
since the previous day lifted. The main squadron
and tjie armoured cruiser squadron had already
reached a point some 20 miles south nf the Ulncung
Islands, and the otlier sections, as well as the varions
torpedo craft which had been engaged in the
attack during the night, gradually and Ity different
routes drew up towards the rendeKvotis, At
5.30 a.m., when T was about lo form the armoured
cruiser squadron into a search cordon from cast
to wert for the purpose of cutting the enemy's
line of retreat, the cruiser squadron, which was
advancing northward, being then about 60 miles
astcm, signalled that it had sighted the enemy
eastw-ard, and that several columas of smoke were
observable. Shortly aJterwaida this squadron ap-
proached the enemy and reported that bia force
consisted of four battleships — two of these were
Bubscqncntly found to be coast defence vessels —
and two cni^scrs. and that it was advancing north.
Without further inquiry it became clear that these
ships formed the chief liody of the enemy's remain-
ing force. Therefore our main squadron and
armoured cruiser squadron put about, and. gradu-
ally heading east, barred the enemy's line of
advance, while the Togo and Uriu sections, joining
tlie cruiser squadron, contained him in rear, so
that by 10.30 a.m., at a point some 18 miles sonrh
of Takesbima (the I-iancourt Kocks}, the enemy
was completely ciwfloped. His force consisted of
the battlcihips Orel amJ Nikolai I., the coast de-
fence ships Admiral Apraxine and Admiral Seniavin,
and the cruiser Isumrud, five ships in all. Another
cruiser was seen far southward, but she passed out
of sight. Not only had these remnants of the
enemy's fleet already sustained heavy injurici, but
also they wwe, of courst, incap;ililc of resisting our
superior force. Therefore soon after our main
squadron and armoured cruiser squadron liad
opened fue on them, Rcar-Adinixal Ncbogatoff,
who commanded the enemy's ships, signalled his
desire to surrender wilh the force under him. I
accepted his surrender, and as a special measure
allowed the officers to retain their swords. But
tlic cruiser Itumtud, previously to this surrender.
had fled southward at full speed, and, breaking
through Togo's section, had then steamed east.
Just then the Chilose, which, on her way back troni
Aburaya Bay. had sunk one of the enemy's de-
stroyers en roule, reached the scene, and, im-
mediately changing her course, gave chase to the
Ixvmrud^ but failed to overtake her. and she
escaped north.
Previously to this the Uriu section, while on its
way north, at 7 ii.m. siightefl one of the enemy's
ships in the west. Thereupon the Otcwa and the
Niitaha, under the command of Captain Arima,
ot the former cruiser, were detached to destroy her.
At 9 a.m. they drew up to her, and found that she-
was the SvitUana, accompanied by a dcslroyur.
Pushing closer, they opened fire. and. after alioiit
an hour's engagement, sank the SvieUana at
1 1.6 a.m. o£f Chyukpyong Day, The Niiiaka.
accompanied by the destroyer Murakumo, which
had just arrived, continued tlic pursuit of tlic
enemy's destroyer Buistri. and at 11.50 a.m. drove
it ashore and destroyed it in an unnamed bay some
five miles north of Chyukpyong Bay. The sur-
vivors of thcae two vessels were all rescued by our
special service steamers America Mattt and Kasuga
Mam.
The main pact of our c»mbined squadron whicli
bad received the eacmy's surrender were still near
the place of the surrender, and were engaged in
deahng with the four captured ships, when, 2t
J p.m., the enemy's vessel Admiral OushaMoff vu
sighted approaching from the south. A dctacbmect
consisting of the Iwaie and the yaJtunu>. were im-
mediately sent aftt>r her. and at a little afts
8 p.m. they overtook her. as she stoamed south.
They summoned her to surrender, but for reply
she opened fire, and there was oothing for it but
to attack her. She was finally sunk, and her but*
vivors. over 300. were rescued.
At 3.30 p.m. the destroyers Stuanami and Ka^m
sighted two destroyers of the enemy escaping east,
and then at a point some 40 miles aouth-west of
Ulneung Ulands. These were pursued at foil
speed to the north-west. and. being overtaken at
4.45 p.m., an action commenced. The rear-most
of the two destroyers Uien ran up a white flag m
token of surrender, whereupon the Saxamtmi im-
mediately took possession of her. She was ioood
to be the Biedvi, with Vicc-AdmiraJ Rozhdcst-
vensky and his stafi on board. These, with her
crew, were made prisoners. The Kagetc meaa*
while continued the chase of the other destionc
up to half-])a3t six. but she finally escaped north.
At 5 p.m. the Uhu section nod the Yajima de-
stroyer }:ection. which were searching for the memy
in a westerly diroctiou, sighted the battleslup
Dmitri IJonskni steaming nortli, and \«rent ia pto-
suit. Just as the Rnssian vessel had reached s
point some 30 miles south of the Ulncung Islaadt,
the Otowa and the Nittaba, with tho dcstroycn
Asa^iri. Shirakumu. and Fubuhi. which «s«
coming back from Chyukpyong Bay, bore down
on her from the west and opened &re, aa tiiat Hu
was brought between a cross cannoua<lc from thtm
and the Uriu section. This heavy 5rc from botti
aidus waji kept up until after sunset, by which tuDf
sht u-as almost shattered, but still afloat. During
the night she passed out of sight. So soon as the
cruisers had ceased firing on her the Fubuhi joui
the Vajima destroyer section attacked her. but th«
result was uncertain. On the following morning.
however^ she was seen drifting near the south-east
coast of the Ulneung Islands, where she finalK
sank. Her survivors, who had landed cm the
islands, were taken off by the Kasuga and tte
Fubuki.
\Vhile the greater part of the combined squadross
were thus busily engaged in the north dealing witi
the results of the pui&uit, there were in the sontb
also some considerable captures of ships rcmaiiuog
at the scene of the action. Thus the special ser-
vice steamers Shinano Maru. Tainan Mam, and
YaiV4ita Maru, which had set out early oa tbe
morning of the 28th charged with tiie duty of
searching the place ot tlic engagement, sighted tbe
Sissoi Veliky at a point some 30 miles north-cast
of Karasaki. She had been struck by torpedoes
the night beiorc, and was now on the poutt of
sinking, Tticy made preparations for captanof
her. and took o0 her crew. She went down, Uow-
ever. at 11.6 a.ni. Again, at 5.30 a.in., the de-
stroyer Skiranui and the special service steamer
Sado Matu fotmd the Admiral Nakhttucff in a
sinking condition some five miles east of Kotozaki,
in Tsushima. Thereaiter they sighted the Vladtmir
Monomakk approaching the same neighbourhood
with a hea^'y list, ^he Sada Maru took measures
lor capturing both these ships, but they were so
greatly sliattcrcd, and were making water so last,
that they sunk m succession at about 10 a.m., after
their crews had been removed. Just then the
enemy's destroyer Gromky came to the Scune neigh-
bourhood, and suddenly steamed ofi northward.
The destroyer Skiranui went in pursuit, and about
11.30 a.m. attacked licr. No. 63, a unit uf the
torpedo-boat sections, co-operating in the attack.
The enemy's hre having been silenced, the de-
stroyer was captured and her crew were made
prisoneis, but her injuries were so severe that she
sank at 13.4} p.m. In addition to the above, the
gun-boats and special service steamers of our fleet,
searching the coasts in the neighbourhood aiter
the battle, picked up not a few oi the crews of the
sunken ships. Including the crews of the cap-
tured vessels, the prisoners aggregated about 6.000.
The above are the results of the battle, which
continued from the afternoon of the 2;tb till the
afternoon of the .2Sth. Subsequently, u part of
the fleet conducted a search far southwards, but
Dot a sign was seen of any. of the eoemy's ships,
About 3S of his vessels had attempted to pass the
Sea. of Japan, and of these the ships that 1 believe
to have ciicaped dcstmction or capture at our hands
■«erc Umttcd to a few cruisers, destroyers, and
special ser\'ice steamers. Onr own los-ies in the
two days' fight were only three torpedo-boats.
.^me others of our vessels sustained more or less
injury, but not even one of them is incapaciuted
for future service. Our casualties throughout the
whole fleet were 116 killed and 55S wounded,
officers being included.
There was no great diflerence in the strengths of
the opposing forces in this action, and I consider
that the enemy's ofliccrs and men fought with the
utmost energy and intrepidity on behalf of their
country. If, nevcrthelesa, our combined squadrons
■won the victory, and achieved the remarkat^
success recorded above, it w*as because of the
virtues of bis Majesty the Emperor, not owing to
any human prowess. It cannot but be beUeved
that the small number oi our casualticti was due
to the protection of tlie spirits of the Imperial
ancestors. Even our officers and men, who fouglit
so valiantly and so stoutly, seeing these results,
found no language to express their astonishment.
C0MPAKATIV£ StATBUENT — TB£ EnSUY's SuIPS
AND THEIR FaTS.
I. Battleships, eight, whereof six were lunk (the
Knitu Swaroff, the AUxand*r III., the Borodino,
the Osiyabya, the Si$toi VtHhy. and the Navarin)
and two were captured {the Orel and the Nikolai /.).
II. Cruisers, nine, whereof four were sunk (the
A dmirai Nakkimoff. the Dmitri Donshoi. the
Vladimir Monomakh, and the Svifilana). three fled
to Manila and were interned (the Aurora, the
Olfg. and the Jtmehuf). one escaped to Vladi-
vostock (the Atmai), and one became a wreck In
Vladimir Bay {the Jntmn4d).
III. Coast defence ships, three, whereof one was
sunk (the Admiral Ouskakaff) and two were cap-
tured (the Admiral Apraxine and the Admiral
Scniavin).
IV. Destroyers, nine, whereof four were sunk
(tlic Buini, the Ruisiri. the Gromky. and one other).
one captured (the Byedovi), one went down on
account of her injuries when attempting to reach
Shanghai (the BUstyascktchi). om^ fled to Shanghai
and was disarmed (the liodri), one escaped to
Vladivostock (the Braoi), and the fate of one is
unknown.
V. .Auxiliary cruiser, one, which was sunk (the
Vrai).
VI. Special serx'ice steamers, six, whereof four
were sunk (the Kamckatka, the lUii. the Anastney,
and the Ruui) and two fled to Shanghai, where
they were interned (the Hovea and the Sveri).
VII. Hospital ships, two, which were both seised,
one (the Kastrpma) being subsequently released.
and the other (the Orel] made prize of war.
Recapitulation.
Thirty-eight Ships.
Twenty sunk.
Six captured.
Two went to the bottom or were shattered while
escaping.
Six disarmed and interned after flight to neutral
porta.
One fate unknown.
One released after capture.
Two (^scaped.
fapandM Hail Steamship Co. 5m Nippon Vusca
Kaiaha.
Japan Sea. S«« Sea of Japan.
Jasoo. British torpedo gun-boat (1893).
Length 330ft. Beam .27ft. Maximum draught I2}ft.
Displacement Sio tons. Complement 85.
Guns.
2—4-7 in-
4—3 pdr.
Torpwdo Tuhes.
S— M in-
3 — 18 in.
Twin screw. Speed 17 kts. Coal maximum i<So
tons.
Jftnn^berry.
Seyne, 1893.)
French ist class battleship. (La
JAUREGUIBERRY
316
JEBSEN
Leugth 364fL Beam ^alt Maximum draught 29ft.
^Displacement 1 1.900 tons. Complement 607.
Guns. Armour.
2 — la in. " Crcusot steel."
2 — ID'S in. 18 ill. Belt amidshipoi.
8 — 5'5 in. 15 in. TurreLi.
4 — 9 pdr. (J in. Conning tower,
lb — 3 pdr.
Torptdo Tubas (177 in.).
2 Submerged.
4 Above water (2 bow. 2 stem).
Twin screw. Hp. i4,3ooui7'S kts. Coal maxi-
mum 1,100 tons. Approximate cost ^1,000,000.
JkUdgnibtrry, Jean Bernard (1815-87). French
admiral (b. Bayonne). Entered the Navj-. 1S31.
and after serving in the Crimea w.-ir and in China
was promoted admiral, 1869. During the Franco-
German war he was repeatedly mentionctl in de-
spatclics for bis brilHaDt and skilful handling ol
the troopii at Orleans and Lc KEans. He watt
Minister of Marme, 1879-80 and i882-*Jj. Was
made a commander of the Legion of Honour, 1861,
Grand OlTiccr, 1870, and Grand Cross, 1879. He
died at Paris. October 11, 1887.
Java. 33 guns. On February i. 1807, this
vessel foundered near the Island od Kodriguer, Ka&t
Indies.
Java S6a» or Sunda Sea, lies between Java and
Borneo, and reaches from Sumatra on the west to
the Celebes on the cast. It has an area of about
360,000 square miles, with a mean depth of about
85 fathoms, ITie prc\-ailing direction of the wind
during one half ol the year, from April to October,
is S.E. ; during the other half of the year a N.W.
or W. wind blows. l"he former period is known
as the dry •>ca.*iDn or east monsoon ; the latter as
the rainy season or wrst monsoon. Tlic streams
flowing into the Sea of Java are tuith iii length of
course and volume of water more important than
those which fall into the Indian Ocean. The
largest and most important of the rivers is the
Bengarwen. or River o[ Solo. Except for the last
three months of the dry season it is navigable lor
large boats, and during the whole year tor small
ones.
Jftvelaine. French torpedo-boat destroyer. (Nor-
mand, 1903.) Length, iSo ft. ; beam, 21 ft. ;
maximum draught, 10 (t. ; displacement. 300 tons ;
complement, 45 ; guns. I 9-pdr., 6 3-pdj. ; torpedo
tubes, 2 is-in. ; speed, 27-30 kts.
Jaw. The inner, hollow, semi-circular end of a
gafi or boom which presses against the mast. The
pouits of the jaw are called horns.
Jaw-rope. A rope to conhne the jaws of a gaS
to prevent it coming ofi the mast.
Jean Bart. Old French cruiser (18S9}.
Lengtit 34611. Beam 4jfL Maudmum draught 23ft.
Displacement 4.300 tons. Complement 407.
4— $'4111.
6 — 5"5 in.
2—9 pdr.
tt-3pdr.
10 — 1 pdr.
Anmotir.
4 in. Deck.
4 in. Gun shields.
Torpedo Tubes,
4 Alxn-e water.
Hp. 8,000=- 19 kts.
Small Qgbcnig
Twin screw,
value.
Jeanne d'Aro. French ist class cruiser. (Toulon,
1899.)
Length 475ft. Beam G9(t. Maximum draught 17ft.
Displacement 11,270 tons. Coniplemeat 62li
Guns. A rmouT,
2—76 in., 4S cal. " Harvey modeL"
14 — 5'5 in. 6 in. Belt amidships;.
1 2 — 3 pdr. ^ in. Turrets.
8 — I pdr. 6 in. Conning tower.
Torpedo Tubas.
2 Submerged.
Three screws. Hp. 28,500=23 kts. Cool maw-
mum 2,10a tons. Approximate cost £^00,000.
Jeanitette. This vessel, formerly Paiutora. «ai
purchased by Mr. Gordon Bennett, of New Yort.
from Sir Allen Young, and sailed from San Fran-
cisco on July 8, 1879, commanded by Ijeuiemkat
do Long, of the United States Navy, and was Us
seen stiraming towards Wrangell I..And on S^-
teuibcr j. 1\ia Jeannettc was provisioned for thne
years, but as nothing had been heard of her up to
1S81 two steamers were sent up £taring Strait ia
searcli. Eventually the t>odies of de Long aa^t
two of his crew were found on March 23, 1883, aJKl
it subsequently transpired that the J^anwtMt,
haviug been beset in heav-y pack-ice for 22 months,
was crushed and sunk on June 12, i38i. in laticode
77° "5' N.
Jears, Jeers. A purcba.<!e for swaying up thf
mainsail, foresail, aiid mizxen.
Jebba. 2.S 1 3 lons.^Elder, Dempster West Afniiw
mail and passenger|^steamcr. Went ashore iwai
Bolt Tail, on the Devon coast, March 18, X907, aad
became a total wreck ; uo livt:s losL
Jebaen line, with which is amalgamated Uw
Dicderichsen Jebsen Line, and H. Diederichsen. of
Kiel, have a fleet of 31 modem steamers engaged
in cargo an<l passenger service on the vaiioes
coasts of Europe.
Ft»BT.
Amigo.
Apenntde.
Carl IHedarichse-n.
Clara Jtbsen.
Elierbek.
Euhn.
Eva.
ForsUch.
Gaafden.
Germania.
Helena,
HoliUtin.
Jacob DiedencA3»n.
Johann.
Kaisberg.
Lauschan.
Marie.
Mathilda.
Flebt {eoHiinutii
MicMael Jtbs*n.
Ploen.
Poschan.
ScMe-twtg.
Signai.
Sy/ang.
Taimoschan.
Th4a.
Triumph.
Vorwacrts.
Wih.
Zano.
Jsd. British torpedo-boat destroyer. (Ctiiswick,
1904.) I>ength, 333 ft. : twani, aj It. : draugbt,
9) ft. ; displacement. 640 tons ; complement, 70 ;
armament, t iz-pdr., 5 6-pdr.. 3 tubes ; twin
screw ; Hp.. 7.300=25 kts. ; coal, gg tons.
Jeen answer the same purpose to the mainsail,
foresail, and mixzen as halliards do to all inferior
sails. Also a term given to strong tackle by
whidi the lower yards aie lioisttrd up along the
mas't, or lovrertd down : the former operation is
called swaying and the latter striking.
Jelliooe. Captain John Bushwortb, O.B., 'i9*>o
(b. Decemt>er, 1S59). liducated Kottingdean.
Entered Navy, 1873 ; lieutenant of Agincvurl
during Egyptian war (Egyptian medal, Khedive's
Bronze Star) ; Board of Trade silver medal, May,
ifM6. in recognition of services rendered as com-
mander of the gig manned by volunteers to rescue
the crew of a steamer stranded on a sandbank near
Gibraltar, with heavy seas breaking over her ;
»ikiii5l.-int to director of Nave) Ordnance Committee ;
wrecked in H.M.S. Viiiorim (j.p.) : present with
Admiral Sir £. IL Seymour's expedition to relieve
the I^atjon at Peking. July, lyoo; C.B. for ser-
vices retiiJered during thib expedition ; appointed
to superintend the building by contract of ships of
war, 1903 ; decorated by the German Emperor
vhtli the second class of the Ked Kagle with crossed
swords. 190^ ; naval assistant to Controller of
Navy ; Director of Naval Onlnance and Torpedoes,
1905
Jellf-flib. A common name (or the Medusa-
soft gelatinous marine animals belonging to the
Acaleph» claiw.
YenuQAppei. French coast service battie*ibip,
(St. Nazaire, 1893.)
Length 384ft. Beam S7ft. Maximum draught i^lt.
Displacement 6,487 tons. Complement 334.
Gwu. A rmowr.
3 — 13'4 m.. 40 cal. " Creusot."
4-^ in. 1 8 in. Belt amidships.
6 — 3 pdr. I J in. Turrets.
8 — I pdr. [3 in. Conning tower.
Torpedo Tub*s {177 in.).
3 Above water.
Twin screw. Hp. 8,400=17 kts. Coal maxi-
znuJn 630 tons. Approximate cobt j^$$o.ooo.
JemtotuiC. Small RobSiancmiser. Escaped from
the Japanese at tht battle of Tsushima, and was
interned to the end of the war.
I.ength 34Sft- Beam 49ft Mean draught 16ft.
Displacement 3.050 tons. Complement 334.
Guru. Armour.
6—4*7 ui- " Krupp."
e — 3 pdr. 2 in. Deck.
3 — 1 pdr. 3 in. Conning tower.
Torpedo Tubes.
I Above water stern.
4 Above water broadside. ^
Twin screw. Hp. 19,000 = 24 kts. Coal nuisicl-
mum tjoo tons. '.
Jenfcings, Vloe-Admiral Baldwin (b. 1846). En-
tered Navy, 1S59: lieutenant, 1867; commander.
1877; captain, 1882; oonuuanded InfltMibU at the
bombardment of Alexandria during Egyptian war
[Egyptian medal. Alexandria, clasp. Khedive's
Bronze Star) ; member of the Ordnance Committee.
1884-87 and 1890-93; captain's gooil .wrvicc pen-
sion, 189497; rear-admiral. 1897; vice-admiral,
1902,
Jenkins and Oo. Sos Shire Lioe.
Jessie Logan* East Indiaman. Wrecked on the
Cornish coast, January 16, 1843 ; many lives lost.
Jetsam. See Jettison ; aiso Wreck.
JetttKRI. In marme insurance this risk (formerly
called jetsam] is the throwing overboard a part of
the cargo, or any article on board of a ship, or the
cutting or casting away of masls. spars, riggmg,
sails, or other furniture, lor the purpose of lighten-
ing or rchcving the ship in case of necessity or
emergency. (Pliillips, 4th ed., p. 1,278.) When a
jettison is made to save the ship and cargo from a
common danger, the value of thL- property sacrificed
is made good to the oiK'ner in General Average,
The assured may, however, elect to claim direct
upon his underwriters for the insured value of the
jeni.soned property without waiting for the adjust-
ment of the General Averagi:. (Uickiiiaon v,
Jardine, L.K. 3 C.P. 639.) In this La.-iu the undei-
writera would receive the settlement in Cieiieral
Average. When goods are jettisoned the freight
is jetiisoaed with them, and is likewise recoverable
in General Average.
This applies only to cargo under deck. Cargo
carried on deck is not allowed in General Average
except a deckload is customary in the particular
trade, and in tlie case of coasting vessels.
Goods which liave been jettisonod f«main ,tiie
property of their original owners, and can bt*
claimed by them on payment of salvage and ex-
penses if recovered. (Arnould, 4th ed., p. 770.)
Cargo carried in a deckhouse is, so iar as jcttisDu
is concerned, trctated as il on deck. (Dixou v.
Uoyal Exchange Shipping Co.) But the addition
in the policy oi the words " in and over all," or
some similar clause, sut&CM to render the under*
writers liable to pay for or contribotc to the loss
in the evoit oi the jetrison.
JETTISON
318
JONES
There are several exceptions to this liability —
«^.. goocb jettisoned because of their inherent
vice (Taylot v. Dunbar, L.K. 4 CI*. 206), or carried
in notoriously insecure places.
Jettison Clause. Sea Qausea.
Jettjr. A construction of wood or stone pro-
jecting into the sea, serving as a wharl (or landing
shipping or to protect a harbour.
Jemt-bloofc. Attachments to eye-botts on yards
where studding-sails arc hoisted to carry sucli sails
tu the extreme end of the yards.
Jew's harp.
anchor- ring.
A shackle joining caUe-chain to
Jib. A large tn&ngular sail extending from the
outer end of jibboom towards the tore top-mast
bead. This sail is o( great comniand with any
side wind, and useiul in turning head Ircward.
In cutters and sloops it is on the bowspnt, and
extends towards tlie lower mast-head.
nbboom. A ^>ar forming a continuation of Ae
bowsprit forward to extend the jibs. It is fitted
to the bowspnt by a cap and saddle, much as a
t(q>-mast is set on a lower mast, and, tike it, can
be reefed in or it can be topped up out ol Che way
in harbour.
Jib-stay. The stay on which the jib is scL
He/cr lu Stay.
Jib-topsoiL A light sail set on the topmost stay
of a fore-and-aft rigged vessel.
JiffCer. A small useful tackle with double and
single block, used to conhne cable when it is
heaved on board.
John. Emigrant vessel. Struck on the Man-
oacle Rocks. May I, 185$ : 200 lives lost.
John X>ory. The colour of a fish, from which it
derives its name.
John Ericsson. Swedish coast defence battleship
(1865). Partially moderoised in 1898. Displace-
ment, 1,500 tons. Of httle fighting value.
Jolmnie. A name given by whalers to a species of
penguin lound at the Kerguclcn Islands.
John Rntledge. Steamer from Liverpool to
New York. Collided with an ice-berg, October 20,
1856. and went down ; many hves lost.
Johnston Uda was founded by Messrs. W. M.
Johnstou and Co., Liverpool, for the purpose oi
trading in the Mediterranean, Black Sea, Danube,
and American trade, and maintain regular sailings
from Liverpool. London, and Antwerp. Their
fleet, comprising 30 steamera, contains some oi the
finest freight and live-stock carriers in existence.
Flsbt.
Arranmote.
Barnesmore.
Btairmon,
Cranmort.
Dromore.
Edenmore^
Frmmore,
FoyUmort,
Gorsemore.
liealhmore.
Groitfi tonnage.
Jtuemore.
Lachtmof*.
Oaktnofg.
Quemmore.
Ronfanmote.
Sagantore.
TfmpUmote.
Ulstermort.
Vedamore.
79.000.
len
I
Join. To become a member of a ship's compan;.
Joint Capton. See Actual Capture.
JoUy. The familiar name of a soldier wfaen
afloat.
Jolly-boat A clinker-built boat from 16 to io
long, used for the general miscellaneoua work
ship.
Jones, Sir Alfred Lewis, K.O.U.O.. cr. 1901. J.F.
Uon. Fellow of Jesus College, Oxford (b. Cattuu-
thenshire, iiJ45). Senior partner in the firm o)
Messrs. Elder, Dempster and Co. Educated Liver-
pool College. Cliatrm.in ol the Bri tish - .\f ncan
Steam NaxTgation Co.. Ltd.. Elder, I>empsttt
Shipping. Ltd., Imperial Direct West Indian
Service, and the Bank of British West Africa, Lt
President of the Liverpool Chamber of Con
president ol the Liverpool Ship Owners' Associati
Consul for Congo Fr«* State in Liverpool, and
founder of the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine
lie was decorated in recognition of services to
West .\frican Colonii-s. and to Jamaica.
Jones. Jolu Paul (1747-1792) (Ix Kirkcudbngbt.
Scotland). Went to sea at the age of 12 as as
apprentice, and during his voyaging visited Atnt^nca
several times. In 177J he settled in Virginia, aod
two years later, when the American war broke out
he obtained a commission in tlie American Xav
Cruising round ilie British coasts, 1777-78,
captured Uie Drake, and in the following yvar '
Serapis, which exploit raised his fame to its acn
In 1782 he joined the Frencli Navy, and
decorated by Louis XVI. with the Military Or
of Merit, and presented with a gold hilted 8«
He saw service with the Russian Navy, in which I
held the rank of rear-admiral, and was present i
the battle of Liman. He died in Paris. July ifl
179}. The actual burial place was unknown vntj
1905. when, afier a search extending over six yeasfcl
bis remains were diM:overed in St. Louis cemetery.
and were conveyed to the United States by a
squadron of the U.S. Na\*y, specially sent over lu
the purpose. See Sherbum's " Life of Paul Jones.*^
" Memoirs of Paul Joacs " (2 vols.. Edinba
1S30), Sand's " Life of Paul Jones " (1830).
Jones, W. and C. T., u-ith their head office io
Cardifi, have a fleet of 1 1 modem cargo stcainen^.
JORGE
3<9
JUNO
which trade to various parts of the world as inducC'
ment offers. All theae steamers were built at
South Shields by Messrs. John Rcadbead and Soiu.
and each have passenger acconinioHatioii for two
to four persons.
Fleet.
Afonmen. FredericM Knight.
Biodwm. GroeswtH.
CkatUi T. Jones. liaitlwcn.
Dtnvtn. llwcn.
Enidwen. Margatet Jotus.
Milhcent Knighl.
JoTgt. Argentine torpedo-boat. (Yarrow, 1890.)
Length, 150 ft. ; displacement, 85 tons; 3 tubes;
speed about 34 kts.
Josephine Willis. Packet ship. Lost in collision
with the screw steamer MangerSon in the Channel.
February 3, 1856 ; 70 Hvm lost.
JovJboy d'Abbaos. CUode Fraaoois, Marqab de
(1731-1832}. French inventor. Was the first to
produce a boat, the motive power of which was snp-
phed by steam. The hnt of liis invention was
datetl 1776. but it was not until 1783 that he pro-
duced a vessel propelled by paddles. He was.
bOA'cver. unsuccessful in floating his invention, and.
being unable to finance it himself, he was com-
pelled to give way to Fultun (g.v.), wliu pioduccd
his first steamlioat in iRoj.
Joanita. This vessel was uTccknl through col-
lision Willi the American vessel Joseph Ft\h.
March 16, iB6r ; many lives lost.
iodgfl Adrocate of the Fleet, The, is the chief
legal adviser of the Admiralty m matters connected
vritfa the administration of naval military law in
the Navy. His office includes that of Admiralty
Advocate iq-v.). Tlic Judge Advocate may be
appointed by the Admiralty to act at courts martial,
where he ad\ ises on questions of law and procedure,
summons witnesses, administers the oath to all
witnesses, and to every member of the Court, and
may examine or cross-examine, and finally delivers
the judgment of the Court. He must transmit to
tiie Commander-in-Chief or senior oflicer as soon as
possible either the original proceedings or a com-
plete and authenticated copy thereof, and the
origmal sentrncc of every court-martial attended by
him. In most courts -martial the duties of the
Judgr Advocate are performed by a deputy ap-
poinlrd by the Admiralty, the Coramandcr-in-
Chicl. or the President of the Court.
Jolei Vvrtf. French ist class cruiser. (Cher-
bourg, 1903.)
length 476ft. Beam 71ft. Mean draught 36ft.
Displacement 13,416 tons. Complement 7IU.
Guns. Atntour.
4 — 7'6 in., 45 cal. " Krupp."
16 — 6'4 in. 6} in. Belt amidships.
24—3 pdr. 8 in. Turrets.
8 in. Conning tower.
1 Torfiedo Tubes (177 in.).
2 Submerged.
3 Above water.
Three screws. Hp. 37,500^=32 kts. Coal maxi-
mum 2.100 tons. Approximate cost /t, 150,000.
Jules Uichelet Frcncb 1st class cruiser. {L*
Orient, 1905.)
Length sisft. Beam 72ft. Mean draught 37lt.
Displacement 13.644 tons. Complement 750.
Guns. A rmour.
4 — 7*6 in.. 4$ cal. '* Knipp."
13 — 6'4 in. 6{ in. Belt amidships.
24 — 3 pdr. 8 in. Turrets.
12 in. Conning tower.
Torpedo Tubes (177 in.).
3 Submerged.
2 Above water.
Three screws. Hp. 38,ooo=«23's kts. Coal
maximum 2,300 tons.
Approximate cost ^1,350,000.
Xoliana. East Indiaman. On December 36,
182 1, this vessel was lost on the Kentish Knock,
when 40 persons were drowned.
Julian Ordonei. Spanish torpedo-boat destroyer.
(Chiswick. 1S85.} Length. 1 17 ft; beam. 12 ft.;
draught, 6 ft. : displacement, 65 tons ; armament,
2 lin. Mord., 2 lubes ; Hp.. 660 = 20 kts.
Jompw. A short duck coat worn to preserve
the clothing.
Jump joint A term U3e<l when the plates of an
iron vi\s<if| are fluih.
Junior Aimy and Navy Club. F.stabHsh0d 1869.
Membership, 3,500. Entrance fee, 5 guineas;
annual subscription, 6 guineas. Address : to St.
James's Street, London. S.W.
Junior United Senrioe Club. Established 1S27.
Membership, 3 .000. Entrance fee. 40 guineas ;
annual subscripbon, 8 guineas. Address : St.
James's Square. Txtndon. S.W.
Junk. A vessel propelled by sail and used for
carrying cargo by the Chinese ; also name applied
to pieces of old cable used for making swabs, mats,
etc.
Jana British 2nd class cruiser. (Barrow, 1895.)
Length 364 ft. Beam S4ft. Nfaxtmum draught 23ft.
Di>iplacement 5.600 tons. Complement 450.
Guns. A rmour.
II — 6 in. "Harvey."
8 — 13 pdr. 2^ in. Deck.
I — 12 pdr., 8 cwt. 6 in. Conning tower.
7—3 pdr.
3 .Maxims.
Torpedo Tuhet {iH in.).
a Submerged.
1 Alxjvt! water stem.
Twin screw. Hp. natural 8,000=18*5 kts.,
forced 9,600 wi9'5 ^^ ^^^^^ maximum 1.076 ton.s.
[UPITER
320
KAISER
Joplter. British ist dsss battleship. (Ctyde-
bank, 1895.)
Length 413ft. Beam 7 5 It. Maximum draught 30ft.
Displacement 14.900 tons. Complement 757.
Gams. Armottr.
4—13 in.. 35 cal. " Harvey."
1 1—6 in. 9 in. Belt amidships.
16 — 13 pdr. 14 in. Barbettes,
12 — 3 pdr> I4 in. Conniag tower.
2 — 13 pdr. Boat guns.
2 Maxims.
Tovp^do Tuhex (18 in.).
4 Submerged.
I Above water .siern.
Twin screw. Hp. naturni 10,000= 16*5 kts.,
forced i2.noo— 1 7*5 kts. ConI ntaximuin ::,ooo
tons. Approximate cost £1 ,000.000.
Jorien dc Is Gravi^re. French ttit class cruiser.
(L'Orient. 1899)
l-ength 440ft. Beam- 48ft. Mean diaught 32ft.
Di&placcmeut 5,68$ loua. Coroptemcnt 511.
Guns. A rmouT.
8 — 6"4 in.. 45 cal. " Harvey-nickel."
10 — 3 pdr. 3 in. Deck.
6} in. Conning tower.
Torpcdii Tubes.
2 Above water.
Three screws. Hp. 17.000=23 kiis. Toal maxi-
mum 900 tons. Approximate cost ^76,000.
Jxay-taaai. A temporary substjttitc for a mast,
erected in a ship in the place ot one which has been
carried away in a gale, battle, etc.
Tary-codder, A temporary substitute for a
rudder.
Xniy-yard. A temporary substitulr for a yard.
Justice. French ist class f>attleship, (LaSeyne,
Length 453ft. Beam 70ft. Maximum draught 37ft.
Displacement 14,665 tons. Complement yg^.
Guns. Armour.
4 — 12 in.. 50 cal. " Krupp."
io^7'6 in. 1 1 in. Belt amidships.
8 — 4 in. 1 3 in. Main Turrets.
24 — 3 pdr. 13 in. Conning tower.
Torpedo Tubes (li>u4).
3 Submerged.
3 Above water.
Three screws. Hp. 18.000=18 ktjs. Coal maxi-
mum 1.850 tons. Approximate cost £1,425,000.
K. Distinguiithing letter on sea fishing boats
registered at Copenhagen, Denmark.
K. DiKtingui&hing letter on »ca fishing boats
registered at Kirkwall. Scotland.
Kabyle. French torpedo-boat. (LaSeyne, 1S91.)
Length. 144 ft. ; beam, 14^ ft. ; draught, y\ ft. ;
displacement, 128 tons; complcxzient. 27; ama-
mpnt, 3 3-pdr.. 2 tubes ; Hp., 1,100=31 Itls. : coal,
18 tons.
Kagero. Japanese torpedo-boat destio>*e[.
{Thomycrott. 1899.) Di^lacemeat, 375 tons
complement, 54; armament, i tapdr.. 5 6-pdr. ;
tulics, 2 ]8-Jn. ; Hp., 5,400=30 kts. ; coal. 81 tonsL
KagonL Russian cruiser. Black Sea. (Kico-
laiofl. IQO^.)
Length 436ft. Beam S4ft. Mean dratif^ht sofL
Displacement 6,750 tons. Complement 573. ,
Guns. A ftmouw.
13—6 in., 45 cal. " Compound.**
12 — \a pdr. 3 in. Deck.
6 — 3 pdr, 5 in. TunotJi.
3 Field guns. 5 in. Conning tower.
Torpedo Tubes (18 in.}.
2 Submerged.
2 Alxive wntrr bow and stem.
Twn screw. Hp. 19,500=23 kts. Coal
mum 1,100 tons.
Kaiman. Austro- Hungarian torpc<1o-boat. (Vu-
row. 1905.) length. 179 ft. ; beam. 18 ft. ; draught.
8) it.; displacement, 197 tons; complement. 15,
amiamrnt. 4 3-pdr., 3 tubes; Hp., 3,000 — 36 ku.
Kais«r Bazbuossa. German 1st class hattkshipi
(Schichau, t^oo.)
Length 384fL Beam 6<;ft. Maximum draught sjit
Displacement 1 1,150 tons. Complement 66u.
Gums. A f-mour.
4 — 9'4 in. " Krupp."
]8 — 6 in. ]i \n. Belt.
12 — I5i pdr. TO in. Darbfttus.
13 — [ pdr. 10 in. Turrets.
8 Machine. to in. Conning tower.
Totptido Tubes.
5 Submerged bow and broadside.
T Above water stem.
Three screws. Hp. 14,0003 18 kta. Coal maxi-
mum r, 500 tons. Approximate cost ^962,500.
Eaiser-FroDZ-JTosef. .Vustro-Hungarian crviM*
(1889).
Length 321ft. Beam 49ft. Mean draught 19ft
Displacement 4.060 tons. Complement 367.
Guns. A rmour,
2 — 9*4 in., 35 cal. " Steel."
6— -6 in. 3 in. Deck.
5 — 3 pdr. 4 in. Barbettes.
10 — I pdr. 4 in. Conning lowrr
Torpedo Tubes (i7"7 in.).
4 Above water.
Twin screw. Hp. natural 6,400= is kts., foncil
9,000= 19 kts. Coal maximum 600 tons.
KAISER
321
KAISER
KaiMT Jtkdrieh IIL German lat class battle-
ship. f^^^ilhcIInsha^•cn. i8g6.|
ngth 384ft. Beam 65(1. Maximum draught 2711.
^Di^lacement 11,150 tons. Complcineat 660.
(JtiMJ. A tmouf.
4 — 9'4 iA< " Knipp."
jS — 6 in. 13 in. Belt.
|2 — isJpdr. to in. Barbettes,
ij— 1 pdr. 10 in. Turrets.
8 Machioe. lo in. Conning tower.
Torfiedo TtUitt.
5 Submerged bow and broadsidt;.
1 Above water ateni.
Three screws. Hp. 14.000— iS lets. Coal mnxi-
mum 1,050 tons. Approximate cost ^962,500.
Kaiserin Aogustft. German protected cruiser.
{Krupp, 189J.)
Length 338ft. Beam 4gfL Maximum draught zfift.
Displacement fi.joo tons. Cnmplement 43A.
Gum. Armour.
12 — 6 in. ■' Kntpp.*'
8— I si pdr. ^J in. Deck.
R Machine.
Thrfvdo Tuhts.
I Submerged bow.
4 Above water broadside.
Three screws. Hp. is.oooezo'T^ kts. Coal
maximum goo tons.
Kaiserln-EUnbetb. .\ustro-Hungarian cruiser
(r«oo>. ^ ■
I.ength 521ft. Beam 49lt. Mean dnnght iQft.
Displacement 4,060 tons, romplemont 367.
Ouii.%. Armour.
2 — 9 '4 in., 35 cal. "Steel."
6—6 in. 2 in. Deck.
5 — 3 pdr. 4 in. Barbettes.
10 — I pdr. 4 in. Conning tower.
Totpido Tubts (ij'y in.).
4 Above water.
Twin screw. Hp. natural 6^00^18 kts., forced
9.000 = 19 kts. Coal maximum 600 tons.
KuMrin-and-Konigia-Karis-Tberesia. Ausuo-
Hungarian amwured cruiser. (San Rocco, 1893.)
Length 374ft. Beam jaft. Mean draught 31ft.
Displacement];. 200 tons. Complement 420.
Guns. Atmmtr.
3^-9*4 in,, 35 cal. " Steel.'"
6 — 6 in. 4 in. Belt amidships.
18 — 3 pdr. 4 in. Barbetfes.
2 Machine. 4 in. Bulkheads.
4 in. Conning tower.
Torpedo Ti^cs (177 in.).
4 Above water.
Twin screw. Hp. natural 5.8^0=17 kts., Jorced
9,ooD^ 19*3 kts. Coal maximum 740 tons.
KftlMT Karl VL .Austro-Hungarian armoured
cruiser. (San Rocco. 1898.)
Ix^ngtfa 367ft. Beam 56ft. Mean draught 22(1.
Displacement 6,335 tons. Complement 450.
GuH$. Atinour.
» — Q"4 in,, 40 cal. " Harrey- nickel."
8~6 in. 8 in. Bdt amidships.
18—3 pdr. S in. Barbettes.
3 Machmc guns. 3 in. Double caacmales.
Torpfdf* Ttibei (l7'7 in.].
3 Above water.
Twin screw. Hp, 13.000^=3 20 kts. Coal maxi-
mam 830 tons, Approxiniate cost /439.000.
Kaiser Karl der Grossa. German ist class battle-
ship. I'llloliin ami Voss, 1899,)
Length 58411. Beam 65ft. Maximum drati{;lit i7lL
Displacement 11,150 tons. Complement 660.
Gutis. A rmour.
4 — 9'4 in. '* Krupp."
iS-^ in. 12 in. Belt.
13 — 15^ pdr. 10 in. Barbettes.
13—1 pdr. 10 in. Turrets.
8 Machine. 10 in. Conning tOwer.
Torpedo Tub»s.
5 SubmergFfI bnw and broadside.
I Above watrr stern.
Three screws. Hp; 14,000^18 kts. Coal maxi-
mum i.i;oo tons.
Eaiserlicher Yacht Clnb. (Oct man Imperial
Yacht Club.) Es(abli.thed 1SK7. Commodore, H.M.
the German Emperor and King of Prussia ; Vice-
Commodore. fI.R.H. Prince Henry of Prusua ;
President, Hift Excellency Vice-Admiral von Aroim :
Honorary Treasurr-r, P. von Schtllcr-Buckhagen ;
Honorary Secnrtarj*. Captain C. f». Samow, Clnb
House, Kiel. Germany. Entrance fee. ino mark ;
annual subscription. 40 mark.
Kaiser Wilbelm II. German ist class battleship.
(Wilhelmshavcn, 1897.)
[.ength .iB4[t. Beam 6^ ft. Maximum ilracgfat 37ft,
Displacement 1 1 ,1 50 tons. Complement fyjo.
Guns. /irmonr.
4 — 9 '4 in. " Krupp."
18 — 6 in. 12 m. Belt.
13 — 15^ pdr. to in. BarbcttoA.
12 — I pdr. 10 in. Turrcla,
8 Machine. 10 m. Conning tower.
Toppado Tubes.
5 Submerged bow and broadside,
t Above water stem.
Three screws. Hp. 1 4,000 s: 18 kts. Coal maxi-
mum i.;oo tons. Approximate cost ^963,500.
Kaiser Wilbelm IL German subsidised merchant
ship (1902). Norddeutscher Lloy<) (f.p-). Dimen-
sions, 706 X 72 X 40 ft. : gross tonnage, 1 9.36 1 ; Hp. .
40,000 = 23 kts.
SaiMK Wiltaelm Canal. Kombtimeii called North
Soa and Baltic Canal, was constructed by the
German Government. It was commenced in June.
1887, and opened in June. 1895, and cost about
£8,000,000 (of which £2.550.000 was paid by
Russia). It begins nt the River Elbe, near Bmns-
biittel, and then, travursing the Kuden Lake.
M
KAISER
322
KAPITAN
passes south of Rendsburg and the lower Eider
into the harbour of Kiel Bay. U is 61 miles long,
with a bottom width of 72 ft., surface breadth.
2iq ft. ; depth. 29^ ix. The passage occupiea from
eight to 10 hours and the saving is 200 miles on
the Kattegat passage. It was mainly designed for
strategic reasons, the width and depth allowing
large ironclad.s to pass through the German terri-
tory' o£ HoIstfUi, from tlie Baltic to the North Sea,
without the dangers and delay of the long voj-age
round Jutland. In the Naval Budget of 190S it
was decided by Germany to spend ^^i i.i<;o.ooo for
the widening of this canal, so that it shall be
navigable for iS.ooo and 19,000 ton battleships and
cmisers.
KaiBer WilheUn dor Grosse. German ist class
balllt-ship. {Kfupp, iHiyt.)
Length 384ft. Beam 65ft. Maximum draught 37ft.
Displacement 11.150 tons. Complement 660.
Guns. A rmour.
4— 9'4 in. " Krupp."
18 — 6 in. 12 in. Belt.
13 — tsi pdr. 10 in. Barbettes.
II— I pdr. 10 in. Turrets.
6 Machine. lo in. Conning tower.
7o*pedo T%ibts.
5 Submerged bow and broadside.
I Above water stem.
Three screws. Hp. 14,000^18 kta. Coal maxi-
mum 1.500 ton<;. Approximate cost ;fq62.soo.
Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse. German subsidised
merchant ship (1891). Norddeutscher Uoyd {q.v-).
Dimensions, 648 x 65 X 39 It. ; gross tonnage,
14.349 : Hp., 28.000=22 lets.
Kale. British torpedo-boat destroyer. (Yar-
row. 1904.) Length. 222 ft. ; beam. 23^ it. ;
draught, 9) ft. ; displacement, 600 tons : complr-
ment, 73 ; armament, t t2-pdr., 5 6-pdr., 3 tubes :
twin screw ; Hp.. 7.500=25 kts. ; coal, 126 tons.
Kamone. Japanese torpedo -iKw-t. (Kure. 1904.)
Length, 147 ft. ; beam, ifS ft. ; draught, 8 ft. ;
displacement, 150 tons; complement, 26; arma*
ment. i 6-pdr.. 2 3-pdr., 2 tubes ; twin screw ;
Hp., 4,200^3 27 kts. : coflJ, 30 tons.
Kamsizi. A south-westerly wind which blows
ovcr^gypl in March and April, generally not more
than three successive days at a time. Its uamc
signifies a wind of 50 days, not as blowing for such
a period, but because it only occurs during §0 days
of March and April.
Kane, Tice-Admiral Henry Coey, C.B,, 1891
(b. 1S43). Entered Na\-y. iSi;S ; lieutenant. 1864 ;
commander, 1877 ; commander of Northumbsrland
when Channel Sfjuadron went to Egypt. 1882 ; com
manded landing party at the occupation of Ismalia :
commanded Canal Guard from Ismalia to Kantara :
took part in the night march of September 13, the
battle of Tcl-el- Kebir, and the advance of the troops
tc Zigazig ; coramander of AUxaHdr^, fiagship of
Admiral Sir B. Seymour ; promoted to captain
for services in Hgypl ; mentioned in despatches
(Egyptian medal. Khedive's Bronze Stax) ; member
of the Committee ft>r Revising the Gunnery Manual
of the Fleet. 1879 ; commanded Calliope at Api*.
Samoa, March 16 and 17, 1889, when through bis
pluck and seamanship he saved his vessel from
wreck in the terrible hurricane which caused the
total loss of four foreign men-of-war out of se«en,
the stranding of two others, and the loss of i %o livw.
The Ixirds of the Admiralty expressed tbenuelves
as follows :
" Captain Kane showed, in their lordships'
opinion, both nerve and decision in determining to
steam to nca in the teeth of a hnrricane. which
destroyed all the vessels which remalnod at the
anchorage he Ictt : and in convej/ing to him the
thanks of the Admiralty, my Lords desire to cxprra
their thorough approval of his skilful scainaiwhip,
and of the measures taken by him throughout to
secure the safety oi his ship. The conduct of all
concerned was highly commendable, and my
Lords are of opinion that great credit is dnc to the
ofiRcer commandng for the example he set. and the
confidence he instilled into those under his orden."
C.B. on Her Majesty's birthday, 1891 ; director
of Naval Ordnaace. 1894-97 ; rear-admiral. 1897:
captain's good service pension. 1^94.-^7 ; vice*
admiral, 1903.
Kangaroo. British torpedo-boat destroyer.
(Janow. iQ'Ji.) Length. 215 ft.; beam, io It.;
draught, 6J ft. ; displacement. 335 tons ; comple-
ment. 62 ; armament, t is-pdr., 5 6-pdr.. a tubes;
twin screw : Hp.. 6.500^30 kta.; coal. 91 tons.
Kansas. U.S. tst class battleship. fCamden,
(Qo«;.)
Length 4Soft. Beam 76ft. Maximum draught i/It
Displacement t6,ooo tons. Complemcut 916.
GMns. Avmouw.
4 — 12 io., 45 cal. " Krupp."
8 — 8 in. 9 In. Belt acnidships.
, 13 — 7 in. 10 in. Barbettes.
JO — 14 pdr. 12 in. Turrets-
12 — 3 pdr. 9 in. Conning tower.
14 Small q.f.
Torpedo Tvbes (21 in.).
4 Submerged.
Twin screw, Hp. 16.500= 18 kts. Coal vDaja-
mnm 2,350 tons, .approximate cost ^1.500.000.
Kapella. Swedish torpedo-boat. (Karlakran.
1903.} Length, 128 ft. ; beam. 15^ it, ; draught,
7 ft. ; displacement, 93 tons ; complement, ti :
armament, 2 I '5 q.f., 2 tubes; Hp., (.250=23 kts.;
coal. 17 tons.
Kapitan-JurosaowBky. Russian torpedo-boat d^
stroyer {:9o6). Length. 185 ft.; beam. 21 It.
draught, 7) ft. : displacement, 334 tons ; compk-
ment, 60 ; armament, J 12-pdr., 5 3-pdr.. z tntm:
twin'screw : Hp., ?,6oo=26 kts. ; coal, iix> tons.
KAPITAN
323
KATORl
*ri|ri^*w Tiiwlwuiil Ktwnkf* Rossiui toqKdo
guu-boat. Black Ses (i8<^).
L«t)gth 190ft. Beam 34ft. Maximum draught 9ft.
Displacement 411 tons. Complement 61.
Cu$u.
6— 3pdr.
3—1 pdr.
Torpedo Tubes.
3 Above water.
Twin screw. Hp. 3,400 — 21 kts. Coal maxi-
mum 90 tons.
Kapitan Saken. Kussian torpedo gun-boat.
Black Sea t'J*-»y)-
Length aiolt. Ueam 24lt. Maximum draught itft.
Oisi^acement 600 toos. Complement iso.
Guns. Arm-aur.
4 — i P'^''* I *^ Deck amidnhipa.
X — 1 pdr.
4 Machme.
Torpedo Tub<s.
4 Above water.
Twin screw. Hp. 3,4oow itt'j kts.
Kaponla. Emigrant ship of Australia, foundered
alter a:>Ilision with Ada Melmore, oft Brazil, March
39.1887; 398 lives lost.
Karl. Japanese torpedo-boat. (Kure, 1903.]
lxnf[th, 147 ft- : beam, 16 ft. ; draught, 8 (t. ;
liisplacempnt. 150 tons; complement. 26; arma-
ment. I 6-pdr.. 2 3-pdT., 2 tabes ; twin screw ; Hp.,
4.300=37 kts. ; coaJ, 30 tons.
gi. Japanese armoured cruiser. (Cramp's,
1893.1
Length 405ft. Beam 48ft. Maximum draught 35ft.
Dl^lacement 4,760 tons. Complement 405.
Guns. Artnow.
3 — 8 in. " Steel."
to — 4'7 in. 4^ m. Deck.
11 — 13 pdr.
6 — 3 1 pdr.
Torpedo Tubei.
4 Above water.
Twin screw. Hp. i5.ooo«~33'5 kts. Coal maxi-
nnim 1 .000 tons.
KftMUMti* Ku£sian torpedo-boat destroyer. (Yar-
row. I go6.) Displacement, ;o8 toos ; draught, 8 IL ;
complement, 75 . armamcot, 2 12-pdr., 5 6-p<ir.(
3 tubes ; Hp.. 3,juu=26 ku.
Kuangi. Japanese torpedo-boat (Normand.
1S99.} Length. 147 ft. ; beam, 16 ft. ; draught, 8 ft.;
displacement. 150 tons; complement. 2O; arma-
metit, t 6-pdr,, 3 3-p(3r., 3 tubes; twin screw;
Hp., 4.joo=3okts. ; coal. 30 tons.
yaihima. Japanese 1st class battleship. (Els-
wick, t90S')
Length 4SS^t- Beam 7Sft. Mean draught 77ft.
Displacement 16,400 tons.
Guns. Armour.
4 — 13 in., 45 cal. " Kmpp."
4—10 in., 45 caL 9 in. Belt amidships.
13 — 6 in. g in. Turrets.
3 — 3 pdr. 9 in. Conning tower.
13 — 13 pdr.
6 Pompoms.
Torpedo Tubes (18 in.).
5 Submerged.
Twin screw. Hp. 16.000= 18*5 kts. Coal maxi-
mum 3.000 tons.
Kassatka. Russian submarine (1905). Speed,
9 kts.
Kasaga Japanese armoured cruisiv, (Sestri
Poncntc. 1902.) Purchased from Argentina.
Length 357ft. Beam 61ft Maximum draught 25ft.
Displacement 7,700 tons. Complement 535.
Guns. Arntour,
t — 10 in.. 4S cal. " Temi."
2 — S in. 6 in. Belt umidsbipBi.
14— € in. 5 in. Turrets,
ID — 12 pdr. 5 in. Conning tower,
2 Maxims.
3 Field guns.
Torpedo Tubes.
4 Above water.
Twin screw. Hp. 13,500 = 20 kts. Coal maxi-
mum I. too tons. Approximate cost ^760,000.
^Tnwim*. Japanese torpedo-boat destroyer. (Yar-
row, 1901.) Displacement. 306 tons; complement,
55 ; maximum draught. 8^ ft. ; armament, i i3-pdr.,
5 6-pdr.: tubes. 2 18-in. : Hp.. 6.000=31 kis. :
coal, 95 tomi.
KaU A wooden vessel in use on the northern
coast of Great Britain.
Kata. Russian submarine (1906). Length, soft. ;
beam, 14 ft,; displacement, 120 tons; speed,
tu kts.
Katahdin. U.S. ram. (Bath. 1896.)
I.eogth 250ft. Beam 43ift.
Complement 97-
CuHi. Armour.
4 — 6 pdr. " Harvey steel."
6 in. Belt amidships.
t8 in. Bulkheads.
Hp. 5,014^ 16 kts. Coal 700 tons.
KatorL Japanese ist class battleship. (Vickers,
1905.)
Length 4S5ft. Beam 78ft. Mean draught 2;ft.
IMsplacement 16,400 tons.
Gimi. A rmoitr.
4 — 13 in.. 45 cal. " Knipp."
4 — to in.. 45 cal. 9 in. Belt amidBhips.
21 — 6 in. 9 in. Turrets.
13 — 13 pdr. 9 in. Conning tower.
3— 3 pdr-
6 PompoBUt.
u 2
KATSURAKI
324
KELVIN
Totpedo Tubes {18 in.].
5 SubmcrgMl.
Twin screw. Speed 185 ku. Coal maximum
3,000 tons.
Katsaraki. Japanese cruiser. (Yokoauka. 1887.)
Length. 20O It. ; beam, 36 ft. ; draught, is ft. ;
displacement, 1.476 tons ; complement, 243 ; arma-
ment, 3 b-in. 5 4*7 in.. 2 Maxims. 3 tubes : Hp..
1.600= 13 kts.
Kauri Pine. ( Dammara ustralis.) The most
valuable tree of New Zealand, growing only in tbo
northern island. It attains a hcif^ht of from
130 to 170 (I., and a diameter ot from 5 to 12 ft.
It lias a straighi-giained wood, and is unrivalled
for making tfhip masts, deck boards, etc.
Kayak. -^ long, n»rrow-dccki-d skin chiioc- u;a-d
by I^skimos. The average measureinwit vf :
Length. 17] ft. ; breadth, s It. : girth. 4 It. 8 in.,
vnxh a weight of about 60 lbs. The western
I-^skimos give the name of Bidarka to the boats of
this description used by them.
Kazarsky. Kussian torpedo gun-boaL <£lbing,
1S9U.} Length. 190 ft. ; beam, 24 ft. ; draught,
S^ ft. ; dinplacement. 400 tons ; complement. 60 :
armament, 9 18 in., 3 tabes: Hp., 3,500^33 kts.;
coal, QO tons.
K.B, Distinguishing letters on sea fishing boatA
registered at Krabbcadijkc, Holland.
KJ>. Distinguishing letters on sea fishing txKits
registered at Kattcndijke, Holland.
K.£. Distinguishmg letters on sea fishing boats
rcgistL-i'L-d at Kcrkwcrve, Holland.
Eearsage. I'S. 1st class battleship. (Newport
News, 1898.)
Length 376(1. Beam 72ft. Mean ttraught ajft.
Displacement 11.500 tons. Complement 520.
GuHS. Atmout.
4—13 in. " Harvey-uicUcl.'"
4 — 8 in. 10 in. BcJt amidships.
14 — 5 in. 15 in. Turrt-ts,
30— 6 pdr. 10 in. Connmg tower.
4—1 pdr.
4 Colts.
2 Field guns (3 m.}.
Torpedo 3'ubes (i8 in.).
4 Above water.
Twin screw. Hp. io,coo=> 16 kts. Coal maxi-
nmm t,3io tuns. Approximate cost £900.000,
Keokle. An old rope round a hemp cable to
piutcct il Irom chafing.
Kedge. See Kcdgc anchor.
Kedgd anchor. A small anchor used to keep a
slup stcadj' and dear of her bo%v anchor while she
rides in harbour, particularly at the turn of the
tide. A kudge anchor is also used to warp a ship
from one part of a harbour to another.
KodRuiK* The operation of tide work in a najTog_
channel or river by kedge haallng.
KmL The lowest and principal timber of a sfufT
running its whole length fore and-aft supporriii^
the frame.
aogemOU I
Keeler. One who assists in the man
of boats or barges.
Keelhauling. A severe punishment formedr
infiicied lor various oflenccs, especiaUy in the
Dutch Nai.-y. The culprit was suspendecl by ^
rope attached to bis back from one four -yard -arm,
with a weight upon his tegs, and having anotha
rope fastened to him leadmg under the ship's
bottom and through a block at its opposite yaid-
arm. He was then let fall into the sea, what,
piis^ing under the ship's bottom, he was boistsd
up on the opposite* side of the vessel to the othtf
yard-arm.
Keeling. -V large codfish ; applinj to a vessel
rollmg on her keel.
KeelsoD.
keel.
An tuLerna) kcui of wood oq top ol
Keep away. St«r away from the ^vind.
Keep hei falL Iiutruciions to the helmAmen to
keep all saiU dran'ing.
Keep to the wind. S^e Keep your lufl.
Keep your lufl. An onler to the helmsmoi
keep the ship close to the wind.
KelaL Kussian submanne ( 1 905 }.
77 ft. ; displacement, 175 tons ; speed, 7 kts.
KdUt. llie still ports of a river having t
smoothness, while the rest of the water is rufBfd.
Kellagh. A name applied to a grapucJ or miB
anchor.
Kelp. The ashes produced by the combu^tioo of
various matioe ulga:, lAsvtl in obtaining iodme
wxia, etc.
Kelpie. The name of an evil spirit said to hautti
ferries at night, especially in storms.
Kelt«r. Well-nggt-d ships.
Kelvin. William Thoauoo, Baroa Ktlvia <d
Laigi, 1824 IQ07 (b. IJelfast). Educated Glaj^ju*.
and at the age ot 21 graduated from PeterhoMe.
Cambridge, as Second Wrangler and first Smitii^
Prizeman. Hiit ciucccss immediately earned him •
fellowship ol his college, and in Uie toUowing ycir
after spending a short time in Regnault's L-T^^^i-i
tory in Paris, he relumed to succeed Dr. Mntlr
ham in the Chair of Natural Philosophy at Gla^o«
The rest of Lord Kelvin's life is chiefly a recoid o>
strenuous and successful scientific work, whxi
obtained early recognition.
.\mong his inventions, first place most be gim
to navigational apparatus, and the sailor ]ias l»
thank Lord Kelvm for several valuable inventi^
in connection with the art of navigation. The
K
KELVIN
325
KENNEBECCASIS
most Importuit of these is the iimprovement of the
manner?' compass. He saw that a steady compass
was to be obtaiDed an the same priuciplc as a
•teftdy ship ; that to secure accuntc indications
fractional error mu^^t be reduced as much us
•ibie ; that a large magnetic moment tended to
unsteadiness at sea, and also rendered dtflicult the
correction of the quadrantal error. He employed
a short needle oi small magnetic moment, directive
force being gained by delicacy of adjustment, and
this admitted the compass error in iron ships
being rectified without the use ol inconveniently
large magnets and masses of iron. His compass is
coQstmcted having a card some 17 Utnes tighter
than that of the old pattern, and admitting of a
complete correctioQ of the quadrantal error by
Airy's method. He also invented improved
methods ot suspension to prevent disturbances by
shock or vibration, and deviaed a procedure for
correcting the compass error without sights of
heavenly bodies by the compass marks on shore.
His instrument is now adopted on all well-lound
ships of the merchant mannc : and in the Navy is
the service compass for all vessels except boats,
torpedo-boats, and torpedo-boat destT0>*erK.
For deep sea surveying be invented an appliance
that has proved ol great value to sailors. His
»ounding machine consists essentially of many
fathoms of galvanised pianoforte wire wound on a
<lrum provided with a suitable brake. Willi this
machine soundings can be taken every quarter of
an hour if desired with ease and accuracy, in any
depth up to 100 fathoms, from ships going at any
ordinary speed, without btopping or rouoding-to.
It was 10 connection with submarine telegraphy
that some of bis moat valuable mventions were
produced. In spite of the fact that so distin-
guished a man o^ the late Sir George Airy declared
that not only was it a mechanical impossibihty to
lay a cable across the Atlantic, but that, even if
th« feat were accomphsbed, no electric signalUng
could be carried on, Lord Kelvin was a hrm believer
in the practicability of trans-oceanic tdegraphy.
He became a director of the Atlantic Telegraph
Co., and took au active and personal part in the
operations which culminated in the succc-ssful
Laying of the sliort-livcd cable ol tSsS. He in-
vented the mirror galvanometer lor the rccci%'ing
oi messages, and laU-x. in 1867. made an immense
improvement in receiving apparatus by inventing
tbc siphon rocorder, which is not only more speedy
tikan the mirror instrument, but has the additional
advantage of giving a permanent record of the
roewage in ink.
Some of his finest work is to be found in the
dectric measuring instruments, a subject in which
bis knowledge and authunty wtrrc unrivalled.
The need for accurate imttruments In his studies
on atuiosphc-ric etcctriuty caused hnn to take up
the matter, and in his quadrant, portable, and
aboolute electroroctcrs he ttas produced tor the use
of electricians tiiree beaatiiul instruments of ex«ct
research.
As an inventor he had notlung in common with
that frequent class of patentees who are brimming
over with ideas, crude, almost wnrllilesa. and only
in occasional instances capable of ly-'ing worked
up into something valuable. Invention with him
was a rcasonrd process leading (o a definitely
conceived end. Ol the scores of patents he took
out few have not been found to be of pracLcablc
and commercial value.
The Royal Society made him onp ol their number
in 1851. and. after conferrinR on him sncccwivwty
a Royal and a Copley medal, accorded him tn
1890 the highrst hononr at their disposal by
choosing him to be their president. He received
many honorary degrees, among them being O.CL.
(Oxford). ia,.D. (Cambridge. Dublin, and Edin-
burgh, together with many foreign academical dis*
tinctions. He was knighted in 1886 for the pro
minent part he took in the laying of lite Atlantic
cable, and in 1892 was created a peer. He received
the Order of Merit on its Institution in tnas.
He resigned his Glasgow jirufL'ssorsliip after
5j years' service in 1899, and in 1904 was unani-
mously chosen Chancellor in succesaion to the
Earl of Stair. He was a director of several manu-
facturing companies, and his name formed part of
the stj'le of the Gta-sgow firm which manufactures
his compass and measuring iiistruiucnta. Hr was
president ol the Inrtitution of Elwtrical Engineers
for 1907, though he did not live to deliver his
inaugural address.
Publications ; Some idea may be obtained of the
amouttt of hi* scientific work from the fact that.
according to the Royal Society's catatc^tie of
scientific papers down to the year 1S83, he bad
ptihlishc«l 26a memoirs under his name, not in-
cluding paiiera published jointly with other men.
In conjunction with Professor Tate he wrote " A
Treatise on Natural Philosophy." which long ago
became a standard text-book. Was author ot the
articles on *' Heat "' and " Elasticity " in the
" Encyclopedia Britaonica."
Kempenlelt, Biehard [1718-82]. Bntish rear-
admiral. In 1781 he distinguijihed himself in
attacking a French convoy escorted by a powerful
fleet, which he completely routed, and capttired
several oi the merchant ships. In 17S2 when the
Royal George capsized ofi Spithead, he was on
board, and perished. He wa<t the inventor of a
system of signalUng which, on being improved by
Lord Howe, was adopted by the Admiralty.
Kemstock. An olisolote term (or capstan.
Kenmoie Castle. Castle Line steamer. Wrecked
in the B;iy of Biscay, February I, 1883 ; 30 lives
lost.
Keoneheecuii Taoht Club. Royil. Sm Royal
Kennebeccasis Yacht Club.
Xeniudjr, Alennder BUckie WUUun, LUDi.
FJl.8. (b. Stepney, March 17, 1847). Prolcseor of
Enginctring, University College, London. Received
preliminary education City ol Lomion ScUool and
Ruyal College of Mines under Professor Willis and
Dr. Perc)'. Served apprenticeship on the Thames
to Messrs. J. and \\\ Dudgfxia. and wlien only
ai was appointed leading draiightaman in tlic
engineering works of Mcs&r^. Palmer's, J arrow.
In 1871 he joined tlie linn of Met-srs. T. M, Tennant
and Co.. oi Leith, as chief draughtsman, and in
1874 was appointed Professor of Ivngineering. at
University College, London, holding this chair
(which he resigned in iSBo] lor 15 yearn. In 1890
he was closely connected in his work as a con-
sulting engintHT with tht* devt-iopment of trlcctrical
engineering in this counlr>'. 1 It: sclicracd the whole
system and works of the Westminster Klectric
Sapply Corporation, and hait designed and carried
otit electric lighting nm) |>oweT Btatiaus in Gla^igow.
Edinburgh, Aberdeen, Sunderland. Carlisle. Chester.
York. West Hartlepool. Grimsby. Kirkcaldy.
Kothcrham. Darlington. Croydon, and Manchester.
On the death of the late Mr. Grenthead, he ttccame
joint engineer for the Waterloo and City Railway,
the second tube railway opened in London. As con-
sulting electrical engineer to the Great Western Rail-
way he prepari-d the plans for tlic work of electri-
fication of Uie Great Western, Hammersmith and
City Railways. In 1900 he was apjxiinted by Lord
Goxchen a meniber of the Belle^lle Boiler Com-
mittee, and. m conjunction witli the other members,
carried out the trials on the HyaiitUh and Minerva
which finally settled tht- question of the Belleville
Boiler. The commiltet: have since carried out
similar trials on the Sheld*ake. Seaguil. Espiegle.
Fantome, Medea, and Medusa {which they have
TcboUeredl, and also on the Hemes. \Micn the
Boiler Committee's work was hnishcd he was ap-
pointed President of the Admiralty Comiuitiec on
Machinery Design. Wlien chainnnn ol the Marine
Engine Research Committrc he strongly advocated
the necessity of carrying out complete engine and
boiler tria].s at .sea. separating the lioiler results
from those of the engines, and eventtially suc-
ceeded in obtaining permission to cany- out such
trials 00 three steamers and de^se the nccessarj"
apparatus. At that time this meiliod of making
trials was .scornfully received, but it is now univer-
sally recognised as a proper method, and has been
adopted in the* Royal Navy, and later by the
Boilrr Committee of the Admiralty. Member
Int>litution of Civil Engineers, past-president Insti-
tution of Mechanical Engineers, and has also been
made honorary life member of it. BccsAne a
member of the Council of the Institution of Civil
Engineers, 1893. and is now the senior president.
He is also a member of the Institutions of Naval
Architects, Electrical Engineers, and the Physical
Society of London, cto.
Publications : In 1876 bo translated " Reuleaux's
Theoretische KJnematih." under the titU ol
" ICinematics of Machinery " ; in t886 " Me^utuci
of Machinery " ; numerous papcxs published m the
transactions of the leadmg tecluiical «wjcietie» et
Great Britaia.
Kennedy, Admiral Sir WiIUaiq Bobert. K.OJ,
cr. 1897 (b. 1838}. Educated Cheam. Dr. Maldco's
Brighton. Entered Navy, 1851 ; licutc-uant. 1557:
served in Uodney during Crimean war ; present ai
bombardment of Sebastopol, and served in Kaiil
Brigade ; present in Sph\nx at bombardmt^nt 9
Kinburn (Crimean and Turkish medals, Sc>
clasp) ; scrx'ed China, 1856-59 : at Fatshan
storming of Canton and capture of Pctho font
(China medal. Fatshan and Canton clasps] ; fira
lieutenant of Wasp on Mozambique Station; rt-
ceivcd Royal Humane Society's silver mctlal te
saving the life of John Sier, A.B.. who had laQa
overboard from H.M.S. Wasf> at sea ; flag-lieutcmiil
to the Buard of Admiralty at the naval review ok
the, occasion of the Sultan's visit to England;
commander, 1867 ; commanded Vestal on SvA
American Station ; Reindeer on Pacific Covt,
1871-74; captain, 1H74 : received promotion lot
services rendered during the revolutions in Pen
and Mexico ; received approval of the Adnmaltf
and Foreign Office ; received thanks of the Gcrmis
Government for saWng the Uves of the captain and
crew of the German l»arq«c Anita; comiDisstonfti
the Druid for special services on NcwfouodUod
lisberies. 1B79-81 ; senior officer south-east cooft
of America, 1885-S8 : rear-admiral. tSSo; cdb-
mander-in -Chief, East Indian Station, 1893-9; .
Commander-in-Chief at the Nore. 1901-02 ; K.CIL
June 22, 1897. on the commemoration o( Ha
Majesty's Diamond Jubilee.
Publications : " Sporting Sketches in Smttk
.America "* (1892). " Sixirling Adventures in tin
Pacific," " Sport travel in Xcwfoiindland." " !!«•
rah for the Life of a Sailor," " Sport in the Navi
and Naval Yonis " (1902).
Kennedy. Captain. Set Arctic Exploration.
Kennery Island Ligbt, situated at Uic cntxaaa
of Bombay Harbour, established i!^04j ts a tiW'
flash tight every 10 seconds ; duration o^
one-fifth second ; candle-power, 250,000 niavi.',
burner, mantle 70 mm. diameter; Uluminanl. ifr
candescent petroleum vapour.
Kennet. British torpedo-boat destroyeir. ifls»
wick, 1904.) Length, asa ft. ; beam, aj (t.
draught, 9} It. ; displacement, 640 tons ; compir
mcnt. 70; armament, i 12-pdi.. 5 6-pdr., 2 tubff:
twin screw ; Hp., 7,500=25 kts. ; coa], ge tooa.
Eennets. Laige cleats.
Kent. British tst class cruiser. {Porc&mo«tt-
1901.)
Length 440ft. Beam 66ft. Mean dra.ught tjn.
Displacemeot g^oo tons. Complement Oj&-
KENTISH
327
KEY
Guns. Armovr.
14-— 6 in.. 45 cat. '* Krapp."
8 — 12 pdr. 4 in. Belt amidahips.
2 — 13 pdr.. 8 cwt 5 in. Barbettes.
3 — 3 pdr. 10 in. Conning tower.
8 Pompoms.
Totpedo Tubes (i3 in.).
1 Submergud.
Twiu screw. Hp. 31,000= ^j kts. Coal maxi-
mum 1.600 toos. Approxiiiinte cost ^775.000.
This ship-name is as-=^ociatcd with the battle off
Lowestoft. 1665 ; St James's fight. 1666 ; Barflcur
and La Hogue, 1693 ; Vigo Bay, 1703 ; capture of
the Superhe, 1710: battle of Cape Passaro. 1718;
siege of Gibraltar, 1737; capture of the Princess,
1740 ; Hawke's victory oS Usbant. 1747 ; capture
of Calcutta, 1757.
Kentish Knock. Battle of, was fought off the
North Foreiand on September j8. 1652, between
two Dutch fleets under De Witt and De Kuyler,
and tlie English fleets under Blake and F^uin.
The Dutch were defeated.
Kentledge, F4gs of iron for permanent ballast.
Kentacky. U.S. ist class battleship. (Newport
News. 1898.)
Length 376ft. Beam 72ft. Mean draught 23ft
Displacement 11.500 tons. Complement 520.
Gmni. Armour.
4 — 1% in. " Harvey-nickel."
4 — 8 in. 16 in. Belt amidships.
14 — 5 in. tj in. Turrets.
30 — 6 pdr. 10 in. Conning tower.
4—1 pdr.
4 Colts.
3 Field guns (3 in.).
Torpedo Tubes (iB in.).
4 Above water.
Twin screw. Hp. 10.500=16 kts. Coal maxi-
mozn i.ato tons. Approximate cost £4>oo,ooo.
)C*VP«L Aagtutns ViMoaiit (1725-86). English
■dmiial. Wru in rcnimand of the Valiani at the
battle of Qiiiberon Bay. 1759. In 1778 an action
was fought off Brest in which, as cummandcr, his
action was criticised by Sir Hugh Falliscr, his
second-in-command, and caused somewhat of a
scandal. Botli officers, however, were acquitted
at the court-martial. In 1787 he was raised to
the peerage and made First Lord of the .\dmiralt>'.
Keppel Hoti. Sir Henrr (1809-1904). Admiral of
the Fleet, i3;$ ; greatly distinguished himself in
the China war, 1841-42, and in the Straits Settle*
ments. 1844 : was present at Fatshan Creek. 1657,
where he commanded the naval forces, receiving
C.C.B. for distinguished service : commanded the
Naval Brigade in Crimean war: from 18^7-70 he
iras in command on the China Station.
Publicatiooa : "Voyage of the Miranda." "A
Sailor's Life under Foor Sovereigns." " Expeditioa
to Borneo " (1846), " A Visit to the Indian Archi-
pelago •' {iftS3).
KarL The slit or channel made hy a saw in
dividing tiinbera.
Kergaelen. Yves J. 5<ii! Antarctic Exploration.
Kerr, Admiral of the Fleet Lord Walter Talbot.
G.CBm cr. 190S. K.C.B., cr 1S96 (b. ScoUand.
September 28, 1S39). Educated Radley College.
Entered Navy, 1853. and scr\'ed as naval cadet in
Neptune and CnmwaUis in the Baltic expedition,
1854-55 (Baltic modal): as mid. of the Shantum.
Naval Brigade, he served through the Indian
Mutiny, and was present at the siege and capture
of Lucknow (Indian medal. Relief of Lucknow and
Lucknow clasp) ; promoted captain, 1873 ; pri\'ate
secretary to the First Lord of the Admiralty,
1885-89; A.D.C to tlie Queen. 1887; promoted
rear-admiral, 1889, and was Sccond-in-Comraand,
Mcditerraaean S^juadron. 1S9Q-9Z : Junior Sea Lord
of the Admiralty. tA^j, and Second Ix>rd of the
Admiralty. 1894-95 ; commanded the Channel Fleet,
1S95-97 ; Senior Naval Ixird of the Admiralty,
1899 1904 ; promoted admiral, igoo : decorated
G.C.B., 1902. and promoted Admiral of the Fleet
in recognition of hU distinguished services in 1904.
KersAint French gun-boat (Kochefort. i^ijli.)
Length, 226 ft. ; beam, 34^ ft. ; draught, 15 /t :
displacement, 1.223 tons : complement, no :
armament, i 5*5 in.. 5 3-9 in.. 7 r4 in.; Hp..
2 200= 15 kts. ; coat. 200 tons.
Kersey. A coarse-ribbed cloth made of wool,
with an oil fini<ih, which is oscd by seamen.
Kenel. See Carvel.
KettreL British torpcdo-lmal destroyer. (Qyde-
bank. 1901,) Lcngtli. 218 ft. ; beam, so (t. ;
draught, 5| ft.: displacement, 300 tons; comple-
ment. 60; armament, i 12-pdr.. 5 6-pdr., 2 lubes;
twm screw ; Hp., 6,000-= 30 kts. ; coal. 80 tons.
Ketch. Small sailing vessels equipped with two
m.ists— ci'j,. main and mizzcn masts.
Kettle bottom. Applied to a ship with a Hat
floor.
Kevels. I^rgc cleats
Key. See Quay.
Key. A term specially used in the West Indies.
indicating ^mall insular spots with scant vegetation,
and often applied to small coral shoals.
Key. Sir Aitiey Cooper (i33i-«8). English ad-
miral (b. London). Entered the Navy, 1833. and
distinguished himself on the Soutli American
Station. 1844-46, in the Baltic during tlie Crimean
war. 1855. and China, 1857. for which he received
a C.B. ; served Calcutta during the Mutiny. 1857 ;
in i860 he was appointed a member of the Royal
Commission on National Defence, and in 1863
captain of H.M.S. Excellent and snperintcndent of
the Royal Naval College ; betwe«a 1869 and 187a
K.H.
328
KING
he held the office of Superinteiidcut Portsmouth
Dockyard. Superintendent Malta Dockyard, and
Sccoad-in -Command in Mediterraneaii ; in 1872 he
was appointed president of the RoyaJ Naval
College nt Greenwich, which wa.<i orgaiiisnl by him ;
in 1873 he was decorated K.C.B. and made a ■vice-
admiral : in 1878 he became admiral, and was a
X-ord ot the Admiralty from 1879-85.
K.H. Oistinguiiihing letters on sea fishing boats
regi.itFrfd at Kolhctm (BarHingerhorn), Holland.
Khamsiii. Hot. dry uind of Egypt, supposed to
last for 50 days at a time.
Khedivial ttaU Line, with their head ofTice at
Alexandria, have a flr'.-t of 13 steamers under mail
contract with the Turkish. Greek, and Egyptian
Ccn-ernments. A service is maintained every
Wednesday from Alexandria for Pu"a?us, Smyrna,
Mitylcnc, and ConstantinoiJlc*. returning on Satur-
riaj-s ; a service cvrrj' Saturday from Alexandria
for Port Said, JafTa. CaJRa, Beyrout. Tripoli.
Messina, and Alcxandretta. returning every Wed-
ne^rlay ; a service from Suez every Wednesday for
Suakim and Pt. Sudan ; one every Monday for
Jedda. Suakim. Massowah, Hodeidah, and Aden.
Fleet.
.'Assouan. Ismaitia. Mtnteieh.
Dakahlien. Kanth. Minieh.
El Kahira. Kosseit. Prince Abbas.
Fayoum. Afahallah. Hahmanifh.
Mariout.
Kbedivial Tacbt Club. K.^tablisbed 190:2. Patron,
H.H. the Khedive of Egypt ; Commodore. H.H.
Prince Aziz Pacha Hassan ; Vice-Commodore, Rear-
Admiral Sir Richard Massie Blomfield ; Honorary
Treasurer and Secretary, A. Ciralton, Port Office,
Arsenal, Alexandria, Egypt. Entrance fe«, ^3 :
annual subscription, £2.
Khivlneti. Russian gun-boat. (St. Petersburg,
1904,) length. 230 ft. ; beam, j6 ft. ; draught,
lo) ft.: dt.HplQcement. 1.340 tons; complement,
300 ; armament, 2 8-in.. 8 }-tn.. 4 Maxims ; Hp.,
:,4oo= 13 kts.
Kbiabry. Russian gun-boat (1895}.
Length 223ft. Beam 41ft. Maximum draught t4ft.
Displacement 1.500 tons. Complement 135.
Gunt. A fm<mt.
2—8 in. •* Har\cy."
I— 6 in. 5 in. Belt.
10 Small q.f. 3J in. Bulkheads.
Torpedo TuJ>es.
I Alwvc water bow.
Twin screw. Hp, forced 2.640*= 16 kts. Coal.
maximiim 1 30 ton.s.
Kid. A compartment in small vessels where the
catch is thrown.
Kiel and Konior lint was established in 1880,
and maiutains a daJy service to and from Konsor
in connection with trains to and from Hamburg,
and from and to Copenhagen, and froin there in
connection wnth trains to Malmo, Stockholm, Fin-
land. Helsingborg, Gothenburg, Christiania : « ser-
vice to Sonderburg every Wednesday. Friday. «nd
Sunday in suuimnr, and every Tuesday. Thursday,
and Saturday in winter ; to Kappda every day i>
summer, and every Tuesday. Thursday, and Satur-
day in winter ; a service to lleiligcnhafen. Fehmam,
Dahmc. Kellenhusen. Gromitz. Travcsnfinde. and
I.ubcck.
Kien Nang. Chinese torpedo gun-boat (1901).
Displacement 871 tons.
Guns.
I — 4 in.
3— 9pdr.
6 — 1 pdr.
Armour.
I in. Belt aiutdsbips.
I in. Deck Amidships.
Torpedo Tuhes.
2 Above water.
Twin screw. Hp. 7,000=23 )cts.
Kien-Wei. Chinese torpedo gan-boat (1901].
Displacement 871 tons.
GuHs. Armour.
I — 4 ill. 1 in. Bell amidships.
3—9 pdr, I in. Deck amidships.
6 — I pdr.
Torpedo Tubes.
1 Above water.
Twin screw. Hp. 7,000=333 kts.
Eigyt). .\ustro- Hungarian torpedo-boat. (V»-
row, 1899,) Length, 153 ft.; beam. 15^ ft:
draught. 7^ ft.; displacement, 133 tons; arnu
ment. 2 3-pdr., 3 tubes : Hp., 3,000 = 34 kts. ; oooL
30 tons.
Kjji. Japanese torpedo-boat. (Kure. I903-)
Length, 147 ft. ; beam, 16 ft. ; draught. 8 ft,
displacement, 1 50 tons ; cooiplement, 36 ; ansi-
ment, i 6-pdr.. 2 3-pdr., 2 tubes ; twin screw; Hp.
4,200=27 kts. ; coal. 30 tons.
Killick. A small anchor.
King. Argentine torpedo-boat. (Yarrovr, ifiqal
Length. 150 ft. ; displacement. 85 tons ; a tubs,
speed about 24 kts.
King Alfred. British ist class cruiser. (Clyde-
bank, 1901.)
Length 52gft. Beam 7ifl. Maximum draaght 28ft
Displacement 14,100 tons. Complement 90a
A rmour-
"Krupp."
6 in. Belt amidships.
6 in. Barbettes.
I a ia. Conning tower.
Guns.
2 — g's in., 45 cal.
16 — 6 in.
14—13 pdr.
3—3 pdr.
2 Maxims.
Torpedo Tubes (18 in.).
3 Submerged.
Twin screw. Hp. 30,000-33 kts. Coal nuxi-
mum 3,500 tons. Approximate cost ^t.ooo.oooi
King Obing. Chinese cruiser (iSSS). Lecgtk.
250 ft. ; beam, 36 ft. ; draught, 30 it, ; displace-
meat, 3, too tons ; complemeat, 300 ; armament, 3
7-m., 7 4-pdr. 6 Ma^dms, 2 tulies ; Hp., 2,400 =
14 kts. ; coal, j6o tons.
King Bdmrd. British 1st class battleship.
(Devonport. 1903.)
Length 453(1. Beam 78ft. Mean draught 26ft.
Displau-ment 16,350 tons. Complement 777.
Guns. Atmcmr,
4 — 13 in. " Knipp,"
4 — 9'3 in. 9 in. Belt amidships.
10 — 6 in. 13 in. Baxbeties.
14 — 12 pdr. 12 in. Conning tower.
3 Maxims.
Torpado Tubfs.
4 Submen;ed braodside.
I Submerged stem.
Twin screw. Hp. rS.ooo^iSj kts. Coal maxi-
mum 2,ooo tons. Approximate cost j^i, 500,000.
This vessel holds the world's record lor coaling
from a collier at sea without outside labour. She
took on board 950 tons in 3 hours 20 minutes, or an
average rate oi 385 tons per hour.
Kinff OMintQ. Packet, bound for Dublin, loint on
the Hoylc Bank. September 31. 1800 ; 135 of the
passengers and crew were drowned.
SnC, Junes Foster (b. Erskine. 1863). Educated
Glasgow High School. Served hi.9 apiircntiro-ship
Mvitb Messrs. Russell and Co.. Glasgow, and after
gaining knowletlge in drawing ofiice work, he secured
admission to the yard of Messrs. John Reid and Co.
as an apprentice fitter. From there he went to
Eorlc's yard at liull, and subsequently to Messrs.
Haj-land and WoI0, Belfast, and during the latter
part of a seven year?' service there he was in
charge of the \\liitc Star drawing office, when the
Majtstic and Teutonic were being built. In 1890
he was appointed leading surveyor to the British
Corporation Regintry, under Professor Jenkins, and
in 1904 chief surveyor.
King, Dr. Richard. See Arctic Exploration.
King's Regoiatioas. The. are orders and instruc-
tioos issued under the sign manual of the Sovereign
for the governance of His Majesty's naval and
military forces. They carry out and supplement
the statutory provisiuiL^ already existing.
1. The King's Regulations and .\dmiralty In-
structions arc issued by the Lords of the Admi-
ralty, and directed to dag officers, captains, com-
manders and officers commanding His Majest}''s
ships with the following notice : " We do hereby
require and direct you to observe and obey the
same, and to take care that the it(.-veral ofiicers and
others under your command aUo pay the most
■trict attention and obedience thereto."
The subjects dealt with iuclude : (i) Classifi-
cation, Armament, and Complement. (3) Cere-
monies and UistiDctions. (3) Rank and Command.
(4) Appointment and Examination of Officers.
(5) Distinctions, qualifications, and promotiooa.
(6) Instruction of seamen and boys. (7) IiutriK-
tions, conduct, and duties of Officers of each rank.
(8) Discipline and Naval Courts. (9) Ships, their
preservatioa, repairs, and equipment. (10) Special
brancbesof the Service, including Marines. (11) Pay,
allowances, expenses and pensions. (t3) Victualling
and stores; and {13) Convoys, quarantine and
salvage.
3. The King's Regulations and Order.q for the
.\rmy.
The orders of the Sovereign aflt.>cling any funda-
mental matter of agreement between the Sovereign
and a soldier arc communtcated by Royal \V,-irrants.
which are signed by the Under-SccreLary ol State for
War. and reproducer) in detail in Army Circulars.
These circulars supplement, and are incorporated in
the RevuMid Army Regulations.
Orders connected with the personnel ol tbt^ Army
Were punished by the Commander 'in -Cliicf in
pamphlets called " Gcoeral Orders," but. upon the
abolition of that office, his duties passed to the
Anny Council, of which the Inspector t^neral of
the Forces is the head.
By the Reserve Forces Act, 18^3, regulations far
the Army Reserve and Militia Reserve, and (or
the Militia, under the Militia Act of tliaC year, are
made by the Secretary of State for War. The
Volunteers and Yeomanry are regulated by the
Volunteers Acts, l863-y7. The King's Rt:gulatioas
and Ordei& lor the Army deal with the nghtn, duties,
and liabilities of His Majesty's land forcos in much
the same way that Admiralty Instructions affect
our naval forces.
EZiagston. William Henry Giles (iS 14-1^0). Enghsh
novL-list, among whose best known works are
"Peter the Whaler" (i8$i), "The Three Mid-
shipmen " (iSGs),
Eiok. A knotty tvnst in a rope.
Kiasba. British river steamer on the Yang-tse,
China.
Kioge Bay. BatUe in. A Dano-Dutch 6eet. under
Niels and Cornehus Tromp. defeated the Swedes ou
July iitb. 1677. In 1710 another action was
fought here between the Danes and the Swedes.
Kippage. An obsolete term for equipage.
Kirbr. Frank £. (b. Cleveland. U.S.A., July i,
1849). American naval architect. In 1870 he
wras appointed draughtsman at the Allaire Work»,
New York, and in idSi e:itabli.sbcd the firat pro-
minent shipyard tor building iron and steel ships on
the Great Lakes. In 1888 he designed and built Uie
steamer St. IgnMt. the lirst steamer fitted with a
screw propeller in the bow for working through
pack ice. This design has since been extonsively
adopted in the United States and Russia for ferry
steamers. In 1^98 he was appointed consulting
engineer. Quartermasters' Department, V.S. Army,
for constructing aod refitting transports tor service
daring the Spanish-American war.
Kis&raei. Japanese torpedo-boat destroyer.
(Yokosuka, 1905.) Length, 33oJt. ; beam. 30} ft. ;
draught. 9^ ft. : displacement. J74 tons ; arma-
ment, I i2-pdr., 5 6-pdr., 2 tubes; twin screw;
Hp.. 6.000=39 kts.
Kit. A small bucket used lor baling out boats.
Kit«. British 3rd class gun-boat (354 tons).
Launcbtrd 1871.
Kite. The form most used in meteorology is the
Hargreave or box-kite, and it is employed for
raising a jncleorograph to obtain a reccwd of the
conditions prevailing in the upper regions of the
atmosphere.
Kjeck. Norwegian torpedo-boat. (Christiania,
1903.) Length, ni f t. ; beam, 14^ It. ; draught, 6^ ft. ;
displacement. 6; tons; armament. 2 1 '4-111.. 3
tubes; Hp.. 650=19 kts.
K.K, Distinguishing letters on sea Hithing boats
registered at Koudekcrkc, Holland.
KX. IKstinguishing lettent on sea (inhing Ijoats
registered at Klundcrt, Holland.
Klado, Nicholas Lawrentieritch (b. 1861). Ex-
Captain in the Kussiui! Navy from which he was
dismissed in May, 1905, on account of his writings
regarding the Rus^o-Japanesi; wax. During the
earlier stages of Uio war he was Chief-of-StaS to
Admiral Skrydlot at Vladivostock, and subsequently
with Vice-Admiral Kozhdcstvcnsky at the time of the
North Sea incident. Dogger Bank Ig.v.). 1904. He
is regarded as one of the greatest living authorities^
on naval tactics, and has written two standard
works on the subject.
Klawitter, J. W. The name of Klawitter has been
well known in German shipbuilding since the
beginning of the iSth century. In the early days,
when shipbuilding was looked upon us a professioc,
it was not necessary to have a permanent place of
work, the shipbuilder being merely the woticing
hand of the shipowner. It was. therefore, not until
iS04that John William Klawitter, son of John Jacob
Klawitter, began to build hi-i own docks and ship-
yards ou tlie site which they occupied until 1875,
whrn they were removed to the present bite. The
original yard was still used for smaller work until
it was destroyed by fire in 1905. Most of the boats of
the early da>*s built by this firm were constructed
of wood, of various sites, and were in such demand
tliat frcm four to six were always kept in readiness
for immediate deUvcry. It is due to John William
Klawitter tiiat iron &hipbuilding was first Intro-
duced into Germany, The first iron ship was
built in 1841. and the first iron mail boat in 1855.
So satisfied was he with the result of bis iron vessels.
that he built many 00 his own account, one of
which ran for many years between Daocig
London, and several others were sold to English
sliijKiwnem.
In 1S75 owing to the enormous iscreasc tn mie
and length of iron ships, it became necessary for
the firm to increase their pLant and tnachiner}'. and
remove to larger premises. This tiad txren aniici-
pated. and some 10 years previously land had been
acquired 00 the Polish Hook. In 1886 foundne«
were constructed, and two years la.ter a new
machine shop, which was followed id 1S90 by
boiler works. This firm has built many '\'ait
iron sailing ships, from the Oliver. Ottumn.
Marti. Ida (1850-60), to the AUantic in 1892. 0(
the steamers built here, mention must t>c made
of the Nina Kawhas and Chamidj, vessels built kt
the transport of petroleum ; of the river steamos
and tugs the StaH, with a speed of 13 knots, built
for the Ilamburg-Amrrika Line, and such wdl-
known river boats as the Vix, Obtron, Gr3U.
Titania. Diana. Laths, Foreltt, Amor. Sirene, Eift.
Juno. Special attention has been given in this yard
to the designing and construction of icc-breaken,
the first one to be built, the Oisu in 1884, which mi
at that time the largest of its kind in existence. Is
1904, the ice-breaker Datdsnga was designed aiMl
constructed, a vessel which has been used with voy
great success. Many boats used on the Dnieper
have been built in these yards, tlicsc vessels reqou-
ing special construction, and to be of light drattgbl.
owing to the shallowness of the river. In 1904 wro
large dredgers, the Galveston and Texas, of i.S»
tons and i.6do lip., were constructed for Ametia.
and rank to-da.y among the best of this class oi
ship. Alt machinery' and boilers necessary for tbi
ships are built in the yards, which are equipped
with the latest machinery, electric and pneumaoc
tools, and in fact everything necessary to ensure
the moat modem and efficient work.
Klebv, French 1st class cruiser. {Bordeans.
igo2.)
Length 426ft. Beam 58ft. Mean draught 24fl
Displacemeut 7.700 tons. Complement ao.
Guns. Armour.
8 — 6 "4 in. " Krupp,"
4 — 4 "I- 4 in. Belt amidslups.
10^3 pdr. 4 in. Turrets.
6 in. Conning tower.
Torpedo Tubes (17*7 in.).
2 Above water.
Three screws. Hp. 17,000 — 31 kt*. Coal mm
mum i.aoo tons. Approximate cost /750.000.
Klein. Captain Davida Antonio (b. Svaods
Hungary. 1856). Educated Plarist College, and**
the Lyceum in Kis-kun-Halas. and the Naval Slip-
building Academy in Trieste. Served an apprCB-
ticesbtp at sea : obtained a master mariner')
certilicate. and in 1886 joined the China Service oe a
government transport, remaining until 1893. iriRt
be returned to Fmme. He joined the Adria Ca
KLINTBERG
3Si
KOMET
■8 mariDe mperiatendent, «nd has under his chgu^e
33 steamers belonginf^ to this company.
Klintberf. Aanut Fredrik Hjalmar (b. 1835).
Admiral Swoiwh Navy. Entered the Navy, 1853 ;
served in the English Nav>' (Australian Stabon
and Channel Squadron), 1S63-65 : present at the
Gnte Pah. 1S64 (mentioned in despatches, New
Zealand medal) : rear-admiral, 1894; vice-admiral,
1000; admiral, 1903: decorated with medal in
commemoration of Queen Victoria's Diamond
Jubilee, iS()7: Grand Cross o( the Order of the
Sword, 1900; Knipht of the Seraphim. 1903:
passed to the Anxiliary Service list, 1903.
K.N. DisKnf^ishing letters on sea fishing boats
regbtered at Kruiningen, Holland.
Xn. linots. Abbreviation adopted on the
charts issued by the Hydrographic Office, Admi-
ralty.
Knapton Hall. Steamer. Sunk through collision
with the Lwh Fyn*. October 15. 1877: many lives
lost.
Knees. Angular supports of iron or wrood.
KnkB Foiemkia FaTritcheskr. Russian battle-
ship, black Sea. (Nicolaietf. i^ctn.)
Length 371ft. Beam 72ft. Maximum draught iSft.
Displacement 12.600 tons. Complement 731.
Gun%, Armour.
4—12 in.. 40cal. " Krupp. "
16— « in.
14— 12 pdr.
6 — 3 pdr.
6 — I pdr.
g in. Belt amidships.
12 in. Turrets.
10 in. Conning tower.
Torpedo Tubes,
1 Submerged bow.
2 Submerged broaVaide.
I Above water stem.
Twin screw. Hp. 10,600^18 lets. Coal normal
670 tons. Approximate cost ^i .000.000.
Kniaz Suvarofl. Russian tst class batttMhip,
(Baltic, (002.) Sunk by the Japanese at the battle
of Tsushima, May V'M* 1905.
Kniitht, Explorer. Set .\rctic Exploratiou.
Knightbeods. Largi- oak timbers to support the
bowsprit.
Ktiight steamship Do.. Ltd., was formed in Sep-
tember. iSt>'>. to incorporate several steamers
nvanaged by .Messrs. Greenshields, Cowic and Co., of
Liverpool, each steamer having previotisly been a
lepftrate company. The doet at present consists of
six high class cargo i^tramcrs. ranging from 7,000 to
•boot 12,000 toru dead weight, with a speed of from
10 to 12 kts. The^ boats are not engaged in any
pATticulor trade, but carry cargo to and from all
parts of the world as inducement ofiers.
FuuiT.
A'ni^Af Backslor. Kni^hi of tJu Carter.
Knight Errant. Knight of the ThittU.
hwifhi (♦/ SI. G*ovTt. Kmtkt TempJw.
Knittte-ltaff. A Hne made by twisting two or
three rope yarnt together.
Knot, A (;eograplucal mile.
Knot (in cordage). The interUcement of a rope
or cord so as to attach one part of it to another rope
or to any other object. The kinds of knots differ
in size and shape and name according to the use
in which they are desiifned.
Knowles, Vice-Admir^ Ohsrles Qtva^n Frafleriok,
4lh Baront-t, cr 1765 (b. 1833). Enturwl Navy.
1345 ; lieutenant. 1853 ; lieutenant of Pos during
latter part of Burmese war, 1852-53 (Burmese
medal) ; commanded Jtto^sti^ator in the Niger
Expedition. 1851 . received the thanks of th(;
Admiralty- for the; salvage of tho ArdiHt when
stranded on the West Coast of Africa, also lor his
services on the coast of Cuba during the insurrec-
tion, and the thanks of the Colonial Ofhcc for
services to the Newfoundland fisheries while in
command of Lapwing: commander. 1865; cap-
tain, 1872; captain's good service pension, 1886-87;
rear-admiral, 1889; vice-admiral, 1894.
K.O. Distinguishing letters on sea fishing boats
rf)g:istered at Koog-aan-de-Zaac. Holland.
Koch, Henry, Lubectc This yard, founded in
1S82 by Henry Koch, is of great importance to
Ltibeck shipowners. It covers an area of about
20 acres, with. a water frontage of nearly three-
quarters of a mile, and employs about 800 workmen.
There arc four building berths on which, from
169S to the end of 1905, about 83,00a net register
tons of cargo vcsseU were huilt. In 1905 seven
steamers with a loading capacity of 17,000 tons
and machinery of 10,750 I.Hp.'were completed.
This output was further increased in'it>o6. Many
small vessels for the Norddeutscher Uoyd have
been constructed at this yard, notably tlic Darvtl,
Mantdu. Borneo, and Kwong-Eng. built for the
Chmese coast trade. Engines for all the vessels
constructed are buUt in the engine shop», which
aggregate about 75,000 I.Hp. The workshops are
fitted with the latest and most up-to-date ma-
chinery for executing repair work. The yard
possesses two floating docks with a capacity of
1,300 tons, and during 1906 were used by 94
vessels. '
Koetai. Netherlands gun-boat. Indian Navy.
{Amsterdam. 1899.) Length, 179 ft. : beam, 31 ft.;
draught, it^ ft.; displacement, 228 tons; com-
plement, 97; armamc^Dt, 3 4'7-in., 41'4-in.; Hp.,
i.4i2:s 13 kts. : coal. 120 tons.
Koff. A large Dutch coa-sting trader, Atted with
two mastv
KomeL Austro-Hungarian torpedo gun-boat.
(Schichau, 1888.) Practically of no fighting value.
Komet Swedi<ih torpedo-boat. (Iilbing. 1896.)
Length, 128 ft. ; beam, 15} ft. ; draught. 7 ft. ;
displacement. 92 tons ; complement, 16 ; arma-
KONDRATENKO
3S2
KOROS
ment. 2 i*9-iiL q.t, 3 tubes : Hp., 1.056=33 kti. :
coal, 17 tons.
Kondratcnko. Russian torpedo-boat destroyer
[1906). Displacement, 635 tons ; complement. 100 ;
armament. 2 12-pdr., 5 6-pdr.. 3 tubes ; Hp.,
6.800=28 kta.
Kongelie'Daask Yacht Club. Establtshed 1S66.
Patron, H.R.H. Crown Prince Frederik : Honorary
President, H.R.H. Prince Waldcmar ; Commodore.
F. C. Tuxen ; \ icc-Commoilore, Alfred Benzon ;
Secretary. F. F. Goldberg, ifa Nybroagde, Copen-
hagen. K. Entrance fee, 6 and 4 kroner ; annual
subscription. 2.\. 20. and 8 kroner.
Koogelig Honk SejUorening. EsUblisfaed ifiS3.
Commodore. AdminU F. Boneson ; Vice-Commo-
dore. Captain H. Lovcnskiold ; Treasurer and
Secretary, Waldcmar Kallcvig. Christiaoia. En-
trance let, 5 kroner ; annual subscription. li kroner.
Kongelig YacblUub» Christiania. Estsblisbed
1878. Patron. H.R.H. the Crown Prince Gustav;
President, C. Wishech ; Vice-President, AlJrcd W. G.
Laiscn ; Secretary and Treasurer, R. P. Mailing,
Club Housf. Chri.stiania. Entrance fee, 5 kroner ;
annual .subscription, 10 kroner.
Eongl. Svenska S^els&Uskapct (Royal Swedish).
Established 1833. Patron, H.M. the Kmg of
Swedm ; Commodore. Admiral F. W. Lcnnman ;
Vice-Commodore, Friherre N. von Hopkcn ; Trea-
surer, V. A. Backstrim : Secretary, Count H.
Hamilton. Kongl. Svenska Segelsillskapet, Stock-
holm. Entrance fee, 5 kroner ; aimual subscrip-
tion, 15 kroner.
EoninKis Resentes. Dutch battleship (1000).
Length ji3ft. Beam 4Bft. Maximum draught i8it.
Displacement 4.Q50 tons. Complement 320.
Guns. A tmour.
2 — g'4 in., 40 cal. " Krupp."
4 — 6 in." 6 in Belt amidships.
8 — 13 pdr.jj 10 in. Barbettes,
a — 1 pdr. 10 in. Conning tower.
Torpedo Tubes (18 in.).
2 Submerged.
1 Above water bow.
Twin screw. Hp. 5.300=16 kts. Coal maxi-
mum 680 tons.
Eoningin WUhelmina dei Nederlanden. Dutch
battleship (1892).
Sheathed and coppered.
Length 32Sft. Beam 49lt. Draught 2 lit.
Displacement 4.600 tons.
Guns. Atmour.
I— n in. "Steel."
I— 82 in. 3 in. Deck.
2 — 6*6 in. 1 1 in. Big gun tiirrets.
4—13 pdr. 11 in. Conning tower.
6 — I pdr.
Torpedo Tubes.
4 Above water.
Twin screw. Hp. 5,900*^17 kts. Coal mui-
mum 450 tons.
Eoninktijke Martae Yaobt Clafa. with their heai^
quartern at Heldcr, Holland, wah established m
iSgg. Commodore, Captain \V. Rotner ; Via-
Commodore, Captain A. L. Boelen ; Trea.'nrrer,
Baron J. F. van Heeckeren van Walien ; Secretary.
J. B. M. den Bosch. Entrance fee, 5 guildcn.
annual subscription, 10 guilders.
Eooi&klijke Kederlandsohe Stoomboot Hut-
SOhappIj. 5« Royal Nt'dcrland Ste;t.irislup Co.
Koninkliike Faketvaart BUatschappij, with tfae
London agency managed by Me^ssrs. Keller. WaOtS
and Co.. Iiave a Hvet ol 47 modem steamcTS
gaged in passenger and cargo Iraflic.
Fleet.
Atting. Ogan.
Band. Ogan IT.
Bantam. Pfthud,
Borneo. Reeul.
Both. Reynierxz.
Brouuvr. Beynsi.
Camphuys. Bochussrm.
Coen. Speetman.
De Cavpenticr. Swatrde^tvon.
De Eerrus. Tasman.
Dg Klerk. Valentij'n.
Df Koch. Van den Bosch.
Duymaer van Twist. I'an drr CafteUan.
C. G. Doendeh. Van dct Lijn.
G. G's Jacob. Van der Patra.
Hotttman. Van Diemen,
Janssfns. Van Goens.
Japaro, Van Hogandinif.
Kapoeas. Van Outhoom.
Laurens Pit. Van Jii^bf^ch.
Mossel. Van KteMsdij'k.
Maiisuyeker. Van SwoU.
Merkui. Van Tmhoff.
Nfgara.
Eonmklijke Rod en ZeilTeraeniginc ** De BEmi."
E.stabliRhed 1S51. Honorar)' President, C. van
der Pot ; President. L. M. A. Hoffman ; Honorari-
Treasarcr. J. J. Havdaar ; Honorary Secretary
.\. .A. Sweerts de I-.andas. Mauritsweg 47. Rottn-
dam. Annual sub^ription, ij tlorins.
Kona U.S. subsidised merchant ship (i^oO-
Pacific Mail Co. Iq.v.). Dimensions. 5 jo x 63 :<
40 ft.; gross tonnage, 11,380; passenger accooB-
modatioQ, 1.485: Hp., 18,000-^18 kts.
KorJeits. Russian armoured sloop. On Feb-
ruary 9. 1904, this vessel was blown up by tb*
RuPAians in Chemulpho Harbour to prevent her
from falling into the hands oi the Japanese.
Eoros. AuBtro-Hungarian river monitor. (Buda-
pest, 1893.)
Length ti7it. Beam 29ift- Draught 4lt.
Displacement 437 tons. Complement 77.
KORRIGAN
353
KRONSHLOT
Gums. Atmour.
*— 4:7 in. " Harvey steel."
3 — 3'S in. 2 in. Belt amidships.
3 Maxims. j in. Gan shidds.
Hp. 1.350=3 to kts.
Korrigiui. French sabmarine. (Rochcfort. itfOt.)
I.cngth, 135 it. : beam. 9 ft. : draught. 9 ft. : dis-
placement, 185 tons; complement, 9: Hp., i8os:
8 kts.
Kortenur. Netherlands coa^t defence battleship.
Length 28jft. Beam 4;fi. Draught 17ft.
Displacement 3,464 Ions, Complement a6o.
Gmm.
3--«"2in.
a— Vo in.
6— a'9 in.
8— «'4«i.
Arnufur.
" Harvey steel"
6 in. Belt amidbliips.
0\ in. Big gun shields.
Torpedo Tubes.
3 Above water.
Hp. 4,6!;o= irt kXs. Coal 2S0 tons.
Kosmos Line (Deutsche DampfscbitfahrtsGescll-
scltaft " Kosmos "). with tlic lirail offices in Ham-
burg, have a flwt of 39 steamers, ranging from
4,000 to 7.51)0 tons, specially fitted for the convey-
ance of passengors and cargo. A four-weekly ser-
vice is maintained, from Hamburg and Antwerp
pia London, direct to the Wrat Coast of Central
•od South America, via the Straits of MagaUan.
The stramcw of the company also trade to various
parts of the globe carrying cargo.
Flbet.
Abydos. Hetmonihis. liadame.*.
Amasii. Itamn. RAtttasei.
Ammon. Luxor. Smis.
Awi^is. Memphis. Scrapis.
Atsuan. Menei. Seietstns.
DenderaA. Af<f<i. Selos.
Edfu. Negada. Tanis.
Elhab. Nekfi. THehen.
Kstta. Otirit. Udrda.
Hathof. Pentau*.
Gross totmage. 15 $.000.
Ultll. Kus-tian torpfnlo - boat. (Abo. 1891.)
Length, 153 ft; beam. 13 ft.: draught, 8^ ft.;
displacement. 100 tons : aimameDt. 2 i-pdr.,
3 tubes : Hp.. 1,000^19 kts. ; coal, 20 torn*.
Kotzebne, Otto von (1787-1846). Russian navi-
gator (b. RevelK Educated St. Petersburi; School
of Cadets. Accompanied Knisenstem on his
voyage round the world. i8oj-o6. In 1815 he was
given command of the Ruric. and set out on July 30
to find a passage across the antarctic ocean, and
explore the less known parts of the South Seas.
During tliis voyage he discovered various i.slancl5
and groups, among the best known being the
Kmsenstem groop. Kulusofi. and Suwaroff islands.
After making Kamchatka and New Archangel, he
proceeded northward, discovcnng and naming
Kot«ebue Gulf, to the soath^east of the Baring
Strait, and Kmsnutem Cape. In i8>i h« pub-
lished " A Voyage of Discovery into the South Sea
and Baring Straits," which was translated mto
English, and " A New Voyage Roimd tlie World "
in 1833-36, translated 1S30. Refer to Arctic Explo-
ration.
Koabanets. Russian gun - boat. (Seba5toix>l.
1889.) length, 210 ft. : beam, 35 ft. ; draught,
1 1 ft. : displacement, i .224 ton.<; ; complement. 161 ; >
armament, 3 8-in., 1 6-in., 7 q.f.. 3 tabes: Up.»
T.t;oo= 13 kts. : coal, 2$o tons.
K.P. Distinguishing letters on sea fishing boats
registered at Kamppn. Holland.
KJt. Distinguishing letters on hca listiing boata
registered at Kor&or, Denmark.
JECrakatao. Netherlands torpedo-boat. (Am!iter-
dam, 1887.) Length, liS ft.; beam, 13 It ;
draaght. 6 ft. ; displacement, 90 tons : armament.
- 1 pdr., 3 tubes ; Hp.. 750 = 19 kts.
I ,
Kraken. .\ fictitious sea moatter. su[^posed to
exist on the coasts of Norway.
KreeL A framework of timber for the catchmg
o( fish, particularly •utlmon.
Krennels, Ttus small cringle for tiowhne bridlca^i
Kreplcy. Russian torpedo-boat destroyer. (La
Seyiic. 1905-) I.engtli. 1S5 ft.; beam. 3i ft;
draught, ;} ft. ; displacement. 324 tons; comple-
ment, 60 ; armament, i 12-pdr., 5 3-pdr.. 2 Maxims,
2 tubes; twin screw; Hp., 5,600336 kts.; coal,
100 tons.
KrokodiL Netherlands coast defence momtor
(187S). Of small fighting value.
Bronprim ErihenMg Rodolph. Old Austxo-
Hungarian battleship (18S7).
Length 295ft. Beam dztt. Maximum draught 36lt.
Displacement 6,900 tons, Complement 493.
Guns. ArmoHt.
3 — 12 in. " Compound."
6— 4'7 in. 13 In. Belt
15 — 3 pdr. 10 in. Bulkheads.
I o m. Barbettes.
13 in. Conning lower.
Torpedo Tubts.
4 Above water.
Twin screw. Hp. natural 5.130^15 kfai,, forced
6.$ooa>i6 kts. Coal maximum 650 tons.
KronpriDsetKtn Enheraogln Stophftole. Old
Austro-Hungarian Iwttleship. Of no practical
fighting value, and at present used for harbour
service only.
Kronprins Wflhalm. German subsidised mer*
chant ship (1901). Norddeutacher Lloyd (q.v.).
Dimensions, 663 x 66 x 39 ft. ; gross tonnage,
i4,ijoS ; Hp., 33.000=333 kts.
KronahloL Rnssian torpedo-boat (Ishora. 1891.)
Length. 15a ft. ; beam. 13 ft. ; draught. 8^ ft ;
KRUPP
334
KRUSEN5TERN
displacoment, too toos; unuiment. 2 ipdr,,
3 tubes : Hp., 1, 000*19 kts.
Krnpp, Alfred (1813-87). German inventor.
Founder ot tlic celebrated steel worlcs and gun
factory at Essen, in Pru.ssia. For many years lie
confined himnelf to casting stee) blocks, and it
v,A3 not until 1841 that his invention, the spoon
roller, brought in sufhcient money to enable bim
to perfect hia schejne. In 1847 be made his first
cannon of steel, a 3-pdr., and at the great exhibi-
tion of 1851 in London he exhibited a 6-pdr.. made
entirely of cast steel, and nlso a solid flawless mgot
weighing i.ooo pounds. When tlie Bessemer pro-
cess of steel manufacture was introduced in Eng-
land he saw the advantages and at once adopted
the invention. In r88o a steel breech -loading gnn
of too tons was forged at Essen, which was at that
time the largest ever cost. At the time of his
death. July 14, 1887. he employed 45.000 men.
and, including thoK in works at Anneii, Kiel, and
Magdeburg, his rule extended over some 75,000
workmen.
Erapp, Fried (Actien - Gesellschaft Gennania-
Wcrft). Among the shipyards thnt have added
to the fame of the G<--rman shipbuilding industry
the Germania Dockyard takes first place. This
great undertaking bad its commencement in a
small way. and was started by Mr. F. A Egells,
of Berlin, in 1822. The cstabhshment was then
limited to the building of small engines. In 1871
the firm was incorporated a.s a joint stock com-
pany, under the name of Markisch-Schlesischc
Ma.<Khincnbau. In 1S79 a yard called Kord-
deiittcher wharx-es was bought at Gaarden, near
Kiel, and was subsequently amalgamated in tS^z
with the other works. In 1896 the firm of Fried
Krupp, at Essen, which was well known for its
building of wamhips, rented the Germania Yard
for a period of years. witl» the option of altering
the works to sait their requirements. In 1902 the
yard was sold to the firm of Krnpp, and has been
known since as Fried Krupp (Actien -Gesellschaft
Germania- Werft). By means of a large expenditure
on plant and machinery tlic firm of Kiupp have
brought this dockyard up to date, and it takes
rank as one of the finest in the world. The old
Germania shipyard (on whoso berths the ships
Siegfried. Worth. Kaiser Wilkslm dcr Gross*. Zah-
ringen. and Brunswick were built for the German
Navy, also a large number of smaller cruisws,
torpedo-boat destroyers, and iori>edo-boats for
the German and other navies) was found not
snfficiently large, owing to the mcreased siic of
vessels, and con.«icquently a new dockyard and
engineering works were built at Gaarden. The old
wharf bad a frontage of about r.300 ft. and an
area of 14 acres, and is now used for the building
of small vessels. The new dockyard, which lies
opposite the old harbour, lias a water frontage of
nearty half a mile, and an area of about 50 acres,
of which 19^ acres are covered by workshops. U
has the advantage of being practically at. the en-
trance of the Kaiser Wilhclm Canal, and close to
the terminus of the Kiel and Hamburg Railway.
There are seven large building berths, and one
still under coostrucrion. They vary in length from
360 to nearly 700 ft., with a width of from 73 to
no ft. On these berths shipH up to 750 ft. m
length can be built. Of the seven large berths
four are covered, being the first covered berths
built in Germany. Evcrj* berth has two electri-
cally driven cranes capable of lifting any weights
necessary in the construction of vessels. The
workshops are fitted with the latest modem appli-
ances^scissors, rollers, presses, bending -presses,
and lock presses, all worked by electricity. The
iron foundry is furnished with two large ox-ens,
sixteen round fires, and five double ovens, electric
and steam hammers, and cranes with a capacity of
from three to 10 tons.
This yard baa built many vessels for the GcTmaa
and other navies, and also numerous passenger
and cargo sti-amers for the Hamburg-.Amenka and
Norddeutscher IJoyd, among which may t>e men-
tioned the Borussia, of 13.00a tons, and the Kron'
priHxessi%i Cecilie, io,3oo tons. Many steam yachts
have been designed and constructed from time to
time, notably the Imperial yacht HohmxoHfrn,
now called Kaiser AdUr. Many sets of ongioM
have been constructed for vessels built in other
yards, among others the engines for the Bot^tn,
5,700 Hp.. Bfiyefrt. 5.760 Hp.. Kaiser WiiMslm //.,
ij.ooo Hp.. Freya. 10,000 Hp., ArcoHa, 2.^00 Hp..
AlexandrtHB. 2.60a Hp., for the German Navy
several torpedo-boats lor the Spanish Navy, an4
some gun-boats for Russia,
Krusemtam, Adam John (1770 1S46). Ru
admiral (b. Esthonia). Entered the Navy. 178JJ
and served, as midshipman in the war
Sweden. Visited America. India, and China
the English Fleet. 1793-99. One of the first
point out the advantages to be obtaiaed for Russiii|
by direct communication with China by way
Cai>e Horn and the Cape of Good Hope, and witj
the idea of carrying out this project he was
trusted by Alexander I. with the command o( a
scientific and commercial expedition. Leaving
Cronstadt in August, 1S03. he proceeded by Ca|>^
Horn and Sandwich Islands to Japan. Rctomin
tu Europe by the Cape of Good Hope, he reache
Crcnstadt .Angust. iSofi, and was the first Kussu
to circumna^'igate the world. On his promotia
to admiral he became director of the Russian Navil
School, and did much to improve the education of-
cadets : and in many ways the Russian Navy
indebted to his enlightened exertions. He died at'
Revel. .'August 34. 1846. In iSio he pubUabsd hts
" Voyage Round the World," English tninsUtioa,
181 3. .\ work of permanent value is hts "Tales
of the Pacific Ocean " (1824-55). See Memoiis by
fc
tus daughter, Madame Bernhardi. tmialat«d by Sir
John Rock. 1856.
Kto. Abbreviation (or knots.
K.U. Distuiguishing letters on sea fishing boats
registered at Kainre, Holland.
Kaban. Russian Governmeol liner ( 1 8S9).
Length, 461 ft ; beam, 5s ft. : draught, 24 ft. :
gross tonnage, 8,479 : Hp., i3.ooo«iB'5 kts,
Koriorst Friedrich Wiihalm. German ist class
baltle^ihip (IS^I).
Length 3&oft. Beain 64it. Stlaximuro draught 26ft.
Displacement 10.060 tons. Complement 568.
Guns. Anmmr.
4 — II in., 40 cal. " Compound."
2 — II in., 35 col. 1$ in. Belt
8 — 4't in. 13 in. Barbettes.
8 — 15J pdr. 5 in. Turrets,
2 — I pdr. 13 in. Conning tower.
4 Machine.
Torpedo Tubes.
2 Submerged.
I Above water stem.
Twin screw. Hp^ forced 10.000=^17 kts. Coal
maximum 1,050 tons. Approximate cost £750,000.
Krifc. Norwegian torpedo-boat (Christiania.
1903.) Length. 111 ft.; beam. 14! ft; draught,
6^^ ft. ; displacement, 65 tons; armament, 3 t'4-fn.,
3 tubes ; Hp., 650= 19 kts.
K.W. Distinguishing letters on sea Bshing boats
registered at Katwijk, Holland.
KwwteL Netherlands gun-vessel, Indian Navy
(1898). Of no Bghting value.
K.T. Diatinguishing letters on sea iiiibing boata
registered at Kirkcaldy, Scotland.
L. Distinguishing letter on sea fishing boats
registered at Limerick, Ireland.
L. Distinguishing letter on sea fishing boats
registered at Lcmvig, Denmark.
L, f-ake, loch, lough. Abbreviation adopted
on the charts issued by the Hydrographic Office,
Admiralty.
LJL Distinguishing letters on sea fisbiog boats
registered at Llanetly. England.
L^ Distinguishing letters on sea fishing boats
registered at Altenwerder, Germany.
Ia Blandie. 32 guns. In October, 1780, this
vessel was lost in a storm in the West Indies.
lAboor. To move hcaWly and slowly ; to pitch
and roll.
La Bretegne. French subsidised merchant ship
(18S3). Compagnie Gteirale TransatUntique {q.v.).
Dimeosioas. 49S X 53 X 34 ft. ; gross tonnage, 7,395 ;
Up.. 8,ooos'i7 kts.
Ia Ouiohe lighC established 1901, is a two-
flash light every 10 seconds; duration of flash, one-
tenth second ; estimalc<l candle-power. 15.000,000;
illuminant. electncity.
Ia Ohampagne. French subsidised merchant
ship (1885). Compagnie Gdu^rate Transatlantique
iq.v.). Dimensions. 495x52x34 ft.; gross ton-
o»8^' 7-395 ; Hp,. 8.000=117 kts.
Laohine is an Utand eight miles south-west of
Montreal, on the Lake of St. Louis, at the head of
the Lachine Rapids. The name Ijichinr is said to
have been givrn to the place in derision of certain
early explorers, who started for China by way of
the St Lawrence, only getting as far as the site
of the present town.
Luhine Canal, which connncts Montreal and
Lachine, and was constructed to avoid thr ra^ds,
is the main highway 0I commerce between the two
places.
lAchine Bapidf. Situated just below the town
of Lachine, eight tnUvs south-west of Montreul.
lltese Tcipids supply electrical jtower for Montreal.
Laotngs. Small lines used for securing salb.
La Coubre light. Bay of Biscay, established 1895,
is a two-flash light every 10 seconds; duration of
flash, one-tenth second ; candle-power, estimated
at 10.000,000 ; illuminant, electricity.
Laden in balk. Cargo lying loose on the hold.
La Diterminte. On March 26, 1803, this vessel
was lost in Jersey Roads, when many were drowned.
Ladies' Udder. Shrouds rattled too closely.
Lading. See BiU of Ladmg.
Lady Elgin, American steamer. Sunk through
collision with the schooner Augusta on Lake
Michigan. September 8, i860. Out of 385 persons
287 were lost.
Lady Fnnklin. In 1850 this brig, together with
the Sophia, under Captain Austin, sailed by way
of the Barrow Strait in search of Sir John Franklin
{g.v.), and discovered Franklin's winter quarters of
(845-46 at Beocby Island. Hefn lo Arctic Ex-
ploration.
Lady Hobart, Packet. Wrecked on an island of
ice on a voyage to Australia. June j8. 1803.
Lady Htmio. Wrecked on a voyage ixora Cal-
cutta to Sydney. Jannorj' 9, 1834 ; 80 Uvea lost
Lady Hngant Troopship. Foundered in a hurri*
cane in the Indian Ocean, May 10, 1854, when
350 of the Madras Light Infantry, officers, and
crew perished.
Lady Sberbrooke. From LondonderT>' to Quebec,
lost near Cape Ray. August 19. 1831 ; 3?i Uves
lost
La France. In collision with the Sud Amtrica
ofi the Canary Islands, September (3, 1888 ;
87 lives lOBt
L
LAGAN
336
LAING
Logwi. A term applied to goods which are
sunk in the sea having b cork or Iruoy Bttachcfl
so t}iat they may be recovered. Reler to Wreck.
La Gasooi^e. French subsidised merchant ship
(1885). Coropagmc G6n4ralc Transatlantiquc {q.v.).
Dimciuions, 495 x 5* X 34 ft. ; gross tonnagr. 7.395 ;
Hp.. 8.000=17 ''^
La^era. Canal men who pass the boats through
tiinncls and under bridges.
Laggiag. The ooQ-coaducting jacket or clothing
of a steam boiler or cylinder to prevent radiation
of heat.
Lagoi. Battle of. On August 18, 1759, the
British Heel, under Admiral Boscawen, defeated
Uie Frencb. under Admiral de la Clue, The
Centaur and Modsit* were captured, and the J?«-
doubtable and Ocean run on shore and burnt. The
remainder of the fleet got into Cadiz.
hk Hire. French avisos (1898).
Length 256ft. Beam 2^ft. Maximum draught 13ft.
Displacement 900 tons. Complement 128.
6 — 9pdr.
6 — 3 pdr.
Twin screw. Hp. 6,400=33 kts. Coal normal
137 tons.
laid up. A dismantled vessel moored in har-
bour, dock, or beached.
Laing. Andrew (b. Dcvonport, 1856). Educated
GlasgDw. receiving scifnti6c training at the Ander-
son College under Professor Rowdcn. Served his
apprenticeship with Messrs. Hogg and Walker, of
Glasgow, and in 1S77 joined the designing staff of
lUcssrs. John Elder and Co. In i$6i he bccanic
chicj draughtsoian, and in 1887 was given com-
plete control of the F^iriietd Engine Works, and
became a director of the company. During his
control he was responsible fur the design uud
manufacture of machinery fur vessels aggregating
1,250.000 tons l.Hp. Notable examples of his
work at the Fairfield works arc the Alaska (which
was the first vessel termed an ocean greyhound).
For the Cunard I-inc he designed and built th«
Vn^ma. lUrutia, Campania, Lucania, the two last
named vessels being at the time they were built
the highest powered steamers in exiatence. In
1896 he becouie general manager, and afterwards
a director of the Wallsend Slipway aud Engineering
Co., Ltd., and the work he carried out comprises
machinery lor cargo, mail and passenger steamers,
ice-breakers, dredgers, and war-vcsscls. He was
a member of the committee appointed by the
Cimard Co. to consider the question of turbines for
Iheir new express steamers, and obtained 3 con-
tract for the constructioa o( machinery to his
design for one of these steamers, the l.Hp. being
70,000, the grcateat |>uwcr ever |klaced into one
vessel.
Member of the Institution of Civil Engineers, of
the Institution of Naval Architects^ of the Institu-
tion of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland. &
the American Society of Naval Engineers, and tbt
North-East Coast Institution of Engineers and
Shipbuilders.
Laing and Sons, Sir James, SuaderUjid. This
famous Sunderland shipbuilding yard was founded
in 171^3 by Philip I.aing and his diler brother
John.
Their yard was on the Monkswearmouth short.
and just by Monkswearmouth Bridge they opened
a graving dock in 1804, The partnership between
the brothers lasted for a quarter of a century, aad
was dissolved in 1818, when the remaining partner.
Mr. Philip i.aing, bought the property on whicli
the present yard stands.
To-day, to be quite accurate, there are tfane
yards — the Upper. Lower or Middle, and the New
Yard, while on the other bank of the river is the
Comhill Graving Dock. The shipyard covieo
[7 acres, a very considerable area, and diflcn
greatly from the appearance presented in the old
times, when wooden shij^ were the order of the
day. In the early days there was provision at
the most for but two' shipbuilding berths, aod
these could not accommodate craft of a greatcf
length than 200 ft. To-day the yard is capable of
building at onu and the same time four steanen
650 ft. in length, and two somewhat shorter. The
six berths possess an output capacity of aomethios
like 40,000 to 50,000 tons per annum.
In the Upper Yard ore the stores and ruachine
lilu-dH, a large irun and brass foundry, coppd-
snntli's shop, pattern shop, hiting and macbi"g
shops, three bras^i gnishing shops, and officeL
Besidcs this there is a separate department tea
moulding and casting bronze propelleis Cram k
special mixture, where propellers 93 ft. in Hiam*ft
aod lo tons in weight can be turned out.
The Lower or Middle Yard contains the finn'l
spacious olhces, drawing oliiceh, mould loft, modfl
department, technical and cost deparliucuts. black
smiths' shops, machine sheds, two building berthi.
respectively 30a ft. and 470 ft. in length.
The New Yard has two building berths of 650 XL
each, a large machine shed in two bays, nieasunng
350 It. by 12Q ft., installed with a complete oatat
ot the largest machines for btecl shipbuildii^
extant. The wliole of the machinery, as well v
that in the Middle Yard, is electrically driTca
The powcr-houi^e contains a range of three laf|T
marine type boilers, and a powerful set of coa-
pouud inverted engines of 300 l.Hp., driving tvo
large multi-polar djiiamos, each of tjo electhol
lip.
The first ship built was the Horla. with a **?^»t^
uf 348. She was followed by the C^^^edan»M. *
vessel of 110 it. in length and 440 tons, wfaick si
that time was a large vessel, and the Ktnt, R-
LAIRD
337
LAKE
markable for b«iog the first ship built in Sunder-
land to be fitted with chAin cables.
In 184.1 the management ■v.as handed over to
the present head of the firm, Sir James Laing.
The first vcsiscl ccmstmctcd by him was the Agin-
court, and this vessel is remarkable for being the
first vessel constractcd of teak. In the year 1846
the Pkiitfi Laing was launched. She con\-eyed to
New Zealand a batch of emigrants from Glasgow,
and this was the first party to be landed at Duuediu.
In 1847 th& CampttdowH, 140 ft. long, was built,
and in the following year the Metdon. 149 ft,, was
launched. This tatter vessel made the voyage via
the Cape to Calcutta in 90 days, which was reckoned
a "crack " voyage in those times. She was fol-
lowed in 1863 by the Dunbar {q.v.). a ship of over
300 tt. in length. In 1S35 was launched the ship
La Hague, 221 ft. long, the biggest vessel ever
built in the North of England up to that time.
In 16O6 the laat wooden ship built at the yard was
launched. This was the Paramatta, a vessel of
330 ft in length.
Realising that the end of Um days of wooden
ships was now drawing nigh, the yard commeuced
the building of iron vessels, and In 1853 launched
the first iron vessel ever built on the Wear. This
was the Amtty, whose length was 167 ft., and a year
later came the Vmiture, a steamer wliich is still
afloat
Of composite vessels the firm have built a great
number, the best example being perhaps the
Tortens, a fine full-rigged .ship, which made the
passage from London to Adelaide in 64 days.
Coming to more modern times wo find the &rm
engaged upon their O^Sth vessel, and included in
the number have been all sorts and conditions of
craft, from the little wooden vessels of the paat
century, already referred to. to liners for such wyrld-
cenownod companios a:; the P. and O., the Royal
Mail. Union. West Indian Pacific. IMtish India,
British and Colonial, Leyland. Uucknall, Bullard
King. Beaver Line, Royden, Oroso's (Havre),
Hogan (N.Y.), Toyo Kisen Kaisha, etc One of
the firm's specialities is the building of oil ships.
of whidi Uiey have constructed a very large
Dumber. Tlie Tuscorora. for the Auglo-.\mericaa
Oil Co., was, when she was launched, the largest
vessel ol this description afloat, and was capable
of carrying no fewer than 2,100.000 gallons of oil.
tn addition to paying jipecial attention to oil
carriers tli«y are huilderB also of a patent descrip-
tion of steamers known as the "Trunk" type,
t%vo ol which, ol 7,400 tons du>placement, they con-
structed for the Hamburg'Amenka Line.
Laird and Co^ Birkenhead,
and Co.. Ltd
5m Cammell. Laird
I«in. ^Htnguese gun-boat (1884). Disi^ace-
ment. 560 tons ; guns, t 6-in. b.l., z 4-in. ; nominal
speed. 10 kts.
Lake. A lake is a basiu ot water not in com-
munication with the sea. The lake waters may be
divided into three ; (1) Fresh water ; (2) brackish ;
and (3) salt lakes. Of the fresh water takes those
of North America collectively form the greatest
extent of fresh water in the world. A group of
immense fresti water lakes is found in Central
Africa — Victoria Nyanxa and Albert Nyanza.
whose overflow waters go to form the Niie. Lake
Tanganyika at the source of the Congo, and Lake
Nyassa. on a tributary of the Zambesi. The salt
lakes, in which Asia abounds, are at the mouth of
large rivers, as the Caspian, at the mouth of the
Volga, and the ^Vralc at the mouth of the Oxus.
TTicse arc examples of motk-ratdy salt non -saturated.
waters. The salinity of the water is greatest m
lakes with no outlet, in rainless regions, notably
the Dead Sea and great salt lakes of America.
The yearly rise and fall of these lakes, owing to the
fact of their not having any overflow, is often
considerable, in the rainy season the f^cad Sea
stands 10 or is ft. higher than in the dry season.
The dimensions ot some of the principal takes are
as follows :
Leustb.
Draulil).
(nat.)
Ucplb
(nas.)
miles.
miW.
it.
Superior ~. ...
ISO
100
vn
Uickitan . -
«o
ao
MO
Erto .,
2»
48
20i
R*ilul
i30
40
4.0M
tUtkHKh
280
u
. I3S
CftipiAn
WO
50
3,6(M
Tancuiriica
J»
40
1.000
w
»
924
Kokonar...
91
4^
STQ
Up^d >Ma ... .-
43
10
1.UB
Como ... ...
M
2i
1.3»
Cexiava ... ...
43
V
I.0»
CoAftisuKe
M
SM
Nns ... .
23
I i
77*
{.oDBond,.. .
»
4
630
St. Clair
18
--
80
Laird Line. Ste Glasgow, Dublin and London-
derry Steam Packet Co., Ltd.
Lake, Admiral Atwdll Peregrine MacLeod (b.
1643}. Educated private schools. Entered the
Navy. 1853 ; as midshipman of the Niger took port
in the attack and capture of the River forts.
Canton River, 1836, the assault of Canton, and the
destruction of the Chinese fleet : took part in
Sybiit* in the operations against Canton in the
foUowmg year (China medal. Canton clasp) ; lieu-
tenant, 1863: commander. 1S75 ; captain. (861 :
captain of the Ro3ral Naval College. Greenwich.
1869-^3 ; captain senior naval officer. Gibraltar,
1893 ; rear-admiral. 1896 ; umpire at naval manoeu-
vres, i 89G ; senior olBcer on the coast of Ireland,
1698-1901 ; retired, 1903.
Lak^ Simon [b. PlcasantvUle, N.j., ; U.S.A.
September 4, 1866}. Engineer. Came first pro-
mint-ntly into pubUc notice in 1893. when in com-
petition with other designers he submitted plans
for a submarine torpedo-boat to the Navy Depart-
ment of the United States. Altbough highly com-
mcndccl. his plans, because ot ccrlatn iaformalities,
were not accepted, but, satisfitKl as to the goundncss
oi the working principles involved, he secur«i
sufficient private capital to begin constructional
work. From 1895 to iSgS he v/as continually
engaged in submarine work, and his origioal
Argonaut, a thoroughly practical commercial sub-
marine, was the outcome. Sincr then he baa built
the Pfotector. a strictly naval submarine, and five
others of the same type, and now has a number of
much larger submarines nnder coDstructioo for
foreign powers. All of the boats built by him have
(ulfiUed expectations, and have proved themselves
sound in worlcing principles, sale in performance,
and unique in their radical departure from othei
submarines.
Ltki. Norwegian torpedo-boat. (Chris tianJa,
1900.) Length. 128 ft.; beam, 15 ft.; draught,
6} ft. : displacement, 84 tons ; armament, 2
1'4-in., 2 tubes ; Hp., 1.100 = 33 kts.
Lalande. FrcDcb 3rd class cruiser. (Bordeaux,
lyuo.)
Length 311ft. Beam 31ft. Draught 14ft.
Displacement 1,968 tons. Complement 190.
Gvns. Armour.
4 — s'5 in. ^ "Steel."
Sq.f. . I) in. Deck.
4 Maxims.
Torpedo Tubes.
5 Above water.
Hp. Goo=22 kts. Coal 200 tons.
La Lorrain6. French subsidised merchant ship
(1900). Compagnie G4^a(rale Transatlantique {q.v.).
Dimensions, 563x60x35 ft. ; gross tonnage,
11,869 ; Hp., 20,000^30 kts.
Iiamb's wool sky. White masses of cloud.
Lambton. Rear-Admlrftl the Hon. Hedwortb, C.B.,
O.V.O.,cr. lyoi (b. JuLy 5,1856). Entered Navy,] 8;o,
and was flag -lit.- u ten ant to thu Commander-in-Chief
io Alexandra at the bombardment of Alexandria-
Present at the battle of Tel-el-Kcbir. and through
the Egyptian war (Egyptian medal, Alexandria and
Tel-el-Kebir clasps, Khedive's Bronze Star, Medjidie
3rd Qass) ; private secretary to the First Lord of
the Admiralty, 1894-97 ; captain of Powerful dur-
ing South African war, 1899-1900 : landed Naval
Brigade (or defence o( Ladyamith, taking 12-pdr.
and 4'7-in. q.f. guns ; commanded NavaJ Brigade
during defence of Ladysmith, and received C.B.
for services rendered.
Sir George White, in his despatch (" London
Gatette," February 8, 1901], says:
" The Naval Brigade reached Ladysmith in the
nick of time, when it became evident that I was not
strong enough to meet the enemy in the open field.
He brought with him two 47-in. and 4 i a-pdr. guns,
which proved to be the only ordnance in my posses-
sion capable of equalling in ramgc the cnemy'i
heavy guns. Though the ammunitioR available
was very hmited. Captain Lambton so ecoaoiniiKd
it, that it lasted out to the end of the siege, and
under bis direction the naval^^as .succeeded u
keeping at a distance the enemy's siege guns, i
service which was of the utmost importance."
Captain of the Victoria and Albert, and commo-
dore in command of His Majesty's yacht. [901 ,
A.D.C. to King Edward VII. on the occasion of hi*
coronation ; appointed Grand Officer of the Orda
of St- Maurice by King Victor Etntnanncl on tht
occasion of the visit of H.Itf. King Edward VU. cd
Rome. April, 1903 : Commander of the Legion of
Honour, May, 1903 ; Second-in -Command of the
Channel Fleet, 19^3; rear-admiral in conamand d
the third squadron ot the Mediterranean Flett
1905.
Lammas floodt. A term used to denote a wi
period about the first week in August.
lAmogan. Netherlands torpedo-boat. (Amsbr-
da.m, 1890.) Length. 104 ft. ; beam. 30} fL,
draught, 5 fL ; displacement, 50 tons ; anoameot,
3 i-pdr„ 2 tubes; Hp., 790^20 kttf.
LampO. Italian torpedo-boat destroyer. (Schi-
chac, 1899.) Displacement, 330 tons ; niaximuia
draught, 8^^ ft.; armament, i 13-pdr., 5 6-pdL.
tubes, 2 ly-in. ; lip., 6,000= 30 kts. ; coal.Sotoas.
lAmport and Holt Line. Established in 1865 u
the Liverpool, Bristol and River Plate Stean
Nasigation Co,, Ltd. The hrst managers were the
late Mr. William James I.amport and Mr. Ceo^
Holi. This company maintains regular sailiap
from Glasgow, Liverpool, London, Antwerp, Ilam.
and New York to Pemambiico. Bahia, Rio dc
Janeiro, Santos, Monte Video, Buenos Aiirs aod
Rosario, also to the Ports of Chili, Pern aad
Ecuador on the west coast of South America, and 1
line from New York to Manchester.
Fleet.
Calderon. Raebum. Terenef
Camoeus. Raphael. Thsspis.
Canning. Itembtandt. Titian.
Ca nora . Romney. Ti niorttta.
Cavour. Rosetlt. Verrmiu
Cervantes. Sallust. VeJaiqwn.
Horace. t*i>g<'.
Gross tonnage, i a 1,000.
Lamps, Lighthouse. See Ughthouses.
La Navarre. French subsidised merchant shi?
(iSga). Compaguie Gintralc Transatlantique (j.i-!.
Dimensions, 47 1 X 50 X 36 ft ; groes tonnage. 6,64* .
Hp., 8,000=17 kts.
Lancaster. British ist class cruiser. (EbvtU*
1902.)
Length 440ft. Beam 66ft. Mean draught 24IL
Displacement 9.800 tons. Complement 678.
^CASTER
339
LARBOARD
Gvrts. Armour.
I — 6 in., 45 cal. " Kriipp."
—12 pdr. 4 iQ. Belt amidshtps.
^ij ptir., 8cwt. 5 in. Barbettes,
i — 3 p<lr. lo in. Conning tower.
; I'binponu.
Torpedo Tubes (tS in.).
3 Submerged.
3 screw. Hp.. aa.ooo=33 kts. Coal nuuii-
'.6no tons. Approximate cost ^775,orx>.
ship-name, introduced uitr* ilie Na^-y at th-
Inr o[ the eighteenth cenlr.r^-, i,< associated
Ihc balOf of Cfunpeidiwn 1797. and the
ino& in the River Platu. 1K07.
After Sound. Thr chann>> conncctini; Bar
ay an't Bnrrow Strait, iliscovered by Baffin
l6l^
M. French torprdi gun-bonl (Hnvrr. rPB;.!
I. 197 II. . b^am. 21J ft. : dranght, <S ft ■
'«m<*n:, ;toS tons; iwmplcmeni. (■! ■ armc-
4 rS-in.. 3 Maxim>, 2 tahcs : Hn., 2,000 =
. coal (CO tons.
)ler. FicECb torpedf^-boat (iS<>3^ D'S
lent, 129 tuiis ; ci^tnplcmcnt 2f\; maximum
it K^ 't. : guns, z i-pdi . torptKlu ti'bes. >
twm scicw ; Hp t40)=2s kti. ' coal.
%.
1 brsezes See Breezes.
Ual . Making Uic land
Uookfd. Protected by fieine surrounded by
lourk. Any object icrving lo guii.lc seamen
jrt.
did IF.-W.R. .\bbrevLibon (or London and
•Western Railway.
and 8.-W. .\bbrevialiun for LuuiJon and
WVstrrn.
lytrd. A lOpe for tightentn:;.
{land's Lia«, with tbdr bead offices in Gl.ugow,
Lin a :Mrvicu of jiassi-ngrr and cargo steamers
m Liverpoo' and the West Hii;hlaj ds and
<)ast ol Scotland, calling at OUan. Stomon'ay,
acK. Abcj-dren. Lcitb and Dundee. Also a
■■ round Great BriLain. without change of
;r, calling at Obiin Inverness. Ahcrdcfn.
»tle. Kull. Southampton, Plymouth. Fal
FtEET
nt^ts Atbtria.
icess Beatncf.
Princess Maude.
Princess Victoria.
lley. B«v^AdHural Oerald Ohaiies (b. tH^t).
■d Navy, 1861 ; lieatenant, 1S-2 ; gunnery
lant of Carysfori during Egyptian war. 1882 :
' at occupation ot Ismalia until relieved by
; in charce of boats with (j-pdr. on' Frrsh
Water Canal at Tet-et-Mahuta : landed as adjutant
of Naval Brigade ; piesont at the battle ot Tel-el
Kebir and advance on Zagaxig ; mentioned in
desjiatches (Egyptian medal, Tel-cI-Kebir clasp.
Khedive's Bronze StarJ : promoted commander lor
services ; British Naval Attach^ at Wa<ihington
tff90-^,1 ; gdod service pennon, Atarch, U700.
ZdOgliedoc Canal* designed by Riquct, wastftarled
towards the ond of the seventeenth century, to
connect the Bay of Biscay and ihe Mediterranean.
It is [48 miles in length, and the summit level is
600 (t. above the sea. whde the works on it« line
embrace upwards of 100 lockj and 50 aqueducts.
The canal was fmished in 16S1.
La Hormandis. French subsidised merchant
ship (i3S2). Compagnio G6n6rale Transatlantiquc
(q.p.). Dimensions, 459X44XJ4 (t. i (jroas ton-
nage. ^,a8.^ ; lip., 7.000= i'* kts.
La F«Toau. Jean FraaQois de CNUaap. Comte de
fi74i-S8). French navigator. Entered French
Navy, and at the age of iS was wounded, and made
prisoner on board the Pormtdahl^. capttired from
the French by Admiral Hawke during the war
with England. In 187a he was placecl in command
of an cxpctlition fitttxl out by the Frrnch Govern-
ment for the purpose of ende.ivouring to discover
Ihe North-West Passage, and sailed from Brest.
August I. 1^^$. in the Boussole. with his chief
asfilftant De Langle in command of the AitrofwU.
After rounding Cape Horn and exploring the coasts
of California, visiting the Sandwich Islands. Macao
and the Philippines, they made^some important
discoveries between China and Kamchatka. They
discovered Sanger Strait and La Perousc Strait,
which proved that Saghalin and Yezo wore each
.^^ independent island. In December, 1787. Da
Langle. Lamonon, the naturalist, and 10 of the
crew of the Attrolade were massacred on one of the
Navigator Islands. La Perousc reached Botany
Bay in safet>'. and finding the British already in
possession he sadcd for France. The fate of his
expedition was unknown until 1S25. when Captain
DtltoQ found the remains of what must have Iteen
the BvusioU and Aittolade on the reefs of Oct^nia
VanikoTQ, an island to the north of the New
H^bride*!. Stf Miletmureau, " Voyage de La
Perouse Atour du Mond," Dilloa'a " Narrative of
a Voyage in the South Seas " (1829).
I* Platfti Steamer. Foundered in a gala in t)ic
Bay of Biscay. November 26, 1S74 ; bo Uves lost.
Lapwing. British ist class gun-boat (805 txnis,
I 1 kt.s ]. Tjiunchnl 1889.
L'Aaaitaiae. French subsidised merchant ship
(1890). Compagnie G*n*rale Transatlanttque ((?.t.).
Dimensions. ;2oxs7X.u (I- - gross tcmoage. 8,810:
Hp., 16,000= iS kts.
lACtoard. An obsolete name for the left tido
of a *hip, nnw called porl. ■ - '
LARGE
340
LATONA
lATg*. In sailing going with a free wind wliea
?iturlding sails arc drawing.
Largs Yaotat Club, RoyaL Sw Royal Ijirgs
Yacht Club.
Larne and Stranra«r Sl«amaliip Joint ConunittM,
with thcii head oHicc in Bvlfaitt, maintain a regular
service between Great Britain and Ireland, via Lame
and Stranraer. The company^ steamers carry the
Royal Mall, and Uic croAs-channcI route taken l>y
Ihcm IK the shortcnt ami most comfortable, the
open sea paissage only occupying 70 minutes. The
R.M.S. Princess Maudi wa5 the first turbine steamer
to ma to Ireland.
FUIBT,
Princsss Maude. Princtst M»y.
Princess Victoria.
Larrin^a Lins, owned and managed by Messrs.
Larrinaga, of Liverpool, have a fleet ol i.^ mail,
passenger and cargo steamers trading t>etu'een
Liverpool and the Island of Cuba.
Fleet.
Anselma d» Lnrrinaea. Miguel do Larrtnaga.
Asuncion dt tarrinaga. Nicsto.
Btrnilia. Pilar de Lartinaga.
Domingfi de Lartttta^a. Rotwm de Latrinaija.
Maria dc Larrinaga. Saiurnina.
Mercedes de Larnuaga. TeUsfora.
Teodfio dc Larrinaga.
Larry. A local name for a dense sea-fog nt
TeiRnmoiith, Devon.
La Salle, Rent Robert Cavdier, Sieur de (1643-87)-
French explorer in North America (b. Koucn)-
Became a settler in Canada when 23 j'ears o( age.
and in tfifm sought to reacli Cliina by way of the
Ohio. He explored the great lakes, the Ohio, and
Mississippi rivers, and took possession of their
shores in the name of France. He obtained grants
from the French Government ; rebuilt Fort Fronle-
nac. and established a post above Niagara Falls.
He was finally assassinated near the Trinity River,
March 19, 1687.
La Savoie. French subsidised merchant ship
(1900). Compagnic G6n6rale Transatlantique (^.t>.).
Diraen.'iions, 563x60x35 ft. ; gross tonnage,
11,869: Hp.. 30,000 = 20 kts.
Lascar. The native sailor in the East Indies.
Jjuih. To bind with rope or line,
LubW. A rope binding a gim to rings at the
cheek of a port-hole.
Ltskdts. Small lines hoop-shaped on the bonmjts
of a sail, securing them to the courses.
Laaking. Sailing large, or with about 45^ abaft
the beam.
Lftagman Line, with the head offices in Moscow,
have a fleet of excellent passenger and cargo steam-
era trading between London and St. Petersburg.
A steamer leaves L,ondon every Saturday tot St.
Petersburg, via Kiel Canal, returning every Taetdiy
from St. Petersburg, calling at \Vindau. On tka
line pa-^sengers are carried between London Vi4
Elnmsbiittcl or Holtcnnu, at the east and wist
entrances of the Kiel Canal.
lAStece* Commercial term for gcaeral loadm;
of a ship.
Lftt. Abbreviation for latitude.
Lat. Latitadc. Abbreviation adopted 00 Uw
charts issued by the Hydrographic Office. Adiv-
ralt>*.
Latch. An obsolete term for cross-bow.
Lateen sail. A long triangular sail used in tbt
l£a.st and Far East.
Latitude. In u-ide terms the extent of the ean&
Irom one pole to another; but strictly it is tkr
digtancc of any place from the equator. meaiiuBd
in degrees, minutes, and seconds, the c<iuator beiil£
represented by o. Geographical latitude is aAa
northern or southern, according as the place ^ralvs
of la on this or that side of the equator.
Geocentric is the angular distance of a place Inn
llie t^uator, as corroded for the oblateae«s of tbr
earth's form ; in other words, it is the geoRraphitiJ
latitude diminishe<l by the ant;le ol the vertical, b
a degree of latitude there are 60 minutes. «cfc
possr-.'uing the value of a nautical mile. A mile H
sea, therefore, in its exact length is the same u *
mmute of latitude. The simplest method of findinf
the latitude at sea is that known as the tneridiu
altitude method. By day the observation consiA
of finding the distance of the zenith from the sm
when it is on the meridian, and applying to that tlw
distance of the snn from the celestial cqoatflc
termed its ileclination. The cjuickr-st method Ot
determining latitude is from the stars. They u*
more con.stant and declination is almost absent, tb
few variations which exist being noted in tie
Nautical Almanac. A simple method at nighl n
the Northern Hemisphere is to obser\*e the altjlodf
of tlic Pule Star at any time ; tliis altitude oa co-
rection for index error, dip, and refraction giva
the approximate latitude, and on applying to tlii5
the correction from any Pole Star table, the tiw
latitude is found. See " Nautical Almanac."
Roper's " Practice of Navigation.'* Martia'J
" Navigation and Nautical Astronomy," lamaa's
"Nautical Tables." Bowditch's "Useful Table*"
Gill's " Text Book on Navigation." NoriCi
" Epitome of Practical Navigation.**
Latooa. British znd class cruiser (1S90).
I-ength 300ft. Beam 43ft. Maximum draught ifiA-
Displacement 3,400 tons. Cx>mp1ement 2jy
Guns. Armour.
2— 6 in. "Steel."
6— 4'7 in, 2 ia. Deck,
S— 6 pdr. 3 in. Conning tower.
I — 5 pdr.
4 Machine.
Torftedo Tt4t»s {14 in.t.
4 Above water.
Twin sciew. Hp. natural 7.000= 185 kts.,
forced 9,000=20 kts. Coal tnaxiraiim 531; tons.
Appnucimate cost £aoo,ooo.
This ahip-name was tirst tntroduced into tbe
Navy in 17&1. and is associated with Hyde Parker
on the Dogger Dank, 1781 ; Lord Howe-'s reJief of
GtbraJtar, I7ft3 : battle of " The Glorious Fint
of June." 1794 ; reduction of Cura^o. 18(17.
Lfttorre, Joan Jos6 (b. Santiago de Chili, starch 35.
1846). Rear-admiral, Chilian Navy (retired}.
Served his apprenticeship at Naval Sdiool, Val-
|»raisa. and in lS6l joined the Nav>-. During
the Spanish -Chili an war (1865). he was on board the
sloop Esmeralda, which played such a prominent
part in the capture of tbe Spanish sloop Covadon^a.
During the war between Chili and the allied fleet
of Peru and Bolivia in 1879. he was in command
of the sloop NUiga Marree, and was nearly rammed
by the monitor Huascar. On October 8. 1879, when
in command of the ironclad Almirantf Coehrane, he
had the satisfaction of capturing the Huascat after
an engagement of about an hour and a half. On
the conclusion of the war. 1884. he was promoted
rear-admiral, and came to Europe m connection
with the repairs of the ironclads Cochrane and
Bianto, and had ctuirge of tbe construction of some
ironclads, crui^sers and toipcdo-boat destroyers
for the Chilian Navy. On his return to Chili, he
retired from active service, and was selected a
Senator, and in iS<>S was appointed Minister for
Foreign Ailairs. During his term of office in this
capacity, he was instrumental iu bringing about
a, treaty with Chih and the Argentine Republic.
to submit to the arbitration of H.M. King Ed<
ward VU. on the boundary controversy.
LatOiLche Trtrille. French 2ad class cruiser.
(Haxtc, 1842.)
Length 361 ft Beam 46(1. Maximnm draaght zoFt
Displacement 4,750 tons. Complement 570.
Guns. Armour,
2 — 7*6 in., 45 cal. '* Crcusot steel."
&— 5'5 in. 4 in. Belt amidships.
6—9 pdr. 4 in. Turrets.
4 — 3 pdr. 4 in. Conning tower.
Torpedo Tubes fi7"7 in.).
4 Above water.
Twin screw. Hp. 8.300=18*5 kts. Coal normal
406 tons. Approximate cost ^350.000.
La TonnUnfl. French subsidised merchnnt
cruiBcr (1890). C-ompagnie Gin^rale Transatlan-
tiquc (^.tp.). Length, 520 ft. ; beam. 56 tt. ;
draught, 54i ft. ; displacement. 9,133 tons; arma-
roant. 7 5'5 in., 1 q.f. : Hp., 13,000^18 kts.
Ia Tribune. 36 guns. On November 16, 1797,
this vessel was lost oA Halifax, when 300 people
perished.
Laagbton* Sir Joha Kaooi* Kt, cr. 1907 (b. Liver-
pool. 1830). Educated Royal Institution School
Liverpool, Caius College, Cambridge ; nava
instructor on Royal George during the Russian
war in the Baltic, 1854-55 {Baltic medal) ; in
Calcutta {flag} during the China war. 1856-59; on
shore at the capture of Canton and the Taku forts,
1858; engaged in the destruction of the Fatshan
flotilla. [65; (China medal, Canton. Takn forts,
1858, and Fatshan clasps) ; mathematical and
naval instructor. Royal Naval College, Portsmouth,
1866-73 ; lecturer on meteorology. 1873-S5 ;
lecturer on naval war. 1876 ; president Royal
Meteorological Society. 1 883-54; Honorary Fellow
of Gonville and Cains College, Cambridge ; Honor-
ary D.Litt.. Oxford, 1904 ; secretary of Navy
Records Society since 1893 . Professor of Modern
Historj'. King's College, London, since 1885.
Publications . " Physical Geography Ifl its
Relation to the Prevailing Winds and Currents "
(1870). " A Treatise on Nautical Surveying "
(1873), "Studies in Naval History- " (1887).
" NHson (English Men of .\ction) " (895, " Nelson
anil his Companions in Arms" (1896), "Memoirs
of the Life and Corrcspondcocf of Henr>* Reeve.
C.B.. D.C.L." (1898). " Sea Fights and Adventures "
(igot), edited Letters and Despatches of Lord
Nelson {i896). " Memoirs relating to the Lord
Torrington (Camden Society) '* OSSg). " Defeat
of the Spanish Armada " {Na*^^ Records Society)
(1894). " From Howard to Nelson (12 Sailors) "
(1899). A frequent contributor to tht- " Edin-
burgh Review," contributor \o tlie " Dictionary of
National Biography."
Laanoh. The largest boat belonging 10 3 ship of
war. being from 30 to 40 ft. long, o( carvel build,
and is used only for service which coimot be per-
formed by smaller boats.
lonnL 38 guns. In October, 1780, this x'essel
was lost in a storm in the West Indies.
Lft Volocs (Navigazione Ttaliana a Vapore), with
tbe head ofhcc at Genoa, have a fleet of 13 modem
steamers, which maintain regular services from
Genoa to South American ports, from Genoa to
Brazil, from Genoa to New York, and from Genoa
to Central America. A fortnightly sorvice is
maintainerl irom Genoa to Buenos Aires, calling at
Barcelona. Las Palmas, Tencnfle, and Monte Video.
A monthly service from Genoa to Naples. Teneriffe.
Rio de Janeiro, and Santos. A fortnightly service
from Genoa to Naples and New York, and a monthly
service from Genoa to Marseilles, New York ,
Barcelona. Teneriffe, Trinidad. La Guaira, Puerto
Cabello. Curafao, P. Colambia, P. Limon, and
Colon.
Fleet.
Arientina. CittA di Milmno.
BrasiU. Cittd di /iapoii.
Centra America, Cittd di Torino.
CUtd di GeH09a. Europa.
LAVOISIER
342
LAWLEY
Flest (MnUiMiwtf).
Italia. Savoia.
Nord A merica. Vanentcla.
Waskinffton.
Gross tonnage. 63,000.
LftTolsier. French a\-i30s. (Rochefort. 1897.)
Length 33o(t. Beam 34ft. Maximum draaght i<jft.
Displacement 2.350 tons. Complement 248,
4—5-5 in..45cal.
a— 4 in.
^ — 3 pdr.
Twin screw.
mum ^Ro tons.
Afmou>.
" Steel."
1 1 in. Deck.
2 in. Gun shields.
4 in. Conning tou-er.
Torpedo Tubts.
2 Above water.
Hp, 7,000=20 lets. Coal maxi-
Approximate cost £200,000.
Lawful trade means a trade m which a ship is
employed by her owners, and not any unlawful
commerce in which the captain may barratrou^ly
engage without their concurrence'. Wbt^re a vessel
was insured against loss "in any lawful trade,"
including loss by barratry of her master, and he.
withont his owner's knowledge, was guilty of
smuggling, whereby the -ship was forfeited, her
owners were able to recover against the under-
writers. (Havelock v. HanciU. 3 T. Rep. 327.)
But if an owner, without actual connivance,
ha^ been grossly negligent in not repressing acts
of smuggling, he shall not recover for the loss
occasioned by such acts. " It is the dut>- of the
assured to put down these repeated acts of smug-
gling for which the ship has been seized no less
than three times ; and by his neglecting to do so.
and allowing the risk to be so monstrously en-
hanced, the underwriters are discharged." (Pipon
V. Cope, I Camp. 4.14-)
Law}«y and Sod Corporation, George. Boston.
U.S.A. This well-ltnown enterprise was founded
by George Lawley. an English sliipbuilder, who
went to America in 185 1 and settled in Ilast
Boston, where he found employment at his trade
%sith some of the well-known builders, among
whom were Donald McKay and Paul Curtis, whofte
work enabled them to bear the palm for ship-
building in the days when American chpper sliips
stood at the head of commerce carriers.
In 1866 he moved from East Boston to Scitnate,
Mass., where he went into the boat building busi-
nc$.H on a small scale, with his son. George F.. as
awdstant. In those days an order for a 20 ft. cat-
boat was of such magnitude as to cause the con-
tractors to feel that business was very good, and
that their facilities were taxed. They built many
good boats in Scituate. and although in rather an
out-of-the-way place they established considerable
reputation.
In 1674. at the earnest sohcitatiun of several
influential members of the Boston Yacht Club,
they were induced to leave Scitnate and carry
thcdr business to South Bostoa, where tbey eita-
blished their shops on the property of the Bostoa
Yacht Club. Their business continued to grow
through the patronage of this influeatial club, and
they built ma.ny good-sized yachts at this place.
In 1683 Mr. George Lawluy, realising tliat their
accommodations were limited at tho Boston Yacht
Club, while the demand for laxgor yachts was in-
creasing, looked about to find a location mora
suited to their requirements, and after considcrabtr
trouble managed to secure a large tract of land on
the north and harbour stde of South Boston, where
the business is now located. This property coe-
tains upwards of three acres of upland, and more
than four acres of flats. To this lcx:ality they
moved their shops from the Boston Yacht Club,
and with increased accommodation were able to
undertake much larger contracts, amongst the
earliest being the renowned cup defenders PuriiA»
and Mayfiotirr. and the schooner yachts Merlin.
Sachem, and Margturitf.
With the introduction of steel in corabinatioa
x^ith wood in the .structure of vessels — known as
composite construction — came the desire to be
able to produce on the grounds the necessary steel
work for this purpose. There was also an in-
creasing demand for wholly steel con^tmction for
hulls. In ordtT to accomplish this it seeoMJ
desirable to increase the working capital to cover
the expense of new shops, and in iSqo the Lawlep
associated with them Mr. Thomas Hihbard. «he
looked after the construction of the new sttrl
shops. The bnsine.*ss wa« then incorporated, with
a capital of roo.ooo dollars. Mr. George Lawtey.
founder of the business, practically retired from
active participation in the enterprise, Mr. Georse
F. Ijiwlcy was elected president of the corpora tioo.
At about this time Edward Burgess, the gn»i
naval architect and yacht designer, was in hii
glory. With commendable judgmeat Mr. Bulges*
availed himself of the experience of all tr*d
mpchanics whose work might enter into his pre
diictiona, which course undoubtedly largelv con-
tributed to his success. Coming into contact witS
the Lawleys. he soon found that their cxpcrienoe
was invaluable in makmg a success ot his bocts,
and therefore ordcrctJ of them many of the Cast
yachts which originated on his designing bossd.
In this way Mr. Burgess became a great factor m
building up the conct-in, and his early death w«f
for a time quite a setback to Uie business. Thf
Boston designers who have followed Mr. Burcni
in his work have helped to keep this eistabUshraeot
at the front of yacht building, and with tbcn
friendly co-operation Imve aided the company la
turn out many creditable boats.
From the time of the incorporation, there to
been a steady progress in equipment of plant a»J
product. Many buddings have been put up. 1>
1S98 their machine shop v^-as built and thorougUv
equipped with first-class and high-f^rade toobl.
that they un at pment able to tnm out ftrat'oUM,
high-specd^machiDcry for steam yachts.
^■^.About this time they contracted with the U.S.
Govenunent to build two torpedo-boats, Blahely
and t>9 Long, uid when turned over to the Govem>
inent. after their 8ucc<sis(ul trials, thuy represented
a quality of workmanship of the hi^est grade.
Realismg the posaibihty of colargemeai in tlie
future, in 1903 the corporation txHight from the
City of Boston their property* joining the original
yard, ao tliat now they have over 24 acrt^ avail-
able for the purpose ot their huaiDesa.
At the present time the corporation employs
from 300 to 400 hands, the majority ot whom are
luglily -skilled mechanics. Their work covers a
number of trades — mAchinists, ship carpenters, ship
joiners, steel shipbuilders, blacksmiths, riggers.
caulkers, painters, plumbers, tinsmiths, brass-
workers, electricians, and, in fact, mo^t of the
prominent departments of mechanical work.
The corporation has won for itself a reputation
for building substantial and durable work. It has
been their aim to avoid building too li^ht or flimsy
structures for Uie sakv of gaining speed in their
boats.
\ Among their products may be mentioned the
schooners AUaea, Jngamar. Oonas. Idiet. Latona,
Sndymion ; the sloops Jubilge, W«*Utmoe, Way-
ward, Kaionah. Jnticfvndence ; the steam yachts
Alctdo. Aquilo. Saiitla, Thstis. Kaleda, Carmina,
Caiumei. Anona, Visttor, Ctgarttte, Kehtoh, and
Halawa ; the three-masted auxiliary schooner
AUytme : the motor launches Zetland, Elhhorn,
TonofmM, Qhuda, and Hufia. In all they have
built over 800 yachts of some size, besides number-
leu small launches and tenders.
Lawrence. U.S. torpedo-boat destroyer {18S9}.
Displacement, 400 tons ; armameat, i 14-pdr.,
7 6-pdx. ; torpedo tubes, 3 iS-in. ; Hp., 8,400s
30 kts.
Iaws of Oliroa. The laws, constitutions, and
judgments of Ol^ou, modelled upon the Book of
tbe Consulate of the Sea (j.v.). arc a collection ot
ancient mannc customs written in old French,
and beanng the name of the island wtiosc inhabi-
tants are said to have drawn them up. An old
ccjpy of these laws is to be found in the Black
Book of Admiralty {g.v.}. They relate to -the
rights and duties of shipowners and mariners,
marine contracts, pilotage, port and Customs laws,
and losses at sea. and were for several centuries
adopted by all European nations as the foundation
of maritime law. and were mtroduced into Eng-
land towards the close of the twelitfa century.
Copies of the Rolls uf 016run exist in the archives
of the City of London and in th« Guildhall of
Bristol.
Iawsod, ntomas W. Se\'en-masted sailing ship.
From Philadelphia to Loodoo* wrecked during a
gale on ttie rocks of tlte SciJly Isles, December 14,
1907 ; 17 lives lost. The Thomas W. Latvson was
a remarkable vessel : she was the world's largest
saihng ship, steel built, 40^ ft. long, and 50 ft.
wide. Each of her seven masts was 105 ft. high
and her total spread of canvas was 43.000 square ft.
She was buUt in 1903 at a cost of £5o.ooa
Lax, Qeofge Albert. Served his apprentice»hii>
in the yard of the Sunderland Shipbutldmg Co.,
Ltd.. and in 1886 was appointed chief draughts-
man to Messrs. Boolds, Sharer and Co., Sunder-
land. In 1895 he entered the Ann of Messrs. Arm-
strong, Mitchell and Co., Ltd., and in 1897 was
appointed their chief draughtsman. He is a
Queen's medallist in naval architecture, and £or
some years conducted classes (or the study of that
subject in Sunderland and South Shields.
Member of the Institution of Naval Architects.
Laxham. EngUsh steamer. Sank by collision
Mfitl) the GijoH, Cuban steamer, off Cape Finisterre,
July n. 1884 : I JO hves lost.
Lay days. Days allowed by charter for loading
or unloading ships.
Lay to. To heave to.
Lozy-gny. A smail hne-weather tackle to pre-
vent the spanker boom from swinging.
L.B. Lifeboat. Abbreviation adopted on the
charts issued by the Hydrographic Office, Ad-
miralty.
L., B. and S.C. Abbreviation for London. Brighton
and South Coast.
!*.£. Distinguishing letters on sea fishing boa^
registered at Lemsterland, Holland. ,,
Lead, llie direction in which running ropes
come down to the deck.
Laftd. A cylinder of lead, used when ascertain-
ing the depth of water ; usually made 14 or 28
pounds weight, attached to a leading line with
nine marks and 1 1 deeps.
At 3 fatboma tbe mark is leather, with two ends.
3 „ ,. leather, with three ends.
5 ,, „ white rag.
7 .. .. red rag.
10 „ leather, with one bole
in it.
1} .. .. blue rag.
15 .. .. white rag.
17 .. .. red rag.
30 ,. „ piece of cord, with two
knots.
The deep-sea lead hne is marked in the same way
up to 20 fathoms, and then a cord with three
knots indicates 30 fathoms, an additional knot for
every 10 fathoms, and at every hve fathoms a
piece of cord with a tingle knot.
^^'h«n sounding with the hand lead —
5 fathoms is termed by the mark five.
6 ,. ,. by the deep six.
6^ „ ,, and a qnartcr sdx.
6^ „ nnil a half six.
6J quarter less seven,
7 ,, „ by the mark seven.
League. A measure of length consisting of three
nautical mileSy equal to 3,041 fathoms ; much used
in tstimating se-A distances.
Leak. Applied to a vessel when taking in water
through her hole.
Le&kase and BueakAge Cl&ose is one that is often
ins4.-rtt*d in liiUs of Uidirig or charter partioi for
tile prottctioii of tlie shipowner. The effect of the
clause is this^ — that the shipper is called upon to
prove thAt any damage arising from leakage and
breakage was actually caused by, or through, the
negligence of the shipowner's servants or agents
in handling or stowing the cargo.
I^ean bow. A tliin, narrow bow as opposed to a
l)old bow.
Lnoder. British and class cruiser (4,300 tons.
16'6 kls.). Launched iS32.
Lealher. To beat or thrash.
Leave to eaU. in marine insurance the leave to
call clause reads : " And it shaU be lawful for the
said ship in this voyage to proceed and sail to
and touch and stay at any ports or places what-
soever, without prejudice to this insurance." At
drst Sight it would appear from this that the vessel
might call anywhere on the globe. That is, how-
ever, very far from being the true meaning of thu
clause. Unless there is an express clause i>er-
mitting a deviation, the vessel must proceed direct
from her port of departure to the port of destina-
tion without diverging. It it is the established
usage ol the trade lo call at any intermediate port,
or ports, the vessel may call, but not otherwise,
without express stipulation, tiefet to Voyage.
Deviation.
Leave to Call Clause. Sde Oan^t^.
Leoky, Lienteoaat Hamilton Sterling. Entered
Navy, 1852 : heutenant of Thrtish and Widgeon
during the Boer war, and served on both vessels
in the Dclagoa Bay bloclcade (South African
medal) : received the Albert medal, second class,
1901, as a mark of Royal favour for gallantry in
saving life at sea. for saWng the Uves of two men.
Extract from the " Gazette "
" On August 25, 1900, H.M.S. Widgeon anchored
in Kosi Bay, 50 miles south of Delagoa Bay. in
order to land stores and troops. The work of dis-
embarkation was carried out by surf-boats manned
b)' Malays, under the superintendence oi Sub-
Lieutcnant Lecky, who had been sent on shore
lor the purpose. Heavy breakers in lines of three
to 5ve. according to the tide, rolling ia about
50 yards apart, made the work very risky. Oh
boat loaded with stores and with Second Lieu-
tenant Arnold Gray. Thomycroff s ^Mounted In-
fantry, Trooper Frederick Trethowen. Steinackert
Horae, and Private J. H. Forbes. Thomycroft^
Mounted Infantry, on board, capsixed about wo
yeuds from the shore. Tlie five Malays fonnta^
the boat's crew and Private Forbes, by dint of
hard swimming, with the assistance of the boat's
oais, managed to reach the land after sevsr
buffeting from the heavy seas. Lieutenant Gny
was unable to swim, but with Trooper TrethovcB
clung to the boat, which drifted slowly, ked iq>-
wards, in a northerly direction, almost paialltJ
with the shore, carried by the set of a stroa|
current. Hnge breakers continually swept ova
the boat, and the men had great <.lifficulty in rr
tnining their hold. Sharks were observed near the
boat both before and after the accident. Tke
boat was now about i ;o yards from the akcse.
Sub- Lieu tenant Lecky, seeing tlic critical poaitioa
the tm'o men were in, tore ofE his clothes, aad.
plunging into the surf, endeavoured to swim to
their assistance. He was twice thrown back cb
the beach by the heavy st.-as, but afterwards saC-
ceeded in bringing first Lieutenant Cray and then
the other safely to shore. The rescued men wmt
quite unconscious, having been nearly 30 minntn
in the water. Sub-Lieutcnant Lecky and his aai-
vant, Private Hotting, R.M.L.L. theii applied tbc
usual metliod.4 for re«toring animation, and both
men eventually recovered consciousness — Lieu-
tenant Gray after a lapse of two and a half faonn '
Lieutenant Lecky was also awarded for lh:i
brave deed IJoyd's honorary silver inedal and ttic
silver medal of the Royal Humaoe Society.
Leda. British torpedo gun-boat (iSga).
Length 33o(L Beam 37ft. Maximum draught t^Jfl.
Displacement 810 tana. Complement 85.
GUHX.
2 — 47 in.
a— 3 pdr.
Torpedo Tubes.
S— I4in.
3 — 18 io.
Twin screw. Coal maximum iGo tons Sptv'
17 kt.H.
Lee. Frederick Richard (i799'iS79). Bntis2iva-
scape painter (b. Barnstaple). Among his UK
known works arc: "The Coast of Corawall st
Land's End," " Plymouth Breakwra.tcr." Fourth
his |>icturcs are in the National Galterv. and otlKt
examples of his work in the Soutli Kensingtcx
Museum.
Lee. British torpedo-boat destroyer. (Sua^tet-
land, 1899.) Length, 310 ft.: beam, t^ ft-,
draught, 7^ ft. ; displacement. 283 tons ; compW
ment, 53 ; armament, 1 12-pdr., 5 d-pdLr.. 2 Inttt.
twin screw ; Hp.. 5,400= 30 kts. , coal. So tons.
Lea. Tbe «u3e opposite frem ^rfaich the wind is
blowing.
3>eboud. Wooden or iron uHns^ fixed to a.
stout bolt at the lore-end to the side of flat-
bottomed vessels. When the after-end is lowered
the Iccboard stands up and down in the water,
making th« draught greater, and by its flat side
tending to decrease leeway or drift to leeward.
Loach. The Ice side of »11 sails on cither side of
a square sail.
LMch-tinM. Ropes fastened to the leeches
serving to tnisE sails up to the yards.
Lee-larch. A heavy roU to leeward.
Lm shore. A shore which is unsheltered and
open, which the nind blows directly upon.
Lm side. AU that side farthest from the wind.
Lee, Under tbe. When a ship is protected by
land Irom wind and weather.
Leeward or Leward. On the lee side.
Leeway i:^ an augU- between the ship's course by
compasH and the direction which she makes through
the water, as shown by her wake.
Legality is an implied warranty in marine Insar-
ance.
Every insurance must be within lepal lines.
No Mmiii^gling ventures can l>o legally insured.
nnr slaves.
Ko insurance of enemy's property in war ; no
contraband of war.
Ko insurance infringinir navigation laws.
" Where a voya^ is illegal." says C. J. Tindal.
" an insurance upon it is invalid, for it would be
singular if the original contract, being invalid and
incapable of being enforced, a collateral contract
fthoutd be." (Redmond v. Smith. 7 M. and G. asj.)
Uger. P'rencb avisos (id9i)>
I..ength i(^7ft. Beam 23ft. Maximum draught uft.
Displacement 444 tons. Complement So.
Guns.
I— 9pdr.
3—3 pdr.
Torpedo Tubes.
I Above water.
Twin screw. Hp. 3.200;= 1S5 kta. Coal maxi-
mum 1 30 tons.
Leghora, Battle oL On March 4. 16; 3, a naval
battle with the Dutch was fought in the Roads.
LeffU. Russian torpedc^boat destroyer. (La
Seyne. 190^} Length. 185 ft.: beam. t\ ft.;
tlraught. 7J ft.; displacement, 324 tons; comple-
ment. 60 : armament, i updr.. 5 3-pdr., 2 Maxims,
2 tubes; twin screw; Hp., 5,600=26 kts. ; coal,
100 tons.
LeC'-oI-matton. A thfeecomercd fore-and-alt
sail with Its Itil^ laced to a most ; very handy and
safe, particularly for a mizien.
Leffi- Spars used in cutters aod yachts to keep '
them upright when on the ground.
LelmiS. German armoured cruiser. fWeser.
Bremen. 190;.)
Length 341 It. Beam 4nft. Draught i6Jft.
Displacement 3.200 tons, Complement 2^0.
Guns. Armour,
10 — 4*1 in. " Krupp."
10 — 1'4 in. = in. Deck.
4 Maxuns. 4 in. Conning tower.
Totptdo Tubfs.
3 Submerged.
Twin screw. Hp. 1 1,000 = 23 kts, Coal 800
tons.
Ldtanant Bnrakofl. Russian torpedo-boat de-
stroyer (1906). Length, 185 It. ; beam, 21 It, ;
draught, 7^ ft.; displaceumnt, 324 lous ; comple-
ment, 60 ; armament, t 1 J-pdr., 5 j-pdr., 2 tubes ;
twia screw ; Hp.. 5,600=26 Jcta. ; coal, too tons.
Leitenant nUn. Russian torpedo-boat destroyer
(1906}. L<?ngtb, iS; ft. : beam, 21 ft. ; draught,
7^ ft- ; displacement, 324 tons ; complement. 60 ;
armament, r )z-pdr„ 5 3-pdr.. 3 tubes; twin
screw ; Hp.. $.6001^36 lets. : coal, too tons.
Leitenant KaleJefL Russian torpedo-boat de-
stroyer. (HavrL-. r90o.) Length, i86 ft. ; beam,
20 ft.; draught, 10 fl. , displacement, 300 tons;
armament, i 12-pdr.. 5 3-pdr.. 3 tubes : twin
screw ; Hp., 5,000=35 Kts. ; coal, 80 tons.
Leitenant Sergeleff. Russian torpedo-boat de-
stroyer (lifoTt). LengUi. liis ft. ; benni. 21 ft. ;
draught, 7^ ft. ; displacement, 324 tons : comple-
ment. 60 ; armament, t t2-pdr., $ .Vpdr., 2 tubes ;
twin screw ; Hp., 5,6oob>36 kts. ; coal, 100 tons. ■
Leitha, Austro-Hungorlan river monitor. {Buda*
pest, 1S72.)
I.^ngth i(56ft. Beam z/^ft. Draught 3^rt,
Displacement 305 tons. Complement 57.
Guns. A rmour.
I — 47 in. " Steel.''
3 Maxims. 1 in. Deck amidships.
2 in. Gun shields,
Hp. 7oo"i8 kts. Coal 60 tons.
Leith, Hull and Hamburg Steam Packet Co.,
Lid.f have a liect of 13 steamers, which maintaui
regular services from Leith every Thursday ior
Clihstiaosand. returning every Friday ; from I.eith
to Copenhagen every Thursday, returning every
Thursday ; from Leith to Hamburg every Wednes-
day and Saturday, returning every Monday and
Friday.
FUtBT.
Berlin. CobUni. Thorsa.
Bcrnicia. Geneva. VUnna.
Bttilau. PtasiM. Warsaw.
Briiannia. Rona. Wtimar.
Leith, Fort ot The history ol the i>ort of Leith
practically commences in the year 1329. when a
LEITH
546
LEITH
Royal Charter vras granted to the City of Edin-
burgh, who controlled the harbour from that date
nntjl 1838. when tlic undertaking was vested in a
body of commissioiiers, of which then* are now
I ; elected by the municipalities of Edinburgh and
Leith and the various trading bodies there.
It was only, however, at the bcginoiug of last
century that the port of Leith began to develop,
and it is just too years since the first wet dock was
opened for traffic. Before that time the port con-
sistL-d ol about one mile of quayage along the
Water of I-ciUi. a tributary of the Firth of Forth,
which was dry at low water, and at high water
there would be about 14 It. dcjilh of water.
There are now six wet docks at Leith. the first
three being built to the west of the harbour and
the latter tlirec doclcs to the east of it. The docks
on the cast side o( the harbour are connected with
those on the west side by a hydraulic swing bridge
with a 120 It. dear span, which, at the time of its
coostmction in 18^4. was the largest of its kind in
the kingdom.
The dates of the opening of the docks, with their
respective areas, are as follows ;
East Old Dock. Opened 1806. Area, s acres.
West Old Dock. Opened 1817. Area. 5 acres.
Victoria Dock. Opened 1852. Area. 5 acres.
Albert Dock- Opened 1865. Area, n acres.
Edinburgh Dock. Opened 1881. Area, 17 acres.
Imperial Dock, Opened 1902. Area. 30 acres.
These docks are all well equipped with sheds,
cranes (hand, steam, hydraulic, and electric, var>--
ing from ij to 65 tons capacity), five coal hoists,
grain elevator, and warchonses, etc.
There arc seven graving docks, varying in length
from 165 ft. to 582 ft., with width of entrances of
from 31 ft. to 60 ft., and with depths on the sUU
of from I o^ ft. to 2 3 ft. at ordinary high water.
The entrance channel to the docks is protected
by two stone bulwarks, each 5,000 ft. long, faced
with timber piling, with gangways on the top.
The chief object of constmction during the last
few years has been the Impfrial Dock. o|)ene<! in
igo2. Before this dock could be built an area of
about So acres had to be reclaimed from the sea,
which was done by the construction of a huge sea
waS commenced in 18Q3 and completed in 1896.
This wall is about 4.500 ft. long, 30 ft. wide at the
base, and g ft. wide at the top. It is composed of
a muuud of hand packed rubble stone, faced on
the sea side with large concrete blocks 6 ft. long
and 4 ft. wide. It is founded bet-ween a double
TOW of sheet piling, and is backed with clay puddle
up to high water line, a concrete parapet being
carried up to 15 ft. atiox'C high water ordinary
spring tides. After the sea was excluded from the
reclaimed area, the construction of the dock itself
was proceeded with. The dock is 1.900 ft. long
and 550 ft. wide for a. length of [.[oo ft., and
280 ft. wide for the remaining 800 ft., and has a
depth of 40 ft. It is so planned that there axe
two entranced — one from the harbour and the otba
from the Albert Dock — thus providing a secotud
means of cutrancc to all the docks on the cast side
of the harbour. The entrances to the Ijnpcml
Dock are through locks constructed. Like the dock
walls, of sohd masonry. The main lock leading
from the harbour is 350 ft. long and 70 ft. wide.
with a depth of 38 fL from coping to silJ, and giving
a depth of water at high water of ordinary sprmg
tides of 30 ft. In this lock there arc two pairs of
steel and iron gates constructed ou t.hc flotatioo
principle, which are opened and clos«d by direct
acting hydraulic pistons. Each pair of gates vei^
about 292 tons. The lock leading to the Albeit
Dock is 350 ft. long. 60 ft. wide, and 33 ft de«p.
A swing bridge 132^ ft. long, carrying t-wo lines 0*
rails, roadway, and footpatlis. spans this entrance
lock, and similar bridges span the passages betweea
the Albert Dock and the Edinburgh and Impenal
Docks.
The Imperial Dock has not yet been folly
equipped, but there arc at present two siogle-stoivj-
shvds, each 400 ft. long and 120 ft. wide, witii
double lines of rails in front and back, and «
hydraulic cargo cranes, one coal botst with a lift
of 50 ft., and another with a lift of 60 ft., cadi
capable of dealing with 30-ton loads. In tbe
north-west comer of this dock a graving dock a
to be built which will bo 550 ft. long, with aa
entrance 70 ft. wide.
For the landing of goods from vessels there are
large numbers of hydraulic movable caLrgo casm
all over the docks, and for their protection ibcrr
arc sheds varj-ing in width from 60 ft. to 120 ft,
and covering in tlie aggregate nearly 600,000
square fccL
The (|uays extend to about 250 acres, and thtri
are over Z2 miles of railurays. exclusive of the sidiap
of the railway companies.
The lighting of the docks is accomplished by
about 150 electric arc lamps and about 45a as
lamps, the principal sheds being lighted by tugb
prcKsure incandescent lamps.
The water supply is obtained by arrangentcfit
with the Edinburgh and District Water TnifL
Th<:re are about seven miles of water mains ill
over the dock.s. and the aggregate quantity «f
water used is about 60.000,000 gallons a year.
The total expenditure on the works up to (Iir
present time is about ;£2.25o,ooo. The existui{
debt is about ^Soo.ooo.
The number of vessels which arrived at the port
last year was 6.S42, with a total net register Un-
nage of 2.321,041.
The total imports and exports last year «ei*
over 3,700,000 tons, of which about two-tbird>
arrived at or were despatched direct fron t^
ship's side in railway waggons, rails being laid «
every qu.iy in direct conmiunicatioii with lit
Caledonian and North British Railways. tb»
affording rapid and efiicient moans of tmnsit lo«l
LEITH
347
LEPANTO
tbe iodustrtal centres. Goods imported and ex-
ported are of great number and variety, tbexe being
upwards of 350 classified artides, and a large
number uDclassi£ed.
Tbe rates on vessels vary from 2d. per register
ton on all coa&Luig vcsiiels to $d. for ContiucntaJ,
2d. lot Baltic, and lod. for AiUcrican and eastern
veaela ; but there are importiint conce&inon!) in all
caacs after two or three voyagoe of a vessel in any
one year, and all vessels pay only 2d. per register
ton after aght voyages in a year. Tbe rates on
goods var^' from jd, per ton on coal to Sd. per ton
on grain, flour, timber, sugar, hemp, Hax, etc.
Shipbmldmg at i«itb was inaugurated by
James IV., who iormed a dockyard, and m 151 >
ordered the building of the Grtat Michati, a war-
vessel 340 ft. long. j6 ft. beam, and which " v^iLhin
the walls " was 10 ft. thick, with massive sides of
oak. The building of this vessel is said to have
" wasted all the woods in Fife (except Falkland
wood), besides timber that came from Norway."
This ve»sel " bad 300 mariners, six score gnnners,
100 men of war, besides captains, skippen, and
quartermasters." The Crtat Mtchael was after-
wards sold or presented to I.ouis XIII.
The patent slip for the repair of vessels was
invented by Messrs. Morton and Co., of Leith, a
firm still in cxistciice; and Messrs. Mencies and
Co.. who, in 1837, built the renowned Sirius, the
pioneer of Atlantic steam navigation, have occupied
premises at the harbour for over 100 years. There
Axe several other shipbuildmg and repairing yards,
tnclading Messrs. liawihom and Co., Messrs. Cran
and Co., and Messrs. Kamage and Ferguson, who
have ac4iuired distinction as the builders of some
of tbe finest steam yachts afloat.
teith, Rotterdun and Antwerp Shipping Co.. with
a fleet o( 14 steamers, carry passengers and cargo
twice a week from Leith to Rotterdam, and from
Leith to Antwerp. There are also regular satUugs
Irom Ltdth to Amsterdam, HarUngen, Ghent. Dun-
kirk, and Calais ; also from Dundee and Rotter-
dam, and from Grangemouth to Antwerp.
Flkei.
^^AlAiotjOfd. Heriot. Peverit.
^^K^mH/cf. MascotU. Qucntim.
^^^^tsttologer. Nigel. Ronan.
^^^^Ditnpard. Oshonu. Talisman.
^^^Eildon. Windsor.
Lamkcf, C. B. L. (b. Minden. May 2. 1853}.
Educated at the Gymnasium, Minden, and served
mn apprenticeship to engineering in that town. In
1873 he joined the firm of Me&srs. Schafer and
Budenburg at their bead wcnrks in C>ermany. and
subsequently came to Manchester aad joined this
firm there. In 1882 he was appointed their rt-prc-
sentative in Scotland and Ireland, which position
be still holds. At the invitation of tbe Institution
of^Engincers and Shipbuilders he in 1894 read u
paper on the construction and nae of pressure
ganges, which was printed and published in the
Transactions.
Member oi the institution of Kugineers and
Shipbuilders in Scotland, associate member of the
Institution of Mechanical Engineers.
Lsna. Russian Government liner ( 1 895). Length,
■103 ft. ; beam, 54 ft. ; draught, 34 ft : dtsplace-
oient, io,2S5 tons ; Hp., 13,150- 18 kts>
Ltngth Is the longest measurement of any object
or extent of any body from end to end ; as distin-
guished from depth. tliirkn>'-^>i. breadth, or widtli.
Lenaman, Fredrik WUbelm (b. 1840). Rear-
admiral, Swedish Navy. Entered Navy, 1854 :
promoted lieutenant, i860 ; served as lieutenant
and captain on several expeditions in the Baltic.
North Sea. North and South Atlantic, Mediter-
ranean : commander of the 3nd Division of the
Naval Squadron. 1893 '• commander of naval
forces at Karlskrona, 1893-97 : Cammander-in-
Chief, Naval Station. Stockholm, i8'y7-i903 1
passed to the Auxiliary Scr\-icc List, 1903 ; decora-
ted R.S.O., 1804 : K.S.O.. and Class. 1895 ; K.S.O.
1st Class, 1898. Honorary member of the Royal
Naval Academy ; member of the Royal Academy
of War Sciences.
I^oa Oaznbetto. French tst class crtd»r.
{Brest, 1901.)
Length 476(t. B«am 7tft; Mean draught a6ft.
Displacement 12.416 tons. Complement 710.
Guns, Armouf.
4 — 7*6 in., 45 cal. " Knipp."
16 — 6'4 in. 6}^ in. Belt amidships.
34 — 3 pdr. 8 in. Turrets.
8 in. Conning tower.
Torptdo Tubes (177 in.).
3 Submerged.
3 Above water.
Three screws. Hp, 37, 500=32 kts. Coal maxi-
mum 2,100 tons. Approximate coat ^1.150.000.
Leopard, firittsh torpedo-boat destroyer. (Bar-
row, 1897.) Length, 210 It. ; beam, 20 ft. ;
draught, 5} ft. ; di.s placement, 31x1 tons ; comple-
ment, 60 ; armament, i i3-pdr.. j 6-pdr.. 2 tubes ;
t\nn screw ; Hp., 6,000=30 kta. ; coal, 80 ions.
LMparA. Austro-Hungarian 3rd class cruiser.
(ElBwick, nWS.) Length, 334 it. ; beam, 34 ft :
draught. 14 ft.: displacement, 1,506 tons; com-
picmcnt, 186; armament, 2 4'7-iii.. to 1'8 in.,
4 tubes ; Hp,, 6,000= 18 kts. : coal, ijotons.
Lepaato. Italian battleship (1883). Recon-
structed 1904.
Length 400ft. Beam 75ft. Maxunnm draught 33(1,
Dtsplaccmcut 15,900 tons. Complement 700.
Guns. Armvur.
4 — 100 ton. "Compound."
t! — Old 6 in. 3 in. Deck.
4 — Old 4'7 in. 19 in. RcdonbL
12 — 6 pdr.
34—1 pdr.
LEPANTO
348
LEYLAND
Torpedo Tubes.
4 Above water.
Twin screw. Up. 16,000= i8'5 kts. Coal maxi-
mum 3.000 tons. Approximate cost £t, 200,000.
Lepaato. Spanish cruiser (:9g2).
Length .;281i. Beam folt. Maximum draught 24ft.
Displacement 4.836 tons. C^mtplemeat 420.
Guns. A rmour.
4^-6"4 in. ■* Steel. "
6 — 47 in. 4\ in. Deck.
6 — <i pdr. 3 in. Shields.
6^1 pdr.
3 Machine.
Torpedo Tubes.
2 Above water.
Twinscrew. Up. forced 11, 500 = 20*5 kts. Coal
maximum. 1.4.13 tons.
Lepanto, Battle oL On October 7. IS71. Don
John of Austria, cuinma-udiug the alUed fleets of
Austria, Italy, aud Siiuiu, (•ncountered the Turicish
fleet under Ali Baslia, which he completely de-
stroyed.
Leste. Hot, dry. dust-bearing wind of Madeira.
It blows from between north-cast and south-east.
Letters of Uarqae. See Privateer.
Letutshi. Russian torpedo-boat destroyer. (Nor-
mund. IQ05.] Length, 165 It.; beam, 31 ft.;
draught. 7^ ft. ; di.splacement. 374 tons ; comple-
ment, 60 ; armament, 1 12-pdr., 5 .^-pdr., 2 Maxims,
2 tubes ; twin screw ; Hp., $,600 = 26 lets. ; coal,
100 tons.
Levant, Tbe, derived from the Greek, meaning
" sunrise," is t}ie name applied to the ea^t end of
the Mediterranean and the adjoining countries.
The name was first applied by the Italians to the
Mediterranean Sea and those regions aijoining it
to the east of Italy.
Levanter. The strong, raw, easterly wind of the
Mediterranean.
Levecbe. The Spanish name for the Sirocco.
Leven. British torpedo-boat destroyer. {Fair-
field,1901.) Length, 218 ft. : beam, 20ft.: draught.
$^ ft. ; displacement, 300 tons ; complement.
56 : armament, t 13-pdr., j 6-pdr.. 2 tubes :
twinscrew; Hp., 6,000*30 kts. ; coal. &o tons.
Leviathan. British ist class cruiser. [Vickers,
lyoi.)
Length 5^9tt. Beam 71ft Maxmium draught 28ft.
Displacement 14,100 tons. Complement 900.
Guns. A rmour.
2—9*3 in.. 4S caL *' Krupp."
16 — 6 in. 6 in. Belt amidships.
14 — 12 pdr. 6 in. Barbettes.
3 — 3 pdr. 12 in. Conning tower.
3 Maxims.
Torpedo Tubts {18 in.).
2 Submerged.
Tvnn screw. Hp. 30,000= 23 Vts. Coal maxi-
mum 2,500 tons. Approximate cost j£i,ooo,ooo.
This name dates m the Na\'y from 1790, and 15
associated witli Hood's occupation of Toulon.
1793 ; the battle ol " The Glorious First of June."
I7S)4 : capture ol Minorca. 179S ; Trafalgar, ti
LAvrier. French avisos (iS^t).
Length 197ft. Beam 23ft. Maximum draught I2}L
Displacement 444 tons. Compleinent 80.
Gum.
I — 9 pdr
3—3 pdr.
Torpedo Tubes.
3 Above water.
Twin screw. Hp. 2,200^18*5 kts. Coal maxi-
mum 1 30 tons.
Leylaod, Christopher John (b. September 17.
i$49). In 1862 entered the Royal Nav^*. sad
latterly assisted the Hon. C. A. Parsons in tbt
construction of the Turbinia. In 1897 went to
Spithcad, and was m charge of this vessel, whtdi
was exhibited at the Pahs Exhibition in 190a
Is a director of the Parsons' Marine Steam Turbme
Co., Ltd., and chairman of Parsons' Foreign i*atfnts
Co., Ltd.
Lerland Line. This old shipping busuics.
founded by F. R, Lcyland, was converter) into »
public company in 1892. with a capital of £3 .&oo.<ooa.
Since 1895, when a new passenger service im
eslali[ished between Liverpool and the L'nitrt
States of America, it has iucrcasccl to such an cxtot
that the building oi large vessels h<>came neoeanfj.
tn 1900 the company was reformed with a capiul
ol £2.800,000. and acquired by purchase tbe W«ii
India and Pacific Steamship Co.. an old-establislMd
concern consisting of 22 steamers, with a gitM
tonnage of in. 000 tons. The company now o»ai
a fleet oi 45 steamers, with an aggregate tonuijc
of 255 ,000 tons, and maintain rt-gular servtccf
from Liverpool to Boston every Saturday, and to
New Orleans every four weeks, A monthly scnnc
to St. Thomas, a sernce twice a month to Pueno
Colombia, Colon and Kingston, every three wteb
to Tampico. Vera Cruz, and Progreso. twice >
month to Barbadoes. Trinidad, La Guaira, E^uatu
Cabello, Curasao, and Carthagena. Special attmtioc
has been paid to the cotton trade, and the stMroft*
of the company engaged in it have the largest > -
carrying capacity of any entering tho port o\ '> •
Orleans.
Fleet.
Albanian. Barbadian.
Alexandrian. Betginn.
.4lmerian. BohcrMimn.
A nfliav. Bostonian.
.■i Htiilian. CaUdi>t»ian
A rme nian . Calif ^m usn .
Asian. Cambrian.
AUantian. Canadtau.
LEYTE
Ce5/n<iN.
CQlom'an.
Cotutubtan.
Cuban.
Dat ion.
Devoniun.
Etitnian.
Floridian.
GfofgiaM.
Ibttian.
Indian.
Jamaican.
KingsUmian.
FUtBT (CimftftMMf).
LancasthaH.
L"uiiianian.
Mtxican.
Suaragitan.
Oxonian.
Pluladtlphian.
TampUan.
Ttxan.
Victorian.
Vifgintan.
WiUtam Uiff.
W'tntlredian.
Yucatan.
Gross tonnage. 239,000.
Layt*. Unitfxl States gun-boat. Captured from
Spain during the Spanish-American war, at the
batUc of Manila, May i. 189B. Of little fighting
vaJue.
IfcF. Distinguishing letters on sea fishing boats
registered at Fiakcnw&rdcr (Lunt^burg), Germany.
IfiH DistiuguisJiiog letters on si:a fishing boats
registered at I^ Ilogue, France.
UB. DistinguiahiDg letters on sea fishing boats
registered at Leith, S<:otland.
LX Diatinguishtng letters on sea fishing boats
registered at Littlchampton, England.
laabUitiea (legal) arc obligations caiorceable
at law aitMuj; from cither (ij coutiact ; (2) quaKi-
coatiact, i.t.. a contract implied in law and founded
on (a) a record — s.g., a judgment — (6} a statutury
duty — *.f., compulsory pilotage— or (c) the doctrine
that no one shall cnnch himself unjustly at another's
e3Q>eiise — *.g., tbi: liability of infants for accessaries :
(3) tort. !.«.. a civil wrong not arising out of con-
tract ; or (4) quasi-tort, i.t.. a term used by certain
text-book writers for convenience ol classification,
under which bead is included cases in which third
parties, themsctvui innocent of any wrongful act
or omi»uon, are neverthelras held liable for such
acts when committed by their servants in the
course ot their cmplojTneiit.
LiabUitics may be joint or several, or joint and
Several.
In Contract. — Where the liabibty be /otnf, each
defendant is personally respomdble for the whole
habdity. but ail defendants may be sued. Where
the liability i.s joint and ieveral one or more may be
sued, and judgment agaizut one, if unsatisfied, is no
bar to an action against Uik othent. Wht-rtr the
habilitj is ssverai, any or all the parties may be
joined as co-defendants, or. if dead, their executors
or administrators. One defendant who pays the
whole or mon? than his ^Imre can claim contribu-
tion from the others.
In Tort. — Joint tortfeasors arc jointiy and
stvetally Uablc for the whole, and some or all may be
med, but judgment against one, even M unsatisfied,
is a bar to a nibeequent action for the same tort.
Between joint tortfeason there is no contribution
as a rule.
Reftr to rjmitation of Liability, Employers'
Liability.
Uakhoff.
Lib«raL
Explorer. See Arctic Exploration.
Portuguese gun-vessel. (Birkenhead.
1886.) Length. 140 ft. ; beam, 25J ft. ; draught,
roj ft. ; displacement, 580 tons ; complement. 100 ;
armament, 1 6-in., 3 4-in., 7 Maxims ; Hp..
SSobII kts. ; coal. 90 tons.
Liberia. Bntlsh and African Steamship Co.'s
vessel, in colIi»on wilh the .steamer Barton, of! the
Scilty Isles ; both vessels sank and not a soul was
saved.
Libertod. Argentine battleship. fLaird. i390<)
Length 330ft. Beam 44tt. Mean draught [3ft.
Displaccmeut 2.33O tons. Complement 235.
Armour.
" Comijouud."
8 in. Belt amidships.
8 in. Barbettes.
4 in. Conmng tower.
Torpedo Tubes.
z Above K-ater.
Hp. natural 2,100= 13*2 kts.,
forced 3,780^3 i4'2 kts. Coal maximum 34a tons.
UberM. French 1 st class battleship. (St.
Nazaire, 1904.)
Li-ngtli 452ft Beam 7gft. Maximum draught 27ft
Displacement 14,86$ tons. Complement 793-
Guns.
2 — 9'4 in.
4—47 in-
4— J pdr.
a — I pdr.
Twin screw.
A rmour.
" Krupp."
1 1 in. Belt amidiJupB.
1 3 in. Main turretii.
15 in. Coniutig tower.
Guns.
4 — 13 in.. 50 cal.
10 — 7 "6 in.
8 — 4 in.
^4—3 V^'-
Torpedo Tubes (1904),
2 Submerged.
3 Above water.
Three screws. Hp. iS.ooo— 18 kts. Coal maxi-
mum 1,850 tona. Approximate cost ^1,425,000.
Liberty. I'emiiKiion to Iea\'e the ship.
Litiratlon. An apparent irregularity of the
muon'-i motion, which makes her appear to llbrate
about her axis in such a manner that parts of her
eastern and western limbs become visible and
invisible alternately.
LichAeld. 30 guns. On November 39, 1758,
iliLs VL-ssil was lost on the coast of Barbary. when
130 of the crew perished.
Lieatanaatt in the Navy, is the rank that a mid-
shipman, it he is 19 years of age and has completed
the prescribed service — passed a satisfactory
examination at the Royal Naval College in gunnery,
navigation, seamanship, torpedo practice— attains,
provided he secures a first-class in the subjects of
his examination. A lieutenant may be promoted
after four year^' service to commander for di%-
tinguishcd sen-ices. The chief duty of a Ueotenant
u thmt of officer oi the watcfa, in which capacity he
is responsible for the safety of the ship. liefer to
King's Regulations for the Navy ; Xnvol EducAtion.
^ Lient«nftnt nyio. Hu&sian torpedo gun-boat.
Black Sea (tS86).
I-ength 227ft. Beam 34ft. Maximum draught 1 1 ft.
Displacement 600 tons. Complement log.
Cutis. Armour.
7~3 pdr. " Steel."
u> Machim*. fin. Deck.
Torpedo Tubes,
7 Above water.
Twin screw. Hp. forced 3,550=30 kts. Co«l
nnrmal 97 tons,
life ftmmnoe " is a lonlract by which tlic in-
surer, in return for a lump sum or a periodical pay-
ment, undertakes to pay to the person for whose
benefit the insurance is effected, or to his executors,
admiiiiiil-iatnrs or assigiu*. a ccitaiii sum of money
or an judemnit>' on the hai>pentng of a given event,
or on the death ot the person whose life la insured."
I'hcrc is no IcgaL limit to which a person may insure
his own life, but a person insuring the hfe of another
must not only have an insurable interest in that
person's hfe, hut can recover no sum greater than
the value of the interest which he possesses in the
life of the insured at the lime of effecting the in-
surance.
Lif»-b«lt See Royal Nnttonal f.ifebont Insti-
tution.
LUeboftt. See Royal National Lifeboat Insti-
tution.
Lifeboat Joamal. Established 1853. Published
quarterly. Price },d. and is. Address: 14 John
Street. Adelphi, London. W.C.
Lii^bnoy. A buoy or float which is tlirown
overboard to sustain a person in the water until
assistance arrives.
lileguard. Steamer. Left Newcastle, December
30, 1862. and was never heard of again. She was
supposed to have foimdcrcd o£F Flaniborough
Head.
Life-linM. Lines used in bad weather, stretched
along the deck to prevent seamen being washed
overboard.
Life Mving apiuratus. See Koyal National
Lifeboat Institutitui.
Ijfler. Bntish torpedo-bost destroyer [Birken-
head. 1904.) Length. 222 ft. : beam, 23) ft. ;
draught, 9i It. ; displacement, 600 tons ; comple-
ment, 72 ; armament, I i2-pdr.. 5 6 pdr., 2 tubes;
twin screw ; Hp.. 7,500=35 kts. ; coal, 126 tons.
Lift, Applied wheu the wind catches Ibe sails
on the leeches and causes them to nitlle.
Lighter. A large open flat-bottum boat used in
conveying cargo to ships.
Lighteraee. The expense ot a lighteo' or
Lighterman. A man employed in a lig!
LighthoDse. There are in the United
tliree general lighthouse authorities,
Tntiity House, the Commi^ioners of the
Lights, and the Commissioners of the Irish
The two last general authorities have tti
powers within tlieir di.stricts as the ^
House, except ttiat they most first snbifl
schemes to the Trinity House, which
thereon to the Board of Trade. A geneni
house authority has power to trcct. alter, 4
or remove any hghtliouse, and fro vary its ell
or tlie mode of exliibiting lights ; to erect or;
any buoy or beacon ; to purchase land oi
for the exercise of its powers : the niainttdtf
its works, or the residence of light-keepers. J
Light dues arc levied on ships with respea
voyages made or by way oi periodical pa]
and not with respect to the hghls whichi
passes ui' derives bcueUt from ; a.ncl are G;
by persons appointed by a general a.uthnrit7
remits to His Majesty's Paymastcr-Oeneral I
coming into tta hands, for the purpose ok
carried to the General Lighthouse Fund.
The persons liable to pay light duea ar»
owner or master, or (2) such consignee or
have paid, or made themselves li.-ible to
other charge on account of the ship in
her arrival or discharge.
Local lighthouse authorities may
manage lighthouses, etc.. and collect dues uri
towards the construction, improveincql
upkeep of such lighthouses, etc.. but they]
make variations, alterations, or additions %
the consent of the general authoiity. Tbci
however, it they think fit, sell or surrena
lighthouse, etc., to the general authority '
whose area it is situated, and the purcliase
shall be paid out of the Ceneral Lighthouse
Each general lighlliousc authority shall
to the Board of Trade for its receipts from dii
for its expenses, which are paid out of the
Lighthouse Fund.
Lightning. British torpedo - boat de
(Jarrow, 1895.) Length, 200 It. ; beam,
draught 6^^ ft. ; displacement 253 tons ;
meat, 50 ; armament, i 13 pdr., 5 &-pdr.. ai
twin screw ; Hp., 3,789 = 37 kts. ; coal. 60 4
Ijghtning. Disruptive dischargo ol ela
duriug thunderstorms.
Lightning condnctoi. A mode of prd
agninst ligliliiiTig,
Ligfatc. In the Navy all the seamen's li^
extinguished at 8 p.m.. the ofhcer^' at id
unless otherwise ordered by the comiai
oflicer.
CH
i
e to pj
in thci
i
ay oW|
I
liKtatlhlp. A vessel moor«i in the vicinity of
dangerous Rhaals or headland, carrying aloft a
warning hght, varying in character, so as to afford
an indication of position to passing vessels. The
fint British lightship was litted out by Robert
Hamblin, and placed on the Noie sand in 1731 ;
five years later David Avery cauwd one to be
placed to mark the Dudgeon Shoal. The oldest
Goodwin lightship dates from 170s- I-ij^htships
are under the supervision of Trinity House.
UgUte. Small Italian cruiser. (Ansaldo, 1893.)
Length 262ft. Beam jgft. Maximum draught 17ft.
Displacement j.3So tons. Complement 246.
Guns. A rmour.
2— 6 in. "Steel."
8 — 4'7 in. I in, Deck.
8—6 pdr.
8 — I pdr,
Torpfdo TubfS.
3 Above water.
'Twin acnrw. Hp.. 7,500=18*5 lets. Coal maxi-
aaum 500 tons. Approximate cost /too.oao.
Lihoi. Kassian torpedo-boat destroyer. [Nor-
(Hand, 190;.) Length, 185 ft. ; tKani, 21 ft. ;
draught. 7^ ft.; displacement, 324 tans; com-
I j>lcment, 60 ; armament, 1 13-pdr., j 3-pdr.,
6 Maxims, a tubes; twin screw; Up.. 5,(500=
K^ktSw : coal, too tons.
TJTHahttgk, HJalmar Hogo (b. Sweden, March 13.
*4 5). Pirccfor of naval construction. Royal
► ■wedish Navy. After ha%-ing finished a course
*=»< technical training at the Royal High School of
~l^cchnology at Stockholm, he, in 1865, came to
*^ — -ondon. and im-tvc/I tvi-o years' apprenticeship with
^lessra. Maiidslay, Sons ami Field. In 1S72 he
J coined a shipbuilding; firm in Swedes, and in 1887
i «:3aned the .Swedish Navy as assistant constructor.
f'Mi 1S89 was appointed chief constructor, and in
X €98 director of naval constniction. and from that
B^i me ha.s been responsible for the design of all
^»lTips built lor the Swedish Navy. Member of
^^ome and Foreign Scientific and Technical
.^S<jcicties.
Publications : Numerous papers in Swedish
ival journals on technical subjects.
Lflly. H.M. gun-boat. Wrecked 00 the rocks
»fl Point Armour. Labrador coast. October 4, 1889 ;
yen lives tost.
Lima. American barque. Wrecke<1 off Cape
|^*aiflcur. February 6, r86o ; too lives lost.
Umbtn. A passage on each side of the keelson
>r bilgc-waleJ.
iimiUtiOD of Liability (Merchant Shipping Act.
I. The owner of a British sea-going ship is not
I 'saUc (without his actual fault or privily) for loss or
*^^inag»* rausetl by firr to any i^ouds on board, or
***!■ loss or damage, however caused, to gold, silver,
or jewels, unless their value has been declared
at the time of shipment.
2. A shipowner, British or foreif^, is not liable
fwithout actual fault or privity) to damages
beyond /15 per too of a steamer's gross tonnage
(without deduction for engine space or uncertified
crew space), or of a sailing ship's registt-red tonnage,
in respect of loss of life or personal injur>', with or
without loss of or damage to goods, nor to damage
beyond £8 per ton in respect of loss of or damage
to vessel, goods, etc., with or without loss of life or
injury.
(a) Where.loss of life- or personal injury- is caused
to any person carried in the ship.
{b] Where loss or damage is caused to goods on
board [passenger'!! luggage included).
(c) 'Whrru loKs of life or personal injury is caused
to any person carried in any other ship by the
negligent navigation of the ship,
((/) Where loss or damage is caused to any other
ship by negligent navigation of the ship.
By the Merchant Shipping Act, 1900, limitation
of liability is extended to all cases where Ions or
damage ts caused by negligent navigation, to
property or rights on land or sea, fixed or movable.
A dock, canal, or ImrboHr authority or conser-
vancy, causing loss or damage to any vessel or her
cargo, shall not be liable for such loss or damage
beyond IS per ton of the largest registered British
ship which, at the time of such loss or damage, is.
or within a period of five yeare previous thereto
has been, within the area over which such authority
or conservancy has control.
A Trinity House [nJot shall not be lial^le for
damage due to his negligence beyond the penalty
of tiio bond executed by him when licensed.
Limpooo. Portuguese gun-boat (1^91). Dis-
placement, 120 tons ; speed, 1 1 kts,
Linch pin. .\n iron pio.
Undbeck, Johannei (b. HcmAsand, .\ugu.<it 30,
1873). Swi'di^iU naval architect. Educated Stock-
holm College, and io 1896 outered I'^ole d'AppIi-
cation do G6nie Maritime, graduating in 1898.
In 1899 went to the United States, and oa his
return in 1900 entered the service of the Royal
Swcflish Navy as assistant constructor, and waS
promoted naval constructor in 1902.
LindenoT, Explorer. See Arctic Exploralion.
Ijndornien. Old Danish nionilor. Of no
fighting value.
Lls«. A running cord or rope.
Line sqnaUs. The line of squalls which are
associated with the trough of a cyclone or V-
depression.
Unk. A northern name for the windings o( a
river. Also (or fiat sands on the seashore and
lowlands overflowing at spring tides.
LTNNARD
35*
LIVERPOOr
Linnard, Jo>eph HAmilton (b. Bolivia, Peaa&yl-
vaaia. U.S.A., September 27. i860). Naval con-
structor, U.S. Navy. EoteretJ U.S. hfaval Academy
at cadet-midshipman. 1S77 : after graduating and
ser\'ing two years at sea, was appointed assist-
ant naval constructor. U.S. N'avy, 18S3. and
sent to France for a course ol study. Graduated
irom r£oole d'Application du G£nie Maritime,
1887 : has been actively engaged in work as
naval constructor since that date in vanou^i navy
yards, and superintending tlie construction of war-
vessels in private yards for the U.S. Navy.
Linois. French avisos. (La. Seyao, 1894-)
Lengtli 33"^t. Beam 34ft. Maximum draught t^ft.
Displacement 2.350 Ions, romplemrni 248.
Gm»m.
4— j-Sin..4Scal.
2 — 4 in. •
8—3 pdr.
Twin screw,
mum 380 ton.<t.
A rtnnur.
"Steel."
I) In. T>eck.
2 in. Gun shields.
4 in. Conning tower.
Torpedo Tubes.
3 Above water.
Hp. 7.000=20 kts. Coal maxi-
Approximale cost ^200,000.
Idon. French gun-veaael (470 tons). Of no
fighting valur.
Lion Line, own^d and managed by Messnt.
Wcddtl, Turner and Co.. with their head office in
London, have a fleet ol ciRlit steamers, from 6.000 to
7,ooD tons dead weight, of the tramp order. Iradinf;
between Australia and the East, notably India,
Philippines, Java, etc. The steamers are mostly
run in fulfilment of contracts entered into by the
owners, who arc extensive coal shippers from New
South Walt-'s, and who are extensive coal shippers
from New Soutli Wales, and who were the pioneers
of tlie hard-wood trade bctwixn Tasmania, Queens-
land, New South Wales and India, where large
quantities of jarroh and karri are used for railway
purposes. Sailings arc also maintained direct from
Calcutta, to the Argentine, in competition with tlic
route tlirough the Canal to Liverpool, thtTcby
obviating the necessity of transhipping there for
the Kiver Plate.
LiDper. A name applied to the spray from
small waves breaking against the ship's side.
Lipton, Sir Tboinas Johnston <b. G)asgow).
Krilish merchant. Is a very keen yachtsman, and
has made three unsuccessful altt-mpts with Shant-
roeh T.. Shamrock II.. and Shamrock III. to win
the America Cnp, a national >*achting trophy, from
the New York Yacht Club (q.v.).
Lishman, John J. (b. Newcastle. 1841)- Served
apprenticeship with Messrs. T. and W, Smith,
North Shields, and after a periotl at sea was ap-
pointed marine superintendent to Mes-srs. John
Hall aiid Co., which position he held for over 20
years, subsequently resigmng to take up an ap>
pointment as surveyor for the Grrmanischer
Lloyd, Tyne District, and remained as their utr
veyor until loo^, when he retired.
TtirtB. Battle of. In 1866 the first action bctwwe
a squadron of ironclads was fought here. The
Austrian fleet, tliough inferior, succeeded in sinktag
two Italian ironclads.
list. To incline to wind side.
List, Lloyd's. See I-loyd's.
Little Western Steamship Co., owned ajid
by Messrs. George Bazelcy and Sons, Pennocc.
have a fleet of four steamers engaged in passenger
and cargo trade between London and BnsuJ,
Dartmouth, Torquay, Plymouth and Vctiaact,
Steamers leave London for Bristol every Wcdne*
day and Saturday ; for Torquay and I*enxioc*
every Saturday ; for Dartmouth and Newport
wery Wednesday ; Torquay for Penzance and
Bristol every Monday ; from Penxancc to Bristol
every Wednesday ; from Bristol to London evoy
Saturday and Monday ; Penzance, Plyinouth, and
Torquay every Saturday ; and a fortnightly service
from Newport to London, or more frequently it
cargo offers.
Fleet.
Ctoch. Gervase.
Coaih. Marcuiio.
Littoral deposita aie such aa are accumulating <■
■^hallow water round tlie edge of a coast or »-
board. The name is often used as synonynoo
iiith shallow water beds.
Litelf. British torpedo-boat destroyer. (Cly*^
bank, 1901.) Length. 318 ft. : beam, ao It:
draught. 5^ ft. : displacement, joo tons ; coto|^
mcnt, 5S ; armament, t t3-pdr., 5 6-[x]r,, 2 tubes;
twin scrt:w ; Kp.. 6,000=30 kts. ; coaL 80 tons.
Liverpool and Boston Line ol Steamahlpa, owwi
and managed by Messrs. George Warren and Co.
Ijvcrpool, comprise a fleet of five large moden
cargo steamers trading between Liverpool and At
United States of America. These vesscU do «<
have any passenger accommodation.
Fleet.
Iowa. MickigaH. SacJum.
HoTtsas. Sa^amun.
Uverpool Average Agreement. Set Livvjoi
Average Bond.
Liverpool Average Bond.
Am AcaEBMEKT made this
day of 1 90
Bftwttn
jaiHervmwn being the (a)
Ma«et, Owner. „^, ,, , ...
ot Aseni, xa tb<r Ship OT Vessel called the
c««iiwybe. ^j ^^p f^^ p^^^ ^^ ^^
persons whose names or fir-
set and subscribed hereto. --_ ,
respectively Owners or Coasigiia9<^
Cargo on board the said Shij^, « <
JVERPOOL
ja.
LIVERPOOL
their AgenU. of the secoodpart
(facreLna.fter called Uir Consignee^).
Wkt-reas, the said Ship lately
arrived in the Port of
*'on a voyage from atiti
it is alleged that during such voyage
sacrifices were ma<1e and/or expendi-
ture incurred which may form n
charge on the cargo, or some part
thrrcol. or be the subject of a
geacral average contribution, but the
same cannot be immediately ascer-
tained, and in the meantime it is
desirable that the cargo should be
delivered ; Kow Ih^reforp these pfe-
sftUs oninrss. and the said parties
hereto of the first pari on tlieir own
port, and (if Agents) on tn^half of
the Owners and Master of the said
vessel, in consideration of the agree
tnent of the Consignees hereinafter
"contained, hereby agree witli the
respective consignees, that they «rill
deliver to them respectively their
res|>ectivc consignments, on pay-
ment of the freight payable on
delivery, if any. and en making a
rt-aaonable deposit as secnritj* for
Oncral A vcrage, Salvage and /or
particular or other charges aa here-
inafter provided, if rK|uired, and the
said Consignees tn consideration of
the said agreement of the parties
hereto of the first pari lor tliemselvcs
severally and respectively, and not
the one lor the other ot them, hereby
agree with the parlies hereto of tbe
first part, that they will pay to the
parties entitled thereto the proper
and respective proportiou of any
General Average. Salvage and ^or
particular or other diarges, which
may be |iayal>le upon their respective
couMgamcnts, or for which the
Shippers or Owners of such consign-
ment may l>e liable in respect
thereof. And it is hereby agreed
that the Adjustment shall be made
■} Hctc ilUCTL >,„
Bl»«" or At. ™
I^"."* being (b) of the
Association of Average AdjusterB,
who shall send to each of the parties
hereto a copy of adjust-
ment on the date thereof. And the
said Consignees Aarther promise and
agree forthwith to furnish to the
said adjuster a correct account ol
the particulars and values of the
goods laden on board and/or de-
livered from the said Ship and
owned by or coasigncd{to them re-
spectively, and such other tnforma
licm an may be roqainKi in order
that any such General Average and
other charges may be adjusted in the
usual manner.
And whfreas, at the request of the
parties hereto of the first part, the
Consignees or some of them (herein-
after called the Depositors) have re-
spectively deposited, or agreed to
deposit, on account of such General
Average. Salvage and/or particular
or other charges, in the
Bank in the
joint names oC
Qominatr<l on behalf of the parties
of tlic first part, and
nominated on behalf of
^uch Depositors (h'.Toioaftcr called
the Trustees), the sums which have
hctn roiitiially agreed upon or have
been or are abont to be Ibced by the
said Adjuster. Sow it is hereby fitrthrr
agreed, that the deposits so made
shall be held as security for and upon
trust for the payment to the parties
entitled thereto of the General
Average. Salvage and/or Particular
or other charges payable by the
deposilors. and subject thereto upon
trust £or the said depositors respec-
tively. And tV is futiStr agreed and
declated as fottows ;
I. That the Trustees may make
advances to. or payments on behalf
of any of the parties hereto out of
tbe said deposita of such sums in
respect of any disbursements made,
or about to be made, or losses sus-
tained by or on behalf of those
parties respectively, or by those
whom the>- represent, as the adjuster
may certify to be wholly nr tn part
chargeable against the De)>oNitors.
or some of them, after taking into
account any sums which may be
payable to them. Tliat (he Trustci's
may at any time return to any De-
positor snch portion of his deposit
as the Adjuster may certify to be in
excess of the amount reasonably rc-
qnirwd from him .xs security.
II. Thai upon tlic expiration of
14 ek'ar da>s from the date of issue
of the Adjitstznent, the Trustees shall
distnbute and pay the deposits re-
maining ji their hands in accord-
ance with the said adjustments,
unless they (or one of ihcm) shall in
thi! mcnntioie batV'bocu served t>y
one or more of the parties htreto
N
LIVERPOOL
354
LIVERPOOL
with notice in writing that h« or
they objrct to the Adjustment and
require them (the Trustees) to retain
the deposits, or some pari thercol,
in their hands, pending the »tt]c-
ment of mch objection.
III. Thai the party or partieK
giving such notice shall at the same
time furnish the Trustees with par-
ticulani of the ittmis objected to and
the grounds of the objection.
IV. TMai if when such notice and
particulam shall have bcco duly
given to tlie Trustees, they may only
pay over and distribute the balance
in accordance u-ith tlie .Adjustment
at the expiration of the aforesaid
period of 14 days, if and in so far
as llic Same sliall not be afttxted by
the objection, and sliall retain in
their hands ho much of the depo»its
OS in their judgment may be affected
by the objection.
V. That at the expiration ol a
further period of thirty ck-ar days
(from the expiration of the afore-
mentioned period of 14 days), unless
legal procec<tings shall have been
served upon the Trustees (or one of
them), or unless they iiball be
satisfied that fiirtlicr delay is desir-
able for the purpose of arri\ing at a
settlement, the Trustees may ('with
out prejudice to any question or
dispute a.s to the Adjustment) pay
over the moneys retained in their
hands to the parties who shall ap-
pear by the adjustment to be en-
titled thereto.
VI. That all payments made by
the Tnwtees. whether zx advances,
payments, or rL-turns. before the
issue of tlie Adjustment, or by way
of distribution and M'ttk-nneut, in
whole or in part, of the du-jioaits in
accordance with Ihe ,'\diuslment.
after the saiTK- Khali have l>cen issued
or otherwise under thi.s agreement.
bhall, if made with due care, dis-
charge the Trustct^ front all hablHty
in resptct of th« amountH y^a paid,
but shall not Ije otherwise final,
and that any such payment shall be
wholly without prejudice to any
objection or qnetition which may bt;
raised with rntprct to the Adjust-
ment.
As reitness the hands of the Parties :
llTerpool, Brazil and River Plate Steam Nariga-
tloo Oo. Set t.am])or( and Holt Steamship Line.
Liverpool Regiitry ot Xroa VetMli. Now incor-
porated with Lloyd's Register of British atA
Foreign Shipping (q.v.).
Liverpool Underwriters' AuociAtion was fornol
at a pubhc meeting of merchants, marine instmoix
brokers and underwriters held on January 8. tSo;.
at the Exchange CoBee Kooni. Excliaage Allrr.
Liverpool. The objects of the association are :
To procure and furnish to the members of thr
ansociation and others tntclhgencc and inlormabos
with riivjHxt to shipping and shipping matters a
other matters which are, or ma,y be, of tatcrest to
underwriters,
To promote or oppose legislative and oUmt
measures aflecting the interests of underwritov
and (or those purposes to petition Parliament, lad
taliR such other slc{« and proceedings as inar bt
deemed expedient.
To become a member of. or to subscribe to. aiqr
other association, whether incorporated, or not
having objects altogether or in part sirailar tb
those of this association, or having for its object,
or one of its objects, the saving oC Ufe or piopeil;
at sea.
To Investigate by all lawful means frauds prac-
tised or attempted or intended to be practtsel
with respect to vessels or their cargoes or trn^
or in relation to any marine insurance thereoo. v
the wrongfully converting or disposing of. or dcatinf
with, derelict property, and to take or facilitaif
proceedings for tiic punishment of persons guilty
of or concerned in such frauds or wrongiul acts.
To do all such other lawful things as are mo-
dental or conducive to the attainment of the abo^i-
mentionrd objects, 01 any of them, and genenO;
to protect and advance the interests of unda-
writers.
Prior to the year 1S60. when the busincs d
underwriting in Liverpool first began to be tr«a»-
ferred to joint stock companies, by whom it s
now almost exctttsively practised in that nty. tf
was the custom for marine insurance to be traai-
actt^l by brokers, each acting for a li^t of aodei-
wnters. whose names they were authorised to sub-
scribe to marine policie.s for HmitcM amonnts oL
say, from ^100 to ^500 each. Many, if not incfl.
of these underwriters were engaged in then* on
occupations as merchants, shipowners, etc.. tM
their only part in the insurances to which ttar
names were subscrilxfd, or uodurwrittcn, wai to
pay or receive the balances due irom time to tnv
on thi- account, the active management of At
business being in the hands of brokers, wfaor
opcratioiis were not confin<,-d. like mof^t of ^
brokers of the prt-^rnt day, to placing of nslo <a
commisKion, but who more closely resembled tbi
nndcrwritcr of a manne insurance company at tftr
present time.
The first joint stock company formed io lit«-
pooi for inaiinc insuraiKe wa4 tbe " Tha!T^ ■ i**
I
LIVONIAN
355
LLOYD'S
Mertey," In the year i860, -which was followed In
1863 fay the " British and Foreign " and the
*' Union," these in turn to be followed some ycani
later by the " Mahtjine " and the " Sea."
The five companies above referred to, together
with the "Standard.* established in 1872, and the
•' Reliance." which was rstahlished shortly after,
arc the T-iverpool companies doing business to-day.
and the representative? of theae companies,
together with those of the Alliance Co.. of London,
and the underwriting hrm of Binnlog and Co..
constitute the present committee of the associa-
tion.
The scope of the association's operations has
never been wider than at present. The records
from the earliest times .lihow that itn attention has
not been confined to its own immediate iiiterrsbi,
but that it has always been ready to support any
tnov«ment having for its object the advancement
of commercial and often philanthropic interests.
and that tendency has extended rather than coo-
tractc<l as the a-vtociation has progresse<1.
Thvre w probably no imjwrtant Act of Parlia-
ment affecting commerce passed during the last
100 years that has not received the attention of
this association, together with many which have
not Tvaehed the Statute Book, and its records
abow that harhour. lighthouse, and port improvc-
mentii. both at home and abroad, have all been
helped forward at various times.
Livoniaa Tacht Clnb. Established 1895. Com-
modore. Consul A. WoIfiKhmidt ; Vice-Commo-
dore. Victor H. Vtith i Treasurer. C. O. Damberg ;
Secretary, Nic. Taube, Riga. Russia. Entrance
fee, s roubles ; annual subscription, 30 rouUcs.
Lliud. A lanyard with iron thimbles spliced
into 11.
Lisard, Battle ol. Fought June 12, 1635. at the
commencement of the fir^t Dutch war. Sir George
Ayacue, in charge of a British squadron, overtook
the Dutch outward bound East Indian Heet of
40 merchantmen, and capturnl six.
Lizard Head is the most southerly point of Great
Britain, on the south coast ol Cornwall. 16 miles
ftouth-wcst of Falmouth. Outward bound vessel?
are signalled from here. There are two fine light-
housej on this point, and the undercUil saren fog-
signal is said to be one of the most powerful of its
kind at present in use.
I«.K. Distinguishing letters on sea tishing boats
registered at Lerwick. Shetland. Scotland.
LJL Distinguishing letters on sea fishmg boats
registered at LiSbcck, Germany.
UL, Distinguishing letters on sea fishing boats
registered at Liverpool. ICiigl^ind.
UoTd, Adminl Rodney Maclaine, O.B.. cr. 1^92
(b. 1841). Entered Navy. 1854 ; served in Tttma-
t^nt, Baltic, 1854. Nankin, China. ifl54-;9 ; present
at all operations in the south, including the fint
assault on Canton. 1856: capture of Boguc forti,
1856. and for three months stationed in North
Wiintong fort during the blockade of the river ;
midshipman of pinnace in action at Fatshan.
tS;; ; in charge of fraat that rescued Lieutenant
Pirn and party from an attack by Chinese on a
town ne-ar Blenheim Reach, and the following day
prrsent at the capture and destruction of that
town. 1857 ; served in Naval Brigade at taking of
Canton. 1857; present at the capture of Snnon ;
mentioned in despatches (China medal, Fatshan
and Canton claspt ; senior heutenant of P^rj^wr.
landed with a party of men to occupy the King's
settlement in Pelew Island, 18^17 ; In command of
Janut, 1867: commander of Bvunder. 1867-70.
landed near Swatow with expeditionary forces
umler Commander Oliver Jones. 1869 : mentioned
in despatches : captured five piratical junks at
Gowtow Island, Gulf of Tonquin. iSfr); received
special thank.i of Hong Kong Government ; pro-
moted cominandej- : commander of BtHlfiHck, 1874-
78 ; stationed at New Orieans during election
disturbances ; senior officer on the coast of
tf.S. of Colombia during revolution, 1875 ; re-
ceived thanks of United States Government for
services rendered to Armida Hull, lost on .\buco
Reef. 1877: captain ol Briton, 1884-87; present
during operations in East Soudan. 18S4 (Egyptian
medal, Khedive's Bronze Star) ; senior officer on
East Coast of .Africa. 1886 ; received Royal Humane
Society's bronce medal for jumping overboard at
Messina and rescumg a boy who had fallen into the
harbour : received thanks of French Government
for assistance rendered on occasion of tlie wreck
of the French transport Aveyron near Cape Guarda-
fui, 1884 ; commodorv second class and naval
officer in charge at Jamaica ; captain's good ser-
\*ice pension. 1891 ■*)4 ; C.B. on Her Majesty's
birthday. 1892 ; Superintendent of Malta I>ock-
>*ard, 1897-1900 : commander Mediterranean
Squadron. 1899 ; promoted vice-admiral. 1900 ;
appointed member of the Board of Trade com-
mittee to inquire into the condition of the mer-
cantile marine, particulariy as regards manning
and victualling ; appointed assessor for appeal in
the House of Lords, 1902-03.
Uoyd'l is an as-sociation of marine underwriters
in the City of London, and derived ita name from
a cofiec house kept by Mr. Edward Lloyd in Tower
Strret during the seventeenth century, where
underwriters met to transact business. In 1692
Lloyd's coffee house was removed from Tower
Street to Lombard Street : and in t774 Lloyd's
left tlie coffee house in Lombard Street for pre-
mises m the Royal Exchange, where it has since
remained. In 1810 Parliament ^pointed a com-
mittee to inquire into the atfaiiM of this institution.
From the inquiry Uoyd'* emerged with credit, and
N 2
LLOYD'S
356
LLOYJ
P
has since continued to assist in the promotion of
ever>' measure which might aid in the preservation
of life at 8«a, t]ic prevention of fraud in coanection
with marine insurance, and the rapid collection
and distribution of maritime intelligence. In 1871
Lloyd's was incorporated by Act of I^arliameot,
but doL:^ not. as an incorporation, undertake insur-
ance bu^iiifss. This is coaducted solely by its
members on their own account ; in (act, Lloyd's is
the great market for insurance. Candidates fur
election arc required to satisfy the conunittee as
to their means, and dejiosit a sum. of not IcKS than
j^j,ooo in the names of trustees as additional
security for liabilities mcurred un account of marine
and transport risks. U will thus bo seen that the
aggregate amount placed at the disposal of the
committee of Lloyd's in very large, but in no way
represents tlie total capital {losscsscd by the under-
writing members. The business of Lloyd's as an
iucorporaliou, and of the conunittee as its execu-
tive, is to conduct, the affairs ol Lloyd's m its
coxpuratu mpacity, and to guard as trustees the
corporate funds and property. Lloyd's is an im-
mense organisation for the collection and distri-
bution of marine iuceUigence, which is publi.sliud
daily in " Lloyd's IJst " (q.V-). The intelligence
department has dL-vt:ln[M;d continually under the
inlluencc ol steam and electricity, and keeps pace
i)rith the opening of new ports and tJie increase*!
means of comiuunication. In this connection
the value of Lloyd's signal stations [q.v.] is
very great, not only to undcrwrilcri, but Jilso to
merchants and shipownurs. as it is Irequt-nily an
advantage that a vessel should be intercepted oH
the coast and ordered to its i>ort of destination.
Vessels arriving off outlying sigoal stations often
bring important intelhgence as to derelicts and
wrecks passed on their voyage, as well as informa-
tion of vessels in distress, and overdue vessels
arriving un long voyages ore reported at these
stations. Scaicdy any vessel to ports in the
United Kingdom arrives at ht-r terminal port with-
out lirst beuig reported Iroxn one of Lloyd's signal
stations. The corporation oX Lloyd's now holds a
sitnjlar jHisitiou witli regard to signal stations, to
^lat occupied by the Curpuration ut Triuity Hou^e
Jfith. regard to hghtliuuscs.
Vanous works arc published by the corporation
(or the benefit of the mercantile community — e.g..
" Lloyd's List " {q.v.)^ " Lloyd's Weekly Shipping
index " (f.u.}. ''Lloyd^ ConliduitiBl Index " (q.v.),
" Lloyd's Calendar " (q.v.). antl " Lloyd's Index ot
House Flags and Ftumels " {ij.v.).
At Lloyd's is maintained a captain's register
showing the services of every mastrr in the mcr-
cootda marine, and much confidential information
of igpeat value to underwriters is collected tn the
secretary's office for the benefit of members and
subscribers of the corporation,
Lloyd's also matiitaiuH an inquiry office, where
the relations of crew, or paasongers may obtain.
without cost, information concerning the
ments of vessels in which they are interested. ,
The medal of the society is presented
corporation of Uoj-d's as an honorary
Icdgment to those who have by cxtraor
exertion contributed to the saving of life at j
and tlie modal for meritorious services is
to olhcers and others who. by extraordinary ex
tion, have contributed to the prcservatioo of *
and cargoes.
Lloyd's Average Bond.
An AcKBRkiSN'r made this
day of 19
BetwMti
the ship or vessel called the
and Ihe several prrsoos whose i
or firms are set and subscribed he
to. being respectively cc
of cargo on boarii the said ship i
otliHT part.
Whfrciu Uie said ship lately 1
in the Fort of
voyage from ami
is alleged that during such \'d>i
she met with bad weattier and s
tained damage and loss and t]
sacrifices were made suid expenditi
incurred which may form a charge
the cargo or some part tbeceol 4
the subject of a salvage andM
gtrneral average c6iitributton, bd
same cannot be tnimedtately
tained, and In Uie meantime ii ai
sirable that the cargo sbaH be <
livcred ;
Now thtre/ore these pressnU 1
and the said Master on his own I
and on behalf of his owmers iaf
sideratJon of the agreentcnt
parties hereto of the second
hereinafter contained, hereby agil
with the respective parties
of the second part that he'1
deliver to them respectively th
respective consigtuuents on
ment of the freight payab
delivery, if any, and the said |
hereto of the second part in a
sideration of the said AgreeoM
of the said Master for themseh
severally and respectively, and 1
tlic one for the other of tham. I
agre« with the said Master 1
wiU pay lo the said Master
owner of the said ship the pro
respective proportion of any
andjor general average and/o
ticular andfor other charges
m^iy he chargeable upon
respective oousiguioetic. or to 1
yth
'J
ip«n
;LOYD'S
*:3S7
LLOYD'S
fhi* addition
"be made ti3
tboM CAMS
ilcb tufiifv
t ShipoviMn
xslunc fuc a
tiis ■ddiiion
K mide when
■t ouy uvc
b» auda br
the Shippers or Owners of such con-
ai^iunents may be liable to contribate
in respect of such d&mage, loss or
sacrifice or expeDtliturc. and the
said parties hereto of the second part
further pronuae and agree forthwith
to lumuh to the C&ptaiu or Uwoer of
tl)C ship A correct account and par-
ticulars oi the value oi the goods
delivered to them respectively, in
order that any Saivoft andjot general
average And/or jKixticuIiir andfor
other charges may be aiicertained and
adjusted in the usual manner.
And whereas at the request of the
owner of the aaid ship the parties
bLTeto of the second part have
respectively deposited or agreed to
depueit in the Bank of
in the joint names of
nominated on bchali of the ship-
owners and
nominaliun on behalf of such deposi>
tors the sum of ;^ percent, on
tbe amotiot of the estimated value of
Ibeir respective interests. Now it n
hartby further agreed that tbe sum mi
deposited by tlio said parties respec-
tively shall be held in security for
and upon trust lot tlic payment to
the parties eutitlcd thereto, of tlie
Salvage andfor gtniural average aii<f/i>r
particular amdl or other charges
payable by the said parties hereto of
tbe second part respectively as afore-
said, the subject thereto upon trust
for the said depositors respectively.
Provided always that the said Trus-
tees may from time to time, pending
the preparation of the usual state-
ment, pay to the said parties of the
first part in respect of the amounts
which may ultimately be found due
from the said deptKitors respectively
and pay or reftmd to the parties hereto
of the second part, or any of them
in respect of the amounts which may
ultimately be found due to them,
such sum out of the said deposits as
may from time to time be certified
by tlie Adjuster or Adjuutera who
may be employed to adjust tlie laid
Satv^gt andjvr general average andj
or particular andfor other charges
to be a proper sum or proper sums to
be advanced by tlic said Trustees on
account of the &aid amounts.
A nd it is hereby declared and
agreed that any payment or payments
oa account which shall be made by
the said Trustees nnder or in accord-
ance with the statement or in pur-
suance of any certificate to t>e made
or given by Uie said A<ljusters as
aforesaid shall dischargr such Trus-
tees from all hability in respect of tbe
amounts a^ paid : and it ^ajl not be
necessary for tlu^m to inquire into
the correctness of the slau-meiit or
certihcate.
Provided alaays that the deposit
SO to be made as aforesaid shall be
treated as ijaytiicutmiide without pre-
judice atul without adiuilting liability
in respoct ol the said alleged Salva^t
andfcr general average andjor par-
ticular andlor other charges, and as
though the li&me bad been made by
the dopoqitora respectively for the
purpose only of obtaining delivery of
tlieir goods , and in like manner all
amounts returned by the Trustees to
the depositors ^holl be received by
tlie latter cpspectivcly wthout pre
judicc to any claim which the Ma.tter
or Owncpt of the said ship may have
against them respectively. And no-
ttiing herein contained shall consti-
tute the said Adjuster or .Adjusters,
an arbitrator or arbitrators, or render
his or tlieir Certi&catc oi Statement
binding upon any of thi; parties.
In wUneis
Lloyd's Bottomry Bond. The fnllnwing is the
form of IJoyd's Bottomrj- Bond :
Know ai.u Men bv mtsx, Pbssemts
that 1
Master of tbe Ship
of the Port oi
of the burthen of tons or
thereabouts, am held and firmly
bound unto
of
in the sum of
sterling British money, to be repaid
to the said his
agent, attorney, executors adminis-
trators, or assigns, (or which payment
1 bind myself, my heirs, executors.
andadniinistrntors, and also bind and
hypathpcate the ^aid slup and the
freight to become due in respect o(
the voyage after- mentioned, and the
cargo laden or to be laden on the said
voyage firmly by thrse Presents
sealed with ray iteal.
Dated this day ol
190
WJutem the said ship lately
Tbii reciial
Khould be virted
Accordtnii 10 tbe arrived at
fftClt.
in disttees having sustained damages
«. »«'"*'*
lO
.n«^*°" writs'' "^,4 lend«o>
"WW
signed. *<•
toe Vi^^^^'
LLOYD'S
359
LLOYD'S
»»»••»«•' «J Tackle, Apparet, Ordnance. Muni-
•Utacnb^d. will • rr
bt! liable m b» tion. AruUrry, Boat ttnd other
uLnu * *undet F^ro'tur*. of an<I in the Rood Ship or
S^e. , Jl of VtsBcI called the
Uord > Act
S.C whereof is Master, under God. lor
this present Vo>'age
or whosoever eluv shall go for Master
in the said Ship, or by whatsoever
~~r — ~ other Name or Names the same
Lloyd*. Royat bhip. Or the Master thereof, is or
''*' shai! br uanicd or called, beginning
the Advpnture upon the said r»oods
and Merchandises from the loading
thereof aboard the said Ship
upon the said Ship, etc.,
and shall so
t (1^^ cootinitc and endure, during her
Abode there, upon the said Ship, etc.;
and further, until the said Ship, with
all her Ordnance. Tackle, Apparel,
etc.. and Goods and Merchandises
whatsoever, shall be arrived at
upon the <takl
Ship, etc., until she hath moored at
Anchor Twenty-four Hours in good
Safety, and upon the Goods and
Merchandises until the same Ix* there
discharged and safely landed , and
it shall be lawful for the said Ship,
etc., in this Voyage to proceed and
aaU to and touch and stay at any
Ports or Places wliat-soe\*er
without Prejudice lo this Insurance.
The said Ship, etc.. Goods and
Merchandises, etc.. for so much as
coocemfi the Assured by AgrvemcQt
between the Assured and Assurers in
this PoltCy. are and shall be valued
at
Touching the Adventures and Penis which we
the Assurers are content(.-<l to bear and do take upon
us in thus Voyage, they are. of the Seas. Mcn-of-War,
Fire. Enemies. Pirates. Rovers. Thieve^. Jetlisoiia,
l..cttrrB of Mart and Coontcrmart. Surpnsals,
Takings at Sea. Arrests, Rcstramts and Octain-
menta of all Kings. Princes and People, of what
Nation. Condition or Quality soever. Barratry of
the Master .\nd Manners, and of all other Perils,
Loeses, and Misfortunes that have or shall come to
the Hurt, Detriment, or E>amage of the said Goods
and Merchandises and Ship. etc.. or any part there-
of : and in case of any Loss or Misfortune, it shall be
lawful to the Assured, their Factors. Servants, and
Aasgns, to sue, labour, and travel for. in and about
I the Defence, Safeguard and Recovery of the said
Goods and Merchandise:^ and Ship, ate., or any
Fart thereof, without Prejudice to this Insurance:
to the Chargen whereof we. the Assurers, will con-
tribute, each one according to the Rate and Quantity
I of his sum herein assured. And it is especially
declared and agreed that no acts of the Insurer or
Insured in recovering, saving, or preserving the
property insured, shall be considered aa a waiver or
acceptance of abandonment. And it is agreed by
lis, the Insurers, that this Writmg or I'olicy of
A.vsiirance -thall be of as much Puree and E0L-<it as
the surest Writing or Policy of Assurance hw^tofore
mat!e in Lombard Street, or in the Royal Enchangt- .
or elsewhere in London.
And so we the Assurers are contented, and do
hereby promise and biud ourselves, each one lor
his own Part, our Heim, Executors, and Goo^ls, to
the As-qured, their Executors, Admin intra tors, and
Assigns, for the true Performance of the Premises.
conicssing ourselves paid the Consideration duo
unto us for Ihis Assurance by the Assured
at and after the Rate of
Ju Wrrsass whereof, we the Assurers have
Subscribed our Names and Sums assured in
N.B.— Com. Fish. Salt. Fruit. Flour, and Seed
are warnint'.'d free from Average, unless general,
or the Ship be stranded ; Sugar. Tobacco, Hemp,
Flax. Hides, and Skins arc warranted free from
Average under Five Pounds per Coot. ; and all
other Goods. Also tlic Ship and Freight, are war-
rante<l free from Average under Three Pounds per
Cent., unless general, or the Ship bo stranded.
Lloyd's Begiater ol British and Foreign Shipping.
K^tabll-ihPd 1834, by ihe am,ilgamatron ot "' The
Register of Shipping ** (founded 1760) with "The
New Register Book of Shippmg " (founded i;q9|.
The Society of Uoyd'» Register was founded
7a years ago With the primary oh|cct of providing
a satisfactory and well -recognised classification ot
veascJa of all types and of all nationalities. It
replacefl two registers of shipping which had pre-
viou:4ly been in Great Britain, one managed by
underwriters and the other by shipowners. An
institute which should combine the diverse interests
of these two .sections became a necesLsity ot marine
businefK, and by the voluntary action of the
»liipping community itself Lloyd's Register has
been called into existence.
To secure the confidence of all sections the
administration of the society was vested in a com
nuttce rcprrscnting imderwriters, merchants, and
shipowners in erpial proportions. The committee
at the present time conMsts of $f) members, elected
by shipowners' societies, chambers of commerce,
and underwriters' as3ociation<t at important shipping
centres. In Lechiiical matters, aflectmg the rules
for the construction of ships and machinery, the
committee has tlie advantage ol the co-operation
ol a special body of representatives of shipbailden
and engineers. It will be seen tliat m the adminis-
tration of Lloyd's Register all sections ot the
Hliipping commnnity are adequately represented.
It ifs a di.stinctive charactensbc ot the society
that tt is in no sense earned on with any purpose
of pecuniary pro&t. The funds are devoted, wider
LLOYD'S
360
1
■
LLOYD'S
the committee's direction, exclusively to the main-
tenance of thp operations of the socict>' : and,
just as th« inception o( the society wa» doe to a
public need, it has still no other faison d'SIre than
public advautagc.
The functions of Lloyd's Register may be briefly
descritx^d as follows :
(1) Tlie inspection during construction, and
aftem-ards, of merchant vessels, yachts, etc., with
a view to the assignment and maintenance of
cla:UitftcAtion.
f2) The publication of a register book, an inter-
national yacht register, and a register of American
and Canadian yacht rules for the constxuctioa of
ships and machinery, etc.
(3) The holding of special surveys in cases of
damage {whether to classed or unclassed vessels)
at the request or with the consent of the oH-ners or
their representatives, to asccrtam the extent of
damage and to recommend repairs.
(4) The supervision of tlie testing of anchors
and chains under the provision of the Chains,
Cables, and Anchors Act.
(5) The supervision of the testing, at the manu-
factories, of the steel intended for the use in the
construction of ships and boilers ; also of the
testing of large ship and engine forgings and
castings, and the survey of refrigerating machinery'.
(6) The fixing of maximum load-lines tor vessels
of all t>'pc?> (whether clas-sed ot unclassed) under
the Merchant Shipping Act, 1894.
The various functions of the society arc carried
out under the direction of the committee by a
sta.fi of competent and trustworthy ship and
engineer survej-ors in a3l parts of the world. The
surveyors stationecl in the United Kingdom, as
well as a large number who are stationed abroad,
are salaried officers of the society, and devote the
whole of their tioie to the society's duties, while
those suFN-e^-ora who are not tlius exclusively em-
ployed by the society are not allowed to hold any
appointment which can interfere with their im-
partialiiy.
Tlie following statistics are probably the best
evidences of the success with which the society's
functions have been discharged, and of the con-
fidence which the society has secured among the
shipping community at home and abroad.
6,611 Hritish vessels of over 12.000,000 tons;
3,133 foreign vessels, of nearly 6,250.000 tons;
9,744 vessels, of 18.250,000 tons are at present
classed by Lloyd's Register.
During 1905, 643 now vessels, of 1,333.827 tons,
were classed by Lloyd's Register. O! these, 149, of
350,444 tons, had been built for foreign owners.
The publications of the society are .-w follows :
" Lloyd's Register Book," issued annually in
July, which contains the names, classes, and de-
tailed particulars of vessels classed by IJoyd's
Register and the late Underwriters' Registry for
Iron Vessels ; and. in addition, as far as possible.
let^^
PICft-
particulars of every eaa-g«big vaaaeJ in tfae world
of 100 tons and upwards.
"Lloyd's Register of Yachts/* issued ann
in May, containing the names, classes, and
tailed particulars of yachts classed by the soci
and. as far as pnsaihie. the names. dimensio«^
etc.. of all British and foreign yachts. togedM
with a list of yacht clubs, owners, and illustntrf
list of racing flags, etc.
" Lloyd's Regi.«er of American Yachts." whi(h
contain similar information relating to Ameriao
and Canadian yarhts. etc.
The Rules for the Building and Classipiu-
TiON or Ships and Vacbts, Rkpobt
Masting. Statisticaj. Rbtvrms.
The class or character assigned by the
mittee in the Registry' Book is expresied
technical letters thus :
The highest class for iron or steel vecseb is
100 .^.i.
In the case of steamers this class decltnw to
9S A. I., 90 A.I., and even to So A.i. Imo ships
below 100 A.I. arc classed ,A,i. or "^.i., tlic latter
showing Uiat the ship so cla&scd has been con-
structed with thicker plates than those of .^.l. ;
while vesse-Is built according tu the nilcs in force
between 1854 and 1879 arc classed thus; A.i..
.*^.i. A.r. I'or wooden vessels the class is A.i.,
and a period of years is always given. If no!
renewed for thr A.i. class after the original period
lias expired, thn vessel gets the A.i. (in red)
assigned for a further period.
The classihoation of ships in Germany is don*
after the classification and building rules set oat
in the regulations of the Germaniachen Lloyd.
The class certificate is usually made out by tht
directors, but occasiorally, in special cases, througk
an agent, by their direct orders. For the classifica-
tion of iron and steel ships the association has tbt
class sign of the letter A witli figures which inA
cate the period of years. These class signs haw
special class numbers (loo, g$, 90, 8$, So). wh>ci|
indicate the grade of strength of the ship.
The class is expressed a^ follows :
loo-^, 9S^. 90>>. 85^^ 80/S*.. 75*^. 70-^-
addition to these class signs there is the sign 1
for small coast vessels voyaging along the
and to the islands ot the North Sea from
Gris Ncz up to the Agger ChanncJ, includi
Heligoland, in Kattegat, and tlie coast of
Ost Sea : sK for vessels voyaging between
harbours of Eun^, and in the Mediterranean
Black Sea.
Ships for the Atlantic or Indian Ocean muKt
at le»st 100 net register tons, and be classed
1. Ships which have been built according to
regulations and, under their supervision have
sign ^. '.,.,(,;
2. Vessels which are not strictly built aftef
building regulations of the Germanischcn
are classified and registered according to
M«atf
3YDS
36 1
LLOYD'S
Hi. Ships partictilariy constmctwl for
ling through ice have in their certificate and
T the ?tgn of E.
V building refiulations are published annually.
rd'a RMpoDdentui Bond. The loUowiiig is
rm of L.loyd'8 R«»ixuidentia Bond :
I Know ali. Men by tihesh Presents
^the Master of the origioaK
. . / Ship or other person hav- \
I ing charge ot the Cargo /
^and intending to forward it '
of
am held and firmly bound nnto (the
leader)
of
in the sum of
sterling British nuiney, to be repaid
to the said
his agent, attorney, executors, ad-
ministiBtora, or assigns, for which
payment I bind myself, my heirs,
execntors. and admintstrators, and
also bind and hypothecate the cargo
of laden or to be laden
on board the ship ( '"'^^'"^ )
for the voyag« aforementioned firmly
by these presents.
Sealed with my seal Dated this
' '■ dayol iQo
«iul JTA^Mi the Ship ( ^5"*" )
«Yari«l *^ \ Ship J
distress in the course of a voyage
from to
with the abovc-iinmed cargo, and
the said vessel being found incapable
of carrjnng on the said cargo the
/"the Master of the original's
said ( Ship or other person hav- \
Xing charge of the Cargo ^
determined hi the
■ *•' ' Interest of all parties concerned to
forward the said cargo to its destina-
Forwarding \
Ship )
.4nd whereai m order Uiat the said
cargo might he so fonvardi.>d it be-
cante oecesaary to provide funds to
meet the expenses of discharging,
warehousing and rt^hipping the said
cargo and other necessary dis-
bursements on account of thr saifl
cargo (a)
dT'of lo Attd whfteai the said
akk»*m b«>ng without funds or credit
ifwhiclk at '" "'
1 Cmr«o *'■ ^
>fe«i 10 and urgently reqmnng the sam
uid to ,.
tion in the
ship (
for the said purposes, and having
first duly communicated with or
attempted to communicate with the
owners of the sail! cargo with a view
to obtain funds from them, was com-
pelled to apply for a loan upon
respondentia : And whereas the
said who is
hereinafter called the said lender
proposed and af^rved to advance
upon such SL-curity the said sum
of at a
maritime premium of
per cent, for the said voyage, and
the said
being unable 1o procure sach ad-
vance ou more advantageous terms
accepted the said proposal [with the
intervention and approval of the
proper anlhonties at ]
and agreed so far as he lawfully
could or might that the said security
should have priority aver all other
claims upon the said cargo, whether
hy himself or any other person.
And whereas the said lender has duly
advanctrd the said sum in pursuance
of the said agreement : Now th*
eondiiion of the above obligation is
such tliat if the said -
do use his best endeavours to for-
ward or bring the said cargo to its
destination without unnvcossaiy de-
lay or dexiation. and do within
days after the
arrival of the said cargo nt
and before the discharge or delivery
of tlie «atd cargo shall be commenced
well and truly pay or cause to be
paid to the said lender or to his
order or asfiigns the said snm of
together
with the maritime premium ther«on
at the rate aforesaid, making in
all the sum of snch
payment to be made at the exchange
of for
every British pound sterhng, or if'
the said cargo shall be duly dis-
patched and forwarded on the said
voyage without unnecessary delay or
deviation, and the said cargo shall
by penis of the sea be lost in the
course of such \'oyage. Then the
above-written obligation shall be
null and void and the said
shall be released
from all liability in respect of the
said sura ol
Provided alxvays and it is hereby
agreed and declared that if the said
c&rgo shall in the course of the said
voyage by ptrila of the sea as afore-
said be lost or so iDUch damaged as
that it cannot be earned to its said
destination, then il any part thereof
shall be saved the above security, so
far as regards the property saved,
shall remain in force, and the said
lender or his assigns shall be at
liberty forthwith to enforce tlic same
against such property ; Ptovidtd
uiso, and the said loan is made upon
the express condition, that the said
lender docs not accept or take upon
himself any risk or liability on the
said voyage except such as is hereby
expressly mentioned, and shall not
be hable to contribute to or malte
good any general or particular
average loss or expenditure or other
charges of a like nature which may
happen to or be mstained by or
incurred in respect of the said cargo
or the said ship upon the said voyage
in consecjueaoe of perils of the sea or
othemiae.
Signed, sealed and deJivered by the
said
the ptesence of
Uoyd's Signal Stations. The Society of Uo>'d's.
incorporated by Act of the British Parliament and
the Royal Assent of Her late Majesty Queen
Victoria, has. with the sanction of Tarliament,
the control and working ol signal stations in Great
Britain and Ireland, and in various places abroad.
Many foreign governments have also recognised
the advantage of reports from le^ignal stations and
semaphores being universally collected and for-
warded on identical conditions. Thc^e have
arranged that reports from or to their semaphores
can be obtained or forwarded through Lloyd'b.
\ Thus one universal s)-stem of receiving and trans-
mitting reports extends over a wide area. The
organisatioD of signal stations is made fa\'ourable
for shipowners and merchants, and the commerce of
the world in general. If, for instance, a shijKJwner.
charterer, or consignee, wishes to transmit an order
to any vessel, at any point where she may appear,
one communication to Lloyd's is suftcient to ensure
the message being given at any or all of these
■tations. The charges for forwarding information
from or transmitting advices by means of signal
stations are moderate. Stiipowucrs, chaiterers,
mercbtints, or consignees can obtain telegraphic
intelligence with regard to any vessel in which
they may be inter«tc<l, or postal advices if so
preferred, or can transmit orders to such vessels, by
communication with Lloyd's.
Harbour and dock authorities, chambers ol
commerce, exchange and such institutions that
may require a large number of reports, can a
with IJo>'d'5 for receiving full and regular \
from Lloyd's Signal Stations on moderate
When a number ol reports are taken, a subfl
reduction is made in the lees. Shipowners a
who wish to be .supplied with reports of
from any Signal Stations are requested t
muaicate with the Secretary of LJoyd's L
E.C,
The fallowing is a list of :figna] sLatioi
which reports ran be obtained, or throui{liJ
orders for vessels can be transmitted :
United Kingdom.
Southend.
Deal. (Temporarily suspended.)
•Dover.
Sandgate.
Dungeness.
Beachy Head.
*No-Man's Fort (Spilhead).
St. Catherine's Point (I.W.).
Needles {I.W.).
Portland BUI.
Brixham. (Temporarily soapended.)
•Prawle Point.
•The Lixard.
Penzance.
Scilly Islands,
Lundy Island.
Barry Island
Mumbles Head. (Orders can be delivered
the Mumbh-s Pier.)
St. .\nn"b Head (MiKord Haven).
Roche's Point i(Qi[ifcnstown\ co. Cork (In
•Old Head of Kinsalc. co. Cork (Ireland).
•Faatnet. Wireless telegraphy — Marconi »yl
•Brow }Lcad, co. Cork (Ireland). Wirel<
graphy- — Marconi system.
I'ory Island, co. Donegal (Ireland).
•Inishtrahull (Island of]. Wireless tdegti
Marconi system.
Molin Head, co. Donegal (Ireland). Vf
telegraphy — Marconi system.
Rathlin Island. (Temporarily suspended.)
Torr Head.
Lamlasli. (Temporarily suspended.)
Kildonan. (Mouth ol the Clyde.)
Stomoway.
Bull of Lewis [Hebrides).
Dunnet Head (Pentland Firth).
Peterhead. (Temporarily suspended.)
St. Abb's Head.
Tynemoutii.
River Tecs (South Care Breakwater).
pomrily suspende<l.)
Flam borough Head.
Spurn Head.
-Mdeburgb.
.\aROAD.
Facrder.
Oxo.
Abroad [continutdi.
Vingft (Gdthenburg). This Station is th« property
of. and is managed by, the Covcmmcnt of
H.M. the Ktag of Sweden.
HeUingborg.
Kxasnaja Gorlca (Gulf of Finland). Vessels passing
the \avaJ Signal Station at Krasnaja Corka.
which boLsl their Mgnal leitere and N'ational
Ensign on passing, will be reported to Lloyd's
Agent at Cronstadt by telegraph, and the
information will be forwarded to Lloyd's,
London, for publication and for communi-
cation to the ownrr« of the vessel if so desired.
Captains of vessels are requested to observe
that in order that their signals should be
correctly read, the flags used should be large
and clean.
Fomaes. \ ^^ ^ -
•• . These Stations arc the
Hammersnuus , , ^
-, . . , property 01 the Govem-
Hantsholm. I '^ • ' „ ., . .,.
„. . , [ ment of HJl. the King
Hirtshals. , « ,
-, of Denmark.
Skagcn. '
EUioore. [J. Theodor Land, Reporter.)
Heligoland.
Hottenaa (Baltic entrance to Kaiser Wilhclm
Canal), blessrs. Sartori and Berger. Ship
Agents and Reporters.
Brunnbuttelkoog (Elbe entrance to KaiMr Wil-
helm Canal). Messrs, Sartori and Berber.
Ship Agents and Reporters.
Cuxhaven. (Governmcat Sution.)
Rothc-sand. ) Weaer, (Government Sta-
Hoheweg. ) tions.)
Hoek van Holland (entrance to Waterway to
Rotterdam^. G. Dtrkzwager, Ship Agent and
Reporter,
Flushing.
Hcyst (Broigca Port de Mer).
These Stations are the
property of the Govern-
ment of the French
Republic.
These Stations are the
property of the Govom-
meot of H.M. the King
of Spain,
f Upper Signal Station.
- Lloyd s Signal Station,
( Windmill Mill.
The!ie Stations arc the
property of tlie Govu-m-
ment of the French
Republic.
Cape Bon (Tunis).
Cnaoez
'JMiant Creach.
Cape Finisterre.
Tarifa.
Gibraltar.
Pbmeguea (Marseilles).^
Cape Corse (Corsica).
Cape Pertttsato (Cor-.
sica). )
Malu (Palace Tower. ValetU).
Capo Tcfita (Straits oft
Bonifacio).
Capo d'Armi (Straits I ^ „
of Messina). V P'^P^^ty of the Govern-
ment of H.M. the King
of Italy.
[Those Stations are the
Forte Spuria (Straits
of Messiaa). |
Is..
Michael's.
rCape Cc^ony.
Paotellaria I.
(This Station ia the pro-
perty of the Government
of the French Republic
Zea Iftland (Greece). The Zea Coaling Co..
Reporters.
l>ardanclles.
Kertch. (Temporarily suspended.)
Kom-el-Nadura. 1 . .
,. ! Alexandria.
Port Said. AVirdesa telegraphy — Marconi .-iy.-ttcm.
Suez (Port Tcwfik). Wireless tiU-gmphy— Mar-
coni system.
•Perim.
Aden.
Cape Spartet.
Tenerifle.
Ponta Ferraiia.
Ponta do Amel.
CapcUinhos Point (FayAl).
Las Palmas (Grand Canary).
Ascension.
St Helena.
Cape Pwnt. \
Cape I'Agulhas.
Cape St- Francis.
Cape Reciff. '
Cape Hemes.
Bluff (Port Natal.).
Fort San Sebastian (Mozambique).
Flat Island. \
Butte Aux Sables. [^
Butte Aux Papaycs.
Port Louis Mountain. '
*Point de Galle (Neptune Bastion). Night watch
is kept at this Station, and any vcs.sel showing
the night Hignals of her line con be reported.
As a special signal for vessels passing Point de
Galle during the night a red lamp aft. in
addition to the ordinary night signal, should
be shown by vessels wishing to indicate that
thty are calling at Colombo.
False Point (Bay of Bengal).
Saugor Island (River Hoogbty).
Sandbeads (River Hooghly). Lloyd's .Agents at
Calcutta have facilities for delivering orders.
Diamond Island (Burmah).
Mount Faber (Singapore).
Fort Canning.
.\njcr iSunda Straits). Messrs. Scm and Co.. Ship
t Agents and Reporters.
Sabang Bay. Pulo Wch (N. Sumatra).
•Rottnest Island (Western Australia). This
^ Station is the pilol Signal Station (or the Port
1^ of Frcmantle, and in corttrolled by the Fre-
mantle Harbour Tru.'il.
/These Stations are the
propert>* of the Govern-
ment ol Western Aus-
tralia, and are controlled
by the Harbour and
Light Department.
f-Maniitius.
*Breaksea Island.
•Cape Leeuwin.
*Cape Naturaliste.
•Point Moore.
LLOYD'S
364
LOADING.,
Cape Bcirda.
Cape Wiiloughby.
Cape Jcrvis.
Cape Northumberland.
Abxoao {eontinusdi.
[These Stations are the
property o( the Govern-
ment and arc controlled
by the Marine Board of
South Austraha.
Cape Nelson.
Cape Otway.
Point Lonsdale.
Cape SchancV.
Wilson's Promontory.
Gabo Island.
Queensclifi.
Table Cape. \
Mersey Blufi.
Low Head.
Eddystone Point
Cape Sorcll.
Cape Wickham King. I
Curry Harbour Island. '
Goode Island (T<>fi^ Straita).
Cape Maria Van |
Divmcn,
Farewell Spit.
Nugget Pomt.
Norfolk Island.
Honolulu.
Point Curaumilla
(ValparaLMj).
Point Tuml>es
(Talcahuano). -
Cape Dungencss
(Straits of
Magellan).
Fernando Noronha (Brazil).
Barbadoea [Necdham's Point).
This Station
These Stations are the
property of the Govern-
ment of Victoria, Aus-
tralia.
These Stations are the
property of the Govern-
ment of Tasmania.
rNew Zealand.
These Stations are the pro-
perty of the Government of
the Republic of Chile.
Cuba (Morro
Havana).
Castle,
is the pro-
(
perty of the Military
Government ol the
Island of Cuba.
Turk's Island.
JUcrmuda.
WUiUhcad {N.S.].
Cape Race (Newfoundland).
Belle Isle (Canada).
The following Signal Stations are maintained by
the Govenuuent of Canada. Orders forwarded to
Lloyd's can be transmitted to vessels by means of
these Signal Stations on the same conditioiis as
through Lloyd's Signal Stations. Vessels signalling
to these Signal Stations will be reported to Lloyd's
in the same manner as il signalled from Lloyd's
Signai Stations
Cape Ray (Newfoundland).
Su Haul's Island. I _ _ ,
_ ., , . }Cape Breton.
Cape St. Lawrence.) ( '^
Cape Rosier.
Fame Point.
Cape Magdalen.
t'Anticosti.
I
Canada.
Heath Pomt.
South Point.
South- West Point.
West Point. i
Night Signalling. — At the Stations mar1ce>3 *
arrangements have been made to take ragfct
signals.
The signal to call the attcution of a paMifl|
vessel at night is a scries of continuous short flashes
made by a flashing lamp. The signal to intimate
that a vessels signals have been seen aud recof
nised is a series of long-short flashes r^>eated ^
often a£ may be neccs.sary, followed by a red flue
light of 30 seconds duration. If the si^al shotri
has not been undetslood. the lamp is kept dark
until the vessel repeats her signals.
Lloyd's We«kly Sbipplne Index. KstabluM
i8fln. Fublish'.rl weekly (Friday). Price inm
£4 45. per annum. Address : 54 Graccchufttt
Street. London. E.C.
L.M. Distinguishing Tetters on sea fishing bcMU
registered at Landsmcer, Holland.
LJf. Distinguishing letters on sea fisliing
registered at LAkkcn. Denmartt.
IiJT. Distinguishing letters on sea fishing
registered at Lynn. Norfolk. England.
I1.O. Distinguishing letters on sea fishing boks
registered at London, England.
Loading. The shipowner's duties are to protidt
a ship which i* seaworthy and reasonably Qt n
carry a reasonable cargo. He must liave l*er reai?
fcr loading at the place and time agreed apoa a
the contract, and inform the charterer or his *teat
that she is ready to receive cargo. The altsh
owner*.*; rcspon.sibility begins upon delivery of tlr
goods alongside the tdiip to his duly anibflnHd
agent and a mate's receipt given for them. Ht
provides the means of getting the cargo on boBi
and must see to its proper stowage by his serviBft
unlefis thr stowage is done by the chartenrt
stevedore, who is in no way an agent or acmti
of the master, or unless the charterer hw* mm
taken no objection lo the mode of stowage.
The charterer or shipper is bound to have
cargo ready at the ii»ual storing place oc is
wharf, and will bi- Ijable far the detentioa Ot ft*
ship beyond the time agreed upon oning to *»•
neglect to have it ready, subject to any «3C0C!)dM
(e.g., strikes), introduced into the ch;
Unless the contract is illegal, the im
providing a cargo owing to circumstances
seen at the time of contracting will not e»
charterer. Where he agrees to load a
complete cargo, the cliartcrcr i.s bound to
much as the ship can safely carry, and if
the course of loading a portion of the carp)
stroyed, he is not exonerated from bis
to load a full cargo ; but once the loodng
pleted his obligations are discharged. ' i
LOAD
Reftt to Broaght Alongside, Cabin, Charter-
party, Dangerous Goods, Deck Cflrgo, Demurrage,
F.o.b.
Loftd-Une. The line of flotation of a ship when
she tias a whole cargo.
load-Une. The Merchant Shlppht^' Act. 1^94
(sections 4itS-44S), requires every British ship, with
the exception of coaatcrs (f.s.) uadcr 80 tons,
fishing boats and yachts {q.v.). to be conspicuously
marked on each side amidships by n circular disc
13 ins. in diameter, with a liorixontal Une 18 ins.
in length drawn through its centre, at such a level
as may be approved by the Board of Trade, Indi-
eating the maximum load-line in salt water.
A ship with load-line submerged is deemed un-
salc, and shall not pnt to sea until the defect has
be^Q remedied. For oflcnccs relating to load-lines
the owner or roaster is liable to a line of ^100.
A foreign ship {q.v.) loading at a port in the United
Kingdom may be detained if unsafe, and her
master punished for proceeding to sea after notice
of detention.
Refer to Merchant Shipping Act.
Loblolly. ^Vji obsolete name for gruel.
Local ftttnctlon. The error caused by some
disturbing force outside the shi]). and bt'toiiging
entirely to the locality at whirJi a ship may he —
as mooring posts, or chains, dock cranes, another
iron vessel alongside, volcanic or magnetic influ'
cnces. etc.
Local Marine Board. See Merchant Shipping.
Loeta. CaL-lic for lake.
IiOdHanL. On November 2S, i.S/j, thi^ vi>sscl
waa lost in collision with the VilU de Havre, a
French Atlantic mail steame-r.
Look. A name applied to any works made to
confine or raise water of a river.
Loeker, A store room.
LoeUe* John (b. Glasgow. Febr\iary i! T853).
Marine engineer. Educated West of Scotland
Technical CoII(?ge, Glasgow, Glasgow Univehsity,
Edinburgh Univcreity, Was awarded a Whit-
Worth schoIaT^hip and medal in 1873. and was
assistant to the late Professor Archer in 1874
at Edinburgh. Served his apprenticeship as a
mechanicat engineer with Messrs. Juhu Norman
and Sons. Glasgow. First Principal of the Lelth
Science College and lecturer on engineering 1875-90.
In 1889 he founded "The Steamship," a scientific
joomal of marine engineering, shipbaildiag, and
shipping. He has an extensive practice as a con-
salting engineer, dncfly on the Continent, and has
pnblishcd a number of works relating to marine
engineering and mathematical science.
Vice-president of the In^^titution of Marine
Engineers, of the fnstitution of Engincc-ni and
Shipbiiildem in Scotland, and a Fellow of lh»
Royal Scottish Society of Arts.
LooBii. British torpedo-boat destcoyer^'AlBir-
kenhcad, 1896.) Length, 3io ft.; beam, at ft.;
draught, 5^ ft. ; displacement, 300 tons,; comple-
ment, 58 ; armament. 1 i2-pdr.. 5 6-pdr.. j tubes :
twin screw ; Hp., 6,000 = 30 kts. ; coal. Bo toits.
TiOdamanty meant tiie hire of a pilot, pilotage,
or seamanship. The Court of Lodoroanage. which
was a branch of the Cintiue Port Admiralty Court
(g.v.), originally had authority to regulate pitntagc
and pilots' wages at certain port^, but lU jun.sdic-
tion was transferred iu 1853 to the Tnnitv House
iq.v.).
Lodestone. A minrrat. magnetic ^xide of iron,
whick constitutes a natural magnet.
Lodging knees. Thoso fixed horizontally in tho
.ship's frame.
LodBbaad. Norwegian pilot-boat.
Log. Alt apparatus lor ascertaining the rate o£
a ship's motion. Its common form coosiatj} of a
triangnlar piece of wood attached to a cord, termed
a log-line. This line is used in conjunction with
a sand-glass. ^
The length of a knot bears the same projmrtjion'
to a n.-iulical mile as the number of seconds run by
tlie glais does to the number of second'; In an hour.
Log-book. t. The master of every British ship
(except certain small veasclrt) must keep an official
log-book. Biqjplied by tha Board of Trade, in which
certain specified matters must be entered as soon
as pos.'ublc after it-i occurronce. An entry, if not
madu on Uio same day ax the occurrence to which
it relates, shall be made and dated so as to show
the date of the occurrence and of the entry re-
specting it. Each cntzy must be sigiuid by the
master, mate, and some member of Uie crew, and
isadmissible as evidence in a court of law i( made
in a monner provided by this Act. For failure Iq
keep a h}g*book in the manner r«iuined the master
is liable to a fine not exceeding £$. A purson who
mutilates, destroys, or n*nders illegible any entry,
or willully makes, or procures to be made, any
false entry, shall be guilty of a misdem'-nt'oiir. Th^j
official log-books of every forcign-gcu ; r.J
shall be delivi5ri.-d to Liu* suiK-rintcnd' : ' n aval
at the final iiort of dc-stinatinn in the United
Kingdom, or upon discharge ol. tho crow, which'-^ver
happens first.
2. An ordinary log-book is also k< [>t by the
master for the benefit of his owners, m wttlih
every important incident of a voyage is entered.
In steamship!} the chief engineer keeps a tog-book
recording the movements of the engines and
details connected with his department.
3. Scrap-logs are notes of certain details mad^e
at the time of their occurrence, and subsequently
entered in the ship's or engineer's logs.
LOKE
366
LONDON
Loks. Old Swedish monitor (ic.ooo tons). Of
no fighting value.
Lorn. Russian submarine (1905). Speed, 9 kts.
Lombftrdia. Sinali Italian cruiser. fCastvlla-
marc, 1S90.}
Length 363ft. Beam 39ft. Maximum draught i/Jt.
Displacement 3,280 tons. Complement 246.
Gunst A mtoKT.
2— 6 in. "Steel."
8 — ^4*7 in. 1 in. l>eck.
8 — 6pdT.
8—1 pdr.
Torpedo Tubas.
3 Above water.
Twin screw. Hp. 7,500= (8*5 kts. Coal maxi-
mum 500 tons. Approximate cost £200,000.
Lombok. NethHrlandsgunvcsscl, Indian Nax-y.
(Amsterdam, 1893.) Length. 176 ft, ; beam. 27 (t. ;
draught, II ft.; displacement. ^91 tons; comple-
ment, 84 ; armament, 3 4*7 in.. 1 3'9-in., 3 3-pdr. ;
Hp.. 990= 1 3 kts. ; coal, 55 tons.
London. British lat class battleship. (Ports-
mouth. 1H9Q.)
Length 430ft. Beam 75ft. Maximum draught 29ft.
Displacement 15,000 tons. Compkment 750,
Guns. Armour.
4 — 12 in., 40 cal. " Krupp."
9 in. Belt amidships.
12 in. Barbettes.
13 in. Conning tower.
13 — 6 in.
16 — 12 pdr,
6 — 3 pdr.
2 Maxims.
Torpedo Tubes {18 in.).
4 Submerged.
Twin screw. Hp. 15,000=18 kta. Coal niaxi-
mum 2.100 tons. Approximate cost £1,000.000.
This .ship-name was first introduced into the
Navy in 1650, and is associated with the battle
off North Foreland. 1653: Lowestoft, 1665; SL
James's tight, 1G66 : Sole Bay. 1673 ; Barflour and
I-a Hogne, 1692 ; Graves's action off the Chesa-
peake-, 1781 ; Bridport's action. 1795 ; Copenhagen.
iSoi ; capture of the Marengo. 1806: Sebastopol,
1854.
London. Steamer. On January 11. i86fi. thi.s
vessel foundered in the Bay of Biscay on he-r way
to Melbourne, .\bout 330 persons perished, in-
clivding Captain Martin, Dr. Woolley, principal o!
the trniversity ol Sydney. G. V. Brooke, the
tragedian.
LoudoD and Edinbanch Sbip?i&R Co., with the
head ofiicc at Leith. and tli'.- LihuIoh oOice. Hermi-
tage Steam Wharf, Wapping, E., have a fleet of
10 modem first-class steamers, which maintain a
(fcrvicc every Tuesday. Wednesday, and Saturday
from London to Leith. returning from Leith every
Wednesday. Friday, and Saturday. The boats arc
well fitted, and provide excellent acconinuxlation
for passengers wishing to make the journey trom
London to Leith bv sea.
Atorma.
WirtHpIo*- '
Slarlfyhea4,\
igcrs.
possa^l
Plbbt.
Date. Fiona.
Farrativ*. lona,
Fingat. Marmion.
Malima .
Loodon and India Docks Co. S^e
Port of.
London and Kirkcaldy Shipping Co., with'
head oKices in Kirltcaldy, have a fleet of tbre^
stc:ameT%, which maintain two sailings weekly from
Kirkcaldy to London, and viu versa. The Btcamets
have accoinniodation for a few cabin pasnengen.
Fleet.
A bden. . f bbotshall. Ki rkcatdy. j
London and North- Western Railway Co.
a fleet of 17 stcamrrs. cxprrssly built for passeoi
and cargo service between Holyhead and Dublin,
and Holyhead and Greenock. Regular service w
maintained in conjunction with tlieir boat'train&
which run from Euston to the Admiralty Pier
Holyhead. They have also one ste^iner, tbe
Greenorg, on the Carlinglord Lough service.
Fleet.
A ngUsey. Gvs^noft.
An^lia. Hib^mU,
Cambria. 0^#*
Connemard, Itatstrsoor.
Dredger. PickMe-Vp. Scatta.
Dtuhess of SutSertamt. Sliove.
Edith . Slievefmore.
Galtee More. Sruntfdou.
South Stack.
London and Paris Steamship Co., which is amal
gamated with the .\nglo- Algerian Stettmsfatp Co
managed by Messrs. Frank C. Strick and Co., Ltd..
of London, have a fleet of two cargo stcAtner?.
Fleet.
Mavrf. Paris.
Gross tonnage, 3.253.
London and Provincial and Hariae azid
Ininranoe Co. Incorporated t86u. and registemi'
as a limited company. 1880. Capital, ^1,000.000
which, prior to 1897. was div.ided into shares of
12a each, with I2 paid. In June, 1897. these were
subdi\icj<:d into shares of ;^io each, having £1 nuJ
up. The reserve fund amounts to £85,000.
The directors of the company are ; F, W. Luoia
(chairman). J. L. Daniel (deputy-chairman). J. W
.\rbulhnot. P. R. Chalmers. F. S. Isaac, W. Jt
Strachan, R. Ward. O. Wetherhcad (underwrit^rL
H. E. Secretan. Secretary, H. S. B.
Offices, 2 Royal Exchange. London. E.C.
London and Soath-Wett«ra Railway 81
under contract lor the conveyance of the Ro\i!
Mail, comprise a Gevl of 30 express twja-jtww
steamers, fitted with even- convenience for the cod*
vcyance of passengers. \ daily service is ma--
tained Irom Southampton to Havre in coainnctii*
Willi the lioct trains (roni l^ondon. and )« cb
LONDON
cheapest night roate, the sctnsl open sea passage
bein^ only £ve hours. A daily Royal Mail route
(Sundays excepted) i» maintained to the Chanact
Islands ; sailings every Tuesday, lliunday, and
5aturda.y, from Southampton for Cherbourg,
leaving Cherbourg every Monday, Wednesday, and
Friday ; and a tri-weckly service from South-
ampton to St. Malo, and vicf vena. The
summer service on this route is performed by the
twin screw <;tenmcni VVru and Prince&s Ena. and
the <^vti sea passage lias Ixtji rcdiiccil to about
eight hours.
Fl&et.
EUa.
GttMniuyi
Laura.
Lydia.
Ada.
Atixrta.
/mm.
Btrtha.
Carrier.
Chattiuurg.
Columbia.
LymingtoH.
Mana.
PrtMctis E»a.
South IVexlem.
Solent.
Victoria.
London Auaraiice Corpontioo. Incorporated
by Koyal Charter, 1720. Authorised capital.
/z.ooo.ooo, of which ,^896.550 haft been .subscribed,
and ^448,373 paid up. The dividend paid is 20%,
amounting to 501. per share, free of income-tax.
with a reserve lund in the Marine Department of
over j£3oo,ooo.
The directors of the company are : Governor.
Charles G. Arbuthnot ; Sub-Govcmor. AUretl C.
Cole ; Deputy-CovemOT, Frederic Lubbock ; Otto
August Benecke, Robert Hcnr>* Benson, William
Thomas firaad. Arthur Henry Brandt, C. Algernon
Campbell, Sir Clinton H. Dawkius, K.C.B., John
Dennistoun, Howard Gilliat. Henry Goschen,
Charles S. 3. Guthrie, George W. Henderson. Henry
J. B. Kendall, Curtis W. Lampson, Greville H.
Palmer. Selwyn R. Pryor, George Rolfcs, John M.
Ryhc, George W. Tallcnts, L,cwi3 A. Wallace.
Underwriler. S. K. Davi^. Secretary. A. A.
Denton. Offtces, 7 Royal Cxcbaaga, London,
E.C.
London, Brigbtoo and South Coast Railway Oo.
have a fleet oi J 6 steamers, which maintain services
from N'ewhaven to Dieppe, and Newhaven to
Havre, in conjunction with two express railway
scr\-ices daily.
Fleet.
A ntndet. Cherborg. Paris.
Brett. Ditppr. Pnrtimouth.
Brighton. France. Sussex.
Catn. Italia. Tamiss.
Cairadfts Lyon. Trouviitr.
Manchf.
London Cooaty Council have a specially built
fleet ol JO hteamboata, and maintain a popular
service on the Thames at a 1 5 minntcs' interval
during the summer. The lxiat« run between
Hammersmith and Greenwich, and call at 35
intermediate jneis on the journey.
AUtryn.
Ben JoHMn.
Boydeit.
Bruntl.
Cariyle.
Ca vtoH.
Charles Lamb.
Chaucer.
Chriitiiphet Wtcn.
Colechurch.
Earl CiodwiH.
Edmund Ironside,
Fittaitwin.
fwtmeis Dtahe.
Gibbon.
Oratkam.
King Alfted.
Marlowe.
Morris.
Olaf.
Pepys.
Pureell.
Raleigh.
Renttie.
Shakespeare.
Sloane.
Thomas Mora.
Turner.
Vanbrugh.
WkittiHgion.
London CostoDU Bills of Bntry. Established
1S03. Pubhshfd daily " A " and '" B " (evening).
Price 705. each per annum. Address : Custom
House, Thames Street, London, E.C.
London log- The dry. gloomy, irritating fog
peculiar to London and other large towns, aggra-
vated by ^moke.
London Uarine Steamshlpping Co. See Marie
Elsie Steamship Co.
London, Port ot. For Customs purposes the
fort of London extends from London Bridge to an
imaginary lini: drawn from Havengoie Creek, iu
the county of Essex, to Warden Point, in the Isle
of Shcppoy. For all practical purposes, however.
Gravesend may be taken as the eastern boundary
of the port.
About one-half of the shipping coming up the
Thames discharges tn the river itself, cither at
mooring.>i in the stream or at one of the 32a wharvett
which Une the river ; the other hall discharging
in the docks.
The chief authority over the river is the Thames
Conservancy, who maintain the channels by
dredging, govern and regulate the navigation,
remove wrecks, and control the making of piers,
embankments, and other works abutting on the
river. The Trinity Housi; Corporation hght and
buoy the river, and hcense and regulate pilots.
The Watermen's Company license the hghTermen
who navigate the river.
The Tliamcs CutUtcrvancy are seeking powers to
deepen the river, but even in its present conditions
the Ttiamcs is a supenor approach to the Port of
London than is the Clbc to Hamburg, the Maas to
Rotterdam, tlie Scheldt to Antwerp, or the Weser to
Bremen ; 27 It. of water is the most a vessel can
rely on. at an ordinary tide, in going up the Elbe,
and targe vessels going up to Hamburg tiave to
lighten their cargoes at Drunsbausen, 25 miles below
the city. Rotterdam is but a httle better than
iiamburg, in that 27 ft. of water ia more frequently
available in the Maas tlian in the Elt>e. V'essela
lor Bremen can never hope at the very best for
n
LONDON
368
LONDON
more than 36 ft in the Weser. Antwerp has a
slighUy ileeptn" approach, but the sandbanks and
tortuous windings of the Scheldt make tbc channel
difficult. None of these rivers are equal to itie
Thames, where up to Tilbury there is a maximum
depth of 43 ft., ami up to the; Albert Dock of yj ft.
Omitting a few small clocks Iwlonging to the
railway cooipanies. and to the Regent Canal Co.,
there are three systems of docks in the Port of
London, vit., those worked by —
(1) The London and India Docks Co.
(2) The Millwttll Dock Co.
{3) The Surrej" Commercial Dock Co., who own
al] the docks on the south side of tlie river.
The St. Katharine Docks, owned by th« London
and India Dock Co.. immediately adjoin tlie Tower
Bridge, and have an area of 33 acres, ui'r.^ ij acres
of land and 10 of water. They are only accessible to
steamers of moderate size, such as those used in
the coasting and Coutinciita] trades.
The London Dock.s. owned by the Ix)mlon and
India Docks Co., occupy iqo acres, 40 of which
are water. By means of pumps the water in these
docks is maintained at a level of about 3 ft. 6 in.
abo\c Trinity higtf-water nuirk. . ,. ^ , ^r:1 I
From cast to west the premises »re neany a mile
in length. The storage capacity of the warehoust-s
and the vaults is of vast extent. Tberu is a floor
area of 3,000,000 sq. ft., with storing accommoda-
tion for about 170,000 tons. In the vaults there is
room for 105,000 pipes of wine.
The West India Docks, owned by the London
and India Docks Co., are situated on the northern
part ol the Isle of Dogs, Poplar. The preuu:ie9 are
244 acres hi i^xtoot, 105 being water, and cunsist
of three parallel sets of docks, each about half a
mile in length, viz., the West India Import Dock,
the West India Export Dock, and the South India
Duck, Willi four adjoining basins. There is netyn-
sivu warehousing nccommodation, there l)eing
Storage for 195.000 tons of goods.
The East India Docks, the property of the
London and India Docks Co., consist of an import
and export dock, and a basin, the entrance to which
is by a lock 31 ft. deep. They are situated about
hatt a mile east^tard of the West India Docks, and
ai* principally used by sailing ships and llie ftiie
steamers of tbu Union-CasU« Linu trading to the
'Cajw. ■ ■ ■ '"»
The Royal Victoria and Albert Docks, owned by
the London and India Docks Co.. extend with the
rt-spective basins from Blackwall to Gallions Reach,
a distance of three miles. The water in these docks
'is maintained at high-water level by four centri-
fugal pumping engines of 640 I.Hp., capable of
throwing 7.500,000 gallons pei- hour. There is a
water area of 183 ncrcs, with quays providing
berths for 60 vessels of the largest size, besides
quay accommodation for numerous smaller vessels.
The slieds ami warehouses in these docks cover on
area of ot^ 3,100,000 aq. (t. Then are 363 trarel-
ling and fixed ernnei for the discharge and loading of
goods ; two floating cranes, one capable of Uftiii|
%o tons and tlie other 30 tons : eight steaai top
are pro^'ided for the transport of vessels in the
docks, of which six are fitted with steam fin
engines, for use in case of fire.
On tlie south side of the Royal Albert Docks in
two dry docks. 410 It. and 410 ft. iu length re^wc-
tivcty, with pumping engines of 300 LHp.
The Tilbury Docks, tlie property of the Lowlctf
and India Docks Co., consist of a. main dock witii
three branch docks, connected with a tidal basiji 17}
acres in extent, by means of a lock 700 ft. long aod
So ft. wide, with tluee pairs of gates. Ttic aaut
dock is 1, 800 ft. long by 600 ft. wide; each bcaoidi
dock is 1,600 ft. long, the width of the centre dock
being 300 ft.. wlul>e^ each of the other two has u
average width of 250 ft. The total water arcaia
the main and branch docks is 54 acres.
'I'he depth in the basla at high water spring tida
is 45 ft., and there is neVfr less than 36 ft. at the
lowest tides. In the main and branch docks t^
depth of water at spring tides is 28 ft.
The dry docks are the largest in the Port ; tbor
arc two sets, each capable of being used either as 1
single dock of 850 ft. in length, or as separau
dry docks of varying lengths. The dry docks art
enclosed and divided by six caissons. The empty-
ing of the larger pair, by pumping out ii.ooojooo
gallons of water, cail be done in an hour and 1
quarter.
The Mlllwall Docks, owned by the Millwall Doci
Co., are situated on the southern part of the LsleM
Dogs, Poplar. The premises are 333^ acres ii
extent, 35 i^ acres being water, consisting of «
outer and an inner dock, the Glengall Road Dn«
bridge dividing the t^^'o docks. The entrance lock
is 450 ft. in length by So ft. wide, and there is iS ft o*
water over the sill at Trinity High MTater. Tha?
is a dry dock, entered from the wet dock, the fomMT
being 450 ft. by 65 ft.
A new granary, capable of holding 1 30.000 1
ol gxaiQ, with the most modern equipment for du-
cliarging and handling ; also a new timbtf depCt.
with sheds, have recently been erected, at a totil
cost of about ;^2oo,ooo. There is also very exttft-
sne warchuusing ai:coinmcMlatiun for general gOOiJi
There are 50 miles of railway siding in the dock.
and every berth is connected with lines cominm
eating with the various railway systems ol tkr
country.
With the exception of the south dock, which btl
its own separate entrance from the rivex. ^
whole of the Surrey Commercial Docls caa I*
served by the Greenland Lock. This lock is 5)0^^
Long, and 80 ft. in width. It has a depth of «»f*
of 33 ft. 3 in. at ordinary spring tides, and aS ft ;
at ordinary neaps. The largest steamers aiJoat ■
be passed through this lock, subject to the 1
abuve meniioned. as in cases when the t^^f* <
vessels to be ducked cMceeds 550 ft.; the water i
LONDON
369
LORD
the docks is levelled with the tide of the daf , and
vessels entering in on that tide would be passed
into the docks direct without any locking.
Accommodation.
Area of water in locks and docks, 104 acres.
Area ol water in timber ponds, 62 acres.
Area of water In canal. 24^ acres.
Dock quayage, about 6\ miles.
The docks are in close proximity to and are
served by the London. Brighton and South Coast
Railway, which is connected with the principal
nHu'ay sj'stems in England, •
The area of tbe slieds for ttie accommodation of
timber and other purposes is 54 acres.
The grain and other warehouses have a storage
capacity of about 50,000 tons.
The cool and cold air storage space is aljont
a.ooo.ooo cubic ft.
Tlie bonded shed capacity ts 1,500 tons.
The elevalmg capacity of the machinery for the
discharge of grain ex ship is eqaal to <)oo tons per
hour. These include a floating pneumatic grain
elevator, designed for the discharge of grain from
the largest class of \'cssel at tlic rate of 300 tons
per hour, and also four portalilt: bucket grain
elevators electrically driven, and each capable ol
lifting 100 tons per hour.
The grain warehouses arc capable of accommo-
dating a quarter of a million quarters of grain.
The timber yards for tbe accommodation of
goods piled in tbe open and also under cover ^ve
an area of 152 acres.
The area of the ponds for floated timber is 62
acres.
The capacity for the discharge of timber u 7.000
standards per day.
The dock quays and sheds are equipped with the
following cranes and overhead travellers :
6 electric cranes and travellers witll a lifting
capacity of 30 cwt.
47 bydrauhc cranes and travellers with a lifting
capacity ranging from 26 cwt. to 7 tons.
27 band cranes and travellers with a lifting ca-
pacity ranging from 30 cwt. to 10 tons.
2 steam cranes and travellers with a hfting
capacity of two tons.
Surrey Cartas.
The system also includes the Grand Surrey
Canal, which is connected with and extt:nds inland
irom the south end of th« docks for about four
miles to Camberwell and Peckham. and serves the
numerous wharves and factories which are situated
along its banks in those neighbourhoods.
London Sailing Clab. Hammersmith. Established
1S72. Burgee. Blue, yellow dolphin in centre.
Commodore, G. Terrell ; Vice -Commodore, J. W.
Leuchara ; Rear-Commodore. Howard C. Adams :
Honorary Treasurer. A. Weisberg ; Honorary-
Secretary, Frank Varlcy. Entrance fee, £2 ;
annual subscription, {i as.
londoQ Welsh Staamthip Oo., managed by Messrs.
Temple, Thomson and Clark, London, maintain a
regular weekly service of fast steamers from London
(Millwall Wharf) to Cardiff. Swansea, and Llanclly.
taking goods at tlirough rates for other ports, and
inland towns of South Wales.
Fleet.
GirdleneiS. Gladiator.
London Taotat Glob, RoyaL Sea Royal London
Yacht Club.
Long. Longitude. Abbreviation adopted on
the charts issued by the Hydrographic Office,
Admiralty.
Loag boat The largest boat carried on a ship ;
furnished with spars and sails, and usually stowed
betwct-n (ort; and main ma^t.
Longitode is an arc of the equator, or any parallel
of latitude contained between the meridian of a place
and that of Greenwich, or any other first m&ridian.
These ar^ being sLmilar are expressed by the
same numt>er of d^recs and miles, though the
absolute distance on the earth's surface dccieascs
as the latitude increases. The doterminatiuti of the
longitude of any place is effected by arriving at the
time of the place, the longitude of which is desired
to be ascertained, and the time of the first meridian,
which on being reduced to degrees affords the
loogitDde. East longitude extends 180 degrees to
the right, when looking north ; west longitude, as
many to the left of the first meridian.
Long-Uau. Used in deep sea line fishing for
such fish as cod, halibut, etc.
Loagahore. A word used for a king shore.
Loof. The after part of a ship's bow, where the
planks curve as they a|>pNMich the stem.
Look-oat. A name applied to the man stationed
on the forecastle head or foremast to watch for any
dangerous object Ipng near a ship's track, or any
strange vessel heaving in sight.
Loom. The handle of an oar.
Loose sails. Sails falling free (or drying purposes.
Lord, William Robert [b. Chepstow, .\pril 24,
1S41). Served his apprenticeship at sea, and' in
1871 obtained a master's certihcaiQ and oomtnaod
in the service of Messis. Dent and Co.. Newcastle ;
after 26 years of active sea service, he retired in
1897, and was appointed district secretary of tlie
Shipping Federation for the Tyne and Blytb ports.
is nautical assessor of the Admiralty Division of Uic
County Court of Newcastleoa-Tyne. and secretary
for the North of England Steamship Owners'
Association.
Publications : " Reminiscences of a Sailor ' ; and
numerous contributions to magazines! '"
Lord Line, managed by the Irish Shipowners
Co.. Ltd., Ttiomas Dixon and Sons, Belfast, have
a fleet Of 10 modem eteamexs, which maintaift
t
re^Ur sailings between Ireland and (j.5.A., and
the ContiDL-nt, U.S.A. The Irish Shipowners Co.,
Ltd., waji incorporated lo itiSj, wiih an authorised
capital of ^400,000. and up to the present on the
ordinary sliares only Ijz has l>e«n called up. A
service is maintained twice a month from Baltimore
to Beliast and vxce vev$a \ from Baltimore to Dublin,
and vice versa. A monthly ^icr^-icc from Baltimore
to Cardiff, and vice versa ; a montlily service from
Galveston to Rotterdam and vice versa, and services
from Montreal and Quebec to Cardifl, during the
seasoo. The company also charter their stcamt-rs
for other business when mdiicement ofTi-rs.
Flkkt.
Lord Antrim. Lotd Itfeagh,
Lord Charlcmoni. Lord Lansi/ottftif.
Lord Downshife. Lord Londondttty.
Lord Duffevin. Lord Ormonde.
I Lord Erne. Lotd Rohetli.
Gross tonnage, 59.000.
Lord MelTSIe. Transport. Lost near Kinsalc*
January 31, i8r6, when 200 of the 82nd Regiment
perished.
I<Ord Nelson. BriLitih ist clas.s battleship,
(Palmer, 1Q07.)
Lengtli 410ft. Beam 79ft. Mean draught ijiU
Displacement id.bou tons. Complement 865.
Guns. Armour.
4 — 12 in. " Ivrupp."
10 — 9'j in. \2 in. Belt amid&iups.
18 — 3'5 in. 14 in. Baibuttcs.
6^3 pdr. 13 in. Conning tower.
6 Pompoms.
2 Maxims.
Totptdo Tubes (iS in. 04 M).
4 Submerged broadside.
I Submerged stem.
Twin screw. Hp. 20,000= 185 kls. Coal maxi-
mum 3,000 tons. Approximate cost j^i. 500,000.
lord Wuden ol the Omqae Ports. A magistrate
who has the jurisdiction of the Cinque I'orts.
Lord William BentiDck. On June 1;. 1840, this
vessel was lost near Bombay, when 5S recruits,
20 officers, and seven passengers perished.
L'Orfent, Battle ol Oft this port in Jime, 1795.
the British under Lord Bridport defeat^ the
French under Villaret-Joyeuse.
Lorn Oorinthian Yacht Club. Ebiablibhed 1B99.
Commodore. George A. Clark Hutchinson ; Vice-
Commodore, Dr. J. G. C. Scott ; Rear -Commodore,
Kenneth Macrae ; Honorary Treasurer and Secre-
tar>'. James Cunningham. Club House. Esplanade,
Oban. Entrance lee, loj. 6rf. ; annual sub-
scription, 101. (id.
LotOi. Russian submarine (1905). Speed, 9 kts.
Lou. In the law of marine insurance. " losses
which arise from the various perils insured against
may be either total or partial — iotai. when, the
subject matter of insurance ia wholly destroyed at
injured to such an extent as to justify the ovaa
in ubandoning to the insurer ; and partial wbeft
the thing insured is only partially damaged, v
where, in the case of an insurance cftx goods, the
owner of them U called upon to contribute to the
general average [q.v.]. Total losses may be divided
into actual and constructive total losses. Actail
lotal losses arise where the ship or cargo is totallf
lost or annlbiUted, or where they are placed by oot
of the perils Insured against in such a position that
it 15 wholly out of the power of the assured to pro-
cure their arrival. " Losses are construe tivrfjr
total when the subject matter of insurance, tboi)0
still in existence, is either lost to the ownen or
beneficially lost to Uicm. and notice of abandon-
ment has been given lo the underwritcns." Ittitt
fo Total loss. Constructive total loss, Partial loss
Particular average. Limitation of liability. Pa,sseo-
gers, Wreck, Affreightment.
Lossec not covered by 1 ptdlcy. See Policy.
Lost day is ttie day which i^ lost in circao-
navigating the globe to the westward, by making
each day a little more; tlian 24 hours long.
Loit or not lost. Owing to the time occupied ta
getting news from distant places, or other cause,
jjroperty is exposed to risk and possible loss, belon
any marine insurance has been effected to protect it
These lA-ords in the policy ia to cover this con-
tingency. (Mar^^haU ou Iiuurancc, 2nd ed., p. 3]x|
This clause ap{K;ars only in English and Americaa
policies, but it is permitted in the commercial cods
of some Continental countries.
Lothringen. German ist class battleship. (Seta-
chau. 1904.)
Length 430ft. Beam ;3it. Mean draught 26tL
Displacement 13.300 tons, Compleoicnl 691^
Guns. A rmour.
4 — n in. " Krupp,"
14 — 67 in. 9 in. Belt.
12 — 24 pdr. u in. Barbettes.
13 — [ pdr. II in. Turrets.
8 Machine. I3 in. Conning tower.
Torpedo Tubes.
5 Submerged bow and broadside.
I Above water stern.
Three screws. Hp. i6,oon^ 18 kts. Coal w*Jc-
mum 1,600 tons. Approximate cost ;^i, 160,000^
IrOtlU. Merchantman. Wrecked in Chale Bit.
October ly, 1863; only two saved.
Lotuve. French torpedo-boat (1893). I>tfpUc^
ment, 129 tons ; complement, 26 ; maxiipp"
draught, 8i ft. ; guns, 2 3-pdr. ; torpedo tnbtfc
2 15-in. ; twin screw ; Hp., 1^00925 Vts. ; coeL
16 tons.
Lough Oerg Yaoht Clab, co. Tipperary. na
club was ongoially iormed m 1836. Regattas «eff
held by it at Dromineer, Portunma and Uousl
Shannon, ohl- of the eaHiest commodores bolt
LOUGH
37^
L.T.
^nsoountAvonmore.ofBelleisle.Portumna. H&visg
passed throuith various vidsntudcs, of which oo
authentic records remain, in the year 1SS3 it was
decided to reorg:aiUse titt club, and a meetioR of the
members with tliat object was held at Uaxel Point,
DrominecT. on June ig. The rules of the club, as
approvwi of by the members present, were ordered
to be published. The commodore. Viscount
Avonmorc, having died. Captain Basset Holmes
was appotntrd in his stead, with Captain T. S. W.
Bernard, vice. It was also decided that tlic sailing
rules oi the club should be those of the Y.R.A., and
the old system of starting from moorings be aban-
doned, and flying starts instituted. Regattas liave
been held annually since the rctorganisation of
the club, extending from three to four days each.
At a meeting of the council of the Y.R.A., held on
Apnl 5. 1895, at the Royal Loudon Yacht Club.
3 Savile Row, the Lough Dcrg Yacht Qub was
accepted as a recognised yacht dub. Flag : British
red ensign. Burgee : Red, with yellow sprig of
shamrock on the fly. Commodore. Major T. S.
Wellcsley Bernard ; Vice-Commodore, Lord Duual-
ley ; Houorary Secretary and Treasurer, S. G. J.
Parker Hutchiosoo. Entrance fee. £t ; annual
subscription. ^1.
Lough Erne Yacht Club. Established 1837.
Flag : Blue ensign. Burgee : \Vhite. with blue
cross, castle in centre. Commodore. The Earl of
Erne; Vice-Commodore, The Earl of Lanesborough ;
Honorary Secretary and Tri:asurcr. Captaiu S,
Saunderson. Annual subscription, £1 is.
Loach Weagh Tmoht <nnh. K^itabtishcd iSgr-
Commodore, l^rd O'Xfill ; Vicp-Commmlore. Vis-
count Massereene and Ferrard ; Rear-Commodore,
Major Arthur Pakenham ; Honorary Treasurer.
D. Redmond : Honorary Secretary. W. T. Cowan.
Danadry.co. Antrim. Annual subscription, tos.
TifMiitiiTtii U.S. 1st class battleship. (Newport
News, 1904.)
Length 456ft. Beam 76ft. Maximum draught Xjlt.
Displacement 16,000 tons. Complement 916.
Gun*. Armaur,
4 — 13 in., 45 cal. " Knipp."
6 — 8 in. II in. Belt amidships.
12 — 7 in. I a in. Turrets.
30—14 pdr. (> in. Conning tower.
13 — 3 pdr.
14 Small.
Torpedo Tt^>es (18 in.}.
4 Submerged.
Twill screw. Coal maximum 3. zoo tons.
Approximate cost ^1.300,000.
Lontn. French submarine. (RocheEort. 1903-1
Length. 77 ft. ; beam. 7\ ft. ; draught, 8 It ; dis-
placement, 6S tons; complement. 9: Hpy,,6o =
Lonkin, Lath«r Daniel (b. Wolverhampton.
[ March 39. iS'Sq). Engineer. In 1S80 entered the
yard of Messrs. W. M. Cramp and Sons, Phila-
delphia, and in 1886 joined the drawing office stafT
and became chief dr.iughtsman. In October. 1900.
he resigned bis appointment and joined the New
York Shipbuilding Co. as chief engineer. Is the
original inventor of machinery for attaching pipes to
flanges, and was awarded the highest honours and
a gold medal by the Committee of Science and
Arts for this invention, which involves 15 U.S.
patents, and 33 foreign ones, and has revolutioa-
iHcd this particular industry in America. Is an
authorit>' on oil fuel for steamships, and has many
patents on this system known as tlie '* Laasoe
Lovckin System," which at the present time is
fitted to 16 large steamships.
Publications : Contributed a paper to the
Institution of Naval Architects and Marine Engin-
eers on " Balancing Valve Gears."
LovU. Russian torpedo-boat destroyer. (Nor-
mand, 1905.) Lt-ngth, 185 ft. ; beam, 21 ft. ;
draught, 7J ft. : di.Hplacenieut. 324 tons ; com-
plement, 60 : armament, 1 i3-pdr,. 5 3-pdr,,
2 Maxims. 3 tubes; twin screw; Hp., 5.600 =
36 hts. ; coal. loo tons.
Lower. A name applied when the atihosphere
becomes cloudy. -Mso to case down gradually
any weighty Ixxly suspended by tackle or ropes,
which, being slackened, allows It to descend slowly
or quicklv fi"* thf occ.-unon requires.
Lowor-atuddingsaiL A fine weather sail set
outside the sqtrare sails.
Lower itaddingsail'halUards. Tackle employed
to lowt-r or liowi the Iciwti-studdingsail.
Lower studdingsail-sheet Ropes or chains fas-
tened to one or both of the lower comers of the
lower -studdiugsail to extend and retain the clue
down in its place. liefer to Sheet.
Lower etaddingsail-yard. The spar to which the
head ot the lower -studdingsail is extended. Refer
10 Yard, also Studdmgsail.
Low-presinre ayfltem. Sea Cyclone.
Low-water naark is (he point reached by the tide
at the bottom of an ordinary or neap ebb
talcing the average of the medium tides in each
quarter of a lunar revolution. He/er to Foreshore.
L.P. Distinguishing letters on sea hshmg boats
registered at Loppersum, Holland.
LJt. Distinguishing Icttent on sea fishing boats
registered at Lancaster. England.
L.8. Distinguishing letters on sea fishing boats
registered at Leens, Holland. *'
LSM^ Life saving statioa. Abbreviation adopted
on the charts issued by the Hydro^rapbic Of&ce.
Admiralty.
L.T. Distmguishing letteis oo sea hshiog boats
rcgtstnred at I.owcstoft, England.
LT.
37^
LUFTI
U. Light. AbbrevUtion adopted on the charts
issued by the Hydrographic Office, Admiralty.
Lt. alt Light alternating. Abbreviation adopted
on the charts issued by the Hydrographic Office,
Admiralty.
Ltd. Abbreviation for hmiled.
Lt t. light fixed. Abbrex'iation adopted on
the charts issued by the Hydrographic Office,
Admiralt>\
Lt L &. Light fixed and dashing. Abbreviation
adopted on the charts issued by the Hydrographic
Office, Admiralty.
lit fl. Light flashing. Abbreviation adopted
on the charts issued by the Hydrographic Office,
Admiralty.
Lt grp. fi. Light group flashing. Abbreviation
adopted on the charts issued by the Hydrographic
Office, Admiralt)'.
Lt grp. DOC. Light group occulting, Abbrevia-
tion adopted on the charts issued by the Hydro-
graphic Office, Admiralty.
Lt OCC. Light occulting. Abbreviation adopted
on the charts issued by the Hydrographic Office.
Admiralty.
Lt rev. I'ight revolving. Abbreviation adopted
on the chnrts issiinl by the liyihographi*: Office.
Admiialty.
Laud. Admiral Sir William Camhanit K.C.B.,
cr. 1897 (b. ApnI. 1820). Fdiicatcd Koyal Naval
College, Portsmouth Entered Navy, 18(3; pro-
motttl for services in China at the storni;ng of
Fort Tycockton 184 1 ; actively engaged in sur-
veying I-angoon River; houoarably mentioned lor
t>cr\'icv$ nt tJic capture of l^ngoou and the desliuc-
Hnn of Rpmmcndine (China and Durmciw mudals,
Pegu clasfO ; captain of Conqitsror. superintended
the lr.ndinj; of Ptorming particf in Straits ot Shimono-
spki, [S64 ; chairman of committee appoiotcd to
inquiic into the Lurbting of the Thu»de*er's gun,
1879 ; member nf the committee ou the subject o(
exptosicni ai gas in f-otil hunkers, 1S81 ; super-
intendent of Malta Uockyord, :&7&-^g ; president
of Royal Naval College, 1^82^5 ; an offircr of the
Leeioii of Honour.
Lubber A term applied to a man unskilled in
scamnnship.
Lnhhec*! bole. A space between the head of
lower ma^t and edge c( the top. used b\- timid
chmbcrs in-Kicad o) by way of Jutlock Crouds.
Ulbeckei Yacht Clnb. with their headquarters at
Ltibrcic, Germany, was istabtishcd in iSqS. Com-
modore, F. Ewers; Vice-Commodore. H. Behnke ;
Fear -Commodores. R. Piehl and C. Behn : Trea-
surer J. H. Fehbng ; Secretary. P. L. Strack.
Entrance fee. 20 marks ; aonual subscription,
30 marks.
Looania. British subsidised in«rchant H^
(1893). Cunard Line (?.».). (Liverpool and "Sm
York.) Dimensions, 610x6;: X *?k '^ •' gross tao-
nagc, il/>5o; Hp.. 50,ooo:=2. ktft.
Lacas, Reat-Admiral Charles Daris, V.O. 'h i^j).
Ser\'eH in Riirmese war, i'i^-2-i,% ; prrr^nt at te
capture of Rangoon. Dalla, Pe*ti, Pro-ne ; ser^
in the Baltic, 1854-55 (Baltic mdal) : was the Snt
recipient of the V.C. in the Vav^-, which he obbdad
for gallantry m throwing rrverboard a live ^dl
from the Hecln at the attack of t*ie batteries il
Bomar^und, June 21, 1854.
Extract from the "Gaxettc," February z\,
1857:
C^pUin Hall writes ; '* With regard to Jff.
Lucas. 1 have the pleasurt- to report a remarkable
incident of coolness and presence of mind in actiaa.
he having taken up and thrown overboard a iiw
shell thrown on board the Hreia by the enenf
while the fiise was burning.'' Captain Halt re-
ceived in reply to thw letter from Sir Cliaifo
Napier, June 22, i8<;4, as follows . *' Their lordsfaija
will observe in Captain Hall's leiter the greii
courage of Mr. C. D, Lucas in taking; ttp a liw
shell and throwing it overboard, and 1 trust thar
lordships will mark their sense of it by promotia{
him."
Promoted lieutenant, Juni:. 1654. for this iff-
vice; commander. 1862; uaptain, 1^67; »*)•
admiral, 18S5, when ho retired.
Lochs. German gun-boat. (Danaig. IS9>1
Length. 203 ft. ; beam, 2o| ft. ; draught, II It;
displacrmcat, 8S1 tonn ; compleiment. 121 : aim-
mcot. 8 j~4-in., 6 1'4-Jn.. 3 AJaxims : Hp.. i.jqob
i3'5 kts. ; coal, 165 tons.
Ltidion. Fiench submarine. (Cherboui^. i^atl
Length, 77 ft. ; beam, 7J ft. ; draught. 8 ft ; dis-
placement. 68 tons ; complement. 5 ; Ftp.. 4ok
8 kts.
Latbeck. German armoured cruiser. fVulkas,
Strttin, 1904,)
Length 3-1 ift. Beam 40ft. Ma.-dmum draught ifr^tt
Displacement i.zao tons. Complement j8o.
Guns. ArmQw.
rc>— 4*1 in. *' Kr^pp,'
10 — i'4in. 2 in. Dock.
4 Maximo. 4 in. Conning tower.
Torpedo Tubis.
2 Submerged.
Turbine. Hp. ii,oooa25 kts. Coal maxiauuit,
800 tons.
LaA. The fore leech or edge of a sail. An onlff
to bring the ship's head more to windward-
Ltiil-tacJcle. A temporary tackle with dooNi
and sinRlf^ block.
Lnfti Hamayonn. Turkish gun-vessel. (Tudprr
1894.1 Lcngtli. 3to ft. ; beam. 35 ft. ; dna^.
14 ft.; displacement, 1,313 tons ;. armament. 4^0-
6 4'7-in.. 6 q.L, a tubes ; Hp.. 2,800* 1 3 kts.
I
hag. Probably the origio of the word "log."
An old term for a perch or rod used in land measur-
ing, containing t6^ it.
Lnfffir. A small w-sscl bavtng two or three
masts with lour-comeced cut soils, set foro and aft.
Lng-nfL A powerful form ot fore-and-aft sail
hoisted on a yard which is slung from on«^uarter
to one-ttiird of its length forward of the mast.
The end of the halliard is usually fastened to an
iron hoop or traveller, which keeps the yard to
the mast. The sail is set taat up on its luf?-rope,
which IS swayed up so as to stand rigid. It is
much used by fishermen as being simple and
involving bill little rigging.
LtUpaard. Netherlands coast defence monitor
(187S), Of DO fighting value.
Lumber iron. A forked crutch or stanchion hxed
Ufmght in the gunwale to hc^d oars, spars, or sails
when not in use.
Lamley. Qascolgite (b. Gateshead. October 20,
1S73). Marine engineer. Educated Rutherford
College, and Durham College of Science. Served
apprenticeship with Messrs. Black. Hawthorn and
Ca, and joined the stafT of the Hon. C. A. Paraoas,
Newcastle, there gaining experience in steam tur-
bines. After Serving two yeani at sea he joined
the staff ot Robert Eccles, and was engaged in
surveys and repairs to petroleum steamers. Id
July. 189S, joined the service of the Niger Coast
Protectorate (Southern Nigeria) as assistant en-
gineer in Marine Department, and in 1901 was
appointed superintendent engineer.
Lumper. Labourers employed in working cargo.
LoJiA. American emigrant vessel. Went on the
rocks ofi Cape Barfleur, February 19. i860, and
txcainc a total wreck ; 100 lives lost.
Lfmar halo. Set Halo.
Lunar rainbow. 5w Rainbow.
Limd Line. William Lund commenced a^ an
owner of sailing ships in 1^7 1. and with the opening
of the Suez Canal he changed to steam, and started
in iSSo his Blue Anchor Line of passenger and
cargo steamer^ from London to and from Adelaide.
Melbourne, and Sydney. This was the first regular
direct steam cargo service between England and
the AusLial^jian colonies ; since which time, to
ke^p pace with the increasing trade he h&s built
large and fast vessels, the Ocflong 'twin screw,
7.954 tons; heading the list and holding the r«rord
from L43adon to Adelaide via the Cape — j6( days.
The steamers carry H.M. mails between South
Airica and AustraUa. and also have excellent
paMenger acconunodation.
CommoHweallM. Sttrrunq. Wakool.
G«fi^ip[. WilatmnM.
Grass tonnagie, jf^.ooo.
LanAy Iilind Uffht, situated on the south-west
of Lundy Island, in the Bristol Channel, established
1S97. is a two-flash light ewry 3o seconds ; dura-
tion of flash, two-thirds of a second ; candle-power,
maximum. 131.000: burner, 3 wick (1894^; illu*
minant. oil.
Loreh. A heavy roll.
Lositaai*. British subsidised merchant ship
(190OI.' Cunard Line (i^.t'.). {Liverpool, New York.)
Gross tonnage, 40 000 ; Hp., 75,ooo«s24i kts.
LoniA. Austro-Hungarian gun-boat. (Trieste.
.885.)
Le-ngtb 200ft. Bf^am 36^(1. Draught ujft.
Displacement 99; tons. Complement 154.
Guns. A rincur,
a — 5'9 in. I ^ in. Deck.
7 Maxims.
Hp. 1,830^14 kts. Coal 200 tons.
Lutine, B.U.8. 32 guns. In October, 1799, this'
vessel, a French ship captured by Admiral Duncan,
was wrecked off VUcland, on the coast of Holland ;
all on boar<l perished.
Lutke, Captain. S«« Arctic Exptoration. i..
L.W. Distinguishing letters on sea fishing bofttt
registered at Leeuwarden, Holland. ■»»i>* '-
L.W. I«w water. Abbreviation adopted on
the charts issued by the Hydrographic Office.
Admiralty.
I.T. Distinguishing letters on sea fishing boats
registered at Londonderry, Ireland. '
Ly-ee-KoOQ. Australasian Steam Navigation
Co.'s steamer. Wrecked ofl Grc«n Cape, between
Melbourne and Sydney. March 30, i8d6 ; 76 persons
drowned. ^
lornx. British torpedo-boat destroyer. (Birkctn-'
head, 1894.) Length, 194 ft.; beam. 19 ft:
draught, 5 IL ; displacement. 280 tons ; com; l^e:
ment, ;o ; armament, i i3-pdr.. 3 6-pdr., j tubise ;,
twin screw ; Hp., 4,000 = 27 kLs. ; coal. 70 tons.
Lynx. French submarine (1902). Length. 77 1^;
beam. 7A ft. ; draught, 8 ft. : displacement, 63 tons ;
complement. $ ; Hp.. 60=8 kts. 1 .
Lyons, Sir Algernon, G.C.B.. cr, .1897. AdniiriJl
of the Fleet. 1897 (b. i83J|. Entered Navy, 1847 ;
s<;rved in Black Sea through Russian war. 1854-55 ;;
commanded the boat& of (he Firebrand alter the
(aU of his captain in the destruction of Russian
works on the Danube . mentioned in despatcbe* :
present at the bombardment of Sebastopot. 1854 ;
flag-ltcu tenant to Commander-in-Chief in the Black
Sea ; assisted in the capture of KertcH and Kin-
bum (Crimean and Turkish medals, and Medjtdie,
5th Class. Sebastopol cla^^p) : commanded the Racer
on North American Station dunng Civil war,
1861-62 ; Commander-in-Chi?f, Pacific Station.
i88i-d4 : Commander-in-Chief, North American
and West Indian StatMnt 1986'SS ; Commander-iB''
LYONS
374
MACCOLL
Oiief. Devonport, 1893-96: firat and principal
naval A.D.C. to the late Queen, 1895: G.CB..
Jane 23, t697. on the comnictn oration of hrr late
Majenty's Diamond Jubilee.
Lyons, Edmund. Lord fi79o-iS;S>. British ad
miral {b. Christchurch). Served with distinction
in the £a«t Indies, where in 1810 he wen promotion
by his bravery. Commanded the litotuU at the
blockade of Navahno. At the beginning of the
war with Russia, 1854, he was appointed Second-
in-Command of the Brilisb Fleet in the Black Sea.
KiN principal achievements m )>attlo were the sup-
port he rendered to the French at Alma in attacking
the left flank oi the Russians with hw guns, and
the bold part he took %-ith his ship, the Agamemnon,
in the bombardment of the forL<i of Scbastopol.
Tn 1655. at the conclusion of the war. he wa.s pro-
moted vice-admiral, and in 1856 raised to the
peerage with the title of Lord Lyons of Christcburch.
He died 1858.
Lytham Tacht Clab. Established f8go. Burgee:
Red, windmill in centre. Commodore, S. Ander-
ton ; Vice -Commodore. C. J. VTiittakcr ; Rear-
Commodore, W, R. Ballantyne : Honorary Secrt--
lary. A. L. Poole. Entrance fee. Iz is. ; annua!
subscription. £2 zs.
M
H. Distinguishing letter on sea fishing boats
registered at MarstaJ, Denmark.
K. Distinguishing letter on sea Sidling boats
registered at Milford, England.
m. Abbreviation for mile.
m. Miles (near a light). Abbreviation adopted
on the charts issued by the Hydrographic Office,
Admiralty.
m. Mud. Abbreviation adopted on the charts
issued by the Hydrographic Office. Admiralty-, de-
noting the quality of the ocean's bottom.
K.A. Distinguishing letters on sea fishing boats
registered at Maassluis, Holland.
McBain, Qeorge, has a fleet o( nine steamers,
seven o( which trade regularly I>etwecn the oil-
fields. Langkat, Sumatra and China ports, Manila,
Java, Siam, and tx^'o others trading on the Vang-tse
River.
Flbsi.
Futi wo . Peiayo. Stettin .
Guorna. Siak. Sual.
Nord. Sitim. W.Coresde Vries.
MaoBrayne and Sons, David. Ste Glasgow and
Highland Royal Mai) steamers.
HoOlintoak, Bii Francii Leopold. K.C.3. (1810-
1907). British admiral and Arctic explorer.
Entered the Navy at the tffi of 12. and .spent
15 yean on foreign aorvice. In 1S48 he gained
his first experience in Arctic travel, in an expedition
headed by H.M.S. Enterpriss. despatched by the
.\dmiraUy to get. if possible, some definite infomu-
tion concerning the fate of Sir John Franklin, lo
his second expedition in 1850 on H.M.S. Aititt-
a»u he found some traces of the lost explored.
In 1852 he returned to the Arctic in command of
H.M.S. Intrepid, and was' away for two yarn
and distinguished himself by a Ion;; sledge journey
ol over 800 milcd, when be found and reaeoed
Captain M'Clurc and his companions, who had
l>ecn missing for three years. In 1857. baviAf
been promoted to the rank of captain, he took
command of the expedition fitted out by Ladr
Ftanklin, and in the ship Fox succeeded in da-
covering on the shore of King W'illiajn Land a
record of the death of Sir John Franklin, and the
mj-stcry which had so long enshrouded the fate or
the cruise of H.M.S. Erebus And Terror. In 1859 be
received a knighthood for his services in connec-
tion with Arctic exploration, and was given tbe
freedom of the Oty of London, a grant oi public
money, and the gold medal of the Royal Geo-
graphical Society (Arctic medal). F*rom 1868-71
he was naval A.D.C. to the late Queen. Com-
mander-in-Chief, Korth American and West Ia&
Station. 1879-82. In 1S84 he retired as full
admiral, and became an Elder Rrothcr of Trinity
House. In 1S87 he was awarded a special pensioD
for his services, and created KX.B. on her late
Majesty's birthday. i8gi. Refer to Arctic Ex-
ploration.
Publication : " .\ Narrative of the LHacovery of
the Fate of Sir John Franklin " {1R60).
M'Clure, Sir Robert John le MasoriM (i8o7-;j|.
Discoverer of the North-West Pa^.age Cb. Jaas-
ary 28, 1807). Gained his first Arctic exploratioa
experience under Captain Black in the Ti^rrot. aai
vizs first lieutenant on tlie Enterprise during tJu
Franklin search. 184S-49. In 1S50 he was pUc«d
in command of an expedition, and after lour yan
succeeded in passing Jrom ocean to ocean to t^
north of the American continent. thu.i accom-
plishing the North-West Passage. On his retuni he
vizs knighted, and received gold medals frtim the
English and French Geographical Societies. Be-
tween 1R56-61 he rendered great service in lb*
Chinese war, and was conspicuous at the storming
of Carton. He was created C.B. in 1850. and.
having attained the rank of vice-admiral, b« re-
tired. He died in London, October 17. tSji-
Refer to Arctic Exploration ; sm Admiral OsbofW'H
" The Ptscovery of a Xorth-Wcst Passage."
BlaoCoIl, Hugo. .Marine engineer. Educated
Glasgow High School. In 1 876 wax apprentkcit
to the engineering works of Messrs. R. Nafrieraad
Sons, and passed through the workshops at ifce
several departments, subsequently entering ttr
drawing ofiice. During this time he attenW
engineering c1a5ises conducted by Professor Rowdet
Anderson's College. Glasgow. After a short aenm
MACDERMOTT
375
McKECHNlE
at sea be iomcd Messrs. HacUnd aad WolS. Belfaftt.
SubscqucnUy gomg to Spain to act as technical
nianager to the engineering works ol Mc9sr».
PorttUa White and Co. Vi'hile there he designed
and superintended the coostrucUon of machinery
lor several vessels Eor tht Spamsli Navy. In 1S96
he commenced business in Sunderland, and is now
managing director of tlie Wreath Quay li-ngineering
Works.
Uember of the lostitution of Naval Architects,
of the Institution of Huginccrs and Shipbuilders
in Scotland, of the North-East Coast Insbiutioa ol
£n({inccra and Shipbuilders,
lUcDomott, Profetfor George Robert Campbell.
Britbth and American naval architect (b, Glasgow.
October 1. t86o). Educated public schools and
Technica] Academy, Glasgow. In 1 897 entered
the firm of Messrs. George and James Thonuon
(now John BroMm and Co., Ltd.). where he served
in various capacities, taking 3 prominent part in
the design and construction of some 80 vessels.
mercantile and naval. In 1889 he joined the
Southampton Naval Works as naval architect. In
1891 he accepted the chair of Professor of Naval
Architecture at Cornell University, C.S.A. During
his residence in the United States he has designed
several notable vessels, and served on important
committees and arbitration Iioards relative to
maritime intere«ts of a commercial character.
Member of the Technical Committee of tlie
United States Standard Registration Associahon.
Of the Institution of Naval .Architects, of the
Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers
(New York), and of the Mechanical Society of
Naval Ejigineens ^Washington).
Publications: "Screw Propellers" and sevexal
papers published in the Transactions of technical
•ocietica both va Great Britain and the United
States
■aedonoQch. U.S. torpedo-boat destroyer (1900),
I>isplacement, 400 tons ; armament, 1 i4-pdr. ;
7 6-pdr. ; torpedo tubes, 2 i8-in, ; Hp.. 8,400=
30 kts.
BlacOoag&ll, Dugald i\>- Greenock. 1840). After
scrvini^ his apprenticeship be became manager in
a large shipping business, and was at the early
age of 32 a registered shipowner. In 1872 ho
interested hinuclf in deck loading, and his sugges-
tions on this matter were adopted by the Canadian
Government in the I>eck Loading Act of 1)1)73. In
18^7 he successfully introduced btcam to displace
manual labour a* the harbours at Greenock, and
became hon. manager of the company to carry out
the work, in 18S0 he intrcluced the first cargo
flteamer to run between this country and Australia.
Lq 1S&3 was elected a member of Lloyd's Register
Committee, iuid has been rc-elcctcd on four different
occasions.
He is a director and past-president of the Clyde
Steamers Association, aod. as such, was one of the
leaden in the Chamberlain controversy, and a
witness before the Royal Commiasion po Shipping,
iSHs.
HBoedonia. British subsidised merchant ship
(igoj). P. and O. Co. (f.*.'.). Dimenstotis, 4'^5 X
53 X J4| ft. : gross tonnage, 6,898 ; passenger
accommodation. 554 ; Hp,. 7,600^ 17 kts.
McOeooh, X.aaohlan Alexander Hsokey (b. I^nd-
bank', June 3U. \^7o). Educated Glasgow High
School, gaining the city medal, and afterwards at
the Glasgow Technical College. Served his ap-
prenticeship in Glasgow, and spent some time in
business in London, and from there went to Bir-
mingham. He has specially devoted his time to
improving the lighting of vessels by electricity,
and is director of Messrs. William McGeoch and
Co.. Ltd.. of Glasgow.
Is an Associate of the lostitution of Naval
Architects.
MoOcegor, Oow and Co. See Glen Line.
MacUai. U.S. gun-boat. {Bath, 1893)
LL-ngth 204ft. fit.am 33ft. Draught i4^ft.
Displacement 1.177 ^xstas. Complement 151.
<r»t». Armour.
8— 4 in. "SteeL"*
4—6 in. \ in. Deck. ^*
2 — I pdr.
3 Maxims.
Hp. 4,046=15} kts. Coal 39V tons-
Hiohine guns. Ste Guns.
Haohinery Claaie. Set Clauses.
Xaolrer Line, direct River Plate steamers,
maintain a legular service to and from Liverpool
and the River Plate. These steamers have accom-
modation lor a limited number of passengers, and
special attention is given to the shipping of pedigree
live-stock. The average passage to Monte Video
is about 34 days.
Fust.
Araby. Brittany. Normandy.
Sarbary. Burgundy. Tartary.
Lombafdy.
MoKeohnie, Junes. Marine engineer. Served
his apprenticeship in Glasgow, and there studied
under Professor Thorn and Professor George Forbes
at the Glasgow Mechanics Institute. He became
associated with Messrs. George and James Thom-
son, and wa.s one ot their principal assistants. In
this capacity he was aaeociated with the design
and construction of the machinery for many of the
early greyhounds for the Atlantic, including the
Amtriia, Sew York, and Paris, and with machinery
for warships for Russia, Spain, and Japan. In
1889 he went to Bilbao as engineering manager to
Don Jose Martinez de las Rivas, and there de-
signed and built the machinery tor three armoured
cruisers for the Spanish Govcnimeat. For this
work he was decorated with the Grand Cross and
McKEE
-376
MACLEAN
Star as Rnigbt-Comniander of the Ancient Royal
Order of the Isabella Catolica. the highest naval
order in Spaiu. Returning to England in 1895 he
became engineering manager to the Naval Con-
struction Works at Barrow, and when these were
acquired in 1S97 ^y ^^lesHrs. V'ickers, Sans and
Majcim he vmas made a director of the corapauy.
He has been closely connected in designing
machinery for some of the best known warships,
includiing the Niobe, Amphiirilf. Vingeanct^ Hogut',
Euryatus, Ktng Alfred. Dominion. 30-kt. de-
stroyers, 35-kt, scouts, and the 21 kt. battleship
Triumph. He also designed and constructed the
engines for the Japanese Mikasa (q.v.).
Publications : Several memoirs on engineering
subjects.
KoKee. V.S. torpedo boat. (Philadelphia, 1898.}
Length, 99 ft; beam. 12 ft.; .draa^t, 4I ft.;
dixplacemcnt. 65 tons ; armament, 2 i-pdr.,
3 tubes ; Hp. , 850= 19 kts.
Mackenzie. U.S. torpedo-boat {1S9S). Length,
99 it. ; beam, lij ft. ; draught. 4 J it. ; diiplacc-
ment. 65 tons; armamt-tit, t I'pdr., a tubci ; Hp..
850 = 20 kts, ; coal, 15 tons.
Maokenzie, Alexander. Sm Arctic Eicploration.
Mackerel sky. Cirro-cumulus clouds. R^fer to
Clouds,
Hackte. William Arbuckle. British naval archi-
tect (b. Kilmarnock, November 13. 1845). Educated
Kilmarnock Academy, Anderson College, Glasgow.
In 1664 was apprenticed with Messrs. Charles
Connell and Co., Glasgow, and rernaiiifd with that
firm for ten years, during which time he assisted
in the design and construction of many of the
China, tea clippers. In 1874 was appointed naval
architect to Messrs. .Mcxander Stevenaons and
Sons, where he gained considerable experience in
the constmction of steamships. In (888 he com-
menced business on his owu account at the Govan
Shipbuilding Yard. Glasgow, and since then has
designed and constructed some 535 vessels of
various descriptions — sailing sliips. cargo and pas-
senger steamers, and a number of steam fishery
\'essels, to the design and constructioa of wbicli. he
has devoted. considerable attention.
'Member o£ the Institution of Xaval Architaota,
of the Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in
Scotland, of the West oC Scotland Iron and Steel
Institute.
Mackrow, George Oolby. Naval architect
(1830-1907). Served his apprenticeship with
Messrs. Ditchbnm and Mare, Orchard Yard,
Blackwall. which company in 1857 was recon-
structed and nahied the Thames Ironworks
and ShipbuildingJj^Co., and later, with the
extension of premises, construction of marine
engineering shops and drj* docks, the Thames Iron-
works, Shipbuilding, Engineering, and Dry Dock
Co., wliich again was chaiiged )n 1899 to the pre-
sent title, the Thames Ironworks ShipbuUdu;
and Engineering Co. During his early ciwinectioB
with this company many famous ves&ris wttc
built, notably the Harom in 1843, two paddle-
wheel sloops for the Spanish Goveniinent, ttx
Francisco d'Aiis and the liabelta Segunda. .K\
the outbreak of the Critnean war 18 wooden de-
spatch vessels and gun-boats were built, and abo
the Meteor and Thunder, wooden arraour-plawd
batteries, which played such an important part to
the destruction of tlie Ktnburn forts ; the Him*-
lava, originally built for tlie Peninsular and Orieotai
Steam Navigation Co.. and sold to the Admiraltr
in iS53 ; the Warrior, the first sea-going amXMa
clad the world hud ever seen. Among the notafab
vessels designed and constructed ander his super-
vision may be mentioned the Nyan^a. built for
the Peninsular and Oriental Co.. 1864 '• ^^^ izv4dtm.
a paddle yacht built for the late Sultan of Turkey ;
the Spanish armour clad Vitiotia, for many yeacs
the flagship of the Spanish Navy, 1865 ; the A'ta;
Ototg*. for the Hellenic Government, 1867 ; u
armour clad frigate constructed for the Turkish
Government, but bought by the Prussian Goven-
ment and namt-d Wilhelm I., 1S68 ; the Vatco i*
Gama. a small armour clad of 2,500 tons, havmga
complete annonr belt, 1874 ; the Spanish ctuiseo
Gramna and Veiasco, 1881; the battleships fu^
and Shtkiihima for the Japanese Government.
vcssely which played such a pruminent part in tbt
Kuitso- Japanese war; the to Ixindou Couoc;
Council paddle-wheel steamers for service on ibe
liivcr Thames. During his connection with tJu
company, which extended for a. period of 62 yeaa,
there ha.s been constructed 8^ vtuiscls oC ^tooA^
iron, and sted, having a total displacemeac of
some 500.000 tons, liighty-live of tt^cse have Uta
constructed for the liritish Admiralty, ha\-in{ •
total displacement tonnage ol 178,583 ; 90 vejo^
for foreign goveruments, with a total displajcesKot
tonnage of 123,596; and 6S9 vessels of \-ariooi
kinds for the mercantile marine, having a dis-
placement tonnage of about 300,000 tons. 01
these Utcie has been 217 puddle vessels. 259 scic*
vessels, the remainder being either sailing or boo-
seU-propcning vessels. He wa^ one of the earliest
members of the Institution of Naval Afchitw:^
and has read papers and contributed to their d*-
cussioHA from time to time. Hr -was decorated
with many foreign orders. In 1867 His Majesl7
King Georgt of Greece presented him with tt(
Hellenic Order of the Kedeemer ; his late Majsstr
King Luiz I. of Portugal presented him with tbe
Portuguese Order of Knighthood ; h)<t late Maiestv
King Alfonso XTI. presented him with the Ortlv
of Naval Merit, second class, and at the eorom*
tion of the present King Alfonso XIII. he «»
decorated with the Order of Na\-al Merit, jrt
Class.
Maclean. Hagnus, M.A., D.fto., F.R.8.B. ^^
fesBor of Electrical Engineering at the Glasgow eirf
MACLEAR
Weet of ScotUnd Technical CoUeg« (b. Skj*.
November, i^S?)- £duca1ed Colbost General
Asatembly School ; Normal School : and Glasgow
University. In 1884 was elected chief ofTicial
assistant and lecturer of natural philosophy by the
Ute Lord Kelvin, and in 1892 was appointed by the
University Court, lecturer on physics to students.
On the chair of Electrical EnKinecriog, Technical
College, falling vacA^t in 1899, he was chosen as tho
most eligible for the post. He has contributed,
with the late Lord Kelvin and others, original ini*es-
tigaticiut to learned men, and was the lirst Celtic
lecturer under the Kelly Maccullum foundation at
tbe University. In 1 qoj he accompanied the Moscly
BdDcation Commis«on to th? United States, ard
contributed a report and varioos Press articles on
the subject. Member of the Institution of Hlectri-
cal Engineers.
PnbUcations : Lectures published under the
titles " The Lectnrer of tho Celts," " The I.«cturer
of the Highlands *' (iQoj). " Physical Units
Exercises and Natural Philosophy," " Exercises iu
Electnra) F.ngincffring," and many articles in the
" Philosophical Magaiine," " Nature," " Eloc-
trictan." and other technical journals. Was
editor of tJiat important work. " Modem Electric
Practices." which cont&ins contributions from
leading experts on most of the phases of the subject.
KmxAmx, Jobn PflttTOfl. British admiral (h.
Cape Town, 1S38). Joined H.M.S. Castor as naval
cadet, 1851, and saw ser\'ic*- in the Kaffir war.
Served as midshipman in the Algiers in Baltic and
Black Sea. 1S54-56 (Baltic. Turkish and Crimean
medals. Scbastopol clasp). Served in Cyclops
in the Red Sea. during thr outbreak at Jedda.
1858 ; hcutcnant in Sphinx during China war.
ZS60-62 ; present at the capture of Taku forts
(medal and Taku clasp). First lieutenant olOciavia
during Abyssinian war, 1S6S. Coinmanded the
ChatUnew in her scientific voyage round the
world. iS/g-SJ. and the Flying Fish. iSSs-S/, when
doing survey service. Promoted rear adminl,
1B91. when Hk retired, Reftr to ChalUnger Expedi-
tion.
Ifaoleod, Tio»-Admir&l Angtu (b. 1847). Entered
Kavy. id<>o; Ucutcn.int, iflftf ; servwl in Naval
Brigade, Gold Coast, 1874 ; commanded a company
of marines at Amoafnl, 1875 : wounded, mentioned
in despatches ; present at Ardasu and Coomassie,
1874 : naval prize agent at looting of King's palace
(Ashantee medal. Coomassie clasp) ; present at
action between small-ann party of H.M.S. Barra-
coutm and natives of Samoa. 1R76 : commander.
iSSt : specially mentioned to Admiralty and
thanked by Commander-in-Chief of station, when
in Algerint, on West Coast of Africa, for the " very
able and judicious manner in which orders were
carried out, and for valuable reports made," during
Franco-Portuguese compiicatuins ; captain. tSSS :
senior naval officer in Gulf of Siam. iSf^j ; Director
of Nava4 Ordnance and Torpedoes ; rear-admiral.
1901 ; senior officer on the coast of Ireland and
deputy to the Admiral Commanding Coastguards
and Reserves for Coastguard duty in Ireland.
Admiral Mncleod had the honour of receiving the
following message from His Majesty, after the visit
of the King and Queen to Ireland in May, 1904 :
" On leaving Ireland, the King wishes to express
to the senior officer on the coast of Ireland, and the
officers and men under his command, his high
appreciation of all the naval arrangements which
were made in connection with his visit. He was
much struck with the presence of the men-of-war
off Wateriord City, and noted with satisfaction the
smart appearance of the men of the Royal Navy
and the Royal Naval Reserve, forming the guards
of honour, and lining the Kiroets." C.V.O., 1 904.
Hacqoarle Light, situated on the South Head,
at the entrance to Sydney* Harbour, New South
Wales, c-stahlished in 1883, is a single-fltLsh light
every minute; duration of 6ash. eight seconds;
Uie candle-power Is undetermined ; iUumlnant,
electricity.
Had, A term applied when the compass needle
has becTi injured. ■
Blade. A seaman's term for promotton.
Maelstrom. A celebrated whirlpool near tlic
island of Moskoe, off the coast of Norway, ft is
especially dangerous in winter, when it rages
furiously. Refer to "^iVhirlpool.
Mago. Magnetic. Abbreviation adopted on
the charts usued by the Hydrc^raphic Office.
Admiralty.
Hagdalena. British »uluiidisi-d nivrcliant ship
(i88'>}. Rnyal Mail Co. (q.v.). Dimensions 49T.X
50^33 ft-: gross tonnage. 5. j6o: passenger accom-
modation, 441 ; Hp., 5,600=17 kts.
• ■, M
Magallaa. French subsidised merchant ship
(1897). Messagecies Mantimes (q.v.\. Dimensions,
445x50x36 ft. ; gross tonnage, 6,253 ; Hp., 7,200
-18 kts.
Hagellan, Ferdinand ( 1 4 70- 1 5 3 1 ). Portuguese
navigator and explorer. Was the first to circum-
navigate the globe. Distinguished himself in the
Indies and America, i;io-i2. In IS19, aided by
Ctiarles V.. he crossed the Atlantic to Brazil, and
discovered the straits called by his name. He then
crossed and named the Pacific, reached the Philip-
pine Islands, and met his death at the hand.^ ol the
natives. Sm "First Voyage round the World,"
by Magellan (Hakluyt Societ)'. 1874) ; Caillemard's
"Magellan and Pacific" (i8gi).
Uagellio oload«. A popular ierin for the Ntbi-
cuta, or the great, cloudy-looking spots in the
southern heavens, which consists of vast numbers
of nebolz and dustcnt of stars.
MAGENTA
378
MAHUT
Magmta. French 2nd class battleship. (Toulon.
1890.)
Length 347ft. Bram 6$ft. Maximum draught iq/t.
Disptacenient 10.900 tons. Complement 640.
Gums. Armour.
4—13*4 in. " Steel."
17 — s"5 in. 18 in. Belt amidships.
16 — 3 pdr. 14 in. Barbettes.
14 in. Conning lower.
Torfwlo Tubes (177 in.).
4 Above water broadside.
I Above water stem.
Twin screw. Hp. 12.000=16 kts. Coal maxi-
mum 800 tons. Approximate cost £760,000.
Hftltfciviine. 36 guns. On August 23. tSio. this
veMcl was wrecked when advancing to attack the
French, off Isle of France.
K>^e. Swedish torpedo - boat destroyer.
(Thornycroft. igti5.) Length. 316 ft. ; beam,
ao ft.; draught, 7 it.; displacement. 350 tons;
compLement, 59; armament. 1 la-pdr., 5 6-pdr..
3 tubes ; twin screw ; Hp.. 7.400^30 kts. ; coal,
9/1 tons.
Magnet. British special service veasc] (430 tons).
Launched i88j.
Magnet. Austro-Hungahan gun-boat. (Schi-
chau. i8f)6.)
Displacement 510 tons.
Cunt. Arwiour.
6—3 pdr. I in. Amtdships.
Torpedo r«A<*.
3 Above water.
Twin screw. Hp. 5.000^36 kts. Coal maxi-
mum 105 tons.
Magnetic oonrM i^ the compass course corrected
for deviation and leeway.
Hagnifloent. Bhtuih i»t ctoas battleship, (Chat
ham. 1S95.)
Length 413ft. Beam 75ft. Maximum draught 30ft.
Displacement 14.900 tons. Complement 757.
Guns.
4— I»in., 35caJ.
12 — 6 in.
its — II pdr.
12—3 pdr.
2—12 pdr. Boat pins.
2 Maxima.
Torpedo Tubes (18 in.).
4 Submerged.
I Above water stem.
T«-in ncrew. Hp. natural 10.000= i6'5 kts..
forced 13.000^17-5 kts. Coal maximum x.ooo tons.
Approximate cost £1,000,000.
This ship-name has been used in the Navy since
1766. and is associated with Byron's action off
Grenada. 1779 ; Rodney's action with De Guichen.
1780: Rodney's action with De Grasse. 1784.
Magi. Magazine,
charts issued by
.AHmtmltv.
AbbravlatleB adopted on 1
the Hydrographic Offio
Armour.
" Harvey."
9 in. Belt amidships.
14 m. Barbettes.
14 in. Conning tower.
Maliaa. Altnd Tbayar. Captain U.S. Nav
(retired). American navat writer (b, Westpoia
New York, U.S.A., 1B40). Edacated U.S. Nav
Academy. Oxford. D.CL. 1894 : Cambridge.
LL.D. 1894: Harvard (U.S.A.). LL.D.
Yale (U.S.A.). LL.D. 1897 : M'GiU Unlvenilii
Montreal, and Columbia. N.Y. City, LLJ>.
Entered Navy, i8;6 ; lieutenant, i86t ; lieui
commander. 1865 : commander. 1873 : captain.
188$ ; served throughout the Civil War ; served
in the South Atlantic. PaciAc. .\siatic and European
Squadrons . president ol the Naval War CoUe
1S86; in command of U.S.S. CAicago. 1893. ^<"^
pcan Squadron ; Delegate to Peace Conforcnoe
The Hague, (899. His writings on naval his
traditions and power have won lum a world-wide
recognition as an expert on maritime questions.
His principal works are : " The Gulf and Inland
Waters" (1883), "Influence of Sea Power upon
History " (1890). " Influence of Sea Power upon
French Revolution and Empire " (1892). " Life of
Admiral Farragut " (1893), "Life of Nelson"
(•897). "The embodiment of the Sra Power
Grvat Britain " (second title), " The Intorost of
United States in Sea Power " (iS97). " Lessons <
the War wth Spain ' {i«99). " A Short History 1
the South African War " (1900), and " The Proble
of Asia " (1900) , " Types of Naval OfHcers " (("joil
" Retrospect and Prospect " (1903). *' Sea Power i
lis Relation to the War of t8l3 " (1905).
Mahon, Edward ESphinslona. O.B.. 1892. Deput
InajiOi tor General ol Hospit.ih and Fleets (b. 1851!
Entered Savy, 1878. and served as surgeon in tli
Boadicea dnring Zulu war. 1879 (Zulu medal) ^
surgeon of the Flora, and landed with Naval
Brigade ; present at the action of thing's Nek,
Boer war. t88i (mentioned in despatches) ; pro-
moted to staff surgeon for gallant conduct : served
with Royal Marines in Egypt, 18S3, and wa» present
at the acuon of Mallaha Junction. Tel-el-Mahuta,
Mabsomeh, KaMwsJun, Tcl-cl-Kebir. and at the
Dccupatiun ol Tyro and Aboukir forts {Eg>'pt
medal, Tct-el-Kcbir clasp. Khedivr's Bronze Sta
Osma&ieh. 4th Class) ; surgeon of the BaccJknnU .
served with Naval Brigade la Bunnah, 1855-
(Indian medal, Burmah clasp) ; CB. on H4
Majesty's birthday. 1893.
Hahn-Chakri Siamese protected cruiser. Lcng
jQo ft. ; beam, 39 it. ; displacement, 3,500 toiuj
armament, 4 7-in. q.f.. lo 6-pdr. ; speed. t6 ktS.
Hahn, 7aMb. Sfg Antarctic Exptoratiofi.
Mahat-Rajakumar. Siamese gun-boat (iftftr)."
Di«ipia<:cmcnt. 500 tons; armamMit. 3 4*7 bX,
4 macJtinc. 1 tube; Hp.. doo^ahout It kta.
MAI DA
379
MAIN
■tUs. Siamese piu-bmt. Displftcement,. 300
tons; armainent, i 4*7 in. b.l., z machine ; nominil
speed. II kts.
MmSL The name applied to a number of ringH
intent-oven nct-wisc. and used for nibbinK ofl the
loosf hemp jrom white cordage after it is made.
M&in. Figuratively 5peakui({, the occau.
Kain-braoet. Ropes applied to the main yard-
amis to change the position of the mainsail occasion-
aUy.
Hain-ohains, Bioad and thick planks projecting
hOTLZunlaUy from the ship's outside, to which they
are fayed and bolted, abreast of and somewhat
b«hind the mainmast.
Kaine. U.S. ist class battlesltip. (Cramp's, igoi.)
Length 3<)4it. Beam ^ifL Mean draught J^tt.
Displacement 13.585 tons. Complement 551.
Guns. Armour.
4 — 12 in. " ICrupp. '■
16—6 in. I J in. B«;It amidships.
6 — 14 pdr. 12 in. Turrets.
-4 p<lr. fo in. Conning tower.
-I pdr.
■ 2 Colts.
4 Machine.
Torpedo Tubes (iB in.).
3 Submerged.
Twin screw. Hp. i6,ooo~iS kts. Coat maxi-
mum J, 000 tons.
A battleship of this name, belonging to the
United States Government, was destroyed in
Havana Harbour, February 15, 1898, as a result of
an explosion, whea 253 officers and men lost their
lives.
JfAUi-liftt. The ropes which reach from the
main-mast head to the yardarms to steady and
suspend the ends. Their use is to keep the yard
in equilibrium, or raise one o( its extremities higher
than the other if ncccssarj-, but particularly to
support the weight when a number of mtni are em-
ployed on It furling or reeling the sail.
Main low«r topsail-bracet. Ropes appUed to
tbc main lower topsail-yardarms to change the
position of the mairLsail occasionally.
Main lover topiail-litta. Ropes which reach
from the main-mast to the lower yftrdarms of the
lower top&ails to steady and suspcud the eiids.
Thetr use i» to keep the yard in cquiUbnum, but
particularly to support the weight when a number
of men are employed on it furling or reefing the sail.
Main lower topaaOi. The lower topsails on the
mainmast, Utfer to Topsail.
lower toijuail-Tard. The lower top-sail
yard on the mam-ma&t. Relet to Topsail, aiio
Yard.
Main-maft. The largest mast in the slupw
■afai Bai^-faead. The upper part of the main-
mast immediately below the top-mast.
Hain-rosral. The name of a light sail ou the
main-mast, spread immediately next above the
top-gallant sail, to whoee yardarms the lower
corners of it are attached ; it is never used but in
fine weather.
Btain royal-baok-stajrs. The stays which lead
down to the vessels -iidc from the main-royal.
Reftr to Slay.
Main royal-braees. Ropes applied to the main
royal -yardarms to change the position of the main-
sail occasionally.
Main royal-masl. The royal-mati on the main-
mast. Jtffer to Royal-mast.
Main royal-itay. The royal stay on the main-
mast, ffe/et to Stay.
Main royal-ataysaiL A Ught sail set on a stay
on the main-mast immediately next above the
topgallant-»Bil.
Main royal itaysail-sheeU The ropes or chains
fastened to one or both of the tower coruer-t oi the
main royal-staysail to extend and retain the clew
down in its place. Rffer to Sheet.
Main royal-staddingsail. A studdingsail set on
the main -royal.
Main royal itoddingsail-boom. A spar rigged
out on tilt; main-royal for the purpose of setting
a studdingsail. Re/er lo Studdingsail.
Main royal atnddinguil-sheet. Ropes or chains
fastened to one or both of the lower comers of the
main royal-studdingsai] lo extend and retain the
dew down in its place. Heftt to Sheet.
Main royal studdingsail-tack. Ropes to confine
the weather lower comun> of the main royal-
studdingsail. when the wind crosses a ship's
course obliquely.
Main royal stoddingsail-yard. The yard on the
main royal on which the studdingsail is set. Refer
to Studdingsail.
Main royal-yaxd. The fourth yard above the
deck on the main-mast, on which tlie royal is set.
Kejer to Yard.
Mainsail. The principal sail on the main-ooast.
HUin-ihroods. The nhrouUs or lower and upper
standing ngging of the main-mast. Refer to
Shrouds.
Main-skysaiL A small lijfhC sail above the royal
ou tlic main mast.
Main skysail-baek-itays. Stays which are led
down to the vessel's side from the main-skysail.
Refer to SUy.
Main ikyiail-faraees. Hopes applied to the main
skysail-yardarm to change the position of the
mainsail occasionally.
MAIN
380
MAJESTIC
Main ikysaiKnuut The skysail-nust on the
main-maat. Refer to Skysail-mast.
Main ikyaail-stay. The stay whicti supports
the pole or upper portion of the royal-mast on the
main-mast. Rtfev to Stay.
Main akyuul-yard. The yard oa the main-mast
above the royal-yard, 011 whidi the skysail is set.
Ref«r io Yard.
Ham-stay is that which extends to the ship's stem.
Refer to Stay.
Main-top. The top on the main-mast. Htf^r to
Top.
Mam topgaUant-back stays. The stays: which
are led down to the vessel's side from the main
topgallant. Refer to Stay.
Main topgallant-braoes. Ropes applied to the main
topgaUant-yardaniis to change the position of the
main-sail occasionally.
Main topgallaat-maat. The topgallant-mast cm
the main niast. Refer to Topgallant -mast.
Main topgallant-sail. Tlic third sail above tlie
deck on the niaiu-ma.st. Set above tlie topsail-yards
in the same manner as the topsails above the tower
■yards.
Main topgallant-shrouds arc topgaJlaut shrouds
on the maui-maat which extend to the cross-trees,
'where, passing tJvrough holes in the ends, they con-
tinue over the in ttock -staves to the topmast
rigging, and descending almost to the top are set
tip by lauiards. passing through thimbles, instead
oi dcad-eyi:s.
Main topgallant-atay. The topgallant stay on
the main-mast. Refer to Stay.
Main topgallant - staysail. A triangular sail
hoisted upon a stay an the main -topgallant.
Main topgallant studdingsail-booin. .\ spar
rigged out on thi- main-topgallant ior the purpose
of setting the studdlngsail. Refer to Stnddingsait.
Main lopgaQant staddingsail-halllaids. The
tackle einj>loyt?(l to Iowlt or hoist Che studding-
sails on the foietopgaDani.
Main topgallant-staddinEsails. S^e 1vi n i n top -
mast-sttiddingsail.
Main topgaUant studdiogsail-taok. Kopes to
conhne the wcathei louei coiners oJ the main
topgaltant-studdingsoil, when the wind crosses a
ship's course obliquely.
Main topgallant studdingsail-yard. The yard on
the mam. topgallant on which the studdingsail is
set. Refer to Studdingsail.
Main topgallant-yard, llie yard on the main
jBlost next above the top-mast. Refer to Yard.
' Main topmast. The topmast on the maiu-
masl. Refer to Mast, Topmast.
Main topmaife-baok itaiya. The istaya wfaioh an
led down to the vessel^ side from tbe main-ottit
Refer to Slay.
Main topntaat-head. The upper part of tbe
second division of the main-mast above the deck.
Main topmast-shrouds. Topmast-shrouds on Ike
main-mast, extended from the topmast -head to the
edges of the tops, set up to the futtock 4ead-eyes.
Ibin topmast-stay is attached to tbe boaiuh
of the fore mast, or comes on deck. Refer to St»y.
Main topmaat-stnddJngtail . A sail set outside tbe
topsails and topgallant-saits on the main-mio.
They have yards at tbe head, and aj-ti spnsid at At
foot by booms, which slide out on the extrcmitjeato
the lower and topsail yards, atid their beads or
yards are hoisted up to the topsail and topgailasi
yardarms.
Main topmast studdingsail-boom. The qwr
rigged out on the main topmast tor the purpose of
setting out a studdingsail. Refer to StuJdingssiL
Main topmaat studdingsail-hailiarda. Tbe tackle
employed to lower or hoist tbe aiAin topmut-
studdingsail.
Maia ttvmast stoddiiigsail-sheflt. Ropes er
chains fastened to one or both ot the lower cormn
of the main lopuiast-studdingsail. to extend and,
retain the dew down in its place. Refer to
Main topmaat studdingsail-taek. The ropes ta
coiibnc the weather luwi-i corners of the mas
topmast -studdingsail, when the wind rrmtn a
ship's course obliquely-
Main topmaat studdingsail-yard. The- yard
which the main topmast-studdingsail is set.
to Studdingsail.
'«K
truck on the main-mut
'i'he gafi on wliicli the mssi
Main-truck. The
Refer to Truck.
Main trysail-Raff.
tty:«ai] i-s rxtrntlol.
Main upper topsail The upper topsail en t!tf
maiu-masl. Refer to TopsaiL
Main upper topsail-braces. Hopes appUed to thr
main upper-toptiail-yardamis to change the position
of the mainsail occasionally.
Main npper-topsail-yard. The upper topai]
yard on the niain-mast. Rnftf to Topsail, aba
Yard. *
Main yards. Tlve yards on the main-mut
Refer to Yard.
Majastic. British subsidised niercbant ^ip
(lyoo). Wliite Star Line (J.f.). I-iverpool tai
New York. Dimensions. 581 x 57! X 39 ft. ; ,
tonnage, 10,147 ; passenger accommodatiou. ij
tip., 16,000=19 kts.
MAJESTIC
381
MANAIRA
Majtftte. Britiah ist class tutUeship. (Ports-
moutti, 1895-)
ijengtfa 413ft. B«am 75ft. Maximum draught jolt.
Di^iiacement 14,900 tons. Complemeot 757.
Armour.
" Harvey."
9 in. Beit amidships.
14 io. Barbettes.
14 ia. Conning tower.
Cuns.
4—12 in., 35cbJ.
i»— ^ in.
16 — 12 pdr.
I*— 3 pdr.
2—12 pdr. Boat guns.
2 Majdms.
Torpedo Tubta (18 in.).
4 Submerged.
t Above water stem.
Twin screw. Hp. natural 10,000=16*5 kts.,
fon:«d 12,000=; 17'$ kts. Coal maximum 3.000
tons. Approximate cost jf 1,000,00a.
This ship>name was introduced into the Navy in
17S3. and is associated with the battle of "The
Glorious First of June," 1794 ; thr Nile. 1798.
MakftlW. Japanese torpedo-boat destroyer.
(Yokosuka, 1906.} Length, a^iolt. : beam, 20^ it. ;
draught. 9^ it. ; displacement, 374 tons ; atma-
xneat, i 12-pdr., 5 6-pdr., 2 tubcN : twin screw ;
Hp., 6.000=29 kta.
MftkaroS (1649-1904). Russian admiral (b. Nlco-
laiefi). Served during the Husso-Tnrkish war of
r877, with torpedo flotilla, aud was successful in
sinking several of the Turkish warsliips. In 1S94
he wait appointed to command the Baltic Fleet.
and four yeani later was made Commander-in-Chief
at Cronstadt naval station. In 1904, when war
broke out between Russia and Japan, he was given
supreme command of the Ru2i»ian fleet in the Far
East. During an action outside Port Arthur the
Pttropavlovsk {q.v.), his flagship, when returning
-to harbour, struck a submarine mine and foundered,
and he perished with the ship. He was a. man ol
untiring energy, and tmdoubtedly the best Russian
naval commander of the day. He designed the
ice-breaker Yermak. and the cotli^on mats used
by nearly all the navies.
Make lifl. To set sail.
Make water. Signifies the act of a ship leaking.
Makikumo. Japanese torpedo gun-boat. (Elb-
■og. 1S92.) Length 192) ft. ; beam, 24 ft. ; draught,
7I ft. ; displacement, 400 tons ; complement. 87 :
armament, 2 I'S-in., 7 i'4-in., 3 Maxims, 3 tubes;
Hp.. 3.6aoss22 kts. ; coal. 900 tons.
■akjan. Netherlands torpedo-boat. Length,
104 it. ; beam, ij^ ft. ; draught, 5 ft. : displace-
xxwnt, 50 tons: armament, 2 i-pdr., x tubes;
Hp., 790=7 kts. , _ _
Hakmai. Russian submarine (1906), Length,
50 it.; beam, 14 ft.; displacement. 120 tons;
Sfwed, 10 kts.
Italftbar. Iron ship. On a voyage to China
wrecked ofi Point -de-G&Ue, C«ylon, May », t46o ;
oo lives lost. Treasure to ttw value of ^i^o.ooo
recovered by divers.
Malaga, Battle o(. On July 23, 1704, an in-
decisive action was fought oil the town of Malaga
between the Anglo-Dutch Fleet and the Franco-
Spanish Fleet.
HaUr Panihi. A country boat of tho Indian
rivers.
Hal-4e-mer. French. \ term used for nausea
cause.] by the movement of a vessel at sea.
ISalieieff. Russian torpedo-boat destroyer (1906).
Length. 185 ft; beam, Ji ft.; draught, 7^ It.;
displacement. 324 tons: complement, 60; arma-
ment, I i2-pdr., 5 3-pdr., 2 Maxiois, 2 tubes:
twin screw ; Hp., 5,600 = 26 kts. . coal, 100 tons.
Mallard. British torpedo-boat destroyer. (Ctiia'
wick, 1896.) Length, 210 ft. ; beam. 19 (t, ;
draught, 7 (t. : di^lacement, 275 tons: comple-
ment, 60; armament, 1 12-pdr.. 5 6-pdr.. 2 tubes:
twin screw ; Hp.. 5,800=30 kts. ; coal, &o tons.
Malleny . Li verpool steamer. StnKk on the
Tuskar Reef, Bristol Channel, and went down.
October 15, ]886 ; all hands lost.
Matlory Line, witli tlicir head ofBct-3 in New
York, have a fleet of 11 modem steamers, which
maintain sailings at schedutc<l times from New
York (or Galveston, Key West, connecting at Key
West (of Havana (Cuba). A .•wr\Tce ia maintained
from New York for Mobile-, with connections for
Pensacola aud New Orleans, and one from New
Vurk for Brunswick, with connections for Fer-
nandina and Jacksonville.
Fleet.
Atamo. DewKr. Rio GtatuU.
CatoraJo. Lai^pasuj. Sabine.
Comai. ^fwces. San Jacinto.
Concho. San Marcos.
Malmo Segeltillskap. FstabUshed 1876. Com-
modore. Caplam E. H. von Haetcn ; Vice-Commo-
dore, Axel Berling ; Rcar-Commodorc, Karl Soder
qvist ; Treasurer and Secretary, S. A. F. Ncljen,
Malmo, Swetlrn. Entrance fee, ij kroner; annual
sobscrrption. 10 and $ kroner.
Man. A name frequently applied to k ship, as
man-of-war, merchantman. East or West Indiaman.
Maiiadmra. Japanese torpedo-boat. (Normand,
X399.] Length. 147 ft. : beam. 16 ft. ; draught,
8 ft.; displaceiuent, 150 tons; complement, 26;
armatncat, 1 6-pdi., 2 3-pdr.. 2 tubes; twin screw :
Hp., 4,200^30 kts. : coal, 30 tons.
Mauira, Ottbeppe (b. Alexandria, Italy, Decem-
her 21. 1^54). Italian naval architect. In 187$
was appointed naval architect to the Italian Royal
Navy, which post he held till 1884. when he Iwcamc
director of the shipbuilding department ol Messrs.
E. Cravns. Genoa. In 1H90 he was made managing
director of the slupbuilding yard at Pertusola, the
MANCHE
382
MANLIGHTEN
property of Lord Brasse>', K.C.B. {q.o.). In 1897
be founded a shipbuilding yard, and this in 1899
he formed into a limited company, under the imrae
ot " Can tire Navalc d'Muggiano." This firm has
the largest shipbuilding yard in Italy, and haa on
several occasions built cargo steampm for Englinh
firms.
Is a member of tho Institution of Naval Archi-
tects.
Hanchc. French avisos transport. Of little
fighting value. Guns, 4 5'5-in.. 4 tz-pdr. ; speed
(Donunally), 1 1 kts.
Mancbfliter. Steamer from Hull lo flamburg.
Lost orl Uk- Vogel Sandf, near Cuxhaven. June 16,
1844 ; 30 lives lost.
Manchiter Liners, Ltd. Thi.s company was
fomitd in ifiyS by Sir Cliristopher Fumess, M.P-
i^.v.). for the puq>0!tL' of working modern cargo-
carrying steamers from the port ol Mancheister.
A frequent service of steamers is maintained
between Canada, Philadelphia, New Orleans, and
the River Plate porta. Steamers for Canada are
despatched every fortnight, calling at Quebec and
Montreal during the summer, and Halifax and St.
John's, N.B., during the wmter. The Philadelphia
direct service is maintained at intervals of threc
wceks. The New Orleans service is maintained at
intervals of four or five weeks, and the vessels
take cargo via that port for the Southern States.
Mexico. Pacific Coast, and Central America. The
River Plate service is a fortnightly ono, and is
operated jointly by Messrs. Frederick Lcyland and
Co.. known as the Manchester -River Plate Line
(Manchester Liners, Ltd., and Frederick Lcyland
and Co., Ltd., joint service).
FL&£T.
Manchester City. Manchester Mariner,
Manchester Commerce. Manchester Merchant.
Manchester Corporation. Manchester Mtlkr.
Manchester Engineer. Manchester Port.
Manchester Exchange. Manchrsler Shipper.
Manchester Importer. Manchester Spinner.
Manchester Inventor. Manchester Trader.
Gross tonnage^ 61,510.
Manchester Ship Canal was begun in 1887,
opened for trafec on January i, 1894, and takes
rank with the groat worlcs for which th<^ ninctecnih
century was so con.'tpicuous. It starts at Eosthain,
on the left bank of the Mersey estimry. about four
miles above Birkenhead, and ends at the Man-
chester Docks. The total length of the canal is
35i miles, the average width at water level being
172 ft. from Eastham to Barton, and 330 it. from
Barton to Manchester Docks, and the rainimum
di^th, when complete. =8 ft., with a minimum
width at bottom of 120 ft. from Kaittham to Barton,
and 170 ft. from Barton tu Manchester Docks.
There are several locks throughout the canal, the
principal being ut Eastham, which is 600 ft. by
So ft., wlulu those at Lachford. Irlam. Barton, tad
Mode Whtrel measure each 600 ft. by 6$ fL TIk
canal is crossed by two high level road bndgs
four high level railway bridges, and by sewn
swing road bridges, aiwl, in addition, by an aquednc;
at Barton, which is one of the chief featoxes ol Ibi
canal, and carries the Bridgwater CanaJ over tie
main channel. This has taken the place v
Brindley's famous aqueduct, which did the iw
thing literally without a break for more than i::
years. The new structtire covers two spans 01
go ft. each, working from a centraJ pivot, the total
weight being 1,450 tons. The total fall Crotn tb>
level o( water in Manchester Docks to the onJiiu.7
level of caoal at Eastham is Oo^ ft. Thar ^
exten<iive dock accommodation at J^la^ichesacr.
Satford, Warrington, and elsewhere. In July, 1405.
King Edward VII. opened the new dock at Ibn
Chester, the area of which is 15^ acres. w)ih 1
depth of 28 ft.
Bbutohoria, owned by the Pacific Mail Steaa^
Co.. struck a reef ofi Rabbit Island. 1^07. Sbevw
ij miles out of her usual course, and the thearr
advanced for the disaster was that, owing to tbe
Chilian earthquakes, uDusual tidal phenomena sad
currents were experienced neax the coast ot tkc
Sandwich Islands.
Haodavi. Portuguese gun-boat (1S79). Dii-
placcmeiii, 460 tons : armament. 2 &-in. hi.
2 3^-10. b.I. : nominal !i{>ecd, 10 kts.
Htanger. A small enclosure to catch the «av
whicli comes through the hawse-holes.
Hangini. Frt-ncli torpcdu-lxxat (tdg6). D*
placement, 139 tons; complement, 54 ; fnairim^
draught. 7 , guns. 3 j-pdi. ; torpedo tubes, 3 ij-ia.
Hp.. 3,100-37 kts. ; coal, 17 tons.
Blanilest, A, is an official inventory of a tlup'i
cargo, specifying the name and tonnage of At
vessel, the names of the shipper and consigutt
the marks or numbers ol the goods, the ports ol
loading and disicharging, the list of stares, and tbi
passengers and crew. It is signed by the mutti
at port oi lading, and dehvered to the CiBtoai
officials at port of discharge.
The penalty for dehveriag an incomplete or ■-
accurate manifest docs not exceed £$.
Manilla. A rope made by the Phihppina of
Manilla hemp which docs not rot and is not mco
sary to tar.
Manilla. Frigate. On January 38, 1813. tA>
vessel was lost on the Haak Sand, when 13 pm0
perished.
Hanlighten. Swedish coast service L^icliiK
[Kockum. 1904-}
Length ay7ft. Beam 49ft. Maximum drmught iW-
Displacement 3,650 tons. Complement sja
Armm$r.
" Krupp."
7 in. Belt amidships.
7 in. Torrets.
S in. Conning tower.
Torpfdo Tubes (iS in.).
i Submerged.
Twin screw. Hp. 6.500=17 kta. Coal normal
360 tons.
Mum, Vio»-Adinir&l WUlitm Froderiok Stanlejr.
Entered Navj', 1850 : served in Oordon in sup-
pression of the slave trade 00 the East Coast of
Airica : lieatenant. 1867; lieutenant of Amtthyst
during the Ashantee war ; served with Nax-al
Brigade, and present at the capture of Borbora&si.
action of Amoatol. and capture ol Beku'a : present
at the action on croosiog the Ordab, and occupa-
bon of Coonia.ssie ; mentioned in despatches
{.^shantcc medal, Cooinaiisie clasp) ; senior lieu-
tenant of Oshomf during the Prince of Wales's
visit to India ; commander, 1876 ; commander of
Beacon during Eg>'ptian war, 1883 (Egyptian
medal. Khedive's Bronze Star) ; captain, i88t; ; in
oommand of naval forces in the colony of Victoria,
1889*93: rear-admiral. 1899; vice-admiral, 1904;
chairman of the Committee of Management Ship-
wrecked Mariners' Society, 1903.
Maa-rope. A rope over the ahip's side nsed for
climbing on board.
Man yards. An order for manning tbc yards for
the purpose of saluting,
MaraahftO. Bratilian river gim-lxut. {Rio de
Janeiro, 1890.)
Length I j/ft. Beam ^ft. Draught 6]ft.
Displacement 463 tons.
Guns. Armour.
3 — 47 in. '* Harvey steel."
I— 2'5 in. 5 in. Belt amidships.
" 5 Maxims. 6 in. Gun shields.
Hp. 700=12 lets.
Marblchead. U.S. ^rd class cruiser (iSg?)-
I^mgth 3)7ft. Beam 37ft, Maximum draught iSft.
Displacement 3.000 tons. Complement 250.
GuHS. Armour.
9—5 in. " Steel."
• ' 6 — 6 pdr. r in. Deck.
5 — t pdr. 2 in. Conning tower,
z Catlings.
Torpedo Tubfs.
4 AlKJve Watrr.
Twm screw. Hp. 5,400=17 kts. Cool maxi-
mum 435 tons.
Harceau. French 2od class battleship. (Ix
Seyne, 1S87.) Reconstructed 1903.
Length 347ft. Beam 6sft. Maximum dmught 39ft.
Displacement lo.goo tons. Complement 640.
' Guns. ArmMtr.
4"* 3*4 in-. 30 caL " Steel."
i5>-5'S in. 17 tn. Belt amidships.
16 — 3 pdr. 14 in. Barbettes.
14 in. Conning tower.
Torp*do Tubts (17*7 in)-
4 Above water broadside.
I Above water stem.
Twin screw. Hp. i3,ooo«iti kts. Coal maxi-
mum 800 ton4.
Approximate original cost ^760,000.
Marcilio Diaa. Brazilian tnrpedo-boat. (Thorny-
croft, 1^91. ) Length, 150 ft. ; beam. 14^ ft. ;
draught, 5 It.: displacement, 150 tons; comple-
ment. 27 ; armament, 2 q.f.. 4 tubes ; twin screw ;
Hp-, 1, 550-: 27 kts. : coal, 22 tons.
Marconi, QngUelmo. Electrical engineer and in-
ventor of ihc " Marconi " system oi wireless tele-
graphy (h. Bologna. April 25. 1874). Educated,
foghorn . under Professor Ro«a, and Bologna
University. Carried out his first experiments near
Bologna In 1895. and put these to practical test in
England in i8g6. In tRg; he established wireless
communication bct^vcrn Penartli and Weston, and
such wa.s his succes.H that the Italian Ministisr of
Marine at once had experiments made at Spesia.
In 1899 he established connection by the same
means between England (South Foreland Light-
house) and FVance fWimercnx, near Boulogne), a
distance of 30 miles across the Rnglish Channel,
and kept up communication in all weathers ; in
1901 between Poldhu (Cornwall) and St. Johns
(Newfoundland), a distance of 2,200 miles. In
1902 he submitted to the Czar and the King of
Italy messages received from Cornwall hy his
system on board the Italian cruiser Carlo Alberto
during her voyage from England to Russia. In
December, 1902. he established wireless telegraphic
communication between Canada (Cape Breton)
and England, the first message inaugurating the
system bciug transmitted from the Govcmor-
Cencral of Canada to King Edward VII., and a
few weeks later a message inaugurating wireless
connection iH-twecn .America (Cape Cod, Mass.) and
Cornwall was transmitted from the President
of the United States to the King of England. His
system is now extensively used by Lloyd's and the
principal shipping companies in England and
abroad, and in the British. Italian, and other
navies, tn 1904 he entered into an agreement with
the British Telegraph Department for the trans-
mission of commercial messages by his $)-5teni,
and dnring the same year the first ocean doily
newspaper .was published on the ships of the
Oinard Line. An account of the development of
his system was given by him in an article pub-
lished in the " Fortnightly Review." June. 190a.
Decorated by the Czar with the Order of St. Anne ;
created by the King of Italy Commander of the
Order of St. Maurice and St. Lazarus and Grand
FMARCO
384
MARINE
Cross of the Order of the Crown o£ Italy, 1902,
and in 1905 Chevalier of the Civil Order of Savoy ;
also Hon. D.Sc. (Oxford), Hon. LL.D. (Glasgow).
Muco Polo. Italian bdted cruiser. (Castclla-
mare, 1893.)
Length 327ft. Beam 4Sft, Maxiiniim draught 21 (t.
Displacement 4.583 tons. Complement 394.
Guns. Armour.
6—6 in. " SteeL"
10 — 4*7 in. 4 '"• Belt.
9 — 6 pdr. 4 in. Bulkheads.
4—1 pdr.
3 Machine.
Torpedo Tithes.
4 Above water.
Twin screw. Hp. forced 10,600=19 lets. Coal
ma.ximum 600 Ions. Approximate cost ^400.000.
Mares' tails. Long, wispy, cirrus clouds. Pefcr
/p Clouds.
Karia. Ship. Refer to ChatUs.
Harit Ft Italian emigrant steamer to Brazil.
Sunk in collision with the Orli^ia, at the mouth of
the Gulf of Spczia, July zi, 189$ ; 148 lives lost.
Kari& P1&. Obsolete Italian battleship. Of no
fighting valne. Nov used as torpedo dep6t in
harbour.
Marie Elsie Steamship Co. Farmed in 1895, with
a capital of ^36.000. Begiooiog with the Marie
Elsie, they now own, in conjunction with the
London Marine Steamship Co., Ltd., four modern
cargo vessels, and since 189^ have paid a steady
dividend of 10%. These boats arc not engaged in
any particular trade, but carry cargo to and from
all parts of the world ns inducement oftcrs.
Flebi,
lotanthe. Marie Su^artrte.
Marie Etste. Rodanthe.
Marietta. U.S. gan-boat. (San Francisco. 1897.)
Length, 174 ft.; beam, 34 ft.; draught, 13! ft;
displacement,. 1,000 tons ; complement, 140; arma-
ment, 4 6 in., 6 4-in., 4 6-pdr., 2 i-pdr., i Maxim ;
Hp.. 1,054 = 13 lets. : coal. 340 tons.
Marine Biological Association of the UDit«d
SlngdoCl owes its existence to a comhioation ol
scientific naturalists and of gentlemen intereste<l
in the great sea Bsheries of the United Kingdom.
The aim of the association is to afford to those
interested cvct>- opportunity to extend their know-
ledge in both these diiections ; in other words, to
aid at the same time both science and industry'.
Its afiairs arc conducted by a representative
council, without any charge upon its funds, so
that the whole of the subscriptions and donations
received arc devoted absolutely to the support of
the laboratory and to the prosecution of researches
by aid of its appliances.
The laboratory at Plymouth was opened on
June 30. i£8S, the boilding and fittings haviflg
cost some j^i 3,000. Since that time investi^tion
practical and scientific, have been coastanSy
pursued. The permanent scientific stafi of tht
association consists of a director of the laboratacf,
a naturalist in charge of &shcry investigatioaA, aoi
an assistant to the director, principally occupisl
in the collection, identification, and preservatkn of
marine animaJs. In addition to the pcnnaneu
scientific staff, naturalists from England and fcon
abroad come to the laboratory to carry on Hmt
own independent researches, paying a small nat
for the use of a working table and other appbama
and tliey liave made valuable additions to zookigkal
and botanical science.
The declared object of the fouaders of thi
Marine Biological Association was to promote n^
searches leading to the improvement of soolopal
and botanical science, and to an increase of Vvam-
ledge as regards the food, life conditions, and halntt
of British food-fishes and mollu.scs.
The practical investigation upon matters dlrcctfy
connected with sea fishing carried out bv Ae
association covers a large field, and embrace 1
variety of subjects, amoni; whicli the foUowisff
may be mentioned : (i) The rcprodnctioa m^
development of fishes, tlic determination ol tic
characters of egg, larva, and young at all stagtsef
growth, with cxperimeDts on the rearing of SsIhs
in captivity, and on their rate of growth io coe-
finement and in the sea ; (2) the size at wh/ct
maturitj* is reached in different species, the vim
tions which this relation undergoes in diffenat
localities, the characteristics of local races of fisfa:
{3} the food supply and sense organs of fisbo.
with experiments on their methods of feedisg> uA
on the manufacture and emplo^'ments of artifioil
baits ; [4) the disuibution of flat fishes at diSenti
stages of growth, their migratioD, the destmctioa
of immature fish oq particular grounds, or br
particular methods of fiidung ; (5) the natural tu>^
tory of migratory pelagic 6shes. tncludmg tJ»
pilchard, auchovj', and mackerel, with reference ts
their reproduction, racial peculiarities, and ^
extent and direction of their migrations ; (6) iS-
relation between the distribution, seasonal muta-
tions, and varying abundance of fisbc« and tfa>
physical conditions of the sea.
Elaborate investigations were made irom 1891
to 1895 by the officers of tlie association, worim^
from Grimsby and Lowestoft as centres, in rrgiP*
to the destruction of immature fiah in the Nonk
Sea. These investigations bad special rclerence la
the proposed closure p£ certain fishing grounds ud
to the proposal to prohibit the sale of fish bdc*
a certain size.
The association is recognised by H.M, Gowrs-
mcnt as occupying for England the positiOB 9
regard to fishery investigations which in Scotiu'
is discharged by the Fishery Board of Sootlsa'
(?■»'.)■
MARINE
385
MARINE
PubUcatians of ths associatian : The result
obtained by work in the laboratory are partly
publisbed in the JoumaJ of the Manne Biological
Association, but, in addition, more than 100 papers,
containing original coDthbutioiis to science, have
apipeared in the Tranaactiocs of learned societies
and in scientific periodicals. One or two numbers
of tlif Journal appear each year, and six volnmcs.
each comprising four numbers, have now been
issued. A monograph on the common sole, by
Mr. J. T. Cnnmngbam. lias been pubUshed by the
association ; and Messrs. Macmillan and Co. have
published for the A&<;oci3tion a work on the " Katiiral
History of the Marketable Marine Fishes of the
British Islands." also by \fr. rnnningham.
Harine Engineer. Established 1878. Published
monthly. Pnce 6d. Address : 3 .^inen Comer,
Londoa, H.C
Harine insuruioe U a contract whereby one
party, lor a stipulated sum. undertakes to in-
demnify the other against loss arising from certata
sea perils or sea risks to which his ship, mer-
chandise, or other interest may be exposed during
a certain voj-agc or a certain period of time. The
man who takes tins risk upon tiimsclf is called the
underwriter, or insurer, and the fixed payment is
called the premium, and is generally quoted as so
mnch " per cent." The protecbHl party is called
the insured, or assured, the thing covered by
insurance, the subject, and the substaittial concern
which the assured has, in the preservation of the
subject, his interest. The legal instrument by
which the contract is made and reduced to form
is called tlic policy.
The law of marine insurance rests upon the
fundamental principle that the policy is. both in
its nature and extent, a contract of indemnity*.
The origin of marine insurance is lost in obscurity.
It is gathered that it must have t>een practised
between 900 and 700 b.c. in the period of Rhodian
prosperity, but there is no direct evidence. The
earliest evidence of its existence is abont 1000 a.d.
The ordinary form of policy, generally called
" Lloyd's Policy," is reputed to be identical with
the form used by the I^mbards. who are generally
credited with introducing marine insurance into
England. The earliest English poUcy is dated
1613, and is very similar to Lloyd's (f.ir.). 5m
Martin's '* Historj- of Lloyd's " ; also Marshall on
Ituurance, p. ro, Duer on Insurance, Vol. I., p. 19,
and Pardessus on Insurance.
Tlie law of marine insurance was unknown for a
long time after the introduction of Insurance con-
tracts. OS disputes were settled by the arbitration
of mercantile men. The first taw case to be found
in any book appears in the year 1 589. and is re-
ported in 6 Coke. Rep. 47b. The foundation of onr
own law of insurance was laid by Ixird Mansfield
in I7S6. (Marshall on Insurance, p. 39.)
There is a somewhat prevalent idea in the minds
of many pei^le that marine tnsoniace or under-
writing is simply a species of gambling — that it is.
in fact, a man taking a nsk on the chance (on the
" toss-up ") of the vessel arriving. Nothing,
jierhaps, could be more erroneous. Take any
particular trade in which ships are engaged, and
any underwriter can tell what percentage of losses
by sea perils there has been in it for any year, or
series of years, what premium must lie received to
make a pro6t, and what class or character of ship
will pay.
There are many elements to consider, but the
fundamental one on which the business rests is
that of average. Take an example. By an iron
.ship from San Francisco to Li'verpool. with grain,
we could insure cargo at. say. 35J. to 40s. per cent.
all the year round. By an iron ship from New
York to Uverpool, with grain, the rates would be
in, say, June, 30,?,, in December, 40.1.. and yet the
former is a voyage of i^.ooo miles, against 3,000
in the latter. Why is this ? Simply because the
average of losses is greater in the one case than in
the other.
The merchant or Insurer really pays tfae loss
hinuelf. What is the premium his underwriter
asks from him ? Simply the percentage of loss in
tliat particular trade, plus a fair profit. If the
merchant insures regularly year by year, in time
he pays (by yearly instalments called premium] a
total loss, bat it is spread over a number of ven-
tures. If any venture proves to be a loss, he is
indemnified at once, but his loss goes only to make
up the percentage the underwriter calculated upon.
Marine InsDrance Co^ Ltd. Established by deed
of settlement, July 30, 1836. Registered as a
limited company, January i, 1S81. Authorised
capital. 40,000 shares of £25 each. On each £4 101.
has been paid, making a capital of ^180,000.
Since 18QS. a dividend of £1 per share, free of
income-tax. has been paid annually, and a reserve
fund built up of £075,000.
The directors of the company are Colonel Robert
Baring, Edward Beer. Major-Gencral Sir Owen Tudor
Bume, G.C.I. E., K.C.S.I., Tliomasdu Buisson, F.C.
K. Ficiscbmann, Frederick Green. Lord Hillingdon,
Robert Miller, Harry Mosenthal, Owen Philipps.
F. A. \\'hitc, Robert Williamson. Manager,
R. B. Lemon. Secretary, H. G. R. Maughan.
Offices. 20 Old Broad Street. London. E.C.
Harine Blotor News. Established ^901. Pub-
lished monthly. Price jrf. .\ddress , 143 Strand,
I-ondon. W.C.
■ariner. Established iSSo. Published month-
ly. Price 6d. Address : t Arundel Street, London,
W.C
Ibiiner. A man who obtains his living on the
sea.
Marine salvage. Set Maritime Salvage Salvage
Loss.
MARINES
3»6
MARINE
Uarines. Naval. Sec Naval Educatioa.
* Marine soap. A preparation made with eocoa-
nut oil, which is not insoluble in a strong solution of
salt ; hence it forms a lather and can be used (or
washing with sea-water. Cocoannt soap is little
prepared by itself, but it form-s a principal ingre-
dient in compoand soaps meant to imitate curd
and yellow soaps.
Marine Society owes its origin to the necessities
of the British Navy during tlie French wars of the
eighteenth cpntur>'. In the year 1756. on thcoui-
brcaJc of war between England antl France, England
experienced great difficulty iu raising seamen to
man the ships of the Royal Navy. Money bounties
were accordingly offered to seamen volunteering to
serve, and impressment was resorted to in order
to sccnrc those who would not voluntepr.
It was at this time that Mr. jonns Hanway. a
wcll-kno^*-n merchant and philanthropist, stirred
up puWic feeling in the City o( I^ndon. and induced
a number of DiErchaxita and oUier gentlemen
meeting at the " King's Arms " tavern, Corahill.
to start a society for encouraging landsmea to
volunteer ior serWce in the Fleet. Operations in
clothing men were commr-najd on June 22, 1756,
the procedure being for volunteers to attend before
the committee and those approved of by one of
Uic Naval Regulating Captains, who also attended,
were duly fitted out.
In July of that year Mr, Fielding, a bUnd magis-
trate, recjuested thai some boys he had collected
to send to H.M.S. St. George might be clothed in like
manner, which was consented to, and the society
then took over from Mr. Fielding, a plan which had
been some short time on trial for sending boys as
servants on board the King's ships. The plan of
clothing the boys evolved special arrangements —
the landsmen volunteers were looked after by the
naval authorities and were niert-ly clothed ; the
boys, on the other hand, required to be housed and
fed until such a time they were ready to be sent
to the ships of the Fleet. In this way the society
started the reformatory system by taJdng up
neglected and outcast boys and sending them to
sea, endeavouring to reform thtm.
In 1 763, Mr. William Hickes, an Knglish merchant
residing in Hamburg, bequeathed to the society Ihc
sum of li^z.ooti. Tlie will was contested, and the
society had to suspend Us operations and devote
all the funds in band to Utigation. In May, ijfn},
the High Court of Chancery made a decreo in favour
of the society, which received £17,000 in 3%
stock, and became once more free to resume its
former operations. The Marine Society, from
Its institution, was a conspicuous success. Boys
and men were fitted out for the Koyal Navy in
large numbers, and so important did this work
become that in the year 1772 it was incorporated
by Act of Parliament.
In the year ijZt a proposition originating with
Alderman Drook Watson, M.P.. wax adopted bv
the society. A merchant vessel named the Beaih
was purchased and fitted up an a training stop,
being the first training ship in the world, and tar
about 70 jrears the only trainiag ship in Uiik
country. This vessel having becon^e decayed and
worn out in 1799. application was made to the
Admiralty for the loan of a Government ship. Tbt-
request was complied with, and from that time* the
Lords Commissioners, in order to promote the vir«n
of the Marine Society, have accommodated tbea
with one of His Majesty's ships a.4 a training vead
for boys. The Watspite. a noble two-dediei.
formerly the Conqueror, is now the ship lent to tiw
society.
In 1850, in order to meet tlic demands ol tbc
sea services, the society were compeUed to alter
their conditions, and since that time they ac ■ ] :
only boys of strictly good character and pli
special reformatory shipK having been started lor
latls of t>ad character. Tliosc citable ior adminoi
to the H'arsptte are poor boys of good charactcf.
anxious to make a sea life their profession. Tkii
embraces all classes, from the absolutely destitutr
to those whose parents are serving in subonlioau
positions with small incomes and large families.
Every candidate accepted is apprenticed to thf
societ)' for two years, of which 12 to 15 mcmthsBur
be spent on board the Warspite or a sea-gaiag
training ship, the remaindet in a sea>going v^elit
the ordinary rate of wages.
On June 25. it)o6, the society celebrated tfcr
1 50th year oi its existence, and despatched iroB)
Ixindon the first British mercantile sea-goia(
training ship for forecastle hands, 10 celebrate tto
event. The vessel, tbc Pott Jackhon. a four-matted
sailing ship of 3,13a tons, structurally altered »
accommodate tlie boys, and commanded bv Cv>-
tain George Ward, left l^ndon at the end of Joof.
1906. The 100 bo>'3 on board were under the direct
supervision of four seamen-instructors, one of whoa,
Mr. Glyn, was the chief signaUing instructor on the
WaripUt, The voyage was a complete success, »
slight mishap occurring on the outward \oyt^
going down channt-l, m which the discipline of tbr
boys was tested and not found wanting.
The society has two endowments : (i) the Hicte
Trust, a sum of ^17,000 bequeathed by Mr. WiUbbi
Hickes, of Hamburg, which is in time of war to br
appropriated for clothing and htting out boys isx
sea : in time ol peace to be divided between sp-
prcnticing girls to useful trades, such as milfincn:
dressmaking, etc., and fitting ont boys Cor m»,
(2) the Hawkins Trust, whereby Mr. Isaac Hawkun
a chemist of the City of London, handed over to 1^
Marine Society, in 1783. the sum of ^£10,000. d
which the income was to be appropriated tn aaaad
grants of j^io each to necessitous wiUow& ol coo-
missioned officers of the Royal Navy. This fu*
has been added to from time to time, and off*
produces an income of ^470 per annum, wtuc^
MARITANA
387
MARKIIAM
expended in doaations of Xt° nub to 43 widows
in reduced circumstances dI capiaiiu, comniandt-rs.
and lieutenants in liic Royal Navy, the UUancc
pausing to a nisL-rve tund.
The new branch of work which the society has
recently nndcrtaltcn is for the assistance of unem-
ployed mrn of the Koyal Navy no longer on the
activf list but wrxiiig iheir time in the Reserve.
Short service has for many years past been associatbil
Willi the Army, but has only recently tx-en intro-
duced into the Royal Navy. Until 1901 . it was the
general rule for men to join the Royal Navy for 12
years' service on the active list, but in that year
^liort sejr\'tce was introduced, and recruit.^ joined
(or live years on the active list, and seven years in
the Reserve. On completing their five ye.-\rs"
active MTvice, men are discharged io the shore,
and receive a small retainer whilst on the reserve
list
The society accordingly placed at the disposal
of the Admiralty the u.sc of their shipping agents
for finding berths in merchant ships for thou men
of lite Fleet Re«Tvc who desired to go to aca.
The result so far has been most satt^^factory. Up
to March. 1^07. 2;o men ol the Royal Fleet or
Naval Reserve had been shipped in vessels ot thr
mercantile marine through the society's agency.
A\'hen the arrangement is better known amongst
f hipowners on the one hand, and Fleet Reserve men
on the oUkt. tin: nuuibci ot shipments should
greatly incieasc. There is a good Ut-mand from
the men for employmenl at aea, and shipowners
who have given them a trial have in g«^eral
reported favourably upon them.
The society is but httli: known now as compared
tu wliat it was in days gone by, but with the
new departure of periodically M-nding out to tht-'
Colomes a sea-going training ship, it is hoped that
before very long it w^U nse to the same height m
pul>lic estimation as heretolore.
Mantana. Steamer, of Sunderland. Sunk b>'
collision with the Usrruralda. ol Glasgow, off the
French uwst. May 13, itijs ; 11 lives lost.
Muitime Law, according to Lord Mansfield, is
tliat body of pnnciples of law and usages " dealing
-with tlie ngbts and habihties of shipowners and
merchants who^e goods they carry"; such law is
not ttie particular law of a country, but the general
]aw of nations. In Great Britain the Admiralty
Courts administer the law ol England, and not the
general maritime law ol nations, although certain
pruiciples of this general law are adopteU into
the Englihh maritime law. e^., th« contract ot
bottomry {(J-v.). and the liability of a shipowner for
<Iamage caused by the negligence of bis ser^'ants
^ on the high seait.
\ ttffer to Navigation I^ws. Visit and Search, Con-
r traband of War, Blockade.
I Maritime lian, A» is a debt or claim privileged to
I be paid oot of the res li^., ship, cargo or freight).
It arisw in cases of dajnage by collision, claima
for salvage, seamen's wages, master's wages and
disbursemruts, bottomry. aiuJ pilotage.
A maritime lien difiers from otlier liens in that
the right exists independent of possesion, and the
property can be followed even in tlie cate of a
bona fnU sale without notice , but m the case ot a
lien on cargo, only so long as it remains the property
of the owner who incurred the debt. The lien
does not depend solrly upim contract, but anses
from services rendered, uud can be enforced only
by apphcation to the CourL The possessor of a
lien may sue cither in rem or in personam, though
in certain ca.%-s. e.g., where propfrt>- Ikas been sold
to a purchaser without notice, the creditor loses bis
personal cause. The extinguishment of a maritime
lien may Iw uilected by payment, bail, the taking
of security, sale l>y the Court, total loss of the tti,
or the want 01 doe diligence on part of the creditor.
Rsier to Arrest of ship.
Karitimfl ulvage. A salvage service is the
rescuing of life ot property from tlie periU of the
sea. To establish a claim (or salvage srrxict?* thi;
claimant must voluntarily save, or assist in saving,
bomp property which has been in danger. If no
property is savctl. then notlilng Ls left out of which
to satisfy the claim, but tlit- Board ui Trade may
award lifc-salvorK out of the Mercantile Marine
Fund where tlie services are rendered wholly or tn
part within I!ritisli waters, or where life is saved
from a British ship elsewhere. In estimating the
amount of the award (he Court takes into considera-
tion the value of the property saved {i.e.. when
lirst brought into a place of safety), the perils Irom
which it was saved. Itie risk run by the salvors, the
value and risk to salving property, and the loss and
expense incurred in the services. Never more
tJian a moiety wiil he given, and wilful misconduct
on the part ol the salvors may disentitle tliem
wfaoliy or m part to remuneration.
\ ^lor can enforce his rights by arrest of a ship
in virtue of his maritime lien {q.v.) on the salved
property, and may proceed either tn rem or tn
personam.
In cases where the amount of rcmunoratioa has
been agreed u|Kin. tlic agreement must be equitable
and strictly proved, in which case the onus rests
on persons trying to set it aside.
All bunctited interests contribute proportionately,
except penional ofI*-cts. Jiffer to Apportionment,
Tug and Tow, General Average. Particular Average,
Blarivelas. U,S. gun-boat. Captured from Spain
during Hit- Spanish-American war, at the battle o(
Manila. May i, 1897. ^* ''^c fighting value.
Murkham. Admiral Sir Albert Hastings (b.
November nth, 1841). hducalcd ICablniau's HoyaJ
Naval Academy, Southsca, from which he euterrd
the Royal Navy in 1S56. Served as midshipman
and lieutenant on the China Station for eight years,
whcic he gamed his first war experience. Was
o Z
MARKHAM
MARQUES
ftdively employed ia tbe operations around Canton,
1660. ukI wu prcsrat in the fmpirifMse. at Xhf
caplurv of the Taku forts, ultimately takinf! part in
the fall of Peking and the iiupprcssion o( tbe TaepinR
RehellioD (China medal, Taku clasp). Promoted
lurutcnant, 1862, and transferred to the Mediter-
ranean Station, wliere he nerved on board thr
flagstup Vielorta, the losit three-decker that wa.^
cvtT comiuisstoned. For services rendered on tbt-
Austxaltan Station in the suppression of th« " labour
traffic " in tlie South Pacific Islands he received
an expreftsion of opproval from tlie Admiralty and
waa promoted to the rank of commander, 1S72.
While serving on board the SuUan m 1874, he was
■elected as commander of tbe Alert, which was
commissioned, together with the Diuovtry, for
Nortli Polur expkiratioa. On tlus expedition,
whilst in charge ol the northern division of sledges,
he hud tlic honour uf planting the Union Jack in
latitude 83"= ao' 26' on the Frozen Sea, the most
northerly poeitiou which had up to that time
ever been reached by living man. For this achieve-
ment he was awarded the Arctic modal, promoted
to the rank of captain, 1876, and presented with a
valuable gold watch by the Royal Goograpbicai
Society. From 1S79 to 1882 he 5er\-ed as flag
caplaUi to Admiral StixUng, Commander-in-Chief
ou the Pacific Station, and on his return to England
waa appointed in command of the Naval Torpedo
School at Portsmouth. Jn 1891. he attained
fiag rank and m the following year was spixiintcd
Second- m-Command of the Mediterranean Squadron
flying his flag on board the Trafalgar, holding the
post for the full term oi two years. It \s'as while
he was flpng his flag temporarily in the Camper-
ttowH that the unfortunate event happened which
bad a damaging efiect on lu.s after career. The
tammmg of the flagship Victoria [q.v.). by tbe
Campfrdottti, on June zz, 1893, It was while tbe
J'leet was manceuvrmg oS Tnpob on the coast of
Syria, and obeying the orders m evolutions of Sir
George Tryon. that the disaster occurred which
resulted in 360 ofhccrs and men being drowned. In
the court-martial that was convened to invcsti^tc
the cii'cuuistance>> of the accident, he was honour-
ably acquitted of all blame, a.s it was proved on
receipt of tbe ordering signal, he a^ed lor a
repetition, which came with the prompt inquiry
from his chief, " Do yon intend to obey my orders ?
What arc you waiting f or ? " The order was carried
out, but through some slight failure of the Victoria
, to de^ribc the exact curve decided upon, she was
Struck and sank within eight minutes. Attaining
the rank of viceadnural in 1S97. ^^ ^^^^ ui 1901
given the command at the Norc. which he held till
i<^^4; was promoted admiral, i<;^3, and created a
K,C,D. for meritorious services. He retired ivo6.
Reftr to Arvtic Exploration.
Publications : " The Crtuse of the Rosario "
("873). " A ^VhaIing Cruise to HafTin's Bay " (1S74).
*• Tiu* Great Frozen Sea " (18;;]. " Northward
Ho I " {1S7B), " A Polar Reconnaissance " (tSSa
"Life of John Davics, the Navigator" (i88a>
" Life ol Sir John Franklin, and the North-VJ^
Passage " (1890), " Life of Lord Anson."
ilwkhim. Sir OlAmenti Bobert, K.C3^ cr.:
(b. Slilliugllcet, 1K30). Educated Cheam,
minuter School. Entered N'avy. 1844. served
the Arctic Expedition, 1850^51 ; left N'avy 1852J
travelled in Peru, 1852-54 ; introduced tbe cultivi
tion of chinchona trees from Peru into Britu
India, iS5g-6i , geographer to the Abyssuiia
Expedition ; secretary to the Royal Geographic
Society, 1863-68; secretary to the Hakluyt Socict
1858-87; assistant secretary in tbe India Oflic
1867-77.
Publications: "Lafe of the Great Lord Fa
lax," "The Fighting Veres," "History ol PcmJ
" Threshold of the Unknown Region." " Memoir 1
the Indian Sur\eys," " History of Persia," " Hi
tory of the Abyssinian Expedition," " Missions
Tibet," " Lives of Columbus, John Davis, and Majfl
Rennell," "Travels in Peru and India." " OllantJ
an Inca Drama, translated from the Quinchua«l
" The Paladins of Edwin the Great, and other works]
[l8t>6] ; edited 22 voIumt:s for the Hakluyt Socie
two for the Navy Records Society, one for
Roxburghc Club. JRefer to Arctic Exploration.
Marfci. Indications on tbe band lead hnc;
aUrL
hitches.
To secure an>'thing by succeasion of hal;
]
Mar-line. Sm Line.
Marling. White line for securing sails to
rope.
Marlipg ipike. A jwintcd iron pin useO to wpar-
ate the 5trand:» ol a rupe when spbcing.
IhrmofA. British tmbsidised merchant ship (l
P. and O. Co. [q.t.). Dimensions, 550X60X 34
^oss tonnage. 10.510: passenger accommodft'
554; Hp.. io,5oo>=:iS kts.
Maroon. A Ught of that colour nsed for
nailing.
■aroi. Austro-}Inngarian rjvrrnionitor. (Bi
pest. 1872.)
l.tfngt)i i()6ft. Beam 37)ft. Draught j^n.
Displacement 305 tons. Compferocot $f,
O'wns. Armour.
1—4? in. " Steel."
3 Maxinift. I in. Dctk amidahtpK,
2 in. Gun shielda.
Hp. 700^8 kt!t. Coal 60 tons.
Mtrqaes de la Victoria. Spanish torpedo
boat 11S97).
Displacement 830 tons. Complemetit
Guns. A nhour.
2 — 4 in. " Steel."
4 — 3 pdr. f* in. Conninie Idwtt»|
3 Catlings.
MARQUES
389
MARTELLO
Torpedo Tubes.
1 Submerged bow.
2 Above water.
Twin screw. Hp., natural 3,500=17 lets.,
/orced 3.5oosst9's kts. Coal aormal i3o tons.
Harqnes de HoUm. Spanish torpc<lo gunboat
(iSya).
Displacement j^o tons. Complement 80.
OuHS. Armour.
g — ^"7 in. " Steel."
4 — 6 pdr. I in. Deck amidships.
I Machine.
Twin »CTew. lip. 3.600= 19' jo kts. Coal maxt-
mum ijo tons.
Harry. The act oi joining tlie ends of two ropes
for sphcing.
■uTjrat, Frederick (1792-1^48}. KngUsh nove-
list and wnter of tales of nautical adventure (b.
Weatmioster, 1 793). Entered the Navy at the age
of 14 and saw service under Lxud Cochrane in the
famoDS hnptrieusa and during two and a half years'
ser\-ice iu this vessel he witnessed more than 50
engagemt^nts. He commanded with distinction
in the Burmese war of 1824-25, and live yi*ars later,
settling in HammerHmith, took to literature. Hih
first production was " Frank Mildmay ; or, the
Naval Otliccr." and bis second, published shortly
after, "The King's Own," the latter a vast im-
provement in point of construction upon " Frank
Mildmay." Among his other works are " Newton
Forster," " Peter Simple," " Jacob Faithful."
"The Pacha ol many Tales," " japhet in Search
of a Father," "Mr. Mid^upman Easy," "The
F^rate and the Three Cutters." " Snarley-Yow ; or.
the Dog-Fiend" (1837), "The Pliantom Ship"
(1859), " Masterman Ready " (1841), " Joseph
Rnahbrook." " Percival ICeeoe " (1842). "Mon-
sieur Violet" (1S42), "The Settlers in Canada"
{1843), "The Privatcer'n Man" (1844). "The
Mission; or. Scenes in Alrica " (1845). " The Little
Savage " (1&47). ^Ic also edited the " Metropolitan
Magazine," between 1832-36. He died 1S48.
Hus. British ist class battleship. (Latrd, 1896.}
Length 41 jit. Beam 75ft. Maximum draught 30ft-
Displacement 14.900 tuns. Complement 757.
Guns. A rtnouT.
4 — 12 in., 35 cat " Harvey."
IX — 0 in. 9 in. Belt amidships.
16— 13 pdr. 14 in. Barbettes.
I a — 3 pdr. 1 4 in. Conning tower.
x-^ 1 2 pdr. Boat guns,
a Ma.xuns.
Torpedo Tubes (18 in.).
4 Submerged.
I Above uater stem.
Twin screw. Hp. natural lo.ooo^ 16*5 kts.,
forced t2,ooo=i7'3 kts. Coal maximum 3.000 tons.
Approximate cost £1,000,000.
Tbis ship-uame came into use in the Navy with the
capture of Uie Fraich Afars by Nottingham. tH^.
and IS associated with ^^uibcron Bay, i;5'> ; Corn-
wallis's retreat, 1791 ; the capture of I,' Htrcute.
1798 ; Trafalgar, ifioj ; bombardment of Copen-
hagen, 1807.
Mart. WaterfoRl steamer. Struck on a rock
near .Milford Haven, April, 1862 ; 50 lives loet.
Kaneillaise. French ist class cruiser. (Brest,
igon.]
Length 460ft. Beam 63ft. Maximum draught 26ft.
Displacement lo.oou tons.
A rmour.
" Krupp."
6j in. Belt amidships.
8 io. Turrets.
8 in. Conning tower.
Guns.
3 — 7*6 in.40 cal.
8 — 6 "4 in.
6— 4 in.
(8—3 pdr.
2 — 9 pdr. Ik>at guns.
Torpedo Tubes (177 in.).
2 Submerged.
2 Above water.
I Above water stern.
Three screws. Hp. 20,500^21 kts. Coal maxi-
mum 1,590 tons. Approximate cost £873,000.
Manhtl Deodoro. Brazilian coast defence turret
ship. (L.I Seyue, 1^*97.)
Length 267ft. Beam 48ft. Draught i.i^iu
Displacement 3,113 tons. Complement 200.
Gutis.
2—^-4 in.
2 — 59 in.
4—47 in.
4— G pdr.
2 — I pdr.
A rmour.
" Har%'cy Siocl."
13 in. Belt amidi^lups.
1 1 in. Deck.
8 m. Gun shields.
3 in. Turrets.
Torpedo Tubes.
2 Submerged.
Twin screw. Hp. 3,400^ 15 kts. Coal ^36 tons.
Marshal Floriano. Brazilian coast defence turret
ship. (La Scyne. 1897.)
Length 367ft. Beam48rt. Draught I3itt.
Displacement 3,1 13 tons. Complement 30o.
Armour.
" Harvey Steel."
13 in. Belt amidships.
i| in. Deck.
S in. Gun shields.
3 in. TurreiSL
Torpedo Tubes.
2 Submerged.
Hp. 3,400= 15 kts. Coal 336 tons.
I'^ft'^^all, Screw steamer. ColUded with the
barquf li'oodhouse, in the North Sea, November 38,
1853, and went down ; 48 lives lost.
BCart, Letters oL See Privateer.
Martello towars, built to^^-aTds the end of the
eighteenth century along the English coast from
Beacby Head to Hythe. The name is derived
from a tower on Cape Hancllo, in Capraja, near
Corsica, which resisted an attack made by Hood in
1794.
Gurts.
2— 9'4 in-
2—5-9 in.
3—47 in.
4 — 6 pdr.
a — I pdr.
Twin screw.
MARTENS
390
MARYLAN]
Vftrtons. Frederick. Sti Arctic Exp!<>mikui.
Muten Tromp. NetlicrlaiiiJs turret batilcship.
{Amsterdam, 1904.)
Length 316ft. Beam 45|ft. Draught 23ft.
Displacement 5.211 tons. Complement 444.
Guns. Armour.
s — 9"4 in. " Harvcy-nickcL"
4 — s'9 in. 6 in. Belt amidships.
I0^2'g in. 10 in. Barbettes.
4 — 1*4 in. 10 in. Turrets.
Torpedo Tubes.
2 Submerged.
I A!k)Vc water.
Tvrin screw. Hp. 6.377= '^ ^ts. Coal 680 tons.
Martin, Edward Pritobard (l>. Dowlaia, 1844).
Wa-s appointed dt-puty general manager of tlic
Dowlais Iron Co, in 1869. and in 1S70, general
manager of the Governor and Company of Copper
Miners in England. In 1S74 lie became general
manager of the Blacnavon Cq.'s works, whcrtr,
under hia auspices the Thomas and Gilchrist tle-
phosphorising process was worked out by the two
inventors. Thomas and Gilchrist, and lor his assist-
ance in working out the discover>- he was awarded
the Bessemer medal. He is a director of Messrs.
Guest, Keen, End Ncttlefolda, L,td.. The Orconera
Iron Ore Co., I.tH., The Rhymney Railway Co.
He is past-Pi'csident of the Irou and Steel Institute,
and al.so of the South Wales Instiiulf of Minin;?
Engineers. President of the Institution of Iklecliani-
cal Engineers, past -President of the Monmouth-
shire and South Wales Coal Owners' Association,
and a member of the late Sliding .scale Committee,
now the Board of Concihation for tlie trade: of
Monmouthshire and South Wales. He u J. P. for
the counties of Monmouth and Glamorgan, and was
High Sberifl of Monmouth in 1903. He received
the Diamond Jubilee Medal jn 1S97 from H.M. Queen
Victoria, and iu iSgy vas created Commander of
the Second Cla&s of the Royal Order of Wasa, by the
King of Sweden and Norway.
Martin, Gwrge Peter, C.B^ 1902 (b. 1823].
Entered R.N.. 1840; employed in the expedition
on the River San Juan dc Nicaragua, and captured
Fort Serapiquc, iS4fi ; mentioned in despatches;
secretary to the Commaudcr-in-Chicf, East Indies
and Pacific ; present at the bombardment of Petro-
polavsk, 1852 [medal and clasp) ; Fleet Paymaster
in the Royal Yacht. 1867-75 ; Deputy Judge
Advocate of H.M. Fleet, 1875-1903 ; created C.B.,
June 26. igo2.
Martin, Sir George (1765-1847). British admiral.
Fought in Keppel'a action off tishant. 1778. and
with Byron of} Grenada, J 778. and was with
Kotlney in the three actions fonglit in 1780. Was
pre.Kent at the battle of Cape St. Vincent, 1779.
aitd at the capture of the Gittertur In 1800, and
took part m the blockade of Malta. In 1821 be
became an admiral, and Admiral of the Fleet, 1846.
Vartln. Sir Thomas Brem (1775-1S54). Bhtlili
admind. In i8<>c hr served in tlic Baltic, and
fought an action with the Russian ship Sevolod.
In 1830 he was promoted admiral, and iS^y
.\dmiral of the Fleet. Sm " Letters.** edited h>-
Sir R. V. Hamilton. 1898.
Martin. Sir William Fanahawa (iSoT-95). Bnfisli
admiral. Entered Navy, 181 j, when pitHnobati
was rapid, and was made a lieutenant in iBm;
promoted to be commander of the sloop Fly.
1833, and a captain. 1S34. From iS4o-;3 he
was coniniodorc and catnmandcr in the Chaowl
Squadron, and in 1853, on being promote rcu-
admiral. he was made superintendent of Ptirt*-
mouth Pockyard, which position he held for lour
years. In 1S58 be becamu vice-admiral, and in ilie
following year was appomtcd Cotuniander-in-Oud
in the Mcditcrrantan. His memory will deserwdljr
Hve a.s the one who laid the foundation of thr
magnificent discipline and organisation of tlie Navy
to-day. He became admiral in 1S63, and his tist
appointment wns the command at Plymoai^
[86rv6o. He retired 1S70.
Martin Alonao Pinszoa. Spaniah gun-boot.
(Firrol. 1S93.) Length, 190 £t. ; beam, ;•
di-nught, io| ft.: displacement. 56a tons; l
ment, 80 ; armament, 2 47 in.. 2 2'2-ia., i Maum.
X tubes ; Hp.. 2,600^12 kts. ; ccxal. 100 tons.
Martiugale-goy. -^ rope or chain exteodii^
downward!^ to the jibboom end to a kind of shon
gaff-shapcd spar, fi.xcd perpendicularly under tV
cap of the iMDwspriL iLs use is to giiy the jibbpoo
down in the same manner as the bobstays retaig
the bowsprit. The spar is nsually termed " dt^jJuo
striker " (^.t*.).
Martino, Oommendatora Edoardo daw Muin
painter (b. Meter, near Naples). Served in tbe
Italian Naiy till 1876, when he came to En^tisil
and established himseli as a marine painter, tai
subsequently became marine painter in otdiau?
to Queen Victoria. Among his many works k 1
series of four pictures of the battle of Trafalgar.
MartnetSt The leech -lines of a saiL
Mary. 70 guns. On November 36, i^\. lb»
vessel was lost on the Goodwin Sands.
Blarylaod. U.S. ist class cruiser. (Ncvpoti
News, 1903.)
Length 503it. Beam 70ft. Bdaximum draught 2.1
Displacement 13,400 tons. Complement Bst
Guns.
4 — S in., 45 cal.
14 — 6 in.
18 — 14 pdr.
12—3 pdr.
8 — I pdr.
8 Colts.
3 Field guns. 3 in.
/irmour,
" Krup]»."
6 in. Belt amidsliips-
6 in. Turrets.
9 in. Conning lover.
MARYLAND
391
MATSUSHIMA
Torpedo TnbfS ftfl in.).
:: Submerged.
Twin screw. Hp. 25,ooo-a22 kts. Coal maxi*
mum 3,000 tons. Approximate cost j^i, 200,000.
ISaryl&nd Steel Go. Thi* marinn flnpartm^nt of
thr MaryUmI Steel Co. is located on the Patapsco
Kiver. about sev^n miles bolow the City of Balti-
more, Md., at the town of Sparrow's Point.
It waA established in iSt^o. and lias from that
time to the present built 83 vessels, of a total gross
tonnage of 120.000. ranging (torn torpedo-boat
destroj'ers to oceangoing steamships. Thii in
eludes tug-boat^, side wheel and propeller steam*
boats, dredges, barges, yachts, car floats, ferry-
boats, and ocean steamers up to 12,000 tons dead
weight. In addition to these, another branch of
the Maryland Steel Co., situated alongside the
marine department, has built two nf the larg<>st
floating dry docks ever constructed — vu.. "The
Algiers Dock and the Dock at Ca^-ite. PhiUppinc
Islands."
The plant is equipped to finish vessels complete,
excepting only the outfits. Tt has its own Tnachinc
and boiler nhops. foundry*, forge shop, and copjier
and pipe shops. Tbe number of men employed
will range from 1.200 to i.iJoo.
Mary ROH. 60 guns. On July 20, 1545. this
vessel was upset in a squall t>etween Portsmouth
and Spithead ; all on board perished.
Miaon, Oeonre Frederick. Mrcbanical engineer
and naval architrct. F.-Jucatd Osborne House
Academy and Durham l-'nivcrsity. Served ap-
prenticeship wiifi Messrs. Black. Hawthorn an*!
Co., and was snbsoqurntly connected with Messrs.
Edward Withy and Co.. and Kaylton Dixon and
Co. Si-rved some year^ at sea in the empIoymcDt
ol a well-known steamship company, and was prin-
cipal marine draughtsman to Messrs. Fawcett,
Preston and Co. In i88() he was appointed marine
superintendent of the Bedouin Steam N'avigatioa
Co., lAd.. and started a private practice as naval
architect, engineer, and Rurvcyor at Liverpool.
H« invented and patented in iSSg 'tween-dock
water ballast tanks, which have prored very
successful.
Pubdications 1 Several papers read and pubUsJif>d
in the Tiansactiomi of technical societies.
BtftSsabL Portuguese gun-hoat (18A6). Dis
pla':( nicnt. J76 tons : nominal speed, 1 1 kts.
MaBsachusetti. U.S. ist class battleship. (C^iunp,
Length is^ii. Beam <S'>it. Maximum draught iSit.
Displacement 10,288 ions. Complement 470.
Guns. Armout,
4 — 13 in. " Harvey."
8 — S in. iS in. Belt amidships.
4 — 6 in. 17 in. Barbettca.
20—6 pdr. 10 in. Conning tor-rr.
6 — I pdr.
4 Colts.
Torpedo Tubes {iS in.).
i Aliovc water.
Twin screw, Hp. ruitural 8,000=15 kts., forced
9.500= 17 kts. Coal maximum i.Soo tons.
Massena. French ist class battleship. (St. Na-
zairc. 1S95.)
Length 384ft. Beam <56ft. Maximum draught 37ft,
Displacement 11,924 tons. Complement 617.
GttHs. Armour.
3 — la in.. 40 cal. " Harvey."
2— lo'a iu. 18 in. Belt amidships.
8 — 5'5 m. 16 in. Turrets.
S — 4 in. 14 in. Conning towci.
12—3 pdr.
2 — 9 pdr. Boat.
Torptdu Tit'/es (177 in,}.
3 SobmcrgM.
3 Alwve wati-r,
1 lirce screws. Hp. 13,500= 1-9 kts. Coal nuud-
mum 800 tons. Approximatt.- cost ^1,100.000,
Hatsne. l-'rencU torpedo-boat destroyer. Length,
ti/j ft. : t>eam. 21 ft ; draught, 9} ft. ; displacc-
nii*at, 431 tons: complement. 4$, guns, t t)-pdr.
6 yp^t. : toqjedo tiilies, 2 17-in. ; speed. 27-30 kts.
m^L A long cylindrical piece of timber or steel
rising piMpcndicularly from the kee! of a ship (or
attaching rigging, yards and sails.
Muter. A colloquialism for cafitaio.
Masthead. The portion ol the mast above where
the shrouds or main rigging are secured to the
truck or cAp.
Hatttfl. Gun-brig. On Jantiary 19, t8oo, this
vessel was lost on the Cockle Sands.
MasUfl. Britisli 3rd clas.'s gun-boat (254 tons).
Launched 1871. Of Uttic fighting value.
Matador. Xetherlonds coast defence monitoi
(i«78}. 01 little fighting value.
Matuam. Netherlands gun-boat. Indian Navy.
(AnislcTdara, 1807.) Lengtii. 179 It. ; beam, 3I ft ;
drauglit, 12 ft.; displacement. 71.17 tons; comple-
ment. 95 : armament. 3 4'7-in.. 2 3-in.. 2 1'4-iTL ;
Hp.. t, too— 13 kts.; coal, 113 tons.
Ibto« The officer who commands in absence of
the captain.
IbtstdOM. Japanese torpedo-boat destroyer.
(Naga.saki, iyo6.) T.ength,22o It. ; (warn. 2nj ft. ;
draught. (>J ft. ; displacement, 374 tons ; armament,
I tj-pdr.. 5 6-pdr.. 2 tubes; twin .*crew ; Hp.,
6.000=20 kts.
Matinshima. Old Japanese cruiser. (La Seync,
1890.1
LcngiUi 39!ift. Beam 50ft. Maximum draught 31ft.
Dis|>lacement 4.-77 tons. Complement 360
CiittM. Armouf,
1—13*0 in. "Steel."
13—47 i**- I J in. Deck.
6 — I a pdr. la in. Barbettes.
4 — i pdr. 12 in. Conning tower.
6 — I pdr.
Torpedo Tu^s.
4 Above water, bow, stem, and quarter.
Twin screw. Hp. natural ,i.^oo=:5"7 kts.,
iorccd 5.400— 16'7 Itts, Coal maximum 405 tons.
Mattbew Walker. A knot uxcd on the end of
the laniards whcro dead-ej-es arc employed, so
named art*T the originator.
UaaL A heavy hammer, double-headed, used
by riggers.
Maorelania. British subsidised merchant ship
O006). Cunard l.inc (q.v.). (Liverpool, Kcw York.)
Gtdss tonnage, 40.000 ; Hp., 75,000=24} kts.
Manry, Uatthew Fontaine (1H06-73). American
naval officer and hydiographer (b. Virginia). In
i8?5 entered the .\merican Navy as midshipman,
and during a cruise 01 four years in the Vinctnafi
he circumnavigated the globe. In 1836, on being
promoted to lieutenant, he was gazetted astronomer
to an exploring expedition. Ha\'ing met with a
serious accident, which resulted in permanent lame-
ness and tmtitted him fir active service, he was
appointed Keeper of Naval Charts and Instru-
ments at Washington, 1S42. He mstigated the
taking of systematic cibscrvatinns at Ma. and
through him the International Congress at Brus^ls.
1853. was brought about which has proved such
a boon to navigation. One result ol this confer-
ence was that the British Board of Trade estab-
lished a meteorological department, adopting
Maury's model log-book. In 1868 he became pro-
fessor at the T^xington Militar,' College, Virginia,
where he died on Febmary i. 1875.
Publications ; " A Treatise on Navigation. "
" Atlantic Wind and Current Clieit " (1845),
"Physical Geography of the Sea " (1856). "Let-
ten Concerning Lines of Steamers Crossing tbe
Atlantic" (1854). ' Ph\-sical Geography" (1864}.
" Manual of Geography " (187 1). See " Life," by
his daughter [1S87}.
MavoDmnn. British schooner yacht. (Malta.)
Maxira, Sir Hiram Stevens, KL.cr. ivoi , C.E.. M.E.
MemliiT fj{ the firm of \'iikir?i. Sons and Maxiui
(b. Maine. U.S.A., 1840). Invented the automatic
system of firearms. Has conducted extensive ex-
periments with a view of ascertaining how much
power wa.s required to perform ariificlal flighi.
After many preliminary exyM-rimrnts on air re-
Hctinnif. h(-' te,stp<I m 1894 ^ very large fljing-
niachine. a marvel of ingenuity and mechanicaJ
skill, carrying three men. It consisted of a com-
bination of aeroptanea driven by two acmr pro-
pellers, which were rotated by a compoand enguif
of 53 Hp. The apparatus gathered its speed oa t
railway track, and demonstrated that it could Uit
much more than its own weight, but the ponndii
susU-iined per Up. were less than was expected.
Publications : Many papers published in the
Transactions ot the various scientific iustitutioiu
with which be was connected.
VUy, Bur-Afliniral Sir WiHiam Henry, K.C.T.O.
(b. 18.1Q). Entered Navy. 1S63 ;^ ser\-cd in Aicu
Expedition, 1875-76 (Arctic medal) ; commaada.
i88t ; when in command of the ItHperieuse ta
China in 1S88 was auLhonacd by the Admiralty to
annex Christmas T<4land : naval attach^, 1891-9}.
assistant director of torpc<ioes, 1893-95 ; Chief «
Stafi. Mediterranean Station. 1895-96 ; M.V 0
1897 ; in command of naval contingent in Loudcm
Jubilee Procession, 1897: in attendance on lit
German Emperor during his visit to England,
1899 (Order of Red Eagle, sod Class) : Lord Com-
missioner of the Admiralty ajid Controller ol tb*
Navy, jgoi ; appointed to command Ailanu
Fleet, and hoisted his flag on H.M.S. A'l'wjf £i
ttorrf VII.. 1005 : is the inventor of a device foii
discharging torpedoes from on board ship. ^H
MaT&. Japanese gun-boat. (Vokosuka, 188;)
Length. :54 ft.; beam. 27 ft.; dranpht, 10 ft
displacement, 615 tons; complement. 113 ; ami
ment, 1 83-in., 1 47-in., 2 Maxims ; Hp., 7c»»
13 Itts. : coal. 60 tons.
Mayflower. In 1620, to2 Separatists fnnn tlie
Churcl) 01 England mailed from England in tbd
vessel and landed at Plymouth, in the south-
eastern part of the present State o! Massachusct) ~
December aj. ify^o, and began colonisation.
Mayflower, Voyage of the. See Pilgrirn Fathea.
Miyfly, British torpedo-boat destroyer. (\
row. 1906.) L,ength, 168 tt. ; beam, 17^ fc^
draught, 6 ft. : displacement 330 tons ; oooqiib
ment. 35 ; armament. 3 la-pilr., » tubes ; 3 j ~^
Hp., 3.700=26 kts.
U/D. Months after date.
M.D. Distingnishing letters on sea Ashing boss
registered at Nhdddhamis, Holland.
M.E. Distinguishing letters on aea, fishing boac
registered at Mcdcmblik, Holland.
H.E. Distinguishing letters on sea fishing boiU
registered at Montrose, Scotland.
Mean. The arithmetical average or m«>-an it tht
sum of all tlie values forming the series of team
under consideration divided by their nanb
Average is the term used for results cxtcnilinf 0**
a long period — t^., a day. month, or year.
MEASURED
393
MELLANBY
Heasitrtd mOs is the distance, one geographical
mill.-, naiiLical mite, or Admir^ty knot equal to
1,026 yard&, over which a vessi'l is run on a trial
trip before being taken over by the owner from
the btcilder to ascertain if the necessary speed,
Mcordinj; to original specificatioa, ha5 been com-
plied with.
Hnmrement of vessels. See Tonnage.
(American) Clause. Sm Clauses.
1st class battleship.
Xeeklenlrarg. Gennan
(Vulkan Co., I^oi.)
Length 416ft. Beam 67ft. Maximum draught 38ft.
Displacement 11,830 tons. Complement G50.
GuKt. Armour.
4 — 94 in. •* Krupp."
18— 6 in. 9 in. Belt.
12—15^ pdr. 10 in. Barbettes.
13 — I pdr. 10 in. Turrets,
8 Machine. 10 in. Conning tower.
Torpedo Tubes.
5 Submerged bow and broadside.
I Above water stem.
Three !»crcw5. Hp. 15,000— iS kta. , Coal maxi-
mum i.;oo tons. .Approximate cost j^ 1,1 00.000.
Hecklenboniischer Yacht Club. Established
1899. Comroodore. H.K.H. Tlie Grand Duke
Friedrich Franz von Mecklenburg ; Vice-Commo-
dore. H.H. The Duke Johann jUbrccht zu Mecklen-
Imrg : Rear-Commodore. G. Boldt ; Treasurer,
H. GotLschall ; Secretary, Dr. F. Moucke, Club
House. Rostock. Germany. Entrance fee. mark 10 ;
annual sabscnption, mark 30.
MedaU KafiL 5m Naval Medals.
Medic. British subsidised merchant ship (1A93).
White Star Line (^.0.). Dimen.sions. $2ox6j X
39 ft. : gross tonnage, 11. 9^(3 : passenger accom-
modabon. 328 ; Hp., 4.500^15 kta.
Iledieal oSiOfln, HavaL 5m N'aval Education.
Medina. British jrd class gun-boat (363 tons).
Launched 1876.
Madjldieh. Turkish cmiaer ([903)-
Lcngih 330ft. Beam ^ilt. Maximnm draught i6(t.
Displacement 11.277 tons. Complement 303.
Guns. .4rmour.
3— 6 in. "Steel."
6 — 4 in. 2 in. Deck,
a— 3 pdr.
2—1 pdr.
Torpedo Tui««.
3 Above water.
Twin screw. Hp. forced 1 3,000 > 33 kts. Coal
maximum 600 tons.
Medma. German armoured cruiser. {Weser.
1900.)
Length 32fift. Beam 39ft. Maximum draught 17ft.
Displacement 3,650 ton:>. Complement 349.
GttKS. A rrnour.
10 — 41 in. '■ Krupp."
14 — I pdr. 2 \n. Deck.
4 Machine. 3 in Conning tower.
Torpedo Tubes.
z Sabmcrgcd.
Twin screw. Hp. 8,5oooa2i kts. Coal maxi-
mum 560 tons.
Kidnw, French submarine. (Rochcfort. 1903.)
Length, 77 ft. ; beam. 7^ It. ; draught, 8 ft. ; dis-
placement. 68 tons: complement. 5; Hp., Ooi^
S kts.
Medway. British 3rd class gnn-boat (363 tons)
Launched 1876.
Hedway Yacht Club. Rochester. Established
1S80. Flag ■. Red ensign. Burgef : Red, white
hor.ie in centre. Commodore, W. J. Goldsuwth ;
Vice-Commodore, J. E. Castle ; Rear-Commodore,
Morton W. Smith ; Honorary Treasurer and Secre-
tary, E, J. Goldsmith. Entrance fee, loi. 6d. ;
annual subi»cription, los. 6d. ^
Melampus. British 3nd class cruiser (1890].
Length 3<xilt. Beam 43ft. Maximum draught i8lt.
Displacement 3,400 con^. Complement 373.
• Guns. Armour.
1—6 in. "Steel."
6 — 4*7 in. 3 in. Deck.
S— 6 pdr. 3 in. Conning tower.
I— 3 pdr.
4 Machine.
Torpedo Tubes (14 in.].
4 .\bovc water.
Twin screw. Hp. natural 7.000* 18.5 kts..
forced 9,000 = 30 kt^. Coal maximum 535 tons.
Approximate cost ^200.000.
Melbourne Steamship Co.* Ltd^ with their head
Of&cen in ^Iclliouriie, have a dect oi three passenger
steamers and two large cargo boats, which main-
tain a regular fortnightly service from Sydney to
Melbourne. Albany, and Fremantle ; trom Mel-
bourne to Albany and Frcmantle : from Adelaide
to .Mbony, Frcmantle, and vice versa.
Fleki.
Hobarl. Perth. Sydntv
Melbye, Daniel Hermann (1818-75). D,-inisr]
marine painter (b. Copcuhat-L-n). Among his best
known works arc " The Eddystone " and " The
Seaiight," in Copenhagen.
MeUanby. Alexander Lawson, DJo. (b. 1871).
Professor of engineering. Educated Central Marine
Engine Works, Wcet Hartlepool, under the laLc
Mr. Thomas Mudd. In 1893 entered the Durham
College oi Science, and three years later passed out
B.Sc. , with honours, and awarded a research
scholarship. In 1895-96 studied at the Macgill
University. Montreal, and obtained there a degree
MELVILLE
394
MERCANTIJ
of M.Sc. Id iSg7 he was apjiointed chief technical
assistant to Messrs, T. Richaidson and Sons, and
in iSc>8 appointed chief lecturer in t:ngincenng at
the Moncbc&tcr School of Teclmotogy. In June,
1905, was adniiUt«l to the degree of D.Sc. in the
University of Diirhstn. ,\ppointc<i to the Pro-
fessorship of Engineering at the Glasgow and West
of Scotland Technical College, 1905.
^^lhlicalinns : Papers read Iiefore the Royal
Society of Canada, " The Relative Efficiencies of
Multiple Expansion Engines " : beJore the North-
East Coast Institution of Engineers and Ship-
builders, " The Effects of Dif^errnt Arrangements
of Cranlc Angle:8 upon the EfTiciency of Quadruple
Expansion Engines " : before the Manchester
A<uodation of Engineers. " The Relative Efficiencies
of Triple and Quadruple Expansion Enginefi " :
before the InsLilution of|Mccbauical Eoginedrs,
" An Invtstigatioii to Determine Uie Eflects of
Steatn-Jaclfeting upon the Hfhctcncy of a I-Iorizontal
Compound Steam-Engiae."
Melnlle« Herman {1819-91). American author
(b. New York). Among his best known works are
"Tj-pcc" {1846), " Oinoo " (1847). "White
Jacket " (1S50). " Moby Dick " {1857). " Voyage
Round the World '* {18G0).
Hemelcr Segel Verdn. Established it^Sj. Com-
modore, Consul Skougaard ; Vice -Commodore,
Director Ivautfmann ; Secretary, E. Xciss, Mcmcl,
Gexuiaoy. EutrauLL- fee, mark 15 ; annual sub-
scription, mark jo.
Memoraodum. lu marioe insurance policies ap-
pears tbc following :
" The Memorandum : Com, fish, salt, fmit, flour,
and seed arc warranted tree from average unless
general or the ship be Ktrandeil. Sugar, tolmcco,
hemp, flax, hides, and Kkin» are warranted free
from a^'crage under five pounds per cent., and all
other goods, also the ship and freight, arc war-
ranted free from average under three pounds per
cent., unless general or the ship be stranded."
The extension " aftcT the ship be stranded " or
"snnk, burnt, or in collision" ha.-* now become
so general that if not already inserted any under-
writer will insert it. To " collision " is often added
" the collision to be of such a nature as may reason-
ably be supposed to have caused or ted to the
damage."
To override the Memorandum there are special
clauses {q.v.) on produce and goods.
Under the common memorandum particiilar
average is claimable upon all gooch not specially
excepted if it amount to 3% upon the entire value
ol each separate interest or species, but nut under
that ratio. To extend this protection and take
in anialter claims than 3% on the entire intcrc-st,
such clauses are inserted as " to pay average " on.
say, $00 bags rice, $0 hagf. coffee. 10 boles
10 chests tea, hw \mlc» wool, each Xtole of tilk,
and so oti. This is of great atlvaiitage to the
assured, as it enables him to get on the policy a
smaller claim than he otherwise would be entitled to.
" Com " includes cereals genurally, aod appba
to peas and beans ; also malt, but not rice (Moody
t>. Sarridge ; Mason i'. SkurT>' ; Six>tt v. Boardilloa.)
"Salt" does not include saltpetre or cbemjol
salts. (Joumu v. Bourdieu.) " Fish " is generally
applied to both salted and dried, as vrell as (o
fresh fish, but not to an<:ho\-ies, (Hopkins, ^rd «L.
p. 364.) " Flour " generally includes meal «L
barley, but not sago flour; also "hemp
" flax " do not include jute. {Itnd.)
In the United States it has been held that fun
arc not "hides" or "skins." (E^Uips, 4th
p. 264.}
By " average, unless general," is meant paxtii
average. ^
By " unless general " it was held by Lord M
field in WiUon c. Smith that the word uhUis
means the same as except, and does uut denote 9
condition. The clause means that except gencnl
average no loss resulting from sea damage, and
Ie3s than a totnl to«s, shall be paid unless genenl
average occur, in wbidi case partial loss resutttsg
trrnn sea damage shall be paid. General avi
is paid irrespective of percentage, so far as it
applicable to the poUcy value and sum insured.
The terms " sunk " or *' burnt " do not reqi
any special ex])lanati(m ; but " coUisicm. " must ix
with another sliip or vessel unless otherwise stated.
Contact with a pierhead or an iceberg is not 1
collision within the exception. A recent wonias
is "'burnt or on fire" — the outcome of the Gli*-
livet case (t^*>3)* ^^hich was that a lucrr bomiiif
was not sutfident to take out the exception ; heocr
the addition. (9T.L.R-360; 10T.L.R.97.) 5*
Mc.Arthur on the (infract of Iklanne I
p. 182, Jiefff to Clauses.
Men and boys, Naval.
Naval ResLTVf, Koyal.
Su Naval Hducatldfi,
Menchea. German armoured cruiser. (Wa
1904.)
Length 341ft. Beam 4ott. Maximum draught JTjA
Displacement 3,350 tons. Complement jSo.
Guns.
10 — 4'l in.
to— I pdr.
4 Machine.
Twin w:icw.
mum So<) tons.
Artnour,
" Krupp."
3 in. Peck.
4 in. Conning tower.
Torpedo Tubts.
a Submerged.
Hp. ii.ooo»33 kts. Coal maxi
Ueteantile marine ot the world. The foUowiM
table givfs particulars of the larger vessels la tfc«
mercantile marine of the various countries ot xk
world up to the end of 1907 :
MERCANTILE
395
MERCHANT
SleauMn.
S«fBn«
Totil M«rc«n-
tilaHvim.
^^
No.
Grau
17.001.199
No.
Net
toa«.
No.
Tons.
Creu Brltaiti
1J19.3»
11.517
18.I20.M8
AtDCrican
1.57?
»,I»W*
1.981
1.151,053
3,J»
4.311.928
('•ennan ... _. ...
I.71J
5.TO5.7D0
»l
404.862' 2.im
4.110.563
Nurwrxun ... ...
1.1 HI
1.264 jOOl
980
a*.i29 2A61
i.yjB.Sii
l-'icncfa ... ,„ .„
ms
I..SM.K4
C74
477.413! I.*!n
i,7f>i.7«;i
luliAn .. .. .„
397
va.yzi
710
39e.0«4' 1.107
1.219,409
JvpaDUHl «
SZQ
lXe8.747
6
3.11-91 835
1^)71.976
IIumIui ...
h;
720. 19B
67Z
217.7IJ 1,359
9)7.911
Swedich ,„ „ „
evs
fi«6,SI7
6*0
191.031
1.33«
Hr7.H6
Dutch .„ _ ..4
4U
776.4J3
93
36.772
547
S13,&Z7
»)
6X}.»3
«S
77.633
K39
7a8.wo
Sl«uii^ —
4«A
673.301
no
33.44B
578
708.7*9
3U
677.221
M
11. J»
326
b(a.6l9
Greek
»J
•*J1,74J
U6
4«.7W
411
406.S32
Bea«lliui.„ ' ... .,.
»J
191.098
78
19.597
3AI
210.483
B«liU&n ... ... ..,
Ul
191.597
2
1,118
133
li«.7i5
TWhhb
IJ2
106.9S9
170
S8,0«?2
302
163.0:i
Cbilln ... _ ...
S7
107.7271
6i
W.USi ISO
136.316
ArcratioB
1W
103.916
7*
17.133
24J
133.071
(NKtantM ... .»
u
63.fi7S
131
36.363
I9fl
101 .0)8
CblDM* ...
30
67,6H
^
30
&7.6J4
Cab«a
31
«.64$
9
1.SJ5
<0
ta.zTfi
Un)itu«y«a
iJ
3&14e
JU
19J01
61
57,44?
Mniom .^
44
27,0S
Ul
4,0U1
62
51,0*'
Rcumanka
U
28.949
£
«19l
25
a,36(j
JbowuttUn
10
4.091
9
1.2S3
19
S.17J
VcMcl.*! launched abroad during 1906 total 950,
witl) an agifri'gatL' ^mm tunnage of i,O(jt.430. 0(
these—
The above figures do not include the smaller
steam, sailing, and Bshiiig cratt. If Oiese are
included the tntrcantile roaiine of —
Great Bnlain total^f about j6,ooo vessels.
America 30,890
lAastria-Hungary 13,000
"Italy .. 10,400
Germany .. ., 7.250
Norway .. 6,700
J»pan .. 5.775
Denmark „ 4,000
Sweden 3,900
France 4,700
Russia 3,350
Greece .. 1,050 „
Turkey r.ooo
Holland 700 „
Portu^l 2S0
In the United Kingdom during igo/. 450 vessels
were under construction, with an a,ggrcgate gross
tonnage of j. 080,087. During Isia6. S66 vessoU.
with aa aggregate grosa tonnage of t.8i$,54j, were
Isundicd in the United Kingdom. Of these —
3 w*n bolli for Aiuttrl«'HBo«KrT-
27
ih* Brjiitb CoioolM.
U
• > ..
Llffomarli.
16
„ ,,
France.
»
.•
GwtBUiy.
3
„ .,
GCHce.
22
.. .•
NoTMray.
63
„ „
South Anariei.
68»
„ ,, th» failed Klncdoin.
4B
„ otba cxiuatriet «nd for
sKle by buildita.
Th» Clyd*
ebfmi 271 wiib « (row KmtMig* t:
( 568.670
« T)n»
.. 149
„ ,, ,,
383.987
.. Huint>«r
.. loo
U,9£8
.. W««r
.. 97
*:6,70l
,. TflM, lU.
.. «8
ru.4m
Detlut. etc.
24
,. .. •■
146^1
Mkwt
17
., „ „
7,371
B«mw. etc
9
.. •• .1
3.78!
America
GaiDany ..
Jai>u
Holluid and DcUinm claim
cliimi 243 Willi 44IjOST RroHioiu.
Non*«y
Urlitth ColoDlea
fraact
lisir
Ausuia-Muiuajry
fMomark
Olber Couutrias
claims
ClftlTfl
claim I
claim
9iaj30
42.4S9
72.fe2
«.774
a6J>M
33.214
30J60
i9.}n
44.712
21.100
The figures for \'e5aels launched in the United
Kingdom and abroad do not include ships built
for tlic British a 1 1 other navies.
The world's output of shipbuilding during 1907
wa.s ^,778,088 tons, of which 2.652,434 were steam-
ships and 135.654 sailing ships. Great Britain
built 70% of this output.
The gross tonnage of vessels lost during 1907 was
794,000. of which 488,000 were steamers and
306,000 sailing ships.
Kerohantmm. Wrecked on the Sand Heads at
the mouth of the Hoogly, September. 1S85 ;
70 lives lost
Herohants' and Miners' Transport Oo^ with the
head oihcu's at BaUimort-, U.S.A.. incorporated in
1852, now owns 17 excelleut steamers. A steamer
leaveft Baltimore four times a week (or Newport
News, Norfolk, and Boston, and vice versa ; three
times weekly for Newport News, Norfolk, and
Providence, and vice versa ; three times weekly for
Savannah, and vicg versa ; and twice a week for
Philadelphia, Savannah, and vice versa.
FUBET.
GhueesUf.
Howard.
Jlasca.
Jurwata.
Ket^hauf,
AtUghany.
Berkshire.
Ctiaiham.
DoTcMsstar.
Essex,
Prederica.
Livingston.
Merrimack.
Nantucket.
Sew Orleans.
Ontario.
Powkatan.
Marehant Boamon. Sec Seamen, Able-bodied
Seamen, Crew, Desertion. Merchant Shipping Act,
Registrar-Gtmeral of Seamen, Crimp, Naval Testa*
ment. Employers' Liability, .\dvance Note. Inspec-
Uoo of Ships.
Herohant Service Qufld. The Imperial Mer-
chaiil Service Guild {short title The Merchant
Service Guild) was founded in February of the year
1803 by Captain John Grant Moore, in response to
tbe requests of a number of deputations of captains
and officers who had n'aitrd upon him from time to
time, and had urged that lliough there were already
existing five aodeties of captains and officers, there
w» a gravo necessity for oni.- which would be pre-
pared to pttnni<? a much more progressK-c and
strenuous policy. None but ceriificatwl captainit
and oflicen are eligible for membership, and they
must l>e of British narionalit)'. Managing ship-
ovtiTirnt. nautical awemors, aa\*<il officers and others
MERCHANT
396
MERCHANT
wlio may be, in some form or othex, connected with
shipping axe debarred from membership. TIxe
fundamental principles of the Guild are that it shall
be purely British, and confined strictly to those
whom it refircsciits. From the outset Captain
Moore was assi&ted by hw son, Mr. T. W. Moore.
F.R.C.S.. liotli of them at the time working logcthei
a private business of their own. For the first
three or four years the organising secretary and
founder and his assistant gave iheir services in a
purely voluntary way. hut there was so much
apathy and c>'nicism extstinf; in the profession
that for over two years the society was in debt
to its secretar>' for advances made, and there
seemed very little ho[>e for future success. But
the very strong efforts which wrre being made by
the Guild in improving the material interests of
the profession Ixith in the wny of representations
to the Board of Trade and to shipowners, and also
in the direction of Parliamentary work, began to
attract tlie attention of the profession, and as
some good results were being shown in commanding
more recognition and consideration than captains
and ofhcers had hitherto cnjoyt'd, new aiipiiorters
began to rapidly come in, whilst the financial posi-
tion also improved considerably. Alter a space o(
five years the business of the Guild had grown so
heavy that it presented to Captain Moore and Mr.
Moore one of two alternatives, vix., to cither relin-
quish their own private business or transfer their
serx'iccs to the Guild entirely. In deference to tlie
wishes of the members the latter course was
adopted. In the year 1906 Mr. T. W. Moore was
appointed acting secretary' on account of the {ailing
health of the Secretary, who ultimately resigned
in June. [907, being succeeded by Mr. T. W.
Moore.
The government of Uic Guild consists of the
Guild in Council, whilst certain duties are relegated
to committees known as the Advisory Commttiee
and the Finance and I^w Committee. At the
time of writing these hnes the course has been
approved of changing the form of management,
and constituting an eU-ctrd management com-
mittee. This will probably be adopted at the
forthcoming annual meeting.
The Guild now possesses over 10.000 members
who belong and trade to all parts of the globe, and
it has representatives in nearly all seaports at home
and abroad. Amongst its members are the Right
Hon. Lord Brassey, G.C.B.. the Most Hon. the
Marquis of Graham, C.V.O., and Colonel Henry
ProctcrBenuchamp. C.B., whilst most of the
leading members of the merchant service arc also
supptjrtcxH. The chairman of the Guild in council
is Captain A. B. Toms, who is also the jcpteaentu-
live ol the Guild on the Board of Trade Advisory
Committee. The Chairman of the Finance and
I^w Committee is Captain R. lUyth. and tlie
cliairman of the Advisory Committee is Captain
H. ^^^ Field. One ol the earliest subjects taken in
hand was tiie grievance of seafarers bcaog
cally disfranchised, and. on behalf of the Guild
seafarers generally, the matter has on
occasions been brought before ttic House of Com
mons by Sir ElUott Lees, Baxt.. who lost his icat
at the last Birkenhead Genera) Election, the late
Sir John Colomb and the late Mr. CumnQing Mac-
dona, and others. The necessity of coatintiois
discharges for seamen was actively taken up. aoJ
as a result of this action, assisted by the Right
Horu Ijord Muskcrry in the House of T^^orUs. a Board
of Trade Committee was appointed to inquire into
the matter, with the result that coatiQUOus (fis-
charges were eventually brought into vogue. Tbc
insufBcicjit ballastjng ol merchant ships, wheretrr
many accidents and much loss of life had arisen.
afforded a subject of much agitation on the pan
of the Guild, and of Lord Muskerry, who has for
some years actively identihed liimsclf with tbt
work of the Guild. After many discussiasis n
Parliament and elsewhere, the Lij;ht Load'Une
Committee of the House of Lords was appointed.
Though the Committee did not aclnjalty recommesd
a light load-line, they neverthelcf^ made sone
valuable suggestiuns, and the result of the ogitatJOB
has been that merchant veKsels arc now very moch
better baHcistcd than tbey were.
The elimination of aliens from the quarter -drci
of British ships ; the laxity- of the law which permiti
of large vessels being navigated hy uncertificated
and irresponsible men ; the carriage of dangeraiB
deck-loads in the winter time ; the improvenuot
of the pecuniary conditions of captains and offioen :
the necessity of ofiicers being provided with propR
accommodation, and uith facilities for roasooalk
rest and relaxation from their constant duties ; tbe
evil of alien seamen in the merchant scr>'icc ; ibt
absence of consideration on the part of Govern-
ment departmcntt, and of others to those chieif
responsible for the navigation of British mereiuai
ships; the national importance of the mere- ■
marine as evidenced by its ser\'ices in the -
Ahican war ; and innumerable grievances o4
individual members and many other matters hire
occupied the Guild's ronstant attention since M
inception.
Information as to the work carried on is supplied
to the members in the form of the " Guild Gazetre *
which is issued three times a year, and forwarded to
all the members, and to many people on shore vdiB
are in sjTnpathy with the cause of seafarers.
The Reserve Fund of the Guild amounts toc^^
^25,000, which is aU invested in tlie name of trustta
with legal protection. It is by tar the largrst aoii
most powerful organisation in the world, ti a
friendly touch with similar societies in toenp
maritime countries. There arc other bodies wfakft
have adopted the nomenclature of the Gwld. bat
which work in a purely local way. such, for instance.
as the Singapore Merchant Service Guild, and ih*
Merchant Service Guild of .\ustra1asia (N<tw ZcafM^
MERCHANT
ML
MERCHANT
soctioa and Australian s«ctioa). the Metchuit
Sonicc Guild of Canada, and the Merchant Service
Guild of SiDgaportr. Another body of a very
similar character which is in cIom relation to the
Guild is the Mercantile Marine OflicerB' Association
of Shnnghai.
Herchaat Shipper, (established 1900. Pub*
liahed monthly. Price loi. per annum. Address :
3 Chancer^' Lane. London, W.C.
Merchant Shipping. Sir Board of Trade, British
Shipjt, Cargo, Collisions. Regulations for the Pre-
vention of, F'oreign Ship. Foreign-going Ship,
L.iinitatioa of Liatnlity. Merchant Seamen, Pas-
sengers, Passenger Boats, Pilot. Salvage, Shipping
Inquiry, Shipmaster. Merchant Shipping Act,
Herchant Shipping Bill. 1906. (To amend and
extend the provisions of the M.S.A., 1894.]
Merchant Shipping
Bill. 1906.
Pari I.Sa/ety.
Section 1 . — Sections
43/-443 of the Merchant
Shipping Act. 1894 (ex-
cept subsections {3) and
(4) of section 440) shall
apply to all foreign
ships which arc within
any port in the United
Kingdom, wittiont pre-
judice—
(«) to the power of
His Majesty previously
{i.t.. under section 734
of the M.S. A. 1S04) to
apply those provisions
to ships of any foreign
country, if Ihc Govern-
tDcnt of that country so
desire.
(b) to any direction of
His Majesty in Council
given under section 4.15
of the M.S.A., i8g4. in
tbe case of any foreign
country in which regu-
lations in force relat-
ing to over-loading and
improper loading are
equally cfTective with
the provisions of the
prinapal Act (M.S..\.,
1894)-
Section 7. — Coasting
steamships under 80
teas shall not be exempt
from loadline provisions,
S#0 supra .M,S..\., 1S94.
sections 437. 438.
Section 8. — (i ) Section
440, shall apply to all
MkRCUANT SUIPPING
Aci. 1894.
Section 437. — Every
British ship (except ves-
sels under 80 tons en-
gaged in coasting, fish-
ing, yachting, or nvcr
or inland navigation]
•(hall hv marked witli
deck lines indicating the
pDiiition of each deck
above the water.
Section 438. — Sw
Loadline-
S^ion 440. — (1) The
disc indicating load tine
shall be marked before
a foreign going ship is
entered outwards, or as
soon as possitMe after-
wards.
{2) Tlie owner shall,
upon entering such ship
outwards, insert in a
form of entry a state-
ment of the distance be-
tween the centre of the
disc and each deck line
above that centre.
(3) The master shall
enter a copy ol the
statement in tbe agree-
ment with tbe crew, and
the superintendent shall
not proceed with the en-
gagement of the crew
until this entry is made.
(4) The roaster shall
also enter a copy of
tbe statement in the
official log.
(5) A ship so marked
ships. British or fordgo.
whether the owner in
required to enter the
ship outward or not, ex-
cept subsections (3) and
{4) shall not apply tu
foreign ships not re-
quired to be entered out-
wards.
(i) The provisions of
this section as to the
statement to be pre-
pared by the master (*«
M.S. A., 1894, section
440, subsections 3. 3, 4)
shall not take eflect in
cases where a certlticato
(section 443. subscciion
4) is required.
(3) To the words "so
marked " {section 440,
subsection 5) shall be
added " or if the mark
has brcii altered atiroad
in accordance vith regu-
lations made by the
Board of Trade for the
purpose, marked uith
the mark as so altered."
shall be kept so marked
until her return to a
port of dischanje in tbe
United Kingdom.
SkUoh 441. — (1)
C-oasters (over So tons)
shall be marked with
load tines t>cfore pro-
ceeding to sea from any
port.
A statement of the
distance between the
centre of the disc and
each Heck Une above
that centre shall be de-
livered to the Customs
officer at port of regis-
try.
(3) .Any renewal or
alteration of disc shall
be notified to the Cus
toms ofTicer,
(3) Penalty for failure
to notify shall not ex-
ceed i^ioo for each of
fence.
{4} Ship to be kept so
marked until notice of
alteration is gi\'en.
Section 442. — (a) The
owner or master fail-
ing without reasonatile
cause to have ship so
marked, or allow disc to
be submerged ; or (b)
any person who con-
ceals, alters, or defaces
any marks, or allows
such alteration, vtc, to
be made, shall be liable
to a fine of ^100 for each
offence.
Section 443. — (l) Sm
Lloyd's.
(3) The Board ol
Trade may make regu-
lations (a) determming
lines and marks to l>e
used to indicate maxi-
mum load line under
different circumstances
and at different seasons.
(b) As to tbe mode of
marking.
(c) As to the mode of
appUcation Inr, and form
of certificates granted
under this section.
(d) Requiring entry of
certificates and particu-
lars an to draught, free
SkHph 3. — Sfrction
46iof thcM.S.A.. i8t)4
(l) shall apply in the
case of a ship which is
unsafe by reason ot the
defective condition of
her hull, wjuipmenl, or
machinery', and accord-
ingly that section shail
]yc cou-stritix] as il the
words " by rr.iw>n of the
defective coiulitioii o(
her hull, equipment, or
machinery, or " were
inserted before the
words " by reason of her
overloading or improper
loadtog " ; and
(3) shall apply with
re«pect to any foreign
ships being at any port
in the United Kingdom,
whether those ships take
on board any cargo at
that port or not.
SecHon 3. — A foreign
ship laden with grain
which discharges any
part of her cargo at any
board, etc., la the ofiicial
log-book.
(5) For failure without
reasonable cause to com-
ply with these regula-
iioufi. the ofiender is lia-
ble to a fine not exceed-
ing/( 00 for each offence.
Section 4ft J.— Where a
forcipn ship Uha taken
on board alt or pn.rt of
her cargo at a port in the
United Kingdom, and
whilst in that port is un-
safe by reason of over-
loading or improper
loading, the provisions
of thi.s Act shall apply
to her as if she were a
British ship, with the
following modifications :
( 1 ) A copy of the order
for provisionaJ detention
shall be served on the
consular officer of the
country to which the
ship belongs, at or near-
Lst to the said port.
(2) The consular offi-
cer may, at the request
of the owner or roaster,
require ship to be sur-
veyed by pei"son ap-
pointed by the Board of
Trade and a sur\'eyor
appointed by himself.
WTiere the opinions of
the surveyors differ the
Board of Trade may act
as if the requisition had
not been made, and the
owner or master has the
like appeal to a Court of
Survey touching the sur-
veyor's report as in the
case of a Britiiih ship.
(3J Where the Court ui
Survey is appealed to,
the consular oflicer. on
the request of tlic owner
or master, may appoint
.1 compettint jicrson to
be assessor in Ueu of the
person who. if the ship
were British, would be
appointed by the Board
of Trade.
SectioHS 452-456.—
See Grain cargo.
port in the United King-
dom shall be subject to
the provisions of sec-
tions 4;3. 453, and 456.
and abo 454 so far as
that section provides for
the delivery of notice to
Customs officer in the
United Kingdom, and
the uuLAter, agimt, or
owner shall be liable
accordingly.
Section 10.^ — For fail-
ure to take precautions
against shifting tlie of-
fender may bo prosecu-
ted summarily, when the
fine shall not exceed
jiioo.
Section 4. — Sections
437-431 of the M.S. A.,
iSq4, apply to all for-
eign ships within any
port of the United King-
dom.
Provided that His
Majesty may by Order
in Council direct that
those provisions shall
not apply to ships of a
foreign country in which
provisions for life-saving
appliancen appear to be
effective.
Section 0. — Nothing
in the foregoing provi-
sions shall affect foreign
ships not bound to a
port in the United King-
dom wliich come into
port for repairs, or under
stress of weather.
Section g. — (i) After
the word " whatever "
(section 451, subsection
3 (a) ) add " or any
light wood gooils the
units of which arc of a
greater cubic capacity
than fifteen cubic feet."
(2) Section 451. sub-
section 3 (c) shall read
" Any deals, battens, or
other light wood goods,
tlie units of wliich are of
a cubic capacity' not
greater than fifteeu cu-
bic feet, to a height »-
bove the dc*ck, in the
case of an uncovered
space, exceeding that oi
SectiuHs
S« Boat.
427 -A
Section 45 1. — j,1
goods mean —
(a) A tiy sq uare. I
wavy, or other
or any pitch pin4
hogany, oak,
other hea\'y wood)
whatever ; or
more than five
spani or store
whether or
and hnally pr
use ; or (c) aoy
battens or other |
wood goods of «fl
scription to a heig
cifding three Joetl
the docJc.
See Deck carga
MERCHANT
399
MERCHANT
StctioH a67. — See
P»s«enger boats.
S£r4ifm 268.— Set
PasseiiKcrs. Cabin.
the main rail, bulwark,
or plating, or one-Iourtb
ol the inside breadth of
the ship, or seven feet a-
bo\-c th« deck, which-
ever height IS the least,
and in the case of a
covered sfpacc to a
height above the deck
exceeding the full height
of that space."
Section r2.— Tlie defi-
nition of " passenger
steamer " (M.S.A.. iflQ4,
section 7fi7) thati include
every foreiRO steamship
(whether originally pro-
cveding from a port in
the United Kingdom or
from a port out of the
Kingdom) which
lea pasacngeis tu or
from any place, or be-
tween any places, in the
United Kingdom.
Section 13. — For sec-
tion 26S, {subsection ^
(b) and (c) of M.S.A..
1894, Bliall be substitu-
ted (b) " the fare con-
tracted to be paid by
them is in the propor-
tion of at least sixty-live
shillings for every thou-
sand miles of the voy-
age. "
Merchant Ship fring BiU, I<w6.
Section u. — After 1908 no seaman ?ihall sign an
a^cemcnt of engagement before the superintendent,
if fae does not possess a sufhcient knowledge of tlie
EngUsb language. This section shall not apply to
any British subjfK:t. lascar, or inhabitant of a British
Protectorate.
Pari II. — Ptttungwr and Emigrant Shif>s.
Section 14. — Passengers landed or embarked by
tenders shall be deemed pus^iengers curried from or
to a place in the United Kingdom.
SefJion 15. — (t) A ship shall not carry an)' passen-
gers on more than one deck below tlic watt-T.
(j) The master, lor failure to comply with the
-provisio« of this section, shall be liable to a tine not
fyrrwding £$00.
Section 16. — The Board of Trade may prescribe
regulations, scales, conditions, and forms in substi-
tution of those contained in schedules to, it, I7,
13, and 14 (MSA, i«^], which relates to the
number of persons, the accommodation of steerage
passengers, the provisions and water for steerage
paiMffagers. the carriage of horses and cattle on
•migrant ships, and the forms to be used under
Part in. of that Act.
St£tioH 17. — (i) Copies of the scale of provUiontt
to which a stetrage passenger is entitled i-illier
under the M.S. A., itfv4, ur under the Board ol Imde
regulations, shall l>e produced to any stceiage pas-
senger on request, and be posted and remain up in
at leaat two places on board.
{2) The master, lor failure to produce scale ol
provitocnts, and for each day copies are not ]>osted,
IS liable to a fine not uxcei-ding forty HhilUn^s.
(3) For displacing or defacing a copy an offender
is liable to a line not exceeding forty shillings.
Section iJi. — Section 3jS of the M.S.A.. lUt»4, deals
with the return of passage money, and compensa-
tion to steerage pajisengen when a passage has not
bet-n provided according to contract.
For section 3^8, subsection i, shall be substituted
the lollowiDg clause : " Ihe steerage passenger is
at the place of embarkation before the hour ap-
pointed in the contract, or. if no hour is appointed
in the contract, before any hour &xed for the
embarkation, of which he has received not less
than 24 hours' uotice."
Seetitm 19. — (i) and (a). The Board of Trade
n\ay make r^ulations and conditions for continuing
a master's bond, and may. on application of the
o»ncr of an emigrant ship, allow the master'^ bond
required by section 309 of the M.S.A., 1S94, to be in
the form of a continuing bond.
/fefer to Passenger boats.
Part HI. — Seamen' t Food.
Section 30, — (t) .^fter igo6 the master ol every
ship, for which an agreement with tlie crew is re-
quired, shall furnish provisions on a scale set out
in the first schedule ot this Act. to every member of
the crew who does not furnish his own provtsioos.
Even' membcc shall be deemed to have i^tipulatcd
in his agreement for provisions according to that
scale.
(a) Tha power of the Court to modify 01 refuse
compensation (M.S.A., 1894, section 199) shall
extend to cases where a member, although not sup-
plied with provision? actually required by the
scale, has been supplied with provisions containing
the sanie or greater amount ol wholesome nutriment
in their place.
(3) The scale of pro\'ision8 may be varied by
Orders in Council.
(4) This section shall not apply to lascars or
natives of India who enter into agreement uader
section 1:25 (M.S.A.. 1894).
Srciion ai. — (1) Any British ship sailing from
any port in the United Kingdom, and for which an
agreement with the crew is required, is liable to
detention if an inspecting officer finds provisions or
water intended for the use of the crew deficient in
quality.
1 2) The master, or anyone rcsponsiUc^for defec-
tive condition of water or provisions, sliall be liable
to a fine not exceeding ^100,
(3) An inspecting officer shall be afforded every
facility for inspection by those in chaige of the
MERCHANT
400
MERCHANT
provisions. Penalty for obstxuctiiig inspecting
officer shall not exceed ^in.
Section 32, — (i) After 1908 c\-cry British loreign-
going ship of T.ooo tons gross register, going to sea
from any place in the British Islands, shall carry a
duly certified cuok, who can prove six months'
service at sea in some cajiacity.
(2) A cook to be certified must hold either a
Board of Trade certificate of competency in cooking.
n certificate by a school of cookery or institution
approved by the Boanl. or a certificate of discharge
showing at least two years* service as cook.
(3) A cook shall be rated in the ship's articles as
ship's cook, or cook and steward.
(4) In the case of an emigrant ship, tht ship's
cook shall be in addition to the cook required by
s«-ction 304 of the M.S.A., 1394.
(5) The Board of Trade may, at its discretioD,
dispense with the requirements of this section, if
satisfied that compHancc is unnecessary.
(6) For faihtre to comply with the provisions
of this section, the master or owner shall be liable
to a fine not exceeding £2$.
Prosecutions shall only be instituted by or with
liiv approval of the Board of Trade.
Part / K. — Prooisions for (A* Retief and Repatfia-
lion of Distressed Senmen, and Seamen left
behind abroad.
Section 23. — (i) If a seaman Monging toa Britisti
ship is left abroad, the master shall —
(a) Enter in the oB^cial log the amount of wages
due, and the effects left,
(b) Furoiih the Board of Trade at the end of the
voyage with accounts and vouchers of effects and
wages, and of any expenses incurred by the master
or owner doe to desertion or absence without leave
ol a seaman.
(a) Wages and effects, subject to deductions
made under this section, shall be delivered to the
propLT officer, who shaJ! give a receipt for them.
(3) The proper officer shall allow the master such
sum out of wages or effects as he thinlw proper as
reimbursement for expenses properly chargeable.
The proper oflicer may require evidence as to the
sums chargeable.
(4) Surplus wages and efiects shall be remitted
by thi: propi-r ofticcr as the Board of Trade may
direct.
(5) " Effects " include proceeds of sale of effects
by proper officer.
(6) The Boaitl of Trade shall not be liable for
anything done under this section, but where legal
proceedings are taken in respect of wages and
effects dealt with under this section, the Board shall
comply with any order made by the Court respect-
ing wages and tfiects rrmittpd to the Board.
(7) Any sums remitted under this section shall
be paid into the Exchequer, and any sums payable
by the Board under this section shall be paid out of
moneys provided by Parliament.
(8) For failuru without reasonable cause to com-
ply u-ith this section, the master shall b« liable to*
fine not exceeding £20 for each offence, but (by i
recent ameodmcnt) the master shall not be Uabk
where a seaman's effects are lost without ha
neglect.
(9) The proper of&oer shall be—
{i.) At a port in the United Kingdom, a superiii
lendent.
(ii.) At a port in a British Possession, a saptftS'
tendent or chief officer of the Customs.
(iii.) At a port eUcwhere the cansul&te oAc«r.
(to) This section shall not apply vrhere wa^
due ap[war to be less than ^5. Sra Seamen.
Seftion 24.— -Refer to Seamen, (i) Section t^i
subscctwn 2, of M.S.A., 1894, is extended to appiy
to distressed foreign seamen.
(2) Section 193 of M.S. A., 1894 {relating to tibe
recoverj' of expenses incurred on account of ifi^-
tressed seamen], shall extend to ail expenses incemd
under this Act, except—
{a] \\'tiere distress is due to seaman's descrtioa or
misconduct.
(b) Where seaman lias been discharged nt Ae
port at which he was shipped, or a neighboum^
]jcrt.
Section 25 relates to the expenses of maioteiUBrt
and couveyance of injured seamen.
Section 26 relates to seamen discliarged and >cfl
behind abroad.
Section 27, — Expenses incurred on account o(
distressed seamen may. in the case of 1cm.s or tiasifrr
of the vessel, be recovered from the i>eTson w**
was the owner at the time of such loss or transfer.
Section 28. — The provisions of Part It. 0/ tW
M.S. A., 1894, which relate to property of dec(«»d
seamen, shall be extended to apply to seaman a
apprentices of a British ship, the voyage of which u
to teruiinate out of the United Kingdom.
SeaioH 3n deals with the payment of Ane? in lb
case of a seaman discharged abroad.
Part V. — MisK^ttaneous.
Set^on 30. — The Commissioners of Customs luw
j)OWfr to inquire into the title of any ship rrgittsid
as a British ship to be so registered. Unless satl»-
factory evidence of title is given within 30 day*, ttt
ship is liable to forfeiture.
Section 31 relates to the deduction ol ^Mce4 im4
for the storage of pro'vtsions and water baUi5t 0
ascertaining a ship's register tonnage {q.v.].
Section 32. — In a foreign-going sailing ship ot 091
more than 2(X> tons, the mate shall have a certificatt
not lower than that of second mate. Refer fc
Shipmate.
Section 33. — {i) The qualifications for the title C
Ablot>udied seaman (n.r.) are reduced by one ytar.
(.:] A seamon making a misreprescntution. for^
purpose of rating as A.B., shall be liable to a fiw
not exceeding ^5.
Section 34. — If a master disrate a aeatnan. he^tt
enter it in the otticial log. and furnish seaman «ilft4
copy oi the entrj'. There .--linll be no rVKlnctioci t^
MERCHANTS
401
MERZ
wages till after entxy in log and furnishing of copy.
Seciimt 35. — Where a lawfully engaged seaman
hax wilfully failed to join his ship, the Board of
Trade, may, on report of the superintendent.
direct that his ccrtificatr of discliargt.- bv withheld.
Section 36 deals with the powers of a Naval Court
(section 48J, M.S.A.. i8c>^) to send home to undergo
sentenor a person sentenced to imprisonment. This
section may be applied by Order in Council to any
British poMo^ion the Legislature of which consents
to ita application.
Sfction 37 substitutes ship surveyor for ship-
wright sur\'eyor.
(1) Any person appointed to be a sur\'eyor ol
ships under section ;24. M.S.A. . 1894, may be ap-
pointed as a ship snrveyor. or as an engineer
surveyor, or as both.
(z) Survey by a ship surveyor and an engineer
6ar\'eyor, required nndcr section 2;a of M.S.A.. 1894,
may be made by the <tanie person.
Stction jS. — (i) The master of every ship carry-
ing [>asscngers to or from any place in the United
Kingdom sliall furnish the person appointed by the
Board of Trade with returns showing the number
of passengers carried in each class.
(3) PasacDgcrt shall funmb the master with any
informatioo necessary for such returns.
(3) The penalty for failure to make returns, or for
making false returns, or for failure to give informa-
tion required shall not exceed ^20 for each ofience.
Section 39, — ^Thc Board of Trade may exempt
any ship from any requirement of the Merchant
Shipping Acts, if satisfied tliat the requirement has
been substantially complied with, or that it is
necessary.
(i) Extends to owners and hirers of lighters and
barges the provisiooa of the Merchant Shipping
Acts, 1844-1900. which relate to the limitation of a
shipowner's habtlity.
{ii A lighter or barge measured and registered
in accordance with the Thames Watermen's and
Lightermen's Act (1893), shall be deemed measured
and registered in accordance with the provisions of
tlic Merchant Shipping Acts. 1894-1900.
(3} Section 633 of the Merchant Shipping Act,
1894, which absolves a shipowner from liabihty for
loss or damage occasioned by the fault of a com-
pulsory pilot, is repealed.
Section 40. — [ 1) The Board of Trade may appoint
advisory committees. (2) Members of soch com-
mittees shall be paid travelling expenses and
allowances out of money provided by Parliament.
Merchants' Marine Inxoranoe Co^ Ltd. Registered
J one 12, 1871, with an authorised capital of
^500.000, called up ^125, 000, in 50.000 shares of
£10 each, £3 los. paid. Dividend paid (2% per
cent, per annum. Reserve fund, ^t ;u,ouo.
The directors of the company are Ralph Colling-
wood Forster (Chairman), ilcrmann WiUnot Uloth
(deputy chairman). James Brown Westray. William
Lindsay Alexander, John Stewart Gladstone, Harry
Percy Henty. H. A. McPheraon. R. M. Stewart,
Akroyd Hystop ; secretary. Alfred Dawson. OSices :
37 Comhill, London. E.C.
Meridian. \n imaginary circle passing through
the poles and zenith, and cutting the equator at
right -angles.
Mermaid. Briiiah torpedo-boat destroyer. (Heb-
burn, iH>.jH.) Length. 210 ft. ; beam. 21 ft;
draught, 8 ft. ; displacement, 308 tons ; comple-
ment, 62 ; armament, i 12-pdj., 5 6-pdr.. 2 tubes ;
twin screw ; Hp., 6,000=30 kta. ; coal, 82 tons.
Mennaid's para«. See Skate.
Menimao. Ship. See Hampton Roads, Battle of.
Meisea Sailing Clnb. EsubUsbcd 1899. Captain.
K. Frost Smith; Vice-Captain. C. E. Roberts;
Honorary Treasurer, P. Moodle ; Honorary Secre-
tary. John H. Smith, R.N'.. West .Mcrsea, Essex.
Entrance fee, 5s. ; annual subscription, 5*.
Metsey Sailing Club. Established 1883, at Rock
Ferry. Burgee ; White, with a blue line. Commo-
dore, T. J. Walmeslcy : Vice-Commodore. T. Henry
Wood ; Captain. F. W. Whiteley ; Honorary
Treasurer. J. H. Eglen ; Honorary Secretar>'.
G. S. Mathews. Annual subscription, tor. 6d.
Hen, Charles Hesterman Men (b. Kcwca&Ue.
1874). liducatcd privately, anil at .\rmstrong
College, Newcastle ; Durham University. Served
his apprenticeship with Messrs. Robey, Lincoln.
After being engaged tor some time upon the
erection of machinery at the Bankside station
of the City of London Electric Lighting Co.. he
left to take up the post of resident engineer at
Croydon Electricity Works. Upon tlieir comple-
tion, he was appointed to the Cork Electric Tram-
ways and Lighting Co.. where he .supcrvisnl the
construction and organi.satiou of that undertaking,
to which liLs firm subsequently acted lor some
years as consulting engineers. At the cod of 1899
be was appointed consulting engiueer to the Walker
and Wallsend Union Gas Co.. in connection with
their power scheme, which afterwards became
incorporated with that of the Newcastle -on -Tyne
Electric Supply Co., for the design and general
supervision ol whose system, known as the Tyne-
side Power Scheme, be lia» since been responsible.
This undertaking, the first in this country to supply
cheap electricity for power and traction purposes
on a large scale, has recently become affihated to
the County of Durham Electric Power Supply Co.,
the County of Durham Electrical Power Distribu-
tion Co., and the Qcvcland and Durham Electrical
Power Co., to all of which his firm arc engineers,
and these companies are now supplying electricity
for all purpases tliroughout the counties of Xortli-
umbcrtand. Durham, and the North of Yorkshire.
He advised the North-Eastem Railway Co. with
regard to the electrification of their Tynemouth
lines, and the driving and lighting of their work-
MESDAG
METI
shops and stations in the neislibonrhood of Nrw-
castle, and Uic work was camwi out umlyr the
supervision ol his ftrm. Ha\'ing given evidence
be/ore the Select Coniniittee on Powi-r BilU in looo,
and bavJDg subsequently devoted considcrablc
time to and made a special study of the ptnblcm
of electric power supply in London, he became
adviser to the promoters of the Administiative
County of London and District Electric Power Bill
which, in tlic year 1905, successfully passed the
Committee stage in the House of Lords and House
of Commons, but failed to Ix^comn law through lack
of time rcquircfl to obtain third reading tA the
House of Commons. He has also been appointed
by the Victorian Government to report upon the
proposed elect nH cation of the siilnirban Lines round
Melbourne.
Publications : Various papers contributed to
learned societies, including one on " Power Station
Design." read before the Institution o( lilectrical
Engineers, and one on the electriii cation of the
Korth-Eastcni Railway, read before the British
Association.
Bbadae, Hendzik WUlem (1831 £905)- Dutch
marme painter (b. (iromngen). In 1SC19 he settled at
The Hague, where most of his works arc to be seen.
There arc also t^xainplcs at Rotterdani and m the
Luxemburg, Paris.
Heah. A space or interstice between the threads
of a net,
Meas. Applied to any company oi olHcers or
crew o( a ship who cat. drink, and associate together.
Mcssageries Marttiiues, the principal passenger
steamship line in t-'rance, is the outcome of a small
concern, formed for inlaitd mail carriage. In 185 1
& contract was entered into with the French Govern-
ment for the carrying of mails to Italy, Egypt,
Syria, Levant and Greece, and 10 years later the
Indian Mail contract was secured. This company
maintains a service every aS days to Australia and
New Zealand, via Adoo, Bombay aiul Colombo,
transhipping at Colomba for China ; a fortnightly
service is maintained to Aden for Jibuti, Colombo,
Singapore, Saigon, China, and Japan, with monthly
Connections for PondicluTrj' and Calcutta, and
fortnightly (or Java a-nd Iha Tonkin ports. They
also maintain a monthly service to Aden, Egypt,
MAh6 (Seychelles) , Madagascar and Mauritius,
connecting at Diego Suarcx lor the cast and west
coast ol Madagascar ; a fortnightly service frtnii
Bordeaux to Brazil and River Plate, with a jiteaintir
once a month for cargo only. Cargo steamers are
run from Antwerp to the Far East every two
months, and Marseilles evtM-y month to the French
poesessioiLs in Indo-China,
Fleet.
A dour. A tlantiquf.
Amaeonc. Auslralicn.
Annam. Bagdad.
Armand-Bfhic. Bosphors.
Cachar. AfagcUaM.
CaledontuM. Manih*,
C-ao-bang, Mato-pan,
ChartMie. Alt^doc.
Ckili. Xfetbourn*.
Cotambo. Memphis.
Congo. Mpanfokm.
CotdiUns. Natai.
CordouoH, Uera.
Cfinifg. Niger.
Danttbr. Oceanian,
Djtmmih. Orenoqt*^.
DarJogur. Ovus.
Douro. Pacifiqur.
Dumbea. Prrsapotis,
I'HpUtx. Poiynesitn.
Ei- Katitarit. Portuf^al.
Equaieur. Sa^hatieu .
Enieft-Simtms. Saia^ie.
Euphrate. Senega!,
(iangt. SidOH.
Givunde. Sinai.
Cuadiana. Sydney.
Haiphong. Tonkin.
Himalaya. 7'ouranc,
Irmouaddy. \'ille Ue Im CietaL
Kuua$if;-Si. I'ilU de Pi
Laos, Yang-tse.
La S$yne. Yatwa.
Louqsor. Yunnttn.
Gross tonnage, 312,332.
Messenger. .\ large cable-laid rope
capstan, used for heaving up the anchor.
Messodtyeb. Turkish battleship (1&74),
conblruttcd Genoa, lyoj.
Length 331 (t. Beam 5Qft. Maximum draoght r;
Displacement 9,120 tons. CoiopleiaeDt (
Gum. Armour,
B — 9'3 in. *' Iron."
13—6 in. 12 in. Belt.
14 — 12 pdr. 12 in. Battery.
10 — 6 pdr. 3 in. Barbettes (1
a— 3 pdr.
Twin screw. Hp. 11,000^16 ktB.
Uetacentte. The point of intersection of
vertical line passing through the centre of gw
of a floating body, and a vertical line of the c«i
of gr.ivity of the fluid displaced. If the melacd
is above the centre of gravity, the position ^
body is stable, if below unstable. v
Heteot. Austro-Hungarian torpedo gtm-N
{Schichau, 1887.)
Displacement 350 tons. Complcmont ,
Cutis. A t mour.
9—3 pdr. J in. Amidships.
TorptJo Tubfs.
4 Above watur.
T\^n screw. Hp. 3,6oo«s3i kts. CoiU
mum 1 30 tons.
METEORE
403
MIKADZUKE
Vbtoore, Swedish torpedo-boat. (Karlskiona,
1899.) length, 138 ft.; beam. i;J ft.; dntufjrht.
17 ft. ; displacement. 02 tons ; complement. 18 ;
armament, 2 iQ-tn., 0 q.f., 2 tubes; Hp., 1,330=
33'S kta. ; coal. iR tons.
Xeteoro. Italian lorpe<1o-hoat deHtroycr. (Na-
ples, 1902.) [^nfjtli. 308 ft. : Iwam. 19 ft. : drauglit,
6J it. ; dtsplactracnt. 330 tons ; complement, 53 ;
amunient, i 1 jpdr., 5 6-pdr., 2 tubes ; twin screw;
I Up.. 0.000=. ^o kts. ; coal, rtn tons.
Hetoorogrti^ An ioalrumuut for recording tbc
ehangrs o( pressure, temperature, humidity, etc,,
on one slu-ttt ol paper.
Kalooroloffical Society, RoyaL See Royal
Mcteotological Society.
XeteoroIoCT. TIic science ol the aimosphwc.
Meorthe. French a visas- transport (i385|. 0(
little ttgbting vaiuc. Guns, 4 5'5-in., 4 9-pclr, ;
I speed (nominaily). ii lets,
WLQ. Distingttiithing letters on sea fishing hoitt^
registarcd at MiddelbufR, Holland.
X.H, IMstinf^ishinf; letters on sea fishing lioata
registered at Middlesbrough, England.
XUnttmomoh. Old U.S. monitor (1^*83).
Length 26olt. Beam 56ft. Maximum draught i61t.
t Displacement 3.990 tons. Complement 160.
Huns. Armour.
4 — 10 in. " Iron.'*
4 — 6 pdr, 7 in. Belt aniidblupt>.
B 1 1 in. Turrets.
K 1 1 in. Conning towio-.
Twin screw, Hp. i.6oo=sia kta. Coal maxi-
\im 330 tons.
XXOJE. Abbreviation for member of the In-
itiitinn of Civil Engineers.
Michael. In this vessel Frobisher in 1576 started
^>^ a voj-age o( discovery to find a shorter route to
'»»clia by the North -West Passage, ttf/er io Arctic
^^cploration.
tMicbigazt. L'.S. tst class battleship {190O).
Displacement iG.ooo tons.
Guns. Armour,
4 — t? in.. 45 cal. " Krupp,"
8—10 in. 10 in. Belt amtdxhips.
30 — 14 pdr. 10 in. Turrets.
10 in. Conning tower.
L Torpedo Tubes (21 in.>,
P 4 Submerged.
Twin screw. Hp. 30,000= i8'3 kta,
Hicr<HbarogTa|ib. .\ very sensitive statoscope,
"^ Wich comtMnes the recording of variations of
^*XDspheric pressure upon a magnified scale with
**^ practical obliteration of the general surges
'^^•"DDgh the operation of a sm.-ill leak.
Xicronuttflr. An instrument generally applied
*^ telescopes and microscopes for measuring small
^^^ular distances with the former or the dimen
*^^ni of small objects with Ihc latter. The original
form given to it by its inventor. William Gascoync,
1A38. is s^ib.<ttantially that still m prcs-alcnt use.
TTie modem Filar ratcrometer i^ one in whicl) there
are two webs crossing at right angles arranged on
sliding frjmes, movable by a fine screw with a
divided head, on the common local pl.in of the
object glass and the eyegla.^.
Other well-known micromctcra arc thoic ol
Troughton, Fraunhofer. Dunsmk. Clarke, Repsold.
Lindsav-Gill, Gnihb, Roemer. Pouguer. Dotlond,
Bessel, Steinheil. Rochon. Bond. See- Lee's *' The
Microtomist's Vado-Mectiui " (i«>oo], and Oiir?
" .Micrometer." Encyc. Brit, Vol. XVI.
Kiddendorf. Explorer. See Arctic Exploration.
BUddleton, Oaptain Ohristoph^r. See Arctic £x-
ploratino.
Middle topsail, nr lower topnil. A «iail .';et in
some schooners on the heel ot the topmast between
top and cap : also used on sloops.
Midi, Canal do, or Canal du Languedoc. is that
waterw.iy in the South of France about 150 miles
in length connecting the Mediterranean with tlie
Garonne,
Midland Railway Co. have a fleet of eight large
steamers, and maintain a service betn-cen Eng-
land and the North ot Ireland via HcysXiatn, By
the new turbine sliUimci^ Londondarry and iVftirur-
man daily services are maintained (Sundays ex*
ccpted) between 1 leysham and Beltast, leaving
Heysham at 1 1 p.m., and arriving in Belfast about
>.3o a.m. There are also sailings daily, uxccpt
SunflAy>t> between Jteysham axid Londonderry.
Flk&t,
AfUrim.
City of imiatt.
OoHe^al.
Duchess of Bucctcuch.
Midland Sailing Cktb.
Ducfuss of Uevonshife.
iMtuh'ndf rry.
Man. t man.
Manx Qu£«n.
HAtablbihed 1894. Com-
modore, F. Villiers Forster; Monorary Treasurer,
G. A. Cox : Honorary Secretary, L. B. Chatwin«
2 Bennett's Hill, Birminghiim. Annual subscrip-
tion, $s.
Midahipman, A naval cadet appointe<l by the
Admiralty to attain a knowledge ol steam,
machinery, discipline, the general movements and
operations of a ship, and qualify him to command.
No person can be appointed midiihipmaa until be
lias served one year and ])ia.ssed his examinations ;
no lieutenant without having previously served aix
year:t in tlie Royal Navy as midshipman, and having
passed two examinations — one in seamanship and
one in gnnneiy. liefer to Naval Education.
Mid-ships. The middle part of the voawl; when
applied to the helm — the neutr^.
Mignonette. Yacht. Sailed from Southampton
to Au^itralia. May la, 1884, and when 1.600 miles
trom the Capo foundered in a storm.
IGkadsnke. Japanese torpedo-boat destroyer.
(Nd.ga4:ikt, i>^.) Length, zso It. ; beam, lo^ ft. :
MIKASA
404
MINERVA
dcanght, 9^ ft. ; displacement, 374 torn ; snna-
mcnt. I 13-pdr.. 5 6-pdi., 2 tubes; twin screw;
Up.. (Sooo=^2g lets.
Mikasa. Japanese ist class battleship. (Vickei^.
1900.)
LcDgUi 432ft. Beam ^stt. Maximtim dratighl 27ft
Displacement i5,auu tonti.
GuHi, /ftmcur.
4 — la in., 40 caJ- " Knipp."
9 in. Belt amidships.
14 in. Barbettes.
10 io. Turrets.
r4 — 6 in.
20 — 12 pdr.
8—3 pdr.
4— 2 J pdr,
8 Maxims.
Torpedo Tubei (18 in.).
4 Submerged.
Twin screw. Hp. 15,000=18 kts. Coal maxi-
mum 1.690 ton.4.
MObanka. Iron steamer. Lost ttirough collision
with tbf steamer Hankow off Dangene^, July aR.
1874 ; I.J 1tv<.*s lo-^t.
HOboro, ^obn Davidson, /.P., F3.0.8. (b. BlyUi,
August 4, 1851). Educated Percy Street Academy.
Newcastle. Croft House. Brompton, and Jena,
Germany. In 1887 he became partner in the firm
of Messrs. Watts, Milbum and Co., afterwards
Messrs. W. M. Milbum and Co., who were the
pioneers of the first steamship service to Australia,
one of their vessels having in 1874 made a voyage
from Plymouth to Melbourne via the Cape in
43 days. He is chairman of the Ashington Coal
Co., Ltd., one of the largest collieries in the United
Kingdom, which has played an active part in the
development ot Dlj'th. Is a director 0/ many
companies in the North, and a member of Lloyd's
Committee and of the BIyth Harbour Commis-
sioners.
Milboni Line, owned by Mes.sni. W. Milbum and
Co., of London, comprises a fleet of five excellent
steamers, and three more of over 7.000 tons are
now being built. These steamers arc employed
principally in carriage of freight, and maintain a
monthly service from Ijandon to .\delaide, Mel-
bourne, Sydney, and Newcastle.
Fleet.
Pert Carotitu. Port Denison.
Port Chatmtrs. Port Stephens.
- - Port Vidorim.
IDle. A atatnte mite is 8 furiongs. 80 chains,
jao rods. 1.760 yards, 5.280 ft.. 63,360 ins. The
gec^raphical mite. Admiralt)' measured mile, or
nautical mil(- is 6,080 ft., equal to ri5i statute
mile: 60 geographical miles, or 69*12 statute miles
to a degree.
Millar. In sea phraseology a name applied to
an overdose of water in the grog.
Kline. ReuvAdmiral Sir Archibald Berkeley.
Bart. cr. 1876, K.C,V.O., cr. 1904 (b. June. 1855),
Entered Navy. 1869; Ucu tenant of AUne during
the Old Colony and Zulu wars, 1878 ; present at
the capture of Uairayo's stronghold. 1879. ui)
with No. 3 Column wlien retiring on l&audhlwua
and Korkes Drift : present with the Ekowe ReUtt
Column at the battle of Gingihlovo and relief ol
Ekowe. April, 1879; present at the battle ol
Ulundi. wounded, mentioned in naval and miUtin
despatches (Zulu medal and clasp) : fla^^-lLeutenutT
to Admiral Hoskins in the- Penetope during Egyptiaa
war, 18S2 (Egyptian medal, Khedive's Broste
Star, Mcdjidic. 4th Qass) : commander. iSS^ .
commander in command of Prince of WaUs^
Royal yacht Oibome from November, 1889. to
December, 1S91 : captain, 1891 : and by spfcial
request of H.R.H. the Prince of Waics he retaioei
his command m the Royal yacht ; commodore ol
the second class, Portsmouth, 1903 ; promatrl
rear-admiral. 1904; by Royal command, while con
modore in command of thu Royal yachts, he becaae
an honorar>- naval A.D.C. to liis Majesty the Kii^:
K.C.V.O.. Jn!y, 1904; awarded the second das
Order of the Crown and Star by H.R.R ite
German Emperor. January, 1905.
1IiIQ^ Sir David ('7(^3-1845). British
(b. Edinburgh). Was present at Ihi:
Gibraltar, and took part in the capture of tta
Sania Leo^adia, find in the battle of SC Kitts b^-*
Les Saintes. 17S3. He assisted in the capture
the Pique, 1795, Seine. 1798. and VeM^ettm*. i^'
Was Second -in -Command to I-ord Hxmouth at !>•
bombardment of Algiers, 1816.
Hillwall Dock Co. See London, Port of.
IKUwaakee. U.S. lat class cruiser {190^.
Tx-ngth 4^3ft. Beam 65ft. Maximam draught 2|fi.
Displacement 9,700 tons. Complement $^
GuHS.
14—6 in.
18—14 P'^''.
ij— 3 pdr.
13 — I pdr.
8 Colts.
Armour.
" Krupp. "
4 in. Belt amidships.
4 in. Battery.
5 in. Conning tower.
Torpedo Tybes.
2 Submerged.
Twin screw. Hp. 2t,ooo=2rs kts. Coal nun-
mum i.qoo tons.
Min. Minutes (near a hght). Abhre\uli''-
adopted on the charts issued bj* the Hydn v
Office. Admiralty.
Kiodoro. U.S. gun-boat. Captured from Spi» \
during the Spanish -.^reerican war at the ^v
Manila. May t. 1898. Of no fighting valnr
Minerva. British 2nd class cruiscrr. (CbaUii*
1895.)
Length 364ft. Beam 54ft. Maximum draught i^
Di.tplacement 5,600 tons. Complement 4fa
Guns. Armour.
1 1 — 6 m. " Harvey."
8—12 pdr. 3> in. Deck.
1—12 pdr., 8 cwt. 6 in. Conning tov :
7— 3P<ir-
2 Maxims.
^INERVA
405
MISHIMA
Tofptdo TtA*s (tS in.).
I Above water stern.
Twin Krcw. Hp. na^u^il 8.000= (85 kts..
forced g,6<X)-'-i9*; kts. Coal maximum 1,076 tons.
Knam. Italian torpedo gun~boat (189s).
Dt.s placement S$o tons. Complement 118.
Guns. Armour.
1—4*7 in- "Steel."
6- 6 pdr. I ) in. Deck.
S~\ pdr.
Tnrptdo Tubes,
ft Above water.
Twin 5Crpw. Hp. ^,toa».i^-'^ kts. Coal mnxt-
II m 180 tons.
Mine!, Hani. See Sabmarinc mining.
Minima Yuht CInb. London. Established 1889
ider the mle of the " Minima Sailing Club," and
1 March 28, 1893, assumed the title of Yacht
Clab. Divisions of the club exist at tlie following
places— Wx. : Plymouth. Southampton, and Sur-
Mton. Headquarters of the Central Executive.
Water Lane, London. E.C. Burgee : Dark blue,
ith a St. Andrew's Cross in white, red M in
^eotre. Commodore, General Sir G. Greaves ;
Vice-Commodore. Percy Niebet : Rcar-Commodorv.
BV. J. P. Peacock ; Honorary Treasurer and Secre-
Rry. H. J. Bartlett. Entrance fee, loj. 6^. ; annual
HApcriptton. \os. 6d.
^■bistro Zentaao. Chilian protected cruiser-
Elswick. 1896.)
Length 330ft. Beam 43ft. Mean draught 17ft.
Displacement 3,600 tons.
Guns. A rmour.
8 — 6 in. " Harxey."
10— 6pdi. jj in. Peck.
4 — I pdr. 4 in. Conning tower.
Torpedo Tubes.
3 Above water.
Twin screw. Hp. forced 7.500=^ 20 kts. Coa!
uudroum 1,000 tons.
■iWlMJKilit. U.S. commrrce destroyer (1895)-
length 412ft. Beam 58ft. Maximum draught jfift.
Displacement 7.450 tons. Complement 524.
Guns. Armour.
t'—B in. " Harv^,"
a — 6 in. 4 in. Deck.
8 — 4 in. 4 in. Sponsons
1 2 — 6 pdr. 5 in. Conning tower.
4 — I pdr.
4C0IU1.
Torpedo Tubfs (16 in.),
4 .'Vhove water.
Three screvra. Hp. forced ai.foo^aj kts. Coal
laximum 2.400 tons.
Hinotanr. British armoured cruiser. (FairBetd.
I,vcgth 490ft. Beam 74ft. Mean draught 36ft,
Displacement 14,600 tgas. Complement 7;:.
Cum.
4 — 9*a in-. 50 cal.
10—7-5 'o-
30 Small.
AtlHtfUf.
" Kntpp."
6 u). Belt amid.thiiRi.
ft in, Harhottcs.
7 in. Conning tower.
Torpedo Tubts.
5 Sobmcrgetl.
Hp. forced 27.000s 23 kts. Coal Maximum
2.CXX) tons, .Approximate cost ^t^io.ooa
Hinotanr. 74 guns. On December 22. iSto,
this vessel was wrecked on the Haalt Bank, when
360 persons perished.
ffinotawns. Dutch lorpedo-boaL (Yarrow.
1903.) Diaplacenicat, 140 tdns : armament. 2 3-pdr. •
tubes, 3 14-in. (two broadnde. one stem); speed,
2.1; kts. : coal, 30 tons.
ICInots Iiedge Lighthooie, which stands upon a
rcct off Boston Harbour, is built of granite, and
occupied five years in construction, being com-
plettd in iS'Vi.
Wnto, Gilbert, Earl 0!. 5m Admiralty.
Kil&. Swedish torpedo-boat. (KnrUkrona. 1902.)
I^nffth. 128 ft.; beam. 15} 't. ; draught, 7 ft.;
displacement, g2 tons ; complement. 18 ; armament,
2 r5-in.. 2 q.(.. 2 tubes; Hp.. 1.250=23 kts,;
coat, 17 tons.
MirabeaD, Erench ist class battleship, (Ijud
down Brest, 1906.)
Length 475fL BcamS4ft. Maximum draught 27^ft.
Displacement 18.000 tons. Complement 680.
Gitns, Arruour.
4 — 12 in. " Knipp."
1 2^-9 '4 in. 10 in. Belt amidships.
16—12 pdr. 13 in. Turrets.
8 — 3 pdr. 13 in. Conning tower.
Torptdo Tttb^ (iS in.).
3 Submerged.
3 .Above water.
Three screws. Hp. 33. 500=1 19 kts. Coal maxi-
mum 2,010 tons. .Approximate co«t £1,600,000.
ICrage. An appearance produced by the sue
ceaaive blending of rays of light in passing through
strata of air of varying densities.
UircM. Roumanian composite gun-boat (360
tons). Of no fighting value.
Hiihuna. Formerly Admiral Scniavim {q.v.).
Japanese coast drfcoce battlcnhip. (SL Pclemburg,
1894.)
Length 227ft. Beam 53ft. Maximum draught I7^ft,
Displacement 4.200 tons. Complement 400.
Guns. Armour.
4 — 9 in. " Compound."
4 — 4'7 in. to in. Belt amidships.
IO--3 pdr. 3 in. Deck.
12 — I pdr. 8 in. Turrets.
8 in. Conning tower.
Torpedo Tubn (iR in-».
4 .Above water.
Twin screw. Hp. forced 5.7«»» 16 kts.
[SREPRESENTATION
406
MIZZEN
MiErepreseDtattoiL 5m ReprescntatioD.
UissinE ship. In nurine insurance proof of loss
is accepted on the decision of the Committee of
Lloyd's, who on the facts dcciilc, oiiU what is
cnlled "post." the ship at IJoyd's as "missing."
On a time policy the assured is not bound to prove
that Uie loss occnrred dunng the currency of the
ixilicy. (Rcid v. Standard Martuu, 2 T.UR. 87o.>
Hissiones. Argentine torpedo-boat dcjiiroycr.
(Yarrow, 1896.) Disi^tocomeut, /50 tons; armour.
I'in. protection amidships: armarocnt, t 14'pdr.,
3 6 pdr. : tubes. 3 iS-in. ; Hp., ^.200 = 27 kts.
Mississippi. CS. iMt cUua battleship. (Cramp's,
I-ength 375ft. Beam /7ft. Mean draught 24it.
Displacement 13,000 tcms.
Cims. A rmour.
4 — 12 in.. 45 caJ. " Krupp."
8 — 6 in. 9 in. Bfit amidships.
13 in. Turrets.
9 in. Conning tower.
8—7 in.
20 — 14 pdr,
12 — 3 pdr.
8 — I pdr.
a Field guns.
Torpedo Tubrs (ifl in.).
2 Submerged.
Twin screw. Hp. 10.000=17 hts. Coal maxi-
mum 1.750 tons, .\pproxiniatu cost ^900.000.
HissOQii U.S. ist class battleship. (Newport
News. 1901.)
Length 394ft. Beam 72Jt. Mean draught 24it.
Displacement 12,585 tons. Complement 551.
Armour.
" Krupp."
1 1 in. Belt amidships.
1 2 in. Turrets.
10 in. Conning tower.
Guns.
4— tain.
16— 6 in.
6— Mpdr.
8 — 4 pdr.
6 — I pdr.
2 Colts.
4 Machine.
'i'otpeda Tubes.
3 Submerged.
Twin screw. Hp. i6,ooo»i8 kts. Coal maxi-
mum J, 000 tons.
Ittiss stays. To fail in the act of tacking.
Hist. A cloud in contact with the ground.
waiting objects txposed to it.
UisUetoe. On .\ngu$t ift, 1875. thia yacht (Mr.
Heywood's) wrnt down, the rtatnlt of a collision in
the Solent with H.M. steamer Alhefa. Mr. TIey-
wood and others were compensated. Captain
Welch. o£ the Alherta. was reprimanded.
Kistral. French torpedo-boat (1901), Dtsplace-
mcui, i8§ ton^ ; complement. 18; maximum
draught, q ft. ; guns, 3 3-pdr. ; torpedo tubes,
3 iS'in. ; armour, "Steel." j^'in. amidsliips ; twin
screw ; Kp., 1.300^26 kts. ; coal, 25 toas.
Kistrtl. A violent, cold, dry, nortii-wostcrly
Mind, of similar origin to the Bora, which sweeps
the shores of the Gulf of Lyons.
mtnlOe. French armoured ^tm-boa,!. (Rod»
fort, tSS.H.)
Length 155ft. Beam i^^ft. Draught lo^t
Displacement t,i to tons. Compteineot 84.
Guns. A rmour.
I— *#'4 in. *' CompouncL"
I — 35 in. 10 in. Belt amidshipt.
4 Maxims. 4 in. Barbettes.
4 ia. Turrets.
lip. 1,500= 13 kts. Coal 130 tons.
Bliyalco. Japanese torpedo ^n-boat. (Jifui,
i»97-l Sunk Dalny during Russo-Japanese «v;
raised and refitted.
I>)S]ilacen]ent i.Boo tons. Complenumt xaa
Guns.
3—4-7 m.
8 — 3 pdr.
Twin screw. Hp. 6.130=30 kts. Coal ««»-
nitim -ion tons.
Kizpah. Steamer. Sunk by collision with mm
unknown vessel 15 miles south-west of Bev^
Head. December 6, 1877 ; six lives lost.
SCizuD. The spanker or driver.
llCiu«n-cbainfl. Broad and tbick planks jao-
jecung horixontally from the Ship's outside. M
which they are fayed and bolted, abreast of. gad
somewhat behind, the miz2cn-mast.
BEizzen lower topsail-braces. Ropes applied 10
the mizzcn lower topsail -yardarms to change tk
position of the mainisail occasionally.
Bfizsen lower topsail-lifts. Ropes which rod
from the mizzen-ina.st to tlit- lower yardamu 1^
the lower topsails to .steady and suspend the aA
Their use is to keep the yard in equUibrium, be
particularly to support the weight when a oambtf
of men are employed on it furling or reefing tb
sail.
Blizien lower topsails. The lower topsails oa Ot
mizxcn-masL Refar to Topsail.
BGuen lower topsall-TWd. The lower tDp«^
yard on the mizzcn-mast. Refer ta Topaail : aia
Yard.
Hiisea-nuut. The smallest mast
between the main-mast and the stem.
Blizzen mast-head. The upper part ui Ve
miz2cn-mn-st iinnK-tliatcly hKilow the lop-ma»t.
nUzxen-royaL Tlic name of 3 light sail on tft> I
mizzt-'U-mast, spread immediately next abn-- ''"
ioi>gallant sail, to whose yardarms iL-
comers of it are attached. It ia never used but 2
fine weather.
ISizzen royal-back stayi. The stayv wfaicb ^
down to the vc-ui-l's ^tde from the ouzxeO'lvfl^
Refer to Stay.
Hlzzen royal-braoes. Roi>es applied to tb« ibu
royai-yardarms to change the position of the ai
sail occasionally.
■n roytl-liiMt The royal-mast on tb«
B-inast. Refi^r to Royal-masL
»en royal-stay. The royal-^tay oq the mluten-
Rcfn (.' SUy.
nen rojrBl-stayaan. A light sail set on a stay
le Tnizzcn-mast, tmmcrl lately next above the
]lant-sail.
sen royal staysail-sheet. Ro|m» or chains
lod to one or both ol ihc lower corners o( the
n royal -staysail to extend and retain the clew
ill its place. Refer tn Shc-ct.
sen royal-yard. The fourth yard above the
ya the mizzea-mast, on which the royal \a set.
to Yard.
■en sail, rhe sail set npon the mixzen-mast.
aen-ahroads. The shrouds or lower and
standing rigging of the mizzen-mast. Refer
ODds.
sen-skysail. A small light sail above the
on the miizen-mast.
zen skysail-bracn. Ropes applied to the
u Mkysail-yardartns to change the position of
ainsail occasionally.
•en skyiail-maat The sky sail -mast on the
n-mast. Ri;>cr to Skysail-mast.
BAD skysail-stay. The stay which supports
lie or upper portion of the royal-mast on the
a-mast. Refer to Stay.
■en akysail-yard. The yard on the miazen-
ibove tlie royal-yard, on which ttie skysaii is
kgfer to Yard.
na-Ctay is that whicli is stretched to a collar
' main-mast, immediately above the quarter-
Ri/tr to Stay.
cen-itayiaiL A triangulax sail hoisted upon
on the niizzen-mast.
sen-top. The top on the nuzzen-mast. Refer
tea topgallast-hack stays. The stays which
1 down to the vessel's side from the mizzeu-
Jlant. Refer to Stay.
len topgallaat-braoee. Ropes applied to the
1 topgallant-yardarms to change the position
mainsail occosionaUy.
■en topKallant-mast The topgallant-mast
mizzcn-tmist- Refer to Topgallant- mast.
len topgallant^saU. The third sail above the
n the mizzcn-mast. Set above the topsail-
in the same Diaiincr as tlie topNaJb> above
wci yards.
itn topgallant-shroads arc to[)gaIlaut>»hrouds
t niizzen-inast which extend to Die cross*
where, passmg through holes in the ends,
ontinne over tlie tuitock-atavee to the top-
'igging, and, descending almost to tlic top,
are eet up by laniards passing throagh thimbles
instead of dead-eyes.
Ifinn tofgBUant-stay. The topgallant stay on
the mizzen-masi. Rf/rr in Stay.
Miaseo topgallant-staysail. A trianf;ular sail
hoisted upon a stay on the mizzen topgallant.
■imn topKallant staysail-^heet. Ropus or chains
fastened io unc ur Ix^ith of the curnus of thL> mizzrn
topgallant-.-^taysaii to extend and retain the clew
down in its place. Refer to Sheet.
Mizzen topgallant*yard. The yard on the mizzen-
mast next above tlie top-mast. Refer to Yard.
Hiziea top-mast. The topmast on the mizzen-
mast. Refer to Mast, Top-mast.
Mimn topmasl-baok-stays. The btays which are
led down lo the vessel :> f^idc from the mizzen-mast.
R«f*f to Stay.
Wz&en topmast-head. The upper part of the
second tlivision ot the mizzen-mast above the deck.
Kizzen topmast-shrouds. Topmost -shrouds on
the mizzi-n-most, extended from the topmast-head
to the edgf?) of the tops, set up to the futtock doad-
eycs.
Miaaen topmasUstay is that which comes to the
hounds of the matn-mast. Refer to Stay.
Mixzen topmast-stnddinggaQ. A sail set outside
the topsails and topgaUant sails on the mizzen-
mast. They have yards at the head, and are
spread at the toot by booms, which slide out on
the extremities to the lower and topsail -yards, and
their heads or yards arc hoisted up to the topsail
and topgallaiit-yardarms.
Itizaen-traok. The truck on the mtzzen-mast.
Refer to Truck.
Minea upper topsail. The upper topsail on the
mizzen-mast. Refer to Topsail.
Hizzea upper topsail-braoea. Ropes applied to
the niizzcn upper topsail-yardarms to change the
position of the luaiu-sail occasionally.
Minen upper topsail-yard. The upper topsail-
yard on tlie mizzen-mast. Refer to Topsail ; also
Yard.
Hiasen yardi. The yards on the mizzen-mast.
Refer to Yard.
Xjetky. Russian torpedo-boat destroyer (tgoO).
Length, 1^5 It. ; beam, 21 ft. ; draught, ;^ ft. ;
duplacemcnt, 324 tons ; complement, 60 ; arma-
racnt, I li-pdr, 5 i-pdr., 2 Maxims. 3 tubes; twin
screw; Hp,, 5,600^.36 kts; cool, joo tons.
Miolner. Old Norwegian monitor, about 7.000
tons, carrying z 47-in. guns. Ot little fighting
value.
ILK. Distinguishing letters on sea bshing boats
registered at Markcn, Ht^land.
M.L.
408
MONCRIEFF
ILL, DbitinguuihiDg Irtters on Sea fislting boats
registttred at Maasland. Holland.
HX. IHstingiiiahing letters on sva fishing boaU
rrgiHtcred at Mathi], Scotlaod.
MJf. Distinguishing letters on sea fishing boats
rtiji^tcrctl at MaJdon, £&sex, England.
11.0. Distinguish ing letters on sea fishing boats
registered at Monnikendam, Holland.
MoocMJii. U.S. submarine. (Part JUuabetb,
1901.) Length, 63 ft.; beam, iij it.; displace-
Dicnt. 12U tons ; cotnplcmcnl . 5 ; torpedo tubrs. 1 ;
Hp.. i6ob8 kts. flbove. 7 kts. below.
Hook sons and moons. Bright patches of light
sei-n at the points where the vertical or horizontal
bands of light from the sun or moon intersect a
halo.
■od*. Swedish torpedo-boat destroyer. (Yarrow
1903.) Length. 220 ft. ; beam. 20^ ft. ; draught,
a^ it. : displact^ment. 400 tons ; complement. 55 :
armament, i 12-pdr.. 5 6-pdr., 2 tubes ; twin screw :
Up., 6,800 = 32 kts. ; coal, 100 tons.
Hohawk. British ocean-going torpedo-boat de-
stroyer. (White, 1906.) L.cngth, 250 ft. ; beam,
35 ft.; draught, 7] ft.; displacement, 790 tons;
complement, 60; armament, j i2-pdr.. 2 tubes.;
Hp., I4,ooo»33 kts. ; coaJ, 1S5 tons,
Thi:! vessel actually obtained on her trial trip,
under Uie severest service toaditions, a dpecd of
J4 j2 kt.s.. and is the fastest destroyer in the world.
Hoheffan. Atlantic Transport Co. '5 steamer.
Wrecked on the Manacles, off Cornwall. Captain
and 106 persons drowned,
Moldavia. British -subsidised rairchant ship
litjuj)- P- and O. Co. (f.c). Dimensions, 520 x
59 X 33 ft. ; gross tonnage, 5,900 ; passenger accom-
modation, 514; Hp., 10,500^18 kts.
■OI0. A long pier of masonry protecting the
entrance of a harbour.
Wnier, K. O. W. (b. Hamburg, April 1% 1864).
German navnl architect. Ser\*cd his apprentice-
ship in Hamburg, and after a short period at sea
entered the Polytechnic. an<l studied for some time
enginrenng and physics. He then came to Scot-
land and joined the works of Messrs. Denny and
Co., Dumbarton, and liom tbere joined tlie drawing
office of Messrs. John and James Thomson. In
1890 he returned to Germany to take up an im-
portant position with the firm of Meters. Btohm
and Sons, and nine mouths later joined the Bureau
Veritas as assistant naval arclulcct. After surging
for lour yrax% was promoted to the post of surveyor
oi stups and engines at Bremerhaven. In 1903 he
returned to Hamburg, and started practice as a
consulting engineer.
Molodsttky. Russian torpedo-boat deslro^'er
(1906}. Length, iSs ft : beam, 31 ft. ; draught.
7i ft : displacement, 334 tons : cooiplemrat, 60 :
armament, I ia<pdr., $ 3-pdr., 2 Maarims. 2 ttibes :
twin screw ; Hp.. 5.6oo«>26 kts. : coal, iov Ions.
Moiuoo, PrinoB oi, Albert HonorA Ohariet (b.
Pariii. ia4K). Educated Pans. Ruler of the In-
dependent Principality of Monaco, a rocky pen-
insula and coast strip, with an area of eight sqaars
miles in South Europe, nine miles E.N.E. of Nice.
It greatly interested in scientific questions, par*
ticularly oceanography studies, and has done moch
useful woiiv in deep sea sounding.
Monadnook. U.S. monitor (iHt)}).
Length 260ft. Beam 56ft. Maximum draught i6fL
Displacement 3,990 tons. Complement 163.
Cuns.
4 — 10 in.
a— 4 la.
2 — 6pdr,
2—3 pdr.
2—1 pdr.
3 Machine.
Twin screw.
mum 330 tons.
Mooarch. Austro -Hungarian battleship.
1895.)
Length 32jft. Beam 56ft. Maximum draught xift
Displacement 5.600 tons. Complement 469.
Armour.
" Iron."
9 in. Belt amMshipi.
12 in. Barbettes.
S in. ConoLOg tower.
Hp. 3,000=: 1 2 kts. Coal ojaxi-
(PoU.
4—^*4 in., 35 caL
6 — 6 m.
14— J pdr.
1 2 Machine .
Armour.
" Harvey."
10 in. Belt amidstiipa.
8 in. Bulkheads.
10 in. Barbettes.
8 in. Conmng tower.
Torpedo Tubes (17'/ in.).
4 Above water.
Twin screw. Hp. 8,500=17 kts. Coal maxi-
mum 500 tons.
Honarcli. Pleasure yacht. Foundered near
Ufntcombc, August 26, 1887 ; 11 lives lost.
Monek, Ctoocge. 1st Doke of Albamarie (1608
Briti.>ih general and admiral (b. t)evoii»htrc).
Became Admiral of the Fleet in 1664, and beat tbe
Dutch in a running wa 6ght, which lasted for throe
days, in 1666.
Moncriafl, John Blitohell (b. >iewcastJe). After
mechanical training in engmeenng woricthops
became pupil -assistant and finally, in 1892. p«rtntf
of Mr. J. Watt Sandman. Smce then has bees
engaged on a great variety- of work, including the con
struciion of dry docks, dock g.ites, and machinery,
pontoon dock berths, river wharves and quays
coal and salt iihipping plant, dredging plant, 9ei
piexs and harbour improvements, general sbipptnd
facilities and appliances, and railways for privan
owners. He is a specialist in bridge and structurx^
engineering and in deep an4 dificult feundatiaDi^A
The Red Heiigli Bridge acroas ths Rrvcr
between Newcastle and Gateshead (open A<
1900). and a nambt'r of other bridges, both
and railway, are from his designs.
MONGOLIA
409
MONTANA
PnUkatJons: Papers and ooatribnHoiu to the
In-ttttntion of Civil Engtnecn), the American Society
of rt\'il Engineers, the Royal Institntion of Brittsb
Architects, and the article on the " Strength of
Columns" in Engioecnnff.
MoogoUa. Bri tish subsidised merchant ship
(>9oj). P. and O. Ca {q.v). nimeiuions, 520 x
58 X 33 It. . gross tonuagr, 5.900 ; paaaenger accom-
modation, 514; Hp.. 10,500— iS kts.
Monitor. A shallow •firaught, iieini -submerged
arniotut'd vessel «ith revtri^'ing tarrcts on deck,
containing her big guns, originally designed by
Hricson. and bronght prominently into usr during
the Anicrican Civil war. where they provcil of groat
service in xheltered and intricate waters.
Monkey. A naachine uKd (or driving Lxilts or
piles-
Monk's seam. Sewing the pieces of sails together
by 5titrhini; from the centre of the seam.
Monmouth. British ist class cruiser. (London
arul Glasgow, I901,)
Length 44o(t. Beam ti6ft. Mean draught z^ft.
Displacement g,8oo tons. Complement 678.
.Armour.
" Knipp."
4 in. 6«lt aioidHhips.
5 in. Barbettes,
to in. Conning tower.
1^ Guns.
V 14— 6 in.. 45 cal.
V S — 12 pdr.
V 3 — I2pdr.. Scwt.
W ,\—3 pdr.
B 8 Pompoms.
V Tofpado Tubes (t8 in].
^ a Sabmerged.
. Twin screw. Hp. 32,000=23 kts. Coal maxi-
mum 1,600 tons. .Approximate cost ^775.000.
This ship-name was first osed in the Navy in
1G6S, and is associated with Barfleur and l^
Hogue. 1692 : Vigo Bay. 1702 ; capture of Gibraltar.
1704 ; Anion's victory off Finistcrre, 1747 ; Hawkr's
action off Trshant, 1747 ; capture of the Foudrtfynnt,
t75H ; reduction of BcUetsle, 1761 ; Byron's action
ofl Grenada, 1779: Hughes a^nst De Suflren in
the Dutch East Indies, 1782-63 : Camperdown,
1707-
Mooioon. Periodical winds blowing^ from sea
t» land in ^tummer. and from land to sea in winter
caused by the unrqtia} heating of land and water.
Tbe sonth-n-est, or summer monsoon, and the north-
east or winter monsoon, of India. China, and the
ncighbounng seas, are the best known cxamplea.
Hontagn. British tst class battleship. (Devon-
port. 1901.)
Length 429ft. Beam 75ft. Maximum draught 27ft.
Displacement 14.000 tons. Complement 75a
GuHs^ Amumr,
4 — X2 in. " Krupp."
13 — 6 in. 7 in. Belt amidships.
12 — 13 pdr. II m. Barbettes.
6 — 3 pdr. IX in. Conning tower.
2 Maxima.
ToFpBdo Ttibu (18 in.).
4 Submerged.
Twin screw. Hp. 16,000—19 kts. Coal maxi-
mum 2,000 tons. Approximate cost ^1.000,000.
This vessel ran ashore during a dense fug at
Shutter Point, on the south end of Lumly IfJand,
and became a total loss. The guiis and as much
of the armament as possible was got oS, and the
hull eventually sold by puMic auction. The
court -martial was held on board tlie VttJoty at
Portsmouth, when Captain T, B. S. Adair, the
commander, and Ijeutenant J. H. Datban. the
navigating officer, were on trial. The court, having
foond the charges against both prisoners proved,
adjudged Captain T. B. S. Adair to ht severely
reprimanded and dismiss«l H.M.S. Montagu, and
Lieutenant J. II. Datlrnn to be severely repri-
manded, dismissed H.M.S. Montagu, and to forfeit
two years' seniority as lieutenant in Ha Majesty's
fleet.
This ship-name is associated with the battle of
Lowcstolt, 1665 ; Bartleur and La Hogue. 1693 ;
Gibraltar, 1704: Cape Passaro. 1718; attack on
Carthagena, 1741 ; Quiberon Bay. 17(9 ; capture of
Martinique, 1762 ; St. Vincent, 1780 ; Rodncj-'s
action with De Goichcn. 1780; Graves's action.
1781 : Hood's action with De Grasse. 1782 ;
Rodney's action with De Grasae, 1782 : battle of
" The Glorious First of June," 1794 ; Camperdown,
1797
Uontagti. Rear-Adminl Hon. Viator Alenader
(b. 1841). Entered Navy, 1853; served through
the Russian war, 1894-5; • present at the blocJcaUe
of the Russian Fleet at Cronstadt (Baltic medal) ;
at the blockade and fall of Sebostopol : at the
bombardment and capture of Kinbum (Crimean
and Turkish medals, Sebastopol clasp, and Mcdjidic,
5tb Class) ; engaged at the operations in China,
'8|i7 : present at the destruction of the Fatshan
flotilla of war-jnnks. 1.^57 (China medal, Fatshan
and Canton clasps) ; served in Pearl's brigade in
India. 1858 (Indian medal) ; specially mentioned
at Tbaroowlee and Puchawas ; received thanks of
both HouspA of Parliament as one of Pearl's
brigade; lieutenant, i860; commodore, 1867;
served in Channel Fleet, Mediterranean and West
Indian Stations ; was senior ofhcer oo the coast of
Spain during Carlist riots ; senior o(£cer on the
coast of Crete during revolution , retired in 1SS6
with the rank of captain ; promoted rear-admiral,
1892.
Publication ; " A Middy's Recollect Uiiu; from 1853
to i860."
«ntii»nfc U.S. 1st daw cruiser (1905).
Length 505ft Beam 73ft. Maximum draught 26Jt.
Displacement 14.500 tons. Complement 8;8.
(/Mil. Anmour.
4—10 in., 40 caL " Krupp. "
16 — 6 in. 5 in. Belt.
23 — 14 pdr. 7 in. BarlMtlm.
MONTCALM
410
MOONEY
Artmmr.
9 in. Turrets.
9 tn. Conning to>«cr.
Gum.
13—3 I"!''.
2 — I ptlr.
3 Machinr.
a Colts.
2 Fit?Id gans. ti pdr
Torpedo Tubes (18 in.).
4 Submerged.
Twin 3CT<rw. Up. 23,ooo»23 kts. Coal maxi-
mum 3.000 tons.
Montcalm. French ist class cmiser. (La Seync.
I goo.)
Length 46oit. Beam C 3ft. Maximum draught 24X1.
Displacement 91517 tons. Complement 612.
Guns. Armour,
s — 7"6 in. " Harvey- nickel."
8 — 6*4 in. 6^ in. Belt amidships.
4 — 4 in. 8 in. Turrets.
16—3 pdr. 6 in. Conning tower.
Tvrfiedo Tubes.
2 Submerged.
Three screwii. Hp. 19,600=21 kU. Cool maxi-
mum 1,600 tons. Approximate cost ^675.000.
Hontebello. Italian torpedo gun-boat (1887).
Displacc^ment S60 ion.<i. Complement 105.
Cuns. Armour.
4 — 6 pdr, " Steel."
Ij in. Peck.
Torpedo Tubes.
3 Above water.
Three screws. Hp. natural 1.900=17 kts., loiced
5,600=30 kts. Coal maximum 130 tons.
Approximate cost ^70,000.
Monterey. U.S. monitor (1891).
Lt-nglh J56ft. Beam 5 9ft. Maximum draught 1 711.
Dtsplaccmcnt 4,084 tons. Complement 203.
Gun9. Armmtr.
3 — la in. " Harvey."
2 — 10 in. 1*3 in. Belt »niid»hips,
0 — 6 pdr. • 14 in. Barbettes.
4 — I pdr. 10 in. Conning toucr.
3 Colls.
Twin screw. Hp. 5.4ooj= i3"6 kts. Coal normal
200 tons.
Hontgomerie, Retur-AdmiraJ Robert Axchll>ald
James. C.B., C.M.G. (b. 1855). F,nUTt.'<] Navy. i86g.
When aub-Ueutenajit received Royal Albert nicdal,
second class, asa mark of Royal lavour tor gallantry
in saving life at sea, (or his attempt to save the
life of an A.B. named Hocken.
Extract from the " Ga:tette "
"At 3.10 on the morning of April (1. 1877, the
JmmortalilS moving 4-^ kts. with the wind, the
look-out reported a man overboard. Mr. Mont-
goraerie, who was on the bridge, hearing the cry,
jumped after Hocken, got hold of him. and towed
bira to whore he supposed the lifebuoy' would be,
but, 9ccing no relief, he told Hocken to keep hun-
seli afloat while he took hU clothes ofl. While he
was in the act of doing t>o Hocken canght tuUd 0^
him by the legs and dragged him down a consdcr-
able depth. Mr. Montgoroerie. hou-ever. su-
cecded in getting clear, and swam to the surliot
bringing the drowning man with him. Findttf
that his only chance of .'.aving hiniscU was to katt
Hocken, Mr. Montgomerie reluctantly gave op
the hope of saving him. and struck out lor the jhif.
and was picked up. The latitude in which tbc
occurrence took place abounds with sharks."
For tliis gallant attempt at saving life he il»
received the Royal Hnmane Society's silver medil
and, in addition, the Stanhope gold medal. Li»
tenant. 1U78 ; lieutenant oi Carya/owi doraf
£g\'ptian war, 1883 ; landed with Naval BrigiAt
and present at the battle of Telel-Kebir (E^ypttK
medal. Tel-el-Kebir clasp, Khedive's Broott Stit):
heutenant of Infiexitle ; served with Naval Bri^dr;
landed for services in the Soudan with the y^k
Expedition for the relief of General Cordon n
Khartoum, 1885-86; commanded an anDsd
picket boat on the Nile ; served in the Saf^
with Lord Charles Bercsford. in some c^
the operations above Metemneh ; naval transport
olhcer at Dongola. 1885 : mentioned in despatckci
and Kpokrn of as desen'ing of special mentioa ■
Lord Wolsciey's despatches. 1885 ; in cluuge of ill
armed steamers and superintendent of river xnm
port on the Nile, 1885 (Nile, 1884-3$, dajpt.
commander, 1887; commander of BoadicAa. fljf;
served in the Naval Brigade ; commanded Sdtf
batter)* landed under the command of Vw-
Admiral Hon. Sir E. R. Frcraantlc. K.C.B. ' '
Com maoder-m -Chief of the East India --i.-
with tlic punitive expedition against the Suttaaoi
Vitu in East Africa, 1890 ; mentioned in despaicba
(general Africa medal, Vitu, (890. clasp) ; cob-
mander, second class, in charge oX NewfoundUal
P'isherics 1902; A.D.C. to the King. 1904.
Montgomery. U.S. ird class cruiser (1891J.
Length ■.157ft. Beam 37ft. Maximum draught (tft-
Displacement 3.000 tons. Complement 3;a
Guns. A rmour.
9—5 in. "SteeL"
6—6 pdr. I in. Deck.
2—1 pdr. -J in. Conning tower.
2 Catlings.
Torpedo TubAt.
4 Above water.
Twin screw, Hp. 5.400=17 kts. Coal aa^*
mum 435 tons.
Mooaey. Edgar Nana (b. Mcrton, July la. t^^
British naval architect Studied naval coastrw-
tion on H.M.S. AfarWorough. Portsmouth. 1W5*
and the Royal Naval Engineering College. Drv*
port, 1886-96; Prol>ational .\ssistant CocuOvW
studying at Royal Naval College, Greenwich, i**
and in 1893 passed out with a first-class pt^»
sional certificate. In 1893 he went to an, ^
MOON
4U
MORESBY
served on H.H.S. Empress of India and H.M.S.
Rspulsf. and took part in the s)>ccial TolUog ex-
pcrimcats to determine the magnitude of the
efic-ct of bilge keels on the rolling of vessels of the
Royai Sowrtjgn class. In iSgi; he left the sea.
and was appointed head of the drawing office at
Chatham Dockyard, and while there assisted In
designing the following vessels for the Navy :
Magnificent. Victorious. Illustrious, Goliath, Irre-
ristible. Vemrabtt. Mirurva. Vindictive, and Pioneer.
In 1899 was appointed to the Dovoaport Dock-
yard, where he remained until 1903, when he was
promoted on the staff of the Director of Naval
Construction at the Admiraltj*.
Koon rakers or moon sail. Sail above the sky-
saiLs.
Mooiuand. Russian torpedo-boat. (Pntilofi.
1891.) length, 1^6 ft. ; beam. 13 ft. ; draaght.
81 ft.; displacement. 81 tons; complement, tj ;
armament. 2 i-pdr.. 2 tubes ; Hp., 1.100=31 kts.
■ear, mooring. To secure a ship by chains or
cable.
■oor«, Tice-Admirtl Sir Artliar WiUiAin. E,C.B.,
OJLO, (b. iS.t7J. lintered Navy, 1S60 ; licutonanl,
1870 ; commander, 1881 ; commander of Orion
during Eg}*ptian war. i832 ; present at the occupa-
tion of Ismailia ; pruscnt at the battle of Tel-cl-
Kebir ; mentioned in despatches for his services
in tiic Suez Canal during operations (Egyptian
m^dal. Tel-el'Kebir clasp, Khedive's Bronze Slar,
Medjidtc. 3rd Class] ; promoted captain, 1S84, for
services rendered ; C.M.C. for services rendered in
Connection -with the defence of AnjtiaUa, 1S93 ;
A.D.C. to the Queen, 1S95 : rect^ved Royal Humane
Society's bronze medal for jumping ovcrboaxd from
H.M.S. Gtasgoa> and aaving the life of 11. Reed, wlio
had fallen into the sea, October ;, 1874 ; C.B., 1897,
on commemoration o( Her Majesly's Diamond
Jabtlco; I.ord Commissioner of the Admiralty,
189B ; Commander-in-Chief, Cape Station, 1901 ;
vice-admiral, 1904.
■oore, Henry (1831-96). British marine painter
(b. York). Was elected A.R.A. m 188;. and R.A.
1893. and in '889 gained the Grand Prix in Paris
tor his picture '* Clearness after Rain. " llkere is
one example of his work at its best in the Tute
Gmllcr>- t-ntitk-d " Catspaw off Land."
Moore, Lieatenant. Sm Antarctic Exploration
and .\rctic Exploration.
Moorhen. British shallow draught steamer for
river service (180 tons).
Mooriags. See Mow.
Mooring-fwiveL A swivel with four short leg*;.
Moor line, founded in 1885 by Messrs. Walter
Runciman and Co., of Newcaslle-on-Tyue. Tht-
fl««t, composed of 2t modern built vesBcls, trade to
all parts of the world.
FtEKT,
Amtmmoot. ExtHortr. Pfttrlmntt.
Aaiemo^-*r. GleHtnoor, Raithmoor.
BlakttKOor. Hattlmoor. Tullochnvtor,
Btcamoor. Jttchmoor. UsMmoor,
Castlrmoor. Jtvseymoor. Ventmoor.
Chdmoor. Nenmoor. Westmoor.
Dunhatmonr. Oliuemoar, YttTkatotir.
Gross tonnage. 74.000.
Mop. A young whitinj?.
Monut. Admiral Sir Qeorge Oigby. K.CJ3., cr.
1901 (b. Dublin, 1837). Entered H.M. Navy, May,
1850, and served throughout the second Burmese
war on H.M.S. Fox (mc<lal and one cinsp). and in
1854 served on H.M.S. Prince Recent in the Baltic
(medal) : served m H.M.S. Curhur, 1855-56, m the
Crimea (Crimea medal. Sebastopol and Sea of Azov
clasp, Turkish medal, and 5tb Order of tlic Mc<lji-
die) ; in 1858 was promoted Ucutcnant and served
in Cluna in H.M.S. Cormorant and Highflyer, and was
on board the former vessel when she was sunk under
tbe batteries of Peiho (medal) ; in 18(^5 was in com-
mand of H.M. gun-boat Grasshopper in China, sup-
pressing piracy, and in 1866 wa.^ promoted com-
mander, tn 1S67 became inspecting commander of
Deal Division of the Coastguards, and in 1870 com-
mander of H.M.S. Enterprise and Cuchatrice on the
Mediterranean Station, and in 1873 was promot»l
captain. In 1878 was appointed to command
Valorous, and In 1882 ciptam of H.M.S. Achilles of
the Channel Squadron. In 18S1 commodore in
charge at Hong Kong, and on his return to England
in 1S87 appointed Captain Superintendent of
Pembroke l>ockyard. which he held until he was
promoted rear-adinira] in iSflg. In 1890 he was
placed in charge of the equipment of ships buUd>
tng under Nu^-al Defence .\ct. and in 1S92 became
admiral-snperintcndect of Chatham Dockyard. In
March, 1901. was promoted admiral, and retired
shortly after.
Morel* Ltd., with tlirtr head office at Cardiff, have
a fleet of 24 mo<!cm steamers, principally colliers
engaged in coal transportation to v-anous parts uf
the world.
Fleet.
Harry.
Rlaenavon.
CoUwari^.
Cyfarthftt.
Dowlaii.
Fared.
Gardeper.
Gwentlani.
Hart.
Jersey.
Lavemodt.
Lesreanlx.
Lyntihutst,
Merthyr.
Ntnian Stnati.
Parana .
Penarih.
Pnmarim.
Pyntvpridtt.
P-jriu^alet*.
Tredegar.
Tn Herbert.
Wemoe.
W*%t9vate.
Maresbr. Admiral John (b. 1830). Enteral N'avy.
1843 : lieutenant. iiJ5t ; gnnnery lieutenant of
Tkftis ; commanded an expedition against various
MORGAN
412
MORTIER
tribes of Vancouver Island's Indians. 1853; senior
lieutenant oX Driver, i8s4 : present at tb« cap-
ture of Boinai>iuQd ; gimnery lieutenant of Hawke
in Baltic, 1855 (Baltic medal) ; commander
ol Snake in China, 1861 ; in charge ot a force of
Chinese troops defending Shanghai in an uttack on
the Tatrpings ; actively employed against Chinese
pirate.*), and captured or destroyed 14 piratical
Jnuks : commanded the At^us during operations
in Japan : gazetted and promoted lor servicer in
the action of Shimonoseki ; captain of Basitish in
Australia ; surveyed and explored the previously
unknown shores ol S.E. New Guinea : discovered
the finest harbour in New Guinea, on which Port
Moresby now stands ; discovered a new and sliorter
route between eastern AustraUa And China, and
placed on the ctmrt over 400 miles of coast line,
more than 140 islandii (35 of which were inhabited),
and many valuable harbours, anchorages, and nvers
which were pre\'iously unknown ; captain's good
service pension, i88o-3i : Naval Assessor to the
Board of Trade ; admiral, 1893.
Publications : " Discoveries and Sur\'cys in New
Guinea," " A Cmise m Polynesia, and Visits to the
Pearl Shell Stations in Torres Straits " {1876).
Moma. Henry (b. Dcvonport, January 19, 1833).
tiritiiiti naval arcbitict. Studied naval architecture
in Sheerness Dockyard, and in 1851 was trans-
ferred by competitive examination to the School oJ
Mathematics and Naval Construction, Portsmouth.
On completing the course there he returned to
Sheerness. and spent eight years |>assing tluough
the various grades as a junior sliipwright officer. In
1662 he was sent to the Admiralty, and became pro-
fessional assistant to the Chiet Constructor oi the
Navy. In 1869 he was promoted to a position
specially created for him, protessional secretary
to the Chief Constructor of the Navy. Sir Edward
Kced l^.f.). He was promoted ChicI Constructor.
which oflicc he held for ::u years, until lu:i retiremeot
in 1892. He became a member of lUe lustltutioo
of Naval Architects at its formation, iSCio. Was
elected a member of Council, and later a Vice-
President, and for 13 years held the position of
treasurer and trustee ot the institution.
Morgan, John Fierpont (b. Hertford, Conn., 1S37).
Educati'd Engli^ih Hijjh School, Boston. Has been
prominent in the largest reorganisations of railroads
and steamship companies of late years. Ihe two
greatest commercial undertakings associated with
bis name are the Steel Trust and the Atlantic
Shipping Trust. The former, which came mto exist-
em:e in 1901, has a capital of 1,432,000,000 dolu. ;
the latter, which represents the great combmation
for the contiul of the principal North Atlantic
steamship companies, British and American,
organised in 1902, with a total capital of lio.ooo.oou
dols. .S<* .VUantJc Shippmg Trust.
Korgan, William George (h. Chatham. Novem-
ber 9, iHjo). British naval architect. Entered
>I.M. service in 18S5. serving bis apprenticcsliif
with distinction in the Royal Yard at Chatliam. li
1894 I'^'t the service to join the stali of the ThaiiB
Ironworks and Shipbuilding Co. In 1900 be wu
selected by the directors of the Belgian Composr
Chaotiers N'avals. Anversois. to lay out and maiup
their shipyard at Hoboken.
Morgan Comtaine. Se^ Intemationid Merauttik
Marine.
Morin, Constantino Enrico (b. Genoa, i^t:
Vice-admiral Italian N.^vy. lintcred the Niiy,
1833 : sub -heu tenant, 1S59 ; lieutenant. 1^
commander, 187 1 ; captain, 1878 ; re*r-ailnunl,
18S8 ; vice-admiral, 1893 ; had 25 years' sea servjct
the greater part of which in command of ships Ui<
squadrons ; served in Ute war tor tlie iudcpcndivi
of Italy. [860. 1S61, i86d. and was awarded a»tni
medal for gallantry at the attack and surrendtrtf
Ancona, September, i860. During the Egyptn
revolution, 18S2, when in command of the fn|Mc
Garibaldi, he escorted many merchant ships throajk
the Suez Canal, among them being the £nj&l^
mail steamers from India and Australia. This
times Minister of Marine, and once Minister of
Foreign Afiairs ; had the honour of attending tki
reception of King Edward VII. on his ofhdftl ra
to King Emanuel III., 1903, and was dKCcatf
with the Grand Cross of the Victorian Order ; Cj*-
mandcr -in -Chief at Spezia. 1905-06; pawed to lb
auxiliary scr\-icc list. May 5, 1906.
Moma. On February 2$, 1855. this va^
struck on rocks near the Isle of Man, when 31 kw
were lost.
Moioooo. Canary Iilandi and Madeira lim. ^
property of the Mersey SteamaUip Co.. mainttf
services every week throughout the yvu ir*
London to Gibraltar, the Morocco Coast. Cantff
Islands, and Madeira. Tbu rotuid voyage (n*
London occupies about 35 days, and full partitKtf
of this most interesting voyage can be oboad
from Messrs. l-'orward Bros, and Co., 46 St MB!
Axe, L.oadon. E.C.
Flskt.
Agadir. Morouo. Orotav.
Anita. Zwtena.
M<HTia. U.S. torpedo-boat (1S98), Displactffl^
105 tons; guns. 3 i-pdr. ; torjiedo tubes, j ti^'*
maximum speed, 33 kts.
Morae. French submarine. (Cherl>ourg. 169^
Length, 1 18 ft. ; beam. 9 ft. : draufEht, 9 f t. . 4>
placement, 144 tons ; complement. 9 ; M|W
3(.u = 8 kts.
BIwtar vesseL A small vessel having a reUtr«<l|
wide beam for carrying mortar aniid&hipa.
Morlier. French torpt^lo-boat destroyer. (Fdfp
etChanUers, 1904.) Length, iSoft. ; beam. 31 (^
maximum draught. 10 ft. : displacement, joo
complement, 45 ; guns, I 9-pdr.. 6 J-pdr. :
tubes, 3 15-in. : speed, 27-30 kta.
MORTON
41;
MO WAT
Horton, Duncan A. (b. 1S72). Educated Htgti
Scliool. Dundee, and when only 17 years of age wa^i
certificated to teach niactiine construction and
drawing, and at 19 fully qualitied as a tcachrr upon
steam and the steam -engine. Entering tlic scicuce
aDd art examination, practical and Kolid geometry,
practical and theoretical chemistry, electricity,
mathematics and dynamics, hr easily obtained
(irst<lass certificates. Leaving school, he entered
his lather's workshops as an apprentice, and during
this period attended tlie evening classes of the
Tedmical Institute, in connection with the L'niver-
sity College, Dundee. He has made a special study
of turbint;s and tbcir construction, and some of the
most noteworthy engines that Iiave been recently
completed have be«n built under his personal super-
vision and from his design.
Morton, Richard Fr&ser (b. Glasgow, 1856).
Served apprenticeship to marine engineering with
SIcssra. J. and G. Thomson, and went to^sea as
jonioT engineer, 1879 ; was promoted chief engineer
in the Ducal Line in 1&S7. and on retiring from
active sea bfe be became a ship and engineer sur-
veyor to Lloyd's Register of Bntish and Foreign
Shipping,
MOBOhtschny. Ru5.sian torpedo-boat destroyer
(1906). Length. 185 ft.; beam, 21 It,; draught.
7) It. ; displacement. 324 tons ; complement, 60;
annamcat, 1 12-pdr., 5 3-pdr., 2 Maxims, 1 tubes :
twin screw ; Hp.. 5,600:^26 kts. ; coal, loo tons.
Kosgoito Yacht Club. Established 1996. Com-
modore. F. J. Hail ; Vice -Coram udore, Hugh Gunn ;
ilonorary Treasurer, W. B. White ; Honorary
Secretary, A. Hills, 1. Yokohama. Entrance fee,
yen 15 ; annual subscription, yen 10.
HOM U110 is an old established one, having main-
tained a connection with the Near East for nearly a
<cntury. steam vessels taking the place in 1850 of
the original sailing packets. The company maiu-
"lain a weekly service between Liverpool and
Bordeaux, and a monthly scr\-icc to Gibraltar.
-Ifalta. Syria. Smyrna, and Constantinople. The
vccsels are fitted with the latest modem ixuprove-
snmts, and have excellent passenger accommoda-
"twn.
Flekt.
A nutsis. Menes. Philoe.
Busiris. Moeris. Jtamtses.
KHephii**. Nathonnc. Sabor.
Mencpthah. Navarre. Seti.
Pharos.
Xotb. British coo&tal torpc<lo-boat destroyer.
(S'arrow, 1906.) Length, 16S It. ; beam, i/i ft. ;
^Iraught. 6 ft. , displacement. 23U tons ; comple-
«nent.35 i armament, 2 i2-pdr., 2 tubes ; 3 screws ;
^P*< 3.700=26 kts.
Mother Carey*s Chiokeni. The stormy petrel.
Mother-of-pearl oyster {Mmtettgrina Mar^arittfvra)
produces the largest pcarU, but is nminly valunblt?
for the shells. The fisheries abound all over the
northern coast of Austraha, the Eastern Archi-
pela^, Lower Burmah, New Guinea, and the South
Pacific Ulands. The tishenes ot the greatest im-
portance aic those of the lones Strait and tlu-
north-west coast of Australia. The vessels used
are luggers of about 1 1 tons m groups ol six to eight
attended by schooners of 00 to 1 00 tons. Thenumber
of boats employed in this fishr-ry may be taken (or
about 250 to 300 ; diving apparatus is now almost ex-
clusively used m the hshcnes. It is calculated that
the annual taking lor a smgle boat is about seven
tons, of which five tons cover the outlay, and two
tons may be reckoned as clear profit. The sbclls
obtained are classified into three qualitics^young
shells, known as " chicken shell." which are the
most valuable, and average about 4,000 to the ton ;
■' ordinary sound " quality, from Goo to i.joo to the
ton; and " wormy," worm-eaten and old, averag-
ing about ttie same number. The value per too has
a wide range, varying according to the state of the
home market, and may be estimated at from £60
to ^200. It is estimated that about 3.0U0 tons of
mother -of- pearl shell reach the London market
annually. The pearls taken in these oysters are
usually of poor quality, and comparatively valueless,
being coarse, but occasionally gems are found
realising ns much as ^1.000, and it is estimated on
the average that each ton oi shell produces pearl lo
the value ol j£2o.
Mouetts. French cruiser-avisos (1879). Of no
fighting value.
Mould. Flexible pieces of board used as patterus
in nuval architecture.
Mouse. A boll or knob raised on a stay lo prevent
the running eye from slipping.
Hosqaet French torpedo-boat destroyer. (Xor-
maiid, 190J,) Length, iMult. ; beam, 21 It.: maxi-
mum draught, to ft. ; displacement, 300 tons ;
complement, 4; ; guns, i 9-pilr., 6 j-pdr., torpedo
tubes, 2 [ 5 -in. ; speed, 27-30 kts.
Moos^aetaire. French torpedo-boat (1893). Dis-
placement, I ;o tons ; compUiment, 3a ; maximum
dranght, 6} It. ; guns. 2 3-pdr. ; torpedo tubrs, 2
t5-in. ; Hp., 3,100 = 34 l^- > coal, tS tons.
Bftos4uetoa. French torpedo - boat destroyer.
(Nonnaiid, 1902.) Lengih, 180 ft. ; beam, ji ft, ;
maximum draught, lu ft. ; displacement, 300 tons ;
complement. 45 ; guns, 1 9-pdr., 0 3-pdr. , torpedo
tubes, 2 15-in. ; spc-cd. 27-30 kts.
HowBt, Maenos (b. Bomttay, November 10, 1875).
Educated Blackheath School ; King's College, Ixiu-
don. Received bis early training in the locomotive
department of the North Bntish Railway, and
after serving bis apprenticeship, joioeU the stafi on
MOY
414
MVKl
the construction ol the grvat Suiitkrland Railway
cxpansioit tu Lutidoii. On the coiuplctioa gl tliis
work he went la India, and joined tUv- Indian
Midland Railway, and bad charge ol the Jhansi and
Agra Ui\'ision ot open line, and part ot tlie work of
ibe AgT3'Deltu lint-. In JaQuar>'. tgos, he returned
to England, and was appointed chir-f assistant to
the gcncr^ manager, and engineer of the Millwall
Docks, and in 1905 became chiei engineer of the
company.
Hoy. British torpedo-boat destroyer. (Birken-
head, iyo4.} Length, 223 ft. ; beam, jjjj ft. ;
draught, yt ft.; dtsptaccment. 600 Ions ; comple-
ment, 73 ; armaoitrnt, i 12-pdr.. 5 6-p<lr.. 2 tul»ps :
twin screw ; Hp., 7. 500=25 kts. ; coal, ir6 tons.
lU. Distinguishing letters on sea fishing boats
registered at Meppel, Holland.
MJt. DistingiiLshing letters on sea Gahiog bootA
legLsttTt-d at Manchester, England.
M.8.A. Abbrc\'iation lor Merchant Shipping
Act.
H.T. DtstinguiiihLng letters on sea iKhing boats
registered atilaryjwrt. England.
BLT. Distinguishing letters on sea fishing boots
registered at Midddfart, Denmark.
ML Mountain. Abbreviation adopted on the
charts issued by the Hydrograpluc Ofhce, Adnii>
rally.
M.U. Distinguishing letters on sea I'tshiog boat!>
registered at Muiden, Holland.
Miicke. German armoured ^n-boat. (Bremen.
Length 154ft. Beam j6ft. Draught loft.
DL<iplacenient 1,091 tons. Complement 76.
Cutis, Armour.
I — lain. "SteeL"
2 — 3*3 in. 8 in. Belt amidHbips.
2 Maxima. 8 in. Barbcttcit.
Torpedo Tubts.
A Above water.
Hp. 759= 10 kts. Coa] 14a tons.
Modhook ya«ht Olub. EKtubhshed in 1H37. Its
membtrstiip is limiiod to 40, while the officers are
known as admiral, vice, and rcar-adioiral respective-
ly, instead of, as in the case of other cluti». commo-
dores. The chief aim of the founder of the club
was to encourage and foster the art of amateur
seamanship, and one of the club's principal rules has
always been one providing that every yacht com-
IK'ting at the annual regatta must be steered by u
member of a Clyde yacht club. This nile was
rehgiously carried out untd 1S93. when at a regatta
at Hunter's Quay, to meet the objection of Lord
Dumaven, the tliird Valkyrie wa^i alluwed tu start
with her aktpper, CapUun WiLUam Cranfield. at the
tiller, although both the Britanma and
the ollirr coinpciitorx foi the Muir Chi
were wiJliug and prepared to carry out
of the club in tliis particular. One of
trophies ot the club is the Muir Memorial
Cup. in a race for which the ill-4tanr<
Valkyrie came to an untimely end. The]
the Sritanma dv-icaUng tiic yigilant. Vulk.
and .'IiV.fa in successive seasons form]
memorable chapter in the club'a history^
The tlag of the Mudhook Yacht Club
ensign, and the burgee is red and black,
with a yellow anchor in the centre. The 4
are as follows : Admiral, James Ljlbi
Admiral, Peter Donaldson ; Rear-.\dini|
Inglis ; Huu. Secretary* and Trcuisurfrr. R
The entrance fi-e w It,, and the; :mnu.-il s:
Kodian or Husian rig. A boat pecu
Bermuda Islands, usually decked, with thi
oi a hatch, from 2 to 20 totu burden, c
ininuiiHi: quantity of ballast. It is clan
the fastest craft in the world for woikini
ward in a smooth sea, and though Uiey m
over till they fill with water, tliey do nc
They carry a long main and short ji
tapering, raking mast steeped over the
unsupported by shroudu or stays ; on it a
jib-headed mainsaU is hoisted to a hcighi
and sometimes three times the length of
Mnd pattADS. Clogs ufied for crossin
land.
HofBe. Packing with canvas en nil
prevent noise.
Ho^an rig. See Mudion n'g.
Muim-i-Zaffflr. Turkish battleship (13
constructed Ansaldo, Genoa.
Length 331ft. Beam s^ft. Maximum drai
Displacement 9,120 tons. ComplcTnc
2 — Q'2 in. " Iroo."
12 — 6 in. 12 in. Belt.
14 — 13 pdr. 12 in. Battery.
(o— ti pdr. 3 in. Barbette
1—3 pdr.
Twin screw. Hp. ti.ooosc 16 let
Mukadem-i-Hal. Turkish battleship [i
constructed .Vudaldo. Genoa).
Length 331ft. Beam sylt. Maximum, d
Displacement 9,12010ns. Comptemen!
Cun$. Armvur.
2 — i^'i in. " Iron."
13— 6 in. 13 in. Belt.
14 — 12 pdr. 12 in. Batteiy.
10— 6 pdr. 3 in. BarbeuW
2— 3 pdr.
Twin scrow. Hp. 1 1 .000 » t6 k<
NCHEN
4'5
MURRAY
ohm. German annoured oruuer. (Weser.
n. 1904.)
igth 341ft. Beam ^olt. Draught 16^(1.
placcmcdi 3.200 tons. Complement aSo.
Guns. Armour.
I — 4'i in, " Knipp,"
f— r4in. 3 in. IX-ch.
[ Maxims. 4 io. Conning tower.
Titrpfdo Tubes.
2 Submerged,
n scrrM-. Hp. ii.ooossj kts. Coal 9ou
lioh B«-insurance Oo. Organised April 3,
Capital, £t, 000.000. of which ^250.000 has
nid up. Traniiacts rt-iDsurana.* business In
lUlovring branchi-n of insurance ; accident,
ry, elevator, fire, fidelity, rail, Kfe, marine,
glass, steam boiler, surety, and tornado.
1 reserve funds exclusive of capital, ^^863, 500 ;
jm reserve funds, ^3,044,579; loss reserve
£756.702.
directors of the company are : Commertien-
^ilhelm von Finck (chamnan) ; Ceh. Hotrath
ermanu van Pcmscl (deputy chaiiroan), J.
pf (member of the German Reichstag),
irath Hugo Hitter von Maflt^i : Thcodor
rr von Cramer- Klett.
tsoD Line. See Campania Marttima Cubona.
ister Yacht Clab, Royal. See Royal Munstcr
CJuli,
lis mstaL An alloy of six partt copper, four
:inc. used for sheatbm); nhips.
akumo. Japanese torpedo-boat destTDyer.
lycroft, i^fyt.) Displacement, 27; tons ;
;ment, 54 ; armamoat. i i2-pdr., 5 &-pdr. ;
1 iS-io. ; Hp.. 5,400^30 kt^ ; coal, 8] tons.
Uame. Japanese torpcdo-tfoat destroyer.
iw. i^jor.) Displacement. .^06 tons ; comple-
55 ; maximum draught. 8^ ft, ; armament,
dr.. 5 6<pdT. ; tubes. 2 i8-in- ; Hp,, b.ooot;
. ; coal, 95 tout.
«tl. Siamese gun-boat (iSHHj. Itispiacc-
580 tons ; armament, i 4'7-in. b.l., 4 6-pilr.,
line : nominal speed, ro kta.
atora. Argentiau torpcdo-boaL (Thorny-
189a.) Length. 150 ft.: displacement, liu
.1 tubes : speed. 24 lets.
man Steamship Co., with their liead offices at
agcl. Russia, have a fleet of nine steamersi.
maintain regular sailings during the summer
is. from Archangi-'t to Vcrdoe ; one to Onega,
le to Kandalaksa. The Pelchora serrice from
ngel to Kuja runs during the season, callmg
Igneff Island. X service to Mezane makes
yugc^ during the season ; a service from Arch-
to Xovaya Zemlya, two voyages during the
A Wednesday service is maintained from
Qgel to Litza and Vardoe.
Fleet.
Ftdof Tcki{>off.
Korohwa Olga.
Lomonosoff.
Michait Kan.
NirJtnlai II.
SfT^lJ WtU£.
TrifoH.
V. K. Xema.
Wladtmir.
Korray, Alexander (b. Glasgow, DoccmlHr 19,
1865). S«rvc<l hi* .apprenticeship with Messrs.
Russell and Co., Glasgow, and. after passing the
South Kensington Science and Art Examination in
Xaval Architecture, went to Germany. Is outside
manager of several important shipyards. Ho took
an active part in Jhe development of GermaJi ship-
budding in Italy. Tlie works of the Cantieri
Navati Baicni c Stavilimcnto Mcccanici Siciliani
Palermo were laid out and started under his direc-
tion. T..caving Sicily, he relumed to Germany to
take over the Bremer Vulcans new shipyard. He
has been closely connected with the introduction
of travelling cranes, pneumatic tools, and many
other improvements in shipbuilding yards.
Horray. Obades Walter (b. Southampton ,
November 3, 1857). Served his apprenticeship
with Messrs. Day. Summers and Co., Southampton.
and remained with that Arm Ave years after com-
pIctiDg bis apptr-nticc-ship. In 18^4 he joined the
cngmecriag statl ol ilie I*, and O, Co., .in whose
service he continued for nine yvm^. occupying the
position of sca-goiof* engineer, engineer -tn-chaige
0( the Uog Island (fiombay) Hydraulic Dock,
re«ident engineer at the building of the Malacca
and Formosa at Barrow-in-Fumcss. After )ea\'ing
the P. and O. Co., in iSyj, he built up an exten-
sive practice in Southampton and the South of
lingland as a consulting engineer and naval archi-
tecL In 1900 be accepttxl the appointment of
superintendent engineer and manager of the marine
department of Mrsws. Babcock and Wilcox. Ltd.,
which positiofii he still occopies. He is a memt>er
of the Institution of Manne Engineers, of the
Institution of N'aval Architects, and of the North-
E^ast Coast Institution of Shipbuilder and Ea-
ginecTS,
Hurray, Sir Digby, llth Bart^ cr ihjR (b.
October 31. i»v>}- Educated Rev. John Bnclcland
and Ro3raJ Navy, Holds extra master's ccrtiBcate.
Commanded the following sailing vessels, the
Artac. Wandfttr, BtUn of thr Sra, Mofusstiite,
Brttiih Admtrai, HoMghlott TotiKt. and was tho
pioneer captam of the White Star Line of stcam-
:ihips. Comniundrd successively the Oceanic.
AUantu'. and Batttc. the Repubtic. Adnatic. and
the Celtic. In 1873 v«^ appointed to the position
of Professional Member to the Marine Department
of the Board of Yradc, m which capacity he served
for 25 years, and was reiinwl at his own r^ueat
in 1S96.
Publioktions : "Ocean CnrrentH -and .Mmos-
l>hcric Currents," " The A.B.C. ot Sumncr'»
Method.
HamjF. Sir John 0>- Cobnrs. Ontario, Canada,
March 5. 1S41). Natnralist and oceanographer.
K.C.B. (cr. 189S). F.R^S. (Lond. and Edin.).
LL.D.. D.Sc, Ph.D., Knight of ihc Royal Prussian
Order Pour le Mcritc (1S98]. EducaUd public
school, London. Onlario : Victoria College. Cobur;g,
Ontario : Tligh School. Stirling ; and tb« Univenity
of Edinburgh. He visited Spitzbcrgcn and the
Arctic regions as a naturalist on board a whaler in
1868, and accompanied H.M.S. CHaltenger as
mrmber of the ciWlian scientific stafi, under tbc
late Sir C. Wy^-ille Thomson, during her voj-age
round the world, exploring the physical and
biological conditional of the great ocean l>asins
from 1872 to 1876. He was firet assistant on the
stafi appointed to undertake the publication of the
scientific results of the Challenger expedition from
1876 to 1882, and in the tatter y<«r he was
appointed director and editor of the Ckalienger
Reports, the final volumes of wluch were pub-
lished in 1895. lie took part in the scientific
exploration of the Faroe Channel on board H.M.S.
Knight Errant in 18S0. and H.M.S. Tril<m in 1882.
On board his own steam yacht Afedusa he made
physicaJ and biological observations in the salt
and fresh water lochs of Scotland from 1S84 to
1896. He has travelled in nearly all parts of the
world. He was scientific member of the Fishery
Board for Scotland for a few j-ears, and British
ddegate to the International Hydrographic Con-
ference at Stockholm in 1890. Since 1899 he has
been engaged, first in collaboiatiou with the late
Mr. F. P. Pullar and siilrtequentty with Mr. T-^iurence
Pullar. in a batbymetrical survey of the fresh
water lochs of Scotland, and thi<; work is still in
progress. In recognition of his scientific labours
he 1ms been awarded the Ciix-ier Prize of the
Instjtut de France, the Humboldt medal of Gesell-
schnft fur Ferdkunde zu Berlin, the Ro>*al medal
of the Poyal Society, the Founder's medal of the
Royal Geographical Society, the NeiU and the
Macdougall-Brisbane medals of the Royal Society
of Edinburgh, the Cnllum medal of the American
Geographical Society, the Clarke medal of the
Ko>'al Society of New South Wales, and the Lutke
medal of the Im[>urtal Russian Society of Geo-
graphy. He Ims also heen elect(.>d lianorary ami
corresponding member of a great many Bntish
and foreign scientihc and learned societies.
Publications : Editor of the OfTictal Report on
the scientific results of the Challenger expedition,
pubUshed by H.M. Government in 50 royal quarto
volumes : author ot " A Summary of the Sdcntihc
Results of the Challenger KxpeditiOQ," and joint-
author of the " Narrative of the Cruise of the
Ckalienger. and of the Challenger Report on Deep-
Sea Deposits " : author of numerous papers on
subjects connected with geography, oceanography,
marine biology, and Umuology. published in the
Transactions and in the Proceedings of the Royal
Society ol Edinburgh, in the " Geographical
Journal." in the " Scottish Ccographict
£inc." etc.
MmaahA Ham. Japanese mail steamei
dcicd in Japanese waters daring a he*
September t8, 1890 ; all hands lost.
HosutaL Japanese cruiser. (Yokosi
Length. 206 ft. ; beam, 3G ft. ; draugh
displacement. 1,476 tons : complement. 3,
ment, a 6-ia., 5 4'7*in., a Maurims. a tol
1.600= 13 kts.
Koacovy Co. See Cabot, Sebastjaa.
HosmL {\fytUus edulis.) The coi
mussel found in great abundance round
of Britain. They thrive best in estuarini
where the rtvent bring an abundant a
food, and in suitable localities form bii
They have considerable commemial va|
form an important article of human diet,!
largely cultivated on the coasts of FraocQ
mous numlirrs are also employed in Bt
bait. I
■utK. To assemble. |
Hatinies. KanL See Naval Mutinies.
Muzzle velocity guns, NavmL Stm N«
nance.
1I.V. .\bbreviation for muzzle-velocity,
Hyetky. Russian torpedo-boat destroys
length, 185 ft. ; beam, 21 ft. ; draught,'
displacement, 324 tomt ; complement. 60
ment, i 1 3-pdr. , 5 3-pdr. , a Maxims,
twin screw ; Hp., $,600 = 36 kts. ; coal. loo
Mylne. AUred (b. Glasgow. November
Educated Glasgow High Sc hool and
College. Served apprenticeship with Mi
Watson and Co., Glasgow. In 1890 b
business in Glasgow as a naval architect.
yacht design and constnictioa, and has i
signed many well-known racing yachts.
Myrmidon. British torpedo - boat d<
(Jarrow. 1901.) Length, 215 ft.; beam,
draught, 6} ft. ; displacement. 335 tons :
ment, 60; armament, i 1 3-pdr., 5 i&>pdr.
twin screw ; Hp.. 6.500=30 kts. ; coal, 91 f
N. Distinguishing tetter on sea <i^tin|
registered at Nieuwpoort, Belgium.
N. Distinguishing letter on sea fisbiq
registered at Nakskov, Denmark.
R. Distinguishing letter on sea fiski^
registered at Newry, Ireland.
K. Abbreviation for Nimbus as adopted
International Meteorological Committee *l
in the International Cloud Atlas.
N. Abbreviation for North,
Nab. A bolt toe.
t
NABBY
4»7
NAPIER
WbHt. a Scotch Ing-rigged boat with very
raking mast and a jib. used on the west coast.
ITadejda Line, with the head offices at St. Peters-
burg, have a fleet ol 14 steamers trading to ports on
the Caspian Sea. Five distinct services are main-
tained. A steamer leaves Krasnowodsk every
Monday. Wednesday, and Saturday for Petrowsk,
returning every Monday, Thursday, and Saturday.
A steamer from Baku every Wednesday and Satur-
ijr, lor Krasuowodsk, returning every Thursday
Sunday. .\ steamer every Tuesday and
Friday from Petro^vsk, returning Mondays and
Fridays. A steamer from Baku every Friday for
Astrabad, calling on the return journey at Enseti
and Astaia. A steamer leaves Baku evcr>' Monday
for Emieli calHng at Astara and returning by Mray of
McKhedeser and Astrabad.
Fl-EBT,
Dagheslan.
Duil.
Evelina.
Merw.
AUsgar.
Ani,
itrek.
3ambah.
BtUum.
Musch.
Pir-B4uar.
Sang.
Sewan.
Wan.
Vadi(]dft< Bulgarian torpedo gun-t>oat. (Bor-
deanx, 189S.) Usctl as Ro>'a] yacht.
Displacement 7 1 $ tons.
Guns.
2 — 4 in.
2 — 9 pdr.
2—i pdr.
Torpedo Txtbei.
2 Above water.
, Hp. 3.600=17 ^^
Nadir. 5«« Zenith.
Kacar. A cargo-boat used on the Upper Nile.
Vagpore. Cakntta steamer. Caught fire in
Kingston Harbour. November 9. 1872, and went
down. The captain and many of the crew were
Urowned.
Naiadtt. French submarine. (Cherbourg, 1903.)
Length 77 ft. ; beam. 7^ ft. ; draught, 8 ft. ; dis-
placement, 68 tons : complement, 5 ; Hp..
60 = S kts.
Hubs. Britisli transport. Lo»t on tlie New-
foundland coast, October 33, 1805 ; 340 perished.
Hafls. The sharp narrow pieces of metal for
attaching objects by driving it into or through
them. U <lifler3 from a spike or a tack in being
tttnaller than tlie former and larger than the latter.
They arc made of copper or galvanised ; wrought,
Cut. or cast ; with points flat, sharp, S[>ear or
clinch ; heads rose, clasped, diamond, or counter-
ftuok ; thickness, fine, bastard, strong; and assorted
trom Impounds to 40 poundit ; that is. t.ooonaib
Of a given size wuigli so many pounds.
I RaUm. Russian submarine (1906). Length.
So ft.; tjcam, 14 ft.: displacement. 130 tons:
»peed. lokta.
Varaehow. British steamer. Foundered off
Cnpchi Point, January 14. 1893 : 509 lives lost.
Nam«l policy. See Policy.
Name ol the ship. In marine insurance the name
of the vessel should be inserted in a pohcy whenever
it can be ascertained, as it is generally a material
fact which is essential both to the identification and
estimation of the risk.
It sometimes happens that tlic merchant is
ignorant at the time oF insurance as to the name
of the vejwel in which his goods arr lo hft conveye<l,
and in such a case it is allowable to execute a policy
by "ship or ships," steamer or steamers, on the
implied stipulation that the assured uill communi*
catc to the underwriter the name of the vessel or
vessels to which the interest attaches so soon as he
shall have ascertained it himself. But this mode
of insurance is only legitimate when the assured is
in bona fide ignorance of the name of the vessel by
which his goods are to be conveyed.
Hamet. Turkish torpedo gun-boat (1890).
Displact-ment qqo tons.
Gitns,
2 — 4 in.
6—3 pdr.
Torpedo Tubes.
3 Aljove water.
Twin screw. Hp. rorced4,so<j— ig kta,
Namiwa. Japanese and class cruiser. (Elswlck,
Length 300ft. Beam 46ft. Draught [d^ft.
Displacement 3.700 tons. Complement 35a.
Guns. A rmour.
3 — 103 in. " Steel."
6 — 6 in. 3 in. Deck amidships.
3 — 3 pdr. 1} in. Big gun shields.
Torpedo Tubet.
4 Above water.
Up. 7.250 = i3 kts. Coal 800 tons.
Namor. 74 guns. On April 13, 1749. this vessel
foundered near Fort St. David. East Indies, when
all except 26 persons perished.
Naa Scboin. Chinese cruiser. (Kiel. t886.)
length, 353 ft. : beam. 36 ft. ; draught. 18 ft. ;
displacement, 3,165 tons ; complement, 350 ; arma-
ment, 2 Sin., S 4'7-in.. 9 Maxims, i tube; Hp.,
2,400=14 kts. ; coai, 5oo tons.
Nan Ting. Chinese cruiser. (Kiel, 1886.)
Length. 253 ft.: beam, 36 ft.; draught. 18 (t, ;
displacement. 2.165 to"^ > complement, 250 ; arma-
ment, a 8-in., 8 4*7-'". 9 Maxims, i tube; Hp..
2.400 = [4 kts. ; coal. 600 tons.
Napier. Sir Oharlet ([786-1860).. British admiral
(b. Falkirk). Entered the Navy in 1800, and,
lecctving rapid promotion, went out with tlic rank
of commaiuler to the West Indies, where he greatly
distinguished himself at the* battle of MarHniq;ie.
1809. In this action he fought three French ships
NAPIER
4t8
NATAL
of the line, capturing one, tiie HaulpouU, 74 guns,
of which he was sabseqcently promoted captain.
In 1833 he entered the service of Dom Pedro, of
Portngal. and destroyed the MigueJite Fleet off
Capo St. Vincent, for which he was raised to the
peerage of Portugal as Count St. Vincent. In
1840. when trouble broke out in Syria, he took a
prominent pari in the British operations, and dis-
tinguished himself at the capture of St. Jean
d'Acre. for which he was made a K.C.B. In 1846
be was promoted rear-admiral, and commanded
the CJianne] Fleet until 1^4!^. On the niitbii»k of
the Russian war he was appointed Commander-in-
Chief in the Baltic, where his action in not taking
Cronstadt vras severely criticised, and on his
return to England he wa5 not again oflered a com-
mand. He died November 6, i860,
Hla publications include " Remarks on the State
of the Navy" (1851), "Account of the War in
Portugal" (1836). "The War in Syria" {1843).
Sta " Life," by E. Napier (1862) ; also the " Life
and Exploits." by Commodore Napier (1841). and
" Life of Vice-Admiral Sir Charles Napier " (1854).
Napier, Henry Melrill (b. Glasgow, May 2. 1854)-
Educated High Scbool and Glasgow L^niversity.
Served an apprenbce^p in Lancefield Engineering
Works, worked in the Caledonian Railway Co.
repairing shop at St. Rollox. afterwards entered
the sliipbuilding department nf Me-sarn. Rotiert
Napier and Sons. Govan. In 1877 he joined tbe
firm ol Messrs. Napier Shanks and Bell, and ooa-
mcnced shipbuilding at Yokcr, which wa.s continued
until 1896. when the Clyde trustees bought tbe
ground to make a dock, .nubsequently leasing it to
him for a term of years, when he. in conjunction
with Mr. George M. Miller, formed the firm of
Messrs. Napier and Miller, Ltd. During a period
of seven years tlie firm has designed and constructed
some 66 vessels, among others 10 of the l.ondon
County Council's Thames steamers. In 1906 the
firm removed to Old Kilpatrick. where a new and
up-to-date yard was laid out, and since then many
voaoels ha>*e been launched.
Rtpoli. Italian battleship. (Cast el I. 1 mare. Kyof*.)
Length 4/5ft. Beam 73ft. Maximum draught a6ft.
Displacement 12,625 tons.
Guns. ArmoMT.
2 — 12 in.. 40 cal. " Temi."
12 — 8 in. 10 in. Belt amidtUiips,
12 — 12 pdr. 8 in. Barbcttca.
12 — 3 pdr. 10 in. Conning tower.
4 Maxims.
Torpedo Tutie^ (r8 in.)-
4 Submerged.
Twin screw. Hp. 20.000 — 22 kts. Coal maxi-
mum 3.S00 Ions. *.-\pproximatc cost ^t.000,000.
Hsrboroogb. Sir John (1651-88). British ad-
miral. EntcTL-d tlie Navy 1664, and was promoted
lieutenant (1666) for conspicuous bravery in the
kUoo with the Dutch Fleet off the Downs. In
1669 he was placed in command of an expedltioii'
sent out to explore the South Seas. He got as
far as the Straits of Magellan, but was compelled
to return home in 1671 without having accom-
plished his purpose. In 1673, during the second
Dutch war. be increased his reputation by con-
spicuous valour at the battle of Sole Bay. and on
bis return to England was promoted rear-admiral
and knighted. In 16S0 he was appointed a cotn-j
missioner of the ^a.vy, and held tlie office until Ilia
death, 16S8.
VftKS, Oftpt&in. Ser Antarctic and Arctic Ex- '
ploration.
Hargen. Russian torpedo-boat, flshora. T894.)
Length. 128 ft.; beam. 16 ft.: draught. 6( ft.:
displacement, 85 tons; complement, 13; arma-
ment. 3 t-pdr.. 2 tubes; Hp., 1.300—22 kts.
NftrhTilen. Danish torpedo-boat. (Thomycroft,
1882.) Length. 137 ft. ; beam, 14 ft. ; draught.^
7 (t. ; displacement. g$ tons; complement, lo;
armament. 2 i-pdr.. 4 tubes; Hp., i,^oo=>a Itti,:
coal, 15 tons.
Vurowt. Any contracted part of a navigable
river.
HuraL French sea-going submarine. [Cher-
bourg. 1898.) Length, iti ft.; beam, 12 It;
draught. 5^ ft. ; displacement. 106 tons above,
200 tons below; torpedo tubes, 4 t7'7-in. ; Hp.*
350=12 kis. above. 8 kts. below.
Huhrille. U.S. gun-vessel. (Newport Newi^
r897-) Length. 220 It. ; beam, 38 (t ; draught.
12 ft.; displacement. 1,371 tons; complement. 176,
armament. 8 4-ia.. 4 6-pdr.. 2 i-pdr., 3 Maxims;
Hp , 2.500= 16 kts. : coal. 400 tons.
Hassan. 64 guns. On Octolier 25. 1799. this
vessel was lost on tiie Haak Bank, when 100
perished.
Hat Abbreviation for national.
NataL British ist class cruiser. (Vickcrs. 190J.)
Length 480ft. Beam 73ft. Maximum draught 1711.
Displacement 13,550 tou.
GuHS. Atmouf.
6 — 9'2 in., 50 cal. " Krupp."
4—7*5 in. 6 in. Belt araid&hipc
24—3 pdr. 6 in. Barliettea.
8 Pompoms. 6 in. Turrets.
Maxims. 7 in. Coaning tower.
Torpedo Tt^s (18 in.).
3 Submerged.
Twin screw. Hp. 23,500=2233 kts. CoaJmaxi- 4
mum 2,000 tons. Apprnximatc cost /t.1^0,.000.
This sliip-name was chosen on acconnt o( '
colony of Natal contributing to the naval expensr^"^
of the Mother Country.
Hatal Line. In the middle ol the last ^
the firm of Bullard, King and Co. nitiMiihad ^^'
line of cUppera between England and Natal, aB>"^
ia 1879 inaugurated the present service with th^^
NATAL
419
NAUTICAL
I
Congalla.
Pongoia.
Umbito.
Umfuli.
Vmgvni,
Umtttta.
Vmvolcsi.
Vmvoti,
Vmzinto.
Ummmbi.
Roya] Natal
Pongota. Steamcis ere despatched every 10 days
Irom London direct to Natal, Delagoa Bay. Beira.
and East African ports, which ofier special facilities
lor passengers and cargo for those ports. Besides
a through service at regular intervala between
South Alrican ports and China and Japan, another
iortnightly one, under contract with the Natal
Government from Cape Colony and Natal via
East AXrican ports to Madras and Calcutta, calling
at Ceylon.
Flxkz.
Umhtaii.
Umhloti.
Umkuxi.
Umtaji.
Umstnga.
Umtali.
Gross tonnage. 40,000.
Vsbd Tioht Clnb. Boyal. St*
Yacht Club.
NatioDal Defence, Admission to, is granted only
to oJTicers of the Army or Navy when in uniform
without a pass, and such officers are not admitted
to such places as position-finding cells, submarine
mining buddings, torpedo buildings, magazines, or
storehouses. No pass except undi^r very excep-
tional circumstances is issued to anyone not a
British subject.
Hatkmal Fin anA Marine Insarance Co. ol Hew
Zealand. Unhmitcd hAbility. Incorporated 1873.
Auihori.^d capital j^2,ooD.ooo, of which 105. per
abare has been paid. General reserve fund,
^i 3o,txxj, Re-insurance reserve fund, j^jo.ooo.
Balance of profit and toss account earned forward,
^30,000. Since the year 1S94 the company has
paid an annual dividend of 15%. The opcratioDs
of this company are restricted to the Australasian
Colonies.
Oltices : Dnnedio, New Zealand ; g Gracechurch
Street, London, £.C.
Hatiooal flags. Great Britain, the Union Jack.
See Union Flag,
United States, tlio stars and stripes, originally,
as decided by Congress on August 14, 1777. bad 13
stripes, alternately red and white, with the Union
13 stars, white in a blue held. In J791, when
Vermont and Kentucky were admitted to the
Union, two sUirs and two stripes were added,
subeequeat additions being made from time to
time asother Statca joined. In i^jiS it was finally
decided that the stnpos should alwa>'S be the
original 13, and that the stars ahould equal the
States in number. The same flag is uaed both by
the navy and the mercantile marine.
The i-rench Hag is the tn<olour— blue, white and
red in verUud bars, the blue toeing next the stafi.
The dag ol the mercantile maiuie is the same as
for the navy.
The flag of Japan represents the rising sun — a
red due in the centre with alternate red and spread-
ing rays oA a white field ; the same flag ts n.«ed
both by the navy and by the mercantile marine.
German naval Ifag consists of a black, white-
edged cross, with a circle in the centre, containing
the Prussian black eagle on a white ground. The
field of tlic flag is white and in the upper canton
next tlie stafi are three bars — black, white, and
red — surmounted by the black iron cross. The
German mercantile marine fiag is black, white, and
red, without the cross.
The Russian naval flag is white, bine, and red, in
three equal horizon tat bars, except when ships
belong to the Imperial guard, then the flag flown is
a blue diagonal cross on white. The flag of the
Russian murcantilc marine is wliite, blue, and red,
in three equal horizontal bars.
The Italian fiag is green, white, and red, in verti-
cal bars, bearing the arms of Savoy in the centre,
with a Royal crown above. The same flag is used
both by the nsxvy and the mercantile marine, with
the exception that the flag of the latter service
bears no crown above the shield.
The Austro-HuDgarian naval flag cotisists of
three bars — red, white, and red and green divided
vertically, with two shields side by side, one for
Austria, the other for Hungar)'.
The Spanish flag is of three horizontal stripes —
yellow between two red. The yellow one bears a
Royal crown : the flag of tlie mercantile marine is a
yellow field traversed by two horuontal red bars.
The Portuguese flag is one-half blue and one-half
white, blue being next to the stafl, the flag bearing
the arms of Portugal and a Royal crown. The same
flag IS used both by the navy and by the mercantile
nuuine.
See "Flags of the World " (Hulme, 1897). "The
American Flag " {1872), " Story of the Union
Jack " (Cumberland. 1901), " The National Flag "
(Bkimfield). "Flags" (MncGeorgc, iSai). and the
Admiralty pubhcauon " Flags in use at the Present
Time."
Reftt to Naval Ceremonies.
Nattar. Austro - Hungarian torpedo - boat de-
stroyer. (Yarrow, 1896.) Length, 150 ft.: beam,
70^ It ; draught. Si ft. ; displacement. 1^2 tons ;
complement, 26; armament, 2 3-pdr., 3 tubes;
twin screw ; Hp., :i,30o — 36 kts. : cocU, 30 tons.
Hatter, CenDan armoured gun-boat. (Bremen^
1S81.J
Length 154ft. Beam 73ft. Draught 25ft
Displacement 1,091 tons. Complement 76.
Guns.
2—3-3 '1-
I — 12 pdr.
2 Maxims.
A rmour.
"Steel."
8 in. Belt amidships.
8 in. Big gun shields.
Torpedo Tubes.
i Above water.
'tp- 7S9— '^ ^^- t^^^ ^40 ton^.
Haatical Almanac The, first issued in 1767, and
since published annually scvcrai years in advance.
p2
NAUTICAL
420
NAVAL
was originally produced under the superintendence
of the Koyal Agronomical Society, but since 1R34
has been under the care of the Admiralty. It has a
voltnnc of tables and calculations for the use of
navigators and astronumcrK, the aixuracy of
which renders it a principal book of reference all
over the world.
Haatioal ftss«uors. in all Admiralty actions
involving questions of nautical skill and experience,
the Judge is assisted, in determining points of fact
and probabiUly, by two Elder Brttltri:n of the
Trinity House, who have, howKver. no voice in the
judgment. They also sit as assessors in the
County and Division Courts, and assist the Court
of Appeal and House of Lords in Admiralty causes.
Where the Court is assisted by nautical assessors
the evidence of experts, on questions of nautical
'science or skill, will be rejected.
Muitical day is measured by the apparent
motion of the sun. It begins with the astronomical
day, but it is dated witli iht; noon, on which it ends,
hence it is 24 hours later than the astronomical
day. the first 13 hours of which are marked p.m..
and the last a.m. The log book is generally kept
in nautical or sea time, but it may be kept in
common or civil time.
Haatical Maeanine Established 1S33. Pub-
lished monthly, i'rice is. Address: 54 Grace-
church Street, Loodon. E.G.
Nautical mile. 3,028 yards or 1.014 fathoms.
Nautilus. East Indiamaii. On November 18.
1803. this vessel was lost on the Ladroncs.
Naval and Military Club. Estabhshed in 1862.
Open to all members of His Majesty's Army and
Navy : numlicr cif members atiout 3,000 ; entrance
fee, 42 guineas ; annual subscription, 10 guineas.
Address : 94 Piccadilly. London, W.
Naval and Military Beview. Established 1900.
Published monthly. Price id. Address: 3 Arun-
del Street, Strand, London, W.C.
Naval architecttm. Construction or art and
science of shipbuilding.
Naval Artillery Voluntaers, Royal. See Royal
Naval Artillery Volunteers.
Naval Mremonias. Naval ceremonies are of two
kinds — those prescribt'cl by regulation and those
sanctioned by the custom of the sea. TIic former
include all salutes in honour of superiors, either by
touching the cap, presenting arms, dipping colours,
manning ship, or firing a prescribed number of
guns ; the latter the form of procedure to be followed
cm such occasions as the performance of Divine
Service, funerals, the ordering of courts -martial,
the infliction of punishment, hoisting the colours,
hailing boats, and the etiquette of precedence.
The origin of saluting Hes'in the necessity o( proving
to the person sahited that the person saluting is
unarmed, and incapable of taking advantage of
Dtte,
the opportunity for making an attack. Thus tlx
men " present " arms, offering them or presenho^
tbem to the pereon saluted. Officers, if witli
drawn swords, in saluting, drop the point ol the
weapon to the ground : if unarmed, exhibit tfai
palm of the hand in touching the cap, thas showia|
that it contains no concealed weapon. Siiailarty.
in the days when the guns were, as a rule. loaded
salutes were fired with ball to empty the piece
and to salute with blank cartridge is comparativm
a modem practice. Saluting at sea in eaxly dayi
as a mark of re-tpect to distinguished ponsooagM4t
their countries was carried out by striking the sub
or taking in the flags, and in the old rvgnlatiou
the custom was enforced by law. Thus, np to tte
end of the eighteenth century' the following ins
tion appeared in the regulations for the Ni
" When any of His Majesty's ships shall meet witi
any ship or ships belonging to any foreign t^iaee
or State, within His Maj<«ty's seas, which ext«9d
to Cape Finisterrc, it is expected tha.t the sud
foreign ships do strike their topsail, and take ia
their flag, in acknowledgment of His Majoty'f
sovereignty in those seas : and if any shall rehut
or offer to re.'iist, it is enjoined to all flag-o£oen
and commanders to use their utmost endeavova
to compel them thereto, and not to sufier urr
dishonour to be done to His Majesty." Tlw
custom of " dipping the flag " continues, but. as
an act of courtesy only, the men-of-war do not
dip to one another. Saluting with gntia is ako la
ancient practice, and Pepys, in his diary, meotua
how, when the news of the accession of Charles H
was brought to the fleet, " the general begaa »
6re his guns, which he did all that he had in t^
ship, and so did the rest of the commanders, vfikft
was very gallant, and to bear the buUeta go hiui^
over our heads as we were in the boat."
The instructions for salutes are given in tie
King's regulations for the government of the nanl
service, which prescribe that all Royal salum «t
to consist of 31 guns, except in India. wh«fe tb
King and Emperor receives toi guns, and a fp«Ai
table of salutes is established. In addition to tte
King, other members of the Royal Family an tc
be saluted, but Royal salutes are not to be ft-
turned. When foreign crowned heads. Sov«^
Princes, or Chiefs of States are saluted, the xttt
ofhcer's sliip present is to display the flag Ot tk
nation of such Royal or distinguished penooi^
All salutes from foreign shij»s of war are to k
returned gun for gun. but by an arraagemesiC «)A
the maritime powers the following salutes M*
ships of vrar will not he returned : Those lo Koja
personages. Chiefs of States or members oi Ro**
families, whether on arriv-al at. or departure In*
a port, or upon visiting ships ol war ; tho« ^
diplomatic, naval, military, or consular authon**
or to governors or officers administcnng m gotiO'
ment. whether on arrival at or departure tms>*
port, or when visiting ships of wmr; lh»* *
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421
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fordgaers of hi(;h distinction on visiting ships of
war ; and tfaoM.- iircd upon occasioiu of natiooal
festivals or anoiverearirs. The Adimralty flag
does not return salutes as a rule. When foreign
or Bntisb merchant ships, or any ships not m the
Royal Navy, salute his &U.jcsty's ships, the return
salute is to be five guns to a single ship, and seven
to more than one sailing in company. There are
certain lixed dates for firing salutes, as on the
anniversaries of the birth, accession, and corona-
tion of the reigning Sovereign, and the birthday
of the consort of the reigning Sovereign, but none
of such salutes are returned. Thi: salutes to Iw
fired in honour of civil, naval, and military func-
tionaries in their several capacities are laid down
in a table, beginning with ii^ guna (or the Lord
Warden uf tlu; Cinque Porte, to be fired " as has
tu:rt:toforu been the practice," the Govenior-
Cencrat of the Dominion of Canada, and the
Governor-General ot the Commonwealth of Au3-
trajia. Ambassadors Extraordinary and Pleni-
potentiary, the Lord High Admiral, or the com-
missioners for executing his office, the Commander-
in-Chief of the Army, Admirals of the Fleet, and
field-maishab are entitled to the same number of
guns on certain specified occasions. As a general
rule, no salutes are to be fired between sunset and
sunrise, and when it may be necessary to salute on
Sundays care is to be taken not to do so during
the celebration of Divine Service afloat or ashore.
All salutes txjnsist uf an odd number of guns.
With regard to the interchange of visits of cere-
mony cither with officers of friendly foreign men-of-
war or with His .Majesty's diplomatic representatives
abroad, and the governors and other administrators
of Ht!i Majesty's colonies and possessions, etc.,
very detailed instructions are laid down, which,
ms regards the first case, have been agreed upon
among the maritime Powers. As a rule, on the
arrival of foreign vraislups in British ports an
oAtcer is sent on board the itcnior ship of the
visitors to ofler the " customary courtesies."
When this visit has been returned, the semor
officer of the visiting ships calls upon the senior
naval officer present at the port, if he be liis equal
in gradL-, and this visit must be returned within
34 hour? of it being p^d. In the case of officers
of difiercnt grades the inferior will pay the first
visit. When there is a great difierence between
the grade of the visiting ofTicpr and that of the
officer in command of the port, the latter may, in
certain specified cases, send an officer of lower
grade to return the visit of his inferior in rank.
In every case His Majesty's officers may expect
that strict reciprocity will t>e observed in similar
circumstances by foreign naval officers in respect
to these visits of ceremony. In regard to the
consular authorities, the first visit is to be made
by the officer who is subordmate in relative rank
to Uie other. Consuls -general rank with, but after,
commodores ; consuls with, but :i(ter. naval cap-
tains of three y«arft' standing, and before all other
such captains ; vice-cooBuls with, but after, lien-
tenants of eight years' standing : and consular-
agents with, but after, all other Ucutenants. The
expression "with, but after" moans that of two
officers of precisely tlic tfiunc rank uf date and
commissioa, the consular ofticer will br the junior.
Governors of colonics always receive the first visit,
but lieu tenant-go vcniors and administrators or
commissioners pay the first visit, which arc always
to t>e returned within 24 liouni, and, when neoes-
»ar>*. the naval officer in always to provide a
KuitabI? boat for the diplomatic or other officer to
pay his ofiicial visits afloat.
The use of flags in connection with ceremonies
is fully prescribed in the Regulations, the White
Ensign with the red St. George's Cross and the
Union in the upper canton beinf? the distinguishing
flag of all His Majesty's ships of war in commission,
accompanied, except m the coses of vessels Aying
an admiral's tiagur a broad pennant, by a '* pendant,
having a St. George's cross on a white field in the
part next to the mast, with a white dy." Although
not prescribed in the Hcgulations. certain cere-
monies arc observed both at the hoisting ot the
Ensign and at the time it is hauled down, the
band plays, everyone in sight stands at attention,
and when the (lag comes down the sentinels lire
their small arms. Under certain conditions laid
down in the Regulations, British merchant ships
arc allowed to wear a blue ensign, but as a rule, and
in accordance with the Merchant Shipping Act, all
other ships and vesMls which belong to His Majesty's
subjects, unless they have warrant tram the
Admiralty to display other colours, are tn wear a
red ensign free from a.ny badge or distinctive mark.
They may also use the British Union Aag, with a
border ot white of one-fifth of the tlaft. an a pilot
flag in all parts of the world. The 7jrd section ot
the Morcliant Shipping Act provides that any
commismoned officer on full pay iu the service of
His Majesty, or any otficer ol Customs, or any
British consular officer, may board a slup or boat
on wlUch colours or pendants are hoisted contrary
to the terms of the Act. and may take them away
an forfeit to His Majesty ; inoreiiver. the master
or the owner of the ship or boat and otliur jwrsons
hoisting the prohibited colours are liable to be fined
for each oflence. m a sum not exceeding five hundred
potmds. Any man-of-war in commission may
order by signal any ship belongmg to a British
subject at any time to hoist her proper national
colours, and m default ot obeying this order the
master of the ship shall be liable to a tine not exceed
ing one hundred pounds.
The ceremonial in connection with the perform-
ance o( Divine Service v\ ba.<kod opon ancient cu.-*-
torn, when it was tlie usage of the sea to sing hymns
or psalms at the changing of the watch. It is an
instruction that Divine Service is to \ye performed
every Sunday on board every ship ol w»ir, and a
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sermoD preached, unless the duties of the ship and
the state of the weather prevent it. Permission to
be{absent must be formally obtained oo the ground
of religious scruples ; short prayers are also to be
read alter morning quarters or divisions. The
conduct of a naval funeral in accordance with
costom is regulated by the senior officer prcscot,
wbo fixes the strength and compotution of the
funeral and firing parlies. In the case of flag and
general officers minute gnna are to be hrcd whilst
the body is proceeding to tlic place of interment, to
the number which the ofhccr's raolc entitled htm
when living ; the same number oi guns is to be
fired as .snon .ik the bunal has taken place. Captains
or commanders ol ships are also entitled to a
certain number of minute guns, but all other
ofiicers, men, and boys of the Navy shall have
three volleys of musketry fired over the grave, or
over the body when put into the sea. All officers
and men when passing a funeral salute the body
just as tiiey would salute their seniors, and when a
man-of-war's boat passes a luneial party afloat,
, the men in her toss their oais if she is pulling, or
show some corresponding mark ol respect U she is
saihng or moving under steam.
There arc various ceremonies connected with
boats, as when they arc passing the junior salutes
the senior according to the latter's rank, either by
tossing cars, lotting fly the sheet, stopping the
engines, lading on the oars, or merely by touching
the cap. After dark all boats approaching a ship
are hailed, " Boat ahoy I " When a flag ofiicer is
in the boat the reply is made "Flag." When the
boat carries the captain of a ship the name of that
ship is given in reply to the hail. Cummissioncd
ofiicers, if they intend to board tlie vessel, answer.
"Aye. aye I " but in every other case the reply is
" No, no." and this whether the boat is going to
the ship or merely passing.
Tlie Ceremonies of " dressing ship " and " man-
ning slup " are very ancient, and in the very early
Regulations for the Navy it was prescribed that ves-
sels when passing one another were to have a guard
on deck to salute. These practices are still carried
out, conlormably, of course, with the changes in
the equipment and appearance of the ships.
.Among the ceremonies connected with the
procedure of courts-iuartial, it is tlie custom to
hoist a t'nion Jack at the peak while a Court i&
silting, and to fire a gun on the Court s assembling.
All ofiicers in port who arc qualified to sit must
attend. The prisoner's sword, if he have one, is
placed across the table while the Court is fitting,
and when he comes in to hear sentence pronounced,
the first intimation o! whether it is favourable or
not IS accorded by the situation ol the hilt, whether
it be placed towards or away from him. " All who
will " may be present at the trial. The youngest
officer in the Court has to give his vote fir^t. the
determination of the Court is settled by the majonty
ol the votes, but alt must sign, not^-iths landing
any difference of opinion between tbexn. As sdoo
as the sentence has been decided upon, it ts to bt
pronounced in public. There are other ccrctanatti,
such as that which is carried out on " Crossing tif
Line," and which are iully prescribed by custom
hut are not to be found in the otticial Kegulatumi.
Naval chaplains. Sei Naval Education.
Nav&I Collegfl, Bi^nL See Greenwich Rojrs)
Naval College.
5avftl Coarts*mArtial arc constituted under tbe
Naval Discipline Acts (?.».). 1866 and 1884. Tbct
is no legal right to demand a trial by Court -martul.
but in the United Kingdom the Admiralty {qjtJ,,
and on foreign stations the comtuanding officer hj
virtue of a commission, have a discrvtioaary po«a
of ordering Courts-martiat. The Court, which a
held on one ol Mis Majesty's ships, must consifl ol
not less than five or more ttian tune officers, ruddaj
not lower than a lieutenant on full pay and ol :i
years of age, and the president must be senicr cr
equal in rank to the prisoner.
The procedure is laid down by the Adoiiraltj
regulations. Courts-martial are subject to tte
juri.sdiction of the High Court, and proceeduip
against them for exccedmg their powers, or for us-
authorised acts, lie by writs of probibition, csrttonn,
or habras corpus.
Refer to Judge-Ad\*ocato of the Fleet.
Naval Disciptino Acts. By the Acts of iB66ui
1^84 all crimes committed by those subject v>
these Acts, which could have beca dealt with itj
the Common Law Courts, as well as special oflenca
against discipline, may now be tried by Couro*
martuiJ (f.i'-). All j>erson!i twi^e on the books (4
any of His Majesty's commissioned ships, •1'
forces on His Majesty's ships, passengers orda^
to be carried, those on the books of hired taB-
ports, crews of His Majesty's ships wrecked, tet
or captured, and the Naval Reserve (g.v.) on »■
vice, are subject to naval discipline. The Acs
relate to (i) otlunccs committed in any baitsOv
haven, creek, or on any lake or river xn or witbOlS
the United Kingdom, or anywhere withu ik
jurisdiction of Admiralty, at any place or aba*
out ot the United Kingdom, or at any ai fit
Majesty's dockyards, arsenals, barracks, haeptol^
etc., or (i) misconduct in the presence of At
enemy, commumcations with the enemy, d^«X
ol duty, mutiny, msubordination, desertMa tfrf
absence without leave (y.v.), and mm'rllariff^
offences. The penalties include death, penal stni-
tude, dismissal with disgrace, impnsoonieDt tf
lioggmg (q.v.), dismissal frum tlie service, forietttft
of seniority as oflictT. dismissal from ship, nfO*
maud, diiirating as petty officer, forfeiture of p9>
bounty, sahage, medals, etc., and minor pumA-j
ments as inUictcd by naval custom.
NftTBl education. The regulations for the sf
education, and training of the ofiicers and ndi ^
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423
NAVAL
the Navy arc laid down by the Admiralty, and
from time to time have uudergonc considerable
alteration and modi^cation. T\w regulations con*
ceming the officers may be divided into two large
groups— those which concern the executive oAcen,
and those which have reference to the Civil branches.
Until 1902 the engineer officers of the Na%ry were
treated as a Civil braoch, but in December of that
year it uas announced by Lord Selbome. the First
Lord of the Admiralty, in a memorandum, and
afterwards by the Board in a circular letter, that
all executive and engineer officers of the N'avy ami
officers of Oio Royal Marines will, fur tUv future,
enter the service as naval cadets under identical
conditions between the ages of 12 and 13, and will
be trained together until Uiey pass for the rank
of lieutenant. After passing for the rank of lieu-
tenant they may be required to serve either as
general service officers or in one of the special
branches, such as engineering, gunnery, torpedo,
navigation, or marine duty. Entry is by nomina-
tion and a limited competitive cxarotnation. It is
notified that, as far as possible, officers selected for
special service will be allo«-ed to choose the branch
in which they will qualify, subject to the proviso
that ail branches are satisfactorily hUetl ; but
pumts or guardians of candidates must give an
undertaking for them that they are prepared to
serve in any branch. It is essential for candidates
that they should be of pure European descent, and
the sons either of natural boni or of uaturaliscd
British subjects, fn doubtful cases the burden
of proof is throwrn upon the parents or guardians.
Applications for nominations should be made to
tbe assistant private secretary to the First I-ord,
and practically all eUgiblc candidates who have
paued the medical examination are summoned to
appear before an interviewing committee, which
test being satisfied, the candidate must pass the
qualifying examination in the following subjects :
English, including writing from dictation, simple
composition, and reproduction of the gist of a
short passage twice read aloud to the candidates ;
history and geography, with special reference to
the British Empire ; arithmetic and algebra ;
practical and theoretical geometry ; French or
German and Latin — all of a very easy character.
The list of successful candidates is published in
alphabetical order. For all cadets entered under
these regulations the course of instruction in the
training establishments is a. period of four years,
of which two years arc spent at Osborne and the
rennaiader at Dartmouth. Hiere ai-e three terms
is each year. Payment ts rixiuirixl from the
parents or guardians of each cadet while in the
training estabUshments as a contribution towards
the cost of his education. This payment is at the
rate of 0$ per annum, to be paid by instalments
in advance at the begirming of each term ; but a
certain number of cadets, being sons of oflicent of
the Nav>-. .\rmy, or Marines, or of civil officers
under the Board of Admiralty, are taken at a
reduced rale of ^40 per annum. Parentis or guar-
dians are further re<quired to make a pnvatc allow-
ance of £50 per annum to cadets from the tune
of their leax-ing the training estabUshmentt until
they reach the rank of acting sub -lieutenant.
Moreover, in addition to the above payments any
expenses incurred by the cadet for clothing, books,
washing, etc.. as well as one shilling per week paid
as pocket-money, arc charged to the parent or
guardian. The regulations st-ate that it is un-
necesjiary their friends 'should give cadets any
money except on joining, or on their return from
the vacations ; and, although silver watches may
be used, gold watches and chains are taken from
the cadets and placed in security until they return
home. A list of the articles of clothing, etc, re-
quired for a cadet while at Osborne and Dartmouth
can be obtained from any outfitter, or from the
.Admiralty. Each cadet on joining or on returning
after the vacations is required to producv a health
certificate. signe<l by hiti parent or guardian, not
earUer than the day before the cadet's return, to
the effect that, so far as is known, ha has not for
at least three weeks immc<liately prcuedmg his
return been exposed to any infectious disease, or
entered any house where such disease has existed.
It is notified that the period of traming is a time
of probation, and parents or guardians arc re-
quired to sign a declaration on the .-ulmission of a
cadet to the effect that he shall be immediately
withdrawn on the rtMreipt of an official request for
his withdraw^al. Reports of progress and conduct
are made to the Admiralty at Che end of each vear
of the cadet's study, and those who fail to reach a
certain standard or whose constitution is weak,
or who do not show an aptitude for naval Ufe, or
who are in any way considered unsuitable for the
naval service, may be required at any time to
withdraw. The outfit of every cadet mast be pro-
vided by his parent or guardian, and no pay is
allowed to the cadets in the training establish-
ments. In addition to the ordinary nomination,
members of the Board of Admiralty and certain
uaval officers are allowed the privilege of sjjccially
recommtrnding one candidate : Uie Goveniments of
certain colonies are also allowed to recommend
specially a number of candidates annually from
among boys belonging to families resident in ttie
colonies ; and three nominations are granted every
year to the Conway, the training ship of the mer-
caotite mannc, under certain specified cnnditions.
ft is advuiable that all candidates should undergo
ejcamination by some qualified medical practitioner
before being sent up lor examination at tlie Ad-
miralty, in order to lessen the chances of dis-
appointment. A list of the points which dis-
qualify can be obtained from the Admiralty.
The cadets on entry all receive the same educa-
tion and training until they have passed for sub<
lieutenant at the agf of t^ to jo. The curnculum
NAVAL
424
NAVAL*^
durinK the shore tTatnfng is a wide and compre-
hensive one. embracing mechanical drawing, mathe-
matics, seamanship, navigation, English grammar.
English literature, history, com]>osition, geography,
French, and Bible study, as ■well as a thorough
elementary instruction in physics and marine
engineering, including the use of tooht and machines.
After four years in the training establishments, all
cadets go to sea as midshipmen, and while stiti
.■wr\-ing in that capacity continue their education
under the engineer, gunnery, marine, navigating,
and torpedo lieutenants, with the general super-
\'ision of the captain of their respective ships. Thr>'
are annually examined in the various subjects, and
at the end of three years, pro\'ided they pass the
final examination, become acting 5ub>heutenants
and then go to tlic Ro>*al Naval College at Green-
wich. There they have a three months' course in
navigation, mathematics, and pilotage, and then
go to Portsmouth for a six morths' course in
gunnery, torpedo, and engineering. At the end of
this course they will be examined and classed, and
on passing confirmed as sub-lie u ten ants. Now it is
that these officers will be distributed between the
executive and engineer branches of the Royal Na\'y
and the Royal Marines, and as far as possible they
will be allowed to choose which branch ol the Service
they prefer. Sub-lieutenants who specialise in
engineering will go to the College at Keyham for a
course of professional instruction, and a certain
number of the most promising will be selected to
go to Greenwich for a further special course, which
will include an opportunity of studying at large
civil and engineering establishments and institu-
tions. Sub-heutcnants who specialise for the Royal
Marines will spend two years in acquiring military'
training, a training which will correspond very
closely to tliat now reccivc<l by the young ofTicprs of
the Royal Marine Artillery. All the offirers who
enter under the above circumstances and conditions,
and whether they specialise or not. will be eligible
for promotion to flag rank. They will Ue available
for keeping watch at sea, and for general executive
duties afloat, and may, any of them, aspire to the
command of a ship, the control of a Beet, or the
highest posts in the naval administration.
Turning to the civil branches, appointments to
asnstant clerkships, the initial wte|> towards the
secretarial and accountant branch is made by
limited competition, with the exception of one
candidate nominated annually, who must be a son nf
HU officer of the Navy or Royal Marines, who has
l>crn killed in action or lost at sea on active sterv-icc.
or died from wounds received in action or injuries
received on duty, or who has performed long
and meritorious serv-ice. ThLS candidate" will
he recjuirefl to obtain such an aggregate of
marks as may saliHfy the Civil Service Com-
missioners, and excej>t as regards exemption from
the competitive examination is subject m all re-
spects to the same regulations as t\w other candi-
dates. No candidate wlU bo eligible for the June
examination in each year who is under 17 or owr
18 years ot age on the 1 5th July following examina-
tion. As well as the educational cxammatioQ
candidates are required to pass a medical examtoa-
tion. and they must produce certificale* of good
conduct from the masters of schools at which ther
have been educated, a certificate of ability to swim.
and a regwtrar's certiftcatc of birth. The parents
or guardians of assistant clerks are required to pay
half-yearly in advance to the Accountant-Geiitnl.
to be held to their credit. £30 per year for each
a.s.sistant clerk from the date of entry into the
Service until he is rated clerk, which. proWdM bt
can pass the necessary examination, may be afirr
a year's ser%*ice. They then rise by promotiwi
throogh the grade of assistant paymaster to pay
master, staff paymaster, fleet paymaster, and
paymaster^in -chief. From this branch also tfat
secretaries and their staff are selected.
The candidate for admission into the medKal
department of the Navy must not be under 21 or
over j8 years of age on the day ol the comtaenoh
ment of the competitive examination. He imai
produce evidence as to the date of his birth, and a
certificate of moral character. He must he
registered under the Medical Act in force as qnaltfitd
to practise medicine and surgery in Great Bntaia
and Ireland, He must declare in addition to Iw
age. date and place of birth, that he is of pan
European descent, and the son cither of natural
bom Briti-sh subjects or of parents nataraltsed is
the United Kingdom. His physical fitness will be
determined by a Board of medical officers, who an
to certify that his vision comes up to the reqtand
standard. Information as to the examination caa
always be obtained on application from the Directcr-
General of the medical dej)artment of the .Admiraltr.
and the admission of rantlidates will be determuted
solely by the number of marks gained in the am-
pulsory subjects, no candidnte being coosidind
eligible who shall not have obtained at least oM-
third of the maximum marks in each of the cpd*
pulsory subjects. In cases of Colonial notninatKOi.
registration of professional qnalificationft may S*
deferred until after the arrival in England d *
candidate- who has been passed on a Colonial sunoa
but a commission as surgeon will not be grantiJ
until the certificate of the registrar of the MeiK^
Council has been produced at the tnedical ^
partment of the Navy. Successful cftndkbM
immediately after pasiting the examinatioa «il
receive coinmi.«isianB as surgeons in the Royal Nis?
and will undergo a ccmrse of practical Instracfiot
in naval hygiene at Haslar Htispttat. hvtff
medical offtcer is also required to undergo a pCiA-
graduatp course of three numths' durabon H a
metropolitan hospital once in every eight
and wliile attending this course will receive (oB
lodging and provision allowances. The
tion for pramotion to the rank of stafl-
NAVAL
425
NAVAL
iocludes an examinatiaii in naval hygiene. Ait«r
four years' full pay liCTvicc in the Royal Navy,
mrdiciU officers are ailuweH lo withdraw from Ihe
Service with a gratuity of ^^500, on condition that
they join the Reserve of Naval Medical Officers.
with the liabihty of being called out in time of war
or emergency.
To render a candidate eIigible*for appointment
as a chaplain in the Koyal Navy he must be an
ordAined deacon and priest of the Church of Eng-
land, or admitted to the sam» Holy Orders by the
lawful authority of one of the Churches within the
realms of Great Britain and Iceland which are in
communion with the Church of England : he must
not hold any benefice with a cure of souls. He
must produce satisfactory tcstimoniab from the
Bishop of the diocese in which he was last Ucensed
addressed to the Lords Commissioners of the
Admiralty ; bis age must not exceed 30, or in
Certain exceptioaal cases 35, years ; he must have
been examined by the Chaplain of the Fleet and
reported by him to be in every respect a lit and
pr(^>er person to serve as cUapluin lu His Majesty's
naval service : and he must be pronounced phy-
sically fit for service by the Medical Director-
General of the Navy. If he satisfies these require-
ments, he will be appointed in the first msiance
for toDT years, and he then may be placed on the
cstabhshed list of cliaplaiiis if tic dc»irc to remain
in tlie Navy ; otherwise he will be dLscharged with
a gratuity, which may be as much as ii.boo. and
is graduated according to length of service. Should,
however, a chaplain accept a living while he stiU
has less than four years' full pay service he will
be 0(»isidered as desinog to resign, and will not
be entitled to any retiring allowance, or to either
half or retired pay. Ketirement will be com-
pulsory at the age of 60, or at any age if a chaplain
is found phytiically unfit for active service, or has
not held an appointment for three consecutive
years.
Men and boys wishing to obtain information as
to the Royal Navy vrith a view to joining ^ihould
apply either by letter or periKnially to any of the
ioUowing olhcers, who will furnish the forms
necessary to be filled up, and give exact directions
as to the mode ot joining : The station officer at
aoy of the coastguard stations ; the Royal Marine
recruiting staS-othcers in the principal towns ; tliu
captains of the Koyal Naval barracks at the naval
ports ; the commanding officers of the Koyal Naval
Reserve drill ships ; and by letter only to the
Secretary of the Admiralty, Whitehall. Service in
ttie Royal Navy oflers great attractions to well-
behaved men and boys who may wish, whilst
mieing tlie world under pleasant conditions, to
have a chance of distinguiiihiDg tliem^lveti by seal
and gallantry. It also provides continuous em*
ployment at a good rate of pay up to the age of
50. and to the age of 55 in certain ranks and
ratings, free rations, medical attendance and
hospital treatment, allowance towards outfit, leave
of absence witliout loss of pay. extra pay for
special services, life pensions at expiration of ser-
vice, and employment m Civil Service after being
pensioned. There is no other service which offers
such advantages as the Royal Navy, promotion
bemg exceptionally rapid in tlie case of well-
conducted intelhgent men who are determined to
get on. All candidates before being accepted are
subjected to a strict medical cxajuination by naval
medical officers, and are required to be frtMt from
any physical defect or disabiHty. AH candidates
must be able to read and write fairly, as well as to
satisfy further tests for special ratings. Boys who
have lieen in pri'wns or reformatories are not
received, and only industrial schoolbo>-s of very
good character may be entered by special per-
mission. Seamen are eligible for advancement to
both warrant and commissioned rank, and waxrant
officers of exemplary conduct who may distinguish
themselves by acts of gallantry and daring in the
Ser\'ice arc eUgible to hold commissions in the
fleet after undergoing an examination in such other
rank or position as the Admiralty may deem them
worthy to receive and competent to till. ,\mong
the ratings open in the Navy are tlie following :
Signalmen, engine-fitters, coppersmiths, boiler-
makers, pattern moulders, electricians, armourers,
smiths and machinists, carpenters, cuo{K:rs, painters,
plumbers, shipwrights, stokers, writers, ship
stewards, and the sick berth staff.
The Royal Marines form a portion of tlie naval
forces of the country ; their organisation is quite
distinct from tliat of the Army, and service in this
corps oBcrs great attractions to lads having a
hking for soldiering combined with service aAoat.
Growing lads from 17 years of age and active men
from JO to 23 are eligible for the corps of Koyal
^larincs provided they can produce satisfactory
records of cliaracter, are strong, vigorous, healthy,
and able to read and write fairly well. About oae-
half of the corps ore always serving adoat. and the
barracks at the divisions are most comfortable and
well found in all respects. Candidates may also
join the Royal &Iarines for service in the fleet as
bandsmen, who enjoy similar advantages to other
members of the corps as regards free clothing,
rations, medical attendance, pensions, and allot-
ments oi mouuy to relatives and friends.
K0fer to Naval Establishments.
Naral EoginMriDg OoDege. 5r-^ Naval Educa-
tion.
Naval Enlistment Act Set Navy.
Hani eitablishmonta. When the government of
tlie Navy was entrusted to a Lord High Admiral
the Admiralty was merely the personal office of this
official, and its locality changed from time to time,
the business being conducted either at his residence
or at that of his secretary. The site occupied by
the present Admiralty Of&ce at Whitehall became
NAVAL
426
NAVAL
cooaected with the Navy through tlie medium of
George V'tUiers, Duke of Buckingliam, who in 1626,
being then Lord High Admiral, convened at ht3
residence, WaUingiord House, the Council oi the
Sea. After Buckingham was assassinated the
office ol Lord High Admiral Mas put into commission
and thf meetings ol the commissioners continued
to be held at Wallingford Houstr until the execution
of Charles i. in 1649. The business of the Admi-
ralty Oihce was afterwards conducted in a variety
of places, until in i6«J5 it was di-cided lo remove the
office once more to its old quarters at Wallingford
House, which was pulled down and rebuilt for the
purpose. It was not until 1725 that the otftce was
removed to that site. Many of the department^
were still earned on in other building;* lor want of
accommodation, and although the work ol centrali-
sation has been facilitated by the erection of new
wing.s all the departments are not yet under the
same roof, and will not be until the completion of
extension now going on in Spring Gardens.
Greenwich Hc«i)ital, originally a Royal palace.
Was appropriated to ttie reception of disabled
seamen in the reign of William IIT.. and a school
in connection with the Hospital was founded iu 1712
for the education ol the children of tlie pim-^ioners.
There was, however, a second school in existence,
entitled the Royal Naval Asylum, under the
management of Lloyd's Patriotic Fund, untU in
1S39 the funds of this latter est&bli.shmcjit were
handed over to the Grcenwch Hospital School.
which was then divided into an upper and lower
school, each consisting of 400 boys, and a female
side whore 300 girls were accommodated in what is
' stj'lcd the Queen's House. The girl's school was
abolished in 1841. and the distinction t>etweeo the
lower and upper schools in 1861. The buildings ot
the Hospital were in 1B7S appropriated to the pur*
poses of a Royal Naval College, at which oflicers of
the Navy attend certain specified courses, are
examined, and undergo in certain cases higher
training for the specialised grades of the Service.
The I*ainted Hall, or picture gallerj', of the Hos-
pital and the Chapel, w-ith a museum, remain as
they were before the building was appropriated to
the uses of a College, and in the hrst-named there is
a most interesting collection of paintings repre-
senting many of our most celebrated naval com*
manders and the actions tliey fought.
There are two other colleges devoted to the
education and training of naval ofhcers on first
entry, Osborne College, which was formally opened
by King Edward on August 4, 1903, and Dartmouth
College, the foundation stone of which was laid by
King Edward on March 7, tpoa, and which was
first occupied by the cadets in September, i^^S-
The cadets are two years at Osborne and two years
at Dartmouth, so that the first batch to have com-
pleted the course went to sea in September, 1907.
About 60 acres of the Osborne estate are devoted to
the Royal Naval College, which 13 laid out upon the
bungalow system, the nucleus ha\'ing be«n bir*
nished by the former Royal stables. The bnagt-
lows are built of short wooden frames, lined inaiit
and out with a brownish, compressed, telt-lilce
material known as urahte. Each of the bungalowt
is named after some great naval commander, and
the fundHinental principle of the system is Co im-
port into his shore-going surroundings the ttx
atmosphere of the cadet's future career. Attached to
the College arc mechanical workshops at Kingston.
where the jyractical elements of marine cngincerinc
are taught, and s~pacious placing fields wh«n
the cadets are encouraged to take part 10 healt^
outdoor games. The sound, practical groaodwodik
of training which is laid at Osborne is devdopet
upon progressive lines at Dartmouth, where tfe
College, situated upon the west bank of the nver, ■
a magnificent building. It is fitted with, ail the
conveniences and appliances of modern science, aad
is capable of accommodating from 400 to 500
cadets. The gun rooms or living rooms and dortta-
tories are named, as in the case of those at OsbocK,
after famoas admirals. The cadet's sea ciicst
stai'iJs at the foot of the bed in which fae sleeps, aad
the dormitories, which arc lofty and airv, art
lighted by electricity. There are batb rooaa
drying rooms, lavatories and fully equipped
kitchens; indeed, everj^thing in the ■vray oi ecu-
venience, comfort, and hygiene is to be found n
high degree at the Royal Naval College at Dart-
mouth. The mechanical instructional woricshcfi
are situated at some Uttle distance from tk
College, and here the cadets handle lathes, didk
vices, files, etc., under strict expert superviaoa
and are taught to fashion bars of rough steel intc
pohshed spindles, or to make a joint that ■£
resist a steam pressure ot 300 jxiunds on a sqac
inch. There is a sj^leiidid gymnasiuca. magnifinft
cricket and football fields, and ail the eqiupmat
for teaching the handling of boats.
There is one other shore establishment conorcttl
with training the boys on entry into the Nsty.
This IS at ShoUcy, near Harwich, and has tak«
the place of the hulks in which the newly-rui<
boys were previously trained. The buUdiogs. **
which there are a number, wen? opened for '
accommodation of the boya in if>04. They
fitted up mo3t comfortably, and the eqaipmottl
the establishment is most complete. Attadtfdl
Shotley School are cruisers in which the
undergo periodical traioiog at sea be&m
drafted to the regularly commissioned men-of*<
The naval dockyards at home axe six in 1
Portsmouth, which did not pcsesees a dry
until after 1655, has now an area of up
1 20 acres. Its e<juipmcnt has been recently 1
up to date, an installation of electricity
lighting and power has been made, new !
and workshops built, and furttier imp
are atill in progress. Plymouth was feist
lished ia the year i68g, and in 1824 the nuM <
NAVAL
427
NAVAL
altered to Devonport. To this Keyham has since
been added, now makiog it the largest of the naval
dockyards. The electrification (or lighting and
power was started in 1903 and completed in n^uj.
The new crane, which will be tested with a load ol
340 tons, will be the largest in any shipbuilding
yard in the world. It is designed to lilt 160 tons
a.t a minimum radius of 95 ft., and 80 tons at
105 ft., while the extreme radius for loads of jo
tons will be txH ft.
Chatham yard was founded by Queeo Elizabeth,
aad was continually being enlarged and improved
until, in the reign of Charles II., it had the largest
water frontage of any Government yard. Although
it has been considerably increased, much of the land
enclosed bas nor been utilised for basins or docks.
Ttiis yard lal)OUT^ under the di-iadvantagc of being
some distance up the Mtxlway, which rivrr is not
available lor the passage of large modem vessels at
all times. Shcemess, as an adjunct to Chatham
origiaally, has now a distinct rdle of its own, and is
regarded as the special yard for repairs to de-
stroyers and other small craft.
Pembroke Dockyard, which dates irofn 1815,
is in the main a building yard only, while the
Alexandra Dock at Haulbowline, Queenatown, was
opened in 1885.
Naval establishments abroad are maintained at
Gibraltar, Malta. Bombay. Bermuda, Hong Kong,
Simons Bay, and Sydney, while others at Triu-
comalee, Exquimalt, Port Royal, and Halifax are
in a state of .luspended animation, and could, if
necessary, be called into use to time of emergency.
In addition, it is proposed at home to conittruct a
dockyard at Rosyth in the River Forth, and the
new harbour at Dover, over 600 acres in area, will
be provided with a small slip and repairing yard
for destroyers and submarines.
At each of the naval ports there are naval
barraclu. in which tbe men waiting appointment to
ships or re-qualifying are accommodated. There
are also gunnery schools and torpedo schools at
each of the ports, the principal of these being
'Whale Island far gunnery-, and the Vernon for
torpe<lo, both of which institutions are at Ports-
mouth. At this port also is situated the Naval
IVar CoU^ie. m the building which was at one time
the Naval Academy, and afterwards a college for
tbe reception of sub-lieutenants while passing their
examinations for i^unnery at Whale Island.
There are victualling establishments at Dept-
ford, Gob-port, and Plymouth, and a small dep6t,
capable in time of need of considerable cx]iansion,
at (laulbowlinc. The yard at Dcptford, hko those at
Gosport and Plymouth, contains a baker)' capable
of turning out very large quantities of biscuit ;
but, in addition, at this yard is manufactured
cocoa, mustard, pepper, and other ctorea for the
Nav)'. while most of those obtained under contracts
are also dehvered here.
There are naval hospitals at Chatham, Plymouth,
and Haslar. near Gosport. the last-named being the
most important. The land for the construction of
Haalar Hospital was purcliascd in 1745. its founda-
tions were laid in the next ye.-ir, and the building
completed t(3 years later. The hospital buildings
occupy about seven acres, but the yiouud^ extend
over q5 acres in all. There are 58 large wards, each
taking 14 patients. The lighting of the hospital is
by electricity, and the ventilation of the wards
is excellent. Steam is mostly used for cooking.
IHymouth Hospital was buiit on the block system
between the years 1756 and I7ti4, and Chatham
Hospital was built on the pavilion system, each
pavilion being in communication with the other
tlirough a corridor. The first annual report on the
health of the Navy was published in iSoiji. the total
numbtn' of operations pcrformrd at Haslar in that
year was 15. In 1904 there were 1.172 operations,
showing tlie ^'ast change that has occurred in recent
years.
BftVAl exp«nditara. Cromwell, during his tenure
of office, spt'ut a larger proportion of the national
income on the Navy than any previous ruler, the
amount being about ^1,100.000 for a period ex-
tending over two and a half years. Btrforc the
Seven Years' War, 1756. the expendituru averaged
about j£3,400,ooo. This was increased to over
^5,000.000 before the war was over. In 1764 it
was again reduced to about j^2,ioo.ooo, and re-
mained between ^l. 000,000 and /z.uoo.ooo until
1776. when it rose to ^3,2^7.000. and in 1781 to
almost ^g.ooo.ooo. In 1784 it again dropped to
a httle over ^^3.000,000, and for the next seven
years only on two occasions exceeded ^3,000,000.
In 1793 it was ^3,900,000. and in four years had
risen to ^13.000,000. only to drop again in 1803
to ^iu,2uo,ouo, to be increased four years later to
nearly ^20,000,000, and in 1814 to ^23.500,000.
During the next 25 years the expenditure ranged
between j^5 ,000,000 and ^7,^00.000. The year
1853-54 saw an expenditure of ^7,200.000. and in
the following year an expenditure of ^19,600,000.
During the next 20 years it remained jost below
/ 10,000, 000.
Tbe following table gives Ihe expenditure since
Year. Money.
i89i-62 ^10.870,922
1885-66 . . .. . . 16,193,701
1890-91 .. .. .. 17,165.083
1 89^-93 '4. 302,000
1893 ^4 . . . ^ 14.048,000
1894-95 .. .. 17,642,000
1895-96 19.637,238
1896-97 .. 22.271,902
1897-98 .. .. 22,170,000
1898-99
1899*1900
1900-01
1901-03
1 902-03
23,880.875
25.731.220
39,99^,539
30.981.315
31.003,977
NAVAL
438
NAVAL
Year.
1903-04
1904-0!!
1905-06
1906-07
Money.
3S.;o9.477
36.859.661
33.«S'.84i
31,869.500
Tovanis this expenditure the Commonwealth of
Australia contributes ^200,000, India ^104.800,
Cape Colony ^50,000, New Zealand ^40.000. Natal
Varal litatfttun. To tnakc anything like a com-
plete ItM of naval literature would be an enormous
undertaking, and impossible in a short article. In
compiling the followinii list the principal works on
history. biogTa.phy. diaries, journals. Iors and
memoirs of a personal character, pamphlets, poetry
and fiction, and publications dealing with naval
administration and social life in the Nb^*)* have
been collected, and are appended in alphabeticnl
order :
A Cruising Voyage Round the Woodes Rogers
Worid (1718).
Admirals All Newbolt (1896).
Anson Barrow (183*)).
A Sailor's Life und«r Four Keppel (1899).
Sovereigns.
A Tar of the Last Wax (Sir
Clwrlrs Richardson )-
At %hoo1 and at Sea
Armstrong (1855)-
" Martello Towers "
(1899).
Dundonald (1890).
Chamier (1835).
Chamock (6 vols.,
1894-96).
Blake Hannay ( 1 886).
Blake Dixon (1853).
Autobiography of a Seaman
Ben Bract
Biographia Navalia . .
Jane (1895).
Brenton (1842).
Raikes (1846).
Williams (1894).
Thompson (1885).
Brighton (18661.
Laird Clowes (r892)
Blake and the Rattlesnake . .
Brenton
Brwiton
Britain's Naval Power
British Na^•y in the Present
Year oi Grace.
Broke
Captain of the Mary Rose . .
Codrington . . . ." . . Bourchier {1873).
CoUingwood . . . . . . Cotling^ood (1828).
Collingwood . . Russel (1891).
Complete History of the most Josiah Burchett
Remarkable TransactiooK (1720).
at Sea.
Cook Besant (1890).
Cruise of H.M.S. CaWiop* .. Evans (1891).
Cniisc of the Challenger .. Spry (1876).
Cruising m Many Waters . . Dorville (1883).
Dease . . . . . . Deane {1870).
De Roijter Grinnell - Milne
(1896).
Diary [1660.69) . . Pepys.
Diary (1675-70) Teongc (1825).
Diary of a Chaplain . . Tanbman (1710).
Drake Corbett (1890).
Drake
DraJce and the Tudor Navy
Dufidonald
Durham
English Seamen in the Six-
teenth Century.
Exmouth
Farragut
Farragut
Fragments of Voyage* and
Travels.
Franklin
Frank Mildmay
Fiobisher
Gambicr
Grschichte Aar K. Dcutschcn
Kriegjf- Marine.
Hawkc
Histoipc dc la Marine Fran-
Caise.
>Iistoirc dcs Flottes Militaircs
History of the Confederate
States Navy.
History of the Royal Nav\'
History of the United States
Navy.
Hornby
Howe . .
Influence o( Sea Power upon
History.
Influence of Sea Power upon
the French Revolution and
Empire.
Ironclads in Acrion . .
John Davis . .
Journal of a Voyage Round
the World
Journal of H.M.S. Beagle in
1831-36.
Keith
Kfppel
La Marine Fran^aise. .
Leben der See-Heldcn
Life of a Sailor
Lives of the British Admirals
Logs of t>ie Great Sea Fights,
1794-1805.
Lord C. Paget
Memoirs of De Forbin
Memoirs of Paul Jones
Memoirs Relating to Lord
Torrington (1683-1705).
Monk
Mr. MitLshipinan Easy
Barrow (1861).
Corbctt (1898).
Fortescue (1895).
Murray (1S46).
Froode (1893).
Osier (1841).
Mmhan {1892).
Hcadley (r967).
Basil Hall (18]
40).
Maricham {1891),^
Marryat (1S29).
Jones (1878).
Chattcrton {i96i^
Tesdorpf (1889].
BurroMTS (ed. n;
Chevalier (4
1877-99).
Chabaud -
(1889).
Scharf <t894|.
Nicolas (1847).
Maday (3
1898-190O.
Eitffrton (1896)
Barrow (r83B>.
Mahan (1890).
Mahan (2
1892).
\
Wilson (2 >-oK.
i85>6).
Markbam (1889).
Byron (1767).
Darwin (cd. 1890I.
AUardyce (188a
KcppH (1 841 J.
Loir (i8q3).
Van d«n Base*
(1681). ^
Campbell. Brrtea-
hoot. Ycrkt.
Stevmsoa
vols.. l8l2-0
Navy Records ;
Otvray (1896^.
Taubman (Ea^
»734).
Mahan (1830).
Pocock (i88«).
Corbett (j88^.
Marryat (i8j6).
i
EkBc*
J
'crkt.
NAVAL
429
NAVAL
My Adventorea Afloat
Napier
Naval Accounts and Inven-
tories of tbe Reign of
Henry VII.
Naval Biographical IMction-
ary.
NavaJ Biography
Naval Chronology to 1802 . .
Navsl History of England . .
Great
Scmtnas (1869).
Napier (1862).
Navy Reconts Soc.
0'B>TTH!(i»6r).
Ralfe (tB38).
Schomberg (5 vols.,
t802).
(2 vols..
(5 vols.,
Lcdiard
'735)-
Brenton
1823).
James and Chamicr
(6 vols., 1837).
Porter {1887).
Naval Historj* of
Britain, 17S3-1822.
Naval History of Great
Britain. 1793-1S27.
Naval History of the Ci\Tl
War.
Naval Sketch Book .. .. Glascock (1826}.
Naval Tracts .. .. .. Monson (1902).
Naval Warfare .. .. Colomb (1899).
Naval War of 1812 . . . . Roosevelt (4th cd..
1689).
Nederlandsche Zcewesen . . dc Jonghc (6 vols..
1S33-4S).
Nelson . . Mabao (1699}.
Nelson . . . ■ . . Beresford and Wil-
son (1898).
Nelson Pettigrew (1849).
Nelsoa Laugbton (1895}.
Nelson .. .. Soutbey (1813, new
ed. 1904).
Our Navy for a Thousand Wilmot (1904).
Years.
Palliser Hunt (i844}-
Parker . . . . . . Pbillimore (1870).
Parry Parry (i860).
Penn Penn (1833).
Peter Simple .. ., .. Marryat (1834].
PhDip Beaver Sm>'th (1829)-
Pilot . . . . . . . . Fenunore Cooper
Provo Wallis . . . . Brighton (1892).
Kaleigh Edwards (1868).
Recollections of a Naval Life Scott {1835).
KecoUecttons ot My Sea Lile Boteler (1883).
Ked Rover . . . . . . Fenunore Cooper
(1826).
Kemtniscenccs of a Midship- Sloane - Stanley
man's Uie from i8so-56. (1893).
Robert Fairlax .. .. Markhsjn (1885).
Roderick Random .. . . Smollett 11748).
Rodney Hannay (td9i).
Rodney . . . . Mundy (1830).
Royal Naval Biography . . IrlarshaU (1823-37).
Sailors' Letters Thompson O767).
St. Vincent Brenton (1838).
St. Vincent Tucker (1844).
Saumarez .. . . Ross <i638).
Sea-drilt Robinson (1858).
Sea Power is Its Relation to Mahan {2 vols.,
the War of 1S12. 190;).
Seri'ice Afloat ..Hobart Pasha
(l833>.
Shipwreck . . . . Falconer {176%].
Sidney Smith
Singleton Fontpnoy . .
Sketches from My Life
State Papers Relating to the
Defeat of the Spanish
Armada.
Storia G«ierale della marina
Militare.
Stray l.eaves from an Arctic
Journal.
Studies in Naval History
Sulivan
Symonds
The Advratures of a Wlilte-
liead Torpedo.
The Battle of Port Said
The Blockade of Brest. 1803-
05.
The Blue Pavilions . .
The Brirish Fleet
'The Captain's Yams. .
The Cruise of the Cachalot
The Cruise of the Midge
The First Dutch War. 1652-
54.
The Great Naval War of 1887.
The Green Hand
Tbe Post Captain
The Royal Navy
The Two Admirals
The War with France. 1512-13
The War with Spain, t585-88
Thirty-six Years of a Sea-
faring Life.
Tom Cringle's Log . .
Tryon Fitsgerald (1897).
Barrow (184^1.
Hannay (1850).
Hobart Pasha
(t886).
Navy Records Soc
Vecchi (2 vols.,
rSoa).
Oshorn [1852).
Laughton (1887).
Sulivan {1896).
Sharp (1858).
Anon.
Anon.
Navy Records Soc
(2 vols.).
"Q"09O3).
Robinaon (1698),
Menxie (1886).
BuUen (1S9S).
Scott (1836).
Ka.vy Records Soc.
<3 vols.).
Anon.
Cupples (1 900).
Moore (1808).
Laird Clowes (7
vols., 1897-1003).
Fentmore Cooper
(1842).
Navy Records Soc
Navy Records Soc.
(3 voU.).
" An Old Quarter-
master " (1839)'
Scott (1836).
Two Yeai^ Before the Mast . .
Voyage of H.M.S. Alcesie
Voyage of the Bsa^te
Voyage to the South Sea
Voyages
Voyages
Dana, jun. (1840).
M r-eod (iStS).
Darwin (1852).
Narborough (1669).
Cook (ed. by Whar-
ton, 1893).
Dampier (ed. 1779).
Naral mancravres. Sm Naval Training.
Naval niDtiiUM. Any kind of rising against con-
stituted authority may be de«>cribcd a<i a mutiny,
particularly those directed against naval or military
authority : or an o]>eti and violent resista-ncc to the
authority of ofhc«rs. Mutiny may be the act of an
individual, or the cooccrted action of several. Any
attempt to excite opposition to lawful authority.
or any act of contempt towards officers, or dis-
obedience of commands, is mutiny. Any conceal-
iDcnt of mutinous acts, or the neglect to attempt
a suppression of them is atso declared to be mutiny.
By the Articles of War or Naval Discipline Act.
it is provided that any person in the Navy who
makes or attempts to ma.kr, or unitm with, any
mutiny or mutinous assembly, or who being wit-
ness to, or present at, any mutiny, does not do his
utmost to suppress it ; or who, knowing of any
intended mutiny or mutinous assembly, does not
immediately communicate his knowledge to his
upciior or commanding officer, &hal] suffer death,
or such other punishment a*; a Court-martial may
adjudgt;.
Anumg the celebrated mutinit^ to the English
Kavy, the earliest took place in 1648. at the time
Di the Great Civil War. Parliament had at the
time obtained control of the Navy, and placed its
idmioistration in the hands of a Committee of botii
Houses, while the principal fleet wa* commanded by
Six William Batten. But both in 1647 and in the
year following, the sailors had been much agitated
and their officers oflimded because the whole eflec-
tive power of the nation appfare<i to be wielded by
the new model army and its chiefs. The seamen, in
fact, djd not care to be under the orders of a com-
mittee of soldiers, and in these circumstances Uieir
loyalty to the King v.as marvellously revived. A
knowledge of this dangerous state of affairs coming
to the ears of Parliament, they decided to put the
command of the fleet into other hands. Batten
was removed from his post, Penn put under arrest,
and a military officer, Colonel Rainshorough, sent
down to take command of the fleet in May. The
result of this measure was a mutiny ; the otficers
and men of the ships refused to obey his orders.
and put him on shore. Unquestionably this mutiny
was partly political, and by tactful treatment tlie
defection was stopped. The Earl of Warwick was
sent down to take command of the ships, and the
ofiicers and men whose loyalty waa doubtful were
removed, hut a number of the vt-ssels. principally
those in the Downs, stood across the North Sea to
Holland, and there put themselves under the com-
mand of the Prmcc of Wales, who took command
of them in June. Presently this fleet stood over to
the Thames, and challenged Warwick to haul down
the Parliamentar>' flag, but no engagement took
place, and, though the naval forces of the Parliament
were diminished by a little and for a time, several of
the revolting ships shortly after returned and joined
Warwick's force, and the Navy as a whole joined in
that Remonstrance of the soldiers which was pro-
liminar>' to the trial of the King.
Another mutiny, led by the ofiicers. was that
which resulted, indirectly, in the deatli of Admiral
Benbow. The Admiral was a resolute and skdful
o&cer, but a man of rough manners and stem
temper which, together with the circumstance of
his promotion from a di^rent class than the otheis.
had excited a feeling of insnbordixiatioa and hostOitf *
against him. In the spring of 1702 he was cmisto;
with a small force in the West Indies when be leaniT
that a French squadron under Du Casae was operat-
ing o9 Carthagena for the purpose of crippling the
trade in that quarter. He at once sailed in quest oi
the enemy, and on sighting him on August iq.
made the signal for battle. Several of the captaiu
of the ships of his squadron by pre -arrangement
refused to support him, and, taking no notice ol
hia orders, sailed away. Benbow. left alone with
but one frigate under Captain George Waluw,
attacked the Frenchmen, but was obliged in the
end to at}andan the unequal combat, the Admiral
himself having his teg shattered by a chain tbet
In the Courts- martial that ensutrd Kirby and Wade
were found guilty, and were shot. Constable wa
cashiered, and Vincent, ot the Falmouth, who had
eventually come to the assistance of his commando
was sentenced to be susprnded. but was ultimatdy
pardoned, in consideration of his tardy repcntaiiot
The mutiny of the Bimnty. commanded by
Lieutenant William BItgh, is well knows. Tim
vessel, an armed transport with a crew of 44 officen
and men and two gardeners, left Spithead in
December, 1787. on a voyage to the South Seas, far
the purpose of collecting bread fruit plants whick
were to be introduced into the West Indies. BU|tt
was a har^h and t)-rannical ofiicer. who from th?
outset behaved with great violence and brutality bo
his crew, a type, in fact, of the worst kind of nan!
officer. In October, 1783. the Bouvtiy arrived at
Tahiti, and Bligh, who in bis own person combtocd
the oflficcs of captain and purser, became man
arbitrary than ever. He bullied his UeuteoanL
Fletcher Christian, abused the master, John Fry»,
put his midshipmen in irons, and flogged the sttk-
men for the slightest ofience. On April 26, 1 789, tic
Bounty weighed for her homeward voyage, aod 00
the night of the 28th the seamen. led by Ctarittiu.
rose, secured the arms, and then seized the captaa
and took command of the ship. Bligh. with 18 offiocfl
and men, was placed in the cutter, given fDod,spui&w
tools, a sextant and charts, and turned adrlit. H»
laden the boat was very low in the water, aad tN
circumstance prevented three or four of the offioen
and men who were loyal to their captain htnn VKt%
in her. After enduring great hardships in to
crowded boat. Bligh. by his admirable conduct tfd
management, succeeded in bringing his party IV
Timor without the lovt of a life. There can be oo
doubt that had he showed the same &rmnesi cMl
character in the ship that be did on this iTrrai***
there would have been no mutiny. From Timor tbt
party reached Batavia. and so home, where. a>
their return, the Pandora was despatched m 1?^
to search for and capture the mutineers. AH
the boat had left the Bounty the ship retttreedl
Tahiti, where some i6ofhercrew decided tomu^
Christian, with the remainder, probably the mo*
guilty, decided to retire to some nnknowa tdivi
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Tbey lelt Tahiti. Ibexefore, and aothing more was
beard of them for many years. Of those left at
Tahiti, two were nmrdcred. and when the Pandora
arrived in March, 1791, two of the midshipmen.
Heyward and Stewart, came ofi and ga%'e them-
selves up, the others either surrendering or bemg
captured. On the way home Uil* Pandora struck
upon a reef and foundered, and four more of the
Bounty's cievi were drowned. Id June. 1792. when
the remainder reached England, they were tried
by Court-niaxtiaJ, and six of these 10 survivors
were found guilty. These six were sentenced to
death, amongst them two men who were almost
ccrtainiy Innocent. Midshipman Heyward, with
two men, was pardoned, and Heyward subse-
quently served under Howe and Hood with marked
distinction. It was not until 1814 that a man-ol-
wat, the Briton, discovered Pitcaim's Island, and
found upon it John Adams, the sole survivor of the
Bounty mutineers. It may be added that after the
extraordinary skill displayed by Oligb in his boat
voyage of over 3,600 miles he was given another
ship, the Providence, and in 1791 was successful in
transporting bread fruit plants from Tahiti to the
West indies.
But by far the most sehons and most wide-
pread of all the British naval mutinies were those
jvhich occurred between 1793 and 1803, and were
more than once accompamed by murder and by
treason, the disaflection becoming so general at
oste time that it threatened to imperil the safety of
the realm. At hrst the outbreaks were isolated
ones, and, since they occurred in what were
generally known as " happy " ships, as well as in
those tn which there was good reason tor discon-
tent upon the lower deck, it may be said that the
state of unrest was of the nature of an epidemic.
There can be no question that the men had well-
founded grievances, and that thetr lU-treatment
was often overlooked or inadequately punished.
vrbilc there is a certain amount of evidence that
the mutinous spint was fomented, and m some
cases the mutlmes agisted by French agents. The
first symptoms of trouble manifested themselves
on board the CuUodtn. Captain Thomas Trou-
bridge. tn December. 1794. The ship's company
refused to proceed to sea, but the ringleaders were
fe^eized, brought to trial, eight were sentenced to
death, and in the following Jannary five were
executed on board the ship at Spithead. Other
incidents of a umdar nature followed, but it was
not until i ji)^ that several mutinies of an altogether
unexampled character took place. In April of
that year, when Lord Bridport ordered the Channel
Fleet to prepare (or sea, the crew of the Qumh
Charlotte gave the signal for mutiny, which was
responded to by every other ship. Two delegates
were chosen from each ship as representatives of
the fleet, and met m the admiral's cabin of the
flagship. Unpopular ofhcers were set ashore, and
e\'er^' &eaman was solemnly sworn to adhere to the
cause. The grievances set forth in their petition
referred to insufhcicnt pay, to inferior quality of
proviaions, treatment of the nek, and the lack of
opportunities for shore leave. Thes« were set forth
m moderate language, with many professions of
loyalty. The Commissioners of the Admiralty
conceded something on every point, and promised
a pardon if the men would return to duty. Part
of the Beet had actually dropped down to St.
Helen's, when there was a revival of the mutiny
owing to the fact that the men thought they were
being betrayed, as no Act of Parliament had been
passed for the increase ol wages, etc. On this
occasion violence was displayed in some of the
ships, and a scuAle took place on board the London,
in which an officer of marines was wounded and
five seamen killed. However, on May 14, Lord
Howe arrived from London with the Act of Farlia-
mcnt and a new proclamation of pardon. These,
and his popularity and tact, restored order and
discipline, and on the i6th the fleet put to sea.
This, however, was not the end of the trouble,
for a more serious mutiny broke out in the ships at
the Nore. Again the mutineers ctiose delegates,
and appointed a man named Richard Parker their
president. A statement of demands was forwarded
to the Admiralty on May 3u, and two days later
the Commissioners repUed, promising forgiveness
to the men if thoy would return to duty. It is
possible that the seamen would have been satisfied,
but Parker, who had at one time been a midship-
man in the Navy, and who had been Court-mar-
tiallcd, reduced, and discharged the service as insane.
peremptorily refused the conditions offered by the
Admiralty. It is clear also that, although ho
resolutely denied any suggestion of the kind, some
of the mutineers were at this time in communica-
tion with the French, and had formed a project for
carrying the fleet across the Channel. The general
body of seamen were, however, totally against any
such treasonable proceedings. In order to coerce
London into supporting their demands the river
was blocked, and the mutineers, whose supplies
had been cut ofi, helped themselves to provisions
and hvQ-stock from the merchant ships which they
bad detained and the neigbbourmg shores. Gradu-
ally their position became desperate, as prepara-
tions for their cftcctual suppression were nearly
compltited. From the beginning of June the ships
began to haul down the red flag and escape from
the coercion of the others, and on the 14th Parker,
with other delegates, was arrested, and he was
tried and executed on June 29. Many other
mutioeere were hanged, several were flogged round
the fleet, and otben imprisoned. tXwti the great
outbreak at the Nore and in the North Sea col-
lapsed, but the epidemic broke out again in the
Mediterranean and in the fleet under St. Vincent,
while there were several cases m single ships tike
that in the Harmione. where the captain and a
number of officers were savagely murdered and
the ship haodcd over to the enemy. The last
serious outbreak ol this period occurred in the
Tcnuraire in i8ui. and in the following year i3 of
the mutineers wen* condemned to death, and two
lo receive joo lashes apiece. Nothing of a similar
character has occurred oince. although there have
been, indeed, cases of extreme misbebaviour and
iDsuborduuLtton technically amounting to mutiny.
Vaval ordnance. The ordnance of the British Navy
may be convciiiently divided into two main groups ;
(i) heavy guns, i.e.. all guns mounted in a turret or
barbette, and some which arc mounted on trans-
ferable mouuliiigs; (3) quick-firing guns. i.«.. guo:«
chiefly lor use against torpedo craft. Another
method of division might be broech-loading guosi
and quick-hring guns, lor although all guns are
loaded al tlic breech, the Luini refers to the system
of obturation. Obturation is the prevention of an
escape of gas to the rear on hhng. This Is obtained
ID two ways in the Bntish guns, (i) by what is
called the De Bangc pad, (2) by the use of a brass
cylinder to hold the charge. Guns in which the
former sy&tem is used are known as " B.L." guns,
and the oUiem " Q.F." guns.
'Ilic turret guns in use in the Naval Service are
of the following caUbres : 13 $-in.. r3-in.. lo-in..
g'2-in., 7'5-ui., and, in a few cases, 6-in. ; t3'5'in.
guns are found mounted in the barbettes of the
Royal Sovereign class. These guns arc breech-
loadmg guns, throwing a projectile of 1,250 lbs.
The uriungemenU for closing the breech are cum
bruus and unwieldy, and for this and many other
defects they have been placed in no ships of later
date, and will soon be obsolete. Beiore con-
sidering in detail the remainder of the turret guns,
it may be said tliat guns mountetl in a barbette ot
turret form the pninary armament of British battle-
slups and cruisers. The reasons for placing guns
in turrets or barbettes are many, and among the
most important are: (i) high command, (a) pro-
tection, and ii) all-round training. The moat
modem form of turret is a combination of the
barbette and turret systems. The guns and their
mountings revolve in a circular gun house, which
is protected by a covered-in pear-shaped redoubt
revolving with it, white the lower part of thu bar-
bette above the d«ck is protected by a steel ar-
moured glacis.
The ]3-in. gun forms tlic primary armament of
sJl liattlcships later tlutn the Hoyal Sovereign cituiA,
with but two or three exceptions. This gun ha«
passed through many changes of type. The
eaiiiest pattern still found in eflective ships is
known as the u-in. Mark VIII. This gun is found
in the turrets ol the Print* Gtorg». Casat, and
Canopus classes. The 12-iD. Mark VIII. is a
46-ton wire wound gun. It is 3S'43 cahbres long,
and throws a projectile of £50 lbs. weighL The
charge is 167*5 ^hs. of cordite Mark I., giving a
m.v. oi 3,367 f-s., and its projectile will perforate
I j6'6 is. of wrought iron at 3,000 yards. The
brcecUi of this gun is dosed by means of a cyhndricai
screw plug, working thrnugb a carrier ring, pivoted
on the side of the gun. To claeie the breech needs
three motions, performed by hand ; these are,
{a) to swmg the carrier from the open poettum into
line with the breech : (b) to force the breech block
through the carrier ring into the gun : (fi) to lock
the breech to the gun by revolving it so as to cause
the screw threads on the block to take into the
cutaway portions of the gun. This method is found
to be tJuw. and a mure satisfactory axraugement
has been fitted m later mark^ of tiuu gun.
The i2-in. Mark IX. is a so-ton wire gun. and is
mounted m the Imptacabla. Duncan and Kin;
Edward yil. classes. It is 40 caUbres Itmg, and
throws a 3K0 lb. projectile. Owing to its greater
weight and length, it is found i)os.<iiblc to use a
larger charge, vtt., 21 1 lbs, cordite Mark 1., giving
a m.v. of 2.4S1 ts.. with a perforation of 3&'7 m.
of wrought iron at 3.000 yards. The breech
block is conical, and of the Wclin type ; by making
it conical tlie block may be carried on a carrier mna,
the latter being pivotod at the side of the gun, aad
by shghtly cutting away the tace ot the gun it ia
possible lo swing the carrier arm and block directly
into it, thus allowing the breech to be opened and
closed in two motions. These motioas are per-
formed by hand, or by means of hydrauhc power
at will.
The 12-in. Mark X. is a sd-ton wire gun. and ii
mounted in the Lord Ntlstm and Dr0adn4mfki
classes of battleships, and in the InoincibU cxuiaen.
It is 45 cahbres long, and throws a 380 lb, pro-
jectile. The charge is 325 lbs. oi cordite M.D..
giving a m.v. of 2,900 La,, and a perforatioa of
38*4 in. of wiought iron at 3.U00 yards. The lireecb
block is similar to that of the i2-in. Mark IX.. but
is operated by what is known as the Vickers' purr
couple system, which allows of greater power beia|
obtained to open and close tlie breech.
The 10-in. guns in use in the Naval Service are
39-ton guns, mounted in the Cenhmon. Bttrfitw
and Jienaum. and the 3t-ton guns mounted in the
Trtumpk and Swiftiuru. These guns trc a 500 lb.
projectile, and can perforate 17 and 3^7 ins. of
wrought iron respectively at 3.000 yards.
9'2-in. guns form part ol the phmary nmument
in some battleships, and the primary armament ot
mofit 6rst-claas cruisers. The two pnncip&l types
are Mark VIII. and Mark X. The fonner is a >$■
ton wire wound gun, mounted in the Potearfut and
Terrtbte. It is 40 cahbres long, the projectile
weighs 380 lbs., the charge is 63 lbs. of oordatie,
Mark I. giving a m.v, of 2,347 f.s-, and a perSbrmtioD
of IS ins. of wrought iron at 3,000 yards. The
breech works on a similar principle to that ol the
12-in. Mark VIII. The 9'2-in. Mark X. is s
38*ton wire gun. It is mounted as port of the
primary armament In the King Edward VJI. t
and as the primary armament of the Cressy, H4
and later first-class croisers. It u 466
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Jong, the projectile weigbs 5S0 lbs., and with a
charge of 70 lbs. of cordite M.D., gwiug a m.v. of
3t6oo i.B.. auil a perforation of 34 ins. of wroaght
iroa at 3,000 yaid£. This gun has a breech
mecliajusm »itiuLLr tu that of Uie i3-in. Maik IX.
The 7'5-tii. gun is mounted in turrets in the
Hampshire and W'arrwr classes of crui&crti. It is
a 14-ton wire gun, finng a aoo lb. projectile, with a,
charge of 49' s Il». cordite Mark I., giving a in.v.
of J, 600 Ls.. and perforating 157111. of wrought
iron at 3.000 yards.
The following is a general description of the
later pattern of 12-iD. turret mountings used in the
British Navy. Two guns are mounted in each
turret. The guns rest in cradles, to which they are
secured. The cradle is supported on two slide
girders and prevented from jumping by clips which
take on the under Inner side of each sUde. The
slide girders are bolted together by transoms at
the front and rtsar ends. Tiie whole is pivoted
on trunnion pins about the point where the slide
balances when the gun is m the firing position. The
Iruruiion pins pass through brackets, built up £rom
the floor of the turret, and into trunnion arms
bolted to the slide girders. The recoil of the gun
on fixing is taken by two pistons, one each side,
secured to the carriage. The piston has a port cut
ia its head, which works over a valve key secured
iD a fijced cylinder bolted to the slides. The valve
Icey is of varying height, and is designed so that
when the gun is out in the firing position liquid,
with which the cylinder is fitted, has free access
Xrom one side of tlie piston bead to the other vm the
port, but as the gun recoils the valve key gradually
fijis up, and 6aally closes this port, thus preventing
the liquid getting from the rear to the front end of
the cylinder, and thereby bringing the gun to rest.
The 6-in. gun in its original form was a q.f. gun.
but later marks may be placed in the higher
category. The 6-in. Mark VIII. is a 7'4-tou gun,
mounted m the secondary battery of many of
tbc eatliei t»hips. The projectile weighs too lbs.,
and with a charge of 20 lbs. Mark I. cordite gives a
in.v. of Z.493 f.s. ; the penetration at 3,000 yards
is 9'& in. The breech works on a similar principle
to that of the v'^-in. Mark X. gun. The 6-in.
Mark IX., a later gun, has a breech mechanism
similar to the is-in. Mark X. The 47-in. also
comes in both categories, but it may be rt^;arded
like the early 6'in. q.f. as obsolete.
The q.f. guns are 4-in., of several marks, 12-pdr.
iS-cwt. gun. l2-pdr. l2-cwt. gun, 12-pdr. 8-cwt.
gu^, 3-pdr. semi-automatic Vickers, which tornvi
tbe anti-torpedo defence armament of most of tbc
later cruisers ; &-pdr. and 3-pdr. Hotchkiss. Tbe
aati-torpedo defence battery of the Dreadnoufht
consLsts of la-pdrs.. but a 4-in.. with the high
velocity of 3,000 f.s., and a 30 lb. projectile, is to be
mounted in Later ships, while a 4-in. of somewhat
less velocity will be used in scouts and destroyers.
It will be noticed that the newer marks of guns
35 years,
30 M
be
ap-
liL
are In every case heavier and logger, vrith an
increased charge, range and penetration, the pro-
jectile in every case reuiaining the same.
Haval Buanrt, RoyaL This service, which was
established in 1862, is voluntary, and the ofhcers
and men arc given an annual retaining fee. It is
composed of oflScers and men of the mercantile
marine, for a period of drill, general traitiing, and
gunnery instruction.
QuahficaU'ons for A ffpointmtnts on the Active List.
No applicant will be appcunted an officer of tbe
Koyal Nav^l Reserve unless he is a British subject.
The age on first appointment of officers shall not
exceed for —
Lieutenants
Sub-lieutenants
Senior engmeers
Engineers
Assistant engineers
Warrant engineers
Midshipmen . . between 16 and i3
Lieutenants and sub-lieutenants may
pointed from the mercantile marine at the above
ages under special circumstances, but, as a rule,
the numbers in their ranks will be maintained by
the promotion of junior ofhcers.
Exceptionally desirable candidates may be ap-
pointed as midshipmen up to the age of 19, pro*
vided their applications were received at the
Admiralty before they reached the ordinary age
limit of 18.
Lieutenants and sub-lieutenants who arc entered
direct from the mercantile marine must, previous
to appointment, have service and qualihcatioos as
follows :
A lieutenant must have commandcxl a British
steamship of at least 1,500 tons, or a BriUsh sailing
ship of 1,000 tons gross tonnage for not less tlian
one year ; he must have servtxl in command of a
British ship within six months of making his
application for a commission, and certify that he
intends to follow the sea as his profession.
A sub-lieutenant must have served as hrst mate
oi a British steamship of at least 1,50a tons, or a
British saihng ship of 1,000 tons gross tonnage,
for not less than one year, and must possess an
ordinary master s certificate of competency under
the Merchant Shipping Act ; he must have served
as master or first mate of a British ship wiUiin
six mouths of making his application for a com-
mission, and certify that he intends to follow the
sua as his profession.
Second and third mates of British ocean-gwng
passenger steamers and fourth mates of such
steamers, if over s.oou tons gross, arc eligible to
became sub'lieu tenants provided that ;
(a) They have served not leas than SiX years at
sea, excluding time as apprentice.
(6) They bear a very good character.
(c) They possess either an ordinary master's
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certificate or provisional certificate of competency
as master.
A senior mincer must hold a first-cla:ss en-
gineer's certificate ot cuni[M!tency under the Mer-
chaat Shipping Act, 1894, and. previous to making
his application, haxe had not less than 10 years'
service at sea as an cuginei.-r. including thrc-e years'
service as chief engineer of a British steamer of
not less than 500 nominal Hp.. or one year's
service as chief engineer oi a British steamer o(
not less than i.ooo oomiiial Hp.
An engineer must hold a first-class engineer's
certificate of competency under the Merchant
Shipping Act, 1S94, and. previous to making his
application, have had not less than seven years'
service at sea as an engineer, including one year's
service as chief engineer of a British steamer of
30Q nominal Hp., or as .second engineer of a British
steamer of 500 nominal Hp., or ti.vo years' serWce
as a senior watchkecpcr {i.e., the engineer who,
during a watch, is in complete charge of the main
engines or boilers) of a British steamer of not less
than 1.000 nominal Hp.
An assistant engineer must bold a first or
second -cla;<i3 engineer's certificate of competency
under the Mercluint Shipping Act, 1894. and,
previous to making his application, have served at
sea on a British ship for not less than one y«ar as
a certificated engineer.
A few specially qualified engineers will be
allowed to join direct as prarrant engineeni, pro-
vided they hold first-class Board of Trade certifi-
cates, and are recommended by their employers as
having a thorough - practical knowledge of the
machinery of His Majesty's ships, and as being in
all respects suitable for warrant rank ; but. as a
rule, the numbers in this rank will be maintained
by tlie promotion of the migine-room artificers.
A midshipman must, previous to uppointment,
have passed through a course of instruction for
two years on board one of the mercantile marine
training ships, and have been nominated by the
committee of the training sliip to receive one of
the appointments allowed annually to the ship.
The case of a midshipman or apprentice in the
merchant service who has not been so nominated
will be considered for appointment as midshipman
in the Royal Naval Rcscivc. provided he has
served one year at sea on board a first-class British
ship.
All applicants for appointment as executive
officers. Royal Naval Rcscr%*c, who do not possess
a certificate of competency granted upon examina-
tion (of which form vision, colour vision, and
colour ignorance tests form part) subsequent to
August 31, i8<^, will be required to produce a
certificate that they have passed the Board of
Trade vision and colour tests as established in 1894.
All officers of the Royal Naval Reserve, whether
honorary, retired, or on the active list, must report
themselves by letter once every year to the Regis-
trar-General of Shipping and Seamen, and auis
also report to him every change of resideocc
When making their annual report officen on tke
active Hst should state their present or last slop.
rating in which engaged, and date of last xma
if not employed. On signing a ship's articles ol
agreement they should produce their commisnoi
to registrara of Naval Reserve, so that thtai la
service may be at once reported to the Re^tsoai'
General. Apprentices also must produce their ip-
pointments to the registrar when tiie agrcrmeot u
opened. Failure to comply with tlus regoUtm
win render officers liable to have their names n-
moved from the reserve list.
Warrant engineers should report half-yearly to
the Registrar of Naval Rcaerx-e particulars of t^er
current or last employment, and should also report
every change of address. These reports mill hf
entered in their training and receipt books.
Officers holding commissions in the Roj'at N'ini
Reserve who undertake any service or engageocB'
that would prevent their fulfilling their enga^eneit
to sen.'e when required if called out win be cm-
sidered to have vacated their position in the Rapi
Naval Reserve.
The officers of the Royal Naval Resem m
appointed by the Lords Commi.s!rioners of tfae
Admiralty, but all applicatioos for appantmad
are to be made through the Board of Tndi
Applications should be sent to the Reiristnr
General of Shipping and Seamen through tt
nearest Registrar of Naval Reserve, who ^
furnish the necessary forms of application.
Voluntary Service and Training in the Roy*l Ssri
All applications for the voluntary service mie
be made through the Registrar -General of Shtpfiiif
and Seamen, Carlisle Place, Westminster. Loadia
S.W.
The Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty «»
consider apphcations from officers who, in additn
to their annual drill, volunteer for temporary w-
vice in the Royal Navy, either for some ipK^
duty, such as a cruise in an exercising squadna
or for a course of instruction in gunnery or torp«0>
on board one of the gunnery or torpedo sd^
ships ; but lieutenants and sub-lieu tenants
be allowed to go through gunnery or
courses, except for requalifying, who are ont
and 34 years of age respectively, and mi)
cannot be appointed for these courses,
acting sub-lieutenants, if only qualified.
.applications will also be considered from
umier the above ages, who wish to volunteer
go through a naval training in navigating oc
duties in the Sect for a period of ta monttts.
No officer will be appointed for 12 montla'
training unless he has been through shc^i
of gunnery and torpedo, and been ri
by the captain of the gunnery and torpedo
on the completion of the courses as a
officer to undergo naval training.
NAVAL
435
NAVAL
Time served in gunnery or torpedo eatabliah-
tnents by officers appointed to undergo a course of
instrucbon will not count as part of the la months'
naval training.
Senior engioeers, engineers, and aasistant-
cngineeiB may apply for a coiirac of instruction at
cme of the Home Dockyard Reserves.
OfTicers when employed in the fleet, wbethei on
volnntarj- service in time of peace or when caUed
out by Royal Proclamation, may. with the consent
of the Lords Commissioners of H.M. Treasury.
be granted temporary acting appointments in
ranks higher than those held by them in the
Reserve, or higher than those for which they arc
eligible at the time under the Regulation:) — i.t.,
a sub-Ueu tenant may be appointed acting lieu-
tenant and a midshipman as acting sub-heutenant,
and the acting officers shall be entitled to the rank
and other privileges of their corresponding ranks
in the Royal Na\'y. Such acting appointments
shall cease at the pleasure of the Lords Commis-
sioners of the Admiralty, and the officers wiU then
revert to th«r original rank on the list.
O&cers of the Royal Naval Re3er\-e who have
gone through the 1 2 months' naval training re-
ferred to, and who volunteer for further service
in the Fleet, arc eligible for employment, in Ueu
of lieutenants of the Royal Navy, at the discretion
of the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty, for
periods of one, two. or three years.
Officers should state in their appbcations the
period of temporary service for which they are
desirous of serving, observing that the number of
tfae appointments made will depend opon the re*
quirements of the Fleet.
Officers whilst embarked for voluntary service
en- for navnl training will be subject to tlie Naval
IKsciplme Act, and when so serving will be con-
■ddered for the purposes of that Act in all respects
as officers of His Majesty's ships.
It must be understood that in any case in which
■mn officer proves himself ansatisfactory as regards
conduct or capacity be wrill be liable to discharge
by order of the Admiralty at any time during the
voluntary service or li raontlis' training.
Annual AUowanccs to Ttained Officers.
At (he expiration of 12 months' training in the
ftoy^ Navy, provided the officers have given
satisfaction as regards conduct and proficiency in
.^aoncry and torpedo or navigating duties, they will
be granted certificates, and will become entitled
to the following annual allowances under the
designation of " Training Foe " — vis, :
Commanders and lieutenants . . ^5 a year.
^^ Sub-lieutenanLs .. £20 „
^^^L^cting sub-lieutenants and mid-
^^B sbipmen .. .. iio
^r When ofbcers who have become entitled to the
I training fee of one rank are promoted to higher
I rmnk (not acting) thev will become entitled to the
training fee of the ranks to which they may suc-
cessively be promoted.
The higher training fee of ^25 %vill not be given
to officers who served for their 12 months' training
in the rank of midshipmen or acting sub-lieutenant,
until they have, subsequently, as sitb-lioutenant
or lieutenant, passed a satisfactory two months'
qtuLtiiying course on board one of the gunnery
ships.
Ttfis clause will govern the cases of officers pro-
moted to the rank of lieutenant on and after
May 16. 1693.
An officer on completing his training and obtain-
ing tfae necessary certificate is entitled to the
training fee for tlic current calendar year without
any drill for that year, and the rate of fee to be
paid will be determined by the rank (not acting}
held by the officer on the date of completing his
traioing.
In each subsequent calendar yeav. so Umg as he
remaias on the active hst. the officer will be paid
his training fee on the production of a test certifi-
cate for drill performed in the year or in the pre-
vious year, and he may be paid at any time after
January 1 of the year. The rate of fee to be paid
on such test certificate will be determined by the
rank (not acting) held by the officer on January i.
In cases where the .Admiralty arc satisfied that,
owing to active employment in his profession, or
to long service abroad, an officer has been unable
to put in his drill with annual regularity, he win,
on obtaining a test certificate within four years
from the termination of the year m which he last
obtained a test certificate, be allowed to draw his
training fees for back years.
If he fails to perform his drill, and obtain a test
certificate within such period, all training fees for
that period, not already earned by a test certifi-
cate, will be forfeited, and he will, if he eventually
obtains a test certificate, only be entitled to draw
his training fee for the current year.
Lieutenants and sub-Ueutenants who are in re-
ceipt of training fees are expected to go through a
requalifying gunnery course of one month's dura-
tim in one of the gunnery schools, at intervals of
about four years. Ttioy will be liable to have
those fees stopped unless they go through this
course within six years, or can show satisfactory
reasons tor not doing so.
Applications for payment of training fee, accom-
panied by the naval training certificate or test
certificate, should be made by the officer to the
R^istrar -General. The Registrar-Gcaemi will issue
a certificate that the fee is due. and payment will
be made by the Board of Trade.
AppUcations for payment of foes upon test cer-
tificates must not be made prior to January i of the
year for which the fees are payable.
Ttie annual retainer for warrant officeni will be
£15 a year, payable up to the ago of 50. subject to
the conditions as to training, etc. having been
NAVAL 436 NAVAL
complied with. At the sge of 50 a defprred pemdon If employed in the sBine nuik as that in
certificate will be ET&nted and traininf; will cease. which they underwent ts months'
The retainer will be paid by a Kegistrar of training . . . . . . • • iS
Naval Reserve at any mercantile marine olHce, in If in a rank one grade higher than tluit in
fonr quarterly instalmpntA of Ij 15s. each, and which they underwent T3 months'
payment will be recorded in their training and training .. .. .. lo
receipt bookii. If in a rank two grades higher than that
The retainer will be due from the date of the in which Uieytrndcrweut 12 months'
warrant, but in the case of direct entries payment training . . . . . . • • IS
will b« deferred nntil the first month's trdtning Officers while undergoing voluntarv acrvioe a
has been completed. Tlie first, second, and third training in the Royal Navy will receive the saa
month's training in every five years' scr%-icc uill rate of pay and allowances as if called out bt
respectively entitle the warrant engineer tn four, Royal Proclamation.
eight, and the full 30 quarterly retainers for five Officers who have been (granted acting »
years' service as they fait doe. pointments to hif^her rank when 5u>rving in tte
In the case of promoted warrant engineers, the Fleet shall receive the pay and allow-ancres attacM
first quarterly payment at the higher rate will be to the superior rank, so long as they hold tbeactaa
made for the quarter in which promotion is dated, appointments.
Pay and AUatcances for Service in the Navy. Ofhcers who are in possession of the ceitincili
Officers of the Reserve when called out by Royal for naval training as qualifying them for navipA^
Proclamation for active service in the Royal Navy dutie-s shaD, when so cuipluycd in the Fleet, noon
will receive the same pay and allowances, and share navigating allowances in addition to their par. al
in priie money, with oflficers of the corrrsponding the following rates, viz. :
rank m the Royal Navy, and they will, whilst on Lieutenants .. ,. 4s. oi^ a d^.
service, be treated in the same manner in every Sub-lieutenants . . 2S.6i.„
tcspect. Officers who have not undergone the ix mealBm
Officers of the engineers' department will recci\'e naval training, but who are selected for na'»-igaai|
special rates of pay, vix. : duties, will receive extra pay at the rate of «i
Senior engineexs . . 305. a day, or ^365 for and 21. td. a day. To qualify a lientetiant it
365 days. higher rate of 4s. a day, be roust hold an es»
Engineers .. .. iji. a day, or 1^310 c;s. master's certificate, and produce a certtfiaac
for 365 days. from the Registrar-Oeneral of Shipping and Sea^
Assistant engineers .. lu. a day, or ^200 155. to the effect that he has, as master or 6nt *
for 365 days. second mate, or partly as one and partly ai tt>
\VarTant engineers 81. dd. a day, or ^^155 for other, been ri-^ponsible for the navigatioo tit
365 days. steamship of more than i.^oo tons, or a aAf
If placed in charge of the engines of a small vessel ship of 1,000 tons, gross tonnagr. for a poxriri
warrant engineers will receive charge pay in at least three years, and that he has never. d«tA|
addition. the time he ha.<i held a certificate of compcioa
Midsliipmen will receive the rate oi pay formerly tinder the Merchant Shipping Acts, been Jd^
allowed to na^ngating mid-shipmcn. vix. : blamabic by a naval or other competent Oitfi
Midshipmen under 17 years of age, 35. a day. or far any accident to any vessel in which 1* ta
j£S4 15J. for 365 days. served.
Midshipmen above 17 years of age. and of two To qualify a lieutenant or sub-hcutexkant for tk
years' seniority, 41. a day. or £73 for 365 days, lower rate of 3«. &d. a day, he must posaeasattf
Officers will, when called out for actual service in tificate of competency as master, and prodso >
the Royal Navy, be granted allowances for ^uip- certificate from the Registrar-General of jTii|i^
ment at the following rates : and Seamen that he has, as master or as fint '
Commanders .. .. .. /$o st-cond, mate or partly an one and partlv *> *
Lieutenants . . . . . . 40 other, been responsible for the navigatioa «l *
Sab'tientenants . . ..30 steamship of over 1.500 tons, or a sailing vtsari'
Senior engineers and engineers 40 i.aoo tons gross tonnage for at least one ytas.^
Assistant engineers -5° that he has never, during the time he has bdi! (f
Warrant engineers ■ - *S certificate of competency under the Mefd*
Midshipmen .. . . ao Shipping Acts, been found blamable b^' a »*>!'
Officers who \'olunteer for \2 months' naval other competent Court for any accident to tf
training will be granted half these allowances for vessel in which ho has served.
equipment. Nothing contained in these RegulatiiMU wiB|»
Ofiicera employed in lieu of lieutenants, Royal vent the Admiralty in time of emcrseocr ^
Navy, will be granted equipment fees according to employing ofiicers on navigating or ocfaer ^m"
the following scale for each year of service : duties consistent with their rank -who mar aetb
/AL
437
NAVAL
ed under (he cooditiooK required by the
itions if in any special case such employment
appear to be in thr advantage of thff Ser-
and in all such cases the officers will receive
ooluments attached to the duties on which
uy be employed.
oflficers called out or undergoing \*oIuntary
! or training will mess with officers of their
Pvc ranks in the Royal Na\'y. and will be
d the following allowances as contributions
Is mess expenses.
:eTS of ward-room rank . 2s. a day.
:eTS of gnn-room rank . . . . it.
s of officein of the PoyaJ Naval Rcsen*c who
) hurts or wounds in the ScT\'fce arc pro-
for under the Regulations for Pensions, but
officers who conlract illncsjs while serving in
>yal N'a^'3* shall recei\'e pay up to the time of
discharge, or, if abroad, until their arrival
gland : but tliey may be granted full pay
irrival in England, at the cUscrt-tion of the
Blty. if considered unfit to contribute to
)wi» support, sucli period not to exceed four
a from the date of arrival, or of discharge
beMpEta), as the case may be, provided such
is not caused by any misconduct on their
old their cases require hospital treatment on
t in England they will be received into a
hospital. OfTiccrs scut to hospital during
ne they are undergoing instruction in gunnery
pedo may be retained on full pay for a period
xeedihg 43 da>*s.
UTS whilst attending annual drill on boatd
rict drill-ship will live on shore and receive
Dllowing allowance in lieu of lodging and
tence, viz. :
imanden. 20s. a day ; lieutenants and acting
lants, los. a day ; sub -lii-u tenants and acting
^utenants, 7s. a day ; midshipmen. 5*. a day.
lums will be paid to them on the completion
ih week's drill by the paymaster of the drill-
CottespotuUnce.
letters from Royal Naval Reserve officpT?*
. not serving in H.M. ships) in connection
the Reser\'e are to be addressed to the
trar-General of Shipping and Seamen, Car-
Place, Wertminster, London, S.W.. who will
rd to the Admiral Commanding Coast Guard
Reserve, with remarks, such as require his
coi or that of the Admiralty,
rrant engineers should address their com-
»tions to the Registrar of Naval RescrxT by
I they are paid their retainers.
ieers serving in H.M. ships and those under-
drill in drill-ships are to address thdr letters
gb the commanding oftcers of such ships.
icers are always to state tlieir rank after their
tore.
Separate letters ore to Iw written on sqiarm^
subjects.
Haral Reserve, The. numbering 30,000, consists
of (0 the RoyaJ Naval Reserve — i.e., the Naval
Coast Volunteers and the Royal Naval Volunteers ;
(a) the Royal Naval Artillery Volunteers ; (3) the
coa.stguards {^-v.). the crews of revenoc vessels,
and men of certain public departments ; and {4)
petty officers and men of the Royal Navy in
receipt of pensions.
The Naval Reserve may be called out by pro-
clamation in times of emergency to serve at sea or
ashore.
By the Colonial Defence Act, 1865, the colonies
may raise volunteer forces and to provide ships
and seamen for thcu own defence.
Naval Khoots. 5m Naval Education.
Naval testament. Wills of personal property
made by seamen (including merchant seamen) on
maritime service are excepted from the oprration
of the Statute of Frauds and the Wills Act, 1837.
A seaman's will may now be made without any
formality ; thus, it may be nuncupative before two
witnesses, or made by any testamentary paper,
whether in tlie handwriting of and signed by the
testator or not. and such will is valid if made on
maritime service, though death occur on shore.
By .section (77 of the Merchant Shipping Act.
1S94. where a deceased seaman or apprentice has
left a will the Board of Trade, after deducting
expenses incurred in respect of that seaman or
apprentice, may refuse to deliver the residue
(i) if the will was made on board to any person
claiming under the will, unless the vnW is in writing.
signed by the testator, and attested by the master
or mate ; [7) if the will w*as made on shore, to any
person claiming under the will, and not being
related to tlic testator, unless the will i^ in writing.
signed by the testator before two witnesses, and
attested by two witnesses, one of whom shall be
a superintendent, minister of religion, a justice.
British consular officer, or a Custom oHicer.
By the Naval and Marine fWills) Acts. i965
and 1897, ■"^Is of petty officers and seamen, non-
commis'iioned officers of marines, or marines of
the Navy, or any other person forming part of the
complement of any of Her Majesty's vessels, in
order to pass wages, prize or bounty money, grant
and effects in the possession of the Admiralty,
must be made with the ordinary formality required
by English law for wills, and must be witnessed, if
pQAsiblc, by a superior officer.
In the case of wills not made in conformity wiUi
these Acts, if the Admiralty, having regard to the
special circumstances of the case, are of opinion
that compliance witli the above requirements may
be dispensed with, the Admiralty may pay wages,
etc., to the persons claiming under the will. Per-
sonalty other than the above may still pass by
nuncupative and informal wills. Rtftr to WiUs.
NAVAL
438
NAVAL
Haval tnining. The purpose of a navy being to
defeat ihc enemy, no eJcmciit of preparation in
peace is more important than the training of the
Personnel. It would be of little value to have the
best material if the ofhcen and men did not know
bow to handle it. or were incapable of using it to
the best advantage. Training for war must have
its foundation in drill aod discipline. DtscipUne
cxacu obedience to command, drill provides
uniformity, and trainiug develops a faiuUianl)'
with operations, cireumstaoccs. and conditions as
nearly as possible approachmg the actual experi-
ence of warfare. The instruction preliminary to a
perfectly trained Navy is of many kinds. They
all begin with the individual, and, proceeding up-
wards and outwards, presently absorb not one
only bnt several fleets and flotillas comprising many
classes of ships, and includini; those even which
have been mobilised or brought irom a reserve Xor
the purpose. The indiv-idnal instruction, differing
in kind or degree according to the place to be taken
by the student in a co-ordinated whole, is always
directed to the production of a homogeneity in
the completed machine. Similarly, the crews of
individual ships undergo that training which will
fit them to handle the particular weapon placed
in their care, so that when brought into its place
with others the organisation of the various units
will lit into a perfected meclianism ready for
effective use. The instruction of the individual
has already been dealt with, the various courses,
though seemingly disconnected, being all directed
under a ccunprelmuaivc system lo one end. the
efficient use of tlie Navy for battle at sea. Training
b carried out In single ships, in battle squadrons,
in groups of cruwcrs, in flotillas of torpedo craft,
in tactical exercises, and in grand strategical
niantEuvres. But in whatever manner instruction
is imparted, the end and aim is effiuency in war.
The battleship, for all that she appears to be
such a complex organisation, is merely a gun-
carriage, and the business of her crew is to fight
the guns lo the best advantage. All trainiug in
single ships is subordinated to the essential neces-
sity of being able to load fast, itioot atiaigUt, and
hit liard with the guns. I'o attain ttus result
cver>-body in the ship's company must be able to
contribute his exact share and proportion towards
the working of the mechanism, and the training,
thereiort, of individuals, as the captain, the
oidnancr expert, and the ofiicer of tlie watch, or
ol groups as the gun's crews and the engine-room
complement, must be inspired by the one idea of
bomogkneity.
Ships and veaseb are gnwp' d together for
various purposes — flotillas of destroyers for rapid
and sudden attack, squadrons of cruisers for the
coDtnd of communications, and battle fleets for
the support and protection of cruisers. The intro-
duction of the torpedo, earned in a swift and ocean-
keeping destroyer, meant the advent of a new
factor in strategy, and has tended to change tbe
conditions of sea warfare more tlian anything else.
Trainmg in flotillas of destroyers, particularly at
sea. keeping station during exercises, and in entering
and leaving harbour, is most valuable for tlie young
officers placed in command of these craft, and for
ttuMC in charge of their mechanism. No kind of
instruction is better calculated to strengthen and
steady the nerve, and to inculcate self-reliance,
readiness of resource, and the capacity of meeting
sudden emergencies than »ea training in de-
stroyers.
The primary function of cruisers is to obtain and
maintain the control of water passage and com-
munication in such a way as to prevent serioiu
interference with any operations or commercial
business which it ni.-iy be desirable to carr>' out
over sea. A secondar>' dut)' to the delmce and
attack of commerce is scouting. For both these
purposes special organisation and training is jost
as necessary as special classes ol vessels. The
battle squadron is, as the name denotes, a group
of battleships, the most powerful cla.<ui of vesnel,
and that class upou the effectiveness of which the
command of the sea secured by the action of
cruisers depends, for while the cruisers control the
lines of communication, the battleships prevent
any interference by a hostile force. Battleships
arc trained togetlier in altering formation in order
to teach those who handle them by practical ex-
perience what can be done with the shi|H in rela-
tion to speed, time, distance, and turning power.
These movements and formations are kitown as
tactical exercises, and in their more complicated
shapes — i.e.. the gridiron movement — arc intended
purely for instructional purposes, and not ior use
in battle.
Another form of training concerns the transfer
of a fleet to a war footing, or what is known as >
mobilisation of the reserve. It would be botk
uneconomical and a waste of strength to keep the
Navy always on a war footing. What is reqmrfd
is that a sufficient force should be alwB>'3 ready to
take the initiative, and that the balance of fore*
should be prepared for rapid development. The
system in use in this country provides shipi in
reserve with a large proportiou of their crewi. tbr
balance being filled up on mobilisation : and. ui
order to test the machinery of mobilisation, Uw
fleets and flotillas undergo special training lor the
purpose.
Finally, tlicre are periodical aAsemblages ft A
large number of squadrons and flotillas in ooe UrfB
fleet, both for the purpose of carrymg out (actlcil
exercises and those larger general manceuvns of *
strategical character which stiould give expeneoot
in the formulation of plans for war.
Rsfar to Naval Training ; Xaval Reserve,
Hani Tolnntcflr Cruising Olah, Brighton.
li&hed iSg2. GDmmodoie, James S. SiBilhfl
Honorary Treasurer, A. Gunn ; Honorary Sear
NAVAL
439
NAVIGATING
I
tary, F. G. S. Braniwell, 175. 176. 177, and 181
King's Road Arches, The Brach, Brighton. En-
trance fee. loi. 6d. ; annual suhscription, £1 1$..
non-resident, loi. M.
Havftl WarrBBt OScers* loarnal. Published
monthly. Pncc ,irf. Address ; Portsmouth.
NftTftiin. Kussian battleship. (St. Petenburg.
iSgt.) Sunk by the Japanese at the battle of
Tsusbiina. May 27-29, 1905.
NaTariDO, Battle of. On October, 30, 1877. the
combined fleet.s ol I-lngland, Prance, and Russia,
under the command o( AdoiiraJ Coddiugton, de-
stroyed the Turkish and Egyptian Fleets. More
than JO ships, many of them four-deckers, were
destroyed.
VftVarr*. Scotch .steamer. Sunk of! Christian-
sand, March 7, 1883 : 45 lives lost.
Naruiiik Lisht, established in 1898, and situated
at the entrance to New York Bay, is a single
flajib Ught every five licconds; duration of flash,
une-tentli second ; candle-power estimated at
90,000.000 : illudiDant. electricity.
IhTiet. The foilowing table gives the claiisifica-
ticm and relative strengths of the chief naval
Powers, It includes all vessels under constiuctioii
to the eod of i«>07 :
1
S^
n
m
11^
»
ffl
li
Ih
CfCVat Briikin ...
65
—
»
it
43
16
t'.&. A
M
II
16
3
1«
2
Fmw* ... ... ,
41
6
i3
7
12
16
Jajvui
17
I
13
2
12
b
G*riiuiir
40
11
10
—
24
13
Kii»u
u
2
7
7
2
1
Iialy
30
—
10
—
4
1)
Aa»ai»-Hmti*ty
12
—
5
—
—
9
SwMlsn ... ...
4
9
i —
—
—
Kt»w»y
—
4
—
—
—
0«ainvk
3
i
—
—
2
3
HotUnd
8
—
—
—
8
—
SpUD
1
—
1
—
a
2
I>)nugal
2
—
—
—
—
4
Turkey
5
—
—
—
i
—
GraeOB ... ... ..J
3
—
3
—
—
—
Chin-
—
—
1
~-
9
1
Aqientluft ... _.
S
—
i
—
t
S
DfMil
s
2
3
—
2
I
ChiU
1
—
2
—
4
—
■? 1 1
9
S
0
■8^1 4S 1
1 ^ H
i
a
tA
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Great Brttsin... „.
—
8
ai
131
106
38
129.0D0
USA
3
2
3i
i2
U
33.0CH
Fnna ,.
—
14
65
299
99
31.000
Japftii
y
36
n
9
35.000
Gamunr
13 —
71
M
)
sa.oQo
RomU .^
2 1 "~
97
Iti
10
48,000
Ibily ... ™
— : —
IT
113
B
36.000
AnMna- Hunlkry ...
— I —
13
12
20
—
13,900
Swca«n .-
— —
3
17
1
3.300
Norwiiy ... .» ...
Dtansrk
21
11
32
1.000
4.000
—
—
r
—
—
MolUsd ...
11,000
SpllB .»
—
—
4
9
—
6,000
PortutjU .»
—
—
u
1
—
—
3,000
Tutkry
— ' —
IS
21
—
3,000
CnMca
— —
—
20
—
3,000
ChiU
— —
—
13
—
—
AiteDllai ... .»
— —
—
4
»
^
S.»D
bntH
— —
6
13
3
S.00O
CMll ...
— —
8
1« 1
,-.",?«>
nivlffatinK imtniDunb, History oL The princi-
pal navigating in-struments u.>tc(l from early times
for 6nding the position at sea are briefly :
The Astfotabe [from the Gr, Astron, a star; and
I^mbano, to receive) was invented by Htpparcbiu,
160 B.C., and, as simplified by Ptolemy about
159 A.D.. nas a heavy graduated brass ring sus-
pended by another ring to suspend it from the
thnmb with a hand or pointer fitted with sights
re^-olving on a centrt attached to the outer ring by
radii, by which means the sun's altitude was taken.
This instrument was used by the Arabians, and
for about 1.700 years afterwards, specimens having
been recovered from the wrecked ships of the
Spanish Armada.
Cross Staff, or Fore Staff. — Scllar states in his
" Navigation." written about 1673. ** This instru-
ment is of some antiquity in Navigation, and is
commonly used at sea to take the altitude of the
4un and stars, which it performs with excellent
exactness, especially if less than 60^. but if it
exceeds 60" it is not so certain, by reason of the
length of the cross and the sinallness of the
graduation of the arc." This instrument was
called fore staff by reason of the observer in
csing it turning his face towards the object. The
staff is made straight four square, and commonly
of box or pear tree, and graduated on the several
sides with degrees and numbers.
The crosseH, usually four in number, are fitted to
slide on the staff without jogging. On one side the
graduations begin at about 3* and proceed to lo* ;
towards the eyo-cnd this side is called tlie ten-ride,
for use with the ten-cross or vane. The next
longer is called thr thirty-cross or vane, and belongs
to that side of the staff where the di\'ision3 begin
at to*" and end at 30^ The next longer is called
the sixty-cross, and belongs to that side where the
divisions begin at 30^ and end at 6o^ and is called
the sixty-side ; the longest cross is called the
ninety-cross, and belongs to that side where the
divisions begin at 30° and end at 90*.
A description of this instrument is also given by
Sir Jonas Moore in his " New Systeme of the Mathc-
maticka." 1681. In using this instrument the eye
is placed at the end of the stafi, and one of the
crosses slide along until the top is at the centre of
the sun, and the lower end touches the horixon ; the
reading on the staff then gives the altitude. The
demi<ross and plough were variations ol this
instrument.
Backstaff or Davis Quodtant was the next instru-
ment in general use, and was invented by Captain
John Davis, the great navigator, about 1590. and
called backstaff. because the back of the observer
is tamed towards the sun when using it. It con-
sists of a graduated arc of 30" united to a centre
by two radii and a second arc of a smaller radius,
and tnea.suring 60° on the side of it. To the first
arc a vane is attached for sight, and to the second
one for conducting the shadow of the sun to the
NAVIGATING
440
NAVIGATION
vertex when a borixootal v&ne with a slit in it
eaablea tlm horizon to be »ern. See Bion's Math.
Itutrumeots. 173J.
Hiuiley'i Quadrant." \ leflocting instrument
was made by Hookc in 1666, but the first instrument
worthy of the name was made by John Hadlcy in
1730. The iosUumeat was claimed for NewtOD.
and also tor Godfrey, a Pbiladelpbian. The Royal
Society ruled that Hadlcy's and Godfrey's instru-
ments were both original, and evidence ttiat
Newton diacovere4 >t was not supported. The
■natrument consists of the following parts : An
octant, or eighth part of a circle, the index, the
speculum, two horizon glasses, and a set of coloured
shade glasses, and two sight vanes ; the Arc is
graduated to 90**. The original pattern of this
instrument was generally made about 18 in. radius.
of mahogany, or ebony with ivory arc.
As time went ou it was gradually reduced in
liae. This, with thu axccption of the back-sight
arrangement, by which a back oboervatiou was
taken and which is not now &tted. is practically
tbe flame as the mstrument now in use.
Stntant, — A mathematical instrument of the
same construction as the quadrant, generally made
of brass, graduated on silver, and sometimes on
gold or platinum ; but the arc contains a sixth
part of a circle and measures angles up to 120'.
Double Sextant, — Captain Beechy invented an
tostrument constructed with a second central index
glass over and across the ordinar)' one, working on
the same centre ; tbe index bar of one mirror moves
under the frame of the sextant, reading 00 an arc
outside the usual arc of the sextant. The divisions
begin from the end of the usual arc, and arc therefore
read in the opposite direction. Captain Beechy
invented Uiis instrument for tliu purpose of obtain-
ing the measurements of the angles between two
terrestrial objects at tlic same instant, and by the
same observer, a point ol consideratite importance
in suiveying or in laying down soundings while
the observer is in motion. This instrument was
made by Worthiugton, J96 Piccadilly, London, W.
Double sextants of different patterns were also
designed by Captam George and Mr. Rowland.
Quintatit.—Aa instrument in all respects the
same as tbe sextant, with the exception that tlie
arc contains the fifth part of a circle, and is gradua-
ted to I44^
Repeating and RefitctingCinUs. — The first instru-
ment of this order was invented by Professor Tobias
Mayor (1723-61) of Wiirtumberg. This was im-
proved on by the Chevalier de Borda {1735-99,)
who produced the instrument known as Borda's
Repeating Circle ; this was further improved by
Captain Joseph du Maudoza Kios, who read a paper
on his improvement before the Royal Society in
l8oi. Dolland also made a circle oi similar pro-
perties {See Raper's " Practice of Navigation "
(184a). J. and £. Troughton al-W made a reflecting
circle about 1800, which gave readings with three
verniers at third parts of the circle {S«€ Simuu's
Math, Instruments. 1847). The advantage claimed
for repeating circles over tiie sextant was that it
was possible to repeat the observations on different
parts of the circle by having a movable horuon glass
fitted with a vernier and traveUing on the arc by
which it can be set parallel with the index glass in
any position, and by repeating the observattODft at
diflerent ports of the circle, thus getting rid of tbe
centring error to wluch sextants are hablc, bat
the disadvantage of the Ktnallncss of the ladius
(circles being usually made eight or 10 inches in
diameter, which only gives an equivalent to a four
or five inch sextant), and the somewhat complicated
mechanism and coatlincss rendered them ojule-
sirable for marine work, and prevented their general
use. The sextant, almost as invented by Jolm
Iladley, is now the universal instrument for finding
the position at sea.
Rangatioa. The ^t or science of navigating lOr
conducting vessels from one port to another, on
the coast or ocean, by tbe best routes. Naviga-
tion really means the art of directing and measuring
the course of ships, and of determining the poaitioD
of the ship at any muinent, and the direction aod
distance of her destination. There axe two
methods ol determining the position of a ship at
sea : the first is by mi:ans of the reckoning — that is,
from a record which is kept of the courses sailed
and distances made on set coursca ; the second is by
means ol observations made on the heavenly bodies,
and the aid of spherical trigonometry. The tint
method gives only approximate results ; tbe aeooad
admits of great accuracy. The positJoo of tike
vessel being known at any moment, the direct
and distance of any otlicr point may be det
cither by the aid of a chart, or by the appbcatjoa
of the principles of trigonometry. To the appraxi'
mate methods ot determining a ship's position it is
necessary to frequently refer to astronomical obax-
vations. The principal objects to be obcalaed tiy
astronomical observations are, to ascertain the lab-
tude. longitude, and the variation of the needle ioc
correcting the dead reckoning.
The Laws of Navigation arc either those aflect-
ing trade, e.g., the Navigation Act, 1651. bjr
which England assumed to herself the rooac^wly ot
her colonial trade ; or those relating simply to navi-
gation. Qaims have been made at vanoos tones
to dominion over parts of the high seas, but tlMse
are now abolished, and each State has tbe ngbt to
regulate the navigation of 0) >^ own vesacl*
anywhere ; and {i) ail vessels within its tontmal
limits. The Regulations for the Preveitboa of
Collisions. 1896 (j.v.). have been adopted by Ibe
governments of all countries as navigation Uw* if
the high seas, and, generally speaking, for temtortsi
waters, though in the latter special local isgifc
tiooK may be imposed, $.g.. compulsory pifc>My
The free navigation of rivers is the subject of lotir
NAVIGATION
441
NAVIGAZIONE
national treaties, but as a rule in times of peace
both rivers and teiritorial waters arc open to the
coinmprce nf all natioati. Tliu principal rivers of
Great Britain are open to iiavigatiou by Act of Piir-
Uament or Orders in Cocncil. Non-tida] «%■«« are
prima facie private, but the right to navigate may
be acquired by Act of I^^liament or prescriptioa.
Canal navigation is regulated by the Railway and
Canal TraflTic Act, 1888.
The Navigation Acts were a series of enactments.
dating irom 1^182 down to 1S83. with the object of
promoting British shipping by imposing rcstric*
tions on foreign rivals. Of these Acta the Naviga-
lion Act, 1651, was the most important, and was
aimed at the Dotch, wbo were then the greatest
rivals to Great Britain in the carrying trade. By
this Act :
(i) All ships, of which the owncm, masters, and
three -quarters of the crews were foreigners, were
prohibited from trading to British Settlements, or
from employment in the British coasting trade.
(3) Certain articlr-s could only be brought to
Great Britain, either ni the ships described above
or in ships of the country where those goods were
produced.
(3) Certain goods were prohibited from being
imported in ntxy ships from any country' but that in
wfaicb they were produced.
(4) 5>alt fish, whalebone, oil. and blubber, not
caught by and cured in British ships, were subject
to doublf aliens duty when imported. The Act of
1660 affirmed the above Act, and restricted the
importation and exportation of goods from or to
SMz. Africa, and America, to British vessels.
The Acts of 1S51 and 1660 and subsequent
enactments wore consolidated in 1833, but were
repealed in 1849, except as regards the restrictions
on coosring trade, which were in force as late as
1854.
By the Costoms Consolidation Act, 1853, sec-
tion 324- to secure rcciprocitj'. prohibitions and
restrictions may, by Orders in Council, be imposed
on the ships ol any country in which British ships
are liable to similar prohibitions and restrictions.
Most ot this Act was repealed by the Customs Laws
Consolidation Act, i87fi, and the Statute I^w
Revision Act, 1875; but section 324 of the Act of
1853 still remains operative.
Reter to Longitude, Latitude, Declination, Dip,
Astronomy. Compass, the Mariners'. Bed of River.
Navigation Acts. See Navigation.
Bavigation Laws. See Navigation.
HftTfguione Oenerale Italiuia. (Florio Rubat-
tino.) This title was the outcome of the amalga-
inatton of tlie lines formerly Iwlonging to Florio
of Palermo, and Rubattino of Genoa, having their
head office at Rome. The company maintain
regular sailings in connection with tlie Adriatic and
levant ser\ic<« to India. China, New Vork. Brazil,
and the River Platf. In I901 tht'y joined La
Veloce Navigation Italiana Co. (f.f.), and now
conjointly make a weekly service (instead of
fortnightly) from Genoa and Naples to New York,
and from Genoa to Monte Video and Buunos Aires.
The Government of India has placed the steamers
of this company on the same footing as certain
other companies in respect to military officers
travelling by their steamers l>cing exempted from
the penalty for overstaying their furiough or leave,
out of India, by reason of any delay in the arrival
ol the vessel by which they arrive in India, pro-
vided tbcy take their passage in the steamer timed
to arrive within Uic peri<^^l oi the furlough or leave.
Fl.IlUT,
Adtia.
Adriatico.
Africa.
AUssanHro Volts,
Amerigo Vespucci,
A ncona.
Asia.
Assiria.
Birmania.
Bisagno.
Bormida.
Bosfoto.
Biisnia.
Bulgaria.
Caiabria.
Candia.
Caprera.
Capri.
Cariddi.
Catanis.
Cipro.
Conie Menat/rea.
CristofoTQ Calomho.
Dotnenieo Balduino,
Dtapano.
E^adi.
EgiUo.
Elba.
EUUrico.
Ertna.
Entella.
Etna.
Etruria.
Favignana,
Flavio Gioia.
Galileo GaHM.
Giattnutri.
Ginva.
Gi^lio,
Imera.
India.
Intxialiva.
Ischia.
Josto.
Le^ria.
FMimbro.
f^evanro.
f.ombardia,
Marc-o Afinghetti.
Marco Polo.
Marsala.
Memfi.
MonM>etlo.
Montenegro.
Napoli.
Nilo.
Orgto.
Ofione.
Paekinn.
Paif.vmo.
Paieatina.
Palmar ia.
Paraguay.
Pftoto.
Persto.
Persia.
Pianosa.
Piemonte,
Plata.
Po.
Polceveta.
Principe Amedeo.
Procida.
Raffaele Rubattino,
Regina Mar^herita,
Romania.
San Giorgio.
Sardegna,
Sciiia.
Scrivia.
Segrsta.
SeiinUHle,
Serbia.
Sicilia.
SitHeJo.
Singapore.
Siracuie.
Sirio.
Solferina,
Solunto.
Stura.
Sumatra^
Tebe.
Tirso,
FtEET {eoHtinved).
Umberto I. Vstita.
Vmhria. Vtnfn'a.
Vinufuo Ftorio.
Gross taonage, 3S9.000,
Kwy, ThA, is a national urutJtittion provided
lor out of the revMiues and under the control of
the Admiralty (f-v.}. Its numbers are annually
detcrniincil hy vote- of tlic Houxc of Ccmmoas,
In 1906-07. the number of all ranks borne on the
books was 129,000, the estimAtes lor that year
amounting to jfjj.ooo.ooo. and the expenditure,
^32, 238.500. The Navy is manned by voluatary
enlistment, but impressment, which has never been
legally abolished, might still be exercised in times of
emergency with retard to seafaring men. By the
Naval Enlistment Act, 1884, men willing to enter or
re-enter the Naval Service may enter or re-enter
for continuous and general service for such period
as may be for the time being fixed by the Admiralty
RegulatioDS. Boys entering the Navy arc liable
toiayeara'service.or if entering under tbe age of i.S,
not exceeding the time required for them to reach
30. Officers are appmntrd by the Board of Admi-
ralty (^.t.). Men entering the Royiil Marioca are
liable to serve for 12 years. A merchant seaman
deserting his ship to join the Navy is exempt from
forfeiture of wages and punishment.
liefer to Naval Discipline, Nax'al Courts-martial.
Naval Reserve, Admiral. King's Regulations.
Navies.
HiTy and PriM Aceats. All wanUiips in com-
mission shall, by the Navy Agency and EHstnbu-
tion Act, 1864, have a ship's agent, whose duty it is
to look After the ship's interest in case of salvage
services, any breach of law rrsprcting national
character, any seizure for breach of law relating to
Customs, any seizure or capture under any act
relating to the alfolition of the slave trade, any
matter arising out of attack or engagement with
alleged pirates afloat or ashore, any capture, re-
capture or destruction of any ship, or any special
service or other matter in respect of which any
grant, reward, or remuneration 15 payable. The
appointment is made by the commanding officer,
and is not affected by a change of commandens.
The agent is subject to the jurisdiction of the High
Court of Admiralty {q.v.), and must have a place of
business within five miles of the London G.P.O.
He in only entitled to a percentage of 2^% on the
net sum distributed as remuneration for his services.
Havy Bill, 1900. Owing la the seizure of German
merchant ateamt-ni by British cmistrrs near Delagoa
Bay during the South African war. in 1900, a Bill
was brought lorward in the Reichstag for doubling
tlie German Navy in t6 years, and was aimed
chiefly again-tl Great Britain. In order, tiicrtfore,
to maintain a navy suprriur to tliose of any two
Other POMTCTS, the British Navy Estimates con-
tained in this Bill were increaaed by more than
£10,000,000.
Navy biUi were bilLs of exchange drawn oa the
Commissioners of the Navy by officers for their
pay and expenses, or were issued to coDtractors in
payment o( stores, etc. Since 1S65 these have
become obsolete, and the salaries ol o£c«t3 and
wages of seamen are now paid by the authoritin
govL-rning each department of the Admiralty.
Nary Board. The, which ofTicc was abolished ia
tH^2, v.sui a body of commissioners who conducted
the civil and administrative work of the Royal
Navy between 1 546 and r832. These duties an
now performed by the Lords of the Admiralty and
the various heads of departments subordinat* to
them.
Navy Leafoe Journal. Established i8g6. Pnh-
ILshcd monthly. Price 3d. Address: tj Victoria
Street. I^ndoil. S.W.
Havy List Established r387. Published monthly.
Price I J. 6rf- Address : Wymans, Ltd.. Fener
Lane. London, E.C.
Navy Records Sodety. Established in 1S9J foe
the purpose of printing rare or unpublished works
of naval interest, and so rendering accessible the
sources of our naval history, and elucidating quea-
tions of naval archeology, construction, adminlt-
tratioo, organisation, and social life. For some
13 or 20 yrani the interest in the study of naval
hisior>' had been gradually revived — a revival
lajficly due to the lectures and writings of Sis
J. K. Laughton, then at the Royal Naval College,
Greenwich, and of Admiral P. H. Colomb ; and
lecturers and students had equally realised the
extreme imperfection of our old histories. The
publication, in 1890, of Captain A. T. Mahan's
" Influence of Sea Power upon History " at once
qwckened the desire for kmywledge of the laots.
and intcnsifiod the sense of the poverty of oos
literature. The publication by the Camden Sociaiy.
in t889. of " Memoirs Relating to the Lord Tor-
ringlon " seemed to show the kind of thing that
was wanted, as wvU as the way in which the want
was to be supphed ; and Sir J. K. Laughton, the
editor of the volume, who. in prepaxing I115 Iccturcn
and in writing the memoirs which ho cootributad
to the " Dicuonary of Natiooal Biography." bad
Iramt something of the treasures buried u tbt
Public Record Office, began to talk of the desir-
ability of making these accessible to naval ofKccn
and to all students of naval history. Oat of a
conversation with the prc&L-nt Admiral Sit Cjfxua
Bridge, then Director of Intelligence, came tltr out-
line of the scheme to found e society of a nature
kindred to that of the Camden Society or tU
Hakluyt. A further impuUc was given to tht
movement by an articlr, written by Mr. Dsvtd
Hannay. in the " National OlMcrvcr," a\-owvdIj
suggested by a series ol artidca on " Our Naval
NAZE
NECKLACE
Literature," contributed to the " Army and Navy
Gazette '* by Sir J. K. Laughton. Once put
abroad, the idea met with immediate and warm
approval Iroin the most influential and senior
officers of the Navy, from many Army officeni. and
from tlie must capalile of our historians, among
whom may be named the Puke of Edinburgh, the
Duke ol York. Prince Louis ol Battcnberg, thi:
Marquis of I^tbian (president of the Koyal ScuttL^b
Mistoncal Society) . Earl Spenser, Sir Gcofircy
Hornby, Sir Anthony Hoskins. Sir Edward Fan-
shawe. Sir Vesey Hamilton (then actually president
of the Koyal Naval College, as Sir G. Hornby and
Sir E. Fanshawe had been). Sir P. H. Colomb.
Captain A. T. Maban. Dr. S. Rawson Gardiner. Sir
John Swly, Professor Montagu Burrows, Professor
C. H. Firth, and very many others. After the
vmal prdiminanes a meeting was called, with the
Marquis of Lothian in the chair. The society was
formally inaugurated. Lord Spenser, a former
First LonI of the Admiralty, and grandson of a
stiJl earlier one, accepted the office of president.
Officers and council were elected, and the offer of
Sir J. K. Laughton to edit the " State Papers
Relating to the Defeat of the Spanish Armada "
ipras accepted. These wore published m two hand-
•ocne volumes towards the end of 1894, and since
these the society has usurd to its annual sub-
scribers of one guinea sometimes three but never
less than t^\o volumes for each year ; or, in all,
ioT the 13 years, to the end of 1906. 32 volumeia.
Among thi-sc may be named " Naval Accounts and
Inventories of the Reign ol Henry VH.." " The
War with France, 1 5 12- 13." " The War with Spain,
1585-88 ■■ (3 vols.), "The First Dutch War. 165a-
S4 " (3 vols, published, m progress). " The Blockade
ol Brest. 1803-05" (a vols). "Logs of the Great
SeK Fights, 1 794-1805 ," and many others of
scarcely less mterest. It is not too much to say
tbat every new volume issuctl by the society opens
out new fidds of vision, and that all existing
books on naval history are rapidly becoming
obsolete. A striking instance of this will be seen
by comparing previous accounts of tht- defeat of
tbft Armada with those that have been put abroad
«ince 1894. The absurd fictions that " England
was saved by the nation, not by the Government,"
tbat " Dux Ix-mina facti," and that " Afflavit Deus
et dissipati sunt " have be«n very literally " dis-
sipated," and mcD first, boys afterwards, are now
taught that the victory was won, not by little
merchant ships or coasters, but by properly built
jnen-ol-war, that it ts the Navy on which, " uudcr
the good Providence of God, the wealth, safety,
and strength of the kingdom chiefly depend," and
that God defends and saves a country, not by
raising a witch's gale of wind, bat by giving it
wise rulers and able command«n.
Hue. Refgr tc Nesa.
H3. Abbreviation for New Brunswick.
H.B. AbbreviatioQ for North British.
N.B. A contraction for the Latin nota bens.
meaning note well, or carciully.
B3. Distinguishing tetters on .sea lishing boats
registered at Nieuw Beijerland, Holland.
H.B.K. Abbreviation for North British Rail-
way.
H.D. Distinguishing letters on sea fishing boats
registered at Nicuwc Nicdorp, Holland.
NJI. DLsbnguishing letters on sea fishing boats
registered at Newcas tie-on -Tync, England.
KtAp. A name applied to medium tidi:s.
Neaped. Tbe situation of a ship in dock or
aground, requiring more water than neap bdcs
atluid to float.
Near. A warning to the helmsman when sailing
too near the wind.
Nearobu. One of the most distinguished officers
in the Navy of Alexander the Great, and com-
manded the expedition which made such an im-
portant and interesting voyage of discovery in the
Indian Ocean. The fleet sailed down the Indus
and the coast of Baluchistan and Persia and up
the Persian Gulf and the Euphrates to Babylon
about the year 324 a.c In jij B.C. he was selected
by Alexander the Graat for the difficult task of
circumnavigating the great peninsular of Arabia,
from the mouth of the Euphrates to the Istlimus
of Suez, and had not the expedition been cut short
by the illness and death of the King, 333 B.C.,
history would have had records ol a voyage even
more remarkable than the one in which be con-
ducted a large fleet coiuiisting principally of galleys
along the coast of Baluchistan, an unknown coast
requiring great prudence and abdity. and which
stands out entirely alone in antiquity.
fiebnuka. U.S. ist class battleship. (Moran
Bros., 1904.]
Length 43sft Beam 76ft. Maximum draught 26it,
Displacement is.jio tons. Complement 703.
Guns. A rmaur.
4 — 13 in., 40 cal. " Krupp " and " Hai-
8 — 8 in. vcy-uickcl."
13 — 0 in. 1 1 in. Belt amidships.
13 — 14 pdr. 10 in. Turrets.
13 — ^ pdr. 10 in. Barbettes.
4 — I pdr. 9 in. Conning tower,
S Colts.
Torpedo Tubes (18 in.].
4 Submerged.
Twin screw, Hp. 19.000=19 kts. Coal maxi-
mum 1,900 tons. Approximate cost £1,300,000.
Meok. Su Gooseneck.
Necklace. A strop round a lower mast carrying
leading blocks for the futtock shrouds to be set
up to.
NEDERLAND
444
NELSON
H«d«rlaiid Unt (Stooravaart Maatschappij Noder-
land). E&tabliivticcl in 1870. SitbsidtM^cI by the
Govcmmeot of the Netherlands to maintain a mail
aervice between Holland and Java, and now m&in-
taia two Mpaimte services, one canning the Boyal
mailn. pasKOgen. and cargo, and the other carrying
cargo only. Calling at Southampton the mail
steamers proceed via Genoa, Port Said, and Suex
to Sabong Bay. Singapore. Batavia, Samarang
and Sourabaya, and connecting with the Koain-
klyke Packetvaart Co. {q.v.) for porta in Nether-
lands lodia.
Fleet.
Ambon. KoHtng WetUm IJI.
Bolt. Madura.
Ctrmm. Oranje,
ftons. Pfinaes Ameiia.
Grotius, Pnnses SopHit.
Java. Prtns Hendrik.
Honingin Rcgenttt. Hemhrandt.
KontHgin W ithtimina. Soembawa.
KiftitHg WtiUm I. Timor.
Koning WtlUm 12. VondeL
Gross tonnage, 81,000.
NesliKenw 01au». See Clauses.
Nelson. British ist class cruiser (7.630 tons).
Launched 1880, Now stationed at PortsinouUi.
and used for training stokers.
Kelson, Hontio Hekoa. Viioomit (i;5a-i8o5).
Younger son oi the Rev, Edmund Ndson (b. Bum-
hatn Thorpe. September ag, 175J*). A love ot adven-
ture, which manifested itself from his earhest years,
inclined him to a life of the sea, and tliruugh iht-
tntcrests of an uncle he entered the Navy in 1770.
As a niuJshipnmn and heutenant he saw service in
almost every part of the globe, and gave a proof
of energy. fertiUty of resource, and courage .in
danger which, though possibly somewhat rash,
was truly heroic. He waa made a post-captain at
the age of ai. and during the next few years was
actively engaged in the American war.
It wu^ a time of changiug fortune as regards the
Eogluih Navy. The Fiench for a time were dotninant
in the West Indies, and the fleets of France and
Spain threatened England with no ordinary periL
Nelson, although only in command of ^mall vessels
employed in protecting cunvoys. and taking no
actual part in the fighting, followed it with the eye
of a genius. For several years after the peace ol
Versailles, Nelson was in the West Indies, and took
an active part in pri'vcnting ^tmuggling between
the New United Statnt and British Colonies. In
179J war between England and revolutionary France
was declared, and on the recommendation of Lord
Huod. NeLsuu WAS made captain uf llic Agametnnim,
the hrst ship of Uie Une commanded by him.
Although thiii sliip was known to be uue of the
wont m the licet, while under Hood in the Mediter-
ranean be pcrlormed feats of perfect seamanship
and daring which marked him out for distinction.
He took » most pfominent part in the siege of
Bastia, and was credited with being instrumental
m eflrctmg — with the aid of his men. who would
follow him anywhere, and " minded shot," be de-
clared, " as little as peas " — the capitulation of
that place. At Calvi, where he lo^t an eye. lie,
with his men, contributed largely to the result.
In March, 1793, the British Fleet under Admiral
Hotham — Lord Hood having been replaced — -was
engaged ofi the coast of Italy with a vastly superior
French fleet. During an action a French eighty-
four was disabled, and taken in charge of a powerful
frigate, supported by two ships of the line. Nelson
with Uic AgamemHon, though only a sixtyfour,
stood out boldly after the retiring enemy, and so
skilful were his manoeuxTes that witliout incurring
any senous loss he almost destroyed the cnpplsd
Frenchman, and she, with one of her cooaorts,
was easily captured a lew boun later, and it nas
subsequently admitted that, tiad the admiral
followed the suggestions of Nelson, the whole
French Fleet would have been brought into action,
and would liave probably tact a ciusluug defeat.
In 1795-9'i Nelson waji employed on the Italian
seaboard cutting ofi the suppliea of the Fnncfa
Army, and liad he then received the ptopw nip-
port from the Austrian generals tlie Italuu con-
quests, with wtiicb Napoleon began his career u
Italy, would never have taken place.
In 1796 he became a commodore, and it was on
February 13, 1797, that be accompbshed one ol
the most daring leats, and possibly one of the
greatest he ever achieved. A Spanish Fleet, with
27 ships ol the bne, encounti^ed a British Fleet
of only 15 ships, under Admiral Jar\-i3. who. suc-
cessfully employing a well-known manoeuvre, bndcr
the Spanish line, cutting off nine shipa. Ttw
Spanish admiral, realiatng the danger, cndcavoorfd
to rejoin this detachment by wheeling round jus
van, and would have probably succeedetl had not
Nelson abandoned hts own hoe, and, with attcr
disregard of his superior's orders, engaged dngla-
handed the advancing squadron. This moreflcnt
brought him into action with three firsts and tbm
second rates, and although be was supported by
the nearest ships of the British line, ha was n-
gagcd for nearly an hour with a loroe immmirif
superior to his own. The Spauiab cosuniadn
drew off beaten, and Nelson, leading hia crew in
person to the cry ol " Westminster Abbey <^
victory." txjorded and took two ships. Foi ll>"
Nelson was promoted lu admiral, and made a CB
For somu months after he was engaged in optfS'
tions against Spain, and at Santa Crux he kvt s>
arm.
In May, i 7^8. he was given an independcat cs*'
mand, and was deijpatcUed by Lord St. VuKts'
to prevent a French muveiuent under the gwditf'
of Bonaparte, which was intended to tfs^
Egypt and threaten India. Nebon, tiO**^
encountered a «ev«re (^e, his sqnadrao «*'
I
crippled, and the French Flwt. escaping from
Toulon, reached Alexandria on July i. Belicv-
ing that Ibey were still at sea, ho scoured the
coast of Sicily and back again to the coa^t ol
Greece, and there heard that the French had made
coed their landing. Nothing daunted, ho set of)
from the Gulf of Coron, and on Aagust t the
rnemy wore descried. His plan of action — perhaps
Nelson's masterpiece^wa-s marked by his wonted
skill and insight .Neliton. a dexterous pilot from
boyhood, &aw that ^t-itli fine steering it was po«bibtL>
to get behind the Frenchman by threading his way
between the shoals and the neighbouring shore.
and he directed part of hi.-* fleet to attack the
enemy from the seaward, while the remaining part
aaniled from the landward. The French Fleet,
compofted of new and formidable ships, lay in front
of Aboukir. the rear sopported by coast battenes,
and Admiral Brueys never realised that a plan of
attack such as Nelson had conceived was possible.
Towards nightfall the plans were complete. The
aihoal only stopped one of the British ships, and in
less than an hour the passage had been completed,
and the dividing line had c-ncompaased more than
half of tJic French Fleet. The French fought with
great courage, but were caught between two feres,
and were gradually overpowered and destroyed,
and by daylight on the and the victory was com-
plete. The flagship of Brur^'N, the Orieni, -was
blown up. and out of 13 French ships only two
escaped. The British Fleet, though eqoal in
nntnbers to the enemy, were wholly inferior in
iorce, and Nelson's flagship, the VaHgttard. was
acarcely half the strength of the Orient. Five
years later Nelson had the satisfaction of hearing
of the capture of the two ships that escaped, and
which gave such effectual aid in Uic siege of Malta.
It was not unbl after this great battle — the battle
of the Nile — tliat the British Nav>- became the
terror of its bravest enemies, although the
superiority had been demonstrated from the be-
^nntng ; and it is undoubtedly due to the name
of Nelson that yeant afterwards Napoleon's plan
of invading England failed. In iSoo Nelson re-
turned to England, was promoted vice-admiral,
juid crtated a Peer. In January. tSoi. the British
Fleet was fitted out lor the Baltic under Sir Peter
Parker, with Ndson second in command, the
reason being tliat negotiations were to be tried
first, and for this Nelson had no aptitude. The
fleet, an exceedingly powerful one. passed the
Sound, March 31, and cast anchor in the waters
of the Danish capital on April 7. Nelson declared
for an immediate attack, but negotiations were
fttill ]>fni]ing, and it was not until May 3. when all
idea ol a diplomatic settlement had been given.
tliat the attempt was made. Ttie tactics of Nelson
were m thia instance much the same as those he
so successfully carried out at the battle of the
Nile, but be had the land force to deal with, as
well ns the vessels, and was unfortunate enough to
lose three of his ships through grounding while
atti-mpling to get through ^iome shoals. .Mthougb
the ferbl line of Danish defences were destroyed he
was not able to silence the forts, and he was glad
to welcome the terras of a tnice, as his ships had
suffered heavily. Parker had actually signalled
the fleet to retire, but tbb Nelson rcfoscd to do
until something like victory had been attained,
and although the success had not been perfect, it
had taught the enemy a severe lesson. In 1803
Nelson was appointed to the Mediterranean com-
mand, and took up his station oti Toulon, and for
a period o( nearly two years kept the French in
port, in spite of their repeated attempts to escape,
a feat of endurance uever equalled. In March.
1805, the French admiral escaped from Toulon,
crossed the Atlantic, and succeeded in reaching
Martimque, and was there joined by a Spanish
Fleet from Cadiz, and by June 1 wa^ m full sail
for Europe. Nelson gave diase, and, having been
delayed by contrary winds and a false report that
the destination of the enemy was South ."Knienca,
eventually reached Martimque, only to find that
VUlcneuve and his fleet had gone. On June 13
Nelaon sailed from Antigua, and, being afraid that
he would not be able to get up to Vilteneuve in
time with the whole of bis ileet, despatched several
light craft to warn the Admiralty in England.
Tliis precaution was ol the greatest value. Nelson
missed Villeneuve in the Atlantic, and Sir Robert
Calder. who had been sent to intercept Villeneuve.
fought an action oft the coast of Spain, the result
being that the Frenchman was compelled to put
into Fenol, and thus prevented from collecting
the huge Beet of 60 or 70 ships which had been his
original intention. NelMm returned to England,
and as soon as the French admiral learned this he
sailed from Fcrrol southward and put into Cadiz.
The Bntish .A.dauralty made prepiiratioos at
once to attack Cadu, and Nelson waa given suprcrae
command, and set sail with 34 vessels of the hne.
The French force was almost identical, but Nelson,
realising that they would not fight on uqual terms,
actually sent away seven of his shiira in order to bring
about an engagement which would prove decisive.
On October 20 Villeneuve put to sea with the
combined fleets ol France and Spain. He left
Spain trusting to a report that Nol.^011 had only
ao ships, and yet dreading t>attle with his \-astly
sopenor numbers. Nelson, in order to decoy the
French, had kept his fleet well out of sight, but his
frigates had kept bim informed of their move-
ments, and at daybreak on October xi the fleet of
Villeneuve was descried off Cape Trafalgar. Nelson s
plan ol action had l^een already arranged. He
had resolved to break their line in two places,
and the result he anticipated would be quick and
effective. The British Fleet was formed into two
columns, the northern led by Nelson in the flag-
ship Victory, the soutliem by Colhngwood in the
Hoyai Saverei^.
ViDesieiive, a skiiful navigator, though a timid
leader, had arranged liis squudron to meet the
attack. He had formed them into two paraliel
lines, the vcsseis of the second line protecting the
spaces bettFcen the vessels of the first, each divi-
sion supporting the other, and ofieiing a con-
tinuous Iront ol fire to the enemy.
A mighty cheer broke Jrom the British when
the signal flew Irom the tlagship, " England ex-
pects t'\'ery man to do his duty " ; and it is reported
that Villeneuve exclainiiKl to bis ofliceis when he
heard the chccnng, " All is lost." Collingwood,
with the southern line, first came into action, and
broke the French line, pounng broadside aher
broadside into Uic Sania Anna, and then ranged
cp to the Foufimeux. By this time the northern
luir was engaged, and the Victory, assailed by a
pouring and destructive fire, broke through the
line about 12 noon, and, practically puttmg Ville-
neuve's llagship out of action, engaged with the
Rcdoutable and the enormous Santisstma Trinidad.
the largest mau-ol-war afloat. By this time the
action had become guiicral. Six or seven of the
euormous ships put up a stubborn te&u>tance, but
the second line gradually fell to leeward, and the
van, as at the battle of the Nile, scarcely fired a
shot. Divided, scattered, and out-manoeuvred at
every point where the defence was maintained,
the allied fleets became a mass of fragmcDtJi. dis-
abled, helpless, and pursued by tlieir conquerors.
It was aji absolute and complete victory, but it
was dearly bought for the illustnous wamor who
bad planned it. A musket shot from the Re-
douiablc tops inflicted a mortal lAound on Nelson,
and he died in the arms of bis inend and trusted
flag-captain. Hardy (?.f.). towards the evening.
He retained his faculties to the last and lived to
hear that two-third.<s of the enemies' fleet bad been
destroyed or captured ; and, although he passed
a«'ay m the prime ol manhood, he had attained
his ambition — he had swept away the ioes ol
England from the ocean.
Nelson was the greatest oi England's com-
manders at sea ; tor resource, flanng, professional
skill, and the art of winning the hearts oi men he
was unrivalled. His remains were conveyed to
England, and he was buncd January 9, 1806.
Nelson Line, with their head othccs at Liver-
pool, pobM-ss a powcriul fleet ol steamers, carrymg
passengers and cargo to and from the River Plate.
The company mamtain a fortnightly service from
Liverpool to Monte Video, Buenos Aires, and
Rosario ; a monthly service Irom Newport and
Swansea ; also a monthly service Irom Buenos
Aires to South African ports. The steamers oi
the line are insulated for carrying Irozen and
chilled meat, bemg uttcd with the latest type of
reirigerating machinery, as weJl as the most up-to-
date apphanccs for the liandling oi general cargo.
The steamers have good accommodation amidiiliips
lor a limited number of first-class passcogcra.
FlXHT.
Highland Brigade.
Htghiand Chuf.
Highland Corria.
Highland Enttrprise.
Highland Ghillie.
Highland GUn.
Highland Harris.
Highland
HigiUMtd
HtghUnd
HigUand R
HtgJtUmdU
Ht^hUMd U
Highland M
HigMand S
Watch.
ITembo. Italian torpedo-boat destroyer.'
1901.} Displacement, 330 tons; nuucimnja
S ft. : armament. 5 6-pdr. ; tubes. 2 18A
6,000= 30 kts. ; coal, 80 tons.
Nmobe. Japanese toipedo-boat dcstxoyt
1905.) Length, 220 (t ; beam, aoj ft. ;
9^ It. : displacement, 374 tons ; complefl
armament, i is-pdr.. 5 6-pdr., a tub4
screw; Hp., 6,oooe>29 kts. ; com], 96 toa«
Henohi. Japanese torpedo-boat destroy
row, 1905.) Displacement. jSo tons ; con
55 ; maximum draught, 9 It. ; armaznent, i
5 6-pdr. : tubes. 2 18-in. : Hp., 6,000s
coal, 95 tons.
Hephosoope. An instrument for obscf
direction and rate of motion ol doods.
Neptune. French and dasa battleship.
1HH7.)
Length 347lt. Beam 65lt. Maximum diai
Displacement 10,900 tons. CompIcmc«
OuMs. A rmour
4—13*4 in. "SteeJ."
17— SS in. IS in. Belt anudi
16—3 pdr. t4 in. Barbettes.
14 in. Conning t|
Torpedo TiAes (177 in.).
4 Above water broadside.
I Above water stem.
Twin screw. Hp. ix,ooo=j6 kts. C
niutn tloo tons. Approximate cost ^6o,<
Neptone. The tabled god o( the sea ;
Saturn and Rhea and the brother ol I
Pluto. He is variously represented ■ m
with a trident in his right hand, a dolpb
left, and with one of his icet resting 00 ]
ship ; at others in a chariot drawn by sd
wiUi a tnton on each side.
Hepttine Act Ofls. See Actien Gd
" Neptune." Rostock.
Neptone Steamship Co., Ltd., Copenlutga
ant] managed by C. K. Hansen, lias a fled
modern cargo steamers engaged m cazso
the North Sea and various parts ol ^i»» 1
Inducement offers.
Flbbt.
Donsborg.
Jagersborg.
RA
447
NEUTRALITY
m. French subsidiMd merchant ship {1889).
igehes Maritimes (g.v.). Dimensions. ^Oj x 46 X
; gross tonnage. ?.9i7 ; Hp., 5,000=16 lets.
tOI. In Creek mytholof^. a god of the sea, a
t Pontutt and Gaia. and father of the Nergids.
Moditcminean, and more particularly the
0 , was his apeciaJ proviuce.
'pcnio. Italian totpedo-boat. (Elbing, 1905.)
a. A projection of land into tht: sea.
■. British torpedo-boat destroyer. (Cowes.
) Length, 222 ft. : beam. 23^ ft. : draught.
; displacement. 600 tons ; complement, 72 ;
ment. i 12-pdr.. 5 6-pdr., 2 tubes ; twin screw ;
^■,500=25 kts. ; coal, 126 tons.
i, Tlic weight of any commodity without
ng.
theriand Bteamship Co., BoyaL See Royal
?rland Ste-anisliip Co.
tberUndi Taoht Clob, Boyal. Srt Royal
crlands Yacht Club.
t&n. Small lines used for hammock-clews.
ae Dampler Compagnie. See New Steamship
amuty is the conditioa of a State left uu-
icd by, and itself abstaining from, participation
)stilitie8 between bellii?<^renL'i Iq.v.). The law
estrality is divided into two branches :
I that aflecbng States in their relation one with
tier, and
that affecting individuals in their relations
s^.
]i a wrong is done by a belligerent to a neutral
t, or vice versa, the remedy is international.
The beiligcTcni State and the neutral individual
xnmd by no obligations to each other, for the
duty of the individual is to his Sovt-reign. and
LCts of the individual are wrongs only so far as
compromise bis nation. Similarly the only
of a belligerent State is to the other States, its
viour to neutral individuals being regulated
itemational agreement.
r Edward Fry. in the course of his paper read
ttly before the Society of Anhquailes, Rurling-
Houae. London, on " The Kights of Neutrals
Dnstrated by Recent Events," said that the
war between Russia and Japan had furnished
ittg evidence of the fact that as science advanced
liaed new questions in each new war, which
ired the consideration of diplomats and
mational lawyers, and. farther, that a^ Uic
itjfic appliances of war were developed, the
b ai neutrals were more and more imperilled.
re could be no doubt that the civilised world
feeling increasingly after a s>-stcm of iutec-
mal law. and was desirous of creating some
liod for the administtation of that law. The
eedings before the Interaational Commission of
liiy into the North Sea Inudent of October,
1904. appeared at more than one atage likely to raise
a question of much importance — namely, whether
or not the commander of a ship-ol-war belonging
to a bettigerent Power could justify injury to a
neutral ship on the ground of his suspicion that she
was a belligerent. On this point be inaiDtained
that a commander of a •thip-of-war was not justified
in injuring a neutral vessel on ^ny ground but the
actual misconduct of the neutral, and that he
could not justify such injury on any ground of
suspicion. Ttic second question dealt with was
as to how far belligerents could enlarge their rights
against neutrals by the introduction of novel
instruments and methods of warfare. Regarding
thU he felt that, whilst belligerents were entitled
as against neutrals to alt the rights hitherto
recognised by international law, they conid not
enlarge those rights by the introduction of novel
instruments or methods of warfare, and that if
such could not be o.'sed without the infliction of
additional burdens on uuutrals, they could not
lawfully be used at all. The third question related
to the right of neutrals to receive and use messages
relating to military or naval operations sent by
belligerents by mcan.1 of wireless telegraphy. An
incident in the war twtween Russia and Japan
raised a point of international law which he believed
was novel. " The Times " newspaper sent to the
East an English officer authorised by tJiem to set up
a system of telt-graphy for the information of their
readers. He accordingly established a station for
wireless telegraphy on the British possession at
Wei-Hai-Wei, and put it indirect connection with
the land cable service from that place to Europe,
He then chartered at Hong Kong a steamer, the
HaimuH. and had hrr fitted at Shanghai with
supplemental masu for the purposes of wireless
telegraphy. The vessel then proceeded to the
region of the operations in progress between the
Navies of Russia and Japan, and from March 14 to
.^pril 18, 1904, a continuous service wax maintained
between the Haimun and the office of " The
Times," in London, and inlormation was thus made
pubhc as to the operations of the belligerents.
Though the establishment of this line of communi-
cation was the object aimed at by " The Times."
yet the apparatus when it was working well enabled
the operators to make other ust!S of it. " We were
now able," wrote the chief operator in charge of the
apparatus, " to receive both Russian and Japanese
messages. These messages, of course, came in
cipher, and as wc possessed no icey. it was impos-
.^ible for us to make any improper use of messages
thus received, but we could easily recogni.sc the
difference in the systems employed, and by this
means we were able approximately to tell the dls-
tance we were from the various ships. Moreover,
our ojKTator. who was extremely estpert, began to
recognise the notes of the various ships — that is to
say. he could tell if a Russian ship was at fica by
listening for the answering commumcatioa from the
NEUTRALITY
448
NEUTRALITY
shore. He ooiild also detect whether the Japanese
messages were being transmitted by relay to the
naval base,, or whether the fleet itself wa£ at s«a.
Th;9 was. of coiinc. to us possibly of morr value
than if we had been able to decipher the actual
mewagcs sent, and dorinR the period that the
Haiman was in operation during April, our more
succe^ful issues resulted from a careful listeninf;
for the wireless telegraphy of the opposing fleets "
(" The Times." August 37. 1904). This passage,
he said, showed forcibly Uie extent to which the
wireless telegraphy in the hands of a skilful operator
might enable the operator to play the part of an
eavesdropper to one or both of the tieIHgerent
partiee : and it was therefore not wonderful to find
that the Russians and Japanese alike took steps to
get rid of the intrusive ship. About the middle of
April the Russian Government, by a circular
addressed to the Powers, informed them that the
Russian Viceroy in the East had declared that
if neutral steamships were seized off the coast of the
Kwang-tung peninsular, or within the zone of
military operations of the Russian na\*al fnrce:<.
having on board correspondents who were commu-
aic«ting information to the enemy by means of
improved apparatus not contemplated in the
conventions dealing with such matters, the caAcs
of such correspondents would be treated as cases ol
spying, and the vessels fitted with wireless tele-
graphy would be considered as lawful prize (" The
Times," April ai, 1904). The course taken by
the Japanese Government was different. At a
date apparently somewhat later than the commu-
nication to the Powers of the Russian Note, the
Japanese authorities communicated with the
officers of the Haimun. and insisted upon placing
limitations on the movements of the vessel, which
practically rendered her service useless (" The
Times," August 27. 1904). It was. he thought,
impossible to maintain the position assumed in the
Russian Note. If, as there seemed no reason to
doubt, it was intended to apply to the case of the
Haimun, it was erroneous in it* anggestton as to
the facts, for the war correspondent was not commu-
nicating information to the enemy directly, or
otherwise than as he communicated this infcnmation
to alt the world, through the columns of " The
Times." But even waiving this point, it seemed
impossible to hold a correspondent who openly
intervened within the zone of hostilities, and openly
communicated with one of the belligerents as a spy.
Fraud or secrecy was the essential ingredient of
spying, and when these were alwent it would be a
gross violation of international law to hang the
informant as a spy. But, if the action of " The
Times " correspondent were not the action of a spy,
it might weJl be argued that it was a serious \'iolation
of neutrality. But before they could settle that
qnesiion. it apjwared lo him that they must
enlarge the ranfre of their inquiry, and consider
what ought to be tbe rights of pcfsons luing wire-
less tektgraphy even in times of peaces A conorete
case which was affirmed and denied to have recently
occurred would help them in that consideration.
What was alleged lo have happened was as (oUom :
A wireless telegraphic station had been installed
at Corunna, and had been working there for some
to months. It was ostensibly eAlablishcd on
behalf of a Ferrol newspaper, but the whole staff
was German, and it %vaH thought that a large number
of telegrams had been taken up or intercepted 1
communicated to the German Consul, who inm
diatcly transmitted them to his Government,
it was said that these telegrams were of English
origin (" The Times," February (i. 19*16). Tlir
whole story had been denied in a manner which
made it very probable that it was untrue. But,
as that wa.s immaterial for their purpose, let them
assume tliat the account was correct, and ask
themselves first whether the action of the 1
in using the telegraphic station ought to be 1
as a violation of international law. He could
for a moment think that it ought to be The
atmosphere and the ether which surrounded Iho
world were not capable of becoming tlie private
property either of narions or of tndi\'iduals ; and
the instruments used to receive wireless telegraphic
messages might — subject to any questiona ol
patent ngbt, with which they were not coocerned--
tawfully be used by any perw:>n whomaoe'ver,1
analogy of sound would support the same cooda"
sion, for he conceived it to be clear that no law
would be infringed by a man who on land, where
he had a right to be, heard, even by artificial
assistance, the sounds uttered by a nptghboor.
and intended for the ears of some third person.
Another consideration which led in the same
direction was the great difhcnlty, if not im(
bility. of enforcing against the trans^reaaor
prohibition of the supposed law. It would sectn i
fallow that the answer to the question, whether in
ci\-il or international law. should be tfut tb«
sender of such messages must send them at bis
risk, and that if the means which he posaeaaed of
5i-curtng secrecy were not adequate, he must vntm
the evila of that publicity of which he was the ftr«t
author. If tliis conclusion were correct, it wulil
further set-m to follow that the only right of the
Russian authorities in the case of the Haimmm
would have been to exclude ber from sttch pronmity
to the scene of naval operations as might tie hold to
interfere with such operations, bat that if the
operators of the Haimun could pick up the mcssago
of the Russians at any [Kunt beyond that range theXa
were at liberty so to do. Dr. Marconi, be 1
had recently communicated to the Royal Society 1
note on methods whereby the radiaboo of decn
waves might be mainly confined 10 cenaia
tions. If those methods 'thoutd prov«
they would obviously diminish the taciblica tar
the interception by outsiden of mesaagca sent Viy
wireleaa telegraphy.
Vtrada. U-S. monitor. (Bath IronMrorks, 1900.)
L«ngth 352ft. Beam soft. Maximum draught i jft.
Displacement 2755 tons. Complement i}o.
Gums. Armour,
s — 12 in., 40 caJ. " Krupp."
4 — 4 in. 1 1 in. Belt amidships.
3 — 6 pdr. 1 1 in. Barbettes.
4 — I pdr, 8 in. Conning tower.
2 Colts.
Torpedo Tubes <i8 in.).
2 .\bove water.
Twin screw. Hp. 2.400=12 kU. Coal maxi-
mam 400 tons.
Hevarre. Scotch steamer. Sunk near Christian-
wind, March 7, 1883 : 45 lives lost.
Neva Yacht Club. Established 1895. Conuno-
dorc. N. de Sytcnko ; Treasurer. N. dc Sytcnko ;
Honorary Secretary. N. Bcnoit. Wladiroir Place, i.
St. Petersburg. Rntrance fee, 50 roablet ; annual
sul>scription, 100 roubles.
HenUft-ItoUe, Vice-Admiral Ernest, C.B., 1S64
(b. 1847). Entered Roya) Navy, l8(Si ; li«nteuant,
iS^t ; serv«I with the Naval Brigade during Ashan-
tee war; was naval .\.D.C. to Major-Gcncral Sir
Garnet Wolwley in Ashantec campaign. 1873
(Ashantoe medal) ; commanded .scouts in Sir William
Kewett's opiration? against pirates of tht Congo.
1874 : engaged in boat operations against hostile
tribes of the Niger Delta, 1875, when during a
blockade nf Whydah he made his way through
swamp and lagoon to Lagos, with a viev of ascer-
taining whether in the event of war with I>ahomey
it waa possible to take the country in flank. Com
mander of Eurynlus. flagship of Admiral Hewett,
* during Eg)'ptian war, 1882 {Egyptian medal.
Khedive's Bronie Star) . commanded Naval Brigade-
in General Sir Gerald Graham's expedition, 1S84.
aiajnst rebels of the Soudan, at battles of El Teb
and Tamoai ; accompanied Admiral Sir W. Hewett
on his mission to Abys-niuia, 1S84: specially men-
liooed in botli naval and mihtary despatches ;
created C.B. (or his services (Suakim and. El Tcb-
Tajnaai clasps) ; j\.D.C. to Her late Majesty.
1895-99 ; retired, 1903.
Hawake. Japaoesc torpedo - boat destroyer.
<Vokoauka. 1906.) Length. 320 ft. ; beam. 20J ft. ;
'^'^nght, 9^ ft. : displacement, 374 tons ; arma-
''Je^t. I 12-pdr.. ; 6-pdr., 2 tubes; twn screw;
Hp.^ 6,000=29 kts.
Hfiwark. Old U.S. cruiser (i8<>o). Reconstructed
'902.
'-^xigth uilt- Beam 49ft, Maximain draught 23fl.
Displacement 4,098 tons. Complement 393,
CuHJ. Atmour.
12 — 6 in. " Steel."
4 — 6 pdr, 3 in- Deck.
4 — I pdr. i m. Gun shields.
2 Colts.
Twin screw. Hp, 8,500=19 kts. Coal maxi-
mum S09 tons.
New Brighton Sailing Olub, Rock Ferry. This
club was formed in 1870 to promote the sport of
open boat saihng 00 the Mersey, and is the oldest
open boat club in the ICingdom. In 1871 the club
adopted its present measurement rule, which
embodies girth as a factor, and which has been
found to work extremely well in every way. In
1896, for the first time, girtli was admitted by the
experts to be a most important factor in yacht racing
measurement, and was embodied in the Y.R.A,
rule lor that year, so that in this point the New
Brighton Sailing Club may be .taid to have bceu
35 years in ad\*ancc of its time. The club ha* had
several different classes, but none have shown snch
sport as the i8-ft. ccntrcboartl clas.s, wliich was
started in 1888, ami is still the class of tiic cinb.
though handicap races for small criiiscrs. etc., are
also given during the .season. The headquarters
of the club are now at Rock Slip, Rock Ferry, where
there is a good boatyard, shed, and sail room.
Burgee ; Dark blue, with white anchor. Commo*
dore, .\lfrcd Nickels : Vice-Commodore. Richard
Bulman ; Captam, G. F. Law; Treasurer. J. Nf.
Pooley ; Honorary Secretary, .\, E. Welsh. En-
trance ice. loj. 64. ; annual subscription, los. (>d.
Hewcaatle. on guns. Ou November 26. 1703.
this vessel was lost at Spithead. when 193 were
drowned.
NewcuUe and HontAr River Steamship Co.. Ltd.*
with the head offices in Sydney, have a fleet of three
steamers which maintain Regular nightly services
(Sundays excepted) from Sydney to Newcastle and
Morpeth.
Fleet,
.Vsmoi', Newcastle. Sydney.
New Hampsbin. U.S. ist cla.ts l>attlcship.
(Moran Bios.. iyo6.)
Length 45ort. Beam 76ft. Maximum draught 27ft.
Displacement i6,uao tons. Complement 916.
Ghhs. Armour,
4 — 12 in., 45 cal. " Krupp."
8 — 8 in. <> in. Belt amiflships.
12 — 7 in. 10 in. Barbettes.
20 — 14 pdr. 13 in. Tm-reLs.
12 — 3 pdr. 9 in. Conning lower.
14 Small q.f.
Torpedo Tubes (21 In.).
4 Submerged.
Twin acrew. Hp. 16,500=18 kts. Coal maxi-
mum 2,350 tons. Approximate cost ^1,500,000.
New /eney. U.S. 1st class battleship. (Fore
River Co.. 1904.)
Length 43 (jit. Beam 76ft Maximum draught 261t.
Displacement 15,320 tonts. Complement 703.
0
Anmmr.
" Harvfy-nickel " and
" Krupp.*
It m. Belt amidships,
lo in. Turrets.
lo in. Barbettes.
V in. Cunning tower.
Guns.
4— i2m.,4ocal.
6— fl in.
13—6 in,
12—14 ptlr-
13— ipdr.
4—1 pdr.
8 ColU.
Tmpedo Tubes (iS in.).
4 Submerged.
Twin screw. Hp. 19,000=19 kts. Coal maxi-
mum 1.900 toixs. Approximate cost ^1,300.000,
Hewman Memorial i^ a prize foanded in memor>-
ol Edward Newman, chid engineer at Portsmoutb
Dockyard, conferred annually on the en^nccr
student who. cntrriog the N'avy, attain.s tlic highest
number of marki> for practical eiigioeering.
New Orleans. U.S. cruiiter. (Ekvrick, 1S97.)
Purchased (rom Brazil.
Length 330ft. Beam 45ft. Maximum draught i8(t.
displacement 3.450 tons. Complement 300.
Guns.
6 — 6 in.
4— 5 in.
!o — 6 pdr.
4—1 pdr.
4 Colts.
Armour.
" Harve>--nickel,"
3 in. Deck.
4 in. Gun shields.
Coal
Tnrprdo Tubes.
2 Above water.
Twin screw. Hp, iorced 7.500"=ao'3s kts.
maximum 700 Ions.
Hew Palace Steamers, Ltd.. with their bead officer
in London, have a flcrt of two modern steamer^,
which maintAm. during the •iuromer, daily KailingH
from London to Southend. Margate, Ramsgate,
Deal, and Dover. Both steamer? are beautifully
modelled, and have a promenade deck the entire
length of the Khip. Dining accommodation is pro-
vided for 930 passengers at one sitting, and the
catering is under the management of the company.
The vesflda perform the journey from London to
Southend. Margate, and Ram.sgate in daylight.
Four times a week the Koh-i-Noor makes a trip
from Tilbur>' (calling at Margate) to Deal and
Dover and back in a day.
Flbht.
Koh-i- Noor. Royal Sovereign.
HewiwrU U^. gun-boat. (Bath. 1897-! Length.
16a ft; beam, 50 ft.; draught, 13 ft.; displace-
ment, 1.000 tons; complement. 147; armament,
6 4*in.. 4 6-in., 2 i-pdr.. 1 Maxim: Hp.. 1,000=9
12 kts. : coal, 250 tong.
Hew Rhine Steamship Co. Set Koyal Nctherland
SteaniKlup Co.
Hewa. In sea phraseology. " E>o you hear the
news ? " r a formula used in turning ont the relief
watch.
Hew Steanuhip Co. (Neue Dampfer Compagnie),
with their head office in Stettin, ha\T a fleet oi
19 steamers, which cany passengers and oargn to
North Russian ports. A steamer sails at regular
internals to St, Petersburg. Reval. Kdmgsbcrg,
and Danzig ; one every 14 days to Stockholm.
Flbbt.
Archimedet.
Arcona.
Bettin.
Brestau.
Cain,
Dirutot Jieppenhagcu.
Elsa.
Cfrirud,
Koni^tberg.
Leipzig.
London.
Moskau,
Oberbtrgermtiitrt
ilakm. .
Jiknn.
St. Pettriburg,
Stockkalm.
H'olga.
Gross toniKige. 20,000.
Hew Thame* Yaeht Olab, Cravesend. Estab-
lished 1867. Received Admiralty warrant. April.
1868. Flag: Blue ensign of His Majesty's Fleet,
with phoenix in gold. Burgee : Blue, with phtmix
tn gold in centre. The object of the club is the
encouragement of yachting and yacht racmg on
the River Thome-i. Matchcis are held annually
for yachts rangmg from 30 tons upwardii. Conuwc
irom the Lower Hope to the House Light Vessel and
back to Gravcsend, and from Southend down the
Swlu Channel to Harwich. The matches generally
take place at the end of May. or early in June, and
large rntries are secured for the two days' racing.
The club, smce it,& formation, has dbtributed ap-
proximately ^10,000 in prizes and pnze money.
The club house is a handsome building, facing th*-
rivcr. and is situated opposite the entrance to the
Tilbury Docks. It contains upwards of ao bed-
rooms, smoking rooms, etc.. and a large coffee room
in which some very popular fish dinners take [^ace
during the winter months.
Hew Tork. U.S, 8nl>«ndised merchant ship (i»it|
International Co. (q.v.). Dimensions. 565x6jx)t
ft.; gross tonnage, 10,798; passenger accommods
tian, 1,300; Hp.. 3o,ooo=ao kts-
Hew Tork. U.S. twitcd cruiser. (FhiladclpUa,
1891.)
Lcngtli 38afl. Beam r)4ft. Maximum draught 28lt.
Displacement 8, zoo tons. Complement 51V1.
Gums. Atmom.
6—8 in. " Harvey."
12—4 in. 4 10. Belt amirtehtpt
8 — 6 pdr. 10 in. Barbettes,
4— r pdr. 7 in. Conning lower.
4 Colts.
Torpedo Tubes.
4 Above water broadside.
I Above water bow.
Twin screw. Hp. forced i6,500=-ai Ul C«J
maximum 1.1 $0 totis.
Hew York. Hewhavea and Heraord Baflwaf Ck
operate the Ncwhaven Line of steamers wlUckfO
in conjunction with the trains. One of the siwdio
leave New York every week-day lor Xewhavtais'
N
451
NEW
trsa, double service being nuinuined during
immer months, connecting at Newbavcn for
on the Hertford Shore Line. Ayre Line, and the
iTork, Newbavcn, and Hertford Line.
Flekt-
ity of Lawtm€0. fticMard Beck.
f York Shipboildin^ Co., Camden, New Jersey,
U.S.A.. wa5 organised in 1900, and immediate-
rted building ships at their yard situated on
'elaware River, about four miles from the
of Philadelphia, Pa. The yard was designed
t ves8cl8 could be entirely constructed under
0d sheds ; vtith all the power for operating
ols, cranes, etc.. electric, and fitted with a
fcrge and complete plant for the uic of pncu-
tools fur riveting, drilling, chipping and
Qg. Vessels are fitted oat in a wet slip within
dildings. so that the painting, joiner^-, and
ktry work is all done under cover.
a new shipyard the record of tonnage btiilt
en very great, as will be seen from the follow-
I:
Ymc.
No. ol VtSUlt. . GiMfc IMUKC
U ••• ••• r- •«
S ■::: r -^ ::
S " ::: :: :::
V' \M -.^ tW ..-
1
s -
n
!
11
t » JDO '
7.130
JI.WO(«)
i0.i2Ub)
♦0.7*0(*>)
U) or ihk
(61
U JOd tons (or C
6.000
6.000
S.N.
machioery turned out by this company i&
vuider&ble:
I.Hf.
46.000
23.650
M.700
work built and building is of a superior kind.
iclodas vuesels of all tyiws, lx>tb merchant
i.val. Since the foundation of the company
lave been constructed :
jTgo steamcni.
lil, passenger and
cargo steamer.^.
1 steunen.
•jcry boat,
redge*.
tal barges.
largest vessels built by this yard are :
6 Oil barge*.
6 Car floats,
z Fire boats.
10 Light vessels.
a Lighthouse tenders.
3 Battleships.
1 Crwiaer.
-
LewUt.
QiesaUL
-
Depcb.
Gfw
(OB-
naiW.
I.Ht>.
rtM.<
it.
It. hi.
.
Im ...I
(16 0
6S
SI i
n,«39
IOjODO
3W6
M
» i
7fin
UBO
The vessels built for the U.S, Navy comprise the
14.500 ton cruiser WaihinglttH. with a speed of
3J| kts., the i6,noo ton battleship Kamas, 18 kts..
oud the 16,000 ton battleships New Hampshire
and Mtchii;an now twing completed.
Hew York Tacbt Clnb. Establinhcd 1R44. Com-
modore, Frvderick G. Bourne ; Vice-Commodore.
Henry Walters : Rear -Com modofc. Comeliuu Von-
derbilt; Treasurer, Farrant Putnam; Secretary,
George A. Cormac. 37, West 44th Street. Now York.
U,S.A. Entrartce fee, too dots, : annual sub-
scription, 50 dols.
Hew Zealand. . British ist class battleship.
(Portsmouth, 1904.)
Length 453ft. Beam 75ft. Mean draught 26(t.
Displacement 16.350 tons. Complement 777.
Gunt. A rmour.
4 — 13 in. " Krnpp,"
4 — g'a in. 9 in. Belt amidshiitft.
10 — 6 in. 1 3 in. Barbettes.
14 — 12 pdr. t2 in. Cooiung towrr.
14—5 P*Jr.
3 Maxims.
Tofpedo Tubes.
4 Submerged broadside.
t Submerged stem.
Twin »crew. Hp. iS,ooo= iS'i; ku. Coal maxi*
mum 3.000 tons. Approximate cost ^1,500.000,
Hew Zealand and Afrioaa SteamiUp Co., with tlic
head offices m Wellington, New Zealand, have a
fleet of steamers which maintain a monthly pas-
senger and cargo service from Avonmouth. Liver-
pool. Glasgow, and London, to Cape Town, Port
Elizabeth, East London. Durban. Wellington,
.Auckland, Lyttelton, Adelaide. Sydney and Fre-
mantle, and vice vtrsa. The average passage to
New Zealand by these vessels is between 60 to 70
days, and the accommodation is exceedingly
comfortable, ooly a hmited number of passengers
being taken.
Hew Zealand Insoranoe Oo. Established Auck-
land, New Zealand, 1 H S9. with a capital of
£1,000.000, divided into 100.000 shares of jio each.
£3 paid up. Tlie reserve fund now stands at nearh*
;^4oo.ooo, while ihe balance carried forward from
profit-and-loss account amounts to ^50,000. For
many years the company has, in addition to
materially adding to its rL-serve, paid an annual
dividend of 15%.
The directors of the company are : Hon. S.
Thome George (chairman). M. A. Clarke (deputy
chairman), Thomas Buddie, Arthur M. Myers,-
J. L. Bagnall. Henry Horton, Charles Rhodes,
James Bottle (general manaijcr). Charles F. Minnett
(secretary). Ofhces Auckland. New Zealand :
I Old Broad Street. London, E.C.
Hew Zealand Shipping Oo., Ltd.. organised in 1 873.
carried on business for some to years with sailing
vessels specially built for passengers and the trade.
Q2
In 1879 th«ir fiist steamer wsu put on the New
Zealand nin. and four years later they received from
the New Zealand Government a contract for the
conveyance of mail*;, for wliich five new ships were
built. The fluL't now consists of 1 3 steamers of the
highest cla&s, ranging from 4,700 to 8,210 tons, and
niaiatain a direct iicrvico cvpry fourth Wednesday
from London and Plymouth to Tcncxiife. Cape
Town, Hobart and Sew Zealand : the. homeward
run being via Montr Vidro. TrnerifTe and Plymoulh.
Tlie steampTs are particularly adapted to the New
Zealand trade, being fitted with rcfrigeratini;
machinery for the carnage of frozen meat, whxh
Nl'w Zealand, emphasising her British chaructcr-
idticfl, sends nearly all her products in this particular
hne to England.
FLBttT.
Paparoa.
liakaia.
Ifimutatta.
liuapeku.
Kaikouri.
Katpara.
Ofiawa.
Orari.
PapaitHt.
Tongan'ro.
TurakitMt.
Waimate,
Wabunui,
Whakalane.
f.ross tonnage, 96,941.
H«w Zealand Yacht SiiaBdron, fioral. See Royal
New Zealand Yacht Squadron.
N.F. Distinguishing letters on sea fishing boats
rrgisttrred at NykjAbiag on Falster. Denmark.
H.O. Di.stinguishing letters on sea fishing boati
rcgistured at Nyborg. Denmark.
VX Distinguishing letters on sea fishing boats
registered at Nienwcndam. Holland.
mai. Netherlands gun-vessel. Indian Navy.
(Amsterdam. 1S96.) Length, 179^ ft' i beoun.
31 ft. ; dranglit. la ft. ; displacement. 797: com-
plement. 95 ; armament, 3 47 in., 2 z'g-vn., 4 r4-in. ;
Hp., 1,237 = 13 kis. ; coal, 120 tons.
Nicaragna Caa&l. Projected to connect the
Atlantic and PaciBc coasts in Central America.
For the construction of this work a company
obtained a conce«iion in 1887. and commenceil
working in 1B89, the company being the Maritime
Canal Co.. incorporated by charter, granted by tlie
I'nited States Congress, The canal, it ^-as esti-
mated, would be 170 miles in length. Tlie pro-
posed route wa6 that it should begin at San Juan,
and, passing across the low coast land to the San
Juan River, follow (with the help of 3I miles of
alioit cuttings) the course of iht-* river as far as
I.Akc Nicaragua, continuing (roni the west side of
the lake passing along the falls of the river Las
Lajas and the Rio Grande to Brito, the port on
the Pacific. The clevabon of the higheat part
would be 1 10 ft., the ascent from each end being
made by ttirce locks, with an average depth of
30 ft. and a minimum width of loo ft. Ia 1^3
the United States finally decided that the Panama
Canal should be proceeded with. leaving the
Nicaragua Canal scheme in sbryance. Rrfrr ta
Panama Canal.
HioboUoa. T'.S. torpMo-boat {i«>oo). Otaplaoe-
ment. 174 tons: guns. 5 i-pdr. : torpedo tubes.
; i8-in. ; maximum speed, 36 kts.
NiooU George (b. Dumbarton. April 16. 1863)
Trained in practical shipbuilding on the Clyde.
and theoretically educated al tilasgow University
and Glasgow and West of Scotland Technical
College. In 1888 he joined the technical stafJ of
.-I large shipbuilding firm, and was lecturer in naval
architecture to sciencf classes in Govan. In 18^
he became manager of the NorthumbM-fand Ship-
building Co. but resigned this appointment in
if>o2. and became surveyor on the stafl of Lloyd's
f<ogister of British and Foreign Shipping. Member
of the Institution of Naval Architects,
Kloolaieff Yaoht Club. Estabtislied 1SS8. Coui-
modorc, N. N. .'Xrkas ; Vice-Commodore, P. P,
luritsin ; Rear -Commodore, Gustav Windscheid;
Treasurer. \'. N. Kotclnikov ; SecretATj'. A. N.
Colubov, Nicolskaya No. 44. Nicolatclf, Black Sea-
Entrance fee, 10 roubles : aimual subscription.
15 roubles.
NiooU and Co., Edward. Sec Cardiff " Hall "
Une.
Nielsen, Knad Christian (b. Copenhagen. May j6,
1845). Captain Royal Danish Navy. In i860
entered the Academy of Naval Cadets, Copenhagen,
and was in 1864 promoted to Admiral Saenion's
staff, and fought at Heligoland. In iHr^ beeuna
a lieutenaut, and was for four years navigattflg
officer in the Danish Na\7. Resuming, in 1870,
his studies at the Mihiar>- High School at Copen-
hagen, he was appointed in8i>ecttng officer sntl
lecturer in slupbuilding and machinery at the
Academy of Nava! Cadets in 1874. For two year*
he studied naval con-ttruciion in England and
France, and in 1876 wa^ appointed Sub-Director of
Naval Construction. In 1883 he was promoted
Director of Naval Construction, which post he hrfd
until 1845, desigmng all the Danish warships built
during that period. He then left the SA\y. with
the rank of post-captain, to take the ma nay meat
of Messrs. Burmeister and Waijl's works at Copen-
hagen as chief director. Among famous ships
constructed by him for that firm was the Imprnai .
Russian yacht Statuiaii.
Niger. Dritish torpedo gun-beat (189}).
I.ength 23011 Bcama/it. Maximum draught ll^tt—
Displacement 810 tons. Complcmtfnt 85.
1—4-7 in.
4—3 pdr.
Torpedo Tttbea.
5—14 m,
3 — 18 in.
Twin .screw. Coal maximaro 160 tons. Sp
17 kts.
Nightinmle. British shallow draught
lor river ser\'ice (85 tons), launched iSgA.
NIGHT
453
NIPPON
Rlgbt watehas. A guard or watcli on duty in
the nisilit.
Hiitaka. Japanese cruiser (igoj).
length 3j4ft. Beam 44it. Maximum draught i6^ft.
Displacement 3.43n tons, Complement 330.
Gtins. Armour.
6— 6 in. "Steel."
ID — 12 pdr. 2| in. Deck.
4 — 3^ pdr. 4 ia. Conning tower.
Twin screw. Hp.. 9,500^=30 kts. Coal maxi-
mum 600 tons.
njL Japanese torpedo-boat destroyer. (Yar-
row, 18S9.) Length. 220 It. ; beam, aoj (t. :
draught, 9^ ft.; displacement, 311 tons; comple-
ment. 55 : annainent, 1 i3-pdr., 5 6-pdr., 2 tubes ;
twin screw : Hp., 6,000= 31^ kts. ; coal, 90 tons.
nit, British sutAidised merchant ship (1893}.
Royal Mail Steam Packet Co. {q.v.). Dimensions.
42ox5a>; J3J ft. , grosa tonnage, 5,855 ; passenger
accommodation. 655 ; Hp.. 6,650= 17 kts.
Hito. Iron screw steamer. Struck on the Clod-
revy Rock, St Ives Bay, November lo, 1854; all
on board perished.
mie. British ist class battleship. {Pembroke.
iaS8.)
Length 345ft. Beam 73ft. Maximum draught 30ft.
Displacement 11.940 tons. Complement 520.
(Suns. Armour.
4— 13'5 in. "Compound."
6 — 6 in. 20 in. Bell amidships.
8 — 6 pdr. 18 in. Turrets.
I i~~j pdr. 14 in. Conning tower.
6 Klachlne.
3 Boat gons.
Torpedo Tubes (14 in.).
2 Submerged.
3 Above water bow and stem.
Twin screw. Hp. natural 7,500= 15*6 kts..
forced 12,000= 17 kts. Coal maximum i.ioo tons.
Approximate cmt /f>oo,ooa
This ship-name was mtrodnced into the Navy in
I800, and is associated with Calder. of! Ferrol.
>805.
HQe, Battle ol the. See Nelson. Horatio Vis-
count.
Nimbos. Sec Clouds.
Mimrod. steamer. Wrecked on the rocks near
St, David's Head, February 28, i860; 40 hves
'ost.
Hiobe. British 1st class cruiser. (Vickers, 1897.)
^-♦ngtb 4So(t. Beam 69ft. Maximum draught 37ft.
Displacement ii.opo tons. Complement 677.
Guns.
l6—6 in.
13 — 13 pdr.
a — 12 pdr.. 8 cwi.
(2—3 pdr.
3 Maxims.
Armour.
" Harvey."
4 in. Belt amidships.
1 2 in. Conning tower.
Torptdo Tubes {iB In.).
2 Submerged.
Twinscrew. Hp. 16.500= 3d'25 kts. Coalmaxf-
mum 2,000 tons, .approximate cost /Soo.ooo.
Viobe. German armoured cruiser. (Weser. 1S99.)
T-ength 338ft. Beam 39ft. Maximum draught xjii.
Displacement J. 650 ton.s. Complement J49.
Guns. Armour.
10— 4'i in. " Krupp."
14 — I pdr. 2 in. Deck.
4 Machine. 3 in. Conning tower.
Torpedo Tubes.
2 Submerged.
Twin screw. Hp. 8,500=21 kts. Coal maxi-
mum $60 tons,
Riord. Swtsdisb coast service battleship. (Lind-
holmen, 1899,)
Length 379lt. Beam 40ft. Maximum draught 17ft.
Displacement 3.400 tons. Complement 210.
Guns.
a — 10 in,
6— 4'7 in.
ig — (f pdr.
2 — t pdr.
Armour.
" Har\-ey-nickel."
9 m. Belt.
8 in. Turrets.
Torpedo Tubes.
1 Submerged bow.
Twin screw. Hp. natural 3.7otJ«=l5's kts.,
forced s, 350— 16*5 kts.
Ntp. A short turn in a rope.
Nippar. A rope or cable for lashing the mes-
senger to the cable.
HippOD Uara. Japanese Government liner
(i8i>8). Umicnsions, 431 X 50x29 ft. ; gross ton-
nage. 6,196; Hp., 10,000=17 kts.
Hlppon Tnsen Eaisba. In 1868 steamship com-
munication between Tukyo and O.saka was started
by a company which in 1 871 gave way to the
Yubin Kisen Kaisha (Mail Steamship Co.), under
the control of the Imperial Bureau of Commuoica-
tions. In i8S3 another company was organised,
the Kayodo Unyu Kaisha (TTnion Trannporution) ,
but a trial of three yean* dcmon-stratcd the in-
t^xpediency of hav?ng two rival companies in the
tield, both receiving State aid. and an amalgama-
tion took place in 1S85 into the present Nippon
Yusen Kaisha (Japanese Mail Steamship Co.).
Regular ser^-icps am maintained between Kobe
and Vtadivostock, Knlx.' and Tientsin via Korean
ports, and Yokohama and Shanghai, a line between
Japan and Bombay being inaugurated in t^3.
During the war with China in r894, when 50 of
its steamers were engaged at one time transporting
troops, it was thought neccjvsary to incrcaise the
capital of the company and extend their business.
They now owu a fleet ol 70 steamers, which,
independent of a complete Japanese coastal system,
as welt ss to Keeling from Kobe, and Bonm I^ilands
from Yokohama ; the European passenger line
runs fortnightly from Japan to Antwerp and
NIRBEN
454
NOBLE
Loadon. calling at Middlesbrough on the return
journey ; the American line, a tortnightly scn-icc
to Seattlf. a monthly Imc to ami Ixom Australia,
and services to China, Korea, Asiatic Russia,
Hawaii, Strait Scltlcmcnta, antl India.
Fleet.
AMi Maru. Mutsu A/aru.
Asago Maru. Nagalo Mam.
Awa Mem. Niigaia Mam.
Bingo Maru. Nihko Maru.
Bombay Maru. Omi Mam.
CeyUm Mam. Oiam Maru.
Chefoo Maru. Ovtari Maru.
Fuskikr Maru. Riojun Matu.
Gcnkai Mam. Sado Maru.
Hakala Mafu. Sagami Maru.
Hakuai Maru. Satkio Mam^
Higo Maru. Sakata Mam.
Hiago Maru. Sakura Maru.
HirmkitHo Maru. SanSo Mam.
littacki Maru. Sanuki Maru.
Hitaka Maru. Salsuma Maru.
Hukkai Maru. Shinano Maru,
Idrumi Maru. Sutnittoyt Maru.
Inaba Maru. Suruga Alaru.
Ise Maru. Tagonoura Maru.
lyo Maru. Tatren Maru.
Jinsen Maru. Tamba Mam.
Kaga Maru. Tango Maru.
Kagcskima Mam. Takasago Maru.
Kamakura Matu. I'alegami Maru.
Kanagawa Maru. Tenshin Maru.
Kasuga Maru. 'feskio Maru.
Kawachi Maru. Tokachi MafU.
Kittsku Maru. Tosa Mam.
Kitamt Maru. Totomi Maru.
Kobe Maru. iVakanoura Maru.
Kokura Maru. Wakoia Matu.
Ko.w Maru. Yamagucht Maru.
Kumamoto Maru. Yarnaskiro Maru.
Kumatto Maru. Yawata Maru.
Kuikiro Maru. Yeckigo Maru.
Matsuyania Maru. Yeijiu Maru.
Mitkc Maru. Yeiko Maru.
Mikawa Maru. Yokohama Matu.
GroM tonnage, 362,000.
Nlrbea. Siamese gun-boat. Dirtplacement, 180
tons ; armament, i 4-in. b.l., 6 small ; nominal
s]ieed. g lits.
Nuahin. Japantw armoured cruiser. (Sestn
Ponente, 1902.) PuKha&cd from Argeatma.
Length.35;lt. Beam6ifL Maximum draught 35U.
Uisplacemt-ul 7,700 tons. CompIt.-mt.-nt 525.
Armour.
"Terni."
6 in. UcU aiuid»hips.
S in. Turrtsts.
5 in. Conning tower.
Torpfdo Tubes.
4 Above water.
Twin screw, lip. 13.500=30 kts. Coal mui
mum 1,100 tons. Approximate cost /76o,ooo.
Vitfa. British torpedo-boat destroyer. (Covo
1905.) Length, 322 ft. : beam. 234 ft. ; drsujlit,
0^ U. ; displacement, 600 tons ; complement, ^
armament, t 12-pdr., s 6-pdr.. 2 tubes ; twin satm
Hp., 7,500=35 lets. ; coal, 126 tons.
IK J. Abbreviation for N«w Jersey.
N.K. Distinguishing letters on sea fishing bnt«'
registered at Nijkerk, Holland.
RJf. Distinguishing letters on sea fishing boot*
registered at Ncwhaven. Sassex. Englajid.
Xoah's Ark. A cloud formed by stripes of crnm
wluch (owing to perspective) appear to coaksoe ii
opposite points of the horizon. Refer ta Ckmdt.
Kobel, Allied [i>t33-96]. Swedish chemist |L
Stockholm). Studied in St. Petersburg, mi
assisted his father in the construction of submtnst
mines and torpedoes at his ex^pnccring works. Ir
]Hr>4 be look out a patent for dynamite wbidi i*
had been able to manufacture by inoorpontat
nitro-glycerine witli a porous substance, such u
powdered charcoal or sihca. He next combiai<
nitro-glycerine with nitro-cottou, taking eight pint
of the latter dissolved in 92 of oitro-^yceniK
which fonned a transparent -Ukc jelly, and ptorflJ
to be still more explosive than dynamite, isi
could safely be used for blasting purposes. Tbi
he patent<:d in 1875 under the name of bUstni
gelatine. In 1S86 he produced balU^tite. ooc ol
the first smokeless ]>owdcrs which contained atuvt
equal parts of gun-cotton and nitro-glyccnst
From his manufacture of dynamite, his tnvdtuK*
of smokeless powder, and artificial indiarubber. br
made a large fortune, the bulk of which be Icti i>
trust for Uic cstablisliment of five priies to I*
awarded annually witliout distinction of nationA&tr-
These were to be awarded for the most importaat
discoveries in (i) physics; (2} cheumtiy; (j) pfaf-
siology or medicine ; [4) the most remarkable aot
of an idealist tendeticy ; and (5) the greatest 1*-
vicc to the cause of peace during the year.
first four are awarded by the Swedish .V
and the fifUi by the Norwegian Storthing,
died at San Rerao, December 10. 1S96.
Noble, Sir Andnw (b. Greenock. September
iSyi). Bart., cr. 1902 ; K.C.B., 1883 ; C.a,
F.R.S. ; D.Sc. {Oxford). After entering the
Artillerj- and serving 12 years with bis
in Canada and South Africa, he resigoed his
mission in i860 in order it^ join the late
Armstrong, who had just established
works, at Elswick. Previous to taking
position he had acted as secretary of sundiy
mittees formed to discuss and decide AriflT
questions, and continued while at £l$vics ^
study of these subjects, and, in conjunction ■ ^
1
NOBO
455
h
NORCOCK
the late Sir Frednrick AMc. con4ticted many ex-
prrimmts in order to determine the temperature
of 6ird gunpowder, the nature and products of
explosion, and other particutais in connection with
tlilt UttJc known branch of science. A& a result of
lliese inquinca. which were published among the
Royal Society Transactions under the title of
*• Researches upon Explosives." much advance was
raade in the manufacture of f^un and gunpowder,
and. ff^Mished for the first time upon a reaJly
ncirntific bosii. the manufacture in qut-stion under-
went great alteration and improvement. Ijinger
gvns uith larger chambers and slower burning
powders were the result, and the system of Artillery
introduced ia now in vogue all over the world. In
1 882 the Armstrong works were tranxformwl into
a Umitn? company, and in 1897 an amalgamation
with Sir Joseph AVhitworth and Co. vms effected.
Sir W. G. Armstrong. \Vhitworth and Co.. Ltd., is
one of the largest industrial concerns in existence,
and when the united company was started Sir
Andrew Noble was choeen vice-cbairman. and on
the death of Lord Armstrong (^.p.) in 1900, he
succeeded to the position of chairman. In the
samo year he was appointed to sit with Lord
Rayleigh aiid Mr. R. B. Haldane upon the Ex-
plosive Committee, of which he is still a member.
He is a member of various foreign Orders of Knight-
hood, and in 1904 received the honorary* degree of
I>octor of Science (Oxford University).
Koto. Nc:theilands torpedo-boat. (Amsterdam.
1890.) Length, 104 ft., beam, 13 ft.; draught.
5 ft. : displacement. $0 toas ; annament, 3 i-pdr..
3 tulKS ; Hp., 790—20 lets.
Rook. The upper end of a sail set widi a boom.
Ro«l. Sir Q«nvd Henry. British admiral (b.
Staahoc. Koriolk. i&tj). As lieutenant he com-
manded the naval guard to Sir Garnet WoUeley
at Cape Coa&t Ca5Ue. 1873 (Asbantee medal,
Coomassie clasp) ; Director of Naval Intelligence.
1893 • Lord C«)minis5iuuci of the Admiralty and
Junior Naval I-ord. 1895-98 ; A.D.C. to the Queen,
1894-96: rear-admiral in Mediterranean Fleet.
189S ; as Second-m-Command of Me<literranean
Fleet represented Great Britain during the pacifica-
ticm of Crete, 1898. for which he was decorated
K.C.M.G. ; he commanded the Home Fleet, and
was Admiral -Superintendent of the Naval Reserves
from 1900-03, and Commander-in-Chief on the
China Station, 1903-05 ; in October, 1905. he wa.s
in command of the British China Squadron when
ilt visited Japan after the conclusion of the .\nglo-
Japanese Treaty.
tbei
Hoff.
>^ them.
.\ tree-nail through the shores to secure
IHgff" A measure for spirits, holding about
Ko higher. See Near.
Vo nuui't Itnd. .K space in midsthips nsed tor
storing blocks, ropes, tackle, etc.
Xoordbrabant. Dutch cruiser (1899}.
Length 311ft. Beam 48ft. Maximum draught t8ft.
Displacenusnt 3,950 tons.
GuHS. AptHDur,
i — 6 in. " Steel " and " Harvey."
6 — 4'j in. 2 in. Deck.
4^12 pdr. 6 in. Gun shicKU.
8 — 1 pdr. 4 in. Conning tower.
4 Machine.
Torpedo Tube%.
3 Above water.
I Submerged bow.
Twin screw. Hp. 10,000 = 20 kLs. ( o*il maxi-
mum 970 tons.
HOOM. A running knoL
North Head Light, established rQa4. situated on
the coa^l of New South Wales, is a two flanh light
every 20 seconds ; duration of Hash, oiie-ftfth
second; candlo-powcr, 145,000; burner, 6 wick;
illuminant, oil.
Iforbory, Intpector-Oen«ral Sir Henry Fred«rick.
K.C3., cr. iHv7 : M.D., F.R.C.S. iLond.!, R.H.
Educated Oundle School, St. Bartliolomcw 'a
Hospital, Londoa ; University of Malta. Entered
R.N. as surgeon i860 ; staH-surgt-on, iSya ;
served an ntafl-surgcon of Activ*. was landed in
medical charge of her Naval Brigade during
Kafiir war. 1877-78 : mentioned in deq^atclie^ and
promoted Heet surgeon the following year : was in
medical charge of Naval Brigade ut Active during
Zulu war. 1879. was principal medical ofticer of
Colonel Pearson's column, being pre.scnc at the
battle of Inyenzane and of the garrison of Ekowc ;
menboaed m despatcliea ; principal medical
officer of the Naval Brigade with General Crealock's
column during the advance to Port Uamford :
twice mentioned in despatches ; promoted (Zulu
medal and three clasps) ; au-arded the Blane gold
medal. 1879; K.C.B. (rail.) 1B97; Knight of
Grace of the Order of Sl John of Jerusalem in
England, 1895 • director-gtsneral of the medical
department of the Navy. 1898 ; elected an honorary
fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons on the
occasion of tlie ceatenary of tluit loamod body,
1900.
Publication : " The Naval Brigade in South
Africa."
irotoook* R«u-Admiral Charles James (b. Hy-
mouth. 1847). Educated Royal Naval School,
New Cross ; H.M.S. Britannia {PorUmmith and
Portland): entered Navy. 1861; sulvlieutenant.
1867: heuteoant, 1871; qualified torpedo lieu-
tenant R.N. College. Greenwich, and H.M.S.
Vertton. Torpedo School. Portsmouth, [876 ;
senior and torpedo lieutenant of the Hfcia at the
bombardment of Alexandria. 1882 ; mentioned tn
despatches; present in the Suez CAnal duting the
>RDDEUTSCHER
456
NORDDEUTSCHEl
naval occupitlon ; present at the capture of Tel-el-
Kebir, 1882 ; in cooimaod of a torp^-do party on
the Sweet Water Canal, and aitcnvards attached
to the naval flotilla which removed the wounded
from Kassassin and IsmoUia (Eg>*plian medal,
Alexandria and Te1-«]-Kebir claaps. Khedive's
Bronie Star) ; promoted commander. 1882 ; com-
maoded Hecla during naval and military opera-
tions in the Eastern Soudan. 1884 (Suakiro clasp) ;
captain, 1889 ; commodore znd class in command
of South-East Coast of America. 1896-98; assistant
to the Admiral -Superintendent of Naval Reserves.
Admiralty. i88(>-i902 ; naval representative on the
Admiralty Volunteer Committee, 1902 ; awarded
goofl service pension, tgfKi : retired, IQ02.
Norddeutacher Uoyd. This gigantic steamship
enterpriSL- came mio existence in i8!t6. The
onginatar wa.s Herr H. H. Meier, who was instru-
mental in bringing abnitt an amalgamation of the
various shipping IntiTesta of Bremen into one
company. The amalgamation consisted o( the
Wcscr Haute Steamship Co.. the Vnter Wcser and
Ober Wcser Steam Tug Cos.. and the Ober Weser
Universal Shipping Insurance Association. The
company was floated in 1857 with a capital of
4,000,000 thalcrs. Lilce a great many other new
ventures, the beginmng. owing to the commercial
crises in North America, was fraught vith difticultics
which at first seemed almost overwhelming. The
directors had the lo>'al support of the citizens of
Bremen, and it is pracbcally to the enterprise of
these gentlemen that the Norddeutacher Lloyd
to-day holds such a commanding position among
the great steamship lines of the world. The initial
ojK-Tations of the company began with lines from
Bremen to HuU and London. In June. 1858, the
Btemen. one of four big ocean steamers con-
htrnctcd for the American trade, sailed to New
York via Southampton. She was follcjwcd by the
Wtser. At the end of the first year both the
English and American Imes showed a loss, and it
was not until iSi^f that a dividend was paid to the
shareholders. 1 n 1 866 the American service
became fortnightly, and two years later a line was
inaugurated from Bremen to Baltimore : this being
followed by one to New Orleans in 1669. the
West Indies, 1871. Brazil and the River Plate.
1876. In 1680 the approach of the great struggle
for suprrmacy on the Atlantic made itsdf felt, and
the Elbe was built. She commenced running in
1881. and was quickly ioUowed by others. Between
i88i>86. on entirely now fleet was placed on the
New York run. From that time the company
has never looked back in the North Atlantic trade,
and to-day maintains a weekly mail and pas^ionger
service (rom Bremen to New York cia Southampton
and Cherbourg. The Imperial German Mad Service
from Bremen and Hamburg t-ia Antwerp. South-
ampton and Genoa to Eastern Asia and Australia,
with vanous branch lines, began tn 1885. and from
that time onwards the story of the Norddeutscher
Lloyd has been one of increased prosperity, keeping
pace with wide developments of its activity. In
1891 an express line- between Italy and New York
in conjunction with tlie Hamburg-Amerika Line
was started. In 1S97 the Kaiur Wilktim det
Grosu, a vessel of 14.350 tons and 37,000 I.Hp..
was put on the New York run. and for a time held
the Atlantic recoid. crossing from Cherbourg to
Sandy Hook in $ days. 20 hours, 58 minute*,
averaging 23 33 kts. over a distance run of 3,148
miles. In 1900 the steamers and trade of the
Scottish Oriental Co. and the Ka.st Indian Ocean
Stcamslup Co. were acquired, and csxtcnsions modr
between Pcnang and Belawan (Deli) and Sandakan
Borneo. The company have a fleet of 39 modern
steamers, which have been specially built for the
development of the Chinese coasting business, and
thcw carry the German postal flag far into the in-
terior 01 China up the Yang-tsc. .K branch line has
beun established between Hong Kong and Sydney.
N.S.W.. VM Alaxiana Islands. CATotines. Nev
Guinea, and QuL-uii&Uuid. In 1904 the existing
Singapore and Sydney line was superseded by a
new line from Sydney to Yokohama, via New
Guinea. Manila, and Hong Kong. The company
to keep pace with the times are contuiually m-
creasing their fleet. Following the Kantf W'tlheim
der Orotu, came the Ktonprinz WilhtlM in 1901.
14.900 ions, 35,000 l.Hp., the Haiirr Wtiheim //..
19,000 tons, 4S,ooo I.Hp.. and the Kronprinceisin
Ceeilir, 19.500 tons, ^fi.aon I.Hp. The latest
addition to the fleet now being built is the PHtu
Friedrich Withelm. of the Grosser KutfUni type,
which, when finished, will rank as one of the meet
pcs-fect and up-to-date liners in existence. Thik
company has its own sca-going training ship, in
which its seamen and ofhcers are trained, thus
providing cfTicient pmonnel for its constantly
expanding fleet.
The magnitude of the Norddeutscher Lloyd mayj
be further appreciated from the following
They carried during 1906, 6,469.317 passengw^l
3.8<34.738 tons of cargo, and their vessels tn«^
versed 6,000,938 miles.
Fl-EBT.
Fttihure.
Aaehtn.
Bartarossa.
Bayern.
Bonn.
Borhum.
Brandenhur^
Brvrntn.
Brestau
Cassgt.
ChtmmtM.
CobUnx.
Creleld.
Darmstadt.
Erlangen,
Prnnkfurt.
Frudtich dft Ofi^%»e.
Germ.
GtOckauf.
(ituisnunt.
Grosser Kmfitti.
Hatt$.
Hannootr,
HeidMerg.
HtlioUmd.
HohtnxotUrn.
Kaiser Wtltulm It.
Kaisfr WiUu^m itt
Grosst.
KarUtuJu.
NORDDEUTSCHER
457
NORFOLK
Flxit {cohHmw^.
Kdtn. Prim Sigismund.
Kdni^ Albert. Prim Waldtmar.
Kini^tn Luite. Rfmn.
Kronprint IVilhelm. Roland.
Main. Rono.
Maim. Sachsen.
Marburg. ScJiamhorst.
Naftida. Sc/tteswig.
Neckar. SttadUt.
Nixe. SeydlitT.
Nordetnfy. Stuttgart.
Oldenburg. Trave.
Previsen. Weimar.
Print Eitft Frifdrkk. WiUehad.
Priniess .ilice. Witltkind.
Priniess Iteru. Wittenberg.
Prtnj Heinrich. WHteburg.
Prim Recent Luitpotd. Zieten.
Indo-Chinese Coasting Service.
Anghin. Mei Lee.
Asahan. Mei Shun.
Bangkok. Mei Yu.
Borneo. Satuna.
Chtengmai. Nuen Tung.
Chow Fa. Paktat.
Ckatu Tat. Pa&nam.
Dagmar. Petchaburi.
Darvei. Phra Sang.
Deli. Pttsamih/i.
Dewawongst. Rajaturi.
KecHg Wai. Samten.
Koktickang. Sandakan.
Korat. Shantung.
Loo Sok. Singora.
Machew. Sumatra .
Malaya. Tangtin,
Manilla. Tringganu.
Marudu. Tsintau.
Mei Dah. Wong Km.
River Stc&mers.
ApoUo, I^ngeoog.
Arion. LibeUe.
Bremen. Lioyd.
CaptUa. Mars.
Centaur. Metcut.
Comet. Septum .
Cyklop. Oetboot,
Delpkin. Oldenburg.
Forelle. Planet.
GauUe. QueUe.
Crtlte. Relter.
Heckt, Saturn.
Herkulti. Triton.
Kekrewieder, Undine.
Lacks. Vuican.
WiUkommem.
Gro»i Innnagc, 737.000,
RorddentKtav R«ffttt»-Vereia. Yacht club. Es-
ll t»b)ished iSfi8. Commodore. Admiral Biimmter ;
Vice-Commodore. Admiral Tietgen* : Rear-Com-
modores. Alfrwl 0'S%vald, Dr. O. H, Ruperti ;
TreasDivr, Max. T. Hayn. Bootshaiisan der AJster,
Hamburg. Entrance fee, mark 10; annual sub-
scription, mark 30.
Nord EajMren. Dabish torpedo-boat. (Copea-
bagen, 1898.) Length. 140 ft. ; beam. 14 fE. :
draught. 7 ft. : displacement, it 2 ions : armament.
a i-pdr.. 4 tubes ; twin screw ; Hp., i,300s23 lets. ;
coal. 16 Ions.
Xozdlandflbud. .A. Norwegian north-country
boat, stem and stem altke. with high ends and low
waist, and a single squaxesail.
Hordm¬A. Spanish armuured cruiser. (La
Seyne, 1863.) Reconstructed 1897.
Length 31411. Beam 56lt. Draught :;5ft.
Displacement 7,190 tons. Complement 600.
Guns. Armour.
4— fi in. " Steel."
4 — 6*2 in. 54 in, Rett amidships,
10^59 in. 5 in. Big gun shields.
Torpedo Tubes.
3 Abo\'e water.
Hp. 3.700KB kts. Coal 100 tons.
Nordn Berganhu Steamship Co., with their
head office in Bergen. \oru*ay. have a fleet of
II steamers, which maintain regular services
between Bergen and Sogncfjord, Saud, and Nord-
fjord. lliesu steamen call en route al Baltiolm.
Fateide, Fjarland. Floro. Forde, Gudvangcn,
Lardal, Loen. Moldocn, Olden. Sandene, Skjoldcn,
Sveen. Ulvik. Vadeim, and Visnes.
Flbbt.
Ald*n. Framnes. Kommandorem.
Balder. Gudvangen. Ijtrdat.
Firda, Horneten. Sogn.
Fjalir, Stavenes.
HorttM Lino. See Hamburg-AmcrJka Line.
Ron. In sea phraseologj- the north.
Hon. The, is a sandbank at the mouth of the
Thames opposite the Medway. The great Non; is
a deep water stretch with good anchorage south-
east of the sandbank. The littlv Norc is a stretch
o( deep water wnth good anchorage at the mouth
of the Medway. Since 1732 a Ughuhip luu )>een
anchored off the t-a.itcm extrtmity of the bank.
Nore Tacht Clab. Established 1903- Commo-
dore. J. C. Ingram ; Vice -Commodore. W. L. Cole ;
Rear-Commodore. Gordon I'rynne ; Treasurer,
W. V. Palmer ; Honorary Sccrotaiy, F. W. Garon,
Burnt Ash, Retreat Road. Wcstdiff-on-Sca, Es.sex.
Entrance fee. ^r it. ; annual subscription.]£t is.
XorfoUc. In i?^ Captain Parker took this
vessel to India and joiaed the fleet engaged in the
blockade of Pondichcrry.
Vorfolk and Sttfltdk Tioht Club, BoyiL See
Rovat Norfolk and Suffolk Yacht Cub.
5OTlolk ud Wuhingtoo Bteunboftt Co., with
Iheir head oAicrs ia W.isliingtnn, have a Aeet of
three steamers, which oiaintain rcgulsiT daily sail-
ings from V^''ashlngton for Forticss Monroe. New-
port Nevi-3, Norfolk (Va.), Portsmouth {Va.), and
Old Point Comfort, and via versa. The tx>ats arc
all modnn and fitted up in tbe most luxurious
style.
Flhet.
Ntwpofl Kews. Norfolk. WasMington.
Norfolk Broads. The name given to the low,
flat district in Norfolk, intersected by the lower
courses of the rivers Yarc. Burc, Ant. and Wavcncy.
which unite near Yarmouth. Dykes connect thesi-
rivers with the broads proper, which comprise
large shallow lakes surrounded by rccdy swamps
and reclaimed land. Tlic main rivers arc navigable
by the Norfolk wherries, the Broads by small
craft. Fish and wild fowl arc ver>' plentiful,
Korge. Norwegian coast service battleship.
{Elswidc, 1900.)
Length 390ft. Beam 50ft. Mean draught i6ft.
Displacement 3,800 tons. Complement 250.
Guns, Armcur.
7 — 8 in.. 45 cal. " Krupp."
6 — 6 in. 7 in. Belt.
8—12 pdr. 6 in. Turrets.
6 — 3 pdr. 5 in. Casemates.
Torpedo Tuhcs.
2 Submerged.
TSvin screw. Hp. 4,850=17 kts. Coal maxi-
mum 400 tons.
Norman. A wooden bar placed in a hole of the
windlass or capstan, used to veer a rope.
Normaod, Jac^au Anguitln (b. October 4. 1849 :
d. Occvmber 11, iqo6). French naval architect,
Educated privately. Succeeded hi.s father, Joseph
Augustin Normand, as head of tbe firm of
Normaiid and Co., Havre. Devoted his atlen-
tion to the design and construction of torpedo-
boats, and torpedo-boat destroyers lor the French
Navy. This particular class of vessel he brought,
from those designed with a speed of iSJ kts. with
a 4S-ton displacement, up to those of 300 tons
displacement and a speed of 31 37 kts. Was
inventor of the water-tube boiler which bears his
name. Ke designed and constructed vessels for
Spain, Sweden, Denmark, the United States.
Russia, and Japan, many of which took a pro-
minent part in the Russo-Japanese war. He con-
uibutc-d maiiy valuable papt-r^ to technical in-
stitutions, both in England and on the Continent.
and publuihed many valuable works on naval
architecture. One of bis favourite recreations was
the study of astronomy, and he published many
notabie works on this science, which established
his reputation as an aiitliority. He was member
of the Society of Civil Kngineers uf Frauct:, In-
stitution of Naval Architects, and the Ci«nnan
Institution of Shipbuilders and Engineers,
made officer of the I..egicin of Honour in 1891J
Homundy. I-, and S.-W. Railway Co. 'st
Sunk by collision with the steamer Mmry ■
Isle of Wight, March 17. 1870, when
and 33 of tlic passengers and crvw
North. One of the four cardinal points 1
compass, being the direction of the outer
from the equator to tltc North Pole.
North Atlantic Boates. The rtiles adopt
the stcam-ship companies with reference t
establishment of routes in the North A
came into effect on Januar>' 15, 1B99. TIM
panics adopting the rules are : The Amcricai
Atlantic Transport Co., Ltd.. Compagnie Gla
Transatlantitjuc, Cunard Line, EUdcr, Dera
and Co,. Fumess Line. Hamburg-Amerilca
Holland -America Line, W. Joluistoa and Co,
National Steamship Co.. Lttl.. Norddei
Lloyd, Ked Star Line, VVilaon Line, White St^
The following arc the Rules ;
Westbmind. '
From January 1 5 to August 14. bott
inclusive, steer from Fastnct, or Bishop Ro
Great Circle cour«\ but nothing soutli. to crdi
meridian of 47** west in latitude 42" north, tl
by either rhumb line, or Great Circle (or eveai
of the Great Circle, if an easterly current j|
countered), to a position south of Kantucketn
vessel, thence to Fire Island Light-vessel. 1
bound for New York, or to Five Fathom 1
South Light-vessel, when bound for Phttadcha
From August 15 to January 14. both daysl
sive, steer from Fastnct, or Bishop Kock. on <
Circle course, but nothing south, to cnM
meridian of 49° west in latitude 46" north,
by rhumb line to cross the meridian of 6rf
in latitude 43*^ north, thence also by rhamj
to a position south of Nantucket light-
thence to Fire Island Light-vessel, 'vshen bo
New York, or Fi\*e Fathom Bank South
vessel, when bound for Philadelphia.
Eastbound. '
At all seasons of the year steer a counti
Sandy Hook Light-vessel, or Five Fathom
South Light-vessel, to cross the meridian i
west, nothing to the Dorthward of latitude 4<^1
From January 15 to August 23. both days
sive, steer from 40* 10' north, and 70"^
rhumb line, to cross the meridian of 47* «
latitude 41** north, and from this last pa
nothing north of the Great Circle to Faslnet.
bound to the Irish Channel, or nothing north
Great Circle to Bishop Rock when boond i
English Channel.
From August 24 to January 14. both
inclusive, steer from latitude 40* 10' nor^
longitude 70" west, to cross the meridian
west in latitude 42° north, thunce by rbufld
to cro98 the nMridian of 45^ west in latitude
NORTH
4S9
NORTH
north , And from this lose position nothing north of
the Gicat Circle to Fastnet, whun bound to the
Imh Channel, and as near as possible to but
nothing north of the Great Circle to Bishop Rock,
always keeping south of the latitude of Bishop
Rock when bound to the English Channel.
Gtntfal IttstructioH.
Whm courses are changed at the intersection
nf meridians any time before or after noon, you
will note in your logs both distances to and from
the meridians that the ship has sailed from noon to
noon, and not the distance from the position at
noon the day before to the position at noon the day
after the meridian is crossed.
North BritLsli Railw&r Oo^ with their head offices
in Edinburgh, possess eight excellent passenger
steamers, plying on the Firth of Clyde and adjacent
locha.
Flbet.
Lucy Ashton.
MarmioH.
Dandu.
DinmoMt.
Kenxlworth.
Horthbrook. Earl oL
Red Gauntlet.
Talisman.
Wsvetley.
See Admiralty.
Vortk Oaroluu. U.S. ist cimaa cruiser (1905).
Length 505fL Beam 73ft. ^[aximura draught z6ft.
Di^Iacement 14.500 tons. Complement 858.
Armour.
" Krupp."
5 in. Belt.
7 in. Barbettes,
q in. Turrets.
g in. Conning tower.
Coal maxi-
Ouns.
4 — 10 in.. 4ocal.
16 — 6 in.
2S — 14 pdr.
Ii2~3pdr.
2—1 pdr.
2 Machine.
2 Colts.
2 Field gnns. I3 pdr.
Torpedo Tuhti.
4 Submerged.
Twin screw. Hp. 23,000 = 22 kts.
i.iiim 2.000 tons.
Northemef, Steamer. On January b. i860, thin
vessel was wrecked on a rock near Cape Mendorino.
between San Francisco and Oregon, when 3d lives
were lost.
Northern M&riUme Insarance Co., Ltd. Regit-
tered in i8fij. anrl 111 iy!^7 tijok over the business
of the Newcastle Commercial Marine Insurance
Co.. Ltd. (n^swred m 1864). The subscribed
capital is ^50,000, in shares of l^, cm which £3
per share is paid up, all but los., however, out of
profits, the last addition having been tos. in
1888. For each of the jj years ending 1904 the
dividend was 10%. with a bonus of 55. per share
added tor i8gt. 3s. for 1893, 2f. for 1896, is. for
1904. The reserve fund is ^23.000, and the credit
to proAt and loss account l\ 5. 1 37.
The directors of the company are : J, S. Mit-
calfe (chairman), T. Bell, J. J. Porttcr. J. L.
Cracie. J. D. Milburn, C. W. Rose. Underwriter
and secretary. James Forgu.<)on. OfRccs: Maritimr
Buildings. Newca.^tle-on-Tyne.
Rortbani YftOht Olab, Bor«l. 5m Royal Northern
Yacht Club.
Korthan. Dry. cold winds over the Guli of
Mexico. Similar winds at Valparaiso have the
same name.
Northfieet. On January 22. ib7J. this vessel.
laden with railway iron for Van Diemcn's Land,
was run into by a foreign steamer ofl Dungoneas
and went down ; ^■^oo lives lost.
North Foreland. Battle ol, was fought during the
first Dutch war Itctwcen the Dutch Fleet, under
De Ruyter. and a British Fleet, under Monck,
Dean. Penn, and Lawson. The battle lastcxl two
days, the Dutch to mg ti .ships. A second action
took place here on June 1, 1666. during the second
Dutch war. when Monck attacked the Dutch Fleet
under De Ruyter. Alter three daj-s' fighting the
British had to retreat, with a loss of 21 vessels.
besides two flag'Offioers and nine captains. The
Dutch los.<i was small.
North ot Irelaod Taoht Club, Royal. See Royal
North of Ireland Yacht Oub.
North of Scotland Steam Navigation Co., with
their head ottices in Aberdeen, mainlaiu a service
of steamers from Leith and Aberdeen to Norway,
sailing about every 10 days. Steamers of the
company also run during the summer mouths from
Leith and Aberdeen to Lerwick, Tuesdays and
Fridays ; to Scalloway, Shetland. Mondays ; to
Kirkwall. Tuesdays and Fridays ; to Stromness,
Mondays ; to St. Margaret's Hope every alternate
Monday ; Thurso, Mondays : and Wick, Mondays
and Fridays.
FLBBr,
5/. Sunniva. St. Ola.
North QuMttilftiid lasarance Co„ Ltd. Registered
October I , i886. Authorised capital ^350.000,
out of which ri^.ooo shares have been subscribed,
on which roi. per share has been called on 100.000,
and ;s. on ij.ooo, making the paid-up capital
i$i-7i*^- 1" 1896 this company absorbed the
mstttutinn known as Sydney Lloyd's. Since the
incorporation the dividend has been steadily in-
creasing from 4% up to 8% in 1905. The resenre
fund amounts to £;o.ooo.
The directors of the company are . Colonel James
Burns (chairman), Sir John See. K.C.M.G.. A.
Forsyth, John Macphcrson. A. R. Troup. Head
office: Bridge Street, Sydney. N.S.W.
Nwth 8m and Baltic Oaoal. See Kaiser Wdhclm
Canal.
North Shatmon Yacht Olab. Established 189^
Commodore. The Earl ot Kingston ; Vice-Com-
modore. G. .A. P. KcUy : Honorary Treasnirer. E.
Hamilton : Honorary Seereury. Robert Devenish.
Dnimsna. co. Leitrim, Ireland, .\nnual subscrip-
tion, ii.
k
NORTHUiMBERLAND
460
NORTHUMBERLAND
Horthumlwrland. 70 guns. On November 26.
1703. this vessel was lost on the Goodwin Sands.
HorttmmlMrbuid. British tst clan cruiser (10.790
tons, I j'3 kts.). Launched 186S.
Horthumberland. Duke ol. See Admiralty.
HorthamberUnd Sbipbufldlug Co.. ltd., llowdon-
On Tvne, This ronipaiiy was foundtd in tlie year
tSf)?*, and its career may be classed as a remark-
able iuccfss. In Ihc summer of 1898 the premises
and property of the late " Edwards' Shipbuilding
Co " were punzbosed by Mr. Rowland Hodge,
who formed the Northumberland Shipbuilding
Co., which is a private limited one, having Sir
ChtiMophcr Furncss, M.P., as its chairman. Mr.
Rowland Hodge as managing director, and Mr
John Storey Barwick and Mr. Joseph Graham as
directors. Mr. Graham is also yard manager, and
Mr. George E. Conner is the secretary.
The company at present employs an average of
about 1.300 men, and the yearly wages bill amounts
to nearly ;iioo.ooo. In February-, 18^9. the com-
pany launched their first vessel, the Ravemhoe, ol
/i.ooo dead weight, and the following figun« will
show the remarkable strides the company has made
in production since its formation :
Yur.
No. of 1
Dnd-w«i«lil
vflsaeti. '
capacity.
IBM
...
>S.»»
l«»
•k.
49.100
19D1
...
w.'.
>••
46,500
\va
... ... ...
•••
.—
...
16.000
1903
,
...
n.
...
*9,700
19CH
■ 1
..
_.
— .
10
sg.700
190)
»•
■•■
,,.
10
ro.ioo
1906
11
7B.4D0
^6jaoo
Tliese results were undoubtedly obtained by the
energy and progressive methods adopted by the
management, and it is evident that they have
justified the energy and foresight displayed.
At the time of the formation of the company the
buildings, together with the macliinery, were small
and obsolete, but steps were at once taken to con-
vert tliv old yard, buildings, and oiachinrry into
a modem c-stablishment replete with the best and
heaviest maciiinery for the building of large vessels,
and a number of Large steamers were immediately
put in hand.
New shipyard tools, caii5i.sting of .specially
designed shearing, punching, bending, planing
machmes. etc., were installed from Messrs. A. and
W. Smith and Co.. Ltd., of Glasgow; hydraulic
machinery by Fielding and Plan, Ltd.. of Glou-
cester, was provided with hydraulic hoists and
rivetenj throughout ; also a complete installation
of electric lighting and power plant by the New-
castle-on -Tyne Electric Supply Co., Ltd.
Soon tlic premises were found to be too small
lor their requirements, and negotiations were
entered into with the Tyne Commissioners lor the
purchase of adjoining ground, and about this
acres were added to the yard, thus giving an ant
of about 1 1 acres, with a river (rontage of 800 ft.
.\ large additional bertb, suitable for iu,ooo to
12,000 ton steamers, wa;^ arranged upon thb
ground. Fresh buildings and machinery ol the
most modem type were laid down, and the yard
has now five large berths capable of butlduig
steamers up to about 650 tt. in length.
Ihe large steel and iron machine shop ia the
east yard, with joiners' tibop and mould loft above,
is about 300 ft. long by 64 ft. wide, and one of tbr
tioest and largest of its kind in thp North of En^-
l^nd. Thf lower portion of this structure cootuot
a number of heavy shipyard tools, and is ako
completely equipped uitli fittcn:^' and plumbrn
shop^, as well as a large general store. The 1
portion forms an enormous joiners* shop, which |
fittc-d up with all the most modem and imp
Htvles of joiners' machines, chiefly stipplicd by
M<Mis-s. Kirchner and Co., the whole formmg *
joiners' shop and appointments equal to any
the river.
The recently constructed machine shed. «itl>
trame furnace, in the West Yard is 310 It. long b)
So ft. broad, with mould loft above, ia one of tfcf
loftiest, airiest, aru) largest of its kind on tie
river, and is completely fitted with suitable
machinery.
In regard to !ihip cnn.<ftruction, as already stated.
thp management have adopted the most progrcs-
Mve methods, and all parts where possible uv
joggled and scarfed, thns dispensing entirely witk
vexatious loose liner pieces, and ensuring slwct
rivets with sound work, the maximum of strmgtb.
and dispensing with superfluous weight, whilst tS
work where possible is hydraulically nveted oo
the ground before being fitted in place.
In the first year Mr. Hodge gave careful ecu
gidcration to the question of building targe aufo
steamers of a size to suit the requirements of tlir
majority of shipoMmers, with the result that d
wa.s decided to build a steamer of the spar dork
class liaving dimensions 372 ft. o.a., 360 ft. b.p~
by 48 i^t. 10 in. d.m.. to carry 7,500 tons d.w. a
a moderate draught.
Several of these vessels were built and add
during construction, and others were laid dova
some on order and ^amc for aale. and the rcntt
was that an extraordinary demand arose for t^Klt
vessels, no fewer than 42 having hern built fpoa
the same model up to the present time, «U(
three others oi exactly the same dcscriptioci antt
present on order, this constituting a recocd tt
4$ vessels of one size and model built by the mat
firm in nine years, in addition to many otbA
notably amongst which may be mcntioDed )!»_
Mercedes, built to the order of John R. Chrad
of Cardiff, for the British Admiralty for
purpose of conveying coal from New Zealand 1
the China Fleet and coaUng at sea. This i
I
NORTHUMBERLAND
461
NYMPHE
carries over 7,000 tons of coal, is bnilt uith side
tanks sloping irom the ^de of the hatchways to
the skin plating continuously fore and ait. thus
constituting a !ielf- trimmer and giving a large
quantity ol wattrr ballast, and allowing the vessel
to make each return voyage in l>aUBSt. This type
of steamer is specially recommended to those re-
quiring the conveyance of coal. ore. grain in bulk.
or other homogonf>ou$ cargoes. The company have
also turned out Komc vessels ol large cargo-carry-
tng capacity, including the Filtppo Atlefli. built to
the order of D. TripcoWch, of Trieste, and the
RoUtrdam for Messrs. Fumess. Withy and Co..
Ltd.. West Hartlepool, both vessels being capable
o{ carrying 9.000 tons dead weight.
The cargo-carr>'ing type oi vessel built by the
Northumberland Shipbuilding Co. is of the highest
Lla>». and the company is also fully equipped for
tli£ building oi large and speedy passenger steamers,
floating docks, and any other type of floating craft
which may be required. The company's name is
also on the Admiralty List.
Horthainb«rIand Yacht Olab. Established 1890.
Commodort.-. Sir Gainsford Bruce ; Vice-Commo-
dore, W. Runciman ; Rear -Commodore, W. S.
Vaughan ; Treasurer. W. F. Allden ; Honorary
Secretary, W. S. Burton. I4I Pilgrim Street. Ncw-
ca3tle-on-Tyne. Entrance fee. £1 ; annual hub-
scription. it IS.
Horw«gi*n Roral Blul Route, uith Uieir bead
offices at Newcastle -OD-Tyne. maintain seiAices
between JS'ewcastle-on-Tync and Norway. Steamers
leave Ncwcastli:-on-Tyne every Tuesday for Bergen
and Trondhjem ; every Thunwlay and Saturday (or
Bergen and Stavanger ; every Friday for Arandal
and Christiania.
FtEBt.
MufciAt. Sovereign. Vega.
Rniinvald. Sterling. Venus.
Norwesian Yacht Club. Royal. 5m Royal Kor-
^wegiai) Yacht Club.
HOM. Denoting the stem of a ship.
Hothiac oS. A terra used to the helmsman
4lirecting him to keep close to the wind
NotiM o( abandonment. See Abandonment.
Voap Hetd Light, situated on a point in the
•lorth-wi'Stcrly part oi the Orkney Islands, was
■^^tablisht'd in iSqJt, aiid is a five-flash light every
'^ci seconds ; duration of flash. ^ second ; candle-
P«>wer. 51.000 ; biimer. 5 wick ; illuminant. oil.
Xorik. Russian protected cruiser. Tliis ve<i.wl.
**% endeavouring to make V'ladivostock, was
"Attacked by two Japanese cruisen:. On August so.
Kqos, she was compelled to go into Aniwa Bay,
^^bere she was attacked by the Japanese and
^^verely damaj^rd. Her orew then ran b«r ashore
near the town, set her on fire, and she was totally
destroyed.
Nowald, Japanese torpedo - twat destroyer.
(Sa.who. 1906.) Length. 330 ft. ; beam, 2oA It. ;
draught, 9Jt ft. ; displacement, 374 tons , ccmpU--
ment, 58 ; armament, 1 12-pdr., 5 6-pdT.. 3 tubes :
twin screw ; Hp., 6,000=39 kts. : coal. 96 tons.
Np. Neaps. Abbreviation adopted on the chart k
issued by tlie Hydrographic Office. Admiraltj-.
H.8. Distinguishing letters on sea fishing boats
registered at Waterlcrd, Ireland.
N.S.W. Abbreviation for New Soutli Wales.
H.T. Distinguishing letters on sea fishing Ixnts
registered at Newport, Monmouth. England.
N.T.O. Distinguishing letters on sea fishing
boats registered at Nieuve Tonje, Holland.
NneVftEspuia. Spanish torpedo gun-boat (18S9).
Displacement 630 tons. Complement 80.
Guns. Armour.
9—47 in. " Steel."
4~6 pdr. I in. Deck amidships,
t Machine.
Twin screw. Hp. forced 2,600= i9'3o kts. Coal
maximum [30 tons.
Naeve de Julio. Argentine cruiser. (Elswick,
1892.)
t'<^gth 35ort. Beam 44it. Mean draught soft.
Displacement 3,^00 tons. Complement 320.
(Tuns. Armour.
4—6 in. *' Steel."
8 — A'7 "'• 4i in. Deck.
!3— 3 pdr,
t4 — I pdr.
Torpedo TiiAfs.
5 Above water.
Twin screw. Hp. natural 12.500 = 31 kts., forced
i4,5oo=32"5 kts. Coal maximum 770 tons.
Nan-liuoy. A conical ship buoy made of staves
large in the middle, tapering rapidly to the ends.
H.V. Distinguishing letters on sea fi.ihing boats
registered at Vicuw Bossemcer, Holland.
N.W. Distinguishing letters on sea fishing boats
registered at Nordwijk. Holland.
N.y. Abbreviation for New York.
NyUndska Yftohtklnbben. Established i^Ai.
Patron. H.I.M. The Kmperor of Russia ; Com-
modore. Ernest Krogius : Vice -Commodore, Karl
Sfidernian ; Trca-surcr, Ernest Krogius; Secretary*.
War Palmgren, Club House, Helslngfors. Finland.
Annual stibacription. mark 30.
Nympba. British sloop (1.140 tons. 14 kts.).
Lannched 1S80.
NYMPH r. 462^
Hjmphe. German armoured cruiser. (Krapp,
I>cngth 328ft. Beam 3<jlt. Maximujn draught 17ft.
Displacpment 3.650 tons. Complement 349.
Guns. Armour.
10 — 4"i in. " Knipp."
14—1 pdr. 2 in. Deck.
4 Machine. 3 in. Conning tower.
Torpedo Tubes.
3 Submerged.
Twin screw. Hp. 8.500=21 lits. Coal maxi-
Tnum 560 tons.
IHJZ. Distinguishing letti„Ts on sea fishing boats
registered at Temeiizen, Holland.
OCEA
O. Distinguishing letter 011 sea h-shing boals
registered at Ostend, Belgium.
0. Distinguishing letter on sea fiahing boats
registered at Odense. Denmark.
Oakum. Old untwisted rope.
Oar. A timber with flat blade utied &» a lever
to propel a boat through the water.
Dim. Mud.
O.B. I^stinguifthing letters on soa lishing boats
registered at Oban, Scotland.
OM. Distinguishing letters on sea fishing boats
regi-ntered at Brake, Germany.
Oboro. Japanese torpedo-boat destroyer. (Yar-
row, 1899.} Length, 320 ft. ; beam, 2o| ft. ;
draught, 9^ ft.: displacement, 311 tons; comple-
ment, 55 ; armament, i 13-pdr.. 5 6-pdr., 2 tubes ;
twin screw ; Hp.. 6,000=31^ kts. ; coal. 90 tons.
O'Brien. U.S. torpedo-boat (1900). Displace-
ment, 174 tons; guns, 5 i-pdr. ; torpedo tubes,
3 18-in. : majcimum speed, 26 kts.
Obsn. spot. Observation spot +. Abbreviation
adopted on the charts issued by the Hydrographic
Office, .Admiralty.
Obmier. French torpedo-boat destroyer. (Forges
ct Chantiers, 1904.) Length, 180 ft. ; beam, 31 ft. ;
maximum draught, 10 ft. ; displacement, 300 touti ;
complement, 45 ; guns, 1 9-pdr., 6 5-i>dr. ; torpedo
ttilws. 2 IS-in. ; speed, 27- Jo kt<i.
Occidental and Oriental Steamship Co. 5m White
Star Line.
Ooean, The, embraces, prc^rly speaking, all the
salt water of the globe, with a few trifliug excep-
tions, such as the Caspian, the Sea. of Aral, and
the Dead Sea. DiScrent portions of the ocean
have received distinctive names, of which there
are five in all — the Arctic, Atlantic, Indian, Pacific,
and Antarctic ; or if the Atlantic and Pacific are
Separated into a northern aud a southern portion
by Ihi- t-quator, then there are .scvt-n m all. The
area of the ocean is about 143,000.000 square
miles, or nearly throe -quarters of the whole sarfacr
of the earUi. It afiects the temperatore
adjacent lands, tempering the beat of 1
and the cold of winter. As far as has at
been ascertained, the average dvpth of
is not more than 2,000 fathoms, shghi
two miles. At 62" Fahr. the relative d<
fresh and salt water Is as 1*0275 ^ ^
colour of the ocean varies in different plaa
generally greenish near the shore and bl
deeper parts. The saltness of the
nature of the bottom where it is shallow,
clouds overhead all modify the coloar.
Refer to Arctic Ocean, Atlantic Ocean.
Ocean, Pacific Ocean, .\ntarctic Ocean.
Exp>edition, Sounding Deep Sea. Wave.
Tide.
Oe«an. Bntuih ist class battleship.
port. J 898.)
Length 418ft. Beam 74ft. Maximuni drai
Displacement 12,950 tons. Coinplcmcni
Gums. Armour,
4^13 in.. 35 cal. '* Harvey-nickeL*'
6 in. Belt
12 in. Bart>ettcs. .,
1 3 in. Conning <
12 — 6 in.
10 — 12 pdr.
6 — 3 pdr.
2 Maxims.
Torpedo Tub&s {\A in.).
4 Submerged.
Twin screw. Hp. 13,500= i8'25 kts.
mam 2,300 tons. Approximate cost /900J
This ship-name was introduced into the
'759. ^k'it*' the capture of the French Oct*
battle of Lagos Bay. It is also assi
Keppel's action off Brest, 175S.
Oceania. Britisli subsidised mi
(1888). P. and O. Co. iq.u,). Dimi
S3 X 34 ft. ; gross tonnage, 6,605 ; passenger
modation, 321 : Hp.. 6,oooa 17 kts.
Oceanic. British subsidised merchaa
(1899). White Star Line {q.v.\. (Liverpo(
York.) Dimensions, 704 x 6S x 44^ ft. ;
nagc. 17,274; passenger accommodatian.
Hp., 28,000 = 20 kts.
Oceanic Steamship Co., San Francisco,
steam navigation began on the Pacific coa
the steamer California arrived at San Ft;
February i8. 1849- The first Trans-P*d
started in 1867 to Hong Koug. and was
followed by the aesvice from San Fi
Australia.
Some 40 years ago the question of a iti
to ply between San Francisco and Australia
practical consideration. Towards the cad
the Califomian Mail service commi
15 years after the first English mail sti
Vhu^att. 7S6 net tons, hnd arrived iu Sydn
1870 a mail contract was entered into
Zealand, two steamers, the Woixga
City of Metbourtu, inaugurating the
Meeting at Honolulu with an outward scrv
San Fnncuco. Aboot thin time W. H. W«bb
carried oa a vmce lictvi-ccn Honolulu and New
Zealand, ui-ith three old-style walking beam paddle
steamers, the Nevada, Sebfasha and Dakota.
The year 1871 witnessed the Australian Steam
Navigation Co.'s entrj- into the Trans-Pacific
trade — one year was enough, the succeeding year
the experiment was abandoned, showing a loss.
The next attempt was in 1874, with the Cyphrents.
the Mikado, and the Macgrtgor — it only took a
year to make the company decline to continue on
the terms offered. The Paci6c Mail Steamship
Co. then took up the Australian service. Since
then a line has been oprtated continuously ; soon
the City of New VofA and City of Sydney were in
service, Wlowcd by the well-known steamers
Zeatandia and Australia. About 1^4 John D.
Spreckels and Bros. Co., took over the line operating
as the Oceanic Steamship Co., and the two fines^kift
steamers Alameda and Mariposa were specially bniK
for the service. In 1900 these were replaced by the
large new twin-screw steamers Sierra, Sonoma, and
Ventura, of 10,000 tons displacement each, and
having accommodation for 240 first-class pas-
sengers, second and steerage in proportion. The
ships arc built to comply with Navy regulations,
and classed Ai at British Lloyd's, have two sets
of triple expansion engines, 8,000 Hp.. twin-screws,
and a speed of over 17 kts. The S(mama on her
first trip to Sydney logged 424 kta. in one day.
Tbe Sierra made the 7,300 mile voyage San Fran-
oiaco to Sydney in 19 days 7 hours, beating all
previous records. These sister ships at once popu-
lahse<I the line, more than double the number of
passengers being carried in 1901 than the year pre-
ceding. Many ronndthe-world passengers and
others journeying between the Old World and the
Colonies choose the American route; low through
rates are made, an opportunity is given of crossing
the Atlantic by any of the magmficent steamers
to New^York, the journey onward being made in the
most luxurious through daily trains to San Francisco,
thence by the Oceanic Steamship Co.'s steamer,
by which route no more than seven days is spent
between ports, an opportunity of seeing America
is afiortlcd, and the heat of the Ked Sea avoided.
Time from London to Honolulu 18 days, Samoa
35 days. New Zealand 3>j clays, Sydney- Australia
33 (fays.
OoMn Monaroh. American emigrant ship. Took
fire uithin a lew miles ofl the Great Orme's Head,
Caniar\-onshire, August 24, 184B ; 120 lives lost.
OOMB Monardi (3.195 tons). On March 5, 1862.
this vessel sailed from New York laden with pro-
iciiis. Slic (oiinilered in a gale on March 9.
Oceanography. The Kciencf which trrat*i of the
ocean. Ue/er to Ocean.
OOMUt StMinthip Co., Ltd^ li the successor of
oldei stramship enteqirucs. mainly under the same
fltanagement and owm rahip, Theae began in 1852
with the coasting trade, and extended in ioUowing
years to French ports, and in 1855 to the West
Indies. The last named line attained some moderate
importance, comprising seven vessels. It was sold
in 1863. and eventually became the West India
and Pacific Steam Ship Co., which in its turn was
absorbed by the Leyland Line in 1900. The
managers, after the i>ale of 1863, seeking other
trades, decided on attempting that to China, and
the company, under its present title, was regis-
tered as unlimitLiI m 1H65. Up to this date low-
pressure jet-condensing engines were alone used,
burning perhaps 5 to 5^ lbs. oi coal per I.Hp.
per hour. This rate of consumption would have
been fatal to the scheme, since the vessels could
not have carried any cargo in addition to tlic coal
necessary for so long a voyage as that via tlie
Cape, the Suez Canal not being opened tiU 1S70.
A small vessel, tbe CItator. of which the exact
speed and consumption with the old type of engine
was well known, was therefore experimentally
fitted with new machinery of the compound high-
pressure (70 lbs.) surface -condensing t)'pe. The
n:»ult of the experiment was that her consump-
tion was reduced to about 3 or 3^ lbs. per I.Hp.
per hour, and this warranted the con:ttruction of
the Agamemnon, Afax. and Achilles, all 309 ft.
long, 38J ft. broad. 28^ ft. deep, fully rigged as
barques, with screws outside their rudders. These
rigs were subsequently altered to that of barquan-
tines, but tbe relative positiona of the screws and
rudders were retained till they were disposed of
in 1899. In tliese vessels tbe consumption was
further reduced to about 3j lbs., which allowed
margin tor a reasonable cargo. The Agatnemnon
sailed from Liverpool in 1866, the itinerary being
Mauritius, Penang, Singapore. Hang Kong, and
Shanghai, and, with similar calls, back to London.
The cargoes in tiiose days were mainly manu-
factured goods outwards and tea homc\^-ards. The
average speed was perhaps 9f kts., and the con-
sumption about 21^ tons of Welsh coal per day.
These and succeeding .steamers were at that date
the only vessels carrying high-pressure steam on
long voyages, and they traded regularly round the
Cape, being the only line that did so. When the
Suoi Canal was opened in 1870 they adopted that
route. The trade from the United Kingdom to
China has since steadily grown, and increasingly
large cargoes are also procurable homewards from
the Far East, these cargoes being general in
character owing to the successful competition of
Indian and Ceylon teas. In 1891 a service was
begun from Amsterdam and Liverpool to Java,
and this is maintained about once in three weeks,
finding employment for atwut six of the smaller
ships. Some of the vessels in this trade, which is
principally between Holland and her Eastern
possessions. Ay the Dutch flag. A limited number
of passengers was fornieily carried between Eng-
land and the East, but the ships no%v carry cargo
OCEAN
464
OERNEN^
only to and from Europe, though Mohammedan
pilgrims arc conveyed in considerable numbers to
and £rom Jcdda, the port for Mecca, and there is
a large deck passaigcr trade between the Straits
Settlements and China. The ships generally com>
meiice loadini; at GtasKOw. Swansea, or Newport.
and occasionally at other west coast ports, but
they usually obtain the greater part of their cargoes
at Liverpool, the most important element being
fine goods (manufactured cottons, rtc.) from Lan-
cashire and Yorkshire. .Abroad the regular serx-ice
has been extended to the principal Japan ports —
Nagasaki. Kobe, and Yokohama, and to Takii
Bar, for Tientsin, during Ihp ice-free reason. A
monthly steamer, loaded at home, also proceeds
from Japan across the Pacific to Victoria and
Vancouver in British Columbia, and Tacoma and
Seattle in the L^nited States, the longest regular
steam run in the world. A monthly direct sen-ice
from Glasgow to Adelaide. Melbourne. Sydney,
and Brisbane, and back to l^ndon and Liverpool,
was inaugurated In 1901. The foUomng local ser-
vices have their headquarters at Singapore r
(1) Singapore to WcM Australian ports, including
Frrmantle. These steament carry passengers, and
bring large quantities of wool and pearl shell from
Australia to Singapore for transhipment to the
main line steamera bound for London. {2) Singa-
pore to Deli {Sumatra), Two small steamers bring
tobacco from Deli for transhipment to Europe.
The company is colloquially known in the shipping
world as the " Blue Funnel " Line, and is also
often referred to by the name of Alfred Holt, who
has been closely identified with it throughout its
history. In 1903 the Ocean Co. purchased a con-
trolling interest in its younger rival, the China
Mutual Steam Navigation Co., with a fleet of
13 vessels of 106.870 tons, and shortly afterwards
re-registered itself under the Limited Liability Act.
Fleet : 59 steamers. Gross tonnage, 3J7,ooo.
Ooetn Steanuhip Co.. of Savannah, with their
head ofhecs in New York, have a fleet of 11 fine
ships, which maintain services from New York for
Savannah every Tuesday. Wednesday, and Satur-
day, and from Boston for Savannah every Tuesday
and Saturday, returning from Savannah to New
York every Monday. Wednesday, and Friday, and
to Boaton every Monday and Tltursday.
Fl-BET.
ChmmhoockM. City of Macon.
City of AtaUnia. Ciiy of Memphis.
City of Augusla. City of Sm^nnah.
City of BiryHtHiham, K^mstu City.
City of ColtimfiUi. S*rnn(krr
Taltohasue.
Ooean Staam HaTigation Oo. See Went Auk-
traltan SUaju Navi^:ilR)t) Co.
Ocbotnik. Ku^uiin torpedo gunboat (t<jo6}.
Displacement. t;50 tons ; speed, igVts.
Oehn. Red. browrn. or yellow hydrmtcd oxide
of iron, which occur naturally mixed with clay or
sand. The red or yellow ochres are employed for
making patntH, and are prrpared for air by simply
grinding and washing.
OctavU. Thi5 vessel was the first cngincd by
Messrs. Maudslay with engines of targe cylinder
capacity to admit of great expansion with suriace
condensers and super-heaters to the boilers. They
were compound engines with six cylinders, and
worked at a pressure of 35 pounds per Miuare mch.
Octopus. U.S. submarine. (Quincy, 1906.)
O.D. Distinguishing letters on sea fishing boats
registered at Oost Dunkirk, Belgium.
O.D. Distinguishing Irttcn on sea fishing boats
iegi<iterod at Ouddorp, Holland.
O.D.B, Distinguishing letters on sea fishing
boal.s reguitcred at OudenboKh. Holland.
Oden. Swedi<^h coai^t service t>attleship. (Berg-
Gtmd, 1897.)
Length 279ft. Beam 40ft. Maximum drmught tTft.
Displacement 3.400 tons. Ccmplemeni jio.
Oiins. Armotif.
9 — to in. " Harvey-nickel.
6—4*7 tn. 10 in. Belt amidships.
10—3 pdr. 'to in. Turrets,
» — I pdr.
Torptia Tubes.
I Subrocrgetl bow.
Twin screw. Hp. natural 3,700= m kt«. forc«i
S.350M 16*83 kts.
Odin. German coast 5e^^•ice battleship (i?t<H).
Length 254ft. Beam 49lt. Maximum draught iUlt —
Displacement 4,150 tons. Complement 297.
Guns. Armour.
3--^'4 in. " Nickel-steel."
10— 15 J pdr. 9 in. Belt
6—1 pdr. 8 in. Barbettes.
4 Machine. 7 in. Conning tower.
Torpedo Tubei.
3 Submerged bow and broadside.
t Abox-e u-atcr stem.
Twin screw. Hp. 5,100= 15^ kts. Coal
mum 580 tons,
Odin* Dani.sli armoured coast defence battlw
ship. (Copenhagen. 1R7S.) Length. J37 It, ; beaw^
SO ft.; draught, 15I ft., displacement. 3,034
complement, 336 : guns, 4 lo-in.. 4 i'4-in,.
Maxims; armour. "Steel," 8-in. deck amidshif
7-iu. barbettes. S-iXL conning tower ; Hp.. 3.»SO'
13 kts. : coal, 380 tons.
OJL Distinguitthing tetters on sea fishiag
registered at El-dlcth. Crermany.
Oemen. Swedish torpedo gun-lKUit. (Coth^^^"*
burg. [897.) i.ength. 22a ft. ; Ix'am. a? f^^* -'
draught. to| ft. ; displacement. 787 tons ;
ment. 100 : armament .• 47-in., 4 32-in.. 1 ini
l^lp.. 3.970= ''J It**-
Ofeopest A ustro- Hungarian coast defence ship.
(PoU. 1896.)
Length 305ft. Beam 3Sl^''- Draught sift.
Duplacrment $,$$0 tons. Complement 450.
EGuns. Armour.
4 — 9*4 in. " Harvey steel."
6 — 5"9 in. io in. Belt amidships.
12— I "S in. )o in. Barbettes.
6 Maxims. 10 in. Conning tower.
Torpedo Tubci.
4 Above water.
Hp. 8,900=17 kts. Coal 500 lona.
00. The opposite to near.
Offlnc. A distance from the land beyond anchor-
. ing ground.
Ofl the wind. Not close enough if sailing on the
wind.
: O.H. DistinguiBhing letters on sea fuhing boats
registered at Oosthuizen. Holland.
O'ffigsins. Chilian armoured cruiser. (Elswick,
lBg7.) Sheathed and coppered.
Length 407ft. Beam 63ft. Mean draught 33ft.
I Displacement 8.500 tons.
Ghmj. a rmour.
4 — 8 in. " Harvey -nickel."
10—6 in. 7 in. Belt amidships.
4 — 47 in. 7 in. Turrets.
10 — la pdr. 9 in. Conning tower.
10 — 6 pdr.
Torpedo Tvbts {18 in.).
2 Submerged.
3 Above water.
» win screw. Hp. natural 10,000- 19 kts.. forced
iG,500s=2t kts. Coal maximum 1,200 tons.
Approximate cost £700,000.
Ohio. U.S. 1st class battleship. (San Francisco,
1901.)
length J94ft. Beam 73ft. Mean draught 34ft.
Xhsplacemcnt 13.585 tons. Complement 551.
Armour,
'* Krupp."
1 1 in. Belt amidships.
12 in. Turrets.
10 in. Conning tower.
^^1 Guns.
^^" 4 — 12 in.
16 — 6 in.
6— 14 pdr.
8— 3 pdr.
6—1 pdr.
^^ a Colts.
^^K 4 Machine.
^H Torpedo Tubes {18 in.).
^^E 3 Submerged,
^^^^■in screw. Hp. 16.000=18 kts.
mum 3.OD0 tons.
Oil. A name applied to all neutral fatty sub-
stances which are liquid at ordinary temperature.
Mineral oils and many of the volatile oils are of
vegetable origin, being simply composed of carbon
and hydrogen. The larger proportion of vegetable
and animal oils, however, contain oxygen in addi-
tion, while a few contain nitrogen and sulphur.
Oils of various kinds occur in the cells of many.
Coal maxi*
if not nearly all, plants. All oils are characterised
by being insoluble in water, slightly soluble in
alcohol, readily soluble in ether.
Oitfl. Japanese torpedo-boat destroyer. (Maizuru,
1906.) Length. 220 ft.; beam, 30j ft.; draught.
oj ft. ; displacement, 374 tons ; complement, 60 ;
armament, i 12-pdr., 5 6-p<Ir., 3 tubes , twin screw;
Hp., 6,000=^29 kts. ; coal, 98 tons.
O.K. Distinguishing letters on sea fishing boats
regi^terod at Ouwerkerk (bei Zierikzen), Holland.
Okinoshinuu Formerly General Admiral Graf
Apraksin {q.v.). Japanese coast defence battleship.
{St. Petersburg, 1896.)
Length 337ft. Beam sift Maximum draught i7ift.
Displacement 4,200 tons. Complement 400.
Guns. Armour.
3 — 1 1 in. •* Harvey."
4 — 4*7 in. 10 in. Belt amidships.
10 — 5 pdr. 8 in. Bulkheads.
13 — : pdr. 8 in. Turrets.
8 in. Conning tower.
Torpedo Tubes.
4 Above water.
Twin screw. Hp. forced 12,700=16 kts.
OkOQj* Russian submarine (1905). Length.
77 ft ; displacement, 175 tons; speed, 7 kts.
OX. Distinguishing letters on sea fishing boatii
registered at Oostdongeradccl. Holland.
Old Dominion Steamship Co.. with their head
offices in New York, have a fleet of 34 steamers,
which maintain daily services from New York for
Old Point. Norfolk, Portsmouth, Pinner's Point.
and Newport News. A ftervice is maintained from
New York for Fort Monroe. Hampton, Newport.
Smitlifield. Richmond, Gloucester, Mathew's Conn-
ties, Nansemond, and River Points ; one from
East City to Newbeme, and one from Wastiington
to Belhavcn and Tar River Points.
Fleet,
Atcomack. Luray.
Berkeley. Marie.
Brandon. Mobjaek.
Commodore. Monroe.
Florence. Nellie.
Germania. Newbeme.
Hamilton. Ocraeoke.
Hampton. Prituess Antu.
Hampton Roads. Transfer.
Jamestown. Virginia.
JefferstoH. Virginia Dare.
Katryn. Wm. Rowland.
Oldenburg. German battleship (1884). %.2oa
ton-i. Ol>solete, of no fighting value.
Old horse. Tuu^fh salt Iwcf.
Oleg. Russian armoured cruiser. (New Ad-
miralty. 1903.)
T.ength 437ft. Beam 53ft. Maximum draught sjft.
Displacemmt 6.550 tons, Complement 573.
OLERON
466
OPEN
GuHS. Afrntmr.
i2--6 in, " Krupp."
12— lapdr. J in. Dock.
8—3 pdr. 3 in. Turrets.
2— J pdr. 3 in. Castmates.
6 in. Conning tower.
Torpedo Tubes.
3 Submerged.
1 Above water bow.
1 Above water stem.
2 Above water Iraioiag.
Twin screw. Hp. 19.500= jj kts. Co&l muu-
mum 1,000 tun<$.
This vessel escaped from the Japanese at the
battle of Tsushima. May 37-29. 1905. and reached
Shanghai, where she was interned.
Olteon. A collection of maritime laws made by
Richard Ca-ur de Lion at the l.sland of Olferon.
Oliron. X*aw8 oL See I^ws of Ol^n.
Ollert Fuober. Danish coast service battleship
(1903).
Length 372ft. Beam 49ft. Maximum draught i6ft.
Pispiaccmrnl 3.470 tons. Complement 250.
Guns.
Armour.
2 — 9"4 in.
■* Kmpp."
4 — 6 In.
7 in. Belt amidshipaa
10— 6 pdr.
J in. Tnrrcts.
4-1 pdr.
7 in. Conning tower.
5 Machine.
Torpedo Tubes.
3 Submerged.
Hp. 4,200— 165 kts.
OlluL RoMmanian gun-boat (188a). For use on
the Danube. Displacement about 100 tons ; arma-
ment. 2 6-pdr., I i-pdr. ; speed about 10 kts.
Olseo, Ctrl Otto. Rear- Admiral Swedish Kavy
[b. 1844). Entered Navy. 1859, and after 1 1 years'
sea service was appointed chief of the drilling
school, which position he held until promoted to
Commander-Superintendent of Stockholm Dock-
yard, 1S09 ; commander of Stockholm Squadron,
1900. and of Drilling Squadron, 1903; Militar>'
HemUiT of th« King's Bench, 1903; Commander-
in-Chief. Coast Squadron. 1904 ; Commander-in-
Chief, Stockholm, 1905 ; president of the Navy
Board. 1905 ; K.C.S. ; K.Pr. C. 2nd Class.
Olympia. U.S. cruiser. (San Francisco. 1892.)
Reconstructed 1903.
Length 325ft. Beam 53ft. Maximum draught :25ft.
Displacement 5,870 ton<(. Complement 46b.
Guns.
ArntoHr.
4-— 3 in.
" Harvey."
10— 5 pdr.
5 in. I>eck.
14 — 6 pdr.
4 in. Barbettes.
6 — t pdr.
t. in. Conning tower.
4, Colts.
Tvrptdo Tubes.
4
^bove water.
Twin screw.
Hp
forced 17,000=21 kti.
Coal
maximum i.jou tons. Approximate coat ^550,000.
Olympift. Italian torpedo-boat destroyer. {Geaoa
1906.) Length, 213 ft.; beam, ao It.; drau^
7i ft. : displacement, 325 toas ; complement, 53
armament, 6 6pdr., 3 tubes : twin ccrew . H\
6,000 = 38 kts. ; coal. 40 tons.
Ombrometer. A rain gao^.
Ome^a. French submarine. (Toulon. 1906.)
Length, 160 ft.; beam. 13^ ft. ; draught, g fL ;
displacement, 301 tons; complement. 20; anna-
ment, 2 tubes ; Hp.. 330=11 kts.
Onmiansy, Captain. See Arctic Exploratioa.
Omrah. British sul>sid>sed mcrcbaot ahip (1804).
Orient IXae (q.v.). Dimensions. 490x56x3411:
pross tonnage, 8.283 '■ Hp., 10.000= 18 lets.
On. Applied to a liigb sea.
Onole 7oieph. French steamer. Sunk by
sion with the Oftigia off Spezzia. November
1880; 250 lives lost.
Ondine. Steamer. Lo«t in coUisicm with
lictoine of! Bcachy Head. February 19, i860
captain and 50 of the passengers lost.
Oneida. American vessel. Run down
P. and O. steamer Bombay otl Yokoluuna. Jwm-
ar>- 24, 1S70: 150 lives lost. Captain of tke
Bombay was suspended for nix months.
One, two, tbree, and belay. A chant aiiog vba
a .seaman bowses out tho bowlines.
Onyx. British torpedo gun-boat (1892).
Length 230ft. Beam 27ft. Maximum draught t2<
Displacement 810 tons. Complement 8;
Guns,
2—47 in.
4— 3 pdr.
Torptdo Tubes.
5—14 in.
.1^18 in.
Twin screw. Coal maximum 160 tons. Speed
17 kts. ~
0.0. Distinguishing letters on sea fishUg
registered at Odsterland. Holland.
0.0. Distinguisliing tetters on sea fishing
registered at Oldcuiburg, Germany.
OOH. See Oaze,
Guile. French sea-going submarine. tCh*-"
bourg. 1903.) Length, 147 ft. ; beam, 13 a,
maximum draught. 12 ft. ; displacement. 309 an
above, 442 tons below ; complement. 32 ; torpatej
tubes. 6 177-in. ; Hp., 6oo«r3 kts. above. S
below.
Open. The situation of a place exposed to**'
and sea ; any distant \-i8ible object ; the ha"«
when cables arc dear of each other.
Open cover is an unstamped document issued ^
companies giving specified protection to the
until the policy is prepared. Rrfrr to Slip.
Open policy. See I'olicy.
1
■*
OPMIR
Opbir. Netherlands torpwlo • boat. (Yarrow.
1901.) Length. 153 ft.; l)eam, 15 ft.; draught,
714 ft. - dispIacfmcDt, 130 tons ; complement. 35 ;
ortnaiiiciit. 2 3-pdr.. 2 tubes; tip., 1,900^3; ktM. ;
coal. 36 tons.
O^tii. British subsidised ship (iftQi). Orient
Ijne (q.v.). Dimensions, 465 X 53 X 54 (t. ; gross
tonnage. 6.814 ; Hp.. io,doo= 18 kts. In iqor this
vessel was selected and specially fitted for H.R.H.
the Prince o( Wales, when with the Princess he
visited Australia to open the first Parhainent ol the
Conuuon wealth.
Opouum. British torpedo-boat destroyer. (Hcb-
burn, iSqj.) I-ength. ioo ft. ; beam. 19 ft. ;
draught, 5i ft. ; displacement, 290 toas ; comptc-
ment, 50; armament, 1 12-pdr., 5 6pdr.. 2 tubes;
twin screw ; Hp.. 4,053=28 lets. : coal, 60 tons.
Opposite tracks. Contrary boards,
Oram, Henry John, O.B. En^neer-in-Ctnol ot
the Fleet {b. Plymouth. 1858). At the age of 15,
having passed the open competition test, entered
the Royal Navy as an engineer student. Studied
at Kcybam and Devonport for six years, and then
passed for the rank of assistant-engineer, sub-
sequently studying for three years at Greenwich,
and on IcaWng obtained a first-class professional
certificate. After two years' service adoat in
Indian troopships he was selected to join Uv«
engineering staff of the Admiralty, and to that
staff he has been attached ever since. In 1885 he
was appointed \'isiting instructor in marine en-
gineering at the Royal Naval College, Greenwich,
and held this post until promoted to Kngincer-
In^ector at the .\dmiralty. and in this latter
capacity superintended the design and construction
of machinery for numerous battleships, cruisers,
and destroyers. In 1S92 he was selected as secre-
tary to the Boiler Committee by .Admiral Fisher
if.K.), then Controller of the Navy, and in 1894
was promoted to the position of Senior Knginccr-
lospcccor, and when the engineeruig stail was re-
organised in 1902 he became Deputy Eogioecr-
in-Chief, and Engineer-in-Chief 1907. which posi-
tion he still occupies. In naval rank he has
been twice specially promoted — first, to chief
engineer, owmg to his success at Greenwich, and
afterwards to inspector of machinery for ser\*ices
in connecbon with the fitting of water - tube
boilers in H.M. ships. He Is the designer of
Uie Admiralty cap ferrule which prevented naval
boiler tubes from leakage, and tided the Fleet over
a serious crisis. \\Tien composite titles were con-
ferred upon naval engineer officers a few years
a^ he had the honour of becoming Hugineer-
Rcar-Adnural. and was nominated a Comi^anion of
the Bath in 1906. Engineer-in-Chief of tlie Fleet.
1907.' He is a member of the Instilubon of Civil
Engineers, and a member of Council of the Institu-
tion of Na^-al Architects.
467
ORIENT
Publications : " Supplement to the Steam
Manual," " The Marine Steam-Engine " (which
has been adopted a.4 an Admiralty' text-book), and
papers publishtsl in the Transactions of the Royal
United Service In-stitutton. and the Institution ol
Civil Engineers, for which he has received the
Telford premium and Watt medal.
Oravia. British subsidised merchatti^iuiJ |l'''v/^
Facidc Steam Navigation Co. [g.v.). Dimensions,
421x38x33 It., gross tonnage, 5.32J ; Hp.,
4.200= 16 kta.
Ordinary seaman. The rating ot otic who can
make himself generally useful on board, not classed
as an A.B.
Ordnance, .S^^ Naval Ordnance.
Ordnance College. Haral See Naval Establish-
ments.
Oregon. U.S. ist class battlesliip. (Saa Fran-
cisco, 1893.)
Length 35Aft. Beam 69ft Maximum draught 28ft.
Displacement 10,288 tons. Complement 470.
Guns. Armour.
4 — 13 in. " Harvey."
8 — 8 in. 1 8 in. Belt amidships,
4 — 6 in. 17 in. Barbettes.
ao— 6 pdr. 10 in. Coniung lo^vt-r
6 — I pdr.
4 Colts.
Tarpedo Tubes [18 in.).
3 Above water.
Twin screw. Hp.. natural 8,000=15 kts., forced
9.500= 17 kts. Coal maximum 1,800 tons.
Oregon. Cunard steamer. Purchased from ihy
Inman Lme. Foundered by collision with an
unknown schooner near Long Island. March 14.
1 686; no lives lost.
OreL RussianGovemmenthner (1889}. Length.
45a ft. : beam. 48 ft. ; draught, 20 ft. ; gross
tonnage, 5,074; Hp., 10,000= tS kts.
Or^ See twami. Russian ist class battleship.
Captured by the Japanese from the Russians at the
battle of Tsushima, May 27-29. 1905.
Orfeo. Italian torpedo-boat destroyer. (Genoa,
1906.) Length. 213 ft; beam. 20 ft.; draught.
7^ ft.; displacement. 32$ tons; complement, 52:
armament, 6 b-pdr., 3 tubes; twin screw; Hp.,
6,000=23 kts. ; coal, 40 tons.
Orient The East point of a compass.
Orient British subsidised merchant ship (1879).
Orient Line (9.0.). Dimensions, 445x4^x35 ft.;
gros.s tonnage, 5,453 ; Hp.. 7,000= i<S kts.
OrientiL In November. 1853, Captain Heard,
commander of this vessel, discovered two islands in
the Antarctic regions, which were named Heart!
and MarUonald. fte^er to Antarctic Kxploratioa.
Orient Line. EstabUshed in 1878, and arc the
contractors with the Commonwealth Govcniment
ORION
468
ORREGO
for the carnage of ooaHs between England and
Australia. A fortnightly service is maintained
from I-ondoo. calling at Plymouth. Gibraltar,
Marseilles, Naples, Port Said, Suez, Colombo,
Frcttiajitlc. AdelaidR, Melbourne, Sydney, and
Brisbane. Rapid strides have been made in the
paJisengcr service, and excellent accommodation
is afforded to long distance travellers only able to
pay the cheapest fares, the passage having been
reduced from 55 to 33 da>'s. In 1901 the Ophir
was selected for her sea-going qualities, and specially
fitted for H.R.H. the Prince of Wales when, with
the Princess, he visited Australia to open the first
^^rliament of the Commonwealth.
FlHET.
Astuttas. Orient. Oroya.
Omrah. Ormtu. Ortona.
Oph iV. OronUs. Orvha.
Otoiava.
Cross tonnage. 76,000.
Orion. Spanish torpedo boat. (Gaarden, 18R5.)
Length, 125 ft. ; beam, 15J ft. ; draught. 3J ft. ;
dtKpIacement, 85 tons; complement, ift; arma-
ment, 2 i-pdr., 2 tubes: Hp.. 1.000 = 21^ kts. :
coal, 16 tons.
Onon. Swedish torpedo - boat. (Karlskrona,
1903.) Length, 128 ft ; beam, i$\ ft.; draugt^t,
7 ft.; displacement. 92 tons; complement. 18;
armament. 2 l"5-in. q.f., 2 tulxs ; Hp,, 1.350 =
23 kts. ; coal. 17 tons.
Orion. British snd class coast defence ship
(armoured), 4.870 tons. 119 kts. Launched i982.
Orione. Italian torpedo-boat destroyer. (Genoa,
iyo6.) Length. 213 ft.; beam, 20 ft.; draught,
7j ft. ; displacement, 325 tons ; complement, 52 ;
armament. 6 6-pdr., 3 tubes ; twin screw ; Hp.,
6,000 = 28 kts. ; coal, 40 tons.
Ortna. British subsidised merchant ship '1897}.
Pacific Steam Navigation Co. iq.v.). Dimensions.
421x38x3311.; gro&s tonnage. 5,331 ; Hp., 4.300
^ 16 kts.
Orkan. Swedish torpedo - boat. (Karlskrona,
tgoo.) Length, laS ft.; beam, 15} ft.; draught,
12 ft. ; displacement. 92 tons ; complement. 18 ;
armament, 2 1'5-iQ. q.f.. 3 tubes; Hp.. 1,250=
23 kts, ; coal, 17 tons.
Orkney Bailing Clnb. Established 1SS9. Com-
modorc, J. Tinch ; Vice-Commodore. B. Swanson ;
Treasurer, James Begg ; Secretary. P. W. Peace .
"Orkney Hciald " Office. Kirkwall, Entrance
fee, los. ; annual subscription, 5s.
OrloMMk. The lowest deck.
Ormtu. British subsidised merchant ship (18S6).
Orient Line iq.v.]. Dimensions, 465x52x34 it;
gross tonnage, 6.465 ; Hp., 9.000= iB kts.
OnuD. Swedish torpedo gun-boat (1897).
Length 223ft. Beam 37ft Maximum draught loft.
Displacement 700 tons.
Guns, Awmtottr,
2 — 47 in. " Bofors »teeL*'
4—6 pdr. J m. Deck.
3 in. Conning towet.
Torpedo Tubes.
I Submerged bow.
Twin screw. Hp. 4.000 = 20 kts.
Ornithiin windi arc south-westerly winds «h
prevail in the Mediterranean duriog the monlhi oi
March and April.
Oiontw. British subsidised merchant ship jt^
Pacific Steam Navigation Co. {q.v.). Dimenna
513 X SS X 34 tt ; gross tonnage. 9.0^ J : Hp.. iO;S
s 18 kts.
Oropeia. British sulisidiscd merchant ship (i«
I^cific Steam Navigation Co. (f.f.). Din
421x38x33 ft.; gro6ii tonnage. 5. 5ZZ : Hp..
= 16 kts.
Oroya. British subsidised merchant ship (i8t6'.
Orient Lino (q.v.). Dimensioos. 460x49x45(1
gross tonnage. 6,297 : Hp., 6.000= 16 kts.
4
Orphmu. Steamer. On her maiden %
wrecked on Manakua Bar, west coast of
Zealand, February 7, 1S63 ; 190 of the passengcn
and crew perished.
Orr, Jamu (b. Kuthven. 1858). Chief ship^
Wright. sur\-eyor. and naval architect to the Depart
mcnt of Navigation,, New South Wales. Edocair^
privately : and apprenticed with Messrs. D. tai
W, Henderson and Co., Ltd., Glasgow. In tttT^
he went to sea, and having obtained hia dt3chtf|t
from the Loch Slay at Melbourne, joined tif
Australian Steam Navigation Co.. and remaicni
with this firm for some time as naval ardiitact
subsequently being appointed to the Public Wcrfci
Department, New South Wales Co
designing and constructing tugs and othi
During this period he w-as instrumental in conv
the ship Sobraon into the Nautical School Ship,
was in 1 901 appointed chief shipwright surveyr
and naval architect to the Department of NavM
tion, and was appointed by the Arbitration Govt to
sit with three experts on an industrial dispnte. tad
assisted the Royal Commission io the Dnstta
Grange inquiry.
liiic Wflrta
>tfaefl^H
: Shin. ^1
Oireco, Lais Utlbe (b. August 31. 1847).
admiral Chilian Navy. Entered the Navy aa
ihipman. .\ugust, 1861 ; as first heutenant of tta
wooden corvette Esmeralda he assi&tctl in (fe
engagement between this ship and thu Ptemviu
ironclad Huaicar. which ended after four \komi
light in the sinking of the Esmeralda tlirough baa|
rammed Aftir being six months a war pnicMr
he was liberated, and took part during the rtttit
the war in the blockade of Callao (Peru], and ■
Bcveral engagements with the forts, ^^nutnmt*
captain in 1884; rear-admiral. 1S87 ; «ad *v»
admiral, 1900. As a rear-admiral he was appointed
ia succesaioD, Commander -in -Chic I afloat. Com-
mandcr-Gcoeral of the Navy. Director of the Naval
School, and chief of the Naval Commission in
Eorope (1S96-98). Retired as vice-admiral, and
in recognition of his services he was awarded by
vote of Parliament a retirement Mnth full pay and
consideration, as if in active service.
Pubbcatioos : " Nuestra Marina Mercante "
(1810-1904). " Los orijenes de nuestra marina
militar." " Los combates navales en la guerra del
Pacifico. Operacionrs navales durante la guerra
Ctttre Chili i la confedcracion Peru-Boliviana "
(1836-3Q). " Cartilla de t4cticd naval." " C6digo de
seAale5 dc la armada." " Tdctica naval." " La
mdustria de la pcsca." " El comcrcio del cabotaje."
Ona. Italian torpedo-boat destroyer. (Genoa,
1906.) Length. 313 ft. ; beam. 20 h. ; draught.
7( ft. ; displacement. .125 tons: complement. 52;
armament. 6 6-pdr., j tubes, twin screw; Hp.,
6.000^ aS kl*. ; coal. 40 tons.
Ortagftl, Battle off Cape. Was fought on Novem-
ber 4. 1805. between tlic British under Sir Richard
John Straclian and a small French fleet, and
resulted in the capture of all the enemy 's ships.
OrtOOA. British subsidised merchant ship ((899).
Orient Line [q.v.). Dimensions, 500x55x33^11.;
gross toiuiage, 7.94; ; Hp., lo.ooo^t^kti.
Orwell. British torpedo-boat destroyer. (Birken-
head. 1901] I^cngth, 218 ft : beam, 20 ft. ; draught,
$( ft.; displacement. 300 tons ; complement. 58;
armament, t la-pdr.. 5 6-pdr.. 3 tubes ; t^in
screw ; Hp.. 6.000= 30 kta. : coal. So tons.
OnveU Corinthian Yacht dab. Established tS88.
Commodore, Edward Packard ; Vice -Commodore,
E. C. Prctyman ; Rear -Commodore, W. P. Burton ;
Treasurer. A. E. Sidgwick ; Honorary Secretaries,
A. F. Penravcn. B. W. Elkington, 5 St. Matthew's
Street. Ipswich ; and Qub Room. The Docks,
FeUxstowe. Annual subscription. ^1 u.
OA. Distinguishing tetters on sea fishing boatK
[ registered at Ossenisse, Holland.
Oeadft. Spanish torpedo-boat destroyer. (Oyde-
I bank, 1897.) Displacement. 430 tons ; armament,
la 14-pdr.. 2 fi-pdr., 2 i-pdr. : torpedo tubes, 3;
[ Hp,. ;:.5oo= 30 kts. ; present speed, about ao kts.
Osbom, Sberard (1823-75). English admiral and
I explorer. Entered the Navy. 1S37, and in the
I (oUowing year, though only a midshipman, wa-s
[ entrusted with the command of the gun-boat
I Entetald at the attack on Kedah. Was present at
he reduction of Canton and tbe capture of the
Ibatteries at Woosung. 1841-43. Was appointed
I to command one of the ships of the first Franklin
^expedition, and performed a temarkable sledge
journey to the western extremity of Prince of Wales
Hfllattd. and on his return home pubUshed " Stray
I.cave8 from an Arctic Travel " (1853), an accouat
of tbe journey. In 1IJ52 a m'w expedition was
fitted out, and be was given command of the Pionwt,
and after spending two winters up Wellington
Channel returned to England in 1655. He pub-
lished " Journals of Robert M'Clurc " (1856), which
Rives a narrative of the discovery of the Nortli-
West Passage. During tbe Crimean war he led a
Hotilla of gun-boats in the sea of Azof, and greatly
distinguished himself m ttic destruction of the
enemy's stores at various points on the coast. As
commander of the Furioui he look a prominent part
in the second Chinese war. during which he navi-
gated the Yang-t.sc a di.->tancc of 600 miles, taking
tbe Furious up as far as Hankow. In 1859 he
wrote "The Career, Last Voyage, and Fate of Sir
John Franklin.'* In 1S64 he was appointed to
command the Jtoyat Sovereign, and shortly after-
wards retired on half-pay. He acted as agent to
the Great Indian Peninsular Railv^-ay Co.. and
managing director of the Telegraph and Maintenance
Co. In 1873 he induced A. H. Markham {tj.v.) to
visit Baffin's Bay. to obtain an insight into the
jKiutbility of ice navigation with the aid of steam.
He published a record of his observations under the
title of " A \Vhaling Cruise to Baffin's Bay," and
the new expedition fitted out in 1874 was due to
this work. He died May 6, 1875. P^fer to Arctic
Exploration.
Osborne, HJL Yaoht Portsmouth (1,850 tons].
Launched 1870.
Osborne College. See Naval Establishments.
Otbome Heine, near East Cowes, Isle o( Wight,
was purchased. 1840, by the late Queen Vicloria.
The bniidlng and grounds were presented to the
nation by King Edward Vtt. A portion of the
building is now used as a training school for naval
cadets formerly on the Britannia. R«f»t to Naval
Training.
Oslraume, Graham and Co.. Hylton Shipyard,
Sunderland. Was foimded in the year iS7r, since
which time it has steadily forged ahead, until to-day
it ranks among the foremost yarrls in Sunderland.
Tlic firm have made a special :itiidy o( tbe design
and construction of cargo vessels, and now produces
the "self-trimming " colHers. which load and dis-
charge full cargoes with record despatch and
economy, and with their specially constructed
hatchways, clear holds, shallow draught, and low
register tonnage, have proved particularly suitable
for the conveyance, easy and compact stowage of
general, grain, bales, coal. ore. timber, machinery-,
and other consignnient^i at a minimum working
cost and harbour dues. The works have been
improved from time to time, the latest develop-
ment toeing the complete electrification of plant and
faciUties at Uie fitting-out quay.
Oeeat U. Swedish coast service battleship.
(Lindholmen, 1904.)
OSHIMA 470
OUTHAUL
Length 313ft. Beam 49ft. Maximum drauglit 1 ;^ft.
Displacement 4,275 tons. Complement 336.
A tmou*.
*' Krupp."
6 in. Belt amirlshi]Mi.
7 in. Big ^n turrets.
7 in. Conning tower.
Coal maxi-
Guns.
2—8*3 ill.. 45 caL
S — 6 in.
' i«H-6 pdr.
3-^1 pdr.
Torpfdo Tttbes (18 in.).
» Submergwl.
Twin Krcw. Hp.. 8,500=18 kis.
mum 500 tons.
Othinnii Japanese cruiser. This vessel was sunk
by coming in contact with a i>ubmarinc mine during
the Russo-Japanese war.
Oilftbya. Russian i.u class battleship. (N'ew
Admiralty. i8g8.) Sunk by the Japanese at the
liatrle of Tsushima, May ^7-21), 1905.
O^ny. Britwh torpedo-boat destroyer. (Pair-
field, igoi.) Length, 327 ft. ; beam. 22 ft. :
draught. 9 ft.; displacement. 300 tons; com-
plement. 60 : armament, 1 u-pdr.. 5 6-pdr.,
3 tubes ; twin screw ; Hp.. 6,000=30 kts. ; coal.
So tons.
OsMtyr. Rus-sian submarine (1903). Speed,
9 kts.
Ostrich. BritiKli torpedo-boat destroyer. (Fair-
field. i(>or.) Length, 210 ft. ; l)eam. 31 it. ;
cliaught. 9 It. ; displacement, 300 tons ; com-
plement, 60 ; armament. 1 12-pdr., 5 6-pdr..
z tubes ; twin screw , Hp., 6.000=30 kts. ; coal.
8a tana.
Oitro. Italian torpedo-boat dejttroy(.-r. (Schi-
cbau. 1901.) Disphicement, 320 tons ; maximum
draught, S^ ft.; armament, i 13-pdr., 5 6-pdr.;
lubes. 2 18-in. ; Hp., 6,000=30 kts. ; coal, 80 tons.
Ostsee Steamafaii* Co., with their head offices in
Sietliu. maintain services, during the summer
jnonths, every alternate Saturday between Stettin
and Riga. During the winter months the service
IS suspended on account of the ice.
Fleet.
Hettmutk. Ostsee. Stavna.
Otarie. French submarine (Rochefort, ig^i-)
Length, 77 ft. : beam. 7J ft. : draught, 8 ft. ; dis-
placement, 6S tons ; complement, 5 ; Hp., 60 =
8 kts.
Otewa. Japanese cruiser (1903).
Length 351ft. Beam 41ft. Maximum draught 16ft.
Displacement 3.050 tons. Complement 313.
Gum. Armour.
2—6 in. " Steel."
6 — 4'7 in. 3 in. Deck amidattips.
4 — 12 pdr. I J in. Gun shields.
2—1 pdr. 4 in. Conning tower.
Totptdo Tubes (18 in.).
2 Above water.
Tvrin screw. Hp. 10,000 = 21 kts. Coal maxi-
mam 850 tons.
OtbttnL Russian armoured gnn-boat Tte
vessel struck a mine outside Port Artitiir on
August 8. 1904. and foundered.
Otehakov. Russian cruiser. Black Sea. (Sefau-
lupol, 1902.)
Lengtli 4j6ft. Beam S4ft. Mean draught lolL
Displacement 6,750 tons. Complemeot J73.
Guns. A'fHour,
13 — 6 in.. 45 cal. " Compound."
12 — 13 pdr. 3 in. Deck.
<S — 3 pdr. 5 in. Turrets.
3 Field guns. 5 in. Conning towei.
Torpedo Tubes (18 in.).
2 Submerged.
2 Above water bow and stem.
Twin screw. Hp. 19,500 = 33 kta. Coal «a»
mum 1,100 tons.
Othere. Norse navigator. Alfred the Cmu iA
an account of two voyages of exptoratioo nudrby
this man between 880 and 900. On one of llM
^'oyages he sailed round the North Cape into Dv
White Sea.
Otort Japanese torpedo-boat. {Kaw^ti.
1904.) Length, 147 ft.: beam, 16 ft.; diu|^
8 ft. ; displacement. i$o tons : complement sSi
armament, 1 6-pdr,, 2 3-pdr., 3 tube:& ; twin Wt*
Hp., 4.300=27 kts. : coal. 30 tons.
Otter. British torpedo-boat destroyer. (Ban*>,
1S96.} Length. 210 ft. ; beam. :io ft. : dra^R
5i ft. ; displacement. 300 tons ; complemeot ^
armament. 1 i2-pdr., 5 6-pdr.. 3 tubes; t»«
screw ; Hp., 6,000=30 kts. ; coal. 80 tons.
OorsilL. French submarine. (Rochefort, lyl^
Length. 77 ft. ; beam. 7^ ft. ; draught, 8 ft ; ^
placement. 68 tons; complement, 5 ; Hp..6oBSkk
Oase. British torpedo-boat destroj'er. ^'
head, 1005.) Length. 323 ft. ; beam. ;.
draught. 9^ ft ; disphicement. 600 tau;
plement, 72 ; armament, t 12-pdr., 5
2 tubes: twin screw; Hp., 7.500=35 ktt; ta4
1 26 tons.
Onse Amateur Sailing Club, King's In*
Establi-shed 18S0, with its chief objejct to eno: i-^
and teach the an of boat-fiailing. and cons,iaiT .^
ciimlly of iimall craft. Burgee : Blue, with «ka
Maltese cross. Commodore, A. C. Fountaioe. ^'1^
Commodore. Lieutenant Carlyon Bellaink. B>-
M.P.. Rear -Commodore. A. R. King ; Hooa*!
Secretary. Herbert Barrett. Annual subscript
is. 6d.
Ouonganmo. Japanese torpedo-boat dcstni^
[Thomycroft. 1899.} Displacement, 375 »•
complement, 54: annameat, 1 13-pdr.. 5 6f^*
tubes. 2 r8-in. ; Hp., 5,400 = 30 kts. ; cool. Si 1<*
OdL Not in order. Said of a ship wlw* ^
properly balancc<l.
OnthAol. A rope used to haul out a sail ifeaf '
spar on which it is tiei.
OUT
47 »
PACIFIC
Oat ol trim. Not properly balaiiced. owing to
defccbve rigging or stowage of c&r^.
Oatri^er. A boom or spar rigged out over the
sid*; to extend a sail ; a countcqx)bang log of wood
rigged out by cross pieces (roru a canoe or boat, and
flouting on the water, to prc\-cnt capsizing.
OavTfl rCSQ. On French charts over supposed
rtangeni.
O.V. DistinguiiJung letters on i^ea fishing boats
registered at Oud-Bosaemecr. Holland.
Overhaul. The tackle when released. To ex-
amine. To overtake.
O.W. Distinguishing letters on sea fiuhing boats
registered at Wangeroog, Germany.
O.WJ. Distinguishing letters on sea dshing
boats registered at Oost und Weft Souberg. Holland.
Oxford UniTcriit; BaHing Clab. Established
1884. Burgee : Blue, white St. George's ctosh. blue
tetters. O.U.S.C Commodore. W. J. TorrelJ :
Vice-Commodore, C. C. Lynan ; Rear-Commodore,
R. C. Scott : Honorary Treasurer, F, Macnamara ;
Honorary Secretar>', A. H. Glcn-Coats. Entrance
fee, loj. : annnal subscription. £].
oyB. 0>-5ter5. Abbreviation adopted on the charts
issued by the Hydrogiaphic Office, Admiralty,
denoting the quality of the ocean's bottoon.
Ojvtar {OstrjB). A genus or bivalve molluscs
whose meinbciB arc for the most part highly
x-aluable as human food. The beds are found at
depths of from three to 20 fathoms. It is estimated
that the British form produces about i.ooo.ooo young
in a season, and the American form about 10 times
that number. The British form becomes mature
about the fourth year ; the reproductive period
begins in May. and continues for a period of about
three months, during which time the oyster is out
of season. In France the oysters are fattened in
ponds. In England the most famous bods arc those
of Whitstahle. in Kent. Colchester, and Brightling-
sea. Oj'siers artificially reared in the estuary of
the Thames are called natives, and are superior
to the naturally Krown oystcra. In America llir
most important oyster beds occur in Long Islam]
Sound and Chesapeake Bay. The total quantity
laken annually in England is valued at approxi-
mately ^150,000; in Irehuid, ^11,000; Scotland,
about /5.000 ; America, about ^500.000 ; Holland,
£So,ooo.
See " Oyster* and all about tliem." Philpots.
18 vols., 1890-91.
Or*t«r. UotherH}f-pearl.
Oyster
Oyster, PevL See Pearl Oyster.
O.Z. Di-iinguishing letters on aeA fishmg boats
ngisttrvd at Oostiaan, Holland.
Sm Motber-of-pcarl
OL Oocc. Abbre>-iation adopted on tlie charts
issued by the Hydrographic Ofiicc, Admiralty,
denoting the quality of the ocean's bottom.
OsOB« \& a gas with a distinctive odour, and has
an irritating effect on the hmgs even in small
quantities. It it a pale blue colour, and condenses
to a deep blue liquid when cooled to tto" C. It
plays a useful part In nature in purifying the air.
and is used to purify water intended for drinking
purpose*!,
P. Distinguishing letter on sea fishing boats
registered at La E'enne, Bdgium.
P. Distinguishing letter on sea fishing boatt>
registered at Portsmouth, England.
P. Abbreviation for per.
P. Port. Abbreviation adopted on the charts
issued by the Hydrographic OtTice. .Vdmiralty.
Fa. .\bbre\iation for Pannsylvama.
Paeiflc. Steamer. Bound for California. Foun-
dered ofl Cape Flattery, November. 1H74 ; 150
lives lost.
FftCiflC. Steamer. Left Liverpool for New
York. January 23. 1856, and was never heard ol
again. It is probable that she struck on an ice-
berg and foundered in mid-Atlantic : she had
t86 persons on board.
Padfle Cou4 Stnnuhip Co.. with Uieir head
ofTices at San Francisco, have a fleet of 30 express
steamers which maintain serviced round the
Pacific coast. A service from San Ftancisco is
maintained twice a week for Los Angeles, Santa
Barbara, Coronado, and San Diegu, and vice vena :
once a week for Los Angeles, St. Barbara. San Luis,
and Obispo, Santa Crua, Monterey. Sao Simeon.
Cayacos, Hueneme, Ventura, and Newport ; twice
a week for Eureka. On the British Columbia and
Paget Sound route, stcamcn sail from San Fran-
cisco every tilth day for Seattle. Tacoma. Victoria.
Vancouver. Port Townsend. Everett, DclUngham
and Anacortes ; every third day from Tacoma and
Seattle for Katcbikan. Wrangd, Douglas. Juueau,
Trecdwell. Skagway. and Silka (Alaska). During
the season of na^-igation. June to October, a
monthly sen'ice ts maintained for Nome and St.
Michael (Alaska).
Fleet.
Alki. Pomona,
Bontta. Queen.
City of Ptutta. Ramona.
City of Seattle. Santa Cm:.
City of Topeka. Santa Jioxa.
Cooss Bar. Sehome.
Corona. Senator.
Cottafe CUy. Spokane.
Curaca-K Slair v/ ( k/i/.
Moalara, . WmatiUa.
PACIFIC
472
PACIFIC
Pacifio Mail Stnouhip Co.. with their bead office
in San Francisco, have a Hcet of 1 8 modem passenger
steamers, which maintain frrquent sailings from
Sao Francisco to llong Kong via HoDohilu, Japan.
and vice vtrsa. Four ol the vessels, the MongoJia,
Mantkutia. Korea, and Siberia, have a speed of
30 kts.. and accommodation for over 350 firirt and
1,500 third-class passwigers. They are fitted vritli
the latest modem improvements for the comfort
and safety ol passengers, and rank as the finest and
fastest vessels that run from San Francisco to the
Far East. These vessels run in conjnnction with
the Occidental and Oriental, the Tayo Kisen
Kaisha, the Oceanic Steamship Co., and the Union
Steamship Co. of New 2ciJantI.
Fleet.
Acapuico.
Algoa.
Artet.
iiarracoula.
China.
Ctiy of Panatna.
City of Para.
City of Peking.
City of Sydney.
Ccsia Sica.
Kotm,
Manchuria.
Mongolia .
Newport.
Peru.
San Jose,
San Juan.
Siberia.
Gross tonnage, 95.500.
Pftciflc Ocean. The great ocean lying between
the west coast of .\merica and the cast coast of
Asia, so-called by Magellan from the fair weather
and absence of storms whicli he experienced in
his voyaging over it. It is bounded on the north
by Behring Strait and the coasts of Russia and
Alaska; on the east by the west coasts o( North
and South America ; on the south by the imaginary
line of the Antarctic Circle, which divides it from
the Antarclic Ocean ; on the west by the east
coast of Australia, the Malay Archipelago which
separates it from the Indian Ocean, and the eastern
coasts of the Chincae Empiic. It is by far the
largest expanse of water in the world, and its
area has been variously tstimatird at from
50,000.000 to loo.ooo.ooo square miles. Keith
Johnston, however, from careful measurements,
estimated it at about 67.810,000 square miles,
which is probably the most reliable estimate yet
nude. It extends through 132° of latitude, which
gives it a measurement from north to south of
4,000 miles. Its breadth varies from about
40 miles at Behring Strait to 8,500 miles between
California and China, and in its widest part between
Quito ntid the Molucca.s about to.ooo miles.
The f^acific Ocean is distinguished from other
large oceans by the great number of island groups,
txjlh large and small, scattered over its surface.
Along British North America there arc Vancouver
Island in the Gulf of Georgia, Queen Charlotte
Island, Prince of Wales's Island, and King
George Hi. Archipelago. On the Asiatic coast-
line there are islands of all sizes, ranging from small
istctH to the island -continent of Australia. The
Kurile Islands run h-om Kamchatka to Japa&
The great Japanese islands, with Saghalin to tbc
north and the Chmese coast on the west. encloK
the Sea of Japan ; Sumatra. Java. Borneo, ud
the Philippine Islands separate it from the Quu
Sea. North of Australia the Kast Indian Antb-
p<:lago, compnHing the Celebes and numerous ot&ct
groups ol imialler islands ; the great barrier net
more than 1 ,000 miles in length on the east ooaM
of Australia, one continual chaio of coral teets.
Tasmania is separated from Australia by the Bis
Sfratts. and the two main islands of New Zealand
separated by Cook Strait, lie to the south. Tht
most northern oceanic group is the Uawatisi
Archipelago, or Sandwich Islands, stretching tar
about 340 miles between the latitudes of iS* $3'
and 33' 15' N., and the meridianit of 54" 42' sfld
t6o" 33' W.. consisting of eight lajigc islands-
Hawaii, Maui, Kahulaui, Lanai, Molokai, Qaka
Kauai, and Niihau. The three groups of the
Booin Islands known as the Parry. Beecliy, alMl
Cofilin groups are situated between 2tt* 37* N.
latitude. The Ladrones, or Mariana Islands, tan
a total area of 395 square miles, and stretch lot
□early 450 miles between 13° and 30* N. latitvd^
and 144° 37' and 145° 55' E. longitude. Tht
Caroline Archipelago, together with the P*»
Islands, has an area of 877 square miles, and Ika
about 170 miles south of the Ladrones. IV
Marshall Islands lie to the eastward ol the Can-
Unes. and consist of two chains composed ol 14 aaj
17 small groups respectively. The! Gilbert Aitb-
pelago contains 16 groups of small coral iilanli
In the South Pacific there are a number of ulanl)
between 5° and 25° S. latitude, and 180" to i»*
W. longitude. .A.tnong these are the Solmoi
Islands, the New Hebrides, the Fiji Islands, tk
Friendly Islands, and Samoa or the KavigitDn'
Islands. A little to the south of these are tie
Society Islands, To the soutb<east, and ruiuusC
parallel with the Society Lslands, is the Pauom
.\rcbipelago, consisting of about 80 atoUs, laac
of them quite large and excellent examples ol ^
form of coral island.
The surface temperature of the Pacific betw*
45" N. and 45° S. never falls below 50". BetstM
the 45th parallels of the northern and soutben
limits of the ocean the temperature is ahiKM
always below 50*.
The bottom temperature, according to thf re-
ports of the Chaitenger e^tpedition. averages aiwit
35" over the North Pacific, and the tempetatw
of the water at a depth of 300 fathoms is ttm
40*" to 45"- Between 33" N. and 40° S. the tw
pcraturt; ot the water about zoo fathoms is higte
in the north than in the south Pacific, whilst beto«
zoo fathoms down to 1,500 fathoms it is lomrft
the north.
The demiity of the bottom water of (he f^rifc
is almost the same everywhere ; it onlv vanes Ih9>
102570 to rca59o.
PACIFIC
473
PAGEL
PerUo,
Pttu.
Pototi,
Puua.
Pwtrro.
Quillota.
QvUpue.
Quito.
Rupanco.
Santiago.
SatmuHto.
Sorala.
Tahoga.
Victoria.
J ~7,ooo.
Co.. and Compama
5m Pacific Steam
Pioiflo Btean ll*TiKftlio& Oo. I&corpor&ted by
Royal Chartrr in i&^o. Began buiuocss with
Chili and Pent. rccei\'ing a small subsidy. Id
1S53 a bi-monthly service between Valparaiso and
Panama was instituted, and in 1865 tlie steamers
ran as far as the River Plate. In 1A67 a monthly
mail sciA-ice was started irotn Liverpool through the
Straits of Magellan to Valparaiso, which was
extended to Catlao in 1S70. The tleet owned by
the company now contains 4^ vessels, of which the
Orita, 10.000 tons, is tlie largest steamer in the
South American trade.
Flekt.
Antisana. Caticia.
A rica. Guatrmala,
Assistance. Inca.
Bogota. MagtUan.
Cotifofnta. Manavi.
CMc. Mejuifo.
CArifHi. Oravta.
Cotombia. Oriana.
Cofcovado. Orista,
Duendes. Orita.
Ecuador. Orimsa.
Esmetaidus. Oropesa.
I'lamcnco. Ortega.
Gaelic. Panama.
Gross tonnage.
Pacific Steam Navigatioa
Sod-Amtricana de Vaporec.
Navigation Co.
Packet A vessel employed to convey mails and
passenger? from country to country, or port to port,
at regular intervals.
Pactolus. British jrd class cruiser. (Elswick.
18971
txngth joofl. Beam 36ft. Maximum draught t/ft.
Displacement 3,135 ^i^- Complement 224.
^ Guns. Atmour.
H^^ 8 — 4 in. 2 in. Deck.
^H 8-3 pdr.
^^K^ Torpedo Tubes (14 in.).
^^H 2 .Above water.
■ Twin screw. Hp. ;.ooo = 30'5 kts. Coal normal
^^Mo tons. Approximate cost ^150.000.
^^BVld. Timber placed in the middle part of a
tMoro to make up the curve of the deck.
Paddle. A short oar with broad blade used (or
propelling canoes.
Paddle stcunen. Tht-* earliest attetupi to use
steam lor dnvmg paddle-wheeb waK made by a
i^paniard named Blasco dc Garay m 1543. but it
was not until i;Sd that wc learn ol any paddle
steAiner being used for txauTiit. In that year one
on the Dalsu-inton Loch is recorded as having
travelled at the rate of live miles per hour. In
s8o2 a stem wheel steamer, the Charlotte, wa^
constructed. In 1&07 Robert Fulton, an American,
built a craft {or river service, and in the following
year Stevens. anotb«r American, navi^ted one
from tlie Hudson to the Delaware by sea. The
first regular paddle steamer of practical use in
Great Bntam, the Comet, was built in 181 2 by
Henry Bell and used for passenger traffic on the
Clyde. The first paddle-wheel steamer to cross
the Atbntic was the American ship Savannah, in
1S19. She occupied 26 days in doing the journey.
The first English paddle-wheel steamer to cross
the Atlantic was the Hoyat WilUam from Pictou.
Nova Scotia, in 1833. She n-as followed five yean»
later by the Sirius from Cork, the first departure
from the United Kingdom, the Great WcsUrn from
Bristol, and the Royal William, ihc first vessel to
cross from Liverpool. In 1840 the Britannia sailed
from LiveriKwl, thi.* first to carry British mails
across the .\tlantic. and she was followed nine
years later by the American AtUiHttc. tlie first *to
carry from New York the United States mails.
In 1856 tlic BofUfsia was built for the Hamburg-
Amerika Line, and she was tlie first v<>s9el to cross
from Hamburg to New York, and two years later
the Norddcutschcr-Llo>'d sent the B*em£n. the
first paddle-wheel steamer from Bremen to New
York. Paddle-whee! steamers are still uswl (or
rivcar,' lake, and cross-Channel navigation. Sec
" Origin and Progress of Steam Navigation,"
Woodcroft (1848) : "Shipbuilding and Steam-
ships " (1859) ; *' The Steam Navy of England."
Willinriis (1S93).
Paddl»-wheeli. Thr whcrU on each side of a
steamer propelloft by paddlr-s, .suspendi-'d eictcmally
by a shaft driven by steam.
Paddy*! harrioaiu. Wht-n wmd is so slight that
it will not float the pennant.
Padncab. U.S. gun-boat, (Morris Heights, 1904.)
Length, 174 ft. ; beam, 35 ft. ; draught. 13 rt. ;
dteplacement. 1,085 tons; complement, 162; arma-
ment. 6 4-in., 4 6-pdr.. 2 i-pdr., 2 Maxims ; Hp.,
1.000^ I 2 kt-H. ; coal, attt tons.
Pasel. Carl A. W. (b. AprU 3. 1866). German
naval architect. After serving his apprcnticc«t)ip in
the " Vulcan " shipyard at Stettin, and absolving his
year of service in the Navy, he passed through the
TechniBChe Hochsdiule at Charlottenbnrg. which
be left as " Rcgicrungsbaiu^hrer ftir Schiflbau."
He first held a position with the Rostock shipyard,
and was then lor many years in the service of the
" Vulcan ■■ .shipyard, at Stettin, where hr designed
a great number of ships of all types, amongst othent
tlie famous linen* Kaiser IVilfulm der GfOs$«.
Kronprinz Wilkeim. Deutscktand, and Kai*9r
WUhetm il. After a short time spent at the
Schicbau shipyard at I>anKig as chief draughts-
man he became Professor of Practical Shipbuilding
at the Technische Hochschule at Cbarlottenburg.
In July. 1903. he succeeded the late Herr F. L.
Middendorf as technical director of the Germanis-
dier Lloyd, the Cermaii Society (or Ifaf^ Classifica-
tion ol Shipfr. ■ ^^
PAGODA
474
PALMERS
PtBOdft* Tn 1845 this vessel. ■ merchant barque.
WHK hired at Cape Town in order that magnetic
observntioHK might be completed south of the
60th parallel. The ship's progress, however, was
stopped by ice in 65" S. Refer to Antarctic
Exploration,
Painter. A rope attached to the bow of a boat
for making fast.
Pur-oftf. A largo oar.
Pakinffton, Sir John. S«e Admir^ty.
PBl&ndor fcf Tega, Louis, vice-admiral Swedish
Navy (b, 1843I. Entprrd the Xavy. 1856 : served
in the Sofia, in the Swedish Antarctic Expedition
tu Spitzbergcn ; acn'ed as commander of Potkam,
and wintered at Mosselbay : served as commander
of Vifa with NordcnskioM, and was the first to
make tlie North-East Passage. For this Antarctic
exploration work hr wa^ appointed A.D.C. to the
King of Sweden, and promoted superintendent ol
the Naval Dockyards at Karlskrona ; Chief of the
Naval Board Marinforstning : Minister of Marine,
igoi-05 ; Commander-in-Chief of the Naval
Station. Stockholm. 190;-
Pallada. Sm Tsu^am. Cruiser. Damagixl by
the Japanese at the battle of Roimd Island, August
10, 1904. and eveotuaily blown up by the Russians
in Port Arthur Marbour before capitulation,
January. 1903. Since raised, [cfitted. and added
to the active list of the Japanese Navy.
Pallwle. Italian torpedo-boat. (Naples, 1905.)
Length. 11S5 ft. ; beam, 17 ft. : draught. 7 ft. :
displacement. 200 tons ; armament. 3 j-pdr..
3 lubes; twin screw ; lip., 3,000 = 25 kls. ; coal,
40 tons.
FaniMT, Admind Henry 8L Lager Bury (b.
June 22. 1839). Entered Navy. 185,; ; naval cadet
of Leopard in Russian war in tlie Baltic. 1854 :
present at the operations in the Gulf of Bothnia
and the attack and capture of Bomarsund (Baltic
metlal) ; in leopard in Black Sea during 1855 ;
9er\*ed in boats at Koubausaki, attack on Soujak-
Kaleh. night attack on Sct>a5topol, capture of
Kertch and Kinbum, and Sebastopol (Crimean
medal, Sebastopol clasp, and Turkish medal) ; sub-
lirutenant, 185S ; lieutenant, i8|;>) ; commander,
1869; captain. 1878 ; captain's good service pen-
sion, 1890-93 : commodore. 2nd class, and na\-al
officer in charge at Hong Kong. 1891-93; rear-
admiral, 1893 ; Commander-in-Chief on Pacific
Station, i8</S: vice-admiral. 1S99; admiral. 1904 ;
retired, 1899.
Palm. The triangular face of the fluke uf an
anchor.
PalmeTt 0. M. Steamer. Lost in collision with
the steamer LuHwotth, off narwich. I-ebruar^- 17.
1S78.
Palmers' StupbuUding and Iron Co., Ltd^ Jarrow,
was founded in 1851 by Charles Palmer (afterwards
Sir Charles) and hid brother George, imder Uv
style of Palmer Brothers and Co. The site ot the
shipyard was originally leased to them in I851 tij
Mr. Carr-EIUson. of Hebbum Hall, and wasoate
site of an old j-ard where wooden £rigate> hafi.
early in the century, been built for the Btilirit
Oovcmment. and it Is interesting to note that tk
first iron vessel delivered was a paddle-tng raaiA
the Ncrthumbfrland. The company's woricaorra
an area of about 100 acres, and have a ri\'«r fnmt^e
of nearly three-quarters of a mile. Ther oasaM
of a shipbuilding yard, graving dock and ^p«lT
engine and boiler works, steel worlcs and ttel
furnaces, and include within theni.<wlvcs the estnt
range of operations, from the siuelting of the or
to the complete equipment of the vessel. The en
is recei\Td from mines controlled by tlic cMOoairi
in Spain, and from other soorces, at the Ua-:
fumat^ wharf, and converted into pig iron m tv
furnaces, then sent to the steel works. con\Yrt<d intt
steel, and rolled into plates and bars, and tlu»n
their turn pass to th^: shipyard where the Ttasd •
completed and engined.
The borough of Jarrow now contains akw
40.000 inhabitants, who are mainly employed a
or dependent upon, tbe Palmer works. So am
pletely, in fact, is the town identified with tfe
works that it might be more appropriately a^
" Palmers' Town."
The Tyne has been the birthplace of many frof
idea.s. At Palmers' the first screw c^lis «a
built, the John Bowes. ha\'ing a carrying capacitvd
650 tons, capable of steaming nine miles per hoc
and launched on June 30. 1S53. She wassucn^
by the Wiltiam HuSt, the Countess of Snaik^
and numerous similar vessels. At Palmen'. awa
the superiority of rolled armour-plates for vtmA
of war was first demonstrated, and the dtmbk
bottom for water-lMllast was originated. Vm
outbreak of the Cnmean war in 1854 creatsd tb
first demand for armour - plated veacb,
Jarrow company receiving an order for Ofle
of this class, which was a floating battery.
for the destruction of the forts at Cronstadt •*
designated the Ttrror. The next contrihoboo •
the Navy was in 1862. when the armonr-^
frigate Defence was completed. In the sUttelk
company commenced the building of AtlaatKbiBi;
they were from 300 ft. to 340 ft. long, with a^oa
tonnage of 3.300 tons, and were then considen^ »
be very large \-csscls. Among tliem may be iBh
tioned the Mnntarta and Dakota f€>r the CoioBliv
The American Civil war made a demand opoa ilt
resources of the Jarrow yard, and two bb^^
runners were turned out. the Hanger and Gftf^
Till* next nrder received from the Bntish jU^
lalty wa- in t%j6, for the ccnslmction of the m»
of flat-lwttomed gun-baits for river service, ait
lour years later an order waa received (or six
pedo-minmg boats of 65 ft in length, and Ij
beam, and about 104 tons displacement. Fa
atadtltj
intiMM
the switt despatch vessels SurpHss and Atactily
were launched, ami three years Utei the l^eltetl
cruisen Orland''' and l-'ndaunUd, these vessels
proving the forerunner ol the modem armoured
cTuiser. tloaely following the belted cruisers were
the wood-sheAthcd cruisers Pigue. Rainbow, and
Retrihutian. and the 6rst-cla9s battleships Resolu-
tion and Rrvenge. which latter were among the
largest fighting ships afloat. At the same period
the company supphed the designs and specihcationji
lor thrrt- annoured cruisers, which were built lor the
Spanish Governnienl at Bilbao. The three vesKclsi
were named the Maria Theresa. Viscaya, and
Aimtrante Oquenio, and took part in ttic Spanish-
American war. In 1893, ^ °*^ departure in ship-
building and engineering was made, when the
company accepted from, the Admizalty the con-
tract to build ttir««^torpedo-boat destroyers ol
3f kts. speed. These vessels proved a bnllianl
success. The speed triab ol the Janus. Lighining,
and Porcupine exceeded ttie most &j)aguine expecta-
lions, and resulted in a further order for 13 vessels
of 30 kts. speed : some of Xh&x attained a speed 01
over 32 kts. on their trial trips. The last 30 kts.
destroyer built had her ea^ea htted for forced
lubrication ou the " Palmer-Reed " patented
system, and the result of two years' working was so
entirely satisfactor>- that the Vie, Wtat, and Stvale,
recently built, arc fitted m the same way. The first-
class battleship Husiell, a vessel of 14.1OU Loos dis-
placement, and iS.ooo I.Hp., buUt by Palraent'
Co. in 1903, had the distinction of being the first
battleship launched in the reign ol His Majesty
King Kdward VII. More recently the company
wrere entrusted with ihc order for the fast cruiser
H.M.S. Sapphire, while the most important order
(or H.M. Government is the first-class battleship
Lord Neison, of 16,500 tons displacement and
16,750 I.Hp., which was completed in 1907 by
the firm. Several vessels of over >S<ooo tons and
snme of 10,500 tons d.w. for the Atlantic cattle
trade have been deUvcred during recent years. In
addition to the machinery fitted into war-ve&sels
Uuilt at the yard, a number of vessels have been
re-engined and ruboilured, notably H.M.S. 5Ai/>-
jaek, Speedwell, Gossamer. Ntfer. Medea, and the
battleships Hoxve and Gotiatk, the mactuDer>' and
boilers of these being thorougtUy overhauled and
put iutu first-cla.ss comUtion.
From the foregomg it will be seen that the ship-
yard is capable of tumiog out vessels ol the largest
Aixt highest class in practically a complt-te state.
The graving dock is 440 ft. long by jo ft. wide,
and some notable repairs to vessels have l>cen
executed in it. The repairs to the oil steamer
Kottttdam, which occupied the dock for 137 working
days, after groundiug on the (;oa.st ol Newfoundland.
3Uid the steamers brinkbum. Strathcarron, Sord
ArruTua are cases in point : the last-named vessel
was said to be the largest repair contract ever
executed on the Tyne,
The boiler sh(^ were, a few years ago. re-erected
and equipped with plant o( the most modem type.
capable of dealing with boilers of the largest and
heaviest description. Heavy manoe boilers can
be turned out at the rate ol one per week, and in
addition a large number ol "Reed" water •tube
Ixnlers, the invention of &lr, J. \V. Reed, manager
ot the engine works department, are produced, of
pressures ranging up to 300 lbs. per sqtiare in.
The engine shops have recently been extensively
modernised, and a large new crecbng shop has been
built, and plant for the manufacture of turbine
machinery installed. The whole of the macliiner>'
throughout the shipyard and engine work depart-
ment is electncally driven, while m the shipyard
the berths are covered by electncally worked
o\'erhead cableways, which assist in the rapid
construction of the vessels.
The number ol men and boys employed by the
company is frequently not far short of 10,000, and
the wages bill averages between £500,000 and
^750,000 per annum.
The productive capacity ol the works is shown
111 the following table, which givi;:^ iXxv. tonnage
of ships built since 1852 '.
Period
GfMsToiuuaa
itUMSSl (10 vear«}
1IS6J-1S71
1S72-11S81
lOiU-llUl
ISU-lWl
19QMg06 tS yurU
aD2J62
1*7.452
371.129
118J13
01 the 71 vessels of war constructed, mostly for
the British Govcnuncni, at Jarrow, it will be seen
that theiK: include every dcscripticui of fighting
ship, from the nver gun-boat to tlie battleship :
Period,
No of Vd»*eU-
10 BktilMlupt
10 Cniucr*
13 River Cua-b(Mta
M Tocpado Mioan
Si TortM>di>boiu
DcHroyen
Autlrittn Cove
1 CuTi-bu«l
sun
4.»0
1.040
11.013
rnmeni.
300
I. Hi.
ISSt-IMT...
ias)-ii04...
i875-i8W ,
ia79.UUIl...
Ili9>-I!KI7...
1099 .- 1
75.»*0
3.000
1.UU
170 JTO
1 3.»a
The total number of vessels completed is SoO|
and their aggregate grusts register is over 1,500,000
tons. It 1^ of mLerest to add tliat many cmtocDt
KhipbmLders and engineers have been traiued at
the works, or have pasxd rtome time in this com-
pany's Mtrvice, including the late Mr. John M'lniyrc
the originator of the double bottom for water
ballast ; Sir John Tbornycrolt, Uie weU-knowu
builder of high speed vessels ; Mr. K. Zimmerman,
cliief director of the Vulcan yard at Stettin, tlie
designer of the Kaiser Wilfulm der Grvssa ; the
late Mr. F. C. Marshall, whose name is asso-
ciated with the mtroduction ol lorced draught; the
late Mr. John Price, subsequently a director of
Messrs. C. 5. Swan and Hunter. Ltd. -. Mr. J. F.
PAMIAT
476
PANAMA
Wilson , fonneriy general managrr of Messrs.
Thomson's Qydebank Shipbuilding Co. ; Mr.
W. H. Dugdale. tnanaging director of Messrs. S. P.
Austin and Co. : and Mr A. Adam»3n. gennal
manager of the Naval Construction and Arma-
ment Co.. afterwards anuilgamat<?d witli Messrs.
Vickers, Sons, and Maxim.
Pamia^Azova. Russian armoured cruiser (iJiSd).
Reconstructed 1901.
Lenglh ijSii.. Beam 50(1. Maxitnutu draught 35ft.
Displacement 6.700 tooH. Coroptcment 5.Z5.
Guns. Armour.
14 — 6 in. " Compound."
10 in. Bdt.
S in. Barbettes.
2 in. Conning tower.
Torpedo Tubfs.
2 Above water.
Twin :screw. ilp. ii,ooo=^i8'8 kts. Coal roaxi-
muni i.oiX) tons,
Pamiat Merkoria. Uussiaji 3rd class cruiser.
(Toulon. 1882.1 I.englh. 295 ft.; l>eani, 4» *t. ;
draught, 17 ft.; displacvment. ijtxi tons; comple-
ment, 300 ; armament, 6 6-in., 8 q.f., 2 tnbcs; Hp.,
3.000= 16 Uts. ; coal, t, 100 tons.
Pampoa^a. V.S. gun-boat. Captured from Spain
during the Spanish-American war, 1898.
Pampero. A violent squall of wind from the
south-west, attended with rain, thunder, and
lightning over the immenjic plains or pampas of
the Rio de la Vlata, where it rages like a hum-
cane. The meteorological characteristics which
precede a pampero are a steady fall of the baro-
meter for from two to four days, with a very high
temperature, which falls rapidly after the hurricane.
See Dr. ChriiitiBon on the " Pamperos of Central
Uruguay."
Panama Canal. The. The idea of connect-
ing the Atlantic and i'aci^c Oceans by means
of a canal was first suggested as far back as
1513. To this day there is to be found in the
Nuremberg Libraj^ a globe made in the bix-
teenth century which shows tracings of a canal
across the isthmus. Although many plans were
from time lo time considered, nothing appeant to
have been done until l-'eidinand de Lesseps, in
1879, convened an fnternational Congress to dis-
cuss the (jupstion gent-rally. The plan he himself
put forward, and which, largely upon the strength
of his successful achievement at Suez in 1869. was
ficaUy adopted, was to form a broad tide-level
canal. A company was soon formed, with s.
capital of £12.000,000 in 600,000 shares of £20
each fully paid, and a conccwion was obtained
from the Government of Columbia. In i88i worlt
on the isthmus was begun, and in the following
year the company pnn;hascd the railway at the
cost of nearly ^4,000,0011. It was not long, how-
ever, before difficulties arose. The total co«t of
the work, aHowing for ccmtingcDcies, w»9 oriffaaSy
estimated at £34,000.000. bat it sooo beniBi
apparent that this sum was hopelessly *'*^'***t^w»'.
and the company wa^ forced to raise loan ite
loan (six in all) bearing ^% interest, bat takes at
so large a discount that they prodoced orff
£50,000.000 in cash, whilst the total indebtedneu
of the company amounted to £55.000.000
1888, when but little progress in the wtn-k had
made, it was calculated that another £24.000.0*0
at least would be required, and in the same yoi
the company went into liquidation, owin^ as mad
as £70,000,000. Two years later a ComtniaBao tf
Engineers was sent out to the isthmus, and re-
ported that a tide-level canal was impractkaUe
owing to the vast difference (16 ft.) bccweeo Ik
rise and fall of the tide on the Pacific coast aadif
that on the Atlantic, but that a canal with loCb
could be built in about eight years. In tS^i tk
Government of Columbia granted to the Secml
Panama Co., which issued 650,000 shares of ^
each, an extension of ro years in which to bafi
the undertaking, and three years later tfai; am-
pany took over possession and succeeded to all tk
rights, concessions. work», and plant belottgny ts
the original company. This company, bowciK
reverted to the sea-level construction, and •«
eventually compelled to give up work, st^ll bolibii
however, liic concession from the GovemnuBt fi
the Columbian Republic.
In 1902 the United States Covemmt^nt nitcnl
into negotiations with Columbia with a nnr a
completing the work, but these unfortunately *•
through. Ttie secession of Panama from COlnfflba
in the following year, however, cleared awaj i!
difficulties.
In December, 1903. by a treaty between tb
United States and the Republic of Panama. " Ik
Republic of Panama gives to the ITnited States*
perpetuity the use, occupation, and the cootrol ^
the rone of a width of to nule*; for the coosnc-
tion, operation, sanitation, and direction ol te
canal. In return for the concession the Vani
States agrees to pay to the Republic of Pamai
the aum of 10.000.000 dols. in gold, and the *tmd
payment of 25,000 dols. during the life of *•
convention," this payment to begin nine ytv*
after the date of its signature. The canal is to b*
constructed by and under the control of Amrr^
but it shall be neutral and open to the cuoMMa
of the world. Up to 1503 an expenditure of il«i*
£60,000,000 had t>ecn incurred. Of this it ijo*
culatcd Lhat not more than onc-6fth, or MV
£12,000.000, was really effective from aa f»
ginccring point of view. The Government 0* ite
United States ol America have agreed to pay *
the concession, tor the company's plans, aatf ^
the work alrt-ady done the sum of £8.000.000
The failure on the part of the two French ci*
panies to carr)- through this great project wa* *K
primarily, to their inability to grasp and ptj^
PANAMA
477
PANAMA
with the chief structural and geographical obstacles :
secondly, to ihc pestilential character of the land
they bad to dual with, which earned oS many of
their nu»t eminent oHiciala ; and. thirdly, to the
lack of su&cicnt funds and enterprise. Altbough
better equipped for the task than the French, the
United States have before Uiem an undertaking
beset with natural difficulties.
The troubles of the engineers ^ include the
periodical overflow of the River Chagres, flooding
the surrounding district, and the occasional visit
of earthquakes. But ^e two principal obstacles
are the River Chagres and the mountain. The
former ii a rapid, shallow, and broad strratn,
which renders dredging operations both difficult
and arduous. The latter necessitates the maktng
of a cutting through 300 ft. of solid rock. The
length of the canal will be about $4 miles, the
bottom is to lie 2S ft. below the mean level of the
two oceans, itj width will be 72 ft. on the ground
and 160 ft. upon the surface, except through the
Culebra Cut, which is somcwliat naiiowcc.
Nominally the caiuil commences at Colon, but
in reality it is at the mouth of the river — about
two miles north of the town —that ships will enter
the cutting.
Keeping close to the bed of the river, the canal
skirts the swamp of Mindt. entering the volley of
the Chagres at Gatun. It follows the river to San
Pablo, where it crosses the railway. From there
it runs to Matachin. and, following the right bank
of the river, makes its way down the valley of
Obispo to the city of Panama, where it enters the
Pacific. At several places along the route of the
canal it ia proposed to build dams and reservoirs
in order to keep the water in the canal at the
requiKite level.
The United States Senate and House of Repre-
sentatives decided in favour of a lock canal of
** the general i)-pe propos^-d by the minority of the
board of consulting engineers created by order of
the President." The work, for purpose of en-
gineering and construction, is divided into 14 sec-
tions. From the Caribbean Sea to the mouth of
the &lindi Rivet a channel is to be excavated
having a bottom width of 500 ft. and a depth ot
43 It. below mean tide. Tlie materials to be
excavated in this portion is mostly soft mud. and
can be excavated by dredging. Some of it ma.y tx
coiaL From the mouth of tlie Mindi River to the
Gatun lockfi the canal i» to have a bottom width
of 500 ft. and a depth of 42 ft. t»elow mean tide.
Some of this excavation can be made by dredging.
aJid some of it will be excavated in the dry. The
Gatun locks are to be built in duplicate — that is,
ibcre are to be two .-sets of locks side by side. The
lift will be overcome by a flight of three locks ot
aH 1-3 it. ordinary lift each, or a flight of two
locks of 42^ ft. lift each. At the upper end ol the
upper lock and lower end of the lower lock guide
walls will be constructed for the handling of vessels
entering or departing. Tlic Gatun dam reaches
from near the Gatun HiUs, in which the locks are
located, to the hill j.joo ft. westward, in which
the spillway will be located, and extends thence in
a broken Une to the high ground westward. The
object of the dam is to form a reservoir io which
the floods of the Chagres will be received. Its
area will be about no square miles. The height
ol the dam will be 155 ft. above sea level, thc
width on top 100 ft., its length about 7,700 ft..
and width at twttom about 2,625 't- From the
Gatun locks to San Pablo, a distance of about
15^ miles, only a small amount of excavation will
bi; required. The width of the channel for this
distance will be at least 1,000 ft., and all growths
within 50 ft. of surface of lake tar that width must
be destroyed or removed. The depth is to be
45 ft.
Regarding the " Culebra cut," the heaviest por-
tion of the work. Prom Las Cascadas to near
Paraiso. a distance of 47 miles, the ^-idlh will be
200 ft. The rock here is of variable character.
From near Paraiso, the end ol the Culebra cut, to
the Pedro Miguel lock, a distance of t'88 mile,
the canal will have a width of 300 ft. Some of it
is rock and some is soft earth. The Pedro Miguel
lock will have a lift of 30 ft. It will be in duplicate,
and will have approach walls constracted at each
end. From Pedro Miguel lock the channel will
have a width of 500 ft. for a distance of I'S; mile.
It will then iocrcase to i.ooo ft. or more for a
distance of 3*61 miles to near Sosa Hill, on the
shore of f^anama Bay. where the Sosa locks will
be located. Some ot the excavation of this section
is rock and other portions are toft earth. The
Sosa locks are to be built in a flight of two Ufts of
27^ ft. each, and in duplix:ate. \ dam will be con-
structed across the Rio Grande from San Juan
Hill to Sosa Hill, another from Sosa Hill to Corozal
Hill, and a small dam from Cororal Hill to the
high ground to the eastward. These dams will
form a lake known as Sosa Lake. It has an an?a
of about eight square miles, and will be provided
with regtdating works for discharging its surplus
water. From Sosa locks to the deep water in
Panama Ray, a distance of about four mile^, the
channel is to have a bottom width of 500 ft. and
a depth of 50 ft. below mean tide. The mean ri^
and fall ol the tide is about 15 ft., but it nuy
reach as much as 22 ft. or 23 ft. Lastly, the
Paiuuua Railroad will be relocated throughou t
almost the entire length, from the mouth of the
Mindi River (b Paoanu.
The following is a summary of the estimated
excavation and structural matenal ol the canal.
ThcM quanbtieH, the official memoranda states,
are only approximate, and may be varied con-
siderably. For the purpose of this article, and in
connection with the description of the routes given
above, it gives a good idea of the magnitude of
the requirements of the canal. It alM> shows that
PANAV
478
PAPAYANNI
the work lias been weQ dividod. and may perbapa
be begun an<l carried on at the various sections
described.
I. Coton Sdclion. — From 42 IL curve M.5.L. in
Caribbean Sea to liltndi. mile o to mile 453 :
Excavation, jon tt. wide, 8,455,000 cubic j'ards :
entrance to old canal, i ,000,000 cubic yards.
Z. Mindi Section. — Mile 4'§s to nulc 7*15 ; Ex-
ravation, 500 ft. wide, 11,000,000 cubic yards.
3. GatuH Lockt. — Mile 715 to mile 774: Ex-
cavation, 3,660.000 cubic yards; back fill, 660,000
cubic yards; concrete, 1,302,780 cubic yards; cut
stone, 5.700 cubic yards ; brick, 30,000 cubic yards ;
linibvr, 130,000 ft B Jii. ; cast-iron. 1.830.000 11^.;
steel gates, ^9,230,000 lbs.
4- GatHtt /)ow.— Earth fill, 21.2oo,ckx» cubic
yards.
5- Gatun Regulating Works. — Excavation.
1.580.000 cubic \-ards ; concrete, 189.000 cubic
yards ; sluices, 5.000,000 lbs.
6. Lake Section. — Mile 7*74 to mile 32"8o ; Ex-
cavation, 200 ft. wide. 39.000,000 cubic yards,
7. Culfhra Section. — Mile 3280 lo mile 3750 :
Excavation, zoo ft. wide. 39,000.000 cubic \*ards.
8. Pedro Miguel Sertion. — Mile 3750 to mile
39'37 ; Excavation. 300 It. wide. 6,835,000 cubic
yards.
9. Pedro Mtgmi Lock.—Mi\c 3937 to mile
3960: Excavation. 1.170,000 cubic yards: em-
bankment of dam, 1,100,000 cubic yards; back
till. 390,000 cubic yards; concrete. 313,612 cubic
yards ; cut stone, 4,000 cubic yards ; brick, 8,000
cubic yaids ; timber. 85,oo<,'> ft. B.M. ; cast-iron,
735,000 lbs. : steel gates, 19,300,000 lbs.
10. Laki Sosa Sacliow.— Mile 39 60 to mile 4508 ;
Excavation, 500 It. to 1,000 it, wide, 1,680,000
cubic yards.
II. Sosa Lochs. — Mile 45 08 to mile 45 49 . Ex-
cavation, 1,430,000 cubic yards; back till 950.000
cubic yards : concrete, 992,800 cubic yards ; cut
stom*. 6,000 cubic yards ; brick, 14,000 cubic
yards ; umber, 145,000 ft. B.M. , cast-iron, 1,281,000
Ibfi. ; steel gates. 37,180.000 Iti:).
12. Lu Boca Section. — I^ Boca Dam. 6,300,000
cubic yards , Corocal-Sosa Dam^ $,397,000 cubic
yards.
13. Panama Bay SM/ton.— Mile 45'49 to mUe
4972 : Excavation, 5,000 ft. wide, 8,528,000 cubic
yards.
Panty. U.S. gun-boat. Captured from Spain
during llie Spani.<tb -American war. 189S.
P. fend 0. Abbreviation for Peninsular and
Oriental Steam Navigation Co.
Paadoor. A large oyster.
Pandora. British 3rd class cruiser. ( Ports-
luouth, 1899.)
Length 300ft. Beam 36ft. Maximum draught i9ift.
Displacement 2,200 tons. Complement 324.
(hmt* Armomt.
it--4 m. 2. in. Deck.
8—3 pdr.
Tntpedv Tubes (14 in.).
3 Above water.
Twin screw. Hp. 7,000= 20*5 kts. Cool normil
350 tons. Approximate cost ^150,000.
Pftndoca. Frigate. On August 28. 1791, ihn
vessel was lost on a reef, when loo perished.
Pandora. Sloop-of-war. On February 13. ifiii,
thi& vessel was lost off Jutland, when 30 persons
perished.
Fangrano. Netherlands torpedo-boat. (Vanow.
1901.) Length. 153 ft.; beam. 1;} It.; draagbt
8 ft.; displacemeat. 130 tons; complrtueat. i;.
armament. 2 3-pdr., 3 tubes ; Hp.. 1.900=27 kt*.;
coal. 36 tons.
Panteieimon. Russian battlealiip. Bbtck Sra
[Nicolaiefi, 1902.)
lA-ngtli 372ft. Beam 73ft. Draught a/ft.
Outplacement U480 tons, Comptemeot 636.
Guns. A nttouw.
4 — 13 in. " Krupp."
16—6 in. 9 ia. Belt amid^p<v
14 — 3 in. 10 in. Barbettes.
6 — %'B in- 10 io. Turwts.
14 — I '4 in.
Torpedo Tubes.
5 SubmergefJ.
Hp. 10.600= 17 kts. Coal i.ooo tons.
Pantar. Netherlands coast defence taoaiaat
(1878). Displacfuient, 1,500 tons. Of itxnall fitfhtut
value.
Panther. .\ustroHuagarian 3rd claa&^ cnuscr
[Elswick. 1887.) Ltiiglb. 224 ft.; beam. 34 it .
draught, 14 ft.; displacement, 1.500 tons; cam-
pleraent, i8ti ; armament, 3 4'7-ui., 10 1 i^tc-
I tube ; Hp., 6.000= 18J kts. ; coal. 250 toni-
Pantber. German gun-boat. (Danaig, t90i.|
Length, 307 ft. ; beam, joj ft. , draught, rift,
displacement, 396 tons; complement, (31 ; aiat
ment, 8 3'4-in., 6 1'4-fn.. 2 Maxiios ; Up.. 1.500a
1 5 kts. ; coal. 240 tons.
Panther. British torpedo-boat destroyer. fLsM
1897) 1-ength, 210 it.; beam. 21^ ft.; dn^c'
5^ ft. ; displacement, 300 tons ; coinpl«rwfli. i'
armament. 1 i3-pdr.. 5 t>-pdr., a tubes ; twinsae*;
Hp., 6,000—30 kts. : coal, 80 tons.
Papayanni Line, established in the rarty tortiA
uading between Liverpool and the MeditetraniB
ports, touching at Tangicrs. Algier^s. Malta, ;
Constantinople. Odes.sa, and .Alexandria. In '.
1901, tlus line was purchased by Mr. J. H.
man, and in January, 1902, passed into the 1
Hhip of the Ellerman Lines (V-v.).
PAPER
479
PARKSTONE
Plekt.
Adatia.
City of Cambridge.
A Uxa ndria.
City of Khiox.
Anatolia.
City of Orford.
Ararat.
City of Venice.
Britannta.
Promt.
Sardinia.
Fiper Uookade. A. A paper or constructive
blockade (^.v.) is one established by the proclama-
tion of a belligerent without the presence of sufli>
cient force to render it elective. By the Declara-
tion of Paris. 1856 ff-v.)- blockades to be binding
must be effective.
Psqtiet and Co.. BSesin. N. See Comp. de
Navigation Marocane et Arnifuiennc.
Ftri. Brazilian coast defence service cruiser.
(Kio dc Janeiro, 1892.) Lenj^h, 137 ft. ; beam.
34^ ft. ; draught. 6} ft. ; displacement. 4f)3 tons :
gans. 2 47-iD.. I 3's-ia., 5 Maxims ; armour,
" Harvcy-steel," 5-in. belt amidships. 6-in. bar-
bcttrs ; Hp. , 700 = 1 3 kts,
Pangua. U.S. gun-boat. Captured from Spain
at the battle of Manila, May l, 1898. during the
Spanish -American war. Of httle fighting value.
Parallax. The difference between an altitude
taken at the surface of the earth and that taken
at Uie centre at the same time. When the objcci
is on the horizon it is called the horizontal parallax ;
but in any other case it is called the parallax in
altitude.
Parallel sailing. Sailing aa nearly as possible on
a given parallel of latitude.
Pantdene. Mock-moons.
ParbnoUt. I'o hoist or lon-er by means of
rolling with two ropes.
I Parcel. Applied to tarred canvas round a rope.
I Parcelling. Wrapping narrow* strips of tarred
I can\-as round a rope Ukc a bandage.
I Pardose. The limber heel.
^^ Fazhalia. Mock -suns.
H^ Park. Colonel J. Smith, ItV.O.. T.D. {b. Glasgow.
^1854). Shipowner and underwriter at Lloyd's.
Was for 54 years connected with the Allan Line.
Has given e\-idence on behalf of the shipping trade
before several Commissions and Ito>'al CommL^isions.
and was inHtrumental in bringing about the altera-
tion in the method <^ measuring deck stalls of
Hve-stock for dues, ami the alteration of the load-
line regulations for steamers loading at Baltimore.
at the head of the Chesapeake, which were re-
quired tti load six inches less draught than at the
month of the same river. As the result of the
agitation, the Board of Trade appointed a com-
mittee to consider the whole question, and decidcl
to have all the North .\tlantic Ports put on the
same footing, the extra North Atlantic free board
being ab<^i«hed. except in the case ot very small
steaxners. The alteration and necoilstniction of
light dues : tlirough his influence an Act was
passed adopting a more satisfactory basis for
chargi-s- He is a keen Volunteer, and has been
connected with the forces since 1874. and com-
mands the ist Lanarkshire Royal Engineer.
Parker, George (1806-78). English engineer (b.
Moreton Hampstead). Tn 1843 axsisted Robert
Stephenson in building the London to Birmingham
Railway, and one between Manchester and Rugby.
via the Potteries. In 1837 ^<^ ^^ engaged in
building the Blacku'all Railway, and watf re-
sponsible for building what eventually proved the
foundation of the G.E.R. system. Advised on the
construction of railways in Belgium. Norway, and
India: planned the Victoria Docks, London; in-
vented the railway swing bridge, and was one of
Uie first to recognise the value of the electric
telegraphs, and became, with Cook and Stephenson,
founder of the first electrical telegraph coraponv.
He died at Dartmouth, September 38, iS/S.
Parker. Sir Hyde (1714-82^ English admiral
(b. Worcestershire). Present at the capture of
Manila. 1762. where he captured shortly afterwards
the Spanish treasure ship SoHlisxima Trinidad, a
prize of enormous value. ^ 1774. when third-in-
command under Byron, be fought in a battle off
Grenada, and in the following year as second-in-
command under Rodney took part in the batlU*
of Martinique. In 1781 he fought a desperate
battle on the Dogger Bank with the Dutch Fleet.
Ho was eventually lost at sea.
Parker, Sir Hyde (1739-1807]. English admiral.
Was present at the siege of Pondicherry. Served
during the American war. Was pri-scnt under
Lord Hood at the reduction of Corsica, \79t7.. and
two years later he had command of a division
under Hotham, and took part in the action off
Genoa. In 1799 he was promoted full admiral,
and had command of the expedition to the Baltic
which bombarded Copenhagen.
Pazku, Sir Peter (1731-1811) (b. Ireland).
Served through the American war ; was present at
the attack on Long Island, and instrumental in
reducing Rhode Island ; was created a baronet in
17S3, and in 1787 promoted admiral; in 179V he
became Admiral of the Fleet
Parker. Sir William (1781-1366). English ad-
miral (b. St.^flaTd5hI^e). Was present as midship-
man at Lord Howe's battle of " The Glorious Firsi
ot June," 1794 ; from 1802-05 he served under
Nelson ; took part in the China war of 1842. and
nine years later was promoted admiral, and became
Admiral of the Fleet. 1863. Sae Pbillemore's " Tlie
Last of Xelson's Captains *" (1S91).
Parkstoae SaiUng Clnb. Established 1895. Com-
modore, W. D. Brightman ; Vice-Commodore. H. C,
Head ; Honorary Treasurer, F. A. Stone : Honorary
Secretary. E. B. Oakley, Dnlverton. Parkstone,
L
PARLIAMENT
480
PARSONS
DorseL Entrance foe. £1 i«. : anou&l subscnpttoD.
H IIS. 6A
Parliament-h«eL The situation of a ship when
listing.
Pamnzallo. A small latccn-rigged yawl of the
Mediterranean.
Pamli. Leather -covered ropes used to fasten
Ihr tipper yards to the mast.
Partjr. Sir WilUam Edward (1790-1855). Arctic
explorer (b. Bath. 1790). Entered Navy through
the influence of Admiral Comwallis, and in 1R06
became a midshipman in the Trihun/t. and was
subsequently transferred to the V<tn^uard in the
Baltic Fleet. After having swrved against the
Anurricansin 1817, he in the following year obtained
an appointment to the Alexandra brig in the
expedition commanded by Sir John Ross to dis-
cover the probabilities of a north-west passage to
the Pacific, la command of a second expedition
•consisting of two ships, the Griper and Hecta,
which left the Tliames. May. 1S19. Parry passed
ii]» Bafhn's Bay. explored and named Barrows
Strait, Prince Regent's Inlet, and Wellington
Channel, reached Melville Island at the beginning
ol September, and p^ctrated as far as 113" 54'
43* W., thus becoming entitled to a rcH'ard of
^5.000 which had been offered by Parliament.
After wintering in MeUille Island, and finding that
the state of the ice made it impossible to force a
pa.-'sagc to the Baring Strait, he returned to Eng-
land, November, 1820. Shortly after his return
he was promoted to the rank of commander, elected
a member of the Royal Society, and given tiie
freedom of Bath and Norwich. In the following
year he was again appointed to command an
Arctic expedition, comiisting of the Fury and the
Hecia. and. after suffering great hardships, returned
to England two years later — November. 1823 —
without achieving anything. Again, in 1824, he
sailed with the same ships, and was again unsuc-
ci'ssful, and after the wreck of the fury he returned
home. Shortlv alter his return he wa^ appointed
Hydrognpher to the Admiralty, and. having
obtained their «inction to journey to the North
Pole from the northern .shores of Spitzbergen in
boats that could be fitted to sledges, he sailed
with the Hecla. March 27. 1S27. and three months
later set out for the Pale. On this occasion he
penetrated as far north as latitude 83" 45'. the
highest point then reached. On Apn] 29, 1829.
he received the honour of knighthood. In 1837 he
was employed m organising the [lacket service
between Liverpool, Holyhead, and Dublin. For a
period of nine years, from 1837-46, he was con-
troller of the Steam Department of the Navy. On
retiring from active service he was appointed cap-
tain-superintendent of (laslar Hospital, and in
11^52. on obtaining the rank of admiral, he was
appointed Governor of Greenwich Hospital, which
post he held until his death. July. 183s- Sn
Parry's Journal of " A Second Voyage for tht
Discovery of the North-West Passage " (iSit",.
" Narrative of the Attempt to Reach the N'ortli
Pole in Boats" {1827). Memoirs of Rear-Adminl
Parry, by Rev. Edward Parry, M.A. (18S7). ^ff"
to Arctic Exploration.
M
Fanoiu, The Hon. Chrales Algemcm. 03.
engineer. 1904; F.R.S. ; LL.D. (Glasgow): D5t
(Oxford. Dublin, Durham) : J.F. Northutaberlind.
Fourth surx-iving son of the late WiUiam, Ear) of
Roase (b. London. June 13. 1S54). From hu eariv
youth developed a natural gift for cogineeriag. ami
after private tuition at home and I>ublin. cnt«rr4
Cambridge in 1872, and in 1S76 graduated as iitfi
wrangler. In 1877 was apprenticed to Sir W. G,
.Armstrong, Etswick Works, and in 18S0 served aa
the staf! of Messrs. Kitson and Co.. Leeds, aari
while there developed an epic>*c1otc]at engine br
the driWng of dynamos and centrifugal ptmi^
In 18S4 entered the firm of Messrs. Clark. Ch^pDiu
and Co. as a partner, and there worked on tlr
development of the steam turbine for tinviai
dynamos and other purposes. In 18S9 be surtnl
in business under the title of Messrs* C. A. Pacsu
and Co.. for the manufacture of steam tnrbna
dynamos, searchlight reflectors, and in 1894 becafl*
managing director of a pioneer syndica"
Mannc Steam Turbine Co.. which, after coiul
the Tutbinia, was acqniml by the Parsoiis' Manat
Steam Turbine Co. for the commercial dcx-elopincnl
of the .system. In igo2 was awarded the Rumlcri
med.-il of the Royal Societj*, and in 1904 the Gn»-
lioff medal of the German Society on Engine^
Publications: Numerous papers on " Tiiitiori'
for technical papers.
Ptnons^ Marine 8(«am Tarbine Co.. Ltd..
binia Works. WaJI.s<md-on-Tyne. This
was formed in July. 1897. to take over the r^
of the Pioneer Sj-ndicate. The Marine Steam Ti»
bine Co., Ltd.. which had been formed in Jaauan-
1894. to exploit the application of the T»nm
Steam Turbine to marine propulsion. tho«! cfaK^
associated in this pioneer syndicate being the Earf
of Rosse, the Hon. C. .\. Parsons, Norman *'■
Cookson, Christopher Leyland. John B. Smipsot.
A. A. Campbell Swinton, the late George Clayts.
H. C Harvey, and Gerald Stoaey. It was dta^
etxpedient. for reasons of economy, and aiao d
time (as many alterations were anticipatedl. v
build as small a vessel as po&iiiblc.. but not aond
as to preclude the attainment of an unpncedeilBl
rate of speed. The 7'urbinia was constnicted, W
dimensions being 100 ft. in length, g It.
3 ft. draught of hull, and 44 tons di
She was fitted with turbine engines of a <
with an expansive ratio of 150 fold also'
water-tube boiler of great power of the ei|l!<»
small tube type, but with no f ced heator. Ttt
turbine engines consisted of three separate
C.td..T^
PARSONS
481
PARTICULAR
— the high pressure, the intermediate, and the
low pressure — each driving one screw shaft inde-
pendently ; to ilw low pruHSore, or centre ahaft,
the reversing turbine wns also conplwl. and on each
shaft were keyed three propellers of small diameter
and o( normal pitch ratio. This arraugcmeiit was
found to be the best aflt-r many trials, and the
maximum indicated Hp. (Stained on rtimt of about
five mOes duration was 3,300, giving a speed of
34* Ws.
The resulU of the Turbtnia having been found
flatisfactor>-. the rights of the Marine Steam Turbine
Co., Ltd., as already mentioned, were taken over
by a larger company^the Parsons' Marine Steam
Turbine Co., Ltd. — to carry on the work on a
commerriAl scale, tlu: directorate bring the Earl
of Rosse, Christopher Leyland, Norman C. Cookson.
John B. Simpson, and A. A. Campbell Swtnton,
with the Hon. C. A. Parsons as managing director.
Works were erected at Wallsend-oo-Tvne, and in
1898 the company contractf-d with Sir W. G.
Armstrong, Wbitworth and Co., for turbine
macliincry for one of their torpedo boat destroyers
— the Cnbra. In the same year the company con-
tracted with the Admiralty for a 31 kl. torpedo-
boat destroyer — tlic Vipet — of the same dimensions
as the usual 30 kt. vessels of that class. The Yipet
passed all her official trials, and fulhltcd ail the
guarantees of her contract and, as regards speed,
she Considerably exceede<l the 31 kts. guaranteed.
The Viptr at that time proved herjeU to be the
fastest vessel afloat, having obtained on one hour's
run the mean speed of 5^'58 kts.
The following list shows in LHp. the output
ol turbine engines from the company's works t^ach
year since the commencement ;
igoo 11.500 LHp.
1901 15,000 „
1902 19.000 .,
1903 . . - . 32,200 ,,
1904 4S.200 „
1905 .. 50.600 .,
igo6 43.'^*>o '.
1907 65.500 .,
In 1900, with the object ol developing the
foreign business, a subsidiary company, called
Parsons' Foreign Patents Co., Ltd., was formed to
deal with steam turbines throughout a large
portion of the Continent of Europe. In 1903, in
view ol the rapidly increasing demand for turbine
engines, the directors decided to licenw some of
"'the leatling tngineering and sbipbuilduig firms in
nhe British Isirs to manufacture marine steam
urbines and so far 26 of the principal engineering
»iBd shipbuilding firms have taken out licences.
JMso in the L'nited States, seven of the leadmg firms
Xiave taken out Hccnces. and licences have also been
granted to firms in Italy, Canada. Japan, and
>lo1land. At the present lime, the total LHp. of
"t-urbioe engines completed and on order with the
ifflpany and the bcensces is about 1.250,000,
and It may be mentioned that the largest vessels
afioat are being fitted with turbines, from the
dcsii^ of the Parsons' Marine Steam Turbine Ca,
Ltd.
In July. 1905. Sir William Henry Wfiite. K.C.B..
F.R.S. was appointwl a director of tlit- company.
and in October. n>o6, Mr. R. J. Walker, manager
of the company, was appointed joint managing
director.
Part To break.
Part average. Se* Collision.
Partenope. Itahan torpedo gunboat {iSHifV
Uisplaciment 850 tons. Complement! iS.
(iitns, A tmour,
1 — 47 in. " Steel.'*
6—6 pdr. 1^ in. Deck.
3—1 pdr.
Torpedo Tubes.
6 Above water.
Twin screw, Hp. 4,100= i9'5 kts. Coal maxi-
mum 180 tons.
Partial loss. See Particular Average.
Partictilar Average may be defined as damage to
or partial loss of the interest msnred — damage or
loss not amounting to a constructive total loss. It
must have an accidental cause, and this cause '
must be proximately a peril of the sea. (Kidston
V. Empire, L.R.. i C.P.. 535 ; also 7 C.P. ist.)
An underwriter does not undertake that when
goods arrive at their destination in a s<^a-damnged
state the assured shall receive for them an amount
etpial to thwT insured xTilne, or that the assured
shall not sustain any loss by their being damaged
he undertakes to protect the assured from any
loss which the intergsl insured may receive from the
perils dftitiUd in tks pcliey. Wlien he has done so
the indemnity la complete.
There Ls, therefore, an important distinction
running through the whole of this branch of insur-
ance law. vis., that (he extent of loss the a^ured
on goods sustains by the sea damage is one thing,
the amoant which the underwriter may have to
pay in respect thereof may be quite another.
Two p«Bts are. therefore, to be clearly kept in
view — fi) l^Tiat K the inlert-st injured ? and (a)
Wlmt loss has that interest sustained from the
perils insured against '
On cargo legally, the value of an interest prior
to declaration is the invoice value, including
sliipping expenses and insurance charges. The
value in a polinj' may by agreement be more, bat
the interest insured, ol course, remains the same.
The Courts of Law have further determined that
when goods reach their destination in a sea>
damaged state, the claim under the policy (like the
loss which the interest insured has sustained) sJiaO
be ascertained by a comparison of the gross soimd
R
PARTICULAR
482
PARTICULAR
valoe and the gross procredft of the damaged goods,
thus:
Groae c«l>
sound value
of tbc da-
nMBd goods
ontheuy at
iheir al«
(ntlHind du-
tiM. Bic),
wben tbc««
duffM >rv
Eid l>y the
pert.
luMiied
value of
llie
nuodb.
DilTtrwiOB,
tn'twe*^ till
V,ittia> tU\d
Ihe Grti>9.
caali prii-
init the du-
lie*. etc.),
when thou
chaiacs xre
Mid b>' the
burent.
Claim
oil tbf
tinder-
This may sound complicated, and may bt.
perhaps, beHtr illustrated by a claim simply stated :
Tbd bales cotton damaged and picked. Insured
vaJue. £100; gross sound value, £120 ', expenses
oi picking and making merchantable. ^8 : gross
procee«ls of sale, /i 14- The claim would be stated
thus —
Gross sound value . . . . . . ;^i 30
Gross proceeds j^i 14
Less Picking expenses. . 8
to6
Loss
ii4
If j^iao. gross sound value, loses £14. the insured
value, i^ioo, losea £n 13J. 4^. The claim on the
policy is ^11 13*. 4rf.
Goods sold damaged short ot their destination
[at a port of rcJuge. for example) are usually treated
as a Salvage Loss (q.v.).
On ship. — The damage sustained is usually
measured by the cost of the repairs, (Pitman v.
Universal Marine Co., L.R. q Q.B. 192; Aitchison
V, Lolirc 4 Asp. Mar. L.C. 170). In all Particular
Average on ship there Is a deduction of one-third
" new for old " unless specially agreed to, or by
custom not made. (Fenwick v. RDbinson $ C and
P. 323 ; Piril v. Steele 2 M. and Robb 49 ; 8 C. and
P. 200.) The principle on which it is based is this :
When a casualty happens— say, for instance, that a
mast is carried away in a storm — the lost mast is
rcplaeed. It i» usual to replace it ^^ith a new one.
and a new mast is better Ihan an old one. If Uie
under\^'riter paid for the new mast in full, he would
pay not only the damage the storm did, but also all
the previous wear and tear ot the mast. If each
case had to be argued about, there would be practi-
cally no end to tbem ; so a uniform rule is laid down,
in wooden ships, iron ships, and steamers, to
deduct one-third, unless the vessel be on her
firat voyage. Tliis is deducted from all materials
except copper, or yellow metal sheatliing ; and
from labour, but not from graving dock dues and
similar expenses.
When a vessel sustains damage in the course of
a voyage, and is repaired at a port of refuge, and
such repairs arc paid for by the shipowner — and
before she rrachr^s her detttinalion she is totally
loMt. the total toss ot the vessel doea uoi affect the
liabihty of the underwriter for the repairs. The
underwriter is liable for them ; .1.
deductum) apaxt from the total loss.
When several accidents occur in a ship tnsmid
by one policy, tltc- amount o( loss in each of «fcidL
an Particulos Average, is under 3%. but fmn ifi
collijctively excevds 3%, such Particular Avmfn
are in most cases recoverable, t^nderwriien, hw-
ever, generally guard against this in Time Pcbos
by a special clause.
Extraordinary expenditure property umoRd
for the purpose of preventing or mitigating a kia
which would otherwise accrue, and fall do !ke
underwriter, is recoveiablc from hitn, but not ub
generally thought because it i.>i Particular Awtit,
but because it comes within the scope of the "Sk
and Labour Clause " (q.v.). By the French law il it
expressly included in Particular Average.
When shipwrights' and other hills for rrpoinari
paid in cash, there is u.sually a discroant allowed cb
them. In Particular Average adjustments ^
usual discounts are deducted whether tbc bilk id
paid in cash or not ; and in detemnining vbnte
a Particular Average amounts to 3% all cxftma
which do not form part of the cost of repajnagiy
damage which the ship has sustained nuMt b
excluded because they are not part of the PvMakt
Average. jVU expenses incurred to prove Ai
damage to the underwriter must, conseqoendy, h
excluded in calculating the 3%.
In practice, no deduction is made Irom tlie<M
of anchors, and otu-stxth only is deducted Iraadc
cost of chain cables.
Tumporar)' repairs (when it is not ponUl »
have them done prc^icrly) are paid in fttU, icaA il*
permanent rej>air5 when done paid for witb tk
usual deductions.
Anchors, chains, and hawsers wliich break «h>
a vessd is amply riding by theoa are not clu^
able to underwriters.
Underwntcrs arc not liable for repairing dan^
caused by decay, and, therefore, when a dcoirf
mast is carried away in a gate, they arc not ki^
if it is lost in conseijuence of the decay. Datvks
tlie loss of a mast is not attributable to dccaj.a
underwriter is not exempt from liability aoA
becaufic the mast Lt decayed.
On Freight. — The usual terms of insuniW •
Freight are those of the Memorandum (j.b \ b*
occasionally freight is insured f-pa., unless stnaM
etc., chiefly freight of salt, becau.se Uie salt u •
insured. A Particular Average on Freight » *
partial loss of that subject arising from 1 p«
uuured ag.iinst (from the non-deli very of a jart *
the cargo at its destination). A partial loit «
freight partly advanced at shipment, and temtf^
payable on deHvery of cargo at dnstinatioa dqivA
on the wording of the charter-party. (AUiM »■
Bristol Marine Co., L.R. i App. Cas. 309).
According to the Law of England the amosBl*
be recovered on aji open or unvaJued poix? «
frei^t is the gross amount at risk aa pet cbad*-
party or bills of lading, plus charges of insurance.
(Aniould 4 th Ed. p. 304.)
The stranding oJ a ship with only part of her
car^o on board aBcctj only the cargo on boartl ;
and the straniling of a craft equally affects only
the cargo in the craft or l-ghter. In this clause th«
peril of collision 15 a cause of partial loss or damage
for which the underK-riters adroit their liability not-
withstanding the warranty. Refer to Particular
Charges.
PartJcalar Charges in marine in5urBncr are ex-
penses incurred in the presp.rvation and recovery
of insured property such as warehouse rent, cost of
rcshipping : cost of forwarding difler from Par-
ticular Average cliarges which arise from actual
damage (diminution and /or deterioration) but not
expenses in recover^' or saving the property.
(Kidston v. Empire Marine, L.R. i C.P. 535 ;
L.R.2C.P, 357.)
Parting. Breaking.
Partacn. The wooden frame-wotk round the
aoutties in a ship's deck, through which nu9ts.
capstans, etc.. pass.
Partridire. British ist cIr^s gun-boat (75 tons.
T3i kts.). Launched 1888.
PaocaL French 2nd class cruiser. (Toulon, 1895.)
L«ngth 333ft. Beam 44ft. Maximum draught 21 fL
Displacement 4,000 tons. Complement ^^H.
Guns. Armour.
4 — 6'4 in., 45 cal. " Steel."
lo — 4 in.
10 — 3 pdr.
4—1 pdr.
2 in. Deck.
2 in. Casemates.
2 m. Conning tower.
Torftcdo Tubes (177 ia.).
2 Above water.
Twin screw. Hp., 8.500= 195 kts. Coal maxi-
mum 750 tons. .^pproximBtc cost l$$o,ooo.
Pan. A geographical term abbreviated from
-passage.
Vnamse money olatua. Sm Qauscs.
Pasaaro, Battle ol Cape. In 1718 the British
under Admiral Byng. when on a mission to relieve
the town of Messina, attacked, of! Cape Passaro,
the Spani^. who had seized the whole island
of Sicily. Admiral Byng captured the Spanish
admiral and two flag officers, and of 40 Spanish
eiacls, he took, burnt, or compelled the enemy
to destroy 25.
Passenger. A name applied to one travelling on
A ship, not bcin§ one of the ship's company.
Passenger boats. .Merchant Shippmg Act, 1B94,
sections iOj-yj$.
I. The expression " passenger steamer" means
«very British steamship carrying passengers to,
troni, or between places in the United Kingdom,
juid every foreign steamship can^nng passengers be-
tween p^ca in the United Kingdom. Every ship
carrying more than 12 passengers must be sur-
veyed at least once a year by a shipwright surveyor
and engineer surveyor, whose declarations, stating
certain particulaiB as to the efficiency of ship, Iicr
machinery, fittings and officers' certificates, arc
transmitted by the cm-ner to the Board of Trade.
The Board then issues a certificate (a duplicate of
which is posted on the ship) specifying the limits
(it any) beyond wtiich the steamer is not to ply and
the number of passengera she is fit to carry in each
claiis. An appeal by thu owner from the declaration
of or refusal to give a declaration by the surveyor
is heard by the local Court 01 Survey. For carry-
ing pa^i»engc^s in excess of tin* numlier allowed, tlie
owner or master shall be li.tbtc to a fine not excevd-
ing ^20. and also to a hoc nut exceeding 55. for
every passenger above the number allowed. The
general equipment of passenger stuaiiicni is regu-
lated by section 285, which deals witli compa<u>
adjustment, fire hoses, deck shelters and safety
valves. No ship shall carry any p.a!isengeni on
more than two decks except that cabin passengers
not exceeding one for every 100 tons of the ship's
registered tonnage, and sick person in hospital
may be carried in a poop or deck house. Every
foreign-going hliip liaving on board 100 persons
mnst carry a medical practitioner. Ifefet to
Cabin, Shtpmatc.
3. The expresiion " emigrant ship " means every
sea-going sliip, British or foreign, carrying more
than 50 steerage passengers, or a greater number
than one adult (or every 33 tons of a sailing vessel's
registered tonnage, and for every 30 tons of a
steamer's registered tonnage. Before proceeding
to soa from a port in the (Jnited Kingdom (a) every
emigrant ship not holding a passenger certificate
must be surveyed under the direction of an emigra-
tion officer, and, in addition to other requirements
under this Act, be provided with (i) three steering
compasses and one azimuth compass. (3^ at
least one chrooometcr if going north of. and two
chronometers if going south of, the equator ;
(3) a fire engine, means of night signalling, and
three l>ower anchors and cables, approved by the
eimgration officer ; and (4) i( a foreign ship, with
four hfc buoys kept ready for use. [b] The food
and water must be survisyed and the emigration
officer satisfied as to their condition, {c) The
medical stores, comforts and disinfectants must be
medically inspected. {d\ The crew and steerage
passengers shall be medically inspected and the
emigtxtion officer satisfied that they are fit to pro-
ceed lo sea. (f) The master and owner or charterer
shall enter mto a joint and several bond in the sum
of £3,000 to the Crown. Whore neither the owner
nor charterer resides in the British Isles, tlie bond
shall be in the sum of ^5.000. and shall contain a
condition for the payment to the Crown, as a Crown
debt, oi all expenses incurred under this Act, in
rescuing, maintaining, and forwarding to tlieir
destination any steerage passengers who. from
shipwreck or other causes apart froni their own
14 :
PASSENGERS
484
PATRIA
dvfitvit or negl«ct, an not convoyvd to th«ir
intended destinatian.
Tbe lOth Schedule of this Act limits the numb«r
ol paaaeogcra to tm carried, the nth provides for
their berthing, hoBpitals, privies, and rentilation ;
tbe 12th contaios a scale ol weekly dietary.
£>'cry cnugrant sJup ehall be manned by an
edictcnt cicw to the satisiaction of the emigration
officer. A mt^ical oQicer stiall b« carried where
there are over 50 steerage passengers, or over 300
aouls, ail told, on board.
Refer to I>eck Cargo, Dangeroui Goods, Merchant
Shipping AcL
PwMn^n. The cTprcssion " passenger " in-
cliidc-s any [lerson carried on a ship, other than the
maattT or rrcw and the owners, his family and
8«r\-ant5. The shipowner in relaiiun lo passengers
is not an insurer, his duty is to ose *' due care."
He docs not warrant the soundness of his ship, and
is not liable for latent defects in her. He is. how-
ever, responsible to a passenger he has contracted
lo carry for injury caused by the nrgligcnce of his
servants while acitug within the scope of Utcir
employment . and is likewise r«--?<ponHibIo to a ^laswn-
ger carrit'f) on another sliii* lur injury caused by
collision w'ith that other ship due to the negligence
of his M:rvants. The shipowner it also liable (or
luggage lost or damaged whilst in tht; cliarge of his
.wrvants. unless the passenger lias control of it.
But if a shipowner contractn himself out of bis
liability for loss or damage to a passenger of his
baggage, the terms of the contract will be binding
if brouglit tQ the passenger's notice. Passengers are
subject to the authority of the master, and the
limit of this authority is the necessity of the case,
having regard to the security of the ship and those
on board. There is a lien for unpaid i>assage money
on luggage, but nut on the passenger hims«U, or hts
clothes.
Reler to Cabin, Employers' liability. Limitation
of LiabUity, Merchant Shipping Act.
PuMngers, Sw. See Merchant Shipping.
PuH Tolaat An otisolete term expicasing a
movable piece ol oidnancc.
Pauport. t. A document issued by the Forcigu
Office to a peraon about to travel abroad (on pn>-
ducbon of a oertificato of identity) requesting
fweign governments to assist and protect tiie
holder whose signature it bean.
In the loUbwing countries a pas^iport is absolutely
easential. Dt'j., Austna- Hungary (if i-atercd from
Servia or Routnania). China (except the open ports),
the Dominican Republic, Hayti, Persia, Rouma-
ma, KuitSia, the Turkish Empire, and Venezuela.
X A Pajsetport. ahu> caih-d a Sea Letter or Sea.
Brief, is a ocrtibcalc carried by every ooutral
vessel, in tlif tune of war, to insure her unmunity
from capture. Id it is set out the name of the
master, the tonnage and destinattao ol the vobavI,
•nd tbe nature and quantity of her cargo.
Such certificate grants the master pennisBiaa to
sail on the intended voyage under the protection
of his country's flag, together wjlh which it 1
the chief proof of neutrality.
Pfttagooia. .\rgentlne small cruiser.
Displacement 1.443 tons. Complement aio.
Cutis. ArmoHf.
I— 10 in. " SteeL"
6 — 6't pdr. I) in. Deck.
4 in. Gun shields.
Twin screw. Hp. 3,400914 kts. Coal m»Ki-
mum 350 toiLS.
^terson. James Venn ;b, Glasgow, June 17, iS
American naval architect. Educated Glasgow"
Umversity, West of Scotland Technical Collegv.
Served apprenticeship in Lintbousc sliipyard and
Meadow-side 8hip>'ards. Clyde, and m 1S91 was
appointed chief draughtsman at Southampton
Naval Works. Assisted Professor J. H. £Ules in
designing the St. Louis, St. Paul, and other steamers
for the American and Red Star Line, and snpcnn-
tendfd their construction. In 189J beca.me naval
architect to the International Na^ngation Co.. now
the International Mercantile Marine Co. Is tbe
in\i?ntor of a flexible joint for the supcratructurei
of stcamcre, which has proved a great suooesi.
Member of the Institution of Naval Architects, the
Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders, and the
Society of Naval Architects and Marine Enginecrt
Paterson. Walter L&idlaw Colrin (b. Lanarkstiire).
Served his apprenticeship to engineering with tb*
Shotts Iron Co., and in i860 joined the firm of
Messrs. Randolph. Elder, and Co. He becatnr
associated with the Anchor Line aa junior
engineer, and was promoted chief engineer, and
liixs served in this capacity to must of their ne*
steamers. In iSSi he retired from active sea li'C
and became assistant superintendent engineer, a^
in 1884 promoted to chief superintendent cnsy-^
Member of the lastitutlon of Engineers and ^' r
builders.
Path&nder. Britixh acout. [Laird. 1904-I
Length 36olt, Beam 38ft. Majcimum draagbt iji't.
Displacement 3.500 tons. Complement j68.
Guns, Afjnour.
10 — 12 pdr. i| in. Deck.
8 Pompoms.
Torpedo Tubts.
2 Submerged-
Twin acre«'. Hp. 17,000—25 kta. CoaJ ■»**■
mum 380 tons. Approximate coat £275,ooa
Pfttrii. Portuguese gun boat. (Lisbon, i^V*
Length, 197 ft ; beam. 27^ ft. : draugbt, H ^■
displacement, 620 tons ; armament. 4 4-ia.. 6 tH »'
Hp., 1,800= 15 kts.
Patha. .\rgcntine toqiedo gun-boat, l&t^
head, 1894.)
t
PATRIE
4S5
PEARY
Length 250ft. Beam 21ft. Draught ro(t
Duplacemcnt 1,070 tons. Complement 159.
Guns.
2 — 4' 7 in.
4— Spdr.
»— 3 pdr.
3 fthxima.
Torpedo Tubes [14 in.).
5 Above water.
lip. 4,500=20} lets. Coal 28a tons.
Fatrie. French ist class battleship. (La Seyne,
1903)
Xength 452ft. Beam fgit, Maximtira draught a/It.
Displacement 14.865 tons. Complement 793.
Cuns. Armour.
4 — 12 in., 45 cal. " Knipp."
18 — 6*4 in. 11 in. Belt amidships.
26—3 pdr. 13 in. Turrets.
a— I pdr. 13 in. Conning tpwer.
Torptdo Tubes (17 7 in.).
2 Submerged.
3 Above water.
Three screws. Hp., 17.500=18 kls. Coal roaxi-
.uni I .S50 tDos. Approximate cost {1.420,000.
Patrol. British scout. (Laird, 1904.)
Dgth 360ft. Beam 3Rft. Maximum draught tj^ft.
THsplacement 2.500 tons. Complement 26S.
Gun$. A rmouT.
10 — 12 pdr. ij in. Deck.
8 Pompoms.
Torf>«th Tubes.
3 Submerged.
Twin screw. Hp. 17,000=25 kts. Coal maxi-
lUrn 330 tons. Approximate cost £275,000.
Pattuur. A latc«n-rigged dhow type of cargo-
vessel used by the Mohammedan seamen on the
Sotnbay coast
Faal Jones. U.S. torpcdo>boat dcstroyei (1900).
£>i^lac«mcnt. 420 tons; u>mplement. 64; guns,
3 t4'Pdr.. 5 6-pdr. : torpedo tubes, 3 i8-in. amid-
iliips and aft ; Hp., 8,000=29 kts. ; ^oal. 139 tons.
PawL Short bars of iron fixed close to capstan
or ^^nndlassof a ship, to prevent the recoil overpower-
ing the men.
Par, To cover or ftn with a waterproof compo-
sition such as tar. pitch, tallow, rcsin, utc,
Pfty A seun. To pour hot pitch ovct the oakum
after caulking to keep out wet.
Pay away and pay ont. To slacken cables or
liawBcrs.
Pay down. Lowering anything.
Paymasters. HaraL See Naval Education.
Pay, NavaL Set^ Naval Edncntion.
Pay oB. When tite ship's head falls from the
iiinn<-l Jud drops to leeward.
PX. Ihstingutshmg letters on sea ttsluug boats
registered at Cranz. Germany.
PJ). Distinguishing letters on sea fishing boats
registered at Peterhea<I. Scotland
PJ>. Position doubtful. .\bbreviat)on adopted
on the cliarts issued by the Hydrographic Office,
Admiralty,
PJL Distinguishing letters on sea fiahug boats
registered at Poole, Don>et. England.
Peak. The outer corners of sails eocteoded by a
gag.
Pearl oyster. (Classiflod as AoicuJa Margan'ti-
fera.) Is an oyster slightly larger than the Euro-
pean congener, and is valuable for the pearl it bears,
the shells themselves being of no commercial value.
These arc found more or less in all parts of the
world, bat particularly on the coast of Ceylon,
Western Australia. Panama, and some parts of
Mexico and California.
Pearson, Admiral Sic Hugo Lewis, K.CB.« cr.
1904 [b. June 30, it)43). Educated private
schools, Southwtdl. Notts, and Wimbledon ; entered
Navy, 1855 ; sub-lieutflnant. 1862 : lieutenant.
1863 ; commander, 187a ; captain, (879 ; served
ia H.M. ships Jirunswick, Liffcy. Si. Gsorgd, Victoria
and A Ibert, VelvrMs, ScylU , commander of Lord
Warden, bearing the flag of Sir Hastings Yelverton.
G.C.B. ; commanded St, ViitceMl, and Ruyat
Yacht Oiborjie ; flag-captain to Sir Wtn. DowcU,
G.C.B., in H.M.S. Audacious, on China Station ;
captain of Cotossus and Excellent; Naval A.D.C.
to the late Queen Victoria, 1892-95 ; captain of
CoUin%wood and Barfieur during manceuvrcs, (895 ;
rear-admiral, 1895 ; rear-admiral in Reserve
Fleet, with flag in Watspite and Sans Partil, at
inanojuvros, and at Spithcad in Jubilee Fleet;
Commander-in-Chief AustraUan Station, 1898-1901 ;
vice-admiral 1901 ; Commander-in-Chief at the
Norc, 1904: K.C.B. on His Majesty's birthday,
1904 ; admiral, 1904.
Peary, Robert Edwin |iH$6). .^m^rican ^Vrctic
explf>ri-T and civil tiigineer, U.S. Navy, with the
rank o( coniniander (b. Creitson Spnags. Peim..
U.S.A.). Entervd U.S, Navy in 1S81. and four
years later was appointed assistant -engineer on Uie
Nicaragua Ship Canal, subsetjuently being ap-
pointed suix-rintrndcn I -engineer of the League
Inland Naval Dry Dock, His first experience in
Arctic exploration began in 1891, and is described
in his " Northward, over the Great Ice " (189H),
and in a paper " Four Vcar&' .\rctic Explon«tion "
(1898-1902), In his " Northwar<l, over the Gruat
Ice." he summarises bis work thus: A summer
voyage and reconnaissance ot the Greenland inland
ice (1886) ; a ij month.i' sojourn in North Green-
land, including a 1.200 nulcs slcilgc journey across
the tcc-eap, and the determination of the insularity
of Greenland (1891-92) ; a ^5 months' stay in North
Greenland, including a second i,2no mdes sledge
joumey across the ice-cap ; the completion of the
study of the Whale Sound natives ; a detailed
PEB.
486
PELIKAN
survey oX that region, and the discovery of the
great Cape York meteoritca (1893-95) : summer
voyagfs (1S96-97}. iDclodiDg the securing of the
last and largest of the Cape York meteorites.
During the third Arctic expedition for the dis-
covery ol the North Pole (1808-1902) Pear)' rounded
the northern end of Greenland, the most northerly
known land in ihe world, and 8uceee<led in reaching
84° 1 7' N. latitude, the highest latitude then
attained. In the summer of 1905 he started by
way o( Greenland for tie North Pole in the steamer
Rooicvttt, specially coustructed for the undertaking,
proi'ided with armature to force its way through
the ice, and funuahed with an installation of wire-
less telegraphy. On November 4, 1906, news was
received in New York thai Peary had gained for
the United Statta the " Furthest North " record.
The Roosevelt spent the winter of 1905 on the
north coast of Grant Land, somewhere north of
the Atrrt's wintej* quarters. In February, 1905,
Peary with bis party went north with sledges via
Hecia and Columbia. They were delayed by open
water I)etween 84° and 85°, and beyond 85" a lax
days' gale disrupted the ice, destroyed the caches,
cut oft communication with the supporting bodies,
and drifted them due east. They reached 87* 6' N.
latitude over ice. drifting steadily eastwards. On
the return journey great hardships were endured,
and the ship was eventually reached by way of
the Grreuland coast. After one week's recupera-
tion in the lioosrveU. Peary with hut party sledged
west, completing tlie north coast of Grant Land,
and reaching other land near the lootli meridian.
The homeward voyage was an incessant battle
with ice, storms, and bead winds. The Roosevelt
pro\-cd herself a magnificent ice fighter and sea-
boat, and on hera^i^'al in Battle Harl>our, I.abrador,
was without coal, the expedition being obliged to
use some of the wood fittings and large quantities
of blubber as fud to get her to port, which waa
made November 3, 1906. after an absence ol nearly
Id months.
peb. Pebbles. Abtveviation adopted on the
charts issued by the Hydrogrnphic Office, Ad-
miralty, denoting the quality of the ocean's bottom.
Peder Skram. Danish coast service battleship
(1905).
Length 27jft. Beam 49ft. Maximum draught 16ft.
Displacement 3,470 tons. Complement 350.
Guns. Armout.
2 — 9*4 in. *■ Krupp."
4 — 6 in. 7 in. Belt amidships.
10 — 6 pdr. 7 in. Turrets,
4 — 1 pdr. 7 in. Conning tower.
5 Machine.
Tofptdo Tubes.
3 Submerged.
Hp 4,200= 1 6*5 kts.
VllfMOi Italian torpedo-boat, (Naples, 1905,)
Length, 165 ft. ; beam. t7 ft. : draught. 7 fL :
displacement, 200 tons ; armament, 3 3-pdr..
3 tubes; twin screw; Hp., 3.000=35 Vts. ; coal.
40 tons.
Pegasus. British 3rd class cruiser. (Sheemess.
1897.)
Length 300ft. Beam 36ft. Maximum draught I7(t,
Displacement 2,155 ^^^- Complement 334.
Guns. Armour.
8 — ^4 in. 2 in. Deck.
8—3 pdr.
Torpedo Tubes (14 in.).
3 Above water.
Twin screw. Hp. 7,000 = 305 kts. Coal normal
250 tons. Approximate cost ^t 50.000.
This ship-name is associated with Rodney's
action against De Guichea, 17S0: Hood at St
Kitt's, 1783; battle of "The Cktrious First ol
June," 1794.
Pegasus. Steam packet from Leith. Lost ofi
Frni Island, July 19. 1843 • 5^ hves lottt.
Peg-top sunset. When the sua is setting over
ilif sea it sometimes assumes the shape of a peg-
top owing to refraction.
P. E. H. Distinguishing letter;) on sea fishing
boats registered at Perth, Scotland.
Pelayo. Spanish armoured ship. (La Scync ,
1887.) Rccoustruciod 1897.
Length 330ft. Beam 66ft. Maximum draught z8fL
Dispbcement 9,95a tons. Complement 631.
Guns.
3 — 13'6 in.
3—11 in.
9—5*5 »n-
13 — 3 pdr.
9—1 pdr.
3 Machine.
Armour.
•• Steel. ■
t6 in. Belt araidshipa.
16 in. Barbettes,
3 in. Battery.
Torpfdo Tubts.
7 Above watpT.
Hp. 7,996aBi6 kts.
Coal maxi-
Twin screw,
mum 667 tons.
Pelenk-i-Doria. Turkish torpedo gim-boat (tS^oV
Displacement 900 tons.
Gums,
2 — 4 iiL
6 — 3 pdr.
Torpedo Tubes.
3 Above water. "
Twin screw. Hp. forced 4,500=019 kts.
Pelikaan. Netherlands gun-vessel, Dutch Indian
Navy (1888). Displacement, 400 tons. Of Uttki
fighting value.
Pelikan. Austro-Hungarian turret defence ship.
(Elbing, 1893.) Length, 379 ft.; beam. 39) fL^
draught, 15} ft.: displaoenietit, 3,431 tons; co«D — '
plement, 196 ; armament, 3 5'9*iiL„8small.4 tnba^S
Hp.. 4.6«o=i8 kts.
PaUkaa. German cruiser (nuniog ship). (IQci^ •
1891,) Length. 359 ft.; beam. 38 ft.; dtmtighrr-^
PELLICANO
487
PENINSULAR
t4i ft.; displacement, 3,315 tons: cof^plvotent.
183 ; amiamrQt. 4 3'4-ui.. 4 Maxims: Hp.. 3.000=
15 kts. Coal. ,i;o tons-
PelUoano. Italian torpedo-boat. (Odcro, 1S99.)
Length. 157 ft,; beam, 19 ft.; draught, 14 ft;
displacement. 147 tons : complement. 28 ; arma-
znent. 2 3-pdr., 2 tiibcs ; twin screw; Hp.. 2.700=
35 kt3. : coal. 24 tons.
Pdomi. British 3rd class cruiser. fSheemess,
1896.)
Length joott- Beam 36ft. Maximum draught r7(t.
Displacement 3,135 tons. Complement 324.
Oitns. Armour.
8 — 4 in. 3 in. Deck.
»— 3pdr.
Torfwto Tmbet {14 in.).
2 Above n-ater.
Twin screw. Hp. 7.000 = 20*5 kt». Coal normal
350 tons. Approximate cost ;£ 150.000.
■^Vembroke. 60 guns. On Apnl 13, 1749. this
B|bs<^] was loist near Pono Novo, when 330 of her
crew perished.
Femhrokei British depdt ship (5.724 tons).
Launched 1850.
Pembroke Dock Gazette. E'iUblislicd t^i.
Publislitti weekly (TliiirMlay^ Prio; id. Address:
Pembroke.
Pembroke Dock Journal. KstablLsIicd 1901.
PulMished wockly (Thursday) Pricr id. Address :
Pembroke.
Pembrokeshire Sailing Clab. Established i594-
Commodon:', Major H. W. Davw ; Vice -Commodore.
J. B. Gaskell ; Honorary Secretary and Treasurer.
iE- O. Elford. Prmbroke Dock, South Wales.
^Annual subscription, los.
Pttmone. British 30! class cruiser. {Shecmess,
,1897)
rgih 30o(t. Beam jftlt Maximum draught 17ft.
Displacement 3,135 t^^^^- Complemeut 224.
Ouns. Armoin.
g— 4 in, 2 in. Deck.
8— 3pdr.
Torpedo Tubes (14 »n-).
3 Above water.
Twm screw. Hj». 7,000=205 kts. Cool normal
50 tons. Approximate coat ^150,000.
Penarth Yeobt Clab. Established iSSi. Flag:
;Jtcd eaiign. Burgee : Blue, with while dog's
\A. Commodore. Colonel Fiieroy Clayton ; Vice-
Commodore. J. Chellcw ; Rear-Commodore, Good-
enougb Taylor ; Treasurer and Secretary. F. P.
Adey. Entrance fee. £2 2(. and £1 i*. ; annual
ibscription, ii sr. and {x is.
PenceL A small flag.
Ptedftnt A thick rope wiUi tackle ait^ichcd.
PMdor, Sir John (i8if>^). Pioui.-cr ut 5ub-
larine telegraphy (h. Scotland). Was one of the
345 contributors who risked ^i.ooo each in the
Transatlantic cable in 1857, and when tlie Atlantic
Cable Co. was rutncd by the loss of the 1865 cable,
he funned, together with Sir William Thomson (the
lale l.orU Kelvin). Sir Charles Bright, and others,
the Anglo-American C-o., and a new caUc was laid
in i8d6. Subsequently he fostered cable enterprise
in all parts of the world, and to his energy was
duo the formation of tlie Eastern and Eastern
Extension Telegraph Companies, and at the time
of his death he controlled compamcs having a
capital of j^i 5,000,000 sterling, and owning 73,460
nautical miles of cable.
Penelope, 24 guns. In October. 1780, this
vessel was lost in a storm in the West Indies.
Pengllin. British sloop (1,150 tons, it kts.l.
LaunclictI 1876.
Pflninsniar and Oriental Steamship Co. One of
the first notable steamship Imcs to be organised
for over-sea ser\ice was that which ultimately
became the Peninsular and Oriental Co. It had
its origin in steamship s*T\icc from Falmouth to
Oporto. Lisbon, Cadiz, and Gibraltar, and was
originally started in 1825 with the IV^UIiam Fawceti,
Four steamers were buUt in 18 36 37 —the Tagus.
Don Juan, Bn'gattia. and Iberia. It was not until
1840, when a line of steamers wa^ established
from England to Gibraltar. Malta, and Alexandria,
that tlie read work of the company commenced. This
line carried the mails as far as Alexandria, whcucc
they were conveyed overlaad to Suez, and from
thcQce by till! East India Co.'s vessels to Bombay.
Xliis service developed into the P. and O. service,
when in 1840 the company took over the mail
service on the Indian Ocean. In 1847 they ex-
tended their operations to India. With the open-
ing of the Suez Canal in 1870 the company started
a through service from the United ICingdom to
India, and now maintains a weekly service from
I^ndon carrying mails, pas-sengers. and cargo to
Egypt. China and Japan, and Australia, The
mails are invariably ahead of the contract time,
which is; India, 13J days; Chma. 33 days; Aus-
tralia. 29} days. Many of the company's steamers
an* subsidised by the British Government, and are
used as transports. The Cairdonia. 7.500 tons,
holds the record from London to Bombay. The
Isis and Osirix. running in the Brindisl Port Said
service, liave dehvead the Egyptian malls within
four days of their leaving London.
Fleet.
Ari^a. China. India
A Tcadia. Chtnaiu /sis.
Aszaye. DMi. Japan.
BanM. Delta. Java.
Borneo. Dtvanha, Mac44oni9.
lirikiHHia. Oongota. Sfatacta.
Caledonia. Bgypt. M.ilta.
Candia. Formosa. MiUma.
Ceylon. Himalaya. Manila.
Flbet {amiinM*4)
Mantua.
Oriental.
SalseUe.
Mannora,
Oiiris.
Sardinia
AfaxagvJi.
Fekin.
Sic ilia.
Moldavia.
Persia.
Strata.
Mvngotia.
Palawan.
Socolra.
Moolta M.
PtUermo.
StmtaJi.
Aiotea,
Patma.
Soudan
S'aimtr.
Penittsula*.
Sumatra.
Nitr.
Pera.
Sunda.
More.
Peskawur.
Syria.
Nitbia.
Flossy.
Tientsin.
Nyanxa,
Pootta.
I'ectis.
Oceana.
Victoria,
Gross tonnage, 440,000.
Feiin.Adniiral WilUuu(tOJi-7o)- Took part under
Blake m the lirst Dutch war at the battle of Port-
land. 1655. and later in the sainc year was present
at the battlt^ ofl the North Foreland and oil
Scbevcningen. Promoted Admiral of tlic Fleet.
rOS4. and in the following year was present at the
capture o( Jamaica. Received the honour ol
knighthood in 1660. and made a I-ord of the Admi-
ralty in 1665. Served under the Duke of York
at the t>attle of Lowestoft. He was the father of
William Pcnn, the founder of Pennsylvania.
Fennjuit. A small flag borne at the mast-head
oi a ship-of-wai .
Feonon. See Flag.
PennsyWania. U.S. isl class cruiser. (Cramp's.
Length 502ft. Beam 70ft. Maximum draught 27ft,
Displacement 13,400 tons. Complement 623,
Guns. Armour.
4 — 8 in., 45 cal. " Knipp."
J4 — 6 in. rt in. Bell amidships.
18 — 14 pdr. 6 in. Turrets.
12 — 3 pdr. 9 in. Conning tower.
S— I pdr.
8 Colts.
2 Field guDB. 3 in.
Torpedo Tubes [tS in.}.
3 Submerged.
Twin screw. Hp. 23,000=22 kts. Coal maxi-
muni 2,000 tons. Approximate cost £1,200,000.
Fenny, Captain. See Arctic Exploration.
Peosioits, Naval. See Naval liducation.
Pentad. A period of five days.
Penumbra. A faint shadow which accompanies
an eclipse and occasions a partial obscurity of the
body to tti;;t port of the earth on which it falls.
Per. Abbrex-iation for Persian.
PeraL Spanish gun-vc&sel. Of little fighting
value.
Percolation. The penetration of rain into the
90U.
PtreiTiet See Sagami. ist class battli^
(New Admiralty. iBi^.) Damaged by the Jafonsr
at the battle of Round Island, August 10. i^cti.
and eventually blown up 1>y tlie Russians ui l\r
Arthur Harbour belon- capitulation, January, tqnv
Since raised, refitted, and added to the actinliit
01 thf Japfluvse Navy,
Perigeo. That point of the moon or a plavTi
orbit at its least distance from the earth.
Peribelioa. That point of a planet's orbtt fi
ii-b least distance from the sun.
Perils of the sea. in marine insnraaoe pofioa
appear the clause :
" And of all other perils, losses, and nusfortsH
that have or shall come to the hurt, detrimnt. a
damage of thr siiil goods and tner\:bandise, tai
ships, etc., or any part therctjf."
The terms of this clause are so eompr
that tljcy might be ^upjiosed to embrace
species of mishap, not already particn
the policy to which property at sea can
jccted. This, however, in not the case,
foundation of all claims upon policies of tmn»
insurance must be accident, and tlie
losses, and misfortunes " above referred to
include such as arise from simitar causes, aad 1
of a like kind with those mentioned in the polqt
(Merchants Trading Co. v. Universal Ca L.H. 1
Q.B. 590.)
ThtLS it haa been held that tltis general J
cation includes the risk of loea by land
when specified in tJie policy ; damage to
heeled over by the wind in a graving dock : 1
doUarsi jcttisoncil from a vessel in imminent)
of capture, to prevent their falling into the I
of the enemy ; Joss by one British ship fihng 1
and sinking another on the Supposition that i
was an enemy's vessel, etc. (Fletcher r.
2 B. and A. 315 ; Magnus t;. Buttermer. 11
876.)
Damage done by rata (^.v.), as. for
gnawing boles in a ship's bottom, renderin^t '
unfit for sea, iis not a penl insured agaiiut.
however, a rat should gnaw through a leaden j
and thcteby let in water which smks the »lup. I
underwriter would be liable. (liamilton r.
dorff, L.R. 12 App. Cas. stS). U a
drives its snout through a plank, it has 1
questioned that the underwriter must pat dv'
Worming 15 an example of the same kml
smaller scale. Damage done by vrortns to ttei
ing or timbers of wooden ships can be l
prevented only by copper or metal sheatl
through accident, such as grounding, the !_
is anywhere rubbed ofl. and worms get m
the unprotected part, such damage must I
by the underwriter; not so if a ship, nap..-
by metal sheathing, be sent into sea!, infwtnf)
worms. This, in such a case, ^otild be a
which must, not which may, ensqe.
PERIODICAL
489
PETERSEN
rThe underwriter is liable for losses which, iu one
se, may be call(^d tlie direct consequences of the
crew 'a neglect or miscondact. Wlicn a drunken
mate put a lightpd rnndl« under his biKl and net
fire to the ship, the underwriters were held liable
as from loss by ftrc. When a collision occurs in
fine, clear weather tlirough the blunder of a sailor
putting the wlieel tlie wrong way. the underwriter
is liable.
When goods on board a steamer are damaged
by sea wattu- ada^itted Into the hold through the
negligence o( an engineer in leaving open a bilge
cock, the under^Titer is liable.
Periodical variations, l he variations which recnr
at regular intervals, such as a day or a year.
Perle. French submariae. {Cherbourg, 190J.)
I^cngth, 77 ft. ; t»eam. 7\ ft. ; draught. S ft. ; dis-
placement, 6& tons : complement. 5 : lip.. 60 = 8 kta.
Pernanahaoo. Brazilian coast defence service
crui^tT. (Rio de Janeiro. 1892.) Length, T37 It. ;
beam. J4j ft. ; draught, 6^ ft. • displacement.
463 tons : guns, 3 4'7-in., i 2'$'in., $ Maxims ;
armour. " Horvej-'Stcel," 5-in. belt amidships, 6-in.
barbettes ; Hp., 700^ 12 kts.
Pemoff. Rnssian torpedo-boat. (Normand. 1S92.)
Length. 137 ft. ; beam, 14^ ft. ; draught, 64 ft. ;
displacement. 120 tonii : complement, 26; anna-
inent, a 3-pdr., 2 tubes ; twin screw ; Hp., 1, 600 a
35 ktx. ; coal. 16 ton.i.
Peirier. French torpedo-boat destroyer. (Forges
et Chantiers. 1904.) Length, l3o ft, ; beam. 21 ft. ;
maximum draught. lo ft. ; displacement, 300 tons ;
complement, 45 ; guns, 1 t^-pdr.. 6 3-pdr. ; torpedo
tubes, 2 15-10. ; speed, 27-30 kts.
Ferry. U.S. torpedo-boat destroyer (1900). Dis-
placement. 420 tons : complement, 64 : guns,
3 14-pdr., 5 6-pdr. ; torpedo tubes, 2 i8-in. amid-
ships and aft ; Hp., 8,000=29 kts. ; coal, 139 tou».
Peraeo. Italian torpedo-boat. (Naples, 1905.)
Length, 105 ft.; beam, 17 ft.; draugiht. 7 ft.;
displacement, 200 tons ; armament, 3 3-pdr.,
i tubes: twin screw; Hp.. 3,000^25 kts.; coal,
HO tons.
PeneiU. British 3nl class cniiser. (Earle. 1B98.)
Length 3oo£t. Beam 36ft. Maximum draught 17ft.
Displacement 2,135 tons. Complement 224.
Guns. Armour,
8 — 4 in. 2 in. Deck.
&— 3 pdr.
Torpedo Tubes (t4 in.).
2 Above water.
Twin screw. Hp. 7.000 = 30" 5 kta. Coal normal
'*5o tona. Approximate cost ,^150,000.
Perseus. An ancient constellation or solar star
**' I '9 magnitade. extending from Cassiopeia to
**Urus, and traversed by the Milky Way.
PenU. British subsidised merchant ship (1900).
P. and O. Co. iq.v.). Dimensions, 500x54x33 ft. ;
gross tonnage, 7,900 ; passenger accommodation.
530 : Hp, 9,400= iS kts.
Perth Yaoht Club. Royal. See Royal Perth Yacht
CI lib.
Pertuisane. French torpedo-boat destrojrcr, (Nor-
mand, 1902.) length, 180 ft. ; beam. 21 ft. ;
maximum draught, lo It. ; displacement, 300 tons;
complement, 45 ; guns, i 9-pdr.. 6 3-pdr. ; torpedo
tubes. 3 1 5-in. ; speed. 27-30 kis.
Pescar. Ru.>isian submarine (1905). Length.
77 ft. : displacement, 175 tons; speed. 7 kt*i.
Peler bott. A fishing lx>at nsL-d on the Thames
and Medway.
PelenL British torpedo-boat destroyer (365
tons. 30 kts.). Launched 1809.
Petersbarg. Kussian steamer. Russian volun-
tCLT AlvI. Refer to Privateer.
Petersen. William (b. Denmark, May 39. 1856).
Educated for the Danish Navy as cadet, and
studied for the Bar at Copenliagen University. In
1875 he left Denmark, and came to England to
adopt a maritime career, and for some years sailed
as of^cer, and was in command of steamers in the
British mercantile raarioe. Retiring from active
sea life, he commenced business as a shipowner,
and soon gained a reputation as a pioneer of many
important enterprises. In 1893 he becamr the
pioneer of the turret-deck steamcni, which type of
vessel for the first few years of its existence
had a severe uphill struggle. The prejudices which
such a drastic departure in naval architecture
naturally created in maritime circles presented a
strong bar to its commercial success. These pre-
judices were so great that even Lloyd's refused to
cla^ Uic vessels, and the undcrwritcrt would not
insure them, except at prohibitive rates, and it
was with the greatest difficulty thai a crew conld
be procured to take the first steamer to sea. His
firm having already hail one built, he was com-
pelled to fall back upon his practical sea experi*
cncc. take command, and navigate the first turret
.Hteamer across the Atlantic himself lo test the sea-
going qualities. The successful result of bis ex-
periment wa^ such that, immediately on his return,
hts firm built a number of turret steamers, and
subsequently other shipowners followed hiii lead.
In igo£ he inaugurated a new line of .^itcamers
through the grcit Canadian lakes, and. by taking
advantage of the Canadian canals, he established
a oonccction with tlic ocean trade, and for the first
time in Wstory carried freight from Europe to the
Upper Korth American lakes on a through bill of
lading, water-borne 1.200 miles further west than
had ever been done before, .\mong otiier enter-
prises he was the first to adopt water-tube boUcrs
tn merchant steameis. and several of them are
atUl nmning successfully on the Great Lakes. He
kas been an adininistTator of the Bnrcnu VefHas
since 1894, am) was made nn honorary administratnr
lor conspicuous service rendered, and is also a
director of that society's committoe i» London,
sanctioned by the Board of Trade. la tiie inventor
and patentee of an improved type of vessel, the
construction of vhicb, although appearing as an
improved tuirctdcck steamer, has features entirely
new and different from Uiia and any exiiiting
type — features wluch have proved highly superior,
especially in the way of increase of spe«I, carry-
ing capacity, strength, and economy. In 1906 he
inaugurattd the '* New York and Continental Line,"
of which he is prtsidrnt, now running, under the
management of his firm, Petersen and Co., Ltd.,
between Hamburg. Rotterdam, and New York,
carrying pa&sengrrs and freight. Member of the
Society of Arts, and associate member of the Insti-
tution of Naval Architects.
Fet«ar Teliki. I^us^uan turret battleship. (St.
Petersbarg. 1875.)
Length 338ft. Beam 63ft. Draught 34H.
Displacement 9,890 tons. Complement 436.
GuHs, Armour.
4 — 13 in. " Steel."
4 — S'4 in 8 in. Belt amidships.
13 q.l. 8 m. Barbettes.
8 in. Turrets.
Totpedo Tubes.
I Above water.
Hp. 8.35os= 14 kts. Coal 1,200 tons.
Petrel. XT.S. gun-boat. {Baltimore, 18S9-)
Length, 176^ ft. ; beam, 31 ft. ; draught, 13^^ ft. ;
displacement, 892 tons; complement, 122 ; anna-
ment, 4 6-in.. 3 3-pdr., 4 Maxims; Hp., i,o45b
1 1 kts. : coal. 200 tons.
Patnl. A popular name for tho ProceUariidir,
BinaSl oceanic birds of dusky plumage, nocturnal in
habit, widely distnbated, but most abundant in
the southern hemisphere. They soem in their
clement during stormy weather, and are known by
sailors as foul weather birds. Thu Procellaria
(Thaiasidfoma) pelagica is Mother Carey's Chicken.
or the Stormy Petrel. j
Petroloam. A Uquid consistiDg of a number of
h>-drocarbons, the composition ut which varies in
diflereot locaUties. Chemically, earth oil, naphtha,
mineral oil, paraffin oil. Thc«e liquids \-ar>- in
colour from a faint yellow to a brownish -black,
and in consistence from a thin transparent oil to a
fluid as thick as treacle, and their specific gravity
range frcun '7 to I'l. About 48% of the worki's
production of petroleum comet from the United
States. Russia producing 37% and the balance,
7%. coming from the Dutch East Indies. The
American petroleum consists chiefly of para&nes,
together with some oleAnes and naphthones. The
Kussiaa is mostly composed of napbthenes. In
the process of manufacture the liquid is distilled in
fractions, each fraction being purified by washing
alternately with xulphnrie actd and eanstic soda.
The light oil iK uaed (or illunttnaluig piir|)oees. and
the hea^y for lubricating mBchincr>'. Liquid fuels
derived from petroleum arc now extensively used for
obtaining motive power, pi'trol. wluch is much the
same as gasolene, being used ahntist excluntvcly as
the fuel in internal combustion motors.
Paraffin oil is the commercial name of the oil
obtained by direct distillation from Amencan
petroleum. This <h1 should, according to the
Petroleum Act (1871). have a sp, gr. of Sio lo 'Sao,
and ^houkl not evolve inflammable vapour until
heated to 55". Refer to PeLroIeum Clause.
See Boyd's " Petroleum, its dcvclopmrnts and
uses" (1895); Veith and Hoefer's "Petroleum,"
Thompson and Redwood's " Handbook on Petro-
leum " (1901).
Petrolenin. Established 1900.V Published
monthly. Price 6d. Address: 61 ComhiU, London.
E.C.
Petroleam, etc.. Review. Rstabhsbed 1 899-
Published weekly (Saturday). Price 6d. AddnM :
36 Bevis Marks. Ixindon. E.C
Petroleam Olaase. See Clauses.
PetropavlOTsk. Russian ist class battlf^hfp. On
April 12. 1904, this vessel, flagship ol the Port
Arthur Squadron, with Vice-Admiral Makarofl or
board, Comroander-in Chief of the Ruasian Ftart
in the Far East, struck a mine while rotundng
to Port Arthur after a sortie with the Japanese, and
foundered in two minuttfs. Vtcc-Admiral Maki-
roll, the famous painter Veres tcliag in, and about
550 officers and men peruhed with the ship.
Pett A family of English shipbnilden, of wbtnn
the most prominent was Phineas Pctt. i570-ii>4;-
who built the Royai Prince In 1610, and the
Sovereign of Ihe Seas in 1637. Another membtf
of the family. Sir Phineas Pett, was master sl^
Wright at Woolwich, 1677. and subeeqaeotlf
became commissioner at Chatham. 1686.
Pett, Arthur. 5m Arctic Exploration.
Petty Offioen. Officers of the Royal Navy.cone-
sponding to non-commissioned oflicers in the Aror
They are appointed by the captain of the ship.
PfeQ. German 3rd class cruiser. (Wilbfllau-
haven. 1883.) Length, 246 ft.; beam. 33 ^;
draught, 13^ ft. ; displacement, 1,360 tons; ooffl-
plement, 135: armament, 4 3*4-tn.. 4 Maziau. t
tubes; Hp., 2,7000 16 kts. ; coal. 180 tons.
P.O. Distinguishing letters on sea fishlag b>9
registered at Geestcmunde, Germany.
F.Q.W. Distinguishing letters on sea Wd
boats registered at Port Glasgow. Scotland.
P,H. Distinguistiing letters on s«a fishfagbol^
registered at Plymouth. England.
PhMtOo. British 3nd class cruiser (4.J0i> »*
i6'6 kts.}. Launched 1885.
PHAROS ^^^___^9]_
Fharai. A Ughthotuo.
Phaaeg. The several appearaoces of the moon
and planets, according as a gT<^ate^ or less part of
their illuminated hemispheres are presented to our
sight.
PbenoIoKy. A term indicating the observation
of natural periodical phenomena, such as the
flowering of plants, the migration and song of
birds, etc.
Philadelphia. U.S. subsidised mtrchant ship
(iSfi^]. International Company (q.v.). Dtmen^ons,
565 X63 X io (t. ; gross tonnage, 10.79S ; passenger
accommodation. 1.310; Hp., 30,000 = 20 kta.
PhiUpsoa, Roland (b. 1863). Served apprentice-
ship with North-Eastern Marine Knf^necring Co..
WaUsend. and at the expiration oi tiis articles
entered the firm, of which he is now maiiaging
director. He has been closely connected with the
dcBign and construction of all engines built by this
firm for Admiralty contracts and private steamship
companies. Member of Institution of Naval
Architects and North-East Coast Institution of
£ngiucerB and Shipbuilders.
PhilUpps and Greaves. See Holland Steamship
Co,
Phlpps, Captain. See Arctic Exploration.
Phlegcton. French armoured gun-boat. (Cher-
bourg. iSgj.) Length, 187 ft. ; beam, 40 ft.;
draught, 13 ft.; displacement, 1,767 tons; com-
plement, loi ; guns. 4 1'8-in.. I loB-in.. i 5'5-in. ;
armour. " Compound," 9-in. belt amidships, 8-in.
barbettes; Hp., 1,7003:13 kta. ; coal, 172 tons.
FkOBUli. 44 guns. In October, 1 780, this
vessel was Imt in a storm in the West Indies.
PtaO^ae. French submarine. (Cherbourg. 1903.)
Length, 77 ft. ; beam, 7J ft. ; draught, 8 ft. ;
displacement, 68 tons ; complement. 5 ; Hp.,
6o»8ktJ.
PX Distinguishing letters on sea fishing boats
registered at Pliilippine, Holland.
Pianhy. Brazilian gun-boat. (Brazil, 18S9.)
Length, I30 ft. : beam, 38 ft. ; draught. 5 ft. ; dis-
placement, 335 tons : complement, 43 : guns.
I 7-in. : armour, 4} in. deck, 4J-in. gnn shields ;
Hp.. 180 = 7 kts.
Pick. Pitch, tar.
Picklord and Black Line, owned and managed by
MeMra. Picklord and Black, of Haliiax. Nova
'l Scotia, have a fleet of six first-class steamers, which
maintain sailings at frequent dates from Halifax,
' (Nova Scotia), for Bermuda, SL Kitts. Aniigua,
Montserrat, Dominica. SL Lucia, Barbadoes, St.
>• Vincent. Grenada, Tobago, Tiinidad, and Domerara
(Jamaica),
PILCHER
Fleet.
Beta.
CaMhhee.
Orinoco.
Boston.
Ocamc,
Orwro.
PidUe. British jrd class gun-boat (2^4 tons).
T-Qunched 1873.
PioUe. A term applied when timber is saUinl to
ensure its durability.
Piemonte. Small Italian cruiser. (Elswick. i838.}
Length 305ft. Beam 58ft. Maximum draught 16ft.
Displacement 3,650 tons. Complement 335.
Guns. Armour.
6 — 6 in. " Steel."
6 — 4*7 in. 3 in. Deck amidships.
10 — C pdr. 3 in. Conning tower.
6 — I pdr.
4 Bfaxims.
Torpedo Tubfs.
3 Above water (one in bow).
Twin screw. Hp. natural 7,040^30 kts., forced
I3,ooos23 kts. Coal maximum, 560 tons.
Approximate cost ^230,000.
The most heavily armed vessel in proportion to
its displacement m the world.
Pier. A quay or wharf.
Fierrier. French torpedo • Iwat destroyer.
(Rochcfurt, 1906.) I-ength, igo ft. ; beam, 21 ft. ;
draught. io|^ ft. ; di.<fplacement, 190 tons ; com-
plement. 6a : armament, r 9-pdr.. 6 3-pdr., 3 tubes :
twin screw; Hp., 6,500=38 kta.; cool, 75 tons.
Piet Hein. Dutch battleship (189.1).
Length, j84lt. Beam 47ft. Maximum draught 19ft.
Displacement 3,520 tons. Complement 360.
CuHS. Armour.
3 — 8"3 in. " Harvey."
2 — 6 in. 6 in. Belt amidships.
5 — 13 pdr. 9i in. Baitjcttcs.
6 — I pdr. 9^ in. Conning tovrcr.
Torpedo Tubes.
3 Above water.
Twin screw. Hp. forced 4.800^16 kts. Coal
350 tons.
Pig. A piece of iron weighing about 3 cwL
Piggia. A small pail used for baling water out of
a boat.
Pike. A thin, long,' round stafi pointed with
iron.
Pike. British 3rd class gun-boat (354 tons).
Launched 1873.
Pika. U.S. submarine. (Elizabeth Port. 1901.)
Length, 63 ft; beam 11} ft.; displacement, 120
tons ; complement, 5 : torpedo tubes, i ; Hp.,
iGo=8 kta. above, 7 kts. ticlow.
pa, \ tidal creek.
Pilcber. Frederiok Jomph, Lieat-Oolonel, TJ).,
tst I-ancashire Royal Engineers (\''ol.)- Consult-
ing engineer and naval architect. Member of
the Institution of Naval .Architects. Served his
apprenticeship with Fawt»tt, Preston and Co..
afteru-ards studying naval architecture. Was
general manager (or H. and C. Grayson, shipbuilders
PILE
492
P1N(
aud repairers, for two years, and Btarled the
mginorring works for tbem. Reprfscntcd the
British Corporation in I.ivtnpool District us non-
exclii^iVL- surveyor for six years. Has Ucniguud
and superintended the construction ol over tso
sli-aincT:^ Iff vatiou^ ^izi^. including tlie first lai-^r
cargo KleaniL-nt to carry 1 t.ooo lonn ileail wuight,
which at that prriod wm considtTcKl far in advance
of the times, (or it was ttiouglit impossible to work
them itucccssfuUy ; they, however, proved a great
fiuccpss. Was Ih*" flrat to tntrodnce stocklces
anchors, stump derrick posts, and many other
important deiaiU, which most owners liave since
g'aieniUy adopted.
The Russian Guvermnent in 1^84 ofiercd a freight
of ^17.000 to carry tor|>cdo launches in sections, in
13 cases measuring 43x18x16 under deck, and
although offered to all shipowners, none would
undertake the task, tempting as the freight was,
until his clients plnccd the matler before him, and
br undtTtook to do it in a steamer of S.ooo tons
dead weight capacity, and carried the work througli
succcssfutly.
The flRt steamers to carry oil in bulk built in
England were for German owners, aud were built
under his supcrintcndenct-. He afterwards per-
suaded his EngUsl) clients to take up this business,
and built steamers of large capacity, al! of which
proved a great success. Was the first to adopt
seamless steel Ulcboats ior sea-going vessel* — which
are now commonly used by the first-class steamers
— both passenger and cargo.
He bad entire charge of Uie work in connection
with the European, resulting from the stranding
oi this vcssti in the Mersey. After discharging
her cargo and machinery, she was taken in two
pailK to tlie Liverpool Craving Dock, repaired, and
lengthened under his superintendence. The Acc&mac
ran ashore ofl Ftamborough Head, carrying away
her rudder and stern frame, and was towed into
Grimstiy. The Board of Trade demanded her dis-
charge at that port, but he rigged a jury rudder,
and the vi-sHel steamed round to the Tyno without
any difiiculty.
He waft appointed by the Admualty to recruit
rngtne-Foom artificers from 1899 to 1905, during
which period over 4,000 applicants paased through
his hands, resulting in a large number entering the
Royal Navy. He was nlso appointed Commis
sioner to the Board of Trade for BoUer Explosion
Inquiries in 1S93, which appointment he still
retains.
PUe. A beam of wood driven into the ground as
a foundation.
PiiRrim Fathexs. The name appUed to 103
Puiitatis, 74 men and 28 women, who sailed in the
Mayfiow^ from Pl^-mouth on September 6. 1620,
lose^k in America the religious hbcrty denied tbem
ip England. They lajided pa Plymouth Rock,
December 35, 1&30, and formed a colony, wliid
was the foundation of the New England States.
PUky. Ku.isian torpedo-boat destroyer, Bh
Sea (I89tf)- Length, i>j6 ft.: beam. 18 (t
draught, tij (t. ; displacemr:nt. 340 tons:
pleincnt, 55 ; annatncnt. 1 I3pdr., 3 5-pdr.. 3 tut
Hp., .1,800=37 kts. ; coal, SJ tons.
PUlan. The vertical posts beneath tlie
beam.
Pillow. A block of timber supporting the
end of Isowsprit.
Pilot, A, is a person taken on board to navigat
a vi.-sKeI through a channel, or in or out of a harboa
or port.
Pilots of the United Kingdom are appointed an
licensed by pilotage authorities (of which
Trinity Hoiuse {q-v.) Is tlie chief), which are coa*|
trolled by the Board of Trade, and Lonhtituted
the regulation of pilotnge, pilots and their retnuneTa-
Hon, within a certain area.
Wliere pilotage w not compulsory by law, the
pilot merely putK his knowk-dge ol the local waters
at the master's disposal. He is, for the Lime being.
a servant of the shipowner, who is responsible lor
his negligent acts and omissions.
In certain waters and for certain classes
vessels pilotage is compulsorj-. Tlie pilot
supersedes the master, lakes sole charge, and
responsible for any damage done by the ship wfa
under bis control. The shipowner, therefore. Is 1
liable for injury to another vessel or
resulting from a collision due to the ne^i|
of a compulsory pilot, provided all his
carried out with reasonable promptitude.
shipowners sued in foreign Courts for
thiuugh collision in foreign waters can only
the defence of compulsory pilotage sncccssfolly byj
showing not only that pilotage vras compulsoryT
but that the pilot had, in fact, control of the ship
by compulsion of local law.
Uefcf to Tug and Tom-, Limitation of LMMtityJ
Trinity House Pilotage Districts.
Pflot. British sailing bng (501 tons). I.annclied ]
1879-
Filot Establisbcxl 1900. PubU»hcd weekly {
(Saturday). Price jrf. Address 2 r«cirr St
Strand. London, W.C.
Pincb-gut money. Short allowance.
Pinedo. Argentine tor^xKlo-boat. Oi'antw,
1890.) Length. 150 ft.; displacemeat. 85 toos;.^^
3 tubes ; speed, about 34 kts.
Plngle. Small coasting vessel used in the North -
Ping LinSi owned and managed by the Chiaisi^^*
Engineering and Mining Co., Ltd., with their beacEI 1
offices in Shanghai, possess a fleet of four steamer^^^
which maintain regular servkes from Shanghai
Tientsin, Chingwang-tao, and vict vwrsa. Th
PINILLOS
493
PITTSBURGH
steamers call at tntennediate ports when induce-
ment offers.
Fleet.
CMngping. Kaiping.
Hsiping. Kwangpitt^.
* Pinillos Izquierdo and Co., willi Uieir brad offices
tn Cadu, have a fleet of transatlantic steamers,
which maintain a regular service from Cadiz to New
Orleans. A service is maintained twice a month
from Barcelona, for New Orleans, calling at Valen-
cia. Malaga, Cadiz. Puerto Rico. Mayaguez, Ponce.
Havana, Matanza, Santiago, Cicnfaegas, and New
Orleans.
Fleet.
CatalitiA. Marttn Stuni.
Conde Wilfred. Migutl M. PinHhs.
Pius tX.
Pink. An obsolete form of ship with a very
narrow 5tem.
Pinnaoe. A small vessel carr^nng two. and
sometimes three, masts, schooner rigged.
Pinrack. A frame placed on the deck of a
vii&sel containing sheaves, around which ropes
may Ife worked.
Pintle. A large pin bolted to the stem pwt. by
which the nidder is hinged.
Pinion, Maclin Alonxo. Portuguese navigator.
Commanded the FtHta and gave material assistance
to Columbus in his voyage o£ 1493. His vessel
became separated from his leader, probably by
design, and when Columbus arrived at Palos on
Blarch 1 5, 1493. he learned that Pinion had already
landed. If his intention was to forestall Ccdumbus
and obtain the credit of having discovered the New
World, his object was foiled, as he was treated with
contempt, and died shortly afterwards.
llis brother Vlnceote Yanez Pinzon also gave
Columbu.1 material help, and in after years made
important discoveries ou hts own account. In
T499 he sailed across the Atlantic, and in 1500
struck the South .•\mrncan Continent at Cape
St. Agoetinho. three months before the Portugoese
navigator Csbrail (who is generally credited with
this discovery) reached Brazil.
Pioneer. British 3rd class cruiser. (Chatham,
1899)
Ijcngth jooft. Beam j6ft. Maximum draught I9ifl
Difiplacoment 3,aoo tons. Complement 114.
Guns. A rmour.
8 — 4 in. z in. Deck.
8—3 pdr.
Torpedo Tuhes (14 in.).
7 Above water.
Twin screw. Hp., 7.000=20*5 kts. Coal normal
350 tons. Approximate cost ;^i 50,000.
Pioneer. Ship. Sec Arctic Exploration.
Plotwa. Russian submarine (1905)- Length.
77 ft. ; di^lacement. 175 tons : speed, 7 kts.
Pique. French torpedo-boat deetroycr. (Fofiges
et Chantiers. 1904.) I.,ength. iSo ft. ; beam, 21 ft. ;
maximum draught, 10 ft. ; displacement, 300 tons ;
complement. 45 ; guns. 1 9-pdr., 6 j-pdr. ; torpedo
tubes, 2 1 5 in. ; speed, 27 -30 kts.
Piracy at Common Law is the commission of
tltose acts of robbery and depredation on the high
sc-os witliia the jurisdiction of Admiralty wliicti,
if committed upon land, would have amounted to
felony there. By statute certain acts are declared
piracy, e.g., assisting the King's enemies on the
seas, running away with ship or cargo, boarding a
vessel and destroying her gootls, having dealings
with pirates, and conveying slaves on the high seas
by British sjibjects. Piracy is punishable by penal
servitude for life or three years' impriMnment.
Piracy together with auatilt with intent to murder
is pnni.<iliahle with death.
Refer to Visit and Search.
PfflA, ItaJian armoured cruiser {i<>o4).
Length 4a9ft. Beam 69(1. Mean draught 23ft.
Displacement 9,830 tons.
G%tns. Armour.
4 — 10 in,. 45 cal, " Temi."
8 — 8 in. 8 in. Belt amidships.
Many smaller. 7 in. Barbettes.
7 in. Conning tower.
Torpedo Tubes.
3 Submergrd.
Twin screw. Hp., i8.ooo=2j"5 kts.
Pisdoaltarft. Fish culture : the breeding, rearing,
preserving and fattening of fish by artiflcial means.
Plftolet French torpedo-boat destroyer. (Nor-
mand, 1902.) t>cngtli, 180 ft.; beam, 21 ft.;
ma.vimum draught. 10 fL ; displacement, 300 tons ;
complement, 45 ; gons, i 9-pdr,, 6 3 -pdr. ; torpedo
tubes, 2 is-in. ; speed, 27-30 kts.
Pitch. Boiled tar and resin.
Pitching and sending. Signifies a vessel pluugiug
luT Iwws into one wave and her «tcxn into anotliex.
Pittsburgh Steamship Co., Ltd., with their hefui
office-s in Ckviland. OIno. have a fleet of 45 steamers
of the bulk freight type, employed in carrying cargo
on the great lakce. The J. Pierpont Morgan is the
largest veswl on the great lakes, and has a carrying
capacity of 1 5,294 tona.
FUBET.
Attn. McDougal. G. W. Petkins.
Chas. R. Van Hise, Harvard.
Ctarettce A. Black. H. C. Frtck.
Coralia. H. H. Roger.
ComeU. H. L. Shaw.
Crescent City. I. L. Eltwood.
Douglass Houghton. James Wait.
E. H. Gary. Jaa. B. Ead$.
Empire City. J. J. Hill.
Frank Roehefelter. John Ericsson.
Gon'l. O. M. Poe. J. Pierpont Morgan.
G*o. Stephenson. J. W. Gates.
Flsbt (eoniintutti.
Malittoa.
Maricopa.
Mataafa.
Maunatoa.
N, B. Ream.
P.A.B. Widener.
Printeton.
QuMH City.
Remseiaet.
Robt. FuUoH.
Robt. H'. E. Bunsen.
Sir //«nry Besseitur.
Sir Wm. Fairhaim.
Sir Wm. Sitmtns.
S. F, B, Mm'se.
S. J. Murphy.
Supthor City.
W. E. Corfy.
Wm. Edenbom.
Wm. R. Linn.
Zeniih Ct/v.
Pk. Peak. Abbreviatian adapted on the charts
issued by the Hydrographic Office. Admiralty.
P.L. Disttnguialiing letters on sea fishing boata
registered at Pccl. England.
Pladda Light, situated on the southern end of
Arran Island, was established in 1901, and is a
three-flash light every 30 seconds ; duration of
flash, two seconds ; candle-power, 80,000 ; burner,
six wicks : illuminant. oil.
Plain salt All sails except studding and stay -sails.
Pla&et .\ustro - Hungarian torpedo ^n - boat.
{Palmer, iSSg.)
Displacement 480 tons. Coniplctnrnt 78.
Guns. Armour.
3—13 pdr. J in. Amidships.
8— 3pdr.
Torpedo Tubes.
3 Abo\-c water.
Twin screw. Hp.. 3,500=20 kts.
PUUlier Ligbt* near Marseilles, established in
1902, 13 a single flash light e^'ery five seconds ;
duration of flash, one-tenth second ; estimated
candle-power, 1,000,000; iUuminaut, electricity.
Ptaok. Thick boards, usual measurements [8 ft.
long by i^ to 4 ins. thick by 9 to 10 ins. broad.
Plusy. British ist class torpedo gun-boat (735
tons, It) kts.]. I-aunchcd 1890.
Plaston. Russian sloop. (St. Petersburg. 18&0.)
Length, 206 ft. ; beam. 32 ft. ; draught, 14 ft. ;
displacement, 1,255 tons; complement, 172 ; guns,
36-in.. 7q.f.
Plate. .\n iron band or bar ; a sheet of metal
forming a portion of a strake of a ship's side.
Flay. Any motion in the frame, masts, etc.
Pledge. The string of oakum used in caulking.
Plejad. Swedish torpedo gun-boat. (Normand,
1905.) Displacement, 97 tons ; armament, 2 i-pdr.
3 18-in. tubes, bow and aft ; speed. 26 kts. ; coal,
14 tons.
PlinuolL SftlttDel (1824-98). British politician
and social reformer, known as the " Sailors'
Friend " [b. Bristol, February 10, 1824). His early
efforts were directed against what wwe known as
" coffin ships " — unseaworthy and overloaded
vessels, heavily insured, in which an untcnpiloii
owner was allowed to ri»k the lives of his ae*
In 1872 he pubHshed " Our Seamen." and hs
" Trenchant Attack on Shipowaiers " led to a Royi!
Commission being appointed in [875. and resulled
in tile passing of the Mercliant Shipping Act, 1667.
which gave stringent powers of inspectiao to Ai
Board oi Trade to detain any vessel being Dnslt
restricted the amount of cargo, making the cti
abuses impossible, and renOcring cotnpulsorr k
cver>' ship a mark, generally known as the PIussaG
mark, indicating the maximuin load-liae. In
he published a notable pamphlet on
Ships." He died at Folkestone. Juae 3, 189$.
PlitDAOll mark. 5^^ Leadline : aiso PI
Samuel.
Plongsar. Portuguese submarine-. fLisbon.
Length, 72 ft.; beam, iij ft.; draught, 8 ft-
displacement. 100 tons; complement. iS ; am-
ment, 4 tubes ; Hp.. 300=6 kts.
Plover. Bribsh ist class gun-boat (7$$ tarn.
jH kts). Launched 1888.
nacky. British 3rd class gun-boat (19; tooQ.
Launched 1870.
Pltig. A round piece of wood fitted in a hdec
the bottom of a boat to keep out or let in waho.
Plnmb. Right up and down ; as oppoan) »
parallel.
Plummet An iron weight
St ling used by carpenters.
PlDnger. U.S. submarine.
1901.) r^ength, 63 ft. ; beam,
incnt, i;to tons ; complement, 5
Hp.. 160=8 kts. above, 7 kts. below.
Plnviograph. .\ self-recording rain-gauge.
PluTiomeUr. A rain-gauge.
Ply. To work to windward.
Flymoatb Corinthian Yacht Clab» BoyaL
Ro>'al Plymouth Corinthian Yacht Club.
P.l(. Distinguishing letters oo sea fisi
registered at Preston. England.
Pohlada. See Suwo. ist class battleship.
Admiralty. 1895.) Damaged by the Japaaoe
the battle of Round Island, August 10. 1904,
eventually blown up by the Russians in
Arthur Harbour before capitulation, January, 198ft
Since raisiwl, rcBttcd, and added to the acim
of the Japanese Navy.
Pocky dood. The base of a Cumulus
when it assumes a festooned appeaxance.
Clouds.
Podvitsny. Russian torpedo- boat de
Black Sea (1898). Length, 196 ft. ; besam. iS I
draught. 11 J ft. ; displacement, 140 tons ; conq
ment, 55 : armament, i 12-pdr., 3 3-pdr., 2 takn*
Hp., 3.8oo=»37 kts. ; coal, 53 tooa. ~
su.spended by 1
(Port Eli*ab((4.
11} f t. ; displao-
torpedo tnba, 1 :
Poii, Kear-Adminl Bdmond Samufll. O.T.O.* 1903
<b. 1^9)- Educated Royal Naval Academy. Gos-
port. Entered Navy, 1862; served in H.M.5.
Bomhay when destroyed by fire, 1S64 : obtained
the licDteoant's commissioa for 1869, and Ad-
miralty prize of books ; captain. 1S88 ; Naval
Adviser to Intpector-Gcneral of Fortifications.
1889-^0; liaa commanded H.M.S. Imprrieuse.
Bl*nk*im. Victorious, Active, Haieigh, and St.
Georg* ; in command of the training sqaadron as
commodore, 2nd class, 1897-1900; received Royal
Humane Society's bronze medal for saving the life
of W. Duncanson, a seaman who had fallen over-
board in the Atlantic Ocean, May, 1S7S. and in the
following year received the Royal Humane Society's
clasp for jumping overboard at Woosung, China,
to the rescne of Louis Samson, of IJ.M.S. /m-
mortaliie, who had fallen into the water ; Second*
in-Command of Uie Home Fleet. 190J.
Foffzaoitachick. -Rusdaa torpedo-boat destroyer
(1906). Displacement. 625 tons ; complement, 100 ;
armament, 2 iipdr., 5 6-pdr., 3 tulws ; Hp.,
6.800^28 kts.
Folxnard. French torpedo - boat destroyer.
I^ngtli, igo ft : beam, 2i ft. ; draught. 9^- ft. ;
displacement. 431 tons: complement. 48: guns.
1 9-pdr., 6 3-pdr. ; torpedo tubes, 2 177-in. ; speed,
27-30 kts.
PoiBt. To secure a rope end with kmttles.
Folicre. A three-masted vessel used in the
Mediterranean, the masts usually being of one
piece so that tbey have neither caps, tops, nor
crora-trces. ^
Polud, Vioe-Adminl James Aognitiu. Entered
Navy, 1846; lieutenant. 1855; mate and gunnery
lieutenant of rtauniless in the Baltic : gunnery lieu-
tenant of MeUoT ironclad battery. Black Sea, during
the RuHstan war {Baltic medal) ; gunnery heutenant
oi Esh in China ; present at the capture of Canton.
I&57, and commanded boats of Esk in the expedi-
tion up Cfreat West Canton River ; received tlic
thanks of the Admiralty for services rendered at
the capture of a number of mandarin junks, row-
boats, forts, etc. : first lieutenant of Pioneer ; was
engaged against Tacping rebels in attack on
Shanghai: first and gunnery lieutenant of Peart.
and in command of field battery of Naval Brigade
doling opcratioos against Taeptng rebels. 1861
(China medal, Canton clasp) ; served in Ptarl at
attack on the batteries at Kagosima, 1863 : pro-
moted commander for services rendered ; com-
manded Plotter, 1865-71, on West Coast of Africa ;
wsfl engaged with the boats of Plaoer, Myrmidon.
and Pandora at destruction of piratical village up
the CcHigo River : captain, 1871 ; captain of Jttno.
1^75-79 1 senior o&cer of a squadron at Yokohama
ongaged tn watching the Rusbiau Squadron during
the strained rdatioDS in 1878 \ captain's good
service pension, 1885-86 ; rear-admiral, 1S88 ; vice-
admiral, 1893.
Polar distanoft ol any celestial object ).>> au arc
of a meridian continued between the centre of that
object and the pole equinoctial ; or. in other
words, it IS Ihf diataEce of the object from tb
elevitfii pole.
Polaris. In 1S71 Mr. Charles Hall, of Cincin-
nati, took this vir^uol 35a miles up the Clvinncl
which Jeads northwards from Smith Sound. She
was beset with ice in 83* 16' N. Relet ,0 Arctic
Exploration.
Pole. The end of the highest most rising above
the rigging.
Pole-mast Single spar mast, without topmast.
Polbem. In 1873 tliis steamer, commanded by
t*ro(es3or Nordenskidld, wintered in Mussel Bay on
the uorthem shores of Spitzbergen. Professor
Nordeoskiold m the spring of 1873 made an im-
portant sledging journey of 0o days' duration.
Refer to Arctic Exploration.
Poll, HudoUo [b. Chioggia, Venice. August 32.
1858). Italian naval architect Educated Royal
Naval College at Gcnisc, and in 1&81. having
served his apprenticeship, devoted himself to de-
signing small vessels of varied characttT. Is the
head of the well-known shipbuilding rirm. Covanni
PoU. Chioggia. which was founded in the year 1816
by his father. He has designed and superintended
the coustruction of several floating bridges on the
River Po.
He conLributed on 3e%i.'ral occasions papers before
the Technical Institute of England and Italy.
and takes a deep interest in all questions tclating
to inland and <iea navigation.
PoUey. The legal instruments by whicli the
terms of the contract of marmu insurance between
assured (who must be named in the documents)
and underwnter are set forth arc called " pohcies."
Policies are distinguished by different names.
An interest policy is one that shows by its form
that there is ^ rca< and substantial interest in-
volved, as, for example. " On 100 bales cotton."
A uager pohcy is one that shows on its face that
the assured has no real interest at stake, and docs
not profess to have any , for example, " Pohcy
proof of interest."
A voyage policy is one in which the limits are
designated by places, as " Liverpool to New
York."
A time policy is one in wliich the limitations are
periods of time, as " from noon January 24, 1907,
to noon January 34, 1908."
A valued poUcy is one in which the interest is
expressly valued, as " on ship valued at £,3S>»oo>"
An open policy is one in which the value is not
expressed but left opea, as " on meichandiso to
be hereafter declared and valued."
POLICY
POLICY
A floating policy a one in which tbc name of the
ve^iSel is not inset tix). the insurance bctnf; statfil
to attach to any " tUup or ship*)," "steamer or
Steamers," etc.
A vatKtd policy is one which give* the name of
the ve&sol,
Tlic ordinary, or " Lloyd's " form, is generaUy
understood to have been without material change
for several hundred years. This may account for
its style and wording. It has the great security of
having been explained by many legal decisions.
The word " policy " or " promise " is an under-
taking on the part of the underwriters, in con-
sideration of a preminm received, to take upon
themselves certain specified risks — in short, as a
kind of promiiuory note.
The " promise " of the underwriter is given to
the person or persons named in the policy, or to
his or their order. The name of some person must
always be inserted ; policittii in blank arc void m
law. It is given whether the thing insured is at
the time lost or not lost. It relates to a subject-
matter which must be defined. This thing must
be at risk iu, or connected with, a ship, and on a
voyage clearly laid down in the policy, and the
whole policy is a guarantee against loss from
certain perils du-'y specified therein. For this the
assured pays a certain amount, called the premium.
All the advantages of marine iosurancc must be
bought and paid for.
The policy is tlie only legal evidence of the
terms of the contract of marine insurance. It
must be correctly stamped, according to tlic
Stamp Act, and dated. An unstamped policy is
void la law. This applies to all policies in Eng-
land, whether efiected in the United Kingdom or
abroad.
The written [jart of a policy overrides tlie printed
part, and marginal clauses override the body of
the text when there is any difference between
them : and where a certain term expresses a dis-
trict and a town, tlie expression is legally the
naiTDWcr sense. For example, there is a port
called L>"me, and also a district called Lyme, the
latter including not only the port of Lyme, but
other places, such as Bridport. A policy " at and
froDi Lyme " would not cover Bridport. Again,
the port of Liverpool, for Custom House purposes,
includes Runcorn. A policy worded " at and from
o port in the United Kingdom " would cover a
ship loaded wholly at Runcorn or wholly at Liver-
pool, but not one loaded partly at Runcorn and
partly at Liverpool.
If the insurance is from or to a district comprising
several porta, those ports must not only be named.
but must be visited in their natural or geographical
order, unless there is an established custom of the
trade or permission in the policy to vary this order,
in which case the customary order must bo ob-
served.
If the meaning of an rxceptioa from the terms
of the policy be ambiguous it will be camtned
against the underwriter on the RTound tint H
devolves on him to expre»» in plain Langiiage lay
provisions inserted for his protectioQ. Clauses ex-
tending the provisions of the policy in tavocr of
the assured arc cumulative, and oot restrictive—
i^., they cannot be construed so as to deprive tic
assured of any right which he would have poaecMri
under the ordinary' terms ot the policy, irrespecsiw
of the additional clauses introduced tor his beasto.
(Amould, 5th ed., p. 805.)
The losses not covered by the tenns at a
ordinary policy, and by which the tmdenrritcr't
liabihty is limited, may be given as
llie splitting or cairying away of cailsd
wind ; the breaking and strain of the
the parting of hawsers and grouod tackle
subjected to an extra straia owing to some itti'
dent ; the rolling away of small spars ; mjuiy n
pump-i ; the breakage of a steamer's shait on
attributable to heavy weather or some other j
insured against ; slackness of seams resulting I
wear and tear ; damage by rats or worms ; 1
of woodwork ; corrosion of iroDwork : ordioBT
leakage and breakage of cargo ; and all ordiovx
charges incurred during the prosecution a( Ibe
adventure, including wages and victualling oi tin
crew, though enhanced in amount owing to tte
prolongation of the voyage through sea penb I
through detention in a port of refuge
latter are recoverable in general average b^l
law, or York Antwerp Rules. Then from id
vice, such as fish acd meat becoming putrid, net
or flour heated, fruit becoming rotten, wine son,
or hides tainted, not by contact with sea valo,
but by natural decomposition, even thongfa
latter arise from the prolongation of the
by sea perils. (Ta^or v. Dtrabar, L..R. 4
206.)
Losses not proximately but remotely caused bf
perils insured against : Loss of market on caip
owing to the protraction of the voyage by bad
wcatlicr ; loss arising from the compulsory 1
ment of the voyage ; consequent upon bio
hostile occupation, or other deterrent caose; 1
liability of shipouncicrs for loss or injury caused I
persoas or property ttirough the default of
servants ; the liabihty of shipowners for the 1
mcurrcd in the removal of a wreck, even
the underwriters have paid a total loss and cb
the salvage : loss by the forced sale of goods all
port of refuge to provide funds for the repair 1
the. ship, or to defray other expenses necessaiy I
the prosecution of the voyage — reco>~erabl6
from the uadcrwritcrs who have insured the |
but from the parties for whose use the fnods ^
required [Powell v. Dudgeon. 5 M. and S. 4Ji|.
the liability of a cargo owner to make up.tb
deficit in the payment of a bottomry bond. 00 ^
and cargo, arising from the ship and freight 1
of tnsuHicicnC value (Green v. Poole. 4 Asp.
I
I
L.C. 300) : loss by tbe forced sale of property under
Admiralty decree to realise the amount of a claim
thereon (ThompHon v. Reynolds; see Amould.
4th txL. p. 667) ; loos by prejudice or suspicion of
damage (Cator v. Great Western Co.. 2 Asp. Mar.
L.C 90) : tbe forfeiture oi freight from the exercise
of a power of niulcl or cancetUng option by the
charterer, etc. ([nman v. BiicbofE, L.R. 7 H.L. 670,
UercantJe Marine v. Tyser. 5 Asp. Mar. L.C. 6) ;
losses attributable to the uegUgence or misconduct
oi tbe assured or his agent ; unseaworthiness or
improper condemnatioo. theft, which, when un-
accompanied by overpowering force, might have
been prevented by the exercise of ordinary vigilance
00 the part of those in charge of the vessel ; loss
in the shipping or landing of cargo directly aLtxi-
butablc to tlic ne. gencc of the shipowner's ser-
vants, or to defect in the ship's tackle ; damage
by bad stowage, rats, or other vennla ; loss by
British capture or hostile arrest ; loas resulting
from an act of a foreign State, of which the a.s»ared
is a subjtNTt, when committed with a hosttlt; inten-
tion against Britain (the assured being, in such a
case, identified in the eye of the law with his
Government in the proceeding) ; the toss of articles
placed in improper or insecure situations, such as
water casks on deck, and hawsers or other ropes
lying on deck, unless the vessel is just entering or
leaving port ; and may be added the custom by
which the underwriter is exonerated from Uabihty
for ihr loss of cargo laden on deck unless he has
sanctioned its carriage by special agreement in
the pohcy. {McArtbnr on the Contract of Insur-
ance, p. 1 34.)
PoUard. Bear^Admiral Edwin John (b. 1833).
Entered Navy xs naviU cailt^t. 1846 ; midshipman of
Vengeam^ during operatious in Black S«a. from
the commencement of the Crimean war until 1855.
includmg attack on sea defences of Sebastopol
(Crimean and Turkish medals, Scbastop<^ clasp) ;
lieutenant. 1855 : Ucuten&ot oommanduig Wood-
cock : took part in the operations in the north of
China, mcluding the capture of Tient&in and the
bombardment and capture of Namtow, i8$& ; in
OOfmnaod of Stattnch in the Gulf of Pcchili ; was
present at the second capture of the Peiho forts
and Tientsin ; specially mentioned in de^iatchcs
by Commandcr-inXhief, and promoted to com-
mander for services rendered (China medal. Canton
Aod Taku clasp) ; received Royal Humane Society's
silver medal (1857) for jumping into the Canton
River ofi Tiger Island and supporting J. White.
A>B., who had fallen overboard from H.M.S.
Woodcock until a boat arrived ; received the second
award and vellum certificate for saving hfc : cap-
tain, 1868 ; rear-admiral, 1885, when he retired.
FoUoek, Walter. Naval architect and conaultwg
I ^ft«flSi***n- (b. March 24. 1873). After serviag his
^ipreaticeslup he joined the firm of Blesacs. Ball,
with the design of numerous vessels, piioclpaUy
tugs, sitallnw -draught steamers, and coasting
steamers for all parts of the worhl. Member of
the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Institution
of Naval Architects, lostitutioa of Marine En-
ameers, etc.
Poltsfa. SeeTango. istclass battleship (l 1,000
tun»). This vessel was damaged by the Japanese
at the battle of Port Arthur. February y, 1904, and
eventually blown up by the Russians, before the
capitulation of Port Arthur. January. 1905. Since
raised, refitted, and added to the active list of tbe
Japanese Navy.
Pc^nesian. French subsiduted merchant ship
(1890]. Mcssagcries Moritimes (q.v.). Dimensions,
482 x49 x34 ft. ; gross tonnage, 6,569 ; Hp., 7.500=
17 kL3.
Pomerania. Hambncg-Amerika Line steamer.
Sunk off Folkestone by colUsiou with the Moei
Eiiian. of Carnarvon, November 35. 1878 ; 48 Uvcs
tost.
POQunem. German 1st class battleship. (Volkan
Co.. i'^05.)
Length 4joft. Beam 73fL Mean draught 35ft.
Di-^placement 13,400 ton». Complement 700.
Guru. Armour.
4 — II in. " Krupp."
14 — 6'7 in. 10 in. Belt.
22 — 24 P*lf- ' » in. Barbettes,
4 — I pdr. 1 1 in. Turrets.
4 Machine. 12 in. Coiming tower.
Torpedo Tubes.
6 Submerged bow, stem, and broadside.
Three screws. Hp. 16,000— i3 kts. Coal maxi-
mum 1,800 tons. Approximate cost /i ,200,000.
Pomona. American ship, from Liverpool to
New \'ork. Wrecked on Blackwater Bank through
the master mistaking the Blackwater for the
Tuakar Light, January 23, 1859 ; many lives lost.
Poooe de Ltco. Spanish gun-boat Of httir
fighting value.
Pootat U'ciitcm.
Poiuate. A westerly wind in the Mediterranean,
Pootooo. A low. flat vesaol rese-mbliog a barge.
Poole Yacht Clab. Estabhshed 1873. Burgee :
Blue, yillow ^liield, dolphin in centre. Commoclore,
C. van Raahte : Vice -Commodore, R. £. Durell ;
Rear-Commodore. F. W. Lac«y ; Honorary Secre-
tary, F. G. Whcailey. Entrance toe, £1 is, ; annual
subscription. £i ix.
Po<V. Tbe after and highest part of a ship's
hole : also the name given to a deck and after part
of a spar deck.
Pooped. Sigai5es a wave breaking over a ship's
stem.
Pocre. Bear-Admiral Sir Richard, 4th Bi.»
Sods and Co., Ltd.. and has been closely connected cr. 179$ (^ <653)- Entered Navy. t866; tien-
tenont, 1873 ; sub-lientmant in PhilomH ; aerved
in Naval Brigade during o|XTutKiiis affain&t Malays
in the Strails of Malacca. 1S7S-76: mentioned in
despatches: promoted U^:taJc racdal and clasp);
Hfrntenant of htvtncihle at tbe bombardment of
Alexandria, 1882 ; mentioned in despatches for
landing with a party of volunteers to spike and
destroy guns in Fort Mex ; landed with Na\-al
Brigade, and served in the armoured train Lliroiigh-
ont the Egyptian war (Eg^'ptian medal, Alexandria
clasp, Khedive's Bronze Star, Medjidic, 4tb Class) :
served with NavaJ Brigade, and landed for service
iu the Soudan with the Kile expedition for the rclicl
of General Gordon at Khartoum, 1884-85 : com-
manded the steamer Nassif Rheit while passing
the cataracts between Wady Haifa and Dondola ;
promoted to commander for these services ; men-
tioned in despatches (Nile clasp, 18S4-8;) ; captain,
1890 ; rear-admiral, 1903 ; rear-admiral of Channel
Fleet, 1905.
Popper, Zieetried. Austrian naval architect-
Cliiel Constructor Austro-llungarian Nav>' (b.
Pr&gDO, 1848). Obtained! his technical education
at the High Schools of Prague and Carlsmhe, and,
after two years' practical working in engineering
shops, he in 1S69 entered the Austrian na\'al ser-
vice as Assistant Constructor. In iSoi he was
appointed Chief Constructor, and oil the newer
ships of the Anatro-Hungarian N*a\'y were de-
signed by him, and built under bis supervision and
direction. In 1904 the King oi Italy conferred on
him the rank of ConalxucLor General.
Poppets. Uprights of stout timber used to sup-
port a ship when being launched.
Popple. Short waves rising in quick succession.
Poratsaiiucby. Russian torpedo-boat destroyer.
Black Sea (layS). Length, J^ ft. ; beam. iS ft. ;
draught, 1 1-^ ft. ; displacement, 240 tons ; comple-
ment, 55 ; armament. 1 12-pdr., 3 J-pdr., 2 tubes ;
Hp.. 3,800=27 kts. ; coal, 53 tons.
Porcupine. British torpedo-boat de^itroyer. (Jar-
row, 1845.) Length, 200 ft. ; beam, 19 ft. ; draught,
6J ft. ; displacement, 388 tons : complement. 50 ;
armament, i 12-pdr., 5 6-pdr., a tubes ; twm screw ;
Hp., 3,866 = 27 kts. ; coal, 60 tons.
Porpoise. U.S. submarine. (Elizabeth Port,
iQOi.) Length., 63 ft.; beam, iijj- ft.; displace-
ment, I JO tons ; complement, 5 : torpedo tubes, i ;
Hp., 160=8 kts. above, 7 kts. below.
Port. The left-hand stde of the vessel.
Port. By the Harbours Transfer Act, 1S62,
poller was expressly reserved to the Admiralty
to retain the control of any parts of any harbour,
port, bay. estuary, or navigable river adjoining
any Royal dockyard, arsenal, naval station, etc.
05 might seem advisable in the interests ot the
naval service. By the Regulation of Dockyard
Ports Act, 1S65, provisions may be made by
Orders in Council to regulate the mooring of ships.
^
:of l|H
ifri^M
to prcMfait bivaming and the keeping of pa-
powder, to restrict the uacr of fire and light, and tke
keeping of combustibles, to limit th« speed ol
vessels, and to provide for day and nigfat vatch-
men on all vessels. A King's harbour-masts a
appointed by the Admiralty to execute the peon
sions of thli Act. to control the movenieius ol
ships, and to remove wreck and other obstroctioit-
He is not responsiblL' lur the defaults ol his
ordinates, and the Crown cannot be made
for his defaults. No action will lie against hs
for any trespass, act, or omissioo unless the KtiiB
is conimcncird witliin six months ot such tnapua
act, or omisHvon, and unless written notice is givcB
tiim a month before the commencement of laf
procecdmgs. Refer to Arson.
Port Blair Sailing (nub. Kstr ilished 1894.
modore, W. Merk ; Vice-Commodore. R. F.
Treasurer. K. C. Bose ; Honorary Secretary, R.
I>o\vis, Port Blair, .\ndamaa Island. India.
irant'p fee, 5 rupees ; annual subscription, ti
Porter. U.S. torpedo boat (1897). 0i
ment. 175 tons; gnns, 4 i-pdr. ; torpedo tolw^
3 18-iQ. ; ma.ximum speed, 27 kts.
Porter, David Dixon. American admiral (b
Chester, P.A.. 1813). Entered the Navy, 1829,
midshipman, and in 1841, as lieutenant, took
in the war with Mejcico. At the outbreak
Ci\'il war he was given command of tlie steam
Powhatan. In 1861 ho was promoted to the nak^t
commander, and at the battle of New Orleans M
charge of tlie auxiliary fleet of mortar-boats irtiek
bombarded for five days Forts Jackson and Sl
Philip. In 1862 he had command of the Misnsapfi
squadron, and played an important part in tk
capture of Arkansas Post in the following year, tt
1863 he greatly distinguished himself in co-operatiai
with Grant in the reduction of Vjcksbnig. Oi
July 4, 1S63, he was appointed reax-admiral. aod »
the following year transferred to the t^mmaail Ji
the North American blockade squadron, and igai
distingnisbed himself at the capture of Fort Fulut,
1865. He held the post of superintendent ot tk
U.S. Naval Academy. 1865-60. He was nadr
vice-admiral, i366. admiral, 1870, being the ^t
person except Admiral Farragut who had r«tf
reached that rank. Among his publtcatMHU an
" The Life of Commodore David Porter " fiBjJi
" Incidents and Anecdotes of the Civil W«
(1885), "The Naval History of the Civil W,
(18K7), .ind several noi'els.
Port helm. In connection with articles i9
33 of the Regulations for the Prcvcnticm of CoIlinM
at Sea (g.v.), the effect of the reversed pnptf*
upon the turning capacities of a ship is of p^
importance in determinmg the advtsabihty d
reversing in close proximity to another vcad a
the shore. Vessels fitted with twin sccem •
disconnected paddles can, of course, mansn*.
almost independently ol the rudder action.
PORTLAND
499
POSLUCHNY
have been koown to turn round id tbeir own length,
when goins at full spec*!, by reversing one screw and
keeping oo foil ahead w-ith the other. In Ihe case
of unglC'Screw ships, bciuever, the eflect ol a right-
handed propeller [i.e., one turning from lolt to ngbt)
is to cast the ahip's head to port when nwving ahead,
and to starboard when moving astern, and vi'ct-
versa with a left-handed screw. This turning
eScct, when the engines are going astcm, is far
more noticeable than when guing aliead, >uid become
still furtlicr marke<l as the vessal loses headway.
In fact, in colhsioa actions, a ship is not inErequently
accused ol deliberately porting or starboarding
at the last moment into another vessel, and subse-
quent investigation has proved that this eflect was
produced solely by the action of the reversed pro-
peller, even when the helm has, in fact, been hard
over the other way.
A vessel infringing article 33 is deemed in default
unless she can show to the satisfaction of the Court
that the circumstances of the case made a departure
from the regidations necessary.
The cflcct of the reversed propeller upon the
beading of a ship is not unimportant in determining
the action of the oflicur of the M-atch in the event of
a man falling overboard. Twin-screw vessels can,
b>' reversing, not only bring thcmsch-cs to a stand-
still and remain on the same heading, but, apart
from the effects of wind, current or trim of the .ship.
can retrace tlie same steps by continuing to reverse.
A single-screw ship will, on the other hand, dy off
her course under the reversed action of the pro-
peller, and, moreover, it is not every junior engineer
who dare at once put his engines full speed astern
from JuII speed ahead. Most commanders, who
know, or should know to a nicety, the turning
circle of their ships, favour the idea of turning a
complete circle (one engine reversed m the case ol
a twin-screw boat), thus giving the watch on deck
time to clear a boat of lashings and have her ready
for k>wering on top of the drowning man. Refer to
Collisions, Regulations for the Prevention of, at
Sea (article i»).
Portland, Battle of. This action began on Febru-
ary tS, 1653. when the Dutch, under Admiral van
Tromp. attacked the British Fleet under Blake.
Monck, Dean and Penn. At the first engagement
the British lost one Jihip ; the Dutch five. A
running action was continued on tlie [9th and 20th,
in which the Britiiih were successful. The Dutch
loss during the whole action was four ships of war
taken, five sunk, three burnt, and about 50 mer-
chantmen captured.
Fort Nicholson Tacbt Club. Established 1SS3.
Commodore. Dr. Fell ; Vic«;-Commodore. F. D. M.
Georgeson ; Rear-Commodore. W. N. Johnson :
Honorary Treasurer. H. L. Nathan ; Honorary
Secretary, F. McLean, jun., Wellington, New
Zealand. Annual subscription, £1 is.
Porto Bieo. Spanish craiser (1903).
Length sSSft. Beam 36ft. Maximum draught 1 5ft.
Displacement 2.030 tons. Coraplemcnt i€o.
Guns. Armour.
4—55 in. "Sted."
4—4 in. 1 1 in. Deck.
2 — 12 pdr.
4 — 6 pdr.
4 — I pdr.
Twin screw. Up. forced 7.3oo=iS kts. Coal
maximum 310 tons.
Port Sanitary Aothority (Poblic Health Acts,
187s ^d [885).
The Ijoca\ Govemmont Board may by Order
permanently constitute any local authority whose
district forms part or abuts on any part of a port, or
any conservators, commissioners, or others having
anthority in such port (styled by the Act "riparian
authority ") the sanitary anthority for the whole or
part of a port. Such authonty has jurisdiction
over all the waters wittiin the limit of tlic port, and
.extensive powers of raising money for expenses
and payment of debts, and may borrow on credit of
any fund, sen-age land, or plant. In London the
Port Sanitary Authority is the City Corporation,
which pays its expen-ses out of its corporate funds.
Port sanitary authorities restrict nuisances, ad-
minister the laws of quarantine, and, by the Public
Health .^ct. 1896. may be assigned powers, rights,
duties, capacities and obligations by the Local
Government Board under the Infectious Diaeaaes
Prevention Act. t890.
Portsmouth, Battle of. On February t8, 1653.
the English under Blake gained a decisive victory
over the Dutch fleet under van Tromp, taking and
destroying ju meu-of-wai and 11 nierctiantuicn.
PortiDiouth Oorintiiian Yaoht dab. RoyaL See
Royal Portsmouth CoriuLhian Yacht Club.
Portsmouth Official Directory. Pabtished monthly.
Prici; ^ii. Addrt-s^ L Purtsmuutlu
Portsmoatb Safling dub. Ef^tablished 1901.
Vicc-Commodorc. Lieut. -Colonel R. Barrington*
Baker ; Honorary Treasurer, A. B. Gilchrist ;
Honorary Secretarj'. A. S. German, j King Street,
Portsmouth. Annual subscription, £1 is.
PortBgaose Blan-oI-War. A sea-nettle common
in tropical seas.
PortojpieM national Havisatioa Oo. S^i Empreza
Nacioaal.
Porinnn. Liverpool steamer, foundered during
a cyclone 25a miles from Barbadocs. August 33,
1890 ; all hands lost.
Port Yarak. Glasgow barque. Driven ashore itt
Brandon Bay. co. Kerry ; 31 lives lost.
Posadnlk. Sm MaXikumo. Torpedo gun-boat.
jSkhichau, 1892.) Of no fighting value.
Poalnchny. Russian torpedo • boat destroyer.
(Black Sea, 1&9S.) Length, 196 ft ; beam, s6 ft
4
>SSESSION
500
POST
draught, M^ ft.; displacement, 340 tons: com-
plement. 55 ; armament, i 12 pdr.. 3 3-pdr.. 2 tubes ;
Up., 1.800=27 kts. ; coa!. S3 tons.
Possession ot sbipa. For the wrongful detention
of a ptj-Mnal chattel tlic proc4'<is at common law is
A personnl action for damagRi. but for thn wrongful
fletnnlion of a ship the vessel herself may be
arrested and proceeded against by the Court by the
process in wm peculiiir to AdniiraJly. The Admi
ralty Court Act, 1840, gave ihL* Court power to
determine questions of title or ownership of any
vessel or tJie proceeds tlicreof remaming in the regis-
try arising in any cause of possession. Where
foreigners alone arc concerned the Court will only
adjudicate tn action*; for possessinn with the consent
either of the {>arlie>i concirmeil. or of the Cousul
of the country to which she belongs. Possession
will be decreed against a master who seeks to
retain possession agaitt.st tJie wishes of the owners.
Refer to Restraint on Ship. Admiralty Court of the
Cinf|ae Ports, Admiralty Jurisdiction.
Posted. Promoted.
Po«t-offjoe. In 16(9 James L established a post-
office, and in 1635 Charles I. a letter oOicc, for
England and Scotland, but tliis extended only to
the principal roads, and the time of carriage was
uncertain. In 1657 an Act was passed declariug
th.-tt there shall be but one post-oflfice and one
postmaster 'general and controller to settle posts,
and hxing postage at the following rates : For a
single letter, under 8d milcv id., uudi-r 140 niiles
4x/., above 140 miles 6J.. nnd on the l>orders and
in Scotland &</. In 1683 a metropoUtan penny post
wan established. In 1S3Q Kowlnnd Hilt brought
forward his scheme for penny postage throughout
the United Kingdom, which came into operation
on January 10, 1840, and the charge was irf. for
every letter below ) on. in weight. In 1S70 a
\d. postcard wus introducitd, and in the following
year the weight for id. postage was advanced to
I oc., and a \d. fixed for each additional ounce.
In 1897 the inland postal rates were reduced to
i<f. for 4 ox. and \d. for every 2 02. additional
weight
Books, sketches, circulars, and sampler in
packages oot exceeding 2 ft. in length and t ft.
in width or depth, maybe transmitted for a postal
charge of ^d.
Any publication regtstere<l as a newspaper at
the General Vos\ Office becomes entitled to the
special rate of ^d. for circnlation within the United
Kingdom.
Railtpay loiters. — Since ifigi any letter not ex-
ceeding 4 ox. in weight may be tiat>Oed in at a
railway station for conveyance by passenger train.
The cost of this, excluding the postage, is 3d.,
payable to Ihc railway company.
Regislration. — I-ettcrs and parcels may be regis-
tered against loss or damage at any Post Office,
the cost beiiig ;
Compensation up to £$. 2d.
.. ito, 3rf.
for each additional lio. id.
limit of compensation. £iso.
Parcth Pest. — Parcels not exceeding 3 ft. 6
in length, nor 6 ft. in length and girth combi
and 1 1 lbs. weight are accepted by the Post Offii
for transmission, the r.ite<i being :
Not exceeding 1 lb., jrf., and id. for every"
additional pound up to o lbs. ; exceeding 9 Ihs.
and not exceeding 11 lbs,, i*.
Posts lifslant^.^^Thc Post Office agrees to retaio
letters addr<!S.-;ed tn strangers or those not having
a permanent address in any town for a period not,
exceeding two months if from abroad, and 01
month from within the United Kingdom. Sudi
letters must t>c marked " Poste Restante." or "To
be called for."
Money Orders. — The mtes of poundage in the
inland service are :
For sums not exceeding £1, 3d.
a. 5rf.
/lo, 4d.
I20. 6rf.
£?,o. Sd.
^40. the limit, jod.
Foreign and colonial service, not exc^reding i£i. 4i.
£2. Mr
£4.
with a corresponding increase of 3d. to the
of 5*. 2d. (or ^40.
Postal Ordtrs. — The poundage rates ior tlwM an
as follows .
For orders valued at 64.. is., and is. €4,. ^.
For orders from 3*., rising by 6d. to los. 6d., 1
For orders from lis., rismg by 6d. to air.
iK
TtUgrapks.^ln 1885 the rate of telegraph
wa<> n:vise<l. and \d. per word lliroughout, adi
included, with a mimniuni charge of (W..
into force. Tills charge includes the cost
delivery within three miles oi the rrceiving
outride tliat radius the charge for delivery (•
for each mile.
Foreign and Colonial TeUgrams. — A uniform rale
of 2d. per word, minimum charge locf., now exii
between Great Britain. Belgium, France, Gcnnai
and Holland. The rate to other countrio vary
according to the dutance.
Satfin^s Dank. — Any sum may be dcpauled
from 15. upwards to the limit of ^50 in any onfc
year, and ^200 in all. Interest on deposit is
allowed at the rate of 2}% per annum. Deponta
can be made at any post-ofhce, and withdrm<
from the post-olhce naminl in the warrant ieteivei^£
from the savings bank department, or for sums
£1 and under upon application at any poet
Withdrawals may aL<io be effected by telegrmpK
Imperial Penny Postagr. — All the British caSanie=^
with the exception of Rhodoaw have a
POST
501
POST
penny postage. The following rates apply to
postage to countries included in the postal union :
Letter
Pottage
peroz.
!
Post-
cards,
Parcels Post
minimum
charge.
Letter
Poit-
Parcels Post
. — . ..
-
--
—
Postage
minimum
peroz.
charge.
d.
d.
Dutch Guiana . .
24
I 2/0 3 lbs.
"d.
d.
Dutch East Indies
24 ! .
3/0 3 ..
Abyssinia
1 ^h
Dutch West Indies
24
3/63 »
Aden
I
1/03 lbs.
24
4/6 3'..
Algeria
2i
1/9 3 ..
Egypt
I
I/O 3 „
I
1/03 ..
24
3/03 ..
Arabia
21
—
Falkland Islands
1
1/03 „
Argentine Republic
2*
2/43 ..
Fanning Island . .
I I
1/03 ..
Ascension
I
»/o3 ..
Farde Islands
2i 1 I
'/03 "
I
i/o I ,,
Fernando Po
24 : I
—
Austria-Hungary
2i
1/63 ..
Fiji Islands
1
I I
1/0 I ,,
24 ; I
1/63 ..
Formosa
24 1 I
2/0 3 „
Bahamas . .
I ' I
I/O 3 ..
France . .
24 1
1/43 ..
Banks Islands . .
2i 1 1
French Congo
24 1 1
3/03 "
Barbadoes
I I
>/o3 .-
French Guiana . .
24
I
3/03 "
Basutoland
I 1 I
0/9 I „
French Guinea . .
24
2/3 3 ..
Bechuanaland . .
I 1 ^ ' °l9 ' ■-
French India
24
2/3 3 ..
Bechuanaland (E^rotec-
1 1
French Indo-China
24
4/03 M
torate)
1 ' ^
1/9 I ..
French Somali Coast . .
24
2/3 3 M
Belgium . .
1 2i I
»/0 3 ..
Friendly Islands
24
—
Bennuda . .
1
1 I I
1/03 ..
Gambia . .
I
I/O 3 ..
Bolivia
1 2* I
316 7 ..
Germany . .
24
i/o 3 ..
Borneo
I
I
I/O 3 ..
German East Africa
24
.
3/03 ..
Brazil
1 H
I
3/63 ..
German South - West
British Central Africa . .
1 I
I
2/03 „
Africa . .
24
3/03 ..
British East Africa and
German New Guinea . .
24
3/03 ..
Uganda
I
I
1/03 »
Gibraltar . .
I
1/03 ..
British Guiana . .
II I
1/03 ..
Gilbert Islands . .
2j
—
British Honduras
I ■ I
1/03 -
Gold Coast
I
1/03 M
British New Guinea
I
i/o I ..
Greece
24
2/3 3 »
British North Borneo . .
I
I 1 1/03 ..
Greenland
24
1/03 ..
British Somaliland
I
I 1 1/03 »
I
1/03 ..
Bulgaria . .
24
I '2/33 ..
Guadeloupe
24
3/0 3 M
Cameroons
24
I 1 2/3 3 ..
Guatemala
24
2/0 3 ..
Canada
I
1 0/81 „
Hawaii (or Sandwich Is-
Canary Islan<]s . .
2i
—
lands) . .
24
2/03 M
Cape Colony
I
0/9 I ..
Hayti
24
—
Cape Verde Islands
n
2/63 -.
Holland . .
24
i/o 3 ..
C-arolinc Islands . .
24
3/03 ..
Honduras Republic
24
2/03 ..
Cayman Islands . .
I
1/03 ..
Hong Kong
I
1/03 ..
Ceylon
I
1/03 ..
Iceland . .
24
I/O 3 ..
24
2/03 ..
India (British)
I
1/03 ..
24
1/03 ..
Italy
24
1/63 .,
Colombia
24
2/03 ..
Italian Somaliland
24
2/3 3 M
Comoro Islands
24
I
3/03 ..
Ivory Coast
24
3/03 ..
Congo Free State
24
2/63 ..
Jamaica . .
I
1/03 ..
Cook Islands
I
1/03 ..
Japan
24
2/0 3 „
24
2/03 ..
I
1/03 ..
Costa Rica
24
2/03 ..
Lagos
I
i/o 3 ..
Crete
24
2/03 ..
Liberia . .
24
2/03 M
Cuba
24
2/03 ..
Luxemburg
24
1/03 ..
I
I/O 3 ».
24
2/03 ..
Pahomey
24
3/03 M
Madagascar
24
3/03 ..
Xtanish West Indies
24
2/03 M
24
1/63 "
Denmark
24
1/03 ..
Malay States
I
1/03 „
Dcnninica
1.
1/03 ..
Malta
I
1/03 ..
POST
502
POST
Letter p
I pflCOZ. I
parcels Post
minimum
charxe.
d.
(2.
Marian Islands (except
Guam)
2i
3/03 lbs.
Marian Islands . .
2i
2/0 3 M
Marquesas Islands
H
I
5/6 3 ..
Marsball Islands
24
3/0 3 ..
Martinique
2i
^
3/03 ..
Mauritius and Depend-
encies . .
I
I 1/03 ..
Mexico . .
2i
I 1/03 ..
Monaco . .
2i
I ! 1/4 3 ..
Montenegro
2}
I '2/33 ..
Montseirat
I
I 1/03 ..
Morocco . .
2k
» 1/03 ..
Muscat . .
2i
I —
NaUl . .
I
I '0/91 „
Nevis
I
I 1/03,,
New Caledonia .
2i
1 : 4/0 3 ..
Newfoundland .
I
I '1/03,.
New Hebrides
H
I i/i I „
New Zealand
I ■ I ! I /o 3 ..
Nicaragua
.
H ' I 3/03 ..
Nigeria
I I
I/O 3 ..
Noriolk Island .
I
—
Norway . .
n
I/O 3 M
NossiB6
2i
Nyasaland Protectorate
I
1 2/03 ..
Orange River Colony . .
I
I 1/0 I „
Panama Republic
2i
I [2/03 „
Paraguay
2*
I '2/83 „
Persia
H 1 1 1 2/0 3 „
Peru
H ■ I \ 2/0 3 ..
Philippine Islands
2i I 2/03 „
Puerto Rico
2^ 'I 2!o 3 „
Portugal
-I I i.'f' 3 ..
Portuguese East Africa
'^ I ,1/'^ 3 ■■
Poitugucsc India
^h 1 -Z".) ..
Portuguese Timor
4 I 4/0 ,1 .,
Portuguese West \frica
^5,11 2/fi 3 .,
Reunion . .
2\ I .V^O 3 ,.
Rhodesia . .
' I ' 3/" 3 ..
Roumania
2 1 1 j/o 3 ,.
Russia
jj 1 2/0 3 .,
St. Domingo
2i j I
St. Helena
1 1 ■1/03,,
St. Kitts
1 I 1/03..
St. Lucia . .
I I I '0 3 , ,
St. Pierre and Miqueloii
2i I 2/0 3 „
St. Vincent
' I i,'^ 5 ■•
Salvador
21 ; I ' 3/0 3 ..
Samoa
^i .1 2/03 „
Sarawak . .
1 I 1/03..
Senegambia
J I : [
Servia
2i ■ I 1/93 ..
Seychelles
1 I ^.'03 ,.
Siam
2i I ::/" 3 ,.
Sierra Leone
'
I
i/o 3 ..
Society Islands . .
Solomon Islands
Spain
Straits Settlements
Sweden . .
Switzerland
Tahiti . .
Tobago . .
Togoland
Tortola . .
Transvaal
Trinidad
Tripoli (Africa) . .
Tristan d'Acunfaa
Tunis
Turkey . .
Turks and Caicos Islands
Uganda . .
United States of America
Uruguay
Venezuela
Zanzibar
L«tt«r
Postage
peroz.
Post- I P"^P«"
cards. I =>"««»
I ChKlt
d.
H
*i
I
a*
I
ai
I
I
I
2*
I
2i
2*
I
I
2*
2*
34
I
d.
1/3 I lbs.
1/63 ..
1/03 ..
1/63 ..
1/63 ..
S'6 3 ..
1/03 ..
2/3 3 ..
1/03 ..
i/o I „
»/o3 ..
1/93 ..
2/3 3
1/03
1/03
2/03
2/03
3/83
>/o3
Approximate time taken in transmissiaa of
correapondence from London to certain pbca
abroad
Name of Place.
Accra . .
Adelaide
Aden . .
Aix-les-Bains
Alexandria
Algiers
Ambriz
Amsterdam
Antigua
Antwerp
Arica {via Panama)
{via Magellan
Ascension
Athens
Auckland [via Suez)
Baden-Baden
Bagdad
Bahamas
Bahia
BAIe ..
Balearic Islands
Barbadoes
Barcelona
Batavia
Bat hurst
Belgrade
t
Dars. ! Hon
16 -
30 -
10 -
20
5 ^ 13
2 ' 4
28
17
— 9»
35 ■ -
43 , -
U ' -
4 I -
38 -
24 -
12 . —
I
— ' i9i
3
12 —
I 10
27
15
3
POST
503
POST
Name of PUoe.
Days. Hours.
Belize
Bergen (via Newcastle)
Berlin
Bermuda (tfta New York)
„ {via Halifax)
Berne
Beyrout
Biarritc
Blocmfontein
Bombay
Bordeaux
Boston, U.S.A.
Bremen
Brindisi
Brisbane
Brussels
Bucharest
Budapest
Buenos Aires
Cadiz
Cairo
Calabar
Calcutta
Callao {via Panama]
Cameroons . .
Cape Coast Castle . .
Cape Palmas
Cape Town . .
Carthagena . .
Chicago
Christiania . .
Cologne
C<dombo
Colon
Congo
Constantinople
Copenhagen . .
Coqoimbo
Corfu
Cyprus
Delagoa Bay
Demerara
I>}minica
I>resden
Falkland Islands . .
Fiji (via Vancouver)
„ {via Suez)
Florence
Forcados
Frankfort -on-Main . .
Geneva
Genoa
Gibraltar
Gothenburg . .
Grand Bassa
Grand Canary
Grenada
17
2
13
I
6
I
19
14
2
33
3
I
23
3
6
30
"7
30
24
16
25
17
30
3
16
la
20
3
I
34
3
8
21
15
14
I
25
30
44
1
18
I
3
I
23
5
13
Name of Place.
Dars. Hours.
23
14
21
19
13
7i
IS
174
13
10
14
17
33
7
IS
18
I —
Guadeloupe . .
Guayaquil . .
Hague, The . .
Hamburg
Hanover
Havana
Heidelberg . .
Hobart
Hong Kong {via Brindisi) . .
{via Vancouver)
Honolulu
Iceland
Irkutsk
Jamaica (via Bristol)
„ {via New York)
Johannesburg
Kurrachee . .
Lagos
Lima . .
Limon
Grey Town 1 33
Lisbon
Loanda
Lucerne
Lyons
Madeira
Madras
Madrid
Malaga
Malta
Mandalay
Manila
Marseilles
.Mauritius
Melbourne . .
Mexico
Milan
Mombasa
Monrovia
Monte Video
Montreal
Montserrat . .
Moscow
Mozambique . .
Munich
Muscat
Naples
Nevis
Newfoundland
New York
Nice . .
Nova Scotia (Halifax)
Odessa
Oporto
Ottawa
Palermo
Panama
Paris
Payte
14
34
34
29
31
18
6
12
13
15
19
17
17
30
16
2
20
10
30^
184
20
22
18
23
30
4 i —
17 I —
I
3
3
21 j —
32 —
— I 23
28 —
3' —
12 —
1 I 9
20
22
21
8
17
2
30
I
20
2
19
9
8
I
6
2
3
9
3
19
19
I
31
10
6
32
36
POST
504
Name of Place.
Dan.
Penang
33
__
PemAmbuco
14
—
Pertii (West Australia)
26
—
Pietermaiitzbnrg
31
—
Port-aa-Prince
15
—
PortSaid
5
—
Pngae
I
10
Pretoria
19
13
Quebec
7
Rangoon
31
—
R^Slk)
3
Rio de Janeiro
17
Rome
I
33
Rotterdam
— ■
10
St. Helma
16
St. Kitts
18
St. Louis, U.S.A
9
St Lucia (West Indies)
»3
—
St Petersburg ^ * . .
3
7
St. Thomaa (West Indies) . .
15
—
St Vincent (Cape Verd Iitland) . .
9
—
St Vinramt (West Indies) . .
13
—
Sakuica
3
8
Samoa
35
—
San Ftancisco
13
—
Santander
3
13
Savanilla
16
—
Seychelles (direct)
19
—
„ (via Diego Suarez)
31
—
Shanghai [via Vancouver) ...
38
—
„ {via Suez)
33
16
Sierra Leone . .
13
—
Singapore
22
—
Smyrna
6
—
Stockholm . .
2
—
Strasburg
1 ~
19
Suez . .
5
13
Sydney
32
—
Syracuse
3
7
Tamatave
21
—
Tangier
4
3
Teheran
22
—
Teneriffe
5
—
Tiflin
10
—
Tobago
15
—
Tomsk
9
—
Trieste
I
22
Trinidad
13
—
Turin
I
6
Valparaiso (via Andes)
26
—
„ (via Magellan) . .
I 33
—
Vancouver . .
1 II
—
Venice
i I
18
Vichy
i —
18
Vienna
. I
9
Vigo
; 3
—
Vladivostock
1 ^7
—
Washington
1 9
—
Name of Flaoa.
Wellington (vm Sues)
Winnip^
Yola»hama(n« Vaocouver)
(via Suez)
Zuudbar
Zurich
POST
Dv». BSK
39
9
34
38
33
«J
Table oi charges for foreign and r<t^nnifi td^
grams from any part of the Ui^ted ^Giffgiom :
3
4
Abyamnia .. .. ,.s
Aden t. .. .. .. ..2
Africa. East St* £a«t Africa.
Africa, Soath. 5m Cape Colcniy. NaW,
Orange River Ccdoay, T^mnsvaal, Rho-
desia.
Africa. West Sm West Africa.
Alaska ,
Algeria (or Algiers) ^
Angola. Sto West Africa.
Annam .. ,. ,, __ j .
„ vim Turloy - . 4 «
AraUa. See Aden, Hedjax, Mnacat, and
Yemen ■
Argentine Republic, via Galvestcm. or *w
Coion
Argentine Republic, vim Ftance . , «
Ascension .i .. .. ^^ ^_ j
Aasab. 5m East Africa, Italian East Africa.
Australia :
New South Wales j
Queensland, via Turkey , . ^ j
South Australia
4 *
w
«
via Pacific
.^« Cape
Tasmania , .
Victoria
Western Australia
Austria . .
Azores . .
Bahamas
Basutoland. See Cape Colony.
Bathurst. See West Africa.
Bechuaa aland (Cape Colony).
Colony.
Bechuanaland Protectorate. Sea Rhodesia,
Southern.
Belgium
Bermuda
Bissao. See West Africa.
Bokhara. See Boukhara.
Bolama. See West Africa.
Bolivia, via Galveston or Colon
Borneo, British
„ „ via Turkey . .
Borneo. Dutch. See Dutch Hast
Other Islands.
Bosnia-Herzegovina . .
3 •
Indies,
POST
505
POST
Boukbara
Bourbon. See Reunion.
Brazil-
Pemambuco
Other Places, except those on the
Amazon
Other Places, except those on the
Amazon, via France-Teneriffe-No-
ronha and Brazilian Land Lines . .
Places on the Amazon
ist Zone
via France
2nd Zone
„ via France
British Central Africa (Nyassaland)
British East Africa. See East Africa.
British South African Co.'s Territory. See
Rhodesia, Northern, North-Westem,
and Southern.
Bulgaria and Eastern Rotimelia
Burma . .
„ via Turkey
Cambodia. See Cochin China.
Cameroons. See West Africa.
Canada, Dominion of :
British Columbia . . i 6 to
Cape Breton
Manitoba . .
New BrunsMrick . .
North-West Territories . . r 6 to
Nova Scotia
Ontario Province . .
Prince Edward Island . .
Quebec Province . .
Canary Islands
Cape Colony
Cape Verd Islands :
St. Vincent
S. Thiago . .
Caroline Islands (Yap or Jap)
via Turkey
Ceylon
via Turkey
Chili, via Galveston, or Colon
Funta Arenas
via France
China, all places except Macao
„ ., „ via Turkey. .
Macao
,. via Turkey
Cochin China . .
„ „ via Turkey
Cocos
Colombia, Republic of, via Galveston or
Colon
Buenaventura, via Galveston or Colon. .
Congo Free State. See West Africa.
Co^ea. ..
For
each
word.
s. d.
I o
3 o
4 o
3 8
5 2
4 II
6 5
6 I
2 II
0 4
2 o
1 10
2 2
3 I
4 II
4 8
2 I
1 II
5 9
4 2
3 10
4 5
4 2
4 7
4 4
3 10
3 7
2 6
5 9
5 6
4 10
\
Corea, via Turkey . . . . " „,
Costa Rica
Crete (or Candia)
Cyprus . .
Dahomey. See West Africa.
Delagoa Bay. See East Africa,
Denmark
Djibouti, via France . .
Dutch East Indies :
Java
„ via Turkey . .
Other Islands
,, „ via Turkey
East Africa, British . .
Mombasa and Kilindini
East Africa, German :
Bismarcksburg and Ujiji
Other Places
East Africa, Italian . .
East Africa, Portuguese (Mozambique) :
Beira Railway Co.
Zambesia . .
Chiuanga . .
Ibo..
Lnrio
Mocubelta
Porto Amelia
Quis.sanga
Delagoa Bay (Lorenzo Marques),
Mozambique and Other Places
Zanzibar . .
Ecuador, via Galveston or Colon
Egypt:
Alexandria
Souakim . .
Other Places :
First Region . .
Second Region
Third Region
Falkland Islands. Telegrams are sent by
post from Monte Video or from Punta
Arenas.
Fanning Island
Farde Islands . .
Fiji Islands
Formosa
„ via Turkey . .
France . .
French Congo. See West Africa.
French Guinea. See West Africa.
German East Africa. See East Africa.
German South-West Africa. See West
Africa.
Germany
Gibraltar
Gold Coast. See West Africa.
Greece and Greek Islands
Guam Island . .
For
each
word.
s. d.
4 7
4 2
0 6
1 o
3
3
o
9
5
2
9
6
I
8
3
9
o
2 a
2 7
2 6
5 9
2 6
o 5*
3 o
4 10
4 7
o 2
o 6
5 o
POST 506
For
each
word.
s. d.
Guatemala :
San Jose de Guatemala . . . . ..31
Other Places . . . . ..34
Guiana, British, via Key West or Bermuda 7 o
„ Dutch, via Key West or Hayti . . 6 9
„ French, . . . . . . ..69
Hedjaz (Arabia) . . . . . . ..26
Medine, via France , . . . . . o 6J
Holland . . . . . . ..02
Honduras, British. Telegrams are sent by
post from New Orleans.
Honduras, Independent . . . . -.39
Hongkong. See China.
Hungary . . . . . . ..03
Iceland . . . . . . . . . . ..08^
India .. .. .. .. .. I ID
Italian East Africa. See East Africa.
Italy 03
Ivory Coast. See West Africa.
Japan . . . . . . .. .. . . 4 10
„ via Turkey . . . . . . ..47
Java. See Dutch East Indies.
Kwang fung Peninsula .. 4 10
,, „ „ via Turkey ..4 7
Labuan . . . . . . . . • . 3 6
via Turkey . . . . . . "33
Laos. See Cochin China.
Liberia. Telegrams are sent by post from
Sierra Leone.
Luxemburg . . . . . . . . ..02^
Madagascar . . . . . . . . ..28
Madeira . . . . . . . . . . ..10
Malacca. Sec Malay Peninsula.
Malay Peninsula :
Jelehu
Malacca (Straits Settlements)
Pahang
IVnang and Province \\'e]lfs- ■ 3 (>
ley (Straits Scltlciiienls) ■ via
Pcrak . . . . . . I Turkey 3 3
Selangor . .
Singapore (Straits Settlenienlsl I
Suiigie Ujong . . . . /
Johoro. Telegrams arc .sent by post
from Singapore.
Malta . . . . . . . . . . . . o 4I
Manchuria. Sec Chin;i.
Massowali. Sec East Africa, Italian East
Africa.
Mauritius
, . 2
6
Mexico . .
1 6 to 2
1
. . 4
0
Montenegro
. . 0
3i-
Morocco :
'J'angicr
. . 0
4j
Oudjfla
. . 0
4\
Sjianish Possessions,
NorlJi
("oast ot
Africa
. . u
1
Muscat (Arabia). See Persian Gulf.
Natal
New Caledonia . .
„ „ via Turkey
Newfoundland
New South Wales. See Australia
New Zealand . .
„ via Turkey
Nicaragua
San Juan del Sur
Nigeria. See West Africa.
Norfolk Island, via Pacific
Norway
Nyassaland. See British Central Africa.
Orange River Colony . .
Panama. See Republic of Panama.
Paraguay, via Galveston or Colon . .
„ xna France
Penang. See Malay Peninsula.
Perim . .
Persia :
Bushire
Other Places
Persian Gulf
.. >. via Turkey
Peru, via Galveston or Colon
Philippine Islands :
Luzon
via Turkey
Portugal
Portuguese East Africa. See Hast Africa.
Poulo Condore Island
«ta Turkey ..
Principe (Island of). See West Africa.
Queensland. See Australia.
Red Sea (French Possessions). See Djibouti.
Red Sea (Italian Possessions). See East
Africa, Italian.
Republic of Panama, via Key West, Galves-
ton or Colon
Colon and Panama
Reunion
Rhodesia, Northern ..
,, North-Western
Southern
Rodriguez
Roumania
Russia in Asia
,, ,, Europe
Russia, Caucasus
POST
wh
nri.
s.l
.. 3 6
.. 3 i
■ 3 S
.. 1 0
.. 3 0
.. 2 9
• 4 3
.. 3 "
.. 3 0
.. 0 3
3 6
4 t
3 "
I 9
1 <
2 3
1 «
S »
4 5
4 i
0 I
4 0
i ^
Saghalien (Japanese) ..
,, via Turkey
St. Helena
St. Pierre and Miquelon
St. Thome (Island of). See West Africa.
Salvador
Libcrtad . .
i •
1 1
2 !
Z II
2 1:
2 S
: 6
0 ji
1 a
0 ii
0 Ji
.. 4 :t
.. 4 ;
.. I
• ■ 3
POST ^^ 507
POTHUAU
Sandvnch Islands : s.
Honolulu . . . . . . . . 3
Senegal. 5«WesiAfncar French Col ooies
or Possessions.
Servia . . . < . . O
Seychelles Islands . . . . 3
Siam. via Moulmein • • 3
„ „ Saigon . . . . . . 4
„ „ Turkey and Moulmein . . 3
.. .. .. .. Saigon . . . . 4
Sierra Leone. Sr« West Africa.
Singapore. 5m Malay Peninsula-
Society Islands. Telegrams are sent by p€)st
from San Francisco.
Scnnaliland (British). Telegrams are sent by
post from Aden.
Soodan. See Egypt (Third Region).
Sondan (French). Set West Africa : French
Colonies or Possessions.
South Austmtia. 5» Australia.
Spain . . . . . . . . . . o
ma Marseilles Cable . . . . . . o
Spanish Posseutons, North Coast of Africa.
Stt Morocco.
Straits Settlements. St« Malay Peninsula.
Sumatra. Stt Dutch East Indies.
Sweden .. .. o
Switzerland . . . . . . . . o
Tasmania. Set Australia.
Togolaad. Sat West Africa.
Tonquin . . . . . . . , . . 4
„ via Turkey . . . . 4
Transvaal . . . . . . a
Tripoli (Africa) . . . . . . o
Tunis . . , , .. . . .. .. o
Turkey -in-Europe
,. ,. Asia ^ o 61
Ttirkish Islands
Uganda. See West Africa.
United States :
Kew York (Sute)*
Other Places
Uruguay, via Galveston or Colon
via France . .
Venezuela, via Key West or Hayti
Victoria. Set Australia.
; 7
West Africa. British :
BathuTSt 3
Gold Coast 4
Nigeria . . . . . . $
Sierra Leone . . . . . . . • 3
Congo Free State . . s
Vest Alnca, French :
Dahomey . . . , . . . . s
French Congo . . . . . . . . 5
French Guinea . . . . . . . . 3
Ivory Coast .. .. ..4
West Africa ;
French Colonies or Poaseanoos :
Mauritania . .
Senegal
Upper Senegal and Niger
West Africa. German ;
Cameroons
German South-Wcst Africa (Swakop-
mund)
Togoland, na Gold Coast
,, lid Dahonipy
West Africa, Portuguese :
.\ngola
Biasao and Bolama
Principe, Island of
St. Thom^, Island of
Western Australia. See Australia.
West Indies :
Antigua, via Key West or Bermuda . .
Barbadoes
Cuba, via Key West or liayti . .
Curacao, via Key West or Hayti
Dominica, via Key West or Bermuda
Grenada . .
Guadeloupe, via Key West or Hayti . .
Hayti .. ..
Jamaica, via Key West. Bermuda, or
Hayti
Les Saintes. t-jj Key West or Hayti . .
Marie Galante
Martinique
Puerto Rico, via Key West
St. Croix, via Key West or Bermuda . .
San Dommgo. via Key West or Hayti
St. Kitts, via Key Wcat or Bermuda
St. Lucia . .
St. Thomas
St. Vincent
Tobago . .
Trinidad
Turks Island, via Bermiiria
Yemen (Arabia) . . ..37
Zanzibar. See East Africa.
Znluland • ■ • • ..36
Potbiua. French ist daas cruiser. (GtavUle,
1H95)
length 370ft. Beam soft. Maximum draught 32ft.
Displacement 5,360 tons. Complement 463.
For
esoh
word.
s.
d.
I
S
1
5
I
S
5
3
2
S
$
0
5
3
5
s
3
6
5
0
5
0
4
4
q
8
9
3
8
3
4
0
3
2
3
2
3
6
8
6
0
7
1
I
0
Otins.
3— 7 "6 in.
JO— 5 "5 in.
io — 3 pdr.
Twin screw,
mum 638 tons.
Armour.
" Special."
3 in. Belt amidships.
7 in. Turrels.
9| in. C-onniog tower.
Torpedo Tubes.
4 Above water.
Hp. 10,000—19 kts. Cool maxi-
Approximate cost li&4.ooQ.
POTTS
508
PRAAM
Foiti, TimMD (b. Sunderland, 1844). Served
an apprenticeship at sea, and in t868, having
obtained the necessary certificates, commanded
steamers in all parts of the world. In 1S86, having
retired from active sea Ufa, he took up marine
soperintendence to steamers buildii^, and in 1895
started practice on his own account in Sonfh
Shields as a marine surveyor.
Poodiei. Wooden bulkheads to prevent bnik
cargo from shitting.
FooUercr. A butcher's assistant.
Fowd and Baagh Une» with their head ofl&ces in
liveipool. maintain a regular service at scheduled
times between Liverpool and London, calling at
Fahnouth., Flymou^, Southampton, Portsmouth.
FXJBVT.
Maggis Hough. Pow*rf%ti,
Masterful. Samuel Hough.
PowdU Oaptaln fleans. See Antarctic Exgicm-
Ubu.
FowaD. BeuoAdminl Sir ftaaoli, K.OJLQ^ or.
1902, 03^ 1894 (b. September, i849). Educated
St. Andrew's Collie, Bradfield ; entered Navy as
cadet, 1863 ; midshipman, 1864 ; sub-lieutenant,
1868 ; lieutenant, 1873 ; served during Ashantee
^rar, 1873-74 (Ashantee medal) ; commander, 1883 ;
captain, 1889 ; captain commanding Phari>e on the
West Coast of Africa, 1894. ^^^ ^^^ decorated
CB. in recognition of his services in 'Uie operations
against the Chief Nanna of Brobemie, of Benin
River; mentioned in despatches (general Africa
medal, Benin River (1894) dasp] ; captain's good
service pension, 1900 ; K.C.M.G., 1902, for services
in Qiina ; r^ir-adniiral, 1903.
Fowell. Joseph Wright (b. Oswego. U.S.A.,
February 15, 1877). Assistant navjil constructor.
United States Navy. Graduated from United
States Naval Academy in 1897, and took a three
years' post-graduate course in naval architecture,
two of which were spent at the Naval Academy, and
the last at the University of Glasgow. Served on
the U.S. New York during the Spanish-American
war, and in 1900 was appointed assistant to the
naval constructor at the Navy Yard. In 1903 was
appointed assistant to the superintendent construc-
tor for steamers building at the works of Messrs.
William Cramp and Sons.
Powerful. British protected cruiser. (Vickers,
1895-)
Length 5zoft. Beam7ilt. Maximum draught 31ft.
Displacement 14,200 tons. Complement 894.
Guns. Armour.
2 — 9'2 in., 40 cal. " Harvey."
16 — 6 in. 6 in. Belt amidships.
16—12 pdr. 6 in. Barbettes.
2 — 12 pdr., 8 cwt. 12 in. Conning tower.
12 — 3 pdr.
2 Maxims.
Torptio TMftM (zS in.).
^Sobmerged.
Twin screw. Hp. 3S><i'>°°*» ^^ Cot! 1
mum 3.cx» tons. Approxixiiate cost ^g^sopooa
This ship^iame was introdooed into ttie Hnf
in 1783. and is awociated with Cnxnpenlowii, im;
bombardment of St. }mn d'Acre, 1840.
Fomr of ittocMr* A» is an antboiity givaa bj%
fonnat inttnunent upder seal by one peraoa 1»
another to act for him. The dooflr, or priadp^
authorises another person called the donee, ath^
ney. or agent to act on bis behaU either geaenli
or Qwdally. A genent power ^ves antlHd^
to act for the pcindpal in all matten, or io d
matters of a particular buaineas or natue,
A qwdal power ia one limited to the coodictd
a Q>ecific bnsinesa.
At common law a power of attonuy ie leivaUi
by the donor at any time, nnleea given for vatailii
consideration^ and lapaea upon his death. Us
ezecnticm of a power of attorney is genenBjr ^
in some cases most be) attested by two witneswa
The extent of the anfliorily ooofened is itridlf
limited by the deed. By the Coavqraadng Ao^
1881, a married woman, whether an infant or Mt
may appoint an attorney* and by tiw same Acttti
effect of the powers, for value, is made m3aaBUli§
inevocable; whilst, if given wthoot valodli
considecation, it ia irxevocaUe for a fixed tine Ml
exceeding one year. But in both raono the iart»
ment creating the power must state that tti
power is irrevocaUe. Subject to the above stab-
tory provisions, see Principal and Agent.
Fowlatt, Admiral Armnnd Temple (b. Bbrch 17,
1841). Educated Southampton ; entered Ustj
1853 ; naval cadet of Terrible ; served throngboil
Crimean war, in the Black Sea. 1854-56; pRKSt
at bombardment of Odessa and Sebastopcd (Crimai
medal, two clasps, and Turkish medal) ; served ii
H.M.S. Cambrian in China operations in CuM
River, 1858 ; severely wounded at attack on Mho
forts, 1859 ; lieutenant, 1S60 ; commander, i8;e;
captain, 1S7S ; promoted for services in canyaf
out the provisions of the Anglo-Kgyptian daw
convention ; commodore, second class, commanded
Training Squadron, 1889-91 ; captain's good W-
vice pension, 1891-93; captain superintendent oi
Shccmess Dockyard, 1892-93 ; rear-admiral, i89(>
second-in-command Channel Squadron. 1896^:
second - in - command Channel Fleet at nsnl
manoeuvres ; vice-admiral, 1900 ; adnural, 1904:
retired, igoi.
F.pJ. Clause. See Honour Policy.
F.B. Distinguishing letters on sea fishii^ boili
registered at Pemis, Holland.
Fraam. A flat-bottomed lighter or barge ssnl
in the Baltic.
PRACTICE
509
PRESSURE
VXMlioe of liojrd'l, it is agreed, shall be recog-
nised as the standard for adjusting claims fur par-
ticular average or partial loss.
Prmhu. Malay fur tKKit. See Proa.
FraFer-*book. A small lutnd stone used in scnib-
bing.
Preble. V.S. torpedo - boat destroyer (1900).
Displacement, 420 tons : complement. 64 ; guns,
a i4-pdr.. 5 6-pdr ; torpedo tubes. 3 i8-in., amid*
ships and aft ; Hp., 8.ooo=:39lits. ; coal. 1J9 tons.
Prejodioe, Withoat A verbal or H-rittcn commu-
nicatiun luadu by. or on bebalf of. one party to a
dispute to Uie other party or bis ageat. u-itb a
view to a settlement, cannot, if expressed to be
made " without prejudice." bo afterwards admitted
in cviJcni:c for or against the party making «uch
communication.
Neither are the replies made to offers of settle-
ment, even though not expressed to be made
" withoat prejudice." nor any of the resulting
negotiations, whether verbal or written, admissibh-
2n evidence, in the event of the parties failing to
come to terms. If an of^er " without prejudice **
is made and accepted, a new and complete con-
nect is estabhshed. which is enforceable Uke any
Other contract.
Preliminary Ad In all actions for damage by
collision between vessels, including actions fur
persona) injuries caused by collision between
vessels, unless the Court or Judge otherwise order,
the plaintifiF's solicitor shall witliin seven days after
the commencement of the acticMi. and the Mihcitor
tor the defendant shall within seven days after
appearance, and before any pleading is delivered,
file a preliminary act. which shall be scaled up and
not opened until the pleadings are completed, its
object biding to obtain from the parties statements
of facts when they are fresh in their recollection.
Preliminary acts, which may neither be contra-
dicted at nor amended before the hearing, contain
a statement as to the following particulars '.
(a) Names of colliding vessels and their masters.
(b) Time of collision.
{c) Place of colhsion.
((/) Direction and force of tlic wind.
State of the weather.
State and force of the tide.
{g) Coarse and speed of the vessel when the other
was first seen.
(A) Lights (if ajiy) carried by lu-r.
(i) Distance and bearing of the other vessel when
first seen.
(k) Lights (ii any) of the other vessel which were
first scea.
(I) Whether any Ughta of the other vcsacl, other
than those first seen, came into view before the
collision.
(fw) What measures wctc taken, and when, to
avoid the collision.
(n) The parts of each vessel which first came Into
contact.
(d) What sound signab (If any) and when given.
(f>) What sound signals (if any) and when heard
from the otlicr vessel
Additional in County Courts :
I. What acts of ncgUgcncc or Weach of navi-
gation law was committed by the other ship.
3. (In case of a defendant) The name of any
ship.otlicr than the plaintiff's, which the defendant
alleged to have caused the collision.
Premium is the consideration paid to the under-
writer by the assured for the habilitics undertaken
by the former in the contract called a policy, and
a receipt for the consideration generally appears
in Lloyd's policies. Where the policy has been
effected by a broker, he becomes liable for the
premium to the underwriter as agent for the assured
[Dalzcll V. Mair, i. Camp. 532 : Am. Ins. 191-105 ;
Power t'. Butcher, to B, and Cr. 3*9.)
President. British sloop (f.ijo tons).
President On March ti, iS^i. this vesstO sailed
from New York to Liverpool, .ind has never been
heard of since.
Presidenta Brronim. Chilian protected cruiser.
(La Seyne. iSoo.) Sheathed and coppered.
Length 3J6ft. Beam 35fi. Maximum draught soft.
Displacement .2,10a toii.s. t'omplomcnt 171.
GuHs. A rmoUT.
4 — 6 in. *' StecL"
3—47 in. 3 J in. Deck.
4 — 6 pdr.
4—1 pdr.
Torpedo Tuhes.
3 Above water.
Twin screw. Hp. natural 3.500^ 17 kts., forced
5,400= H) kts. Coal maximum joo tons.
Fnsidente Pinto. Chilian protected cruiser. (La
Seync. iSyo.) Sheathed and coppered.
Length 336ft, Beam 35ft. Maximum draught soft.
Displacement 2, too tons. Complement 171.
Gun$. Armout.
4 — 6 in. " Steel."
3—47 in. 3j in. Deck.
4—6 pdr. 3 in. Gun shields.
4 — 1 pdr.
Torffedo Tubes.
3 Above water.
Twin screw. Hp. natural 3.500=17 kts., forced
5.400=19 kts. Cout maximum 200 tons.
Pnndente Sarmeato. Argentine trammg ship.
(Laird, 1^97.) Displacement, 3,750 tons; armament,
19 guns. 3 tubes; Hp.. 3,000=13 ^^^
Ihttm. To hire for service at sea.
Press of sail. All sail that the state ot the wind
will allow a vl-is&cI to carry.
Pntsnre plate. A form of anemometer for
registering the presaure of the wind.
PRESSURE
sio
PRINCE
Frwnire tab*. A fomi of anemometer by which
the force of the wind is measured.
PreiamptloiUi. All judicial evidrace is either
direct or circiimatantiaJ. Direct evidence is evi-
dence given dtrctity to the facts in isstir by nitnpsses,
things, or documents. Circumstantial evidence is
that which proves the circumstancM froni whicli a
fact in issue may be infcr(c<l. Circumstantial
evidence is again divided into conclusive and pre-
sumpiivc evidence.
Evidence is said to be "conclusive" when the
{irincipal fact in i^ue is the necessary and natural
LOnsw^upuce of (acts, admitsil)le in evidmce.
Evidence is said to be " presumptive " when the
inference of the principal fact in Ss&wc is. from the
evidence, only probable, however apparently
obxious such inference may be.
Presumptions, in the law of ex-idence, are of
three kinds.
(i) Presumptions of fact; (2) presumptions of
law ; and (3) mixed presumptions.
fi) Prrsumptiuns of fact are inferences drawn
from tli« existence of another fact, or series of
facts, *.(f.— If a ship, shortly after sailing, prove
to be unscaworthy, without any apparent or
adrquatc cause, the jury ought to presttmg that
unseaworthiness exi.^ted before she started on
her voyage.
Again, where a ship is missing, and no news of
her has lieen received for a reasonable time, it is
presumed she lias foundered.
(3) Presumptions of law are inferences or posi-
ticos established by law, and are. in reaUty, rules of
law, and part of the law itself. They are of two
kinds :
(a) Irrebuttable presumptions, i^., conclusive
presumptions which the law will not allow to Im.-
disproved, e.g., that an infant under the age of
seven years is Incapable of committing a felony.
(b) Rebuttable presumptions, i.e.. presumptions
inconclusive and capable of being rebutted, but
conclusive unUss rebutted, e.g.. that a vessel in-
fringing one of the Regulations for the Prevention
of Collisiou iji in fault ; or again, that every person
intends the natural cons«qucnci>s of his own acts.
(3) Mixed presumptions are presumptions of
mixed law and facts, and presumptions of facts
recognised by law. They consist of presumptive
inferences of sufficient strength or importance to
attract the attention of the law, e.g.. a jur>' may be
directed or recommended to make a certain pre*
sumption in detennining their verdict.
Where there are conflicting rebuttable presump-
tions the case u the same as if there were conflicting
evidence, though certain presumptioos are more
highly favoured than others. «.g.—(i} A special pre-
sumption takes precedence of a general pret^ump-
tion.
(2) Presomptions derived from the coune of
Nature axe stronger than casual presumptions.
(3) Presumptions arc favoarod wbtcb |ive_
validity to acts, and (4) the presumption in fav
of innocence.
Direct and prciumptive evidence, which ore two
distinct modes of proof, ea<^ possessing its own
peculiar advantage, are on the same footing as
regards admissibility, but direct evidence is superior
to the same amount of presumptive evidence 0/ iMt
same fact.
The burden of proof, which Ucs at first on that
party against whom judgment would be given if no
evidence were produced on either side, is often
affected by rebuttable presumptions, e.g., A sacs B
on a policy of marine insurance and shows that tli0j
insured vessel went to se-n nnd that no tidings of 1
have been receiveil for a reawiuable time. There in
a presumption that she has foundered, am) the
burden of pro%'ing that she has not foundered rest
upon B.
Rebuttable presumptions of law need not
pleaded unless the facts from which soch pre*"'
sumptions are drawn are specifically denied.
Preossen. German battleship. (Stettin. 1905.)
1.^11^11) 3i^ft. Beam 73ft- Draught 2 5 ft.
Displacement 1^,997 toiu. Complement 66a.
Gtuu. Armow,
4 — ti in, " Knipp."
14 — 67 in. 10 in. Belt aiuidsfilps.
la — 3'4 in. 10 in. Barbettes.
12 — 1*4 in. 10 in. Turrets.
10 in. Conning lower.
Torpedo Tubes.
5 Submerged.
t Above water.
Hp. 16,000- tS kts. Coal 1.600 tons.
Approximate cost £1 ,200,00a
Prerenter. Ropes used as additional MCttiity
in a gale.
Prersnter-braoe. An additional rope supporting
a yard during a gale.
Prick. To trice a ship's course on a chart.
Pride ol the morniiig. .\ heavy dew at smmsa.
Primage. A small amount for the shipmasler'ft
care ol goods now generally included in the freights
Primeiro de Mano. Braxilian crauer. (Biaal..
1883.) Length. 167 ft. ; beam 26 ft. ; drauglrt.-
to} ft ; displacement 715 tons ; armament
7 4'5-in., 4 Maxims ; Hp., 750^=9 kts.
Prinu Vertical Clrole. The circle which
from the zenith due east or west having 90*
tlie horiron intercepted between it and tb« umiJUi ^*
All objects on this circle are said to be 00 tl^^i^
Prime Vertical.
Prince. On Novcmbar 15. 1854. ttus <ii— it 1^*^
1 1 transports were wrecked during the storm mbt^^
raged in the Black Sea at that time : 144 lives w^v*
lost and a cargo worth ^500.000.
Friiioe Albert. In 1851 this vessel, nnder Cap-
tain Kennedy, with Liriitcnant BcMot, of the
Frcndi Navy, as second-in <oaimand, was sent
out by Ijidy Franklin in search of Sir John Krankhn
(y.p.)' /?«/*' '"J Arctic Exi>loration.
Prinoe Alfred Yacht Club. Sydney. N.S.W.
Estabk<ihed r867. Flag : Blue ensign, witli crown.
Burgee : Blue, with red cross. Commodore 3. Hor-
dem ; Vice-Commodore, W. M. Marks - Rcar-Com-
modore. C. T. Brock hoff ; Honorarj- Trrasurcr, J.J.
Rouse ; Honorary Secretar\', L. H. Wyatt. En-
trance iee, iz 3f. ; annual subscription, it is,
Priitoe Georgv. British tst claas battleship.
(Portsmouth, 1895.)
Length 41 3lt. ,Beam 75ft. Manmum dranght joft.
I>isplaceraent 14.900 tons. Complement 757.
Armour.
" Harvey,"
9 in. Belt amtrlships.
14 in. Barbettes.
14 in. Conning towoT.
Guns.
4 — la in., 35 cal.
13 — 6 in.
16 — 12 pdr.
12—5 pdr.
3 — tz pdr. Boat gnns.
3 Maxims.
Torpedo Tubes (18 in.).
4 Submerged.
I Above water stem.
Twin screw. Hp. natural 10,000— 16'5 kts.,
forced 13.000= 17*5 kts. Cool maximum 2,000 tan>.
Approximate cost, ^1,000.000.
A ship bcanng this name took part in the cap-
ture of Gibraltar, 1704; Anson's victory ofl Finis-
terre, 1747 ; Kcppcl's action off Brest. 1778 ;
Rodney's action, t/So ; Hood's action with De
Crasse, 1782 ; Rodney's action with De Gnuse,
1782 ; Bridport's action off 1. Groix, 1795 ; St.
Vincent. 1797.
Frinoa GeorgB. 80 guns. On .\pril 15. 1758,
this vc&m:! burnt in latitude 48" N. on her way to
Gibraltar, when about 400 peri.shed.
Princs Liso* v^itli the head othce at Newcastle-
on-T>*ne. is the only British line which oflrrs direct
communication bet^reen the United Kingdom and
Palestine. A service is maintained evrry to days
from Manchester, and every 14 day^ from iJDndon.
AU steamers go to Malta and Alexandria, and
tbose sailing from Manchester call at Tunis. The
itteAiners call at various ports on the Syrian coast
and Cypius, such as I.amaca and Limassol. in
Cyprus : Alexandria, Mersyn, Tnpoh, Lattakia,
Acre, and Caifa, in Syria.
Fleet.
Afghan Prince. Crsah Prince.
Affifan Ptinu. Crown Prints.
>jtsiatic Princ*. Cyprian Prtnce.
Beleia« Prince. Eastern Prince.
Black Priuc*. Egyptian Prince,
tritisb Prince. Gcvtgian Prince,
'arib Ptinct. Grecian Prinai.
'astiUian Prince. Highland Prince.
Fleet
Impetial Prince.
Indian Prince.
Italian Prince.
Kaffir Princr.
Mexican Prince.
Merchant Prince.
Moorish Prince.
Napotilan Prince.
Norman Prince.
Norse Prince.
' Ocean Prince.
Oranje Prince.
Persian Prince.
(continued).
Roman Prince.
Royal Prince.
Rusiian Prince.
Sailor Prince.
Saxon Prince.
Scottish Prince.
Sicihan Prince.
Soldier Prince.
Spanish Prince.
Spartan Prince.
Trajan Prince.
Tudor Prince.
Wetsh Prince.
Prinoe of Wales. British ist class battleship.
(Chatham. I'loz.)
Length 430ft. Beam 75(t. Maximum draught 29ft.
Didplaceuienl ij.ooo tons. Complement 750.
.4rmour.
" Krupp."
9 in. Belt amidships.
13 in. Barbettes,
13 in. Conning tower.
Gttns.
4 — 12 In.. 40 cal.
1 2 — 6 in.
16 — 12 pdr.
5—3 pdr.
2 Maxims.
Torpedo Tubes (t8 in.).
4 Submerged.
Twin screw. Hp. 15.000=^18 kts. Coal maxi
mum 2. 100 tons. Approximate cost £\ .(mjd.ooo.
This ship-name is associated with Byron's action
off Grenada, 1779; Bridport's action, 1795 ; cap-
ture ol Trinidad. 1797 ; L'aldcr's action off Ferrol.
1805 ; bombardment ol Copenha^n. (807.
Prince a! Wales. Packet. Lost ou Dunleary
Point, near I>ublin, Novt-mbcr 19, 1807; 300 lives
lost.
PriBoena de Astarias. Spanish armoured ship
(.896).
Length 3,iSft. Beam 60ft. Maximum draught 25ft
Displacement 7.000 tons. Complement 497.
Guns. Armour.
a— ^"4 in. '• Harvey."
8 — 55 in, 12 in. Belt amidships.
3 — li pdr. 12 in. Bulkheads.
8 — 6 pdr. 8 in. BarbettPs.
8 — 3 P*lr- 8 "». Conning tower.
Torpedo Tubes.
2 .Mxjve water.
Twin screw. Up. natural 10.000= 18 kts., forced
15.000=20*25 kts. Coal maximum i,20o tons.
Prinoen Alice. Steamer, belonging to the
London Steamboat Co. In collision near GalUon's
Keach. about a mile below Woolwich Arsenal, with
the Bywtll Castle, and went down. She was carry-
ing at the time over 900 persons, principally
women and children ; only 146 were saved.
Priocecs RoyaL One of the first iron vessels built,
intended for deep-sea sexvice. She was launched
m 1839. and put on the service between Glasgow
and Liverpool.
PRINCETON
;i2
PRIVATEER
Princeton. U.S. gun-boat. (Camden. 189B.)
Length, 168 ft. : beam, 36 ft ; draught, 12} ft. ;
displacement. 1.000 ton* ; complement, 135 ; arma-
ment, 6 4-m., 4 6-in., 2 i-pdr.. i Maxim; Hp.,
923=-- 12 lits. ; toul. :<, tons.
Principid and agent This relation arises when
one man (the principal) authorises another (the
agent) to nrgotinte on his bclialf with a third
person. The authority may be special — i.e., to
do a particular act— or general — i.e., to do a whole
class of acts. It may be given in wTlting. by word
of mouth, or may be implied from conduct. In
the special case of a contract under seal, the agent
nu«t have authority under seal — viz.. a power of
attorney iq.v.) — from hia principal. The authority
may also be ex post facto in ctiaractcr — xjt., the
principal may ratify an act of tlte agimt which was
unauthorised at the time it was done.
The main rules governing ?uch ratification arc :
1. Ihc agent must contract as a^enl, and u'l'Mi'ii
the scope of his authority. If, baving a principal, be
contracts m his own name, he, and not his principal.
will be liable, ii tlie person dealt with so elect.
2. If the agent neither contracts as agent, nor
dtKloees the name of his principal, he will himself
be liable.
3. Tha principal for whom the agent acts must
be (a) in contemplation, (b) in existence, at the
time the contract is made.
4. Ii an agent gives a principal's name, baviuf;
no authority to act for him, the latter will be liable,
but the agent may be sued by the party he ha»
induced tu contract with him either (n) upon n
warrant of authority — i.e., the implied promise of
the agent that he had authority ; or (b) in an
acttPtt of deceit.
Other ruIrN specially Affecting the .igrjit axe. :
1. He must make no prolit beyond Ins agreed
commission.
2. He may not delegate bis autliority.
3. He renders himtwlf j>ersonally liable if he con-
tract for a foreign principal, and he has no authorit>*
to pledge such principal's credit.
Prinldpo Taotat Olab. Established 18^3. Com-
niodort, Dr. L. 1'. Mizii ; Vice -Commodore. F.
>Iongcri ; Treasurer, A. Pirjanijc ; Secretary, C.
DoTtw. Constantinople. Annual subscription, £3 12s,
Frins Frederik. Dutch mail steamer. Ouiwiu-d
txiuuil lor Java with trooju, sunk hy collision with
the Marpe^sa in the Channel. June 35. 1890.
Piiiu Adalbert. German armoured cruiser. (Kiel.
1901.)
Len^^th j^^ft Beam C'fM. Maximum ilraugbt 26lt
Displacement 9.050 tons. Cnrnplement 557.
Gum. Armtfur,
4 — 8'a in. " Kmpp."
10—6 in. 4 in. Belt
10 — 15^ |*dr. 6 in. Turrets.
10—1 ]>dr, 6 in. Conning tower.
4 Maxims.
T^>rpedo Tubas.
1 Submerged bow.
2 Submerged broadside.
1 Above water stem armoured.
Three screws. Hp. i8,;oo = ai lets. Coal
miim f .500 tons. Approximate cost /900.000.
PriiiMsa Wilhelm. Obsolete German cruiwr
(iS8;).
Length 334ft Beam 42ft ilaximum draught 22it.
Displacement 4.300 tons. Complement 36$.
Guns.
4 — 6 in.
S — 4 : in.
6— 4pdr.
S Machine.
Armour.
" Steel"
3 in. Deck.
3 in. Conning tower.
Torpedo Tubes.
1 Submerged bow.
2 Above water.
Hp. 8,000- iS kLs.
Coal
German armoured ciuisrr.
Twin screw.
mum 750 tons.
Frins Heinrioh.
(Kiel, 1900.1
Length 304ft. Beam 65ft. Maximum draught a^
Di.splacement 8,930 tons. Complement 501.
Guns. Armour.
2 — 9'4 in. " Kmpp."
10 — 6 m, 4 in. Belt
12 — 15J pdr. 6 in. Turrets.
10 — I pdr. 6 in. Conning tower.
Torpedo Tubes.
1 Submerged bow.
2 Submerged broadside.
1 Above water stem.
Three screws. Hp. i5,;oo»2o kts. Coalman-
mum 1.500 Ions. Approximate coot ^750,0011.
Prirateer, A, is a private vessel armed and
equipped by her owners at their expense for tlir
purpose of making war against her country*
enemies, who have caused the owners loas a
damage by sets of hostility. A pri\*ateeT eonie
her countr>''5 flag, and travels under a commmtoa
rall«l letters of mariiue, which autboriM Im
owners to indemnify themselves for loas or iamtff
by tnalung rcprisaJs.
Letters of countcTmarqoe are conuainion'
furnished to those tlireateord by socti rrpriiaK
authorising them to resist privateers.
By the DeclaratiDn of f^ans {j.v.) [Trvateerisg »
and reinairu abolished.
N.B. — Although privatocring " ii and nmatt
abolished " many authorities on intematiaoal Is*
consider that the conduct of cri tain Russ*"
vessels during the recent Rtuso-Japanae *»f
amounted to privateering.
Early in July. 1904, the SmoUnsM and the Pttff*
bttfg. two fast steamers belonging to the Ruaiui^
Volunteer Fleet, passed through the Bofpbocw
the Dardanelles (closed to warships), and ttie Sm*
Canal flying the commercial flag. They then tnf*
formed themselves into cruisers, in which CKp*o^
PRIZE
5'3
PROSERPINE
tlisy captured the loUowing neutral venels. vix. :
the Matacat. FonnoMa, Agra, and Comedian (all
Briti&h ships), and the Germait liner Holsatia.
In August the Russian Govcromcnt, having no
boats left fast enough to overtake the cruisers,
requested that their ordcn to cease interferinK
with neutral vessels might bo conveyed by Driti&h
wantups, and a fortnight later the cniisers were
tracked down near Zanztlxir.
Priae. A veswl captured at sea ; to lever.
Prise, or priM ol WM. is property captured at
sea bv a belligerent {g.v.). By the Naval Priae
Act. 1864. the Admiralty Division of the High
Court and every other Court exercising Admiralty
jurisdiction in His Majesty's dominions, " for the
time being authorised to take cognisance of and
judicially proceed tn matters of prize," is a Prizo
Court. The duties of Prize Courts are to condemn
captures properly made as lawful prize, to restore
property wiongfuUy seized, and to punish offences
B^n$t jirize taw. Tn the case of a captured ship
the Court may order sale or appraisement, aftet
which she may be given up to hct ownw upon his
^ving security to pay the captors her appraised
value.
The sum to bo distributed as prize bounty among
the ot)iccns and ciews of warships actually present
at tlic taking or destroying of any armed vessel
belonging to an enemy is calculated at the rate of
;^5 for pach person on board the enemy's ship at
the ix:f;inning of the engagement.
Proa. -^ narrow canoe, 30 ft. long and 3 ft.
vide, used by the natives oi the Ladrone Islands.
The stem and stem arc similar, the boat sailing
cather way. The lee side is flat, so that the canoe
rvaetnblcs half of a vessel divided vertically in the
Use ot the keel. Extending to leeward is an out-
rigger, consisting of a frame at the end of which
il A floating canoe-shaped timber, which prevents
the crank and narrow canoe h-om upsetting.
Proceed to sea. See Final Sailings.
\9 Proctone. Italian torpedo-boat. (Naples. 190;.)
t^eoKtb, 165 ft. ; beam, 17 ft. ; draught. 7 ft. ;
<lispUccment. 300 tons ; armament. 5 3-pdr.,
3 tubes; twin screw; Hp.^ j.ooosaa.i; kts. ; coal.
\9 40 tons.
Profile draogbt. .\ term in naval architecture
\f applicfl to two drawing!*, one representing the
entire construction and depmitlnn of the vessel,
the other her interior work and fittings.
Profit GUnse. See Clauae*.
Proflti on subjcct.-i 0/ marine venture, and witii
tli<!tn exposed to perils of the seas, are an in-
flaral>le interest. Generally the amount of the
profits is added to the valuation of the subject of
insurancf. To make sure tltat iniiurances on
profits apart from this represent a genuine interest,
at has been laid down that the assured mnsl be
legally Interested. (Stockdale 0. Ihinlop, fi Mand.
W. 224.) In other words, the assured must show
that if there had been no shipwreck there would
have been some profit. (Amould. p. 2<)\. note /.)
A liability in respect of poverty exposed to marine
risks may be covered by insurance, whether arising
onder common or .statute taw, as. for example, the
obhgation of a lighterman to make good loss or
damage to goods entrusted to him for carriage.
(Joyce p. Kcnnard, L.R. 7, Q.B. 78.) But it has
been decided that consignees of cargo, who have a
mere right to take possession, nithout a lien (or
the property for advances, or authority lo sell on
commission, have no insurable interest. (Amould.
4th ed., p. 71.)
Prognoatios. Premonitory signs of good or bad
weather.
Projectile. Se* Na^-al Ordnance.
Promethetu. British 3rd class cruiser. (Earle.
189a.)
Length 300ft. Beam 36ft. Maximum draught ^ft.
Displacement 3,135 tons. Complement 224.
Guns. Armout,
8—4 in- 2 in. Deck.
8—3 pdr.
Torpedo Tubti (14 in.).
2 Above water.
Twin screw. Hp. 7.000 = ^0-5 kta. Coal ootmal
250 tons. Approximate cost ^150.000.
Promotion. Naval. 5<« Naval Education.
Prontsiteliny. Russian torpedo-boat destroyer.
Black Sea (1898}. Length, 196 It. : beam. 18 ft. ;
draught, ti^ ft, ; displacement. 240 tons ; comple-
ment, 55 ; armament, r r2-pdr.. 3 3-pdr., 2 tubes ;
Hp., 1,800 = 27 kts. ; cool, 53 tons. ,
Proof ttaber. An imaginary timber in naval
architecture expressed by vertical linos, proving
the fairness of the body.
Pro rata. Payment in proportion lo tlif iuUn:»t
concerned.
Pro rata freight Sm Freight.
Proeerpine. British 3rd clasn cruiser. /Sheer
ness. 1896.)
Length 3ooit. Beam 36ft. Maximum draught 17ft
Displacement 2.135 tons. Complemcnl 224.
Guns. Armour.
8 — 4 in. 2 in. Dt,-ck.
8—3 pdr.
Torpedo Tuba (14 in.).
3 Above water.
Twin screw. Hp. 7.000 = 305 kts. Cool normal
350 tons, .\pproximate cost ^150.000,
Proierpine. Spanish torpedo-boat destroyer.
(Clydebank, t897.) Displncrment, 460 tons ; arma-
ment, 2 t4-pdr., 3 6pdr., 3 t-pdr. ; torpedo tulies. >;
Hp., 7.500=30 kts. ; present speed about aokts.
514
PROSORLIVY
Ptotorlivy. Russian torpedo-boBt destrofcr.
Black Sm (169S). length, 196 ft. ; beam. 18 ft. :
draught, ni ft.: displacement, 340 tons, coin-
plcmont. 55 : airoament. 1 i3-pdr., 3 3-pdr.,
3 tubes ; Hp., 5,8oom27 kts. ; cosl. 53 totu.
ProtMtioD. Protective legislation, a t«nn usaally
applied to Protection aa opy>os»ed tn Free Trade, is
here uswl to denote special Ir^ialation in favour oi
i;crtnin classes of the communily which appear to
fttaod especially iu need o( it. The foWowiog are
a few of the roost striking cuactoicnts o£ a pro-
tective nature, each one having been designed tn
countrriu:! certain abuses or grioanccs.
A. — Children and In/*tnii,
1. The Prevention of Crnelty to Children Act.
1904 frrpralinR thr Act of 1894).
(I) U any person having charge of a child under
the age of 16 a-ssaults. ill treats. ncBh-cts, abandons,
or exposes such child in a manner likely to cause
suffering or injury, he »hall he liable, on conviction,
to a fine or imprisonment.
(y) It is an offence to cause, procure, or allow .
(a) Any boy under 14 years, or girl umlcr
16 years, to be in any street or place for the pur-
{xxx of beRfpng. whether iindrr the pretence of
Belling or performing, or otherwise.
(6) Any child under the ages mentioned in the
preceding subMction to be in any street or place
Ucensed for the sale of liquor, other than places
licensed for public performances for the purpose of
sdling or pcriorming (or profit Ijctwecn Ihc hours
of 9 p.m. and 6 a.m.
(c) Any child under 1 1 years to be in any licensed
place lor the purpose of performing for profit
(except for a charitable nbjctt) unless licensed.
{d) Any child under i'j years to be trained as
acrobat, contortionist, or circus purfonner, gr for
any performance of a dangerous nature.
2. The Employment of Children Act. 1903. im-
poMs general rcslrictions on the emploj-ment of
children in wa>*s likely to cause them injury, and
empowers local authoritieji to make byc-law-s (or
the limit of age and hours of cmploj'mcnt. and for
the regulation of street trading by jxrrsons under
14 yesais.
5. The Offences against the Person Act. 1861.
deals with aggni\'aled and indecent assaults on
children under 16 years, and alwluction of girb
under 16, and the stealing of children under
14 years.
4. The Factories and Workshops Acts. 1878-95.
make special provisions as to the cmplojincnt of
cliildren in factories or workshops.
5. Apprentices (jj.v.) are protected by :
(a) The Offences against the Penoo Act. i8€i,
sections 26 and 7$, '" '" "^
(6) The Conspiracy and Protoctian of Property
Act, 1878. MCtion 6.
{fi) The Chimney Sweep Acts. 1640-454.
PROTECTION
{i) Variotis Poor Law Acts tvlating to tJw
apprenticing of pauper children.
6. The Simp Regulation Act, 1904. prohibits the
employment in a shop of any pcnton nuder iS yean
for more than 74 hours per week.
7. Ctiildren's Dangerous Performance Act. 1879
and 189;. prohibits boys under 16 year^ old and
girls under 18 >Yars old from taking part in any
dangerous public performance.
8. The Infant Life Protection Act. 1897, re-
quires a notice to be given lo the suprr^-iscxy
authority by persons who for hire reCei\-c two or
more infants into their houMs.
9. The IntoxicatinR Uqnor Act. 1901. prohibits
the sale of liquor to children under 14 yean oM,
except in sealed vessels,
10. The Licensing Act. looj. makes it an ofifeaoc
to drink in a public place whilst in charge of a
child under sex-en years old.
11. By the Betting and f^oaiis (Infants} Act,
1893. any agreement after coming of age to Ttfmf
a loan contracted in infancy is void.
12. The Infants Relief .^ct. 1874. dcpritYS adoHi
of the power to nuilce themselves liable by expn*
nttificatjon for contracts entered into during to-
lancy. except for necessaries.
13. The Mines (Prohibitinn of Child tAbou
Underground) Act, 1900. prohibits employment o(
boys undCT 13.
B. — Wcrrhmen.
I. The Employers' Liability (<f.v.) Act, iSAo.
An employer shall be liable for Infuriea cameit
to bis employee by reason ol :
(1) Any defect m the condition of ways, works,
Diachincr>'. or plant, if such defect arose and bad
not been discovered or remedied owing lo ih'
negligence of the cinptoyer or his servant en-
tnistvd by him with the duty.
(a) Tlie ncfEligcnccs of any ))er%on in the ktvica
ot the employer who has any superuitendaM* t»-
trusted to him.
(3) The negligence of any person wbQ«e ordcr<
a workman, at tlie time of injury, was bound in,
and did, obey.
<4] The act or omts.<ion of any person m iV
scrvkc of the employer, done or made in obedimec
to rules or bye-laws ot the employer, nocvpt sue*
bye-laws as have been approved by tfao Bond 1^
Trade or Sccruiary d State
(5) Tiie negtigrnce of any umpkqne In '
ol signal points, locomotive engine, c
a railway.
But a workman cannot recover damagu usikt
this Act if he was aware of the defet:t or no '
and voluntarily undertook the risk, wiihour .
notice of such defect to his employer or snpcnor
The term " workman " according to thu A^
means any railway servant, or any person to wlx*
the Employers and Workmen Act, 1875. appl^
The amount recox-rrablc is not moir thas nc^
sum as may be found equiv^eat to the ativ*^
. PROTECTION
515
PR0TECT10I>^
iMniiogs of any pertoo in the same gnule of em-
ployment during three years preceding the injury.
3. The Workmen's Compensation Acts, 1897 and
1900.
(1) An employer shall be liable for personal
injuries caused to a workman by an accidt?nt
arising out of and in the course of employment
unless —
(a) The disablement is for not mcvc than two
weeks ; or
(6) The injury was doe to the serious and wilful
misconduct of the injured man.
(3) Notice of the accident must bo given to the
employer as soon as possible, and before the work-
man has voluntarily left his service.
(3} A workman may contract himself out of his
rights under this Act. if the contract provides a
scheme of compensation approved by the Registrar
of Friendly Societies.
• (4} The Act of 1897 applies to emirfoye« "on or
In or about a railway, factory, mine, quarry, or
engineering work, or on, m. or about any building
which exceeds 30 ft. in height, and is either being
constructed or repaired by means of scafiolding.
or being demolished, or on which machinery driven
by steam, water, or other mechanical power is
being used."
($) The Ai;t of U)oo extend-s tlie application of
the earlier Act to workmen employed in agriculture
wtiich includes horticulture, foreslx^', and the use
of land for any purpose of husbandry, inclusive of
I the breeding or keeping of live-stock, poultry, or
I bees, and the growth of fruit and vegetables.
(6) Comjjcnsation under these Acts shall not
exceed £300 in case of death, or £1 per week in case
of disablement.
5. The Trade Union (q.v.) Act. 187I, first legalised
combinations of workmen for the proUxtuNi of
employees and the establishment of fair conditions
of labour.
4. The Factories and Workshops Acts, 1878-
1903. regulate employment in fuctorif.^ and work-
[ ^ops, and protect employi^es by enforcing stringent
f mles as to cleanliness, ventilation, drainage, sanita-
tioD. fire escapes, the employment of women and
I children, the hours of labour, holidays, and,
generally sp«;aking, all questions ot health and
[ safety.
5. The Coal Mine Regulabon Act, 1887-96.
The MctatUferous Mines Regulation .\ct, 187J,
I 1875, and the Quarries Act, i&&7-*^, provide tor
[ the safety of miners.
Further legishiHon on this subject may be ex-
cted as the result of the Koyal Commiaian
IreccQtly appointed to consider the safety of miners.
C. — Crofters.
The Crofters Holdings (Scotland) Act. 1866, and
|the Congested Districts (Scotland) Act, 1897,
nimise the grievances and wrongs previously
le durcd by crofters.
t. By the Irish Landlord and Tenant Act, i860,
tlie relationship of landlord and tetumt is based
upon contract, and not upon tenure.
2. The Irish Land Act, 1870. which applies only
to agricultural and pastoral holdings —
(it) Legalised the Ulster custom and other usages ;
(P) Com{Kllcd the landlord to pay coinpensatiOD
to the tenant for disturbance ; and
{c) Enabled tenant to claim compensation Tor
improvements made by him.
3. The T.and I^w (Ireland) Act. 1881. gave the
tenant :
(a) Fixity of tenuiv ;
{b) Fair rent ;
(c) Free sale.
4. The following Acts amending and extending
the Act of 1881 are aimed at protecting and im-
pro\ing the conditions ol Irish tenants :
(a) Irish Land Acts, 1S8/. i8*j6. igoj.
(6} I.and Purchase Acta. 1S85 and 1^91.
(c) The Sedemptioo of Rent Act. 1891.
£. — Pubiu Authotiiies, t>-«j ,* ^
By the Public Authorities Protection Act, 1893,
where any proceeding or prosecution Ls commenced
against any person for any act done in pursuance
or execution of any Act of Parliament, or ot any
public duty or authority, or in respect of any
alleged neglect or default in the execution of any
such Act of Parliament, or of any public duty or
authority, or in respect of any such Act of Parlia-
ment, etc :
(i) Such action must be commenced within six
months of the act or default complained of ; or.
in Che case of contmuing damage, withm six months
of the ceasing thereof.
(3) If judgnkcnt is given for the defendant. It
shall carry costs to be taxed as between solicitor
and client.
(3) A tender of amends may be pleaded in the
lieu of, or in addition to, other pleas.
If the plaintiS recovers a sum not greater than
the amount of the tender, he shall not recover any
costs incurred after tender, and ttie defendant
shall be entitled to costs as from the time of the
tender or payment into Court.
(4} If the plaintiff has not given the defendant
sufficient opportunity for tendering amends before
the commencement of proceedings the Court may
award the defendant costs, to be taxed as between
solicitor and chent.
F. — MiscsUa neous.
I. The Money Lenders Act, 1900.
(t) The Court will re-opcn any usurious bargains
which appear hanh and unconscionable.
{3) All money-lenders must be registered.
(3) Heavy penalties for false declaration by
money-lcudcza.
3. The Pawn Brokers Act. 1872, limits the
interest to be paid on loans under the value of jf 10.
s2
PROTECTOR
516
PUFVRREDON
3. The Merchant Shippiag Act, 1904. protects
wamfa and passmgers by regulations for their
safety, comfort, and health.
Refe* to Limitation of Llabilily.
4. The Merchant Shipping Act (proposed), IQ06
(f.v.), will protect the interests nf Britiith shipping
by enforcing regulations, similar to those already
imposed on British ships, on all foreign ships in
British waten.
Protoctor. East Indiaman. I.ost in the Bay of
Bengal, November 21, 1838 ; 170 lives lost.
ProtM, French submarine. (Cherbourg, 1903.)
1-^gth. 77 ft. ; beam, 7i ft ; draught, 8 ft. ; dis-
placement, 66 tons : complement, 5 ; Hp.. 60^
6kt3.
Protest Tfie " Noting his protest " before a
public notBr>' or consul is grncrally done by a Khip-
master on his amval, but certainly i he has had
any accident or fears any damage. Unless this
preliminary step has been taken, a protest cannot
be ' extended," or completed, and the extended
protest is of grpat imponance in average and otliex
claims. The extended protest gives details of the
voyage, with its accidents derived from the log
book and information supplied by the master,
officers and crew When goods ore lost, or damage
sustained, the protest being produced protects the
master and tlie shipowners from claims made by
the owners of tiic cargo.
Protti. French znd class cruiser. (Bordeaux.
1898.)
I.ength 3jzft. Beam .44ft. Maximum draught 21ft.
Displacement 4.000 tons. Complement 378.
Gnns, Armout.
4 — G"4 in.. 45 cal. " Steel."
10—4 in. 2 in. Deck.
10^3 pdr. 2 in. Casemates.
4 — I pdr. 3 m. Conning tower.
Torpedo Tubes {177 in.).
3 Above water.
Twin screw. Hp. 8.500= ly's kts Coal maxi-
mum 750 Ions. Approximate cost liso.ooo.
Protschny. Ku&sian torpedo • boat destroyer.
Black Sea (1898). Length. 196 ft. ; beam, iS ft. :
draught. 11} (C: displacement. 340 tons; com-
plement, SS : armament, 1 13 pdr.. 3 3-pdr..
3 tubes; Hp., 3,800^ :!7 kts. ■ coal. 53 tons.
Prow. The foremost end of a vessel.
Prox. Abbreviation (or proximo, next month.
Prytki Russian torpedo-boat destroyer. Black
Sea (1895). I.ength, 190 ft. ; beam, 18 ft. : draught,
7 ft. ; displacement. 34 tons ; armament, 1 ispdr.
3 3-pdr., 3 tubes ; twin screw ; H p., 4,400 » 39) kts.
PA Distinguishing letters on sea fishing boats
registered at Sint Pliilipslund, Holland.
PhIK. Greek battleship (iSqo) Kcconstructed.
La Seyne. 1897.
Length 331ft Beam 5 zf I. Maximum drmugbt :
Displacement 5,000 tons. Complement 440.
Guns. Armour.
3 — 10*6 in. "Crrnsot steel."
5 — 6 in.
I— 4 in.
8 — 9 pdr.
4— 3 pdr.
13 — I pdr.
t3 in. Belt
13 in. Battery.
13 in. Barliettea.
13 in. Coiming towtr.
Torpedo Tubes.
1 AItovc water bow.
2 Above water broadside.
Twin screw. Hp. 6.700=17 kts. Coal man-
mum 600 tons.
Plilandei) Swedish toqiedo gun-boat (1399).
length 223(1. Beam 37)ft. Maximum draughts
Dt^laceroent 700 tons. Complement 99,
Guns. Anmmr.
3 — 4'7 in. " Bofors steeL"
4 — 6 pdr. ^ in. Deck.
3 in. Conutog tower.
Torpedo Tubes.
1 Submerged bow..
Tu-io screw. Hp. 4,oous2u kts.
Piyche. Bhtisb 3rd class cruiser. (Dcvoof
1899.)
Length joufl. Beam 36ft. Maximum draught 1
Displacement, 3.200 tons. Complement Ji
Guns. Armour.
8 — 4 in. 3 in. Deck.
8-3 pdr.
Torpedo Tubes (14 in.).
3 Above water.
Twin screw, Hp. 7,ck>o=2o*5 kts. Coal 1
350 tons. Approximate cost ^£150,000.
Piyohrometer.
mometers.
The dry-bntb and wet-bulb thff
P.T, Duitinguishing letters on sea fishing tN»ti
registered at Port Talbot. England.
pt Ptcr<^>od. Abbreviation adopted on li*'
charts i^sutKl by the Hydrographic Office^ A4fli>*
ralty, denoting tlic quality of the ocean's botio'^
Pt. Point. Abbreviation adopted on the cMrt*
issued by the Hydrographic Office, Admiralty. ^^
P.U. Distinguishing Ictteri on
reg>stered at Putten, Holland.
fishhkgl
Pucker. A Hindustani word aignifying steilioC-
of good ijuality.
Puddening. A thick rcrf o( m.^ling or I
tapering; towards the end, and usi-d as a iptnlcr^
Paeyrredon. Argentine armoored craiMr. {^
saldo. 1897.)
Length 3 ja ft. Beam S9ft Maximum draught Jtft
Displacement 7,000 tons. Complefnent 50a
PYMAN
GuHM. Armour.
2 — loin. "Temi."
to— 6 in. 6 ia. Belt amidships.
6 — 4"7 in. 6 in. Ba,rbcU(r3.
lo— 6 pdr. 6 in. Conning tower.
Torptdo Tubes.
4 .\bove water.
Twin screw. Hp. i $.000^20 kta. Coal maxi-
mum. 1. 000 tons.
Facet Soand Navigation Oo^ with tlieir head
Ol&ccs m Scatlic. havt: a fleet of eight steamers.
which maintain regular sailings from Seattle to
Port Towoscnd. Port Angeles. Neali Bay, and
Victona {B.C.), and other places on Puget Sound
and the Straits of J uan do Fuca.
Fleet.
Atice Gertrude. Indianapotis.
Beltingham. Lydia Thompson.
Dodt. Roialit.
Garland. Whaicom,
Pnclift* Small Italian cruiser. (Taranto, iftoS.)
Length 27iit. Beam 40ft. Maximum draught i61t.
Displacement 2,538 toua. Complement 234,
Cunt, Armour,
3— 6 in. "Sti-cl."
8—47 in. I In. Deck.
8— 6 pdr.
8—1 pdr.
Torptdo Tubes.
i .\bove water.
Twin screw. Hp. 7.500= 18-5 kts. Coal maxi*
mum 430 tons. Approximate cost, ^300,000.
Poll. To row a boat.
Pulley block. A shell with a sheave.
Pulwar. -\ country boat of the Indian rivers.
Pomping of barometer. Unstcmdiness of the
mercury in the barometer tube caused by the
temporary reduction of pressure in a room pro-
doccd by gusts of wind.
Punisbmeots. Set Naval Ceremonies.
PtUHM. Intensely cold, dry winds in the Puna
re^ODS of South America, blowing chiefly from
soutti and south-west.
Pttttt Small flat-bottomed boat used by fisher-
men.
Pnoyt Spiked holes in barges or keeJs used in
propelling them.
Purchase. In tackle to increase force applied.
Pardon. Andrew (b. Port Glasgow, June 6. i860).
Served hi* apprenticeship with Messrs. Cunhffe and
Dunlop, fort Glasgow. In 1S85 was appointed
leading draughtsman with the Fairfield Shipbuilding
Co., and subsequently became head ot the Drawing
Office Estimating and Scientific Departments. Dur-
ing his association with this firm he was closely con-
nected with the building and construction of many
well-known vessels, of which may be mentioned
the Atlantic (^yhounds Campania and Lucania,
some of the largest Cape mail steamers, and war-
vesada for the British Government. In May. 1897,
was 8p|>ointrd general manager to Messrs. Irving's
Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Co.. Ltd., Hartlepool
(of which firm Sir Christopher Fumess {q.v.) is
chairman), and has since been appointed managing
director. It was under his personal supervision
that the Sylvanta. a vessel of some 7,000 tons,
which was stranded on the beach at Skinnin^rove,
on the Yorkshire coast, was successfully floated.
Patga. .\ very violent Boraa {q.v.).
Puritan. U.S. monitor (1885).
Length 289rt. Beam 60ft. Maximum draught 20ft.
Displacement 6,060 tons. Complement 3jo,
Gums. Armour.
4 — 12 in. " Harvey."
6 — 4 in. 14 in. Belt amidships.
4 — 3 pdr. 14 in. Barbettes.
4 — I pdr. 8 in. Conning tower.
4 Catlings.
Twin screw. Hp. 3,700= i2'4 kts. Coal max!
mum 5S0 tons.
Puritan Line. See Johnston Line.
Purser. The officer who has charge of tbii
accounts of a ship to which he is attached.
Purvis, Ftank Prior [b. Grcenvnch. April 18, 185a),
Profcs^sor of naval architecture. Tokio (Jniversicy.
Educated Blockhcath School and School of Naval
.■Vrchitccture, South Kensington. In 1864 obtained
a WHiitworth scholarship, anti in 1(^71 obtained a
fcllow^ip of the school. In 1873 was appointed
assistant to Sir Edward Reed (q.v.) ; in 1877, repre-
sentative of the late Sir W. Pearce, and two years
later scientific adviser to Messrs. W. Denny and
Brothers, which position he held for 10 years,
resigning to take up a partnership with Messrs.
Blackwood and Gordon. In 1901 he was appointe<l
Professor of Naval Architecture at the Imperial
University, Tokio.
Publications : Various papers ptiblished in the
Transactions of the Institution of Engineers and
Sbipboilders In Scotland and technical articles in
*' Cassier's Mogaxine."
PaL To change the coarse of a ship, to tack.
Puttook. See Futtock.
P.V. Distinguishing letters on sea hshmg boats
registered at Poortvlict. Holland.
P.W. Distinguishing letters on sea fuhing boats
n-gistcrrd at Patbituw. England.
Pyman and Co., George. See Pyman Steam-
ship Co.. Lt<L
Pyman Steamship Co., Ltd.. with their head office
in West Hartlepool, have a fleet of 15 modem
cargo steamers, which trade to varirras twrts of the
world as inducement offers.
PYRAMUS
518
QUEEN
Flb«t.
Owisttm.
G. Pyman.
Laura.
Memblarul.
Natutlt.
Raithwaite.
Rokeby.
Rosebank.
Sandsend.
Wavertty.
Wini/red.
Giosa tonnage, 43,250.
Finmns. BHtisb 3rd class cni ser. (Patrocr.
Length 300ft. Boam 36ft. Maxioiuni draiight 1711.
Displacement 2.135 tons- CompIcnK nt 224.
Guns. Armour.
8 — 4 in. 3 in. Deck.
a— 3 pdr.
Torpedo Tubes (14 111.).
2 Above water.
Twin screw, Hp, 7.ooos=2o'; kts. Coal normal
250 tons. Approximate cost /150.000.
Fyibeliometer An instrument (or lueasurijig the
intensity ol solar radiation.
PythoiL Dutch torpedo-boat. {Yarrow. 1903.)
Displacement, 140 tons ; armament, 3 j-ptlr. ;
tubes. 3 i4-in. (2 broadside, i stem) ; speed.
35 kts : coal. 30 tons.
FydOD. A iistro- Hungarian toq>cdo-boat. (Yar-
row, 1899). Length. 152 ft; beam, r; ft.;
ilraught. 7i ft.: displacement, 133 tons; com-
plement. 24; arnrnment. 2 3-pdr. q.f., 2 tnbcs ;
Hp.. 2,000=24 kts. ; coai, 30 tons.
P.Z. Distingubliing letters on sea Ashing boats
registered at Penzance^ England.
Q. See Qiiiller- Couch. A. T.
Qn&drant .\ reflecting instrument invented tiy
Hudlcy, \iscd Id take the altitude of the sun. moon
or stars, altove the horizon ; and thereby to deter-
mine the latiludi- and longitude. Refer to Navi ■
g-iting Instrumcnt-H, History of.
Qtudrireme. An ancient ship of war, with four
Kniiks or iLirs on tach side; chiefly used about
4t«> H,C.
Qoail. Britiidi torpedo-boat destroyer. (Birken-
head. 1895.) Length, 213 ft. ; beam, 21ft.; dmught.
si ft. ; displacement. 300 tons ; complement, 58 ;
armament, 1 12-pdr., 5 6-pdr.. 2 tubes ; Hp., 6.000
= 30 kts. ; coal, go tons.
Quant. An obsolete term for a long pole used
by bargemen.
QmifUntinft is a jieriod (!uring which a ship,
arrivi'<l from an infected port, is luibiddi'n tu hold
intercourse with the shore.
By the Public llealth Act. 1896 (rc-cnacting the
Pubhc Health Act, 187G. and amcuding the Customs
Consolidatian Acti, 1876). the Jjoctl Govtnun-ii;
Board:
(I) May frame regulations for tlie treatmect m
persons affected with infectious diseases withictbe
territorial waters of the United Knigdom.
(3) Where any part of England is threateawi or
afflicted by any formidable epidemic or mfecooiB
disease, may make special regulations 10 gnird
again.st its spreading, and may make such rcguatiook
applicable to any vessel within tbe junsd^tumtf
the Lord High Admiral.
(3) May require that no person (cmnlng frooi or
having touched at any port where there is a for-
mtdablc infection prevailing) ?bal] <]uit the vcssd
without Kanction, after ttie state of healtli of tfe
I>cnions on board have been ascertained by mcdica)
examination.
Any wilful violations of any ol tlirse rrgulaboa
is an offence punishable by fine.
Hvery country may make and enfcince its o«
qiinrantine regulations.
Qoarter. aI^ abaft the beam.
Qiurter bout. .\ny boat is thus designated wte^
is hung to davits over the Bhip's quarter.
Qoarter-deok. That part of the upper dadT
which 1^ abaft the mam-ma^t.
Quarter-master. A petty officer appointed br
the captain of the ship to a^inist tlic officers, parbcr
larly the navigating officer, iu the care 0( tftfe^
sounding leads*, the lights, bunting, st
ballast and provisions, the reading of comp
deciphenng and hoisting signals, steering, IPf '
stands a regular watch in the ship night and
whether the ship is at sea or at anchor.
Quay. .\ stone wliarf having aU necesarT *
convi-nifnces for louduig and unloading
5hi])S.
Queen, British ist class liatdcship.
port, lgn2.)
Length 430ft. Bt-am 7511. Maximum draught 9#'
Displacement if.uoolons. Complement]
Guns.
4 — 12 in., 4ocal.
12 — 6iu.
16—12 pdr.
6— 3 pdr.
3 Maxims.
Torpedo Tubfs (iS in.).
4 Submerged.
Twin screw. Hp. i5.oc«>'=i8 kts. Coal
mum 2,ioa tons. Approximate cost /i.ooo.o
TbiH ship -name is associated Mith
action off Brest, 177S ; battle of •• The GIqM«
Tir^t of June." 1794; Bridporfa action etf I
Liroix, i;g5 ; Sebastopol, 1^54.
This vessel holds tb« world's rc-cord for coaJiiV-M
average: nf 491 tons per hour having been :
without shore labour on board at Mal1«, Hif'j
Armttmr.
" Krupp."
9 in. Belt Jtini/i^htpf
12 in. Barbcites.
1 3 in. Connmg towct. 1
1 907. The batttebhtp ImptacaMe held the previous
best record with 394 toiis p^-r hour.
QneUL Tratuport. On Jauuary 6. i8ao, this
vusc) was lost OQ Trcfusis Point, when 369 people
perished.
Qaetn Charlotte, i m Runs. Burnt otl tltc
harboiii oi Li-ghom. March 17. iSoo ; 700 hves
lost.
Queen Oharlotte. Ea»t Imhaman. On October
34, 1K1H. this vt-KscI was lost ofl Madras, when all
oa board perished.
Qneeo EUsabeth. Glasgow steamer. On voyage
from India went ashore near Tarifa. March \2.
1874, and became a total wreck : 20 hvcs lost. Cargo
and specie value £12;^. 000 recovered by divers.
Queen Line 0! Steamers. Sm Dunlop Steam-
ship Co.
Qneen of the Thames. On March iS. TS71. this
vessel sailed trom London to Sydney by the Cape
in 58 days ; 00 her rctam voj'nge she was lost off
Cap*; Aguhras. AfriCii,
Qneensland 7acbt Club, BoyaL See Royal
Quwnsland Yacht Club.
Qneen Victoria. On February 1;, tSsj. this
vcKMil was wrecked off the BoiJey Lighthouse. ne*r
Dublin, having mtstakm her course in a snow storm.
Out ot 1 20 persons, 07 were lost.
Quette. British India Steam Navigation Co.'s
steamer. Struck on an unknown rock off Cape
York, Torres Siiaila. and sank. Febniary 38, 1890 ;
133 livfsla^t.
Qoiberon Bar. Battle <A. Oa November 30. 1759.
the British under Ilnwkc defeated the French Fleet
commandccl by Conflanis.
Quid. A piece of tobacco used lor chewing.
Qaid pro qno. Giving one thing tor anotlier.
QaOler-Coaoh. Arthor Thomas. B.A. Writer (b.
Cornwall. iS6j). hUlut^ted Nuwton Abbot Col-
lege, Chiton College. Trinity College, Oxford.
Lecturer classics Trinity College. Oxford. 18^6.87 ;
was connected with the " Speaker " tdl 1889.
Publications : " I>cad Man's Kock " (1887).
"Troy Town" ([888). "The Splendid Spur"
(1889), " Noughts and Crosses " (1891). "The Blue
Pavilions" (rSgi). "I Saw Three Ships" (1892),
" The Warwickshire Avon " (1893), " The Delect-
able Duchy" (1893), "Green Ba>-s: VeiBes and
Parodies" (1893), "Wandering Heath" (1895).
•' The Golden Pomp " (1895). " la " (1896). " Ad-
ventures in Criticism " (1896), " Poems and
Ballads" (1896), "The Ship of Start" (1899).
" Old Fires and Profitable Ghosts " (1900). " The
Oxford Book of English Verse" {1900), "The
Lairds Luck" (190'). "The Westcoles " {190*).
"The \\'hitc Wolf" (i^oa), "The Adventures of
Harry Revel" (1903). "Hetty Wesley" (1903).
" Two Sides of the Face * (i<)03). "Fort Amity "
(1904.) In 1697 was commhttimwd to finish R. T^
Stevenson's uncoinplctcd novul " St. Ives."
Quilting. A kind of coating formed of $ionct
strands ot rope, etc., outside any vessel.
Qaiaquereme. An ancitmt type of ship of war
propellerl by five banks of oars on eacli side, intro-
duced by DionysluH of Syracuse, about 400 B.C.
Qoioxe de Novembro. Bnuilian cruiser. (Elswick,
1897.)
Length aioft Beam 351'L Draught ijtt.
Displacement 13.000 tons. Complement 160.
Guns. A rntour.
6 — 4'7 in. " Steel."
4 — 6 pdr. 3 in. Deck amidships.
6 Maxims.
ToTpcH'* Ttsf'ft.
4 Atxive water.
Hp. 3,300^17 kts. Coal 300 tons.
Qnita. Japanese tnrpc^a-bnat destroyer. (Yoko-
.suka, 1906.) Length. 230 ft. beam, 30} ft.;
draught. 9| ft.; displacement. ,V4 tons; arma-
ment. 1 12-pdr.. 5 6-pdr,, 3 tabes ; twin screw ;
Hp., 6,000—39 kts.
Qaotn. A wedge used as a chock in stowing
casks to prevent rolling.
q.v. .Abbreviation for. which sec.
B, Dlstingui.shing letter on sea fishing boats
registered at Ramsgate. England.
B. Distinguishing letter on sea fishing boats
registered at Ribe. Denmark.
K. Distinguishing Ictii^r on sea fishing boats
n.-gi:>t4-red at Rostock, Germany.
R. Distinguishing letter on sea fishing boats
rcupstercd at Rouen. France.
B. Red (near a buoy or light). Abbreviation
adopted on the charts issued by the Hydrographic
OfKce. .Admiralty.
R. River. Abbreviation adopted on the charts
issued by the Hydrographic Office. Admiralty.
r. Rock. Abbreviation adopted on tlic ctiarts
issued by the Hydrographic Office, Admiralty, de-
noting the quahty of the ocean's bottom.
BabbeL That part of the keel, stem, and stern-
posts of a slup which is cut for the plank of the
bottom to fit in.
Baby, BeAr-Admfral Henry James. V.O, 03.
(1>. September >6. iSi;), EiJucatcd Sherborne.
Entered the Navy. 1843 ; was rst cla,ss volunteer
H.M.S. Monarch ; 11 months on shore with Xaval
Brigade at Sebastopol ; promoted to commander,
and decorated with V.C. for services ^ the tl^ncbcs
before Sebastopol.
RACE
520
RAINHi
Extract horn the " Geiettc." February 24. 1857 :
" On June iS. 1855. immediately after the assault
o( Scbastopol. n soldier ol the 57th Regiment, who
had bt-en shot through both legs, was observed
Bitting up and calling for assistance. Climbing
over the breastMforlc ol the advanced sap. lieu-
tenant Kaby and two seamen proceeded upwards
oi 70 yards across the open space towards the
Ealicnt angle of the Redan, and. in spile of the
heavy fire which was still continuing, succeeded
n carrying the wounded soldier to a place ol
safety at the imminent risk of their own lives.
Lieutenant Raby was the sole survivor to reap the
reward and wear Ihc Cross."
Present at tlie battle of Inkcrman (Crimean.
Sardinian, and Turkish medals. Inkcrman and
Sebastopol clahpft. Knight of Ihc Legion of Honour.
Medjidic. 5th Dass); commander of H.M.S. ^Seduia
and AUcio on West Coast of Africa (frequently
mentioned in despatches) ; coromanricd boats of
squadron at capture and destruction of Pwto
Novo (wounded and mentioned in despatches) :
ptonioted captain for services on West Coast oi
Africa ; commanded ILM.S. Adventure. China. 1868-
71 : letired with rank Of rear-admiral, 1877 ; died
February 13. 1907.
BtM. Strong current.
Racehorse. Ship. See Carcass.
Racehorse. On November 4, 1864, this vesiscl
was lost ofi Chefoo Cape, Chinese coast, when
yy lives were lost.
Racehorse. British torpedo - boat destroyer.
(Hau-thom. 1500.) length. 310 ft. ; beam, 21 ft.
draught, 8) ft ; di.sptaccinent, 316 tons ; comple
ment, 60 ; armajiient, 1 12-pdr., 5 6 pdr., 2 tubes
twin screw ; Hp., 6.000=30 Itts. : coal. 90 tons.
Rack. Roils for belaying pins ; a frame of
timber containing sheaves.
Eaok-har. A piece of wood used for twisting
the bight of a suifter round in order I0 bind a
raft firmly together.
Rack-block. A range of sheaves cut in one piece
of wood for nmning ropes I0 lead through.
rad. Radiolaria. Abbreviation adopted on tlie
charts issued by the Hydrographic Office, Ad-
miralty. dc:iioting the quality of the ocean's bottom.
Ra^e. To interlace.
Radiation. The interchange of beat between
bodies which are not in contact.
R^ale. French torpedo-boat {]Sq&). Displace-
ment, 140 tons ; complement, 34 ; maximum
draught. 7^ ft. ; guns. 2 3-pdr. : torpedo tubes,
3 15-in. ; twin screw; Hp., 3.300 = 31 kts. ; coal.
15 tons.
Bait. A floating framework consisting of togs
or other pieces of timber, fastened together side by
side, used in the emergency of shipwreck.
Rae. Dr. Richard. 5w Arctic ExpkxmtioiL
Rag-bolt. Jagged or barbed bolts.
Raid, in the language of intcmatiornal law va
invasion of the tcrritor>* of a State whjcii u u
peace by armed forces, unauthorised aod cut*
recognised by any State. It difiera from ptiacyin
that it is not for the purpose of capturing piopatr
(Foreign Enlistment Act, 1870.)
If any person within His Majesty's domioiM&,
and without His Majesty's licence, prepares or fiti
out any expedition to proceed against the daraimai
of any friendly State :
[■) Every person engaged in such prepantuev
or assisting therein, or employed in any capaotr
in such expedition shall be liable to fine or ia-
prisonment, with or without hard labour, or to 1
fine and inipri.sonmcnt.
[2) All .fhijxs. their equipment, arms. etiL. Ad
be forfeited. Any person who aids, abets, oovnab.
or procures the commission of any oSence ondtf
this Act shall be treated as a principal oflaidcr.
Rafl. A curved limber extending from ihe bo*
of 3 slup to support the knee of the head-
Rails. The top of the bulwarks proper.
Railway and Shipping Contractor £»)ahlaM
1885. Pubhshed weekly (Thursday). Price M-
Addn-sA : 13 Victoria Strci-t. I.-onrton. S.W.
Railway and Shipping Joom&L Established tvot
Published montlily. Price i^. Address. 6 Nrv-
castle Street, Farringdon Street, London. E.C,
Rain. Condensed moisture- which falls froia ftr
clouds in a liquid form.
Rainband. A dark band or shading seen 00 04
red siile of the double line D in the atmaspbnz
absorption spectrum.
Rainbow. An arc of prismatic coloon tea
oppoMte the sun or moon when raia is falltng.
Rainbow. Iron steamer. 600 tons. laancM
183^. built for the General Steam XaTi^lili
Company of London. She was employed la ik
service between J^ndoo and Ram^^te. mdaft^j
waid:^ extended from Loudon to Ant
Rainfall. This term includes all fomu 1
jiheric precipil.ition.
Rain gauge. An instrument for measunog na
Jail.
Rainha dona Amelia.
(1899).
Length 243ft. Beam 33ft Maximum drao^i itti
Displacement 1,665 tons. Complement 9PLJ
^"*w- A rmour.
4^-6 in. " Steet"
4—4 in. 14 in. Deck,
2—3 pdr. 3j in. Conning towtr.
Totptdo Tubes.
2 Above water.
Twin screw. Hp. 5,400^ 18 ki%.
Small Portuguese <
RAINIER
52"
RAMBLER
BalBitr, Vlot-Adminl 7oha Hanw {b. 1847).
Educated private schools ; entered Navy, i860 ;
sub-lieutenant. 1866 ; lieuteDant, 1869 ; commander.
iSSo ; member of War Office Comniiltcc on Macliinc
Guns, iSSo-Si. and secretary to the Committee on
Torpedo Instruction, 1884 ; commander, command-
ing King Fisher, landed at Zeyla. February, tSSj,
with seamen and marines to assist la the arrest
ol mutinous Somali police ; member of the Defence
Committee, Mauritius 1885, and received the
thanks of the Governor : captured several slave
dhows on the east Coa^it of Africa ; captain. 1887 ;
captain of Toutmatim ; received the appreciation
of the Admiralty and Covtrrnor of the Leeward
Islands for prompt action during tlie disturbances
at Tortola, 1890 ; the thanlci of the governors of
both the leeward and Windward Islands and
Triiudad for services rendered at those islands,
jSgo-4>3 ; thanks of French Governor for taking
relief to Martinique after the fire, 189a; also
approval of Foreign Office for the steps he took at
Tucasca during the revolution in Venezuela, 1893.
As captain of Rodney commanded the EnglUh,
French, Russian, Austrian, and Italian landing
parties at Selinos Kastetli during the Crutu insur-
rection, 1897, and relieved the beleaguered Turkish
garrison and inhabitants of Kandanos. and brought
them, some 3.000 in number, safety to Selinos ;
mentioned in despatches, and pcr^ionally tliankcd
by Senior Foreign Admiral for these soxvices ; rear-
admiral, iijoi : \'tcc-admiral. 1907. Vjc«-Admiral
Rainier has occupied the unique position of com-
manding the forces of six dlOcrent nations in
action.
Kainy day or Sain day. This is defined in the
British Isles to be a day on which o'oi in., or
more, of rain is recorded.
Bitaft To cause to appear elevated as by
gradual approacli towards an object.
Raising-irOD. Used for clearing pitch and oakum
out of the seams of the deck before caulking
afresh.
Rfliaoanflble. 64 guns. On February 3, 1763.
this vessel was lost at the attack of Marlimquc.
Baka. The deviation of the mast &om a ver-
tical line.
Rakat. Norwegian torpedo-boat. (Christiaaia,
1894.) Length, ut ft.; beam. 12^ ft.; displace-
ment, 43 tons ; armament, z tubes.
BataiglL 50 guns. On April 14, 1S57, this
vessel was wrecked on the south-east coast of
Macao.
Ralaigh. U.S. 3rd class cruiser. (N'orfolk, 1893.)
X,ength 3oo(t. Beam 4ift. Maximum draught 20ft
Dtsplac^*ment 3,213 tons. Complement 339.
Guns. A rmomr,
II— Sia. "Steel."
«— 6 pdr. 2\ in. Deck.
4 — I pdr. 2 in. Conning tower.
Twm screw. Hp. 10,000^19 kts. Coed maxi-
mum 556 tons.
Balaigh. Sir Waltar (1552-1618). Engli.sh ad-
miral (b. Devonshire). Was present at the battles
at Jarnac, 1569, and Montcontour, Bghting as a
volunteer with the French Huguenot Army. In
'577 & patent of colonisation was given to his half-
brother. Sir Humphrey Gilbert, who planned an
expedition, of wliich ilaiuigh was given command.
This, however, was a tellure. In 1 584 he obtmued
a charter of colonisation, and during the next few
ytran he sent out expeditions to America, explored
the seaboard from Florida to Xewloundlaad, and
named Virginia, which he endeavoured to colooiao
by sending out a. fleet laden witli colonists, which
were, however, Mxm discoiirai^K). and brought
I>ack to England by Drake. In 1592 he prepared
an expedition, which sailed under Frobisher, fitted
out for service against Spain. This cxjjedition
succeeded in capturing a prise of extraonlinary
value, known at the time as tijc Great Carrack.
In 1594 he sent out an expedition under Captain
^\'hcddon to obtain information about the lauds
near the Orinoco. In 1596 he took part in an
expedition against Spain under Lord Howard of
Eflingham and Robert Devereux. 2nd Earl of
Es-iex, which resulted in the Spanish Fleet being
thoroughly beaten, and all of it. with the exception
of two vessels, which were captured, duiiroyed. 2a
1597 it was arranged that he should go as rvar-
admiral of a fleet under the command of Easexto
farther cripple the maritimo powers of Spain.
This expedition, known as the island voyage, was
a failure owing to the leaders having quarrelled,
the only notable achievement being the capture
of Fayal (Axorcs). In 1600 he was made Governor
of Jersey, and started the trade between Jersey
and Newfoundland, and did much to promote the
prosperity of tlie land. In 1603 he was suspected
of comphcity with Cobham in a plot against King
James I., and was tried for high treason and con-
demned to death, but subsequently repneved. On
March 19, 1616, Raleigh set out on an expedition
to Guiana in quest of gold. The expedition was a
failure, and returned to Plymouth. Jane 21, i6i3,
and in liic following October he was executed by
order uf King JnmcH I. His publicatiaris include
" A Relation of Cadiz Action," " Raleigh's Col-
lected Works'* (1829). "The History of the
World." *' A Discourse of War," " An Apology for
the Voyage to Guiana."
Set " Creighton'8 Age of Elixabetb " (1876).
Hume's " Kaleigh " (1S58), I^uise Crcighion 3 " Sir
Walter Raleigh ' (1H77), Rcnncll Rodd's " Kaleigh "
(1905).
Ham. An iron-hooped spar used for driving
blocks from benc^Ui a veosel's keel.
Rambler. British surveying vessel (835 tons,
io'66 kts.). Launched 18S0.
RAMED
522
RATCH
Bun«d. Tbe state of a ship oo the stocks when
the frames are set up upon the keel, tbe stem and
stem posts put up. and the whole adjusted by the
ram 'line.
RamiUes. 90 Runs- On February 15. 1760, this
vc3scl v,as lost on the Bolt Head, when only
26 persons were saved.
HftHflUff, British lat class battleship. (Ct>>de-
bank, 1S93,}
Length ^Boft. Beam 75tt. Maximum draught .^oft.
Displacement 14.1 ;o tons.
jtfmour.
" Compound."
tS in. Belt amidxtiips.
17 in. Barbettes.
14 in. Conning tower.
CUHS.
4—13-5 in.
10—6 in.
16 — 6pdr.
12— 5pdr.
2 — g pdr. Boat
3 MaxixDS.
Tntpedo Tubes (18 in.).
3 Submerged.
I Above water stem.
Twin screw. Hp. natural 9.000=15 kts., forced
13,000= 17 ku. Coal maximum 1,400 tons.
Approximate cost l^yxt.ooo.
This ship name was introduced mto the Navy to
coauumioiatc the Duke uf MarIboix»ugh's victory,
1706 : and i^ a&sociati:d with Kcppel'i* action, 1774 ;
the batUtf of " The Glorious First of June." i794-
Ran. (oiled yams on a spun yam unnch.
Bance. French avisos- trBn^>ort (1SS6). Of
little figliting value. Guns, 4 5'5-ui., 3 12-pdr. ;
spwd (nominally), ti kts.
R&ndui. Rowing with alternate long and ^hort
oars.
Randolph, Admiral Sir Qeorge Grannlle, K.C.B.«
cr. 1S97. F.R.G.S. EnttTL-d R.N.. 1830 ; lii.utvnaiil,
1838; served Borneo, 1645; comuiauder. 1846;
captain, 1854 ; served Scbastopol, 1S55 ; Cape,
1867-72 ; rear-admiral. 1872 ; commanded detached
squadron, 1873-75 ; vice-adnural. 1S77 ; adini^^
1884: retired. 1881.
Publication : " Problems in Na\'a] Tactics "
(r8;9).
Ranelagh Sailing Club, I'utney. listabLi^lied
tSMy, but look lliL immi? Iiom the Raiielagli Yacht
Qub of Chelsea, which wa« extinct. Commodore,
H. W. Good ; Vice -Commodore. A. Grittcn ; Rear-
Commodore, J. F. I'lummer ; Honorary Treasurer,
C. E. MatthfWK ; Honorary Secretary, Jesse Hojirc.
Entrance fee, los, 6d. ; annual subscription, /] is.
Range. The horizontal distance to which a
•rojcctilc is thrown. Strictly, it is the distance
iTom the nuiz/le of the gun to tlic second inter-
section of the' trajectory with the line of sight.
Range. I n a line or row.
Rangd-finder. An instrument for finding the
ran^e of av object
Ran^ of oabla. A length of csble a Utile m
excess o( thr depth of water represented, to be Itt
out when the anchor ii let go.
Ranger. Bntish torpedo-boat destroyer. (Hri>-
bum, 1895.) Length. 200 ft. ; beam. 19 ft-.
draught. 5^ ft. : tlisplaccmcnt, 264 tons: coo^
ment. 50 ; armament, i 12-pdr.. 5 6-pdr.. 2 tube;
twm screw ; Hp.. 3.900=27 kta. ; coal, fco toes.
Rangoon. P. and O. steamer. Wrecked oe
Kadir Rock, off Point dc Galle, No\-efliber I, lijx.
She was %'alucd at ^78.000.
Ransom is the sum paid for rcdeemiog a vew)
or goods captured by a belligerent as price of n
By the Naval Prize Act, 1S64, the Sovcreigii cs&
by Orders in Council, regulate the ransoanof of
British ships and goods. II a captured vessel a
ransomed, but is subsequently lost by the penb
of ihe sea. the obligation to pay tlte raosom a tv
extinguished.
RaiHtoU. When the wind acts luily on c^rr*
sail ; applies to a ship on a wind when " Kcc}> fcr
rap-lull " means do not couic too close to tk
wind.
Rapiere. French torpedo-boat dcstTO>-cr. (Jf*
mand. 1002,) Length, 180 it. : bea,m. ii (t:
maximum draught. 10 ft. ; dj<;p]accmcnt, y»UK».
complement. 45 ; guns, i g-pdr., 6 3-pdr. : tDr|«d>
tubes, 2 i5-in. ; speed, sy-'jiO kts.
Rasmtiuen» Aage (b. Sltis\')e. May 24, iSsjl-
Danish manne engineer. Served a lour v*ifv
course at the Naval Academy, and then ai ik-r
tenant in the Royal DanUh Nax-j'. In 157I to
tame to England, and studied for three ywa
at th« Royal Naval College, GrconwicU, In lft =
was nominated sub-director of tbe engiBe«ii>c
department at the Royal r>ock>>ards, CopeohagA
In iSSO be became cluci of the Royal t>aiilsh ScM
of Jklarint! Engineering, and in 1837 pcewiwi is
the nomination of all sea-going Daitislt engisum
Pubhcations : Several books and manual* m
" Marine Engineering " (Danish), and papers p^
lishcd in the Transactions of the Institutjoo et
Naval Architects, and in various naval and tccfai^
Danish periodicals.
Rastoropny. Russian torpedo-boat destjojs
(lyoG). Length. 185 ft.; beam, 31 (i. ; dnuffP>
7i ft. ; displacement, 334 tons ; coraplemeat '
armament, 1 12-pdr., 5 3-pdr., a Ma^dms, al
twin screw ; Hp.. 5,600^26 kts.
RasjraBCtatsohiiy. Russian torpedo-boat l
(1906), Length, 185 ft.; beam, 21 it.; ia^
7i ft. : displacement, 324 tons ; oomplecnent. 1
armament, i 12-pdr., 5 3-pdr.. 2 Maxims, s taL
twin screw ; Hp.. 5.600—26 kts. ; coal. 100 tp»i
Ratob. The act of sailing by the wiml CD i
tack.
RATCHET
523
R.D.
Baifhfft A iuiw-tooLhed wheel in wincli or wind-
lass.
Bate. The arOer, rank, or class of the seamen
on board ship.
Ratings. HavaL See Navsl Edncation.
Ration. The daily allowsncc of provisions.
^*h^* Small lines which traverse the shrouds
of a ship horizontally frora the deck upwanls. and
arc made &rm by jamming clov-u-hitcbcs ; Uiey
form a series of steps like a ladder.
Rjib. In marme insurance U.image by rzls or
other vermin is generally not rccovorablc on an
ordinar}' policy. If, lujwcver. rats gnawed through
A leaden pipe and thereby let m water which sinks
the ship, the uodciwrilers would be liable. (Hamil-
ton V. Pandorff, L,R. it App. Cas. 518; Lavarouni
V. Dnirj'. 8 Exch. 166.) Refer to Perils of the Sea.
Raven. British jnd class gun-boat (465 tons.
9i kl>.). Launched 18H2.
RawsoQ, Admiral Sir Harry Holdsworth. K.O.B..
cr. 1H97. C.B., 18.S3 (b. 1843). Educated Marl
borauKh. Entered Na\-y. 1857 ; cadet in Cai-
(utta's launch at capture of Feiho forts, 185S ; pre-
sent at the tiattle of Palikao : capture of Pekiu
(China medal, Taku. 1858-60. and Peking clasps) ;
served in the Encounter during operations against
Chungmaos : at the capture of Ning-Po, Yuyao,
Fuogwha, Tsiekie : was wounded, mentiuncd in
dcspatche-d ; in command of 1,300 Chinese troops
lor defence of Ning-Po ; iri 18^1 u-ceived the
thanks of the captain of tho quarter-deck for
jumping owrboord and sa\ing the life of a mannc
who had fallen into the tihaughai River ; lieutenant,
1863 : first and guimtTi-y lieutenant of Betlctophxm.
1867-70 ; lieutenant of Royal Yacht. (870-71 ;
commander, 1871 :commanderof Hercntes. Channel
Squadron, i87i'74, and Mediterranean Squadron,
I87S-77 : received the 2nd Class Ctvic Cross of
BcJgium and silver medal Royal Humane Society
for rescuing two femalen who wrrc capflized from
a boat at .Vntwerp. IK71 ; raptain, 1.S77 ; hotstpfl
the Bntish flag at Nicosia, capital of Cyprtia. and
wa-s military commandant of Uiat place for one
month ; captain employed an principal transport
ofliccr during Egyptian war. i883 (Egyptian medal.
Khedive's Bronze Star. Osmanieh, jrd Class) ;
member of the Committee for the Revision of
Naval Signals. 1886; rear -admiral. 1892 ; member
of the International Code of Signals Committee ;
one of the umpire^t in the naval manmnvren, 1891 ;
Commauder-in-Chief. Cape of Good Hope and Vfmt
C0a.1t of Africa Station. May. i89;-r)S; vice-
admiral, 1H9S ; landed a Naval Brigade from the
squadron imder his command, and agisted by
some Soudanese and Zsnzibar A8kari» troops,
attacked and cafrtiirc»d M'weli, a stronghold of an
Arab chief, tSq; (general Africa medal. M'weli.
189s. engraved on the rimt ; Her Majesty the lale
Queen granted unto Admiral Str Harry Ho(<ls-
worth Rawson authority to aooept and wear the
insignia of the Order of the Brilliant Star ol
Zanzibar of the first class, which the Sultan of
Zanzibar conferred upon turn in recognition of his
active and distinguished services during Scyyid
Khahd bio Barghash'K rebellion ; organiserl and
cottiman4]e<l a punitive ex{iedition at the capture
of Benin City (Benin clasp) : senior otficer in com-
mand of Channel S<iuadron ; attended the depar-
ture of the Royal cof&n from Gosyort at the
fimcr.il of Uic late Queen, February j. 1901 ;
president of committee appointed to inquire into
the structural strength of torpedo-boat destroyers,
i^ot.
Rawion, Robert, J.P. (b. Brindslcy, July. 1814].
In early life he was in the employment of Meiwrs.
Barber and Walker. Eastwood, and in tSj/ he wai
appointed draughtsman iu the olfices of the con-
struction of the Manchester and Leeds Railway,
and when this line was finished he went to Man*
Chester as a teacher of mathematics. In 1847 he
was offered by the I>ords of the .\dnitralty, an I
acceptt>d. the position of hoadmaKter of the Ports-
mouth Dock>-ard School*, which position he held
nntil his retirement. 1875. He was one of the
first mcmbet^ of the Royal Institution of Naval
Architects, and took an active interest in the
discus^ons of the application of mathematics to
the termination ol resistance, statical and d>Tiami-
cal, stability of sliipa, and was appointt-d hy the
AdmitaJly, with the lale John Finchan (ChiL-f
Comttructor of Portsmouth t>o<:kyard), to make
experiments with a view to venty experimentally
theorem to detormine the amount of dynamical
stability. From thc5c cxpcrimeat& it was proved
that the angle of amplitude obtained by Ihc im-
pulse of a gust of wind is alxiut twice as great as
the angle of which thi; samu force woiild keep the
vessel at rest. He Ls the inventor of the screw
compass, and for this he received the thanlu of
the r.ord-s of the Admiralty, with an expression of
its practical usefulntiss. in the Service. Honorary
member of tiie Council of the Literary and Ptiilo-
Kophical Society, and member of the Society of
Navai Architects. '1
K.A.Y.O. Abbreviation for Royal Alfred Yacht
Club.
Basae, A term used when the decks of a ship
reduo: the height.
R.Ok.Y.C. .Abbreviation for Ro>-al Cork Yacht
Chill,
R.CI.y.C. .-K bbrevialton lor Royal Cornwall
Vacht Ciub.
R.O.P.T.C. Abbreviation for Royal Cinque Ports
Yacht Club.
R.C.Y.C. Abbreviation for Royal Clyde Yacht
Club.
R.D. E>istinguishing letters on sea tiding boats
registered at Ran.sdorp, Holland.
R.D.C. Running Ponn Clause. Set Collision :
also Clauses.
B.D.T.C. Abbreviation for Royal Dorset Yacht
Club.
Beach. A straight part of a navigable river
lietwccn two Ix-nds,
R«ad7 abont, ready o^ready. An order, each
ni.Tn lo lits station to prt^p.trc ior tacking.
Real JUsociacao Naval Lisbon. Estiibli^bed i8!i6.
Honorary Secretary, Virgilio da Costa. Rua Gar-
rett qc, Lisbon. Entrance fe«, £1 : annual snb-
»cnption, £2.
Beal Club Medit«rraneo. Kslablished 1879.
Htmnrary Pn;i.id(;nl, H.M. the ICing of Spain ;
President. I. Nagtl Pisdier ; Commodore. Wm. G.
Shaw; Honorary Secretary, H. Petersen Clemens.
Club House, Malaga, Spain. Entrance fee, £% Z4. ;
annual subscription, £1 ts.
Real Clob Saatico de San Sebastian. Patron.
H.M. the King ol Spain; President. Hon B»I-
domcro Vega Scranc ; Vice-President, Don }osh
M. de Arcsteguicta ; Secretary, Don Pedro Navarro,
San Sebastian. Spain.
Real Club Naval de Lisboa. Established 1891.
Irtasuurs, A. C. PcrctJo and C. D. Costa; Hono-
rary Secretary. C. J. F. Duft, Caes da Viscondessa.
Santos. Lisbon. Entrance ice, £1 ; annual sub-
scripiion. /i ro.v.
Real Sporting Clab. Patron. H.M. the King of
Spain ; Prcmdcnt. Don S. Martinez de las Rivas ;
Vice-Pre«dcnt. Don E. de Ybarra y Lopez de
Calle ; Treasurer, Don R. Real de Asua-y-Arano ;
Honorary Secretary. Don M. Galindez y Beraie-
fiUo, Club House, Bilbao. Entrance fee, pcsclaa
150 ; nnmial subscription, pesetas 60.
RtaDmnr. The thi-rmometer scale formerly in
use in Germany and Russia, but now al>andani*d
officially, in which the interval between the freezing
and boiling points is divided into 80* ; o* is at the
freezing point.
Rebate. 5m Abatement.
Rebeooa. On April zg. 1853, this vessel wns
lo«tt on the West Coast c[ Van Dicmcn's Land, when
Ihe captain and many of the passengers and crew
perishfd.
Reobooing. The position of the ship from astro-
nomical observations, the course steered, and the
di*;tance run tiy log.
Beckoning dead. Sec Navigation.
Eeoruik. British torpedo-boat destroyer. {Glas-
gow, 1^1. ] Length, 218 ft.; beam, zn ft. ; draught.
5i It ; displacement, 300 tons ; complement, 58 ;
armament, i 12-pdr., 5 6-pdr.. 2 lubes ; twin screw ;
Hp.. 6.aou= 30 kts. ; coal, 80 tons.
Red " D " Line, with their head oftices in New
York, have a fic-ti of five steamers, uadcr contract
Utpkta. I
ts ■
Ot
i (or
with the United States Government for Ihr car-
riage of mails, which maintain regular •ervioM it
scheduled times from New York to San Joan, U
Guaira, Puerto Cabello, Cura9ao. and Puerto Rica.
A service is also maintained between Cur
Maracaibo.
Flbbt.
Caracas. Merida. Phila4*tpkia. \
hi avncaihn. ZuUa.
Redningskoite. A Norwe^an sea-keeping
boat for assisting the Northland fishing fleets ■
bad weather.
Redontable. French and class battleahip Ot
no fighting value. Dismantled at Saigon, used for
coast defence only.
Length 318ft. Ream 69ft. Maximum draught
Displacement 10,000 tons. Complement 6A^.
Gunt. A rmow.
4— io"8 in. '■ Iron."
4 — 9'4 in. 1 5 in. Belt amidships.
14 — 3 V^- 9 in. Battery.
10 — I pdr. 3 in. Canning towtr.
Twin .screw. Hp., 8, ioos= 1 5-1 kts. Coal aornal
900 tons.
Red rain. Rain chargn] with dait carried oCtct
for great distances from sandy deserts.
Red Star Line, with their head ofiices in Antwerp
maintain a service every Saturday from Anlwij,
via Dover, to New York ; also a fortnightly scma
from Antwerp to Philadelphia ; ajid another ton-
nightly ser\'icc from Antwerp to Hoston.
Reed, Sir Edward James (1830-1906). U
ncss. AIIlt serving his apprenticeship with a s^
whglit, entered the School of Mathematics uii
Naval Construction at Portsmouth. Lcavmg !■
1853, he obtained a position in Sh«rvmes5> Dockyinl
but resigned on account of a dispute with tk
authoiitics, and then occupied himself viA
technical journalism, among other tilings ediOB|
the " Mechanics' Magazine." In i860 be bwr»
first secretary of the newly founded Institatioe ^
Naval Architects, and in 1863 was apjxnntcd CbC
Constructor of the Navy.
At the time when be assumed this office tbr ift
of cuuHtructing slnps of war was in a tiannMi
stage, and he did much to mould it on the Unesksf
which it subsequently developed. The supehaali
of iron over wood as the matcriaJ for the bulb ^
barely been established — of \ i ironclads onfa*l
for the Navy, five were ol wood — but he bad stf»
Aed himscU as to the advantage of irxm. and atfei
■' bracket-frame ' s>'stcm of construction, ts*
adopted for the Bellerophon (1865), he introdnceri*
more effective method of ntilirinj^ its sfHCri
qualities. Realising that the sbi{i5 should be il^
to fiRht their guns in all weathers, he made ttrt
stand well out of the water, and aimed at
them as sleady as pOK^iible in order to secure s
gun platform : and by reducing their length
r ton- I
REEF
525
REGATTA
strove to remedy the defect of unhandliun and
lack of QiacceuvhDK power which had bccD urged
against the earlier ironclads. In regard to armour,
the necessity for which was pretty generally
rccogiUM-d, when his term of office began, as the
result of experiences gained in the Crimean war, he
adopted the principle that the vital parts^boilere.
engines, magaxines. rudder and steering gear — in
addition to the heavy gun jxisttions, should be
adequately protectt^d. fn the M'atftor, our first sea-
going ironclad, begun in 1859, there was a central
citadel. 213 ft. in length, which was provided with
4| in. armour, but the rest of the ship, whkh was in
oU ^o fL in lengUi, was unpro1ect(.'d. To remedy
tbia weakneas he advocated and used in bia ships an
armour belt extending the whole length of the
water Uoe. He advocated a &mall number of heavy
guns, powerful enough to penetrate the armour of
any cucmy, and ^o mounted as to permit of all-
round Are, and of concentration , so far as possible,
on any required point. The turret system, the
advantages of which were urged with great vigour
and persistence during the time when he was in the
Admiralty, did not meet with his approval. He
admittcrl its great inherent merits in enabling big
gnns to lie trained easily and smoothly through
large arcs, but at the same time he saw various
drawbacks, as, for instance, that it could not well
be combined with rigging, tliat it involved, gun for
gun. about double a<i much armour as the broadnde
system, and thai simultaneous fire was limited to
two directions only. In 1S69. he expres-sed the
opimon that. If any mi<4take had been made with
reference to the introduction of turret ships, And
especi.ilty of monitors in the Britisli Navy, it had
consisted m adopting them too readily rather than
too slowly; it was, in fact, his attitude towards
turret ships that led la his re^gnation in 1870.
The DtvattaiioH. begun in 1869. embodied his idea
of the best rraul t$ obiaiuublu on the tunct plan. In
her he solved the problem presented by the rigging
by dispcQ!»ing with sails altogether, and she was
thus the fu-st British sea-going battleship that
rdicd solely on steam. Her sides, protected with
S2-in. annuur, ruM 4^ fL above the water, but
amidships there was raised a breastwork or redoubt,
fUiout 150 ft. long, with two turrets on the central
line, i-ach containing a pair of 3 5 -ton guns, which
tiius .4I001I some 14 ft. above the sea. After the
Captain, whidi represented Captain Cowpcr Cole's
idea of a turret ship, had foundered in the Bay of
Siscay, m 1870, doubts arose as to the stability of
other ironclads, but the Committee on Designs for
Ships of War. which was appomted to inquire into
tlie question, reported that there wa.s nothing to
icftT in the case of the Devastation, He had pre-
viously anticipated the danger oi deficient stabiUty.
and before the Captain disaster had indicated his
misgivings in regard to the safety of ships of her
load. In 1870 he lelt the .Admiralty. During his
I jeven years' service the Navy bad increased by
some 40 ironclads, in addition to cniiaers and other
armoured vessels, and subsequently in the course
of his practice as a naval architect he was responsi-
ble for the designs of many other war -vessels. For
Brazil he designed tlic Independencia. which m tS/K
was purchased by the British Government and
called the Neptune. For Germany he planned the
Kaiser aivi Dcutschtand cruiscn ot about 7,600 tons.
both of which were built on the Tlmme^ ; and three
cruisers for Japan a little latex. For Chili he de-
signed the cruising armour-clads v^Jmtmn^CdcAniite
and the Blanco Encaida, which were launched in
1874. and, nearly a quarter oi a century later, de-
signed the Lihettad and the ConsiituctoH, lKittle«hips
launched at the beginning of 190J. and which now
form part of the British Navy as the Triumph and
Swt/tsutc. lie was a Lord of the Treasury in Mr.
Gladstone's Administration of 18S6, and v/as made
K.C.B. iSAo. and in addition held sevctal foreign
orders and decorations. The Royal Society elected
him a Fellow in 1876. He died of heart failure at
his London residence, November 30, 1900.
He was Llic author of a considerable numlter of
book.s, of which the best known are " Shipbuilding
in Iron and Steel " (1869), "Our Ironclad Ships"
(1869). ■■ Modem Ships of War " (1885). " Letters
from Russia in 1873 " (1876), " Japan " (1880).
" Fort Minster, M.R" (1885). and " Poems " (1902).
RoeL That portion of the sail between the bead
and the reef bands.
Beeftag. The act of reducing the sail in propor-
tion to the increase of the wind. Re/ar io Reef.
Reef-peadants. Ropes on a t>oom for reefing the
sail.
Reei-Uokles. Tackles for hauling the leeches of
topsails and courses for reefing.
Reel. Wheels moving round an axis and serving
to wind various lines upton it as the log-reel.
Kttiaiag, A term used for caulking, pr opening
the seams of the plank with rceming -irons, that the
oakum may be more readily admitted.
RMining-lion. A large iron a.sed by caulkers in
opening the scams,
BMTt. To pass the end of a rope through any
cavity.
BMVbig-llnt. Small tackl'* rnv<> throngh blocks
for hoisting a larger one.
Scftt. Making good any damage to the ship or
the ship's furniture.
Rebmotion is a quality by which a body appears
above its true place in the heavens.
Renl ash. See Royal Fish.
Bagatla. Ycu:ht and boat racing io general.
REGINA
526
REGISTRY
R^na EleUL Italian battleship. [Speaa, 1905.)
T..ength 475ft. Beam 73ft. Maximum draught 36ft.
Displacement 12.635 ^i^-
Armour.
" Terai."
in in. Belt amidi^hips.
8 in. Barbtttcs.
loin. Conning tower.
OUHS.
4 — 13 in., 40 cat.
13 — 8 in.
II — 12 p<ir.
12—3 pdr.
4 Maxims
Torpedo Tubes (18 in.).
4 Submef:ged.
Twn screw. Hp. 30,000=33 kts. C^ial maxi-
mum 3,Soo tons. Approximate cost /i ,000,000.
Bwina Har^herita. It^ilian'battleship. (Spezia,
1901.)
I^ngUi 4jo(L Beam ySit. Mean draught 27(1.
Hisplacemcut 13.427 tons. Complement 720.
Guns. Armour.
4 — 12 in.. 40 cat " Temi."
4
6 in. Belt.
B in. Barbettes.
6 in. Casemates.
IS in. Conning tower.
4— a in.
12^-6 in.
16 — 12 pdr.
8—6 pdr.
2 — t pdr.
2 MHxims
Torpedo Tubes (18 in.).
4 Submcrgrd.
Twm screw. Up. natural 14,000= 18 ktfi.. forcid
19,oook2o kta. Coal maximum 2,000 tons.
Approxim.itc cost £1.1 50.000.
Regio CiDb Canottieri Savoja. Established i$gi.
Honorary Prt-dtiUnt H.M. the King of Italy ;
Honorary Vice-President, H.R H. tbe Puke of
Abruxzi , President, Baron Francesco Pasca ; Vice-
President, Cav. K. Anatra ; Treasurer, Cav. F.
Diouiiiio : Secretary G'useppc Cavaliere Ht-ad-
quartcrs. Naples, ilaly. Entrance fee, 100 lire;
annual subscription. 130 lire.
Regie Regate Clnb Lariaao I':}<Ubli8hc>l 1872.
President. Maiijuis Lodovico Tiolti Bentivoglio ;
Honorary Treasurer, Cav. Eugenio Besana" Honor-
ary Secretary. Cav. Augusto Corteleazi, Piaxzi
Bclgiojotio I. Milan. Annual subscription. 3o lire.
Rc^o Terbano Tacht Club. Established i»9;-
Patroness. S.A.R. llii; Duclivs* o( Genoa ; Honorary
President. S.A.H., the Prince Thoinas. UuUe of
Genoa ; President. Count G. Borromco ; Honorary
Vice-President, Duke of Abruzzi : Vice-President,
Cav. Carloo Nigra ; Honorary Secretary and
Tre'isurer, Marquin Fazio Dal Pozzo, Stresa, Lago
Maggiore. Itiily. .Nnnual subscription, 40 lire.
Regio Yacht Olab Italiano. Established 1879.
Commodore. H.M. the King of Italy ; Vice Commo-
dorts. S. A. R. Duke of AosU. S.A.R. Duke ol
Genoa. S.A.R. Conle di Torino, S.A.R. Duke of
Abrnzzi ; President, Mjirquis Carlo Ginori, M.P. ;
Vice-President. Cav. Garibaldi Coltt-llftti ; Secre-
tary. Sig. Kttore Bocciardo, 3. Genoa. Entrance
fee. 100 lire (^4! ; annual subscription, 10 lire
Ui 4*-)-
I*
.J*i' 'M
Resistntt^Oenenl of Se«meo. By the HeicbiM
Shii>ping Act, 1894 (sections 251-7 c;S), Iberv UuUl
maintained in the Port of London, aoder the
trol of the Board of Trade (qv.). an office caUed tbt
General Register and Record Ofl&ce o>f Scuks.
The bu-siness of this office may. by the direetioa b*
the Board of Trade, be transacted at t^e MercaatBe
Marine Office or Cuirtoms Hou.se at any otitpon.
The Regiatrar -General keep** a te^stcr of iS
persons aer\ing on ships which are subject to t&a
.\ct, and of the births and deaths occuhag m
board such ships.
Superintendent and Customs officers take cIutji
of all documents delivered, tran.*tmitted to. s
retained by them in pursuance of this Act. and tin
traiisniil them to the Registrar -Ocnexal for presim-
tion and record. Such documents shall be pitbfc
records and. as such, are admissive in evideottia
any Court, or before any pennon ha\-ing by Uaor
consent of the parties authority to rccei^'e evidente
Registration. The original object of npstii-
tng ships was to restrict our commerce to our on
vessels, but its present use is chicfiy to pio\'eafir
to shipping. H a vessel, required to be legtittsil
by the Merchant Shipping Act. is not rt^jstcnl
she loses all privileges, advantages, or prolecadi
aUordi^d to British ships {q,v.), and her owruncU'
not limit their liabiBty (f.c). H a certificated
Registry- (if.v.) is issued which has not been kpij
granted m respect of the ship, she- shall be luUt 6
forfeiture, and her master or ovmcr guilty of a a»
demeanour, and any person forging or alteiioi 1
certificAte nf registry .shall be guilty of a idoBJ.
Reffiitry of Shipi. Every British ship, amf
vessels nndur 15 tons employed sulHy on rl»en*
coastwise, or vpt*sets under 30 tons engaged soMj
in the Newfoundland fishing or coa-sting trade. aa6
he registered. Before registration a survey is
and the vessel's tonnage (7.W.) ascertained
surveyor of ships, who grants a certificate
ing certain particnlars required by the B
Trade. The vessel's name on bows and sJ*ni,
port of registry nn stem, her official aumber.
iiunilM-r denoting hrr tonnage cut on tbr
beam , and a sc:U<? of feel on each side of her
stem post denoting her tlraught, inust be
marked, and remain nnaltcred, under a
/loo. The person requinng to be legiuuad
owner then applies to the R<^pistrar of the
stating his qualifications to own a British
pl.ice she was built, the ratuiter's name, the bi
of shares in the ship he holds, and that to
ol his knowledge no unqualified person has
legal or beneficial interest or shflire in the
the tlrst rrgistr^'' of a ship the builder's
must also be put in. The registrar, after
all particulars of the ship and her owner, an)
ing the builder's and surveyor's cextificatca
grants a certificale of registry, which is kept
roaster, and is evidence of her diaractcr as a Bra'
rstBDl
ish^<
' shifk
REGULATIONS
527
REMBERGE
ahip. It must only br used ior the lawful uaviga-
tioo of the ship, and shall not be subject to deton-
tion by reason ot any title, hen, charge, or interest
had or claimed by any owner, mortgagee, or other
peniuu to, on, or la the ship.
KeffoUtioiu, Xins'fl. See King's Regulations.
lUffoUtiaiu for the Preventioo ol Collisioiu at Sea.
See CoIUiiions, Regulations lor the Preventioo ot
B«igW. Netherlands gun-boat, Dutch Indian
Navy. Of little fighting value.
Itiityiifag winds. The prevalent winds on any
particular coast or port of the tjcean.
Btfiherstieg Dockyftrd and Eugiaeerine Wotki.
Hamburg, vras originaUy founded in i;o6 by a
EDercbant named Cramer, of Hamburg. At tlic
beginning ol iSoo, the brothers Koo&en. of Hamburg,
purchased the bnsiiii^^t and enlarged the )'ard. In
1849 it again changed hands, and was purchased by
Messrs. John Godefiroy and Sons, Hamburg, who
eight years later took Ktr. F. Beit, of thu firm of
L. R. Beit and Co., as partner.
Up to 1856, only wuotlon ships had been built, but
in order to compete with other yards and the
growing requirements Of the trade, it was decided
to make the necessarj' alterations and go in largely
for iron shipbuilding. The first iron ship to be
built was the Dcutschland, for the Hamburg-
Amerika Line.
Owing to tliB increasing business in 1863 the firm
were compelled to mo\ e their yard to the Kleinen
Grosbrook, thi^ utc on which it now stands. In
1881 the business was turned into a limited com-
pany, with a capita] of i. 500.000 marks. In 1885
the first floating dock was conBlructed. 330 ft. long,
85 ft. wide, with a capacity of 5.000 tons, wliich did
duty until 1901. when a floating dock. 508 ft. long
and 100 wide, with a capacity of 11,500 Ions was
constmctcd.
The >-ard is equipped with every modem appliance
for the building of ships and machinery. Elec-
tricity plays a prominent part in the motive power
o( the machinery and tools. Two large tiawlling
cranes, one electzically driven and one steam, are
among the latest additions to this yard.
Owing to the enormous increase of work on hand,
it was lound neccsaary to enlarge the foundry, and
a new site has been purcliased from Uie Hnmburg-
Amerika Line. The number of workmen l-iu •
ployed under normal conditions is about z,5oa
Many notable sailing vessels and steamships have
been turned out from tliis yard, among which may
be mentioned the twm-screw mail and paaaenger
■traniers Cap Blanco and Adolph W'oermann ;
many steamers for the Handmrg-South American
Steamship Co. ; the Co^ Boco. Cap Blanco, Cap
Santa Jiita , for the Hamburg-A iiu nka Line ;
tbc PtitLt Eittl Ftifilncb. Pritix U'atiiimar. Dania.
Poiynnta and Bavaria for the Woermann laur ;
ty vessels lor the Pculichc Ost-Afhka Lme.
including the modeni twin-screw steamers Kaiset,
Kdnig, Kutfiirtt, and FM Marschall,
Beina Bageato. Spanish crui^-r (1904).
Length 33&ft. Ben.m 52ft. Maximum draught loft.
Displacement 5.373 tons. Complement 497,
Guns, Armour.
10 — 5-5 in. ** Harvey."
3 — 6 pdr. 3^ in. Deck.
2 — I pdr. ^ in. Conning lower.
Torpedo Tubes.
4 Above water.
Twin screw. lip. i5,ofX}=i2i kts..
BaiOA Becenta. Spanish cruiser. Sank ofi Cape
Trafalgar, March 10, 1895 ; 400 livea lost.
Reinier ClaeSBMi. Dutch harbour monitor (iSgi).
Disptacement 2,490 tons.
Guns.
1 —8" 2 in.
I —67 in.
4 — 6 pdr.
3— I pdr.
Torpedo Tubes.
2 Above water.
Hp. a.ooo^i2*5 tons. Coal maximum 160 tons.
Beinaonuioe is a contract between underwriters
entirely distinct from the original policy, the
transfer, in short, of a risk from one underwriter
to another [Joyce v. Realm Marine Co.. L.R.
7 Q.B.D. 580 ; Uiiclh v. Boston Marine Co., L,K. 15
Q.B.D. ti). A reinsurance cfiectcd fur one client
cannot be transfciTed to another cUent without the
consent of the underwriter {Byas v. Miller).
Bflinsurance Clause. Sw Clauses
BaUtive Homldity. The ratio or percentage of
the actual vai>our pressure to that of saturated
water vapour at the temperature of the air.
Belianoe. East Tndiaman. From China to
London, lost ofi Merlemont, near Boulogne, N'ovem-
ber ] 3, 1843. Out ol t6o persons on botxd, only
»evcn were saved.
Reliance Marine Inroranoe Co., Ltd. R(^i.stcred
February 8. 1881. Subscribed capital, ^500,000, in
•thares of ^m, of which £2 per share, equal to
^100,000, has been paid up. Dividend paid for thr
last 20 years. to% per annum, excepting in 1894,
when I2j% was paid. Reserve funds amount to
alraut /135.000.
The directors of the company are : G. C. Crow
(chairman), G. C. Dobell (deputy chairman). W.
Blain. C. W. Fox. ]. U. Hodgson. .\. Woodall.
UndtTwriter, Joseph Pemberton. Secretary. F. R.
Edwards. Offices: Exchange Buildings, Liverpool;
37 Cornhlll, Loudon, B.C. ; Cotton Rxchange
Building. N>w York ; no Rue Rcaumar, Paris.
Believlug tackles. Thofc hooked to the tiller
assisting thf wheel ropes in bail weather.
Rambarga. An obsolete narrow rowing vessel of
war.
RENARD
Bvurd. Britisfa torpedo gun-boat (1893).
Length 330ft. Beam 3;ft. Maximum draught I2}ft.
Displacement 810 ton&. Complciurnt S5.
CUHS.
»— 47in.
4— 3pdr.
TorpMto Tuitei.
5— 14 in.
3— iK in.
Twin screw. Coal inaximom 160 tons. Speed,
I7kts.
Bender. The act of yielding to force applied.
Kennell. Jamet ( 1 742- 1830). English geographer
(b. De\-ooshire). Began his career in the Na\'y.
and in 175S was acting luidslnpman on board
the Briiliant, under Captain Parker, afterwards
Admiral Sir Hycle Parker, and was present at several
of the minor actions against the French coast
shipping. In 1760 he went out in the AmerUa to
India, and joined Captain Parker, who was in com-
mand of llieCfrii//OK.and was preM^nt at the blockade
of Pondicherr>'. Joining the East India Company
he was . ppointed Surveyor General of IJengal, 1 764 ,
and went as sutvcyor on botird the company's ves-
sel to Manila and tlic neighbouring islands. Dunng
tliat voyage he explored and made charts of the bay
of Cimorta in the Nicobar Islands, the Sambel
lsland>i. in the Straits of Malacca. 1763. Abai Har-
bour on the Noith-West of Borneo. He retired from
the service of the East India Company in t;;?.
His publications include : " Bengal Atlas "
('779). "A map of India" (1783), "Observations
on the Topography of the Plain of Troy " (1814).
" Illustrations of the Retreat of the Ten Thousand "
(1K16), and a " A Treatise oa the Comparative
Geography of Western Asia."
Rennie, John (1 761-1831). Civil engineer (b.
Scotland). Settled in London, 1 791 , and was
respooslble (or the design and construction of South-
work Bridge, in which he intioduced cast iron for
the first time in bridge building, Waterloo Bridge,
which was then without parallel for its magnitude,
elrgance. and solidity, and the old Ixmdon Bridge.
00 the model of Waterloo Bridge, though not
completed until after his death. He also built
bridges at Leeds, Mu:>selburgh, Kelso. Newton
Stewart, Boston and New Galloway. His earliest
canal project was that of tlte Crinan Canal, whicli
w*as followed by the construction of the Lancaster
Canal, the Great Western Canal in Somersetshire,
the Pulbiook Canal in Cornwall, the Portsmouth
C^inal. and Ihv Kvnnct and Avon Canal. He also
cUwely associated bimstll with the design and con-
struction of docks and harboun. his deagns being
acrepted for ihi- l^tudou iXicks, the East and West
India Docks at Blackwall, and docks at Hull, Leith.
livfTpooI and Dublin, The harbours of Queens-
town, Berwick. Ronth. Holyhead, Kingston, and
Newhaven were designed by him and constructed
wider his supervision. As engineer to the Admi-
ralty he constructed extensive worln at 1
Chatham, SfaeemeaB, and Plymoolh, and
oated with Stephenson in the building of the '
Rock Lighthouse. Set Smllts's " Lives of
Engineers " (1S74).
Sennie. John AuhetoD (b. September 30. 1876)^
Educated Trimty Hall, Cambridge. £nteti«d
linn of Mc&sxs. G. Rennie and Co.. of which he J
still a member, and has been engaged on
important works both at home and
Member of Institution of Naval Architects.
Beanie. Sir John 0794-t874)- English civil
gineer. Son of John Rennie (ij.u.), and succeeds
his father as engineer to the Admiralty, and con-
structed extensive works at Wtxilwicb. Shccmeai,
Ramsgatr, and completed the breakwater at Ply-
mouth. On the completion of I>otidoQ Bridge
from his father's designs in iHji he rvciHv«i) the
honour of knighthood.
Publications : " Account of Plymouth BmJc-
Mfaler " (1848), "Theory. Formation, and Ojp-
truction of British and Foreign Harboon "
(1851-54).
Rennie and Son, John T. Sra Aberdeen Une
(Rennie 3).
BenowB. British ist class battlcahip. (Pern-
broke. 18(15.)
Length 380ft. Beam 73ft. Maximum draught 361t.
Displacement 13.350 tons. Complement 674.
Guns. Armour.
4 — 10 in.. 32 cal. " Harvey."
10 — 6 in. 8 in. Belt amidships^
12—12 pdr. 10 in. Barbett«&
8 — 3 pdr. 9 in. Conning tower.
2 Bfaxims.
Torfigdo Tiib49.
4 Submerged.
1 Above water.
Twin screw. Hp. i3.Doo«i8 kts. Coal aOXi-
mum 17C0 tons. Approximate cost £746.247.
Bep. Oatoger. 5m Arctic Exploiatioo.
RefMeentatioiu is something bcanng on ibe ilA
stated to the underwriter. It is something a^'
but not put in the policy, and so diflets bum whst
arc called warranties (f.i/.) (exproased warrulM.
which are always written, and atways inscrtc<l ■*
the policy. The spirit of a repreaentabou "i"
•lUfficc, but a warranty must l*e carried out to tlu
very letter, el»e tlieie is no insnimncc. A vtf'
representation by on agent vitiatea a policy no I**
than if made by a pnocipal. and it does so alllH>u|(^
the eventual \o9-* mny have had nothing to ^
with the fact misreprcsvnunJ. (1.h, for rxaraplr, *
ship reprewnteil as neutral (and not so) btJiig i>rt
in a storm.
" There is a dtflerence." said Lord Ekhs
" between the reprwefltatian of an «xpwtatica
and tlie representation of a iact. Tb*
REPUBLIQUE
529
RESTRAINT
immaterial, but the Utter voids the policy U the
fact miHrvpreaent«d be material to the mk."
Kepabliqne. French 1st class battleship. (Brest,
Length 452ft. Beam 79(1. Maximum draught 27ft
Displacement 14.865 ions. Complement 793.
Guns, Armour.
4 — 19 in.. ^5 cal. " Krupp."
18 — 6'4 in. 1 1 in. Belt amidsliips.
26^3 pdr. 13 in. Turrets.
3 — I pdr. 1 3 in. Conning tower.
Torpedo Tubes (177 in.).
3 Submerged.
3 Above water.
Three screws, l^ip. 17,500—18 kts. Coal maxi-
mum 1,850 tons. Approximate cost ;ji,430,f>oo.
Sapnlse. 53 guns. On February- 3, 1775, tliLs
vessel foundered od Bc-rmuda, when all the crew
perished. A vessel of this name was lost off
Usbant. March 10, 1800, when most of the officers
and crew were lost.
Bepnlse. British tst class battleship. {Pem-
broke, 1893.)
Length 38o(L Beam 75ft. Maximum draught 3oit.
Displacement 14, 1 50 tons.
Armour.
" Compound."
18 in. Belt amidships.
17 in. Barbettes.
14 in. Conning tower.
Guns.
4— 13-5 In.
10 — 6 in.
16 — 6 pdr.
13— S pdr.
9—9 pdr. Boat
z Maxims.
Torpedo Tubes (18 in.).
3 Submerged.
I Above water stem.
Twin screw. Hp. natural 9.000=15 kts., forced
13,000^17 kts. Coal maxuDum i^oo tons.
Approximate cost ;£goo,ooo.
This stiip-name is associatt'd with the capture
of Cadil, 1 596 ; capture of the French Bellona,
which was renamed the Repulsg. \ 789 ; Rodney's
action with De Grasse. 1782 ; Calder's action off
Ferrol, 1805 ; bombardment of Flushing, 1809.
Raquin. French coast service battleship {1885).
Reconstructed 1901.
Length a94Jt. Beam 59ft. Maximum draught 3 5(t.
Displacement 7,000 tons. Complement 381.
Gunii. Armour.
3 — lo'S in., 45 cal. " Compound."
6 — 4 in. 19 in. Belt amidships.
10 — 3 pdr. 10 in. Turrets.
13 in. Conning tower.
Twin screw, Hp. 6,000= 14*5 kts. Cool maxi-
mum .Son tons.
Resoiie. This vesel was equipped by Mr. Grin-
nell, of Kew York, and 5aiIc<I in 1S50 under the
command of Lieutenants Dehaven and GrifTiths
in search of Sir John FrankUn {q.v.). They reached
Batchy Island on Auguiit 27, 1850, and a.ssi5ted in
Ibe examination of Franklin's wintn* quarters.
Baaeanb. British surveying service ship ($20
tons). Launched 1888.
Reserve. 60 guns. On Novi'mber 26, 1703. this
vessel was lost off Yarmouth, whm 173 of the
Crew perished.
BeeistaaM. yf^ guns. On May 31, 1843, this
vessel v.ii lost off Cape St. Vincent.
Reaolate. On May 3, 1650, this vessel, under
Captain Austin, sailed by way of the Barrow
Strait to renew the search for Sir John Franklin
(^.t.). Reitr to .\ictic Exploration.
Resolute. Arctic exploration ship, in command
of Captain KvUctt. aliandonL-d in 74" 41' N. and
loi* 11' W. on May 14, 1854. On September 10,
1855, this vessel was sighted by an Amtricao
whaler in 67* N. latitude, about 30 miles from
Cape Mercy, in Davis Strait, She was brought
into an American port, and eventually presented
to the British Crf:iv<'mment. She had drifted nearly
1 ,000 miles.
BmoIoUoo. British 1st class battleship. (P^dmer,
1893.)
Length 380ft. Beam 75 ft. blaximum draught 3ofU
Displacement 14,150 tons.
Guns. A rmour,
4 — 13"5 in. " Compouhd."
10—6 in. i3 in. Belt amidships.
16 — 6 pdr. 17 m. Barbettes.
12 — 3 pdr. 14 in. Conning tower.
* — 9 ptir. Boat.
2 Maxima.
Torpedo Tubes (18 in.].
2 Submerged.
I Above water stem.
Twin screw. Hp. natural 9,000015 kts., forced
13,000=* 17 kts. Coal maximum 1,400 tons.
Approximate cost j^9oo,ooa.
This ship-name is associated with the battle of
the Kentish Knock, 1652 ; battle off the North
Foreland. 1653; Irattlo off Schcvcningen, 1653;
battle off [.owestoft. 1665 ; St. James's light.
1666: Bartleur and La Hogue, 1693; Quiberoa
Bay, 1759; Cook's second voyage ol discovery.
1772; Cook's third voyage of discovery, 1776:
Rodney's action off St. Vincent, 1780: Graves'
action off the Chesapeake, 1781 ; Hood's action.
1782: Rodney's action with De Grasse, 178a:
bombardment of Copeahagea. 1801 ; attack on
French in Basque Roads, 1809.
Resolation. Ship. See Antarctic Exploratfon
and Arctic Exploration.
Rwoltttiou. Oo guns. On November 26. 17
this vessel was lost on the coast of Sussex.
Respondentia. Sfe- Bottomry.
Restraint uo ahi^ If a British aliip is owned by
several part-ovrncrs. and a dispute arises as to
whrther she shall be de^)atched on a certam
voyage, the Court will decree punewtion of the
RETIVY
530
RHEINISCHER
Aip to the majority. If the minority holding «
minority of shares object to a voyage of the ship,
they can have the vessel arrested by order ol the
C^urt (notwithstanding the proposed voyage was
approved by majority} and detained until the
majority have given security for her safe return
to the value of the shores held by the minority.
If then the ship is lost during the voyage, the
Court will order the |Miyment of the amount
secured.
The minoritj', having obtained security from the
majority of owners, con re>ip no benefit from the
employment of the ship, and are entitled to no
rompen^ation for her depreciation in value caused
by ordinary wrar and ti'ar. On the other liand,
till?}' pay no share of the expenses of Hit-- voyage.
Bettvy. Rus!.)an torpedO'boat destroyer. (Nev-
sky, tSoS.) Length. ttf6 ft. ; beam, itfi ft. ;
draught, 1 1 } ft. ; displacement. 240 tons ; comple-
ment. 55 ; armament, i i2-pdr.. 3 5-pdr., 2 lubts ;
Hj)., 3,700^=37 kts. ; coal, 53 toiisi.
Retnmi. There are many claims for returns in
marine insurance policies, and great diversity of
wording in the dificrent forms of the clause. The
generally adopted form for a return in consequence
of & vessel having been liiid up unemployed will be
ibaod in the Institute Time Clauses. A return
(or cancellations ol a time policy must be one of
mutual agreement between the assured and the
underwriter. (Mr. Justice Charles in the AbfOta
case, II T.L.R. 196.) A return is due where no
risk has been rtin, if this is not ovnng to the fault
of the assured. If the fault is actual fraud on the
part of the assured, no return Is doe. (Rivaz v.
Cemussi, 4 Asp. Mar. L.C. 377.) On the other
hand, if the policy is vitiated owing to the fraud
of the underwriter the premium must be returned.
(Amould. 4th ed., p. 994 ; McArthur on the Con-
tract of Marine Insurance, p. 40.] Where the con-
tract is void owing to illegality (a wager policy,
for example), there is no return, as the asioted,
being himself to blame, cannot set the law in motion.
(l^Vt-ry V. Bourdien, Park on Insurance, p. 436,
and on the whole subject of returns sre Amould,
4th ed., pp. >^)7-W9< i^^ Lcwndi^ on the I<aw ol
Marine Insuiance. pp. 37-30.) Ttie policy does not
contain any provision for cancelhng, but only lor
the return in case cancellation takes efieci. Poliues
of insurance can only be cancelled by mutual
coBsenl.
X«Mmi. See Hiien. ist class battleship
(13,700 toiu). Torpedoed by the Japanese on
February 8. 1904, and eventually blown up by the
Russians in Port Arthur Harbour, January, 1905.
Since raised, refitted, and added to the active list
of the Japanese Navy.
B* UmbertO. Italian battleship. (Castcllaroare,
I887.)
Length 4noft, Ream 7;ft. Maximum draught 99ft.
Displacement 13,251 tons. Compk-uent 794.
Atmour.
•• Steel."
5 in. Belt amidships. J
14 in. Bart)ettei.
1 3 in. Conning tower.
Guns.
4—: 3' 5 in.
8— 6 in.
16—4*7 hi.
20 — 6 pdr.
1 0^1 pdr.
Torpedo Tubes (18 in.).
2 Submerged.
3 Above water.
Twin screw. H]). natural 15,200=19 kts.. foi
19,500=20 kts. Coal maximum 3,000 tons.
Approximate cost ^1.050,000.
British 1st class battleship. (Palmer.
;ht 3«^_
torcTij
J
Barenge,
1893.)
Length 360ft. Beam 7s(^ Maximum draught 31
Displacement 14.1 $0 tons.
Guns. Armour.
4 — 13"5 in. " Compound."
10 — 6 in. 18 in. Belt amidshtpST
16 — 6 pdr, 17 in. Barbettes.
13 — 3 pdr. 14 in. Conning tower.
2~9 pdr. Boat.
2 Maxims.
Torpedo Tubes (18 in.).
3 Submerged.
1 Above water btem.
Twin screw. Hp. natural 9.000=15 kts.. forced
i3,oooi«i7 kts. Coul maximum 1,40a tons.
Approximate cost £900.000,
This sbip-uamc is associated with the dcfeai
the Spanish .\rmada. 1 588; battle oil Lowest
166$: St. James's fight, 1666; defeat of Fi
o0 Cabriia Point. 1705 ; capture of the Ofpkii,
'758: Quibcrou Bay, 1759; Trafalgar. 1805:
attack on French in Basque Roods, 1S09; bom-
bardment of Jean d'.\cic, 1840.
R«veDoe Cuttw. Small single -masted armed
vi-»scl u5i^ fur enforcing Custom House HegoU
tions and to prevent smuggling.
Revy. Ku&sian torpedo-boat destro}-cr. (Kc
sky. 1898.) Length. 196 ft.; beam. 18} \L\
draught, i\\ ft. ; displacement. 340 tons ;
ment, 53 ; armament, 1 la-pdr. 3 3-pdr.. 2 hibtff
Hp„ 3.700=37 kts. ; coal. 53 tons.
Buviyi Ku^ian torpedo-boat dcstroyDT. (>'r
sky, t8<^.) Lengtli. 196 ft.; beam, l^ i\.->
draught. 11^ ft. ; displacement, 240 tons; colspl^
mcnt. 55 : armament, i i2-pdr.. 3 3-pdr., z tube*,
Hp., 3,700 = 27 kts. ; coal, 53 tons.
RL Rt-et Abbreviation adopted on the chart* |
i5.sued by the Hydrographic Office, Admiralty.
R.Fth.y.C. Abbreviation for Royal Forth Vackt ]
Club.
R.F.y.0. Abbreviation for Royal Fa
Yacht Club.
RHODE
531
RICHARDSON
Flscber, Scbw»lhuli«ntr. 4, Wiesbnden. G«nnanf.
Entrance fee, mark 10 : annual snbscriptloii.
mark 1 5 and 6.
Rhode Island. U.S. ist class battleship. (Fore
River Co.. 1905.)
Length 435ft. Beam ^6(t. Maximum draught 26ft.
Displacement 15.330 tons. Complement 703.
Armour.
" Krupp *■ and " Har-
vey-nick el."
1 1 in. Belt amidships.
10 in. Turrets.
10 in. Barbettes.
0 in. Conning tower.
Gnns.
4 — 13 in., 40 cal.
8 — 8 in.
T i — 6 in.
13 — I4pdr.
12—3 pdr.
4—1 pdr.
is Colts,
To^ftedo Tuhas (r8 in.).
4 Submerged
win screw. Hp. i9,ooo-sig kts. Coal maxi-
mum 1,900 tons. Approximate cost /i, 300,000.
BbOdingB. Cleats of brass on which the axle
of the pump works.
Rhone. Royal mail steamer. Became a total
wreck in the hurricane that swept over the Virgin
IstaJids, October 29, 1867.
Rhamb. The track of a ship sailing an the
satnr point of the compass. The angle under which
the rhtiml) linf» cut the meridian is callctl the
angle of the rhumb, and the angle which it makes
ivith the prime vertical is the complement ot the
rhumb,
B.H.Y.C. Abbreviation for Ro^ Hanrtch
VachI Club.
Rhyl Yacht Clnb. N'orth Wales. EstabJistied 1894.
Snrgee : Blue, with yellow harp in centre. Com-
modore, W. Scott Ha>'ward. Vice-Commodore,
Charles J. Wildcra ; Rear-Commodore, J. Piercc-
I.ewis ; Treasurer, H. K. Osborne ; Honorary Secre-
tary, E, H. Lewis. Amnial subscripUon. £1 is.
R. L Distinguishing letters on sea Ashing boats
rrgi'itrrc'd at Riiigk]5bing, Denmark.
BiaohuelO. Braxilian liattleship. (Samuda, 1883.)
Reconstructed, La Seyne. 1895. Sheathed and
coppcrctl.
I,ength 305ft. Beam sift. Maximum draught 33ft.
Displacement 5,700 tons. Complement ygo.
Guns. Armour.
4— 9'4 in. " Compound."
6— 6'6 in. 1 1 in. Belt amid^ps.
6 — 3 pdr. ig in. BuUchaadfl.
15 Nordenielts. lo in. Turrets.
10 in. Conning tower.
Torpedo Tubes.
5 Atxnro water stem and broadside,
screw. Hp. natural 6.900:= 16 kts.. forced
7,000= t6*5 kts. Coal maximum 840 tons.
Rib. The timbers which rise from the keel of
a Vessel to the top of its side upon which the skin
planning is fastened.
BibtlldB. long narrow, ftoxible pieces of wood
nailed upon the outside from the stem to stem-
post of a ship so as to encompass the body long-
ways and hold the timbers in frame.
Rjbble. British torpedo-boat destroyer. (Yarrow.
1903.) Length, 225 ft. ; beam, 33 ft. ; draught,
10 ft. : displacement, 550 tons ; complement, 70 :
armament, i ta-pdr., 5 6-pdr., a tubes; twin screw;
Hp., 7.500 = 26 kts. ; coal. 120 tons,
Sfbs and trucks. .Vltemating flat boards and
rollf^n*.
Rice, Admiral Ernest (b. 1840). Entered Navy.
1854; lieutenant. 1860; commander, 1870; cap-
tain, 1878 : present in H.M.S. Oden at the
bombardment and taking of Bomarsund, 1855 ;
severe tx>at action, Gamta Carleby ; bombardment
of Sveaborg (modal) ; assistant^lirector of Naval
Ordnance at Admiralty, 1870-74 : made ail the
arrangements in Pans with French Minister of
Marine for joint occupation of Egypt, 1882 ; when
captain of Iris and senior naval officer at Port
Said in April. 1883, received letter of thanks from
the principal inhabitants for bis promptitude and
energy in landing seamen and marines to quell a
disturbance, thereby saving the town from dis-
astrous consequences (Egyptian medal, Khedive's
Bronze Star) ; Admiral-5u]>crintendent of Ports-
mouth Dockyard. 1896; president of the com-
mittee on Naval Victualling. 1901 ; appointed to
command the Coast Guard and Naval Reserves.
»903.
Richards, Sir Frederick WiUiam. O.O.B., cr. 1895 :
K.O.B.t iS(tt,03„i87o.D.C.L., Hoii.OxoQ.,F.R.G.S.
(b. November 30. 1S33). Entered Navy, 1S48 ; lieu-
tenant, 1855; commander, i860; captain, 186G ;
ser\'edZulu and Boer wars. 1879; commanding Cape
of Good Hope and West Coa.tt of .Africa Station,
1879-83; Laing's Nek, i38i ; rear-admiral. 1883;
Lord of the .■\dmiralty, 1882-85 ; Commander-in
Chief. East India Station. 1885-88; Ihirmah An-
nexation war. 1S85-86; vice-admiral, 1888; Com-
roander-in-Chict. China Station. 1890-93 : admiral.
1893 • Senior Lord of Admiralty. 1893-99 ; Admiral
of the Fleet, 1B98-1903 ; retired, 1903.
RicbBrdson, Dr. Set Arctic Exploration.
Richardson, Sir John. 5m Arctic Exploration.
Richardson. Wigham (b, Torquay. June 7. 1837),
Educated privately. University College, Lxindon,
and the t.'niversity of Tubingen. Germany. After
servinp apprenticeship he was appointed engineer-
ing draughtsman at the marine works of Messrs.
R. .and W. Hawthorn, and In i860 he started the
well-known Neptune Works on the Tyne. under
the title of MeR'o-H. Wigham Richardson and Co.
Tn 1903, on retiring from the active direction,
these works were amalgamated with the firms of
Messrs. S^^'an, Hunter, and the Pontoon Dry Docks
Co., under the title of Swan, Hunter and Wigham
Ricbardsofl. Ltd., which is now one of the Urgest
RICHELIEU
532
RIGAER
shipbuilding Anns io tbc world, with an area o(
70 acres, 4,000 ft. of river frontage, and an annual
output of 100.000 tons of shipping. He has during
his life taken his share of public duties, and was
president io i8go of the North-East Coast Institu-
tion of Engineers and Shipbuilders. Is chairman
of the School Board. Member of the County
Council, and magistrate for Northumberland.
Publicationa : Has contributed various papers to
the Institution of Kaval Architects and the North -
East Coast Institution of Engineers and Ship-
bnilderK.
Richeti«a. Brazilian nver gun-boat. (Poplar,
1888.} Keconstnictcd 189;.
Length 303ft. Beam 52ft. Draught ig^ft.
Displacement 5.700 tons. Complement 450.
Guns.
Armour.
4—9-2 io.
'1 6— 47 in.
3— 3pdr.
" Compound."
1 1 in. Belt amidships.
10 in. Barbettes.
10 in. Turrets.
Torpedo Tubes.
5 Above water.
Hp. 7, joo= 16 kls. Coal 800 tons.
Bicker. Spars for boat masts, yards, boat hooks,
etc.
Rickinson. Sons and Clo.. with their head office
in Wcsi Hartlepool, have a fleet of 11 modern
l»tcami:rt trading to various parts of the world as
inducement offers.
Fl-KET.
Aeolus. yifgo. Arion.
Agenoria. Ariel. Astraaa-
Atbion. Arits. Alias.
AmphitrHe. Aurora.
Gross tonnage. 33,400.
Rickmers, A. Q. (ReismOhlcn Rhederei und
Schifibau Actipn-Gcsellscbaft), Brcmprhavcn and
Gcestemundc. Tliis well-known shipyard was
founded at Brcmechaven in 1839 by Mr. R. C.
Rickmcrs, who carried on a most successful busi-
ness until his death, when the firm was changed
into a joint stock company. Although the yard
was originally founded for wooden shipbuilding, as
soon as it was Eound the demand for this class of
vessel had practically ceased the necessary change
to iron shipbuilding was made Tho yard covers
an area of 23 acres, and ground for further exten-
sion has been acquired. There are four berths
capable of building ships up to 600 ft. long, with
the ncccssar)' tiuvelUng cranes and machinery
work by electricity. Since ttie foundation of the
yard 152 vessels, beside* many sailing ships, fishing
boats, and other smaller craft, have been turned
out. Among the notable ships recently built may
be raentioacd a number of large cargo vessels for
the Hambiirg-.\iiierika Line, and two training
shijw for the Norddeutscher Lloyd, the Heriogin
Sophia Charlotte and Henogiu Cecilia, these two
slups being the latest thiog in sailing ship con-
structioa. An uncommon type of vcMel biixlt d
this yard was launched in 1 906 — namely, the B. C
Richmen. She is an auxiliary vessel, 43; it. m
length, with a di-splaccmeot of 8,000 toot, fm
masts, and under sail is capable of doing 16 ktL
and has engines of i.ioo I.Hp. She is bmli Ux
the use of the firm A. G. Rickmers, and is oc tb
run between Bremen ajid India. The output of
the yard for 1898-190$ was about 38.000 oet
register, with engines of 3^.700 I.Hp. The fern
employs about 650 men. The shipbuilding jtxi
is only a pcn*don of the business of this &nti. b
they are large shipowners, having a magniBcnt
fleet of modem cargo -carr^'ing vessels trading u
the East and Far Eaj^t.
Rickmen Lin«, with their head oGFice m Bream
luivc a fleet ai 16 modem cargo steamers, tut*
taining services to various parts of the worU.
Fleet.
Albeti Rickmers. Afaria AacAawfl.
Andrce Rickmers. Pei^r Ritirnvt.
Dorothea Rickmers. R. C. Rickmers.
Elisabeth Rickmers. Renee Rickmers.
Ellen Rickmers. Riektner Rtckmtu
Helerte Rickmers. Sophie Rickmen.
Mabel Rickmers. H'itiy Rickwmt.
Madeleine RicAmers. RieHimtn.
Gross tonnage, 48,600.
Rickmers Reumohlen, Rhederei nod BebiStoB
A.-4i See Rickmers Line.
Ricochet. Tlie bound of a shot.
Ride, .\pphcd to a vessel at anchor or at rue.
Rider. Timbers reaching from keelson to orier
beams to give additional strcngi^h.
Ridge. A high-prr-ssure area betWKa two csft'
tigiious are.-is of low pressure.
Ridge. Hydrographically indicating a tom
narrow stretch of shingle or rocks near the mrtei
of thr sra.
Riding between wind and tide. When eqtaOr
balanwd between the two.
Riding cable. The cable which bears the grrsBt
strain.
Ridny. Russian torpedo-boat deetrayer. (Srr-
sky. 189a.) Length, 196 ft.; beam. jSJ H.
draught, iij ft.: displacement, 240 tons; «b-
plemeat. 55 ; armament, t 12-pdr.. 3 j-pdr.
2 tubes ; Hp.. 3.700=27 kts. ; coal. 53 tons.
lUg. To fit running rigging, stays, braco. td
slirouds to their respective sails, masts, and V**^
Rigaer Taoht Clab. £siablishc<l 1877. Co*
modore. Dr. T. R. Augsburg ; Vice-Commodot.
C. J. Rosenberg; Treasurer, J. I^urentx ; Seat-
tary. N. S. v. Jesersky, Ballast Damm. No. i Itp.
Russia. Entrance fee. 5 roubles ; anaoal t»^
scription. .:o roubles, 10 roubtes. and 5 rouble*
RIGA
533
RISING
Biga Lobtck fltMumhip Oa, Hamburg, maintain
la service trom Lubeck every Saturday for Rigs.
mud vice vena.
Fleet.
DeuiiLhland. Livland.
Riga Bteamahip Co.. vnih their head ofBces in
3tigB, maintain services of passenger steamers every
^Wednesday and Saturday from Riga for Moon-
•und. Arensberg. HapsaJ. Reval. and St. Peters-
bujg.
Fleet.
Cottatanh'n. [mfterolor NicHalai II,
Riga.
Bigg, Ernest Handfldd (b. London, January 17,
1876}. Educated City and Guilds of London
'ecbntcal CoUcge. In 1894 he was apprenticed to
fte Fairfield Shipbuilding Co., Ltd.. and remained
lierc until 1900. u-hcn he was appointed draughts-
nan to the Britisdi Corjiuration for the Survey
nd Registry of Shipping, Glasgow. In 1901 be
as appointed on the staff of the New York Ship-
>uilding Co., and has since then been responsible
lor the design of many vessels constructed by
tiem.
' Rigging, The name givrn to ropes or chains
nployp<l to support the masts and arrange the
Us. '
Biggiag fhvpen. Kopt^i securing the standing
Egging when broken.
Right, In a direction fully or directly, as right
ibead or right away.
Right UMasiOD. That portion of tlie equinoctial
rbtch in intercepted by a celnstial meridian passing
hrough the centre ot the body and the first point
t the eclipse.
Bight ascension ol the meridian. That part of
lie equinoctial that comes to the meridian with
lie object measured from the first point of Aries.
Bight a TeneL Recovering the upright position.
Bight the helm. To place the helm amidships.
Bijp, ComeliflEOoa. See Arctic Exploration.
Rim. The circular edge of a top.
Rime, tloar-frosl.
Binaldo. 6riti.sh sloop (980 tons, 13*35 kts.].
t,.aunclicd 1901.
Rindiani. Netherlands torpedo-boat. [Yarrow,
901.) Length. i$2 ft.; beam, 15 ft.; draught,
J ft.; displacement. 130 tons; complement. 25:
[rmament, 2 j-pdr.. 2 tubes; Hp., 1.900=27 lets. ;
»al. 36 tons.
, Bing> The appendage by which the cable is
ttachcd to the anchoi by means of the shackle on
Pie end of the chain cable.
Bing-ropM, Ropes which pass through the ring-
Kdta.
Ring tail. A sltirldm^* i.ti) iKiymtt ttu' .uti-r <-<lg(!
of sails ; extended by gaff or boom over the etern.
Rio Are. Portuguese gim-boat (1880). Displace-
ment, 37S tons; armament, r 4'in. b.l., 3 3-in. b.l. ;
nommal speed, 1 1 kts.
Rio de la nate. Spanish cruiser. (Havre, 1898.)
Length 346(t. Beam 35 (t. Maximum draught 16ft.
Displacement 1.713 tons. Complement 213.
GuHS. Armour.
2 — 55 in. " Steel."
4 — 4 tn. 1 1 in. Deck.
6 — 6 pdr.
4~i pdr.
Twin Bcrow. Hp. 6.793=20 kts. Coal maxi-
mum z^o ton*?.
Rio Orande. Brazilian river gun-boat. (Brazil,
1890,) Length, 120 ft. ; beam, 28 ft. ; draught.
5 ft.; displacement. 33s tons; complement, 43;
guns, t 7-in. ; armour, 4^in. deck amidships.
4i-in. gun shields ; Hp,. 180=7 kts.
Rion. RussianGovcmment liner {1900]. Length,
;oo fL ; beam, ;8 ft.; draught. 24 ft.; displace-
ment. 13,000 tons ; Hp.. 16.500=: 20 kts.
Rip. A basket for carrying fish.
Riparian laws. i. Public NavigabU Rivers. —
See Bed of River, Conservancy, Foreshore, Naviga-
tion Laws.
2. Private Freshwater Rivers. — Every riparian
owner has the right to use an ordinary amount of
water for reaivonable purposes — d^.. watering
cattle — and, provided he does not interfere with
the rights of other riparian owners above or below,
for extraordinary purposes— «.|r.. turning mills or
irrigation. He may protect his lands from flood
and dam the stream, if he can do so without tnjnr)-
to others, and is under no common law obligation
to prevent the channel from silting up, but he can
not, without the title to an easement by grant or
prescription, diminish or alter Uic flow of watrr,
or pollute it ; and he will be liable to an action by
any other riparian owner whose rights he invades,
whether damages have been suatained or not.
The right of each riparian owner to hsh the waters
adjoiding his land extends ad filum aqua. " If a
freafa water river between the lands of two lords
or owners insensibly gains on the one or the other
side, the property continues as before in the river;
but if done sensibly and suddenly, then the owner-
ship of the soil remains according to the former
bound.i." If an island springs up it belongs to
the owner of the land it stands on.
5. In canals and artificiai streams the rights of
riparian owners depend solely upon the circum-
stances of their creation.
Ripon. Harqais of. Sre Admiralty.
Ripping-iron. A caulker's tool.
Rising. A narrow strakc in a boat beneath tlie
thwarts.
RIVER
534
ROBINSON
River. A large Eitcain of water Sowteig over a
crriain portion o( the earth's surface, dischaxging
itscU into the sea. A river is generally a stream
of considerable size, formed by the union of KcwnU
brooks, streams, or rivulets.
BiYtt ftod Coast. E^tabliaiicd 1895. Published
weekly (Saturday). Price id. Address : 4 Pcm-
bcrton Row. Loodon. E.C
Rlrel A soft iion pui.
RX7.C. Abbreviation lor Royal Irish Yacht
Club.
BJC Distinguishing lettcnt on sea fishing Ix-ints
registered at ReykJaWk. Denmark.
Bk. Kock. Abbreviation adopti-d oil the charts
issuvtl by the Hydrographic Of&ce, Admiralty.
B.L. PisttnguishicR tetters on sea fishing l>uals
rcj;istrr«:d at Rilland. Holland.
B.H.y.0. .\bbrcviation for Royal Munstcr
Yacht Club.
B,]|y,T.O. Abbreviation lor Koyal Mersey
Yacht Club.
Rii. Uistinguishiug letters on Hca fulling boats
regi5tere<l at Runcorn. F.ugland.
BJI.T.C. Abbreviation for Royal Northern
Yacht Club.
B.O. Distinguishing letters on »ea fishing boats
registered at RoCtetdnm, UuUand.
B.O. Distinguishing tetters on sea hshiog boats
registered at Kothesay. Scotland.
R.6. DistiDguifihing tetters on sea fishing boats
registered at Ronne. Denmark.
Roaoh. TIic hollow curvature ol the lower
parts of upper sqaare sails.
Boftdsteftd. An anchorage.
Roarer. Wave (ir billow.
Roaring fortiAs. The regiaas sontli latitude ol
40" S. wImtc the wimls arc from the west, and
Wow strongly as for as 50° S. They arc sromclimcs
known as the " Rravo W'»-8t Winds."
Roast-beef dress. Full uniform.
Bobbin oT Roband. A piece of plaited rope
called sennit usc^l for faslening the hcad-ropc of a
Kail In the jack-stuy.
Robert On May 16. 18*3, this steamer, from
D\iblin to Liverpool, was wrecked ; 'xj lives loest,
Robertson, Admiral David Macdonald. Kntered
Navy, 1831 ; sub- lieutenant. 1837; lieulrnani,
X841 ; severely wounded m an atlray with the
natives at the Bay of tstands. New Zealand, 1845 '•
cranmandcr, 1845; commander of liaaard ; cap-
tain, 1858 ; has held appointment of Inspector of
Lifeboats ; awarded the silver medal of the Royal
National Lifeboat Institution in acknowledgment
of his praiseworthy services in going off in the
Yarmouth and Goricston lifeboats oa February t}
and 1 4, 1S70. and assisting to save <ia pencns
from the brig Giovannina. of Venice, and the
schooner FavourHe. ol Arbroath, wrecked respec*
tively at Corleston and Yarmouth ; rcar-ajdmiral.
187$ : vice-admiral. 1S80 : admiral. 1S85.
Robertson. Leslie (b. India, 1865). £<ltie«t«d
Germany and King's Collcgo, luindon, and stntBed
for two years under Protcs&or Kennedy at ITnlver-
sily Colli-ge. I.ondon. Wiilc there he carried oat
some original work on cast-iron beams, and was
subsequently awarded a Miller prl^e by the losUtu-
tion of Civil Engineers. On luavlug the Unirenlty
he entered the works of Mcssis. Dniny and Co.,
Ouniharton. with wliom he rem.iined for Uiree
years, and during the latter portion of bis time
had charge of tlie hnn's testing deparinieoL
After a period at sea he entert-d tlie drawing othot
of Messrs. John I. Thornycrolt and Co.. and wai
subsequently appointed works manager, and spoa
afterwards proceerlcil to Havre to superintend ths
construction of some torpedo-boati and Thocnj-
croft's boilers for the French Government, Oo
the cotnpletion of thi:i contract he \-isited the
United Static and Cuba, and on his return slatted
practice as a cQu.sultmg mgineer, and is oow
senior partner in the firm of Mrssn. RobRtscm
and Outram. He has devoted a great deiU of
atlcntion to the subject of waler-lube boilers, oad
tran-slatcd and adopted the Engli»)i -i
" Marine Boilers." by M- Burton. i!t ...1-
stmctor of the FretKh Navy. He suixcrmteAded
lor the late Sir Henry McCalmont, M.P.. the bUk
apced steam turbine yacht Tarantula, which tu
fitted with Parsons' turbine engines and Yiirr-'^ <
water-tube boilers. In 1901 he w^a ap)
secretary to the Engineering Standards Comnniic*.
which has grown to such an enormous extent tfcil
at the present lime there are no fewer thaa J«
different committees and sub-commit toc^ at mA.
with a mmiKTsliip of over J50.
Pubhcation^i : " Maiine Boilers," truulated (Rtt
the French, " Marine Eogiut:& and Ikiilcis." Or
Bain's English edition on marine engines ^
boilers " Water Tube I3oller»," being ■ cooiw <^
lectures delivered at Uoivursity College, Lavtm.
and numerous papers published in the JnB*'
actions of technical societies.
Robin. i3riti«h sixa How -draught ^tramtir lot rit^
service (85 tons). Launched tSfjS.
Robinson. Obvles Napier. Coiiunaudir l<i'v«l
Navy, retired (b. St. La\*rcncc, Kent, Januao' 'I
1849}. Entered the Royal Navy as a cadrt <»
board the Britannia at Portsmouth, 1861 ; as nrf
shipman served in the l.tvetpoot. 40-gun frigaie, <*
the Irish and West Indies Stations. As sttb**'
tenant of the Teaxer. gun-vessel, was tn chaije<*
boats employed on the East Coast of Africa io ^
suppression of the .<ila\*e trade, and aws wao'^^
in cutting out two dhows whilst under fire. >l7*-
ROBINSON
535
ROBSON
was presMit at the blockade and search of Salan-
gore find Klang Rivnrs. and in charge of a stnalt-
arm party at the capitulation of Langat during
operations against pirates in the Straits of Malacca,
11871 : as lieutenant of Fantomt. sloop, was in
command of force landed at La Union. San Sal-
vador. Central America, to protect H.B.M. Con-
sulate against in<turgcntfi, 1875 '• landed and placed
in position the guns. etc. tlie for monument to
» Captain Cook at Keaiakakua Bay, Hawiui, 1S76 ;
retired as commander from active service, iS82 ;
was appointed assistajit editor of the " Army aiul
Navy Casettc." 1SS4 : editor ot tlie " Navy and
Army Illustrated," 1895. and of the " King,"
1902 ; for the last 25 years has been a writer on
subjects connected with Ibe fJavy lor Llie " Timea,"
" Standard," " Globe." " Daily Graphic." " St,
James's Gazette." and other home. Colonial, and
American journals.
Publications : " The Sea Sccvicc " (1891). " The
British Heel " (1894]. " Britannia's Bulwarks," and
several similar publications, pictorial duscriptions
of the British Navy. " The British Fleet ' is an
illustrated account of the growth, achievements,
character, and duties of the N&vy, and has passed
into several editions. It is supplied by the re-
spective A<lmiralties to the United States and
Blitisb men-of-war, and is jvirticuLarly useiul to
artists and others seeking information on the
costume of the Navy in past times. When in
lOos tht> centenary of Trafalgar was celebrated at
the Royal Naval and Military Tournament by a
pageant displaying the evolution in dress of the
soa service from Klizabcthan timps to the present
day, it w-ns Commander Kobinson who supplied
the material for the costumes from his unique
collection of prints illustrative of the subject, and
he received with others the congratulations of His
Ma)est>- King Edward VII. on his share in the pro-
duction of tills attractive naval display. He is
also part author of two nautical novels, " la the
Queen's Navee " and " For the Honour of the
Flag," as well as having written many short
stories for the magaziocs. Commaiukr Kobinson
is an original mcmltcr of the CoimcU of the Navy
Records Society.
Robinson, Lieatenant 0. W. Royal Naval Re-
serve, now supplementary lieutenant R.N. When
third othcer of tlic Royal mail ste-amcr Teutonic, of
Liverpool, rcceivetl the Albert mi-daJ, second class,
as a mark of Roy^ favour for gallantry in saving
hfe at sea.
Extract from the *' Clazette " :
" While the Teuiotiic was steaming at the rate
of abont 31 kts. an hour in St. George's Channd
on April 17, iHqk. at half-pasl six in the morning.
when few people were about the deck, Mr. Robinson
noticn) a passenger chmbinf; on to thn- mil of the
ship with the oidcnt intention ol jnmpin;^ o^x-r-
boord. He made on inef!cctual attempt to prevent
him and then, wittiout divesting himself of any
of his clothing, inimediatdy dived after the man
from a height of I's ft. above the water, and only
about 30 ft. forward of the propellers of the vessel,
Mr. Robinson reached the man, and did his utmost
to rescue him, but his eflorts were met with violent
rusistance. and in the end the man succeeded iu
drowning himself. Mr. Robinson ran great risk
of being drawn under the propellers, and when
picked up wa» in a very exhausted condition."
Robincon. Mark Heaton [b. March 37, 1844).
.Marine engineer. Educated Royal Naval School,
New Cross, iind in 1861. in competitive examination,
entirt-d the Adminilty Civnl Dei>urimetit- In tSj^
he retired, and subsequently became chairman of
Messrs. WiUans and Kobinson, Ltd., engineers,
of Rugby, and Queen's Ferry, Flint, .^s an in-
ventor he lias been n\o$t successful, and the " Boat
Disengaging Gear." which han been employed as
Uiu Service fitting in the Navy since iSBo. is his
invention. He is also responsible for the system
of air cushioning, applied to single acting high
speed {^ngine.s to enable them to run in constant
thrusts. Has contributed various papers to en-
gineering societies, and is a member of Council of
tlie Institution of Mechanical Engineers, member
of Institution of Naval Architects and Institution
of Civil Engineei"s.
Rob Roy. A v«-sscl of 90 tons built by Mr.
William Denny on the Clyde, which has the dis-
tinction of being the pioneer steamer to engage in
Channel service. She was the first to carry on a
regular steam service between Greenock and Bel-
fast, and subsequently imdcr the name of Due
d'Otteans she ran successfully as a passenger ship
between Calais and Dover,
Robson, Hazelton R. (1823-1906). Civil engi-
neer. Educated private school, and fn 1S36
was apprenticed to the late Mr. T. D. Marsliall.
Wishing to gain experii;nce in the building
of lotoinotive engines, lie entered the works
of Messrs. R. and W. Hawthorn, and in 1846,
having received an offer from Messrs. Frercick
Runncheck, he went to Germany. In 1847 be
returned to this country and joined the Leith
Engine Works, and later in the same year vraa
sent out in charge of several locomotives built
for the Cologne and Minder Railway Co.. and
on hi5 return was promoted to works manager.
In 185C he was appointed by the Board of
Trade engineer surveyor for the Clyde ports, and
w^is instrumental in bringing about the exami-
nation for qualifying men as marine engineers,
and was appointed sole examiner for Scot*
land. In 1864 he resigned this appointment and
l)ccame partner in the firm of Messrs. D. and W.
Henderson and Co., on the Clyde, and retired in
1879. after <;'» yearn nf active engineering. He
was in tSs7 one ol the originatont of the Institu-
tion of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland, of
ROCHDALE
536
RODNEYi
which be was elected president on two occasions
(1874-75, *87S-76), and obtained the gold medal
for his paper on the advantages ol spring loading
for Covemment safety val\*e3 on marine boilers, and
it was by his unaided endeavours that the Board
of Trade was induced to allow spring loading to be
applied instead of the n-gulation of dead weight on
GovcTnoient safety valves, which change has been
of such immense advantage in saving steam on
board steamers, especially in a rough seaway.
Rochdale. Transport. Lost on Dtinleary Point,
near Dublin, November 19. 1807 ; 300 people
perished.
Socheosalm. Russian torpedo-boat. (Putiloff,
1890.) Length, 136 ft.; beam, 13 ft.; draught.
7i ft. ; displacement, Si tons; Hp., 1, too— si lets.
Rochester Sailing Clab. Established in 1890 to
encourage small boat -sailing on the Medway above
Rochester Bridge. Burgee : Is designed from the
city arms, being a red St, George's cross on a yellow
ground, with a yellow old Englisli R in centre of
the cross. Commodore, C. WilUs. jun. ; Rear-
Commodurc, E. A. Gill ; Honorary Treasurer and
Secretary, £. J. Green. Annual subscription, $1.
BookeL A cylindrical tube illtcd with gun-
powder, which, on being ignited, propels it forward
by the action of liberated gases again.st the atmos-
phere. Rockets are used for signalUug purposes
and for saving life by conveying a line from the
shore to a stranded vessel.
Booket. British torpedo-boat destroyer. (Clyde-
bank, 1^94-) Length, 205 ft. ; beam, ig ft. ;
draught, si ft. ; displacement, 280 tons ; comple-
ment. 50'; armament, i t2-pdr., 5 6-pdr. ; twin
screw ; Hp., 4,200 = 27 kts. ; coal, 60 tons.
Roddam. This vciwcl was the first to bring
tidings of the disaster at St. PiHrre caused by the
terrible volcanic eruption of Mont P616c and
Soulriire, which broke out on May 8, 190a. At
the time of the disaster she was lying far out in
the harbour, and manage-d to slip her anchor and
crawl slowly out of the danger zone. She was
eventually lost while un^ler charter by the Russtaii
Government when trading on the Yencsei River
in Siberia.
RodgflfS. This vl:^ssel, while in search of the
/eannette [q.v.). under Lieuteuaut Berry, found a
good harbour un the south coast ol Wnuigell
Land in 70* 57' N., August 28, :88i. The land
was explored and found to be an island about
70 miles long by 2S broad. Lieutenant Berry on
that voyage attained the highest latitude ever
reached at tliat time on the Bchring Strait meridian
— namely. 73" 44' N.
BoAuf . British 1 st class battleship. Laid
down 1907.
Length 500ft Beam Soft. Draught 36ft.
Displacement 18,000 tons.
Guns. Armumr.
10 — ij in. •' Krupp.**
18 — 3'S in. 12 iu. Belt amidthipi.
13 m. Barbettes.
Torp0do Tubas (iS in.).
4 Submerged broadside.
I Submerged stem.
Turbine. Four screws. Hp. 33.000=21 kb.
Approximate cost /1.750.00a,
Rodney, G«orge Brydges Rodney, Bam (i7>i^
English admiral (b. Walton-OQ-Thiunes). Edoca&i
Harrow, and on leaving school entered the Svtj:
and was appointed by special warrant as a volustn
on board the Sundtflund. 1732. In 1739 be ■»
promoted heutenant, and thrcie yeais later k
attained the rank of post -captain, toeing appotnW
to the Plymouih. Iu 1747, when in coounaadd
the EagU, a vessel of 60 guns, he took a bnHaal
part in Lord Hawke's action oQ Fuustem. Ic
1749 he n-as appointed Governor and Commuds-
in-Chie( in Nowtoundland, which post be bdd hr
ihrcc years, rctumiog home in 1 75 1 . Dunng ui
Seven Years' War he rendered important Sffna
Iu 1757. commanding the Dublin, he shared in tli
expedition against Rochefort, and in the (oDavi^
year in the same ship served under AdmmJ te^
cawen at the taking of Ix>uisburg. In ij^ k
became a rear-admiral, and t-wo years later ni
appointed Commander-in-Chief at Borbadoes ai
the Leeward Islands, and the following year bnn^
about the rcducUon of the French Inlands in tta*
seas. At the conclusioD of tbQ vrar, 176}. !■ *'
turned home, having been during hia absence mft
Vice- Admiral of the Blue and voted the thutaa
both Houses of Parhament. In 1764 be iSj
created a baronet, and in the foUowing
governor of Greenwich HospitaJ, which poeitiDal
held for five years. In 1778 he was proinateil
admiral, and re-appointed Comniander-ui-l
the Leeward Islands. On January 8. 17S0. OdI
voyage out he captui'ed a Spanish convoy '
to Cadiz, and eight days later defeated the :
Fleet off Cape St. Vincent. Having
Gibraltar, he proceeded to the West lodioc 1
there fought a decisive action off MartiniqtM 1
the French admiral Guichcn. In X7S3 be i
great battle off Les Saintes. and cmshlngty (
the French under Dc Crassc. This importanti
battle saved Jamaica, and ruined French
prestige, and enabled Rodney to write : •" ^
two little years I have taken two Spaniib, 1
French, and one Dutch admiral." For thtsj
victory he was created a peer and givtrn a ]
of /2.000 a year. From this time he led a <
country life till his death, which took pUffI
May 24. 179s, in London. S«c Mundy's
and Correspondence of Admiral Rodney " (i4
Lord Rodney published in his lifetime " LctUsI
His Majesty's Ministers Relative to St- E«
(1789), of which there is a copy m the
Museum. Haonay's " Rodney " (1891).
ROEBUCK
537
ROOSALKA
Bo«liQ<ifc. British torpedo-boat destroyer. (Haw-
thorn. 1901.) Length. 2to ft.: beam, ai It. t
flraught. 8) ft.; displacement, 316 tons; com-
plement. 60 ; ainiamcnt, 1 i2-p(lr., 5 6-pdr.. 2 tubes ;
twin screw ; Hp., 6,000 — 30 kts. ; coal. 90 tons.
This shtp-nainc is associated with the defeat of the
Spanish Armada. 1588 ; battle off the North Fore-
land. 1653 : Barfleur and La Hogue. 1693 ; capture
of Charleston, 1780.
Boffer. Charles (b. Birkenhead, October 19. 1870).
Naval .-irthitfct, marine snrveyor. Ser\*pd his
apprenticeship with Messrs. Cochrane and Co., and
Messrs. LairH Brothers, Birkenhead, and gained a
varied experience in the design and con.*ftniction
of cargo passenger steamers, and ships nf war for
the Britisti and Foreijicn Navies. He devoted
some time to the practical working of strameis,
and holds a Board of Trade Chief Engineer's
certificate, lo 190J he started practice in Dublin,
after serving for some six years as assistant ituperin-
t«ndent to a well-known naval architect at Belfast.
Boger. A black flag hoisted by pirates.
Boffen. U.S. torpedo-boat (1895). Displace-
ment, 145 tons; guns, 3 i-pdr. ; torpedo tubes,
3 i8in. : maximum speed, 24 kts.
Bognfi's yariL. A yam spun in a rope to mark it,
and prevent theft,
Roker Pier Light, Sunderland, erected 1904, is
a Iwo-fUisli light every tire seconds ; duration of
h. one-tenlh of a second ; candle-power, 65,000 ;
^ibumer, mantle 50 mm. diameter : illuminaat, gas.
8 in. pressure.
Bolte, Bear-Admiral Ernest NeriU. C.B. Entered
Kavj*, iSfii ; liculenant. 1867 ; s<Tved with Naval
Bri(jade dunug Asbantee war ; Naval .\.D.C. to Sir
Carntt Wolselcy. 1874 (Ashantee m«lal) ; took part
in operatioHH up the Niger, 1876. when with Commo-
dore Hewett's secretary he made his way through
•wamp and lagoon to I^gos. Commander, 1879:
commander of liuryalus, flag-ship of Admiral
Hcwctt during Egyptian war, (883 (Eg>'ptJan
medal. Klicdive's Bronze Star) ; commanded Naval
Srigade landed during operations in the Soudan,
and present at the battles of El-Teb, 1884, and
Tamai, 1884, in both of which actions he greatly
distinguished himself ; accompanied Admiral Sir
"W. Hcwett on a mission to King John of Abyssinia ;
q>ecially mentioned in despatches ; promoted to
captain, and C.B. for services (Suakim and El-Tcb-
Tamai clasps} ; rear admiral. 1903.
Boiling tackle. Used to prevent the yards from
the jerking strain of a lee roll.
Bonu. Italian battleship. (Specia. 1906.)
Lengtl) 475ft. Beam 73ft. Maximum draught 26ft.
Displacement 12.625 tons.
Ouns. Armour.
2 — 13 in., 40cal. " Temi."
13 — S in. 10 in. Belt.
Guns. Armour.
12 — it pdr. S in. Barbettes.
12 — 3 pdr. 10 in. Conning tower.
4 Maxims,
Torptdo Tubts (18 in.).
4 Submerged.
Twin screw. Hp. 10.000=22 lets. Coal maxi-
mum 2.S00 tons. Approximate cost ;ji.ooo.ooo.
Romney. H.M. ship. Wrecked on the rocks oS
Scilly isles, October 22, 1707, when Captain Hencock
and crew were lost.
Romney. yo guns. On November 18, 1R04. this
vessel was lost un Haak Bank, Tcxcl.
Booke, Sir George (tfiso-iTOQ). British admiral
(b. Cantcrbuiy). Entered the Navy as voluutecr,
and became post-captain in 1680. fn 16&9 he
commanded the squadron which eficcted the relief of
Londonderry, and in the following year was present
at the unfortunate action off BeacUy Head. In
May, 1692, he was appointed vice-admiral, and
greatly distinguirihcd himself in a night attack
on the French Fket off Cape I.a >logue, when he
succeeded in burning six of their ships. On his
return to England shortly afterwards, he received
the honour of knightliood and a reward of ^i.ooo.
In 1702. on the outbreak of the war of the Spanish
Succession, he was given command of an expedition
to Cadiz. The attempt on Cadiz (ailed ; but on his
way home he fell in with a Oeet of Spanish treasure
ships and French men-of-war which had to put
into Vigo. Making for the harbour he achieved a
brilliant victory, capturing or sinking most of the
ships. In July, 1704, he took part in the capture of
Gibraltar, and in the following August engaged
the French Fleet o3 Malaga. This action was
indecisive, and on account of the dissatisfaction
expressed indirectly at the result he retired from
active service the following year. I le died
January 34. 1709. Set " Life and Glorious Actions
d( Sir George Rookc " (1707).
Boom. .\n obsolete term for going from tlie
wind.
Boon. German armoured cruiser. (Kiel, 190^.)
Length 403ft. Beam 65ft. Maximum draught 26ft.
Displacement 9.050 tons. Complement 557.
Gum. Atmnur.
4—8-3 in.
10 — 6 in.
12—24 pdr.
10 — I pdr.
4 Machine
Torpedo Tubes.
4 Submerged bow and broadside.
Three screws. Hp. 19,000^21 kts. Coal maxi-
mum 1.600 tons. Approximate cost ^900,000.
Roonlka. Russian ironclad. Foundered ofl
tlif Furnish coast, September I9. 1893 > ^°'^ lives
lost.
" Knipp."'
4 in. Belt.
6 in. Turrets.
6 in. Conning tower.
ROPE
538
ROSSI Yj
Bop*. Cordage composed of hemp, hide. wir«,
etc.
Boping. The borderini; of a sail.
fiopner. Sir Robort. 1st Beurt, cr. 1904, Kt»
iQoo (b. 1838). Head of the firm of Ropner and
Son, Stock ton -on -Tecs (q.v.) ; senior partner in the
shipping firm of Messrs. R. Ropner and Co., of West
Harllcpool, London, and Cardifl, and director of
the North Eastern Banking Co. Has been largely
identified with philanthropic and other in-stitations,
amongst them Ix-ing the yift of the Ropner Park,
Stockton, which was opened in 1893 by T.R.H. the
present iVince and Princess ol Wales, and also the
Ropner Convalescent Home, sitii.ated near the
beautiful villaRe of Mirldlcton-onc-Row, which has
accommodation for 70 patients. He is a member
of Lloyd's Committee, of the Tees Conservancy
Corami!unoncr«. and has on more than one occasion
occupied the civic chair of the ancient bonmgh of
Stockton.
Ropner and Son, Stockton -ou-Tcc^. Iron ship-
building was cuiniuenccd in this, tJic oldest yard on
the Tees, in the year 1853. on the site on which
wooden vessels were built as far back as the early
part oi the fourteenth century. Somi- vcrj- fine iron
and steel vrsscbi have been built, steam cargo-carry-
ing nhipH prednminatinf;, nltlioiigh a considerable
Dumber ol other ty-pes, including sailing vessels,
paddle boats, passenger steamers, despatch boata,
Ugbtships, vessels for II.M. Government, and for
many of the principal firms of thLs countr\' and the
Continent.
"Vhe yard adjoins the wharf of Mesrs. Ulair and
Co., Ltd., th? well-known engineers, and m admi-
rably situated in the midst of the coal and iron
industries of South Durham, and in close
proximity to iron and steel works, the esta-
blishment possessing, in other respects, special
facilities for turning out all classes of vessels up to
10.000 tons burden. A line of the North-Ea.stcm
Railway runs direct into the yard. There are five
berths for bnilding purposes, mith a capital river
frontage, and vessels up to 500 ft can bo launched.
advantage being taken of a fine open reach in the
river for ihi.s purpose.
When in full work about 1.500 hands are cm-
ploy«!. Tlu' yard has been very much extended
nnd modernised within the last year or two. at a
large outlay, thereby materially increasing its pro-
ductive powers.
Thp improved patent trunk ve-sscl. designed by
Mr. Robert Ropner, jun.. Ls one of the special fea-
tures of the yard, many of which have l>cen built,
and they have given entire satisfaction.
The gro«s register tonnages of the different types
of vesAels built by Messrs. Ropner and Son range up
to 46.471 in 1895. '" which year they were third on
the tabntxted retnms of the regtstrred tonna|;cs
built in ihe United Kingdom, and tor 1906 the
tonnage was 39.032. To show the g^^at advances
in dead-weight capacities of the ve«sola boQt I
the year 1854. a few comp&ri<ions may be of intEKit ;
^'^'^ ArenM(.perYMr,
'«Si-59 1.704
'«6o.64 4,366
1^65 -6g ^g^
td7^-?4 9.6fi4
i87S-;9 H.749
1880-84 -10,348
>88S-89 17.579
1890-94 47. 2M
'S95-99 5S.787
1900-06 51.852
Rose luhings. A kind oi lashing or seizing em-
ployed in woolding spars.
Ron, Sir James Clark (1800-62]. Arctic
plorer (b. Loudon). Lntered the Kavy iSia^
accompanied his uncle. Sir John Rosa (7-p.). on his
first voyage in search 0/ the Nortli-West I^aafc.
In all he made five snccessfol voyages to the
Arctic regions, two of which were with Sir W, E.
Parry {q.v.). From 1839-43 he commanded
expedition in the Erchm and Tt'Tur, and reach
latitude 78° 10' S., and after his return recciv
the honour of knighthood. His last expnlic
was in 1848. in the EKitrprU«, to Basin's Bay. i
search of Sir John Franklin. He died April 3. iftrtj.
Publication ; " A Narrative of a Voyage to the
Antarctic Regions" (1847).
Rrftt t'l Antarctic Fxploration. .\rrtir Frptonttia
Ross, Sir John (i;77-i8s6). British admiral .
Arctic explorer (b. Wigtonshire). Entrrvd
Navy 1786, and began liis career as an
explorer in i«i8. when he sailed with F^ny
command of an Arctic expedition to expio
Baffin's Bay. In 1839 he undertook a seem
expedition, and on his rptum to England hv
kntghterl and made a C.B. In 1850 he led an «
dition in search of Sir John Franklin, and 1
one winter on the ice. but accomplished notloftf '
He publi.shed " Voyage of Discovery for the Puipiw
of Exploring Baffin's Bay " (1819). " Narrativrofa
Second Voyage in Search of a North<Wc!rt Pama^ "
(i8j5). *■ Treatise on Navigation b)* Steam " (ifisi).
"Memoirs of .\dmiral Lord B. Saumam " fi8i*l,,'
" Arctic Expt-ditton " (1850). " Intemperance la tttt
Royal Navy" (1852). Refer loAmHe Kxploritioe.
Rosdya, Russian armoured cruiser. (BiSlle
Works. 1S96.)
Length 480ft. Beam6Sft Maximum draught »9ft-
Oisplaccment (2.500 tons. Complement 7JJ.
duns.
4 — 8 in. . 45 cal.
16— 5'5 in.
12 — 12 pdr.
36 Small q.f.
Armour,
" Har^-ey."
10 in. Belt.
6 in. Bulkheads,
6 in. Battery.
Torpedo Tubu.
6 Above water bow stem and broadside.
Three screws. Hp.. tS.ooonjo kts. Coal iux>*
mum 3.500 tons. Approximate cost ^yoo.ooa
ROSTISLAV
539
ROUNTHWAITE
. BoftliUT. Russian battleship. Black Sn. (Kico-
laielf, 1896.)
Length .?4ifL Beam 69ft. Mean draught 35ft,
Displacement g.ooo tons. Complement 631.
Guns. Armour.
4 — 10 in., 45 cal. " Harvey."
ft— 6 in. 15 m. Belt aiuidshipA.
kl*— 3 p(lr. la in. Turrets.
* 4^-1 pdr. 1 0 in. Conning tower.
Torpedo Tubes (18 in.}.
4 Alxtve water broadside.
2 Above water bow and stern.
Twin screw, Hp. 8,500= 16 kta. Coal maxi-
lum 800 tou». ApproximaU- cost ^830,000,
roL Kotten. Abbreviation adopted on the
charts issued by the Hydrographic Office, Admi-
ralty, denoting the quality d the ocean's bottom.
Bothar, British torpedo-boat dcsbxtyr-r. (Yar-
row, 11*04.) Length, 22 j (t. ; beam. 23J ft.;
0rsught. 9j it. : duplacement, 600 tons ; comple-
BMmt, 72 : armament, 1 ii-pdr.. 5 6-pdr.. 3 tabes ;
hnn screw ; Hp., 7,500=035 kts.
Rothers&nd lighthoue, which vras completed
jwaxili 111!.- end of isaj. although started in 1881.
sittiatc'j at the entrance oJ the River Weser,
Icrmaiiy, iuni is a slructuru of great interest on
)unt of the difUculties met with in its construc-
Thc tower is built on a bottom ol shifting
20 ft below lovf water in a very exposed situa-
The illuminant used is electricity, the
rent being supplied by a cable £rom the shore.
Rotomahana, Steamer built by Messrs. William
ly and Brothers. Dumbarton, in 1879, for
Union Steamship Co. of New Zealand. She
tlic first ocean-going steel steamer ever con-
ttrvrted.
Botterdam Lloyd line of steamers, established in
IM3 by Messrs. W. M. Buys and Sons, one of the
Vgest and oldest shipowning and s^pbroking 6rms
Holland, under special mail contract with the
Tethcrlands Govemmeot, trade to Java, via the
Inez Canal. The line has forged steadily ahead, and
owns a fleet of 1 7 steamers, the largest of which
maintain a fortnightly mail service from Rotter-
lam, via Southampton and MarseiHes. for Padang,
^bcribon. Saniuning. Scnirabaya. Another service
tarrying passengers and cargo is maintained at
intervals from Rotterdam. Southampton
IlaraeiUes for Port Said. Suei, Padang. and
via.
Fleet.
A rdjoeno. Gede. Opkir.
BengaUn. Goentoer. Rindjani,
Btsotki. Kawi. SalaM.
Bofor. f.awoe. Sindoro.
Diofjo. Malang. Slft<K
0*d4twt. Trtlii,
Cross tonnage, 05,000.
Eotlerdaia-Loiidoii Steannhip Oo^ with the bead
office in Rutlerdam, have a (iL-et of two steamers,
which maintain a regular service between Rotter-
dam and I-ondon. One steamer leaves Rotterdam
every Wednesday and Saturday for London, and
vice versa,
Flbbt.
Export. Import.
violently agitated ;
Boogb. Not smooth ;
thrown into great waves.
Boamtnia. .\nchor Line sti-aniur. Wrecked ofi
Grouho un Ihi^ coast of Portugal. October aS. 1892 ;
106 lives lost.
Bonmattian Maritime Service.
time Kouiuantan.
See Service Man-
BoDild. To go before the wind.
Bound down. To slack by hand.
Bonnding. Old three ui four inch rope used to
prevent a cable being chafed.
Boottd in the weather-braces. To bring the yards
nearer to square.
Boondly. Quickly.
Round to. Coming to the wind and heaving ta
Bound larn. A double twist in a oabltr.
Round up. To shorten up.
Bounthwaite, Henry Honiaoa {b. Sunderland.
December 23, 1S53). Educated at a private school,
and from 1S68 to 1873 served an apprenticeship at
the Xortb-Eastcm Marine Engineering Co.. Sunder-
land, on the completion of which he was appointed
draughtsman to the llrm. In 1874 he went to Hull,
and joined Meamra. Eorlc's Shipbuilding and Hngin-
eering Co., and shortly afterward^) became resident
engineer at Whitburn Colliery, and was in charge
while shafts were being sunk through the water-
bearing strata by the KindChandron process. In
1878 he joined the firm of Messrs. W. Doxford and
Sons, and look a leading part in building and start-
ing the engine work.H at I'alhon. In 188:: he joined
the drawing ofhcc of Messrs, Maudslay. Son, and
Fields, and whUc there designed machinery of iwme
80 warships for British and foreign Navies, remain-
ing with tliis company iinlil it was wound up in
1900. Shortly after this he entered into partnership
with Mr. A. E. Seaton, and in 1903 was appointed
mechanical engineer to the London County Council,
and placed 111 cliar^c of tlie uiacbiaery at their
pumping stations, sludge 6teaiiiers« ierry boats,
and river steamers.
Is a member of Institution ol Mechanical Engi*
neurs. tnstitutiou of Naval Architects, and an
honorary- member of the Institution of Junior
Engineers.
PubhcatioDs : Has contributed various papers
published in the Transaction^ of leading technical
institutions.
ROUSE
540
R(
Boom ii In. Hauling a cable by hand.
Bouat. A woid signifying strong Udc or current.
Rorens. Corruption of rope bands.
Row. To prop«l a boat by oars or sweeps.
Rowan. U.S. torpedo-boat (i8gS). Displace-
ment. 143 tons: guns. 3 i-pdr. ; torpedo tubes.
3 i8-in. ; maximum speed, 26 kts.
Rowan, Frederick John (b. Kirkintilloch. Novem
ber, 1843). Educated private school. Glasgow :
Wellington ; Glasgow University ; and at Ander-
son's College, under Professor F. Penny. Served
his apprenticeship at the .\tlas Works, Glasgow,
and afterwards took part in the management of the
Bessemer Steel Works. In 1873 he superintended
the construction of the water-tube boilers fitted iu
the PtopoHtis, and other steamers, and made two
voyages lor engineering observances. In 1S76 he
designed the first three chamber water-tube boiler.
a type which has since been largely used as " ex-
press " boilers, and during that year published a
pnpcr on boiler incrustration and corroiiioo. which
had been before Section G of the British Association.
He received tlie silver medal of the Royal Scots
Society of Arts for a paper on " The Aulokinflic
Tek^;cB{^ System." and awards for papers on
water-tube txiileni and the u.se of high ctxplosives in
coal mining. In i88:-83 he lectured on fuel in
connection witli the Young Chair of Technical
Society of Scotland and West oi Scotland Technical
College, these lectures afterwards forming the
basis of the volume on " Futi and its Appliances,"
which he wrote for Grove's and Thorpe's Chemical
Technology, in conjunction with Dr. E. J. Mills (a
standard text book on the subject). In 1903 hiawork
of the practical physics on the modem steam boiler
was published. He is a successful inventor of elec-
tro-m.ignetic machine tools and Steam boilers, and
is well knD\s-n in connection with the lechnolog}- of
these subjects.
He is an associate member of Institution of Civil
Engineers, ex-member of Council of Institution
of Engineers and Shipbuilder? in Scotland, and
member of Council of West of Scotland Iron and
Steel Institute, etc.
Publications ; " Fuel and its Appliances,"
" The Practical Physics of the Modem Steam
Boiler." and numerous papers published in the
Transactions of the British Association, ; Philo-
sophical Society of Glasgow ; Royal Scottish
Society of .^rts, Edinburgh ; Society of Arts.
I-ondon ; Institution of Civil Engineers, London ;
Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scot-
land ; Mining Institute of Scotland ; Iron and Steel
Institute ; Institution of Mechanical Engineers ;
Society of Chemical Industry: Federated Insti-
tution of Mining Engineers ; West of Scotland
Technital College ; Scientific Society ; and in tlie
following technical magazines: "Engineering."
" Iron and Coal Trades Review." " Feilden's Maga-
sine," "The Engineering Times."
Magazine," "Science Abstracts.'*
RowbowUne or Riunbowlme. Condemi
rope, and such like. ]
RoweU, Herbert (b. Newcastle. Novr^
i860). Naval architect. Educated ifl
School, London, and Chateau de Prangine.)
land, On leaving Switzerland be studiei
architecture under Professor £lgaz an^
qucntjy became the first lectarrr on this sa
the Durliam College of Science, Newcaa
served his apprenticeship with Messrs. 1
Richardson and Co.. and on its comptetn
the sta0 of Messrs Armstrong, Mitchell I
under Sir W. H. White (q.v.). and Sir Philj
(q.v.), later joining the Italian estabbshmeq}
firm in charge of the construe tioa of ti
defence vessels for the Italian Covcmn4
1890 he joined Messrs. R. and \V. Hawthcal
and Co., Ltd,, and in 1896 becajue
director of the shipbuilding aad
ment. He has bci:a responsible for a
of BnUsh and foreign passenger vessels,
vessels for the Australian tncjit trade ;
troop ships for the Ru&sian Volunteer flaeti
large number of torpedo-boat d
British Admiralty, among these bei
which achie%'cd the highest speed e'\'er
by any vessel — vi*.. jfi'fis kts. J
Is Vice-President of the North-East CoasB
tion uf Engineers and Shipbuilders ; ms
the Institution of Naval Architects, and p|
of the Jarrow Division of tlie Unionist AstA
PubUcation ; "The Development olj
Sbi|)s." published in the Transactions oE IB
tution of Naval Architects, 1905.
RowL An iron or wooden wheel fol
tackle.
Rowlock. Sjiaces in the gunwale of
wherein the oars work,
Rowse. To pull together upon a catde '
the assi:itaucc of mechanical power.
Roxburgh. British tst class cruiser,
and Glasgow, 1904.) 1
length 450ft. Beam 66ft. Maximaoi drao^
Displacement 10,700 tons. Coaiplemeotl
Armour. i
■' Kmpp," 1
6 in. Belt amtdil|
6 in. Barbettes.
13 in. Conning 1
Uuns.
4—7-5 in.
6— 6 in.
2—12 pdr.
2i— 3 pdr.
a Maxims.
Torpedo Tubes.
a Submerged.
Twin screw. Hp. 3i.oooa33|. ]^^^
mum 1.800 tons. Approximate cost £850
Royal. A fine weather sail, '^prejul tmn
next above top-gallant sail.
DYAL
541
ROYAL
Uvftl AddaUe. Emigrant vessel Went adiore
Cbesil twach. between Weymouth and Portland,
brembcr 25. 1S7Z, and became atotal wreck.
loyal Adelaide. Steamer. Wrtxkcd off the
igue Sands, near Margate ; over 400 lives lost.
lojal Albert Tacht dob. Southsea. Established
5. Receive*] .\dmiralty warrant, February 17.
6. Flag: Blue uuign. Burgee: Blue, with
cross on a white otie, Royal Crown in centre.
rhe A)bcrt Cup is quite an historical institution.
I (or nearly half a century more good matches
re been sailed for it than for any other similar
WINKERS OF THE ALBERT CUPS-
Ctub.
Yichl.
Hl«.
i 1
g , OWIMK.
R.A V ...
KiotM „.
Cutter
40 W. GordoD.
••
sphinx ... _.
47
H.C.MauilUay.
•1
Puma..
78
K. Boutcber.
1
<•
JtfMMtf ...
^
78
W. Atui&ehl.
1
..
Muriel ,
40
H- nridion.
I
lUuritl
"
40
H. BHikoa.
■t
\.tnit**arA
M
W. Tomer.
t
M .•■
Fu<na ...
^^
78
E. Uoutcber.
!
n ...
KritmhUdtt ...
'.•
06
Count Baitby-
t>
KruMthiUtM
06
•iiy.
Count B«ttay>
aiir
>•
Fitma...
7»
K. Boutcb«r.
Jtfjnomifiji „. ...
"
Mi
It. U. kUo-
maaur.
ft •^
Kevii
^,
63
K. Borwwfc.
«•
FUtnnda
Yawl
?7
W. Jeaaop,
Arrow
Cuii«r
li
T. CliAiobet*
layiwt.
H
PUtrintia ... ...
YjwI
M
W. Jenop.
•■
aU utkhoumt
Cutt*r
40
MarquUofAilu.
AnfM»t>*ut
•■
40
J. I>. Hc4der-
w\ek.
„
Seplutte ... ._
Yawl
««
w. i.»ord.
..
GvHgMttt
Cuti«r
HU
Sir k. Sutloo.
lUrt.
„
Mlarjarit .„ ...
M
). Cmii.
„
May
^
40
J, Dnncofi,
■ >
^^«f•lunt
_,
♦;
W. G, D, Goir.
• •
Jr<X
u
9ti
}. JuncMn.
•>
\'atk}fr** .„ ..
„
76
Loril UannTtn.
H
Jtvrna
jj
132
). Jameson.
••
Vdiftyrw .„ ..
,j
n
Lo[<i Dunrsven.
%* ..
Ivrrna
ij
151
J. ]acne»oo.
'SttlaitUa
„
»0
A- L» Claric
• • "
Sil$itHtttt
j^
KM
A. U Clark.
■
Briluttiiia
■•
Ul
H.R.H. Prince
of Walca,
..
Mtttor
■■
U8
Oeruiaii Em-
0OMII
i,2Z
Doc d'Abrtuci.
••
Btma
■i
122
Doc d'Abrotf).
..
Bona ..
■•
122
J. Howard Tay
lor.
D1
Crtatt
„
54
Col. V. Bat[M.
No ran.
„
SamariM
Yawl
ICti
I). Eekft^.
..
Mrrrymaid
Cutler
106
T. A Hard-
cattle.
9
••
VaMora ... .
Yawl
106
Dt. DoukIss
Kerr.
t
H *•
Sjria
Cuua
167
K. N. Youus.
Noncv.
NrihiMNMi won, bal mudUaiMlifiwL
No niK -iwinii lo d«uii oT ComiDvdore the Ddk* of Sai«*
bam-OotJia.
Commtxlorc, T. M. Lord ; Vice -Commodore. Mytes
. Kennedy; Rear-Commodotc. H. J. Mason;
crctary. Colonel H. P. Knight, R.E. Entrance
B, £4 4s. ; annual subscription. /4 4s.
Hoyal Allred Aged Merchant Seamen's Institn-
m. The, was founded in 1867 to give a home or
fusion to the British nufrchant sailor when old
td drstitnte. During the last 40 years 2.275 poor
and aged seamen have been permanently relieved.
In the home at Belvedere. Kent (so graphically
described by W. Clark Russell, the well-kaown
author), over 100 ancient mariDoi^ are led, clothed,
and fully maintaiufd. In .idditiou to tliis csU.l><
lishmeot more than 500 out-{H'ni>'tuners receive £1
per month at their own homes scattered through-
out the country. This national institution, the
only one of its special character in the United
Kingdom, i.s unendowed, and supported by volun*
tarj- contributions. H.M. the King annually sub-
scribes to its fnmi.4. ani] it is under the distin-
gutshed patronage of H.R.H. The Prince o( Wales.
Admiral Sir F. Leopold McChntock, K.C.B., etc..
is chairman of the committee of management, and
the Most Hon. the Marqui<; of Graham. Captain
Edward F. Inglefield, R.N. (Secretary of Lloyd's),
and other well-known gentlemen are members ot
the Doord. The head ofhcc is at 58 Fenchurch
Street, London, E.C.. and the secretary, Mr. J.
Bailey Walker.
Efforts are being made to gix-e wider publicity
to the claims of this old sailors' charity in the
belief tliat tlie knowlu-dge of its humane work will
gain ior it that mc^asuro of support of which It
stands so greatly in nt-ed.
Boyal Alfred Yacht Olob. Established tS$7. and
christened the " Irish Moi1«] Yacht Club." In
1864 the club adopted the title of the " Prince
Allred Yacht Club." Two years lattir the Duke of
Edinburgh identified hiuiscU more closely than
heretoftiit: witli the club ttiat bore his name by
becoming its patron, and presenting a cup to be
sailed for. In 1870 the club took the title of
■* Royal Allred Yacht Qub," and in 187 1 the Duke
of Edinburgh assumed the duties of commodore.
In 1873 the club was presented with the fh^t of
the Queen's cups of which it has bctrn a recipient.
In 1874 the club numbertKl 500 members and
163 yachts, and the amount given in prizes was
^364. Flag ; Red ensign wiUiout device. Burgee :
Red, gold ciDWii and anchor in centre. Commo-
dore. H.R.H. the Duke of t'ounaught ; Vice-
Commodore, Henry Crawford ; Rear -Commodore,
the Hon. &Lr. Justice Boyd; tlonorary Treasurer,
Edward P. Johnson ; Honorary Secretary, J- B.
Stephens. Kntrance fee, I2 2s. ; annual subac£ip>
tion, li IS.
Royal Anglesey Tacht Club. Biaumaris. Eslab-
ILihed 18^5. Received futit Admiralty warrant in
1885. and a fresh warrant on change of flag in
]8ct4: but previous to that the ctub was called
the " Beaumaris Club," which was established in
1803. and was the only club in thi; country. Flag :
Blue ensign, crown in centre of nnitm. Burgee :
Blue, with Anglesey badge of the red dragon.
Commodore, Sir R. H. Williams Bultteley ; Vice-'
Commodore, Colonel T. L. Hampton Lewis ; Rear-
Commodore, James H. Burton ; Honorary Secre-
tary and Treasurer, Captain F. R. S. Gervers*'
ROYAL -^^^^^ 542
Assistant Secretary, \^illlam Griffith. Entrance
fee, j£2 2S. ; annual subscription, £l is.
Royal Arthur. British ist class cmiaer. (Ports-
raouth. 1S91.)
Length 360ft. Beam 60ft. Maximum draught 26it,
Displacement 7.700 tons. Complement 544.
ROYAL
" Sted."
S in. Deck.
12 in. Conning to«-er.
Gvns.
I — g'2 in.
13 — 6 in.
12 — 6 pdr.
2 — 9 pdr. Boat.
S— 3 pdr.
3 Maxinu).
Totpedo Tubes (18 in.).
3 Submerged.
Twin screw. Up. natural 10.000= i8"5 lets.,
forced 12.000= i^'s kts. Coal maximum 1.250
iORs. Appraximatr cost ^^420.000.
Boyal Belgian Sailing Club. EsUblitdicd 1&63V
Commodore. Baron A!!r«l «le Neve de Roden ;
Vice -Commodore, E. de Kerchove d'Ousselghem ;
Rear-Commodore. Louis de Forte ; Honorary Secre-
tary and Treasurer, Altwrt Solvj-ns. 138, Coupure,
Ghent. Entrance fee. to francs; annual subscrip-
tion, 25 fmnrs.
Koyal Bombay Yaoht Club. KsUUished 1B46.
Title oi " Royal " conferred 1876. Admiralty war-
rant 1880, and later one received in 1894. Flag:
Blue union in left comer, on right, Star of India,
surmounted by Imperial Crown. Burgee : Blue,
with star and crown, President. Hon, Waltcx
Hughes ; Vicc-Prpsident, F. Owen r>nnn ; Com-
modore, C. T. R. Scovell ; Honorary' Secretary,
K. C. Richnrd.*;. Entrance fee, Rs. 200 ; annual
subscription. Rs. 12 : rotideat subscription, Rs. 7
per month.
Royftl C&nadiaa Tacbt Olttb, Toronto. Estab-
lished 1S52. Flag : Blue ensign, with crown in
lower comer, Burgee . Blue, white cross and
crown, Commodore. Stephen Haas ; Vice-Com-
modore, G. H. Gooderham ; Rear-Commodore, Dr.
A. A, MacUonald ; Honorary Treasurer, G. E.
Macrae; Secretary, Edward Porter Entrance fee.
residents 15 dola., non-rosidcnts 10 dols. : annual
Hubscriplion. residents 20 dols. non-re^dcnts
5 dots.
Royal Canoe Clob. Gravescnd. Established tS66.
CommodtirL', Gt:o. Herbert ; Captain. B. de Q.
Quinccy ; Mates, R. F. Lawson and S. Overton ;
Treasurer and Secretary-, C. E Browne. Entrance
fee. I2 2s. ; annual subscription, £t ts.
Royal Channel Islands Tacbt dnb. Estabhshed
r854. CommodorL-, Sir William H. Vcuables
Vernon ; Vice-Commodore, Lieut. -Colonel P. Robin ;
Hear -Commodore. Dr. J. Leak' ; Honorary Trea-
surer. Captain C. M, Robin ; Honorary Secretary,
N. R. Winslanley, Jersey Railways Terminus.
Jersey. Entrance fee. £1 ; annual subscription, £1,
Boyal Oharte. Screw steamer. Wncksd cJ
Moelfre, on the Anglesey coast. October 35. i8si».
446 lives were lost. She contained gold anioiiiiiai|
in value to aliout ^8oo.ocx>, much of which ba
been recovered.
Royal Cinqne Porta Tftcht dab. Dover. Estib-
lishcd 1872. Received Admiralty warrant Uar&
1872. Flag: Blue, union in comer. Um^ce
with Cinque Ports arms.
The principul event sailed at the annual ;
of this club is ihp. DovtT to Boulo^e race.
following list gives particulars of the wimir*
boat owners, etc. ;
s
187D
1.S71
1R72
l«17}
lh7*
1B7J
1877
IS7S
H79
IttSU
ISAl
13S2
iPlfU
1S64
ISA3
1«S7
ISMh
l*sy
lifVO
lltvi
im^
ix^
1894
1895
jsa?
I»99
1400
I'AW
1902
JWi
IWU
]9(H
IWS
IW5
iyo7
y«cht.
Cambria
Ouintvere
FitMtatJtirK^ Hi
GMtn«v#fv (June 241
Piarindit...
Hva Belit
Corinne (Urieeii''
Cap)
Olga
'AuMlralia
ForHioua
PU*r%ndtt
Wlir^mia
Flarintla
Liarna
Saf*octU»... ... ..
Lorna ... ... ..
Irtttt... .» ... ..
Wcndur
Vi'lau \'€nt
t^tmniliu ... ..
lAiMpfiitrilt
ThislUf
Ivert^
Qutcn Mab ... .
CiiUuiut ... ...
llrilartnia
Vemdmiia r Htatdi
eap"»
Sanutr.i
Maiii Uurion
Ctiresa
Mturl Mariom
Crei'ic
Clara ... .„ ...
Sehula
Irtsx
Clttru
i-iomt
firyithUd
hrynhiU
Capi
SllMKHf ..
ttrynhild
Ri«.
ScbooaeH IW
Cutler 7A
ScboottM 2M
Ton*.
(Kiius
.. Yawl
Sohoonet
Culler
Yawl
Schoouei
Yawl
Cutirr
Yawl
Culter
iicli Doner
CtitU'r
Scboonei
Yairlt
Cirit»?r
Scbooncr
Cuttnr
Yawl
Cutler
Vawl
Schoorirr
-|.
'awl
140
14;^
160
213
lOi
I>4
\12
154
1(3
KS
6i
W
113
CMln>«.
86
56
132
i:m
MS
«0
131
IS.!
40
Ions
lOi
7 i
78
72
54
IftS
36
tiS
13)
M)
155
80
J 53
154
£24
133
J. A. Haakif
W. W. llK^A
F ii Siuci
C C. Luii(9H
S. HuprMcria
J. JuxtCMn.
S. Hope MidB
H. R. l^thA-
H. K. UtU.
K. laftbwOA
Cut Um^tm.
JmBccBtlL
J. JaoMSM.
T. R C. W«
H.ltH Pwa«_
Wain.
Evfcirn
W, B. 1
MrWoB,!
H. T. Vai
MrlnB.Ko
Col V _
Mas GnilU^^
A. K Vottes.
H. Uarr^r.
Max GuiDwi»
H-M. kwt ,
Sir law* h«ta
lUn.
H. U,i
Sir J
HcfT
*k».
C T. CJ*T
Sir J. I%t^
Ban-
ll«ff>- '
, 9Jut
* 1M77. Au^traliti airirod £n(. and wino^.
race, 4 hours \Z roinuiM 40 wcoads.
I {*m. t.,itfma arrived fin*, and Miruntia friimtf
Iton of racv. 4 bi>ur% 14 mioalM 4 mootkI-s.
I isav. Wmdur arrived imi. aiid Amt*httrttt
Uuniiun vl race, i liours 13 luinuiM 39 acconda.
Commodore, H.R.H. the Duke of
Vice Commodore, the Duke ol Leeds ; Hev-(
inodort". E. Percy Barlow; Secxetac^*, J,G. ]
Annual subscription j^j. 3s. Refer to Ro}**! Yai
Squadron.
Royal Clyde Taobt Clab. Established i8s& '
received the Admiralty warrant on Januvy :
ROYAL
543
ROYAL
1857. The fla^ of the cinh are the bine pnsign o<
His Majesty's Fleet, and a blue burgee, with a
yellow Hhield and red lion in centre. The club
house is situated »t Hunter's Quay, near Danoon.
7 he club keeps a 40-ton cutter and two sailing
boats lor the use of the members. Commodore.
Sir Hugh H. Smiley; Vice-Commodore, William
Bcardmorv ; Rear-Commodore. Kobert Wylie ;
Secretary and Treasurer, William York. Entrance
foe, £4 45. : annual subscription, £3 3s. ior in-port
uid £1 IS. for oat-port members.
Royal Corinthiui Yacht Club. I^Icadrjuartrrs at
Port Victoria, and branch at Bunihani. Estab-
lished at Erith on May iS, 1872. Received Ad-
miralty varrant July 4, 1884, and is the oldest
CoTintliian club in the kingdom. The club was
formed with the object of encouraging amateur
yacht sailuig, and since its formation has steadily
kept this object in view, all the races for the
smalU-r cla.sses being sailed entirely without pro-
fessional assistance. In the sca&ou ol i^oG there
were 33 races, in which some 60 different yachtn
took part, varying from one to /3 tons. Burgee :
Blue, with goldca laurel wreath and crown m
centre. Commodotc. F. Lost ; Honorary Trea-
sarer, J. A. Milne ; Secietary, T. G. F. Winser.
Entrance fee. li js. : annual subscription. £i ».
Royal Cork Yacht Club. In point of age, the
yachting orfantsation which » known as the
Royal Cork Yacht Club is an ea^y first among
similar institutions in the t'nited Kingdom. In
»73o the tirst yacht club in these islands was
established by a nuuilwr of Irish sportsmen under
the name of the Cork Harbour Water Club. The
place whence the club derived its name was not
known as Quccnstown until more than a century
bttrr, when it had bcoi vnited by her late Majesty
Queen Victoria.
At the date of its inception no similar organisa-
tion existed, and although the late Mr. Dixon
Kemp (raced the existence of >'acht5 owned by
private persons on Southampton Water and the
Solent as far Ltack as i7i^o — the Duke of Richmond
certainly had a large plcarare craft built at Itchen
Ferry in 1783— there appears to have been no
institution like the one called into existence by the
Irishmen in i;2o. Many of the proceedings of this
ancient body have been handed down to posterity,
and these records are still in existence.
A copy of the " mles and orders lor the Water
Club of the Harbour of Cork," as established in
1720. contains much curious reading. Thus it was
" ordered that the Water Club be held once every
spring-tide, from the first spring-tide m April to
the last in September inclusive, and that no admiral
do bring more than two dishes of meat for the
entertainment of the club."
Furthermore, it was " resolved that no admiral
preaame to bring more than two doxen of wine to
faia treat : for it has always been deemed a breach
of the ancient rules and constitutions of the dub,
except when my lords and judges are invited."
The delicate compliment to the Bench implied by
the last sentence is characteristic of the times.
AftpT all these severe restrictions, which were
placed on the admiral the following carte-blanch«
comes rather as a surprise. No captain was to bring
any stranger to the dub " unless they should he
at the captain's house the night before, this order
not to extend to the admiral, who has a right to
invite whom be pleases."
ITie members of the Water Clab tenanted Haul-
bowUne Island, facing tlu: present Quceostown,
and occupied the castle. A formal show of sove-
reignty over the island was kept up. and no strong-
hold was ever more jealously guarded against the
intrusion of unauthorised \-isitors.
It was ordered, as an outward show of their
indepcndirncc, " tliat the secretary do prepare an
Union Flag witfi the Royal Irish Harp and Crown
on a green field in the centre." And this flag was
to be hoisted on club days early in the morning
" OD the castle of Haulbowline."
The duty of governing this castle was vested in
one of the members, who was styled the " Knight
of the bland." and by the "orders" he was
directed not to admit any person or persons what-
soever to enter the castle, unless accompanied by
a member, or upon tlie written order signed by at
least five members, and should the " Knight " be
found lax in these matters he was liable to be
instantly cashiered.
The secretary was ordered to " have the Rules
of this Club affixed to some proper place in the
club-room at HauUiowlmc Island." Six members
only were to " make a full club." Of the rites and
ceremonies observed within the castle walls there
exbta but a scanty rrcord. From the ragulationa
quoted above it must l>c inferred that there must
have tx-en a dignified simphcity about the pro*
eeedings, since ono of the rules enjoioed " that no
long-tail wigs, Urge slcuves. or ryfflcs be worn by
any member of the club." The dandy spirit of
the age must have rebelled against this irksome
restriction, since there is in the old copy a MS.
annotation stating " this rule is to be alwUshed."
Kvcry cloud has a silver lining, and so tha
various onerous duties imposed on the admiral
were more than counterbalanced by a number ol
httle dehcate attentions to which that august
peraooage was entitled. Thus it was " ordered
that no boat prt;sumc to sail ahead of the admiral,
or depart from the fleet without his orders, but
may carry what sail he pleases to keep company."
Also " that when any of the fleet join the admiral,
if they have not guns to .<ialute, they arc to give
three cheers, which are to be returned by the
admiral, and one cheer to be returned by the
captaiu so saluting." The admiral of the day, to
be better distinguished, had to wear at his mast-
head a "proper small flag," which may be re-
ROYAL
544
ROYA
P
gardcd as the prototype of the modeni swallow-
tail commodore's burgee.
The number of members was limited Co 75. In
1737 the club passed the followmg Te«<^ation ;
'* That for the future unless the company exceed
tho number of 15, tio man shall be allowed OMire
Umn oin? bottle to his *'haie and a peremptory."
Why he should be allowed more than "one bottle
to hts share " if the company exceeded i; is not
ven>' clear, and what ought be the displacement of
a " pereiitptory " has not been handed down to
poster* t>*.
The original mcmbcm were Lord Incfaiquin, the
Hon. James 0'Br>-cn. Charles O'Neal, Henry
Mitchell, Richard Butlcn ^cliaplain), and John
RogeiB.
THlkiiiR shop was guarfled aj^inst by the rcgula-
tsnn " th.il such niemhirs of Ihr club, or others as
shall talk of sailing after dinner, be fined a bumper."
Most of the rules tended, very properly, towards
conviviality, as the following will show: It was
resolved " that the Members of tliis Club do enter-
tain in course of seniority (if in the Kingdom), or
appoint another member to take hia tuni. upon
propel' notice given him by the secretary-, upon
pain of expulsion." Another rcRulation with a
similar tendency says tliat all the business of the
club ■' be done before dinner, except appointing
the time o( tho next meeting or presenting mulctinR,
and levying fines."
The fleet- — some excellent pictures of which,
painted by Monamy in 1738 and presented by
Admiral thc< Marquis of Thomond, are still in
possession ol the club — was ordered to assemble
cvwy springtide at the head of the Spit Bank
(just inside the harbour) for evolutionary sailmg.
and if any yacht was not in sight by the time the
admiral was abreast of the castle on Spike Island
he was made to " forfeit a British half-a-crown
for gunpowder lor the fleet."
The knight of the island was held accountable
for all goods and niatL-rials belonging to the club :
while Uic admiral " singly, or any three captains
he shall appoint." had to decide all controversies
and disputes that might arise. Any captain who
refused to abide by such decision was to be ex-
pdled.
The fleet was to meet at Spithcad between the
hours of nine and eleven in the morning, but the
admiral was allowed to appoint any hour not later
than eleven, " as also a place of rendezvous upon
tflttraordinary occaaions."
Tlie frugality of tlicsr early yachtsmen is made
ajiparent from a rule which orders the secretary to
lAnte notices to the captains "either by post or
messcoger ; the captain sent unto is to pay."
Nobody was admitted a member except by ballot,
and eventually the club became so exclusive tliat
no person was suffered to land on the island " on
any club day, unle->is by leave from the admiral."
Forty years after its foDodation the following
new membera were on the list of the dnb :
O'Bryen, George Conner. Richard Longfidd. \ma
Nash, William Hodder, Jobn Newenham. Willn
Fitzstmonds, William Hays, Michael Paxka. job
Bollea. John Walcot. Thomas Poxtkbu. H«qr
Pmdey. Robert Newenham (secretary). V^am
Newenham, Philip I^valUn. Samuel Hoare. Abn^
bam Devonshire, Robert Rogers, and James Devoc-
shire. The six last named died snbseqnently, ct
ceasfd to be members, and tb«> followiag ««
elected in their ntead. and added in MS. io tti
old copy : Edward Roche. Hdmund Kocbe, Ridtari
Dunscombe. John Atkins. John Baldwin, Robert
Baldwin, and Sampson Stawcll.
These old admirals and their captains seem to
have been particularly partial to the smdl utt
roar of gunpowder, and scarcely a manreovTe irt
place without the blaziiif; of cannons. Foe a-
stance, "When the admiral wiU have the *kfc
fleet to chase, he vnU hoist Dutch coloon ands
his flag, and fire a gun from each quarter ; 11 »
single boat, he will hoist a pendant, and fin a
many guns from the side as a boat is di5tAacai
from him " — that is. the number of boats uils-
vening, " When he would have the chase gtw
over, he will haul in his flag and fire a gun. Q 1
captain upon an extraordinary occasion abocil
want to gel out of the line and a»-ay. be i! «
show his ensign in his shrouds, and fire a fa.
The admiral, if be gives him leave, will shon 1
white flag in his shrouds and fire a gtm. if oo4t
red flag."
The partiality f(»- gunpowder seems to
survived over a century and a half, since ;
thfi numerous "regulations to be observed al t
club battery " at present the following
occurs: "Any yacht ol tlie club which hail
won a prize at any regatta out of Cork
shall on her return receive a salute of five 1
the salute to be fired when she is pacing i
battery at 12 o'clock on the Thursday aitet I
arrival, noUcc of which i.i to be given to Ok i
tary. Any member dajining the salute
being duly entitled to it shall Ijc 6ned one (
Tho Cork Water Club flourished nntil ir
when it seems to have fallen into abeyance, 1
there is no record that it was in commisnoii 1
until 1806.
Between 1770 and 1605 HaulbowJine I&UoJi
UFed as a victualling station for the RoyilJ
and large fleets of West Indiamcn w«e i
habit of assembling there, awaiting convtiy.
course, after the battle of Trafalgar ia 18^ !
necessitj' for this convoy disappeared
entirely.
The then Marqtiis ol Thomond. Lotd
and many of the neighbouring eentrr. ifl
i'uch names as Fitzgerald, Penrose Nc
Dniry. and French, reformetl the " Wato Q*1
and extended its privileges to the fair
passing the followij;g resolution : " That thf '
)YAL
545
ROYAL
daughtm of the members of the club be sU»o
littered members of the club, and entitled to
r the unilorm. " Tbere is nottuoK to show,
ever, that the wives and daughters availed
[isclvcs of tht8 lattei privilege : but there »
t doubt that they took a ki-eo interest in the
ecdings oi the Water Club, a trait which, by
way. charactenses in a marked degree to the
cnt day the ladi» uf Ireland. Natwitli^tandiiig
addttioiml fresh blood thus imported, it appears
in iSii thi' club was once more in abeyance,
be fullnwing ytar. however. M>tne of the younger
(ration of yachtsmen attempted to carr>- on
club at Monkstowu, a Utile higher up the
Kiur, a» the cxpeoiie of maiiitaiuiiig Haulbow-
Ifljand. and its castle was no doubt a very
ddrrable strain on the club's rcsoarces. In
t all the old memben once again rallied round
burgee, and the club was rC'CfitabUabcd under
name of the "Cork Vacbt Club." A regatta
nu«ual niagmficGnce was held, and the " pomp
circtimstance " of Cork Harlwur yachting was
rr earned on with greater splendour.
I ]8jo the much-coveted prefix " Royal " was
ited. and in the following year an Admiralty
rant confirmed the right of its admirals to fty
Union Jack " with Irish harp and crown on
'<eo field in the centrr," and the fleet ge-nerally
ly a red ensign with the admirals anion in the
il copper canton, and a red burgee with a harp
crown, all of which flags are to-day flown by
admirals and member* of the Royal Cork
ht Qub. One of the " original members "
< re-established the chih was Mr. Caiilfield
mish, who had a great genius for designing,
whoftc Per. built in 1^27. may t>e rvgardcd aa
lorerunner of the American keel-yacht of the
f eighties. Her principal dimensions were :
n to stern-post. 4; It ; beam, 12 ft. 5 ins.;
tgbt of water aft, 7 ft. ^ Ins. : draught of water
^ard. .1 ft. 3 in. She had a rounded-up fore-
and a sharp turn to her hilgo while tlie curve
be garboard was the exact counterpart of the
•c of the tjilgc. Sfw had hollow water-hnes,
her diaplacemettt was not more than 1 <; tons,
desdwood Iwlow the garboard. in the &hapc ot
false keel, was 3 ft. This yacht proved most
essful in a number of matchrs, which induced
BcaniiMli to subsequcatly build two larger
t, 00 similar lines, the Litile Paddy, of 42 tons.
, Paddy of CcrA. of 100 tons.
he flag-ofhcers are ■ Admiral. I^ord Barrymore ;
hAdmiral, Thomas S. Coppinger : and the
etary, H. B. Brasicr-Creagh.
he entrance fee is £7, and tbe annual subscrip-
ogrml OomwaU TftCht Onb, Falmouth. Estab
Hi 187?. Adnuralty wariant 1872. Patrons.
. King Edward VIL. H.R-H. the Prince of
e». IHag : Blue ensign, with Prince of WoJes'ti
plume In white. Burgee : Blue, with Prince of
Walm'H plume in white. Commodore. Francis
LayUnd-Barratt ; Vice -Commodore, Edmund Hand-
cock : Rear-Commodore, T. R. BUmey ; Treasurer.
W. M. Grylls; Secrctar>-, C. B. King. Entrance
fee, £3 3s. ; annual subscription, £2 3«.
Royal OniisinK Clab. tistnblished 16S0. (i) To
associate owncr*i nt yachts, t>oat9. and canoes used
for cruuing on the sea, rii%r. or lake, and otiier
persons interested in aquatic amusements ; {2) to
give an opportunity to members who may wish
to visit new coasts, etc.. to obtain information as
to harbourage and other local matters, by meau.s
of correspondence uitb members acquainted ;
(3) to circulate .iniong members, by means of a
club journal, accounts of cruises carried out by
members and other articles likely to be of interest
to members : (4) to encourage and to facilitate
cruising by means of prizes, by the publication of
charts, sailing directions, and other notices ;
(5) to maintain for the use of members a club-
room and a library of books, charts, maps, and
Other notices connected with cruising. Burgee -
White and red vertical, the white or inner portion
charged with a blue cro!>s pat^*. and bearing on
its centre a naval crown. Chief station, {.xmdon ;
out station. Hamble. Commodore. Arthur Under
hill ; Vice-Comraodorc. Lieut. -Colonel Barrington
Baker , Rcar-Comnaodore. A. G. Beale ; Honorary
Trca-snrcr. J. G. Pca.se; Honorary Secrrtarj-,
H. Stuart Moore. Entrance fee. £2 2s. ; annual
subscription.^! n. Membership limited to 350.
Eoynl Dart Yaobt nob. Kingswcar. South Devon.
E,<itablifthed i86fi. Received Admiralty warrant in
1870. Flag: Red ensign, with cron-n over dan
(in yellow) in the fly of the Sag. Burgee : Red,
with crown and daft (yellow). Conunodore :
H. Studdy; Vice -Commodore, the Duke of Somer-
set ; Honora.ry Treasurer. C. F. W. Se>'mour ;
Honorary Secretary. H. W. Popham. Entrance
lee. li ts. : annual subscriptioa, £2 as.
Koyal Dee Yacht Cflab, Liverpool. Established
1615. Admiralty warrant. 1S47. Flag Blue en
sign, with crown thcreou. Burgee : Blue, with
crown in centre. Commodore, F. Johnson Hough-
ton; Vice-Commodore. C. Maclver, B. A. ; Honorary
Secretary and Treaturor. C. Stoltcrloht. Annual
subscription. £t is.
BoyalDorsetTaoht01ab„ Weymouth. Residenhal.
EslaWwhcd iW?;. I'tag . Blue ensign. Burgee:
Wliiie, blue cross with red bordar, crown in ceaire!
Commodore. Lord Wolvcrton ; Vice -Commodore.
Montagu Guest ; Rear-Commodore, the Mart oE
Shaftesbury ; Honorary Treasurer. Major Cam
Sykes , Hooorar)' SecretaT>' to Sailing Committee,
VV. R, Gatehouse ; Secretary, F. £. Simmons
Entrance tee. ^7 7s. ; annual subscription. £4 41
Boyal Baitem Taoht Club, Edinburgh. Estab-
lished in i8j^. Received Admiralty warrant. )im«.
ROYAL
546
ROYAII
1634. Flag ■■ Blae, union in corner. Burgee :
Blur, with whitf cross on red ground, crown in
centre. Commodore, the Duke of Buccleurh,
K.T. ; Vicc-Commodare, Robert Stewart ; Rear-
Commodore, John Fcrguvm ; Hoaoraxy Secretary,
A. N. G. Aitken. Entrance fee. Is 3S. ; aonuat
aubKription, tir/,
■ Boral Engineen' Sacht Club. Chatham. Eatab-
hshed 10^46. Admiralty warrant, 1872. FUk '
Blue ensign. Vice -Commodore. Lieut. - General
Sir George A. Leach ; Rear-Commodore. Lieut.-
Colonel T. Bnglisb . Honorary Secretary. Captain
F. S. Garwood. Entrance (ee. £1 los. ; annual
subscription, £4 lot. ; non-reaidenta, los.
Itoyti ftsh include sturgeon, whale, and poi-
poisT, The right to such tish cast upon the shore or
caught in tht- bca within territorial waters (q.v.)
lielongs prima facie to the Sovereign, as one ol the
Royal prerogatives. According to ancient custom
the entire nturgeon. but only the head and tail of
the whale, went to the Sovereign, though by an old
custom in Admiralty the captiirer was entitled to
half the body of the fish. The right to Royal fish
may belong to a subject by grant or [jfescription
and. like tht right to take wreck, raflv be with or
without the grant of foreshore.
Royal Forth Yacht Club. Granton. EaUbHshod
1868. Admiralty warrant. 1882. Flag : Blue
ensign with crown over yellow Maltese Cross.
Burgee : Blue, crown over Maltese Cross. Conunu
dorc. Sir E>onaid Currie ; Vice -Commodore. John
Ferguson; Rear-Comroodorr. John Ingli-*; Honor-
ar>' Treasurer. R. M. Neill ; tioooiary Secretary.
R. Gamck Angus. Entrance (ee, ^a aft. ; annual
snhscription, (2 j.<.
Royal Oilwiy Yacht Clab. Ireland. Estabhshed
1SS2. Burgee . Blue, with white St. Andrew's
cross, .\,rms of (•atway, and crown. Commo<lore.
J. W. Blake; Vice -Commodore. T. M. Kenny;
Kcar-Commodore. R. B. Tivy ; Honorary* Treasurer.
P. J. Murray ; Honorary' Secretary. A. E. Sowman.
Entrance fee li is.; annual liubscripiioa. f,x u.
Boral George. One of the lirst iron vessels
built intendc<I lor ticep-wa hrrvice. She was
launche*! in iSjy, and put on the >twvicc between
Glasgow and Liverpool.
BoralO«OCg«. In i;82 this vessel, with .\dmiral
Kempenfeldt on board, having been careened to stop
a leak, went down tn rortsmouth Harbmir ; Rou
Uvea lost.
Royal OMTge. This vessel can claim not only to
be tlie oldest yacht afloat, but also one of the oldest
ghiiw of the Rnyal Navy. This smart and trim
frigate-like craft, with three masts without yards, Is
one of the most mtcft'sting historical reUcs of
Portsmouth Harbour. The Vitiury. of course, is
older, nearly twice her age in fact, and so is the
tluee-decker St. VimeiU, Next in age oomeis the
Royal Otorgf. over (oar-ticore years, and after her
the .4sM, Codrington'B flagship at Navaiino. aem
serving as a berthing hulk in the dockyard. Two
Royai GiorgM, men-oi-war. has the Royal Ofor^e
yacht seen pass away in her time — the Riyyisi
George, three-decker, successor to KempenfeMl'a
iU'fated first-rater, which foiight on "The Glonou»
First of June," and all tlirough the Napoleonic
war. and the later uo-gun Royal Georff. which
served in the Baltic m 18^4 and 1851;.
The launch of the Prince Regent's yacht was a
very stately ceremony. Built at the King's dock-
yard at Deptford, the Royal Georet was scot afloat
with every ceremony in the pre«encc of the then
Duke of YOTk. the Lords ol the Admiralty, the
Comptroller, and the Commissioner ol the Navy.
A brilliant asst-mblage of the notabihtics witiiossed
the function from specially erected booths aad
pavilions Mrithin the dockyard precincts. " The
vessel, " says a contrmporary- account. " is one of
the most elegant wer seen. The cabin doors are of
mahogany, with gilt mouldings, and tlie windows
of plate glass. OmamtrTttal dcs'iccs in almndanct
are placed in vannus ]iart-s, ail highly gilt, and pm-
ducing a superb appearance. She is the laigcst
yacht ever constructed." Her size, in £ac1. is lojiL
length, by a6^ ft. breadth, disptaang about y6o
tons. As befitted a ship ol the Royal Navy, ibt
carried a battery of eight brass swivel f(Qtu,
The ffuyal George }'achl attracted a good deal
of public attention when she earned her owner.
attended by a squadron of men-of-war. to Scotland
(or hi.H State visit to the North, and brought hin
hack to Greenwich alterwards. Twenty ytan
later the yacht again came prominently before llir
publu:, tor it was in the Royal George that berlm
Majesty Queen Victoria paid her first viut m
Scotland. Tlie Queen, with the Prince Comort
vinbarkcd at Woolwich on August 3<>, 184^ Ot
this occasion the Royai GeotKc was towed a'l tlit
way to the Firth ol Forth, from Woolwich toll*
Norc by one steamer, from the Norr to Alwrlsth'
by two. ft was her last service, for a year latent
Queen '» new steam >-acht, Vichtria and Albert. *s*
aflotit and in commission, and the Royai Gtvf
was. on that, relegated 10 harbour duty at Poet*'
mouth, where she now does servitie as receirifll
ship for the crews a* the Royal yacht when not is
commission.
Royal Hamilton Yocbt Clab, Ontaiia &i^
lished ihffi. Rag . Blue ensign. Burgei' Blue.
crown and H on white ground. Conunodocr
Stewart K. Malloch : Vice-Commodore, f ■ ^
Dexter : Rear-Commodore. Guy R. Judd : Hrfi^'^
ary Secretary and Treasurer. Thotnas W
Entrance fee. 10 dols. ; annual 4iil>vi-[': '
; dols.
Royal Harwieh Yacht Clab. E.-^uhltslicd Scv<^
Uer jS, 1S41, and received AdmitjJtv win*"'
April I. 1S45. Til*" distinguishing cdoup' ■
the original Admiralty warrant, blue ensifu
ROYAL
547
ROYAL
Royal Navy, with & lion ninpant (or), and blae
burgw; with the same device. The privileges now
enjoyed by the club arc cxcrcu'ied under au Admi
ratty warrant <lated &fay 15, 1H94, granted at a
time when the authorities found it advisable to
reconsidtr the conditions under which Admiralty
warranto were granted to all yachi clutxt, especially
as to the use of the authorised dag. Amongst the
incidents of iinportancc in the rccorxls of the club
may be mentioned the tanioUH transatlantic race
in July, 1870, when the Commotforc. Mr. jamc-s
Ashbury. sailed his schooner Cambria, beating the
Amencan schooner Daunthss by two hours, after a
race of 23 days' duration. Mr. Ashbury also
«niled hiii schooner Livonia for the " America
Cup." In iKf);. the jubilee of the chih. it was
further dislmgntshcd by H.R.H. tbc then Duke
of York accepting the ofhce of Commodore, and
tbe 50th annual regatta wa.-) honoured by H.R.H.
Ibc then Prince of Wales racing his cutter Britannia.
Commodore. H.R.H. the Prince of Wales ; Vice-
Comniodore. Sir W. Cutfabert Qoilter ; Rear-Com-
modore. E. G. Pretyman ; Honorary Treasurer.
H. F. Whitejervis ; Honorary Secrrtarj-, Lucas T.
Cobhold Entrance fee. ^1 i>. ; annual subscription.
Royal Highland Yacht Cmb. Uban. Eaubtished
1S81. and received Admiralty warrant December 32,
1 88 1 . Flag : Bloc ensign of the fleet. Burgee :
Blue, with white St. Andrews cross and yellow
crown in ct-ntrc-. Commodore- Colonel D. Camp-
bell ; Vice-Commodore. Lord Inverctyde ; Rcar-
Coinmodore, C D. Rudd : Secnstary and Treasurer.
Alexander MacLennao. Entrance fee. ^£3 %s. ;
annual subficripiion for members L-lcctcd prior to
SeptemlKT 15. 18^, (,2 25.: annual suliscription
far members elected after September 15, 1899.
is Jt
Royal Hong Kong Yacht Clab, with their bead-
fjuarters in Hong Kong, was established in idB^.
with the object of promoting yacht racing among
the civil, oulitary, and naval residents in Hong
Kong. Commodore, Hon. F. H. May, C.M.G. :
Vice -Commodore. Commander C. G. Dicken, K.N. ;
Honorary Treasurer. A. H. Ough ; Honorary
Secretary. Colonel I,. F. Brown, Annual .sub-
scription. 12 dols.
Rojal Hamane Society. This society was finit
instituted in thi- year 1774, ha\-ing for its objects the
coltection and circulation of the most approved
metliods for restonug the apparently drowned 01
dead, and also for investigating the then known
methods with a view to making such alterations and
■mprovemcnts in resnscitative treatment as would
ultimately bring about the adoption of one method
which might be brought into general use. These
objects have been steadily purfoicd, with the result
that the "Silvester me tliod " has been finally
adopted as that to be advocated by the society, its
efficiency having been demonstrated in numberless
cases, under the most varymg conditions.
In the early years of the past century, the society
enlarged its sphere of work by granting awards
to those who at risk to thetn-sdi-es succcetlcd in
raving life- The«e caaes. now numbering about
700 annually, are forwarded from all parts of the
world, and acts of heroism by BriUsih subjecta
which w*ould otherwise be lost sight of are thus
placed on record.
The medal of the Koyal Humane Societ>-, often
called the Victoria Cross of Civ:l hfe. is held m high
repute amongst all classes, but more espccialty by
those whose life is spent at sea in constant contact
with its attendant dangers. By the award of a
.s^wcial tiiedalliun to various KchooLs and training
ships, swimming competitions with reference to
saving life from drowning are encouraged with
gratifying result.^.
The King is patron of the aodety. which has the
Prince of Wales as its active president, the ofiices
being at 4 Trafalgar Square, London. WX.
Sec .Apparently Dead, Sfplhod of Kestoniig the.
Royal Hongarian Sea Navieation Co., Ltd. Sm
.\dria Royal Hungarian Sea Navigation Co., Ltd.
Royal Irish Yacht Club, Kingstown. L&tablishe<l
iSjIi. TheM;ir4uisoE Donegal was the first C^mnio
dore. Received Adnuralty warrant November iS,
1831, and privileged to fly the white ensign with
Irish harp and crown thereon. The club was re
constituted in 1846. at which time the warrant to
fly the white ensign was witlulrawn from sll clubs
except the Royal Yacht Squadron. Flag : Blue
ensign of H.M. Fleet, with Irish harp and crown
thereon. Burgee : Blue, with harp and crown.
Commodore, the Marquis of Ormonde ; Vice-Cora-
modore. Henry Crawford ; Rear -Commodore, F.
Hume Dudgeon ; Honorary Secretary, Richard
C. McM. Smyth. Entrance fee. ^10 ; annual
sul»cription. ^4 4^.
Royal Jamaica Yacht Clab. IistaNislied 1884.
Burgee ; White, blue St. t.icargc'3 cross, crown in
centre. Commodore. His Excellency Sir J. Alex-
ander Swettenham, K.C.M.G. ; Vice-C<»mmodore,
Commander F. W. Fisher, R.N. ; Rear-Commodore,
R. Johnstone ; Honorary Treasurer. Fred. A,
Steel ; Secretar)-, R. C. Livingston. Annual sub-
scription. £2 3S.
Royal Jolly. A marine.
Boyal Keonebecasta Yacht Club. EsublUtwd
iS«>4. Commodore. Robert Thomson ; Vice-Com-
modore, Frank J. Likely ; Rear-Corainodore.
Dr. A. H. Merrill ; Treasurer. Fred, C, Jones ,
Secretar>-. Thos. H. Hay, P.O. Bok t6ft, St. John,
New Brunswick. KnuanLi- fi-e, ; dols. ; annual
suh-scriplion. 5 duls.
Royal l«rKS Ya^t Olnb* Largs, N.B. ^\»h-
lished iSSj. Received Admiralty warrant. May 11,
iKgj. Flag : Blue ensign. Burgee Blue, white
t2
ROYAL
548
ROYAL
■hjeld in centre, with red cross surmounted by
CTQwn. Annual subscription, ^i is. Connnodon.*,
Lord Inverclj'de of Castle Wemyaa ; Vtce-Commo-
dore. Robert S. Allan ; Hear -Commodore. P. M.
Coats; Honorary Secretary and Treasurer, Peter
Morris.
Bonl London Yaohtf OInb. EstablUhed liiH.
Uatc ol Admiralty warrant, October 17. 1849,
Flag : Blue emign. white shield and red cross in
fly. surmounted by crown. Burgee : Blui*. with
HimiJar khield and crown. AdmiraJ, H.R.H. the
Pnncp of Wales; Commodore. H. H. BartlBit;
Vice-Commodore, Claud T. Cayley ; Rear-Commo-
dore. H. ComptOD ; Secretary, George blVcin.
Eutrancr fee, £i $s. ; annual subMzription. London
and Cowe*. Ij yt. , Cowes only, l^ 4V.
Royal Man Steam Packet Co., familiarly
known us "The K.M.S.P.," was incorporuted by
Koyal thailer. September .26, \ti}(}. witb a sulMUdy
of £340,000. aod is uiie of the oldctt and nio»t pro-
grca»tvc ol British) lines. In 1Q04 a supplemcntury
chartur, i-xtcnding the company's operations, was
granted, containing an old British clauM: which cod
tined control ol the company to Britinh suttjccLs.
TliLH company helped to finance, in 1855. the
Panama railroatl, .iml in 1857 lemporarily took
over the carnage ot the Au3tralian mails via Suez.
In ti(68 the Wc&t Indian Mail Line was extended to
Colon, and in 1872 a fortoightly service: on the
South .American main line was conttnue<l to
Buenos Aires. The company still moiniain the
premier position in this trade with a wet'kly service
to Soulli .America, a strvice from Glasgow, Cardifi.
Hull. London and Antwerp to the We*tt Indies,
(roin NewiKMt. Swansfa, .\nlwcrp lo Brazil ; a
hne lo f'uUi from Hull and Antwerp via Bilbao.
Vigo and C-oninna ; a We&t Indian mail l*nc service
to New York, via Jamaica, maintaining communi-
cation with the West Indian and British Guiana
Colonies. In 1905 the reAtaumnt system was.
initiated on the company's South American linem.
In May, 1907. the company actjuired an interest in
the Shire Line, which runs between this connti-y and
Yokohama, calling at Penang. Singapore. Hong
-Kong. Shanghai, Nagaseki. and Kobe. Their
stramers load in London, Miridlenbrnngh. Hanitiurg,
and Antwerp, and maintain a rc^lar servjce with
the Far East.
In less than three ycaci tlie Royal Mail Sican;
Packet Co. have added five new vcsseU, with an
»ggrrgaie ol 53,500 tons, to their large fleet o(
mail steamers, the late>i being the Astunai.
12,500 tons, built by Mes&rv. Harlaud and Wolff.
Belfast. She left Tilbury on her maiden voyage
to Australia on January 24. and subsequently took
her i>lacc in the South Anieni^an mail ser\-ic«.
The Asturias is probably the largest and certainly
ttie most luxnrioua mail steamer tn sail for the
Hast from the port of London, and she realises in
the highest degree poesible the aim of the <
to provide " hotel life at sea."
Fi.EHT.
Amazon. Eden. Or\
A rngon. Etdtr. Pa
A raguaya. Esk. Pm
Arnn. K*ntwJI. Pa
Atrato. Mfindntffia. 5f|
Ashttiai. MaHau. Sf\
Catoni. Alarimn. So
Catatina. Nile. Sp
Clyde, Oroiava. Ta
Conutoy. Otinom. Tn
Damthf. Of<wn. Ta
Dtf. Ortona. Te
r.riw* tonnage. 20;. 000.
Royal Karinoi. Sff Nnval Education.
Royal-masU A small mast elevated tliroDgB
irons at \\w head ol the topgallant -mast ; gencra{|
the topgallant -mast and the royal mast are for
of onr ^pai.
Royal Mflnay Yacbt Clab, BirkenWad.
dub. foundt-d as the Meijity Yacitt Club, Julyj
1S44. by j|J well-known liverpoo) gentlemen..
whom only one survives, vit., Peter B. Brown
It became '* Royal " by warraul dated Scpte
34, 1844- The club house is at Birkenhead, j
Mhnrt distanc4.> oil have commodious ptcia
ol a slip and gridiron, lacing the river. On
former, in 180a. a pavilion wa.s built by thr tncxnfaen
whcr», (luring the season, the rncr't for •onaUti^
clasacK an* wiines:ied by members and fnefl
Flag: Blue, union m comer, and tn the Ry^
Htork surmounted by crown. Burgee ; Blue, <
stork and croMrn in centre. Conunodore.
Uavtd Uambtc ; Vtcc-Commodoro. F. John
Houghton : Rear-Commodore, the Earl of Latl
Honorary Trca.surcj. C. Livingston ; Iloo
Spcretary. C. H. Wright. Entrance fee, ^i a-
annual subscription. l\ ts.
Royal Meteorological Society was founxlcd lor thr
proroolion of the science of meteorology in all •*»
liranches on April 5. 1850, under the title ol " Th*
British Meteorological Society." On its incorjiora-
lion by Royal Charier, on January' a/. 18"' •'"
name was altereil to " Tlic Meteorological Sock <>
and in 1883. by permisMon of Her late Mjj<>'!'
Queen Victoria, it became " The Royal Mrtecrt
logical Society."
Meetings are tield on the third Wcdae«liT ^
each month, hom Novenilici to June indiwve-
tboee in the evemng being usually (by pemitauofli
at the Institution of Civil Envineers. and ti-
the afternoon m May and June ai the s^*'
roomH, 70 Victoria Street, London. S.W.
The {lapera read at the meetings, together "it*
the discussionH. in which every Fellow is eatilk<l ^
take part, are printed in the Quarteriy Jonrn*!
which also contains notes, correspondence. DOtice<
of recent pubhcatioos. and the titles of sucli paf*
The Royal Mail Steam Packet Company's South American Mail Steamer
" ASTURIAS,"
(twin-screw, 12,000 tons).
PasscnKCf accommodation. 446 First and 64 Second Saloon.
(
ROYAL
549
ROYAL
as appear to be of general interest bearing on
meteorology id the periodicaU which arc received
in the soaety's Ubnuy. It thus serves to keep
Fcllow.s residing at a distance from London in
touch with the meteorologicnl work of the world.
In iSj4 ihe society commeoced the organisation
o( a senes oi ' Second Order Stations,'" at which
observation.H of pressure, tenipf-ralure. Iiuioidity,
raintall and wind are made on a uniform plan, so
that the results may be strictly comparable. In
addition to these, another class ol stations, termed
" CLimatologicol," was origanised on January i,
iS£o. at which the obacrvatians. although of equal
accuracy, are leas exactini^. These stations, which
Dttmber about loo, are u-ell distributed throughout
the country' ; ihey are regularly inspected on
behali ol the socit-ty. and the results of the ol>}ierva-
liunsare published in the " Meteurolugical Record."
In 1874 a Conference on the ubsurvation of
periodical natural phenomena was organised, and
as tlie result o( their deliberations the soaety
instituted the scries of " Phenological Obst;rva-
liOOH, " wbii.b have been continucfl hincc that
tinte, fintt uudur the sujierintendeoce of the late
Rev. T. A. Pri-ston. and since t880 under that of
Mr. E. Mawley.
A Lightning Rod Conference was organised in
1878, which in 1882 published a valuable report,
embodying a code of rule? for the erection of
lightning conductors.
The society has initiated and carried out various
•cientihc investigations, of which the following
may be mentioned : {i) S>'stematic investigations
id the Thunderiitorins of iSm and 18B9, and the
Qassification of the various forms of Lightning ;
(2) In(|uiry into the Phenomenon of the Helm Wind
oi Crosslell. Cumberland ; (3) Investigation into
the Kelation between Beaufort's Scale of Wind
Force and tlie (Equivalent Velocity in miles per
hour; {4] The Investigation of the Meteorological
Conditions of the Upper Air by means of Kites.
The Symons Gold Medal, founded in 1901 in
memory of Uie late Mr. G. J. Symons, F.K.S.. is
awarded biennially by the Council for disiinguiahed
work done in connection with Meteorological
Saence. The medal was presented to Dr. A.
Buchaii. F.R.S., in 1901 ; to Dr. J. Hann, of
Vienna, in 1905 ; and to Lieut. -General Sir K.
Strachey, F.R.S.. in 1905.
The society poKbCbses a valuable meteorological
library of about 8,700 volumes. 13.000 pamphlets,
200 maps and charts, and 800 inanuM:ript$, im-
vqualted by any collection of works on this science
sntheworld. It also possesses a unique Bibliography,
which contains the titlen of all books, pamphlets,
' papers, and articles bearing on meteorology, in all
languages of which any notice can be found.
In addition to these, there is a large and interest
ing collection of photographs and lantern slides,
illustrating meteorological phenomena and instru-
Doent^.
Witfa the view of advancing the general know-
ledge of meteorology, promoting an intelhgcnt
public interest in the science, and making the work
of the society more widely known, a lecturer has
been appointed to act in co-operation with scien-
tific societies, institutions, and public schools in
various parts of the country. Exhibits ol selections
from the collection ol ptiotographs, drawings,
diagrams, and charts illustrating meteorological
phenomena, and also various patterns of instru-
ments used for observations, are shown, under the
charge of a member of the stafi. at gatherings of
local scientific »ocmties, or on other occasions when
they are likely to prove ol interest.
Candidates lor the rdlowsbip are elected by
ballot, after recommendation bv three Fellows, one
of whom must certify from personal knowledge.
Ladies are eligible for the Fcllowstiip. Fellows
are entitled to the de^gnation F.R.Met.Soc.
In addition to the Fellows, there m a class
(limited to 30) of hononu^ members which is
confined to distinguished foreign meteorologists.
In 1904 H.R.H, the Prince of Wales honoured
the societ>' by becominR its Patron.
Soyal Honfter Yacht OlQb. Monkstown, Estab-
lished. 1S72. Flag: Red ensign. Burgee! Red,
white and blue ; blue shield on the white, with
thref crowns in centre, surmounted by crown.
Commodorr. A. F. Sltaniiau-Cmwford ; V"ice-Com-
moriore. .Arthur H. Julian: Honorary Secretary,
W. r. Taylor ; Secretary and Treasurer. H. H.
Hayes. Entrance fee, ,£1 u. ; annual subscription.
Royal Natal Yacht Club, Durban. Established
1858- Flag : Blue ensign, with Royal arms.
Burgee : White, blue cross and crown. Commodore.
W. B. Cradcock ; Vice-Commoilore. N. Chiaziari;
Rear -Commodore, J. W. I^uchars ; Honorary
Treasurer, W. Gilbert ; flonorary Secretary, E. R.
Collins. Entrance fee, £7 7s, : annual subscription,
£1 is.
Royal Kational Lileboat Institutioii. This insti-
lutiou is the oUU-tst ltii,-lxjat in^ititutioii in itie world,
and has proved to be a sort of foster uiottier or
copy for similar services established since by all
the European Powers with a seaboard, the United
States. Jajian. and some of the British Cflonie*.
The prime movers in the cstabliBhing ol ttie insii
tution were Sir William Hillary, who lived in the
Isle of Man, and Mr, Thomas WiUon, M.P., of the
City of London. These gentlemen, assisted by
some others, called a meeting in London on Febru
ary f2. 1834. when a resolution was unanimously
passed that a national institution should be formed,
to be maintained by voluntary contributionB, " for
the preservation of life in cases oi shipwreck on
the coasts of the United Kingdom ; for affording
such immediate assistance to the persons rescued
as tbeii necessities may require : lor conferring
rewards on those who preserve their fellow-crea-
ROYAL
550
ROYAJ
tttro from dettnction ; Mid for gmntitig nUM to
the destilitir families of any wIki insy unforta-
natply pfrish in tlirir attempts to savp the lives of
othuTt." A general mpotinp was subsoqaently
called on March 4, 1824. and the then Archbishop
of Canterlmry (Dr. Manners Sutton) pn?sided.
Between the meeting hchl in Fehruary and tliis
meeting. King George IV. had conaentcd to be the
pfltron of the institution, and all the Royal Hukfs
became vice-patrons. " The Royal National Lite-
Boat Institution for the Preservation of Life from
Shipwrrck " \mh accordingly 0ontcd on March 4,
iflSij, «ith the Karl of l-iverpool us its first presi-
dent. Durinf; the first year of the institution's
existMJcc 1 2 lifeboats weie built for different
stations, m addition to which there existed 19 other
private lifeboats, For some years the institution
asKittted tocfti bodic3 to place lifeboats on the coast
which were not contrtrfled by it. !t also supplied
the coast with the rocket apparatus and Captain
Manb\-'s mortar apparalas. besides looking after
the wants of sailors who had been saved from
shipwreck. In 1855 the provision and manage-
ment of the rocket apparatus wa^ handed over to
the Board of Tmdc in conjunction with the Coast-
guard, and the duty of looking ailcr the necessities
of shipwrecked aailont was tranMcrred in 1854
«Dtircly to the " Shipwrecked Fishermen and
Marinats' Society " {q.v.), which was established
in 1639, and had already been carrying on such
work. Ihis latter -HXicty, which al-so possessed a
few ]ifrboat£. at tliis time {i^S4) tianKfurrcd them
to thr Lifeboat Institution, wliicli now chauf^ed itb
title to " The Royal National Lifeboat Institution,
founded in 18^4 for tlie Preservation of life from
Shipwreck." The &iiancia] position of the Life-
boat Innlitutton was sadly indificreot for vzry
many years. Id 1824 the receipts amounted to
i93if>. but in 1S35 they fell to ^3.393 and for the
subsequent 15 years even this small amount was
not raued. From 1841 to 1850 no appeal at all
was made by the institution to thr public, and in
1849 lifeboat work was in a bad way. Indeed, it
was e^itiinated that at this date there were hardly
a doxen really useful hfcboats on our coasts : the
rest had become decayed or obsolete. The income
of t)»e institution in 1849-50 was only /J54 On
December 4. 1849. a terrible lifeboat accident
orcnrred at South Shields resulting in the loss of
20 out of ?4 uf those on board. This disaster
atti3ctcd so much attention that eflorts were re-
ttcwcd to help the institution. The late Prince
Consort, with the lat« King of the Belgians, came
tb the rescue in 1850, as vicc-patrons, and a re-
orf^nLsation took place. The late Qocen Victoria,
who had on her atcetsion to the Throne iu 1817
become the pation of the institution, at once gave
j^ioo to the- funds, and promised an annual sub*
scription of /5(i, which was gracioosly continned
until her death in 1901. In 1851 Algernon. " the
good Sailor Duke " of Northumberland, became
pmident nf the Mociety, ftBd did all he couM «
advance its intere*H. He began tiy offpTing
guineas for the best model of a hh^boat, and]
further too guineas for the lifeboat built on
approved moilcl. 3H4 models wm.- sent in,
were rxaminrd for six mnntlis by expert jod
at rooms in Somemet Honwi. lent by the Admir
lor the purpose. It was at length decided
Mr. James Bceching. of Great Yarmouth, wbs !
winner of the Duke's prixe. Beeching at once 1
to work to build a lifeboat after his model,
this was the first self-righting boat ever
stnicted. This boat, which was uwd at Rams-
gate, saved many hves, but she did not give ent
satisfaction to the committee of mnnagement ^
the Lifeboat Institution. They therefore deputed
Mr. Peake. one of their number, to again rxaminr
all the models which had been submitted to them
from which grew the self-righting bfeboat, wh
with modifications and improvements, is now^
much used on our coasts. In 1852 the instituti
was advancing and itj" jirospects improvTd. It '
in thi* year that Mr Richardson invented
" tubular " lifeboat: but this type was never
tensively adopted by the institution, and at tht
jirwicnt time there is only one " tubular " lifcb
in i!jti«tence (at Rhyl). In 1854 the Board of Tr
after the passing of the Merchant Shipping
agreed to pay many of the tnatituuon's expenan
from the Mercantile Marine Fund, and this
was continued until 1SA9. when the Committee j
Managemrnt refused any further help from fnB
raised by taxation, preferring to dqicnd eniii
on \-oluntaT>' aid. In 1857 there were /O life
under the control of the institution, which '
time was rapidly absorbing all private hi^
and sssoctatiomt. In i S60 Queen Victoria granlri
a Royal Charter of Tncnrporation to the institiiti
and in the same year, with a view to de
the loss of life from .shipwreck on our coasts^ '
committee established at the lifeboat stat
rate standard barometers which, register
warned the seafaring population of coming 1
In 1 863 the institution made exhaustive
amongst the medical bodies and others thrDUftk
the country to ascertain the best meaj» for 1
storing the apparently drowned, and the inftntf*!
tions obtained as the result are almost xmtwn^
used in ihi& country and the Colonies.
In 1*65 and subsequently efforts were madr bf
the institution to introduce a better class oi fiddiC
boat, ^uch boat being decked and therefore tA
safer than those generally in use in the IWtiii
Kingdom. Tins class of fishing bout is now Uif*^
used, with theiwutt. it is believed, that theanoi*
loss of life aroong-it the Scotch and other tfitet
men. especially on the east coast, haa b««» «•"
siderably reduced. In i88j. with a view to *i
further diminishing the lo« of life amongst tk
coast fishermen, tlie institution began to iupP'T_
the masters and owners of fishing vessels
ROYAL
thoraugbly reliable aneroid barometers at about &
third ths retail price, and in 1883 this privilege
was extended to tlip masters and owncni of coa!itcr>
under 100 tons burden. This action has bc«n mucU
appreciated, as xhowa by the fact that at the end
nf 1906 4.887 of these valuable iD^truments had
been supplied. In 1884 the institution gained tht
^&oo prize offered by the International Fisheries
Exhibition (London) of 1883 for the hvat coast
lifeboat which could be produced. This was a
self-rigltting lifeljoat.
In 1887 the Committee Ol Management offered
gold and silver mcflals for models or drawings of a
mechanicaJly-propt-lIcd lifeboat best adapted to
meet the various conditions of th« service, and a
propelling power suitable for the. self-righting boats
of the institution. In reply models and drawings
were received from all parts of Great Britain, the
Continent, and the United States, but unfortunately
not one proved stiitable for the institution's re-
quirements. The next year {1888) a model of a
mechanically-propelled lifeboat was submitted by
Me&srs. R. and H. Grt;eo. of Blackwall, which,
after considerable modifications made after con-
sultation with the institution, was accepted ; and
in 1890 the first steam lifeboat ever built was
placed on the coast. She was propelled by a
turbine wheel driven by engio*?! developing 170 Hp.
A second steam lifeboat of the same description u-aa
added to the Uistitutioo's fleet in 1894. followed
by a third in 1897. In 189S two additional <it«am
lifeboats furnished with a protected screw were
placed on the coast, one of which was subsequently
wTccketl at Padstow. a powerful steam-tiig, built
to work in conjunction with a sailing lifelmat.
being sutwtitutcil for her in 1901. In 1889 the
Lifeboat Institution promoted a Bill in the House
of Commons which became law on May 31, 1889,
to pro^-idc for the removal of wrecks in non-
navigabic waters dangerous to lifeboats and their
crews wh«n performing their life-saving duties.
This Act, the " Removal of Wrecks Act, 1877,
.\roendment .\cL, 18S9,' has proved very useful.
In 1891 the committee invited, by adverltaeraent.
inventors to enter lifeboats to compete w th the
wioaa types belonging to the institution in a
ftehes of competitive trials and tests, embracing
sailing and pulhng lifeI)oat.s, tlic object bcmg to
aucrtain definitely the type of lifeboat individually
iKSt adapted for the different parts of the coast.
Only one outside competitor came forward, and he
withdrew before the trials took place. The trials
*ith sailing lifeboats were hd(] in 1S92 at Lowes-
tolt, and those with pulling lifeboats at Moutrose
early in 1 893. The boats competing included
those of the loUDwmg l)'pes : Self-righting. Watson
(txm-wtf-nghting), Liverpool (non-aelf-rightmg),
Cromer (non-seU-righting). tubular (non-sclE-right-
ittg), Norfolk and Suffolk. The trials proved most
useftU and valuable.
Id April. 1892, the chainnan of the institntion.
at the request of the Committee of Managem«nt.
gave notice in tlic House of Commons that he
would move a resolution that it was desirable,
with the view of decreasing the loss of life from
shipwrocks on the coast, that the Goveniment
should provide cither telephonic or ti-legrnphic
communicauon between all the coastguard statiotut
and signal stations on the coast of the United
Kingdom, and on such parts 01 the coast where
there are no coastguard stations that Uie post-
offices Dearest to the hfeboat statioiin »huuld bn
connected, the object being to give thu eorlicat
possible information to the lifeboat authorities at
all times, by day and night, that the lifeboats are
required for service. Owing to tlie press of public
business the matter could not be dealt with that
Session, but tiie resolution wa.^ moved in April,
1893. ^nd, further, ttiata Royal Commissioo shoukl
be appninted to consider the desirability or other-
wise of electrically connecting the rock lighthouses,
lightships, etc., with the sliore. The resolution in
its entirety, was agreed to without a divi^iion.
Since tbat time the intentions of the resolution
have been [»racticaliy carried out, and the results
have been most valuable. The Royal Conuuis-
sion'* report was issued in 1897. and furllier im-
provements in the interests of life-naxoag from
shipwreck on our coasts have been introduced in
connection with syiitems of wireless telegraphy.
In 1897 the Committee of Management, in view of
the charges which had for years past been le\-ulled
by irresponsible persons against the iiutitution.
decided to appeal to the House of Commons to
appoint a Select Committee to mquirc into the
institution's ad minis tr.ition and the adequacy of
its organisation for saving life on tht coast. The
Select Committee, after sitting tor more than four
montlis. reported that the institution was altogether
clear oi tlie charges m.ide against it. and that the
thanks of the whole community were due to the
comiiuttt^e for their energy and good management.
This finding was entirely concurred in by the Press
of the country.
On January 1. 1898, the institution establiihed
a pension and gratuity scheme (or its coxswains.
Iiowmen. and signalmen ol long and meritorious
service, retiring on account of old age. accident.
lU-heaith, or aboUtion cf office. The adoption
of tlie scheme gave the greatest satisfaction to
the men, and has worked ndmirablv. On the
death of the late Queen Victoria in 1901. King
Edward VII,, who as Prince of Wales had been
the president of the in.<>titution since 1899 (when
Algernon Gcotw Percy, fith Duke of Northumber-
laad, and the third president ol the iuHtitution
since iJfbs. died|, became its patron, H.K.H. tbo
Prince of WaJes succeeding hii^ father in the otllce
of president, which post he still holds.
The celebrated cork hfcbelt of the institution,
invented by one of its officers (Admiral J. Rok
Ward) m 1854. and which was adnptrri very
A
gunerally oatsUle the institution, wraa usad with
great 3idvaDtagf> and without iatcrruption in the
Ufcboat service antil 1906. whrn llie Committee
of Management, after oirryiog out exhAusUvo
cxpcrimcntK, resolved to introduce a belt more
comfortable and easier lor the wearers. The life-
belt produced by llu> expenmcnts was made of
IcApok, aod titled clost^ly to the body by means of
straps and buckles, allowing full frocdoro for the
arms, beuides aSording wnrmtli and protection.
The flotation power of the new belt is a2 lbs., the
name as that of the oork Ufcbelt, and 1$ being
supplied generally throughout the service as the
existing cork Itelts wear out or deteriorate. At
the close oi l<>o6 the institution's entire fleet in-
cluded 375 sailing and pulling lifeboat<t, four Rteam
lifeboats, three n»otor lifeboats (introduced ex-
penmentaJly duniiR Uie year), and one steam tug.
The total number ol livM saved from shipwreck,
for which the institution grantetl rewards between
March 4, itiZA, and December 31, 1906, was 46,189.
The co6t of maintaining the work of the institn-
Uon. which ts entirely supported by voluntary
contnbutions. in thorough efficiency ranges from
£80,000 to £<>o,ouo a year. The average adminis-
trative expenses are remarkabl\ low being, a.s
a rule, about 5^% only.
Bojral Hani ArtlUery Volonteen. Special corps
in connection with the Admiralty for the defence
of the coastline. The memt>ers arc enrolled under
conditions somewhat akin to those attaching to
enrolment lo volunteer rcgimentt. Brigade"! of
this force exist in luDndon. Liverpool and Bristol,
with batteries at Brighton. Hastings. Soiithport,
Birkenhead, Carnarvon. Bangor, and Swansea.
Rojral Havy List. Eistabhshed 1878. Published
quarterly. Pnce js. 6d. Address: 4 Newman's
Court. Loudon. E.C.
Roral Netherlands Steamship Co. EstabliKbed in
July. 1856. Commenced operalmiw with a. few
steamers, and Jrom time to time grarlually cx-
tendt^l thp sprvice by tJie formation of new lines.
and enlarged the fleet, until at the present time
they own 57 modern vessels, with a gross tonnage
of about 60,000. To facilitate the prosent-day
traffic to the Rhine via Amsterdam the company
inangnrated the Nieuwc Kijavaart Maatschappij
(The New Uhine Navigation Co.). which now
comprtacs 10 cargo steamen. The company have
their head ofhces in Amsterdam, and the present
share capital is 5,000,000 gilders, anil that of the
New Rhine Navigation Co. 500.000 gilders. Rcgutar
services are maintained between Amsterdam,
Rotterdam, and North and South Europe ; fn>m
Amstetdam to Alexandria. Caiffa. Beyrout, .\lex-
andrv-113. Mersina, Malta, Piraeus, Salonica. Con-
stantinople, Smyrna. Patras, Genoa. I^ghom.
Naples. Catania. Mesnina, Palermo, Venice. Trieste,
Fiume, Cadiz. Malaga. Carthagena, Alicante.
Tarragoiu Valencia. Benicarlo, Seville, Tangier,
Gibraltar. Lisbon. Bordeaux. La Pallice, Hambu
Copenhagen, Stettin, Danzig. Konigsbei^. Rig
Libau. Windau, Rev&l, St. Petersburg. Moscc
from Rotterdam to Alexandria, Caifla. Beyrou
Alcxandretta, Mersina. Italy. Spain. Tang
Gibraltar.
Flbet.
Aekill*s. Htltna. PoUuk.
Adotuf. Iris. Fitmoma.
Apollo. Ltdt. Saiumus.
Atlas. Mars. Si*Ua.
Aurora. Mgrcttrius. Tellus.
Caster. MiHtrva. Tlumxs.
Clio. Neptunns. Tt*mn,
Dana4. Neretis. Umutis.
Diatta. f^i'obg. Vtmt$,
£uterpe. Obtron . Vetia,
FloTA. Orion. I'uUamus
Htbt. Plant*. Ztus.
Pluto.
Cross tonnage, 60,000,
Royal Kew Zealand Yacht SQtudron. Esta
lished 1S7T. Commodore, C. P. Murdoch: Via
Comuiodoic. Alex. Alison ; Rear -Commodore,
.Wxander ; Honorary' Treasurer. R. S. Reyn
Honorary Secretary. P. H. Cole ; Hon. Assist
Secretary. W. E. Alexander. Old MiU Chaml
Queen Street. Auckland. N.Z. Entran.ce
^1 IS. ; annual subscription, £i tj.
Royal Norfolk and Sufiolk Yacht Olnb, Lowest
E>»tabliitUed tiifg. I-lagii : Ked iinsign and
burgee, with a crown and Prince of Wales '« feat
underneath. Patron, His Majesty the King ^
Commodore. R. J. Colman . Vicc-CommodoiD.
T. Sergeant ; Rcar-Commodoie. W. E. Everit
Secretary and Treasurer, A. Townley Clark
Entrance fee. ti 2s.. residents ^3 p. ; anni
subficription. {z 2s., residents £} ji.
Royal Norttiern Yacht Club. Established iBJ
Received Admiralty warrant May, i'*ji- Fla
Blue ensign. Burgee - Blue, with yellow
and anchor. Commodore, Sir Thomas Glen C<i
Bart.. MP. : Vice-Commodore. The Right
Lord Inverclydc ; Rear-Commodore. J. J. Fram^
Treasurer and Secretary. T. F. Donald. Ent:
'ce. l^ ; annual subscription, £y
Royal North ol Ireland Yacht Qnb. Estab
1899. Commodore, G, Hcxbcrt Brown .
Commodore. Tbos. Jack ; Rear-Commodore. Joho
Workman ; Honorary Secretary and Tre
Robert E. Workmaa, 19 Bedford Street. Bclfa
Club liousc. Cultra, co. Down. Entrance
ll IS. ; annual subscription, £t 1$.
Rojral Nova Scotia Yacht Squadron, Hahiu.
Esublished 1875. FUg L^ur etiMgn. Bami*-
Blu« and white, red cross, lion rampant in AMd
surmounted by crown. Commodore. W. C jeoa>
V'icr-Commodore, R. T. McUreith ; Rear-Commit
dore, F. H. Bell ; Treasurer, F. W. Parker ; Hoacw?
ROYAL
553
ROYAL
Secretary. J. C. Lithgon*. Annual subscription.
I o doU.
Boyal Oak. British lat cUss battleship. (Laird,
1893.)
I Length 380ft. Beam 75ft. Maximum draught 30H.
I Displacement 14.150 tons.
I Ghiu. a rmour.
r 4 — 13'5 in. " Compound."
I 10— 6 in. 18 in. Bl'U lunidshipa.
I 16 — 6 pdr. 17 in. Bai'beltes.
I 11 — 3 pdr. 14 in. Conning tower.
I 2—9 pdr. Boat.
^^_ 2 Maxims.
^^^ Tofpedo Tubes {i8 in.).
^^^K' X Submerged.
^^^H I Abavt; water ^^tfn).
Twin scre%*. Up. natural 9,000= 15 kts.. forced
13,000=17 kts. Coal maximum 1.400 tons.
Approximate cost ;^9oo,ooo.
This ship-name was Introduced Into the Navy
I in 1665, and is associated with the battle of r..owt?s-
I toft. 1665; St. James's light. 1666: La Hoguc.
I 1693 ; capture ot Gibraltar, 1704 ; capture of
.\licante. 1706; battle off Cape Pas.saro. 171S;
siege of Gibraltar. 1727 : B^Ton's action o0 Grenada,
t77q ; Rotlncy's action q9 the Chesapeake, 17S4 :
Rodney's action with De Grasae, 179a.
Boyal Packet Co., which works in conjunction
with the Netherlands Steamship Co. and the Rotter-
dam-Lloyd, have a large fleet of steamers for
I coastal services, carrying passengers from BaUvia
■ to all ports of Java, Sumatra, and Borneo, and tlie
whole of the Dutch East Indies. A service is
^ maintained every week from Batavia, via coastal
ports to Samarang and Sourabaya ; a weekly ser-
vice to f'adang and Peuang ; a weekly service to
Singapore ; a weekly service to Palenebang ; a
Service evi'ry two weeks to Deli via Muntok or
Riouw ; one ever>* two weeks to Pontianak.
Bor*l Perth Yacht Club. Hstabhshed 187^.
Commodore. Edward Shenton ; Vice -Commodore,
Dr. W. A. Kennedy ; Rear-Commodore, Clifton K.
Penny ; Honorary Treasurer, Arthnr Ventrls ;
Honorary Secretary. Philip H. Milner; Club House,
The Esp anade. Perth. W..\ Entrance fee, £1 is. ;
annual subscription, £i 3s.
Boyal PlymoQth Corinthian Tacbt Cluk. Estab-
lished 1877. Obtained the Koyai w.irrant in 1886,
and the Admiralty warrant in July. 1893- The
dub flags are a blue burgee, with a white shield.
red cross, and four black castles surmounted by
an Imperial crown and gold wreath, and the
British blue ensign with same device m the fly.
Commodore, Viscount Valletort , Vice-Commodore.
Lietit -Colonel R- Harrington Baker ; Rear-Com-
modore. E. A. Boolda ; Honorary Treasurer. S. B.
Harvey ; Honorary Secretary, W, E. Fames.
Eotrsncc Ice, it is, ; annual subscription, £1 is
Bojral PodnDOoOi Corinthian Yacht dab. Hstab-
hshed 1880. Received the title of "' Royal "
November, 1S80, and Admiralty warrant December,
1S80. Flag : Red ena-gn, union in comer, crown
in the centre of union. Burgee ; Red. vertical
white stripe. Wue shield and crescent in centre,
surmountetJ by crown. Commodore, the Earl of
Dudley; Vice -Commodore, Captain F. Orr-Bwing;
Rear -Commodore, H. Marzetti ; Honorary' Trea-
surer and Secretary, George B. .\ddi.son. .\naual
subscription. £3 $s.
Boyat Qaeensland Taeht Olnb, Bi-isbane. Estab-
lished 1^85, Flag: Blue ensign. Burgee: Blue
and white with red Q. Commodore. Thomas
Welsby ; Vice -Commodore, G C O'Beirne ; Rear-
Commodore, Chas. Mclay ; Treasurer. M. C. Dalby ;
Secretary. Ceo. T. Southern Annual subicription,
£i Js.
Boyal St. George Tacht Club. E.<tabli8hed 1838.
RecL'ived .Vdm-i-alty warrant in 184;. Ensign:
Red, crown in right comer. Burgee : Red, white
cross, crown in centre. Commodore. H.R.H. the
Prince of Wales; Vice-Commodore, George B..
Tliompson ; Sei:retary, D. Henry Bailey. Entrance
fee. ^15 ; annual liubscription, ^4.
Royal St Lawrence Yacht Olnb. Canada. Estab-
lished iKSS. as tho St. 1-a.wrencc Yacht Club of
Montreal, until July 23, 1894, when her late
Majesty Queen Victoria was pleased to grant to it
llie title ot " Royal-" Received Royal warrant
June 25, 1894. E^ag ■ Blue ensign. Bui^ce :
Blue, with wide longitudinal red bar, on which is
a white St. ."Vndrew's cross, wjih gold crown in
centre. Commodore. W. C. Finley ; Vice-Com-
modore, Huntly R. Druramond ; Rear-Commodore,
Cha-s, H. Routh ; Honorary Sccretarj- and Trea-
surer. A. Rives Hall. Entrance fee lo dais.;
annual subscription, 10 dols.
Royal salutes Sef Naval Ceremonies.
Royal Southampton Yaobt Clab. Established
1S75. Received .Admiralty warrant November.
[877, Flag : Blue eosigD. crown in centre. Burgee :
Blue, red and while shield, three stars in centre.
surmounted by crown. Commodore, Frederick
Cox ; Vice-Commodore, Tankerville Chamber-
layne : Rear-Commodore, Lome C. Currie : Cup-
Bearer, Myles B. Kennedy ; Honorary Treasurer.
H. T. Hine ; Honorary Secretary, Sir G. A. E.
Hussey ; A«&iatant Secretary', C F. Penny. En-
trance fee, £3 35. ; annual subscription, in-port
members £3 3s.. out port members £2 2s.
Royal South Aujttralian Yacht Squadroo, Adekude.
Established iUdg. Flag: Blue ensign. Burgee:
Blue, crown over white Maltese Cross. Commodore,
F. V. Sanderson ; Vice-Commodore, R. Cruick-
shank ; Rear-Commodore. Dr. E. W. Morris ;
Honorary Treasurer. A. P, Halt ; Honorary Secre-
tary. Magnus Wald. Entrance lee, £1 is. ; annual
subscription. £t is.
ROYAL
554
ROYAlJ
BoTBl Soutbern Taoht Ofaita, Soutbatnpton.
Establisliufi 1837. Received Admiralty warrant
Jaly. 1S40. Ensign : Blue, no dtstingutshing
marhs. Burpee : Bloc, red cross, crown in centre.
The regattas fur Solent dasses are generally held
in Juui> and July, and lor large cluses in August.
As a rule, this rt-gattai i« lirld 011 the Saturday in
Cowes week. Commodore. Colonel the Hon.
R G. L. Ciichton. A.D.C. : Vice-Commodore.
Colonel 6. C McCalmont, C.B. ; Rear-Commodore,
Major E. F. Coates. M.P. ; Secretary. Captain G. H.
GasoD. Entrance fee, ^ 4s. : annual subscription,
Boyal South Weitern Yicbt Club. Established
1890, and m September, 1891, received the Ad-
miralty and Ra>'al warrants- Several cups are
competed for annually, including a handsome one
prL'seiited l>y H.R.H. the late Dulct* of Edinburgh,
who became patron in 1890. Flag : Blue ensign,
With dolphin and ciovra in centre. Commodore.
Sir John Jacksion ; Vice-Commodore, Captain
R. T. Dixon ; Rear -Commodore. Lii;ut. -Colonel
G. M. F. Gilf-i ; Honorar\- Secretary, G. F. Watson ;
Hon. Treasurer, G. A. C. Drake. Entrance fee,
£1 IS. ; annual subschptioii, I2 2S.
Royal Soveidgii. British 1st class battleship.
(Portsmouth. iHgi.)
Length yioii. Beam 75ft. Maximum draught joft.
Displacement t4.isoton.s.
" Compound."
16 in. Belt amidships.
17 in. Barbettes,
[4 in. Conning tower.
P
r
Guns.
4— ijsm.
10—6 in.
iG — Gpdr.
12 — 3 pdr.
2 — 9 pdr. Boat.
2 Maxims.
Torpedo Tubes (iS in.).
2 Submerged.
1 Above water stem.
Twin screw. Up. natural 9.000=15 kts.. forced
13.000=17 kts. Coal maximum 1,400 tons.
Approximate cost ^900,000.
TbiK ship-Eiaine, introduced in 14^8, \s oue of the
oldest in the Navy, and is associated with Howard's
action off Brest, 1512 ; battle ul the Kentish
Knock, 1652; St. James's tight, 1666: Sole Bay,
1672 ; battle Of the Texcl. 1G73 ; battle ofi Beachy
Head, 1690 ; Barfleur and La Hogue. 1O91 ; battle
of "The Glorious First of June," i^tw; Corn-
wallis's retreat. 1795 ; Trafalgar, 1S05.
Royal Sovereign. One of the first iron vcascis
built intendt^d tor deep-sea service. She was
launched in 183*3. *^nd put on th^ service between
Glasgow and Liverpool.
. .,, 1:
Royal Soveretga. 100 guns. On January sg,.
1690*. U^s vessel was burnt ii| the Medway.
Royal Sydney Taeht Sqacidron, N.S.W, Esub-
lishMl 1863. Flag: Blue ensign. Burgee: Blue,
white cross and crown. Commodore, T. A. Dibbs ;
umfluc.
Vice^lonunodore, Dr. J. F. Elliott : Rear
dore, T. H. Kelly: Treasurer. J. A. Minnm:
Honorary Secretary, J. R. Armitsgc Eottaacc-
fe«, ^3 jr. : annual 5ut>5cnption , £4 4x.
Roytl Tiy Yacht Club, West Ferry Bay. Estifc-
lished 1SS5. under the name of " The Tay Corx-
thiau Sailing Club." with a meitibcnshtp of :d.
On October 31. 1S87, the oanie wan changed to
" Tlie Tay Corinthian Yacht Club." and by Royil
warrant, dated March 2t, 1S91, the name «a«
again changed to " The Royal Tay Yacht Guk"
Ilic station oi the club is at West Ferry Bar
Broughty Ferrj*. on the River Tay. The dub f
one of those recognised by the V.R.A., and hu
adopted the rules of that body. Flag : Red. mtfc
linion Jack. Burgee : Ked, with lion in sfaidd i
centre, surmounted with crowu. Coaunodore,
tain G. D. Clayhilts-Hendereoa ; Vic
Captain A. L. Scott ; Rcar-Coxxunodore. F. GcHia
I.yon ; Honorary Secretary and Treasurer. Jimn
Mitchell. Entrance fee, £t is.; annual sobscri^
tion, it II.
Royal Temple Yacht Oltib, I-.ondon. R&m^M
and Dial. EstabUshcd 1857. This club gives I
regatta at Ramsgate .ind Deal during the sunuBtf,
known popularly among yachtsmen as " Rai
Week." Races arc given for all idasses of
from 24-footcrs to 5J-footi.T» among the dui-
racing divi<iion. and from three-tonners to Cbe ti|
schooners and yawls in the handicap diviwa
The club won and twice successfully defended the
" Coupe de France.'* Commodore. Sir H. Seynov
King : Vice -Commodore. John H. Cluttoa , Bfar
Cxjmmodore, W. J. P, Peacock ; Honorary Tm-
surer. F. E. Dixon ; Honorary Secretarj-. Rinj
Vander\'cll ; Secretary at Ranosgate. W. J. Boftm.
Entrance fee. £2 25. : annual subscription. Loute
members £2 2S.. Thanct members ^3 3*.
Royal Thames Yacht Clab. Established I'iay
This i^ the senior yacht club on the River ThaaA
and u the lineal descendant of the CambedMl
Fleet. The first match was sailed on the JuJr ty
'775. ior a cup given by the Duke of C
and won by the Aurora {Mr. Parker).
The club might well claim the title of **
Mother of Yacht Racing," for^-exccpt 1783, 1,
1785, 18T4. 1821, and 1822 — they liavc held rastcitf^
every year to the present date. In i S23 there »tii
revival of racing, when a below bridge matcfc "W
sailed on July 17. in honour ol the coroubdi 4l
George IV., under direction of the Camtab^
Fleet. A second race took place on July jft b*
m the meantime the club had changed its
to " His Majesty's Coronation SaiUnf
which is described as composed of " new m!
and the members of the old Cumberland FV*t
At this match there was a protest b>- eight o! *
captains [i.e.. the helmsmen of the day) who
in the race against the cup being award
Captain Brocklebank. because of a btvMh d
ROYAL
555
ROYAL
Cumberland Fleet Bailing rale»^tliat none oat the
appointed captain should touch the helm during the
race. The club dccidtxl Ui have the race rcsailcMJ.
but a »econd protest was put is by seven members
(none of wtwm bad been in ttie race] , and at another
ballot they changed their nunds and awarded the
cup to Captain Brocklebank. The eight captains
called a meeting and fonncd the " Thamts Yacht
Club." They started with abciut 40 nicmbcm,
including most <A lho6c who belonged to the Cum-
berland Fleet. The " Coronation Sailing Society "
existed for a few years, was in atH:yance during 1 S27
aiid 1S28. revived again in iSiq. and finally dissolved
at a meeting held on January 3. 1831. The only
other saihng society on the nvcr at that time was
the " Clarence Yacht Club " (which was a spht of
the " Thames " in 1828. and went in for small boat
sailing), »o the final merging of tlie " Coronation "
into the " Thames " seenu to have taken place.
In 1S27 H.R.H. the Duke of Qarence became
patron of the " Thames," and in i S30 the club took
the title of " Koyal " on the Duke coming to the
Throne. Queen Victoria became patroness in 1837.
The last above bridge match took place in 1840.
In 1845 the club found the accommodation provided
for it at Uic British CoSee House. Cockspur Street,
inadequate, and moved to the Piazxa Hotel, Covent
Garden, and a few years later established itself at
49 St. James's Street. In )86o the club was trans-
ferred to its present premises at 7 Albemarle Street.
London. W. In 1874 H.R.H. tbc then Pnnce of
Wales became Commodore.
Flag : Btnc ensign of His Majesty's Fleet.
Burgee : Blue, with white cross, red crown in
centre. Patron, H.M King F^ward VII. : Commo-
dore, Theodore Pim ; Vice -Commodore, Sir James
Pender. Bart. ; Cup - Bearer, Lieut. • Colonel Sir
Geo. I-each, K.C.B. ; Secretary. Lieutenant F. W.
Chame. R.N. Annual subscription, owners £6 6j..
non-owners 0 8s.
Royal Torhay Yacht Clnb. with their headquarters
St Torquay, was established in 1868. Commodore.
Major A. Bogle ; Vice-Commodore. F. Lancaster
Shaw : Rear-Cons modore, C. Thellusson ; Honor-
ary Treasnrer, F. Kitson ; Honorary Secretary,
Colonel C. Stovell. Entrance fce. ^; es. : annual
subscription. ^4 45.
Boral TJliter Yacht Clnb. Established 1866,
Received Admiralty warrant, February 19. 1870.
Flag ' Bine cn^gn. with white shield, red band of
Ulster in centre, surmounted by crown on fjy.
Burgee : Blue, with shield and crown in centre.
Commodore, the Earl oi Shaftesbury ; Vice Commo-
dore, Colonel R. C. Sharman -Crawford ; Rcar-
Commodorc. H. P. Nicholson ; Honorarj- Treasurer,
Herbert Brown, jun. : Honorary Secretary, Wra. H.
Carson. Entrance fee. £$ jj. : annual subscription.
in-port members £2 21,. out-port members £1 u.
Koyal Victoria Yaobt (Hab, R>-de. I.O.W. Estab-
lished 1844. Received Admiralty warrant June 4.
1845. The club was founded in Commomoration
of the honour conferred on the Isle of Wight by Her
late Majc&ty Queen Victoria in having chosen
Osbomo House for a marine palace. The club in
now known as the Red Squadron, just as its big
neighbour, the Royal Yacht Squadron, is known as
the White. Flags Red emugn of His Majesty's
Fleet, with the distinctive inark.s of the club on the
fly thereof, viz., acrown. wiUi tha letter* V.R. under-
neath pierced yellow. Burgee : Red. with a crown
over an anchor, and on cither side the letters V.R,
pierced yellow. Commodore, W. B. Paget ; Vice-
Commodore, Lieut. -Co'. Olid VilIii:rsS. Bagot ; Rear-
Commodore, the MarquLs of Exeter ; Secretary,
Jas. Henry Leal, f^ntrance fee. ^5 55. : annual
subscription. /6 tx.
Royal WAIali Yacht OItib,Camar\'on. Established
1847, and Admiralty warrant granted May j,
i8.(7 Flag Blue ensign, with crown and th^
Prince of Wales's plume in the fly. Burgee: Bloc,
with crown and plume. Patron. VIM. King
Edward Vll. ; Commodore. Lloyd W. G. Hughes;
Vice-Commodore, J. E. Greaves, Treasurer, G. R.
Rees : Honorary Secretary, W. S. Jones. En-
trance fee, ii js. ; annual oubscriptioo. £l tl.
Boral Western Yaoht Clab, Clyde. Estahtished
1875. Flag. Blue ensign. Burgee: Blue with
crown and thistle. Commodore. R. G. Allan ;
Vice-Commodore. Robt. Dark : Rear-Commodore,
T. C. Glen Coats ; Honorary Secretary and
Treasurer, .A. Herbert Aspin. Entrance fee, £1 ts. ;
annual subscription, ^t is. Races sailed it Honters
Quay.
Boyal Wett«rn Yacht Olub of England, Plymouth.
Establishcfl 1827. It wa.s known at that time as
■ The Royn! Clarence Rp^^tta Qub." with H.R.H.
the Duke of Clartnce as patron. In 1833 the name
was changed to " The Royal Western Yacht Club,"
with H.R.H. the Duke of Sussex as patron, and
H.R.H. the Ducheaa of Kent patrones-i. The
Royal and Admiralty warrants were grantod to
the club on Jnne 15. 1834, ^i^^ fresh .\dmiralty
warrants again in 1843 and 1894. The club bouse is
beautifully situated, overlooking the Sound, and
the club can boast of some very fine oil paintings
and engra\nng8. Flag : Dark blue, with union in
comer. Burgee : Dark blue, with crown in centre.
The regatta is now held on June S. Commodore,
the Right Hon. Eail of Mount Edgcumbe. G.C.V.O. :
Vice-Conmio<lorc, E. B. Beauchamp ; Rear -Commo-
dore, Sir Bourchier Wrcy, Bart. Entrance fo^,
^7 71- : annual subscription, £$.
Boyal William. This vessel, launched at Quebec,
1&31, w»s the hrst steamer to cross the Atlantic.
She left IHctou (N.S.) on .\ugust 20, 1833. arriving
at Gravcscnd on September 1 1 . after a passage of
23 da>'5, which was then considered a remarkable
achievement.
Boyal Windermere Yaobt dab. Established
i860. Received Royal warrant, dated July 8, 1887.
1
The officers aie appointed annually on the first
Saturday In March. Burgee Red, Rold crown in
centre. Commodore, Sir \V. B. Forwood ; Vice-
Commodore, A. R. Sladen : Rear-Commodore.
K. I. Crcwsley : Honorary- Treasurer. T. D, Lingard :
Honoriry Secretary. C. H, W, Dunn. Entrance (ee.
ii 3s. : annual subscription. £5 is. and £2 3s.
Royftl Yacht Clab de Belgitae. Established i88g.
Honorary President, !l. Albert dc Dary ; President,
RobtM-t Ost^rrieth ; Vice-Prcsidcnrs, H. Myssens.
W. A. I.indcn. and F. Empain ; Honorary Treasurer.
F. ReisA ; Honorary Secretary, A. Grisar, Qiiai van
Dyck 10. Antwerp : Honorarv- Assistant Secretarj-.
Albert van der Cruy.s*icn. Annual subscription,
35 franc:^ and 40 francs.
Royal Yacht Club ol Victoria. Established 1856.
Commodore, Alired GoUin ; Vice -Commodore, C. D.
Wallace ; Rcar-Commodorc. Edgar Newlands ;
Honorary Treasurer, C. F. ticrrard ; Honorary
Secretar>-. S. Amcsa, Temple Court, Collins Street,
Melbourne, Victoria. Entrance fee. £2 xs. : annual
Kubscription. £2 21.
Royal Yacht Sqoadrou. During the second
decade of the ninctccath centur\'. wht-n the Solent
became the recogni*U!d cruising ground for pleaanre
craft, dinners and balls were held annually at
Cowes. These gatherings gave rise to the idea of
eatablisbing a duly constituted body, vritb the
result that on June i. 1S15, h meeting was held at the
Thatched House Tavern, St. James's Street.
London, when a club was founded under the title of
"The Yacht Club.-
Lord Grantham, afterwards Earl dc Grey, occu-
pied the chair. Among those present at that his-
toric meeting were Lords .\shbrooke. Belmore,
Buckingbain, Caudor, Craven, Oeerhurst, Fitz-
Harris, Kixkwall. Nugent. Poosonby, Thomond. and
Uxbridge; Sir W. Curtis, Sir J. Hippesley, Colonel
Sheddon, Sir G. Thomas, Colonel Wheatley, Sir
GotKrey Webster, and others. In all, the meeting
was attended by 40 yachtsmen, who were consti-
tuted " original members."
The only stated qualification was the ownership
of a vessel of not less than 10 tons, while the entrance
fee was fixed at two guineas. A white flag with the
Union Jack in the comer was adopted sa the dis-
tinguishing ensign of the club, with a white burgee
at the masthead.
For some years the yacht club foregathered at
East Cowes. on the premises of the Medina Hotel,
whence it removed to what is now tlic Gloucester
Hotel, on the Marine Parade at West Cowes. On
July 15, 1816, the members were gladdened by what
was then considered a distinguished privilege.
The Commander-in-Chief at Portsmouth. Admiral
Sir Edward Thornborough, granted them permis-
sion to land and embark at the Sally Port. A
further and more real compliment, however, was
piid them in the subsequent year, when the secre-
tary received the following letter from Captain the
J
Hon. Sir C. Paget, in command of the Ro^ Yi
Royal George [q.v.), lying ofl Brig;hton :
*' The Prince deAires to be a mcmbfr of
Yacht Club, and you arc to consider tins at
official notification of His Roy^l Htgfanak
desire."
On September ;, 1820. Sir R. Bloomfi^ vroit
from Carlton House, intimating a desire on the port
of His Majesty King George IV. that the dnb
should henceforth be styled '* The Royal Yftcbl
Club." In June of the following year the dab*!
colours were changed to the red '* Duster " and Ife
plain red burgee, and in August it was detenniiiHl
" that the dab burgee is to be in fnture a swaQov
tail."
At a meeting of the Royal Yacht Oub, held ii
August, 18*6, it was decided that the annual wb
scripbon should be increased to £$. and thai ttr
red ensign sliaulcl lie embellished by a crown and i
foul anchor, with the letters R.V.C. A month Jaw
the entrance fee was raised to £it>. the anoal
subscription to ^8. and the tonnage nvcetsary far
quabficalion to 30 tons-
In February, 1827, the Netherlands Govvniswie.
and in May. iSzg. the Spanish and Ruvtian Oo\'eni-
ments. conceded to ynrhts of the Royal Yaeiit Qob
the privilege of entering their ports on the nm
footing as a man-of-war — free of port dues.
month after the latter date, the Lords ol
Admiralty issued warrants prrmitting vesaelsof
Royal Yacht Club to fly the St. Ocorgc's eftsp-
In consequence, a white burgee with red cross and*
yellow crown in the centre of it was adopted.
The year 1853 is memorabtr in the history o) ti*
premier yacht dab. since its present title dates W«
the receipt of the foilowing letter, addressed to tit
secretar>' of the Royal Yacht Club.
" Sir,~I have it in command from His UajeBr
to acquaint you, for the informatioci ol Uv
commodore and officers of the Royal YkM
Club, that as a mark of His Ma^cMri
gracious approval of an instiiution of «i
national utility, it is His gracioiu wi^ ud
pleasure that it sliall be henceforth know
and stylud " The Roynl Yacht Squadron 'tf
which His Majesty is graciously pleased la
consider Himself the head.
July 4, 1833. (Signed) Bbifast
King William IV.. asa further mark of his fav
and for the encouragement of the sport of
racing, granted an annual cup. value 100
to be sailed for by yachts belonging to rormbencf
the squadron.
Winners of the cup« are as follows :
I
>
CluK
R.VS, ,
Ytchi.
Votitmbiiit
Brecar
Amntltt
Alarm .» ...
Rts
1 — ^
1»(
1B31
1836
1937
I8JJ
Caticr
••
65
91
19i
ROYAL 557
■
ROYAL ^1
On di« Kcession to tibe Throne of Her Majesty
i:
J t t.ih.
V«dit.
Ui.
1 ' OwBor. ^^^1
Queen Victoria, at a meeting ol the chib, it was
moved and seconded. " Tliat tUe Commodore bc
>
Iffi9
RC-YC. ...
Volanle
Culter ' ^9
^^^^1
requestcxl to aeek an iotcrvic-w or audience of Her
Majesty, with a view to Uie continuance of the Royai
■ay. ^^^1
R.N.Y.C. ...
1870 R Y 5. ...
Oituira
Plying Ctoud...
Sehooner
7J
C.J.Tnmiani. ^^^^^1
CoootBitihy- ^^^^^H
Cap to t)c presented to Ihe Koyal Yacht Squadron at
,. R.S.Y.C. ..
Vannuttrit
CnUw
anr. ^^^^H
I^Dt ■ Col. ^^^^^H
Cowes." This request was gracioosly acceded to,
and an annual cup has been granted to the Royal
R.St.C.V.
C.
PiuMit
■■
»
E BouiclMt. ^^^^^H
Yacht Squadron ever since 1859, while &ince 1S51
IJPI IR.Y.S
Paxbtkund
■■
3)
one or two further cup* were giveo by her late
Majesty, and continued since her death by H.M.
R.F.Y.C. ...
Vattftttard ...
,,
60
W. Tuntf . ^^^H
.. R.rY.C. ...
157J R.Y.S. ...
Vanguartt ...
Beeriti
Sobooner
Cuitar
M
Hi
W. TufiMir. ^^^^^1
King Edward VII. to other clubs as well. A com-
.. R.A,V.C, ...
V0iWMrtt ...
60
W F. ^^^H
plcte liAt of winners of Queen's and King'» cupit is
187J ,R.Y.S. ...
KritmhiUia ...
••
106
Count lUii by- ^^^^^H
ConntBaKhy- ^^^^H
Bs under :
„ R.W.1.Y.C
KritmHiMn ...
..
106
WINNERS OF QUEEN'S CUPS.
1874 jR.Y.&. ...
ioHtt
Bitrui ... ...
Sehoonor
6Z
? KM,-.
Vac^i ' RiK 1
OwTier.
J.^'Mulhol- ^^^^1
p«"
G H Acken
.. !r.S|.G.Y.
C
.. R.T.V.C. ...
Cytktnt
KrittnhiMti ...
CalMr
110
lOfi
D. Richard- ^^^^^|
Count Hniby- ^^^^^H
l«» RV.S.
Utilt'Uiii Scliooner
moi «
HttttJetr . C«iler 107
J. Mqoife.
'
^^^^^1
tBU 1
AuriiTit 1 .. 47
W, DMcb.
1B7J R-Y.S. ...
\'oi^U-\'fHt ...
„
104
^^^^1
I9»
Cintitmtiutft ... Schooner 14
W. Lywi.
^^^^^H
SSj' :; .-:
Uudont * Caller »
Alurm 193
K.W.COOMV.
J<iMI>b W^ld.
.. JR.C.KY.C.
CoriVinc
Seboorwr
IfiO
^^^^1
ten 1R.Y.S. ...
Ravtn ... ...
Yawl
60
Col. Steeling. ^^^^H
1M9 ' ..
Flif*... - ...
SetUMMMTll)
Sir B. R.
Gfftltum,
.. IR.C.V.C. ...
Neita
Cutter
6^
K. Holnft. ^^^H
Rot. ^^^^^I
n*f-
Jiefihryrtiit ...
IW
H. Roptt.
tK77 |a.Y.i ...
MUdtgardt ...
Bebooittf
IW
HR.H, ^^^H
tM7
Htrtitttt .. ...
Cntiec iS
Sir i. R,
of Wain ^^^H
Coritu.
.. 1R.LY.C. ...
C7flwr.(
Cutiar
110
Richard- ^^^^^1
sai» ..■
.Sttllanil
100
R. C. Narlor.
■
^^^^^H
iwi 1
Cyjintt
3S
H. Lurabton.
IHTS R.Y.a ...
Formtuta
„
103
Sloann ^^^^H
18»
Arrriw
M
T Chmnbfr-
^^^H
UMte.
R.Sl.G.y.
Cyih^ra
„
IIA
Riobard- ^^^^1
tCM 1 ..
Bttcehmmit . .
m
H H Jone*.
C.
^^^^^^1
.. R.T.Y.C. ...
Of gtut
15
H. J^tnbloii.
R,W.>:.Y.
Fterinda.
Yawl
1)7
W. jBMOp. ^^^^M
l*Jj IR-Y.S. ...
Armw ~. . .
lOJ
T Chawher-
C.
Schoawn
^^^^^^^1
UtIM.
IB7<> R.y.s. ...
Kdtna ... ...
isr.
J.Mulballand. ^^^^H
RSt G Y.
SMUt
n R. M t*ntl-
R.A.V.C. ...
Formica
CuH«r
103
SToanc ^^^^H
C.
1
1
^^^^^H
., |r.v.y.c ...
Arrtfaf ... ...
,10i
T. Cbftuber
hyns.
tan Ir-ys. ...
Formaaa
'l03
of Watss. ^^^^1
tU] 'ILY.S. -
Otvriittit
SdKKMMrUi
JOMphC**.
RT.V.C. ...
Latotut
Y«wl I6()
B. Rowley. ^^^^H
„
RY.y.S. ...
Aitrora
:ai
R. Beckiniin.
R.U.Y.C....
Latona
IU>
B.Rowlor. ^^^^H
Bormahm
1
tau R-Y.S. ..
Bgtria
ScbuooM^tS?
^^^H
R.M.Y.C.... ComiU
CulMc 1 33
A. E Brmc.
1
^^^H
i(t» R.y.s
AUtrm
ScTmMei'*>t8
J, Wrid.
.,
R,1.Y.C. ...
Sautotta
Culler
90
J- JaoMon. ^^^^^H
MM „
a^txhmmic ._
Cuucr . so
H.B.JoiMa.
lltS2
R.Y.S. ...
SkutHhotinit
*^
40
•urqaia of ^^H
ISK 1 .
aUtri^mti
Schnoner 1 H
J G«,
AiSk. ^H
« IR.V.V.C. ..
Manmitm —
M JOS
v. B. Ctnrw.
., iRN.Y.C. ...
Brycifut
„
91
A. Allan. ^^
I8>7 RYS. ..
Lulworth ...
Cnnar 80
J Wrfd
R.1(.Y.C...
Anita»oma ...
„
40
J. 0. Hadder-
.. tRMYX. ...
Ctfhba
so
T. BruKV.
wteV.
.. R.S.V.C- -..
MnnfuUo^. ...
^1
T, GrovM,
lau K.Y.S. ..
SUttttihunmt
..
«0
Marquis of
„ iRic.Y.C. ...
AUtnH
Scbooacr:iii
t. Wold.
Atl*a.
Um«»Uo
Cimer 1 » T. CrovM.
R.C.Y.C. ...
Sitmti^tui
,,
IW
J. Junawxi. ,
.. jR W.E.Y.
UttMquito
60 T GrD*B».
R.H.Y.C. ...
Manor It
„
M
] . Coaii. ^^^^J
S. HopeMor- ^^^^H
' c.
1*H KV.S. ...
LtirtM
Yawl
ft)
lHi9 K\.S. ..,
BrtuMMc
70 ' Col. bmtth.
^^^1
.. RN.Y.C...;
Aura . . . .
•to
' ' ' t
W. H. M-
R.S».O.V.
C.
lr*x
Culier
as
Jaa«Min. ^^^^^^1
iqw
R.V.S.
AUie .. ...
Schooner tlA
1
Cairi.TTtelluft-
KIB.
IMS ;r.y.& ...
tiitrna
Vawl
«3
Hove Mor ^^^^^|
vm
AiitrMi .„ ...
;348
J Weld.
.. RT.V.C ...
Vbtrit
Cuiiar
to
EdiCM- Via- ^^^H
MU
R.W.E.Y. '
AuJux
CvOor S9
J.H.|obn«oa.
^^^^1
C.I
,. rcyc. «
Tani
„
40
H. Taylor, ^^^M
^,
R.M.Y.C....
Aiohm . ..
1 »
C.T. Cooper
,. R.I.Y.C ..
trtx ..
„
H
J. JaoMBon ^H
imi
R.V^. ..-
AUt^'ii'tt:
^hooiwT.lti}!
Lord U>Dda»-
borontth.
1886 R.V.& . ,
SU'MtMMUmi
40
Lord Praiicik ^H
CocU. ^1
J
R-W.KVX;.
Sur/ ...
CWI« 1 M
C. T.CoiiKr-
„ RA.V.C ...
Mity ... ... .«
<M. >
40
]. Donaofi. 1
lim
R.Y.S. ...
AUnriine
ScboonvTjlU
Locd LoooM-
tt.L.Y.C ...
Nepiumt „.' „.
46
W.G.U.Cufl. J
borouflh.
1887 R-Y S. . .
UoiiUM ... ...
u
8H
Ca»t. Bain- ^^^^
im
■•
Bt*ria
?S
J. Mulbcl-
^^^M
1
tand.
.. RlT.y.C...
Brfeina
Yawl
83
A. Hvnn- ^^^^M
^
R.C.Y.C ...
Pioma ... ...
CotHr n
H. Ljaotu.
,Rl>.Y.C..,
Ir*x
Cnitcr
91
Jameaon ^^^^^H
„ R-IYC. ...
Piotut
78
H. Litfota
1M3 Ir,y.s. .-.
JVOMMS
^
88
Ca[>i. But II ^^^^^H
iaS6
R.Y.S. ..
Prfivtomimtf ...
S(iboMWT;i40
Lleai. - Col.
bridle. ^^^^^1
1
UarkbMu.
R-C.V.C. ...
Irrx ... .,, ,.,
,,
9*
J. Jamewn ^^^^^|
^j
R.M YC .,
ChrtMhibtl ...
Ctatwr 31
A. C Ken-
„ R.V.Y.C- ...
Nt^ttum^. ...
^
40
T. W. BiTcb- ^H
nard.
^M
.•
R.S*.C.Y.
C.
R.Y.S. ...
Fionti ... ...
78
E. Bouteber.
1S»
R.c.y.c- .«
VfVrftf ... .-
••
to
T. H. Hod- ^n
(867
Atint...
SclxKMivr
^d
Cipf. Th«J-
a.Y.S. ...
CMnmb
Seboo(M><
157
■teas.
Sir E. Guin- .
lusaoi).
1
iMta. Ban ^^^^J^
j^
RW.I.Y.C.
PiOHU ... .
Cutmr 71
E Bouuber.
.. |rp.c.y.c.
Amphitritt ...
„
132
CoL Mac- ^^^H
k.w.e.v.
Oiitani
165
C J.r<-nnant.
Gntoc ^^^H
c.
ino 'R.V.S. ...
Samoama
Cuttn-
89
H.Lancrishe. ^^^^^H
pm
ILY.S. „.
Utfnt - .,.
Y«wt
20t<
&4.-1 of Straf-
ford.
., R.N.Y.C....
R A.Y.C. ...
Tki*tt0
Dtertumttd ...
.,
131
R.T.V.C. ...
FioHfi
Coder
JB
E. Bou(clM«r,
1891 |R,C.P Y.C.
Utkt,..
Yawl
13*
S.C.Wanon. ^^^H
¥ liH»
R.V.S. ...
Bttria
bctaoanw
132 ]. Mnlbol-
.. 1R.S.Y.C. ...
Vatitfri*^
Oa^Om
7a
Lord Dun- ^^H
L
^^
l4nd.
^^
^^
1 mtn. ^H
1
ROYAL
558
ROYA]
Ctok
1891 RYS.
IM? R.K.V.t:
.. JtSi.G.V
.. [RlV.S. .
1891
t»M
|R.W.V.C..
1R.I.V.C. .
R.C.Y.C. .
KVS.
.. iR.DY.C. .
JtM JR.U.Y.C..
... |R.V,S-
*« |r.v.v.c. .
IBM |R.Y.V.C. .
.. R.N Y.C.
.. R.V.S. ,
\99T K.U.V.C. .
R.Y.S-
.. K.S.VC.
1998 R.u.y.c. .
, 'r-cyx,
KStC.Y.
c
R.Y.S.
JHOT R.T.VX.
Yadit.
Ivetna
Uefeor ...
Britatmiti
Saltimhi...
-^ Safanittt
,..| Britannia
...I Brititnnm
I BritnnnM
I AnwfKinr
Hit.
Ovmor.
SolMoiMr|l57 Lord Iveuh.
Cunw I M T.B.C.Wew.
,IS3 I i. Junston.
All Hon. V.
GrroMn Bni
pttt>T-
H.R.H K
of WalM
A D. CUrk.
' H k.H. V.
^( Walo
, Ad, Hon. V
MonUfiu
AD. CterX.
I H k H. P.
of W«l«»
H.R.H. V.
I of Wales
I H.R H. P.
I of Wile*
MM. HsMu.
Crerman Em-
ptTor,
C*iM. J. Orr-
I Hvtnt.
' C'.frman Km-
; H K H H.
OfWftlM.
W. H, Jolm-
slom;.
Due il'Abru*-
... Y«i»l
... Cuiior
1990
„ tR,T.Y.C
Y>»l
... Cuitttr
Doc rf'Abru*-
Ml.
Due d'Alinit-
ai.
J. Gffftion.
jim.
ISlr H. Sey-
mour Ktnit.
/ How»rd
Taylor.
tlflnfuB Km-
Sir M, Ftt<.
((crald-
I CoLV. ttaKoc.
WINKERS OP HIS MAJESTY'S CUPS
1W3
I90i
l«ff
Chib.
R.W.F.V.
C.
R.M.V.C. ..
R.C.V.C. .
R.V,S ..
R.D.V.C. ,.
R.C !• V C.
R.Y,S.
RSY.C .
R.St.G,V.
C
R.y.s
R.ap.v.c.
LtifMtUr ...
Kitrii$4l ...
BrynhUti
Bamt
Bottit
Carimt
Mrlf.f .
Huitu ...
BrruhtU
BrynkiU
Carutit
\'rt*<Mln ..
WhtU H talker
Sttlamila...
WhH*H«MH%tr
Rll.
V«wt
Culivr
Vaw)
8cliiM«ir[
YaMl
KWCh
Culter
Yawl
CoHm-
0«mr.
Haa.|t.Cuiii-
npM.
Keaiwtb M
Clirt.
Sic Jiluiir*
P«nd«r.
P.l>oiuldMii.
Pl>aul<]Mii.
}. J. Pnn*.
Gcrmati bm-
P.DoiuIiImxi
Sir Jatne^
Ponder.
Sir James
Pender
Eu-I Dun-
W. Abbott.
M. B- Ken
nvd)'.
Sir M. l-itt
Mnld.
M. 8. K«a
No Quern's Cup wms raced for in 1B62. thp yeoj
lollnwing tlif Prince fntisort'* death. For tfn
yeaiB previously ihe rnni.« Cooaort hari also pre-
sented Ml uinual 'Tup to the Kojral Yacht Si^uadron
WINNERS or PRIMCB CONSORT'S CUPS. ]
I
CluK
Yacht.
Rlc
fl
Ovtwr.
>
H
■^
\V>2
R Y.S. . .
OlnrtHU
Sch-wnCT t-W
I. Cm.
I8U
MoMiluilv . . ...
CUttRT
W
Lord Lonlfl
b>roa4ll.
1A5«
Arrour
■■
lOi
T. CfaMbi
layuc
l.«^
Olttrinti
Seh<v>tK^|}4
J. Gew.
1B56
R.tlrMVitlu*f**n
Culbec
««
Sir PfTcr |
StieDey.
VMcount Bag
1A5?
Lall.t H'Xiith ...
Schoonet Itf
lor.
IS«
I.tiltrttrlt,
CtlltCT
Mn
J Wrirf
1S»
Znua\€
ScbooocilX;
K .\r«Ua. ,
IliV
Arriiv...
Cutter
tnj
T Chamha
lam*
11)61
"
Arrow.^ -
••
103
T ChamtN
The premises af what ts now the Gloucesi
Hotel serv-od ax club house of the Royal Y.
Squadron until 1857. when the lease expired,
by tlic death ol the Marquis of Anglesey. Govemi
of the Isle of Wight, the old tastle at West Cowi
constructed as a fort by Henry VIII., liad boco
vacant, the club, alter coiisidutably i.-n1»Tgin({
building, made it their headquarters tn the ecu
of the season ol 185R. Its situation is channii
commanding an extcnave view o( the Solent. S|
head to thr ea-stwarrl, Eaglchurst, Cabbot Castle:'
and Southampton Water to the north, and Lyming-
ton far away towards the netting sun.
The rooms of the castle are more remarkaUc
for »olirl comfort than (or modem luxury. A largr
picture on the wall of the dining room painted
1854 by W. Muggins, perpetuates the famoi
craft of the day, grouped around the Commodore'
yacht Tliis was the f-'aicou. a hill-nggcd ship
•151 ton.s, own(.*d by the Earl of Varborough, a
carrying 1 1 gun» on the broadside. Tht- Maxq
of Anglcse>''» cutter Pearl, ijn tons, i.-* coming
on the starboard side. loUowed by the I>ake
Portland's brig PamlatoOn. In the otliDg t»
the Earl nf Belfast m brig WaUvwitch. of 331 tons.
H.M. King Edward VII. is the Admiral of
club, the flag ofhcer^ being Commodore, the
Marquis of Ormonde . Vice-Commodore, the Duke
ol I^ceds ; Secretary. T. H. S. Pasley.
entrance fee is ^luo, and the annual subatcripi
BotaI Yorkshire Yftoht dab. HuU. Emb-
liihed 184;. ,\dmiralty warrant 1847. Flag ; Red
t-nsign. roM- and crown in comer. Burgee : R
with rose and crown in centre. Commodon,
Ixrd Middlcton , Vicc-Commo<toTr, J F Ingleby
ReAf-Commodore. Sir H. Seymour King ; Hoxk
Treasurer. F. R. Pease , Honorary Sccre
.Arthur Mills. Entrance fee, ^i u. : annual aui
scription. £t u.
Royden, T. B^ Li\erponl. See India Linr.
Boyte, Vlo»*AdininU Tbomai Bftmy.
Naw 1H45 ; tnulsliipniiin 111 Pif^idfHt in
against Petropaulweski. 1^54 , lieutcnanr tRj/?
commander. iSr^S ; captain ni the Haai at
removal of the rebel Spanish warships at Carthagnta,
»ukc 1
ilid^^l
ROZHDESTVENSKY
559
RUNCIMAN
ifi?) : took part in the operations io the Lingie and
l.iikat rivrm agaitifit Malays in the Straits of Malac-
ca, 1S74 (Perak mrdal and clasp) : captain, 1876 ;
captain of Tatnar during war in Ef!>-pt, iQSs
(Egyptian mc<lal. Khedive's Bronze Star. Osmanich
,Ud Class) : captain of Orion ; senior oOicor ax
Alexandria and m Egyptian waters during the
close of the SotitlaiL war, 1885 ; senior oiTiccr at
Singapore, 1H88 ; appointed to Hoisput. Coastguard
and First Keserve ship at Harwich, 1888 ; coro-
nuuidcd " C " Squadron during nax'ol manoeuvres,
1890; captain'.s good service pension, iSSg-90;
retired under age rlausr, 1S90 ; rear-iidmiraJ, l8yr ;
appointed nauticil ajtse«ior to the House of LordM,
1892 : vice-admiral. 1897.
Rozhdettvensky. Zinivy Petrovitoh (b. 1848).
Rusnaii admiral. Eutt:rcd Kusaiau Navy at the
age of 17, and was fngaged in tht- Ku&so-Turkiah
war. Me commanded tht- Bakic Flt-vt that wt-nl
to the Far East during the Russo-Japanese war.
and canic into prominence over the Dogge^r Bank
incident {q.v.). At the Battlp of the Sea of Japan
\q.v.). when in command of llic Ru.ssiaji Fleet, he
sustained a crushing defeat at the hands of the
Japanese under Admiral Togo, when most of his
fleet was either destroyed or captured, and he,
together with 8,000 ofBccrs and men, was taken
prisoner by tli<"' Japant-!."-'.
RJ. Distinguishing letter" on sea Pushing boatd
registered at t)e Rijp. HolLand-
RJ.O.T.C. Abbreviation lor Koyal Portsmouth
Corinthian Yachi Club.
BJt. Distinguishing letten on sea fishing boats
registered at Rochester, England.
RJta.T.O. Abbreviation (or Royal St. George's
Yacht Club.
AblMYviatioo for Royal Southern
Abbreviation for Royal Thames
Ahhri-viation for Royal Ttwbay
S^.T.O.
Yacht Club.
E.T.T.C.
YachI Club.
E.Ty.y.C.
Yacht Clnb.
B,U. Distinguishing letters on sea Ashing boats
registered at Hudkiobing, Denmark.
..Bbs* The Siamese word (or boat ; the pr^x
for all bent nam*^.
Bubattino Italian Steamship Co. See Flotio Ru-
bacdno ; also Navigazione Generate Italians.
Bnbber. A •imall inslniment used in sail making
to flatten down the seams.
Bnbbing iiLeM. A piece of wood nailed on the
fore side oi a mast lo prevent injury by yards or
spars when being raised or lowered.
Bobtt. French sea-gotng submarine. (Cher-
bourg. 1903,) Length, 147 ft.; beam. 13 ft.;
maxirouiD draught. 13 ft. ; displacerocni, ^04 toim
above, 44a tons below ; oomplemjimt. 22 : torpedo
tubes, 6 J7'7-<n. \ Hp., 6oo» \a kts. aliovc, H kis.
below.
Bodder. I'lie appendage attached to the stem-
posts of a vessel by which the course is governed.
Rodder chains and pendants. Strong copper
chains attached to the 1 tiddt-r in cases of emergency.
Rudder coat. Canvas fixed to the rudder to pre-
vent the sea w.ishing through thfr tiller hole.
Baffles. A hale cut in the keel of boats wliich
have to be hauled up a beach on landing. A chain is
rove through and taken to a capstan. Hauling on
this pivot tends to lift the boat over the t^nd and
gravel.
Rnggiflro di Laoria. Italian battleship (1884).
Length 328ft. Beam 65ft. Maximum draught 30ft.
Di**])lBCement 1 1 ,200 tons. Complement 5^6.
ffW«(. Armour.
4—17 m. " Compound."
2—0 in. 18 in. Belt anudship*.
4 — 47 in. iS in. Redoubt.
i — 13 pdr. 18 in. Conning tower,
10 — 6 pdr.
17—1 pdr.
Torpedo Tubes.
2 Submerged.
1 Above water.
Twin screw. Hp. natural 7,500=15 kts.. forced
10.000= t6*i; kts. Coal normal S50 tons.
Approximate cost ^780,000.
Role of the Road. Ceruin legutaiions recog-
nisc<l by m-huuti with regard to navigating a vessel.
Rtunbo. Rope stolen from a naval dockyard.
RumboUne. Condemned canvas, rope, etc.
, Rom gagger. .\n impostor who. in order to
obtain money, tells untrue stories of his sufferings
at sea.
Bon. I'he mileage sailed by a ship. A term
used among seamen for working a single passage.
Bonoiinan, Walter, Senior (b. Dunbar. Hadding-
tonshire. 184S). .Mlur solving his apprenticetthip
in the merchant service, he quickly obtained com-
mand of various sailing and steam ships, and on
retiring from the sea in t886, be founded the firm
of Messrs. Walter Runciman and C.ii., aud is now
head of the Moor Lint-. Member of many British
and international shipping institutions.
Publications : " Windjammers and Sea Tramps,"
'■ The ShellUcks Progres-s."
Rnnoiman. Waller. 1I.A. (b. 1S70). Educated
Cambridge University (Historical Sods). In 18^
joined the firm of Messrs. Kimciman and Co,, and
subsequently Itecaine Vice-Chairman of the Moor
Line, Ltd. la a member of Parliament tor Dews-
tmry, and a member of the principal shipping
institutions of the United iCingdotn.
RUNCIMAN
560
RU\TER
Btmciman, Walter, tnd Co. This firm own four
modem built cargo-carr^-ing vessels and run in con-
junction with the Moor Lint*. Ltd. {g.v.).
Fernmore. Lowmoor.
Kirriemoor. Sptmnvmoor.
Grom tonnage, 13.000.
Rang. Cfiuuiid timbers.
Banner and tackle. Tackle used lor staying lower
masts.
Running. Applied to a bowsprit, or other spar,
which can be run in and out. and can so be reefed,
having ID thu case ol a bowsprit fid-holes in it (or
tlie purpose. Applied to rigging which is constantly
handled in working the vessel. Abm a vessel
when s;i!ling bi'fore the wind.
Ronning rigging. That which is hauled up
through blocks.
Rnperl British coast defence ship {5,^40 tons.
14 kls.)- LaunchLvl 1874.
Bunk. Russian ist class cruiser (10.900 tons).
Thi.-. vessel was totally disabled bj- the Japanese at
the battle of Tsushima Straits, and sunk by her own
crew.
RuaseU. British ist class battleship. (Palmer.
X901.)
Length 429ft. Beam 75fL Maximum draught 27(1.
Displacement 1^.000 tons. Complement 750,
Guns. A rmour.
4 — 13 in. " Krupp."
12 — 6 in. 7 in. Belt amidship't.
12 — 12 pdr. II in. Barbettes.
6 — 3 pdr. 1 3 in. Conning tower.
2 Maxims.
Torpedo Tubes (j8 in.|.
4 Submerged.
Twin screw. Hp. iS,ooo=:tg kts. Coal maxi-
mum 2,000 tons. Approximatf cost, ^i.ooo.ooo.
This ship-name is associated with the attack on
Carthagcna 1741; capture of the Gloriosv. 1747;
Hood's action, 1782 ; Rodney's action. 1782 ;
battle of "The Glorious First of June," 1794;
Bridports action off 1. Groix, 1795 ; Camperdown,
1797; bombardment of Copenhagen, 1807.
Boaaell. John Scott (1808-82). b. Glasgow.
Educated at the Universities of St. Andrews,
Edinburgh, and Glasgow, taking his degree in the
last named, and subsequently being elected in
1832 Professor of Natural Philosophy. In 1854 he
began a remarkable scTies of observations on waves.
In 1844 he settled in London, and was appointtd
joint secretary of the great exhibition in 1851, and
was one of the chief foanders of the Institution of
Naval Architects. His observations led him to
experiment tui a system of shaping vessels known
as the wave system, and culminated in ilie building
of the enormous and unique Great Eastern {q.v.).
He died June 8. i88z.
Pablicatioos : " The Fleet with the Fatnrr
(18G1), "The Wave of Translation in the Obni
of Water. Air. and Ether '* (1885).
Rosiell, William Clarke (1S44]. Enghih lutlur
(b. N'lTW York). Entered the British men^itf
serv'ice, but at the early age of 31 started kk
literary career, .^mong his best koovm work* cr
" John Holesworth." * Chief Mate " (1874)." Wrttl
of the Gromntor " (1875). " An Ocean Tragedy
(1881). "The Convict Ship" (tS^s). * The T»o
Captains" (1897). "The Romance of a ^bdiltip-
man '■ (1898), "The Ship's Adventiinf " (la^i
•Overdue" (190,1). "The Yam of Old Harbw
Town " (1905).
Rttulan But Asiatio Steanuhip Oo^ with
bead ulliccs in St. Ptrtfrsburg. have 8 fltrt of «r%«
iiteaniors engaged lu the cargo trade to the Far
East.
Fl.SET.
Afconia. Curonia. Livtnhu.
Baltica. Kitai. i*ftrom».
Korea.
Gross tonnage. 27,000.
Rosaia Steam Kavigatjon Co., with their
oflices in St. Petersburg, have a flce-t of 27 straine
tr-iding from Odessa to Turkey. Egypt,
Arabia, and southern Russian ports.
BQt of the sea. The pcrint of impact vbor t
daahes against anything.
B.U.T.O. Abbreviation for I^oyal Ulster Yick
Club.
Royi and Sena, W. H. This company, taaa^
ing the Rotterdam-Lloyd {t/,v.). have two sb^
which they run in conjunction with that hae.
Fleet.
Afarbem. Senior.
Gross tonnage, 3,800.
Rnyter. Michael Adrian da [1607-76). OttA
naval ofhccr (b. Flushing). Began his soMil
life at the age of it, and in 1636 was eatrvM'
with a small Dutch cruiser, st^nt to attack m^
French pirates. In 1640 he entered the V^tui
Kavy, and was appointed rear-adtniral of a if^
litted out to assist Portug:al against Spain, mi
greatly distinguished himself at the battle oi Of
St. Vincent, 1641. For his ser\-ice* in ihf iff
war with England he was made vice-admnll it
Holland, and fought in the battles off fHvtlwl
the North Koreland, and Scheveniocen. ta f^
second war with England, 1664, he had
of a large fleet, and fought in most of the
witiiin the narrow seas, and in 1666. after a
longed contest off the North Foreland, be
pelled the English Fleet to take refuge m *
Thames, where he followed them as br as Gan>
end, and did considerablt? damage to Brib^
shipping. On June 7, 1672. in the third •«. *
fought tlie combined fleets of England and Fttfi
in Southwold Bay, and three times ofi the
ouw
J
R.V.F.
56i
SADLER
of HoUand in the fc^lowtag yewr. la 1676 lift was
despatched to the as&istAnce of Spain against
France in the Mediterranean, and was wounded
in the action off Agosta. and died eight days after
at Syracuse. S« " LUe," by Brant (1867). Richer
(18S3). and G. G. Milne (1S96).
R.V.F. Abbreviation for Russian Volunteer
B.V.y.C. Abbreviation for Royal Victoria Yacht
Club.
R.W. Distinguishing letters on sea (iahing boats
registered a( Kceuwijk. Holland.
R.WXY.C. Abbreviation for Royal Western
Irtland Yacht Club.
R.W.T.C. Abbreviation for Royal W.-sitrn
Yacht Club.
R.X. Distinguishing letters on !wa fishing boQt>
rcgiMrre<( at Rye, Sussex, England.
B,T. Diatinguiahiug letters on sea falling boats
rvgintered at Rani$ey, lale of Man, England.
Bj> Abbreviation for railway.
Rytny. Russian torpedo-boat destroyer {Nev-
sky. 1898.) length. 196 ft. : bfiam, iS} ft. :
draught. I t| ft. ; displacement, 240 tons ; comple-
ment. 55 : armament, i 12 pdr.. 3 3-pdr., a tubes :
Hp.. 3,700=27 kts. • coal. 55 tons.
HyaswL Russian torpedo-boat destroyer. (Ne%'-
aky, ii)02.\ Length, 196 ft. ; beam, iS| ft. ;
draught. 11^ ft.: displacement. 240 tons; com-
Dlement. 55 ; armament, r ta-pdr., 3 jpdr.,
2 tubes ; Hp., 3,700 = 27 kts. ; coal, 53 tons.
Bynda. Russian 3rd dau cruiser. (St. Petera-
buig. 1888.) length. 265 It. ; beam. 46 ft. ;
draught. 16 ft. ; displacement, 3,508 tons : comple-
ment. 322 ; gunj*. 4 6-in., 9 q.f. ; armour, " Steel, "
1^ in. deck amidshipi^ ; Hp., 3.000= 14 kts. ; coal,
710 tons,
B.yj. Abbreviation fyr RoyaJ Yacht
Squadron -
B.y.y.C. Abbreviation for Royal Yorkshif
YaLht Uub.
I
8
Abbreviation for south.
B. Abbreviation for stratus, as adopted by the
IntcmatioQal Meteorological Committee, and used
in the International Cloud Atlas.
8. Distinguishing letter on sea fislung boats
registered at Skagen, Denmark.
8. Distinguishing letter on hca fishing boats
registered at Skibbereen, Ireland.
8. 126. German torpedo-boat. Lost in colhsion
with the cruiser Undine near the Buelk Lighthouse.
November 18, 1906 ; one officer and 33 men lost.
■• Sand. Abbtw/^tion adopced on the charts
issued by the H.drographic Office, Admiralty,
denoting the qual-ty of the ocean's bottom.
S.A. Distinguishing letters on sea 6shing boats
registered at Amrum. Germany.
8. A. Distinguishing letters on sva 6shing boats
registered at Swansea, England.
Balm. French torpedo-boat destroyer. {Nor-
mand. igoz.) Length, t8o ft. ; beam. 31 it. ;
maximum draught. 10 ft. ; displacement. 3001009 :
complement, 45 ; guns, I 9-pdr., 6 3-pdr. ; torpedo
tubes. 2 15-in. : speed, 27-30 kts.
Sabrina. Refer to EUxa ScoU.
Saooad6. A jerk of the sails in light wind when
heavy swell is running.
Sachs, Edwin O,. F.R.SJEd.. F.8.S., AJniLHJEG..
AJnstJI.A. lib, London. .Apnl 5. 1S70}. .Architect
and techoicaJ adviser. Educated University Col-
lege School, London ; Ro)'aI Technical College,
CJiarlottenburg. Having travelled extensively, ami
gained practical and technical knowledge with
regard to his profession, he started practice in
London as an architect and technical adviser In
i8q2. and has since acted as architect and engineer
for tlic erection of various large factorie«i in different
parts of England. In 1S99 he was appointed
technical adviser to the RoyaJ Opera House.
Covent Garden, and was the first to apply electrical
power to the working of stage mechanism. In
1903 he organised the technical side of the Intvr-
nationat Fire Exhibition, and acted as congress
chairman for the International Fire Prevention
Congress. Is chairman of the British Fire Com-
mittee ; vice -president of the International Fire
Service Council. He liolds the gold medal for zeal
in connection with the order St. Vladimir of Russia :
the " Palms " of the French .Academy ; the French
gold medal for merit ; and the Prussian Red Cross
Medal. 3rd Class.
Publicaboiu : " Modem Opera Houses and
Theatres." "Stage Constmction." " Ftres and
Public Entertainments." and has read numerous
papers before the leading technical societies.
Sachaen. German battleship { 1 877). 7,37010ns.
Obsolete . ul no fighting value.
Sack ot ooali. In sea phraseology, the name
for the black magcllanic clouds.
Saddle. A wooden support for the »pars,
Sadler, Herbert Charles. D.Sc. lb. London,
August 2;, 1S7.1). Profe&sor of naval architecture.
Educated Dulwich College and University of
Glasgow, and in 1S93 graduat«d B,Sc. in naval
architecture and marine engineering. Served ap-
prenticeship on the Clyde, and in 1896 was ap-
pointed assistant professor in naval architecture
in the University of Glasgow ; a.ssociated while
there with Prolessor Biles as consulting naval
architect. In 1900 the University of Michi^n.
U.S'.A.. decided to start a connc in naval architec-
hire and marinr cnKineering. and hp w.xs appoint^I
processor to t^e charge of thi5 work. In 1901
was appoinlcd appraiser of vc^el property for the
State of Michigan, and acts as a consulting naval
architect in New York and Detroit, In iijoj he
obtaint^d the degree of D.Sc.
Publications : Several papers published in the
TransactioiiH of the Institution ot Eogineers and
Shipbuilders in Scotland ; Institution of Engineers
and Naval Architects. New York, and the American
Society of Naval Engineers.
Bttdorny. Russian torpedo-boat destroyer, Black
Seft. (Laird, too?) Displacement. 350 tons ;
mlKimum draught, B^ It.; armament. 1 ia<pdr.,
5 J-pdr. ; tubes. 2 i8-in. ; Hp.. $.$00^17 kX».
Bui. Norwegian . torpedo-boat. {Cliristiania
igoo.) Length. U4 ft.: beam. 15 ft ; draught
6J ft. : displacement, 84 tons : armament, j 14-in.
q.f.. 2 tnhes ; Hp., i.roo = 3j IctM.
Saetta. Italian torpedo gun-boaL (Castcttaroare,
i88d.) Length. iS; ft.; beam. 30 ft.; draught.
6^ ft. : displacement. 3^5 tons ; complement. 70 :
armament, 3 3'3-in., 4 1*4 m., 5 tubes ; Hp..
2 40D — 2Q lits. ; coal, go tons.
Sitgftit. French torpnlo-boat destro>-cr. (Nor-
mand. 1002.) Length. i8o It.; beam, it ft.;
maximum draught, 10 ft. ; displacement. 300 tons ;
complement. 45 ; guns, i 9-pdr.. ft ."t-pdr. : torpedo
tubes. 2 if-in. ; speed. 37-30 kts.
jtgtini Formerly Peresvirt (if. v.). Jap&nesc
ist class battleship- (St. Petersburg, 1898.)
lA>ngth 40itt. Breadth 71ft. Draught 26ft.
Displacement 12,600 tons. Complcmfnt 733.
^UHjr. Armour.
4 — to in. " Harvey-nickcL"
1 1 — 6 in. 6 in. Belt anudsliips.
16— 13 pdr. 9 in, Casemates.
10 — J pdr. 6 in. Big gun shields.
Torpedo Tubes.
4 Submerged.
1 Above water.
Tvin screw. Hp. 14,500= if) kts. Coal maxi-
mtim 3.000 tout.
flacL Japanese torpedo-boaL (Elbmg, 1S99.)
Length. 147 ft.; beam. 16 ft; draught, 8 ft.,
displacement, 150 tons; complement, 36; anna-
ment. r 6-pdr.. z j-pdr.^ 3 tubes ; twin scr«w ;
tip., 4.j<jo^37 kts. : coaX. 30 tons.
SagittariO. Italian torpedo-luialdwitroyeT. (Elb-
Ing, 1906.) Length, 165 ft. ; beam, 17 ft. ; draught.
7 ft. ; displacement. 315 tons ; armament, 3 3-pdr..
3 tubes; twin screw: Hp., 3,000*26 kts.; coal,
40 tons.
Sac *llinr*"lf 1*0 give way from a heavy weight ;
as opposed to hogging.
8av to l6«ward. To drift to leeward.
neqy^^J
laiL A piece of canvaa clotit ^>road to
the wind so as to cause a ship or boat to
through the water. Sails arc supported by
masts, spars, oz stays ol the x'osso). and take
name from the mast, yard, or stay on which
are stretched. The upper edge of the sail is the
head, the lower i-dgc the fool, the vertical hea<I
the leech, and the weather side or edge the lufl.
and tlic outer eflge the after Icccli.
Ball close to tbe wlsd. ^^'tth the sails
(uU.
Sailcloth. Canvas made uf flax, hemp, cotb
or Jilt'--. In thickness and weight it varies ir
33 lbs. to 44 lbs. per bolt of 38 yards 74 uos-
SalUng. The movement ol a vnae] along
•surface of the water.
Bail large and free. To sail with a Itowing slieel.
Sail on a bowline. Soilmg close to'the wind.
Sailor. A truwird hand in thf manaRr-me
^tp.
Sail tackle. I'ned to sway up lopsail-yanSal
topsails.
Si Andrew. Screw steamer. Cm January 39, lE
v^rcckcd Hi-ar Ijit.tkia, the Ums being about ^t4;,o
Saint-Bon, S. A. (1823-93). Italian
(b. Chambcry). Founder of the modem
Navy. Took part in the Crimean war. and |
distinguished himself at the siege of .'Xncoaa.
the battle of Lissa. 1866, when in command ot 1
FormidabU, he forced tbe entrance ot the
of St. Giorgio and silenced the Austrian batter
In 1873 he was elected Minister of Marin«,
being con\-inccd of the need of large battleshii
with high powers of attack and defence, he int
duced the type ot battleship of which the Dull
and the Dandoia were the first examples. In lUf
he resumed active service, but retired in t90^
and was again appointed Minister of Marine.
died November 26. 1892.
St. Brieuo-Havre. St. Halo Steamert. 5m Load
and Sciiit)i-U'e-(Tern Kailwuy Co.'s Steaioers.
St. Catharis. Steamer. Wrecked ofl the Ca
line Islands, .-Xpril, i8gl ; 90 lives lost.
St. Catherine's Light. Lsle ut Wight, estahlii
r888, is u single flash Ught every 30 wcood^;
duration of flash, five seconds , candle-TM^"
detcnnined ; illuminant. electricity.
Salnte Barbe. Frmch torpedo gun-boat. \l<,
Length i9&ft. Beam 3i|ft. Draught Ott
Displacement 430 tons. Complement 63^
Guns. Armour.
4 — 1*8 in. "SteeL"
3 Maxims. i| In. Deck.
Torpedo Tmbn.
2 Above water.
Hp. 2.aoomA& ktft. Coal loci tons„
■t Blmo't Fire. A luminous, Hectrieal displ&y
»in)ilar to the brush discharge of an electrical
machiDe. Wsible at nipht at the extremities oi
pointed objects, such as aiasl-hcatlN and yard-
arms ol ships, tops oi trees, etc., during ansettled
weather.
St George. 9K guns. Ou December 24. tSit.
this vfsst'l, with the Defence (74 guns), and the
Hero, stranded on the coast of Jutland ; 2,000
lives lost.
It. GMfge. British rst cla»{ croisrr. (Hull.
1891.)
Length 360ft. Beam 60ft. Maximum draught 36ft.
Displacement 7.700 tons. Complement S40.
^_ Guns, ArmMtr.
^^B 2 — 9*3 " 5tc«l."
^^^ 10 — 6 in. $ In. DecV.
^^^ 13 — 6pdr. 13 in. Conning tower.
H 2 Maxims.
Torpedo Tut}e$ (18 io.).
3 Submcrgefl.
Twin screw. Hp. natural 10.000= 185 kta..
Jarced 1 3.000 <= 19*5 kts. Coal maximum 1 ,350
tons. Approxiniitlc cost ^430.000.
Thus .ship-name was first introduced into the
Na^'y in 167J. and is associated with Blake's bom-
baidmeot of Tunra. 1655 ; the Four Days' Fight.
1666 ; St. James's fight. 1666 ; Sole Bay. 1672 ;
battle ofl the Texel. 1673 ; capture of the AUcanie.
1706; Hood's occupation of Toulon. 1793; Hotham's
action off Genoa, ITW T Hotham *s action ofl
Hyftres. 1795.
8t Gtoorgt. Steamer. Bound from Liverpool to
Nc«- York, destroyed by fire at sea, December 24.
1853 : 51 lives lost.
Bt Oeorse Taoht Clab. Roral. See Royal St.
George Yacht Cluh.
§t John. Admirftl Henry C. Entered Navy,
1851 : midshipman of the Cumberland ; present at
the capture ol Bomarsund, 1S54 {Baltic mcdali :
when midshipman in !^an Kin severely wounded
on the coast ol Tartary. 1855 ; present in the
action against the Bogue Anunghoy and Chucnpee
forts. Canton River, 1856-57 : received the thanks
of the Commander-in-Chief publicly for successfully
<Jefeuding the passenger steamer Fe-ttuar when
Attacked by a large Chinese force in the Canton
Oliver: engaged in the action ofl Escape Creek.
I)eep Bay. and Fatshan. lor which he was specially
promoted to heutenant (China medal. Fatshan
clasp) ; first lieutenant of Argus ; present at the
action of Kagosima. 1853 : commanded the Opouum
1854, on the south coast of China suppressing
piracy, when, duiing a period of iS months, he
captured 54 piratical jnnk&. aoo prisoners, and
some hundreds of guns : in 18O6 a fleet of 15 ixmks
ir«re attacked and captured by the Opossum, for
trhkh action he was promoted to commander,
^vceiv-ing £r,uoo bounty: •pectally promoied to
certain, 1873, for arduous surveying services fai
Japan ; rear-admiral, 1K89 : senior oHicer nn the
coast of Ireland, 1893 ; commanded the Blue
Squadron m naval manceuvrcs. 1892 ; commanded
the coast of Ireland Squadron on the Blue side
under the command of Rear'Admirat Fitzroy,
1893; vic4!-admiral, 1896; admiral, 1901 ; retirud,
1901,
8t Louis. French 1 st class battleship. (L'Orieul.
i8g6.)
Length 387ft. Beam 67ft. Maximum draught 38ft.
Displacement 11,260 tons. Complement 631.
Guns. Armour.
4—13 in. " Harvey nickel."
10 — 5's in. 14 in. Belt amidships.
8 — 4 in. 13 in. Turrets.
30 — 3 pdr. 12 in. Conning tower.
Torpado Tubes.
4 Submerged.
Twin screw. Hp. ]4,50obi8 kts. Coal maxi-
mum 1. 100 tons. Approximate cost ^t, 100,000.
SL LouiB. U.S. 1st clas-s cruiser (1004)-
Length 43 ;(t. Beam 65ft. Maximum draught 3jE^
Displacement 9.700 tons. Complement 564.
Guns.
14 — 6 in.
18—14 pdr.
12—3 pdr.
13 — 1 pdr.
8 Colts.
Armour.
" Krupp."
4 in. Bolt amidships.
4 in. Battery.
5 in. Conning tower.
Torpedo Tubes.
z Submerged.
Twin screw. Hp. 2J,ooq= jj'5 kts. Coal maxi-
mum i.soo tons,
St. LooiS. V.5. subHidtsed merchant ship (1895}.
International Co. {f.v.). Dimensions, SS4><^3^
37 ft.; gross tonnage. 1 1.639: passenger accom-
modation, 1.397 ; Hp., 18.000=19 kts.
St Luke*! aommer. .\ period of fine, quiet
weather about the middle of October.
St. Martin's snnuBer. A period of exceptionally
uiild, quiet wrathcr in November.
St Panteleimon. See Knias Potenthint.
St. Paul. Ship. See Arctic Exploration.
St Pan], Emigrant ship, with 326 Chinese on
board, wrecked on Rossel Island, September 3<Sj^
1S58 ; only nine lives saved,
Bt Petenburg Imperial Yacht Club. EsUblished
18S8. Commodore, General Baron Freedenks ;
Club House, Morskaia 31. St. Petersburg. En-
trance foe, 300 roubles : annual subscription,
200 roubles.
8t Petersborg River Yacht Club, Established
1S60. Patron. H.I.H. the Grand Duke Alexis
Alexamlrowitsch : Cotnmodore. Admiral K. NilgS :
Vice-Commodore. A. F. Mcrtens ; Rear-Commo-
dore. J. Bergman : Trcasorttr, H. H. Muser ; Secre-
tary, N. O. WasulieA: Clnb House, Krestofsky
ST.
5^4
SALMON
iBUnd. St. Potenbarg. EntTMice fee, 40 roubUs :
aonual subscription. 35 roubles.
8t T.C. Di5tinpi1-<;hing Icttm on spa fiflhlng
boats registered at St. Valcry-cn-Caux. France.
St. VlnMnt. Brituh trainiiig-«tup for boys (4,67J
toiu). Launched 181$.
St. Vincent. British ist class battleship. Laid
down 1907.
Length 500(1. Beam Soft. Draught 36ft.
t>isplacrment 18.000 tons.
CuHS. A rmour,
10—12 in. " Krupp."
iS — y$ in. 13 in. Belt amidships.
12 in. Barbettes.
Tnefufdo Tubfis (t8 in.).
4 Submerged broadside.
I Submerged Atem.
Turbine. Four screws. Hp. 23.0001*21 kta.
Approximate cost £ i ,750.000,
St Tineent, Sir John JervU. Earl (1734-182J).
Uiitinguutbcd naval officer (b. Staffordshire).
Entered the Navy 1748. and six years later was
promotc<i to lieutenant, and in 1759 distinguished
h)m.self to such an extent at the siege and capture
of Qucbtc tliBt he waa promotrd to the rank of
commander. In 1778. in command of the Fou-
droyant, he wu present at Admiral Keppel'i action
with the French ofl Ushaot, and took an active
part in that engagement. In 17S2 he captured
the French ship Pfgasr. a vessel of 74 gims. and
700 men. and was rewarded for this exploit by
being made a Knight Commander of the Bath.
In 17*^4 he was sent out conjointly with Sir Charles
Grey Jervis, and commanded at the reduction oi
.Martinique, St. Lucia, and Guadeloupe, in the
West Indies. In 179$ be reached the rank of
admiral, and two years later won his ma«t cele-
brated victory. With only 15 ships of the luie he
encountered of) Cape St. Vincent a Spanish fleet
of 26 sail, which he completely defeated, capturing
four of the rtu*niy's largent .ihips. For thw great
victon.- hr wa^ created a peer, with the title of
Earl St. Vincent. In June, 1799. be rcngoed his
command in conbcquence of ill-health, and in iSoi
was made First I,ord of the Admiralty, wlicre he
gained the admiration oi the whole country for
the way he exposed the vast corruption, and the
manner in which he laid the foundation of a system
of cconnmical adminiirtration of the Navy. In
iSst he l>ecame .Admiral of the Fleet, and died
March 13. 1.923. ^w Memoirs by J. T. Tucker
(1844). Brenton's "Life of Earl St. Vincent,"
Lord Brougham's " Statesmen of the Time of
(.ieorge III."
It. ^SM. Di.*itinguishing letters on sea fishing
boats registered at St. Valcry-sur-Somme, France.
S.A.L. Ih&tinguifthing letters on sea fishing boats
regutered at St. Annaland. Holland.
anlnmano. British ship, ia.062 gron tons.
This vessel made a remarkable voyage from tb«
Lizard to Rio de Janeiro in 30 days. On aaotlvr
voyage she went from L>over to Sydney in 76 days.
Salamander. German gun -boat. (Bremen. 1681
[.A>ngth i54ft. Beam 36ft. Draught to|ft.
Displacement t.ngi tons. Complement 76.
Ouns. Armour,
t — 12 in. " Steel."
a — 3'3 in. 8 in. Belt amidships,
a Manms. 8 in. Turrets.
6 m. Barbettes.
Tofpido Tubes.
2 Above water.
Hp. 750=10 kls. Coal 40 tons.
Saloombe Tacbt Clab. E.sUblished 1894. Com
modore, Kobcrt Heriot ; Vicc-Comuiodore, C. £.
New ton- Robinson , Rear-Corn modoru. W. H. Pikr .
Honorary Secretary and Trtasurer. Cynl E. Tumn
Salcombe. R.S.O.. South Devon. Aonaal subscrip-
tion, £1 i^.
Balflanhii. Frigate. On December 4. iSjt,
vessel was lost on the Irish coast, when 300 ]
perished.
Snlem. U.S. scout (i9U4)>
Length 424lt. Beam 4$tt.
l>i!)placement 4.000 tonit. Complement }94. j
GuHs. Amufur.
6 — 14 pdr. 2-? in. Belt nmidship**^
Tiwfutto Tmim (21 in.).
3 Submerged.
Twin screw. Hp. i6,oods24 ktv Coal 1
1.000 tons.
Salmon, Admiral Sir Nowell, V.C, O.O.B.. cr
1897 (b. February 20. 1855), Admiral oi the n«(
January. 1899. to February. 1905. EdQCS(«(l
Marlborough College. Joined Navy, 1847 ; scrvt-l
in the Balbc during Russian war (Baltic ml
in Peel's Brigade during Indian Mulmy ,i:
medal, Lucknow clasp), where lor conxptcuiNu
galbntty- he wa» decorated with the V.C-.
£xlract from the " Gaxette," Dcccmbeir .24. tH^fi
" For conspicuous gallantry' at Lucknow. Novrm
ber 16, i8s7. in climbing up a tree, toucliing the
angle of the Shah Nujjitf to reply to the fire of the
cBtmy. lor M-hich most dangerous service tlie taU
Capt&in Peel. K.C.B.. hod called for volontoers."
Promoted commander. 1858. and captured thi-
filibuster H'alMar. whUe ta command ol H.M.^
fcarus. for whicli he received a gold medal trom iLi
Central .American States ; commanded Of/tmce.
Vaitant. and Stoiftsure as captain . Comnundrrin^
Chlel at the C^pe. i&Sa-ds ; K.C.a, tM? ; C«a
mandcr-in-Chief China Station. i888-^i , Coswmd-
der-m-Chief Portsmouth, 1894-97 '< ftWtms'yH
fleet BL the Jubilee Review. June, (897: G <~ f
June 22. 1B97 : Admiral of the Fleet, 1890; i '■■■^
February 25, 1905.
SALMON
565
SANDWICH
Mm"". British torpedo-boat drstroyer. (Hull.
JS95.) Length. 200 ft. ; beam, ig ft. ; draught.
5J U. : displacement , 364 tons; complement, 50;
*rmamcnt. i 12-pdr., 5 6-pdr.. 2 tubes ; twin screw ;
Hp., 3.580=^7 kts. ; coal. 60 tons.
Sftloon. Tbc main cabiD of a ship.
Salt, Sex Memorandum.
ItH. A namo applied to an old seaman.
Sftltash Sailing Club. Esi<il>Iished in<^. Coni-
modorr. R. T. Mvadnws ; Honorary Secretary and
Treasurer. Frank Cover, Club Room. Saltash.
Cornwall. Entrance fee. toj. ; annual .tubscription,
I OS.
Salute. The act of expresatng kind wishes or
respect, and may be done by firing great guns or
Amall arms, dipping colours, flags, and topaails ;
^mannin^ the yards, cherring. etc.
Salates at sea. See Naval Oremonies.
Illmv. Sff Maritime Salvage.
Salmse Ion. In marine insurance, goods which
'faave Iwen insured and have sustained damage
coming wtthm the terms of the policy, and been
•old short of their dcstmation (at a port of refuge.
for example), arc adjusted as what is called a
salvage los.-;, i.e.. from the insured vahie of the goods
ia deducted the net procn-ds of the goods sold, and
^be baUoce is the claim on the policy, which though
In principle a particular average, is piucticalty a
total loss less salvage, (Ralli 1;. Janson 6 Ed.
£. and B. 433.)
Salve. French torpedo gunboat (Rouen. 1S87.)
I.t'ogth 196ft. Beam 2t^ti. Draught 6ft.
Di.^Iacement 406 tons. Complement 63.
^^^ Guns. A rmoHf.
^^E 4— r8 in, "Steel."
^^p 3 Maxims. 1} in. Deck.
^^H Torpedo Tubes,
^^^ 2 Above water.
I Hp. 3.000= tS kts. Coal 100 tons.
SaIvo. To hoot.
Sftlvor. The person claiming and receiving
aalvage.
Sampan. Generally applied to all small, open.
or hall flecked boats of Chinese build.
Samphire. Mail steamer. Lost through col -
taaion with an American barqae, December is. 1865 :
BBoy liv«s lost.
S&mpson, William Thomas ( 1 840- 1 qoz) . .\mencan
^miral (b. Palmira). Graduated from tbe U.S.
[■Taval Academy. 1861 : served in the Potomac
I861 , and was executive ofiicer in tlie Patapsco when
jbe wa.s blown np in Charlestown Harbour. 1865.
When the war with Spain broke out. he was placed
\Xk charge of the North Atlantic Squadron, and
^inducted the blockade ol Cuba, and his operations
paulted in the destruction ol Admiral Cervera's
fca«t. which was destroyed in attemptini; to escape
from Santiago Harbour. He was pvtnnotvd Cooi-
modare. i8qB ; rear-admiral, 1^99, and made
Commandant of the Boston Navy Yard. He died
May 6, 1903.
SamsoD-posL A spar sustained in a vertical
(position by guys, and used for the suspcm>ion of
hoisting tackle ; for getting bouts aboard ; 5shing
the anchor, etc.
Bamnel. Sir Karcas, K.T., i8g8. Bart, 1903. D.L.,
City oi Ijiiuiun. J.P.. Coimty of Kent (b. Kovera-
bet 5, 185^}. .'Vftisr iravoUing widely Ihrougbout
the Far East and in Japan, founded a business lor
the marketing ol petroleum in bulk. In 1898 trans-
ferred it to the Shell Transport and Trading Co..
Ltd.. of which he is the chairman, the company
I>osse»ing a very large 6ect of tank steamers. At
the invitation of tlie Society ol Arts, of which he is
vice-president, he read a paper on the liquid fuel.
the use of which he has constantly advocated and
largely [levclope<l. parLiculariy by founding the
Medclerlandsvr Indsche Petroleum Co., and suc-
cessfully discovering petroleum in Borneo, the pro-
duction of which is to-dav \xry large, and has led
to local steamers using petroleum as fuel, instead
of coal. Was Sheriff of F-ondon. 1894-95, and Lord
Mayor. 1903. and knighted in 1898 for ser\iccs
renderwl in saK-ing H.M-S. Vutoriom. In 1.^05
he was elected President of the Institution oi Mannc
Engineers.
Sand. Comminuted fragments of vokanic rocks,
ttmt. etc.. Rround against each other by the water on
sea beaches. *rhe colours of sand correspond tn
those of the minerals in the rocks from which they
were detached.
Sandpiper. British shallow-draught steamer ior
river sf-rvicc {85 ton^l, Launched i.S>»7.
Sandwich, Edward Montagu, Earl ol. British
admiral {1625-72). In idjiO he was as^Mciated with
Blake in his expedition to the Mediterranean, and
after the treaty with France m the following year
he held command of the flcoi sent to prevent the
relief of the three towns, Gravclines. Maidike. and
Dunkirk, and was successful in preventing an at-
tempt by a large Spanish force to retake Mardike.
At the restoration of Charles II. he commanded
the fleet which conveyed the King to England, for
which he wa.i made a Knight of the Garter, and
elevated to the peerage as Baron Montagu of St.
Neobi, Viscount Hinchin-Brooke, and FjtI of
Sandwich. During the war with the Dutch.
1664-65, as Admiral of the Blue, he greatly distin-
guished himself in the victory ofl Lowestoft. In
1673. on the renetval of the war. he commanded the
Blue Sqaadron under the Ouke of York, and during
the battle of Sole Bay. his ship, the Royal James,
was set on hre by the Dutch, and he perished. His
body was recovered shortly atterwards, and he was
barinl n Henry VIL's ChafKl, WestminMer Abbey.
SAN
566
SAPPHIRE
lu Frattciioo. Old I'.S. cniisec (i8S9). Re-
coiutnictcd i!l<>9.
Length iiitt. Beam 49H. Maximum drauglit ijil.
DispliLCemcnt 4.098 tnns. Conipirment 343.
Gun*. Armour.
la — 6 in. " SimI."
4 — 6 pdr. 3 in. Deck.
4 — I pdr. 3 in. Gun shields.
3 Colts.
Twin screw. Hp. 8,500^ 19 lets. Coal maxi-
mum 809 tons.
Sfttt QknSio. Italian armoured cniis«r (1906).
Lrngth 4ioH. Beam eglt. Draught 23ft.
Displacement 9,830 tons.
Guna. Armour.
4—10 m.. 45 cal. " Temi."
8 — a in. 8 tn. Belt amidships.
16—3 in. 7 In. BarbeltM.
8 — 1'8 in. 7 in. Conning tower.
Ttrrpedo Tu^i.
3 Submrrfted.
Twin screw. Hp. iS.ooo^si'j lets.
Saokt Qeorc. Austrian armoured cruiaer (1903)-
Length 384(1. Beam &3it. Mean draught atft.
Displacement 7,400 tons.
OuHS. A rmour.
J— i» 4 in.. 40 cal '* Krupp."
5 — 7'; in. 6 in. Belt amidships.
4 — 6 in. 8 in. Barbettes.
ft— 1 2 pdr. 5 in. Turrets.
9—3 pdr. ; in. Double casemate*.
TorfnJo Tubes (177 in.).
3 Submersed.
Twin KTew. Hp. la.jooaeji kts. Coal maxi-
mum 1 ,000 tons.
Bftn Marco. Italian armoured cruiser (1906)
U-ngtli ^2<)ii. Bfram 6Qft. Mean draught ajft.
Displacement 0.^3° tons.
Gums. .4rmQur.
4 — 10 in., 45 cal. " Temi."
S — 8 in. 8 in. Belt amidships.
16 — 3 in. 7 in. Barbettes.
8 — 1'8 in. 7 in. Conning tower.
Torpedo Ti$lMS.
3 Submerged.
Twin screw. Hp. iS,ooo = jj*5 kts.
San Martin, .\rgentsne armoured cnuser. (Or-
lando. 1896.)
Length 33aft. Beam 59} It. Maximum draught ajlL
Displacement 6,840 tone. Complement 500.
Gums. Armouf.
4—8 la., 40 cal. " Harvey."
10—6 in., 40 cal. 6 in. Belt anudstupa.
6 — 4' 7 in.. 40 cal. 6 m. Bulkheads.
ft in. Conning tower.
To^ptdo Tubet.
4 Above water.
Twm screw. Hp. natural 8.6ou»i8-$ kta. ;
lorced 15,000^10 lets. Coal maximum i.ooo tons.
This vessel was purchased tnim the Itakac
Government at a cost of ^750,000.
Bants Cms, Battla oL On April 20, 1657. the
British under Blake entirely destroyed 16 of the
Spanish ships, and secured the forts nn shore. On
July 24, 1797. nn unsDCcessful attack was madr
upon this place by Ndson, when several otbcetvand
140 men were killed. It was ai this battle thai
.'S.dmiraJ I^rd Nelson tost his right arm.
State Fe. .-Vigcntinc toq>Rdo-baat dcitroycr.
(Yarrow. 1S96.) Diaplacemcot, 2jo tons; armoui;
i-in. protection amidships; armament, t i4-pdr.(
3 6-pdr. , tubes. 3 i.?-in. ; Hp., 4.200 = 27 kts.
Sanyo RaQMrsy Co., Ltd., with their head offices in
Kobe. Japan, possess two excellent steamers, which
maintain a regular ser\'ice every cvemng from
Shimonoaeki (Japan) to Fusan {Korea), and ifit$
versa, covering the distance in about to ho^r<
Flxet.
Iki ^V'lru Tiushitma Mam.
Wko Gabriel. Portuguese small cruiser. (Havre.
1898.)
Length a46ft. Beam 35(1. Maximum draught i6ft
Displacement 1,800 toas.
OuHS. Armour.
i — 6 ID. " SteeL"
4 — 47 in. I J in. Deck.
8 — 3 pdr. 7\ in. Coanmg tower
3 Machine.
Tarptdo Tubes.
I Above water.
Twin screw. Hp. 4.000=17 kts.
Sio RaeM. fortu^oese small crtiUer, (Har
1808.)
Lj!ngth 346ft. Beam 35lt. Maximum draught 16
Displacement 1.800 tons.
Ouiu. Afuumr.
2—* in. " Sted."
4 — 4'7 «n- »i in. Deck.
8 — 3 pdr. j( m. Conninif towst
3 Machine.
Torpedo Tubes.
I Above water.
Twin screw. Hp„ 4.000= 17 lets.
Ssphir. French sca-goiag Rabrrunne. (To
1903.) Length, 147 ft. ; beam, tj (t : mash
draught, la h. . displacement, jo</ loos abo«t71
442 tons below ; complement, 22 ; txvpcdo tubo.
6 17,- in. ; Hp., 6oo«i2 kts. above, 8 kts, below.
Sapphke. Bntish 3rd class crutscr. (Palmer, looi,!.
Length 36aft. Beam 40(1. Mean draught Uft*']
Displacement 3.000 tons. Complement 996.
Gums. Armmir^
12-^4 in. •• Steal"
« — J pdr. 2 Hi. Deck.
2 Maxims.
Torpedo Tubes (t8 la.),
a A bore wat«r.
SAPPHO
567
SAUNDERS
Tv-in aciwr. Hp. o.8oo~3t'75 kts. Coal niBXi-
mum 500 tons. Approximate cost ^240,000.
This ship-Dame is associated with Blake's action
with Tromp ofl Dover. 1652 ; the battle off the
North Foreland. 1652 ; Quib«ron Bay. 1759.
Sftppba British 3rd cla<u cruiser (1^91).
length jooft. Beam 43(1. Maximum draught 18ft.
Displacement 3.400 tons. Complement 273.
Guns. A rmouT.
2 — 6 in. "Steel."
6 — 47 in. 2 in. Deck.
S- — 6 pdr. J fa. Conning towei*.
t— J pdr.
4 Bfochine.
Tofpfdo Tubes (14 in.).
4 Abo\-e water.
Twin screw. Hp. natural 7,000=^ i8'5 kts.. forced
9.000=^ 20 kt3. Coal maximum 535 tons.
Approximate cost £200,000.
SaralMtcaae. French lorpodo-boat deilroyer.
(Normand. 1902.) Length, 180 ft.; buain. ii ft.;
maximum draught. 10 ft. ; displacement. 300 tons ;
complement, 45 ; guns, i g-pdr.. 6 3-pdr. ; torpedo
tubes. 2 15-m. ; speed, 37*30 kts.
Banband. A dance.
SaratoT. Russian Government liner (iSgi).
Length, 460 ft. ; beam, 50 ft. ; draught, 26 H,;
gross tonnage, 5.427 ; Hp.. 10.000=118 kts.
Barb»cane. French torpedo - boat dcatroyer.
(Rochcfort, 1903.) I.£ugth. 183 ft ; beam, 3i ft.;
draught, 10^ ft. : displacement, 305 tons ; com-
plement. 62; armament. 1 9-pdr., 6 3-pdr.. 2 tubes;
twin Kcrrw ; Hp., 6,300 = 28 kts. ; coal. 75 tons.
SardeffSa. Italian battleship. (Spexia, 1890.)
Length 4toft. Beam 77ft. Maximam draught 39ft.
Ihsplacement [3.860 totu. Complement 794.
^ Guns. Armour.
^^K- 4 — tJ'S in* " Steel."
^^^B 8 — 6 in. 5 iu. Belt Amidships.
^^H. 16 — 4*7 In. 14 in. Barbettes.
^^^L. 30— 6 pdr. 13 in. Conning tower.
^^^^ 10 — I pdr.
^^K Torptdo Tubes (18 in.).
^^^H 2 Submerged.
^^^V 3 Above water.
^^^■\(*in jtcrew. lip. natural 15.2001^ 19 kts., forced
^^^,8oo=>2rj kts. Coal majtimum 3.000 tons.
H Approximate coat ^1,050.000.
P Sarky. Russian torpedo-boat destroyer, Black
Sc^ (Laird, 1903.) Displacement, 350 tons ; maxi-
mum draught. 8| ft. ; armament, t 1 3-pdr., 5
p^-ydr. ; tubes, s 18-in. ; Hp.. 5,500)^37 kts.
flirratia. French torpedo-boat. (Bordeaux.
1893.) Length. 139 ft. ; beam. 14J ft. ; draught.
7^ ft, ; displacement. 131I tons ; complement, 36 ;
annament, 3 3-pdr., 7 tubes; twin screw; Hp.,
r.ioo^aokts. : coal. 14 tons.
flwtari and BeriBn Wcamegr. 5m Kiel Konior
Line ajid Neuen Dampfer Compagnic.
SaaM. A navigable sluice.
Bttemt Austro • Hungarian torpedo gun-boat,
(Schichau. 1S93.I
Displacement 540 tons. Complement 61.
OuHS. Armour.
2 — 12 pdr. ( in, Amidahiprt.
8— 3 pdr.
Torpedo Tubes.
3 Above water.
Twin screw. Hp. 4,000=23 kts.
SfttoUito. Sloop of war. 16 guns. Upset Decern*
ber 14, 1810, when all on board perished.
SalnikL Jaj^anese torpedo-boat destroyer. (St.
Petersburg, 1891.) Captured from the Russians
during the Russo-Japanese war. Length. 196 ft. ;
beam, 18 ft. ; draaght. iij ft. ; displacement, 250
tons; armament, i i2-pdr., $ 3-pdr.. 2 tubes;
twin screw ; Hp.. 6.000=27 kts. ; coal, 80 tons.
SaturatiOQ. The condition of tlic air when fully
chargrd with moisture.
Saucer. A socket of iron in a wooden stock used
to receive the spindle on which the capstan rests.
Saamareo. Jamu Saamares, Lord da (1757-1836).
British admiral (b. Guernsey). Entered the Navy
1770, and Qve years later, for his bravery at the
attack of Chartcstown. was raised to the rank of
lieutenant, and sub5e<iucntly promoted commander
for his gallant services in the action ofl the Dogger
Bank. 1781. When in command of the liesotuJion,
1782. he greatly contributed to Rodneys victory
over De Gra&se ofl Lcs Saintcs. In 1793 be cap-
tured the French frigate KiuMion. for which he
received a knighthood. In 1795. when in command
of the Orion, he took part, under Bridport. in the
defeat of the French 6eet off L'Orient, and two
years later greatly distinguished himself in the
battle off Cape St. Vincent, and at the battle of the
Nile in 1798. In tHoi he was raised to the rank of
rear-admiral of the blue^ created a baronet, and
given command of a squadron intended to blockade
Cadiz. He fought two famous actions with
I..enoi9, in Algeciras Bay, and the Gut of Gibraltar,
and succeeded in defeating the Spanish and French
fleets, which outnumbered his own small squadron by
two to one. For his services he was rewarded with
the Order of the Bath, and received the freedom ol
the City of London, and a pension of ^1,200 a year.
He attained the rank of admiral, 1814; and
vice-admiral of Great Britain, 1821. He was
raised to the peerage of Lord de Saumarez in 1S31.
and in the following year made General of Marines.
Se€ Memoirs by Sir John Roes. i8j8.
Saunderi. Bir CharlM (1730-75). BritUh admiral.
Served as a lieutenant under Anson in hi.'i voyage
round the world. Took part in Hawke's victory off
Finisterre, 1747. In tj^4 was appointed treasurer
SAVE
S68
SCHICHAl
of Greenwich Hospital, and two ysan later made
Controller of the Navy. He bad comroand and
landed with the naval force at the capture of Quebec .
1759. He attained the rank of admiral ia 1770, and
died five yeaih later, and whs buried in Wcsitmiiiatcr
Abbey.
Sare-ftIL A gmall sail usually set under a lower
*itiiii<tir,gsiul.
Savetuy. Russian torpedo - boat destroyer.
BUck Sea. (Laird. 190J.) Displacement. 350 tons;
maximum draught, 8} ft. ; armament, i i2-pdr..
S 3-pdr. ; tubes, 3 i8-in. ; Kp., 5.5oo»27 kts.
Savitny. Ruiwian torpedo - boat destroyer,
BUck Sea. (Laiid. ic^oj.) Di.splaccm(;nt, 350 ton.s ;
maximum draught, RJ fl. ; :irniameiit. 1 li-pdr,
5 3-pdr. ; tube.*;. 2 i8-in. ; Hp., 5,500=27 kts.
Saw-bones, tn sea phraseology the ship's doctor.
Saxoaia. British subsidised merchant ship
(190U). Cunard J.,ine [q.v.). Liverpool -New York.
t>tmensiotis. $81 x 64x38 ft. ; gross tonnage.
14,381 ; Hp.. io.ooo=>i6 kts.
Saaanami. Japanese torpedo-boat destroyer.
(Yarrow, 1899.) Displacement, 306 tons; comple-
ment, 55 ; maximum draught, 8) ft. : armament,
I i2-pdr., 5 6 pdr. ; tubes, 2 l^-isL ; Hp., 6,000=
31 kin. ; coal, 95 tons. — '-
8.B. Distinguijibing letters on sea fishing boats
registt?red at Blankencso, Germany.
8.C. Diatiogui&hing letter.s on sea iiahiag boats
rcgisUTed at SciJly, England.
B.C. Distingutsbing letters on aca Tithing boats
registered at Btisum. Germany.
Scandaliaa a boom maln-sftil. To haul tip the
lack and let go the peak.
Scant. Applied to the wind when it heads a
shijj citT her course.
Soantltng. A piece of timber.
Scarborough. 20 guns. In October, 17&0, this
vps.sel was lost in a storm in the West Indies.
ScarboroQKh Sailing Club. Estabhshed 1895.
Conminfiore, J G. H. IVdford ; Captain, F. H.
Mason ; Vice-Captain, H. A. Chapman ; Trea.surcr,
J. B. ButterfieUI ; Honorary Secretary. Herbert E.
Watkin. Marine Parade, Scarborough. Entrance
foe, los, 6rf. ; annual subscription, loj. 6d.
Scarf. A joint uniting two pieces of timber
endwjsi.'.
Soaw.
Soend.
pitchmg.
Sceptre. 'M gims. On November 5, 1799. this
vt'iibel was wrecked in Table Bay, Cape of Good
Hope, when 291 of the crew perished.
8.O.H. Uisttnguisbiag letters on sea fisliiog boats
registered at Sclieveningcn,: Holland.
A promontory.
The motion of a ship ; as opposed to
Soharntaont. German ajnioured cniifief. (Ham-
burg, 1906.)
Length 449ft. Bcatn 71ft. Draught ztitt.^
Displacement 1 1 . 500 tons. Compiemeni $51
Guns. Armour.
S — 8 2 in. " Krupp."
6 — 6 in. 6 in. Belt amidships.
3o^3'4 in. G in. Big gun shields.
Torpedo Tubes.
4 Above wate-r.
Hp. 26,000^33 kts. Coal 300 tons.
Sohanar. Sir OliristUui Fr«derik. Rear-^dBRni
Danish Navy (b. 1849). Entered Nav>-. tUt;
served during tlie war between Prussia and .\uiini:
served in the French Navy. JSS9-92 ; tcrved u
A.D.C. to the King, 1892-1905 ; commanded tfr
Herlul TroUt [q.v.) at Portsmouth dunng ibf
coronation of King Edward VII., 1903 ; at pma
in command of the training squadron of the D»ai^
Navy ; commander, znd class, of Dannebmg at
Silver Cross of Dannebrog ; created by Ks|
Edward VU. K.C.MG., 1005.
Sohetky, John Christian Mariae paintei tk
Edinburgh). Studied on the CoutJnciit, aud fiuft^
settled in Oxford. He contributed to the rxhjh-
tions at the Royal Academy for 67 years, and ■*
represented at the Westminster Hall compcontM
in 1S47 by a Urge oil (vamting of '* The B«ttk c<
l..a Hogue." He was marine painter to George lY-
William IV., and Queen Victoria. One of bis bec
works. " The I.os5 of the RoyaJ George," paintf^e
1840, is in the National Gallery, London.
Bchichatit F., Etbing and Danzig. Tlie shipyarik
of this ttnn take rank among the iot«mo»t ot^
lishmcnts in Germany which ore engaged ia Ik
construction of warships.
The works established by the late FerdiiMif
Schichau in the year i8j7 in £lbaig, and dv
established by him in 1891 at Daniig. toffisa
have an area of 168 acres, 17^ a^ires of whidiM
covered by buildings. The works indncSe te fei-,
lowing : Engine works, iron, steel, and
foundries, and the shipyard at Elbing ; the
live works and boiler shops at HI bine ; tb«
yard for the constmction of vessels of all su
Danzig ; the floating docks and repairing shop a
Pillau.
At the present time the works coQectxvd;
ploy some 7,000 workmen, and for these
accommodation in Ihe lorm of suitably
workmen's houses is provided. Among the moUt^
constriction work done by this firm mestioa i^s
be made of the first high-pressuxc engine b^ *
1840; the first steam dredger, 1841 : th« V
.Hcrew steamer, Borussia. 1855 ; the first 3M-ga<(
torpedo-boat, which was built for the Rna*
Navy, 1 877 ; the first compound eci^e fittol a *
ship, built for the German Navy, 1878; the
compound locomotive made in Germany, 1
Uie first triple expansion engine built on the
tinent, 1881 ; the Ant triple expmnsioa engine boilt
for a torjiedo-boat. rS8j ; the first Ma-going
torpedo-boat, AeUer, built for the RussiAn Navy,
1888. which attained 3. speed of 284 lets, on her
trial trip, and was at that time the fastest vessel
in existence. The^c Schichau sca-goiog torpedo-
boats attained a grrat reputation, and nearly all
the navies of the world have at the present time
vessels built by Schichau in their fleet, notably
Germany. Italy, Austria, Russia. Turkey. China,
Japan, Braxil. Norway, Sweden.
The mgtnc works, with their rooiuy wcrk-hall:>
and lofty fitting shops, an* so fitted up with modem
machine tools and cranes of every description that
the highest degree of efficiency in their work is
eosored. In these shops 2.300 engines have beeu
produced, with a total I. Up. of 1.500,000. In
addition to numerous .stationary engines of the
most varied description. 280 large size Ht^am-
engines for the central clcctnc power-houses of
almost all the important town.s of the Continent
have been built Iiere, including, among others,
Rome, Madrid, Barcelona, Budapest. Moscow,
St. FVtcrsbnrg, Warsaw, Kiev, Viadivostock, Ham-
burg, .Mtona. Bremen, Hanover, Breslau. KQnigs-
berg, and Berlin ; amongst others, also, to the
United Stati?s of America and Lima (Peru).
The iron and steel foundry, recently erected and
fitted up in the most modem st>'te. supplies castings
of all dimensions ranging up to 60 tons, and the
brass iouudty supplies castings for home needs in
connection with the shipyard ajid for those of
other firms.
The shipyard at Elbing affords, ori its 15' berths,
room for the construction cif a like number of
\'essel5. and is equipped with all the necessary- tools
for the convenient handhng and .suitable wtu'king
of iron and steel material. More than 800 river
and sea-going steamers. a.s well as over 60 dredgurs
of various coti-structiou and size, have tieen turned
out by the yard, and to these roust be added
4.00 torpedo-boats. torpedO'buat destroyers, and
cruisers, wliich during the last 23 years have been
constructed for the various navies of the world.
Torpedo-boat destroyers having speed up to
35 kts. have been designed and constructed by
this firm. With few exceptions all these vessels
were navigated uadec their own steam to their
destination — I'lr.. the naval ports of Kiel and
Wilhclmshavcn (Germany). Cronstadt. and Nico-
laiefl and Vladivostock (Russia). Pola (Austria),
Spezia (Italy), Constantinople [Turkey). Rio de
Janeiro (Brazil). Foo Chow and Tientsin (China).
where, after more or less difficult passages, they
arrived in good condilion.
Thc electric power centre .supplier electricity for
the lighting up of the whole works and for the
transmiHston of power to the numerous shops,
orhces. and detached machinery. mcludmR large
and small cranes.
The Schichau shipyard at Duuig i» situated on
the broad hfnd of the Vixtula, and covers an area
of about yi acres. It has ample room in the berths
for eight vessels of the largest dimensions and
unlimited draught, ao that ftrst-class armour-clads
and (ast ."Vtlaniic liners can be built here.
The yard has machine toot-s of the most modern
pattern, and a large Sheer-leg crane of 1 an tons
lifting power for " fitting out " and " boilering "
purpofies.
Of the vcs.'^els which ba%'e in recent years) been
tvmed out by the Danzig yard the battleship
Kaiser Barbarossa, Wettin. Etsass, Lothringeit. and
ScHlesien for the Imperial German Navy deserve
foremost mention. The Kaiser Barbarossa. be-
longing to the Kaiser class, is a vessel of 11.15s
tons displacement and 14,000 Hp.. with an ordinary
sieammg speed of 18 kt.5. ; the battleship H'ettin
belongs to the IV iitelsbach class, and has a dis-
placement of ii.Suo tons and 17,500 Hp.. which
gives her an ordinary steaming speed of 18 kts. ;
the Lothringeit. Ehass. and ScMtcsien ni the D£U$sck-
land class, have displacement of 13.400 tons, with
16,000 Hp.. which will give an ordinary sea speed
ot tS kis.
For tliu- Imperial Russian Navy this yard built
the protected crui.ser Notiih in 1809. a vessel of
3.000 tons displacement, wth 18.000 Hp., which
gave her a sea speed of 26 kbt., and she was. until
destroyed by the Japanese duricg the Russo-
Japanese war. the fastest ship of her kind afloat
In earlier years the 5»chichau work.s turned out tlie
corvette cruiser Ge/inn. of 3.7tKj tons displacement.
10.000 Hp., and a sea speed of 3i kts., and tlie
gun-boats litis and Jat;uat.
For the German mercantile marme some 01 tlie
largest and finest steamers in existence have been
built.
For the Norddeutscher-Uoyd the Impenal mail
steamer Print Rodent Lt*itpold and Prim Heinrich,
of )2.oo<] tons; the mail steamer lirtmett. 18000
tons ; the Gn'sser Kut/t*rst. 23,000 tons : the
Zieten. 10,000 tons ; the Sfydlitc, m.ooo tons ; the
York. 10.000 tons; and the Kfetst, 10.000 tons.
To the order of the Grand Ducal General Railway
Management at Schwerin the S'lhichau works con-
structud three large steam ferry -bpat:i, tg p'y
between Wamemundc and Gjcdser. on the deck
ol which railway trams run with their passengcra.
the latter being thuji transponed over sea with-
out change of vehicle. In tliis way passengers to
and from Copenhagen are afiorded the liighest
pofsiblc degree of comfort.
At Pillau there is a floating dock of comiiderable
size, and the adjoming repairing shops offer facilities
for executing all kinds of repairs. This )'ard Ls
also celebrated for the construction of stum
dredger? made 00 the FruhUng system which has
revolutionised dredging, it heing pwwihlr with this
class or vessel to reduce the cost ol dredging to
atM>ut one-filth.
SCHIFFS
570
SCOTCH
Sohllb nnd AK^unenbwi AetiBD-GeseliscliAtt.
Mannheim. Thi« yard was founded la J8s,t by
Mtssrs. Schulz Bros., and was formed into a joint
fttock company in td93. ^hrn an amalgamation
took place with the finn of Bemhard Fischer.
Tlie area of the yard is about 10 acres, and con*
tains building slips, macliine shops, and workshops
which give cmpIo>'tnent to about 600 men. Daring
(he last 50 years 253 vessels of various descnption
have been built, together with 350 dredgers, a class
of vessel in which the shipyard specialises. For
the coostruction of the Kaiser Wtlhdm Canal thu
wharf built i> steam dredgers, with a capacity of
20,000 cbm.
Schiller. Went on the rock^ off the Scilly Isles.
May 7, i8;5, and became a total wreck ; 331 lives
lost.
Sc^UMien. (Verman ist class battleship. {Schi-
chau. 1905.)
I.«ngth 430ft. Beam 7Jft. Mean draught 35lt.
Oisplacvmeot 13.400 tons. Complement 700.
GuHS. Armour.
4 — 1 1 in. " Knipp. ■
14 — 6"7 in. 10 in Belt-
aa — 34 pdr. 11 in. Barbettes.
4 — I pdr. tl in. Tiunrts.
4 Machine. I3 in. Conning tower.
Torpedo Tubas.
6 Submerged bow, stern, and broadside.
Three screws. Hp, 16.000 = iS ktv Coal maxi-
mum 1.800 tons, .^pproximate cost ^i.aoo.ouo.
SohlMwig Holstein. G«nnan ist class battleship.
(Schichau. iqo6.|
Length 43o(t. Beam 7ift. Mean draught 2$tt.
Displacement 13,400 tons. Complement 700.
Gvns. Armour.
4— II in. " Krupp,"
14—67 in. to in. B«lt.
32 — 34 pdr. II in. Barbettes.
4 — t pdr. II in. Turrets.
4 Machine. 12 in. Conning tov^er.
Torp€4o Tube*.
6 Submerged bow, stem, and broadside.
Three sci«w8. Hp. i6.oooei 18 kts. Coal msxi-
mum 1 .80D tons. Approximate cost ^1^00,000.
Soboltcn, W. A. Dutch steamer. Sunk by
collision with the Rosa Mary, of Hartlepool. 06
Dover. November 19. 1887 . 130 lives lost.
Schools, Naftl. Sm Naval E.<itablishment.v.
Schools of Engineariiur. Ste Naval Education.
Schooner. A small craft with two masts and
without tops ; a name often applied to fone-and-aft
VAs^rU nf various classes.
Schorpionen. Ketherianda coast defence monitor
(|]i78). Displacement, about a.ooo tons. OI no
lighting value.
Bohtsohafca. Russian submarine (1905). 5peed>
9 kus.
Sebnyt
HolUnd.
A Dutch venel nani tot riv«r trade ia
Sebwaben. Gennan i4t class battleship.
helmshaven. ifwi.)
Length 416ft. Beam 67(t. Maximum draught afl
Displacement it. A 30 tons. Complrmt-nt A50. ;
Guru. A rmour.
4 — 9*4 in. ■* Krupp,"
18— « in. 9 In. Belt
I a — 15} pdr. 10 In. Barbettes.
12— I pdr. 10 in. Turrets.
8 Machine. 10 in. Conning tower.
Torptdo Tubn.
S Submerged bow and broadside.
I Above water stem.
Three screws. Hp. Hi.noo:* 18 kts. Coal maxi-
mum t.joo tons. Approximate cost ^i.ioo.ooo.
Sohwalbe. German gun-boat. (WilhelmsJuvc
1889.)
Length aojlt. Beam 3o^lt. Draught lafu
DispUcemeot 1,100 tons. Complement 117. '
Guns. Anrwur,
8 — 41 in. "Steel."
7 Maxims. 3 in. Deck amidsliipa.
Torpedo r«6*j.
a Above water.
Hp. 1, 500*13-5 kts. Coat 365 tonu.
So<^w of oabla. The length of cable ; and sbuultl
be at least three times the depth of water andar
the vessel.
Soore. Twenty.
SoOTMby, Captaia. Ste Arctic ExploraUon.
SoocpiO. Steamer. Soiled from Cardifl loc
Charente, December 4, 1874. and was never heard of.
loorpion. 74 guns. On November 30. 179],
this vessel was destroyed by fire at Leghoni.
Scorpion. German gun-boat. (Bremen. tR8t.)
Length 1 54(t. Beam 3<5ft. Draught io|a
Displacement 1,091 ton.<t. Complement 76.
Gurts. .4«»M<r.
I — 12 in. " Steel."
- ~yi '•*■ 8 "'■ ^1* amidslupv
3 Maxims. 8 in. Turrets.
S in. Barbettes.
Torpedo Tubes.
a Above water.
Hp. 759= 10 kts. Coal 40 tons,
Soorpiooe. Italian torpedo-boat destroyer. (Elh
ing- 190(1.) Length. 168 ft. ; beam, 17 It. ; dr;i . i
7 It. : displacement, 315 tons ; armament. 3 j ji' ,
3 tabes; twin screw; Hp., 3,000*34 kts.; <o«l.
40 tons
Scotchman. .A plate of wood or iron to prevent
the !itanding rigging being chafed.
Scotch milt. The name given to the &ne rain or
driuir u-hich is of frequent occurreooe in billT
country.
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Sootia. An tron paddle vessel. j66 X 47 y 30^ ft. :
gross tonnage. .1.871. Launched, 1862, for the
Cnnard Co. She was the fastesl Atlantic paddle-
wheel strainer ever built, ami lias the distinction of
being the laHt paddte-wheel !tteanieToon<ttnicte<1 fnr
the Canard Co.
Scotia. L. and N.W.R. steamer. (Dumbarton.
1902.) Dimensions, 33BX 39 y 16 ft. ; gross tonnage.
1.871 : tip.. 7,000; sea speed. 22 kts; passenger
accommodation. 1,314, Refet to Tendon and North
Western Railway Co.'s Steamers.
Scoda, Ship. See Antarctic Exptoratiou.
Scott, Admiral Et. Hon. Lord Charles Thomas
Montagu Douglas-, Q.03., cr. 1902 (b, i.'^.^o). Edu-
cated St. Peters College. Radley. Entered R.N.,
f«53; served in H.M.S. Si. Jean dArc m Bailie
doriag Russian war. 1854 ; Black Sea, 1855 ;
ser\'cd in H.M.S. Haleigh in China, during China
war. 1S57 : at Fatshan Cieek, and other boat
engagements in Canton Ri\-er, May. June, and
July (China medal. Fatshan clasp) ; midshipman
in Pcrle's Naval Brigade, 1857-58, daring Indian
Mutiny, specially mentioned iu despatches (Indian
medal) : lieutennnt in H.M.S. Fort and Emerald.
and Royal Yacht. 1B65 : commander. 1865 :
commander 01 HinaUio ; served as Second-in-Com-
mand of Na^'al Force under Captain Hcnisige,
landed for the protection of British subjects at
Yang Chow, 186A: commandtxl Icarus. 1868-71,
during troubles in Formosa : commanded flotilla
of boats in conjunction with Naval Brigade under
Commodore O. j. Jones, at the destruction of three
piratical walled villages up the Outing-poi Creek,
near Swatow, t868 ; captain. 1873 ; captain of
Bacchante in commission. 187^82. in which ship the
late Prince Albert Victor and Prince George, now
I^ncc of Wales, served as midshipmen ; A.D.C. to
the Queen. I886-S8 : captain of Afincourt. and
afterwards of Steam Reserve. Chatham. 1888 ;
rear -admiral. 1888 ; Commander-in-Chief on Aus-
tralian Station, 1889-92 ; one of the umpires in
Na\*al Manceuvrcs. 1893 : vice-admiral, 1894 ;
K.C.B. on Her Majesty's birthday, 189B ; admiral,
189U ; Commander-in-Chief, Devonport. njoo ;
G.C.B., 1902 ; Commander in-Chief. Plymouth,
190a ; retired, 1904.
Seott. R«ar-Admiral Percy Montagu, C.V.O.
1902, C.B. 1900 (b. 1X53). Entered Navy. 1806; as
sub-lieutenant served during the .^shantee war,
'873-74 (Ashantec medal) ; promoted to lieutenant
for scr\-icc9 in the expedition np the Congo against
pirates, 1875 : mentioned in despatches ; gunnery
tieutenant of Inconstant during Egyptian war, 18B2 ;
landed with Naval Brigade, again mentioned iu
despatches {Egyptian medal, Khedive's Bronae
Star. Medjidie 4th Class) ; commander, 1886:
received /loo prixe. Royal Naval College. 1887 ;
captain, 1S93 * captain of Terrihle, served on shore
with Naval Brigade during war in South Africa.
1894-1900: rendered great service in transporting
thp heavy guns, mentioned {n Sir R. Bnller's
despatches, 1900. and made CD. (or ser\-icea
rendered ; landed forces with mobile naval guns
off Takii. igna; whs successful in planning and
superintending the raismg in nine days of a large
dredger in connection with the dockyard extension
at Hong-Kong: rear-admiral, 1905 ; has served on
Ordnance Committee, on Committe** on Naval
Uniforms, and Naval Exhibition Committee ; is
the inventor of night signalling apparatus now
used in the Royal Navy, and of various apphances
for improving heavy gun shooting . also invented
the gun carriages which enabled 6 in. and 4'7 in.
guns to be used in Soutli .\fricn during the war.
Scott. Captain Robert Falooa, H.T.O. 1901 . O.V.O.
1904, F.R.O.S. {1>. Devonport, 186S). Enteral
Navy 1886: heutenant in Rovtr. (887-88, in Am-
pkion, 1889; torpedo heutenant of the Majtstu.
dag^hip Channel Squadron, 1898-99; commander,
1900 : commanded the National Antarctic Expedi-
tion ill the Diarovrry ; Hpent the winter of igoz-o')
in McMurdo Bay. Victoria Land, and during the
winter he, with Dr. Wilson and Lieut. Shackleton.
travelled 94 miles south from the ship, reaching
land in 80' i7'S. lat. 173* W. long., thuK estabUsh-
mg a world's record for the furthest point south.
On this journey he pushed further south by some
300 miles than any previous explorer ; estaUi^hed
the fact that the interior of Victoria Land con
tinues at a height of some 9,000 ft., and is a vast
coatincntal plateau. During the sIcUge journey,
great liardshiiis were endured, all the dogs perished,
and the oSicers bad to drag their sledge back to the
ship. Commander Scott had the honour of being
the recipient of a cable message from H.M. King
Edward VII,, in which His Majesty congratulated
him and his officers and crew upon their successful
exploration. He was awarded one of the two
Royal medals lor 1903 by the Royal Geographical
Society, and the gold medal of the Koyal Danish
Geographical Society, for his services as leader ol
the Antarctic Expedition.
Bcoft, WiuAeld. American admiral (b. Frederick.
Maryland. 1839). Interested himself in Arctic
exploration, and in 1884 was given command of the
Greeley relief expedition, and succeeded in rescuing
the explorer and six survivorsat Cape Sabine ; during
the Spanuh- American war, 1898, be was in inune-
dialu command at the deistructicm of Cervera's
fleet off Santiago.
Scottish and Irish Royal Had Line. establishr<l
1825, with the head oHices m Glasgow, owned and
managed by Messrs. G. and J. Bums, Ltd.. main-
tain a mail service twice every evening between
Glasgow and Belfast via Greenock and via Ardros
san. There is also an express dayhght service
during the summer months from Glasgow to Bel-
fast and back in the same day by the new turbine
steamer R.M.S. Viper. Steamers iail every Wed-
nesday and Saturday for Glasgow and London-
denry, calling at Greeaock and MoviUe. returning
Irom Londonderry every Monday and Thursday ;
others leave Gla3{;ow every Tuesday, Thursday,
and Saturday ior Manchester, reinrning from Man-
chester every Monday. Thursday, and Saturday,
There is also a M'rxice three or four times weekly
between Gla^ow and Liverpool, calling at Grueuock.
Flikt. ,
.■tiligator, Htmitd. Seat.
Apf. Lurcktr, Setter.
Dtomedatf, Ma^pit. Spaniel.
GotiUa. Partridge. Vipft.
Grampux. Pointer. Vuttufe.
ijrOMic, H'oodcock.
Scottish Boat Iiisuraiui« Co.. Ltd. Regiatcn-d
March ^i, 1879, ivnth an authorised capital ol
7.000 shares ol ^t t-ach, of which 6.000 have been
issued and arc iully paid. Since its incorporation
a reserve fund has Ixt-n built up of ^15,000. For
■otne yrant pant the company ha.<i i>aid a regular
dividend of i2l% jwr annum.
The directors ol the company arc (1906) :
WUliam McConnachie George Walker, James F.
Cardtio, John Finlaysion, George Laurence, John
Rpiach. Alexander Gordon, Robert Tindall, James
DaUiel Mclntoflh. solicitor (secretary). Oftici? :
J" Seaforth Street. Fraserburgh.
Sootts* Shipbuilding and Engincaring Co.. Ltd.,
GrtcDOCk. The uiauiu-niDCe of au industry lor
30D years by one family, in the direct line of suc-
cession and in one locality, is almost unique in the
history of western manufacturers. The Scotts
Iwgan the building of ships in Greenock in 17 ri.
Today their descendants of the sixlh generation
worthily maintain the high traditions which have
accumulated during the intervening joo years.
The Scotts, like a few other »hipbiiildcrs on the
Clyde, were coocemc<l for tlie greater part of the
eighteenth ccnturj- in the building of fishing and
coasting boats. There belonged to Greenock in
1728 an many as 900 such fishing boats locally
built. In 1752 th? Greenland Whalo fishunes were
engagwl in, and this led to a development m the
Blie ot craft. In J765 William Scott built a lai'ge
squan-rigged ship for some merchants ol the town
of Hull. This ship is notal^e, so wc arc told in
Brown '.s early annals of Cri^nock, as probably
being the lirvt ship built on the Clyde lor owners
ont of Scotland. To take a fairly rejwcscntativc
year. i7;&. i8 vessels, ranging up to 77 tons, and
Qi a total of 1,073 ^^^^ burdcji, were constructL-d
in Grixnock. and of the ntmiber six were built by
tin: Scott*. Between 1773 and 18^9, the period of
expansion imdcr the second John Scott, the out-
put was 1 6.800 tons. This output included a
succession of fine ships for the West India trade,
among which may be mentioned the Grfnada, of
650 too.s burden, and the Jo/tH CampbfU. of 446 tons,
built ill i.soft— the first ship launched on the
Cly46 V(ith ail rigging in position. In the firat ball
of the nineteenth ceatiiry they continned Co ^
duce a long aeries of successful saihng ships. vUt
at the same time taking a creditable part is ike
evolution of the steamship. Steam, however, m
not possible in long-distazice voy^%ci until praBB
bad been increased and coal consumption mhad
to moderate limiu. The highest conception odUa
iron sailing ship, as built by the nrm, was proUyt
embodied in the Lotd of the Isles, completnl a
1856. Her register tonnage was 691 tons, andka
builder's measurements 770 tons. C-arrying a \up
cargo on board, she made ber first trip to Sy^ra
in 70 days, which was a record at that time. Ai
made the passage from Shanglia.i to Londoa a
»7 days with 1,030 tons of tea on board, latm
trip she averaged 320 nautical miles for ftw o»
sccutive days. When engaged in the celehnarf
race (or the delivery of tli*? •tt-a.^on's tea tnn
Foochow-foo to London, in 1856, she beat tw)^
the fastest .\mehcaja dippers of almost twice I
tonnage, constitutmg a record voyage troiii 1
and taking away irom the Anu*ricans the "Bbf
Ribbon " of the ocean.
The Scotts were early close students of
inventive work, and among the first to enter 1
the building of steamships, .^mong the
were the Active, of 59 tons, and the De^p
58 tons, which were followed by the
iiSt6, which had engines of 14 Hp. iximuial nf
plied on the Shatmon between Limenck Iti
Kilrush. In three successive years — bma iHn»
1^31.— the three largest steamers in the
came from these works. The record was
in 1819 by the Wata-loo. of o\-er 20a took
engines ol 60 N.Hp. ; in 1820 the Superb, of s^n W*
register, with engines of 73 N.Hp. ; and m tftt
following year the Majesiic, of 54; tooB, wdk
engines of 100 Hp. In 1819 there began a scnM
with the Robert Bruce and Str WtUiam tr«afl
between the Clyde and Liverpool, and the nttrt
of the maiden voyage of the former m Aupoat
[819, shows that 2) hours wcn^ occupied in tk
run from Glasgow to Greenock, aboat 32 ublK.
and within 26 hours the vessel took on her pd^
at the North-West Lightship outside the
Bar. In iV>2z the City of Glasgow was tntSt I
this run, and this vessel attained a speed of 1
to kts., and was reputed the fastest afloat,
of the first steamers to trade in the Meditenaarti
was the Superb, sent thither in lia^, ao(f tfe
Trinacria. also built by the Scotts. tolk)*rei ■
1825. These ran bttwecn Naples and
The majority of the engines lor these early !
were constructed by Napier or Cook, and
the side-lever or beam type. lu iSjc.
John Scott, who had done so much for ths j
gress of the firm, deudcd to commenoe
machinery, ami acquired the works whtcb
liince been developed into the well-known <
Foundry. The number of men then
amounted to about 330, while the weekly 1
bntioa at wages was £iBo. As a contrast, it may
be said here that there arc now 4,000 men in the
works earning per week over £5.^00 in wages.
The use of steam expansively in multiple-cylinder
engines was, however, the most important factor
ia tlie development of the steamship during the
latter hall of the nineteenth centur>-. The late
John Scott, CD., wa^i so convinced of Uitr economy
of sti'am al higher pressure-'^ in the coni{H>und
system that he decided to build, at his own ex-
pense, a vessel which would enable him to put the
system lo a thorough test. This steamer, con-
structed of iron in i8;8, was Uie Tfutis. wbkb
was undoubtedly an epoch-making atiip, as ber
maclunery whs operated at an initial pressure of
115 lbs. to the square inch— exceptionally high for
those days. For the first time surface condensers
v,exc xiaetl ii: assoclHtiun witb tlir compound marine
enRine. The engines wnrked up to 51 revolutions
|-)rr minute, and tlu- maximum I.Hp. was 356.
The engines were ined by the late Professor
Rankm. F.R.S., who certified Uiat the coal con-
sumption on inal was 1018 Ih. per THp. per
bour—iLn cxtravrdinar^* result even In the light of
motlern im[irovement.s.
The work for the Navy by the Scotts began with
the building in 1803 of a sloop-o(-war named the
Prince of Wales. Since tlie construction of this
ship the firm has carried out several important
Admiralty contracts, including the first machinery*
manufactured in Scotland for a dockyard •built ship,
the first steam frigate built in the North, and several
later .ships with their engines, the most recent
order being for the machtnet}- of the armoured
cruiser Defence, of 14.600 tons displacen^cnt . and
27,000 I.Hp. to give a speed ot 2,1 kts.
Many notable yanht^ have been constructed in
these yards during the last hundred years, both
itailing and steam. The fur&t notable Clyde racing
yachts, of which there is any record, tieing launched
in tSoj. Among ihe best remembered of the
yachts built by John Scott were the cutters Hawk
and Hvfft. coustiiicli-d for himself, and tl)e CtatetUe
for Mr. Robert Sinclair. The Hawk was a suc-
cessful racer, and securest many cherished prixcs.
but the Clarenc< was her Kitpenor, and was Die
first of a long Unu of prize-winucrs which have
brought renown to the Clyde. In all, she won
over 30 chaliungc troiitiies, and in h^r ttest season
never suflcred defeat. Many notable iiteam yachts
have boen constructed at this jmrd, and while it
IS not possible to refer to them all. mention may be
made of the Tuscarora, built in iJ:t<>7 lot William
Clarke. o( Paisley ; tlu; Margarita, cnnstrucu-d for
A. J. Drexel. of Philadelphia ; the Erin, now
owDfrd by Sir Thomas Lipton ; the Beryl, owned
by the Right Hon. Baron Inverclyde; and the
GHanaig, built in 1904 for R. S. Scott.
Among the countries which have had new ships
in recent year« from these yards may b« mentioned
France, Russia, Italy. Oenmark, Holland, Portugal,
Greece, India, the Strait Settlements, Chinm. Abs
tralia. New Zealand, Brazil, several American
Republics, and tlie United States oi America.
Taking into account only the large vessels built
during the past 50 years, there are 105 of Scotts
steamers trading in China Seas, 26 in the Indian
Ocean, 10 on the North Atlantic, and nine on the
South African Sea^, jo in the South American
waters, 18 in the Colonial service, and 97 on the
European coast, while m home waters there are
many more. During the last 45 years 48 vessels,
with a tonnage of mB.jsj. have been constructed
for the Holt Line ; 64 vessels, with a tonnage of
150,600 for the China Navigation Co. ; and for
the last 30 years the yard has practically never
been without a vessel for one oi' the other branch
of ibe Eastern trade.
The shipyard covers rin ;irrn of 4u acrrs. TIic
workK have lu building 1>erths. ranging in length
up to 700 ft., for the construction of 9hip<; of all
sizes, with departments tor producing nil the
accessories lor machinery. There are three gepe-
rating sets, with a total cajiacity of 12,000 kilo-
watts, the voltage being 240. The eJigine and
boiler works are replete with evpr\' modem ap|>li-
ance, and a special shop has been constructed and
laid out lor the manufacture of turbine machlner>'
oi the greatest power. It would be impossible
to give details of the splendid equipment of the
works, but enough has been said to show the sound
progressive spirit in the lirm, wliich recognises the
necessity for continual impruvemenl in adminis-
tration and design, and in machine tooh and
methods of manufacture.
Scout. Rriti.Hh 3rd cla.vi craistT (1,51^0 tons.
167 kts.|, [jiunched 1885.
Soow. Flat -bottomed boat commonly used as a
lighter.
Scrabble. A term apph«l when the sliip'it log Is
unttrn badly.
8or«w. See Propeller.
Scrimp. Scanty.
Scroggs, John. -S^i^ Arctic L'xploration.
ScroU. A piece of timber bolte<l to the xtem of
a ship in lieu of a figurehead.
8.-Ol Abbreviation for strato-cumulus, as
adopted by the International Meteorological Com-
mittee and used in the International Cloud Atlas.
Send. A light, low cloud near the earth's sur-
face, (Inven along by stormy winds beneath heavy
cloud !%.
Scudding. Running licfore a gule.
8cun. A idtort oar.
SeoUing. Moving the flat of an oar over the
stern of :t l>oat to propel it through the water.
Scupper. A channel for water to run ofi the
decks.
80DftQ«. A hole in Uie side of a ship for light mod
air : also a hotr made to let in -water.
Soi'Ilft. BrititEh jrd class cntistT (iSqO-
length jtooft. Beam 4 Jit. Maximum draught i8(1.
DisplacemeDt .1,400 tons. Complement 373.
Guns. A rmour.
2 — 6 in. "Steel."
6—47 in. J in. Deck.
8 — 6 pdr J in. Conning tower.
1—3 pdr.
4 Machine.
Torpedo Tubfs (14 in.|.
4 .Miovp water,
Twin screw. Up. natural 7.000= i8'; lets,.
forced Q. 000= 20 lets. Coal maxtmum 535 tons.
Approximate cost ^200,000.
SJ). DistiQguishtng letters on sea fishing boatt
rcKistered at ;\ltona, Germany.
B.D. DistinjijULshing letten^ on sea fishing boati
registered at .SedisfjtwxJr. Denmark,
8.D. DiBtinguUhing letters on aea fishing boatA
registered at Sunderland. England.
Bd. Sound. Abbreviation adopted on the charts
iwiied by the Hydrographic Office, Admiralty.
8.0.1IC. DistinguUhing letter? on sea fishing
boatH registered at Schiedam, Holland.
8.B. Distinguishing letters on aea fishing boats
registered at Elm^hom, Germany.
8.B. DiKtinguishing letters on sea fishing Itoats
registered at Svaneke, Denmark.
8.E. Distinguishing letters on sea tuihing boats
registered at SaJcombc, England.
8m. a general name lor the great body ol salt
water which covers the greater part of the earths
surface ; the ocean {q.v.). In a more limited sense
the term is applied to that part of the ocean which
from its position or configuration is looked upon
as distinct, and deserving of a special name, r.|,'..
Mediterraneoo Sea, Black Sea, etc. Tlic term \^
also occasionally applied to inland lakcfi. cf., Cas-
pian Sea, Sea of Galilee, etc.
Refer to Admiralty ; Collisions. Regulations (or
the Prevention ol ; Collisionsi at Sea . Derelict ,
High Seas: Marine Insurance; Maritime Salvage ;
Mantune Laws ; Ocean ; Sva Fislieries ; Sea
Letter.
8n anollOr, See Drogue.
Sftft-arrow. See Flying Squid.
Sea birds. The taw lelatmg to sea birds \% con-
tained in the Wild Birds Protection Acts, tSSo-
1904.
Thf shooting, attempting to shoot, the snaring, or
the use of any boat lor the purpose of shooting or
causing to be shot, any wild bird betwL%n the fini
day of Marcti and the first day of August is an
oflence punishable by a court ol summ.nry juris
dicbon by a hne. {a) ^i for each bird killed or
each attempt lo kill a bird mentioned in
schedule of this Act (1880), and ib) ;«. for
bird, or a reprimand (if first oflencc) and co«t».
Secretary of State may, upon application by
County Council, extend or vary the times of
S0ason, and. by the Act of 1S94. make an order
prohibiting the taking or destruction of wild birds'
eggH within the limits nf a county ur any part
thereof.
By the Act Ol 1904. any person who sets any 1
likely to cause injury to any wild bird shall
liable to a penalty not exceeding 401., ami fa
second offence to a penalty not exceeding {,$.
Offences committed within the jurisdiction of \
Admiralty are tried and punished as if committed
upon any land In tlie United Kingdom.
Saa-bOBTd. The name given to a territory,
irict, or land bordering on the Aea : the sr«-&
Bea-boat. A term applied to a Uiip tonside
with regard lo her .<4ea-gotQg qualities.
Sea-btMse. A breexe wliich blows from the «h
in ui>on the land. M is more marked in the tr
rhan elsewherv, hut occurs in e**er)' latitode
commences in the altcmoon and travels to the land
to supply the place of the air which has heen
heated and ascended m the earlier part of the day.
Hffer to Bre«e9.
Sea briel. Set Paaaport.
Sm deviL &# Angler Fisli.
8ea fisheries. Wittun the territorial watc
ol a nation, its siibjcjcls have the exclustiri
of fishing. Within the territorial waters of I
and Wales the Agriciilttiml and Fisheries
{q-v.) is empowered by the Sea Fisheries RcgoU-
tion Acts. 168S-94. to create sea-fishery tUntric
and to appoint local Fisheries Committees for I
control. The committees make and enforce
laws for the regulation and protection of
and the observance of a close season. Bv the !
Fisheries Regulation (Scotland) Act, iS'ij,
Secretary for Scotland may. on application Ot 1
county council, town council, or police cob
sioncrs. create and define the Itniits of sea hsiwtie*
districts. Fisheries in certain parts of the sea luniabr
outside territorial waters are the subject of con
ventions between Great Britain and other Riliae»
Sea fisheries in the English Channel and North Vs
are subject to the Sea Fisheries .\ct« (44 5. rA^.t
and i8g.i. The Belgian declaration of 1891 pro
vides for the settlement of diflerences hetwipM
f^nglish and Belgian ttshermen in the North Sol
Seaflower. British sailing brig (454 ton*}.
1.diini:lu(l 1673.
Sealord. Cliaund ^.tcanwr. Sunk by
with the Ly-ou between Ncwbaven atui
.August 20. 1895,
SeA-fauge. A self-regrcicrtng apfwcatas far
ascertaining depths beyond ocdinavy *to«pi*.
SEAGULL
575
SEAMEN
aoundingfi. A body ol ur is condeiued by a column
of quicksilvL-r on «-hJch the water acts, and a viscid
inatphal floats on the quickstlvrr and leaves its
hiRh pressure marked m the tube.
SuffoU. British torpedo pin - boat (i88q).
Length ^lolt. Ueara zjH. &[aximum draught 12JI.
Displacement 735 tons. Complement 90.
Guns.
3—^-7 in.
4—3 pdr.
Torpedo Tubes.
S— 14 in-
3^t8 in.
'Twin Mircw. Coal ntaKimum i6u tons. Speed
17 kts.
Swllone. A name for thr walruK { Tritfucus
rosmarur}, also smalt fish ( Hippocampina) of tbe
order of lophobranchiate fishes. They derive the
name seahorse from the head rcsembliog that of
a horse. They live among reeds and long fuci, to
which they cling with prehensile tails. Witli tlic
aid of their single dorvil Hn, which is placed about
the middle of tlie body, and can be put into rapid
motion, they shift from tunc to time to some other
object near them for feeding. They are but
inimtTK and unable to resist currents.
iteabone. Transport. Lost near Tramore Bay.
luary 30, [810 ; 365 persons, chiefly soldiers of
the 59th regiment, were drowned.
SealiorM. Bhiish special surveyinR ser\'icc
ship I^;u toos). I^uuctied tSSo.
8m Insurance Co., Ltd. Registered December 31.
rB75. with an anthoriaed capital, issued, ol £500.000
(called up. /roo.ooo), in 50,000 shares of j^io. £1
paid. Since its incorporation the company has paid
a steadily increasing dividend, from ;% in 1876-77.
to 25% in ii>o3-4. During this period a reserve
fond of over half a niilliun sti-rling has been created.
The directors of the company are: Geo.
Cdmoar (chairman). R. Alexander. E. A. Bcazley.
J. Bruce Isrony. T. H. Jackson. H. T. Wallace.
G. W. Wood, and J. Marko Wood. Underwriter,
William Bates. Secretary, W. A. Kc|wHrd.s.
Of^res. Exchange niiildings, IJverpool.
Seal. Hefet to Seal Kishencs.
Beftl. British torpedo-boat destroyer. (Birken-
head. 1^9;.) Length, 318 ft. ; beam, 20 ft. ;
ctranght. 5) ft. ; di<;placcment. 300 tons ; com*
plcmcnt 58 : armament. I I2-pdr., 56-pdr.. 2 tubes;
twin Hcrpw ; Hp.. 6.000=30 kts. ; coal, 80 lows.
Sea lawi. See Maritime Laws : Navigation
l^ws . Oliron. Laws of : Consulate of the Sea ;
Navigation Acts ; Collisions. Regulations for the
Prevention of.
Sealers. Set Seal Fisheries.
Sea letter. See Passport-
Seal flsheriai. The Seal Ftsh(!r>* Act , t ti; 5 ,
provider lur tht- cstabh*ihnient by Orders m Council
ol a close time lor seal fishery m the seas adjacent
to the eastern coasts of Greeoland, oamely, the
area included l>etween the parallcb; 67° and 75' N.
lat.. and between the meridians of 5* and 17" W.
long., reckoned from the meridian of Greenwlt:fa.
The regalations now in force for the taking of
seals in the Betiring Sea were settled by the Tribu-
nal of Arbitration in 1893, which provides a clueu;
season from May i tiU July 31, within a radius of
60 miles of the breeding islands, and for the granting
of special licences by tiic Government, and restricts
the mode in which such hnher>' shall be conducted.
The Behring Sea Award Act, 1B94, proviilc« Xor
the carrymg into effect of the award made by the
Tribunal of Arbitration by penalties and forfeitures.
The Seal Fislieries (Norlli Pacific) Act, 1395. which
added to the provisions of the Act of 1894. lapsed
in 1897. ^ conference of fur seal experts was held
at Washington in 1897, by which the seal question
passed into the hands of a Joint High Commission
to consider the questions at issue between Canada.
and the United States. Refer to Foreign-going
Shipa.
Saam. Sewing together two edges of can\'as ;
a good seam should have about ito stitches to
every yard length-
Setmanihlp, Practical. The skill of a gcxxl
seaman ; skill in or knowledge of the art of manag-
inR and navigating a ship. Refer to Navigation.
Seaiuea include all i>ensonii employed in any
capacity' on board any ship, except masters, pilobt,
and apprentices. The Merchant Shipping Act, 1894,
regulates the engagement, rating, wages {q.v.),
accommodatifin , discharge, and the rigbt&, duties.
and liabilities of wamen on Bntish ships, with
special provisions to guard their interests and pro-
toct them from imposition. Offences against
discipline committed by seamen or appn;niicc5 are
subject to the same penalties as those set out in the.
article on fishing iKMtH. ,
A shipowner is liound to see that his vessel is
seaworthy, to provide suf&cient food, and to pay
for medical attendance on a seaman sick or injured
in the service of the ship, and tlic expenses ol his
maintenance until he is cured, dies, or is brought
hack to a port in the country where he was engaged.
A seaman improperly left, or found in distress
abroad, is sent home free of expcn.'ie. the cost of
con\*eyance and maintenance being pnid out of the
Mercantile Marine Fund, but recoverable from the
master or owner of the ship to which he belonged
as a debt to the Crown. Natives of India who arc
seamen, and are found destitute in ihe United
Kingdom, are provided for, or liont home by the
Secretary of State for India.
Refer to Able-bodied Seaman, Crew, Ocsertioa,
Merchant Shipping Act, Registrar -General ol
Seamen. Crimp, Naval Testament, Employers'
inability. Advance Note, In3(>cction of Ships.
Seameo. Laws relatiiig to. SesCrew. Desertion.
Fishing Boats. Navy. Seamen, Merchant, Ws^ges,
SEAMEN
576
SEAWORTHINESS
Mercbaat Shipping Act, Crimp. Advance Note,
ApportJonmcnt.
Sttmttlt Herdiant. See Seamen.
Seuneo*! WSSM. See Merchant Shipping Act.
id94. pa)^ II. In this Act prcn-isions ore made for
securinj; the payment of seamen's wa^es, and pro-
tccling tlie property of deceased seamen. The
Employers' Ltahilily Acts and the Workm<--n'a
Compensation Act, 1897. do not apply to seamen.
and they cannot reco\"er damage (rora the ship-
oMrncr (or any loss or injury occurrinc; to them in the
course of th«r employment. Ref^r to Insurance.
8m of J&pftD lies between Japan. Korea, and
Siberia. It extends some 500 mites from north to
south, and 6ou miles from east to we^t. It has an
area of J75.550 square mile* ; a mean depth of 517
fathoms. It is almost tidftes^^. It was hi this sea
that the famous battle of Tsushima, or Sea of
Japan, wa.i fought, between the Japanese and
Russian fleets. Refer to Japan, Battle of Sea of.
Seapt. Abbreviation for seaport.
Search, RUcht ol. See Visit and Search.
Searcfathrift. En 1556 Steven Hurrough sailed in
liiw v(--«tfl. a small pinnace, on a voyageof discovery.
He went to Archangel and dt?icovere«i the Strait
leading m the Kara Sea between Novaya Zemlya.
and the Island ol U'aigat. Reftt to Arctic Explora-
tion.
S«a-room. Free from land dangerous reefs,
wherein a ship may drive without danger.
SeSrSerpenL An animal Kaid to inhabit the
ocfan. but concerning which nothing is definitely
known. It is supposed to he of immense size and
serpentine form. Of recent years several observers
testify to Iiavmg seen spccunens, and their good
laith IS beyond question. Among the observerr*
who have publi.shcd accounts of the huge animal
seen may be mentioned ■ Captain M'Quha". of
If.M.S. Dadatus of 1848 ; Captain A. Hasse). 1873 ;
captain and ca-w of the Pauline, of I.ondon. 1875 ;
Lieutenant Haynea. of the Royai Yacht Oihorne,
I S77 : M;ijor Senior of the City of Haltimme. 1879.
Seashore. See Foreshore.
Sea-sickness. A peculiar functional disturbance
ol the nervous system produced by shock resulting
Irom the motion of a ship. The most prominent
symptoms are a state of general depression, giddiness,
vomiting, and derangement of the bowels. Innu-
merable prtventivcM and reraodie* have been
brought out, but mo£t of them fall short of the
success claimed. Fresh air. exerctse, and son^c
occnpation for the miod ate among the best cures.
Season. An alteration in the relative length
of day and night, heat and cold, which take place
each year.
Seaview Yacht Club. Isle ol Wight. EsUbliahrd
1893. Burgee : NMiite, rod border, black crossed
BTDOdat.
r tlM^^
S's in centre. Commodore, tbe Duke of Ijh^.
Vice-Commodore. W. S. Hunter ; Rear-ComTnodat
Captain E. T. Dixon ; Treasurer. A.
Honorary Secretary. Herbert C Maad«lajr.
trance fee. £2 Ji. ; anauai subscription £2 it.
Seaworthiness. In rvrry voysge policy
an implifd warranty that the ship is seawortby
when the risk attaches. No matter how tbe u
seaworthiness has been caused, if the vtnA •
imseaworthy there is no insurance. So strict s
tliis rule that it applies even to insorance on carp
nntwitb standing that the owner of cargo can him
no power to make the ship seaworthy. Id a c»
before Lord Mans6eM. brought by an nmocoir
shipper of ^oods (who had no interest in the ibtpi
on proof being given that the ship was unscawolfey
he non-suiied the plaintift. saying : " This impM
warranty cannot be dispensed with to any case.'
and this is now the well understood law of ]
on the subject."
Mr. Justice I.UKh, in an important case (MereiarfF
Trading Co. v. Universal Co.) . puts it conciself tte
" The assured undertakes, in a vovagc peAn.
that his vewwl shall start upon the voyage » l
respects fit to encounter the ordinary perils to
to such a voyage."
To put thi.s in other words (McArthur)
" The vessel on sailing must In- tight and 1
in her hull, property ngged. stored, and ]
and provided with a competent master aadcMll
pilot when required by law or custom, and aU t
necessary for the intended voyage. Htr
also, must be properly stowed, and the weight dJ
not in excess of the vessel's carrying capacitT- '
When the ship has once put to sea samgtg '
for the voyage msurcd. the impUed wursv^ I
been completely satisfied- There is no
that she shall continue so. nor even that the 1
shall do his best to keep her so. If the vo
out and liome, there is no warranty of svas
ness lor the voyage home, and there is doi
of seaworthiness in time policies. Thov a I
impUed warranty that the cargo itadl whra 1
surcd is seaworthy, or shipped in a condioaa I
to be carried.
It is a settled point that under the contiaal
afireightment {q.v.) the shipowner has tbe
to tlic cargo owner of an absolute warranty <i 1
worthiness at Uie time of sailing with his caiga
a ship is chartered to go in ballast from .\ to B. 1
there load a cargo lor C, it is not enough
seaworthy on sailing from A. or at the
to load her cargo at B; the absolute wamstrj
Uiat she shall be seaworthy when she sails ^
cargo from B. The reason given in the ju
is that the owner of cargo must not be
the position of losing the protection of hi* ftm
by reason of the ship's unseaworthijie». »at ]
have no remedy against the shipownri. Oosi
or other, it was kud down, the owqcx of 1
1 that I
i vit&i
plac«t1
I
SEBASTOPOL
577
SEEBECK
always to be safe. (Stoel v. State Line Co., 3 App.
Cas. 72; Cohn v. Davidson. 3 Q.B.D, 455 at 461 ;
Gibson I'. Small, 4 H.L.C. at 431}. It ha» to be
bwne in mind timt tlic stiipowncr's liability In such
a case where the loss has not arisen from his
pencmal Unit is limited by Act of Parliament to
the amount of ^8 pef register ton ; so that an owner
of cargo who wishes to be perfectly safe in this
matter might do well to insert in his policy somo
snch clause as " no claim umlcr tliis policy lu be
disputed on the ground of unseaworthiness ; the
insurers reserving, however, all rights against the
shipowner." (Lowndes on the Law of MarLae
losorance. s. 172.)
Every ship is to be presumed seaworthy until
the contrary be proved. The burden of proof is
on the underwriter. {Amould. 6th ed. II. 678.)
The implied condition o( seaworthiness does not
apply to lighters emplo>'ed to land the cargo.
Sebastopol Yacht Club. Established t886. Patron,
H.I.H. the Grand Duke Alexander MichacIoWtch ;
Commodore, Rear-Admiral John P, Tihmenieff ;
Vicc-Commodorc, Alexis Mliuarich ; Treasurer.
B. M. Tonkofl: Secretary. A. WiUtcd. Qub
House, SebastopoK Entrance fee, 25 roubles ;
annual subscription, 15 roubles.
Sec. Seconds. (Kear a light.) Abbreviatipa
adopted on the charts issued by the Hydrographic
Office. Admiralty.
SMOodary oyelon*. A small depression accom-
panying a larger or primary cyclone.
Second-hand. A term to distinguish tbe socond
in charge in a fleet of fishing boats.
Saoood ordec station. A station at which obner-
vatioos are made twice a day, usually at 9 a.m. and
")p.m.
Section. A draught representing the internal
]>ajts of a ship cut by a plan at any particular place.
athwart ships or longitudinally.
Sedul-Bahr. Turkisli gun-boaL (Turliey, i«97-)
Length 173ft. Beam 26ii. Draught ii^ft.
Displacement 800 tons.
Guns. Atmow,
4 — 47 in. " StccL"
6 Maxims. 2 in. Deck amidships.
Totpedo Tub^.
2 At>ove water.
Hp. i.ioos 13 kts. Coal 120 tons.
See, Horace (b. Philadelphia, iSjs). Received
dassical and matlicmalical education in private
schools, and was apprenticed with Messrs. I, P.
Morris and Co., Philadelphia. In r87Q he became
snpcrintejident engineer to Messrs. W, M, Cramp
and Sons, and had charge of the design and con-
struction of the Alameda and Maraposa for Use
Pacific trade. In 18S6 he induced his firm to
modify the Government designs for machinery of
the gun-boat YorAioain and cruiser Ncwath by
sttbstituting the triple expansion lot the dauble
compound engine. Th* wisdom of this design has
been demonstrated in the superior performance
of these vessels. The dynamite cruiser Vtsuvius,
delivered to the United States Government in 1S89,
is an additional example of his work. The engines
of thja vessel were of the four-crank \ ertical triple
expansion variety, the first of this Iiind in the
Navy of the United States, if not that of any
country. Tlie performance was highly satisfac-
tory, a speed of nearly 33 kts. being attained of a
vessel of over 80a tons displacement. In 1889 ho
went to New York, actiug as consulting engineer
to the Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry Dock
Co. Was superintendent engineer of the Southern
Pacific Co. ; superintendent of the Cromwell Steam-
ship Co. : and superintending engineer of the
Pacific Mail Steamship Co. There have been built,
or altered, from his design and under his supcrin-
lendence since he started practice m New York 30
vMsela, in the construction of which he has intro-
duced many impro%-ements both in the hull and
machinery. As an inventor he has met with con-
siderable success, and among others the " Ash
Ejector " takcQ first place. Member of the British
Institution of Naval Architects. American Society
of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers, North-
East Coast Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders,
England, associate member American Society of
Naval Engineers. United States Naval Institute;
post president American Society of Mechanical
Engineers ; fellow American Association for the
Advancement of Science ; member American
Geographical Society. Chamber of Commerce of
New York, New York Yacht Club, Century Asso-
ciation, Colonial Society of Pennsylvania. Sons of
the Revolution, Pennsylvania Society of New
York, of whidi he is onir of the. founders, etc. He
has been a niembcT of the National Guard of
Pennsylvania, holding the poaltion of adjutant in
the Twentieth Kegiment during the July riots of
1877, and later that of captain of the First Regi>
ment.
Seeadler. German jrd class cruiser. (Hamburg,
1802.)
Length 240ft. Beam 33jft. Draught 15ft.
Displacement 1,600 tons. Complement 165.
(iuHs. Armour.
s — 4't In. 3 in. Deck amidships.
7 Moxiras.
Torpedo Tubfis.
2 Abm'B water.
iHp. 8,!joos-t6 kts. Coal 300 tons.
SeebflOk, G. Jcant Stock Co. (SchiSswerft
.Maschincnfabrik und Trockcndocks), Brcmer-
ha%'cn. Tlus yard was founded in 1877 by Mr. G.
Sccbeck, who, when the firm was changixl into a
limited com|iany, in 1895, became managing
director.
The yard has an area of about 8 acres, and a
water Iroiitagc of 1 .500 f L There are four dry docks
U
bdonging to the firm for repAiring purposes, cover-
ing an am of 8| acres with a. watn* frontage of i ,000
ft, on the G«rste, and the firm has its own smelting
MTorkit at Ge^stmiGnde. There are three berths, each
capable of buUdhtg vessels up to 375 ft. Since the
company was (onncd, 350 vessels have been turned
oitl. Mnth engines giving 56.000 I.Hp. NumetxniB
cargo and passenger steamers for German and
loreign ehipowners. notably z$ for the Nord-
deutschrr Lloyd, and scverai for the Hainburg-
Amcrika Line. The special feature of this yard
is sliip rrpairing, four dry docks with numerous
workidiops. cmnes, cttc., being available. T\\e
largest of these docks was built in igoj-4. and has
a length of nearly 500 ft., and capable of lifting
vessels of 10.000 tons register. About i,3cx>
workmen are employed.
SmL To lean or incline as the roll of a ship.
8«gd Ctob, Baltic. £stablished 1883. Presi-
dent. Ftanz Braun ; Vice-President, M. Zaooacker ;
Treasurer, G. Kalbom ; Secret\ry, L. Spanddck.
Philmophendamm 3, Konigsbcrg, Prussia. En-
Inmce fee, mar^ 10 ; annual subscription, mark 48,
Z4. 12, and 6.
8eg«U[lab "Rhe.'* EstabUshed iBs;. Commo-
dore, Max Kamm ; Vice -Commodore. Dr. C, Lutov ;
Treasurer. Walter Rhode ; Secretary, Dr. K.
Dreyer, Club House, Konigsberg. Prussia. Bn-
trance fee, mark 20 ; aimual subscription, mark 60,
36. and 12.
SegeLsallskapet " JBolos.** EsUbUshed 1887.
Commodore, F \V. l-'orsbcrg ; Vice-Commodore,
Ernest Robcrg ; Honorary Treasurer, C O. Smed*
mark ; Honorary Secretary. Rob Lindstrand. c/o
Messrs. Biodcrua Lindstrand, GAthenbarg. Annual
sul»cription, 5 kroner.
BegtiaJUbkapet Sveanis. Established 1870, Preet-
rient. Lieut. -Colonel V. G. Baick : Honorary
Treasurer, H. A. Soderbcxg ; Honorary Secretary.
Baron A. Ccder^trom. Beateltind. Ingaro. Sweden.
Entrance fee. 2 kroner ; annual subscription,
5 kroner.
Segel DudBoder Vereiii**SohwerliL** Established
1883. I'rcsident, von Harlem; Treasurer. Adolf
KreHt : Secretary. A. Giertz, Gnioestr, 10 Schwerin
i, Mecklenburg. Annual subscription, mark 5.
Seglei-Verein " WarmsM." Established 1B88.
President. Consul H. KiistenTJann ; Vice-President.
Dr. R. Ncuner ; Honorary Treasurer, M. Rast ;
Honorary Secretary. Lieut. F. Pauer, Rindermarkt
3, Munich. Entrance fee, mark 30 and 20 ; annual
subscription, mark 40 and 20.
leine. Frigate, 44 guns. On July 31, iSoj, this
vessel was lost ofi Schelltng.
Seine. A net which is shot by a boat roand a
•chool of hsh, the ends being brought together and
the lower edge of the net pursed up. The circum-
femice of the net is reduced by hauling in the net
until the 6sh are all brought into a bnnch and can
be bailed out
Bcilinoinatar, An instrument for mrasaring
earth-tremors or earthquakes.
Satie. To bind or fasten two ropes togetlier or
two parts of the same rope, by means of fnwlhr
stnfL
SeiEing. A small lashing.
Selbome, The St. Hon. tb« Earl ot. See Admi
ralty.
Selene. British barque ol 1,319 gro-^^. loiu, tailed
from the English Channel to Melbmimt' in the
remarkable time of 71 daj's.
SeUe. Normui (b. Tcddiugtoa, 1B39). At an
early age went to Sydney. New South Wales, and
was apprenticed to the engineering lirm founded by
the late Sir Pt-ti-r RussoU. and bc-foic the exptraticm
of his articles bad risen to be the Hrm's chief
draughtsman, and so continued until 1S64. In 1A71
he joined the Morts Dock Co. as scientiAc cxtginecr,
and was engaged in designing hulls and machiaery.
In 1879 he started in private practice and has been
responsible for the machinery of water works. nit|k
hydraulic and electric installations and refii-
gerating plants. He cntirt-ly reversed the ortkf
of things in designing ferry boats for use in Sydney
Harbour, with two stems, instead of two bows, and
carried out a premium ferT>' boat with a screw
at both ends. He lectured to the finst class, and
was one of the founders of systematic technlett
teaching in the State o< New South Wales, and waa
appointed vice-president on the Gowrnraent
establishing a Board of TechnicaJ Education, sad
its chairman for three years, lintil the resumptiok
of the water frontage of Sydney by the GovtfV-
ment, he was the engineer of the principal [vivatr
service for oversea ships, and introduced th*" a« o*
immense piles of Australian timlier. In conjunctioc
with a European firm he was the successful tendntr
for the Great North Sydney Bridge, winch cert
^1.300.000. In recognition of fiis special mtvks
to technical education. Parliament voted him »
honorarium of ^1,000. and for his suggestion let
the improvement of the Circular Quay. Syrfsey.
^500. Member of the Institution of Civil Engincoi
and Institution of Mechanical Engineers.
Publication.1 : " Machinery for Refrigerating":
numerous papers published in the procMd-
ings of the Royal Society of New South Wtl«;
the Southern Ice Exchange of the United State.
and the Records ol the Board of Technical Edoa-
tion. New South Wales.
Belli, Otaarlei de Qnn (b. Ixmdon. i8s6). Ei»-
cated King's College School: King's College, LofidOB-
BeT\-ed apprenticeship with Messrs. Maudsby. Sofl
and Field, subsequently serving a period at «i.
and on obtaining a Board of Trade flnt^lut
certificate joined the Argentine Navy. Oo <r
turning to England be rcjotnod the Arm with wboa
SELVAGE
579
SEWED
be served his apprenticeship, and in 18S7. in
accordance with the convention made with the
Italian Minister of Marine, was nomioated by this
firm as their representative at the works of Messrs.
Ansaldo Sampterdarena, and remained there until
the transfer of the works to an Italian company in
1904. During this period, besides much other
naval works, be was responsible for the construction
of the engines of many warships for the Italian
Navy, including tJie Sicilia. io.ooo Hp., built from
the first design ior warsliip engines of such great
power, the CarM Albtrto, Quiseppe Garibaldi, Am-
miraglia di Saini-Ban, as wcU as tlir Ganbaidi and
PiuyrredoH ior the Argentine Navy, the Ctiitobat
Colon for the Spanish Navy, and the KaiMga and
Nisshin, originally built for the Argentine Navy,
but sold to Japan. Member of tlic Institution of
Civil Engineers and Institution of Naval Architects.
Pnt)bx:ations : Is the author of the annual article
on "Progress in Marine Engineering," in Mr.
Fred Jane's Naval Annual (Fighting Ships).
Selvace. The edge of a canvas formed by web
palDd woof.
Selngee. A hank or untwisted skein of rope
yam marU-d together, frequently used in place of
rope, btriug less likely to slip, -and more elastic.
Bern. Semaphore. Abbreviation adopted on the
charts issued by the Hydrographic Office, Ad-
miralty,
Semaphore. Upright posts with movable arms
n9cd Ior communication hy signals. In signalling
by the semaphore, the position of the arms repre-
ata the shapes.
Sending. Pitciung.
Semiit. A plaiting of tive or seven rope yams
tOgCtJlLT.
Senorine. French brig. Wrecked ofi Great
Bank. Newlouudlanrl. May 6. 1884 ; 62 lives lost.
Sentinel. British acoui. (Vickers, 1904.)
Length 300ft. Beam 40ft. Maximum draught i^^ft.
Displacement 2,900 tons. Complement 268.
Guns. Armour.
lo— ij pdr. 1} in. Deck.
. 8 Pompoms.
Torpedo Tubes.
2 Submerged.
Twin screw. Hp. 17,000=25 kts. Coal xnaxi-
mam jSo tons, .\pproximate coet ^2y$,ooo.
Separate interest. Set Interest.
Serd&ng. N^-thcrlands cruiser, Indian Navy.
(Fltisliing. T8y8,) length. 179 ft.; beam. 31 ft.;
L draught, 12 ft.; displacement. 797 tons; comple-
ment. 95 ; armament, 3 47-in.. 2 2"9-in.. 4 r4-in. ;
' Hp., i,ioo» 13 kts. ; coal, iso tons.
Serdity. Russian torpetlo-boat destroyer. {Nev-
sky. iLiu.1.) Length, 1q6 ft.; beam, 18^ ft.;
Idraught, ji^ ft.,; displacement, 240 tons; comple-
ment, ^: wrmam/mi, t la-pdr., j j-pdr.. a tubes;
Hp., 3,7<»o=*7 kts. ; coal, 53 tons.
Serein. Fine rain falling from a cloudless sky.
Sergiefl. Japanese torpedo-boat destroyer (1906).
Length, 18s ft.; beam. 21 ft.; draught, 7^ ft,;
displacement, 324 tons ; complement, 60 ; arma-
ment, I i2-pdr., 5 3-pdr., 3 tubes; twin screw;
Hp,. 5.600- zC kts. : coal, 100 tons.
Serpent* B.II.S. Ctu;.st;r. Wrecked ofi the coast
of Corunna, November 1 1, 1890 ; 173 lives lost,
Serrioe Ibritime Boam&nian comprise a fleet of
10 modem steamers, tive of which have accom-
modation for a large number of first and second
class passengers, and live carrying cargo only.
These vessels are engaged in passenger and cargo
traffic in various parts ol Europe,
Ft.BBT.
Bueurgsti. Princip^sa Afaria.
Constanta. Jtagtia Cmrot I.
Dacia. Romania.
DobrogM. Tost.
Imperatut Traian. Turnu Stverin.
Cross tonnage. 25,100.
Bening, Wrapping spun yam tidily round a
rope.
Serving mftllet A mallet curved on the under
side used In serving,
floikir Russian torpedo-boat. (Ishura, 1895.)
Length, 137 ft.; beam, 15^ ft. ; draught, 6j ft,;
displacement, 100 tons; complement, 13; arma-
ment. 2 i-pdr., 2 tuties ; Hp., 1,000 = 19 kts.
Sestoretsk. Russian torpedo-boat. (Normand,
ifl94.) I'cngth, It8 ft; beam, 13 ft.; draught,
8^ ft. ; displacement, 80 tons ; complement. £| ;
armament, 2 i-pdr., 2 tubes; Hp., 1.300=24 ktH. •
coal. 21 tons.
Set The direction in which the wind blow<i or
the current fiows.
Sett .\ kind of shipMmght's power, compose^
of two ring bolta and a wnin-staff with cleats and
lashings.
Settee. Long, sharp, single -decked, lateen -ngged
vevicl'i of the Mediterranean, without topmasts,
Setting'fld. A cone of wood or iron us<.'d by
nggers.
Settle. An obsolete terra for item sheets.
Set up. To make Ihe standing rigging Light.
SevutopoL Russian 1st class battleship (11,000
ton*!}. 'rhi<i vessel was neverely diimaged by the
Japanese at the battle of Round Island, and was
eventually sunk outside Port Arthur. Angust 10,
1904.
Serere. Effectual.
Sewed. Applied to a vessel when re.sting on the
ground, with no hope of floating until thu return
tide.
V 2
'SEXTANT
580
SFAFCTIREA
Sextant An instniment nsed in measuring
angles, lounded upon the cptical principle that a
ray of light twice tnilected £iom plane reflectors
makes, with the ray l>cfore reflection, an angle
equal to tivice the angi? of inclination of the re-
flected surfaces. The principal parts of the sax-
tant are as follows : The index g,\iiss or movabl"?
reflector, the horixon glaaa or fixed reflector, a
telescope, the vernier plate, and a magnifying glass
for reading the graduated arcs. Tn mt-asiiring an
angle between two objects difforinR m cither dis-
tinctness or brightneaa, the least distinct or bright
should be loolced at directly, since by reflecting
the object it necessarily becomes fainter. U this
direct object is on the nght ol the other the wxtanl
sbonld be held in an inverted poitition. The
principal errors of a sextant usually arise Iromone
of the following caii!M!S. i/ii. : The niirror not tieing
perpendicular to the plane of the instrument ; the
line of coUimatioci of the telescope not being
adjusted : and the index error.
Centring errors. which generally include all errors
arising frnm eccentricity of the centre of the axis
of the radius arm and the centre arc, faulty gradua-
tion, flexure of the Irame ol the instrument caused
by varying temperature, or accidental blows arc
not easy to ascertain. Special apparatus exists at
Kew Observatory for the purpose, but a skilful
navi^tor can correct his sextant by a series of
artificial horizon observation in the following
manner : Observe stars of nearly equal altitude
north and south of the zenith. Half of the differ-
ence of the latitudi-.s resulting from each star will
be the centring error ol tliat altitude. The cor-
rection will be mittus if the latitude from the star
on the polar side of the observer is greater than
that from the star on the equatorial side, and plus
if vice vetsa. It requires a considerable number of
observations to determine satisfactorily the error,
as it varies on diflercnt parts of the arc, and
generally increases as the angle increases, fief"
to Navigating Instruments, History of.
Seymonr, Admiral ot the Fleet Sir BAward
Sobtrt, O.O.B., cr. 1900. O.K., 1902 (b. i&4<>)-
Educated Radley. Entered the Royal Navy in
1S52. and serx-ed as midshipman in Tttrihle
throughout the Russian War in the Black Sea
(Crimea and Turkish medals and Scbastopol clasp) ;
midshipman of Calcuita'i lauuch sunk at the
destruction of the Chinese flotilla, Fatshan Creek.
s8S7 (China medal, Fauhan, Canton, and Taku
clasp) ; served as lieutenant in Ctiesa[)cake during
China war. 1&60: promoted commander, 1866;
and as commander of tlio Growler rescued a British
vessel bom pirates in the Congo River, where he
was severely wounded : promoted captain, 1873 ;
was in command of the irii during Egyptian war
(Egyptian medal. Khedives Bronze Star. Os-
manieh, 3rd Class) ; rear-admiral. 1899 ; Second-in-
Command of the Channel Squadron from Sep-
tember. 1893. to Apr^. 1894. and commanded
B Fleet, under Vice-Adrairal H. Fairflax, at the
naval manoeu^Tcs. 1894 : Commander-in-Chief on
China Station from December. 1897, to Apnl,
r9oi ; commanded the expedition for the relief of
the British and foreign legations at Felting ; Cap-
tain D. Marolles. who commanded the French
contingent, in his report said that: '* The serious
difficulties which were likely to arise from the
clashing interests of eight nationalities were pre-
vented by the high position and perfect courtesy
of Admiral Seymour, and it was especially fortunate
for the expedition that this officer met with no
mishap while bravely exposing himself to the
enemy's fire." Member of Sir Edward Grey's
committee appointed, 1902, to inquire into the
question of Naval Rcser\'es ; as a member oi the
staff of the Duke of Connaught attended thr
coronation of the King of Spain, 1902 ; took part
in the King's procession at the coronation of King
Edward VH., 1902 ; first and principal A.D.C to
the King. 1902 ; C4)mmaiuler-in -Chief at Dovoo-
port, Mardt. 190J ; Admiral of the Fleet. 1905,
created C.B., 1887. on the occasion of the celefan-
tion of the completion of the foth year of her
late Majesty Queen Victoria's reign ; G.C.B.. I90(K
for servici^ii rendered in China ; first class of S|
Order of Nax-al Merit, 1902.
Seymoar, Admiral Sir Ui(Aael Colme-, 3rd
cr. 1S09, Q.C.B., G.C.V.O. (t>. 1836). Educated
Harrow. Entered Navy, 1850 ; served in Hasftnfi
in Burmah u-ar (Burmese medal and Pegu clasp) ;
served in Baltic (Baltic medal) ; served in Crimflff
war at bombardment of Sebastopol ; present at
the capture of Kcrtch. Ycnikalc. and Kinboni
(Crimean medal. Inkcrman and Sebastopol cla^a
Turkish medal, and Medjidie, 5th Class) ; served it
Calcutta, and as flag -lieutenant in Chioa w:
commanded a boat at Fatslian, and was preseai
at the operations in the Canton River and captvrr
of Canton, at the capture of the Peiho forts, ami
^ad\'ance of Tientsin, 1858 (China medals. Fatshaa.
Canton, and Taku clasps) : Commander-in-Chic4
Pacific, 1885-8/ : senior officer in comnuuMl o<
Cliannel Squadron. 1890-92 ; commanded "C"
Fleet during the naval manoeuvres. 1890; Cooi-
mander-inChief on Mediterranean Station, 189;-^.
received by the Sultan of Turkey in an aodieaK
1895, and decoratctl with the Order of the Medjifi*.
1st Class, which was conferred upon him a* a pro-
motion in that order, and which he rvo«4vcd Bet
late Majesty's Roj-al licence to accept; Coo-
mander-in Chief, Portsmouth, 1897 ; vice-prendiet
of the Royal NavaJ Benevolent Society. 1900:
Vicc-Admiral of the United Kingdom. 1901.
Slaktirea. Greek corvette. (BlackwalL 18S&J
Length. 216 ft. : beam, 29 ft. : draught. iS )i;
displacement, i.fxm tons ; armament, 2 5'9^a.
3 Maxims ; Hp., 3,400914 kts. ; ooal, 100 tooa
SFAX
58<
SHAW
Reconstructed
Bu. Old French cniiser ( i $84) ■
1898
Displacement 4.72S tons. Comi^emeat 486.
GufU. Armour.
6— 6'4 in. " Steel."
^^—10 — 5'S in. li in. Deck.
^^^^ Torpedo Ti^iei,
^^ z Small.
Hpb 6.S2osi4'5 kts. Of smali fighting value.
Sflnx. Dutch torpedo-boat. (Yarrow. 1 903.]
Displacement, 140 tons : aimament. z 3-pdr.,
3 i4-in. tubes (two broadside, one stem) : speed,
95 kts. : coal. 30 tons.
■ft. Soft. Abbreviation adopted on the charts
isned by the Hydrographic Office, Admiralty.
denoting the quality of the ocean's bottom.
fl.O. Distinguishing letters on sea fishing boats
registered at Svendborg, Denmark.
1.0. Distinguishing letters on sea fishing boats
registered at Gliickstadt, Germany.
9M. Distinguishing letters on sea fishing boats
registered at Schetliogwoudc, Holland.
8.H. Distinguishing letters on sea fishing boats
rc^tcxcd at Scarborough, England.
B.H. Distingiiiiihing letters on sea fishing boats
registered at Hasum, Germany.
Sl Shoal. Abbreviation adopted on the charts
■sued by the Hydrographic Office. Admiralty.
idL Shells. Abbreviation adopted 00 the charts
med by the Hydrographic O&ce, Admiralty,
leooting the quality of the ocean's bottom.
Shackle. A bar with two eyes and a bolt attached
bo open links in a chain cable.
Shackleton, Lieatanant See Antarctic Explora-
on,
ShAhani Deria. Turkish torpedo-gunboat. (Tur-
key. i8[j4.! Length. 300 ft. : beam. 23 ft. : draught,
ft.; displacement. 450 tons; armament. 3 4'7-in..
Maxims. 4 tubes ; Hp., 3.000=22 kts.
Shake. A shipn-right's name for any cracks or
nts occasioned by sun or weather in timber.
Shamrock Shipping Co.. Ltd.. have a fleet of to
Dodcm car^o vusscls. trading to various ports on
e Continent of Europe. These vessels have not
ly passenger accommodation.
FLSJtT.
Alacrity. GransMa,
Argus. IwMf.
^^m Clofdet. Ratvo.
^^B C%irran. Rochtfort.
^B Glynn. Sheldon.
J^^^ Gross tonnage, ii.oSo.
P ShaoghaL China Navigation Co.'s steamer,
iumt near Qiingkiang December 35. 189a; 300
ives lost.
Shaagbai Taeht Olnb. Commodore. A. £. Jones ;
Vice-Commodore, G. E. Burgoyne ; Ucar-Comrao-
dore, E. T. Byrne ; Treasurer ami Secretary. J . D.
Smedtcy, Ctub House, ih Soochow Road, Shanghai.
Annual snbscriptimi. 1$ doU. for owners: $ dots.
for ordinary members.
Shank. -A. handle or shaft. A name applied to
the bar or shaft of an anchor.
Shank-painter. The stopper which confines the
shank of an anchor to the ship's side.
Shannon. British armoured cruiser. (Chatham,
1905.)
Length 49o(t. Beam 75ft. Mean draught 261t.
Displacement 14.600 tons. Complement 755.
Guns. Armour,
4 — o'a in., 50cal. " Krupp."
:o — 7*5 in. 6 in. Bell amidships.
30 SmalL 6 in. Barbettes.
7 in. Conning tower,
Torptdo Titb«s.
5 Submerged.
Hp. forced 37,000 = 23 kls. Coal maximum
2,OiX} tOtl».
Shape a coarse. To ateeir with a favouring wind
in the dinxtion desired.
Shark. U.S. submarine. (Elizabeth Port, 1901.)
Length. 63ft.: beam, itj it ; displacement, no
tons ; complement, 5 ; torpedo tubes. 1 ; Up.,
i€o=*8 kts. above, 7 kts. below.
Shark. BriiLsh torpedo-boat destroyer. (Oyde-
bank, i.5()5.) I-cngth, 205 ft- ; beam, ig ft. ;
draught, 5J ft. ; displacement, 280 tons ; comple-
ment, 50 ; armament, i 1 3-pdr.. 5 6-pdr., 2 tabea ;
twm screw ; Hp., 4.250=27 kts. ; coal. 60 tons.
Sharpihootor. British torpedo gun-boat (1S88].
Length 23oit. Beam 27ft. ^IaxtmuIn draught I2rt.
Displacement 735 tons. Complement 90.
Guns.
a— 4*7 in
4—3 pdr.
Torpedo Tubes,
5—14 in,
3— i8in.
Twin screw. Coal maiumum i6a tons. Speed
17 kts.
Shaw. Doyte Honey. C.B.. 1883. Inspector-
General of Hospitals (b. 1830). Educated Edin-
burgh Academy and University ; entered Navy as
assistant-snrgeon, 1854 ; 5er\'ed with Naval Brigade
at Eupatoria, and subsequently in the Spiteful
before Sebastopol, and was prL-&ent at thi> bom-
bardment and capture of Kinbum (Crimean and
Turkish medals, Sebastopol clasp) ; served with
Royal Marines in China. 1837-60; present at the
capture of Canton, Taku forts, Pekin, and actions
of Sinho, Tongku, Chanchiwan. Palikao ; mentioned
in despatches, and specially promoted to Ktaff-
surgeon for services rendered (China medal, Taka.
C^anton. and Petdn clasps) : was senior medical
SHAW
582
SHELl
odiccr of Otiaoia during Abyssnian war. i86ft
(Abyssinian medal) ; promolcd Fleet Surgeon,
187^: senior medical officer of Alf-sandra iit l>oni-
bardmcnt of Akxandria, 1S82 (C. B. Egyptian
medal, Alexandria clasp. Kbedivc's Bronze Star) ;
Deputy Inspector-General of Hospitals, 1883 ;
Deputy Inspector-General at Plymouth Hospital,
1884-S6; Malta Hospital, 1886-88: Inspector-
General of Hospitals. 1888 ; lospector'Gfncral at
Haslar, 1889 92 ; retired, 1892.
Shftw, SarOl and Albion Co.* Ltd. Successors
to Messrs. Shaw, Sa\iU and Co. and the Albion
Co. Establi-shcd 50 years ago. This company
maintain a regular service of passenger and cargo
steamers between London and New Zealand,
and occasionally despatch sailing vessels from
London and Glasgow to that Colony. A fort-
nightly service from the United Kingdom to
New Zealand is now maintained ; the steamers
being equipped with every modem appliance ;
being fitted with patent refrigerators for the con-
veyance of froien meat, as well as batter, cheese,
fruit, etc., from New Zealand, and also to ensure
fresh food for passengers. The route taken by
these steamers affords a most varied trip, the out-
ward voyage being via Tcneriffe, Cape Colony.
Hobart, Tasmania ; the homeward, via Cape Horn,
calling at Rio cle Janeiro and Tejicrifte. The
White Star Line have a&sociated with tliis line
their Delphic and Gvthic. and tUi; recently built
Athenic, Corinthic. and Ionic.
Fleet.
Aotea. Ionic. Maiaiua.
Athtnic, Katamea. Pakeha.
Corinthic. Kumara. Rangatira.
Delphic. Afctnari. Tokomaru.
Gothic. Maori. IVaiwera.
Gross tonnage, lu.ooo.
Shear-hulk. Any vessel 5lted permanently
with shears.
Shean. Sm Sheers.
Sheave. A metal wheel' on which the rope
works in a block.
Sheave-hole. Ttie channel pierced in a ma.it or
spar for a rope to be rove through.
Sheepshank. A hitch or bend made on a rope to
shorten it temporarily.
Sheer. To swer\e oflf the course. The longitudi-
nal curve formed by the bow and stern being above
the level of the centre of the vessel.
Sheer-bstten. A Ixatten of wood or iron to keep
the dead eyes square.
Slieer-oll. To move avray.
Sbeers. Two spars lashed together near the
upper ends, supported by guys used for lifting
hca>'y weights.
Sheet A rope or chain fastened to the tee lower
comer of a sail, to retain the clew in its place. When
a ship saib( with a $id» wind the lower oonMn oil
mam and foresatlii are fastened by a faufc sad ■
sheet, the former being to windward, and tfeelstis
to leeward ; the tack is. however, onhr disaed
with a !!ttem wind, whereas the sail i& never qmtf
without the resistance of one or both of thetfaetti:
the stayi^ils and studdingsails hAve only one tid
and one sheet each : the stAy.'saiJ-ta.clcs are futeaed
forward, and tlie sheets drawn aft; but thestnddiq-
sail tacks draw to the extremities of the boaoi.
while the sheet is employed to extend the tmar
comer.
Sheet anchor. The largest anchor of a ship ; la
go in cases of extreme danger.
Sheet-home. Hauling the sheets of square-udi
to their [losjtions.
Sheet lightning. The reflection of distant flu£ia
of lightning.
Shell. An inner timber following the shea tl
the vessel, and boUed to the inner side of the rii
to strengthen the frame, and sustain the dcd
beams.
Shell. The wooden outer portion or casing Ui
block, which is mortised for the sheave, and boni
at right anglcsi to tlie mortise for the pin. ntucha
the axis of the sheave or sheaves ; a kind of tlural*
dead-eye block employed in joining tbc cndsotlvt
ropes.
Shell Transport and Trading Company. Ltd. »
formed in [898 to take over the business toBoM
by Messrs. M. Samuel and Co.. for the tTBa^st
of petroleum in bulk through the Saex Cud.
Starting in 1892 with three steamers of about {.jw
tons dead weight, the fleet has rapidly iiurui^
until today there are z6 modem pwtroleomi
ing vessels, four of which have a capacity of i«
tons. The steamers are adopted for
general cargo as well as oil, and have a
&>'Stem of ventilation which enables tbeiB lo i
cargo of a most delicate nattire. A sBTvierl
nmintainerl to Borneo, Java, Kaatera I^)rts, 1
Australia ; Batoum to Zaazihax. Mombasa, 1
Australia ; Port Arthur (Texas) to United 1
and Continent. A number of the \-e5set5aitf
to use liquid fuel instead of coal. The co
in 11J07 amalganiatetl with the Royal Dutch I
leum Co., and the fleets of the tvo concOV'
combined under the Anglo-Saxon IVtrole«ai <
Ltd.
Fleet.
BuUmoifth. Neriu.
Bulysses. Pectan.
Catdium. Peluse.
Ctam. Pinna.
Coti'tie. Rhamses.
Eiax. RocMigkt.
EupUcUla. Serapettfm.
Gotdmouth. SUverUp,
Murex.
iLVE
583
SHIP
,Te. The name given to dani^crons shallows,
inks, or rocks, immediately under the
c of th* water.
«, Chaubro (b. Kanazawa. Japan, March 8.
Professor of engineering. Imperial Univer-
okio. Graduated Tokio Engineering College,
BTved apprenticeship in the Imperial Navy
and subsequently was employed as an
int to the superintending engineer of the
saki Shipbuilding and Engineering Works,
He was appointed a.\sista.nt professor in
ngineering College at Tokio. and inspecting
ler in the Kawasaki Works. In iSgS he
to Europe to superinlcnd the ships and engines
constructed for the Osaka Engine Works.
s return to japan in 1901 was appointed
scr of marine engineering at the Tokio
iai University. He is associated with the
lunication Department, and the Public
1 Department of the Imperial Government
aulting engineer. Member of the Institution
val Architects.
»Ucations : Papers pobli^ed in the Trans-
s of the Japan Society of Mechanical
ecni, and the Kogincering Society of Japan.
tiiiR. Moving.
It the helm. To change : alter th« position
[oze. Japanese torpedo • boat destroyer.
I, 1906.) Length. 220 It. ; beam, 3o| ft. ;
bt, 9^ ft. ; displacement, 374 tons ; arma-
I ij-pdr.. 5 6<pdr., 3 tubes : twin screw;
i.oootiig kts.
rif»ttt^ii Formerly GaidamaM (^-v,). Japanese
to-boat. (Finland. 1894.) tjingth, 193 ft. ;
24 ft. : draught, 7) ft. ; displacement,
)D5 : complement, 87; armament, z r8-ln..
n., 10 Maxims, 2 tubes : Hp., 3,000^22 kts, ;
100 tons.
r*T****fl J apanese 1 & t class battleship.
MS Ironworks, 1898.)
h, 425ft. Beam 76ft. Maximum draught zSft.
■placement 15.000 tons. Complement 741.
Guns. Armour.
% — 12 in.. 4ocal. " Harvey-nickel."
( — 6 in. 9 in. Belt amidships.
»^I2 pdr. 14 in. Barbettes.
i — 3 pdr. 10 in. Turrets.
S — 2^ pdr. 14 in. Conning tower.
Torpedo Tubes (iS in.).
4 Submerged.
I Above water,
n screw. Hp. 14,500=18 kta. Coal maxi-
1 .400 tons,
lonomo, Japanese torpedo-boat destroyer,
lycroft, 1899.) Displacement, 27$ tooa :
ement, 54: anuameat, i 12-pdr., 5 6-pdr. ;
3 iS-io. : Hp.. $,4oaa jo kts. ; coal, 81 tons.
Ship. Strictly speaking, a three-masted vessel
having bowsprit, mainmast, foremast, and mixzen-
mast, each square-rigged and composed of a lower
mast, a topmast, and a topgallant -mast, but now
applied to any craft oi whatever kind excepting
boats, adapted for navigation ; in fact, a general
term for sea-going vessels of every kind. Ships
are of various sixes and fitted for various purposes,
and receive different names according to their rig,
motive power, and the purpose to which they arc
applied, as men-of-war, merchantraen. tran-'«portS,
brigs, sloops, schooners, luggers, barques, smacks,
brigantincs. barquantines, etc. The transition from
wood to iron and steel has resulted in some changes
in rig, to suit the longer and larger vessel, and
stcci masts, with wire rope standing rigging and
various labour-saving appliances, but. generally
speaking, httle alteration as to the distribution of
sails, excepting as regards the abolition olatvddtng-
sails.
A smack is a single-masted, sharp-built vcsxel,
fore-and-aft sails only, fitted with a running Ijow-
sprit and no standing jib-stay.
.\ schooner is a two- masted vessel with yards
only on the foremast, and carrying fore-and-aft
sails on the main. When there are no yards the
name fore-and-aft schooner is apfriied.
A brig is a two-masted vessel, square-rigged on
both masts.
A brigantine, witli regard to size, occupies ait
intermediate pKuitiou lietwecii scbooneni and t>rigs.
She has two masts, having the foremast squaro-
■^SS^^- ^^^ fore-and-aft sails on the mammast.
A barque or ship is a three-masted vessel, square-
rigged on the two foremasts, and fore-and -aft
rigged on the mizzen-mast.
A .ihip has three masts, each of which are square-
rigged,
A barquantinc, properly speaking, is a tbrce-
masted schooner, the third, or mizzen-mast, being
rigged fore-and-aft as is the mainmast The name
is. however, apphed to larger vessels fitted with
four, five, six, and, in the case of the vessel con-
structed in 1902 at Quiocy, Mass., seven masts.
This vessel has a displacement of lo.ooo tons, and
had the distinction when built of being the largest
sailing ship ever constructed. The Preussen is
now the largest sailing ship afloat ; she has a
length of 4J7 ft., a breadth of 53*6 ft., a depth
of 53'8 ft., a displacement of la.ooo ton.s. and
carries 59.000 square ft. surface of sail.
The various parts of a full rigged merchant ship
are given below, alphabetised and numbered to
correspond with the plate. They are also briefly
dealt with under their respective headings through-
out the book :
1 . After deck-house.
2. Anchor.
3. Bobstays.
4. Bow.
5. Bowline-bridle.
^H SHIP ^^^^V
584
^^H
^^^B^B 6. Bows^oit.
67.
Foretopgallant stvddmgBail-booRU
^^^^^^^K 7. Bowsprit-shrouds.
68.
Foretopgaltant stud din gsail-downtuDl
^^^^^^V Bulwarks.
69.
Forctopgallant studdiogsail-balliards.
^^^^^^B 9. CAbin-tnink.
70.
Foretopgallont studdingsail-sheet.
^^^^^ 10. Cable.
71
Foretopgaltant studdingsail-tack.
^^^B
72.
Foretopgaltant studdingsail-ymrd.
^^^^1 12. Chain -plates.
73-
Foretopgallant-yard. ^^H
^^^^B 13. Channels.
74-
Foretopmast. ^^H
^^^^H 14. Clew-garnets.
7S-
Foretopmaat-backstays. ^^H
^^^H 15. Clcw-liacs.
76.
Foretopmast-head. ^^^H
^^^H 16. Counter.
77-
Forctopraast-sbrouds. ^^^|
^^^H 17. Crossjack.
78.
Foretopmast-stay. ^^H
^^^H 18. Crossjack 'brace.
79-
Foretopmast-staysail. ^^^|
^^^H ig. Crossjack-Hft.
80.
Forctopmast-staddingsail. ^
^^^^1 30, Cross]' B<:k -yard.
81.
Foretopmast studdingsail-boom, ■
^^^H 21. Catwater.
82.
Foretopma.tt staddingsail-downhauL I
^^^H 33. Davits.
83.
Foretopmast studdingsail -halliards. fl
^^^H 33. Dolphin -striker.
84.
Foretopraa&t studdingsaii -sheet. 1
^^^^m 24. Entrance.
85.
Foretopmast studdinj^ait-tack. ■
^^^H 25. Flying jib.
86.
Foretopmast studdiogsail-yard. J
^^^B 36. Flying-jib hnom.
87.
Fore-trucic ^^^^
^^^H 37. Flying-jib stay.
83.
Fore upper topsail. ]^^H
^^^H 28. Foot-ropes.
89.
Fore upper topsail -brace. ^^^|
^^^^^^ 39. Forebrace.
90.
Fore upper topsail-yard. ^^^|
^^^^^^B
91.
Foreyard. ^^H
^^^^^*
92.
Forward deck-house. ^^H
^^^^r 33. FoTc lower topsail.
OS-
Futtock -shrouds. ^^^^|
^^^^V ' 33. Fore lower topsail -brace.
94-
Futtock-shrouds. ^^^H
^^^^H 34. Fore lo^^pr tii])sai1-lift.
95-
Futtoclt -shrouds. ^^^H
^^^^B 55. Fore lower topsail-yard.
96.
^H
^^^^^ 36. Foremast.
97-
^H
^^^^B 37. Foremast-head.
98.
Jib-boom. ^^^|
^^^^1 38. Foreroyal.
99.
Jib-stay. ^^^1
^^^H 39. Foreroya! -backstays.
lOO.
Jib-topsail. ^^H
^^^H 40. Forejo>'aI -brace.
101.
Lower studdingsaii. ^^^|
^^^^1 41. Foreroyalraast.
103.
Lower studdingsaii -halliards, ^^H
^^^H 42. Foreroyal-stay.
103.
Lower studdingKatI inner hulliaxda.^^*
^^^^1 43. Forcroyal-Rtuddingaail.
104.
Lower studdingsaii -sheet. M
^^^^H 44. Foreroyal studdini^sail-boom.
105.
Lower studdingsail-yard. ^^fl
^^^H 45. Foreroyal studdiogsail -sheet.
J 06.
Main-bowline. ^^^|
^^^H 46. Foreroyal .^tuddingsail-tack.
107.
Mainbrace. ^^^M
^^^^1 47. Foreroyal studdlngsail-yard.
108.
Main -chains. ^^^|
^^^^B 48. Foreroyal-yard.
109.
Mainlift. ^^M
^^^H 49. Foresail or Forecourse.
no.
Main lower topsail. ^^B
^^^^1 50. Fore-shrouds.
in.
Main lower topsail -brace. ■
^^^H 5t. Foreskysail.
1 12.
Main tower topsail-lift. "^^^1
^^^^1 52. Forcsky^ail-backstays.
'U-
Main lower topsail-yard. ^^H
^^^^1 53. Foresky sail-brace.
114.
Mainmast. ^^^|
^^^^P 54. Foresky ^ailmast.
IIS.
Mainmast -head. ^^^|
^F 55. Foreskysail -pole.
116.
Mainroyal. '^^^|
^r 56. Foresky sail-stay.
117.
Main royal -backstays. ^^^|
57. Foreakysail-yard.
118.
Mainroyal -brace. ^^H
^^^. 58. Forestay.
119.
Mainroyalmast ^^H
^^^H 59. Foretop.
120.
Mainroyal -stay. 1
^^^H &o. Foretopgallant-backstays.
121.
Mainroyal -staysail. I
^^^^B f>i. Fore topgallant-brace.
122.
Mainroyal staysail -sheet. M
^^^^P 62. Foretopgallantmast.
123-
Mainroyal-studdingsail. ^^H
^^^^B 63. Foretopgallant-sail.
124.
Mainroyal studdingsail-boom. ^^H
^^^^H 64. Fcrrtopg a Itant -shrouds.
12'^.
Mainroyal studdingsaii -sheet. ■
^^^H 65. Foretopgallantscay.
126.
Mainroyal studdingsaii -tack. 1
^^^H^ 66. Foretopgallant-studdiagaail.
127.
Mainroyal studdings^>yKrd. 1
1
1
SHIP ^
585
^^B
SHIP fl
138. Mainroyal-yard.
189.
Mizzenroyal-staysoit .
H
1
139. Mainsail or Maincoune.
I go.
Mizzenroyal staysail -sheet.
^^1
■
ijo. Main -shrouds.
191-
MiKcnroyal -yard .
^^M
131. Mainskysail.
192.
Mizzen -shrouds.
^^M
132. Maioskysail-backstays.
»9.V
MizzenskysaiL
^H
133. Mainskysail-brace.
194.
Mizzenskysail-backstays.
^^H
134. Mainskysaitmast-
195-
Mizzenskysail - to^cc.
^^^H
135. Mainskysail -pole.
196.
MizzenskysiailiDast.
^^^H
1
136. MaiDskysail-stay.
197.
Mizzcnskysail-pole.
^^H
137. Mainskysail -yard.
198.
Mizzcnnkysail -stay .
^H
138. Mainstay.
199.
Mizzeiisk ysail-yard .
^H
1
139. Maintop.
zoo.
Mizzcnstay.
^H
140. Maintopgallant- backstays.
201.
Mjzxcostaysail.
^H
141. Maintopgallant- brace.
Z03.
Mizzcntop.
^H
142. Maintopgallantmast.
303.
Mizzf^n topgallant -backstays.
^H
143. Maintopgallant-sail.
304.
Mizzcn topgallant -brace.
^^M
144. Mai ntupgaJ tan t -shrouds,
205.
Mizzentopgallantmast.
^^M
1
145. Main topgallant -stay.
206.
Mizzcntopgallant-sail.
^^M
1
146. Maintopgallant -staysail.
207.
Mizzentopgal lant-shro uds.
^H
1
147. Maintopgallant-staddingsail.
308.
.Mizzen topgallant-stay.
^H
■
148. Main topgallant studdingsail-booni.
209,
Mizzen topgallant-staysail.
^^1
149. Maintopgallant studdtngsail-downhaul.
210.
Mizzen top gallant stay&ail -sheet.
^^1
150. Maintopgallant studdingsail- halliards.
211.
Mizzen top ^al I ant - yard.
^^^^t
151. Maintopgallant studdingsail-shcct.
313.
MizxentopmasL
^^^^H
1
152. Maintopgallant studdingsail-tack.
21.1.
Mizzen top mast -backstay s.
^^^H
153. Maintopgallant studdingsail-yard.
214.
Mi zzen topmast -head.
^^M
154. Maintopgallant-yard.
215.
Mizzcn top mast-shrouds.
^H
K,
155. Maintopmast.
2t6.
Mizzen topmast -stay.
^^1
1
156. Main topmast -backstays.
217.
Mizzen topmast-staysail.
^H
1
157. Maintopmast-head.
318.
Mizzca-truck.
^^1
1
158. Matntopmaat lower staysail.
319.
Mirzcn upper topsail.
^H
159. Main topmast -shrouds.
2 30.
Mizzcn upper topsail-brace.
^H
160. Maintopmast-stay.
221.
Mizztin upper topsail-yard.
^H
161. Maintopmast-studdingsail.
322.
Monkey-gaff.
^H
1
163. Maintopinast studdingsaii-boom.
223.
Monkcy-gaff lift.
^H
163. Maintopmast studdingsail-dou-nhaul.
224.
Monkey-gaff vangs.
^^1
164. Maintopmast at addingsail -halliards.
225.
Outriggers.
^^1
165. Maintopmast studdingsail -she«t.
226.
Quarter-boat.
^H
166. Maintopmast studdingsail -tack.
227.
Reef- points.
^^1
167. Maintopmast studdingsail-yard.
223.
Rudder.
^^M
16S. Maintopmast upper staysail.
329.
Run.
^^M
169. Main -truck.
230.
Signal -halliards.
^H
170. Maintrysail-gaCF.
231.
Spanker.
^H
171. Main upper topsail.
232.
Spanker-boom.
^H
173. Main upper topsail -brace.
^33-
Spanker-boom topping-lift.
^H
1
173. Main upper topsail-yard.
334-
Spanker- brails.
^^1
174. Mainyard.
235-
Spanker- gad.
^H
175. Martingale -guys.
236.
Spaokcf-gad vangs.
^^1
176. Martingale-stays.
3 37-
Spanker peak -halliards.
^^1
177. Mixzen -chains.
338.
Spanker-sheet.
^H
178. Mizztn lower topsail.
339.
Spring-stay.
^H
179. Mirr.cQ lower topsail-brace.
240.
Stem.
^^1
180. Mizten lower topsail-lift.
241.
Stem.
^^1
181. Mi«en lower topsail-yard.
242.
Taffrail. ' " ;
^H
183. Mizzenmast.
243-
Upper maintopsafl-downhaul.
^H
183. Mizzenmast-head.
344.
Upper mizzentopsail-dou-nhaul.
^^1
184. Mizzcnroyal.
245-
Waist.
^^1
185. Mizzenroyal-backstays.
246.
Weather crcHsjack -sheet,
^^1
1^
186. Mizzenroyal-bracc.
247.
Weather flying jib sheet.
^^1
1
187. Mizzcn royal mast.
24a.
Weather forc-fcheet.
^^1
I
188. Mizzen royal-stay.
249-
Weather jib-sheet.
1
SHIPBUILDER
586
SHIPPING
J50. Weather Jib topsail-sheet.
251. Weather main-sheet.
Shipbuilder, The. Vnti] recently, there wan no
periodical puhUshed in the British Isles which
catered exclusively lar the requirements of those
CDgaged in shipbuilding and the allied trades.
This fact appears remarkable when one considers
the extent and importance of these industries, as
indicated by the enormous capital invested, ami
the number of pentons employed. To supply this
want the illustrated journal bearing the scU-
explanatory title of " The Shipbuilder " was
founded in 1906 by Mr. A. G. H. Hood, its present
editor. Primarily a record of the condition of
and the advance made in shipbuilding, ship-repair-
ing, and marine engineering at home and abroad.
" The Shipbuilder " also dm-otes attentioa to
improvements, new developments and new mate-
rials introduced in the design and construction
of ships, engines, and boilora. In short, it seeks
to deal with any and every question atfecting the
army of workers employed in the construction of
asytliing intended to float. Irom the nitghty
battleship to the shm destroyer, and from the great
ocean liner to the humble " tramp " steamer.
While the articles published are often of a tiigbly
technical nature, from the pens of prominent ship-
builders and naval architects, the journal contains
much that appeals to the thousands of non-«xpcrts
who are deeply interested in the building of ships,
whether for peace or war, Published at Newcastle-
on-Tyne. Price t}d.. post free.
Shipmaster, A, includes every person (except a
pilot) having command or charge of any ship. The
master is, prima facie, the servant of the registered
owners, by whom he is generally appointed and
removed, but where a charter-party amounts to a
demise of the ship to the charterer, the master is
appointed by him and becomes his servanL A
master's authority is verj* wide, and extends to all
acts usual and necessar>' for the employment of the
ship. He can contract, as agent for his owners, for
tlie hire of the ship and the carriage of goods, but
caimot vary his owner's contracts. He is responsi-
ble for the safe-keeping of the cargo, and must take
all steps to preserve it. In cases of necessity he
becomes agent for the cargo-owner, and may
incur expenses on his behalf, and sell goods that
cannot be saved. A master is bound to employ
his whole time and attention in the 9er\'ice of his
employer, and no custom allowing him to trade
on his own account can be maintained^
Hefer to Log Book. Wages, Passengers, Passenger
Boats, Dangerous Goods, Grain Cargo, Shipping
Itiquiries. Pilot, Barratry. Apportionment, Posses-
sion, Bottomry, Coaster, Merchant Shipping Act.
Shipmate, The mate is the person who succeeds
to the command of the ship on the death or in-
capacity of her master at tea or beyond the owner's
control. A mate thus becoming captain asBUoet
all the captain's duties and powers, and is entitled
to be paid as such, and an A.B. {q.v.) appointed
mate by him is entitled to mate's pay.
Every British foreign-going ship and cv«ry
British home-trade passenger ship, when going to
sea from any place in the United Kingdom, and
e\'ery foreign steamship carrying posungers between
places in the United Kingdom, shall be provided
with duty certified officers according to the follow-
ing scale :
(i) In any case a duly certified master.
[2) If the ship is of 100 tons burden cr upwards,
with at least one ofhccr besides the master, hcddtng
a certificate not lower th.-in that of only mate in
the case of a foreign-going slup. or of mat« in the
case of a home-trade passenger ship.
ii) If the ship is a foreign-going ship, and
carries more than one mate, with at least the first
and second mate duly certified.
U) If the ship is a foreign -going steamship of
100 nominal Hp. or upwards, with at least two
engineers, one of whom shall be a first-class and
the other a first or second-clajw engineer.
[(,) If the ship is a foreign going steamship of
less than 100 nominal Hp., or a sea-going home-
trade passenger steamship, with at least one fint
or second-class engineer.
Refer to Shipping Inquiries.
Ship money, which vras finally abolished dunng
the reign of Charles I., was a diarge on the parts,
towns, cities, boroughii. and counties of England lof
providing and furnishing certain ships for the King*
service. The attempt made by Charles 1. to reviTP
and cnforcv this imposition, which had Uid dor
mant for many ycai«, wa^ one of the praxiiiutr
causes of the great RebelUon.
Ship, Name ot tb9, Ste Name of the Ship.
Shipped. Taken on board.
Shipping. Sea Bill of Lading. Charter (Vty.
.\fTreightment, Bottomry, Fishing Boats, SCercbtft
Shipping, Possession of Ship«. Rugistration. Toin|t.
Tonnage. Shipmate, Lightlicusc. Wreck. Ystfbt
Salvage. Collision Reflations. Collisions at Ses.
Merchant Shipping Act, Pilot, Maiitimo Li«.
British Ships. Shipping Inquiries.
Shipping and MeroantOe GMrtto mai UoH**
List, r.stablishcd Mi^O. Published dall^ 'cvtc
ing). Pncc 3d. Address: 54 Gracechurch Siwrt.
London, E.C.
Shipping Companies. These are dealt witk
throughout the " Encyclopxdia of Ships and Ship-
ping," under their respective names, in alphabrhcal
order.
Shipping Gazette and Uoyd'a Uat HstahUsM
1856. Published weekly (Friday). Pnce ftrf. M"
drees : 54 Gracechurch Street, Ixmdon. E.C
SHIPPING
587
SHIPWRECKED
supping Otutte Moraine. EaiablishMl 1893-
Published daily. Price id. Addreta : 54 Grace-
church Street, London, E.C.
Aipping iminiriei. A preliminary inquiry is betd
by the inspecting officer of the coastguards, Mxe
chifi ofitcec of Customs, or any person appointed
by the Board ol Trade :
(i) When on or near the coasts o£ the United
Kingdom (a) any ship ia loitt. abandoned, or
damaged, or causes loss or damage to anotlier
ship ; {b) any loss of life ensiie by reason of any
casualty to or on any ship , or
(2) When on or near the coasts of the United
Kingdom any ship has been stranded or damaged,
when in any place any loss, abandonment, or
damage occurs, when in any place any British ship
is stranded or damaged, and any witness is found
in the United Kingdom ; or
(3) When any British ship is lost, or supposed
to have been lost, and any evidence is obtainable
in the L'nited Kingdom as to tbo circnmst&nces
uadcr which she proceeded to aea or was last
heard of.
When considered necessary or so directed by
the Board of Trade a (iiriher and formal investiga-
tion is held by a Court o( Summary Jurisdiction
or by a wreck comraissioner. assisted, when the
investigation appears likely to involve questions
of cancelling or suspension of a certificate, by
nautical, engineering, or other specially skilled
assessors.
A report of the case and of the opinion of the
Court thereon sliall l)e sent to the Board ol Trade,
which may suspend ot cancel a certificate only if
the owner has been convicted of any otfencc. But
a certificate may be cancelled or saspended {a) by
a Court holding investigation, or by a Na^-al Court
il the loss of life or vessel, or the abandonment or
damage to any vessel, has been caused by the
wrongful act or default of the holder , (t) by a
Court holding inquiry into the c^nclact of an
officer, or by a Naval Court, or local mnrinp l>oard.
tor incompetence, gross misconduct, drunkenness.
tyranny, or faihire to render assistance after
collision.
In case fresb ex'idence is produced after the
inquiry or investigation js cloMd, or where there
is reason to suspect a miscarriage of justice, the
Board of Trade may order a rehearing by the
same Court or by ilie High Court. Colonial
Courts have powers of inquir>' and investigation
into casualties occurring within their jurisdiction
similar to those mentioned above. A Naval Court
may be summoned by any officer in command of
any of His Majesty's ships on any foreign station,
"or, in hus absence, by any consular officer : { t ) WHiere
any complaint requiring mvestigation is made by
the master or any of the crew of any Urilisli ship ;
(3) when the interest of the owner of any British
ship or of the cargo appears to require il ; {$) when-
ever any British ship is wrecked, abandoned, or
lost in the neighbourhood.
Shipping list Established 1853. Published
weekly (Saturday). Pnce 44. .\ddreaa : 13 St.
Mary Axe, London. E.C.
Shipping World and Herald 0! Oommerce. Estab-
ILsbed 1 883 . PubUshed wcekl y (Wednesday).
Price 6d. Address : Effingham House. Arundel
Street. London. W.C
Shipshape. Colloquially in a searoanlike manner.
Shipwrecked Fisbermea and Marinsn* BsneTOleat
Society, The (more familiarly known as the Ship-
wrecked Manners' Society), was founded on Feb-
ruary 21, rSig. The society owes its origin to
hli. John Rye. a philanthropic medical man re-
siding at Bath, who strongly urged the necessity
of an inKtitntion capable of affording relief to the
families of fishermen, etc.. lost at sea. The first
meeting was held at the London Tavern, when
Admiral the Right Hon. Sir George Cockburn.
G.C.B.. was appointed president and an inflnenlial
committee formed.
During the first year of its institution the spdety
received ^3.649 in donations and subscriptions,
and had 33 auxiliary branches. In 1906 its re-
ceipts were ^25.526, and it had over t.ooo local
Hon. agents distributed all over the United King-
dom, as well as at several Colonial and foreign
ports : while its system ha.s been adopted to a
certain extent hy similar societies abroad and in
our Colonies.
From its original intention of helping the families
of drowned seamen, the work of the society has
de%*clopcd in various directions with the object ol
benefiting the maritime classes, one of its pro-
minent features being the encouragement of thrift
as beneficiary members in virtue of annual pay-
ments of cither 31. or 6s., can secure for themselves
benefits in the event of loss of boats (with certain
restrictions) or effects, and are also assi^tnl by
grants in old age, sickness, or poverty, white their
widows, young orphans, or aged parents are en-
titled to help, when deprived by death at sea (or
ashore) of their bread-winners. This portion of
the society's scope, however, is not. as in the case
of friendly societies, self-supporting, but depends
materially upon i^iilanthropic support, although
the contributions of some 30.000 sailors and fisher-
men produce about ^5,000 annually.
As its name implies, the society regards it as an
important function to extend immediate aid to all
peraoas shipwrecked on the English. Welsh, Scotch,
or Irish coasts, the nearest honorary agent being
instructed to provide them with food, clothing,
lodging, and medical attention, if necessary, and tt>
forward them to their homes or to other ports
free of any expenses. This care Is bestowed on
all shipwrecked persons if in want of it. irrespectivu
of their being a member of the benevolent societ>'
or not ; members of the society, however, being
SHIRAKUMA
588
SHOVELL
further entitled to help towards mailing good their
losses accorcliBR to the lengtli of membcrahip.
The otigiDal object of the institution is fnl&tled
whenever a case of drowninf; or violent death at
sea of a Kailor or fisherman is reported, and if
dependent relatives are found to have been left in
need of belp. financial assLttancc is immediately
given. The society lurthcr rewards courageous
rescues on the high seas, or on the coast of India or
Uic Colonies by the award o( medals (usually
silver, but in excepttonally meritorious cases, gold),
barometers, or grants ol money. The central
office was for many years at I-fibenua Chambeis,
London Bridge, S.E., then for some time at the
Sailors' Home, Dock SUcet, £. (where it siiU has
a relief office), but has since 1895 been located at
26 Sufiolk Street. Pall Mall, London, S.W., where
any information can be obtained from the secrc-
tar>'. His Majesty King I^dward VH. is patron
of the society and an annual subscriber. The vice-
patrons are Her Majesty Quccn Alexandra and
Admiral His Ro>ai Highness Tho Prince of Wales,
KG.
Sturalnima. Japanese tnq>e(io-boat destroyer,
fThoroycroft. 1901.) Displacement, 365 tons ;
maximum draught, g ft. ; complement, 60 ; arma-
ment, I i3-pdr., 5 6*pdr. ; torpedo tubes, 2 iS-ln. ;
Hp.. 6.000=51 kts, : coal. 9f tons.
KbiranoL Japam^sc torpedo-boat destroyer.
(Thomycroft, 1899.) Displacement, 275 tons ;
complement, 54; armament, 1 12-pdr., 5 6-pdr. ;
torpedo tubes. 2 18 ixL ; Up., 5,400=30 kts. ; coal.
8t Itnvi.
Bhirataka. J apanese torpedo-boat. (Elbing.
1899.) Length. 147 ft. ; beam, 16 ft. ; draught,
8 ft.; displacement, 130 tons; complement. 26;
armament, i 6-pdr,. 2 5-pdr,, 3 tubes : twin screw ;
Hp., 4,200=27 kts. : coal, 30 tons.
Sbintsojm. Japanese torpedo-boat destivyer.
(Kobe, IQ06.) Length, 220 ft. ; beam, 20J ft. ;
draught, 9^ ft. ; di:bplaccmcnt. 374 tons ; arma-
ment, I is-pdr., 5 6-pdr.. 2 tubes; tuin screw;
Hp., 6,000=39 kts.
mnyvU. Japanese torpedo*boat destroyer.
(Kobe. igo6.) Length. 220 ft. : beam. 20) ft ;
draught, 9) ft. ; displacement. 374 tons ; arma-
meot, I i2-i>dr., 5 6-pdr., 2 tubes; twin screw;
Hp., 6,0001:^39 kts.
Shire Line. See Tumbull. Martin and Co.
Shire Line, owned and managed by Messrs.
Jenkins and Co.. Ltd., Lcadenhall Street, London,
E.C., have a fleet of seven excellent steamers, which
mointam a eervice at scheduled times from I^ndon
to the Straits. Quna, and Japan. The steamers of
this line carry a limited numbt^r o< passengers,
and ofler special inducements to passengers making
the round tuur. from London to London fi'ti Oylon,
tJic Straits, China, and Japan on the outward
joumey, and 00 the homeward jonroey
India and Burmah.
FtXKJ.
Denbighshire. Meriotuthshira.
Ftintihite. Monmoulhshin,
Gtamorganshin. Pembroke ihirt.
Radnorshire.
Bhirotaye. Japanese torpedo-boat dcstrojrer.
(Kobe. 1906.) Length. 220 ft.; beam. 2oJ ft.;
dranght, 9} ft. ; displacement, 374 tons ; arma-
ment. 1 i2-pdr.. 5 6-pdr., 2 tubes; twin screw.
Hp., 6.000=29 kts.
SbiTer a safL To render it neutral.
fihiTOi. Russian torpedo-boat destroyer. Black
Sea. (Laird, 1903.) Displacement. 350 tons;
maximum draught. 8^ ft. ; armament, i 12-pdr..
5 3-pdr, ; torpedo tubes, 3 iS-in. ; Hp., S.SOQm
27 kts.
ShiTnlha. Russian torpedo-boat destroyer, Sack
Sea. [Laird, 1903.) Displacement, 350 tou ;
maximum draught, 8^^ ft. ; armament, i I3'pdr..
5 3-pdr. ; torpedo tubes, a 18-in. ; Hp,, $,500^
27 kts.
Shoal. Formed by sunken rocks where the aes
does noc break : generally applied to places when
the water is shallow.
Shoot To move suddenly ahead.
Shore. A prop used to support a vessel wt
the stocks.
Shorten s&iL To take in some portion ol thi
sails.
Shot A splicing of two cables together; Cb*
whole length of two cables tlius spliced.
SboUey Naval SebooL See N'aval Esubhah-
mt-nts.
SbovtU, Sir Cloodesley (1650-1707). Enghsh ad
miml (b. Norfolk). In 1674 he served as lieutenaal
under Sir John Narborough in the Meditenwiesii
when be led the boats of the squadron in tbf
attack on the shipping in the harbour of Tripoli
and burned four men-of-war belonging to lb*
pirates of that place. Was capt&in of the B4t^
at the battle of Bantry Bay, when he greatly dis-
tinguished himself. In 1690, on bring promotdl
rear-admiral of the blue, he conveyed Wtilian 111
across St. George's Channel to Ireland. In 1791
ho ecr\-ed under Rooke at the battle of Vifo.
and brought home the spoils of the French aad
Spanish Fleets that were captured. Retnmiog to
ilie Mediterranean, he was present at the ba:tl<
of Malaga, 1704. Id 1705 be was promoted Koa-
Admiral of England, and shortly afterwards IM^
Commander -in -Chief of the British Fleet, and i>
1705 co-operated in the reduction of Bareekoa^
On the voyage home his ship, the AuM»atie*.
struck on the rocks near Scilly and went dOwaV
four minutes, not a aouI being saved of Sod b^
that were on board. His body was cast ashore
next day, and was buried in WesUninster Abbey.
Show a leg. la sea phraseology capable ior
duty.
StaroniU. The upper and lower standing rigging.
They arc always divided into pairs or cnuplcs ;
that is to say. one piece of rope is doubled, and
the parts fixed together at a small di5tance from
the middle, so as to leave a sort of noose or collar
to fix upon the maAt-bcad ; the ends have each a
dead-eye ttimed in^ by which Ihry arr srt up by
laniards to the channel.
Shnbriok. U.S. torpedo-boat. (Richmond, 189Q')
Length, 175**. ; beam, 17^ ft. ; draught, 4^ ft. ;
displacement. 165 tons; complement. 39; arma-
tnent. 3 3-pdr.. 2 tubes ; twin screw ; Hp., 3,000=
26 kts. : coal. 70 tons.
Shotki. Rus-sian torpedo-boat destroyer. Black
Sea. (Laird, 1903.) Displacement, 350 tons ; maxi-
mum draught, S^ ft. ; armament, i 12-pdr., 5 j-pdr;
tubes. 3 iS-in. ; Hp., 5,500 = 27 kts,
8X I>istinguishing letters on sea fishing boats
registered at Scherpenisse, Holland.
Sibnu. U-S. sulwidised merchant ahiii (190J).
Pacific MoU Co. {q.v.). Dimensions. 550x63x40ft. ;
groes tonnage, ti,3Bo; passenger accommodatioa,
1,483: Hp., 18.000=^18 kts.
Sibersky-StrelolL Russiaji torpedo-boat destroyer
(1906). Displacement, 625 tons : complement, 100 :
armament, 2 i2-pdr., 5 6-pdr,, 3 tubc!> ; Hp., 6,800
=38 kts.
Siboffa. Netherlands gun-boat, Indian Navy.
(Amsterdam. 1899.) Length, i7q ft. ; beam, 31 ft. ;
drangbt, iij ft.; displacement, 778 tons; com-
plement. 95 ; armament, 3 4*7*m.. 2 3'9-m.,
2 t*4-in. ; Hp., 1,400= 13 kts. ; coal, iso tons.
BloUia. Italian battleship. {Venice, 1891.)
I^englh 4ouft. Beam 75ft. Maximum draught 29ft.
Displacement 13,3751003. Complement 7^.
Guns. Armour.
4— 13'5 m. " Steel."
8 — 6 in. 5 in. Belt amidships.
16 — 4'7 in. 14 in. Barbettes.
20—6 pdr, 13 in. Conning tower.
[10 — 1 pdr.
K Torpedo Tubes (t8 in.].
V 2 Submerged.
3 Above water.
Twn screw. Hp. natural 1 5,300= 19 kts.. forced
19,500b 30 kts. Coal maximum 3.000 tons.
AppioxJmate cost ii, 050,000.
Side. That part of a ship which in length extends
Eromatem to stern.
Biefflri«d. German coast service battlesbip (iftflg).
Length 254ft. Beam 49ft. Maximum draught iSft.
Displacement 4,150 tons. Complement 197.
Gums.
3— 9-4 in.
10 — 15 J pdr.
6— I pdr.
4 Afachine.
Armour,
" Compound."
9 in. Belt.
8 in. Barbettes.
7 in. Conning tower.
Torpedo Tubes.
3 Submerged bow and broadside.
] Above water stern.
Twin screw. Hp, 5,ioo=i5'5 kts. Coal maxi-
mum 580 tons.
SUc> Russian sabmarine (1905). Length, 77 ft. :
displacement. 175 tons: speed. 7 kts.
Sieftiidy* Pierre {b. Bastia, Corsica, October 30,
1846). Educated Mining School. Paris. Served
his apprenticeship with Messrs. John Scott and Co..
Greenock, and on returning to France served as
an officer of artillery during the campaign, 1870.
Entered the workshops o( the Socict6des Forges ct
Chantiers dc La Mediterran6e, Havre, and had
charge of extensive alterations and extensions.
organising the big gun and gun frame department,
subsequently becoming their chief en^neer in 1893.
Since 18S5 has been closely connected with the
design and construction of all machinery made by
this firm, and was responsible for the cagiues of a
Japanese cruiser in 1885, which attained a ."ipcod
of 18^ kts. Ln 188S he designed and constructed
the first torpedo-boat with triple expansion engines,
and in 1 896 the first French avLsos, coniitructcd with
wntcr-lubc boilers, known as exprciut Ixjilcrs, and
in the same year tlte engines of the cruiser Ctutteau-
renattU, which attained a speed of 3418 kts.. and
^^'as the first and largest application of these boilers
in large war-veasels. In 1897 he designed the engines
of the cruisers Saa Gabriel and Sao Rafael for the
Portuguase Gpvemment, and in 1898 the engines of
the cruiser Rio da la Plate for tlie Spanish Xa\->* ; in
1899, the engines of the cruiser Rainha Dona
Amelia for the Portuguese Cfovemmcnt, al! of which
were fitted with water-tube boilers. En 1897 he
was decorated by the Lorrls of the Admiralty fw
exceptional services rendered in engineering.
Publications : A paper read before the Institution
of Navo! Architects on " Coupling Boilers of Diffe-
reot Systems" (1895). "Water-tube Boilers in
High Speed Ocean Steamers" (1897).
Sgiiftl halliards. The halliards by which (lags
are hoisted to the various masts for signalling.
Signals. A means of communication by audible
or visible signs between two distant points, accord-
ing to a preconcerted system. The means o<
signalling are numerous, as by the display of lights
of various colours, the firing of guns, rockets, the
semaphores and flags.
Sieabee, Tice-Admiral Charles Dwight, VS. Na\'y
(b. Albany. 1845). Educated United States Naval
Academy which he entered in 1859 ; served in CiN*il
War. ]863.65 ; China StMion. 1865-69: has com-
manded succmivcly the Htarsttge. Dat^, Com-
situation. Portsmoulh. Maitie. Si. Paul and Texas ;
was in command of the Maine when she was blown
up in Havana Harbour, February 15, 1S98 ; in
command U.S. Coast Survey steamer Blakf. 1874-
78 ; engaged in deep sea exploraticm ; received
gold medal and two diplomas of honour at Inter-
national Fisheries Exhibition. I^ndon, for deep
sea sounding invcDtions ; in charge of U. S. Hydro-
graphic Office, I893-9/ ; commanded St. Paul in
var with Spain. 1698 ; mentioned in despatches
and promoted.
Publications : " Deep Sea Sounding and Dredg-
ing. VS. Coast and Geodetic Survey " (1880} ;
"Tlie Story of the Maine" liSgS), "Graphical
Method for Navigators."
Sig. StD. Signal stAtiou. Abbreviation adopted
on the charts issued by the Hydrographic Office.
Admiralty.
SQnL Russian torpedo-boat destroyer ((906).
Length, 1S5 ft. ; beam, 21 ft. ; draught, ;} ft. ;
displacement. 324 tons ; complement, 60 ; arma-
ment, I 12-pdr-, 5 3-pdr.. 3 tubes ; twin screw ;
Hp., s,6oo>sz6 kts. ; coal, 100 tons.
SQim. French wa-going submarine. (Cherbourg.
1901.) Length, III ft.; beam. 12^ ft.: draught.
54 (t. ; displacement, 1 06 tons above, 300 tons below ;
Hp.. 250= 1 2 lets, above. 8 kts. below; torpedo tubes.
1 ir7-in.
Bflver Uutw. The phenomenon of a targe quantity
of Eroien moisiiire on trees, walls, etc., sometimes
consisting of ice, but more frequently crystallised
and presenting a beautiful snow-like appearance-
Simla. Ship. Wrecked by collision with the
City of Lucknow. near the Needles, English Cfaanncl,
January- 25, 1884 ; 30 lives lost.
Simoom. A hot, sufiocitting wind, bearing clouds
of i>aiid, in the Sahara.
Bimoon. Frcndi torpedo-boat (igoi). Dis-
placement, 185 tons; complement, iS; maximum
draught. 9 ft. ; guns. 2 3-pdr. ; torpedo tubes.
3 15-in. : armour, " Steel," |-in. amidships. ; twin
screw; lip., 1,200 = 26 kts.
Simpson, Oftorge (b. Glasgow}. Educated Glas-
gow and West of Scotland Technical College.
Aftei !<eiving his apprenticeship he joined the firm
of &[essn$. J. and S. White and Co., Ltd., at Cowcs,
where he designed and constructed many well-
known steam yachts, torpedo-boats, and destroyers,
subs«iui-nt)y going to the United States to organise
the drawing oftce of the New York Shipbuilding
Co. On the completion of the work he became
superintendent - constnictor to the Townsend -
Downey Shipbuilding Co. of New York. Member
of Institution of Naval Architects, and associate
member of the American Society of Naval Engineere.
Publication " The Naval Constnictor," a
fade-mecum of ship design.
Simpson, Explorer. See Arctic Exploration.
Singapore. P. and O. steamer. Stradj
sunken rock. August zo. 1870, and foundered
Singleton. R«ar-Adipir&] Uved&Ie OorMt
l802. Entered Royal Na^'y, 1^51 ; mida
of Hecia in Baltic at bombardment and
Bomarsund ; in Hastingt at bon
SvealK)rg (Baltic medal) ; midshipman
of EM, was present in her cutter at
Fatshan Creek, 1857 (Fatshan medal) ; pn
the capture of Canton, 1857 ; promoted
tenant for services (China medal) ;
1869; commanded Haughty in Chim in]
engagements against pirates ; Second -m-'
of Naval Brigade in Modict. Hini; Daw >
in Perak River; present at tlie capture oJJ)
mentioned in despatches (Perak medal and^
captain, 1878 ; captain of Jumna dunn; sax
military operations in Eastern Soudan.
mentioned in despatches (Eg>-ptian mcddl
dive's Bronze Star) ; captain's good service n
1590-91 ; rear-admiral, 1893. J
Sinop. Russian battleship. Black Sea (rsi
Length 339fL Beam 69ft. Maximum draugB
Displacement 10,350 tons.
6«iis.
6 — 12 in.
7 — 6 in.
8— 1» pdr,
18 — I pdr.
Complement
A rmouP.
" Compound."
16 in. Belt amidsl
12 in. BarbettesL
t6 in. Cotming tO<i
Torpedo Tubes,
7 Above water.
Twin screw. Hp. natural 1 0,600 « 1 5 ktS,
13,000= i6'5 kts. Coal maximum 870
8ixd> Norwegian torpedo-boat. (<
iQoo.) Length. 128 ft.; beam, 15 it.;
6} ft. ; displacement, 64 toos ; armament. :
q.f.. 2 tutwhS ; Hp.. 1.100=23 kts.
Sirene. French sea-going sabnkarine.
bourg, 1900.) Length, tij It.; beam.
draught, sh ^t. ; displacement, 106 tons
200 tons below ; torpedo tubes, 4 17*7-10.
250= 12 kts. above, 8 kts. below.
Siria Italian torpedo-boat destroyer.
1906.) Length, 168 ft. ; l>eam. 17 ft, ; d
7 ft. ; displacement, 2 1 5 tons. ; armament. }
3 tubes; twin screw; Hp., 3,000=^26 kta..
40 tons.
Siritu. British 3rd class cruiser (1891). ;
Length .^ooft. Beam 43ft. Maximum dmugM
Displacement 3,400 tons. CoraplemeniJl
Gum. A nnoicr. J
a— 6 in. " StecL"
6 — 4'7 in. 3 in. Deck.
8 — 6 pdr. 3 in. Conning tow*
1—3 pdr.
4 Machine.
Torpedo Tubes (14 in.).
4 Above water.
SIRIUS
591
SKYLARK
Twin screw. Hp. natunl 7,000= i8'5ktc., forced
9.000=30 lets. Coal maximam 535 tons.
Approximate cost j^20o,oou.
This ship-name is associated with the capture
of the Dutch Furie. 1798 ; Caider ofl Ferrol, 1B05 ;
Nelson at Trafalgar, 1805 ; capture of Bourbon,
1810.
Siriai. This vessel was the pioneer steamer to
cross the Atlantic from the Old World to the New.
She left Cork. April 5, 1838, and reached New
York. April 23. a passage of 18 days, but ha\'ing run
short of coal she was compelled to bum anything
available.
SiTOOOO. French torpedo-boat (i^oO- I^^-
placement. i8s tons ; ccmplement, 18 : maximum
draught, 9 ft; guns, 2 3-pdr.'; torpedo tubes.
3 15-in. ; armour. " Steel." ^ia. belt amidships :
twin screw ; Hp., 1.3001= 26 kta. ; coal, 25 tons.
Sirocco. A hot. south-ea.tt wind blowing from
the heated Sahara, dry on the coast of Africa, but
moist OD the coast of Europe.
Sissoi Veliky. Russian battleship. Torpedoed by
the Japanese during the night of May 37, 1905, at
the battle of Tsushima, iind sank early on the
tnonung of the 38th.
S^ Distinguishing letters on sea fishing boats
registered at Keitum, Germany.
Bfcnfflq or toaith. A t^'pe of Scotch logger with
raked stem and stem-posts, used principally on the
coast line between Fiuserburgh and Dornoch, and
apparently of Norse origin.
Skaggald. Swedish torpedo gun-boat. (Stock-
holm, lytlo.) I-cngth. 171 ft. ; beam, 26 ft. ;
draught, 10 ft.; displacement. 527 tons; comple-
ment. 73 ; armament, i io'6-in., 1 4'7-in,. 2 Maxims ;
Hp.. 780= 13 kts. ; coal. 80 tons.
Skat, Russian submarine (1905). Speed. 9 kts.
Skate. The popular name of the genus Hafa.
One of the commonest fishes on the coast of Great
Britain, where it attains great aire, llie long-nose
skate is between 4 and 5 ft. in length. The white
skate of Scotland is thicker and hea^'icr than the
true skate, and is frequently caught as large as
8 it. long. At Lyme Regis, in Dorsetshire, this
fl fish is knoFWo as the Tinker.
Skerryrore Ughthoose, situated on the Skerry-
vore Rocks. 12 miles off the Island of Tiree. in
Argyllshire, which is the nearest land, is fully
ezpooeU to the Atlantic ; Uluminant, oil.
Skid. Fenders of timber used to support a
vessel in launching.
Sldfl. A term for any small boat ; a vessel with
fore-and-aft mainsail, jib foresail, and jtb.
sun. Term used for the inside planking of a
vcsmL
^ SMti ot a taSL That part of the sail when furled
which remains outside and cuveis the whole.
Skins. Su Memorandum.
Skipjack. British torpedo gun-boat {iS^)-
Length 230ft Beam 27ft. Maximum draught 12ft
Displacement 735 tons. Complement 90.
Gutis.
3—47 "»■
4— 3pdr.
Torpedo Tubts.
5—14 in.
3— 1 8 in.
Twin screw. Coal maximum 160 tons. Speed
17 kts.
Skipper. A name sometimes given to a captain
on a merchant vessel.
Skirmisher. British scout (Vickers. 1904.)
Length 30olt. Beam 40ft. Maximum draught i^it.
Displacement 2.900 tons. Complement 268.
Guns. A rmour.
10 — 12 pdr. 1) in. Deck.
8 Pompoms.
Tofptdo Tubes.
2 Submerged.
Twin screw. Hp. i7.cxxi=25 kts. Coal maxi-
mum 380 tons. Approximate cost ^t^S.^*^-
SkJoUL Danish coast service battleship {1&96).
Length 232ft. Beam 37ft. Maximum draught 17(1.
Displacement 3,160 tons. Complement 210.
Guns. Annour.
I — 9'4 in. *' Harvey."
3 — 4*7 in. 10 in. Belt.
4 — 3 pdr. 8 in. Turrets.
2— r pdr. 8 in. Conning tower.
Torpedo Tubes.
4 Above water.
Hp. 3.2cxi=[3 kts. Coal maximum 38j tons.
Skorpionen. Old Norwegian monitor, about
3,000 tons, carrying 2 4'7-tn. guns. Of little fight-
ing value.
Bkory. Russian torpedo-boat destroyer. {Nev-
sky, 1902.) Length, 196 ft.; beam, 18J ft;
draught, 11^ f t. : displacement, 340 tons ; comple-
ment, 55 ; armament. 1 12-pdr., 3 3-pdr., 3 tubes ;
Hp.. 3.700=27 kts. ; ooal, 53 tons.
Bkrie. Norwegian torpedo-boat (Christiania.
1900.) T^jigth. 128 ft.; beam. 15 ft.; draught,
6j ft. ; displacement, 84 tons ; armament, 2 1'4-in.
q.f., 2 tubes ; Hp., 1.100=23 kts.
Skold. Swedish torpedo gun-boat (Stockholm,
1S80.) Length. 171 ft ; beam, 26 it ; draught,
10 ft; displacement, 527 tons; complement, 73;
armament, i iu'6-in., 1 4'7-in,, 2 Maxims: Hp.,
78USSI3 kts. ; coal, 8u tons.
Sky. That portion of the ethereal region in
which meteorological phenomena take place ; the
region of clouds.
Skylark. British gun-boat (284 tons). Launched
1855.
Skyro. From Carthageoa for London, vMh a
valaablc cargo, cooUining bar silver valued at
;£9.ooo, sank in 30 fathoms of watff o& Cape
Finiateire, April, iSgi. Diver Angel Erostarbo
succeeded in getting up 81 silver bars out of a
totfl.1 of US shipped, at a depth of 171 ft.
8ky8afl*mast The pole or upper portion of the
royal-mnst when long enough to serve for setting
ft .skyuiil.
SX. Distinguitifaing li-tters on sea lishing boats
registered at Stcllendam, Holland.
Slab ol a saU. That part which bangs down
after the leech-lines are hanled up.
Slack. That part of a sail or rope which hangs
loose.
Slansy. British 3rd class gun-boat (363 tons)*
Launched 1877.
Slava. Russian i st class battleship. (New
Admiralty, i'>o3.)
Length 397ft. Beam 76ft. Maximum draught a6ft.
Displacement 13,566 tons. Complement 750
Guns. A rmour.
4 — 13 in., 40 cal. *' Krupp."
12 — 6 in. 10 in. Belt araidships.
20 — 3 in. M in. Turrela.
ao — 3 pdr. 10 in. Conning lower.
8—1 pdr.
Torpedo Tubes (iS in.).
2 Submerged broadside,
t Above water bow.
t Above water stern.
Twin screw. Hp. 16,500=18 kts. Coal maxi-
mum 1,250 tons.
Sledge-boat A vehicle, somewhat triacgular in
shape, mounted on runnera carr>'ing a large sail used
ios transportation o^'cr frozen snow and ice. On
the rivers and lakes in Canada and the United States
slcdge-hoats and ice-boats arc extensively used, and
sailing this class of craft forms one of the great
winter sports.
Sleepers. Timbers used in tlie bottom of a ship
to atren^liien her.
Sleet. A mixture of snow and rain.
Siegfried. German coast defence crui»er. (Gcr-
mania, iSgo.) ^
Length 367ft. Beam 49ft. Draught igft.
Displacement 4,049 tons. Complement 376.
Guns. Atmour.
3—94 in. " Krupp."
6 — 3*4 in. g in. Belt amidships.
6 Maxim*. 7 in. Barbettes.
7 in. Turrets.
Torpedo Tube$,
4 Above watsr.
Hp. 4.800=14 kts. Cc«I 225 tons.
Sleipner. Norwegian gun-boat. (Morten, 169A.)
Length, 174 it. : beam, j6 ft ; draught. 9} ft ;
di^lacement, 571 tons ; complenient, 87 : «&*■
ment, I ] 0*2 in., 1 s'9-in., z tube; Hpi.. Sam
13 kts. ; coal. 80 tons.
Slew To sling round.
Sliding baulks. Timbers fitted under the bottn
ol a ship to descend with bcr upon the hilge-n^
when launched.
Sliding bilge-bloeks. Logs made to sUde oate
tliu bilge vt a bhip in urdcr to support her.
Slidinx guntar. A light spar ranntng on gaOe-
irons up <Lud down a ma3t on the after-side k
increase its height. A high-peaked sail can 1km
be set reaching above the masthead.
Sling, To &ct anything in ropes.
Sling thermometer. \ thermometer tied to 1
strmg and swung round tfat: head to determine tfe
temperature of the air. Readings obtained in th:
manner, even in lull suosliinc, agree vaj do^
with the true shade temperature.
mp. An unstamped documeot InJHaM b(
underwriters at Lloyd's giving apeci&ed proteBBa
to the a^ured until the policy is prepared, f^
lo Open Cover.
Slips. A frame on which ships Are bnilt
SIoniAD, Robert M.« Jon^ managing owner of tk
Mittclmetr Liue, with the head oBices in
lias a ficet of 31 steamers trading in ibe i
ranean. These vessels sad at scheduled
canying cargo to both the large and smaU |
the Mediterranean.
Fleet.
Amalfi. Genua,
Asii. Girgenii.
Bastia. Lassabon.
Capus. Malaga.
Carrara. Marsala.
Florens. Messena.
Frascati. Modena.
Sloop. A vessel similar to a catter. A \
generally used for yachts in North Ameria 1
Canada.
Slop*. Ready-made clothes.
Slot Groove for a pin.
Sludge. A wet deposit formed \rf atffsau, 1
comminuted fragments of brash ice^
Slue. To turn anything round.
Sluah backet A bucket kept in the tap I
grease the masts, sheets, etc.. to make 1)1011'
smooUily.
Stays, Battle ol- Near this place on Jou l
l:i4'>, an English Fleet comm.tnded Hy Ed«iHI
inflicted a crushing defeat on the French Fk^ \
B.BI. Distinguishing letters on sea fishtail
registered at Muhlenberg. Germany.
S.BE. Distinguishing letters on aea ^fhtag btf J
registered at Shoreham, England.
SM.
593
SMITH
im. Small. Abbrcviabon adopted on the charts
issued by the Hydro^^raphic Office. Admiralty,
denoting th« quality of th« ocean's bottom.
Snuuik. A vessel on the lines of a cutter, used
for fishing.
Small balm. When the sails are well trimmed,
and the rudder Httle used.
Small sail and saog saiL Under proper sail ready
lor bad wi?athi>r.
Smart, Lewis Anderson (b. Blantyrc. August 11,
1874). Concurrent with his apprenticeship, which he
served with Messrs. Robert Napier and Sons,
Glasgow, he studied at the Glasgow and West of
Scotland Technical College, and subsequently went
to Glasffow University, where he was awarded first
honourable mention in engineering. 1893 ; first prize
in T-ord Kelvin's laboratories, 1894. an*! shipwright
scholarship in naval architecture. 1894; repre-
sented the Science Faculty in the Students* Repre-
sentative Council, 1894-9$, &nd on leaving the
University was elected vice-president of the Glasgow
Uruverijity Enginfining Societ>'. In 1895 he
joined Messrs. WitUara Denny and Brothers. Dum-
barton, in the capacity of assistant to Mr. Archiliald
Denny Ig.v.). and had charge of the testing and
experimental department. In 1889 he was ap-
pointed engineering manager to Messrs. Burroughs,
Wellcome and Co.. where he organised and rebuilt
their various workshops. In 1901 he embarked in
business on his own account as a consulting engineer
mad specialist in heav^' electric power installations
(gaa or steam driven), workshop design, construction
and organisation. Designed and constructed in
1906 the first tug propelled by " Diesel " engines
(crude oil). Has tra^-dled extensively m Japan and
Kor«a, and spent 1 2 montiis tn the interior of China.
Member of Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders,
associate member of the Institution of Mechanical
Engineers, member (original) of the Faraday Society,
and vice-president of the Glasgow University
Engineering Society.
Smart money. Pension given to wounded men
according to rank and extent of injury.
8.BLD. Distinguishing letters on sea fishing boats
registered at Sint-Martcnsdijk. Holland.
Smeatoa, John (1734-93). English civil engineer
(b. Leeds). Started his career by improving vaiious
mathematical instruucnts used in navigation and
astronomy, and received the Copley medal of the
Royal Society in 1 7 59 for his paper and experi-
mental inquiry concerning the motive powers of
water and wind to turn mills, and Other machines
depending on circular motion. In 1 756 he designed
the tliird Eddystone Lighthouse, th© previous one
having been burned down in December. 1755.
This lighthouM? he built entirely of stone, dovetailing
the stones in their vanous courses. He devoted a
great de^ of time and attention to all kinds of
niportant engineering projects, river navigation.
the designing of barboun. and the repair and coo-
struction of bridges, soveral of which he built in
Scotland, and under his supervision the foundation
buttresses of the North Bridge, Edinburgh, were
strengthened. He died October sS, X797.
Publications ; " Narrative of the Building of
Eddystone TJghthouse." S^^ i^nites's " Livea of
the Engineers " (1874).
Smeroe. Nctheilands torpedo-boat. (Flge-
noord. 1904.) Length. 152 ft.; beam, 15 ft.;
draught. 7^ ft. ; displacement, 130 tons ; comple-
ment, 2$ ; armament, 2 3-pdr., 3 tabes : Hp., 1,900
•■37 kts. : coal, 56 tons.
Smetlivy. Russian torpedo - boat destroyer.
Black Sea. (Yarrow, 1901.] Displacement, 240
tons : maximum draught, 3 ft ; armameot. i
ijpdr.. 3 3pdr. ; tubes, a i8-in. ^ Hp.. ,3,8qp»
id kts. - ' - - :^'-
Smenl. Roumanian torpedo-boat. (Havre. 1 868.)
Length, 120 ft. ; beam, ti ft. ; draught, 6} ft. ;
displacement. 56 tons; arraament. t i-pdr.. 1 tubes;
Hp., 580=31 kts. ; coal. 30 tons.
8.MJ. Distinguishing tetters on sea fishing boats
registered at Smilde, Holland.
Sinit, Picter (b. Itindcrdijk. July 3 1 , 1843)- Having
served an apprenticeship to shipbuilding', he went to
America to complete bis studies in private yards,
and on his return purchased a shipyard at Slik-
ker\'eer; there he built many fast saihng and steam
yachts, and the Govommeut entrusted him with
the reconstruction of the pilot boat fleet. In 1896
he moved his yard to Rotterdam, where he has been
engaged in tniilding ttig boats. In 1904 he was
nominated by the Minister of Italy as Member
Cometito delta Navigazionc Interna, this honoar
being conferred upon him for his knowledge of
navigation, building and construction.
Smith, Charles Randolph. Educated Upping-
ham. Edinburgh Collegiate School, and Glasgow
and West of Scotland Technical College. After
serving his apprenticeship he Joined the Fair-
field Shipbuilding and Engineering Ca On the
invitation of Messrs. W. H. Allan. Sons, and Co.,
Ltd., he, in 1903, joined this firm as chief draughts-
man. In 1903 he was appointed superintendent
engineer to Messrs. Sir W. G. Armstrong. Whit-
worth and Co.. Ltd.
Smith, JamM A. Served his apprenticeship
as a shipbuilder in the yard of Messrs. Alec
Stephens and Sons. Glasgow, and in the drawing
office of Messrs. Lobnitz and Co., Renfrew, and
Messrs. W. Denny and Brothers. Dumbarton, re-
moiiung with tlie Litter firm for .tome years. Siil^Ke-
quently he joined the firm of Messrs. Schichat). of
Danzig, and there had chai^ of the building
arrangements of several German mail steamers. On
returning to the Clyde be joined the firm of Messrs.
MacKnight. Ltd.. Ayr, as chief draughtsman, then
went to India, and for some years was general
SMITH
594
SNELL
ntaJUiger of a large dock company. In 1903 he
returned to England, and established binudf in
London as a nnval architect, consulting and
inspecting enginepr. and has since designed several
special sennce vessels, indudiog the Clayton
(distnfecting and &re salvage steamer ior the
Mozambique Government). He has made a. special
study of marine motor boats, and has designed
several racing and cruising motor vessels, among
others the Marquis de Jesse's 1 00 Hp. racer,
C. KG., the seagoing motor yacht Dickie, and the
cruiscr<racer Quicksilver. He is otBcial measurer
to the Marine Motor Association ; the Automobile
Club ; and several Continental bodies governing
the sport of marine motor racing. Is a senior
honours medallist in naval architecture, and
member of the Institution of Naval Architects.
Smith, Sir Tfaomu. Ste Arctic Exploration.
Smith, Williftm. See .\ntarctic Exploration.
Smith, Sir William Sidney (1764-1S.10}. English
admiral (b. Westminster). Entered the Navy 1775.
and five years later for his bravery under Rodney
at the relief of Gibraltar, and the action near Cape
St. Vincent, was promoted lieutenant. He wa.s
present at the action fought by Graves against the
French. 17B1, and also under Rodney at the
batUe of Les Saintes, Leeward Islands, 1780. In
the war of the French Revolution he waa with Hood,
and on thu evacuation of Tuulon was entrusted
with the duty of bummg the French Fleet and
arsenals. In 1796 he cleared the ChaJinel ol French
privateers, but while endeavouring to cut oQ a
French ship of Havre his vessel was driven by
the tide under the French forts, and he was taken
prisoner and kept for two years in the Temple at
Paris. Having ejected his escape by means of
forged orders for his removal to another prison, he
crossed the Channel in a small skiff, and arrived in
London. 1798. In the following year he won great
fame by his defence of St. Jean d'Acre against
Bonaparte. For this brilliant exploit he received
the thanks of the Houses of Parliament, and was
rewaxded with an annuity of j^i,ooo. In 1807 he
relieved Gaeta and captured Capri, and accom-
panied Duckworth's expedition up the Darda-
nelles, where he destroyed the Turkish Fleet, and
spiked the tiatteries of Abydos. He was made
vice-admiral of the blue, 1812 ; K.C.B., iSi$; and
admiral, iS^i. and died in Paris, May 36, 1840.
Sm Barrow's " Life of Admiral Sir W. S. Smith "
(1848).
Smoke-stack. A name given, tbongh not pro-
perly applicable, to the funnels or furnace chimneys
rising atwve the deck of a vessel.
Smolenik. Russian steamer. Russian Volun-
teer Hcet. Refer to Pnvatoer.
SmngfUztf is an offence against the Revenue, and
is dealt with prindpally by the Customs Consolida-
tion Att. 1876. and Tcmtorial Waters Jurisdiction
Act, 187S.
Stnco the cetabUshmMit of Free Trade. stauggUng
has almost ceastMj to exist in this country, tobacco
being about the only article worth the risk. For
failure to declare dutiable goods, they are liable to
confiscation and their owner to a penalty of ^100.
or three times the value of the goods. O&encca
under the first of the above Acts include :
(i) Signalling by night to or from any smuggling
vessel.
(3) Assembling to the number of three or more
to run prohibited goods, or being found armed or
disguised within five miles of the coaait whibt
possession of goods Uabic to forfeiture.
(j) Rescuing goods, shooting at, or assault;
Army, Navy, or Revenue officers.
hy section 335 of the Merchant Shipping Act.
1894, if a seaman or apprentice is convicted ol
smuggling whereby loss ur damage is cau.'Kxl to the
master or owner of the vessel, a sum suiTtcicnt tor
reimbursement may be deducted from their wa^es.
Section 376. simitar to the above, apphes to j
or apprentices on fishing boats.
Refer to Duties.
Smyeli. Russian torpedo-boat destroyer. (Nev-
sky, 1902.) Length. ig6 ft.; bram, 1^ ft;
dnught. m\ ft. ; displacement, 340 tons ; cotB-
ploment. 58 ; armament, i i3-pdr., 3 3-pdr.. 3 tubes.
Hp., 5,700=937 kts. ; coal 5j tons.
8Jt. Distinguishing letters on sea fishing boat*
registered at Shields, North, England.
Snaekke. A Norwegian skiff.
Soags. Nome applied to sunken obstruction \
a river.
Snake. British 3rd class gun-boat (354
Launched 1871.
SOftkllig. The passing of small stuff across >
seizing with marline hitches at the outer turns.
Soap. British 3td class guu-boat (354 tool-
Launched 1872.
Supper. Bntish torpedo-boat destroyer, (Hull.
I995-) Length. 300 ft. ; beam, 19 ft. ; drangbt,
5^^ ft. : displacement. 270 tons : complenumt. je.
armament, i 1 2-pdr., 5 6-pdr.. ) tuba ; lirta
screw ; Hp., 4,500^37 kts. ; coal, 60 tons.
8BaiIe7-70W. A gambler.
Soail knot A knot that cannot be drawn 1
Soatob. Any open lead for a rope.
8JV.E. Distinguishing tetters on sea fishing t>oat<
registered at Sneek, Holland.
i SneU, John F. C. H.LO.B.. UXMJL, F.eX.
MJ.£.E. (b. SaltaKli, D^ember 15. 1869). Ofil
engineer. Educated Plymouth Gramaur School
and King's College, London. Was articled 10
Messrs. Woodhousc and Rawson, iflSj-Ho. t^
when tlie firm was IraiisttTtud to Messrs. Cooi|>Ib»
imd Co. he was appointed assistani wigipwr AmUH
the constructton ot the Keasiogton Court soil
Netting Hfll electrical stations. On the completion
of this work he was offered and accepted the post
of resident engineer (or the late Gouera) Webber,
C.B., R.H., at Sonth Kensington, where ho was
engaged upon the design for the large electric light
hydraulic station, and six months later became
chief assistant and was engaged upon several
schcraca, including a lube railway, tramway^i, etc.
In October, iHi^}. he acceptul the position of chief
assistant engineer to the Stanhope Street dectrical
station at St. Pancras. In 1894 he became resident
engineer for Professor Robinson, C.E., during the
pquipment of the King's Road station, sub-station,
and mains, on the comjilelion of which he was
unanimously appointed by the vestrj* resident
eogineer in charge of that <listrLct. In August,
1896. he was appointed borough electrical engineer
at Sunderland, since which time he has designed
and erected a large electric 6tation which has a
lighting capacity of zo.txxi Hp. In 1898 be was
appointed engineer to the Sunderland Borough
Tramways, and carried through the whole parlia-
mentary and constructive works, amonntiiig to
30 miles of traffic. He is vice-president of the
Newcastle Section of the Institution of Ci^il
Engmccrs, and the past -president of the Municipal
Electric Association.
Publications : " The DeacripUon of Electric
Energy," and numerous papers published in the
Transactions of the Institution of Clx-il Engineers
(for one of which he received the Watt gold medal),
the North-Easi Coast Institution of Engioecrs and
Shipbuilders, and Incorporated Municipal Electrical
Association.
Was chairman during t9oi-o2 of the Newcastle
local section of tlic Institution of Electrical En-
gineers, and ex-officio member of council of that
institution ; member of the North-East Coast
Institurion of Engineers and Shipbuilders, and is a
member of the Engineering Standards Committee
in London.
Snip* Netherlands gun-vessel, Dutch Indian
Navy. Of little fighting value.
8&lpfl. British shallow Klraught steamer, for
river service on Yang'tse-Kiang {85 tons). Launched
1898.
Snood* A line fastened below the lead on which
the books are placed.
Snottar. The lower support of the sprit.
Snow. A vessel of two masts, differing only
from a brig in that the boom-mainsail traverse on
the trysail -mast.
Show. Minute crystals of water, the crystals
being hexagonal or six-pointed.
Snow roUtts. Cylinders of snow formed and
driven along by the wind, something like a lady's
muff.
Snabbing. Bringing a ship up suddenly with a
short range of cable withont Jerking her.
Bang, Under proper sail to meet bad weather.
Sny. A bend in timber, curving upward.
6.0. Distinguishing letters on sea fishing boats
regisirred at SHgo. Ireland.
Soak and send. The order to pass along wet
swaliy.
Sobjornott. Danish torpedo-boat. (Copenluigen,
i8g8.) Length, 154 ft.; beam, 15 ft.; draaght,
7I ft. : displacement. 143 tons ; armament, t 4'7-in.,
I i-pdr.. 3 tubes ; twin screw ; Hp.. 2,300 =32 kts.
Sooledad de Nav^aoion 6 Indastrla, with their
head oiKccs in Barcelona, maintain passenger and
mail services between Cadiz and the Canary
Islands. The vessel leaves Cadiz twice a month
for Santa Crux, Tenenffe. and Las PaUnas. and
vice versa.
8ooiM4 de ta Voile d'Aroaolioa. Established
1882. President, H. Peyrelongue ; Vice-Presidents,
Vicomte de Curzay. M. GuHlet ; Treasurer,
F. Blanchy ; Secretary, A. Aymar, t» Ruu Tbiac.
Bordeaux, and Club House. Arcachon. Annual
subscription, 20 francs.
Soclit^ de la Voile de Bayonne-Biarrita. Estab-
lished 1891. President, J. B, Mialet , \'ice-Preai-
dent. J. Le Roy ; Treasurer. E. Barrere ; Secretary,
E. Sodes. 1 Rue Thiers, Bayomie. .\nnual sub*
scription. 20 francs.
Boei6t6 de la Totta de PatUUao et de la Oironde.
Established 1892. Commodore, E. Castcja ; Vicc-
Commodorcs. Admiral Demay, Admiral de Ferrand ;
Treasurer, C. Guerin ; Secretary, F. Dussaut,
36 Coura d'Alsace-T^rrainc, Bordeaux. Annual
.suhscription, 30 francs.
8ooi6tA du lUgates Oaunoises. Established 1893.
President. Centre Amiral Foret ; Vice-Presidents,
P. Serrailler, P. Bertrand, R. Lacour ; Treasurer,
Francois Flory ; Secretary. Jules Cotte ; Qub
House, AUecs de la Liberte, Cannes. Annual sub-
scription. 13 francs.
8ooi6U de« lUgates de Hooaoo. Established
1888. President. Louis Neri ; Vice-President, F.
Bulgheroni ; Treasurer, M. Gastaud ; Secretary,
C. Xhrouet, Boulevard de la Condamine, Thermw
Valentia. Monaco. Entrance fee. 5 francs ; annual
subscription. 24 francs.
Sooidti dee fixates da Havre. Established 1832.
President. Maurice Taconet ; Vice-President. Abel
le Marchand ; Honorar>' Treasurer, E. Harou ;
Honorary Secretary, £dm. Vidal, 136 Rue Victor
Hugo, Havre, .\nnual subscription, 50 francs.
SooiitA da Sport Santlqae de TOaest Estab-
lished 1882. President, J. Gadcceau ; Vice-Presi-
dents, G. Deverre, G. Grizotle ; Treasurer, G. Lor-
fray ; Secretary. A. Foulfoin. 8 Rue de THeron-
niere, Nantes. Annual subscription, 50 francs.
8ooiAt6 Naatiiiae de Qendn. Eslabhshed 1873.
President, Eugine H. le Royer; Vice-Presidenti,
SOCIETY
596
SOPHIA
p
John F. Revilliod de Btid*. F. Wanner; Tre*-
aurer, A. Martin ; Secretary, Jean Mirabaud, 3 Bd.
du Th^tre, Geneva. Entrance iee. 10 Irancs ;
annua) subscription, 12 francs.
SociAtA Nautique d« la Vme de Cette. H»tab
lifthpd 1S63. I^rcsiiHcnt. Max. Jansen ; Vict-Prvsi-
dent, H. P^clicur ; Honorar>' Treasurer. P. Sucliard ;
Honorary Secretary, Jolcs Comolct ; Club House,
Vicux Port, Ccttc. Annual subscription, 24 francs.
SodAU Naatique dA HRneOle. Established 188;.
President. A. Crandval . Vice-Presidents, P. Zah'o-
pulo, L. Arnaud ; Treasurer, A. Garcia ; Secretary,
I.. E. Ogicr, Quai de la Fraternity, Marseilles.
Entrance fee, 30 francs ; annual subscription.
SO francs.
Sociit^ NaatiQue de St. Malo-St. Servan. Estab-
lished 1SS8. President. C. Pilon ; Vice-President,
E. Tfaomaa dcs Essart ; Treasurer and Secretary.
L. Letcbvre, St. Malo.,. Annual subscription.
20 Irancs.
Sociit6 Royale Nantique Anversoiw. Established
1878. Patron, H.R.H. Prince Albert of Belgium :
Honorary President. Arthur Van den Nest ; Presi-
dents, Math voo Bemuth, Gustave Albrecht; Vice-
Presidenla. L. Gutjabr, G. Tonnelier ; Treasurer,
F. Gerling ; Secretary, F. Retsin. 6 Rue Van
Schoonbeke, Antwerp. Annual subscription. 25
Irancs.
Sodftti Oinirale de Transporls MaritimeB i
Vapeur, w iifi a capital ol zo,ooo,oo.-» irancs, founded
m March. 1865, have a fleet of 19 vessels, which are
engaged in the Atlantic and Mediterranean ser-
vices. The Atlantic services are from Naples and
Marseilles to Barcelona. Malaga, Gibraltar, Madeira,
Las Palmas, Tenerifie, St. Vincent, Dakar. Kio de
Janeiro, Monte Video, and Buenos Aires. The
Mediterranean servicer are from Naples and Mar-
seilles to Oboji, Algiers, Bougis, Philipp«ville. and
Bone.
Sod Bank. An eScct caused by refraction,
showing all objects on the water magnified.
Sofia. Ship, Su Arctic Exploration.
Soft hail. Pyramidal soft pellets of ice. like
miniature snowballs, which fall in cold weather in
spring.
Sott place in the mooioon. A tiacl in the Nurtli
Indian Ocean between the equator and 9' N.. ami
between Cloney and Socotra, where the monaoon
is weaker than elsewhere.
Sofi-pUwk.
ca.sy berih,
Soimnl. Roumanjart torpedo-boat. (Yarrow.
188a.) length, 63 ff. ; beam. 8 ft.; draught.
3 ft. ; displacement, t2 tons; complement, 8 ;
Hp., 150-16 kts.
Solano. The east wind in Spain.
■ ■i,. ■ '
Solar halo. St>e Halo.
Choosing, in sea phraseologj', an
Solar radiation. The term used for heat, wfaicte j
received from the sun.
Soldier^! wind. A wind which serv«s
Sole. The lining of the bilgeways.
-.». -M^^a y
Solebay. 3,2 guns. Thin vesseJ was kict agr
Boston Neck on December 35. 1709 ; all on baai
perished.
Solent Tacht Clab, Yarmouth. Isle of Wi^t
This club was founded in 1878, and its hnd^
quarters were originally in the George Inn, bm
Pier Hotel, Yarmouth, Isle of \\'ight. The pn-
sent club house was built through the liber^
of the commcKlorc, Sir Charles Secly. from it-
signs by Sir Aston Webb, R.A.. in (89S. Tb
pri\'ilegc of wearing the Blue Ensign was gnoti^
to Uie club by tlic Lords of the Admiralty is 1401
Burgee : Blue, with yellow galley. Cammoim,
Sir Charles Secly : Vice-Commodore. LienL-CdoBi
R. P. Crozier ; Uear-Commoodre, LieuL-ColaBtf
Sir Ilcnry E.irlc ; Honorary Secretary and Tn»-
surcr, Major F. L. Donaldson. Entrance li^
£2 2s. ; annual subscription, in-port mecnha
/j 3s.. out-port members £2 2s.
Solis, Jaan Dias de (1470-1516). Spanish uw-
gator (b. near Seville). In 1506 was assodltid
u-ith Martin Alonxo Pinzon. and sailed witb Us
on the expedition sent out to explore the coagtKi
Honduras and Yucatan. In 1 5 1 3 he was apjMUtted
chief pilot of Spain in succession to Vespucci, ut
some three years later sailed in search of a rooti
tlutmgh South Amenca to the Pacific He «■
lulled by Indians on the Rio de la Plata.
Solovm. Danish torpedo-boat. (ThamyoTin.
1889.) Length, 131 fl. ; beam, r^^ ft. ; dri^lu
61 ft.; displaccniLUt. 89 tons; complemrat, ■»,
annament. 2 macliines, 4 tubes; Hp.. l.5co=
23 kts. ; coal, 14 tons.
Sobtioe. The epochs when tlie sun jamt
through tlie solstitial points. The summer sb*-
stice, passed June 21 or 22, coincidea with tli
longest day, the sun then attaining its maxtnuiB
distance from the tquator ; the winter soha*
passed December 33 when the sun is firt^
south, coincides with the shortest day.
Solve. Swedish armoured
Of litlle fighting \"aluc.
Someis. U.S. torpedo-boat.
I.enfith. i^g ft. : beam. J7I ft. ;
displacement, 145 ions.
Somerset, Coke oL See Adnuralty.
Sommelsdijk. Netherlands &loop. (AastifdHt'"
iSSi.) Length. i;S ft.; beam, 31 it..- dra^l
14 It.; displacement, gg? tons; complem^ni ^f
armament, i s^-in.. 3 47-ln.. i 2 Q-ia..
700= 10 lets. ; coal. 15 toos.
Sophia. Re/tr to Lady i^'ranJUtn.
gun-boat (460 umk
tElbing. itf^j
draught. 4|
SOUFFLEUR
597
SOUTMAMPTON
,. Boullleiir. French submaxioe. (Cherbourg. 1903.)
LenjTtli. 76 ft. : beam, ;^ it. ; drau^t, S it. ; dis-
idBtcemcnt, 63 ton.s ; cuniplcmcnt. j; Hp.. 60 =
8 kts.
Soolven. Danish torpedo-boat. (Havre, 1S80.}
* l.«ngth. 94 ft. ; beam. loj It. ; draught. 4 It. ; dis-
placement, 57 tons: complement, 13; armament,
3 tubes ; Hp., 450=^18 kts. ; coat. 5 tons.
^"""i'l To ascertain the depth of sea or water.
Sound, Battle ol the. Fought Novcinber S, 1658.
between liie Dutch oiid the Swcdisti Fleets. The
I>utch completely dcleated tht: Swedes and relieved
Copenhagt-n.
Sonter Point Light, established 1871. situated on
the coast of Durham, is a single tlash Ught every
30 seconds ; duration of fla^h. five seconds ;
illumin&nt. electricity.
Sontfa. One of the four cardinal points of the
compass directly opposed to the north. The
meridian of any place is a gtxnt circle passing
through the north and south points and the place
itself.
Southamptoii Corinthian Ymeht Clnb. Estab-
Ushed 1S96. Commodore, Captain K. T. Dixon ;
Vice-Commodore, Lome C. Currie ; Rear-Commo-
dore, Sir G. A. E. Hussey ; Honorary Treasurer.
Ernest E. Cooper , Honorary- Secretary. W, R,
Wolfi, 75 and 76 High Street, Southampton.
Annual subscription, £1 is.
Soothunpton, Port (rf. The Southampton Docks,
now owntd and managed by the London and
South-Wcstcm Railway Co.. arc situated within a
perfectly .sheltered harbour, and have the unusual
natural advantage oE double tides, with practically
four hours of high water every tide, thus affording
tmrivalled accommodation for the largest steamers
afloat, or being built. Coming to the earlier history
of the present docks, we find that the dock company
was incorporated in 1836, by .Act of Parliament, the
ground appropriated to ttus object having boc-n
the mudland from a lin£ running seaward, com-
mencing a short distance from the platform to the
mouth of the river Itcfaen. and extending as far as
low water mark, comprising about zoo acres ; ;
the portion of ground at that time excavated. 1847,
■was formed into two docks— one tidal and tlic
other a closed dock " (or ships to deliver their
cargoes afloat " (not then completed). Even at
that early date, steam packets, besides plying lo
Torquay, Plymouth, etc., also sailed to Dut>(in
and other ports in Ireland, visiting the Channel Ides
^ree times a week and. at %'ariou9 dates, the ports
of France. Spain, Portugal, and most of the ports
of the Mediterranean. In th* year 1 840 the
directors of the docks " were much encouraged in
the hope of final success from the circumstances
that ttie Royal Mail Steam Packet Co.. employed
|jy the Government in the mail service to the West
ladies, had selected Southampton as the part from
which their vessels would take their departure.**
" ample accommodation being found for what were
in those days splendid vessels, some of which
measured 3,000 tons." The first tidal dock wae
finislied in the summer of 1843, and was opened
in August of that year, when the Ltverf>ool. 500
tons, and the Tagus, 780 loos, two ships belonging
to the Pcoinsular and Oricutal Line, were the lir.<^t
to discharge llicir cargoes in the docks. Ta<day
Southampton stands out as a port more prominently
than over. The White Star Line, of Liverpool,
have transferred their American mail service to this
port, the service having bc«n inaugurated by the
Adriatic, a vctsel of 25.000 tons, which sailed on
her maiden voyage to New York via Cherbourg,
June 5, 1907. Mes.srs. Hartand and Wolfi, the
eminent ahiphuilding firm of Queen's Island,
Dclfast, have decided to open large repairing
works on the dock c^itatti, and the contract for the
construction of these works has already been
placed.
The London and South-Westem Railway Co.
have decided to build a deep water ba&ia for the
accommodation of vessels wiiicb may ultimately
require a draught so great aa 4Qft. at lo^r water.
The details oi the dock are now being prepared,
and will shortly be submitted for tender to con-
tractors.
Southampton can boast of having one of the
finest systems of docks in the world : and. taken in
conjunction with its six graving docks, two ol which
are 871 ft. long and 750 It. long respectively, and
with one of the most complete cold storage plant,
there nill be no more convenient docks on the
Bnbsh coast.
The Empress Dock (iS^ acres) has an entrance
of lOs ft. wide, with a minimum depth of 36 fL
at Lw.. as.t., and it is the only dock in Great
Britain where deep water loading and discharging
berths can lie reached by vessels at any time of the
day or night, irrespective of the state of the tide.
There is also an outer dock of 16 acrea, and an inner
dock of 10 acn%. The quays at present completed
equal 15,000 lineal feet.
The new quay extensions la the Rivers Itchen
and Test are now complete. The Prince of Wales
Quay. 3.000 it., the South Quay, 430 ft., and
the Test Quay, 1,600 ft. long, are all acccsmblc at
any time of the day or night, entirely irrespecbve
oi the state of the tide. The new Itchen (or Prince
ol Walc3) Quay has for some time been extensively
used lor the arrivals and departures of the Unitm
Casite, Notddeuiichcr UoyJ, and for other liuers.
and double storage sheds of the most modem
design have been erected. There is a mimmum
depth of 38 ft. at l.w.. o.i.t.. at the Prince of Wales
and South Quays, and 53 ft. l.w.. o.s.t.at the Test
Quay. The old extension quay has been widened,
shed accommodatioa enlarged, and the water there-
at deepened to iS ft. l.w.. o.s.t.
The No. $ graving dock was opened on August j,
SOUTHAMPTON
598
SOUTH
1895. by Hia Majesty King Edward VII.. then
Princ* of Wales, and named by him the '* Prince
ol Wales Dock. " The depth to blocks is 32^ ft.
h.w.. o.s.t., 750 ft. long, by 87} ft. wide at sill, and
113 ft. at cope level.
Tli» new graving dock No. 6 is 875 ft. long by
90 ft. wide at entrance, and width at cope 125 ft.,
and was opened on October 21. 1905. by the
Marquis of Winchester, Lord Lieutenant ol the
county, and named the " Trafalgar Dock." The
depth to blocks is 3^ ft. h.w., o.s.t.
Two coal jetties with hydraulic power, cranes, and
spacious coaI>barge dockK ha\'e been constructed on
the ItcbcD. for the purpose of storing coal in lighters
for the bunkering of out-going line steamers.
Ttte largest installation of cold storage in the
Kingdom is non* fitted. Tlie building i^ of the most
modem type, and consists of five floors, containing
56 rooms, having a total net storage earning
capacity of 2,000.000 cubic feet. The method of
cooling employed is ammonia direct expansion.
three of the floors being arranged on the gravity air
system, and one floor on the air circulation method.
The engine room i« fitted with four independent
refrigerating machines, with a capacity of not less
than <So tons refrigeration per 24 hours.
Soutlumptoii Tuht Clnl). Royal. See Royal
Southampton Yacht rUib.
South Atutralian Yacht SqaadroD, Bojral. Sm
Royal South Australian Yacht Skjuadron.
South Carolina. U.S. lat class battleship (1006).
Displacement 16,000 tons.
CuHS. Armour.
4 — 12 in.. 45 cal. " Krupp."
8 — 10 in. 10 in. Belt amidships.
30 — 14 pdr. 10 in. Turrets.
10 in. Conning tower.
Torpedo Tubes (31 in.].
4 Submerged.
Twin screw. Hp. 20,ooo« i8"20 kts.
South Dakota. U.S. ist class cruiser. (Union
Ironwork!.. 1003.)
Length 5u2ft. Beam 70ft. Maximum draught 27ft.
Displacement 13,400 tons. Complement 822.
Guns. Armour.
4 — 8 in., 45 cal. " Krupp."
14 — 6 in. 6 in. Dcit amidships.
18 — 14 pdr. 6 in. Turrets.
12 — 3 pdr. 9 in. Conning tower.
8—1 pdr.
8 Colts.
3 Field guns, 3 in.
Torpedo Tubes {18 in.).
a Submerged.
Twin screw. Hp. 23.000=22 ku. Coal maxi-
mum 2.000 tons. Approximate cost ^fi, 300,000.
Soath-Eastern and Chatham Railway Co. own a
large ticLt of steamers, which maintain regular
services from the three Kentish ports, rw., Dover
for CiOaia and Ostend : Folkestone far BaaidiK
and Queen liorough for Flushing. Thm of ik
steamers with turbine engines, and accommwkM
for t.350 passengers, are now running di0y &■
Dover to Calais, Folkestone to Boologae, and m
osrM. In all this company maintains 2oCaitiDaa
services daily.
Flbet.
Passenger Vessels.
Calais (paddle). Lord Warden fpaddlej.
Dovtt (paddle). Omttard (turbine).
Empress (turbine). Rrincess of WaUs (ptddki-
Invicia (turbine) . Th» Q****^ (tnrbiae).
Victoria (turbine).
Coast Hxcur»ion Boats.
Edward William (paddlt). MyUta tpaddk).
Mail Steamer.
Canterbury (twin screw).
Cargo Boats.
Afhitle Adam (twin screw). Folkestone (twinsoM
C. \V. F.borall (tu-in screw). Hyth* (twin sarw).
Deal (twin screw). Maidstone (scmr).
Walmer (twin screw).
Southerly Bnntar. A sudden strong, cool. 1
bringing south wind, in the rear of a low-p
sj-stem in .-Vustralia.
Southern Pacific Go. (Atlantic system) haaci
fleet of 23 modern vessels, many of whirlt Hit
accommoflation f6r from $0 to 150 passevn
These vessels run in conjnnction with the Sogthn
Facific Railway. Services are maintained tree
New York to Europe. New York to New Odoai
New York to Galveston. New Orleans to Ht
calling at numerous ports en romte.
Flkbt.
Algiers. El Dorado. El Sud.
Aransas. El Mar. El I'aUt
Chalmetie. El MonU. Ext^hte:
Clinton, El Sorts. Outsit.
Comus. El Pasea, lAnnsiame.
El Alba. El Rio. Morgan.
El Cid. El Stglo, Pnmce A Ultfb J
El Dia. PvoleOM,
Gross tonnage, 79,300.
Southern Yacht Club. Royal. See Royal Soalj
Yacht Club,
Sonthport Oorinthian Taoht Otnb, Souti
Kstablistied 1871. Flag: Red burgee with'
crescent. Coromodorc. W. D. Coddington ;
Commodore, Geaigc Cockshott ; Rcar-Coa
H. H. Iteming ; Honorary Treasurer and !
Henry Armstrong, Entrance fee. £\ u. ;
subscription, £2 3s., country tnembcn. £t 1%.
South Sea Bubble. The origfinal alms ol
South Sea Scheme of J710 weje the restonixBl
public credit, and the extinction of the Ka
Debt. This debt was taken over by
emment merchants, in return for an -"""■I aif
meat of ^600,000 by the Goverrunent. whicfa. tf <
SOUTH
599
SPANKER
same time, graiited them the moaopoly or the Sooth
Sea trade ; and they were incorporated by charter
as the South Sea Co.
Their shares rose far above the value of the
stock, and, owing to a gambling mania which
seized the country, many preposterous companies
were floated, some of which were prosecuted by the
South Sea Co. nnder the Bubble Act. When
pnces began to fall, holders rushed to realise,
capitalists absconded, and a panic set in bringing
ruin to many. An examination oi the company's
proceedings reveals facts discreditable to the
management and many eminent persons. The
credit of the nation was finally restored by the
eflorts of Walpole.
Soath Shields Steam Shipping Co. See Moor
Steatuship Liiif.
Soath Western Tactat Clab, BoyaL See Royal
South Western Yacht Qub.
Soathwdd, Battle of. On May 28. 1672, De
Ruyter fought a great naval battle against the
British Fleet under the Dulie of York and Marshal
d' Estrees. The English su0ered defeat, although.
after the Dutch withdrew to their own ports, they
claimed the victory.
Soya. Formerly Varyag {q.v.). Japanese pro
tected cruiser. (Philadelphia, iSyg.)
length 42oiu Beam 52ft. Draught 20ft.
Displacement 6,500 tons. Complement $71.
Guns. Armouf.
12— 6 in. "Steel."
12— I i pdr. 3 in. Deck.
<^jpdr.
Torpedo Tul»is.
3 Submerged.
4 .^bove water.
Twin screw. Hp. 30,ooo=3j kts. Coal maxi-
mum 1.250 tons.
B^. Distinguishing letters on sea fishing boats
registered at Spaamdam. Holland.
8JP. Distinguishing letters on sea fishing boats
registered at Pellworm. Germany.
8p. Springs. Abbreviation adopted on the
charts issued by the Hydrographic Office. Admi-
ralty.
Span. When both ends of a rope are made fast
so that the purchase may be hooked to its bite.
Spas. Abbreviation for Spanish.
Danish Armada. The celebrated fleet, called at
first by anticipation " The ' Invincible * Spanish
Armada," which was sent in 1588 to assail Eng-
land. The invasion would probably have taken
{4ace in 1857 but for the prompt action of Drake,
who, hearing of the plans, made a. bold dash with
bis fleet into Cadir and di'stroypd nearly too ships
vith muncnse stores. The command ot the ex-
pedition was entrusted to Che Duke of Medina
Sidonia, and his instructions were to proceed to
the Straits of Dover and there embark an army
of some 35.00U men under the Dake of F*arnia to
help to effect the invasion. The Spanish Fleet,
consisting of 130 ships, carrying 19,295 soldiers,
8.460 sailors, besides slaves as rowers, sailed liom
Conmna on July u, 15SS. The total number of
Engli-sh ships available at that time was 101, of
which only 28 belonged to the Koyal Navy, and
the total number of men on board only 9.000.
The English were under the command of Lord
Howard of Effingham, .-f rA, Sir Francis Drake, Re'
venge. Sir John Hawkins. Vidofy. Lord Henry
Seymour, Lord Thomas Howard. Lord Sheffield,
Sir Martin Frobisher. and the Earl of Cumberland.
On July 29 the Armada was observed entering the
English Channel. On the following day Howard
sailed out of Plymouth Sound and sighted the
Spaniards standing up the Channel in the iorm of
a crescent, seven miles lon^. They passed Ply-
mouth towards evening, and the English Fleet
sailed out, taking up a position to windward. On
July 31 a running fight began, which continued on
August 1. and the Spanish admiral then began to
realise that it was imix)s.sible for him to inflict any
serious injury on the English ships, owing to the
admirable way in which they were handled, and
the excellent marksmanship of the^r gunners. Dis-
mayed at their want of success, the fleet stood off
up Channel, closely followed by the English. On
August 6 the Spaniards cast anchor in the Roads
of Calais, still harassed by the English. On
August 7 the English resolved to drive the Spanish
Flet.*t out into the open sea, and eight ships filled
with combustible material, their rigging s-meared
with pitch, were drifted down with the tide and
set on fire. The effect of this attack wa'* that the
Spaniards cat their cables and made for the open
sea. Drake with his ships pursued them, forcing
the whole fleet towards the coast of Flanders. In
one day's fight 4.000 men were killed and many
ships were disabled, and the Spaniards resolved to
try the perilous voyage to Spain by the Korth Sea
and Pentland Firth rather than face Drake and
the English Fleet. AcCOTdlngly. the whole Spanish
Fleet, numbering about 120 vessels, stood uti
towards the N6rth Sea. The continuous violent
gales which accompanied the fleet along the north
of Scotland and the wild lr;sh coast completely
shattered tlicir unaeaworthy ships, and only 54
vessels ever reached Spaiu.
Spanish reef. A knot tied in the head of the jib.
Spanish windlau. Tightening ropes by twisting
them together wiUi a lever.
Spanker. British torpedo gun-boat (1889).
Length 230ft. Beam 37ft. Maximum draught laft.
Displacement 73$ tons. Complement 9a
Guns.
2 47 in-
4—3 pdr.
SPANKER
600
SPIDEI
Torpedo Tytti.
5— U in.
3 — 18 in.
Twin 9GKW. Coal maximum 160 tons. Speed
17 lets.
SpanJcer. A fore-and-aft sail, suttiag withabooin
and gafl, frequently called the driver ; it is the
aftermost sail of a ship or barque.
Bpankw-boom. The boom on which the spanker
or driver is extended.
Bpanker-boom topptng-Uits. The lifts which
support the spanker -boom.
Spanker-erofl. The gaff on which the spanker
or driver is extended.
Spankflf peak-halliards. Ropes or tackle by
which the outer end o( the spanker-gafi is hoisted.
Sponker^heet Ropes or chains fastened to one
or both of the lower camera ol the spanker to
extend and retain the clew down in its place.
Rtfer to Sheet.
Wtnt, A general term for any oiaat, yard, boom
or gaff.
Sparrow. British tst class gim-boat (805 tons.
13 kts.). launched 1889.
ftnrrowhawk. British torpedo-boat destroyer.
Sunk after running on a rock at Chcsocy Island, at
the mouth of the Yang-tse River.
Spartiito. British tst class cruiser. {Pembroke,
1898.)
Length 45D{t. Beam 69ft. Ma3umnm draught a/ft.
Displacement 1 t.ooo tons. Complement 677.
Armour.
" Harvey."
4 in. Belt amidships.
1 2 in. Coaoing tower.
Gitns.
16 — 6 in.
la — 13 pdr.
a — 13 pdr., 8cwt.
I a — 3 pdr.
a Maxims.
Torptdo Tubes (rS in.).
3 Submerged.
Twin screw. Hp. 18,000=303 kts. Coal maxi-
mum 3.000 tons. Approximate cost ^600,000.
This sbip-name was first introduced into the Navy
in [798 : and commemorates the capture of the
French Spartiate at the battle of the Nile, 1798.
Bparviero. Italian torpedo-boat. (Elbing. 1888.)
Length, 152 ft. ; beam. 17 (t. : draught. 7J ft. ;
displacement, 130 tons; complement, 34; arma-
ment, a 3-pdr., 1 i-pdr.. 3 tubes; twin acnw :
Hp. 3,300=26 kts. ; coal, 40 tons.
Speak.ng trumpet. A conical fUHug mouth tutw,
employed for intcn^iiyiDg the sound of tlie human
voice aa in giving commands or haihng ships at sea.
Special daase. See Clauses.
SpMdweU. British torpedo gunboat {i88y).
Length 330ft. Beam 37ft. Maximum draught laft.
Displacement 735 tons. Complement 90.
Guns.
3—47 in.
4—3 pdr.
Torpedo Tubti.
5—14 in.
3—18 in.
Twin screw. Coal nuudmttro t6o tons.
17 kts.
Speedy. British torpedo gun-boat (1892). ■
Length 330ft Beam 27ft. Maximum draught ii^fl?
Displacement 810 tons. Complement 8$.
Guns.
2—47 In.
4—3 pdr.
Torpedo Tubti.
i— Min.
3—18 in.
Twin screw. Coal maximum 160 tons. Speed
17 kts.
Spdl. The turn to work.
Spenoflt. A fore-and-main tiy-sail : iore-aful.al1
sails set with gaffs. J
Spencer, Oeorge John Earl. See Admiralty. *
Spent. From expend ; said of a mast broken bj
accident, as opposed to one shot away. |
Sperber. German gun-boat. OVllhelmahaven
1889.)
Length 203ft. Beam lo^it. Draught i3jt
Displacement i.ioo tons. Complement 117.
Guns. Armour.
8—41 in. "Steel."
7 Maxims. 3 in. Deck amidships.
Torpedo Tubes.
1 .\bove water.
Hp. 1,5003:13-5 kts. Coal 365 tons.
Spenrar. Netherlands gun-boat, Dutch Indiia^y
Navy (1896). Of Uttle fighting value. ^H
Spetsat Greek battleship (1889). Reconstnttted
La Sryne, (900.
Length 331ft. Beam 52ft. Maximum draught S4(f-
Displacement 5,000 tons. Complement 440.
Guns. A rruour.
a — io*8 in. " Creusot steeL"
5 — 6 in. 13 in. Belt.
I — 4 in. 13 in. Battery,
8 — Q pdr. 13 in. Barbettes.
4 — 4 pdr. ti in. Conning toiwer.
13 — I pdr.
Torpedo Tubes.
1 Above water bow.
2 Above water broadside.
Twin screw. Up, 6,7oo»bI7 kts. CoaJ
mum 600 tons.
Spider. An iron outrigger, keeping the Uodt
clear of the counter.
Spider hoop. The hoop round the mact lecanH
the shackles of the futtock shrouds.
SpOtj A small plug of wood for stoppniB the
spile hole of a barrel or cask.
Spffl. Small peg used to fitop the hole left by a
vpikc when drawn out.
Spflltf. A s«t line with a large number of
baited hooks, much used by coast fishermen.
BpiUing-linos. A line to spill the wind out of a
sail by keeping it from bellying out when clewed up.
iplimaker. A jih-headed racin;; sail set on the
opposite side of the mainsad carried by yards
when running before the wind.
Spirit compass. See Compass.
bticit o2 the Ocean. Steamer. Wrecked on a
rock near Uartmouth, March 23. 1866; all on
board perished.
Sptrkets. A space fore-and-aft between floor
timbcrr; or luttocks ol a ship's frame.
Spit A bank or small sandy projection with
shallow water on it. generally running out from a
point oE land.
Bpltefnl. British torpedo-boat desUoyer. (Jar-
row, 1805.) Length. 215 ft. . beam 20 it. ; draught,
6j ft.; displacement, 334 tons; complement. 60;
armament, r 12-pdr., 5 6-pdr.. 2 tabes; twin
screw ; lip., 6.500=30 kts. ; coal, 91 tons.
ipHfln. British torpedo-boat destroyer. (Els-
wick, 1895.) I-ength. 200 ft,; beam. 19 ft.;
draught. sJ ft. ; displacement. 300 tons ; comple-
ment. 45 ; armament, i i3-pdr.. 5 fi pdr.. z tubes ;
twin screw ; Hp.. 3.780-37 ^^- '. cool, 60 tons.
Spitfire-jib. A small saU used in cutters in bad
weather.
Spithead« BatUa of. Fonght, 1545. belween the
English and French Fleets. The French were
defeated.
fpk. Speckled. Abbreviation adopted on. the
charts issued by the Hydrographic OflFice. Ad-
miralty, denoting the quality of the ocean's bottom.
Splice. The joining of two ropes together by
entwininR the strands.
Splice the main brace. In nautical phraseology,
to serve out an extra allowance of grog in bad
weather.
Bplicinx-tuls. A piece of chain with three tails
for splicing to a rope.
Sponges or Porilera, of which 56 species are
iound on the British coadta alone, belong to the
problematical creatures which stand on the border
line between the animal and vegetable kingdom.
The body of the sponge consiats of numerous
homy fibres constantly intersecting each other, in
which very many pointed pieces of lime arc em-
bedded, and is traversed by a S)*3tfm cf water-
conducting canals, which aimmence with small
pores at the surface, and pour tlicu- contents into
Uie larger vessels. These, too, are finally di»-
charged through larger openings. According to
Dr. Grant, the water flows in through the smaller
pores, and out again through the larger canals, so
tong as the sponge remains alive. These constant
currents supply it with the necessary nourishment,
and maintain the change of substance, which these
tow creatures require as much as higher beings.
All the homy parte are covered with a semi-fluid
viscous substance in which the simple life of the
sponge has its abode. It is this which secretes the
firm parts, foruw Uic n-al spongeous skeleton, and
makes the mass larger.
Sponges are propagated in a strange way. At
certain seasons the walla of the canals are covered
with countless small dots or bodies, which are the
spores, or young eggs, of the sponge. As they
become larger they grow covered with cilia, and
soon quit the maternal body, to flow out into the
open sea. Here they swim about frcdy for a
time, by means of the constant motion of thnr
ciUa, till they attach themselves to some fixed
object, in which they can await their farther
dei-elopment. From this moment their wanderings
cease, and a quiet mollusc-like life is substitiited
for the adventurous nomadising. From this his-
tory of their development it might seem as if the
sponge&could not be denied an animal nature ; but
the spores of the seaweed enjoy the same privilege
of a movable life, so that this is no diatinguishing
inark between the animal and vegetable kingdoms.
The common sea or bathing sponge (Spongia
communis), which plays so useful a part in our
hotischolds. is usually obtained from the islands of
the .\rchipcIago, where it is attached to reefs, and
forms a considerable article of trade. The West
Indies also supply useful sponges. Burnt sponge
is still employed as an efTectual remedy in cases ot
goitre, and owes its medicinal power to the iodinei
bromine, and carbonate of lime which are found in
the ashes.
The best specimens of sponges arc found in deep
water. The large commerce which has sprung up
in sponge fisher>' is without doubt due to the use
of diving apparatus, which is now almost indis-
pensable for this purpose. Formerly naked divert
only were employed, and the result was the re*
cover^' of but a limited quantity, as the diver could
not remain below more than a few seconds to
collect, and then only in reach of lus arm's length.
Now, however, tlic diver remains under water from
one to four hours (according to depth of water},
collecting in that time what would have required
at least so natural divers. In the Mediterranean
sponge fishery alone there are employed 300 set*
of diving apparatus, without reckoning the fisheries
at the Bahamas, Bermuda, etc.
Bpoosoo. The angular space fore-and-aft the
paddle-box against the ship's side.
Spoon drift. Spray swept from the tops of the
waves in a gale.
SPOONING
602
ST.
Spooninff. Driving vtith faani polea imder a
heavy Rale.
Sport Raatiqae d'Alcer. Established 1866. Pre-
sident, E. Ailciard ; Vice-President, E. Cclcrier ;
Treasurer, L. Duchateau ; Secretary. Jules Fievec,
Algtcrs, Annual subscription, 36 Cranes.
Sport Naatiiiae d« U Oironde. Establiehed 1878.
President. A. Bayssellance ; Vice-President. E. Cail-
hava , 'Treasurer, Louis I^igrolet ; S«creta.ry, G.
Plusjaud. Athence. 53 Hue des Trois-Conils, Bor-
deaux. Annual subscription, 30 fraocs.
Bpray. Water fiying or driven in small, fine
drops or particlM an by the force of wind or the
dashioR of waves.
Spreet. A spar used to extend the peak of some
lorcand-alt sails. The head fits into the roping
at the head of the sail, and the heel into a snott»T
or grommct low down on the mast, the spar thus
standing diagonally across the sail.
Sprightly. British toriiedo • boat destroyer.
(CUydebank, igot.) Length. 218 ft : beam. 20 ft, ;
draught. 5I ft ; displacement. 300 tons ; comple-
ment, 58 ; armament, i i3-pdr., 5 6-pdr., 3 tubes;
twin screw , Hp., 6,000= 30 kts. , coal, 80 tons.
Spring. To loosen the end of a plank in s ship's
bottom.
Spring a leak. When a vessel is suddenly dis-
covcrt'd to lc-'.^k.
Springerea. Danish torpcdo-boaL (Copenhagen,
1891.) Length, iiq ft.; beam. 15 ft.; draught.
4} ft.; displacement, 81 tons; complement, 20;
armament, 2 i*pdr., 2 tubes: Hp., 800=18 kts. ;
coal, 14 Ions.
Spring-st&sr is a substitute stay nearly parallel
tp the principal stay, the object being fo help the
principal stay to supi)ort its ma5t. Refer to Stay.
SpriL A small boom which cros.ses the sail
diagonally from the mast to the upper aft-most
comer ; in a barge the largest boom and longer
than the mast, weighing about a too or more.
Sprit-uiL A sail t^i on the topsail yard ; an
efficient sail for boats and barge*, the peak of
wliich is held up by a boom called a sprit.
Sprung. Strained or cracked.
Bpon-yariL A small line made of rope yam
twisted together.
Spar. See. Sprit.
Spam Point Light, built in 1895. situated off
Spurn Head, at the mouth of the Humbcr, is a
single flash hght every 20 (leconds ; duration of
flash, two seconds ; candle-power maximum,
170,000 ; 8 wick (1894) burner ; iltuminant. oil.
Sprer, A. (b. London. October, 1856). Served
bis apprenticeship at Earle's Shipbuilding and
Engineering Co., Hull, and H.M. Dockyard, Ports-
month. In 187s went to the Royal Naval College,
being the finit English private student ol engiKv*
ing to pass through the full three-year ooonc ni
obtain the college diploma for marine engisfloif.
In i8;6 he joined the staff of Sir Edward Had,
and wa.s employed in sttpervising the conslnctin
of warship machinery, subsequently going to tt
for the purpose of obtaining experience. In iIt%
obtained the first place on the list in aa ops
competitive examination for the appointment tf
engineer-draughtsman at the Admiralty. Fmb
1879 to 1903 was engaged in the enginewiag
deportment of the Admiralty, becoming dud
draughtsman, as&istant-cnginccr. and eagiaor-
inspector to the Board of Admiralty. Wbikt ii
H.M. service he was enga^c-d in carrying oel tfat
great reconstructions of naval machinery «bd
occurred during this period — namely, from coo-
pound to triple engines, low-speed to bigfa-flpNd
engines, and tank to water-tube boilers. In 19
he resigned liis official position to join the fini4
Messrs. Babcock and Wilcox. Ltd.. to uo
the direction of their manne department.
Publications : " Machinery of Steam Boats hi
Ships of War." and other contributions to dtK«i>
sioii-s at the Institution of Naval Architects.
Sqnadron. A division of a ficet.
Sqn&ll. A sudden, short storni of gusty wiod.
Sqturo. That part of the shank of an aachct
to which the stock and shackle arc attached.
SaDoro-rigged. A term applied to ships mA
brigs having yards and square sails.
Squro sails. Those set on the fore-yard of1
schooner or tlie sprit-yard of a cutter.
Sgoue yuds. The order to Lift and bnce tk
yards for going before the wind.
Squirm. A twist in a rope.
8.R, Distinguishing letters on sea fishing I
registered at Stranraer. Scotland.
8.B. Dtstingmsbing letters on sea fishing boati
registered at Kirkebj [RomS), Germany.
B.R.N. Distinguishing letters on sea fishmg I
registered at Schcrmcrhom. Holland.
Sil. Abbreviation for steamship.
S.8. Distinguishing letters on sea fi«>*i"j 1
registered at St. Ives, England.
Sil. Distinguishing lettera on sea fishiiif 1„„
registered at Hayle, England.
S.8.S. Di:^tinguishing letters on sea fishii^botf
registered at Shiekis, South, Hngland.
8.T. Distinguishing letters on sea fishing bntt
registered at Stavoren, Holland.
8.T. DisUnguishing letters on sea nahii^j
registered at Stockton, England.
it Stones. Abbreviation adopted on the (
issued by the Hydrographic Office, Admirahy.i
noting the quality of tlie ocean's bottom.
»
I
I
I
*
I
Stur. Bntiah torpedo-boat destrajtr. (Chis-
wick. 1899) Lfngth, 310 (t ; beam, 19 ft.:
draugbt. 7 ft. ; displacement. 3S5 tons : coinpte-
ment, 60; armament, 1 u-pdr, 5 6-pdr.. 3 tubes;
twin iicrcw ; Hp.. 5,6003130 kts. ; coeJ, 80 tons.
Stftge. thanks connected by ropes over the
sliip's :iidc nsed to stand on when repairing,
Staith. A large woodrn wheel.
Stunpt. I n marine insurance no unstamped
Uocumenl is x-alid or of leRal use as evidence except
as regards the date of acceptance ol a risk (54 and
; 5 Vict. c. 39). The stamps per cent, are as follows :
For prtmia of 2s. <xt. and under, id. ; in any other
cose of any voyage insurance, jrf. li " and for
30 days " is added to the voyage, 3^. additional.
For time insurance [a) not exceeding six months,
3d- : {b) exceeding six, but not exceeding 13 months.
6d. No time policy must exceed 12 months.
Policies effected abroad but enforceable within the
United Kingdom must be stamped as above within
14 days ol receipt in the United Kmgdom. All
policies not stamped within these liiuils can be
specially stamped for tite purpose of evidence sub-
ject to the pt-nalty of ^100.
Stanbory, Oeorge (b. Plymouth. April ai, 1846).
British naval architect. Served apprenticeship io
Dcvonport Dock)*ard, and m 1865 gained a high
position in competition ior entry as .\dmiralty
student at the Royal School of Naval Architecture,
and three years later became a Fellow of that
school. From 186S-72 he was on the staff of the
constructive department of the Adnuralt>', and
took port in the investigation on the stability of
warships ol the Royal Navy after the lotts of the
C^taiit. In 1873 he jomed the staff of Sir Edward
Beed (<?.f.), and was engaged on the design ol
warshipet for foreign navies. In 1875 he was
appointed a surveyor to " Lloyd's Register of
Shipping," and in 1887 became principal surveyor.
In 1901 he was promoted to the principal sur-
veyor^hip in the United States, and held this
position untU bis retirement in January, 1905.
Jiember of the Council ol the Imititution of Navnl
Architects.
Publications : Pftpcrs to the Annual of the Uoyal
College ol Naval Architecture, and papers pnb-
lished in the Transactions of the Institution of
Naval Architects.
Stanchion. Any fixed upright supporL
StAod. A name apphcd to the movement by
which a ship advances to. or departs from, a given
object.
Standard. Formerly in shipbuilding, wax an
inverted knee placed upon the deck instead of
beneath it, and having its vertical branch pointing
upwards from that which lay horizontally.
Standard Fire and Harine Insoranoe Co. of New
Zealand. R^'gisltred January 23. 1.S74. rtii- sub-
scribed capital is /t. 000,000 in 100.000 shares of
j^io each. Thcrv is called up iss. per share or
£75,000, and the reserves are £65,000, and the
balance to credit of profit and loss account is
£7.66<^. The company usually [Niys a dividend at
the rate of 7^%. and an annual bonus of 3|%.
The directors of the company arc ; John Reid
(chairman), Hon. 'niomas Fergus. Daniel Haj-nes,
A. B. Bcgg. John Mill, Morris Joel, W. F. Edmund.
General manager, Thomas R. Fisher. OfBccs :
High Street. Dunedin.
Standard Marine Insoranoe Co., Ltd. Registered
December 7, 1871. with an authorised capital of
/i.ooo.ooo. divided into 50,000 shares of £10 each;
35,000 of these have l>ecn subscribed with £4 pet
share paid up, equal to £100,000. Ttie diN-idend
now paid ia 15%, and there is a reserve fund of
over £100.000.
The directors of the company are : John William-
son (chairman). James G. Nicholson (deputy-
chairman). William C. Aikman, David W. .\llardice,
Josejjh B. Duckworth. David Jardine. William
Watson. Underwriter, W, A. Williams ; secretary,
John Sick. Offices ; i Water Street, Liverpool.
Standard, Royal. See Flag.
Stand by a rope. To be in readiness to take hold
of it.
Standing. Applied to a bowsprit, or other spar,
which is kept In its place and is not run in or
uiuhippcd or reefed ; also to rigging, such as
shronds and stays, which is not constantly handled
in working a vessel.
Standing oR and on. Sailing to and fro.
Standing part. The fast end of a running rope.
Standing rigging. The part which is fast and
not held upon, such as shrouds, backstays, and
stays.
Stand on. To continue the same course.
BtanfleU, WilUam Clarkaon (1794-1S67). Marine
painter [b. Sunderland). Starte<1 life as a sailor,
and during many voyages acquired an intimate
knowledge of the sea and shipping. His first im-
portant work was exhibited at the British Institii-
rion in 182;, entitled '* Wreckers off Fort Rouge,"
and in the following year he gained a premium of
50 guineas. After studying on the Continent, he
returned to England and painted the famous pic-
ture, " Mount St. Michael.'* which ranks as one at
his finest works. In 1832 he was commissioned by
William IV. to paint pictures of the opening of
New London Bridge and Portsmouth Hartx>ur,
which were exhibited by him in the Royal Academy.
Among his best known works are " The Battle of
Trafalgar " (1836), painted for the United Service
Qub, "The Oistle of IscWa " (r«4i). " Isohi
Bella ■* {iB4t}, " French Troops Fording tlie
Uargm " [1847), "The Victory bearing the Body
oi Nelson towed into Gibraltar " (1853). " Aban-
doned " (1S56). He was clccttxl an associatt: of
the Academy, 1S32, and an academician. 1835.
Wftr. British torpedo-boat destroyer. (Jarrow,
1896.) Length. 215 ft.; beam. 20 ft.; draught,
7 ft. ; disptacement, 32S tons ; complement, 58 ;
armament, i 12-pdr,, 5 6-pdr., 2 tabes : twin screw ;
Hp., 6,266=30 kts, : cool. 91 tons.
Starboard. The right-hand side of a ship, as
oppoaed lo port.
Staiboaid or Port tack. Tack on which a vessel
goes when the helm is put over to the right or
starboard side.
Starbowliae. A term for the men of the star-
board watch.
Staroroes Sailing Clab. £.stablished tS/g. Com-
modore, C. M- T.iylor ; Vice-Conimodore, H. G.
May; Rear-Commodore. H. F. Pollard ; Treasurer
ai)d Secretary, \V. H. Hamlia, 6 Baring Crescent.
Exeter. Entrance fee. 2^. 6d. ; annual subscription.
Starfish, nritisli torpedo-boat destroyer. (Bar-
row, 1894.] Length, 195 ft. ; beam, 30 ft. ; draught,
5i ft. : displacement. 265 tons ; coroplcmeut, 45 ;
armament, i 12-pdT., 5 6-pdr.. a tubes; twin screw;
Hp., 4,000=27 ktR. ; coal, 60 tons.
Star IJnei Ltd.* managed by Messns. James P.
Corry and Co., have a fleet of seven modem cargo
steamers engaged in trade with the East and Far
East.
Fleet.
Star of Australia. Star of Japan.
Star of EnglaHd. Star of Xfw Zealand.
Star of Ireland. Star of Scotland.
Star of Victoria.
Gross tonnage, 34.900,
Start. A long handle. Sometimes applied by
navigators to any point from wliich they take
their departure.
Statuy. Russian torpftdo-boat destroyer. (Nev-
skj', iqo2.) Length. 196 ft. ; bcam,i8Jft.; draught,
1 1 J ft. ; displacement, 240 tons ; complement. $8 ;
armament, i i2-pdr., 3 i-pdr., 3 tubes ; Hp., 5,700
= 27 kts. : coal. 53 tons.
Statoflcope. An instnunent consisting of a series
of \-ery sensitive metal boxes (something tike the
vacuum boxes of an aneroid), contained in a her-
metically sealed reservoir, which is placed in a box
thickly surrounded by wool, lo prevent the dis-
turbing influence of change of temperature. A very
sensitive form of barometer.
Staunch. British 3rd class gun-boat [ifto tons).
Launched 1867.
Btare, To break a hole.
StavroiK)bki • Tmcbmeaeti. Russian torpedv-
boat destroyer. (Yarrow. 190^) DispUficoBtt
508 totis ; complement, 75 ; armament. 2 is-pdr.
S 6-pdr., 2 tubes; Hp., 5,200=26 kta.
Stay. A 1 irge strong rope extending from u»
upper end of each mast towarrls the stem of tir
ship as the shiouds are extended on each side. Tk
object of both is to prevent the masts from 1
when the ship i^ pitching deep.
Stajr-salls. A triangular sail set on a sii^
Stay, To. To tack. To bring the ship's hiai
up to the wind for going about ; hence, to nu»
stays is to fail in the attempt to go about. Ln-&tif%
or hove- in -stays, is the situation of a vessel via
she is staying, or io the act of going abouL
Steady. An order given to the helmsman tolu^
the same course, without deviating.
Steadying tinei. Lines pa-sscd from eyc-boiti
:n tlif yiiiiwak' of a boat to the alings.
Slaator. The foremost or aftermost plank ia t^
strake. wtitch is dropped short by the stcn a
stem -post oi a vessel.
Steamship Co. 0! 1896. Copenhagen, owned txil
managed by C. K. Ilansen. has a fleet of a|S
modern cargo 9teamor9 engaged in cargo trade ■
the North Spa. and various parts of the world, a
inducement oflers.
FuutT.
Guldborg,
Klampntiorg.
Marutisborg.
Silkeborg.
Sted» TouQg and Co. have a fleet of
modem cargo vessels, which trade to varioos puk
of the world, carrying cargo as inducement ofkfi.
They also manage the Uderton Steamship Co.. UA-
which have a fleet of three steamers tngtfffi it
cargo trade,
FL11£T. M
Capenor. Clartton. Taptem.
Chatton. Uderton. TtwMd^t,
Cluden. Nitk . Tititrtcm.
OakdaUi.
Steer. To direct and govern the course of a Hf
or other vessel in its course by the tnovemeot ol d>
helm.
Skodi
Tubof(f.
Ulfsboti,
VortUn^^.
th
Steere. The angle formed by tho bowspnt «itk
It; horizon.
Stefania Yacht Clab, with club hooaai at BalilM
Fured and Budapest, was established 10 lES^
Commodore. Count M. Esterhaiy ; Vice-CooiS'^'
dorc, Charles Adam, jun. ; Rear-ConunodeR>
Baron Stefan Inkey ; Treasurer and Secret*?
A. y\igncr. Entrance fee, 50 crowns ; uaad
subscription, 50 crowns (for old mcmben}
100 crowns {for new members).
STEIN MANN
605
STErriNER
Sbdnmann, Dtni«L White Cross steamer. Stnick
on rocks oil Sambro'Ialc, Nova Scotia. April 3. iRfi4;
1 30 li\'es lost.
SMla. Excursion steamer from Soutliampton to
Guernsey', belonging to the South-Weetcm Railway,
wrecked, while going at hill speed in a fog, on Black
Hock, near the Casqucts, ofi iVIderncy. March 30,
1899. Captain and i04liv't:Hlasl.
Stem on. Striking head foremost. As opposed
to stem on.
Stem or Stemplece. The cutwater or foremost
^lecc oi a vessel on which the curves of the bow
unite, and which is scarfed into the keel.
Stop. X laj'ge clamp fixed on t)ie keelson to
re<:eive the heel of a mast.
Stephanome. An instrument for measuring th^
angular size of halos, fog-bows, glories, etc.
Stephen, Fred J. (b. Glasgow, August 6. iS6j).
Educated Glasgow University, taking a degree of
Master of Arts, and thun studying naval architecture-
under the late Professor Elgar and Professor Jenkins.
Served his apprenticeship in the firm of Messrs.
Alec Slcphemi and Co,, Glasgow. At an early age
be was given charge of Ihe shipbuilding depart-
ment in this Arm. and superintended designing and
estimating, as well as taking part in the general
conduct of ihf business. Is the inventor of the
connter-sinking machine known as Stephen and
Carter's, wliich is almost now universally adopted
in shipbuilding yards. During the last few years he
has been connected with the desi^ and construction
of many large ve.'wels, among others the Milliades
and Marathon for the Aberdeen Line, Syria for the
P. .ind O. Co.. Port Kingston and Nicoya for the
West Indian passenger and fruit trades, the turbine-
yacht Estmraidii, which was the first turbine-
iliiven vessel to cross the Atlantic, and the Vitf^inian
for tlie Allan Line, she and ber sister ship being the
first Atlantic liners with, turbine engines. He was
also responsible for the design of several steam
yachts, and has designed, built, and sailcil racing
yachts, one of which took 33 priz&s out of 3; races.
Member of the Institution of Naval Architects.
Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders, and of
the Technical Committee of the British Corporation
iat the Survey and Registry oi Ships.
Stephenson. Admiral Sir Henry Frederiek. O.C.T.O..
cr. 190?, KXJ.B., \LT. tS<j7 (b, 1S42). Entered Navy,
1855 ; served in the St. Jean d'Acre in the Black
Sea during the Crimean war ; present at the capture
of Kertch and the siege and fall of Sebastopol
(Crimean and Turki^ih medals, Sebastopol clasp) ;
midshipman of Raleigh, wrrcked in the China Sea.
1857 ; present at the destruction of the flotilla of
war junks. Fatshan Creek. 1857, and other opera-
tions in the C-anton River (China medal and Fatshan
clasp) : midshipman in the PerWs Naval Brigade
in India daring the Mutiny ; served in every
engagement against the mutineers from i8$7-$9;
several timrt mentioned in despatchen, Bjwcially at
the capture of fort Chandeopore, 1858 (India
medal) ; promoted to hcutenant. 1861. for services
rendered ; lieutenant in command of gun-boat
Hsrtfn on the lakr-S of Canada during Fmian dis-
turbances. 1 R6'> ; commander nf H.M.S. Ratlrr
when she was wrecked in the Straits of La Pcronac
in Japan, i8<8 ; captain, rS^s ; captain of H.M.S.
DiscoMty in the Arctic Expedition, 1 87 5-76,
wintered in latitude ^1° 44' N. (.Arctic medal) ;
equerry to H.K.H. Prince of Wales. 1878-80;
captain of Carysfort during the Egyptian war of
1892 ; employed in the Suez Canal ; present at the
battle of Tel-el-Kebir (Egyptian medal. Tel-el-
Kebir clasp, Kliedivc'?i HronK Star, Osmanich,
3rd Class) : captain of Thuntierer and Dreadnought
in Afediterranean. 1885 ; extra equerry to H.R.H.
Prince of Wales, 1881-90; equerry, 1890-93; extra
equerry. 1891, on appointment as Commander-in-
Chief on Pacific Station ; Commander-in-Chief
Pacific Station, i89j-<»6: commanded the Channel
Squadron, 1897-08: K.C.B.. 1897, on tbecominemo-
ration of Her Majesty's Diamond Jubilee ; G.C.V.O.,
November, 1902 ; appointed principal naval
A.D.C. and extra tquerry to the King, 1903 ;
Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod, 1904.
Storegotichi. Russian torpedo-boat destroyer.
(Yarrow, 1906.) Displacement, 508 tons; draught,
S ft. ; complement, 75 ; armament, 2 la-pdr..
S G-pdr.. 2 tubes : Hp.. 5.200=26 kts.
Sterliad. Russiansubmarine(f9<^). Speed. 9kts.
Stem. The after part of a ship.
Stern-tK>ard. The backward motion of a vessel :
a loss of way in making a tact
Stem on. A term used by whalers, meaning to
pull the boat stern foremost.
Stem-poat. The opposite to the stem ; scarfed
into tlie kcoL The gudgeons carrying the rudder
arc usually bolted intoit.
Stettiner Kaschinenbaa Actien-Oesellsohaft ** Yol-
Can,'* Bredow, Stettin. The mail steamers of the
German nation— namely, those of Hamburg and
Bremen — formerly ranked first in point of speed
betiveen Europe and the Unitetl States of America.
In 1891 the " blue ribbon of the North Atlantic"
was lE^ained for the first time by Germany, and
remained in the possession of the two large Ger-
man lines, the Hamburg-Amerika and the Nord-
deutscber-Lloyd. until recently, when the A/auretomn
created a new record. With this triumph of Ger-
man shipbuilding the history and development of
the Stettiner Mascbinenbau Actien-GescUschaft
" Vulcan " is closely conncctpcl. It was in a very
small way that Mes-ws. Frachtenicht and Brock
established a yard for iron shipbuilding in the town
of Bredow. near Stettin, covering then scarcely
one-tenth of the area of the Stettiner "Vulcan "
as it is to-day.
STETTIN ER
606
STETTINER
The fintt inm ship built in this yartl was the
Die Dtevenow. 1853. iof the limi ol firaeunbcb.
Stettin. This was a vessel of 115 ft. In length,
103 tons net register, and 200 I.Hp., and was
i^ecially constructed for the traflic between Stettin
and Swint-munde, and continued in this nin tor
45 years, lo 1^53-55 several orders (or iron ships
were executed, vessels averaging about j;o ton^
net register, with 660 I.Hp. In January. 1857.
the Stettincr Maacbiuenbau Action -Geseltschaft
" Vulcan " wajs estabUshcd. it beiog the firm of
Messrs. Fruchtemcht and Brock turned into a
joint stock company, with large additional capital.
It IS worthy of note that in the same year the
Norddeutiicher-Lloyd. o( Brjouen, a steamship com-
pany w*hich has liad much to do witti bringmg the
Stettiner Masctiinenbau Act ien-Gc&cllsc bait " Vul-
can " into prominence, was also estabhslicd.
As orders lor iron ships were still insufficient
to keep the yard and engine shops regularly
employed, the company went in for building
locomotives, and in the spnng of 1859 finished
ofi the first locomotive built by them, for
Prussia. Since that time 2,200 locomotives have
becu built, which means an average of luo per
annum. When the joint »tock company was
formed the yard had an area of about five acres ;
in 1870 It had risen to about 20 acres; after 25
years, in 1682, it had been extended to 34 [acres,
giving employment to 3.600 men ; to-day. after
50 years ol work, the yard at Bredow covers an
area of 71 acres, and employs about 7,500 work-
men ; and if the branch m Hamburg were counted
the total area occupied by the company would be
something like 130 acres.
The beginning of warship building at tills yard
was in 1866, when several small vessels were built
for the Prussian Navy. After the war witli France.
1871. the first large battleship for tlte Imperial
German Navy was built. This was the Prittsian,
a turret ship, constructed after the plan of the
British turret battleships built at that time. She
was 300 It. long and $0 ft. broad, with a displace-
ment of about 6.770 tons, and machinery of 5,400
I-Hp., giving a spued of 14 kts. It is a coincidence
tliat 33 years later (io 1904) another warship was
built of the same name at this yard — a modem
battleship 380 ft. long. 69 ft. beam, with a dis-
placement of 13.200 tons and 17.500 I.Hp.. giving
Q speed of about 17 kta.
In 1881 the bnildmg of trans- Atlantic mail
steamers began, and the connection U-tween the
Hamburg- A meinka Line and this company was
started with an order for the steamer Rugia.
This ship had a length of 34$ ft., a beam of j8 ft,,
and a net register tonnage ol 3.467. engines of
a^oo I.Hp., giving a sp«cd of is kts. In 1884
the German Kcichatag sanctioned the suluidisa-
tioa of st«amship lineM, the outcome of which was
an agreement with the Norddcutschcr- Lloyd that
all steamers were to be built in German shipyards
and with German material. The Stettiner "Vi
can " then received three orders from the N<
dcutschcr- Lloyd for mail steamers to tiadc
Asia and Australia. They were the
SachseH, and Baycrn. vessels of 374 ft.
41 ft, beam. 4.577 net rpgisler lonnage, and 4,000
I.Hp., with a speed of 14 kt». On completing thu
order three more steamers wore placed oa tbt
slips, these lieing slightly smaller, and having a
^leed of 12 kts. In 1889 the first twui-«ac«
steamer. Augusts Victoria, was built. This wtmd.
the property of the Hamburg-.\meTika Lane,
attained u speed of 19 sea miles per hour, and wai
on the run between Hamburg and New York till
1904, when she was sold to Ku^sia. and used as a
transport during the Russo-Japanese war. Io
188S-Q0 further orders were received from the
Norddcutscher-Uoyd, and three fast roaU stea;
the MohtHHilUrn, Spree, and Havtl, were
vessels of 6.963 tons net register, with engiiic*
11.500 LHp.. and a speed of 18*5 sea miles,
following year was built for tlte Hamburg-A
Line the Funt Bismarck, of 8,874 tons net regisli
with engines of 14.000 I.Hp. It attained a *peed
of I9'5 sea mile.-* per hour, and it was wi't ii
ves.sel the "blue rit>l»on ol the Nortfi Atidr'
was for the first lime gained by Germany, hri
time being 6 days 11 houn; 44 minntes fracn live
Lisard to New York. In iS<>3 a ftirther record
was creaicil by the Lucamta. her time bring 5 ^Mryi
7 hours 22 minutes. In 1897 the Kaiser Wdk^lm
der Groise was launched, which attained an aver^^p
speed of 22'8i sea miles per hour on th*" jnorrwy
from New Vork to Europe. This -->u
followed in 1S99 by the twin - sot ■ ■ «:it
DeutscMand. built for the Hambiin{-.\menk» 1— inc.
She had a displacement of 23,200 tons and 34 .ooti
I.Hp., and an average speed of 23's> Sea mllra yer
hour. Following the Deutickland came the f<t^
Pnnx U'iMWm fw the Norddcutscher-LUiyd, witt
32,000 I.Hp., and the Kaittr HV/A/fm // , ^rili
45, 000 I.Hp., vphlch vessel attained a •'X'mS ot
23*58 sea miles per hour, averngin ' ■•■d t»
one voyage from New York to 1 ._ : Tit
largest vessel built at this yard is the twin
steamer Haiserin August^ Victoria, built fof
HamburgAmerika Line. This vessel was lam
on .August 29, 1905. and has a displacemeot
43.000 tons. 17.500 I.Hp.. and a sca speed
17 kts. This class of voaiei. of which the A
is a sistvr-ship. tit not built for rtxord
They are able to cross the Atlantic in about •rvm
days, and offer luxury and comfort to oosai
traveller such as bad nvvcir Ihtu pre\ieuidy
attempted.
With the establishmeot of a br«DCj| iA lUm-
burg a new epoch of development begaa with tW
Stettiner " Vulcan." Between 1901 and ivot the
following vessels were coostnictcd : Bmttl'
MetJlienimrg. Prnsstan. and Pommem, coUc
38,150 tons displacement and 51.500 l-Hp^ ; ths
STETTINER
607
STOINY
small cmlscTS Hamburg and Labfck, of 6^$o tons
displacement and 25.000 I.Hp. ; the Kean Print
Wilhelm. Katxsr Wilhetm IT. for the Norddetitscber-
Uoyd ; Kaisfrin Augusle Victoria for the Ham-
biiTg-Amenka I-ine. collectively 60,000 tons net
rogUtcr and gg.soo l.Hp. ; the maJ steamers Print
Eitel Frederick, Kaiser, and Prim LudU'ig. collec-
tively 20.800 tons net register and 21,500 I.Hp.
During the last 50 years this yard has constructed
80 warships, of which ti are first -class batUeehtps :
for the merchant marine 1 1 fast large mail steamers.
33 large trans-Atlantic cargo and passenger
stcamcn. 4O intermediate cargo and passenger
steamers. 51 smaller cargo and passenger steamers,
three petrolcuni tank steamers, and seven ice-
ikers. This company is today in a position
Hiild anything in the way of a ship that could
be askrd for. The yard is replete with all the latest
modem machinery and appliances for the manu-
toctnre and construction of everything that is
required for the ship, and it rightly takes rank as
the largcitl and most up-to-date shipbuilding
establishment in Germany.
SUttiner Oderwerke Actien-QweUscbatt. Ttiis
yard, founded in 1856 by Messrs. MoUer and
Kbtbcrg, covers an area of about 35 acres, and
possesses ii slips. Between i8q8 and 1905 about
34,500 net register tonnage of slupping, together
witli 30.i>x> l.Hp. of machinery were built. The
firm possess two floating docks, with a edacity of
5,000 tons.
Btettiner ?acht Clab. Established 1886. Presi-
dent. K. Wegrner ; Vice-President. K. Pasenow ;
Rear-Commodore. Kurt Krey ; Treasurer, F.
\ Muiuse ; Secretary. W. Schetl, 22 Kleine Domstr,
Stettin. Entrance fee, mark 30 ; annual subscrip-
tion, mark 36.
Stevedore. See Estivador.
Stevenson, Bobirt (1772-1850). Civil engineer
(b. CUmjow). nducated Anderson's College and
Edinburgh irniversity. In 1779, after serxnng an
apprenticeship to lighthouse building, he was
appointed engineer to the Board of Northern
Ughthousus, which position he held for 46 years,
dnring which be dt:stgned 18 lighthouses, the most
imjiuttant being that of Bell Rock, in which he
improved on the designs of Smeaton {q.o.). the
builder of the Eddystone Lighthouse. He gave
considerable time and attention to the illumioation
of lighthouses, and introdnccd many improvements,
&nd his inventions in connection with hghting
include the intermittent and flash-lights, and the
masthead lantern for ships. It wa^ chiefly through
hia efforts that an Admiralty Survey was established,
iwvtD which the Admiralty Sailing Directions for
tlie coasts of Great Britain and Ireland have t>ecn
prepared. In 1815 he was elected a Fellow of the
Royal Society of Edinburgh, and published an
account of th* Bell Rock Lighthouse in 1824.
He died Edinburgh. i8$o. Set "life of Robert
Stevenson," by his son. r>avid Stevenson. rSjS.
Stewart U.S. torpedo-boat destroyer ( 1 900).
Displacement. 420 tons : complement. 64 ; guns.
2 14-pdr., 5 6-pdr. ; torpedo tubes, 2 i8-in. amid-
ships and aft ; Hp., 8.000— 2g kts. ; coal. 139 tons.
•tl. Stiff. Abbreviation adopted on the charts
issued by the Hydrographic Office, Admiralty,
denoting the quality of the ocean's bottom.
Stier. Netherlands coast defence monitor {t9;S}.
Displacement, s.ooo tons. Ol little fighting value.
Stiff. Steady, stable ; as opposed to crank.
Stirrtip, Short ropes supporting foot ropes.
St jema. Swedish torpedo-boat. ( Karlskrona,
1899.) Length. 198 ft. : beam, 15I ft. : draught,
7 ft.; displacement, 02 tons: complement. i3 ;
annament. 2 iQ-iii. q.f., 2 tubes; Hp.. 1,350^
2j kts. : coal, i; tons.
8.T.L. Di-ttingulsliing letters on sea fishing boats
registered at Schotertand. Holland.
Stn. Statioti. Abbreviation adopted on the
charts issued by the Hydrographic Of&ce, Ad-
miralty.
8.T.O. IHstinguiHhing letters on sea fishing boats
registered at Stoppeldi)k, Holland.
Stock. The crossbar at the upper end of the
anchor shank which canl^ the anchor and tunis a
fluke down.
Stookton. CaptAin Obarles Hobart U.S. Naval
Attache to the American Embassy {b. Phda-
dclphia, Octotier 18.. 1854}. Educated U.S. Naval
Academy. Graduated from Naval Academy, 1865.
and went into active scr\-ice as a midshipman,
making varlotis cruises. Was promoted to the
rank of comimander. 1S92. In 1880. white Heu-
tenant-<»mmander in command of the U.S. steamer
Tketis. cruised in the vVrctic Ocean from the mouth
of the Mackenzie to Wrangel Land. Tn command
YorMoum, vVsiatic Station, 1895-97. President U.S»
Naval War Collrgc. 1898-1900; promoted captain,
1899; commanded battleship Kentucky. Asiatic
Station, 1901-03,
Publications : " The T.,aws and Usages of War,"
"The Naval War Code." adopted by the U.S.
Government, '" History of the United States Naval
Asylum, editor of a " Manual of Inteniational
Law " (and edition).
Stockton. U.S. torpedo-boat (tgoo). Displace-
ment. 165 tons: guns, 3 i-pdr. ; torpedo tubes,
3 i8-in. ; maximum speed, 26 kts.
Btoiny. Russian torx>edo-boat destroyer (1906).
Length. (85 ft. ; beam. 21 ft ; draught, 7\ ft ;
displacement, 334 tons ; complement, 60 ; arma-
ment, I i2-pdr., 5 3-pdr.. 2 tubes; twin screw;
Hp., $,6Deis26 kts. ; coal, too tons.
STOKES
608
STORM
stokes, Rear-Adminl John Bdwaid. Entered
Navy, 1851 : as midshipman was present at the
bombardment of Bomarsund (Baltic medal) ; in
,Lenf}ard at the capture of guns near Anapa, 1855 ;
attack on Soujrh Kale. 1855 : attack on Kertch
and Kiobum : In attack and fall of Sebastopol
(Crimean and Turkish medals. Sebastopol clasp) ;
employed in the destructiou of Chinese war-
veeael in Escape Creek (China medal) ; at the
destruction of Chinese war-boata at Tuoui^
Konan, and commanded a paddle-boat at destruc-
tion of flotilla of war-juaks, Fatshaii Creek, 1857
(Fatshan clasp] ; landed with Naval Brigade at
capture of Canton, 1857 (Canton clasp) : promoted
for scn-iccs ; lieutenant in boat of inflexible at
destruction of Chinese piratical fleet. 1858 ; com-
manded the Btune at attack on Porto Novo.
West Coast of Africa. ifi6i, and Bloodhound,
1861-63 ; employed in suppression of slave trade,
West Coast of Africa ; commanded Forrester, em-
ployed against pirates in Chma. and received the
thanks of the U^. Government forser\'ice3 rendered
to their Conaul at Bruni, coast of Borneo 1S67 ;
commander of Opossum, and »Tth Her Majesty's
Consul proceeded rp the Upper Yangtse 375 miles
above the treat)* port of Hankow ; when in com-
mand of Wcodlark received the thanks of the
Admiralty for services rendered to the Columbian
Government at the island of St. Andrew, 1876;
captain, 1S76 ; as captain in command of Hima-
laya. Victoria, Camperdoum, and Hotspur ; com-
manded " E " Bqiiadron with the GlattcH during
naval mancBuvT«t. i8Sy; caplain's good service
pension, 1893.
Stomach-piece. S« Apron.
Stoney. Georse Gerald. B.A., B.AJ. {b. Dublin.
November 2&, 1S63). Educated Trinity College,
Dublin. Chief technical manager of Messrs. C, A.
Parsons and Co.. Newcastle, with which firm he
has been connected for the last 17 j^ais. designing,
constructing, and perfecting steam turbine both
land and marine. Past chairman of the Newcastle
branch of the Institution of Hlectricai Engmeers
and president of the Newcastle Stude-nts' Associa-
tion of Civil Engineers.
Pubhcations : Various papers on " Steam Tur-
bines ■' and " Electrical Engineering."
Stools. A small channel on a ship's side ior
containing the dead eyes of the back sta>'s.
Stoomvaart Ma&tschappij NederUnd. See Neder-
land I.me.
Stoomvaart MaaUcbappij " Triton." S^e Triton
Line.
Stop. A tem]>orary seizing.
Stopford. Sir Robert (1768-1847). British Admi-
ral. Saw service at Rodney's action off l^csSaintes;
Howc'sbattlfof " The Glonous First of Jnnc," 1794 ;
biitllc uf Ssn Dommgo, 1S06 ; expedition to Copen-
hagirn. 1SU7. la itioQ was socood-in command to
Gambier at Cochmne's attack npon the FlcDct a
Basque Roods. Commander-in-Chief CMptoiGooi
Hope, 1810; effected the capture of Java. tSij;
admiral. 1825 ; in cotnrnand at the capitttre of il
Jean d'Arc, 18:40 ; Governor of Greenwich HosptiL
184)1
Stopford. Tloe-Admiral Robert WOHam (b. i^
Entered Nav>-, 1857 ; lieutenant. 1.S65 ;
1878; commander commanding Arab; strvtS
during operations in the Soudan, and «v viA
Naval Brigade landed for protection of Siukat
1884 (Egyptian medal, Kl»cdi\-c*s Bronec Sn
captain. 1885; captain of Royal Nav^ C«
Greenwich. 1893 ; captain's good service paskx*
1R97: rear admiral, i8go ; retired. 1904.
Stoppage in transita. (Sale of Goods Act. %Sii^
Goods arc deemed to be in course of *r*nti^ {
the time they are delivered to the canitr
transmission until the buyer takes delivcy 1
them. The e^ence, therefore, of " stoppt^e 1
transttu " is that the goods sold should be ia I
possession of a middleman. The right to sti
goods in transit arises when the buyer becooa
insolvent, in which event the unjiaid sHlrr amf
either take actual possession, or give notice pt la
claim to the carrier. Generally, the unpaid i
nght is not a0ected by any disposttioo of
goods by the coosiguce. to which the seller lias i
assented, unless the consignee transfers a
ment of title to a bona fide purchaser for valmt*
consideration. The eflcct of " stoppage w 4^
situ " is to give to the seller, not the ownasfaipd
the goods, but the right to retain yrr^nnnn 4
them until paid.
Stopper. An order to check (he cable in 1
out.
Stoftto. Danish torpedo - boat. (Thorny
1S89.) Umgth, 131 ft.; beam. 14J ft.;
6| ft. : displacement. 89 tons ; comptemcnL
annamcnt, 2 machines, 2 tubes ; Hp..
23 kts. ; coal, 14 tons.
Stork. British ^nd class gun-boat (465
9' 5 kts.). Launched 1883.
Stonn. Norwegian torpedo-boat. (C
1900.) Length. 128 ft.; beam. 15 (t. ;
6f ft. ; displacement, 84 tons ; armament, a I'ii
q.ft, 2 tubes ; Hp.. 1,100=33 kts.
Storm. A violent commotion of the at
protlucing or attended by wind, which attaiBl
velocity of 40 miles an hour or upward
accompanied by rain, hail, thnnder. and hgkti
In some regions, notably in the Soutli
Ocean, the wind blows with the strength of a p^'
almost all the year round. In Europeaa sutmj
the area is either circular or elliptical, and '
from 1,000 to 2.000 miles across.
Storm-saib. Sails of reduced dimenaoas. ^
of No. I canvas, usually try-sails and stay-si^
STOROSHEVOI
609
STRAVOPOLSKI
Storoibaroi. Russian torpedo-boat destroyer
(1906). Length, 185 it. ; beam, 21 It. ; draught,
7j ft. : displacement. 334 tons ; complement, 60 ;
armament, i 12-pdr.. 5 3-pdr., 3 tubes ; twin
screw ; Hp.. s,6ooa>36 kts. : coal. 100 tons.
StOTS. Broken in.
Stow. To arrange things compactly and neatly ;
to fill by packing closely.
Stowage. 5» Loading Cargo.
Str, Strait. Abbre\iation adopted on the charts
issued by the Hydrographic Oflict, Admiraltj-.
Strain bands. Bands of canvas on the belly of
the sails.
Btrake. One breadth of piank in a ship from
stem to stern-posts within or without board.
Strde. Italian torpedo-boat destroyer. (Schichaii,
tQOO.) Displacement, 330 tons : raaximum draught.
8^ ft. ; armament, 1 12-pdr., 5 6-pdr. ; tubes,
3 iS-in. : Hp., 6,000= .^o kts. ; coal, Ho toosi.
Strand. .\ny number of rope yams twisted
together.
Btranddd. Applied to a vessel a.shorc aa a
beach ; applied to a rope when onu of its !»trands
are broken.
Stranding. T be importance of stranding in
marine insurance arises from it being made a con-
dition in the clause " Warranted free Irom Particu-
lar Average unless the ship or craft be stranded,
sunk, burnt, or in collision with another ship 01
vessel ; each craft or tighter being deemed a separate
insurance."
A stranding has been defined as " Taking the
ground under any extraordinary circumstances of
time and place, by reason of some unusual or acci-
dental occurrence, and lying or resting on it lor a
time."
To decide whether, in any particular instance, a
vessel has so taken the ground as to have " strand-
ed " within the meaning of the policy is often a
matter ol considerable difficulty, which can only be
determined by a careful consideration of all the
circumsianccfi. These may be conveniently
arranged under three heads, vim., lit, the mode;
3nd, the duration : and 3rd. the cause of grounding.
I. With respect to the mode of taking the ground,
which constitutes a " stranding," it has been held
that the vfjiscl must not merely " touch and go,"
or even drag along the ground, but settle dov^-n and
rest upon the obstructive substance. The force of
the contact is of no significance whatever. A vessel
may strike so violently as to spring a serious leak,
without stranding ; and. on tlic other hand, she
may be embedded in the aoftest mud, and after
lying there for a few minutes, gently glide into
deep water, and yet, in that interval, have " broken
the spell " of the memorandum. This may appear
sophistry to many ; it 15, indeed, a sacrifice rrf
practical utility to legal precision : but as the
memorandum is at present framed, the interpreta-
tion given is probably the one best calculated to
prevent disputes. (McOougal 1;. Royal Exchange,
4 Camp. 2S3.)
2. No arbitrary limit can be assigned To the time
during which a vessel must remain quiescent in
order to be considered stranded. It was, indeed,
held in one rose that a minute and a half's duration
was insufficient for that purpose : and in another
that from 15 to 20 minutes was sufficient : but it is
better to fall back upon the general principle — that
the period requires to be sufficiently long to prove
the definitencss of Uie vessel's subsidence.
3. The cause of grounding should aluo be taken
into account. It must be accidental or unusual,
in opposition to a grounding in the ordinary course
of navigation. A vessel taking the ground in a
tidal river or harbour on the ebb of the tide does not
strand unless she- grounds in an unusual mannrr. in
consequence of some accidental occurrence. (Bar-
row t>. DcU, 4 B. and Cr. 730 ; Kingsford v. Marshall
8 Bing. 458.)
The stranding of a lighter with cargo is not
similar to the stranding of the ship unless specially
includcd as above.
Strap. A band of rope or metal round the
shell of a tackle block by which its hook, eye or tail
is attached thereto.
Strashny. Russian torpedo - boat destroyer.
(Yarrow, 1906.) Displacement, ^oft tons; draught.
8 ft. ; complement, 7$ ; armament, 3 1 3-pdr.,
5 6pdr., 3 tabes ; Hp.. 5 .4003*26 kts.
Strattiolyde. Cilasgow steamer. Sunk by col-
lision wiLh Hamburg sttamcr i*'raHff>Hia. in Dover
Bay. Fcbiuary 17. I^;'i.
Strathem^ Alexandar Oeorm (b. Glasgow. May jo,
1866), Sc^^'cd his appr(>nticcshtp in general engin
eering works m Glasgow, afterwards gaming experi-
ence as a marine engineer till the year 1890. From
that year till ifitj/6 he was engaged in the manage
mcnt of engineering workK. and subHcqucntly under-
took the manufacturp n( wpldless steel chains by the
Rongier process. In 1897 be invented a process
which superseded that of Rongier. and he has since
been activeJy engaged in perfecting and producing
weldleM steel chains by his own process, which is
covered by numerous patents. The ch.iin produced
is capable of withstanding a test load equal to
double that required by the Admiralty, in addition
to possessing other material advantages.
Strathmcre. Emigrant vessel. Wrecked in a
fog nrar Crojct Islands, July I, 1875 ; 45 lives lost.
Strato-oanuiliu. See Clouds.
Stratus. A low cloud forming a borifontal line.
Set Clouds.
Stravoptdsld-l^chmanets. Russian torpedo-boat
destroyer. (Yarmw. 1906,) r>i5placement. 508 tons :
draught. 8 It. ; complement, 75 ; armament. 2
i3-pdr.. 5 6.pdr., 2 tubes: Hp.. j,joo=26kts.
X
STREAM
6(0
STYX
stream. Tbe most rapid part of a current or
tide.
Streuii^anchor. A small anchor about one-third
the weight of the bow anchor.
Streamer. A long narrmv flag.
Stream the bnoy. To throw overboard the buoy
which i.'4 to mark the anchor.
Stremiteltny, Russian torpedo-boat destroyer.
Black Si-H. (Yarrow, 1901.) Displacement. 240 tone :
maximum draught. 8 ft. : armament, i 12-pdr., 3
3-pdr. ; tubes. 2 i8-in. ; Hp.. 3.800—36 kts.
Stress. Hard pressed by weather.
Stretch. A word sometimes used instead of tack*
fltretoher. A foot-rest ol a rower. A cross-piece
to ket-p the sides ot a boat distended when hung.
Striek and Co.. Ltd., Frank C. Set Anglo-Atgerian
Stcnni.ship Co.
Strike. To lower anything from aloft. A ship
•Irikcs wliL-n she touches m any way the bottom.
Strike coloun. An act ol submission.
Strike soundings. To find bottom with the deep-
tt-a lead.
String. The uppernio&t row of plonks m a ship's
ceiling.
Stringbam. V.S. lorpedo-lx^at destroyer. (Wil-
mington. 189*).) Lrngth, :t$ ft.; beam, sa it.,
draught. 6J ft ; displacement, 340 tons : comple-
ment. 52 : armament. 7 6-pdr., 1 ttit>cs ; twin
screw : Hp., ^.aoosejo kts. ; coal, 120 tons.
Strip. A narrow piece of board nailed over a
crack Wtween planks.
Btrog7. Rtiftsian ioqH-dfHboat destroyer, Black
Sea. (Yarrow, 1901.) Displacement. 340 tons;
makimum draught, A fi, ; armament, 1 ts-pdr..
3 .1 pdr. ; tube);, 2 18-in. ; Hp.. 3.800=26 kts.
Stroke. A single sweep of an oar when rowing.
StromboU. Small Italian cruiser (1880).
LeiigtJi, J83IL Bc-aiu 4Jlt. Maximum draught 2uft.
Displacement 3,8g8 tons. Complement 30S.
GuHi. Armour,
8— 6 in. "Steel.'
5 — b pdr. 3 in. Deck.
8 — I pdr. 1 in. Conmng tower.
Tiitpcdv Tubes.
I Submerged bow.
3 Above water.
Twin screw. Hp. 6.253=^17 kt-*. Coal maxi-
mum 600 tons.
Approximate cost ^22<t,ooo.
Stromeyer, Cliarles (b. Sutton, .\prif aS. iSffiV
After serving apprenticeship in Ij^ndon, lie studit-*!
engineering at Aix-la-ChapclIe. and cibtained his
diploma, gaining furthi-r practical experience on the
Tyoe and during two years' service at sea as an
engineer. In 1880 he wa£ appointed engineer
surveyor to I^loyd's Register of Shipping, in
1897 to ^^ position of chief eaigiiieet to ^ Mu-
chester Steam Users' Association for theprcvndiH
of steam boiler explosions, and in the ecoconi it
the application of steam. In ttii» pc«ttaoo be ■ it
present responsible for the strength and satety tt
over i.ooo boilers, including 300 marine boikn
Member of the Council of the National Ptyao.
Laboratory-, and of the Institution of Naval A%a-
tccts ; member of the In.*ititution of Civil Enginetn
Institution of Mechanical Engineers, etc
Publications : Papers published in tbe Traiw
tions of various technical societies; "A Stna
Indicator for use at Sea." " Stresses in Fomaca
"Steam Friction in Engines," etc. (Inst of Na**
Architects). " Measurement of Water l>y Cheittn
Means " {Inst, of Naval Architects and Iiei «
CiWI Engineers). " Poisson's Ratio ol Cree
Contraction " (Royal Society). " Water pBnfc»
tian " (lofit. of Mechanical Kngincen). " Sntiut
Equivalent Projections " (International Ceognj*-
cal Congress, Berlin). " Steam Pipe Expkus
due to Water Hammer " (Miinchester LiL and FU
Soc.), etc. He was awarded the Telford MnUluM
the Telford Premium by the Council of the Inn. a
Cix-il Engineers for hit paper on the " Brittle
Steel." " .Manne Boiler Management and
struction," tratulated into Russian, and pnh&il^
by tbe .Archduke Alexander Michaelowitch.
Strong breece, A breeze that necc^tatei 1 th(
cHiryinp double reef, topsails, jib and spankrr
Strop. A circular piece of rope used to :«urraa^
the body of a block, so that tbe latter may be ball
in any desired situation.
Stryelok. Ship. Refer to CafrHcUtne.
Stuart Hahnemann. On April 4. iS/;. Ihn r^ '
*atle<! fr^mi Hombay; she cnpsued, and aboel 0
persons were drowned. Some were tvscued bf tfc
.\u.-4tnan barque Bfandina. on April 37.
Stud. A small piece of iron acroos the midilltj
the link', of chain cables to strengthen tbcm.
Stndding-flails. l-ight foor -sided sails set mm
tbe square sails in tine weather whrn kuUqc 1
full wind.
StnrgMO. See Royal Fish.
Stnrgeon. British torpedo-boat destrojxr. |lto
row, 1894.) fength. r95 ft. : beam. 30 ft. ; dfa^
SJ ft. ; displacement. 565 tons ; complrrorat *t
armament, i is-pdr, 5 (5-pdr.. z tubes ; twinuM
Hp., 4.000=37 kts. ; coal. Go torw.
S^let French torpedo-boat deatroyer. (Ko
1^2.) Length. 180ft.; beam. 31 ft.; n
draught. 10 ft ; displacement, 300 tons: —
ment. 45 ; guns. 1 9-pdr.. 6 3-pdr. ; tonxdoi
2 1 5 -in. ; speed, 27-30 kts.
Styx. French armoured gnn-boat. fOB-
bourg, 1893.) Uogth. 187 ft, ; beam. «v 1
draught. i2it. : displacement, t.767 tma.
(ilement. 101 ; guns, i lo'g^o.. 1 5*5.40.. 4 1I
S.U.
6ii
SUE
arnionr. " Harvey strel," 3 In. belt amidships. B in.
turrets, fi in. coaning tower; Hp., 1,700=13 kts. ;
coal, 173 tons.
B.n. Diftinguishing letters on sea fishing boata
registered at Sonthampton. Engl&nd.
8ab-4ieat«auit in the Navy is the rank that a
mulHliipinan, if he is Hi year* of age and lias com-
pleti'd till' prescnbed service, passed a satl3factor>*
examination at the Royal Naval College ia naviga-
tion, seamanship and torpedo practice, attains,
provided he has not secured a first-class in the
subjects of his examination. Sub-heutenanU on
attaining the age of 25 are eligible for promotion
to lieutenants. Re/er to King's Regulations for
the Njv\'.
Sobnuriues. The first vessel of this description
uas probably that Lanktruct«d by Drebble, a
Dutchman, Tor Jamm I., concerning which, how-
ever, there is very little information. The first
undoubtedly successful submarine was that built by
Bushnell. an .American, in 177$. This vessel was
u&ed dunng the War of IndepenUrnce. In i8ot
Robert Fulton constructed two submarine tioats.
one in France and one in America. In iSoji Charles
Bnin (Irsigned one of the firet raechanicallv-driven
aubmannes, the Ptotigeur, built in France. In 1&77
Mr. J. P. Holland constructed a small submarine,
the motive powi-r of which was a petroleum engine,
and the immersion obtained and maintained by the
action o( horiaontal ruddi-rs. In 1883 Mr. Nordcn-
felt built a submarine boat at Stockliolm : she «as
a vessel ol ^43 tons displacement. 135 ix. long, with
a beam of 11 ft., i-ngincs of i.uuo Hp., and earned
four toqx-does. She made her tnai trip in South-
ampton Water, on May ^6. 1887, and proved a
success, la i^Ht the Nmititws, a cigar-shaped
vc&&d. &o ft. long by 8 ft. broad, designed by Mr.
Campbell, made a trial trip off Tilbury. She was a
success, was perfectly under control at any depth,
and »uccec<led in attaining a speed of 10 kts. sub-
merged. In 1888. Goubet. a Frenchman, invented
an electrically driven submarine. In ls^m the
OyntoU. invented by Gustav ZMe was built lor the
FrenclL Government, and was followed in 1893 by an
unproved and somewhat similar type of craft, the
GMstav ZidL The improviKl Holland type of
submanne has tiecn adopted by llie United Slates
Govcrument. and in 1900 the British Government
Ofdcred from Messrs. Vickers, Sons and Maxim six
boats somewhat ol the type of the Holland. In
addition to these the Brirish Government has a
class of vcs&el with a di<t{>!ac«ment of 300 tons.
j6-cylin<ler horizontal Wolseley petrol engine.
giving about 850 Hp., and a surface speed of about
13 kts., radius action of about 1,000 mites. Among
submarines in use in the various navies of the world
may be mentioned : —
Great Britain ... Improved Holland type.
t'nited States ... Holland type.
t'FnUKC Laubeuf and Bertin types.
Japan ... ... Holland type and Peter
Kotcltlca type (captured at
Port Arthur from the Rus-
mans).
Germany ... Holland and Howalt typr>s.
Russia Lake. Holland, Boukaloff,
iJrzeuiecki, French, and
Peter Kotchka tyi>e.i.
Brazil Goubet type.
See " Submarine Navigation " (1903). Bur-
goyne ; " La Navigation amis-Marine " (1906),
P^ice.
Submarine signal bell appears likely to offer a
valuable means of minimising tin.' dnnger to ships
at sea in a fog. During some experimental tnrts
recently carried out at the mouth of the River
Weser in the pn-sence of naval and other officials
representing the British. German, and the Dutch
Governments and \arioiis shipping cor])orations,
tht submarine signal bell connett^'ii with the outer
WvsvT light was diiitinctly heard through the
telephone receiver by those on board the Nord-
deutscher-Lloyd Kaiser H'lVAr/m //., while the
ship was under full steam, at a distance of 7^ miles.
The possibility of locating the spot from which the
signal proceeded wa.s also amply confirmed. Tliis
form of signalling, it is claimed, is unaffected by
either storms or atmospheric conditions. Bells for
giving out warning signals in connection with this
system are now fitted to many of the lightships in
the St. Lawrence river and the approach to New
York harbour.
Snbmarine signalling. See Submarine Signal
Bell.
Snooen. British torpedo-boat dt^struycr. (Sun-
derland. 1901.) length, 3IO ft. : beam, a ft. ;
draught. 9} ft. ; displacement, 350 tons : comple*
ment. 62 ; armament, 1 12-pdr.. 5 6-pdr,. 2 tubes ;
twin screw . Hp,. 6,000^30 kts. . coal. 83 tons.
Stichst. French and class crniser. (Toulon,
»S<)3-)
l.ength 318ft. Beam 40ft. Maximum draught 21ft.
Displacement 3,450 tons. Complement 335.
Cum. Armour.
6 — 6*4 in. i^ in. Deck.
4 — 4 in. 1 1 in. Conning tower.
8—3 pdr.
Torpedo TubtS.
I Submerged bow.
a Above water.
Twin screw. Hp. 9,000*30 kts. Coal maxi-
mum 680 tons. Approximate cost ^230,000.
Bud. The floating mass of vegetable matter that
forms in the WHiitc Nik- and obstructs navigation.
In 1903, when it was entirety removed, some of the
blocks cut out wen as much as a mile long and
20 ft. thick.
Sue and lAbotir Claiiae. in marine insurance
this clause reads . " And it is expressly declared
x2
SUEVIC
612
SUEZ
and agreed that no act of inaun-r or assured in
cecovering, Miviog. or prt-scrving Uie property
insurcH] shall be considered as a waiver or accept-
ance oi abandonment." The object of the clause
is to give both parties to the contract the nght to
attempt to save the property from dangir without
detriment. (McArthur on Contract ol Marine In-
surance, p. 223 ; Lou'ndes on the Law uf Marine
Insurance, 3. 326.)
Cleopatra's Needle was brought under contract
from Alexandria on a voyage to London, the
contiBcl bi'ing for £10,600. Tlie contmclor (Dixon)
insured the obelisk and the vessel in which it was
stowed against lotaJ lass and the risks covered by
lite Sue and Labour Clause and valued vcsfe) and
obelisk at jf>|.uoo in tliu policies, the sum insured
being ^3.*Jo«». The vessel and obelisk were towcd
by u steamer winch had to cast them oil in the
Bay ol Biscay in a storm. Later they vn-rt- picked
up by another stcainei and towed tu Ferrul and
London. The Admrndty Court awarded 1^2,000
£or salvage, valumg the needle and the vessel at
£"25.000. The contractor claimed lor his |)olicies
under the Sue and Labour Clause ^i.^oo. being the
same proportion of ^j.ooo that the sum insured
(^3.000) bore to the value named in the pohcy
(^.000). From this the underwriters appealed to
the House of Lords, when the amount due by liini
was decided to be not three- fourths, but only
three tweoty-<hs of that sum, the ground being
that as tile salvors were not in the service ol the
Assurvd, there was no liability under the Su<? and
Labour Clause of the policy, and that, consequently,
the underwriters" liability was not properly- deter-
mined by taking tlic proportion of tbt- sal\'age
paid whicli his aubocription bore to the valuation
in the ixiiicy. (Lowndes on the Ijiw of Marine
Insurance, p. iSj ; Gow on Marine Insurance,
p 222 ; Dixon V. Whitworth, L,R. 4 C.P.It. S7t-)
Snevio. White Star Line (w.soo tons). Home-
waid bound to Plymouth and London from Aus-
traha via the Cape. Went ashore on the Stag
Rock, the rock's west of the Lizard. March 16, 1907.
No lives lost. She was subsequently salved by
being cut in half by means of dynamittr chargi»
and towed into Plymouth Harbour, and eventually
docked at Southampton. A new fore portion was
built by Messrs. Harland and Wolff, of Belfast,
her builders, and when completed v/ax taken in
tow by two lugs, and after rather a rough passage,
lasting some 10 days, arrived at Southampton.
The imtial joining of the fore and aft portions was
completed on Kovembcr 4. 1907. The joiniag of
the two portions of the Smtxnc is the &oal sta^ of
the greatest salvage feat of modem times. The
Board of Inquu-y held shortly alter the vessel went
on the rocks found the master guilty of negligence,
and suh]K'ni)cd his certiticate for three months.
8aei OanaL which connects the Mediterranean
snd the Red Sea was opened on November if.
1869, and revolu lionised the main bnea of inter-
national traffic. The first canal known was con-
structed by Scti L Napoleon L, in 1798. took
up the subject of making a waterway from the
Mediterranean to the GuU of Suez, but the pro-
ject was abandoned owing to the engineer whom
he employed, after making a thorough survey of
the district, pmnouncirtg the scheme impracticable.
It is due to the energy and enterprise of M, Fe
dinand Lesseps that the Suez Canal exists,
scheme drawn up by two Frenchmen, Mougcl and
Linant. was in 185(1 submitted to an uitcxnatiua
commission, and M. I.easep« was given completi
charge of the construction and work was bcgttti
In L-xccuting the work it is estimated (hat aboi^
Ku,ooo.o(.io uf cubic yards of material was
cavated. and at one time 60 drvdging machin
and nearly jo.ooo latwurera were employed. Til
origiiuil cost of the canal was about £i6.ooo.c
exclu<ling the liart>ours ; it Ihtae are mcluded ab
^20,000,000. The whole length of the navigatia
is BS geographical miles. Of this distance; 66 mtks
are actual canal formed by cuttings and dr«dgin
Between 1885 and iMi# the canal was enlarged /
greatly improved at a cost ol about £4,000.0
As originally built, it bad a depth of 26 ft.,
width ol 72 tt. at the hottom, and a width at the
top varymg according to the chancter ul the
cuttings. Since 18S9 the canal has a ontform
depth of 39 ft., a width ol 213 ft. in the straight
parts, and from 246 to a63 ft. In the curves, and
is navigable for vessels up to 14,000 tona The
present rate of transit dues is 7 ir. 75 c. i>er ton,
and vessels ore measured according to the Su
Canal Co.'s rules {refer $0 TonnagcJ. In 1S7
the British Government, at Che insligauon of Lord
Beaconshcld. purctiascd from the Khedive of Egypt
176.602 shares at an inclusive cost ol ^.oKo.ooo.
The estimated value of these shares on March
1907, was £31,796,000. The management of
canal is entrusted to j2 administiatoni, oi wh
10 are British {three representing the Govenamat
and seven the shipowning interest). The ^itii
directors arc: Sir Henrj* Austin Leigh, K.C.M.C
C.U.. Henry Torrens AnsUuilicr. Sir W. E. GarsttO.
G.C.M.G., representing Government ; R. Alcicaodir
R. S. Donkin. F. Green, Sir J. L. Mackay. G.CM.C
Lord Rathmoiv. J. W. Hughes^ and Sir
Sutherland, G.C.M.G.. representing shipowners.
The transit rec«tpts for the last to yeart are m
follows :
1896 /3,»25<*>
1897 3,gi3.zai
i»98 3.411J90
i8w 3.fi5a.75»
lyoo 3.C'24.94i
1901 4.Di;,4)6
190a 4*I40<B^*°
1903 4,i44-8ia
1904 4^I(>.oj4
SUFFOLK
6c3
SUMBAWA
1905 4.S54.6;i
1906 4,326.476
Great Britain holds about 65% of the canal
Steele. About 60% of the vessels using the canal
are British steamers.
Soflolk. British ist class cniuer. (Portsmouth.
1903-)
L«Dgth 440ft. Beam 66ft. Mean draught 34ft.
Displacement 9,800 tons. Complement 678.
^^^ Guns. A f mc^ur,
^^k 14—^ in.. 45 cal. " Krupp. "
^^^ 8—13 pdr. 4 in. Belt amidships.
^^^ 2—12 pdr.. 8 cwt. 5 in. Barbettes.
^^^ 3 — 3 pdr. to in. Comung tower.
^^M< 8 Pomponts.
^H Torprdo Tubft (18 in.^
^^P' 2 Submerged.
Twin BCrou*. Hp. 23.000 = 33 ^^^ Coal maxi-
mum 1.600 Lon&. Approximate cost ^775,000,
This sbip-name Is associated with the battle of
Beachy >leacl. 1692 ; Bartlcur and La Hoguc, 1692 ;
capture of Gibraltar. 1704; attack on Carthagena,
1741 ; Byron's action ofl Grenada, 1779 : Rodney's
action with De Cuichon, 1780.
SuSreo. French lat dasa battleship. (Brest,
l8w-l
Length 433ft. Beam 70ft. Maximum draught aSft.
Displacement 12.750 tons. Complement 730.
Guns. Afmour.
4 — 13 in., 45 cal. " Krupp."
»io — 6*4 in. 13 in. Belt ami<li>lup3.
ft— 4 in. 13 ID. Turrets.
33—3 P<^r. 12 in. Conmng tower.
To*pedo TitUs (177 in.).
2 Submerged.
X Above water.
Three screu-s. Hp. 16.200=18 kta. Coai maxi-
mum 1,150 tons. Approximate cost ^1,200.000.
Sogg. To rock heavily when aground.
Sogrib. Siamese gun-boat (1901). Displace-
ment, C>oo tons: annament, 1 4 7 -in., s 6-pdr. ;
Up., 500:3 12 kts.
Boit at Bkili. The whole of the sails required to
be bent for a vessH.
Stile Skerry Light, situated on the west of the
Orkneys, was established in 1895, and is a three-
flash light every ^ minute; duration of fiash,
i second ; candle-power, 90,000 ; burner. 6 wick ;
illuminant. oil.
Snlina Craft Claun. 5m Clauses.
SoiliTan. Admiral Sir Francii William. Bth Bart,
cr. 1804. K.O.B.. LT. inj'j. C.M.O., lb;?;; (b. 1834).
Educated Charterhouse. Entered Navy, 1848 ;
midshipman of Castor dunng Kalhr war, 1851-52
(medal) ; mate of London before Scbastopol ; pre-
sent in boats at landing at OlfJ Furt and attack on
Sebastopol : mate of the OtaUon, and subsequently
lieutenant of the Sphinx (Crimean and Tnikish
medals, Scbasto|Xkl clasp, Sardinian medal) ; pro-
moted to commander on West Coast of Africa in
the Conflict ; commander of the Greykotmd on coast
of Syria. 1860-61 ; commanded Harrier in New
Zealand. 1862-64 : commanded Waikato flotilla
until arrival of Commodore Sir W. Wiseman ;
present at the action of Koheron Heights, battle of
Rangariri. and several minor affairs : promoted to
captain and C.B. (or these services (New Zealand
medal) ; commodore of the West Coaat of .Africa
and Cape of Good Hope Station daring the Old
Colony war. 1877-78 ; K.C.B. for services (Zulu
medal and clasp, 1877-78I : joined Admiral Sir
Bcauchamp Seymour off Alexandria with a de-
tached squadron, 1&82 ; settlor ofiicer of Port Said
uQtU conclusion of war (Egyptian medal. Khedive's
Bronze Star. Mcdjidic, 3nd Class) ; Second-m-
Command, Channel Fleet, 18S3-83 ; Director of
Transports, 1883-88 ; admiral. 1890 ; retired. 1892.
Sally. French 1st class cruiser. (La Seyne,
1900.) Ran on an unchartered rock, .Uong Bay.
Tonkin, February, 1905. The attempt made to
float her having failed, the armament was removed,
and she became a total loss.
fiolphoz rain. A deposit of the pollen of pine
trees often carried by wind for long distances and
brought down by rain.
Saltan. British ironclad, (a collision n-ith
French steamer Vitle de Victoria in Ijsbon Har-
bour. December 23, 1886; 35 lix-es lost.
Soltry. Hot and close condition of the atmos-
phere.
Sama. Japanese cruiser. (Japan. 189$.)
Length 305(1. Beam 41ft. Maximum draught 16ft.
Displacement 2.700 tons. Complement 275.
Guns. Armour.
3 — bin. "Steel."
6— 4'7 in. 2 in. Deck.
13 — 3 pdr. 41^ in. Gun sttields.
Torpedo Tubes.
2 .\bovc water.
Twin screw. Hp. forced 8,500=920 kts. Coat
maximum 600 tons.
Somatra. Dutch harbour monitor (1890),
Lhsplacement 1,700 tons.
Guns. Armour.
I — 8'2 in. "Steel."
I— 6 in. 1} tn. Deck.
2—47 in.
6 — 3 pdr.
Torpedo Tubes.
2 Above watei.
Hp. 3,000s 17 kts. Coal nm.-umum 170 tons.
Samtewa. Netherlands gun-boat. Indiau Navy,
(Flushing, 1892.) Length. 17O it. : beam. 26} ft. :
draught. 11^ ft. ; displacement, 591 tons: coraple*
ment, 84; armament, 3 4'7-in., 1 2'9*in.. 2 3-pdr. ;
^Pm 930^=13 kta. ; coal, 60 tons.
SUMIDA
614
SUTLE]
Samida. Japanese river gun-boat. Of sowll
fighting value.
Sanda Bea- Si-e Java Sea.
Sundflrtand Daily Shipping News. Established
1865. Published daily {morning). Price td. Ad-
dress : Sunderland.
Sun-doffs. Mock-suns.
Sunflxb. Britiih torpedo-boat destroyer. (Heb-
burn, 1895.) Length, 200 ft. ; beam. 19 ft. ;
draught, 5^ ft. ; displacement, J90 tons; comple-
ment, 50 ; armament, ( n-pdc, 5 6-pdr., 2 tubes ;
tvp-in screw ; Hp.. 4.2gt = 27 lets. ; coal. 60 tons.
BqhIms day. A day on which tlie duration of
sunshine is loss than three minutes.
Son pillat. A perpendicular column of light, of
the breadth of the sun's disc, seen prDJecting up-
wards from the sun about the ume oi sunrise or
fliuaet.
Stuuhmd recorder. An int^trument for recording
the duration o( bright sunshine.
Snnstrbke, Unconsoioasneu from. See Appa-
rently Dead, method of restoring the
Superb. British ist class battleship. (Ports-
mouth, 1906.}
Length sooft. Beam Soft. Draught 36ft.
Displacement i8,()oo tons.
CunSm A rmour.
10 — 13 in. " Krapp."
i8 — 3*5 in. ij iiL Belt amidships.
13 in. Barbettes.
Tvrped' Tubes (18 in.).
4 Submerged broadside.
I Submerged stem.
Turbine. Four screws. Hp. 33.000=21 kts.
Approximate cost ;^i. 750,000.
BnpeiHtarKO. A person in charge of the ship's
accounts, and disposal of the cargo.
SmoouL French 5rd class cruiser. (Cherbourg,
1900.}
Length 313ft. Beam 30ft, Draught l4fL
Displacement 2,012 tons. Complement 190.
614 »5. Armour.
4 — 5'5 in. " Steel."
8 q.f . I \ in. Deck amidships.
Torpedo Tubes.
5 Above water.
Hp., £,000= 30 kt^. Coal, 300 tons.
Snif. The swell of the sea breaking on the shore
or any rocks near t he sur face of the water.
Surge. To slack back q uickly.
Surgeons, NsvaL See Kava^ Education.
Burly. British torpedo-boat deslroyer. [Clyde-
bank. 1895.) Length, 205 ft. ; beam, 19 ft. ; draught,
5j- It. ; displacement. 280 tons ; complement, 50 ;
armament, i 1 apdr., 5 6-pdr., 2 tubes ; twin screw ;
Hp., 4,40o»2d kts. ; coal, $0 tons.
Snrpriie. British despatch vessel (1.650 100^
17 kta.). Launched 1S85.
Surprise. French gun-vesseJ. (Havre.
Length, 184 ft. ; beana. 24* ft. : draught, lafc,
displacement, 617 tons; complement. 99; anu-
ment. 3 3'9-in.. 4 2*s-in., 4 i"4-in. ; Hp., *«o=
13 kts. ; coal, 75 tons.
Surey Commenaal Docks Oow St£ Londor:
of.
Surveying, nautical, embraces all the op«iati»i
necesisary to a complete detenu ination of the a»-
tour of the bottom of the ocean, sea. lake, harboir.
or other sheet of water. Hydrographical surreysit
is aiicertaimng the forms of coast lines, haihom
etc., and of objects on the shore, the entruia a
harbours, channels, their depth, width, eic, ^
position of shoals, tlie depth oi_ water thefeoo.
Bntherlaod, Sir Thomas, Q.C.M.O. {b. AberdM
1834). Educated Grammar School and T;ni»fistT
of that City. Entered the »er\-ice of the Peninnhr
and Oriental Steam Navigation Co. in his eigbteeHl
year, and left (or tlie Far East after two y
service in the London office. Rose in a vcr>'
years to be head of this company in China sad
Japan. Being resident at Kong Korng. he braar
one of the founders of the Hong Kong and Sha^ftoi
Banking Corporation, and ol the Hong Koan md
Whampoa Dock Co., and was a member oi Iki
Legislative Council of that Colony. Opened tk.
first mail service to Japan, and the early oomacmf
cation with the coast ports in China, which «nt
not then embraced in the P. and O. Co.*» aJ
fervices. Returned to England after la yeta
ser/ice abroad, and undertook a tour of insprttifli
of all the company's station.5. \Vaa subteqiKCt^
appointed a manager, and a managing director, u^
finally chairman of the company in lUi. I» »
vice-president oi the Suez Canal Co. ; directer ri
London City and Midland Bank ; chainBca <■
Marine and General Assurance Society'. Reerml
the honour of K.C.M.G. in 1891 and sobaeqodxh
G.C.M.G. in \»i)7. Knight of St. John of J«i
salem, on the Comnussion of Lieutenancy for it^
City of London, and a CIie\'alier of the LcpV
d'Honntrur. Hon. LL.D. Aberdeen Uoivt:^
Was M.P. (L.U.) for Greenock, i8S4-i9oa.
Bntlel. British 1st class cruiser. (ClydctMifc
I«99.)
Length 454ft. Beam 69ft. Maximnm draught
Displacement is.cxwtons. Complement ;ga,
Guns. Armour.
2 — 9'3 in., 4S cal. " Krupp."
6 in. Bvlt amidrinf*
6 ha. Barbette*.
12 in. Coiuung 1
1 2 — 6 in.
12 — 12 pdr.
3 — 13 pdr, 8cwt.
3—3 pdr.
3 Maxims.
Torpfdo Tubes (18 in.).
2 Submerged.
5UWO
615
SWAN
Twin screw. Hp. ii,ocx>»2i kts. Coal nun-
mam 1.600 tons. Approxiinate cost ^Soo.ooo.
Sdwo. Formerly Pcbieda [q.v.). Japanese ist
daas battleship. (New Admiralty*, 1900.)
Length 401ft. Beam 7 [ft Draught afift,
Duplacement \2fio0 tons. Complement 733.
Guns. Armour.
4 — 10 in. " HArvcy-nickel."
1 1 — 6 in. 6 in. Belt amidships.
r6 — 13 pdr. 9 in. Ca-wmates.
10 — J pdr, 6 in. Big gun shields.
Torpedo Tubes.
4 SubmcT^etl.
I Above water.
Twin ftfTtvf. Hp. t4.$oo=f8 kts. Coal maxi>
mum 2.0C0 tons.
8.y. Distinguishing letters on sea fishing boats
regtstL-rcd at Stavenissc. Holland.
SvAerdflsken. Danish tcrpcdo-boat. (Thorny-
croft. iSSi.) Length, no (t. ; beam. la ft.;
draught, 6 ft. ; displacement. 49 tons ; comple-
ment, [4. ; armament. 1 q.f.. 2 tubes ; Hp., 6,000=
30 kts. ; coal, 9 tons.
8na. Swedish battleship. (Lindholmen, 1886.)
Reconstructed 1901.
Length 354[t. Beam 4Sft. Maximum draught i^li.
Displacement 3.300 tona. Complement 237.
Gims. Armour.
I — &'2 in. " CreusoL"
7—6 in. II in. Belt.
1 1 — 6 pdr. 10 in. Conning tower.
2 — I pdr, 7 in. Fore turrets.
5 in. Secondary turrets.
Totptdo Tubes.
t Submerged bow.
Twin screw. Hp. 4.650=15 kts. Coal maxi-
moffi 300 tons.
Bwdrap, Otto (b. Harrstadt. 1855). Norwegian
explorer. W.is with Xansen's expedition to the
Greenland ice fields in 1888. and was subseqacntly
chosen by Nanscn for command of the i-'rain lor
his North Pole expedition, (n 1898-1901 hi* com-
manded the second expedition in the Framt. daring
which several islands were discovered (Ringnes. Axel.
Heihurg, and King Oscar Land) between Greenland
and the Parry Isles and Melville Island. He
pablislied his " New Land," in which he describes
IhiM expedition in 1904, and it has been translated
into English.
S.Y.O. Distinguishing letters on sea fishing
boats registered at Sas van Gent. Holland.
Svietefi. Russian torpedo-boat destroyer (1906).
Lcngtli. 185 ft.; beam. 21 ft; draught. 7^ IL ;
displacement, 324 tons : complement, 60 : arma-
ment, I t2-pdr., 5 3-pdr., a tubes; twin screw;
Hp., 5,600 = 36 kts. : coal, roo ton^t.
8ri«tl&Qa. Small Russian cruiser (1896). Dis-
placement. 3,900 tons. Snnk by the Japanese at the
battle of Tsushima, May 37-39, 1905.
Ifinpjr. Rttsstan torpedo-boat destroyer. Black
Sea. (Yarrow, igoi.) Dimplacement. 240 tons;
maximum draught. S ft.; armament, i 1 3-pdr.,
3 3-pdr. ; tubes. 3 iS-in. ; Hp.. 3,8oo = 26kts.
Sntiod Steamship Co.* with their head oihccs in
Gdthenbuig liavL- a flwt of wdl-built modem
steamers sailing regularly from GAthenhurg to
Newcastle-on-Tyno. Sunderland, West Hartlepool,
Glasgow, and vice versa.
Fleet.
Aftu. Hermod. VanUmd.
Dotnald. liujin. Viking.
Mtsnin.
8.W. Distinguishing letters on sea fishing boats
registered at Hick on F5hr. Germany.
Swab. A long mop made of rope yam used for
cleaning and drying the decks,
Smn. '^^ bend or sink down by its own weight.
Swile. British torpedo-boat destroyer. (Palmer,
1905-) Length. 323 ft. ; beam, 33} ft ; draught.
9} ft ; displacement, 600 tons ; complement, 72 ;
armament i 1 3-pdr.. 5 5*pdr., 3 tubes; twin
screw; Hp.. 7.500=25 kts. : coal, 1 26 tons.
Swallow. The score of a block.
Swamp. A tract of land on which, owing to its
impermeaUe bottom, the water coUectod remains
stagnant
Swan. Sloop of war. Wrecked off Waterford
on .-Vugust 4. 1782, when 1 30 persons were drowned.
Swan, Henry Ftederlck. CJl., cr. 1902 (b. Septem-
ber 10. 1842), Sorvod his apprenticeship with
Messrs. C. Mitchell and Co., and subsequently
went to reside in St. Petersburg as representative of
this firm, when thvy were entrusted by the Russian
Government with the most important task of
organising iron shipbuilding in Russia. In 1882
the shipbuilding firm of Messrs. C. Mitchell ajid Co.
was amalgamated with the I^lswick firm under
the style of Sii W. G. Armstrong. Mitchell and Co.,
Ltd.. and subsequently this firm extended its
operations by absorbing the Manchester firm of
\Vhitworth. and changed its name a^ain to that
which it now holds of Sir W. G. .Armstrong and Co.,
Ltd., of which firm he holds the position of managing
director. He 15 a member of the Council of the
Institution of Naval Architects, past - president
of the North-East Coast Institution of Engineers
and Shipbuilders, a member of the Institution
of Civil Engineers, the Iron and Steel Institute,
the Nortli of England loiditulion of Mining and
Mcclianical Engineem. He i:i a director of many
public companies : has served on the school board,
and local board and county council, and is a J. P.
for Northumberland.
Swan. Hantar and Wlgbam Richardson, Z«td.,
Wallsend and Walker-on Tyne. The shipbuilding
industry of this firm carries us back to the early
days of iron ships. In 1843 the first iron vessel
SWAN
6i6
SWAN
ever buiK on Utp river Tyne — n&mely, tba PritUs
Albert — was lannctied from the rite of the present
south yard, which wax purchased some i8 yean
latrr by Mr. John Wigham Richardson when he
founded the Neptune Works. The area of the
shipyard was then only four acres, with a frontage
of id; yards, and having three berths, the longt-'st
being 320 ft. Two hundred men at most were
then employed, and the maximum annual output
of ships was about 4.000 gross tons. The present
company i5 as amalgamation effected in 1903 of
the following fijnns : C. S. Swan, Hunter, Ltd.,
Wigham Richarrlxon and Co., Ltd., The Tyne
Pontoons and Dry Pock Co., Ltd.
The works are situated at the deep bend of the
River Tync on its north bank, about three miles
to the east of Newcastle. They cover an area of
about 7S acres, with a river frontage of some
4,o<x> ft. The premises conipri.« !>hipyaids, a yaid
for buildmg floating docks, engine and boiler works.
a dr)' dock (550 ft. long and 76 ft. wide at cntraoce,
with a depth of water of 36} ft. over the sill), and
two floating dock;* capable of lifting vessels up to
350 ft. long- In the drj'-dock dejianment many
important repairs and alterations to ships have
been cHected. To cite a few noteworthy con-
tracts, mention may be made ol cutting in two
and IcngthcDing by 60 ft. the Norddeutschef'
Lloyd steamer WitifftiuH : extensive repairs to the
Australian steamer Miowefa. which, after being
stranded at Honolulu, was brought to the Tyne,
a voyage of 14,000 miles, and completely repaired ;
con.strucHng and fitting a new forward end. i5o ft.
long, to the Canadian Pacific Railway Co.'s A/if-
ouifAff^this vessel was stranded off the coast of
Scotland, and by means of dynamite was cut in
two, much in the same way as the recent operation
on the Suevic. the old and new parts of the ship
were put into dry dock and successfully joined
together ; fitting a new Ikjw to the end of the
Russian ice breaker Ermack : partly replaling the
Brili«h Admiralty's oil-carr>ing ship PettoUum.
Of wanhips the company has docked many
battleships, cruisers, ami torpedo-boats for the
Governments o( Great Britain, the United States
of America, Japan. Italy. Portugal, Norway,
Argentine, Chtli. Brazil, and China.
The normal capacity of the shipyards is 120.000
gross register tons a year. In 1906 this firm
established the record for the amount of tonnage
turned out in one year at nne yard, the total
ttmnagr launched tK-ing 127,000 16nA.
The largest ship that has ever been constructed,
the Cunard Co.'s R.M,S, Mauretania. even ex-
ceeding her slstftr ship, the tusitania. was built at
this yard. The overall dimensions of the ship are
790 ft. long and 88 ft. broad and her displacement
about 40,000 tons. The main engines are four
Parsons' .steam tur>iiii<»;, rach on a separate shaft,
and each driving otie propeller. The average ser-
vice B]-<eed is to be 3$ kts., and to maintain this
speed the power of the roam turbines will be about
50% more than has ever been installed in oar
mercantile ship. This company has also built for
the same owners the Ivtmia, 600 It. long and
14.00U tons gross register, the CmtpatAi^. 13.500
totis, and the UUonia. 8.056 tons,
A special feature of the work done in this yard
15 a targe number of passenger and mail steamera
for Channel and coaattng services. One oi the
fastest cxamplee of those vessels is the twin screw
Princest Victoria, in the service of the Canadian
Pacific Railway Co.. and mention may be made of
the Khedivial Mail Steamship Co.'s twin screw
Osmaniek. and of the triple screw turbine steamer
Immingham. owned by the Great Centrai Railway
Co. Among many companies ordering stcomcn
from this yard may be mentioned the Cock Steaa-^
ship Co., Ltd., who have had 3o steamers buil
here ; 24 for the Hansa Line of Bremen ; 18 for
Adria Royal Munganan Sea Navigation Co. ; and
13 for Messrs. Elder Dempster and Co — in fact,
almost all the large and important steamship com
panics liave at one time or another had vessels
built by thi." firm.
Floating Hocks form another leading speciality
of the company, and the following are among the
most important of the many orders which have
been successfully executed : A dock lifting 12.0
tons buiit to the order of the Sj>anish Govemmefl
and towed out to Havana in 1897 : one for
Stettincr Maschinenbau Aclien Gescllschaft " V«
can." For the British Admiralty a large do
was built and sent out to tVrmuda. in the We
Indies. This dock is 545 (1. long, 136 It. br
and has a lifting capac)t>- of 16.500 toeis.
in 1904 a dock was delivered in Durban Horboor
to the order of the Natal Covcmrocnt. Thia was
followed by a dock for the Suez Canal Co. at Port
Said, and in 1905 facilities for repairing ship* ta
Africa were increased by a dock for the Nigetiaa
Dry Dock and Engineering Co. on the Rtvtr
Forcodos, West Africa. Two docks built tat the
Japanese Government and one for the Kiatoa
Uralsk Railway Co., in Russia, were not towed to
thnr respective destinations, bat were dcaipalclhfd
in pieces and re-erected on arrival.
Another remarkable structure built by the 1
pany is the large floating coal dep6l owned t^ 1
British Admiralty. Tl was the first of its
and has proved a great success , 42$ ft. long, fi It
broad, its storage capacity is iJ.ooo tons of cvd.
It is equipped with 12 Tempcrlcy txansportcn
operated electrically, and fittr<l with a largi
number of coal shoots for rapidly filling begs witb
out shovelling. Seeing that two of the la
warships can be berthed at the same t^tne,
floating depAi practically gives the oqtii\-al<at at'
1 ,000 ft. of quay frontage.
Among tlie most noticeablp features of the wtflu
are the immense glass-roded sheds covering four of
the btiilding bertbs (^ the Wallscnd slupyard. Tkt
SWASH
617
SWIMMING
I
I largest of thete «bods is 74a ft. long, with a clear
widtb inside of too ft. and a height ol 140 ft. The
length can be extended any time to 900 ft. All
the sheds are ctinippcd with overhead travelling
electric cranes, and arc well lighted by arc lamps.
Electricity botli loi diiving the niacbineiy and for
lighting is iistd everywhere. Hydraulic power is
extensively used in all departments for lifting
heavy weights and for nvetting, and there is also
a large installation of pneumatic plant for rivetting.
chipping, drilling, caulking, and other work. For
installing on board ship boilers, large pieces of
machinery, and other heavy weights the company
has one of the most powerfal floating cranes in the
-world, capable of lifting 150 tons. In addition to
this floating crane there are large sheer legs bdtb
at the Neptune Works and at the boiler shops
adjacent to the dry docks department.
The engine works at Walker comprise large
machine shops, together with fitters' and erecting
ahopSj and, with tlic boiler works, are capable
of turning out uach year machinery represented
by 50,000 I.Hp. This department is largely
supplemented by work done by the Wallsend
Slipway and Engineering Co., Ltd., in which
Messrs. Swan, Hunter and Wigham Richardson,
Ltd., have an interest. The Wallscnd SlipMray Co.
have a high reputation for budding reciprocating
and turbine engines, and also for repairing ships
and engines. Their works are situated on the
River Tync, about half a mile to the east of the
WaUaend shipyard, covering an area of about
51 acres. They comprise very large and modem
engines and boiler shops, a foundry, a drj- dock
544 ft. long, and t^v'o 5Upwa}>s (or hauling ships
up to 3.000 gross tons. At these works were con-
structed the machinery and boileis for the large
express mail steamer Mauretania.
Swub. The sudden surge of the sea.
BwsUw. The entire length of a wave.
Vfty. (^^oquially to go a great length.
Sway away. To hoist.
Swedish Lloyd, with the head offices in GAthcn-
burg, have a fleet of 13 excellent steamers, which
rnaintain regular services from G6thenburg to
various Continental [Kirts. A service is maintained
twice a week between Gothenburg and Hamburg,
and vice vena ; a monthly servioe during the
winter and fortnightly during the summer from
Gothenburg to Mediterranean ports, calling at
Messina, leghorn, Genoa, Marseilles. Cette, Barce-
lona, Tarragona, Gandia, Denia, Almeria, Malaga,
Cadiz. Lisbon, and Oporto, returning to Gdthen-
burg. Copenhagen, or Stockholm,
Flbw.
GcUhtr^. Kofden.
Hamburg. Norge.
Jbtria. Scandinavia.
Malaga. Victofim.
Adalph Meyet.
Atbania,
Dania.
GaiUa.
Swwp. A large kind of oar.
Swell. A rolling wave, seldom breaking unless
meeting resistance.
Swift. A tackle encircling the ends of tlie
capstan bars to prevent their flying out of th^ir
stocks.
Swifter, A strong rope used to streitgthen any-
thing.
Swiftnm. British ist class battleship. (Els-
wick, 1^3.) Purcha.sed from Chili.
Length 436ft. Beam 71ft. Maximum draught a4ft.
Displacement 1 [.800 tons. Complement 700.
Guns. Afmour.
4 — 10 In., 45 cal. " Krupp."
14 — 7"5 in. 7 in. B<.-lt amidships.
14 — 14 pdr. 10 in. Barbettes.
2 — 13 pUr. 10 in. Conning tower.
4—6 pdr.
4 Maxims,
Tofpedo Tuhts (18 in,).
3 Submerged.
Twin screw. Hp. i4.(xk)™3o kts. Coal maxi-
mum 2.000 tons. Approximate cost i<J49.9oo.
This ship-name is associated with the defeat of
the Spanish Armada. 1538: capture of Cadiz,
1596 ; capture of Jamaica, 1655 ; BhUce^ attack on
Santa Crut, 1657 ; battle off Lowestoft. 1665 :
Four Days' Fight. 1*566 ; first battle of the Schoorte-
veld, 1673 : second battle of the SchooneveW.
1673 ; battle of the Texel, 1673 ; Barflcur and La
Hognc, 1692; Vigo Bay, 1702; Gibraltar, 1704;
Boscawen's \nctor>- in Lagos Bay. 1759 ; QuJberon
Bay, 1759 ; capture of Belleule. 1761 : battle of the
Nile. 1798 ; bat tic of Trafalgar, 1805.
. ii ■ . i".
Swig. A pulley with ropes which arc not
parallel.
Bwlmminc is the art of propelling the body
through water by means of movements of the
arms and legs. The human body when the lung^
are inflated is slightly hghter than an equal volume
of freeh water, and consequently floats on the
surface. In salt water, which is heavier than
fresh, the body floats more easily. Movement for-
ward in swimming is produced by the flexion and
the abduction of the arms and by the extension
and adduction of the legs. There are several
styles of swimming, the four geocrally adopted
being the breast stroke, the side stroke, the
over-hand stroke, and swimming on the back.
The breast stroke is commenced by placing the
hands with the backs upward and the wrists bent
so that the fingers will point to the front, the
inaides of the wrist joints touching the breast about
four inches below the water. Begin the stroke by
pushing the arms generally forward to their full
extent, keeping the palms flat. HaviAg lully
extended the arms, turn the palrns of both hands
outward, and make a strong stroke to the right and
left by each ana, briafang them back to the
SWING
6i8
TACOMA
original position. Simultaneously with the stretch-
ing ol the hands from tlic Iront of the body the
feet are struck out to the utmost width, in the
side stroke greater speed ts attained as the swimmer
progresses on his side, and the resistance to the
water is naturally less. Swimming on the back is
the reverse of the breast stroke. The over-hand
stroke when projurly practised and acqnired is
the most usi-ful and easy of all styles of swimming.
and this method is adopted by rttciog swimmers.
In this stroke one ami is carried over the bead
and out of the water in reaching for tlie tresh
stroke, the movwiicnts of the legs being that of thr
side stroke.
Swine. Said of ships when they change their
direction while at anchor.
■vittcfnc. When a ship turns owing to tlie
change of wind or tide.
SwingbiK boom. A large spar which is used to
•tntch the foot ol a tower studding sail.
Iwinton, Alfto Archibald Campbell (b. Scotland.
October i8. 1863). "^^ 1^'<^" associated with the
commercial introduction and develo|>ment of the
marine steam turbine since its invention by the
Hon. C. A. Parsons. Was b member of the original
syndicate which built the Tutbinia. and Iuli been a
dir«ct(H' since its formation of the Parsons' Marine
^faeam Turbine Co., Ltd., of Wallsend-on-Tyne.
Member of the Institution of Civil Engineers.
Institution of Electrical Engineers, and associate
of Institution of Naval Architects.
Swlvd. A pivot working round in a socket.
Swouky. Russian torpedo-boat destroyer. Black
Sea. (Laird, 1903.) Displacement, 350 tons ;
maximum draught, a J ft. ; armament, i 12-pdr.
5 3pdr. ; tubes. 2 18-in. ; Hp., 5.500=27 kta.
Swordfiih. British torpedo-boat d«troyer. (Els-
wick. 1895.) Length, 200 ft. ; beam, 19 ft. ;
draught, si ft. ; displacement. 300 tons ; comple-
ment. 45 ; armament, 1 13-pdr., 5 6-pdr., a tubes ;
twin screw ; Hp., 4^.100 = 37 kts. ; coal, 60 tons,
8.T. Distinguishing letters on sea fishing boats
registered at Stomoway, Scotland.
S.T. Distinguishing letters on sea fishing boats
rrgistered at Teufensberg, Germany.
Sydney Tacbt SQoadron, BoyaL Sm Royal
Sydney Yacht Squadron.
f Sytria. Bntish torpedo-boat destroyer. (Sun-
derland, 1901.) Length, 210 ft. i beam, 19 it.;
draught, 7| ft. ; displacement, 3A3 tons ; conipte-
mcDt, 58; armament, 1 ispdr.. s 6-pdr., 2 tubes;
twn screw ; Hp.. 5,400b3q kts. ; coal, 80 toos.
Bympiesometar. An instrument formcriy in use
for showing the variations of atmospheric pressure.
Its indicatians rc«nlt partly frttm the pressure and
partly from the t«m]>eraturc of the atmosphere.
SynopUe <Aiait. A map ahowing, by means of
isobars, osotherms, etc., the general distribution of
atmospheric conditions over a considerable area.
Byrea. British torpedo-boat destroyer. (Jarrott,
1901.) Li^ngth. 315 ft.; beam, 20 fL ; drai^bl^H
6^ ft. : displacement. 535 tons ; complement. 6tf9l
armament, i i a-pdr., $ 6-pdr.. 2 tubes ; twin
screw : Hp.. 6.$fyy~ 30 kts. ; coal, 9! tons.
Syren and Shipping. Established 1696. Pab-
lished wt:ckly (Wednesday). I^ice ^d. Addreas
93 Lcadcnhall Street. London, E.C.
Saamoi. Austro - Hungarian river mocuti
(Budapest, 1693.) Length. 177 ft. ; beam. 24} :
draught. 4 ft. ; displacement, 427 tons ; camp
ment. 75 ; gnn.5, a 4'7-in.. 3 28-tn., 3 Maxims;'
armour. " Steel." s-m. belt amidships. 3-10. gun
shields, lip., i,2;o=iokts.
SxigatTar. Smalt Austro-Hungarian cmla
(Pota. 1900.)
Length 311ft. Beam jgft. Maximum draught 1;
Displacement a.437 tons. Complement 242.
Gttfis. AffHour.
8—47 in- " Steel."
1 2 — 3 pdr. J in. Deck.
3 — I pdr.
Torpedif Tubes {17*7 in.).
I Above water.
Twin screw. Hp. 7,000 * 20 kts. Coal
mum 500 tons. Approximate cost ^ico.ooo.
T. Distinguishing letter on sea 6sbing
registered at Thistcd, Denmark.
T. Distlnguishmg letter on sea Ashing boats
registered at Tralce, Ireland.
T. Distinguishing letter 00 tea fishing boats
registered at Trtport, France.
Tabernacle. A frame lor rcceivmg a boat'^
mast to make it higher. Also a strong trunk
deck forming a binge to enable the mael to
lowered when going under bridges.
Tackle. All the ropes of a ship. Simple
conbii>ts of one or more blocks rove with a
rope. When two blocks are employed, one is
standing block, and the other the running
The rope is termed the fall and runa over
sheaves. The fast end of the fall is the
end and the other the running end.
Taooma. U.S. 3rd class cruiser (1903}.
Length 292ft. Beam 44ft. Majumum draught 17
Displacement 3,200 tons. Complement 291.
Gums. A rmuMm.
lo^S >"• " Harvey-nickel.*'
8 — 6 pdr. 2 in. Deck,
a — 1 pdr.
2 Colts.
Twin screw. Hp. 4,$oo* it)'5 kts. Coal mux
mum 700 tons.
TAFFRAIL
619
TAPPERHETEN
TaJTniL A curved railing upon the upper part
o( a ship's stem.
Taffe. Old French cxutser (1886). Reconstructed
169S. Displacement, 7,600 tans : guns, old models.
Of no fighting value.
Tafl. A rope spliced into the round of a block
leaving an end for making it fast.
Taijnr. Turkish torpedo-boat destro>'er. (Gaar-
den. (894.) I-cng1h. 187 ft. • beam, 21 ft. ; dranght,
8 ft. : displacement. 270 tons ; armamrnt, 6 l-pdr.,
2 tubes : Hp., 1,200=25 'tis.
Takiwhiho. Japanese torpedo gun-boat (Els-
wick. 1S86.]
Length 300ft. Beam 46ft. Draught iS^ft.
Displacement 3,700 torn. G^mplcmcnt 365.
Guns. A rmmtr.
2— 10-2 in. "Steel."
6—6 in. 3 in. Deck amidships.
3 — 3 pdr. i) in. Cun shields.
Torpedo Tubes.
4 Above water.
Hp. 7.500=18 Irta. Coal 80a tons.
Takao. Japanew torpedo gun-boat. (Yokosuka,
18S9.) Length, 3jo ft. : beam, 33 ft ; draught,
13 ft.; displacement. 1.774 tons: complement,
»$$ ; armament, 4 6-in.. t 4j-in.. 6 Maxim-i ; Hp.,
3,300= 1 5 kta ; coal. 300 tons.
Takaaago. Japanese cntiser. (l^lswick, 1898.)
Lost during the Russo-Japanese war.
Take. The catch of fish in a single drag of the
net.
Taken aback. \\'hen the wind going ahead
revt-rses the action of the sails.
Taking in saiL Bralling up and furling.
TakoD. French torpedo-boat destroyer. [Elbing.
1898.) Captured from the Chinese at Taku. 1900.
£.ength, 193 ft.; beam, ai ft: draught, 11 ft. ;
displacement. 380 tons ; complement. 62 : anna-
nient, 6 3pdr., q.f., 2 tubes ; twin screw ; Hp.,
6,000=35 kts. : coal, 67 tons.
TakO. Biiti&h torpedo-boat destroyer.
TalaTvra. British ship of 1,796 gross tuns. Tliis
vessel accomplished the remarkable performance
of voyaging round the world in iS3 sailing days.
Leaving Cardiff, she amved at Algoa Bay 50 days
aftei^ards. from Algoa Bay to Lyttleton her time
was 3d days, and from Lyttioton to the Ltaard
74 days.
TklfaoL Britisfa 2nd class cruiser. (Devooport.
iSgs.)
L-cngth 364it. Beam 54ft Maximum draught 23ft.
Displacement 5,600 tons. Complement 4501
Guns.
11—^ in.
8 — 13 pdr.
1^13 pdr., 8cwt
7— 3 pdr.
a Maxims.
Armour.
" Harvey."
3j in. Deck.
6 in. Conning tower.
Torpedo Tubes (18 in.).
3 Submerged.
I Above water stem.
Twin screw. Hp. natural 8,ooo» 16*5 kts., forced
9.600s tg'5 kta. Coal maximum. 1,076 tons.
TaUaat The upper hance of the ruddrx.
Tally. Hauhng the sheets aft
Talookdar. British steel ship. Sunk by collision
with the Libussa between Capo de Verde and Cape
Rocque, December 13. 1890; 32 lives lost
Tamar. British receiving ship (4,650 tons).
Tamesis Qob, liampton Wick. EstafaUshed
1885. Burgee : Lt^t blue, broad white bar
vertical, with anchor in centre. Commodore.
H. Pullman ; Vice -Commodore. F. J. Young ;
Raar-Commodore. W, Colpoys ; Honorary Secre-
tary and Treasurer. G, Phipps Spooner. Entrance
fee, £J 25. ; annual subscription, ,£1 u.
TimofO. Brazilian torpedo gun-boat (Kid.
1896.}
length 25gft Beam 30ft. Maximum draught toft.
Displacement 1,030 tons. Complement no.
Guns. A rmour.
2—4*7 in- " Steel."
6—6 pdr. I in. Deck.
4 — I pdr. I in. Conning tower.
4 in. Gun shields.
Torptdo Tubes (14 in.).
3 Above water.
Twin screw. Hp. natural 4.000 = 20 kts.. forced
7,000=23 kts. Coal normal 100 tons.
Tia. Anything steeped in oak bark.
Taagka. Dutch torpedo-boat (Yarrow, 1903.)
Displacement, 140 tons ; armament. 2 3-pdr. ;
tubes. 3 14-in. (3 broadside, i stem) : speod, 35 kts- ;
coal, 30 tons.
Tango. Formerly PoHava (f.v.). Japanese
ist class battleship. (St Petersburg, 1844.)
Length 367 ft. Beam 69ft Dranght 26ft
Displacement 10,900 tons. Complement 700,
Guns. Armour.
4 — 12 in. " Har\'ey-nlckel."
13^^ in. 4 in. Belt
34 Small. 9 in. Bulkheads.
10 in. Big gun shields.
Torpedo Tubes.
6.
Twm screw. Hp. ti,oaosi6 kta. Coal maxi-
mum 900 tons.
Taormiaa. Italian mail steamer. Sunk by
collision with the Greek steamer Thcssatta. Sep-
tember 12, 1891 : 60 lives lost.
Tapperheteo. Swedish coast service battleship.
(Kockum. 1903.)
Length 287ft Beam 49ft. Maximum draught i6ft
Displacement 3,650 tons. Complement 350.
Guns.
3 — 8*2 in.
6—6 in.
to — 3 pdr.
2 — I pdr.
Airmouf.
" Krnpp."
7 in. Belt amidships.
7 in, Turrets.
8 in. Conning towtr.
Torpedo Tubts {i8 in.).
2 Submerged.
Twin screw. Hp. 6.500=17 kta. C<»I norreaJ
36n tons.
Tu. A fluid extract derived from coal when
making gas. A name applied to a good sailor.
TararuB. Union Co.'s steamer. Wredced off
Waipapa PoLat. New Zealand. April 38, iSSt ;
130 lives lost.
Taxbet Ness Light, built in iS^^. and similar to
Lhc appaiatus umxI in Douglas Head Light, Isle of
Man, is situatinl in Domocli Firth, and ia a six-fla^h
ligltt every 30 seconds ; duration of flash, half a
second : candle-power, 72.000 ; burner, four-wick ;
illuminant, oil.
Tarifli are books of rates containing the names of
kinds of goods wtth dutits^ or customs to be paid for
their import or export. &a settled by the authorities,
or agreed between States,
The principles of tarifl of difierent countries
depend upon their respective commercial policy and
fluctuating interests and requirements.
Tarpaulin. Canvas on which a coating of tar or
paint lias ^m-cn placed to make it water-proof.
Tartar. British 3rd class cmiser (1,770 tons,
]6\!: kt.s.). Launched 1886.
Tartar. British subsidised merchant ship (1B83).
Canadian Paci6c Railway Co. {g.v.]. Dimensions,
376X47X 30 ft. : gross tonnage. 4.435 ; passenger
accommodatioo, 70; Hp., 4,900=17 kts,
Tasimeter. An instrument invented by Edison
for mcasunng verj' minute variations of the pres-
sure, temperature, moisture, etc. The practical
U.SCS of the instrument are as follows : (1) Warning
ve-tsels of the approach of icebergs, by exposure to
the air or to the water cooled by their vicinity ;
(a) indicating otherwise inappreciable weights ;
{3) recording pressures of air in motion, thus afford-
ing a useful addition to the anemometer {q.v.).
Tasmaa. Abel Jamzoon {1602-59). Dutch
explorer [h. I-loom). M.-itIp two important vojrages
of discovery in the Pacific and Southern Ocean. In
1639 he was despatched by Van Diemen, governor-
general of the Dutch East Indies, on a voyage of dis-
cover>' to the Western Pacific. Sailing north he
discovered the Benin Islands, and reached latitude
38° 40' N., aliout 600 miles east of Japan. In 1642
he set out on his great expedition which resulted in
the discovery of Tasmania, to which he gave the
name of Van Diemcn's I^nd. and in the same year
discovered New Zealand, which he named Staaten-
land. Lca\nng New Zealand and pursuing the
northerly course he discovered two islands, which
he named Middleburg and Amstrrdam. and 00
return he sailed round New Ireland, and ali
the north coast of New Guinea, arriving at Batani
in June. 1643, after a 10 months' voyage, lo JtU
ho made a second expedition for the purpose 0!
charting the coasts of AustTBlia. and his chart frm
the soundings of the whole of the north-west coua
He diet! at Batavia, October. 1659.
Taimanitt P. and O. stcazocT. Wrecked ao
Monacbi Rocks. Corsica, April 17. 1887 ; ij liva
lOBt.
TatfUta. Japanese torpedo gun-boat. Lof!
dunng Russo-Japanese war.
TaunL High, commonly applied to long
Tftttt Also Tkngbt Tight.
Taxation is the proceeding of (i) rrvisBg
solicitor's bill of costs, or (3) settling, as
two litigants, the sum to be paid by the ansacca-
lul party to his opponent for the lattcr's rxpwwts in
connection with the action.
Taxing masters have }X)wer to administer oadr
examine witnes-ses. and order the productiOD at
papers. The finding of taxing masters.
will be reconsidered or reviewed by them opoB
delivery of an objection, is embodied in a
In Admiralty action the Registrar acts as tai
master. liefer lo Registrar and Merchants.
lay. British 3rd class gun-boat [363 Imsl
Launched 1876.
Tayleor. Emigrant ship. Went ashore oa tkr
rocks off Lambay Island, north of Howth Jaaan
20, 1854 ; 380 lives lost.
Taylor. Benson ;b. Whitehaven, 1866). £4r
catrd Thompson Academy, the South Kei
Science and Art Department, and Glasgow Vm^
stty. where he gained a silver mcidal. Served tf
apprenticeship with Whitehaven Shipbuilding ui
Repairing Co., and after being promoted to cb«
draughtsman severed his connection wtth IfeU
firm to take an appointment with Messrs. J. ainJC
Thompson, of Clydebank. In Deceaiber. 189^ ^
was appointed a surveyor to the British Corponta*
for the SurNTy and Registry of Shipping, and a^ ■'-'
in the technical work in connection with the pt- :■
tion lor the rules of cflnstrnction. and waspmi - '
in 1904 to the post of assistant chief >uni —
Member of Institution of Enginecri maA Skf
builders in Scotland and of the Institution ol,
Airhitects.
Taylor, David W. (b. Louisa Co.. V;
March 4. 1864). Na\TiI constructor. United Stta?
Nav\'. Educated privately, and Randolph Maea
College, Va. Entered the United States !»'i*»'
Academy as cadet -engineer in 1S81, takxag aeosa'
place in competitive examination,
first in class in 1885, with the highest
attained by any cadet before or since.
for corps of United States Naval Construe toBt. <
I
TAY
621
sent as private studeot for three yean' coutm
io marine en^neehag at Royal Nkval College.
Greenwich. Received Arst-class diploroa in iS&S,
with hifffaest marks ever Riven to any student.
English or [orcign. From 188&-93 was inspector
of ahips building under contract far United States
in Philadelphia. Pa. From 1889-^1 %vas recorder
of Board on Construction of United States Navy
I>opartmcnt. From 1892-94 wa« in charge of
construction and repair work at United States
Navy Yard, Mare Island. California. From
1894-1900 was principal assistant to the Chief of
Bureau of Construcbon and Repair. L'nlted States
Navy Department. Had charge of the design and
construction (1397-99) of the United StatM Experi-
mental Ba.sin at Washington, P.C, U.S.A., and
since its completion (1S99 to date) has had charge of
its operations, and of much other experimental
work for the Bureau of Construction and Repair.
Has honorary degree o( Doctor oi Engineering from
Stevens' Institute of Technology, Hoboken. New
Jersey. In 1895 *** awarded gold medal by
Institution of Naval Architects for paper on " Ship
Shaped Stream Forms."
Publications " Reaistance of Ships and Screw
Propulsion," numerous papers published in the
Transactions of the Institution of Naval Architects,
Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers
(American), American Society of Engineers, and the
United States Na\al Institute.
lay Tacht (Hub, Royal. 5m Royal Tay Yadit
Qub.
T.B. Distinguishing letters on sea fishing boats
registered at Ten Boer, Holland.
T.B.D. Abbreviation for torpedo-boat destroyer.
TohelyoBkiii, Lieuteoant T. Su Arctic Explora-
tion.
T^iama. Old Russian battleship. Black Sea
{1886). Reconstructed tgo2.
Length 339rt. Beam 69ft. Maximum draught 29ft.
Displacement 10,350 tons. Complrmcnl 530.
Gum. Armnuf.
6—12 in. " Compound."
^^ 7 — 6 in. 18 in. Belt amidships.
^^^ 8 — 3 pdr. 12 in. Barbettes.
^^* 4 — I pdr. 16 in. Conning tower.
\ i 6 Maxints.
L^- Totpedo Tubes.
^Hl 7 Above water.
^^ Twin screw. Hp. i],ooo=!iA kta. Coal maxi-
mum 870 tons.
Tchiffianoff, Alexander (b. Tiflis. South Russia.
June 22, 1834}. Educated French School. Alex-
andria, acquiring a knowledge of French. Italian
and Arabic In 1898 he came to London, and
studied at the Central Foundation School, and in
igoo he entered the City and Guilds Institute
E.nginefring College, and graduated in 1903, since
which time he has been connected with the North-
TEIGN
Eastern Marine Engineering Co., Ltd., WaDsend^
working through several departments, and now
being employed in their drawing office.
T.D. Distinguishing tetters on sea fishing boats
registered at Tietjerksteradeel, Holland.
T«a (China) olann. Su Causes.
TeaL British alial low -draught steamer for river
service. China.
Teaiw. British torpedo-boat destroyer. (East
Cowes. 1B93.) Length, 200 ft ; beam, 19 ft. ; draught,
5I ft. : displacement. 300 tons ; complement,
45; armament, i i2-pdr., 5 6-pdr., 3 tubes: twin
screw ; Hp,, 4,100=^27 kts. ; coal. 60 ions.
Ted-Castle Line of steamers, with their head
offices m Liverpool, maintain regular *er\'ic« from
Liverpool every Tuesday. Wednesday Friday, and
Saturday for Dublin, returning every Monday,
Wednesday, Thnrsday, Friday, and Saturday. A
ser\-ice is also maintained from Liverpool every
Saturday evening for Whitehaven and Maryport.
returning every Wednesday via Dublin.
Fleet.
Adeia. Cumbria.
Btaekrnck. EbUina.
Teai. British 3rd class gun-boat (365 tons).
Launched 1876.
Teee Daily Shipping Liit Published daily
(morning). Price id. Address : Middlesbrough.
TagetthoS. Old Austro-Hungarian battleship.
Of no practical fighting value, and at present used
for harbour 5e^^^cc only.
Tegetthoff, Wilhelm von (1837-71). Austrian
admiral (b. Marburg). Entered the Navy, 1845,
and four years later was present at the blockade of
Venice. In 1863. as commodore in command of
two frigates, he was sent to the North Sea. and
fought an action against the Danes, which suc-
ceeded in raising the blockade of the raoutlu of the
Elbe ami Wesei. In iRfyi he was placed in com-
mand of the whole effective forces of the Austrian
Navy, and the victory which was gained over the
Italian fleet ofl Lissa, on July 20. 1866, was entirely
due to him and the officer . he had trainetl. For his
victory he wa."5 promoted \-ice -admiral. In March.
186S, he was appointed Commander-in-Chief of the
Navy, which post he held till his death at Vienna,
April 7, 1871.
Tegoalda. Chihan torpedo-boat. ( Yarrow. )
Length. Sj.ft. ; beam, ic^ ft: draught, S ft;
Hp.. 400.
Teigii Oofinthian Sailing Olnb, Teignmouth.
Established 1883. Burgee : White. Commodore.
M. H. Mills ; Vicr -Commodore, ]. J. Grcenshidds ;
Rear-Commodore, H. M. Bird ; Treasurer, F. C.
Frost : Secretary, G. A. Bdton. Annual sub-
scription, tot.
TEJO
632
TELL
Tafo. Paltngnese dc8troyftr (i9<»).
Displajcetnent ;jd tons.
Guns.
1—4 in.
I— 0 pdr.
4—3 ptlr.
Torptdo Tubu.
2 Above water.
Hp. 7,ooosa5 kts.
T6L Telegraph. Abbreviation adopted on the
charts issued by the Hydrographic Office, Admi-
ralty.
Telegraph. Sid Host Office.
Talegn^iy. The systems at pre^nt in use
may be divided into lour classes : aignalUng,
alphabetic, writing and facsimile. The system
of signalHog is based on the production of two
particular signals, la the Morse system these
two signals, combined where desired into different
combinations of from one to four short (dot), and
one to four long (dajih three times as long as the
dot), each letter of the alphabet can be indi-
cated, numerals being rcprcscntet! by groups
of 6ve signals and punctuations and special signs
by groups of six and sometimes more. The
Morse system, which includcn the Morw sounder.
the Morte printer, and the Wheatstone automatic,
in general use is as follows : —
J, . — K - .
B — . . . O
C — . — . P . .
■Oi — — -i-ii'' Q -i'- .'■-
D — , . R . — .
E . S . . .
F . — . T —
C . U . . —
H . * . . V . . . —
I . . W .
K — . — Y — .
L . — . . Z . .
H
3. - . •
4. • ■ ■ - ~
5.
6. — . . . .
7. . - .
8. . .
9. .
Id the alphabetic systems there are two classes :
(a) non-recording, {h) recording. In Great Britain
the prevailing non-recording system is the Wheat-
stone automatic. In the n-cordmg claM, the
Hughes type pnnting telegraph still occupies the
premier position, and with his instrument almost
perfect accuracy and ccftainty have beon Bttaine<1.
On the short cabl« system conn«:ting Gr^at
Britain and the Continent, it in almost exclusively
n<iMl. Wnting and facsimilQ telegraphs have not
yet become of any great practical u;*©. owing to the
vanous difhcultics and the complicated mechanical
contrivances in connection thpren-ith. One tliiai
that tells against them v«y considerably t» tbr
exceedingly low working speed as agaisn otlifr
systems. As a rule the trmnsmisaion of vritaf.
diagrams, or pictures i« based on electroh-su Thtit
has recently been introduced into Great Britait ii
iostmment which has been ^luccessfullr maAxt
between England and the Continent, capable a:
transmitting writing, dtagmms, and pictures. i»l
a great future is predicted for this system.
TeleiOOpe. An optical instrument lor mafB-
lying distant objects so as to make them look
nearer to the eye than tbey actuaily arc. to
essential parts are : an object gloss or a concnn
mirror to render the rays of light convergent, ud
form an image ol the object, and an eye-pica b
magnify it after the manner of a microscope.
There are two kinds of telescopes, in one th* r»n
from the object are made to con\-ergc by ntnr.tint
m the other by reflection, \ refracting teleacopi
in the simplest form consists of a double coa\^
lens, and a second and smaller lens ahto dcral
convex (called tlie eyp-piece). To render a
scope achromatic, the object glass is made
or triple and the eye-piece is generally o
of two lenses adapted to each other. Not
does a telescope magnify objects, but it coOccn
and concentrates upon the cyx a greater aoooast
of light than would enter the organ if anauintd.
and the larger the object glass the greater in bo6
respects is the power of the telrjtcope. Gtas
rivalry exists between civilised nations as to whd
shall possess the most powerfol telescopes. T«t>
were constructed with 1 5-in. diameter olijBC
glasses, and sent to Pulkowa and Harvard CoOif*
in 1840 and 1847 respectively. Alt^n Qart d
Boston, in 1862. constructed one with an n '-
diameter object glass, through which thr saf-lii'O'
Sinus was discovered. Cooke of York coostmct^
one with a 35 in. equatorial for Mr. NewtJl
1807, and one o( 26-in. was constructed in t^7}
the Naval Observatory, Washington. Mr. H
Crubb, of Dublin, constructed for the V
Observatory in 1881 An mstrumont with an
glass of 2; in., and the ones mounted at
1SS5, and Nice, in ift86. each had an •knertsr* it
30 in. In 1888 Clark finished the superb L*»
}ft in,, and in 1897 one of 40 in. for the Vstai
Observatory. A refracting astronomical li liwryr
having the eye-piece of a single Ims, or of a fv^
leases, does not reverse the ima^ formed bf tk
object glass, and. therefore, exhibits ekjaEH
inverted, which in astronomical obtkcrratioia 4>>>^
not matter much. A terrestrial telescope Is
looking at objects on the earth has an lyifwn
with two more lenses than an a^troaoralcal tm-
it therefore inverts the image and exhibcta tk
objccl rrrct,
TeU-tal«. ATI Index tn front o( the wbeel
position of the tiller.
TflUtalA-oompMt, A compass baaging face down-
wards from the beams in the cabin showing the
posittoa oi the vessel's head. Also an index in
front of the steering wheel to show the position of
the niddcr.
Tel. Sto. Telegraph station. Abbreviation a-
dopted on the charts issncd by the Hydrographic
Office, Admiralty.
Timiraire. British ist class battleship. Laid
down 1906.
I.englh 500ft. 6«am Soft. Draught 36ft.
Displacement 18.000 tons.
Guns. Armour.
to — 13 in. ■■ Kiupp."
18 — 3 in. 12 in. Belt amidships.
\2 In. Barbettes.
TotpeUo Tubes (iS in.).
4 Submerged broadside.
1 Submerged stem.
Turt»ne. Four screws. Hp. 23,000=31 kts.
Approximate cost ^1,750.000.
This ship-name hrst came into the British Navy
by the capture in December. 1694. of the French
line of battleship Timtfaitt. The secoiul Thmhairp
was captured from itie French in .August, [759, ami
took part in the exjiedition agaiiuit Belleisltf, 1761 ;
again*>t Martinique. 1762 ; and at tbe reduction of
Ha^'ana. The third vessel of this name was built m
1798, and bore a gallant and historic part in the
battle of Trafalgar, 1805. It wai^ the towing of this
ship to be broken up that inspired Turner's great
picture, and Kubtuvjnpntly it was the subject of a
poem by Newbolt. The fourth vessel of this name
was launched at Chatham in 1869, and formed ond
of the ships that made the passage to the Uardunclles
in 1878. She also took a pronrinent part in the
bombardment of Alexandria in 1882.
TsmOS. Austro-Hungarian river monitor (1905).
Length. 184 ft.; beam, ji^ ft.; draught, 4 ft.;
displacement, 4^3 tons ; guns, 2 4 7-in., 3 Maxinu ;
armour, " Steel," 2 10. belt amidships. 3 in. bar-
bettcii, 3 in. turrets; Hp., 1,400=13 kts.; coal.
65 tons.
Temperature. The state of a body mth regard
to heat.
TempssL A word not much used by seamen,
synonymous with slot ms, gales, etc.
Temple Yacht Club, Royal. 5« Royal Temple
Yacht Club.
Temporary repairs. Sec Particular Average.
Tand. To watch a vessel at anchor on the turn
of the tide, and cast her by the helm, and some sail
if necessary, so as to keep the cable clear of the
anchor, or turns out of her cable when moored.
TendV. A small vessel duly commanded and
empto>'ed to attend a larger one to supply her
with stores and carry despatches, etc.
Tendinc to the tide. Swinging round when at
single anchor at the change of tide.
Teniente Rodrii!iiex. Chilian torpcdo-l>oat. (Yar-
row. i8f>8.) Di.splacement, 140 tons; maximum
draught. 7} ft. ; armament, 3 3-pdr. ; tubes,
3 t4-m. ; Hp,. 3,300^27 kts. ; coal, 40 tons.
Te&iente Serano. Chilian torpedo-boat destroyer.
(Laird. 1896.) Displactmcnt. 300 tons ; armament,
I 12-pdr., 5 6-pdr. ; tubes. 2 18 in, ; Hp., 6.250 =
30 kts. ; coal, 90 tons.
TennessM. t '.H. i st class cruiser. (Cramp's,
I9t>4-)
Length sujlt. Beam 73ft. Matnmim draught 36ft.
Displacement 14,500 tons. Complement 858.
Guns. AmtonT.
4 — to in., 40 cal. " Krupp."
16 — 6 io. 5 in. Bell.
3 J — 14 pdr. 7 in. Barbettes.
tz — 3 pdr. 9 in. Turrets.
2 — I pdr. 9 in. Conning tower.
2 Machiiiir.
2 CoJls.
i Field guns, m pdr.
Torpfdo Tubes (18 in.),
4 Submerged.
Twin screw. Hp. 33,000 = 22 kts. Coal maxi-
mum 2,000 tons.
TennyKW, Oautantine (b. Keval. July $. 1873).
Russian naval architect. In 1891. after finisbin^
his general education at the Gymnasium of Reval.
he entered the school ot naval architecture and
marine engineering at Cronstadt, and there gained
hi.*! diploma with firfit-class honours after a course
of four years. In 1898 he took a counw at the
Naval Academy, naval architecture department,
in St. Petersburg, and then entered th** Admiralty
Dockyard in St Petersburg as assistant constructor.
In 1900 he was appointed chief statistical officer
of the Marine Technical Committee. In 1903 was
promoted First Secretary of the Construction
Department, and gained his diploma at the Im-
perial Archxological Institution, St. Petersburg.
He has been sent by his Government on several
occasions to vuht Government dockyards and
shipbuilding works in England, Germany, France,
and the United States of America, and these are
ably described in his report published by the
Marine Technical Committee. Member of Institu-
tion of Naval Architects.
PubUcations : Reports on shipbuilding yards in
Europe and America, numerous papers and articles
published in the " Morskoy Sboniik," " Rus5ko>'e
Sondokhcxl-stvo," " Novoye Vremya," etc.
Tenoo. The projectiDg end of a piece of timber
fitted for insertion into the mortise.
Ten-Rln. Japanese torpedo gun-tmal. (Japan,
1885.) Length, 2ou ft.; beam, y2 ft.; draught.
i6i ft.; displa ement, 1,500 tons; complnnent,
TENSION
624
TEl
322; artnamcnt, i 6'6-in., 6 4'7-m.. 3 i-pdr. :
Hp., 1.250=13 kts. ; coal, 256 tons.
Tension of vapour. See Elastic Force of Vapour.
TeraDO. Seiiohl (b. Kagoya. japan. Novcm
ber 26, iS&S). Siadicd naval architeciure lor
three years at the Tplcio Itii(>crial Uaivcrsity,
graduating theivirom in July, 1890. He remained
in the Univcreity as a post-graduate, making
further study on ship designing till itigs. when
he was appoint(.-d to be an aasi&tant professor
in the naval architcctnne department, which post
he occupied till 1897. He was sent abroad in
June, 1897. by th** Japanese Oovemment to learn
practical shipbuilding, and stayed (or two years
in England and Scotland, and aJso visited most
of the principal shipyards in Europe and America.
After bis return to Japan he was appointed pro-
feasor of Naval Architecture at the Imperial
Univernity, Tokjo. During his official connection
with the Japaneiie University lu- was rosponsihltT
for the designing of many ships for the Govern-
ment and private services, including amongst
others the trailing ship of 4,300 tons displacement
for the Nautical College, a lighthouse tender Eor
the Government Board, and two large ocean liners
for the Pacific trade.
Tenk. Kussian GovemEnent Hner ( 1 d8(}) .
Length, 461 ft. ; beam, 55 ft. ; draught. 24 ft. ;
gross tonnage. 7.241 ; lip., 12,000^ i8"5 kts.
Terpsichore. British snd cl&as cruiser (1S90).
Length joolt- Beam 43ft. Maximum draught i8ft.
Displacement 3.400 tons. Compk-ment 273.
Guns. ArnK/Hf.
2 — 6 In. "Steel."
6—47 in. 2 in. Deck.
8—6 pdr, 3 in. Conning tower.
• J— 3 pdr-
4 Machine.
Torpedo Tubes (14 in.|.
4 Above watOT.
Twin screw. Hp. natural 7,000=18*5 )rts.,
forced 9.000=40 kts. CoaJ maximum 535 tons.
Approximate cost ^200,000.
Terrestrial and Celestial Eqtuton. The Terres-
trial Equator is a great circle (supposed to be
described) around the cartli, at an equal distance,
or 90° from the poles, dividing the globe into two
equal parts, the part to the southward of the
equator being called the southern hemisphere, and
that to the northward the northern hemisphere.
Terrestrial radiation. The term used for heat
which is given out irom the earth.
Terrible. British protected cruiser. (Fairfield,
189s-)
Lengtli 530ft. Beam 71ft. Maximum draught 31ft.
Displacement 14.300 tons. Complement 894.
Guns, Anmomr.
2 — 9'2 in.. 40 csU, " Harvey.*
16—6 in. 6 in. Belt amidshipi
16 — 12 pdr. A in. Barbettes.
3 — I J pdr., 8 cwt. 13 ID. Conning tcmv.
12—3 pdr.
2 Slaxims.
Torpedo Tubes (18 inu).
4 Submerged.
Twin Hcrew. Hp. 2$,ooa = aa kts. C^ muo-
mum 3,000 tons, .\pproximatc cost /?oS.6oo.
This shfp-namc is associated with the battle d
Vigo Bay. 1702 ; capture of the French Temtk
by Hawke. 1747 ; escpedition to Quebec, ijfu.
Keppel's action off Brest. 1778 ; RodneVs actwt
off Tape St. Vincent. 1780; Graves's action ofi thf
Chesapeake, 1781 : Hood's occupation of To«k&
^793 : Hotham's action off Genoa. 179^; ; Hothml
action off Hyires, 1795.
Terrible. French coust service battlcslhtp (iJ^i*.
Length :278ft. Beam c;9ft. Maximuoi draught itA.
Displacement 7,500 tons. Complement 405,
Gmhs. Armour.
a— 13'4 in. "Compound."
4 — 4 in. 19 ID. Belt amidshtpi
10 — 3 pdr. 17 iu. Barbettes.
Torpedo Tubes.
3 Above water.
Twin screw. Hp. 6.000= 14-5 kts. Coal mi*
mtun 800 tons.
Territorial waters* The, of Great Britain txiab
" ii\^ch part of the sea adjacent to the coast 0^ 1
United Kingdom, or coast of some other fUt\
Her Majesty's dominions, as is deemed by
national law to be witliin the territorial
of Her Majesty ; and for tbti purpose of tnyoftfoT
declared by this .Act (Terrilonal Jurisdiction Ac*.
187S) to be within the jurisdiction of the adoini
any part of the open sea within one manne
of the coast measured from low-water mark IfJ
shall be deemed to be open sea within the tentt
waters of Her Majesty's dominions." The
of a nation's territorial waters cUfTers in
countries. In Great Britain throe miles
coast is the Hmit, the reason for this
distance ha\-]ng been onginaUy the sup[
of a camion shot from the shore. Vessels dt
nations have right of passage throngfa ler
waters, but the rights of fishiag are lunrrwl
clusively for the subjects of the adjacent land.
oflences committed within the Urritoriai mdm
the United Kingdom, including those
on foreign ships, are within British ji
whether the vessels are at anchor within, or 1
passing within, the three miles radius.
Terror. Ship. See Antarctic ExploratiflB 1
Arctic Exploration.
Terror. British screw troopship (6.JI1 loc4-
TERROR
625
TEXT
I
. ItetOV. Old U.S. mooilor (iSfij).
Length a6oft. Beam 56ft. Maxiinuin draught i6it.
Displacement 3.990 torus. Complement 180.
CuMs. Armour,
4 — 10 in. " Iron."
4 — 6 pdr. 7 in. Belt amidships.
II in. Turrets.
_ 1 1 in. Conning tower.
T«>-in screw. Up. 1, 600^13 kts. Coat maxi-
mum 330 tons.
Terrcff. Spanish torpedo-boat destroyer. (Clyde-
bank. 1896.) Length, 330 ft. ; beam, 33 ft. ;
draught, 5} ft, ; displacement, 300 tons ; example-
mcnt, 67 ; armament. 2 12-pdr., 2 6-pdr.. 2 i-pdr..
3 tubes: twin scn-w ; Hp.. 6.000=38 lets,: coed,
100 tomt.
Terry, Stephen Harding (b. Dammer, Hampahire,
April 15, 1853). Educated King's College, London.
In 1871 was articled as a pupil of Messrs. Aveliug
and Porter, being employed in the foundries,
pattern shop, turning, fitting, and erecting shops,
boiler shops, and drawing office. He subsequently
entered the employment of Messrs. Clayton and
Shnttleworth. and was for some time connected
with their works in Vieima. Was 12 ynmi en-
gtneenng inspector to the Local Government
Board. Was joint inventor of the present 5>'Stem
of bulk oil -ship ventilation, known as the Flannery
and Terry system, which is now universally adopted,
and which lias reduced tlie rates of insurance on
oD-boats from 14 guinpa-i to two guineas per cent.
In 1893 he estaUished himself in London as a
consulting engineer, specialising m water works,
arbitration work, and in advising on patents and
giving technical evidence in matters connectetl
with machinery rating. Is a member of the
Institution of Civil Kngineers, Institution of
Mechanical Engineers, Institution of Marine En-
gineers, the Liverpool Engineering Society. Society
of Arts, associate of the Institution of Naval
Architects. Is a frequent contributor to technical
newspapers and magazines, and has contributed
valuable articles on the " Ventilation of Steam-
ships." " Steam Pipes, Ashore and .Afloat," " Trac-
tion-Engine legislation," " Steam Locomotion on
Roads." " The Foundering of Steamships," " Vil-
lage Water Supply." *' Ventilation of Collieries."
** High-Speed Engines," " Auxiliary- Machinery- on
'Board Ships," etc.
Teaton, Union Co.'s mail steamer. Struck on
a rock near Cape Agulhas. Cape of Good liope, and
went down August jo. 18S1 ; 200 hves lost.
Teatonia. Kamburg-Amcrika Lme steamer.
Vi'rec'ked oS Rasmadniha. on the coast of the
independent Arabian State of Oman, southwest of
the Persian Guli, on July 22, 1907. The crew put
ofi foe the mainland in four boats, and all but 16
were saved.
SMritmio. British subsidised merchant ship.
(1SS9). White Star Line {q.v.). Liverpool and New
York. Dimensions. 582x57^x39 ft.; gross ton-
nage, 9,984; passenger accommodation, 1,430;
Hp., i6.ooo=>iy kts.
Terlot. British torpedo-boat deatroye (Jarrow,
1903.) Length, 325 ft; beam, 33 ft.: draught,
10 it. dusplacement, 550 tons; eomptcraent, 70;
armament, i 12-pdr., j 6-pdr.. 3 tubes ; (win screw ;
Hp., 7,500=26 kts. ; coal, r2o tons.
Tew. To beat hemp.
Texas Old U.S. battleship. (Norfolk Navy
Yard. 1892.)
Length, 301ft. Beam 64ft. Maximum draught 34ft.
Displacement 6,300 tons. Complement 3S0.
Guns. Armcmr.
3 — 13 in. " Compound."
6 — 6 in. 12 in. belt anud^ips.
I a — 6 pdr. 12 in. Turrets.
10 — I pdr. 13 in. Conning tower.
2 Colts.
Torpedo Tubes.
2 Above water, bow and stem.
Twm screw. Hp. forced 4,ooowt7 kts. Goal
maximum 950 tons.
Texal FlMt, Banie of the. In 1795 the Dutch
fleet was captured at this place by the French
hussars, who stormed it on hot^^back, ridmg across
the ice.
Taxt-bookf. The works sanctioned liy the Board
of Trade for use in connection with the examination
of masters and mates are as follows :
Naoai archiUiJufe. — "The modem practice of
Shipbuilding in Iron and Steel " (Thcarle).
Trade routes. — " Ocean Passages," compiled from
the various sailing directions by Jackson.
Barom*icr, thermomelcr and hydranuUr. — ■" A
Barometer Manual for the use of seamen, with an
ap(K:ndix on the Tbcnnometer. Hygrometer and
Hydrometer," issued by the au thority of the
Meteorological Council.
Prevailing winds and ctttretOs of the Gtobe. — " The
Principal Winds and Currents of the Globe," com-
piled from the sailing directions. weatht.T charts.
etc. (Jackson).
Tid*s, — " Tide tables for the British and Irish
ports," published annually by the Admiralty.
Among other osefol text-books on nautical
subjects are :
Admiralty Manual for Deviation of the Compass.
Admiralty Manual of Scientific Eoquiry.
Astronomy (Ball).
Ball's Class Book of Astronomy,
Elementary manual for the Deviation of the
Compass in Iron Ships (Evans).
Engineer's Manual (.Kinsley).
Guide Book to the Board of Trade Examination
of Masters and Mates. (Newton).
Handbook to Beall's Compass Deviascope.
TEXT
626
THAMES
Handy Book of the Stan as«d in Navjgstion
{Whall}.
Harbord'a Glossary of Navigation.
Inman's ffautkal Tables.
Jean's Handbook o( the Stare (Martin).
Laws of Britiiih Sbippiug anU Marine Aseuiance.
(I-ees).
Lockyer's Lessons in Astronomy.
Miignetiam and Deviation of the Compasti [Merre-
field).
Manual of Marine Meteorology (Allinghom).
Manual of Naval Architecture (White).
Medical Guide for Seamen.
Nautical Almanac.
Navigation (Bergen).
Navigation and Nautical Astronomy {Martin),
(The text-book used in the Kavy.)
New Guide Book to the Board of Trade Examina-
tions for Masters' and Mates' Certificattrs
(Reed's).
Norie'fl Epitome of Navigation and Nautical
AatTonomy.
Ohver's Shipping Law Manual, with Digest of
Mcrchajit bhipping Act, itt-x-
Practical Information on the Deviation of the
Compass, for the UKe of MosterH and Males
of Iron Ships (Towson).
Practical Rules for Ascertaining and Applying
the Deviation of the Compass.
Practical Seamanship, for Use in the Mercantile
Service (Todd and WTiall).
Reed's Engineers' Handbook to Ihe Board of
Trade Kxaminations for Firet and Second
Class Engineers' Certificates (I'horn).
Reed's Guide to the Board of Trade Examinations
for Extra Finit-Qass Engineers (Thorn).
Sailor's Handbook (Bedford).
Sailor's Pocket Book (Bedford).
Sailor's Ready Reference Book (Bedford).
Seamanship (CapUin Sir G. S. Nares. R.N.).
Seamanship (Reed's).
Seamanship and Navigation required for Ordinary
and Extra Master's Examination (Maxwell).
Scott's Elementary Meteort^ogy.
Shipowners' and Shipmasters' Handy Book
(Reed's).
Stars and Sextants — Star Distance Tables for use
in Correcting Centring and Total Etroni of
Sextant (Sprigge).
Stowage of Ships and their Cargoes (Stevens).
Ttrxt-book of Marine Engineering (TompkinK,
R.N.).
Text-book of Ocean Meteorology, compiled from
Findlay's Nautical Directories (Martin).
The Naval Annual (Brassey).
The Practice of Na\*igation and Nautical Astro-
nomy (Raper).
Weather Charts and Storm Warnings (Scott).
Whall's Handy Book of the Tides.
Wrinkles in Practical Navigation (Lecky).
Young's General Astronomy.
TA. Distinguishing tettets on sea fishing boats
registered at Thoten, Holland.
TJB, Distinguishing letters on sea fishing boats
registered at Tcignmouth, England.
nialattology. Science which treats of the sea.
Thames. British subsidised merchant ship
(i8()o). Royal Mail Co. (f.f.). Dimensions. 4jCx
50 X 33 ft. ; groew totmagc. s.6ao ; paaaenger
accommodation. 554 ; Hp.. 7,540= 17 kts.
Thames. British 2nd class cruiser (4.050 lom
ib'H kt^.K Launched 18S5.
Thamee. Established 1899. PuUistied weekly
(Thursday). Pncc iif. Address: 156 Westmiastv
Bridge Road, London, S,E.
Thamci and Meiwy Marine Insurance Co., Lid.
E.stabUhlied i860, with a Lapilal ot j(^j.ooo.oao,
divided mlo 100,000 shares of /.>o each, on which
£2 per share has been paid. Since the commence-
ment of business, a Reserve Fand has been created
of over ^500,000. The dividend paid avrragn
aliout 8j. per sharr, equal to Jo%.
The directors ol the company are :
London. — Herbert R. Aibuihuot (thaiitnaa).
William A, TumbuU (deputy cbainuan), Robert C
Antxobus. Sir Francis H. Evans, Bart.. ICC^I.C
Kegmald K. Johnston, William McFarlane. W. W.
Phipp*. Underwriter. Herbert Finch ; secretary-
H. Bucklajid. Oltic*% . t Old Broad Street.
L-ondon. E.C.
Livetpool. — Herbert W. Umd, Samuel G. Stncbtf
(cbainuan), Andrew M. .\oderbon, R. Brocklebaiifc;
John H. Qaytoa (deputy chairman). T. Stankjr
RuKcrsoD. Alfred M. Turner. Underwriter. S.
Cross : secretary, G. E. Martimlale. Ottioes
Liverpool and London Chambers,
MancMttttr. — George U. Gaddum (chaimu).
George Lord (deputy cluirmau), Charles S. Car-
lisle. James T. Dorrington. Cbarle» Sumner Hotfr
Underwriter, J. H. Thompson ; secretary, DooglM
Cainc. Offices : 2 Bank Street, St Ann 'a Squatr
ThamH Conserrancy. Sm Conservancy.
niamea Estoary Ornlsmg Qnb. EstabMsbfd
1S92. Coramodort. J, C. Str^nsom ; Vice-Com-
modore. J. Joass ; Hon. Secretary and Trrasortr,
J. C. Stransom. ij Gray's tnn Square Ijxuioti
W.C. Annual subscription. 5«.
Thamei Ironworks Shipboilding and RngineeriH
Co.. Ltd.. London, K. fht- ci-itnnienLfiui-n: oJ ma
shipbuildmg on the Thames was made at the*
works by Messrs. Diichbum and Mare in the cadf
forties, and since that tune upwards of &j^ vwm^
have been constructed, having a total di&plaoeiaest
tonnage ol some 467,800 tons. £%bty-6ve ol
these have been constructed for the Brittah Adau
ralty. liaving a total displacement toaiMgt O
i;8.5ao tons ; too veaetii fat foreign gavenunoM
with a total displacement foimey of 1 24.0*0 C"**-
and 694 vessels of x-arious kinds i<u tke ■wrcintflf
THAMES
627
THAMES
nuuine, having a displacement tonnage of i6s.i4>
tons. Tbe numbers given include 2[;' [addle
vessels, the remainder being either screw, sailing.
or nott-«elf -propelling vessels.
This company in 1859-61 had the honour o(
building H.M.S. IVamor. the first iron sca-gotng
armour-clad in the British Navy, and in the world ;
and the constructive method!* and details of a new
departure in warship huddinf; wen first unrked
out at this yard for the benefit of all who came
alter.
The various governments of Europe became
greatly interested in the bold experiment. The
success of H.M.S. Warrior, for many years the most
beautilul vessel in I!.M. Fleet, emboldened other
nations to follow, and the German. Ru^ian,
Austrian. Spanish. Turkish, Portuguese and Greek
Governments placed orders with tiiis company, with
the result that the early fleets of Europe were
largely launched from slips at these works.
For the last 25 years the works have been mainly
engaged in constructing vcsscds of war for the
British Navy, commrncing in Octohier. iSSa. with
the construction of the battleship H.M.S. Benbow,
an improved Collingwood or Admirai claas. On this
vessel were mounted 2 16 in. no-ton guns, one
torward and one aft. the only guns of this weight
in the Hav>- at that date. Following the Benbow
came the Sam I*areit, sister ship to the unfortunate
Victoria [q.v.). which, on completion, gave un-
qiialifitxl success, ami ttie BnLif.li Admiralty placed
the construction of the large fast cruiser Blenheim.
a vessel of q.ooo tons dLsplacenient. and 20,000 Hp..
with a speed of 22 kts. — at that time the fastest
vessel in the world — with this firm. Following the
BUnheim came the two first-class cruisers Grafton
and Thais, vessels of 7,;oa tons dLsplacoment, and
30 kts. speed. In 1893 ^^ Japancs.- Govcmmeat,
having decided to embark on an extensive ship-
building programme, sent a commission to visit
the chief shipbuilding centres in Europe and
America, and from their report the Thames Iron-
works u-as ch05en as the firm best quallhed for
building battleships. The result was that in June.
18^. they received the order for the Japanese
battleship Fuji, a vessel of 12.500 toas. of an
improved Royai Saveii-ign type, with a speed ol
i8| kts. This vessel was the Admiral's flagship.
and represented Japan at Queen Victoria's Jubilee
Review, and the same that played such a prominent
part in the Rusao- Japanese war. In 1896 the
Admiralty ordered H.M.S. Albion, a vessel of the
CanopHs type, of 12.950 tons displacement, with
13,500 Hp.. and a speed of 17J kts. In February,
1S97, the Japanese Government placed an order
for the Skikiskima. a vessel of 14,850 tons displace-
ment, with a ftpetid of iq kta.
Owing to the large amount of firat-class work
•bemg placed with this lirm, tho directors in 1898
decided to remodel the works in all tiieir branches.
and expended a large snm of money m now
plant ol the meet recent type, and additional
buildings, and in the following year took over tbe
old established marine engineering works of Messrs.
John Penn and Sons. Greenwich, in order to enable
them to construct tbe machiner)' as well as the hulls
of the largest vessels ol all descriptions.
Altliough the name and reputation of this firm i%
more prominently associated witli ships of war in
the navies of the world, they not only construct
naval vessels, but are also builders oi every type
of craft that float the scaa ; passenger vessels,
cargo vessels, river steamers, paddle boats, tugs,
dredgers, lighters, hoppers, barges, and launches
of all sorts and size are constantly being turned out
from this busy yard. Some of the vessels are
launched ready for sea, some are fitted up in the
docks, some arc built for re-(;rection abroail, when
they havu been jiacked in xmaJI parts for trans-
portation upon mules' backs aver mountain passe$
to inland lakes. Among other cunositics that have
been built and launched from the company's slips
may be mentioned the cylindrical vessel CUopatra.
that conveyed the. Cleopatra Needle from the sands
of Alexnndria to its place on the Thames Embank-
ineat ; and the twin-ship Castalin. whose name was
sweet in the memory of those travellers who loved
not the pitching and tossing of the Channel seas.
The whole of the structural details of this remark-
able vessel — as original and in some respects as
unfortunate as the Creal Eastcrrt~v/tirf worked ont
in this yard, to meet the views of Captain Dicey, the
originator of the twin-ship.
The works of the marine engineering department
are situated at Greenwich, and are fitted with the
most up-to-date roachincr>-, and capable of turning
ont all classes of engines from a steam pinnace to
that of the largest battleships and cruisers. Besides
constructing the smaller class of mactiinery. such as
the Samoyede. Condor. Shearwater, pinnace ma-
chinery, and 10 sets of diagonal paddle machinery
for the London County Council .steamers, they
have cnmpletfd -irts of machinery for H.M.S, flrst-
clat.'i battleship Duncan. H,M.S. Corittiiallis, and
Atbemarle. Rach of these sets of machinery com-
prises b*-o four-c\*lindcr inverted triple-expansion
engines of the aggr^ate power of 18,000 Hp.
The first-class cruiser H.M.S. DofOHshire was
fitted with a set of twin-screw machinery of 21.000
I.Hp. : H.M.S, Black Princt with a set of twin-screw
machinery of 23.500 Hp.. and cylindrical boilers
were supplied to the following : H.M.S. CarHarvon.
Drmnshife, New Zealand. BtiuA Princt. and
Britannia.
The civil engineering department is responsible
for tbe iron work of the Britannia tubular bridge,
Saltash bridge, arched bridge at Blackfriars, Ham-
mersmith suspension bridge, Barkiug Road bridge,
hydraulic swing bridges over the West India Docks.
Kotri bridge owr the Indus in Sciud. India, dock
gates at Barrj' Docks, dock gates at Royal Albert
Docks, gates at East and West India Docks, gales
THAMES
62S
THEFT
at Lisbon, dock g«teii at Dover Harboar. dock gates
at Peniaoce Harbour, gates at Llanelly Docks, gates
at Tredegar Craving Dock, Newport, gates for
Union Dry Dock Co., Newport, dock gates (or
Bombay Port Trust, permaneat caiBSons for Black-
■wall Tunnel, floating caissons at Barry Docks.
SoDtb Wales, floating caissons at the Khedivial
&Iail Steamship and Graving Dock Co.. at Aiex-
andria, sliding caissons for H.M. Dockyard, Cib-
i^tar. sliding caissons for H.M. dockyard extension,
Kej-ham, floating caissons for H.M. dockyard
extension, Keyham. floating caisson for H.M. dock-
yard extension at Hong Kong
The works aie ilic growth of more than half a
century, and cover an area of over 26 acres at
Canning Town, on the north side of the Thames, and
over three acres at Greenwich and Deptford on the
south side. They are divided into five departments,
of which the shipbuilding, civil engineering, elec-
trical engineering, and dry duck departments are
situated at Canning Town, fronting on the River
Thames, and extending for some distance up the
Essex side of Bow Creek. The marine and mechani
cal engineering department is situated on the
south ^e of the River Thames at Greenwich and
Deptford.
TbuDM Sailing Clab, Surbiton. Established
1S70, and was the forerunner of all the numerous
sailing cUibs which have their quarters on the
upper waters of the Thames. The sailing grounds
of the club are the " Waterworks " reach, just
above Surbiton. and the Kingston reach, just
below Raven's Ait. Fir5t<lass matches are for
boats of "any rating." white second-class rac«s
are for boats of o'jo and under. While several
races in the first class arc open to T.B.A. clubs.
the club has for the last few seasons opened the
whole oi its second-class racing. The dub owns
the following challenge cops :
" The Thamrs Champion Cup," givca ut 1S87 by
the Thame* Saihng Oub, in honour of the Jubilee
of brr late Majt-^ty Queen Victoria, which is hdd
for the season by Ute boat making the best average
tn the first-class race of the Bourne End Week ;
" The Bragan^ Cup," given by the late Duke
at Bnac^nea, Crown Priocr of Portugal (who was
an honorary bfe niember of .the club), and held
by the boat making the best average in tlie first-
class races ol the Easter meeting at Tcddington ;
" The China Bowl," presented by the late Mr.
T. L. Houston, of Hong Kong, and held by the
boat making the best average m the fu«t-ctas»
races of the club in each season ;
" The Unir Cup," [vescnted by the late Mr.
Muir, which now becomes an average prise for
second -class boats belonging to the club ;
" The Clayton Cup." presenied by Mr. 1. W.
Clayton, and represented a5 a per|)etual challougc
cup by Mr. F. Foster Knowles on his winning il
outright (races lor this cup are only open to first-
class boats of the T.S.C. T.V.S.C., and the Tamests
clubs) :
" The Dunnage Cup." presented by the Blesan.
Jackson for the first-class or any rating races ; aad
the " Donniaon Cup." presented by Messrs. Dooni-
son. for the same class of boat.
Burgee : White, with blue cross and red foot
anchor in centre. Commodore, T. Storar Field .
Vice-Commodore. W, H. Wheeler; Rear-Commo-
dore. W. T. Clark ; Honorary* Treasurer and Secre-
tary. A. W. Lambert. Entrance fee, £i is. ; onaoal
subscription, £2 3s.
Thames United Sailing Olab, Eghun. Estab-
lished 18S5. Ensign : Red, with whit- Maltese
Cross and white anchor in fly. Burgee ■ Red. with
white Maltese Cross and anchor. Commodore.
General Sir A. Taylor, C.CB. ; Vicc-CommodoR.
H. C. Tower ; Riar-Commodore, J. H. W. Pilcber;
Honorary Treasurer and Secretaxj-. W. Kirkland.
Entrance lee, loi. 6d. ; annual subscription. £1 14.
Thnmes Valley Sailing (Sab. Established i«/6,
and has held races regularly ever smcc. la 1893
her late Majesty Queen Victoria prcs«oted a
challenge cup to be sailed for by boats hi lnii(ing
to the up-iiver Tltames clubs, and it Mras won
first by the Mona, belonging to T. Foster Knowlcs.
vice-commodore of the club. Burgee : Red,
gold anchor in contie. Commodore : T.
Ebbetts ; Vice-Commodore. T. Foster Knowk
Rear-Commodore. G. W. Marsden ; Honorary Tr
surer and Secretary. C. E. Browne. Entiance
i\ Is. : annual subscription. l\ i\s. 6d.
Thames Yacht Clab. RoyaL S«t Royal
Yacht Club.
Thaoghts. See Thwarts.
niesrle, Samael James Pope fb. Portsmouth.
April, 1846}. British naval architect. Served hb
apprenticeship in Devonport Dockyard, and
1865 was appointed as studeut at the Ro)-al Sc
of Naval Architecture, and thrve years later gal
his diploma as Fellow of the school. From 1
until 1870 was in the service of the .\dmiralty m
assistant overseer for ves»eU building by coatract
and as draughtsman in the office of the CootroIW
of the Navy. In Januan.-, 1876. was elected sur
veyor to " Lloyd's Registry' of Britt.Oi and Foreign
Shipping," and 10 i8g$ promoted to be priocipsi
surveyor in the Tyne distnct. In 1900 Asststut
to the chief superintendent surveyor.
Publications : " The Laying Off and BuEIdtng el
Wood, Iron, and Composite Ships," "Theofrtka'
Naval Architecture," " The Modern Pf*cticr ol
Shipbuilding in Iron and Steel."
niett rcfrTs only to thie\Ts outside ol the ship-
with \-toIonce ; not secret theft, which might faarr
been prevented by ordinary care on the part tu
those in charge of the vessot (Emehcoo. pw 4^^
The same mteipretatioa applies to hiUs of ladiof!
1 nu
i
THERMOGRAM
629
THOMPSON
I
(q.v.\. (Taylor v. Liverpool and Great Western
Steamship Co., 2 Asp. Mar. L.C. 277.)
Thermofrram. The trace marked on paper by a
thcrinograph.
Thermograph. A self-recording thermometer.
Th«nDom«t«r. An instmmrnt for measuring
intenMty 01 heat or tem[]cratarc, connistiug of a
spherical or cylindrical glass bulb at the end of a
very fine tube, the bulb beini; completely filled and
the tube partly filled with mercury. The rise in
temperature is indicated by a ri3c of the mercury
in the tube owing to expansion. Similarly, a fall
in temperature is m<lica.ted by a fall of the mer-
cury in the tube. Tbe graduated scale attached
has two fixed points, tbe lowci freezing point, the
upper boiling point. The distance between the
two being divided into a certain number of equal
degrees, continuing above and below two fixed
points. The Centigrade scale (used by scientists)
is divided into 100°, tbe freezing being o", the
boiling 100° ; tbe Kcaumur scale, the distance is
divided into So", the freezing point being o^, and
the boiling point being So" ; the Fahrenheit scale
(in general use in England) is di\'idcd into iSo**.
Freezing point is 32', and boiling point 2 [2°. For
extremely low temperatures alcohol is used, and
for high temperatures air tbt^rmometerK are em-
ployed. In deep sea thermometers, used for ascer-
taining the temperature of the sea. the bulb is
protected against the pressure of the water.
To convert one scale into either of the others :
Ijct F=Falircnhcit, K = R6aumur. and C = Centi-
grade.
Then F«=R X335 +33. or F—Cx 1*8-1-32.
F-3a _ Rxro
Then C=
i'8
, or C=
F-^2
ThenR=^-. orR=.
3-25'
8
CX8
10
TbarmoiiMter screan. A louvre -boarded box tor
protecting Ihe thermometers from the sun's rays
and also from rain.
Thermomitre tronde. Scf Sling Thermometer.
Thennopyln. One of the most famous of the
composite tea clippers. She woa designed by the
late Mr. Bem.ird Weymouth, and launched in 1868
by W, Hood and Co., Aberdeen, lor the Aberdeen
Line (Thomsons). For a number of years she
accomplished many marvellously quick passages
between this country, AustraUa and China. One
of her performance* consisted in making the
passage from London to Melbourne, in 1870. in
61 days, during one ol which she covered a dis-
tance of 330 nautical miles, or at an average rate
of close ufon 16 milen per hour.
TbflTmo-sychrophenu. An apparatus for illus-
trating the cooling eUcct by the communication of
heat under certain conditions to a mass of air in
the free atmosphere.
11l6s«ni. British tst class cmiser. (Thames
Ironwcwks. 1891.)
Length 360(1. Beam 60ft. Maximum draught 36ft.
Db|dacement 7,350 tons. Complement $40.
Gwu. A rmour.
2 — 9'2 in. "Steel."
10—6 in. 5 in. Deck.
I ^"-6 pdr. 1 4 io- Conning tower.
5—3 pdr.
a Maxims.
Towpsdo Ttibes (tS in,).
2 Submerged.
Twin screw. Hp. nalnral io.ooo«i85 kts..
forced 13.000= i9'5 kts. Coal maximam 1,250
tons. Approximate cost ^430.000.
This ship-name is associated ^%ith the battle of
the Nile. 1798: defence of Acre. 1799; attack Oft
French in Basque Roads, 1809.
Thetia. British 2nd class cruiser (1890).
Length jooft. Beam .t3ft. Maximum draught tSft.
Displacement 3,400 tons. Complement 373.
Gum. Armour.
3—6 in. "Steel."
6—47 in. 3 in. Deck.
8 — 6 pdr. 3 in. Conning tower.
1—3 pdr.
4 Machine.
Torpedo Tubes (14 in.).
4 .■Vbovc water.
Twin screw. Hp. natural 7.000= 1S5 kts forced
0.000=30 kts. Coal maximum 535 tons.
Approximate cost £300.000.
TlLMis. German armoured cruiser. (Danzig.
1900,)
Length 338ft. Beam jgft. Maximum draught 17ft.
Displacement 2,650 ions. Complement 349.
GuH5. .'Irmour,
10 — 4"! in. " Krupp."
14 — I pdr. 2 in. Deck.
4 Machine. 3 in. Conning tower.
Torptdo Tvhei,
2 Submerged .
Twin screw. Hp. S.soossi kts. Coal maxi-
mum 560.
ThimUe. An iron ring having a concave outer
surface to receive a rope.
Thole pins. Pins in tbe gunwale of a boat
serving to retain the oars.
Thompson and Co , Ltd.. George. Aberdeen Line.
See Aberdeen Line (Thompsons).
Thompson. E M., aad Co. See Ben Line.
Thompson. Sir Thomas (1766-1828). British
admiral. Was present with Rodney at the battle
off Cape St. Vincent, 1780. and with Nelson at the
attack on Santa Crua, 1797- Took part in the
battle of the Nile, and was subsequently captured
by the G^nireux. In tSoi he was present at the
battle of Copenhagen, and was severely wounded.
In 1S06 be was created a baronet and made a eon-
THOMSON
630
THORNYCROFT
Iroller of the Navy, and lo years later becane
treasurer of Grwnwich Hospital. He attained the
rank of vicc-<idiniral iQ 1&14. when be retired.
Thomioii, R. H. B.. JJ. (b. Glasgow, Novem-
ber. t86o). Educated Glasgow Academy. British
Academy, and Stanley House School, Bridge of
Allan. After several yearx* commercial training
jcrincd Mr. W. A. Mackie. and started business at
the old yard, Covan, originally tenanted by Kfossrs.
Robert Napirr ami Mrssrs. Randolph. Kldrr and
Co.. under the namp of Messrs, Mackie and Thom-
son, and has charge of the commercial part of this
business. Has interested himself in public affairs.
and is J.P. for [..Anathshire and Renfrewshire.
Member of the Town Council for the burgh of
Govan. and is magistrate of the burgh, and wa.s
for thnt years a member of the Renfrew School
Board. Is a past deacon of the Gardeners In
corporation of the City of Glasgow, and is aUo a
member of two other incorporations — aamely, the
Hammermen and the Dyers. Member of the
Institution of Naval Architects and of the Council
of the Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in
Scotland.
Tbor. Swedish coast service battleship. (Berg-
simd, tRi>8.]
Length a/gft. Beam 40ft. Maximum draught 17ft.
Displacement 3,400 tons. Complement aio.
Cuns.
A rmour.
»^io in.
" Harvey-nickel."
6 — 4'7 in.
9 in. Belt
10—6 pdr.
K in. Turrets.
2—1 pdr.
Torpedo Tubes.
I Submerged bow.
vin screw.
Hp. natural 3.700= 155 kts., forced
5,350= 167 kw-
Thordon. Swedish coast defence battleship.
Displacement, 1.500 tons. Of no fighting value.
Thorn. British torpedo-boat destroyer. {Glas-
gow. 1901.) Length. 210 ft, ; beam, 3\ ft. ;
draught, 5J ft. ; displacement, 300 tons ; comple-
ment, 58: armament, i t2-pdr., 5 5-pdr.. z lubes;
tMrin screw : Hp.. 6.000= 30 kts. ; coal, 80 tons.
Thome. Argentine torpedo-boat. (Yarrow. iS^o.}
Length. i;o ft.; displacement , S5 loiui , j tubes;
speed, about 24 kts.
Tbornton. I'S. torpedo-boat (igonj. Displace-
ment, i6<; tons; guns, ,5 i-pdr. ; torpedo tnbes.
3 i8-in. ; maximum speed, 36 kts.
Thornyoroft, Jtobn I., and Co., Lt(U Chiswick.
About the year i860 Mr. (now Sir) John Isaac
Thorn ycrolt, then only 17 years of age, constructed
from hts own design the steam laimch Nautilus.
the principal duaensions of which were : Length.
36 ft. ; beam, 5 ft. 10 in. ; giving a speed ol iz kts.
This vcs'tcl was a complctr success, and fully
justified the general interest it e\'oked. In 1864,
having attained his majority, he founded the ship-
building yard at Chiswick which bean kls am
Here he began to build small lanocfaes ind v
concentrate his energies on the further drrtki^
ment of the principle* of construction, for «iii
he had already established a reputation. Albt
building a nomtwr of vessels, he tnttponrfi
abandoned construction ^vork in order to M^
shipbuilding in the yard of Messrs. Williatn EHlw'
at Jarrow. there gaining much valuable exptaiaa
He then entered the University of Glasgov, m^
underwent a course of studies in cngioeniBf lal
mathematics under the late Lord Kelvin lod P»
lessor Rankin. Shortly aiter the compdetioo db
Univtnjity career he returned to Chiswick wrth 1
well-grounded knowledge of theory. combiMd Mi
practical experience. His next venture was ^
launch Mttanda, the importance of which majrh
gathered from the fact that l.ord Armstioiv «<
the late Sir Frederick Bram well journeyed ^mo^
to Chiswick to witness its evolutions, and thrbOt
in 1873 discussed the Afirattda in a paper omfr-
buted to the Institution of Naval Ai^iitects.
.A,mongst tht- important patents taken cat V
Sij John Thomycroft was that of the sow* [
peller which bears hU name, in 1S73, tad I
reputation as an inventor was furthtr
by the complcbon of the Gtiann, a wid
had a clone stokehole with forced draft,
boilers, and three -cylinder engines, and
united streopth with lightne-Rs to what
then, an unknown degree. In 1873 the btrl
John Donald.son joined Mr, Thomycitrf*.
business was earned on by them in
until Mr. Donaldson's death in Octobsr.
The earlier part of this period was spent to s (.
extent in transforming the principles of the G<
to the torpedo-boat, an industry- of which Stf ;
Thomycroft is the founder. The name of *
croft is a5.sooated with tlie well kuowo wata-l
boilers now in use Lo Uir extent of over 1,0
I.Hp.. and to Sir John Thora>-cn>ft bekn^ I
distinction of perfecting Uie scheme and
the utilisation of the walur-tube boolcr
tagcous. This boiler has been adopted
Admiralty on an extensive scale, and is now 1
tn the navies of the United Kingdom,
Russia. Austria, United States. Italy. Swwfca
Japan.
In iQoi the business was formed into a I
liability- company. During the following lai
the company spent a considerable sum in 1
ing the shops and laying down new
The year 1904 was marked by great dcv
and expansion. A new branch was 1
the manufacture of motors for marine
and, in view of the constant tendency on'
ol the Biilish Admiralty* to increase the
torpedo-t)oat destroyers, the type thea in i» I
practically the largest vessel that could be 1
8tructc4 at the Chiswick yard, the
sidered it advisable to acquire mors
THORNYCROFT
631
THROAT
premises for this branch of their work, and accord-
ingly entered into an agrRcmrnt with Messrs.
Morrley, Carney (Southamjiton), Ltil.. for the pur-
chase of their yard at Woolston, Southampton, the
tntentioQ being to gradually remove the torpedo-
boat work to Soutliampton, and to develop the
marine rngine and motcr engine works at Chis-
wick.
The Woolslon works are situated directly oppo-
site Southampton Docks, thus afiording the com-
pany exceptional facilities for dry docking and
marine repairs. lu this connrction it may be
remembeird that in Septemlitr. 1Q06, the Ham-
burg-Amerika liner A7neriha was dry-docked at
Southampton, and the entire hull oi the vessel
was cleaned and coated with two layers of composi-
tion within the space of 34 hours. The Anurtka
was the largest vessel ever placed in dry dock,
and the time tak^n in applying the coniiKisitiaa a
record. Since this the company have carried out,
in addition to the bulk of the repair work to vesseJs
calling at Soutbauiptuu, the lepairs to the Ham-
burg-Aracrika liner DeuHcMand consequent on her
coUtsion with the breakwater when entering Dover
Harbour ; also repairing a portion of the White
Star R.M.S. Sitevic iq.v.).
The foundry at Southampton has been greatly
unproved, and a large business is now being done
in castings of every description up to 10 tonH in
weight, recent turbine castings for British Ad-
miralty destroyers liaxing elicited verj' favourable
comments from experts and officials.
The Chiswick works have been recently com-
pletely reorganised, and extensive machinery has
been laid down in order to deal with internal com-
bustion work. In connection with this method of
propulsion it is intercatmg to note that the 26-kt.
class of torpedo-boats at preitent building for tlie
Admiralty exceeded their contract speeds by over
i) kts. on their official trials.
The awards received by this firm for marine
motor work are many, and include the following,
gained in the Motor Yacht Dub's reliabihty trials :
1904 .. ..I silver medal.
1905 . . . . 3 gold medals, i silver medal.
All Bnbsh award.
1906 .. .. The Auto Car Cup gold medal,
silver medal.
Two all British awards.
Two special prizes for using paraffin exclusively
' as fuel.
Thornycroft, Sir John Isaac, Kt., cr. igoj. F3.8.,
IXJ>. (b. Rome, February t, 1843). Educated at
a private school and Glasgow University. In 1S64,
when 31 years of age, he started at Church \Miarf,
Chiswick. to build small steam launches, and laid
the foundation of the firm which bears his name.
Sontf time after he relinriuished constructive work
and went north, and after gaining experience of
the methods of large shipbuilding yards at Messrs.
Palmer's, of Jarrow. he went to Glasgow Univer-
sity and .studied under the late Lord Kelvin (then Sir
W. Thomson) and Professor itankm. Ha\ing com-
pleted the University course, be returned to Chia-
wick, and shortly after, in 1871. built the Miranda,
a small vessel, which establt.shed his reputation as
a constructor of high-speed steam launches. He
later designed and built the Lightning, the first
torpedo-boat of the British Navy. This was the
forerunner of many high-speed torpedo-boats and
destroyers built to the order of the Admiralty, and
for most of the navies of foreign governments.
He designed the water-tube boiler which bears
his name, and which has been, and still is. widely
used in England and abroad. Lord George
Hamilton {q.v.), when First Lord of the Admiralty,
in a speech made by hnn at the Royal Unite*! Service
Institution, said : '* A great alteration has recently
taken place in the Navy, and Her Majesty's ships
are in future to be boilered with water-lube boilers.
Mr. Thornycroft lias the merit of being the first to
supply tliese boilers to the Navy." Tine first
vessel so supplied was the Sf*efdy. and it was her
satisfactory performance that induced the Ad-
miralty to adopt the system on a large scale. Sir
John Tliomycrott has designed an apparatus for
alla>ing the rolling of ships, and also the turbine
propeller for shallow -draught vessels.
Publications : Has written several papers of
great interest, which have been read at the meet-
ings of the Institution of Naval Architects and the
Institution oi Civil Engineers, and which are pub-
lished in the Transactions of these institutiotu».
Thorough-toot Kinks or tangles m the fall of
a tackle iic'ci.'ssitating it being unrove.
TboroQgh-pat. Set Thorough-foot.
Thrash. To move rapidly : to make rapid pn>-
gress.
Thruliar. British torfjedo^boat destroyer. (Bir-
kenhead, 189;.) Length. 210 ft.; beam. 3i ft.;
draught. 5^ ft.; displacement, 300 tons; comple-
ment, 58 : armament, i I3>pdr., 5 6-pdr., 2 tubes;
twin screw ; Hp., 6.000=30 kts. ; coal, So tona.
Three-dMkar. A vessel of war carrying guns
on three decks.
Three mile limit Ste Territorial Waters.
Thne Bbects in the wind. Sailing too close to
the wind : in sea phraseology, a hall-drunken man.
Throat The whole end of a gaff near the mast ;
as opposed to the peak.
ThroaWbolts or Tbroat-brails. Those which are
attached to the gaff for trussing up the sail close to
the gaff as well as the mast.
Throat downhauls. Ropes for rousing down the
throat ot gatf.
Throat baiUarda. Ropes or tackle used for
hoisting the end of a gafl.
THROT
632
TIDES
Ikroi. That part of the mizzen-yard nearest to
the) mast.
Tbroosh fasteninsi. Applied to bolts driven
through the sides of a jthip.
Thnutvanff. Old Norwegian monitor, about
a.ooo tons, carryiog 2 47-in. ^ns. Of little
fighting value.
Thrum. Coanc woollen or liempen yam.
Tbole. Swrdisl) battleship. (Bergsund, 1893.)
Reconstructed t()04.
Length 254ft. Beam 4Hft. Maximum draught t7ft.
Displacement 3.300 tooa. Complement 237.
Guns. Armour.
I — 83 in. " Creusot."
7 — 6 in. 1 1 in. Belt.
II — 6 pdr. 10 ill. Conning tower.
3 — I pdr. 7 in. Fore turrets.
5 in. Secondary turrets.
Torpedo Tubes.
3 Above water.
Twin screw. Hp. 4.650=1$ kts. Coal maxi-
isum 300 tons.
Tbttld Line, with tht^ head offices in Cfithenburg,
have a fleet ot seven steamerx, which maintam a
regular service bet>«'een London and Gothenburg,
and vice versa ; a service between Granton (near
Leith) and Gothenburg, and vict versa. Stramers
leavt? London every Friday for Gothenburg, re-
turning ever>' Thursday, and from Granton t-very
Friday, returning every Friday.
Flekt.
Albert Edward. Bele. Thontfu.
Balder. Bjurn. Tkule.
Ring.
Thumb eleftt Ctcat re«embling in shape a
thumb ; It prevents the topsail reef earinga from
slipping.
numdBr. The noise heard after the dischaiige of
lightning.
ntondnrer. British ind class battleship (9.330
ton«, 1 { k(».]. launched 1872.
Thunderer. 74 guns. In October, 17B0. this
v»sfl was lost in a storm in the West Indie*.
ntDoderBtorm. An Btmospheric disturbance
accompanied In* lightning, thunder, and frequently
hail.
Ihurot. Frui^oig (1726*60). French sailer (b.
Nuits). Came prominently into notice at the
beginning of the St-vcn Ycam' War, when he
wrought much havoc to English shipping in the
North Sea. destroying many vessels and capturing
many prizes in the Channel. In 1760 his squadron
was sent out to hara5<i the coast of Scotland and
Northern England, where he was attacked by
Hawkc's fleet : he was killed and the squadron
captured, and thus French naval power for that
time came to an end.
Thwvt Sm Athwart
Thwart hawse. Arro«» the haws -.
Ibmrti. Seats which cross a boat from aar
side to the other.
Thwart ships. Across the ship from one side to
the other.
Tidal, Pertaining or relating to the tides :
periodically rising and falling, or flowing aod
ebbing, as the tides.
Ti&al alarm. An audible alarm on a vcaeel or
buoy moored on a spit or pole to warn off veaseb
during a fog. It is operated by the ebb and flow
ol the tide, and is usually a bell.
Tidal btlio. A dock filled only at high tide>.
Tidal harbour. A harbour in which the
ebbs and flows ; as distinguished Irem a haitnur
which is kept at high water by means o< dock
gates.
Tidal traixL .^ railway train running in cod'
nection uith a steamer, and whose t\me it rpgiilaletl_
by the state of the tide.
ndd. Kneit Oeorge (b. London). hxli
New College. Kabtboume, and studied lor tw>
years mechanical engineering and phy^ca at ibe
Academic deft Sciences, Neuchatel, Switxeziand
On hi.s return to Itnglaod he went through a coune
of electrical and mechanical engineering at the
School of Telegraphy and Electrical Engioeenng.
London, and in ]886 graduated vritb the full
vellums Certificate for electric lighting. transroiMloo
of power and electrical engineering In 1887 be
was selected by the War Office to deliver a coorir
of experimental lectures to the officers aad ikm*
commissioned olTicerv at the School of Gunnery si
Shoebur)*ness on the military application of dec
tridly. In 1894 he went to Glasgow as managcf
of Messrs. Paterson and Cooper, and all the caa
tract work north of the Humber carried out t^
this firm was under his supet^ision. Me rcmainerf
with them till their failure in 1896, when he jottttd
the firm of Messrs Morris. Warden and Co., GtasfD*
Associate member of the Institution ot Ciril
Engineers, and member of the InsrituGcn <^
Mechanical Engineers and Shipbuildera.
Tide. A regular current of water setting tiW
nately in a Hux and reflux.
Tide eorrenK oi Tide rip, ore the short nppbU*
which result (rum eddies, or the (lassage of thatidt
over uneven bottom : somettmea ohscrvaat io t^
ocean where two currents meet.
Tide gauge. An instrument contrived b*
measuring the height of the tides.
TSdai. Thu alternate rise and fall oi water u
the ocean as seen on sea beaches, cUfis. eeteui^
etc. High tide is the highest point the wattf >
capable ot reaching on any particolar day : nbd
it ainke to the lowest poasiUe ebb it b bv Vfit^
Tl DESMAN
633
TIME
I
I
I
The rising of the tide is called the flood tide, the
falling the ebb tide. High tides follow each other
at intervals of 13 hours 35 minutes; low tides
succeed each other at the same interval. Tides
become later each day by half an hour to an hour.
Tbe most potent cause in producing the tides is
the action of the moon. The sun also exerts an
attraction, but owing tn its enormous distance it
is feebler than that of tli^ moon. Tides do not
alwa^-s rise to the same height, but every fort-
night, with the new and the full moon, and the
inflaence of the sun. they rise to their lUghtst.
These tides are called spring tide-s. The alter-
nating tides of maximum Inwnesn are called neap
tides. The highest spring tides are those which
f(dIow the new moon by one, two, or three days.
Tides reaching the shore arc affected by its con-
formation. In a nearly land-lock t>ea, like the
Mediterranean, they are only from one to three
feet. Ont in the ocean they have but a small
range. Thus at the inland of St. Helena they are
only three feet The greatest tide, that in the
Bay of Fundy. is 30 feet. The moat remarkable
tides in the British Isles are in the Bristol Channel.
At Cardifi there is a rise and fall during spring tides
of 37 to 58 feet, and dunng neap tides of 38 or
J9 feet
Tillfunun Sfe Tidcwaitcr.
TidewftltW* or Tideimftii. is a Customs-house
officer who boards .ships on arrival in port, and
remains on lioard until the cargo is discharginl and
Customs duties have been paid.
Tide wty. A passage or channel through which
the tide sets.
' Ude wheel. A wheel turned by the ebb and flow
of the tide.
TUtt, A range of fakes of a cable or hawser.
Tiemey. Edward John (b. Rochester, December
15, iBji)- Principal surveyor to Lloyd's Register
of British and Foreign Shipping, Greenock. After
serving his apprenticeship at the Naval Dockyards,
Chatham, and being employed for several years on
duties in tlie drawing ol&ccs oi that Kaval Arsenal,
he joined the firm of Sir Raylton Dixon and Co.,
Middlesbrough, as leading draughtsman, which
postbon be held for some £ve years. He then
joined Messrs. Earte'a Shipbuilding and Engineering
Co., Ltd., as yard manager, and left them to take
np an appointment with Lloyd's Kegister of British
and Foreign Sliipping. While in the Royal dock-
yards he came nndcr the notice of Sir William Henry
\Vhite, K.C.B. (q.v.), who appointed him for service
in the Elswick yard of Messrs. Armstrong and Co.
Alter a service of more than 20 years in the import-
ant work of surveying the condition of iron, stod,
wood and composite vessels, he was appointed to
his present position in Greenock. Member of the
Instiiution of Naval Architects.
Ties. Stops to a sail.
ISfBiL, A word applied in the East to Innoh, or
any repast between breakfast and dinner.
Tigor. British torpedo-boat destroyer. (Glasgow.
1901.) Length, zio ft.; beam. 2t (t. ; draught,
5j ft. : displacement, 300 tons ; complement, 58 ;
armament, i 1 2-pdr, . 5 6-pdr. , 2 tubes ; twin
screw; Hp.. 6,000=30 kts. : coal. Ao tons.
This ship-name is associated with the defeat of
the SpaiUsh Armada. 1 58S : capture of ^forgenstar,
1652 ; battle off the North Foreland, 1653 ;
capture of ScJiaketloo, 1674, '. siege of Gibraltar,
1737 ; capture of Calcutta, 1757 ; Pocock's action
ofE Cuddalore, i/ftS : Pocock's action off Negapa-
tam. 1758; Pondicherry, I759.
Tiffer. Austro-Hungarian 5rd class L*rutser.
(Trieste, 1899.) Length, 333 ft, ; beam, 33; dr.tnght,
16^ ft.; displacement, 1.650 tons; complement,
195; armament, 4 47-in.. 10 i*8 in., i tube;
Hp.. $,3;oMi8 kta. ; coal, 300 tons.
Tight Free from leakage.
Ticre SailiiiK Clab. Established i8g6. Commo-
dore. W. G. Mackem ; Vice -Commodore, J. S. Lea ;
Honorary Treasurer, A, N. T-inarcs ; Honorary
Secretary, H. B. Elliot, Calle Moreno 309, Buenoe
Aires. Entrance fee, 50 dots. ; annual subscrip-
tion, 35 dols.
Tiller. A straight grained timber beam or iron
bar. fitted into or round the head of the rodder, by
means of which the latter is moved. Refer to Helm.
Tiller chain. One of the chains leading from the
tiller hea<l round the barrel of the wheel, by which
the vessel is steered.
TiUer-bead. The extremity of the tiller to which
the tiller rope or chain is attached.
TiU. A small covering over the stern sheets of a
boat to keep off rain.
Timber. All large pieces of wood nscd in ship-
building.
Timbers. The rtdges of a ship branching out-
ward from the keel in a vertical direction, giving
»trcnglh. figure, and solidity to the whole frame.
Timbin. Braxilian torpedo gun-boat. (Kiel.
1896.)
Length 3S9ft- Beam 30ft. Maximum draught lolt.
Displacement 1,030 tons. Complement ria
Gums. Armour.
a— 4*7 in. " StceL"
6—6 pdr. I in. Deck.
4 — I pdr. I in. Canning tower,
4 in. Gun shields.
Torpedo Tubes (14 tn.).
3 AWvc water.
Twin screw, Hp. natural 4.000 = 20 kts., forced
7,000=23 kts. Coal normal 100 tons. ■'
nme. The general idea of suocesstvr existence ;
measure of durance ; it is absolute or relative.
Absolute time is considered without relation to
bodies or their motion. Relative time is divided
into years, months, weeks, days, houre, minates.
sfconds. and measured by instruments constructed
for the purpose.
MmMiogny. A naini: ap]ilicd la a rope carried
taut between different parts of a vessel, to prevent
the sheet or tack of a course from getting foul in
working ship ; specially from the fore rigging to
the anchor stock to prevent the fouling of the
forcsheet.
Time polios >s insuring the subject for a specified
time. No policy can \k effected for a longer
period than tz months. (30 Vict. Cap. 33 s. 8.)
There is no warranty of seaworthiness in a time
policy. (Gib«onff. Small, 4H.L. Cas. 5;3 : Thomp-
BOa V. Hopper, 6 E. ami B. 172. 937 ; Dudgeon
o. Pembroke, L.R. 2 App. Cas. 284.) Rsftr to
Cl»u3u». alsQ Policy.
Tindal. A lascaur boatswain's- mate.
ISng^. U.S. torpedO'lKxtt (iqoo). Displacement,
165 tons . guns, 3 r-pdr. ; torpedo tabes. 3 i8-in. :
maximum speed, 26 kts.
Tinto light, GuU of Spem, Italy, is a thrce-fiash
light evcr>- 30 seconds : duration of Sash, two
seconds ; candle-power has not been determined :
illuminant. electricity.
Tin4eatl. Brazilian gunboat. (F.Uwick. ii)92.)
Length. 165 ft.; beam, yi ft.; draught. 11 ft.;
displacement. 800 tons ; complement, 101 ; arma-
ment. 4 4*7-in., 3 6-pdr., 4 Maxims, 2 tubes ; Hp..
t,zooiM 14 kts. : coal, no Ions,
Ttrflng, Swedish coast defence battlcslup.
Displacement, 1,500 tons. Of no fighttng value.
T.L.O. Abbreviatioa for total loss only.
T.H. Distinguishing letters on sea ftahing boaU
registered at Thorsbavn. Denmark.
TJI. Distinguishing letters on sea fishing boats
registered at Troon, Scotland.
T.O. Distinguisliing IrfttTS on Hea fishing boats
registered .it Truro, Kn^jland.
ToBmuna. Italian mad steamer. Sunk by
colhsion with the Greek steamer Thessatia, oflf Cape
Sunium. September 12. 1801 ; 60 lives lost.
Tobacco (Am«ncan) (Haose. Ste Clauses.
Toggle. A short wooden pin, or double cone of
wood, firmly fixed in a loop at the end of a rope.
By passing the toggle through thi- tye or bight of
another rope a junction is ciLsily funned and
quickly disengaged. It is used in masting opera-
tions, in securing the standing part ol fore and
main sheets, in banding flags for signals. It is also
used in whaling operations. A hole is cut in the
blubber, the eye of the purcb.-se-strap being passed
through and toggled.
Toso, Heibaohiro. Japanese admiral (b. Kago-
shima. iS;;). Educated in Japan, and in 1873
came to England and served on board ILM.S.
Wofeestgr, afterwards studying at the Hhim
Nautical College. Greenwich. In 1S94 be mannl
a captain's commission in the Japanese Navy, ui
when war broke out in that year between Cfaot lii
Japan, be took a most active and snccessi'i'
one of the 6rst mgigeiDents, and before *,!
the war — in one year — had attained th-
vice-adnural. During the Ruaso-J^Mn-
I904-05, he was in supreme command ol tti
Japanese Fleet. His principal achievements talj
war were the bombardment of Port Anhttr , J
pursuit and defeat of the Port Arthur Fleet ;(
finally, the complete destraction of Roxb
sky's Fleet at the battle of the Sea ol Japan \
He holds numerous decorations bestowed on Is
by the Mikado of Japan, and in February. 190!
received the Order of Merit at the hands of 1
Arthur of Connanght. RBfet to Japan,
Sea n(.
Toktwa. Japanese armoared cruiser.
1898.)
Length 408ft. Beam 67ft:. Maximum draa^^
£>i5placement 9,750 tons. Complement j
OuHs. .irmomt.
4—8 in- •• Harvey-nickel"
14— 6 in. 7 in. Belt j
la— 12 pdr. 6 in. Tnrrets.
7—24 pdr. 14 in. Conning iDMf.'
Torpedo Tubes {18 in.).
I Above water bow.
4 Submerged,
Twin screw. Hp. forced 18.000=21 kla
niaximura 1,300 tons.
Tomahawk. The nautical name EorapcA('«K
Toman, Engineer-Commander Riehafd W4
Entered Navy as assistant engineer. i48j . J
moted engineer. 1889; chief engineer. 1898.1
engineer nf the Foam rccei\-ed Albert
jnd Class, as a mark of Royal favour for 1
for saving life at sea, November, 1898.
Extract Irom the '* Gazette " r
"On August 3, 1898. whibtt H.M.S. P»
carrying out her full-speed trials at
mean pressure cylinder burst, the rcvo
the engines at the time being 350 per
There was no indication whatever of the 1
explosion, which, of course, happened
suddenness. Mr. Toman at onco ordexvd 1
to leave the en^ne-room. and ran to cte i
throttle valve, u-hich is at the ton aid >
engine roam, and endeavoured to shot it
getting botli arms and knees badly sodMl
consequence. He then proceeded to sbat atf
main stop-vaJve of the boilers in the
Having done this with great prompttrole.
confined the steam to the botlefa akme. k>l
creased the chance of £a\-inff the life at ^
who might have been left below. Mr. TtK
thinking all the men were not up frori
engine-room, went down and -BuanlH^ll
TOMIOKA
635
TONNAGE
volume of steam, which was at a pressure of
200 lb. to the square inch when the cylinder burst,
but was unable to find anyone. He then tried to
get on deck, but owing to the excessive volume of
steam he twice fell half-way down the ladder.
He eventually reached the deck, and at once pro-
ceeded to turn on the; fire cxtinguislicrs to the
boilem, hbi bauds at the tinitr Iwing aiiuost bare
of skin. The valve wheel was heated to such an
extent as to be almost unbearable to liands in an
ordinary- condition. As the engines were flying
round immediately after the accident, there was
every danger of the connection -rod being driven
through the bottom, but it virsa greatly lessened
by the promptitude and pluck shown by Mr.
Toman in shutting ofi the main stop-valves, and
so reducing the risk of tlie ship being sunk or
seriously damagi^l. and the lives of all on board
probably lost, Mr. Toman, alter having been
driven out of the engine-room and severely scalded,
again went below into the engine-room, which was
filled with steam, to search for anyone who might
not have been able to escape, and only succeeded
in finally getting out of the engine-room after two
attempts. Mr. Toman was very much scalded on
both arms and knees by the escape of steam,
whidi uecessitated his removal to the liospital."
Promoted vtiginccT-commander. 190a.
Tomioka, Shinjiro (b. Hiogi-ken. August 37.
1862). After serving his apprenticeship in the
Government mercantile marmc training ship, he
served until 1B9C) as ofiUcer and captain in the
mercantile navy, Fiom id96-i)9 he was in Hng-
land superintending the construction of the first
three San Francisco Line fleet, which he designed
for Toyo Kiscn Kaisha, and on returning to Japan
was appointed marine superintendent to that com-
pany. Membt^r of the luiiiitution of Naval Archi-
tects.
Ton. 20 cwts., 3,340 lbs., 40 cubic ft. of freight
equal one ton dead weight in shipment.
TonKkang. Malay or Chinese boat or junk.
TongtW. The upper main piece of the built
mast : also a rope spliced into the upper part of
standing back-stay. The word is sometimes used
as a name for any dangerous mass of ice pro-
jecting under water, from an iceberg or Hoc, nearly
horizontal.
Tonkin. French subsidised merchant ship (1898}.
Measageries Maritimes {q.v.). Dimensiomi, 445 X
50x36 ft.; gross tonnage. 6,304; Hp., 7.200=
lU kts.
Tonnage. The carr^'ing capacity of a vessel.
It is actually equivalent to the difierence between
the weight of water displaced by the vessel when
tight and that displaced by her when loaded to
her Plimstdl mark, the greatest safe depth of
immersion. The Merchant Shipping Act of 1854.
which with &ome modification of details is the
existing law for tonnage of vessels, is briefly as
follows : The tonnagt- deck is the upper deck In
vessels vath less than three decks, and the second
deck from lielow in alt other ships. The length Ls
measured in a straight line along the upper side of
the tonnage deck, from inside of inside plank
(average thickness) at the side of stem to the inside
of the midship, stern 1imt>er or plank there, as the
cose may be (average thickness), deductinn what
is due to the rake of the stem timber m the thick-
ness of the deck and m one third ol the round of
beAm, and tlie lengtli so ohtainetl is divided into
a number of equal parts as follows :
Not exceeding 50 ft. in length into 74 parts.
120 ., .. „ b .,
180 8
^25 ., .. .. to
And over 235 i»
In steam vessels the length, brendth. and hi^ight
of the engine-room are multiplied together, the
products divided by 100, and the result deducted
from the gross tonnage, The space occupied by
the propeller shaft is considered as a part of the
engine-room. The actual depth between the decks
are measured and taken as factors, and any clotted
in -space un or above the upper deck, and capable
of receiving cargo, is included in the measurement.
The dimensTona are taken in feet and di-cimaU of
a foot, and the number too is used as a Hna) division
for ascertaining the capacity of the ship in tons.
The following deductions shall be made in ascer-
taining the registered tonnage in measuring or re-
measunng a ship :
In sailing vessels any space set apart and used
exclusively for storage of sails. In the case of any
sliip .' {[) Any space used exclusively lor accom-
modation of master ; (2) any space used exclusively
for working of the helm, the capstan, anchor gear,
or for keeping charts, signals, and other iiuitni-
ments of navigation, and boatswain's stores ; and
(3} the space occupied by donkey-engine, and
boiler, if connected with the main primps of the
ship.
The measurement of ships with double bottoms
fur water ballast, provided the sjiace between the
inner and outer plating is certified by the proper
sui\-eyor to be not available fur cargo. stot^», or
fuel, fhall be taken to be the upper side of the
inner plating of double bottom, which Is to be
deemed the floor timber.
The following new rules were issued by the Suci
Canal Co. on August 2. 1904, for the measurement
of space on the decks of vessels :
(1) In the case of shelter decks, spaces with one
or more openings in the shelter deck and aides of
the vessel, the whole of the space under the shelter
deck should be included in the tonnage measure-
ment, with the exception of that part of the space
which is immediately abreast the openings (if
any) in the sides of the ship.
(3) In all cases where a vessel lA fitted with
TONSIL
636
TOPSHAM
iorecutle, bridge sp&cf, and poc^ there shall be
vx«mpt from measurement : (a) Such length of the
forecastlr. nirasured trom the inside of the stem
at hall-height ol the said forecastle as shall be
cqnal to one-<righUi of th« fuU length of the ship ;
(b) such length of the poop measured from (the
iiu>idc of) the stem timber at half-height of tlie
said poop as ahall be equal to one-teoth of the
full length of the ship ; (c) such length of the
bridge as is equal to the length of the nctviai duck
openings to engine and boiler spaces, it being
understood that such openin^^ shall not be con-
sidered to extend beyond the forward bulkhead of
the stok&hold and the after bulkhead of the main
engine-room.
(3) In all casr» where the poop and bridge or
the forecastle and bndge are combined and con-
tinuous, then only that length in each case which
is due to tile openings of engine and boiler *>pace^
as defined under {£) above aliall be exempted from
iiieasurtment.
(4) By full length ol the ship shall be under-
stood, in all CBSes, such lengtli as is comprised
between the inside of the stem at half-height of
the forecastle to the inside of the stem Limber at
half-height of tJie poop.
(5) If at any time the vessel shall perform transit
with cargo or stores earned in any portion of that
exempted space, Uien the whole of tliat apace
shall be added to the net tonnage, and never more
exempt from measurement.
TOotfl. A sharp-pointed pole which is stuck
into the ground to fasten vessels to the shore.
Top. A sort of platfoim surrounding the head
of the lon'cr mast, formed of timbers called cross-
trees, the latter being supported by cheeks secured
to the sides of the ma<it below the head. The
principal intcatioD of the top is to extend the top-
mast shrouds so as to form a greater angle with
the mast, and thereby give it additional support,
and also serve as a place of rest for the men aloft.
It is also convenient for containing the materials
for setting the small sails, fixing and repairing the
rigging, etc In ships of war it is nsed as a kind of
redoubt, and is usually fortified. The tops are
named after the respective masts to which they
belong.
Trrrwir British 3rd class cruiser. (Laird, 1903.)
Length 3&afc. Beam 4oIt, Mean draught 14JU
Displacement 3,000 tons. Complement 396.
Gfou. Armour.
12 — 4 in. "Sted."
8 — 3 p<lr. 2 in. Deck,
a Majfims.
Torpedo Tubes (iS in.].
a Above water.
Twin screw. Hp. 9,000=2175 kts. Coal maxi-
mum 500 tons. Approximate cottt j{24u.ooo.
ToptM, French sea-going submarine. (Toulon.
1903.) Lenfth, 147 tt.; beam, 13 ft.; maximum
t9^
draught. 12 fl. ; displacement, jog tons above.
442 totvi below : complement, 22 ; torpedo tubes,
6 i7';-in. : Hp., 6ooei3 kta. above, 8 kts. below.
ToiKblock. A large single block %vith Uk inn
strop and hook, by which it is hooked into an
eye-bolt under the lower cap. The top pendants
arc rove through the top-blocks when swaying wp
or lowering down the top-masts.
Top-brim. See Top-rim.
lopeka. U.S. gun-boat. (Kiel, 168::.) Leogtli.
250 ft. ; beam. 35 ft. : draught. 14 fl. ; diapUce-
ment, 1,700 tons, comptement, 167. armament,
(i 4-ia., 6 3-in., 2 i-pdr ; Hp., 2.200=16 kts.,
coal, 400 tons.
TopgaUnnL Appbed to the mast and sail
in square-rigged vessels come above the
and topsail-s.
Topg&llant Iorecutle. A short deck lorwarU
alwve the upper detk.
Topgallant-mast. A smaller mast tti&a the top'
mast, raised and secured to its head Ituough
and supported by the trestle-treca.
ToiHhamper. Any unnecessary weight cither
a ship's di-cks or about her tops and riggtBg.
ToiHliniBg. The lining on the after part of the
topsail to prevent the top-brim trom chafing the
topsail.
Topmast. An upper mast raised at the bead el
the lourr most to give greater height than wosld
be possible vnth a smgle spar.
Top*znaiiL A maul used to start the topmast
fid and to beat down the top when setting ap top-
mast rig^iug.
lopping. Lifting one end ol a yard higha thao
the other.
Tofiiiing-Ulta. Those lifts which support a tptt.
davit, etc.
Top riiiL The circular sweep of the fcnv part ti
a vessel's top, and covering in tlu ends oi Um
crosS' trees and tre-Stle- trees to prevent their cha&B|
the topsail.
Top-rope. The mast rope tued to sway up a tof-
mast to fix it In its place or lower it.
TopaaiL The second sail above the decks, n-
tendiag across the topmast by the tofiiail-yardi
above, and by the lower yards beneath, titi*l
fastened lu the former by eatings and robasA
and to the latter by the topsail-«heeca, which. paiaiBi;
through two great blocks or cheeks fixed on tt*
extremities, and thence to tw'o other blocks 6xti
to the inner part of the yard dose by the mw'-
lead downwards to the deck.
lopebam Sailing Club. Established t8S6. Cqb>
modore, L. ttambergcr ; Vice-Commodorv, C^rtSA
T. H. Periam ; Rear -Commodore, J. Pmun
Treasurer. W. J. Goodman ; Secretan s. ii J
TOPSIDE
637
TORPEDO
hfajr. A. Wydd. Topsbatn. Devon. Entmwft {ee.
jf. ; anoual subscription, 5s.
Topside. The portion of the side of a vessel
which comes above the sheer-strake.
Top-timb«r. The timber next above the futtocks
in the ribs of a ship's sides.
Top. To. To fiiise one end o[ a boom or y-ard.
Torlwy Sailing ClQb. KdUbUshcd idS6. Kn-
Blgn : Red. Burgee : Red and white (cheqaered),
th an anchor in centre. Commodore, Colonel
R. W. Stnddy ; Vice-Corn raodore, C. Thellusson :
Itear Commodore, Dr. T. H. Ward ; Honorary
Tieasurer, J. S. Pai^e ; Honorary Secretary, C^p-
|hin Henry M. C. Festing. R.N. Entrance fee,
SOS. 6d. ; ancaal sabscriptlon, los. 6d.
Yachts or boats catered for.
Club matches every (ortoight, commencing about
it Tuesday in June. No. 5 V.R.A. Rules,
Handicap Class I. — Big yacht. 24 ft. \
and over L.W.L.
Handicap Cla<i& 11. — Big yacht uudut Open
24 It. L.\V.L, 1 to club
W.E.C — Wcsti-rn one design class. [members
W.E.C.— July boat class 18 ft. only.
Power boats, steam or motor, all en-
trance fees 3s. 6d.
Annual RfgaUa.
itter end of August. Separate programme
All races are open.
Tlie club is not a social one. Qubroom on
Paignton Pier, from which pier every race In Torbay
plainly viaiblc.
The T.S. Club is affiliated with many south
MSt dube, in the conference (challenge cup races)
ir furtherance of yacht and boat sailing.
Torbay Taoht Club, R071I. See Royal Torbay
fc'acht Club.
Tordenskjold. Danish small cruiser (1880).
rngth23ilt. Ueaiu 43f t. ^lAximum draught i/it.
Displacement 2,530 tons. Complement 22a
Guns.
^rmoHr.
I — 14 in.
■' Steel."
»4— 47 in.
4 in. Deck.
He Machine.
to in. Conning lower.
F
Torpe
do Tubts.
■'
4 Abe
Hp. 3
ive water.
Twin screw.
,600=14 kts. Coal
maxi
om 170 tons.
Torkeukjold. Norwegian coast defence battle*
lip, (Elswick, 1899.)
Length 280ft. Bcain48|ft. Draught i6^tt.
Displacement 3,556 tons. Complement 248.
Gtins. A rmour.
(in. " Harvey steel."
4'7 in. 7 in. Belt amidship<i.
-1 2 pdr. B in. Barbettea.
3 in. Turrets.
Torpedo Tubts.
3 Submerged.
Hp. 3,700>ai7 kts. Coal $00 tons.
Toniido. Originally a severe sqaall on the coast
of Scnegambia and Guinea, but of late years applied
to whirlwinds on shore.
Tornado oload. A funnel-shaped cloud which
accompanies violent and destructive tornadoes, and
most frequent in the United States.
Torpedo is a charge of some explosive agent
enclosed m a water-tigbc case or closed vessel pro*
pellcd under water at such a depth that by the
explosion when ne^r, or in contact with, the under-
water portion of a hostile xhtp it may sink or
scriuuKly damage Uib vessel.
Torpedoes may be either stationary {which are
lUKTWQ as submarine mines, q.v.) or locomotive.
There are many locomotive torpedoes, the principal
being, however, the Whitehead, Lay. Sims. Brennan.
and Bliss- Lea vitt. The Wliitebead torpndo is
made in diflereot sizes, varying from 1 3 to 19 ft. in
length, and from 12 to 15 in. in diameter. It is
divided into several compartments, the foieraost
containing a charge of from 30 to loo lbs, of gun-
cotton, according to the size of the torpedo. This
charge is fired by means of a pistol, which screws
iutu tlie nose of the torpudo- The ptoijelling
power is generated by mean.'i of powerful air pomps,
air being compreased into the air chamber at a
pressure of i.ooo lbs. to a square inch, which
actuates the three cylinder engine and drives the
propellers. It is fitted witJi four has. which pre-
vent the torpedo Irom rolling, and keeps it on its
course. Two horizontal tins known as the tail fins
carry the rudders, two horizontal and two vertical.
The horizontal rudders are worked from the balance
chamber and keep the torpedo at its set depth ;
the vertical rudders are adjusted to cause it to
travel in a straight line. The speed of this torpedo
is about 24 kts.
The I^y torpedo is of cylindrical form, the
motive power carbonic acid gas. and is started,
stopped, and steered by means of an electric cable
containing insulated wires, whuh are paid out
from the boat as it travels.
The Sims torpedo is cigar-ahaped, propelled by
screws driven by an electric motor, the current for
which is supplied from a dynamo on shore. It is
steered from the shore by an electric cunent. and
has a speed of about 12 kts.
The Brennan torpedo, invented by Ix)uis Brennan
(tf.v.) , is worked and steered irom the shore by means
of wire wound round two driuns contained in the
body of tlie torpedo. By winding the drums on
shore a rotary motion is given to the dmms in the
torpedo, which revolve the screw propellers, and
these drive the torpedo through the water.
The Bliss-Leavitt torpedo is turbine driven, of
greatly increased range and speed, and has been
adopted in the United States Navy.
TORPEDO
638
TOSE
At the beginning of IQ07, Important trials took
place at tlir torpnlo-raiige of Mi*«sr». WItilchcad.
Weymouth, with a torpedo which vas fitted with a
new airangeniFnt for heating the air used to pro*
pel it. The beater was designed by Sir W. G.
AmistroDg, Whitworth and Co,, after lengthy
experiments. The idea for frame time i>a5t has
bt-cn to heat the compressed air in a lorpi-do. partly
with a view to obtain more eiiergj* out of it. am!,
therefore, either lugher speed from the torpL-do. or
longer range at the same speed, and partlv because
the present torpedo is almost useless wlxn the sea
is at a very low temperature, a fact which in a great
meastire accounted for the large expenditure of
torpedoes without result during the cold weather
06 Port Arthur during the Ruiuo-Japanese war.
The first torpedo to bo fitted with heaters was made
in the United Sutes by thr Bh!«-I,ea\-itt Co.
Their system was to bum liquid fuel in I he actual
main reservoir. The amount of weight to be
carried by a torpedo must hi- >.irieUy limited, in
order to got as much power out ol the engine, and as
much explosive in the head as possible. The
existing torpedo has exceedingly httle margin for
more wt-igbt m the sliapc of heating arranKcmenis,
and no tor|>edo of dimension^ anything hko ihr
existing pattrm could have carried the heating
vetKel, or combustion chamber as it is now called,
as onginally designed. As experiments in tht^
line proceeded, it was found possible to reduce
the sixe of the combustion cbamWi, and practical
dimensions were reached, and a torpedo fittc<l witli
the new arrangemeDts for heating the air. It was
proved on trial that a. torpedo fitted with a heater
could travel for double the di.&tance at a given
Speed, and the same expenditure of air that the
torpedo without the heater could. There is a gain
of about lt*o% in power due to tlie heater. If the
torpedo be run for the same distance with a beater
as a similar torpedo without a heater, the 100%
gained of power would be realised by increasing the
speed, and at a range of 2,00a yard6 this increase
is from 26 to 335 kts. This speed of 33'5 kts. is
the highest that has ever been reaUsed with a
torpedo having a mnge of 2,000 yards. The tor
pcdo of the future no doubt will be one constructed
wpeciiilly to use hot air instead of cold.
Torpedo-anchor. An anchor or fastening to hold
a ftubmannc niinr to its selected place. A common
form is that ol a ship's anchor, to which the tnine is
attached by a chain with a universal jomt.
' Tbrps<Io*l^OfttB« Modem torpedo-boata are built
entirely of steel, and the plates often not exceeding
oot; sixteenth ol an inch m thickness, as in order to
get the nocessar)' high speed the minimum of
weight consistent with the necessary strength is
of first importance. The first torpedo-boat, the
LigMtning. was designed and built by Sir John
Thornycroft (f.e.| in 1877. Pew ol the earliertor-
pedo-tx)au had a ^wed of more than 18 kts. 'Ilicte
are three classes of torpedo-boats, known aft fixvl,
second, and third-class. The first-class are boats
capable of keeping the sea on tli«tr own account, atul
arc a type of 1 36 ft. or more in length ; (2) boats of
from toi to 120 ft. in length, suitable for short runs,
harbour defence, and for general wwk ticur s
coast ; (3] still smaller boats capaMe ol being
carried on lioard a battleship or cruiser. Tli^
modem first -class torpwlo-lmat is from i ^$ to
14a ft. in length, 15} It. broad, drawing about 6ft
of water, with a displacement of 130 tons. The
Migincs develop about 2,000 Hp., giving a sea
speed ol about 24 kts, The boilers and niachlnety
arc protected by coal, and an oimourcd tower pro
(ects the steering gear and telegraphs (or con-
trolling the engines. The crew coiiRist* oi about
18, and the arraaoient 3-pdr. q.l. gunt^, and thnv
torpedo fjoctors.
Torpedo boom. A spar beHring a torpe^lo on lt«
upper (Old. the lower end swivelled and anchoted
to the bottom of the channel, also a spar of wood or
iron, supporting a steel crinoline designed fot tli*
protection uf u »hip against torpedo attack.
Torpedo-catcher. Src Taqn-do boat dcitro^-rr.
Torpedo>drag. A cable bearing grappling hooks
to catch torpedoes. The ends ut the cable are
usually carried in boats, which arc propelled up awl
do^vTi thi- channel some distance apart.
Torpedo ran-boat» of which a considcnk'*'
number were built bctwccD tIM}/ and iSsH- ^re now
considered obsoletL*. their place being taken by th^
torpedo-boat destroyer {<l.v.).
Torpedo-net is a net. tlie meshes of which an
made of stcd rings about i^ in. in diametci. which
is hung round the ship, suspended from the rndsol
steel booms about 30 ft. long, rigged out from tb
ship's side as a protection against torpedo attack.
Torpedo net cutter, th^• must successful type of
which wa.s invented by .Admiral A. K. Wilsoa,
consists of hinged joints working across one bsoUmt
and attached to a pair of wire cutters, the nppantio
being fijced to the nose of the torpedo.
Torpedo raft. .\ raft pushed ahead ol a \tmii'
witli hooks or grapples uodemcath. to dcax ifce
channel of torpedoes.
Torpid. A second class racing boat at OxtOti.
Toraoay Corinthian Sailing Olab. Hstabbibsl
1&9J. Commodore, C. Thellussoti . Vicr-Conw^
dore ; F. C. Carslake ; Kcar -Commodore. S. CaB-
ming : Treasurer, R. J. Clode ; Honorary Sccretarr.
W. \\'iIkinson Cox, 2 Victoria Farade, Torqnai
Entrance fee, $s, ; annual subscriptxm. $i.
Tom. A coatse kind of hemp.
Tom, Tbomai (b. Whitby, November 17. lt$n
.\ftrr leaving school he was articled to Mean C
and i>. Holmes and Co.. Hull, and made sockfn-
gress dunng his apprenticeship tliat he was grns
charge of work tielorebewasoiitof his time. Mbt
TOSH
639
TRABANT
serving a period at sea. and obtaining his certificates,
he was appointed chief draughtsman to one of the
largest works on the East coast. From 1S93-1900
he was senior siirvoyor engineer to the newly con-
stituted British Corporation Registry o( Shipping,
Glasgow. In 1900 he joined Messrs. Fumess, Withy
and Co., OS their chiel superiatendeat.
Tub. Neat ; trim.
TouuL Rus-^ian torpedo-boat. (Putiloff. 189J.)
Length. 127 ft.; beam, 15^ ft.; draught, 6} ft.;
displacement. 98 ton.s ; complement, 13; arma-
metit. 3 i-pdr.. 2 tubes; Hp.. 1,250021 kts. ;
coal. 17 tons.
T06S oars. The order to cease rowing.
To take the wind out of another*! saUs. To pa^s
close to windward, a tiling ottru done in yacht
racing.
Total loss. In marine insurance the amounts
reeovcrablf as a total loss if not declared, i.e.. under
an open policy are : For " merchandise." the prime
cost, including the expense of shipment and the
premium and charges of insurance (Lewis v.
Rucker, 3 Burr, t.167). For the ship, its value at the
oDtsct of the voyage, including the outfit, stores,
and provisions for the crew, their advance wages,
and the premium and charges of insurance (Shaw
V. Fulton. 2 East, l.iocj; Forbes !■. Aspinall, 13 East
323, at pp. 329, 330). For freight, the gross amotmt
of freight expected, together with the premium and
charges of insurance (Palmer f. Blackburn. 1 Bing.
61 : Usher v. Noble, 1 2 East 647).
As a claim for total lo^s cannot extend beyond
the foil amount insured in the policy, the docu-
ments required to substantiate such a ctaim must be
supplied lo the underwriters Iroc of charge.
These documents arc :
(a) Protest.
(A) Set of bills ol lading (endorsed if necessary, so
as to be avadabie to the anderwriters).
(c) Policy or certificate of insurance [endorsed if
necessary).
((/) Assignttxent of interest to the underwriters.
This document is of great valnc in the event
of salvage refunds in the case of salvpd goods, as any
claim for salvage expenses will be sent direct to the
nnderu-riter.
(Gow on Marine Insurance, p. 168,)
Total loss clause. Sex Clauses,
Total loss only clause. Ser Clauses.
TotBohoy. Ru8si.'tn torpedo-boat destroyer.
(Abo, 1905.) Length. 19*^ ft.; beaio, iSi ft.:
draught. 11) ft.; displacement, 240 tons; com-
plement.fio; aiinament, i 12-pdr., 5 3-pdr., stabea;
Hp.. ^t.ooo^ J7 kis, ; coal, 70 tons.
Totr. A name giv^^n in some parts of the Pacific
to a sailor or (ishcrman,
Touoang. The nati\'e name for a kind of boat
0iucta used at Malacca and Singapore. It is pro-
pelled either by oar ox sail, is speedy, rather flat in
centre, and pointed at the extremities.
Touch. To call in ; to come or go without
staying.
Toap. The native name for the three-masted
Malay lugger-t>oat. These vessels are built from
50 to 60 ft. long, 10 to 12 ft. wide, and about
to ft. deep. They sail well, and carry a large
amount of cargo. j
Totirane. French subsidised merchan t ship
(1898J. Messagerics Maritimes [q.v.). Dimensions.
445x50x3^1^ ; gross tonnage. 6,344 ; Hp,, 7.200 =
18 kts.
Toormente. French torpedo-boat (1899). Dis-
placement, 120 tons; complement. 34: maximum
draught. 9| ft. : guns, 3 3-pdr. ; torpedo tubes,
2 15-in. ; twin screw; Hp.. 3.000=26 kts.; coal,
16 tons,
torn. One vessel drawing or pulling another.
Towage. ^«e Tug and Tow.
TowiBg. S. method ol dragging a vessrl tlimugh
the water by hawser from another vessel, or from
the shore,
TowlBg-net A net towed behind a moving
ship, with a ^-irw of collcctmg specimens of marine
an)ma1.<; and plants.
Tow-line. A small hawser or warp used to move
a ship from one part of a harbour to another by
means of boats, steamers, etc.
Toyo Kljen Kaisha. with their head othce in
Japan, have a (loel of seven steamers, three of
which rank among the finest passenger and cargo
vT<>scls trading between San FranciiKo and Japan.
These vessels are new, and fitted with all the
latest inventions for the safely and comfort of
passengers. A service is maiatainud every fort-
night from Hong Kong via Jax^aii. Honolulu, to
San Francisco, and vict versa.
Fleet.
Anutica .Uarn,
Alsu.
Hongkong Mum,
Tox'o Mant.
Gross tonnage. 22,800.
T.E. Distingirishing letters on sea fishing boats
registered at Trouville, France.
Trabaoota. A trading coaster ol the Adriatic.
TrabanU Austro-Hungarian torpedo gun-boat
{1890).
Displacement 540 tons. Complement 78.
Korio ^f(l^u.
Nippon Afaru.
Rohiila,
Guns.
a — 12 pdr,
8—3 pdr.
Twin screw,
mum J 50 tons.
Armaur.
} in. Amidships.
Torpedo Tub^s,
3 .\bove water.
Hp. 3,500 = 20 kts.
Coot
TRACE
640
TRADING
TnUM. To haol and majcr fast anything as a
temporary of security.
Tnotr, Admiral Sir Siohard Edwud, K.03.
(b. 1837). Entered Navy. iB;2 : served Crimea,
1S54 (Baltic medal) ; lieutenant, 1659 ; served
Japan, 1863-64; mentioned in despatches, pro-
moted commander: captain. 1871 ; A.D.C. to tlie
Queen, 1SS5-8; ; rcar-admlra], 1888 ; Second-iu-
Command Channel Squadron, 1889-90; Adoiiral
Superintendent Alalia, 1893-94 ; \icc-adroiral, 1S93 ;
umpire at naval maaceuvrcs, 1896 . admiral, 1898 ,
president of Royal Naval College, 1897-1900 ; re-
tired, 1901.
Track. To tow or draw a vessel or boat by
means of a rope or hawser.
Trackscont. A boat or vcaset employed oa the
canals in Hclland, and usually drawn by a hone.
Ttade. BoAfd of. See Board of Trade.
!ftade aaloiu, originally societies of artisans en-
gaged m a particular trade, are combinations of
workmen formed for the purposes of regulating
the relations between masters and workmen, and
improving the conditions of employment.
Trade unions were first legally recognised as
bodies capable of making contracts by the Act ol
1871. which provided for their registration aad the
vesting of their property in thi; bands of trustees.
Workmen may lawfully join a union, but axe
subject to its rnlcs. and may be deprived of its
benefits for failure to comply witli its orders given
under powers conferred by the rules. Penalties
Imposed on workmen by a um'on are not directly
enforceable, and expulsion is only justifictl by the
rules of the association. Workmen may agree not
to work for any employer, but the nnion camiot
enforce the agreement, and attempts to enforce it
b>' coercion are illegal.
A trade union may lawfully negotiate with em-
ployers if they consent, but it can neither compel
negotiation nor bind workmen to carry out any
bargain it may moke. Payment by trade unions of
strike pay i.t lawful, but an employer may prevent
the maintenance by trade unions of a strike by
any means prohibited by statute or actionable at
common law .
The following cases of iDterfercnce by members
of trade unions in contractual relatioaaliips rocog-
uised by law arc actionable wrongs, for which the
nnion may be sued in its registered name, and its
funds be made hable for damages (The TaS \'ale
Railway Co. v. The Amalgamated Society of Rail-
way Servants, 1901. App. Caa. 426). vU. :
(1) To induce a pervon to break his contract
■m'th a third party.
(2) To induce an employer to refuse to continue
to employ a workman.
(3) To induce an employer to refrain from em-
ploying a workman.
By the Conspiracy and Protection of Property
Act. 1875. workmen are not criminally tiable for
combining to do anything which would not be
punishable as a crime if committed by ooe person,
provided that such combination does nut con-
stitute a conspiracy for which punishment is
awarded bj- .\ct of Parliament. Nor is it a criminal
offence for a workman to desert his work, except
in the case of emplo>'ces of gas and water com-
panies, or where wilful breach of contract is liable
to cau.sc danger to life or property. But every
person who. with a view to compel any other
pexvon to abstain from doing or to do any act
which such other person has a legal right to do or
abstain from doing, wrongfully and without legal
authority —
(1) Uses violence to or intimidates snch other
person or his wife or children or ibjopm his pro-
perty ; or.
(2) Persistently follows such other perwin aboat
from place to place ; or,
{3) HideH any tools, clothes, or other property
owned or used by such other person, or deprives
him of or hinders him m the utte thereof ; or
(4) Watches or besets the house or other place
where aach other person resides, or works, or
carries on businrts, or happens to be, or Uh
approach to such house or place ; or
(5) Follows such other person with two or mon
other persona in a disorderly manner in or througfa
any street or road, shall, on conviction by a Coun
of summary jurisdiction, or on indictment, br
liable either to a penalty not exceeding Iso. or to
i mprisnnmont for a term not exceeding throe
months, with or wtLhouL hard labour.
This Act has nothing to do with civil ranodiss.
and a conspiracy to injure a man in his tradn by
induang servants to break their contracts, w
cuatouiers to refrain from dealing wuh bim. u
actionable.
N.B. — A Bill has t>een introduced in the HoitN
of Commons to aboluh the results obtained by ttv
above-mentioned Tafl Vale case.
Trade winds. WindK moving from about th-
30th (K-Kiee of latitude to the equator. They ijt
pretty regular in the North Atlantic as Ear tf
50 N., but when near land they yield to the laol
and sea breezes. Thus, at 10' N. the land breot
wiU be at E. from 11 p.m. until 6 a.m. : then ctSu
up to 10 a.m., when the sea breeze sets in protiat^
W., and blows home fresh. Although 30 nik*
ofF the shore, the trade wind may blow prrttjr
strong N.R.. E.N.E.
Trading (Tlanse. Sre Clause*.
Trading inwardi. A ship is said to be ** tradim
inwards " or " trading homewards " when s^
enters a port to discharge cargo brought Ernn
abroad. Where a vessel took in a part uuiro »t
Glasgow, S3ili-d lor Liverpool, where st' • ■
loading but discharged no cargo, and * -^
India and discharged, loaded again there *oA
sailed to Liveqiool. and there discharged, then
returning to Glasgow, the House of Lords held :
(i) That the vessel enteritig Liverpool was on
her way to India, and was Uable to dock tonnage
rates, not as a vessel trading inwards from Glasgow.
bat as a vessel tiadtng outwafds to India ; and
(2) That the vessel, using Liverpool on her
return voyage from India, was liable to rates as a
vessel trading inwards from India. (The Mersey
Docks and Harbour Board v. Henderson Brothers,
1 868. 13 App. Cas.)
Tralalgar. British ist class battleship. (Ports-
mouth, 1887.)
Length 345(1. Beam 73ft Maximum draught 30ft.
Displacemcat 1 1.940 tons. Complement 520.
Cuns. Armour.
4 — 13*5 in, '* Compound."
6— <5 in. 30 in. Belt amidships.
8 — 6 pdr. 18 in. Turrets.
IX — 3 pdr. 14 in. Conning tower.
6 Machine.
3 Boat guns.
Ttffpedo Tubes {14 in.).
3 Submerged.
3 Above water bow and stem.
Twia,9crew. Hp. natural 7,5009 1 5*6 kts., forced
13,000=17 lets. Cxxil m;iximum 1,200 tons.
Approximate cost /900.000.
ftftlalKar, Battle of. Sm Nelson, Horatio Lord.
Ibul'boardl. Ouc of the curved boards on each
aide ol the stem reaching to ttio figurvhcad.
Tlrftliung establishments, Naval. See Naval Estab-
lishments.
Training ship. A ship provided with instructors.
officcn, etc.. to train lads for the sea. The first
training ship. Warsprle, was placed on the Thames
in 1786 by the Marine Society (g.v.). which had
been founded in 1756 by one Jonas Hanway Iq.v.j
itxc the maintenance and instruction of boys for
the Navy. A movement inaugurated by the late
Eaxl of Shaftesbury, idoo-85. and Mr. W. Williams
waa the menus of inducing the Lords of the Ad-
miralty to grant permission for the CAitAeifer to
be used as a training ship for homeless bo}?. Since
that period several other shipM have Xnxn similarly
employed.
Itammel. A set net used by fishermen, with
stoue anchors at the ends to keep it extended.
Fish coming against it get cau^it by the gills.
Trvnontana. A general name for northerly
winds in Italy.
Tramontane. French torpedo-boat ([89B). Dis-
placement. 140 tons; complvmcnt, 54; maxinmm
draught. 7^ fl. : gum< : 3-pdr. : toriHxlo tul;i»i.
2 iS-in. : twin screw; Hp.. 3,aoo=*3r kts. ; coal,
15 tons.
Tramp. A slang expreiision for a cargo steamer
not engaged upon any regular niD, but taking
freights as they offer.
Trankey. A kind of hoAt used hi the Penlan
Gulf.
Tramatlantio. Lying or being bcyoud or on the
other side oi the Atlantic.
Tframatlnntimi OompaaiA, Cadiz. Sm Compania
TransatlanticfL, Cadiz.
Transatlantiqne. Compagnie O^aArale. Sea Com-
pagnic GOniraU- Transatlantiquc.
l^ansDiiL A beam bolted across the atem^pOKt
supporting the after end of a deck and giving
shape to the stem.
Tnuuom-kXie«. Curved timbera or piece* ol iron
which bind and connect the ship's quarters to the
transoms, being bolted to the latter and to the aft
timhrrs.
Transom-stera. Square stertL
Transport a ship. To move a vessel in horbour
by means of ropes.
Tnuuport-ibip. A private ship hired by Govom-
mcnt for canning troops, stores, and munition of
war.
Traosporti Maritimes i Tapeur, Sooi6U Oto^rale
d«. See Soci6t6 G^o^rale de Transports Maritimes
k Vapeur.
Tr&nsond. Riusian torpedo-boat (Putiloff,
1893} Length. 127 ft; beam, isi ft.; draught.
6|^ ft.; displacement. 9S tons; complement, ij ;
armament, 2 i-pdr., 2 tubes; Hp.. 1.250K31 kts.:
coal. 17 tons.
TiraT*. German subsidised merchant ship (i&a«}.
Norddeutschcr Lloyd {q,v.). Dimensions 537X48X
34 ft. ; gross tonnage, $,662 ; Hp., 6,200= 17 kt^.
Traveller. An iron thimble. ^
Traveller. Britiah special service vessel (700
tons). Launched 1SS3.
Travelling haokstay. A support to the top-mast.
Traverse. Denoting the different courses a
ship makes under the change of wind or tacking.
Travers»-board. -X thin circular piece of board
marked with all the points of the compass, ajid
having eight holes bored in each, and eight small
pegs banging from the cntrc of the board. It is
used to determine the different courses rtin \y^ a
ship during a watch by sticking one peg into the
point on which the .ship has run each half hour.
Traverse-sailing. Resolving a traverse ti mertiy
a general term for the determination of a single
course equivalent to a series of Huccessfnl courses
steered, whatever be the manner of fiadmg the
length of the lines forming the triangles.
Traverse-table. A table which givea the diOer-
ence of latitude and departure corresponding to a
Y
certain course and distance, and vice versa. It con-
tains the length of the two sides of a right angle
triangle, so for every quarter by a degree of angle
and for all lengtba of the hypotenuse from one to t oo.
TtawL a strong net for dragging the bottom
of fishing banks.
Trawl*boat. A boat used in fishing with trawl*
nets.
Tretd. The length of a ship's keel.
Treble-block. One fitted with three sheaves or
roves.
Ttm. a beam or bar in a ship as cross-tree,
trestlc-trtc.
TreenaiL Long cylindrical oak or hard wood
pins driven through the planks and timbers of a
vessel to connect her various parts.
Tribooart. French coast itei vice battleship.
(L'Oricnt, 1895).
Length 3g2(i. Beam 59ft. Maximuffl draught 24ft.
Displacement 6,535 tons. Complement 335.
Guns. A rmour.
2 — 13 in., 45 cal. " CrcoBot.*'
8 — 4 in. iS in. Belt amidships.
4 — 3 pdr. 14 in. Turrets.
10 Small. \2 in. Conning tower.
Torpedo Tvhts (i7'7 in.).
2 Above water.
Twin screw. Hp. 8.900= ]6'3 kts. Coal maxi-
nmm 337 tons. Approximate cost ^575,000.
Thmd. The lower end of the shank of an anchor
where it thickens towards the arms. It extends
upward.s from the throat, a distance equal to the
length of the arm.
TtMt. British 3rd class gun-boat (363 tons).
Launched 1877.
Trent. Ship. 5« Arctic Exploration.
Trent. British subsidised merchant ship (i89g).
Royal l^il Co. (^.t'.|. Dimensions, 410X 50X
33 ft. ; gross tonnage, $.$3$ i passenger accommo-
dation, 345 ; Hp.. 7.540= 17 kts.
Treat Sailiog Club. Established 1900. Commo-
dore, Lord Henry Bcntinck ; Vice-Commodore,
Frederick Piatt ; Rear ■Commodore. H. A. Sutlon ;
Honorary Secretary and Treasurer, C. W. Gowthoqie,
Ratclific-on -Trent. Notts. Entrance foe. £2 ts. ;
annual subscription ^i is.
beetle-trees. Strong bars of timber fixed on
each side of the lower masthead to support the
cross-trees.
Tronlfftn. Emigrant ship. Sunk o3 Cape
Agulhas. June 3. 18B8 ; all on board perished.
Trevoiohnr. Russian torpedo-boat destroyer.
(Abo, r<>05.1 Length, 196 ft.; beam, i8i ft ;
draught, iijt ft.; displacement. 240 tons; com-
plement, 60; armament, I 13-pdr,. $ 3-pdr..
3 tubes; Hp.. 6.000=37 kts. ; coal. 70 tons.
Triftl. Every Admiralty action {qjt.) a th
High Court is commenced by a writ of soaiaKtt
iasued out of the Central Office or a district cc^^iun
The writ, which is endorsed -with a stmtetncnt of bi
nature of the claim, is served either on the defaitdni
personally or on the solicitor who accepts so~noe «
his behalf. No writ can be servrd out of th- '•■'-
dicbon without an order from the Court 01 I
In actions in rem a warrant for arrest 01 '^
(f.f.) or property may be issued at the instance «/
the plaintiff or defendant, upon the filing of is
affidavit, stating the name and nature of the {n^
pcrty to be arrested. The deiendant, or b
solicitor, then puts in ball {f.v.>, or " entos n
appearance " [i^.. a submission to the jarisliciiM
of the Court) Iiy handing to the proper officer c
the Central Office or district registry a mnnon?-
dum stating either the naime of the defenhiiii
solicitor, or that the defendant intends to sppcc
and defend the action. In default of appearua
the Judge, if satisfied that the claim is well fouodid,
may pronounce for the claim axid order appruu-
ment {q.v.) and sale of the propcrt>-. Af«
appearance has been entered, the next step 8 tht
drafting and delivery of pleadings, usually vxCei
by counsel. In the statement of claim are sttot:
all the material facts upon which the plaintiff tan
his claim, tc^cthcr with the relief sought by fc*.
The defendant must, within to da\-5, ddiic 1
statement of defence, giving his own version of tta
storj- and dealing directly, by admission, dwualff
confession and avoidance, with all chaises hce^
against him. He may also set up a ocnnttf-^m
against tfie plaintiff, or pay money into Co*!,
with or without a denial of liability. \i tbc
plaintiff continues the action, and recoven a vsm
no greater than the amount paid into Cottrt. ihr
defendant will be entitled to the whole of bisons
but if tlie plaintifi fails to recover more than tk
amount paid in. the proper mode of excTcinBg t^
discretion ol the Court over the costs is to givr tfc
plaintiff his coats up to the payment in, and tfe
defendant his costs subsequent to that tine. Tfe
plaintiff then by hu reply joins issue wtth A»
defendant on his defence ; but where the defraa
includes a counter-claim, the rcplv iodtMks 1
defence to counterclaim. The hearing of the
of which 10 days' notice must be given to
defendant, takra place before a Judge aod
nautical assessors [q.v.). in order to dispeaee
scientific nautical evidence.
If the plaintifl docs not appear the deleaMbal
entitl'?d to judgment, and if he haa coonterclaiwi
may proceed to prove his claim.
In Admiralty actions the evidence is mt ooce
ceeded with, and no opening statements are Bad'
by tiic counsel, the pleadings supplying the
with all necessary information. Evidence is
viva voce or, by consent of the parties or ocdix of
Judge, by affidavit.
Witnesses arc summoned and docamoits jt^
TRIAL
643
TRIPOLI
duced by writ of subptrva ad testificandum and
dtuts Ucum.
Where wttnisases axe abroad and caanot easily be
brought home, evidence may be taJien on com-
mission, upon an application to the Judge, sup-
ported by an affidavit
After the evidence, the leading counsel (or the
plaintiff addresses the Court, and is followed by
the leading counsel for the defendant, after which
counsel for the plaintifi has a nght to reply.
Judgment is then given either absolutely, or
subject to a reference to the Registrar and Mer-
chants. {Sf€ Admiralty Registry.)
Judgment in rem may be enforced against the
r«s itself, or against the bail {g.v.) if any has been
given.
Judgment m personam is enforced in the same
way as in ordinary common law actions. Appeals.
the ooet of which, as a general rule, is borne by the
unsuccessful party, lie to the Court of Appeal, and
altimately to the House of Lords. Refer to Pre-
liminary Act. Expert Witness.
Trud-trip. An experimental trip made by a new
vessel to test her sca^going qualities, rate of apecd.
working of machinery, etc
TriatiO itoy. Rope secured to the foremast to
hix]k the stay tackle to.
TriA Zvifltelia. Russian battleship. (N'icolaieff,
1896.)
Length 3S7ft. Beam 72ft. Draught a7ft.
Displacement 13,318 tons. Complement $83.
Guns. ArrmiuT.
4 — 12 in. " Harvey steel."
4~ 7 in. 16 in. Belt amidships.
4 — 6 in. 16 in. Barbettes.
4 — 4 in. 16 in. Turrets.
Torf)fido Tubes.
2 Submerged.
4 Above water.
Hp. ]o.6oot? 18 kts. Coal 1. 000 tons.
^ Trtoe. To haul or lift by means of a lashing or
tine.
TridlV li&4> A small rope passing through a
block u-sed for hoisting up tackle.
Itick. The allotted time oi duty for the helms-
man.
IVicoIor. A flag or banner having three colours.
The present European tricolor ensigns arc Belgium,
France. Holland, Italy.
Trident. French torpedo-boat destroyer. (Nor-
inand, 1902.) Length, 180 ft. ; beam. 21 ft. :
maximum draught. 10 ft. ; displacement, joo tons ;
complement, 45 ; guns, 1 ^p<lr., 6 3-pdr. ; torpedo
tuties, 2 15-in. ; speed. 27-30 kts.
Tridant. A kind of sceptre or spear with three
barb-pomted prongs, with which Poseidon (Nep
tune), the god of the sea. is usually represented.
It is used as the symbol of maxitiiue power.
Trim. To adjust, by arranging the cargo, or
disposing the weight of persons so equal on each
side of the centre and at each end that she will set
well in the water and sail well.
Trim ol the ship. The set of a ship on the water.
having thi: right draught forward and aft.
Trim saib. Sails properly set and yards well
braced.
Trinacria. Glasgow steamer, belonging to the
Anchor Line. Wrecked ofi Cape Vitano. Spain,
February' 7, 1893 ; 31 lives lost.
ItiacbdtSo. French : urbrc 1e trinquet ; Arabian :
trinkeitte. The old foremast of Mediterranean
lateen -ripgi^d craft.
TriDComalee, Battlei oL Several actions were
fought here between the British, under Sir Edward
Hughes, and the French, under Admiral Suffren; in
all these engagements the French were defeated.
Trinidad Line (Trinidad Shipping and Trading
Co.), with three large and commodious steamships,
maintain a service every 10 days from New York
for Grenada and Trinidad, returning to New York
every 10 days from Trinidad and Grenada.
Fleet.
Grenada. Maraval. Maraatt.
Trinity House. An institution incorporated by
Henry VIII. and entrusted with the regulations ami
management of the lighthouses and buoys on tlie
shores and rivers of England. The corporation is
now empowered to appoint and license pilots for
the English coast. Set Nautical Assessors. Trinity
House Pilotage Districts.
Trinity Hoase Pilotage Districts, (i) The London
districts, consisting of the waters of the Thames
and Medway as high as London Bridge and Roches-
ter Bridge reapecti\-ely. and also the sea and chan-
nels leading thereto or therefrom, as far as Orford-
ncss to the north, and Dungcness to the south.
{2) The English Channel district, consisting of
the seas between Dungeness and the Isle of Wight.
{3) The Trinity House outport districts, com-
prising any pilotage district for the appointment
of pilots within which no particular provision is
made by any Act of Parliament or charter.
Trinket. The royal or topgallant sail ; the upper
sail in a ship.
Trip. A shOTt voyage. .\s applied when the
anch6r shank is re-sting and the Bukcs break from
the ground.
TripolL Italian torpedo gun-boat (1886).
Displacement 860 tons. Complement 105,
Guns. Armouf.
6—6 pdr. " SleeL"
i\ in. Deck.
Torpedo Tubes.
% Above water.
V 2
i
Three screws. Hp. natural i ,900= 1 7 T/tts., forced
3,600 Bi 30 lets. Coal maximum 130 tons.
Approximate cost ;^70,ooa
Tripping line. A. rope used ia liftioK a spar,
while disL-ne-.if^nR it from its luual attachments.
previous to lowering.
Trifivititelia. Russian battleship, Black Sea.
(Nicolaicfl. 1S93.)
Length 377fL Beam 72/1. Maximum drau^^t syft.
Displacement ,13,540 tons. Complement 731.
Gums. A rmvur.
^-la in. " Creusot special."
'■^-ein. " 1 6 in. Belt amidships.
4—47 in. 13 in. Bulkht-ads.
10 — 3 pdr. 16 in. Turrvta.
40^1 pdr. 12 in. Conning lower.
Tvrfjrth TuUs (18 in.).
2 Abovt! watbr bow and stern.
Twin screw. Hp. 10.600= id kts. Coal maxi-
mum r.ooo tons. Approximate cost £t, 200.000,
IkitoiL French sea-going submarine. (Cher-
bourg, 1900,) Length. li I ft. ; beam, I3 tt. ;
draught, (f ft. ; displacement, 106 tons above^
200 tons below ; torpedo tubes, 4 17'7-in. ; Up.,
350=13 kts. above, 8 kts. bvlow.
Triton. British surveying service vessel (410
tons). Launched i&6z.
Triton Line, Stoomvaart Haatscbappy Triton.
Thus company, Igundi'd and iiLa.ii^gi^J by Mcsbis.
W. M. Ruys and Sons, have a small flctt of lour
steaincp; running in conjunction with the Rotter-
dam-Lloyd (q.v.).
Flbei .
AmclaHU Jndiaan lluiand.
Texel.
Gic:.s tonnage. 8,500.
Ttillinpb. British ist class battleship. (Barrow,
1903.) Purchased from Chih.
Length 436ft. Beam 71ft. Maximum draught 34(t.
Diif]ilacL-m*'nt 1 1 .800 tons. C()mplcmcnt 700.
Armoxir.
" Knipp.'
7 in. Belt amidships.
10 in. Bdrbetlcs.
10 in. Conning towi ■.
Guns.
•r -to in., 4S cal.
14 — 7 5 in., jocal.
14 — 14 pdr.
2 — 13 pdr.
4 — 6 pdr.
4 M.'Lxiins.
Torpedo Tubes (i8 in.).
2 Sobmergetl,
Iwin screw. Hp. I4,ooo:=2o kts. Coal maxi-
mum 3.000 tons. Approximate cost ^949.900.
This ship-name is associated with the defeat ol
the Spanish Armada, 15BB: Blake's action with
Tromp oS Dover, 1652; battle o£E Dungcncss,
1652: battle ofl Portland, 1653; battle off the
North Foreland, 1653 ; battle of Schrveningen,
1653 : battle of Lowesto't. 1665 : Four Days'
Fight, 1666 battle of Sole Bay, [673 ; Com-
wallis'a retreat. 1795 ; Ca-mpcrdowB. 1797;*-*
action ofl Fcrrol. 1S05.
Trods. Norwegian torpedo -boat. •.». t^a
iSgo) Length. 128 ft.; beam. 15 ft;
7 ft. ; displacement, S4 tons ; arroanieat, 1 r^
q.f., 2 tubrn ; Hp., 1.100 = 23 kts.
lyomlW. Frencb[torpcdo-boat (I9o0.
mcnt, 185 tons : conipleiuent, 18 :
draught, g ft. ; guns, 2 J-ptlr. ; torpedo
3 15-I0. ; armour. " Steel/' ^ in. l>elt
twin screw ; Hp., r,2oo = a6 kts,
Tromblon. French torpedo-boat dertroya. 13
mand, 1902.) Length, i8o ft. ;
maximum draught, to ft. : displact<menl,'|
complement, 45 : guns, t 9-pdr , 6 3-pdr.-, I
tubes. 2 15-tn. ; speed, 27^-30 kts.
Tr0in9< Dutch battleship (1905)
Length 331 ft. Beam 4aft. Maximum dra«|>H:il
Displacement 5,300 tons. Complement 144.
Guns. A rmaur.
3 — 9*4 in., 40 cal. " Krupp. "
6 — 6 in. 6 in. Belt amidsh^
8 — 12 pdr. lo in. Barbettes.
4 — I pdr. lo in. Conning tow*
Torpedo Tubes (18 in),
z Submerged.
I Above water bow.
Twin screw. HiJ. 6,500= 16 ktSk.
Tromp The name of a Dutch lamilv. d «lk
two were famous Dutch admirals.
Martin HarperLEOon Tromp (i 597-1653). boa* i
Brielle, South Holland. Went to sea at 1
age. and when quite young was taken ]
and spent several years od board an Ea^ I
cruiser. Rcturumg to Holland in ]624, bcestn^d
the Navy, and 1 3 years Later was made a lie
admiral. In 1639, near Gravelines, ofl th» I
coast, he surprised a large Spanish Fleet, shkll
completely destroyed, and in the Icilomwf ]
defeated the combined fleets of Spain aix) '.
off the English coast. In the first Dntdi
with England he fought an action ofi the
against Blake and in tbiiK engagement ttfj '
1O52, in spite of the fact th.it his fleet was m
superior in number to that of the English, kcl
rather the worst of it, and drew ofl with t^l
of two ships. In Kovemt>cr of the same ym ^
lought a second action with Blake ofi Dm^o*
in which be was more successful. The Ei^fc
after severe losses, drew ofi in the darknev «■<
anchored off Dover, In February. 1653, bcn^
tained a running hght up Channel with the o*
hincd English Fleets under Blake. Ptoa, rf
Monck. He had the worBt of this encotflC
losing nine ships of war and 40 mrfrhaattiwn. *
June 3 of that year he met the Englafe B*"
under Dean in the Channel, and fought as »
dedsivc battle, but on the English betas na^"^
by Blake he was compelled to retire to TokI ^
the loss of 17 ships. On July 39, 1653, he was
shot through the heart by a musket ball dunng
an engagement with the English under Monck.
His body was taken to Detit. and buried with great
pomp and ceremony.
CxHuelius Tromp (1629-91]. his second son, was
bom at Rotterdam, and served against the English
in the Mt^diternmcan, 1652-53. when he was pro-
moted rcnr admiral. In the second Dutch war
with England. 1665. his squadron was defeated by
the English under tlic Duke of York. He dis-
played great bravery at Sole Bay and in the action
off the Dunes, but in consequence of complaints
ol his neghgence and disobedience made by De
Ruyter, under whose command he was serving, he
was deprived ol his command. He was, however,
reinstated, 1673, and distinguisliud himself in the
battles ofi Schooaeveld against tlie allied fleets of
England and France, June 7 and 14, 1673. In
167; he visited England, and was made a baronet
by Charles 11. In 1676 he was promoted lit-'uteoaat-
admiral, and died at Amsterdam, May ig. 1691 ,
and, like his father, was buried at Delft.
Ttoopihii). A ship for the conveyance of troops.
I^opio bild, sometimes called " boatswain bird,"
is a genus of tropical oceanic birds, closely allied
to the Solan-goose and cormorant. Their food
consist-) chicSy of fish and cuttles. The plumage
is shining white ; tlie head singularly marked with
black streaks.
Tropics. One of the two parallels ot terrestrial
latitude corresponding to the celestial tropics, being
At the same distance from the terrestrial equator
as the celestial tropics are from the celestial equator.
The one north of the equator is called the Tropic
ol Cancer : the one south, the Tropic of Capricorn.
Troabridge, Sir Thomas 11758-1S07). British
admiral (b. Lutuloii). Tuok part in the second
action off Cuddaiore, India, 1783 ; took part in
Hotbam's action off Hydres ; led the British Fleet
at Cape St. Vincent, and was with Nelson at the
attack upon Santa Cruz, where he greatly dJstin-
guLshed himself. At the battle of the Nile he was
prevented from taking part in the action owing to
tiis ship grounding as she was going into Aboukir
Bay. Was made a baronet in 1799, and in the
same year commanded the blockade squadron at
Alexandria; subsequently in the following year
succeeded Nelson in command o0 Malta. In 1804
he was promoted to flag rank, and three years
later, in command of tbe Blenheim (^.v.), was lost
with all bands.
Troode. French 3rd class cruiser. (Bordeaux,
iftSi.)
I^ength 311ft. Beam 3 1 It. Draught 14ft.
Displacement :.994 ^om. Complement 190.
Guns. Armour.
4 — 5'5 in, ■' Steel."
8 — -3 pdr. i^ in. Deck amidships.
4 Maxims.
Torpedo Tubes.
5 Above w.iter.
Hp, 6.000=30 kts. Coal 200 tons.
Trouich. The line of lowest barometer readings
during the passage of a cyclone, at right angles (q
its path. ,
Trongb ol the sea. The vortex between two
long waves.
Trow. A clinker-built, flat-bottom barge.
Anok. A small wooden disc at the ext^ecne
summit of the mast. It usually contaans tbepuUeys
fur the signal halliards. ,.
Truckle, See Coracle.
Ttue ooorsft of a ship. The compass course cor-
rcctc«J for deviation, leeway, and variation.
Tmfte. French submarine. (Toulon, 1903.)
Length. 77 ft. : beam. 7I ft. ; dratight, 8 ft. ; dis-
placement, 68 tons ; complement, 5 : Hp., daiik
8 kts.
Tnmdle-bead. The circular head ot a' capstan
into which the bars arc fixed for turning.
Tnus. The iron hoop, stirrup, and clasp by
which the middle of the lower yard is .secured to
the mast.
Tnus-hoop. A hoop round a mast cm- yard to
which an iron truss is fixed.
Trnxton. U.S. torpedo-boat destroyer (1000).
Displacement, 433 tons; guns, 2 14-pdr.. 5 6*pdr. ;
torpedo tubes, 3 iS-in. ; Hp., 8.300=30 kta.
Try. A term used when the ship's bow is kept
to the sea and she is prevented from rolling to
windward in the trough of the sea.
Tryoo. Sir George (1832-93). British admiral
(b. Bulwick Park. North Hants}. Entered the Na^-y
and served on board Lord Duodonald's flagabtp on
the North American Station. Served in the Cdr
mean war. and landtxl for service with the Naval
Brigade. From 1858-60 he was in the Royal
Yacht, which gave him his promotion to commaoder.
From 1861-64 he was conunaodcr of the first Bdtisb
sea-going ironclad, the Warrior. Scrvi^d ia the
Abyssinian expedition 1S67 as director of traos-
ports and store ships, tor which he was made C.B.
From 1878-61 he commanded the Monarch, one of
the Mediterranean Fleet, aitd two years later
became Secretary of ttie Admiralty, and on his pro-
motion in 1684 to the rank of rear-admiral was
appointed Commaader-in-Chief on the Austmtiatt
Station. In June, 18S7, he was made K.C.B. In
1889 he was promoted vice-admiral, and given
command of the Mediterranean Fleet. On June 22,
1893. the Fleet being then ofl Tripoli in twp
columns. Tryon made a signal to invert the course,
the ships turning inwai'ds in succession. By a
fatal error, which has never been explained, in
giving this order he ignorud the fact ttiat tlie two
columns were so close to each other that the two
Uading ships were certain to collide. The Camper-
down in thp mantEuxTe fatally rammed the flagship
Vicioria and cut her open, and she iiank within a
few minutes, carrying down with tier Admiral
Tryon and many of his oflicers and men. Stt
Fitzgerald's " Sir George Tryon." iSq;-.
IVy-Mfl. A redaced sail used in foul weather.
Try-aafl-mftst A spar abaft each mast for
hoisting the try-sail.
M. Distinguishing letters on sea (iiihing boats
registered at Terschclling. Tfotland.
Tuhame. Japanese torpedo-boat. (Kure. 1903.I
Length. 147 It. ; beam. 16 ft. ; draught, 8 ft. ;
dbplacement. 150 tons; complement, a6; arma-
ment, I 6-pdr., 3 3-pdr.. 3 tabes ; twin screw ; Hp.,
4,700-27 Jets.; coal. 30 tons.
TMsnrevitch. Rusiiian ist class battleship. (La
Seyne. 1901.) Torpedoed by the Japanese. Feb-
roary 8, 1904, in Port Arthur harbour, eiscaped at
the battle of Round Island. August 10, 1004. arid
was interned at Khia Chau until cm) of Russo-
Japanese war.
L«D£th 401ft. Beam 75ft, Maximum draught 38ft.
Displacement 13,380 tons.
Gmhs. Armour.
4 — 12 in., 40cal. '* Krupp."
10 in. Belt aniid<0up3.
1 1 in. Turrets.
10 in. Conning tower.
1 3 — 6 in.
20 — 13 pdr.
3 — 9 pdr.
20 — 3 pdr.
6 — : pdr.
Torpedo Tubts (18 in.).
1 Submerged.
2 Above water bow and stern.
Twin screw. Hp. 16.300-18 kts. Coal maxi-
mum i,3t;o tons.
Tklmenit, Andrmi (b. Vostozxo. Greece, in 1877).
Won a scholarship tenable for six years, and came
to England to study naval architecture. After a
year and a half at Knutsford Grammar School
learning the language, he entered Durham Colli-ge
of Science (now Armstrong College), and after a
course of 4^ years graduated as BSc. in naval
architecture, and during the summer vacation
entered as an apprentice the firm of Messrs. R. and
W. Hawthorn, LcsUc and Co. to gain practical
experience. In 1903 he entered the warship-build-
ing department of Messrs. Sir W. G. Armstrong.
Whitworth and Co., Elswick. Member of the
North-East Coast Institution of Engineers and
Shipbuilders.
Tknbame. Japanese torpedo-boat. (Kure, 1903. 1
Length, 147 ft. : beam, 16 ft. ; draught. 8 ft. : dis-
placement, 150 tons; complement. 36; arma-
ment. I 6-pdr.. 3 3-pdr., 3 tubes ; twin screw ;
Hp., 4.300*37 kts, ; coal, 30 tons.
Tragtro. Formerly PaltoiU {q.v.). Japanese
cruiser. {St. Petersburg, 1899.I
Length 413ft. Beam 55fL Draught 3ift.
Displacement 6,600 tons. Complement 43a.
Guns. Armour.
6 — 6 in. " Steel."
30 — 13 pdr. 2\ in. Deck.
&— I pdr.
Torpedo Tubes.
4 Above water.
Twin screw. Hp 11,600=20 kts. Coal
mum t ,400 tons.
Tiokaba. Jupant-se armoured cruiser.
1905.)
Displacement 16.000 tons.
Gums. Armour.
4 — 13 in. " Krupp."
8 — 8 in. 7 in. Bdt amidships.
14 — 47 in. 7 in. Big gun sliierUU,
Torpedo Tubes.
4 Submerged,
t Above water.
Hp. about 26,Doo>a32 kts.
TsDkiubi. Japanese cruiser. (Elsvirick. 1893.)
U-ngih. 110 ft.: beam. 33 ft.; draught. 1$ ft.
displac<:ment, 1,350 tons: complement, 190; arttia-
ment. 2 loin., 4 47-in.. 2 tin.. 4 Maxims : 3 tubes .
Hp., 3,887b]6 kts. ; coal, 350 tons.
Tinsohlma. Japanese cruiser (1902).
I-eogUi j34ft. B«am44lt. Maximum draught 1
Displacement 3.420 tons. Complement 320.
GuH-t. A rmour.
6 — 6 in. " SteeL"
10 — 13 pdr. 3i in. Deck.
4—2} pdr. 4 in. Conning towet.
Twin screw, Hp. 9,500*30 kts. Coal maxl
mum 600 tons.
J
■*
rrn-
Aokio
I untfl ,
1 ct^M
Tnuhlnu (Battle), Set Japan. Battle of Sea oL
Tsutsnmi. Seiiii (b. Tokio. July. i874l- Gndakl
Tokio l-'nivL-rsity, July. 1S87. and received
di'ga'c of M.E.. and was then appointed Goirtni-
ment ship surveyor, and lecturer to the Tokio
Imperial University, which position he hvtd until
1900, when he came to Europe on a two
visit, most of tlir time iNnng spent in Glasgow.
1902, returning to Jnpan. he was appointed
•surveyor of the Kobe Marine Bureau, and
February. 1904, was appointed to the mercantile
department, Japanese Imperial Na\'y, to superin-
tend the transport vessels at Hjina.
T.T. Distingiiislung letters on sea fishing boatf
registered at Tarbert. Lochfyne. Scotland.
Took. The after part of a ship iminedl«tdT
tmdcr the stern.
Tug. A lug-boat f?.v.),
Tng and Tow. Ordinary towage has been
as " the employment of one vessel to expedite tlw
voyage of another, when nothing more is reqturcil
than the accelerating her progress." In a towage con-
tract the law implies that each v»rs-scl will pertarw
her duty, and that the tug is cfiicient for the scttiCc
ndefialS
A tug. enjjagcd for a fixed sum to tow a. vessel from
one place to onoUict, undcrtakc-s to use her best
endeavoars. but docs not warrant to tow the ship
to her dt^lmation undcrr all ctrcunutaoces ; aod
should the completion of the performance become
impossible owiog to causes beyond the control of
Cither party, the tug is rntitled to no remuneratioa.
But a tug engaged to attempt to tow is entitled to
adequate remuneration for any si^rvicvs rendered.
Generally the pilot or master nf the tow controls the
tug's movemenls, so that the tow tt liable (or
damage caused by hr:v, the vessels being so far
identified one with another that a collision between
the tug and a third vessel due to the former's negli-
gence has been held to come under an in.suiance
policy indemnifying the owner of the tow against
collisions ; but he can recover against the tug what
he has paid for her negligence. The tug is hable
for damage caused to the low by unskilful oianagc-
ment. and cannot claim salvage reward for towing
her out of a position of danger in which she has
placed her tow. but services by a tug of such a
chaxacter, and rendered under such circumstances,
as to take them out of tbe towage contract arc re-
warded a» salvage ^rvices. The contract of
towage may be released by concealment of a
material fact or by an Act of God {,q.v.]. but not by
unforcriccn diffuinlCics.
Toc-boat. A strongly-built steamboat used for
tugging or towing sailing or other vessels.
Tak«, Henry Scott (b. York. June 12, 1858).
Studied at the Sladc School. University College.
London, and under J. P. Laurens in Pans. More
interested in ships, the sea, and sailors than in
aoj'thmg else, attributable to tlic fact that his early
hfc was spent in Falmouth m its palmy sliipping
days. He has painted many pictures of seafaring
life, such as " All hands to the pump " [18S9),
"August Blue " (1894), purchased by tlie Chantry
Trustees, now in Uie Tate Gallery ; " Sailors
playing Cards." bought by the Bavarian Govern-
ment in 189J : "The Run Home ' (R.A.. 1903);
" Sailors Yarning " (R.A., J906) ; besides numerous
smaller sador iiubjects and groups ol Hbipping.
Uved for a couple of years on an old French
bhgantlne, fitted up as a studio, in Falmouth
Ifarbour.
Tula. This vessel, a brig of 148 tons, sailed from
London in July, 18.J0. under command ol Mr. John
Biscoe, R.N.. on a scaling voyage, with special in-
stmctions to endeavour to make discoveries m high
southern LatttudeM. In Febniar^*. iStt, land was
discovered. longitude 47^ 20' E.. latitude 65" 57* S..
and later in the same yearin67'' I'S., and 71" W.
longitude : to which he gave the name of Adelaide
Imland.
Tula fOff. The term used in Califoruia to denote
fogs over marshes and swamps, or the fogs of the
lowlands and the valley.^.
Tomblac. A fitting to prevent tbe jaws of tbe
gafi Jrom chahng the mast.
TambUng home. A name applied to the sides of
a vessel whfn they fall inward from the extreme
breadth.
Tnono. Italian torpedo-toat destroyer. (Naples,
igoj.) Length. 3o8 ft; beam, 19 ft.; draught.
6^ ft. ; displacement, 330 tons \ complement, 55 ;
armament, 1 ii-pdr., 5 6-pdr., a tubes; twin screw;
Hp., 6.000=30 kts. : coal, 60 tons.
Tnpy. BraBilian torpedo gun-boat. (Kiel. 1896.]
Length 259ft. Beam 30ft. Maximum draught 10ft.
DiKplaccment 1,030 tons. Complement no.
Ouns. Armour.
2—47 in. "Steel."
6 — 6 pdr. I in. Deck.
4 — 1 pdr. I in. Coonbig tower.
4 in. Gun shieldi.
Torpedo Tubes (14 in.).
3 .\bovc water.
Twin screw. Hp. natural 4,000 = 20 kts.. forced
7.000=23 kts. Coal normal 100 tons.
Turbine. Italian torpedo-boat destroyer. (Naples
1901.) Displacement, 330 tons : maximum draught,
8 (t ; armament, 5 6-pdr. ; tubes. 2 18-in. ; Hp.,
6.000= 30 kts. ; coal. 80 tons.
Tnrbinet Ihe. As is now generally well known.
it is 22 years since the first Parsons' ste.am turbine
engine was built, and applied to the driving of a
dynamo. This engine of 10 lip. was designed
for a working speed ol 18.000 revolutions per
minute, and after running some years, doing useful
work, it was handed over to the South Kensington
Museum.
For the first six years turbines for the geaeraboa
of electrical current up to sizes of 120 Hp. were
made, ag(^-gating to about 4,000 Hp., all being of
the parallel ttow type and non-condensing.
It was in 1892 that the steam turbine was first
adapted to work in conjunction with a condenser.
This engine waa capable of developing 200 Hp..
with a consumption ol steam of 27 lbs. prr kilowatt
hour. From that to the prcsenc date very rapid
strides have been made in sizes, and in increased
economy in steam consumption.
In 1893, a turbine of nx) kilowatu gave a con-
sumption of 37 Ilw. per kilowatt, wiiilst later, in tha
larger sires, say. 3.000 kUowatts. a steam con-
sumption of under 15 lbs. per kilowatt hour waa
obtained.
In addition to generating electrical current for
the transmi-ssion of power, tbe working of electrical
railways and tramways, turbine engines have been
used for pumping, coaling, driving fans for pro-
ducing forced draught, and ventilating purposes.
They liave also been extensively used (or driving
blowers for supplying air under pressure for blast
furnaces and other purposes.
TURBINE
648
TURBIN
Tfie total "Hp. of tarbines of the Panons' type
delivered and on order for laiid purposes ooly,
including tbc work of licensees, is well over 2,000,000
Hp.
Tlie irira of propelling a veSAcl by means oi a
steam turbine was Arst put into practical form in
1694. The Tufbinia was the first vessel to be
fitted with turbine engines- Between the years
1894 and (896, many [experiments were made
with this vessel, and with the eDgines finally
adopted results wore obtained which gave very
great promise for the future ol the turbme for
marine propulsion-
Following the Turbinia. Ihe torpedo-boat de-
stroyer! Viper and Cobra were built and fitted with
turbine machinery ior the Royul Havy and
achieved remarlfahlc speeds ; but, unfortunately,
both tlicsc vessels were lost before it was possible
to obtain comparisons, in service, with other de-
stroycis, and this somewhat adversely affected the
progress of the turbine engine gcneraily.
Following the Viper and Colra, the destroyers
Vetox and Eden were butll for the British Ad-
miralty also. These two vessels were fitted with
additional engines ior obtaining economical resolts
when cruising at low speeds.
H.M.S. third-class cruiser Amethvst wa.s the next
step in the application of the turbine of war-
vessela, and the results of the trials of this vessel,
as compared with sister ships ordered at the same
time and of tltc same dimensions and tines, but
fitted ^sith n-ciprocaiiog engines, demonstrated the
economy of the steam turbine as fitted to this
class of vessel , more e«pecially at the higher powers,
and no doubt was the ruHng factor in the next step
takwi by the British Admiralty in deciding to have
H,M. bBttlcship Dreadnought fitted with turbine
engines.
Tlie Dreadnought went through her trials ver>'
successfully, and established, it is believed, almost
a record, luivirg carried out the whole of the
trials specified within a week without the slightest
trouble with the machinery, one or tw-o of the
long trial? being carried out in rather bad weather.
In the Dreadncught. as in the destroyer Edm
and the cruiser Amethyst, various connections were
made to the turbines for utilising the auxiliary-
cxitaust steam, and it 13 rather an interesting fact
th^t this vessel could be propelled at a speed of
about four or five knots by the use of the auxiliary
exhaust only, thereby not taking any live sttam
to drive the vessel. This would appear to bu a
very economical arrangement in the case of fog
or other catiscs. when the vessel is required to
steam at a few knots ^eed only.
The marine turbine was first adopted for oom-
mrrcial puq>osi\s in the Clyde steamer Kin^ Ed-
uarfi. in the summer of iqoi. An order forn second
vcesel, the Qufen Alexandra, was placed the year
following, and the pcrfonnanccs of these two
ve>tiel8 runniug on the Firth of Clyde demonstrated
the commercial advantages accruing from tbe
tion of the turbine system.
CM her vessels quickly followed the Kin^ tiwtH
anil Queen Alfxandra. unul. at Ihe present ticx
tlie total loDoage of turbine vessels oo service itr
commercial puqiosrs is about 1 la.ooo gran, will
about 250,000 Hp.
The following tabic will, perhaps, best repcoot
the various steps in the adoptioa ol the tartue
engine for commcrrial purposes :
NuDe of
Veud.
King Bdtrard'Turhtat SieamcrB.
I Ud.
T>i4Qt4ctH ...|S.B. Bl Chatham
Virginian &McK&n J. A A
Vietoruitt Allao.
Carrmtniu ....CuBird Sicanublp
Co.. Ltd. I I
Lu»itanui A Caaard SieamsfaipI^BS 08 GOi AtxwrTVLOOl}
Maur«Ujnui\ Co., Ltd. wJOOi
L. B. V,
tSO XJ I7t
310 40 25
930 60 «l
Too- 1 prei. ,,
Big* I Hi '^
678 72 J2 \t9M4 21.Wm
The development ol the marine twrbine has akra
place almost entirely in Great Britain, althoofti 1
few uar-vcssels have beea built in France ud
GwTnany.
In France a mail and passenf^r boat is bnof
built ior the Marseilles and Algiers service of Ik
Compsgnie Gioirate Traruattantique. Slie u j;;Sli
by ^3 ft., and i^ designed for a service speeded
20 kts.
In the United States the tirst turbine i-^wl
builtby Messrs, \V. and A. Fletcher Co.. 01 Hobobe
has completed her trials with SAtisfactory rw«lH
and is doing good work in service. This wssd ■
390 ft. by 51 ft., and ha& a speed of over tS kts.
In regard to the arrangement cif turlnnts. t!lii
partly depends on the conrlitioo of «aTvice. and tie
various classes of vessels require, more or ks, »
be taken upon their own merits. The aiiaugeat
which has been almost universally «<lopted m A»
mcrcantilr marine is that of di^ndtng ihe jw«
equally over three shafts — namely, a high paam
on the centre shaft, exhausting into two to*-
pressure turbmes, one on each side of the *e^
In the case of a thrpc-shaft irrangemo! tf
machinery, the high-pressure turbine is made siz-
able for an expansion ratio of about five, UJ lk
low-pressure tor i$.
The turbmes are of the parallel flow type ik
g;:ucral course of the steam tbruugb then bail
pajullel to the axis.
Each turbine consists of a number of rii^i
blades or vanes mounted on a drum or
This rotor is enclosed within a cylindrKal
upon which rings of blades are also nunl. T^
rings of blades are alternately fixed and 1
that is to say. the bladcn in the cylnnlv
sUtionaiy or guide blade:!, whilst the hloda i
on the drum are moving blades. The danitfW«
the drum is less than the cylindrica) cfst.
TURBINE
649
TURBINE
thus an annolus is leH between the tyro, which is
occupied by the blades referred to. Steam issuing
from the boilers flows through the first row of
dxetl or guide blades on the cylinder ; it then, in
jets of moderate velocity, imptoges on the moving
blades, and imparts to them a rotary* motion, this
proce^ being repeated on each successive rmg of
fixed ;Lnd moving blades throughout the turbine.
As the steam passes from ring to ring it falls in
pressure and increases in volume, and to meet
this expansion the blades are increased in height
by steps. The areas of the steam passage through
the l>ladc& thus gradually increase from one end
of the turbioe to the other to correspond to the
expansion in \'olume of the steam for the range of
.pnssorea from beginning to the end ot the turbine.
The turbine shaft is coupled to the propeller
shafting, and the thrust of the propeller la steam-
borne by the following arrangement : Forward of
the steam inlet a dummy piston is ttxed of reduced
diameter to that of the main drum. A large
number of small groovL-s are turned in this dummy
piston, into wtuch fit corresponding fixed brass
rings, which arc bedded mto the dummy casing,
foiming steam balBes. The steam prc&ses aft on
the blades and on the annular part of the drum
forming the step between the drum aod the dummy
piston, and the sum of thcsr pressures balances the
thrust of the pru[>eller. To meet any unbalanced
thrust, such as is set up when steam is turned on
or ofi suddenly, and to maintain the true longi-
, tudioal aiignmeal ot the rotors, a small thrust
block is provided at the for«'ard end of bearing.
MTirre thr turbine shaft passes through the casing,
steam -packed glands are fitted. These glands con-
Aist of a number of rtugs or strips arranged in
series, and designcil to obtain a gradual rise or
fall in pressure from the inner or steam end to the
outer or atnuisphenc end of the gland. Valves are
fitted to the<ie glands to regulate the pressures and
to ensure against leakage of air inwards.
Ail the main bearings are under oil pressure,
and the oil is discliarged from the pump at a pres-
sure of from 8 lbs, to 10 lbs., or at such a pressure
as to ensure the eflicient lubrication of all bearings.
In the exhaust casing of each of the low-pressure
turbines a revcTsiag turbine is fitted.
By mea.ns of suitable valves, when manceuvring,
the low-pressure and astern on each side of the
. vcBsal are capable of being worked ahead or astern,
as required, independeoUy of the high-pressure
turbine (the high-pressure turbine under such con-
ditions running idly m a vacuurol. By this
arrangement lUc vt-sicl has all tlie nmnoiuvring
qualities ot a twin-S(;rvw vc^t^el.
In torpedo-boats a similar arrangpuiont is
adopted as in the Turbtnia — namely, three in
sertes, with one astern on the centre &liaft only.
This arrangfmcnt permits of a rcducA:il weight
being obtainefl, as compared wth the high -pressure
and two low-pressure in parallel, for <.-qual efficiency.
In very large powers it is desirable to di^ids
the power over four shafts, thereby increasipg the
revulubons and reducing the size of ttie unite.
The four-shaft arrangement lends itsoU well to
large war-vessels, as two complete sets of engines
are obtained — namely, one high-pressure and one
low-pressure, with condensing plant in each cogiae-
room.
A two-shaft arrangement was adopted in the
yacht Narcissus, which gave very good results ;
but for powers over 2.500 to j.ooo a two-shaft
arrangement entails additional weight.
One of the chief difficulties which had to be con-
tended with in applying the stcara turbine to the
propulsion of ships arose in connection with the
propellers. It is desirable, for obvious reasons,
that a turbine for a given cfiiciency sliould be
deagned to run at as high a rate of revolutions as
possible, consistent with propeller cfficienc>'. The
speed of turbmes for land purposes is considerably
higher than is permissible for martuc purposes,
where tlie speed of rolatiou is limited by con-
siderations of propeller efficiency. The question of
design of propeller and turbine dimensions requires
to be considered independently, and also to arrive
at the best compromise to meet the cooUitions
required — that is, as to weight, space, efficiency,
and conditions of service— with a view to in-
creasing the revototions, the diameters of the pro-
pellers and pitch ratios aie less than is usual in
the case of ordinary reciprocating engines, the
smaller diameter of propeller necessitating higher
ratios of blade surface to disc area than hitherto
attempted Mnth ordinary propellers.
In some of the earlier vessels multiple pro-
pellers were tried, but subsequent cx]ierimcuLs
showt^d that single propellers on each shaft were
preferable. The loss of efficiency which lias been
observed in some of the vessels fitted with multiple
propellers appears to have been due portly to
interference from the forward screws and partly
to cavitation.
Although more Ught might yet be thrown on
the question of high-speed propeller elficiency, a
considerable amount of experience has now been
obtained with turbine-driven propellers, wltich
enables a close ratimate to be made as to the
efficiency which might be expected in a given
design where reliable data as to honic-powcr ticcoi-
sary for the proposal in question can be obtained.
On account of the greater range of expansion
dealt with in the turbino as compared with a
reciprocating engine, a good vacuum is much more
CK!itcnti.d in the former than lu the Utter ; and
because of the importance of a high vjicuum with
the steam turbine, careful consideration requires
to be given to the condensing plant.
With a view to maintaining a high vacuum, a
new apftaratas lias been introduced to assist the
ordinary air^-pump and condenser, known a« the
" vacuum augmcnter. ' The augmenter consists
TURBINE
650
TURBIN!
of a small steam jet placed id a contracted portion
of a pipe led from the bottom of the comlenswr.
The jet draws air from ihc condenser, and delivers
it to the air-pump through a small auxihary
cooler. By this means the air is reduced to a
neglipblc quantity.
The vacuum augrnenter has now been fitted in
several vessels with very good results.
Another point which has often t>ccn referred to
in connection wiih turbine machinery is the ques-
tion ol boiler pressure. The effect of difference of
boiler pressure between 150 lbs. to 200 lbs. is rela-
tively asnaller with turbini.-s than with reciprocating
€ti{[ines. and it is ver^' questionable, in the majority
of cues, whether the »a\ing in coal iyy the adoption
of high boiler pressure would justify the increaae.
More especially is this the case in moderate speed
vesKls.
In moderate speed vessels, to obtain reasonable
propetlur efficiency, a certain diameter of propeller
is neccssarj', and the revolutions to correspond arc
moderately low. It is necessary to obtain a certain
surface speed of turbine, as well as a certain number
of rcm'K of turbine blades, to obtain ri.-asoaablL-
economy. The diameter of the turbme, therefore,
becomes greater in proportion to the power, and
the blade heights m the annulus between the drum
and the casing are relatively shorter : this gives a
relatively greater clearance lo«.
The clearance area is practically constant for a
given diameter, so that witli higher pressures and
denser steam the loss through clearance space will
be greater.
Another point which has been greatly dL-ecussed
in connection with turbine machinery is the qncstion
of the method of measuring the Hp. developed by
the turbine engines. As is now more or tes.s
generally known, it is not possible to indicate the
power of the turbine as in the ordinarj' method o(
the indicator diagram of reciprocating engines, and
in the absence of any such method, it is found most
convenient to take the estimated indicated Hp. as
the equivalent indicated Hp. which would be
required with reciprocating engines for the parttcu-
lar daSB of vessel propoaed.
The Denny-Johnson electric torsion meter, intro-
duced by Messrs. W. Denny and Bros., for obtain-
ing the power transmitted by the shaft, has now
been used in sc\-cral vrs.scls, and appears to give
verj' reliable results. Where facilities are at hand
for obtaining the eflectivc Hp. by means of tank
experiments, the shaft Hp.. together with the
effective Hp. . forms a very good basis for estimating
prc^ller efhciency.
In Germany, a mechanical torsion meter has been
adopted in the cases of the German turbine
steamers. This torsion meter is known as the
" Fottinger meter."
Recently. Messrs. Be\is and Gibson, of Messrs,
Cammell, Laird, and Co., have demised another
method fpT measuring the shaft Hp. This meter .s
kno*Ti as the "flash-light torsion meter."
apparatus consists of two metal discs rigidly
secured to the shaft at a convenient distance apart,
both discs having a 5miall radial slot near the peri-
phery accurately adjusted, ^tith a portable light
behind one di»c. and the light •thowK through both
discs when the finder 13 at rcro. When, however,
power is being transmitted by the shaft, one disr
lags behind the other, and no flash is seen until the
finder is moved a distance equal to the relative
displacement of the discs, this distance, measured
in degrees, being the amount of (orque of the shaft
on a length equal to the distance between the discs.
The question ol the suitability of turbines (or
ordinary cargo tramps has often twen asked, asd
it may be desirable to say a word or two tn r^ird
to this.
Iliere Is, at the present time, a lowtr Uinit of
speed of vessel below which the advantages o( the
turbine gradually disappear, and this speed would
apiK-ar to be. generally speaking, about 15 kts.,
with a corrvsponding Hp. of about 1,600.
.^s already mentioned, for the lower powers and
speeds, the size q( the turbine becomes greater in
proportion to the power, the efficiency being some-
what impaired Uierrby : moreover. Uic weight and
cost is very greatly increased as compared with
turbine machinery* of similar powers for higher
speeds of vessel. Therefore, a complete initalli-
tion of turbines for cargo steamers appears to he out
of the question at prtscnt. It seems, bowrvei,
certain that a combination of reciprocating engine
and turbine will be generally adopted lor vessels of
the tramp class in the future.
Tt is possible to make a tnrbine deal economi-
cally with very low-pressnrc steam, sjid yet with a
turbine of moderate cost and slow revolutions.
To make the matter clear, it may be explained
that, in the average ordinary reciprocating tramp
engine, the steam is usually expanded down lo
at)out 7 lbs. pressure absolute, and that it is ibcn
released into the condenser, nearly the whole of Ihf
energy between 7 IIm. down to, say, i lb., or 36 is.
of vacuum being lost. Now. what the turbtnacaa
do is to save about 70% of this wasted power, and
apply it to help to drive the vessel, Thr additloosl
economy to be gained by the use of this low-preanut
turbme has been calculated to be between 15%
and 30% , which could be cither utilisod la
obtaining additional power for the aame oosi
consumption or a saving in coal couaumptioa
and reduced size ot engines and botlerv lor the sasat
total power. The roam feature in this case is the
additional economy to be gained by utilising tbe
cxiiaust &team from the reciprocating engine, mi
this combined sj'stem could be adopted ui tbt
higher class of freight carriers, that u to say, for
vessels up to the speeds at which an aU-tarbt«
arrangement would not be considered desinble.
The following table shows the indicated Hp t*
marine turbines fitted to the various claawsol vesKls
TURBINE
Pteasurn steamera
Cross-channel 3teamen
Yachts
Ocean -going steamers .
War-vessels
651
TURRET
I.Hp.
18.300
149,900
iS.ioo
191.000
121.900
Total about . . 500.00a
Torbine Steamers, Ltd., witli the taead oflice in
I Glasf;ow. mainuiin daily sailings (Sundays ex-
cepted) during the season to Ardnshaig, Inveraray.
Locliranza, Canipbcltown. Macbhhanish. They
own two last ami luxurious steamers buUt on the
latest models for the service in which they are
engaged.
FUSBT.
Kint! Edward. Queen Alexandra.
Tarbiaia. A ve^cl bunt in 1897, of 44^ tons
displacement, fitted with Parsons' steam turbines,
adapted to use steam with a pressure of 300 lbs.
per square inch. In her trials on the measured
mile in 1B98 she reached a speed of 32I kts. in
this vessel three steam turbines were used on three
separata shaits, each of which carried three small
screw propellers At lull speed the shafts made
about 2.200 rc\'olution$ per minute, and developed
atwut 2.J100 Hp., with a consumption of steam no
greater than would have been necessary to drive
a triple expansion engine of the uHual ty[»: under
like conditions. The Turhinia was 100 (t. long
and 9 It. broad, and had a draught of 3 ft.
Tdtco. French torpedo-boat (1893). Displace-
ment. 130 tons; complement. 26; maximum
draught, ai IL ; guns. 2 i-pdr. ; torpedo tut)e5,
3 15-in. ; twin scniw ; Hp., 1.400=25 kts. ; coal.
16 tons.
Turk's bead. An omammtji] knot, deriving its
name from lh(_' supposed rpsembLince to a turt>an.
It is principally used on side ropes.
Tom. To pass a rope routid a cleat pin to keep
it fast.
TarnbtiU, Martin and Co^ with their head office in
London, and branch ofhces in Glasgow, Ounedin
and Bnsbane, have a fleet of seven modern cargo
steamers, trading as tlir Shire Line, ant) Elderalie
Steamship Co.. Ltd., and engaged in passenger and
cargo service to the Colonies. The vessels are large,
the later ones having accommodation for as many
as z6o passengurs.
Fleet,
A yrskire Fifesk ire.
Banffshire. Morayshire.
Buteihire. Nairnshire.
Pertkshirt.
Gross tonnage, 41.270.
Tomer, Robert John. F.R.C.I., 7.P. (b. Midlothian.
18O4]. Educated privately in Scotland, In iSS9
came to London, and two years later, in conjunction
with Mr. P, G. Weddel. founded the firm of Weddel,
Turner and Co., shipowners and colonial merchants
of which firm he is now the sole partner. The 6rm
own and manage the Lion Line {(f.v.), and were
the pioneers of the extensive trade tn hardwood
from Australia and Tasmania, which is used exten-
sively for railway sleej>ers both in India and South
.\fnca. He took a prominent part in the agitation
against the exorbitant charges of the Suez Canal
Co.. which resulted in the dues being reduced.
He was the first Consul created in I^ndon for the
nrw republic of Panama. Is a Fellow of the
Royal Colonial Institute : a member or the Baltic,
and the London and Australian Chambers of Com*
mcrcc. Is the author of many shipping articles
and short stones.
TamiBC in a dead dye. To fit the end of a thread
or stay securely round it.
Turning to windwtrd. Gaimng on the wind by
frequrntly tacking.
TurquoiM. French sra-going .submarine. (Ton-
Ion, 190J.I Length, 147 ft. ; beam, 13 ft. ; maxi-
mum draught. 12 ft. : displacement, 309 tons
above. 442 tons below; complement. 33 ; torpedo
tubes. 6 177 in. ; Hp.. 600=12 kts. above, 8 kts.
below.
Turret, which since 1890 has been generally super-
seded by the barbette, was an armoured tower
capable of being revolved, containing gims whicli
projected through ports in the armour. The first
ship fitted with a turret was the American Federal
vessel SJimitor, 1862. The first turret ship in the
British Navy was the Royal Sovereign, built of
wood and launched in 1857 ; reconstructed under
the superintendence of Captain Cowper Coles in
1864. Refer to Reed, Sir Edward James.
Tomt ship. An ironclad ship-of-war having
its armament placed in a turret, which is capable of
revolution, so as to bring the embrasure opposite
to the gun, which is trained in any direction, and
temporarily unmasked when being fired.
Turret iteamer. The secret of the turret steamer
is .•itrcntftti witliaut unnecessary weight ; nr to be
more literal, lightness combined with Btreogtb.
Every ton of steel that can be kept out of a ship,
compatible with strength, adds a ton to her carrying
capacity, and is worth roughly £6 a ton to the owner,
consequently the main object in the design of the
turret is to build a ship at once strong and light.
This object is partly achieved by the large amount of
flanging which has been adopted in the construction
of these vessels. This is to be seen in the whole of
the sheer strake and stringer plates, and has been
resorted to even in the deck and frames ot the
cellular bottom work, and with great success in the
joggled plating of the hull, which dispenses with a
very large amount of unless but weighty " packing."
The turret gives longitudinal strength to the hull,
and leaves the hold clear. So great has this strength
proved to be, that the latest development of the
TUXEN
652
TYPHOON
tVTTet *yp* '* a " beamlrts " steamer, in which, by
Jthc spbstitution oJ deep for ordinary frames, all
iatcmal supports, beams and girders arc dispensed
with, and a perfectly dear btdd obtatnth]. By this
[nt?thcKl of con-ictructioo it is claimed that 58 cubic ft.
per ton dead weight tinder hatches is secured in the
turret steamer as compared with about 52 to
54 cubic ft. per ton in tile ordinary type. Thus,
briefly stated, lightness and strength in conntruction
constitutes the prime advantage of the turret, for
being lighter, she carries more on a given displace-
ment ; this. loRether with a lower register toooage,
pui3 her in a i>OMtion to earn more freight and save
expense : -full cargoes of grain con be loaded in
bulk from America and elsewhere, thus saving cost
and loss of time in using bags ; considerable saving
in canal dues, owing to their low tonnage, on which
canal dues are chargeable.
Tht; machinery can be placed right aft. and the
.quantity of wattrr ballast in the general trader,
with 54 ft. stowage to the ton. under hatches,
a^iount to one-third of the dead-weight capacity,
and the light load line secured will enable the
veccsel to take even North Atlantic passages in
ballast ^hithout hesitation.
Tnxeo, Job&n Fndrik Hc^er (b. Denmark,
Apnl s. i868). Str\'ed his apprenticeship at
fKahskov, and, having passed the necessary ex-
ammations, went to sea to gain exjicrience as a
marine tT.Rinoff. In 18R9 he entered the Poly-
technic School at Copenhagen, and passed the final
ixamtnation with the degree of mechanical en-
gineer. In KJ04. having served his time in the
DanLsh Navy as engineer, he came to England, and
gaiiim) experience with several well-known en-
gineering firms on the Clyde and in London. In
\Z<)6 he entered Durcau Veritas service at New-
castle on -T>mc, and in July. 1901, was appcnnted
engineer-surveyor to this society at Copenhagen.
Trody. Russian torpedo-boat destroyer. (Abo,
1905.) Length, 106 ft- ; beam. 18^ ft. ; draught.
* ft( ft. : diitplaccment, 340 tons ; complement. 60 ;
*»nnament. r lapdr., 5 3-pdr., 3 tubes . Hp..
'S,ooo=s27 kts. ; coal, 70 tons.
TWMd. British 3rd class gim-boat (36 j too*)*
^Launched 1S77.
TvricA laid. A rope that has been made from
old rcpt unlaid and rctiA'istcd.
V TwiddlingMinw. An old term for a piece of
(••kuiH rof>e omamentnily fitted, used for steadying
^n stct-nng-wheel. but now no longer in u»e.
'' Twig. To pull upon a bowline.
Twilight. That duration of light which is
apparent in the absence o( the sud. It is caused
by the column ol atmosphere which surrounds the
earth receiving the rays of light oI the sun. and
from which that light is traAsmil led to those parts
of the surface oi the globe oppossitc the sun at its
nsmg and setting.
Tvria-boat. A boat or deck supported by two
parallel floating bodies, which are placed at some
distance apart.
Twine. A strtmg thread consisting o( two or
tliree smaller strands twisted together. It ia med
for sail-making and nets.
Two blocks. See Chock-a-block.
Two-decker. Formerly the name for a. veaael 1
war carrying guns on two decks.
T.X. Distinguishing letters on sea fishing boats
registered at Texel. Holland.
Tytt. A runner used for hoisting topsail an
topgallant yards.
Tymbira. Brasilian 3rd cla.w cruiser. (Kiel,~
1896.)
Length 349ft. Beam jift. Draught lo^ft.
Displacement 1,014 tons. Complement no.
Guns. Armour,
a^3*9 in. " Steel."
6 — 2'2 in. i in. Deck amidshipa.
3 — 1*4 in. 4^ in. Gun shields.
Totpfdo Tubes.
3 Above water.
Hp. 7.oooai3 kts. Coal Jsotooa.
Tymoom. A Chinese river craft.
Tyne. HriH«h troopship (3.500 tons). Lan
1878.
Tyne-Teea Steam Shipping Co., Ltd., with the
head orfices at Newcaslle-on-Tync. maintain a ser*
vice of passenger and cargo steamers from New
cas11e-onT>-ne to Antwerp. Hamburg. Rotterdam,
and Ghent, and from I^ndoo to Newcastle-on-Tynr.
Stockton, Middlesbrough. Hartlepool, am) Scar-
borough. Stcameni leave Newcastlc-on-Tyne every
Wednesday and Saturday (or London, and from
London for Newcastle every Wednesday and Satur-
day. A steamer leaves Newcastle for Antwerp evrr>-
Saturday ; one every Saturday for Hamburg .
every Tuesday for RotleTdam and Ghent.
Fleet.
Claudia. Nrw Opotto.
Dione. Royal Dane,
Crenadtcr. Sir Wm, SUffkfmMom,\
John .iimiton. Tynrtidgr.
Junn. Warkwortk,
Typhon. French torpedo-boat (1901). Di^pb
mcnt, 1S5 tons : compleoaeat. iS ; majdmu
draught, 9 [L ; guns. 3 3-pdr. ; torpedo tubes,
3 t5-in. : annour, "Steel," 4 in. belt amidahipi,
twin screw ; Hp,. 1,300*^36 kts. ; coal, 2$ tons.
Typkoon. (Chinese: Tai-fang= great wind.) A
type of storm prevalent on the coast of Teft'
kin, China, and the South-East Coast of Japsa.
Typhoons commoiily occur in July. August, ami
September, and are frequently accompanieid by a
high wave, which, advancing inland, causes j
destruction to life and property.
u
653
UNION
*
(U). Unwatched light. Abbreviation adopted
on the charts issued by the Hydrographic Olhce,
Admiralty.
TTJ). Distinguishing letters on sea fishing boats
registered at Utingeradcel. Holland.
UjL Japaoe^ gun-boat. (Kure. 1903.) Length,
160 ft. ; beam. 28 it. ; draught, 10 ft, ; displace-
ment. 620 tons ; armament, 4 12-pdr. 3 Maxims ;
Hp., lo.oooss 13 lets. : coaJ. 100 tons.
U^ Distinguishing letters on sea fishing boats
registcrc-d at Uik, Holland.
UJE. Abbreviation for United Kingdom.
Ukraina. Rusnan torpedo-lxrat destroyer. (Yar*
row. 1006,} Displacement, 508 tons ; draught.
8 ft. : complement, 75 ; armament, 2 la-pdr.,
5 6-pdr., 3 tubes ; Hp.. 5,2oos2fi Irts.
UX. Distinguishing letters on sea filing boats
registered at Ullapool, Scotland.
Ullage. The quantity which a cask wants of
being full ; the wantage of a cask t>t liquor.
Ulster Marine Insnranoe Co., Ltd. Registered
1867. with an authorised and subscribed capital o(
^100.000 in 50,000 shares of £2 each. Paid-up
capital, ^ij;,ooo; reserve fund, ^16.500; average
dividends declared, 10%.
The directors of the company arc : The Right
Hon. Sit Daniel Dixon. Bart, (chairman) ; >Ienry
Boyd. Edwin Hughes, W. IL H. Lyons, }.
Milne Barber. Manager and undcrwritcnt, Sin-
clair and Boyd. Offices : 93 St. Ann's Street.
Belfast.
Ulster Yacht Clab. RoyaL Sm Royal IHster
Yacht Uub.
UK. Ultimo Oast month).
Umbria. Small Italian cruiser. (Orlnndn, 1891.)
Lengtti :263ft. Beam 39tt. Maximum draught t^ft.
Displacement 2,280 tons. Complement 246.
Guns.
3—6 in.
8— 4'7 in.
8 — 1 pdr.
''*^'S — 6 pdf.
A rmour.
" Steel."
I in. Deck.
Torpedo Tubes.
3 Above water.
Twin screw. Hp. 7,500-^ i8'5 kts. Coal maxi-
mum 500 tons. Apprnjomatc cost 4200.000.
Umbria. British subsidised merchant ship (1884).
Cunard Line (?.v.). (Livcrjjool, New York.) Dimen-
sions, 501 X57X38 ft ; gro«« tonnage, 8,125 '> Hp.,
14.500= iR kts.
Under fooi. Under ship's bottom. Applied to
an anchor which is dropped while the vessel still
has headway.
Under saiL When tht^ ship is tree from her
moorings and pro|H-'Uerl b\' the action of thr wind
on her saita.
Under steam. PtopeUed by steactf only.
Under way. Having motion.
Underwriter. In marine insuranco the part/
who undertakes to indemni/y thi; assured or insurer
IS called the underwriter, and, as a rule, transacts
his business at Lloyd's. In the olBces of marine
insurance companies the officer accepting business
is called the underwriter.
Undine. German armoured cruiser, (Kiel. (902.)
Length 528ft. Beam 40ft. Maximum draught t7ft.
Displacement 2,715 tons. Complement 259.
Guns. A tmour.
10 — 4"! in. " Krupp."
10 — t pdr. 2 in. Deck.
4 Machine. 4 in. Conning tower.
Torpedo Tiihrs.
2 Submrrged.
Twn screw. Hp. 8,000= zi kts. Coal maxi-
mum 700 tons.
Uneven keel. See Ke^.
Unicom. Britishdrin'Ship(r,447 tons). Launched
1624-
Union CasUe Line. Early in tc)oo the two well-
known steamsliip companii-s, the Union Steamship
Co., Ltd., and the Castle Mail Packets Co., Ltd..
were formally amalgamated undct the title of the
Union Castas Mail Steamship Cxi.. Ltd.. the joint
concern being managed by Messrs. Donald. Currie
and Co., who were the managers of the Castlo
Line.
The Union Steamship Co. came into existence
in 1853 as the Union Steam Collier Co. It com-
menced business with a capital of £60.000 and a
ficct of five small steamers. Thoy began ranoing
a line between Southampton, Constajitinople. and
Smyrna, and a service lictwcen Southampton and
Brazil with cargo, which was not an unqualified
success. In 185S a Government contract was
obtained extending for a period of five years, with
an annual subsidy of ^^30.000, for a montlily service
to tbc Cape of Good Huiw. and the first boat, the
Danr, to Ipave Southampton with the mails was
on September 15 ol that year. After the first
contract had expired it was renewed for a period
of tive years, and a further seven years in 18155.
In October, 1876. a new mail contract with the
Cape of Good Hope Government was entered into
for a fortnightly service between Flymouth and
Table Bay, and in this contract it was ^lipulattd
that the time occupied on tlie voyage must not
exceed 26 days. In 1888 new contracts with the
C!!olonial Covrrnments were made, and tho com-
pany subsbtuted Southampton (or Plymuutb as
the outward mail port, and in the following ycnr
as tht homeward mail port. In iSSo the famous
Seol was built, and six years later Ml-s/it*. Harland
iind Wolfl. her builders, successfully accomj^hcd
thr task of lengthening her by 54 ft, and adding
1,000 tons to her tonnage. Between 1895 and
' lor C^ of Good HflfM Mii ]
•C Mwfaira. TiK yf»
ICwrtlliirt C*(ti« we pncbeaBy iteta lUrs. «ritb
of 19^973 tons aad 13.500 Hpt..
^ «« dMiitfffat Md noat poOTVfol
yloyad ta IIh Sovtk Alrtcu trade. Each
I far afaovt ^ao fine daa. 225 1
■ad sSo eUrd cJa« piMnnym. The inter'
tfc dspstclMd every
from LowSon, nWag at Soothunpcoo ior Caps
Cohmy. Naul. Md Detain Bay. taking rafayri
at lower rates than the mail •tcunthtpa. Tbcae
It Mill proceed alt^rnatdy ma Las Palmaa. Grand
Canary, and Tcnecifle, and call oocc a month
Bttder contract with Hi* Majesty's Govcmment at
Aacfiwaop and Si. Hdraa. The new tntennadiate
itcamihipa Doatr Ctik, Durham Castlt. and Duku
CsMtt*. practically alster ifaips. are cmstnictcd <A
steel throughout, and built \o tlic requunnents
of the Board of Trade. They arc 4^ (t. long, and
kfiord comfort and luxury to paAaen^ers who have
more time at their ditpoMl They carry only first
And third class paMengeni, and have accommoda-
tioa for 330 first clam and about ajo third.
Occasionally a Hteamrr u rtiapalchcd carrying
povengers at low rates to the South Alrican porta,
I^faito Bay. and Mauritius.
Pliet.
Alnmck Castlf.
ArmadaU CaatU,
A 'OS Castle.
Avondale Castle.
Befwick Caille.
Brasmar CaxtU.
Briion.
CarUbroch CastU.
Cawdor CastU.
CluHv CastU.
C'*mne CastU.
Corfe Cattte.
Dovtr Caitts.
Dunlutt Castie.
DuHottar CaUie.
Dunvf^an Casiie,
Durham Castlt.
Oaika.
Cnta the yvM 1606 tfe
lac of Eoclaad oooMtoi o< & rad
Ae SC Gcergp'B Cnm, opaa ]
of the Patnio Saint otf g<»j[p**J H «
■■ed in the British Navy, ben^ tbe te^
tef of ■■ adniraL
The E^Aroo Sunt of Sccytland m Sc
the nalioiinl fiag of Scotlaad is x^ ^ A^mmt
Cnm, a white craas on a btne gmmai.
The kincdocoa of Eoglaad and
Jamca L in 1603. and thne |^
Inlv. by a Rcya] procUmatiaa dated Apd a.
ltio6. the two national flags of *'«*f«iH ij Scat-
IbmI wen bknded f or msc ax sea. tbos aataMt ^
fast Union Jack.
Sir N. H. Nkholaa says tlwat this Aag ww ^
bably tlie same as that which bec&me tbr tw^
fiag of Gfcat Britain by a Royal pm^^a^
iasned July sS. 1707. npoa tfa« faal ^^ d
p»*ji««wi and Scotland in that year oadM Qmt
Anne.
Thi& union flag continaed to be the naba^
flag (or nearly two centuries. On Janaary i. ii«
Ireland wa.4 united to Great Britjun. and tnm tbc
date the Cnicm Jack in its present form hm/^
the national flag of Great Britain and ttt^L
The first day of the twentieth century was ttei-
fore the centenary of the union fla^
The addition which was ma«Ie to tha iag n
represent Ireland is what is poimlaxly laniiwwi tt
be the St. Patrick's Cross — a r«d cmas in the tan
of an X joined to the white crosa of St. Andie*
ThiK is, however, a misconcrptioa. St. F^tiKk
had no croes. The X-sbapcd croas is said to ta
taken from the arms of the Pitxgerald iurilr.
wliich arc a red saltire on a white field.
In ft correctly designed Union Jack the le>gtl
or, as it is technically called, the " Hy." of the SiC
should be double the height or " hchst." The St
George's Cjoss. including the white border on boA
sides, is one-third of the total hoist. The ted o^
is three-fifths, and each border one-fifth of t^
UNION
655
UNITED
whole width of th« cross. The diagonals of the
whole area of the ensign constitute the centre lines
of the saJtirc formed by the St. Andrew's Cross
and the Fitzgerald saltiie.
The upper margin of this combined saltire runs
in two upper quarters, from the angle of the border
of the St. George's Cross parallel uith the centre
line, to the top of the flag, and this line continued
in the lower quarters constitutes the upper margin
of the combined saltire in these qaartcrs. Similarly
the lower margin, in the two lower quarters, runs
from the angle of the border of St. George's Cross
to the bottom of tbc flag, and continued in the
two upper •quarters, constitutes the lower margin
in those quarters. Half of the width of the com-
bined sadtire is taken up by the white of the St.
Andrew's Cross, The other hall is made up of
the red Fitigerald saltire and the narrow white
edging, which should not exceed in uridth one-
quarter of this half at the outside. Reftr to
Ensign, Union Jack.
Union XftOk. The Union Jack pure and simple
is used in the Royal Navy, and is flown on a staff,
called in consequence the " jacltstafl," in the bows
of men-of-war in harbour, and at the masthead at
>ea, as the distinctive flag of an Admiral of the
Fleet whenever he is afloat. In the mcrctiant
service the Union J.-ick has a broad white border.
Refer to Union Flag, Ensign.
Union Marine Inimnoe Co.. Ltd. Registered
February, 1863, with an authorised capital, issued,
of ^2,000,000 (called up ,£200.000). in 100.000
shares of ^30 each, £2 paid. The capital has been
altered on one or two occasions, and finally, in
1893. when the lotcmational Marine Insurance Co.
was abeorbed. it was &xed at £1,500,000 — riff.,
75,000 shares of £30 each, of which 65,400, or
^1.508,000. were is.^ucd, with £2 los, called up,
making a called-up capital of £163,500. The divi
dend, which was 5% m 1864, is now 17}%, while
a reserve fund of £400,000 has been built up.
The directors of the company are : Sir T. B.
Royden, Bart, (chairman), J. Thombum idoputy-
chairman], R. G, Allan. John S. Allen, J. H.
Beazley Harold Cunningham Charles W. Jones,
HeJenus K. Robertson. Henry Stokes. J. N. Stol
terfoht. H. C. Woodward. Underwriter, William
Gow ; secretary, J. Sandeman AUeo.
Head office : 1 1 Dale Street. Liverpool. London
office, 3 Royal Exchange Buildings, E.C. Man-
Chester oJBcc, 47 Spring Gardens. Glasgow ofTice :
23 Royal Exchange Square. NVw York Office,
79-85 Wall Street
Union Bteamsb^ Co. ol Britiih CktlambiA, with
their head otiiccs in Vancouver. British Columbia,
have a fleet of five steamers, which m;iintain ser-
vices between Vaocouver and the terminus of the
Canadian Pacific Railway, and Port Simpson, the
terminus of tfie Grand Trunk Pacific Railway. A
steamer leave* Vancouver three times a month for
Port Simpson, and one every Monday. Wednesday,
Friday, and Saturday from Vancouver for Van
Anda, Shoal Bay, Port Harvey, and Rock Bay.
Fleet.
Camosun. Cassiar. Coman.
Capiiano. Coquitam.
Union Steanubip Ca ol Htw Zealand. Ltd., with
ttioir head olhces at Ounedin, have a fleet of
56 first-class steamers ranging up to 4,500 tons.
The vessels of the company are fitted with the
latest modem improvements for the conveyance
of passengers and cargo, and maintain at scheduled
times services from Auckland. New Plymouth.
NcLson. Piclon, Napier, Wellington, Lyttelton, and
Dunedin to all ports of New Zealand. Tasmania,
Australia, and the South Sea Islands,
Union Tioht Clab. EsUblished 1886. Commo-
dore, Dr. G. Lott ; Vice -Com mod ore, Emll Rank;
Treasurer. Dr. E. Weinlich ; Honorary Secretary,
Dr. R. Faber. 5 Esslinggnwse, Vienna. Annual
suliscription, jo kronen.
Unison Steamshipping Co. See Gordon Steam-
shipping Co.
United Fmit Co.'b Steamship Linei, with the
head olBces at Boston. Mass., have a fleet of six
steamers, which maintain a service between Boston
and Kingston (Jamaica). Philadelphia and Kingston
(Jamaica), and Baltimore and Kingston (Jamaica).
The service from Boston is a weekly one. steamers
sailing every Wednesday ; from Philadelphia a
weekly one. sailing every Thursday ; from Balti-
more a weekly one. saUmg every Wednesday.
Flebt.
Admiral Dewey. Admirat SchUy.
Admiral Farragut. Barnstable.
Admiral Samf>soH. Brookline.
United Sttrrioe Clob. Established in 1815.
Membership, 3.000. Entrance feu, 40 and 20
guineas; annual subscription. 8 and to guineas.
Address : 116 and 117 Pall Mall, London, S.W.
United States. This schooner, under the com-
mand of Ur. Hayes, sailed from Boston, July to,
18&0, for Smith Sound, his object being to follow
up the Uae of research planned by Dr. Kane. He
wintered in 78° 17' N., and is said to have croaMcl
Smitli Sound with dog sledges, but his observa-
tions are not to be depended on.
United Steamship Co. (Det Forenede Dampskibo-
Selskab). with their head offices at Copenhagen,
have a large fleet of modem steamers maintaining
regular services to all tbc principal ports of Europe
and America. Services are maintained by this
company from Copenhagen to New York, caUing
at Christiania ; from Copenhagen to Bordeaux and
La Kochelle : from Copenhagen to Oporto and
JjLsbon : from C<^uhagcn to London, Hull, New-
castle, Antwerp. Liban. Riga. Windau, Konigs-
berg, Stettm, and Gothenburg : a service from
Copenhagen to Lcith and tbc Faroe Islands; a
(Knre. 1902.)
-ht. 8 ft.:
:i'i : anna-
Lwin screw ;
^;_ (Kure. 190a.)
draught. 8 ft. :
«*-i.ont, 26; arma-
^^^?^*i ; twin Screw ;
^k^^a. fishinf; boats
sea fishing boats
*g to lower, to dip
loe in use among
Wrecked on the
J «auary 26 1906 ;
" — B. Prince (b. Beni-
'■^^r-vd the Navj*. 1875 ;
^*i.ant. rSSo ;' cora-
; rear-admiral. 1905.
■^^-ireece, Iceland and
^^^TnrnaQdecl the foHow-
^^^aniih Navy : Hval-
«. 887 ; Sotovtn (q.v ).
"^^an, torpedo tnining-
t^ -boat, 1892 : Esbem
¥;-3hip, 1894: Esbern
^^S)4 ; Eibttn. Faiasier,
-^Xginecrs. 1896; Hekla
*^»^>fi {q.v.). cruiser to
^ 899-1900; Odin iq-v.),
— ■> , artillery and torpedo
^^9nd {q.v.). battleship,
-vc3»e], Dutch Indian
crly belonged to Lord
tlie coast of Africa,
cruiser {1888). Eecon-
IWaxunum dmngbt i8ft.
~* . Complement 300.
AtmoHi.
' Steel."
-5 in. Deck.
in. Eofiine hatches.
Torpedo Tubfs,
5 Above water.
2 Bow.
2 Broadside.
I Aft
Twin acrew. Hp. forced 5.3oo«i7'5 kla. Coal
maximum 496 tons.
Talkriien. NorwTglan torpedo gun-boat (1896).
Displacement yyo tons. Complement 59.
Guns.
2 — 10 pdr.
3—1 pdr.
Torfitdo Tubes.
2 (18 in.).
Hp. 3,300^23
lets. Coal maxi-
Twin screw,
mum 90 tons.
Valmj. French coast service battleship. (St.
Nazaire, 1892.)
Length 28411. Beam 57ft. Maximum draught 24ft.
Displacement 6,487 tons. Complement 334.
Guns. Armour.
a — 1 3"4 in., 40 cal. " Creusot."
4— 4 in.
6—3 pdr.
8- I pdr.
1 8 in. Belt amidships.
IS in. Turrets.
1 2 in. Conning tower.
Torf>edo Tub«s (177 in.).
2 Above water.
Twin screw. Hp. 8,400917 kts. Coal maxi-
mum 337 ton.s. .approximate cost j£5$o,ooo.
Valuation ClaoM. 5m Constructive Total Loss ;
also Clauses.
Tallied poUor. -^e* Policy.
TalOM made Kood. See General Average.
TancoQTer. QeorRO (1 758-98)- English navigator.
Accompanied Cook in his second voyage {1770-74).
and third voyage (1776-79) of discovery. After
several years on the Jamaica station, he was
appointed in command of an expedition to the
north coa.<t ot America to explore the coast Irom
30* N. Lat. round to Cook's Inlet, with a view
of discovering an eastward passage to the great
lakes. Accompanied by Lieutenant Browden, he
left Falmouth in 1791, and reached Australia,
where he made a very careful sorvcy of the south-
west coast, particularly King George's Sound.
After a visit to New Zealand he proceeded in a north-
easterly direction, discovered the little island of
Opero, Bud reached Taluti, December 30. After a
short stay in the Sandwich Islands he sailed once
more, and on April 18. 1792. be sighted the west
coast of North America, in 39* 27' N. Lat. Cruising
abont (or two years with his headquarters at the
Sandwich Inlands, he made various discoveries, one
of which was that Cook's Inlc^-t was not a river as had
been prc\'iously supposed. After visiting Nootka
he set out homewards in the middle of October.
[794. He visited the Cokus Island, and made a
careful examination of Galapagos Island, and
reached Hngland by way of Cape Horn. September.
VANG
658
VEERINi
1795. A narrative of the voyage, which he com-
menced, was eventually finished by his brothBr. and
published in 1798 with a folio volume of very fine
maps and plates. He died in May. 1798.
VftOff. A rape from the end of the gafl to the
rail.
Vanffuard- £}ouble-scrow ironclad. On Septem-
ber I, 1875, this vessel was in collision with the
Xton Duke during a log, ofi tht' coast of Wicklow,
and foundered.
Van Speyk. Netherlands crniscr. (Amsterdam,
1881.} length. 302 ft. : L>eam, 41 it. ; draught,
23 Jt. ; displacement, 3,669 tons; complement,
sBo ; armament, 6 6-in., a 47-io. 3 3*9-in., 6 3-pdr.,
Hp.. 2,900 M 14 kts. ; cool. 360 tons.
Vapoar tension. Ste niastic Force of Vapour,
Varew. Italian armoured cruiser. ILeghom,
Lcnffth 344fL Beam ^gft. Maximum drauf^ht 35ft.
Displacement 7,400 tons. Complement 517.
Guns. Arm-mr.
I — 10 In., 45 cal. " Tcmi."
2 — 8 in. 6 in. Belt amidships.
14 — 6 in. 6 in. Barbettes.
10 — 12 pdr. 6 in. Conning tower.
6 — 3 pdr.
3—1 pdr,
Torfudo Tubes (18 in.),
4 Above water.
Twin screw, Hp.. 13,500x^20 kts. Coal maxi-
mum 1,300 tons. Approximate cost ^600.000.
Targ. Norwegian torpcdo>boat. (Christiania,
1894.) Length, 111 ft.; beam, 12 ft.; displace-
ment, 43 tons ; armament. 2 tubes.
TariatioD of the Compan. The anglo between
the True North and the Magnetic North. This
difiereooc at error arises from the magnetic poles
not coinciding with the terrestrial ones, and i.<i due
entirely to the influence of the earth on magnetic
needles, which varies in most parts of the world.
Vara. Variation, .'^bbre^^ation adopted on the
charts i&sued by the ilydrograpbic Office. Admi-
ralty.
Varaa. This ve<«sel was lost in the ice pack in
the Kara Sea ; the crew were saved by the steamer
Dymphna {q.v.).
Tarjag. S94 Soya. Protected cruiser. On Feb-
ruary 9, 1904. this vessel was blown up by the
Russians in Chemulpho Harbour, to prevent her
fatting into the hands of the Japanese. Since
raised, rentted, and added to the efiective list of the
Japanese Navy.
Vaia. Swedish coast service battleship. (Berg-
sund. IQ03.)
Jx-n|;th 387ft. Beam 4Qft. Maximum draught i6tt.
Uisplacement 3.650 tons. Complement 350.
<hms.
2 — 8"3 in.
6 — 6 in.
lo— 3pdr.
3 — I pdr.
Amtotir.
" Krupp."
7 in. Belt amidahipe.
7 in. Turret*.
B in. Conning tower.
Torptdo Tubes (18 in.).
3 Submerged.
Twin screw. Hp. 6.500=17 kts. Coal norn
36a tons.
Vasoo da Oama. Portuguese armoured ship^
(Blackwall, 1^75-) KcconH true ted 1903.
Length 330ft. Beam 40ft. Maximum draught 20ft
Dtsptacement 3,500 tons. Complement 242.
Guns. Armour.
3—8 In. " Compoond."
I— 6 in. 9 in- Belt.
1—12 pdr. 8 in. Barbettes 1
6—3 pdr.
Torpedo Tubes,
2 Submerged.
Twin gcrew. Coal 300 tons.
Taioo Vnnes de Balboa. Spanish gnn-l
no fighting v,-ihic.
TaDban. French armoured cruiser. (Cbcrboott.
t889.)
Lengtl) J67ft. Beam 57ft. Draught 34I1.
Displacement 6.100 tons. Complement 44<x
Gum J. A rmour.
4 — g'4 in. " Compound."
I — 7'6 in. 9 in. Belt amidshipe.
6 — 5*5 in. a in. Big gun shieldi.
Torpedo Tubes.
3 Above water.
Hp, 8,500=18 kts. Coal 5;o tons,
Vaatoar. French torpedo gnn-boat. (To
1888.)
Ivcngth 2 1 6ft. Beam a9ft. Draught t $ |tt.
Displacement 1 ,366 tons. Complement 1 34.
Guns. Armour.
5 — 3*9 in. " Steel."
t — a'5 in. 1^ In. Deck amidahipa. ;
6 Maxims.
Totftdo Tuba.
5 Above water.
Hp. J,400=si7 kts. Coal 150 tons.
T.D. Distinguishing letters on sea fishing botd
registered at Vollendam, Holtand.
y-Depreuion. A low-pressure area butweii
two contiguous areas of higb'prcasnie;
V.B. Distinguishing letters on sea fishing boats
registered at Vecre, Holland.
Tear. To let out or pay not cables, hawsen or
rope.
Teer and haol. To slacken and haul altematrly.
Veering-wind. A wmd which changes hi th*
same direction as ihc apparent coune ol the sea.
i.»., from £. by S. to W., etc.
VEER
659
VERGNIAUD
Tmt roand. To turn or alter the course of a
ship by turning her head away from the wind. The
wind is said to veer when it shiits with the sun.
Tetnte-y-Cinoo de BC&70. Argentine armoured
cruiser. (EUwick, 1890.)
Length 325ft Beam 43ft. Draught 16ft.
Displacement 330 tons. Complement 185.
I Guns. Amww.
' 2— Sain. "Steel."
8 — 4'7 in, 4j in. Deck amidships.
' 12 — 3 pdr. 4^ in. Gun shivld-s.
^ Torpedo Tubes.
' 6 .^bove water.
, Hp. 13.800=33) kts. Coal6ootons.
elooft. French torpedo-boat (1S90). Displace-
ment, 133 tons; complement, 27: maximum
draught 5 ft. ; guns. 3 3-pdr. : torpedo tubes.
3 i5-in. ; Hp.. 1.750 = 34 kts. ; coal, 30 tons.
Velooen. An Italian coaster.
Teloce Steamthip Oo. (Lft). Se* Navigazione
Ccnerair- Italmna.
Teloeity of wind. The rate at which the wind
travels in miles per hotir.
Talox. British torpedo-boat destroyer. (Par-
son.s, 1903.) Length, ato ft. : bram, 2) ft. ;
draught. Si ft.; displacement. 440 tons; complc-
fnent. 63 ; armament, i i3-pdr., 5 6-pdr., 2 tubes ;
twin Krew ; Hp., 8.000^37 kts. ; coal, 90 tons.
TendavalM. South-we^t winds in the Straits of
Gibraltar, very troublesome to naNngatJon ; the
term is also used for westerly winds in New Granada.
Tenetftbl^. Bntisb ist class battleship. (Chat-
bam, Iff 99.)
J^/cagth 430ft. Beam 75ft. Maximum draught 29fL
Displacement 15,000 tons. Complement 750.
v^ Guns. Atmour.
^^p4 — 13 in., 40cal. " Knipp."
^^Bta— 6 in. 9 in. Belt amidshipa.
^^Bl6— 13 pdr. 13 in. Barbettes.
^^^ 6 — 3 pdr. 13 in. Conning tower.
^^^ 3 Maxims.
Torpedo Tubts (iS in.).
4 Submerged.
Twin screw. Hp. 15,000=18 kts. CoaJ maxi-
mtim 3, too tons. Apprcndmate cost ^i. 000.000.
> This ship-name is a.<isociated with Camperdown,
t^97 : Copenhagen, t8oi ; Saumarex's action. 1801.
Venetian Steam Navigation Co., with their head
offices in Venice, have a tli-ct of large modern cargo
tteamers, which maintain a monthly mail, pas-
enger. and cargo service between Venice and
Icutta. and also a service in conjunction with
r Adriatic. Mediterrauean, and Sicilian railway
xnnpanies. A vessel leaves Venice once a month,
Kniching at Ancona. Bari. Brindisi, and Catania.
lirect for Port Said. Suez, Aden, Bombay, Colombo.
Aadras, and Calcutta.
TengeftilOB. British ist class battleship. (X'ickcrs.
1 899-)
Length 418ft Beam 74it. Maximum draught 36ft.
Displacement 12,950 tons. Complement 750.
Guns. A rmmtr.
4 — 12 in., 35 cal. " Harvcy-nickel."
13 — 6 in. 6 in. Belt amidships,
fo — 12 pdr. 13 in. Barbettes.
6 — 3 pdr. 13 in. Conning tower.
3 Maxims.
Torpedo Tttbes [18 in.).
4 Submerged.
Twin screw. Hp. 13,500= 18*35 kts. Coal maxi-
mum 2,300 tons. Approximate cost ^900,000.
This ship-name is associated with Hawkc at
Quiberon Bay, 1759: capture of French Entre-
prenant, 1761; Keppcl's action off Brest, 1778;
RocJnej''s action against De Ouichen, 1780 ; cap-
ture of Martimque, 1794 ; capture of the French
Vengeance, 1800 ; Sebastopol, 1844.
Teatu. British 2Dd class cruiser. (Fairfield,
1895.)
I.«ngth 364ft. Beam 54ft. Maximam draught 33ft.
Displacement 5,600 tons. Complement 430.
Guns. Armottr.
II— ^in. "Harvey."
8 — 13 pdr. 3} iu. Deck.
I — 13 pdr., 8 cwt. 6 io. Coniiing tower.
7—3 pdr.
3 Maxims,
Torpedo Tubes (tS in.).
2 Submerged.
I Above water stem.
Twin screw. Hp. natural S.ooo= iS's kta., forced
9,600= ig"5 kts. Cool maximum 1 ,076 tons.
This ship-name is associated with Hawke at
Quiberon Bay, I7^<i; Barrington at St. Lucia,
1778 ; Rodney's action against De Cuichcn, 1780 ;
Howe at the battle of " The Glorious First of
June." 1794.
Vera Cms. U.S. steamer. Fonndered through
a hurricane in North Atlantic, September 4. 1880 ;
71 lives lost.
Tefdasd*. Swedish torpedo gun-boat (Karls-
krona, iSSo.) Length. 171 ft; beam, 25 ft.;
draught, 10 ft.; di^iplacement. 537 tons; comple-
mcnt. 73 : armament, i io'6-in., i 4*7-in.. 3 MaKims ;
Hp., 780= 1 3 kts. ; coal, 80 tons.
Tenia Saglerhaos am Wumsee. Established
t88i. Commodore, H. Krctzschmar ; Vice-Com-
modore. B. Aroos . Rear-Commodore. J. Stahn,
Vcrein Seglerhaus am Waonscc, Wannsce, near
Berlin. Entrance fee. mark 400 ; annual sub*
scription, mark 100.
Tergoiaod. French 1st class battleship. Laid
down 1906.
Length 47Sft. Beam 841 1. Maximum draught 37}ft.
Displacement 18,000 tons. Complement 680.
VERIT^
660
VESUVIO
Guns.
4 — 13 in.
13 — 9'4 in.
16 — 13 pclr.
8— 3P<lr.
Armour.
" Knipp."
10 in. B«U amidships.
13 in. Turrets.
13 in. Conning tower.
Torpedo Tubes {18 in.)-
2 Submerged.
3 Above water.
Three screws. Hp. 22.500=19 kts. Coal maxi-
mum 2,010 tons. Approximate cost /i,83$,ooo.
TMU. French ist class battleship. (13ordcaux.
1905.)
Length 453!!. Beam 79ft. Maximum draught 37ft.
Displacement 14.865 tons. Complement 793.
Cuns. Armour.
4—12 in., 50 cat " Krupp."
ja—7'6 in. 1 1 in. Belt amidships.
8 — 4 in. 13 in. Main turrets.
34 — 3 pdr. 13 in. Connine tower.
Torpedo Tubes (1904).
2 Submerged.
3 Above water.
Three screws. Hp. 18,000=18 Irts. Coal maxi-
mum 1.850 tons. Approximate cost ^1,435,000.
Vermont, U.S. tst class battleship. (Fore River
Co.. 1904-)
Length 450ft. Beam 76ft. Maximum draught 37ft.
Du<p1acement 16.000 tons. Complement 916.
Guns. Jrmour.
4^12 in., 45 caJ. " Krupp."
9 in. Belt amidships.
10 in. Barbettes.
13 in. Turrets.
9 in. Conning iowCT.
«— Sin.
13 — 7 in.
zo— 14 pdr,
13—3 pdr.
14 Small q.f.
Torpedo Tubes (21 in.}.
4 Submerged.
Twm screw. Hp. 16,500=18 Itts. Coal maxi-
mum 2,350 tons. Approximate cost ^1.500,000.
Verne, Jules (1828-1905). French author and
dramatist [b. Nantes). Educated at the Nantes
Lycee and in Paris. In 1848 he wrote the libretto
for two operettas, and in 1850 his verse comedy,
" Les Failles Rompucs," was produced at the
Gymna^e. He veas more successful as an author
of dclightiully c-xtravagant voyagt-s and adventures,
to which cleverly prepared scientific aiid geogra-
phical dt^tails lent an air of truth, than he was as a
dramatist.
Among his best known works are : " Abandoned."
" Adrift in the Pacific," " The Archipelago on
Fire." "The Begum's Fortune," "The Blockade
Runners," " The Castle of the Carpathians,"
"C*sar Cascabel." "Tlie Child of the Cavern."
"The Clipper of the Clouds," "The Demon oi
Cawnpore," " Dick Sands, the Boy Captain."
" Dropped from the Clouds," " The Family without
a Name,'* "Five Wcclui in a Balloon," "The
Flight to France," "The FIcating City," "From
Earth to Moon." " Round the Moon." "The Fur
Country." " The Giant Raft, or Eight Hntt
Leagues on the Amazon." " The C«>-ptnpiB.'
"Godfrey Morgan, a CaiUoTiiiaji Mystery." "Sk
tor Stivadac." " Ki-xaban the Inflexible.' "o»
Lottery Ticket, a Tale of Tclleroarkco." " Maa
Pax." " Mathiaa Sandorf," " Michael Stn^
"Mistress Braoican," "The Mysterious UUa£'
" North AgaUist South," " Ox's ExperuneiL td
Mastcx Zacharius," " Ptirchas« of the Xorttt Wt'
" Round the World in Eighty Da>*s," " TheSoae
of the Island." " Steam House." " Acnns No*
India," "Survivors of the CkanctOow," "T*^
and Traitors." " Tribulations of a Chiuaai*
" Twenty Thousand Leia^ucs Under the 5a
"The Vanished Diamond." "Winter Ami'i a
Ice," *' An Antarctic Mystery." (i6vn< "t»
Superbe Or^noiiue," " Seconde Pitroc,*' *
Sphinx des Glaces." " Le Village Airien."
Vernier. A small movable scale for tih«
minute readings attached to tnstrumenls.
VaniML Britisli torpedo school ship (j>
tons). Launched 1S5S.
Vertioal oireles. Circles (suppoecd to be lr
scribed in the heavens) perpendicular to ^
horizon and meeting at the zenith. IVv ■■
sometimes called circles of altitudes, ojtla i
aximuths, or prime vertical circles.
Vespuoci, Amerigo (1451-1513). Italiaa
gator, whose name waa conferred on
OriguiaUy a clerk in a large commercial htm s
Florence. He was sent by them in 1493 taOfti
as their agent. In 1403 he entcre<l th* saMti
a Florentine merchant at Sc\-illc. who had &fi
out for Columbus his second expeditim. i|»
Having a natural desire for adventunr, 4ad boV
brought into contact with Columbus, ht aM
across the Atlantic in 1 499 with a fleet d
ships under Alonei dc Ojoda. TUe
reached the coast of Brazil about Cape St.
sailed north to the mouth of the Atnana
to Uie Gulf of Maracaibo, and on to San
rt;tuming to Cadiz in 1500, In 1502, in the
of Dom Manuel of Portugal, he took pirt it
expedition to Brazil, and discovered All
Bay, Rio de Janeiro, and got as far ■
Georgia. In ifoi he started his fourth
with six stiipH under the command of
During tho vo\-agc his ship separated
others, and he sailed to Bahia, and
Capo Fno, where he built a loi^. He
I.i.«>bon in 1504. In 1505 he re-entere^l ti>
of Ferdinand of Spain, settling at >
he received the appointment of P. :
Spain.
Vesta. British sloop (9S0 tons, ij";
Launched igoi.
Vesurio. Small Italian cruiser (iflM>.
Length 283ft. Beam 42ft. Maximum dimgtt
Displacement 3,437 tons. Complemctit I*-
=0^
VESUVIUS
66 1
VICKERS
Guns. Armour.
8— 6 in. "Steel,"
S — 6 pdr. 2 in. Deck.
8 — I pdr. 1 in. Couoing tower.
Torpedo Tubes.
I Submerged bow,
3 Above water.
'^win screw. Hp. 6,3$2t=ij kts. Coal toaxi-
mum 6do tons. Approximate cost £22$.ooo.
TeiaTiai. British torpedo-vessel (245 terns).
Ljiunclkcd 1874.
Vettor Pisaoi, Italian annoared cruiser. {Caa-
amarc, i^oS-)
1h 335ft. Beam soft. Maximum draught 34ft,
Displacement 6.500 tons. Complement 50a.
Gttns. Ajmom.
13 — 6 in. " Harvey."
6 — 47 in. fi in. Belt amidjihips.
14 — 6 pdr. 4 in. Gttn Khit'lds.
ti — I pdr. 6 in. Conning tower.
Torpedo Tubes.
4 Submerged.
rin scrRw. Hp. natural 6,600^17 lets., forced
¥3,000= 19 kts. Coel maximum 1.000 tons.
Approirimate cost ^400.000.
▼.R. Distiniiuifhinf; Irttcn on sea fishing boats
registered at Venhuizen, Holland.
Tioe-Admiralty. See Vice-AdmiraJty Courts.
Vice-Admiralty Courts are established by the
Admiralty in various parts ol His Majesty's do-
minions ior the purpose at dealing with matters
relating to prize, Uic Ro>-a1 Navy, the slave trade,
the Foreign Enlistment Act, the Pacific IsUndcrs
Protection Acts, foreign treaties and conventions,
and iutemational law. The Colonial Courts of
Admiralty have, by the Colonial Courts Act. 1S90.
unlimited civil jurisdiction in Admiralty and, with
the exception of the above-mentioned matters, now
decide all causes formerly determined by the Vice-
Admiralty Courts under the Act of 1863. By the
Merchant Shipping Act, iS^m. Vice-Admiralty
Courts have power to impose fines for carrying
improper colours on British ships, to remove the
master of any Drituih «hip within the jurisdiction of
the Court, and to decide matters arising out of
agreements for salvage services rendered by any
of His Majesty's ships. Appeals Ue to the Privy
Council. By the Act of [890. vice-admirals may
be appointed In any British pooseasioo, and where
none is formally appointed, the Governor shall be
ex-officto vice-admiral.
Tice-CoDSoL 5m Consul. Mercantile.
Vii^kers. Sons and Maxim, Ltd., Bitrrow-ia-Fut oess.
Founded in the later yrars of the eighteenth
cetitur>' by the gTBndf.-ither of two of the present
managing directors, Mr. T. E. Vickers. C.B.. and
Mr. All>ert Vickers. and the fcrcat grandfather of the
other manogmg director, Mr. l>uuglatt Vickcra, this
company stands lo-day in a unique position amongst
Brituh cava] con.4truction firms, as It is able from
the several works owned to construct the hull,
machinery, armour, guns, gun -moun tings, pro-
jectiles, and the many auxiliaries which constitute
probably the greatest triumph of mechanical
ingenuity — the modem battleship. Moreover, the
firm have, notably in recent years, completed a
greater variety of work than any other British con-
cern, induding every type of warship, from the
battleship right through the hat — armoured cruisers,
protected cruisers, gun-boats, scouts, torpedo-boat
deatroycrs. torpedo-boats, submarine boats, and
torpedoes.
The Naval Construction Works at Barrow-in-
Fumeas, where the hull, macliincry. gun-monnt-
ings and projectiles arc produced, cover an area
of aboat |oo seres, and employ about 10,000
mechanics. The establishment is laid out 00 Bar-
row Island. On one side there is a waterway 1 ,600 ft.
v.-tdc, into which the vessels are launched ; on the
other a ncrics of docks, two of which are used as
fitting-out basins, and there arc at work two cranes
of 150 tons lifting capacity, and one of 100 tons
capacity. This yard is now considered to be one of
the most comprehensive in the United Kingdom,
and all the machine tools, most of them of special
design, are actuated by electric power, the generat
ing plant having a total capacity of 6,000 Hp.
During the past 10 years there have been built
ships of an aggregate of 396.000 tons, with propelling
machinery of 550,000 I.Hp.. but this measure of
output, large as it is. does not convey a full con-
ception of the importance of the vessels completed.
.\ better idea may be formed when it is stated that
the u'arshipB on!cre<! from the company in these
10 years represent in their completed state an
approximate value of about 19 milhons sterUng.
Among these is a Brazilian battleship. San Paulo.
now on the stocks, which promises to be more
powerful than the greatt*st of ships afloat, while from
the battleship berths there have come the British
battleships Dominion. Vengeance, and Triumph ;
Togo's famous flag ship Mikasa, and the Katori.
both for the Japanese Navy. In addition to the
engines for tliese, the company supplied the machin
cry of the Dreadnou^hl. Amongst a great fleet of
cruisers mention may be made, because of their
fighting power, of the armoured crui.«rs Natal, the
King Alfred, the Euryaius and the Ho^ue, and
of the protected cruisers Power/ui. Amphitrile,
Niobe. Juno, and Doris. Reference should not be
omitted of torpedo craft and submarine boats.
One notable point Is that the firm have made great
advanci^ in connection with the application of
internal combustion engines for the propulsion of
warships.
Wliite the Barrow works supplied the propelling
machinery' and the intricate mechanism for training
and elevating the guns of such ships, the heavy
forgings, armour, and gnns came from the Sbeftield
works of the company, where over 4,000 workmen
VICKERS
6i^
VICTORIA
Arc rmpIoywJ. The producing capacity of the
ordnance i1 opart onTit o( iliwc works is jfio guns per
annum. incUuling. say, 12 ol u-io. calibre, 24 of
lo-in. or 't'j 'u. calibre. 24 of 7*.s-in. ca4ibre. over
300 quick-firing guns of calibrt from 4 in. to 6-in..
and 100 howiizera. The plant for the manufacturr
of these guns from the ingots cast at the works
comprises four iorging prt^ise^ ranging from 10,000
tons down to 1700 tons; hax<lcaing plant capabl'^
ot dealing with pi'^cs up to 60 ft. in length and
100 tons in weight, and a gieat vanetj- of machine
tools, accommodated in four shops ha\'ing an
aggregate area of 35,000 square It. .'Ul these
Snachiiic tooltt arc electrically driven.
About lo.oou tons of annour can be produced
per annum. The plant includes a rolling mill :
about a dozen furnaces !fpecially designed fur
carbunsmg plalcf. and supplied vtnth gas from
automatically ojicratcd gas producent ; iu,ooo-lon
and 3.uoo-tcn hydraulic prctisen lor bending plates
to the form necewsary for warships ; machines for
planing, drilhng. etc.. accommodated in thrre
machine shops with a collective area of over loo.ooo
square ft. ; caiburising furnaces, sprinklers, and
other appliances for gi^-ing the face of the plate the
necessary impenetrability.
The power of resistance of armour has doubled
within a few years. The 9 in. plate of to-day
is equal in roustancc to a 36-in. wrought-iron plate
of the sixties, to a jo-in. compound plate ol the
eighties, or to a 13-in. early liardcncd t>-j)c.
In the pcrfpctinn alikr of guns and armour tlie
Vickers Co. have taken a prominent part, and it is
a striking fact that in 30 years the muzzle energy
of the 12-m. gun. for instance, has increased from
18.000 ft. tons to 47.700 ft. tons, the perforation of
wrought iron at the muxilc having increa-'wd from
32} in. to 51 in.
The firm manufacture a great variety of light
quick-firing guns, not only for naval, but for military
use, and the Vicken works at Hrith, in Kent, arc
specially designed for the construction of these
weapons. These works have an area of 20 acres,
with A main gun factory covering over 15 acres, and
here guns are made of various cahbres. to fire in a
minute 300 i-ll\, 30 3-lb,. 28 6-lb,. 25 12-lb. or
I4-U>.. and 20 i8-lb. projectiles, the velocities
ranging up to 2.800 ft. per second.
The projectiles, as we have said, are made at
Barrow and ShctTield ; powder and ammunition at
Dartford ; while acceaaories are made at several
other works owned by the company.
In addition tlic-re are at the Sheffield works
departments for the production of (orgings, castings,
electric machinery, railway plant, and other manu-
factures.
As to the work for the merchant navy, the same
high-class and variet>' are noticeable, but want ol
space precludes any detailed reference. There
have been built several high-speed passenger ocean
liners, and a considerable number of cross-channel
boats, the latest of them propelled by sleani
turbines. The firm have also constructed one or
two of the modern Urge-capacity steamers of the
intermediate type, and special reference ought to be
made to the very powerful sand-pump dredgers
constructed for the Mersey Dock Board. Ttiree
vessels have each a dredging capaaty of 4.500 tons
per hour, and m their work at the Mersey Bar and
in the River, they liave eaeh dredged per annum for
some years about four million tons, at a cost of stz-
tentlis of a penny when working at a depth of a; ft
They liavc thus been the means of improving oae
ol our greatest mercantile ports. The firm tu^T
taken part also in the construction of floating <kKiU.
paddle stuomers. tug boats, and other Hsnilat
miscellaneous craft required by such a manttmr
Power OS Great Britain. It may almost be said
that tilt- firm's clients belong to every nation in ibe
world, and their work includes every canccivaUr
floating structure, surface or subinarine.
Tioksborg. Steamer. Struck on ice in the
Iwiwrcncp RivcT. May 30, 1875. and went down;
40 lives lost.
TiotorHn^ Frencfa tst class cniiMr. (M
Length 47^ft. Beam 7ifl. Mean draught 2t
Z>i3placcment 13.416 tons. Complement 7101
Gun$.
4 — 76 in.. 45 caL
iG — 84 in.
34—3 pdr.
A rmonr.
" Kxupp."
6^ in. Belt amidships.
8 in. Turrets.
8 in. Conning tower.
Torpedo Tubes (177 in.).
3 Submerged.
3 Above water.
Three screws. Hp. 27.500 — 33 kts. Cool
mum 2,100 ton*i. Approximate cost £ r , 1 50,000.
Viotoria. London. Bnghtoa and Soatb-Coail
Co. 's steamer. Struck on the rocks at Potat
O'Ailly, April 1 3. 1SS7 , 16 lives lost.
Victoria. Steamer, on the River Thamts.
Canada. Turned turtle through over-loadlnf.
May 24. 1881 ; joo lives lost.
Viotocia. British battleship. See Tryoo, Vwe-
Admind Sir George.
VioiOEia. British subsidised merchant
(1887}. V. and O. Co. [q.v.). Ditncnaions, 46^
S3X34 ft.; gross tonnage. 6,533; Hp.,
17 kts. ; passenger acconinuxlatioa, J03 ;
pally used as a Government transport.
VIetoria and Albert, H.M. Yaotat,
(4,700 lunn, ji} kt».). Launched 1899.
VMtoria Laiie. German protected cruiser (18
Ixngtb jt44H, Beam fjlt. Maximum draught ij
Displacement 5,880 (gns. Complement 463.
VICTORIA
663
VIGO
Guns. Armour.
2 — 8*2 in. *' Krupp.*"
8—^ in. 4 in. Deck.
10^15) ptlr. 4 in. Turrets.
10 — I pdr. 4 in. Casemates.
^^ 4 Machine. s in. Conniag tower.
^^K Torfiedi^ Tubes.
^^^ 2 Submerged (1 in bow).
I Three screws. Hp. 10.300=19 kls. Cool maxi-
p mum i.otx) tons. Approxiniatt; cost ^51*0,000.
yjotoria Taoht Club, BoyaL S^-^ Ray.il Victoria
Yacht Club.
▼totoria FB.C.) Tacht Clab. Established tSo2.
Commodore, W. H. Langloy ; Vic«-Commodon-.
W. S. Gore ; Treasuror and Secretary. A. Mulcahy.
Victoria. British Columbia. Entrance fee, 5 dots. ;
annual subscription. 5 doLs.
Tletoriou. British ist claaa battleship. (Chat-
ham. 1895.)
Length .113ft. Beam 7$tt, Maximum draught joft.
Displacement 14,900 tons. Complement 7$?.
Armout.
" Harvey."
9 in. Belt amidships.
14 in. Barbette*.
14 in. Conning tower.
Gum.
4—12 in.. 35csl.
12 — 6 in.
^B 13—3 pdr.
^^^ 2—13 pdr. Boat guns.
^^K 2 Maxims.
^H Torpedo Tubes (iS in.).
^^g 4 Submerged.
r I .\bove water stem.
I Twinacrew. Hp. natural 10,000=16*5 ^^- forced
1 12,000= i7'5 lets. Coal maximum 2,000 tons.
f Approximate cost ^i. 000.000.
Tietorjr. Ship. Sei Arctic Exploration.
Tiotory. z6 gims. British flag ship, Portsmouth
{3,164 tons). Launched May 7, 1765.
This ship-name dates in the Navy since 15&8,
and was flagship or Sir J. Hawkym at the defeat
o( the Spanish .\rmada. .\ vessel of this name
took part in Blake's action with Tromp off Dover.
1653 : the battle ofl Dungcness, f6;2 ; the battle
ofi Purtland, 1653; the battle off the Korth
Foreland, 1653; the battle off Sche\'entngen, 1653:
tbe Four Days' Fight. 1666 ; the St. James' Fight,
1666: the battle of Sole Bay. i6;3 ; Baifleur
and La Hogue, 1 643 ; Howe's flagship at the
relief of Gibraltar, t;82: Hood's flagship at
Toulon, 17*)} : Hothani'ii action ofi Hydres. 1795 ;
flagsliip at St. Vincent. 1797 ; Nelson's flagship
at Trafalgar. 1805.
Victory, no guns. Wrecked 00 the Casquet
I Hocks, ofl Aidcmey, October 4. 17/4. when Admiral
Sir John Balchen and 1,300 souls perished.
TiotuaUiBI. See Rations.
netaaUing Bin is a permit granted by tlie
Customs House authorftir^ anthonsini* thf i>mbarka-
tion of bonded stores on any outward liownd ship,
such stores to be used as supplies for the voyage.
notaalllnff raids. The victualling yaTd<i of the
British NaN')' arc : At home, Deptford. which is the
most complcti^ establishmonl of its kind, occupying
a space of about 19 acres, with a river frontage of
1,70a ft., and a mean depth of 1,000 ft. The
manufactures conducted for the Government here
comprise biscuit makinf^, chocolate making, mustard
making, flour grinding and most of the salt beef
required for tlie Navy is put down here.
Gosport— The Royal Clarence victualling yard,
where large quantities of biscuit and flour are
manufactured, being supplied with sea provisions
and clothing from Deplford. There is an excellent
slaughter yard in the place, where cattle delivered
under contract are slain and fre^h meat issued to
ihf Fleet.
Plymouth.— The Royal William victualling yard
stands on the eastern entrance to Hanioaae. on
about 1 1 acres of ground. A reservoir containing
about tS.ooo tons ol water, which suppUes the Fleet
■ — the water being brought from Dartmoor — is the
main feature of this yard.
Ln the Mediterranean, Gibraltar and Malta are
the victualling yards. North Anitrnca and West
Indies: Halifax, Jamaica, and Bermuda. Cape
of Good Hope and West Coast : Cape of Good Hop-
Pacific . Esquimalt. China ; Hong Kong and Wci-
Hai-Wei. East Indies. Trincomalce. Australia:
Sydney.
Refer to Naval Establishments.
mdajr. Russian torpedo-boat destroyer. (Uhora.
1902-) I-ength, ig6 ft. ; beam, 18 ft. ; draught,
1 14 ft. ; displacement. 350 tons ; armament,
I i2-pdr.. s jpdr.. 3 tubes. Hp., 6,000=37 kts.
Vienadslat Apost<^OT. Kussuui battlt«hip, Kack
Sea. (.Nicolaieff, 189a.)
Length .130ft. Beam 6o(t. Maximum draught adft.
Displacement 8.560 tons. Complement 601.
Guns. .Armour.
4— 13 in., 35 cal. "Compound." ^
4 — 6 in. 14 in. Belt amidships.',
10 — 3 pdr. 10 in. Barbettes.
15 Small q.f. 12 in. Conning tower.
Torpedo Tubes.
0 Above water.
Twin screw. Hp. 11.600= 16*5 kts. Coal ma«i
mum Soo tons. Approximate cost ^750.000.
Vigilant. Bntish torpedo-boat destroyer. (Glas-
gow, 1901.) Length, 210 It. ; beam. 3i ft. ; draught.
5 1 ft.; displacement, 300 tons: complement. 58;
armament, i I2<pdr., 5 6-pdr. ; 2 tubes; twin
screw : Hp., 6,0001530 kts. ; coal, 80 tons.
TigOantfl. French shallow-draught gun-boat.
(Chiswick. 1900,) Displacement. 122 tons; speed,
about I "i kts.
V*go, Battle of. On October 13, 1703. tbe com-
bined English and Dutch Fleets, under Admiral
Sir George Kooke attacked the French and Spanish
in the Port of Vigo aod completely annihilated
VIKING
664
VIPER
them. Several men-of-wu and galleons were taken .
and a tar^e quantity of plate and othvr Niiluablc
eflects were captured by the English.
nking. Norwegian torpedo gun-boat (ifigi).
Displacement i , 1 20 tons. Complement 1 30.
I— 6 in.
I — 47 in.
4 — 12 pdr.
4—1 pdr.
2 Alachinc.
Torpedo Tubes (14 in.)
1 Submerged bow,
3 Above water.
Hp. 3,000^15 kts. Coal maximum 380 tons.
TiL Village. Abbreviation odopted on tlie
charts issued by the Hydrographic Office. Ad-
miralty.
YiUaloboi. U.S. gnn-boat. Captured from Spain
at the battle of Manila. May i, 1B93, daring the
Spanish -American war.
TIUb de HaTra. French .Atlantic mail steamer.
From New York for Havre, in collision with the
Locheam. a Glasgow vessel. Novi-mber Z2, 1873.
She sank in tz minntes, and 326 of the paiisengerH
and crew were lost.
Ville d« U Ciotat French subsidised merchant
ship (1891). Mcssagehes Maritimes {q.v.). Dimen-
sions, 436x49x36 ft. : gross tonnage, 6.631 ; Hp.,
7.500= 17 kts.
VUletranchtt Light, utuated at the entrance d(
ViUcfranche Harbour, in the Mediterranean, was
established in 1902, and is a single flash light
every five seconds ; duration of flash, one-lifth
second ; candle-power, 300,000 maximum ; burner,
mantle 5$ nun. diameter ; illuminant, incandescent,
petroleum vapour.
TQlMuaTe, Pierre Charles J«aQ Baptists Sylvestre
de {1763-1606). French admiral (b. Valcnnoles).
Commanded the rear division of the French Fleet
at the battle of the NUe. Hngagcd Sir Robert
Calder off the Axoics when in command of the
Toulon Fleet Blockaded by Nelson (q.v.). Was
utterly defeated by Nelson at the battle of Traiatgar.
1805. liefer to Nelson, Horatio, Lord.
Vincent, G«orge (1796-1831). English marine
painter {b. Norwich). Exhibited Royal Academy,
Bntiah Institution, and the Water Colour Exhibi-
tion from 1814 till 1823, after which nothing is
knouTi of him, and he is believed to have died about
1831. His moat notable work is that of a view of
Greenwich Hospital, which was cxlubited in the
latcmational Exhibition in l86a.
Vlaooite Tftnez Pinion. Spanish gun-boat.
{FcitdI. 1893.) Length, 19c ft. ; beam, 33 ft. ;
draught, loi ft. ; displacement, 562 tons ; comple<
mcnt, 80 ; armament, 3 47-in., 4 3'3-in., 2 tubes ;
Mp>k 3.6ooBi3 kts. ; coal, 106 tons.
IHnd. Swedish torpedo-boat. (Kartekrona. 1900.)
Length. 128 it ; beam. i$| ft ; draught. 7 ft;
displacement. u2 tons: complement, ]8 : anna-
mcnt, 2 rs-in. q.f.. 2 tabes; Hp., 1,250=33 kts.;
coal, 17 ton*.
Tindiotire. British 2nd class cruiser. (Chatbam.
1897.)
Length 320ft Beam 57(1. Maximum draaght 24ft
Displacement 5.750 tons. Complement 480.
Guns. Armout.
10 — 6 in. 3 in. Belt bow.
8 — rs pdr. 3 in. Belt Deck.
I — 12 pdr., 8 cwt 9 in. Conutng tower.
3—3 pdr.
3 Maxims.
Tttrp^do Tubes (18 in.).
2 Submerged.
1 At)Ove water stem.
Twin screw. Hp. 10,000=19 kts. Coal maxi'
muui 1.1/5 ^ons. .Approximate cost ^300,000,
Vtneta. German protected cmlser (1897).
Length 344ft. Beam 57ft Maximum draught 33ft
Oisptacement 5,880 tons. Complement 465.
Guns. A mutur.
2^83 in. " Knipp."
8 — 6 in. 4 in. Deck.
10— I si pdr. 4 in. Turrets.
10 — I pdr. 4 in. Casemates.
4 Machine. 8 in. Conning tower.
Torpedo Tubes.
2 Submergf^d {i in bow).
Three screws. Hp. 10.S00019 kts. Coal man-
mum t.ooo tons. .Approximate cost ^^oo.ooa
Vingorla. British steamer. Sprang a k«k. ^>
miles north of Bombay, and foundered. March 1.
1880 ; 65 Uvea lost
Violet. British torpedo-boat de:itroycx. (S«a-
derland. 1901.) Length. 310 ft ; beam. 20 It :
draught, 6J ft. ; display cment, z&i tons ; comple-
ment, 58 : armament, 1 i3-pdr„ 5 6-pdr., i tubes;
twin screw ; Hp., 5.400^ 30 kts. ; coal. So tooi,
np«C. Austro-Hungarion torpedo-boat (Yano*,
1896.) Length. 147 ft : beam, 14^ it : dntOBht
7i ft. ; displacement, 130 tons ; complement, 36:
annament. 3 3-pdr.. 2 tubes; Hp., 3.000*96 fcta;
coal, 30 tons.
Tip«r. British torpedo-boat destroyer. Wreekel
on the Renouqoet Rock in the Channel tsteadi.
1901. Was the first torpedo-boat destroyer bttitt
with Parsons' turbine engines, and at the tine ol
completion the fastest vcGScl of any type afloat
Tlper, German gun-boat. (Bremen, iWt|.)
Length 154ft Beam 3<ift. Draught lojft.
Displacement t.o^t ton*. Completncrtl 7^
Guns. A mlPWf .
] — 13 in. •' Steel."
3 — 3'3 in. 8 in. Belt amidsbipL
2 Srlaxiins. 8 in. TurTtta.
8 m. Barbettfs.
VIPERE
665
V.L.L.
I
I
Torpedo Tubes.
2 Above water.
Hp. 759^10 lets. Coal 40 tons.
Vipere. French gun-boat (480 tons). Of little
fighting value.
Tlngo. British torpedo-boat destroyer, (Bir-
kenhead. i8g6.] Length, aio it.; beam. 2\ (t. :
draught, 5^^ ft ; displacement, 300 tons ; comple-
ment, 58 : armarncnt, l 12-pdr.. 5 6-j)dr., 2 tubes;
twin screw ; Hp., 6.000= 30 kta. ; coal. 80 tons.
^Tglnia. U.S. 1st class batUcsIup. {Newport
NcMfs, 1904.)
Length 435(1. Beam 76ft. Maximum dranght 36ft.
Displacement 15.320 tons. Complement 703.
Armour.
" Krupp " and " Har-
vey-nickel."
1 1 in . Belt amidships.
10 in. Turrets.
10 in. Barbettes.
9 in. Conning tower.
Guns.
4 — 13 in., 40 cal.
8— Sin.
13 — 6 in-
13 — 14 pdr.
13 — 3 pdr.
4 — I pdr.
S Colts.
Torpedo Tubes (tS in.).
4 Submcr:ged.
Twin screw. Hp. ig,ooo=i9 kts. Coal maxi-
mmji i.goo tons. Approximate cost /t.^tw.ooo.
Virgo. Swedish torpedo-boat. {ICarlskrona.
1900.) Length, i?8 it.; beam. 15J ft.; draught.
7 ft.; displacement, 92 tons; complement, 18;
armament. 2 I's-iu. q.f., z tubes ; Hp., 1,250=
33 kta. ; coal. 17 tons.
Vis, Visible {near a light). Abbreviation adopted
on the charts issued by the HydrograpUic Office,
Admiralty.
TitibiUtr. Unusual clcamcsa of distant objects.
Visit and learcfa. Tlic cxpte^sion includes the
rights —
(i) Of a belligerent by the law of nations to stop
and inspect the papers of a neutral merchantman
on the high sea.i or in tha belligerent's territorial
waters in search ol contraband of war {q.v.}. Mail
steamers may be declared exempt.
For resisting " visit and search " a nnutral is
liable to \x condemned as a prize of war [q.v.).
Ses Convoy.
(3) Of the signatories of the North Sea Fisheriea
Convention. 1882 — i.f.. Great Britain, France, Ger-
many, Denmark, Belgium, and Holland- lo search
vessels of thi:>sc covmtrics in times of peace u-ith a
view to snpprcsKing the liquor traffic.
{3) Of any warship to examine the documents
of veaaeU suspected ol piracy.
Visiting ships. See Naval Ceremonies.
VitiAX. Russian araiuuicd cruiser. (Galcmii.
Ostrov. 1904.} Burned while building, which de-
layed compU-lion.
Length 43711. Beam 53ft. Majcimum draught 25ft.
Displacement 6.550 tons. Complement 573.
dun. Anmmr. '
la— 6 in. " Krupp."
13 — 12 pdr. 3 in. Deck.
8 — 3 pdr. 3 in. Turrets.
2 — I pdr. 3 in. Casemates.
6 in. Conning tower.
Torpedo Tubes.
3 Submerged.
I Above water bow.
1 .\bove water stem.
2 Above water training.
Twin screw. Hp. 19.500—33 kts. Coal maxi-
mum 1,000 tons.
Vittorio Emanaele m. Italian battleship. (Cas-
tcllamare, 1905.)
Length 475ft. Beam 73ft. Maximum draught z6ft.
Displacement 13,625 tons.
Guns. Armour.
2 — 12 in., 40 cal. " Temi."
13 — 8 in, 10 in. Belt amidships.
13 — 1 3 pdr. 8 in. Barbettes,
12 — 3 pdr. to in. Conning towe'
4 Maxims.
Torpedo Tubes (iS in.).
4 Submergcfl.
Twin screw. Hp, 20,000=33 kts. Coal maxi-
mum 2,8oo tons. Approximate cost £t,ooo,ooo.
Vivid. British iron schooner (550 tons. 1 ij kts.),
L;iunched 1885.
Viifln. British torpedo-boat destroyer. (Bar-
row, 1901.) Length, sioit. ; beam, 30 ft. ; draught,
5} ft ; displacement. 327 tons ; complement, 62 ;
armament, i i3-pdr.. 5 6-pdr., 3 tubes; twin
screw; Hp,. 6.000=30 kts.; coal. 86 tons.
Vvcays- Spanish .steamer. In collision with
Cometius JUargraue, schooner, ofl New Jersey. Octo-
ber 30. 1890 ; both vessels sunk ; all hand* lost.
V}«stnik. Ktissiau sloop. (St. Petersburg, 1880.)
Length, 306 fL : beam, 33 ft. ; draught, 14 itv:
displacement, 1.355 tons; complement, 172:
armament, 3 fi-in., 7 q.f.. 4 i-pdr. ; Hp., 1,260=
13 kts. ; coal, 350 tons.
VJL Distinguishing letters 00 sea fishing boats
registered at Vtaardingen. Holland.
Vladimir Honomakb. Russian armoured cruiser
(1881). Sunk by the Japanese at the battle of
Tsushima, May ^7-29, 1905.
Vlamingh. Captain, See Arctic Exploratioti.
Vlastni. Russian torpedo-boat destroyer. (Havre.
1900.) Length, 1R6 ft.; I>cam. 20J ft.; draught,
10^ ft. ; displacement, 300 tons ; armament.
I i3-pdr.. 5 3-pdr., 2 tubes; twin screw ;'Hp.^
5.000 = 28 kts. : coal, 80 tons.
VXJ. Distinguishing letters on sea fishing
boat^ registered at Vlimtuingcn, Holland.
V.LJL Distinguishing tetters on sea tishing
boats registered at Vlicland, Holland.
TJf. Dtstinipiiahing Ictteni an sc& fishing boats
registered at VoUenhove. Holland.
Tttinutallli Rauian tori>edo-boal desunyi-r
(1906). [^-n^th, 195 ft.; beam, it it.; draught.
7J (t. , displacement, 314 tons ; complement, 60 ;
armament, i ii-ikIf., $ j-pdr.. J tube* ; twm screw ;
Hp.. 5.000 = 30 kts. ; co»I. 100 tnne.
Tniulliteliii. Busaian torpedo-boat dcstrovM-
(ii)o6]. Length. 185 ix.: beam. 31 ft., draught,
7i (t. ; displacement, 334 tons; complement. 60;
armament, i tz-pdn. 5 j-pdr.. 2 tubes ; twin
screw : Hp., 5,000—30 kts. ; coal, 100 tons.
Voevoda. RuMian torpedo gun-boat. (Schi-
cbau, 1N93.) Of no fighting value.
ToialoToi. Rusiiian torpedo-boat destroyer.
(Yarrow. i«j'>6.) DtHpUcemcnl. 508 tonm , draught,
8 £t- ; complement, 75; armament. J i2-p4lr..
5 6-pdr.. 3 tubes ; Hp.. 5.200 = 16 kts.
ToL Abbreviation tor volume.
Voltaire. French tst class battleship. Laid
douQ 1906.
Length 47$lt. Beam 84ft. Maximum dratight 37^(1.
Displacement 18.000 ta«». Complement 680.
GvHs, A rmouT.
4 — 13 in. " Krupp."
12 — 9*4 in. 10 in. Belt amidships.
16—13 pdr. 12 in. TurrcLt.
8 — 3 pdr. 13 in. Conning tower.
Torpedo Tubti (i^ in,).
2 Submerged.
3 .\bove water.
Tlirw screws, Hp. 33.500=19 kts. Coal maxi-
mum 3.010 tons. Approximate cost /i. 825,000,
Voltnnio. Italian gun-boat (V'entcc. i888.)
Length, 177 It. ; beam, 33 ft. ; draoght, 14^ ft. ;
displaccmrnt. 1,155 tons: complement, 131 ;
armament, 4 4'7-in., 4 3'3-in.. 3 t'4-Ln. : Hp.,
l.lOD= 13 kts, ; coal. 306 toils.
TondCil. Putcli mail steamer in collision with
the saihoR -^liip Pi"ti 1-isktr, oi Harrow, a (ew miles
west of DunReness. February 8. 1908. The Foot
Fiihrr immediately sank with all on board.
Vortex. The calm centre o( a cyclonic storm.
Voytge. In marine insurance it is of the utmost
importaitce to specify accurately the port or places
at which the risk commences and the port or places
at which it terminate*. It is an implied condition
that the vessel shall follow the counic usually taken
by others in the same trade. Any dcviaiion from
Uic ordinary track , however sligh t , without a
justifying cause, will vitiate the [•olicy. There
must be no dc\'iation at all, and on this point Lord
Mansfield's words must be borne in mind : '' It is
not material to constitute a deviation that the
risk should be increased. " Again, the ports must
\Hi exactly expressed. A ship insurtrd Calcutta to
l.ondca. but really going, say. to AnSwetp, not
London, the policy is valucleas. This error is
fatal to the contract. (Amould. 4th ed. p. 41^
lieltr to Cargo. Log-book. Cleanuice. Convoy,
Deviation. Final Port, Final Saihng, Leave to Call,,
Passport, Voyage Policy.
Voyage PoUcy. Sea Policy.
V.8. Virrtical stripes (near a buoy).
^nation adopted on the charts issued by the Hy
graphic Olhce, Admiralty.
Vsadnik. Rus&ian torpedo gun-boat (Schicba
1893.) Of no fighting value.
Vtiloan. British torpedo dep6t ship (1889}.
length 350ft Beam 58fL Maximum draught :
Displacement 6.630 tona. Complement 433,
CuHs. Armtmr.
8 — 4 7 in. " Steel."
13—3 pdr. 5 in. Deck amidahipa,
13 Nordenfells. 6 in. Conning tower.
5 in. Engine hatches,.
Torpedo Tubes {i^ in.).
a Submerged.
4 Above water.
Carries 6 sroaU torpedo-boata.
Twin screw. Hp. forced I3,ooo»jo kts.
maximum 1.300 tons.
"VakftD '* Mftohine BaOding and Joint Stock
Co. See Stettiner Maschmenbau Actjen-Gc»ell-
schaft " Vulcan."
Vnltnre. British lorpcdo-boat destroyer. (Clyde-
bank, I'joi.) Lingth. 318 ft: beam, 30 It.;
draught, 5) ft.; displacement, 300 tons; eoraple-
ment, 58 \ armament, t la-pdr., $ 6-pdr., a tubes;
twin screw ; Hp., 6.000=30 kts. ; coal, go toaa.
VultnraL Roumanian torpedo-boat (Yarrow.
1682.) Length, 63 It. ; beam, 8 it. ; draught. J ft ;
displacement, 12 tons; complement. S; Hp,,.
I ^0= I*'. kt«i.
Vynostirny. Rushiau lorpedo-boat dcatioytf
(i>A>6). Length, 185 ft; beam. 31 It.; dxaucht,
7\ ft. : displacement, 334 tons; cnmplemcBt. 60;
armament. 1 1 3-pdr., 5 3 pdr., a tube* ; iwui
screw; Hp., 5.000^30 kti. ; coiit, itxi tons.
W. tHstinguishing letter on sea fishing boitt
registered at Watcrford. Ireland.
W. Ablmivmiion for West
W. White (mar a buoy or light]. Abbcevia-
lion adopu-d nn charts issued by the HydrogruUc
Ofhce. Admiralty.
w. White. Abbreviatiaa adopted on the dum
issued by the Hydrogr«pbic Orficr. Admiralty,
denoting the quality of the ocean's bottom.
W.A. Distinguishing letteri on sta fishing boats
rirgi»tert-d at WliJtehavcn, England.
Wjt (With average.) See Average, alt- Ru>
ticular Avrngc.
WAFT
667
WALKER
Waft. 5« Wieft.
WatV. This vessel was a part of Commodore
Anson's South Sea expedition, and was wrecked
on Desolate Island, latitude 47* S.. on May 14. 1741.
Wftger boat. A rowing boat used for racing ;
also called " Best boat."
Wac«r POU07. See Policy ; Honour Pcdides.
Wagn. A seaman's right to wages begins with
It. or at the time specified in the agreement for
oencement of work, or with his presence on
board, whichever happens first, and ceases upon
payment or desertion (q.v.). In the event o( his
being left ashore through unfilneis or by reason of
the wreck or loss of the vrssel, and during the
period be neglects or refuses work, a seaman is only
entitled to the wages due to him up to the lime of
snch event or pehod. In the case of illness or
accident not caused by his own default, a seaman's
wages continue, even though he do nothing to cam
them. Before paying off or discharge, the master
of every slup shall deliver a lormal account of
wages, showing all deductions therefrom to the
seaman, or superintendent.
(i) In the case of a foreign-going ship i(f.v.), at
the end ol his engagement a Heaman shall Ix^ paid
£2, or one-quarter of the balance of wages due,
whichever in least, and the remainder within two
clear days. Upon tinal settlement the seaman
shall sign a release in the presence of the superin-
tendent, which operates as a mutual discharge, fn
case of a dispute, where the amount in question docs
not exceed £$, the superintendent may adjudicate.
{3) In the cose of a home-trade ship, all wages
shall be paid within two days alter the termination
of the agreement with the crew, or at the time of
discharge, whichever happens first,
A seaman vcrongfuUy dismissed before the end
of the voyage is entitled to wages up to the time
the contract would have endL-d, subject to the
deduction of anything he may have earned in the
meantime.
As respects wages due or accruing to a seaman
or apprentice :
(I] They shall not be subject to attachment or
arrestment from any Court.
(3) An assignment or sale thereof prior to the
accruing thereof shall not bind the person making
the same.
(3) A power of attorney {q.v.). or authority (or
the receipt thereof, shall not be irrevocable.
A seaman has a maritime lien on the ship for his
wages, and can sue for them before a Court of
Summary' Jurisdiction if the claim does not exceed
£50. A master has the same rights, liens, and
remedies for his wages and disbursements as a sea-
man. A seaman's wages cannot legally be insured.
(Webster r. de Tastet, 7 T.R. 157.) But the
master's pay or commission can be insured, as well
as any share he may have in the vessel.
fiffrr to Advance Note. Naval Tcsument.
Waggon. A term used principally on old war-
ships denoting a place where superannuated
goods, etc., are stored.
WablQDurt StMnoship Oo., owned and managed
by Mr. F. B. Wfihlqiiist. of Gfithenburg, Sweden,
have a fleet of two steamers engaged in carrying
cargo dimnp the .■dimmer months from Gothenburg
for Marstrand. Lysekil. Fjcllbacka, Grebbestad,
Stromstad. and Christtania.
FtJIET.
J!b F-hvf»svard. Oscar Dickson.
Wairiumpa. Union Steamship Co.'s steamer,
from Sydney to Auckland. Wrecked on Great
Barrier I»Un<l, New Zealand, October 29, 1894;
12$ Uveslost.
Waist. The centre part of a ship contained
between the fore and mam hatches.
Waitara. Steamer. Sunk by collision with tho
Hurunui. oH Beachy Head, June 22, 1883 ; 2$
lives lost.
Waiver Claiue. Sm Sue and Labour Clause.
Wajang. Netherlands torpedo-boat. (Fijenoord,
1904.) Length. 153 ft.; beam, 15 ft.; draught,
7j ft. ; displacement, 130 tons ; complement.
25: armament, 2 3-pdr., 3 tubes; Hp., i,goo=
27 kts. : coal, 36 tons.
Wakaba. Japanese torpedo-boat destroyer,
^Yokosuka, 1903,) Length, zzo ft. ; beam, 20J ft- ;
draught, 9) ft. ; displacement, 374 tons ; arma-
ment, I i2-pdr.. 5 6-pdr., 2 tubes; twin screw;
Hp., 6,ooo<s29 kts.
Wake. A track left by a ship in the water, which
can t>e seen to a considerable distance behind the
ship's stem, being smoother tlian the rest of the
sea.
Waldeek RoosseaiL French tst class cruiser
(ic»o6j.
Length 53Rft. Beam 70ft. Maximum draught s6ft.
Displacement 13.480 tons. Complement 750.
Guns. A rmmtf.
4 — 7'6 in., 45 cal. " Krupp,"
t3 — 6*4 in. 6} in. Belt amidships
8 — 9 pdr. 8 in. Turrets,
34 — 3 pdr. 8 in. Conning tower.
Torpedo Tubes (17*7 in.).
2 Submerged.
3 Above water.
Three screws. Hp. 40,000 — 24 kta. Coal niajti-
mum 2.400 tons. Approximate cost £1 ,550.000.
Wmls. A wide plank on a ship's ^de extending
from stem to stem
Walker, Vioe-Admiral Sir Baldwin Wake, O.V.O.,
O.M.O. (b- September 24, 1846). F.ntere*! the
Navy, iSsg ; lieutenant. 1868; commander of the
Notthumberland during Egyptian war, 1883
(Egyptian medal. Kht-dive's Bronze Star) ; C.M.G.,
(or services rendered as senior naval officer engaged
WALKER
668
WALLACE
ID the protection of the Newfoundland fisheries,
1S93 ; assiKLint director of torpfiloeA, 1895-9^ :
c^tain's good service pension, 1898 ; rear-admiral
ir>)o; Second -in -Command of Reserve Squadron.
1902 ; appointed rear-Admiral for the cruiser
division of the Medilerranran Ficrt. IQ03 ; C.V.O.
on the occasion of the visit of H.M. King Edward
VII. to Gibraltar. 1903 ; vice-admiral, I905.
Walker, Dr. David. Arcdc explorer (b. [838}.
One of the two summing members of the party that
sailed from Aberdeen. July t, 1857, on the steamer
Fox, to find out the fate of the Franklin expedition.
Tbc expedition was sent out by tht British Govern-
ment and T^dy Franklin. The>' saik-d up through
Davis Strait and BaJfm's Bay until caught in the
ice, August 12, 185;. at Mctvilte Bay, near Cape
York. Two hundred and foity-two days later.
whifn the Fox shook herself dear of the tee. ttiey
discovered their position to be t,jS5 miles south
of Cape York. The>' sailed back up the Greenland
coast and reached a point too miles north of Cape
York, and turned west up Lancaster Sound to
Be4.-cbey Island. Alter a stay of two or three
days at the island, tbcy started on the real bunt
for Franklin. After endeavouring to get through
Bcllot's Strait, which they found impossible
owing to a three mile jam of ice just buyund the
western entrance, they went into winter quarters.
On February 17. iSsg. McClintock {q.v.) started with
a party and camped on March i, at about tbc
position of the magnetic pole, and it was here that
he obtained the first tidings of the fate of Sir John
Franklin and his party. lie discovered a village
of eight ice huts and was shown by the Esquimaux
several relics of the Frankhn expetlition, including
ipooiu and forks, a silver medal, and pan of a gold
chain, On the return of McClmtock to the Fox,
three parties were sent out in different directions,
and on their return the (ate of Sir John Fnuiklin
was definitely known. A small piece of paper
discovered by Hobson in a cairn at Point Victory
on the north-west coast of King William's Land
is the only record that has ever been discovered
that tells of the Franklin party.
The tuessagn that had been written on this paper
viras :
" 38 of May, 1847. H.M. shipe Erebus and
Terror wintered in the ice in latitude 70° 05' N.,
longitude 98° 3i' W. liaviug wintered in 1846-7 at
Bccchey Island, in latitudg 74° 43' 28' N., longi-
tude 91* 39' 15* W.. after having ascended Wcl-
UngtOQ Channel to latitude 77°. and returned by
the west side of ComwolUs Island. Sir John
Franklin commanding the expedition. All well.
I'arty consisting of two offic'^rs and six men
left the ships on Monday. 24th May. (847.
" G. M. Gore, Ueut.
" Chas. F. Des Voeux, Mate."
Around the margins of this note was a second
inscription :
" April 25, 1848. — H.M. sliips Ttrror and Brgbm*
were deserted nn the 22ad of April, five leaguai
N.N.W. of this, ha^-ing been beset since I3th
September, 1846. The officers and crews, con-
sisting of 105 souls, under command o( Captain
F. R. M. Croiier, landMl here in latitude 6q' 37' 42'
N., longitude 98" 41' W. Sir John Franklin died
on the itth June. 1847; and the total loss by
deaths in the expedition has been to this date
nine ofhcers and 15 men.
" F. R. M, Crouer,
" Captain and Senior Officer.
" jAMJiS FrrxjXjiES.
" Captain 1^1. M.S. Et*tnu,"
This IS all the world knows of the large party
that started out to carry the British flaig safdy
tlirough tlie I«'arth-Wuit Paasage. The Fom
party came acroM many skdetuns. which wen
buncd. and although numerous rehcs were picked
up. not one sctap o( paper other than what hat
been already quoted was ever found.
The Fur returned to F.ngland in 1SS9.
l>r. Walker brought home a great coUection of
Horu and fauna and geological specimens. H«
recci\'cd his share ol the £10,000 which had beea
offered for the discovery of the fate of Frankhn.
Was decorated by Her Majesty tlie late Queen with
the Arctic Medal, and gave many interesting loctunn
tbiuughuut linglund and Scotland. He is oo«
j ust on 7 1 yearn of age, lives at Portluid, Oregao.
U.S.A., and is, in spite of the hardships endond
more than 50 vL^ars ago, as hale and he«rty as
many men one lialf his agr.
Wallac«, Dascan Macpherson fb. Ghufow .
April 4, 1S68). Naval arclutect. Educated KJ-
blain, Gret-nock. aud in 1884 was apprenticed
to the firm of Messrs. D. J. Dunlop and Co.. where
he studied shipbuilding in all its various bf^ncbca,
and gained a first-class certificate id etcmmtary
advance and honours for naval architecture at the
examination conducted by the science and art
department at South Kensington. In 1890 be
was appointed chief assistant in the dr«vring oflke
of Messrs. Caird and Co.. Ltd., Greenock, uid la
1895 *^ promoted chief naval architect to ttis
firm. McmtM^r ol the Institution of Naval Ardd
tects and Institution of Engineen nod Shipbuiiden-
WaUaoe. John (b. Glasgow. July 34. 1870).
Educated Greenock Private Academy. Ser\'ed aa
apprenticeship to engineering with Mcsara. Donkip
and Co., Fort Glasgow. In 1891 was appointed
draughtsman with Mc^isrs. luglis and subseqoentty
with the Fairfield Shipbuilding and £iiginMna|
Co.. Govan. In 1847 he was appointed resident
superintendent in Glasgow for the Castle Mail
Packet Ca, now Union-Castlc Mail Steamship Co^
and since then and until the early port ol i^^.
when he Went into bn^ncss as a naval architect
and consulting engineer. He superintended the
dcsig;n and conitructioo oi over 130,000 toot Ol
fint'Clasa stiippiug for the South Alrican mail eer-
vice and other importaat lines. Member of Uu
Institution of Engineers and Shipbuildertj.
Wallace, Peter (b. Ncwcasae. July 22, 1S50).
» Served apprentice-ship witli Messrs. A. and J.
Inglis, and in 18UC1 becanae partner and manager
of the Ailsa Shipbuilding Co.. Troon, Ayrshire, and
has been responsible for the design and construc-
tion of many vessds built by this lirm. Mi^mber
of the Institatioa of Engineers and Shipbuilders.
W.AJI. DiiiUnguiutung letters on sea fuihing
boats registered at Wanncper\'een, Holland.
W.A.R. Distinguishing letters on sea fishing
bents registered at Warder, Holland.
War Clause. Of clauses limiting thv undcr-
I writer's liability perhaps one of the most itn-
" portont is the War Clause : *' Warranted Iree from
capture, scisure. and detention, and the conse-
quences ol any attempt Merest, and all other
cousL-quences and hostilities." The meaning ol
this is that the interest insured is warranted free
from any of these .special perils, as a cnuie of lost,
lor which Uu: uiidcxwntur is othi.-rwi.si: liable.
Thus, if a vesHcl in-s-uri?d with this warranty were
lost by tlio du-ect action of a peril of the sea, the
anderwriter would be liable for the loss, even
■ though the ship had been brought under the
' influence of that peril by a hostile act ; and. on
the ottier hjjid, if the loss were directly occasioned
by a hostile act, the underwriter would not be
hable. even though the ship bad been apccmlly
exposed to it by a peril of the sea.
During the Aiutincan war tlie light at Cape
Hatteras was extinguished by the Confederate
troops for military reasons. Owing to the absence
of Uiis light a ship struck a reef and became a
wreck. The cargo consisted of 6.500 bags of
coflee. of which 1,020 bags would have been saved
if the salvors had not been prevented by the Con-
federate troops, who themselves only succeeded in
saving 170 bags, which they kept for thoir owu use.
This coffee was insured " (rcc from all con-
sequences of hostihties." On these facts the Court
of Common Pleas held that the underwriters were
liable for the loss ol all but i.oao bags. The case
was to be dealt with, tbey &aid, as if there were
two policies, one 00 the war risk, and the other on
the sea lisk ; and tlie question here was : ^^^ch of
the two was the proximate cause of the loss ?
Now, as to the 1,020 bag^, it wu:^ tfve Ouiiedcrate
forces which directly prevented tht; saving, and so
caused the loes of that portion. But the cxtin-
^ishing of the light was only the remote cause of
the loss of the remainder, the proximate cause
being the striking on the reef, which could not be
said to follow as natural or ordinary, still less as a
necessary, consequence of the extinguishing of the
light. (lonides v. Universal Co., 14 C.U.n.s. 259.)
liefer to Warranties ; aUo F. C and S.
Wat CoUac*. See Naval Establishments.
Warden. St* Cinque Ports.
Wup. A rope or liawsor used m transporting a
.ship from one place to another in port.
Warping buoys. Buoys moored in position snit-
abk- for ships to warp by.
Warranties. In maxine insurance a warranty,
says Arnould, " is a stipulation inserted In %vriting
on the face of the policy, upon the literal truth or
fulhlment of which tbe validity of the entire oon-
troct is dependent."
Words which to a careless reader might appear
to be mere description will amount to a warranty.
For instance. " The Swedish ship Sophia," " Goods
00 board the Mount Vernon, an American ship,"
arc warranties. {Park 00 Insurance, pp. 365. jS6;
Ptiillips on Insurance. 4th cd.. s. 70.)
" Warranted to sail on or tielore " a certain date
must be hterally complied with ; and, to quote
Ixtrd lentcrden : " It is clear that a warranty to
sail, without the word * from.' is not complied with
by the vessel raising her anchors, getting under
soil, and moving onwards, unless at the time of
the performance ot these acts she has everything
ready for the performance ol the voyage, and such
acts are done at the canimcucement of it, nothing
remaining to be done altt-rwards." A policy at
and from Port Neuf (about 30 miles above Quebec)
to l^ndon contained a warranty to sail on or
before October 28. On the a6tb the vessel dropped
down the river from Port Ncuf, where she had com-
pleted her loading to Quebec, the first place at
which she could obtain her clearance, with a crew,
which, though sufhcient for river navigation, was
not 30 for tlic voyage across the Atlantic. She
anived at Qnebec on the evening of tlie 2Sth, but
did not obtain her clearance and complete her
crew till the 2<;th, and did not actually leave the
port of Quebec till Uie jolh. This was held not
to be in compliance with the warranty. See
nepreseutations.
It is not necessary tliat the actual word " war-
ranty " should be used to constitute a warranty.
{McArthur on Marina Insurance, p. 46.)
There are implied warrunbcs in every mahne
insurance . The venture most be legal, the vessel
seaworthy, the interest genuine, and no deviation
from the voyage named. liefer to l^gahty. Sea*
worthiness, Genaine Interest, Deviation ; aJso Re-
presentation.
Wamaties. liverpool Shp :
1st. Wariantcd not to enter or sail from any
port in British North America between September i
and March 31. both days lnclusiv«.
and. Warranted not to be in the Baltic or Wtute
Sea between October i and March 31, both days
inclusive.
3rd. Warranted not to sail with over -net register
of gram from any port in North Amcnca bctwetm
October t and March 31, both days inclusive.
WARRANT
670
WASHINGTON
4th. Warranted not to sail with ovcr-nti: register
of ore, iron, or phnsjdiatc to or from any fiort m
North Amrrica brtwccn September i and March 31.
both days inclusive.
5th. Warranted no cast of Singapore (Java.
Saigon. Bangkok, and .\ustratia excepted).
6th. Warranted no BUboa.
^tb. Warranted no Stmits of Magellan, war
ranted no Torres Straits.
Wurtat Offloen, Nttval. rank with non-com-
missioned officers of the Array. Their rank is aa
follows Gunner, boatswain, carpenter — and take
rank after sub-licu tenant and l>eforc midshipman.
The gunner has charge ol tJie ship's artdliTy and
of the powder-magazine?. \ man becomes a gunner
by serving at sea until he is a leading seaman, an
able seaman, or petty officer. He can rise to cap-
tain of a gun, leading torpedo man. or gunnery
instructor, and >hauld be Ik a first-class gun and
rifle shot may become captain ol a turret or
barbette.
The boatswain has charge of all stores belonging
to his department. He is required to be on deck
at such tinips as all hands are employed, and it is
his daty tn see that the men perform their duty
in a thorough and capable manner.
The carpenter has to examine and has charge of
the ship's huH, magazines, store-rooms, and cabins.
His duties consist of senng that the ports are
scscurr. that the pumps are kept in good order, as
also the boats, ladders and gratings, llie caulker
and carpenter's crew are under his immediate
OFdere.
Reftr to Naval Education.
Warranty. In the law ol contract " a warranty
is an cxpiess or imphed statement of something
wliich the party undertakes shall be part of the
cotitract, and. though part of the contract, yet
collateral to the express object of it." If a repre-
sentation is ol such importance that it may be
said lo go to the root of the contract, it becomes
a condition. For breach ol warranty an action
for damages is maintainable; for breach of a con
dition Uie contract may be rescinded. If the patty
entitled to take advantage of a breach ol condition
fails to do 90, the condition sinks to the level of a
warranty-
Warren. Sir John Borlase {1753-1833). British
naval ofTicer. First saw service with Howe (^.v.)
and Hardy (f.r.) in North America. In 1794 com-
manded at the capture ol the Pomoue, tiabet, and
Bn^agMntlt. In 1 796 he commanded with bis
fleet the whole Atlantic coast of France, destroying
and capturing numerous vessels, and two years
later was instrumental in annihilating a French
squadron di-Mgned to invade Ireland. He became
full admiral in (810, and retired.
Warm. G.. and Co. See Liverpool and Boston
Line of Steamships.
Wftncn Use ol BoitoD BtMDun. St* UrcrpoDl
and Boston Line of Steamriiips.
Warrior. British ist class cmiser. (Pembroke,
1006.)
length 4Jioft. Beam 7311. .Maximum draught j/tt
Displacement 13,350 tons.
Guns. Armour.
6~9"J in., 50cal. '* Krupp."
4—7-5 in.
34—3 P<lr.
H Pompoms.
Maxims .
6 in. Belt.
6 in. Barbettes.
6 in. Turrets.
7 iu. Conning tower.
Torpedo Twbsi (18 in.).
3 Snbmerfed.
Twin screw. Hp. »3.$oo^37'ii kts. Coal maai
mum ?.ooo tons. Approximate cost /i, 150,000.
Wacxior. British ironclad. Re/^r to Reed,
Edward James.
Warspit«. See Marine Society.
Warspit«. On January 3. 1876. this vessel.
old training ship of the Marine Society's boys, was
burnt on the Thames between Charlton and
Woolwich.
Wua. Swedish coast defence battleship. (Stock-
holm, 1893.)
Length 3S7ft Beam 49ft. Draught i6|(t.
Displacement J,6i3 tons. Complement 350.
Ctrifs. Armour.
2— 6'2 in. " Krupp."
to — 3'2 in. 7 in. Belt amidships.
2 — r4 in, 7 in. Barbettes,
6~5*9 in. 7 in. Tarrets.
Torpedo Tubes.
3 Submerged.
Hp. 6,000 E 16 kts. Coal 370 tons.
Wasa SageUlfrenlnc. Established 1878. Cod
modort, L. J. Kurtcn ; Vice -Commodore, K, A
Las&cnius ; Treasurer and Secretary. ClaCs LtndcH
Club House, Wasa, Finland. Entrance fee, Fmj. 5 ;
annual subscription, Fmj. 5.
Wa^ The rough water left beliind fay
steamer, saibng ship, steam launch or the hkr.
Waihington. U.S. 1st dass cruiser. (KewYwk.
1904)
I-engih so5ft. Beam 73ft. Maximum draught KSft
Displacement 14,500 tons. Complement Hit
Armottr.
" Knipp."
5 in, Belt
7 in. Barbettes.
V in. Turrets.
9 iiL Conmog towcf.
Guns.
4 — 10 in., 40ca].
t6 — 6 in.
jj— 14 pdr.
tJ — 3 pdr.
3 — I pdr.
3 Machine.
3 ColU.
2 Field guns, tz pdr.
Torpedo Tubes (18 in.).
4 Submerged.
Twin screw. Hp. 33,000=22 kta,
mum 2,000 tons.
Coal ntft
WASH
671
WATSON
Wiib-stnfce. An upper stralte, often attached
by stud pins to the gunwales of bouts to keep out
spray and water.
Wup. British gun-boat. Wrecked off Tory
Island, Scptcmljer 22. 1S84 ; $4 lives lost.
Watch. A period of time occiipitHl by each part
of a ships crew alternately while on duty. The
period is four hours, the reckoaiog beginning at noon
01 midnight. The time between 4 and 8 p.m. ts
divided into two short watches of two hours each,
technicaity known as dog watches. From 13 noon
to 4 p.m. is the first afternoon u-atch. from 4 p.m.
to 6 p.m. the first dog watch, from 6 p.m. to 8 p.m.
the second dog watch, from 8 p.m. to midnight the
first night watch, from midnight to 4 a.m. the
middle watch, from 4 a.m. to 8 a.m. the morning
watch, and from 8 a.m. to noon the fore-noon
watch. The anchor watch is a small watch com-
posed of one or two men si:t to look after the ship
whiltf at anchor or in port.
Water. Hj,0, a comjwund conaisting of two
parts by weight of hydrogen to 16 parts of oxygen.
It is a clear, colourless, transparent Hqnid. destitute
of taste and smell, and possesses a neutral reaction.
Water borne. AppUed to a ship when just
floating clear of the ground, also to goods carried
by sea or river.
Waterlord Steamship Co., Ltd., with their head
offices at Wateriord, own a flent of five steamers.
which maintain a 8Pr\-ice between Waterford and
Liverpool, and Wattriord and Bnstol. A steamer
leaves Waterford for Liverpool and vice versa three
times a week ; one Iroin Waterford for Bristol
and trice versa twice a week, one from Wcxfortl (or
Bristol and vice versa weekly.
Fleet.
Ciodagh. Lara.
Dunhnnly.
Water-logged. Applied to
vrater : unmanageable, although still floating.
Waterloo. Transport wrecked in Tabic Bay,
Cape of Good Hope, on August 28. 1842 ; out of
330 persons on board 1S9, principally convicts,
perished.
Waterspout. .K large mas^ of water collected in
a vertical column and moving rapidly along the
surface of the sea. joining the cloud and sea. In
this phenomenon, heat and electricity seem to take
an active part ; but their cause is not fully ex-
plained.
Water Wagi, Kingstown. Established [S87. The
boats are striclly on design. The original type were
13 ft. , una lugged , centre- boarders with sharp stems.
In 1900 the design was altered to a boat 14 ft. 3 in.
beam, with lug and jib, ccntic-boaxd and square
stem. Over 20 .such boats arc now at Kingstown,
and in the races — which are held twice a week
during the season — as many as 1 7 boats often start.
They are very able boats, with a good turn of speed.
Menafiia.
Reginald.
ship when full of
and have proved an excellent school for yachtsmen.
President. T. B. Middletou ; Captain. J. H. Har-
gravc ; Honorary Secretary and Treasurer, G. A.
Newsom. Annual subscription. los.
Waterway. A channel along the side made of
deck planks to carry off water. In half-decked
boats they reduce the danger from excessive
heeling.
Waterwitofa. British surveying vessel (620 tons] .
Launchtd rS;;.
Watson, G«oi|ce Leoaos (i8$i-i>)04). Educated
privatttly and at the r,Ia.<igow High School. Appren-
ticed to Messrs. Robert Napier and Sons, the well-
known Clyde shiphuildora, and subsequently, to
increase his experience, he entered the employment
ol Messrs. A. and J. Inglus. ol PoinChoiise, near
Glasgow, and in conjunction witli Dr, John Inglis,
of that firm, made many experiments in yacht
designing, especially in the direction of outside lead
ballasting. In 1873 he started in Glasgow as a pro-
fessional naval architect, and gradually built up
the important business still carried on imdcr his
name in that city. From his early boyhood he was
devoted to boats and sailing, designing and person-
ally constructmg many interesting cxpenmental
smaller craft, .^raong the successful yachts
designed by Watson in tlie begiiuung ol his career
were the 5-ton cutter ClotiUe. the s-lon Vril, and the
lo-ton Madge. The great success of the two latter
vessels led to the celebrated >>a-ton cutter Vanduara
being buUt (of steel] for Mr. John Clark, of Paisley,
to Wat^oa's design, and this vessel proved the
fasti-Kl of her class, csjwcially in heavj' weather,
l>cating the Formosa (which belonged to tlic Prince
of \yales), Cuckoo, and other crack cutters on
several occasions. Three years later the 6a-ton
cutter Marjorie was built for Mr. James Coats,
who. as owner of the Madge, had great confidence
in thv skill of her di^igner. The Marjone wm one
of the last boats built under the old measurement
rule, but under the new regulations Watson was
equally successful. The Yarana. built in 1888.
the Creole in i8qo, and the Queen Mab in 1892. all
proved notable prize-winners. The most cele-
brated yacht designed by him was the Brtta»Hia.
built for His Majesty King Edward VII. when
Prince of Wales. This vessel, one of the moat
beautifuleverbuilt, won no fewer than 147 prises out
of 319 starts, and \3i of these were first prizes. In
addition to these cratt, Watson designed the Meteor
for His Majesty the German Kmperor, the B>ma for
the Due d'.\bruzzi, the Sybania and the Kariad,
four large and succc^ssful racing yachts, besides
many other racing yachts (or owners all over the
world. It was as a designer of cup challengers, how-
ever, that Watson's name came most prominently
l>cfore the general pubhc. and, though none of his
vessels was so fortunate as to bring the historical
Cup won by the Arn^rica in 1851 back from the
States, yet they all proved themselves yachts ol the
WATSON
672
WEATHER
highest class, and worthy oompetttora. The first
of hia cup challenges was tlio Thistie. buitt in 1887.
The two Vaihyrias built for Lord Dunraven,
followed in 1893 and 189s- Sir Thomas Upton's
Shamrock II., oi 1901, was the last of Watson's
cup challengers. Although it was as a dc&igncr of
racing craft that Watson was best known, be also
desig^ncd a number of vessels of other descriptions,
among them some of the largest steam yachts of
the day. Amongst tlic latter may be mcntionc<]
the Lvitslrala, of a.089 ions, ow-nwl by Mr. James
Gordon Bennett ; the Kahma. of 1.806 tons. Mrs.
H. Goelet ; the Margarilit. of 1 ,797 tons. Mr. Anthony
J. Drexel ; the Aimah. of 1,746 tons. Boron
Edmocd de Rothscliild ; tlie Vantna, of 1,564 tons.
Mr. Eugene Higginn ; the Alherla, of 1,312 tons,
the King of the Bolgi,tn>» : the Warti/^. of 1.326
tons, Mr. Frederick Vanderbilt ; the Aftedo, 1,111
tons, Mr. George Drexel : Zarnitta, of l,o96 tons,
owned by the Grand Dnkc Michael of Russia ;
the Sapphire, of 1.023 tons, Duke of Bedford ; and
the Honor, of i.oio tons, owned by Baron de
Forest. The ninnber of vessels for foreign owners
in this list is a proof of the wide fame and almost
unique position that Watson attained as a designer
of the highest class steam yachts. In tSSo he
delivered a lecture on " Yacht -building " at the
Naval Exhibition held in Glasgow that year. He
contributed a series of very careful articles on
yacht designing to " Land and Water." and wrote
for many other home and foreign publications
beJore his increasing business demanded all his
available time. The chapter in the Badminton
Library on the " Evolution of the Racing Yacht "
was written by him. He was elected a member
of the Institiiticn of Naval Architects in 1882, but
some years earlier he had read a paper there on a
new form of steering gear, and he occasionally took
part in discussions on papers relating to yacht and
lifeboat design. As con.'iulting naval architect to
the National Lifeboat Institution for nearly jo
years before his death, he rendered valuable service
to the cause of life-saving in this country.
WatsoD, Kenneth (b. Tynemouth, June 24, 1879).
Educated .Ackwortli and Bootham. fn 1896 was
apprenticed to the North-Eastcm Mannc En-
gineering Co., Ltd,, and in 1900 successfully passed
examination and spent two years taking a course
of engineering lectures at the Armstrong College,
Nrwcastle. He then went to sea for several voyages
to gain experience in marine engineering, and on
giving up active sea life he joined the firm witli
whom he was apprenticed, and holds an important
position with them. Member of the North-East
Coast Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders,
and chairman of Graduate Section ol that institu-
tion, sessions 1904.-05 and 1905-06.
Wattles. A kind of hard small bristles near the
mouth and nostrils df certain fish.
Watts, Sir Philip, K.03.. YAA^ Boa. lUli
(Olai.) Director of Naval Constmction, Adiair
(b. 1830). Educated College of Naval ArcJuti
turu : Constructor at tJie Admir^ty till 18S5 ; tne
1885 to 1901 waa na\-aJ architect and dirtctot 1
war shipbuilding departmcat of Sir W. G. Si
strong, Whitworth and Co., Ltd. ; succeeded :
William Henry N\'hitc {q.v.), in Z902. as Diiectortf
Xaviil Construction.
WaTeoOf . British torpedo-boat destroyer.
thorn, tgoj.) Length, 33o ft. ; beam. 3] iCl
draught, 10 ft. ; displacement. 534 tons: atai^
ment, 74 ; anuament. i i3-pdr., 5 6-pdr., 3 tubs;
twin screw ; Hp., 7.000=35 kts. ; coal, ijotooi
Waveney Safling Clnb. Established 1895. Coi
modore, Dr. K. Hewer; Vice -Commodore. LT
Clarkson ; RcajCominodoTe, K. H, Dotaca
Honorarj* Treasurer and Honorary Searo;;
\\\ Baker. \A'h('rT\' Hotel, Otilton Braad. ljm»
toft. Annual subscription, s«.
Wavesoo. Such of the cargo as floats oo tt
waves after a shipwreck.
Way. Motion.
Waymouth, Captain. See Arctic Explontka
W.B. THstingutshindr letters on sea fishiai beat
registered at Wijmbritscradec^l, Holland.
WJ>. UisunguLslung letters oo sea fitahtBcl
riigistercd at Wexford. Ireland.
wd. Weed. Abbrc\-iatiou adopted 00 the dam
issued by the Hydrographic Office. AdinlraltyJ
noting the quality of the ocean's bottom.
W.D.N. Distinguiidiing letters on sea
boats registered at Wijdencs, Holland.
W.E. Distinguishiug letters on sea fishii^ 1
registe.rcd at Ipswich. England.
Wmt. British torpe<lo-baat destroyer. (Pilndi'
1905) Length. 322 ft. ; beam. 33 j ft. : drau/lt
9} ft. ; displacement, 600 tons; comr'
arniamcjit, I 12-jxlr., 5 6-pdr., a tub^ ,
Hp., 7,500^25 kts. ; coal, ia6 tons.
Wear and teoc is the dcteriomtioa ol a ^
hull and materials (commonly called " 1
tear ") which is incidental to her
and uxfioiiure to the ordinary action of ttlcdcL
and is nut rucoM-rabIc as damage by perils c^l
seas. fMerchants Trading Co. v. Univcr»i 1
Co.. L.It 9 Q.B. 596.)
Wear ship. Running before the wind asai
of bringing the \^1nd on the other side.
Weather. A general term for the
conditious or the state of the air vitli
reference to the questions of cold, heat,
drxTifss, humidity, presence or absence
occurrence of sunshine, or any other mete
phenomena.
WEATHER
Weather boand. To detain by foul or contiar>'
wind.
WeaOier crossiaok-sheei. Ropes or chains
(asten^tl to one or both ol' the lower corners of the
crossjack to extend and retain the clew down in
ite place. lUfef to Sheet.
Weather foreeaat. A prediction of coming
weather based on meteorological observations.
Weather lore jib-sheet. Ropes or chains fastened
to one or both of the comers of the fore-jib to
extend and retain the clew down in its place.
Refer to Sheet.
Weather tore-sheet. Ropes or chains fastened to
one or both of the lower comers of the fore-mast
to extend and retain tlie ctew down in its place.
Refe" to Sheet.
Weatber^age. Applied when a vessel is to
windward of another vessel.
Weather helm. A ship is said to carry a weather
helm when she in inchned to f^pe, or come too
near the wind, and therefore requires the helm to
be kept constantly a little to windward.
Weatberins. The disintegration and decay of
rocks under the influence of the weather.
Weather ]ib-sheefc. Ropes or chains fastened to
one or both thf lower comers of the jib to extend
and retain the clew down in its place. Refer lo
Sheet.
Weather Jih topsail-sheet Ropes or chains
fastened to one or both of the lower comers of the
jib topsail to extend and retain the clew down in
its place. Ref4r to Sheet.
Waatharly. Sailing well ; holding a good wind
and making but little leeway.
Weather main-sheet. Ropes or chains fastened
to ono or both of the lower corners of the main-
mast to extend and retajn the clew down in its
place. Jiffe-r to Sheet.
Weather^Ue. That side of a ship on which the
wind blows.
Weather siffnals. .*iV<^ Weather Forecasts.
Weather-tide. Running in a contrary direction
to wind blowing ; as opposed to lee tide.
Webb, Blatthew (184R-A3). Known as Captain
Webb (b. IMwlf-y. in Shropsliire). He was in the
mercantile marine, employed in the Cunard Sleam-
fthip Co.. and his first great swimming feut, April 23.
1873. WHS plunging oQ the Cunarder Russia into a
heavy sea in the unsutxessfnl endeavour to save a
young sailor who had fallen overlx>ard. when he
passed 37 minutes in the sea before the lifeboat
rdieved him. He received the silver medal from
the Royal Humane Society of Lxindon. the Stan-
hope gold medal, and £100 purse sut«scril)ed by
the passengers of the Russia. In June. 1874. he
swam from Dover to the north-east Vame buoy
(7^ sea miles). Retiring from the mercantile
marine in 1875. he became a professional swimmer.
and on July 3 of that year swam from Blackwall
Pier to Gravesead Town Pier on an ebb tide, a
distance of i3^ miles, in 4 hours 53 minutes, and
on July 19 from Dover to Ramsgate. 15 miles, in
8 hours 45 minutes. On August 12, 1875, he made
an unsuccessful attempt to swim from Dox-er to
Calais in the narrowest part of Dover Straits,
17J sea miles. He afterwards successfully accom-
plished the feat on August 24-25, after 21 hours
44 minutes immersion, the distance swam having
been as nearly as possible 39J miles. This swim
has never been equalled. Numerous attempts
havQ been mad^, all of which have been imsuc-
cps-sful. To maintain a waning popularity, he
undertook to swim the rapids and whirlpool of
Niagara, which foolhardy attempt cost him his
life. Jtily 34, 1883.
WeddaU, 7ames. B.It. See Antarctic Explora
tiou.
Weddel, Turner and Oo. 5«tf Lion Line.
Wedfre. See Ridge.
Weed. To clear the standing and running gcar
of knots, seizings, and pieces of oakum.
Weekly accotmt. An old name for the whitt*
patch on the collar of a mirlshipman's coat.
Weekly Index. 5m Lloyd's.
Weeping. The oozing of drops of water through
the seams of a vessel's sides or decks.
Weevil. An insect which perforates and destrvya
the woodwork, cargo, and provision.s of a ship.
Weft The width measurement of a sail cloth,
as opposed to the length measurement, which is
called the warp.
Weijth. Applied to th« anchor, to heave up.
Weighti and Mea^orei. Since the Act of 1824.
which became coinpul.sory on January i, 1826, the
Imperial Statute system ol weights and measures
has been in general use throughout Great Britain
and her toJonies.
60 seconds
60 mmutes
30 degrees
i^ signs ...
00 degrees
iSo degrees
360 degrees
An^fuiaf Measure.
Apothecarie
60 nitntms ...
>i Hnid drachms
30 fluid ounces ...
8 pints
= I minute.
— I degree.
= 1 sign.
■■I circle.
^ I quadrant.
= I semicircle.
= 1 circumference.
Measure.
= I fluid drachm.
=^1 fluid ounce.
= I pint,
= 1 gallon.
^^^^K^^^^^ ^^7
{^^■1
If^H
1
HH
^H WEIGHTS
^
674 ^^1
I
' WEIG
^^^^H A pntMecarus WgigU.
;:} yards
= I rod. pole, or
^^^H^ 2<i grains
... =1 scruple.
22 yards...
= I chain.
^^^^^^_ 3 scraples
.„ =t drachm.
100 fathoms
a 1 cable's leogl
^^^^^^P drachms
... = I ounce.
40 roods
= 1 furlong.
^^^^^^^ 12 ounces
= I pound.
8 furlongs
3B I mile.
^^^^B Avoirdupois H'ttgMl.
Nautical M»te^ute~ ^
^^H^ 37'i4J75 grains ..
... = I dram.
12 inches
^i foot. ■
^^^^^^^ 1 6 drams
... => I ounce.
3 feet
- 1 yard. M
^^^^^^B ounces .
... = t pound.
6 feet
= 1 fathom. I
^^^^^^H t4 pounds
V • "1 stone.
130 fathoms
= I cable's lea^;^
^^^^^^B pounds
. ... ~i quarter.
i.ooo fathoms
= t nauticaJ mDe.
^^^^^^H 4 quarters
... =1 hundredweighl.
3 nautical miles
= 1 leafrue.
^^^^^^^ 20 hundrcdweighls » i
20 leagues
^ 1 de^T«* of OK
^^^F^ Ciibic or Sotid Measure.
Nautical mile for speed
^^^K 1,738 cubic inches
= 1 cubic toot.
trials. generally
^^^^H 27 cubic feet
= 1 cubic yar<T.
called Admiralty
,
^^^H 108 cubic
= I stack of wood.
measured mile
...
= 6.0S0 feet.
^^^^L^^ 40 cubic feet metchan-
I'lSi statute miles
...
= 1.853 metres. ,
^^^^^^K
^ I shipping Ion.
Square or
Land Measure. ^
^^^^^^1 43 cubic feet of timber i shipping ton.
144 square inches
...
= I square looL
^^^^^^^1
= 1 shipping displace
c) square feet ...
...
= I square yard.
^^^^^H
ment ton.
joj square yards
= 1 rod, pole, or
^^^^B
Dry Measure.
16 rods
...
= I chain.
^^^^^ 4
... =1 pint.
40 rods
...
= I rood.
^^^H 2
... =1 quart.
4 roods
...
= 1 acTv.
^^^H 2 quarts
... —1 pottle.
30 acres
...
« 1 yard of laad.
^^^^H 4 quarts...
... =1 gallon.
100 acres
...
» 1 bide.
^^^H 2 gallons
... Ki peck.
640 acres
...
= I squarie mile
^^^^H 4 pecks ...
e] bushel.
Time Measure. |
^^^H bujthels
= 1 quarter.
60 seconds
= I minute. ■
^^^^B 2 bushels...
= 1 strike.
60 minutes
1 hour. ^^H
^^^^1 4
= 1 coomb.
24 hours ...
I IH
^^^^B 2 coombs
= I quarter.
35h. 56m. 4s.
= 1 sidvrealam
^^^H 36 bushels
— I chaldron.
/days
«i week.
^^^H 5
... =1 load.
28 days ...
^i lunar month.
^^^^^^^ 2 loads
... =ihut.
3S, 29, 30. or 31 days
= 1 calendar mot
^^^H 3
^^^H 4 quarts
iquid Measure.
... =1 pint.
= 1 quart.
... =3 I gBllon.
12 calendar month.')
36si daj-3
366 days
365d. sh. 48m. 46s.
= I year.
= I common yen
— I leap year.
= I tropical ywr.
^^^H Long Measure.
Tfoy Weigit. ■
4 grains =1 rarat- ■
^^^H 12 inches
... =- 1 foot.
= I yard.
6 carats. 24 grains
...
= t pennyweight
^^^ 3 leet
20 pennyweights
...
= I ounce.
^K 5i yards
= I rod, pole, or perch
12 ounces
...
■=» pound
40 poles
... = 1 furlong.
35 pounds
..>
si quarter.
8 furlongs
= t mile.
100 pounds
= I hundredwcjgl
3 miles
... =1 league.
30 hundredweights
•= 1 ton.
13 lines
,„ =1 inch.
The Metrical system
of
weights is Dsrd 10
2^ Inches
... =iiiall.
gium, France, Germany.
Italy. Portugal. S
3 inches
... =1 palm.
Sweden, Norway, and other
countries.
4 inches ...
~i hand.
Measure of Length. |
7'92 inches
... =1 link.
10 millimetres
= r centimetre.
9 inches
... =1 quarter.
10 centimetres
= t decimetre.
J 2 inches ...
... = 1 foot.
to decimetres
— X metre.
^^^^ 1 8 inches
= 1 cubit.
10 metres ...
= 1 dekametre^
^^^H 36 inches
... =1 yard.
to dckametrcs
= I hectometre, '
^^^1 feet
K I military pace.
to hectometres ...
= I kilometre.
^^^B 5
... =1 pace.
10 kilometres
= I m>-naraetiT.
^^H A feet
... *^ I fathom.
Long distances are
reckonevl ia kilranetnc fl
WEIGHTS
675
WEIGHTS
loc«ntiares
to declares
loares
ro dekam
I
Measure of Surface.
' I dcciarr.
= I arc.
=1 dekare.
»i hectare.
The are« 100 square metres.
Mituvre of Volume.
(Cabic Measure.)
10 decistem ... ... = 1 stere.
10 steres ... ... ... = t dekastere.
The stere = 1 cabic metre.
Meaiure of Capacity.
10 tnillilitres ... ... =1 centilitre.
to ccntilitrea —1 decilitre.
10 decilitres =1 litre.
10 htres 1=1 dekalitre.
to dekalitres =^ i hectolitre.
to hectohtres =*i kilolitre.
1 kilolitres i cubic raetre= i stere.
to milligrams
to centigrams
to decigrams
to grammes
to dekagrams
to licctograms
CO kilograms
WftgU.
=! t centigram.
= I decigram.
» I gramme.
~ I dekagram,
a I hectogram,
a t kilogram.
= I myriagram.
Equivalent of Imperial Weights and Measures
in Metric system :
Affothecarus Mtaiute.
t minim =0*059 millilitre.
I fluid scruple =t'i84 miililitrea.
t fluid drachm (60 minias) =3-553 „
I fluid ounce (8 drachms) =2'84lij centilitres.
I pint ... =o'568 litre.
I gall. (3 pints or 160 fluid
ounces) =4'545963i litres.
Apatiucatiei Weight.
t grain = 0*0648 gramme.
t scruple (20 grains) ... = 1*296 grunmes.
t drachm (3 scruples) ... =3*888
1 ounce (8 drachms) ... <d3i'io35 „
Avoirdufiuis Weight.
I grain ... =■ 0*0648 grammtr.
t dram ... = 1*773 grammes.
I ounce (16 drams) ... =38*350 „
I pound (16 ounces or 7,000
grains) ... = 0*4535^243 kilogr.
I stone (t4 lb.) ^ 6*350 kilograms.
I quarter (28 lb.) » 13*70 „
I hundredweight (cwt., /so'gu
112 lb.) ~ V o'5oSo quintal.
{ I '0160 tonnes or
~\ 1016 kilograms
Capacity Measurss.
I gill = 1*42 decilitres.
t pint (4 gills) • =""568 litre.
1 quart (2 pmts) = 1 ' 1 36 litres.
1 ton (30 cwt.)
t gall. (4 quarts)
t peck (j galls.) ...
I bushel (8 galls.)
1 quarter (8 bushels)
= 9*093 litres.
= y(>i7 dekalitres.
= 2'<>og hect<^tre3.
Cubic Measure.
1 cubic inch = 16*387 c. cedtimctrrs
t cubic foot (i,738c.ins,) = o'o283t7 c. metre.
1 cubic yard (27 c. feet) ... = 0*764553 c metre.
Linear Meature,
I inch
T foot (12 ins.) ...
I yard (3 ft.) ...
I fathom (6 ft.) ...
I pole (5i yards)
t chain (23 yds.)
I furlong {330 yds.)
I mile (8 furlongs)
1 square inch
t sq. foot {144 sq. ios.)
I sq. yard (g sq. ft.)
1 perch (30^ sq. yds.)
I rood (40 prchs.)
t acre (4,840 sq. yds.)
I sq. mile (640 acres)
= 25*400 millimetre.
St 0*30480 metn-.
^ o'9t4399 metre.
= 1*8283 metres.
•= 5'02r)2
= 2o'ii68
= 301*168
= t'6093 kilometres.
Square Measure.
= 6*4516 sq. centi*
metres.
« 9" 3903 sq. deci
metres.
= 08361 26 Bq.mtre.
= 25*293 sq. metres.
= 10*117 ares.
s 040458 hectare.
=259*00 hectares.
Troy Weight.
I grain s= 0*0648 gramme.
I pennyweight (34 grams) — 1*5553 grammcA.
I Troy ounce {20 penny-
weights) =3»'o35 .•
Equivalent of Metric Weights and Measures in
Imperial system :
Capacity Measure.
=0070 gill.
=0*176 pint.
=1*75980 pints.
3>3'zoo gallons.
"275 bushels.
Cubic Measure.
I cubic centimetre ... =o*o6tu cubic in.
1 cubic decimetre (c.d.)
(i.ooo cub. centimetres} =61*024 cubic >ns-
I cub. metre (1,000 cub.
decimeir«sl =35*3148 cub. ft.
■'307954 cub. yds.
Linear Measure,
I millimetre (mm.) (i-
t.oooth m.)
1 centilitre
1 decilitre
1 Utre
1 dekalitre
I hectolitre
I centimr. (i-iooth m.) .
I decimetre (l-ioth m.) .
1 metre (m.)
S decametre (10 m.)
I hectometre (100 m.)
1 kilometre (t.ooo m.)
0*03937 inch,
03937 in,
.1'937 inches.
(39'37oii3 inches
3280843 feet.
ro936r43 yards
10*936 yaids.
109-36 ,.
o'62i37 mile.
<2
Squitfe Maasute.
X square^ centimetre ... = 0*15500 sq. in.
1 aq. decimetre (100 5q.
centiinetres] = 15-500 »q. inches.
I sq. metre (100 aq. dcd- j lo'/d^-j sq. (eet.
metres) t 11960 sq. yd:i.
1 arc (100 8q. mrtres) ... =i)4'<to ,.
I hectare (100 arrs or 10,000
sq. metres) = 2'4jn acres.
Weight.
(Avoirdupois.)
I milligram (i-i.oootb gTm.)= o'ot5 grjiD.
I ct-ntigram (1 -tooth gmi.)
1 decigram (i-ioth grm.)
r gramme (1 grm.)
I dekagram (10 grm.) ...
I hectogram (too grm.) ...
I kilogram (I, QUO gnn.) ... =
I myriagram {10 kilog ) =
I qtrintai (100 kilog.) ... ■
1 tonne f 1,000 kilog.) ... =
(Troy.)
I gramme (i grm * ... =
o't54 ..
» '543 grains-
» 5*432 ..
$'644. drams.
35*7 ot
2'ao46a Ih. or
i543a'3564 ««>>'«■
72046 lb.
I '968 cwt.
0*^42 ton.
j o'o32i.i; oz. Iroy.
''5'432 grains.
I gramme (1 grm.)
(.Apothecaries.)
I o'2$73 diacbm.
... = -. 07716 scruple.
( I5"432 grains.
Weisaenbnrg. German lat class battleship [1891).
Length 380ft. Beam 64ft. Maximum draught 24ft.
Displacement 10.060 tons. Complement 568-
Cttni. A rmour.
4 — 11 in. " Compound."
3 — II in. 15 io. Belt.
8 — 4"i in. 12 in. Barbettes.
S — 15J pdr. 5 in. Turrets.
2 — 1 pdr. 12 in. Conning tower.
4 Machine.
Torpedo Tubes.
2 Submerged.
I Above water .stern.
Twift screw. Hp. forced 10,000=17 kts. Coal
maximum [,050 tons. Approximate cost ^750.000.
Welch, John Joseph (b, Chatham, November 9.
iy6i). Professor oi Naval Archittcture. Armatnmg
College, NewcaslIe-ori-Tyne (in the University of
Durham). British naval architect. Served ap-
prenticeship in Chatham Dockyard, and m iSSi
took first place in the scholarship compctitioQ,
open to all apprentices, for entry into the Royal
Naval College, Greenwich ; passing out three years
later at the head of all students leaving the college
in that year, he took up the position of assistant
constructor at Chatham Dockyard. In i386 he
■was appointed junior instructor in naval architec-
ture at the Royal Naval College, and retained this
post until 1890, when he succeeded to the position
of senior lecturer, which ofUce he held until 1894.
In 1S90 he joined the st&fi of the Director of Navil
Construction at the Admiralty, and was emplrjrt
on responsible work in connection with sh^ dtsp.
In 1895 be was apptointed an inspcsctor of cootnct
work to supervLse the building^ by private fima
of the luills of torpedo-boat destroyers, and tow
that the conditions of tl»c contract were canwj
out. In (899 he became manager of the thip
building dcpaitmeot of Messrs. Laird Bratben
now Mesara. Cammell, Laird and Co., r«UnqcislUD(
this post in 1907 to become the fiist occupant ot
the newly-created chair of naval airhttttture
.\rm3tr0ng College, Newcastle -on -Tyne. He ii a
member of the Institution of Ci^-il Engineen ud
of the Institution of Naval .\rchitect».
Publication: "Text-Book of Naval Archit
tor use of Officers of the Royal Kavy."
WelL A bulkhead in the middle of a ships hcM
protecting the pumps from damage.
Wetland. British torpedo-boat drstroyer. {\
row. 190:1.} l.cngtJi. 225 ft. ; beam. 23 ft. . draaptt
10 ft. ; displacement, 550 tons ; complemeaT, 7»:
armament, i 12-pdr.. 5 6-pdr.. 3 tabes;
•icrew ; Hp., 7.500 = 2ft kts. ; cool. 120 tons.
Welslord uid Ca. J. E. Se^ Gulf Transport Udk
Welsh Yacht Clab. RoyaL See Roym] WcM
Yarht <:iub.
Wending. Bringing the ship's head to «a iipp»-
sito course.
Weodnr. Bntish fonr-masted ship. 2,046 {na
tons. This vea^I accompliaherl a most rcraarlabk
passage from Newcastle. New South Wales IB
Valparaiso, taking only 29 days.
Wentle. An obsolete term siBTiif>'iiig to nfl
over.
Westcott and l^ursnoe Line. Purchased u i96<
by Messrs. Westcott and Housdcn. who sabseqnentf)
changed the oame to Westcott and Laaraacc ft
December. 1901. the fleet and business wasaoqWB^
l»y the Ellerman Lines. Ltd- (^.v.).
Wespe. German gun-boat. (Bremen, tMt.) '
Length 154*1. Beam 36ft. Draught ioi*t
Displacement t.mji tons. Complement Tfc
Ciuns. A rtnour.
r— I2in. "SteeL"
2 — 3'3 in. 8 in. Belt 1
2 Maxims. 8 in. Turrets.
8 in. Barbettea.
Torpedo Tultirs.
2 Above water.
Hp. 759= 'o *its. Cool 40 tons.
West. One of the four cardinal points
opposite to the east. A point towards the 1
midway bot%ve<.>n the north and south poles of 1
licavcn-s.
West AiutraliMi Steam HftvigalioD Oa. :
by Messrs, Belhcll, Guyn ami ( <i,. was 1
1882, when the steamer NauU comnumocdtl
WESTCLIFF
677
VVETTIN
vice between Frcmantle and the various ports of
Wt-stern Australia to the north. The company,
in conjunction with the Ocean Steam Navigatioa
Co., now own five modem fiteamcra, and a tort-
nightly service is maintained from Frcmantle to
Singapore, and uice versa. These steamers form a
connecting link between West Australian ports and
the principal ports ol the world, passengers and
cargo transhipping at Singapore.
Fleet.
Charon. Minilya. Naial.
Paroo. Suitan.
WfiStolifl Taobt Olob. Established igoo. Com-
modore. H. C. Ewer ; Vice -Commodore. W. Kirk-
ham ; Rear -Commodore. W. A. Coulson ; Honorary
Treasurer. H. W. Coats ; Honorary Secretary. Fred.
J. Klein. " Bedford," Ronald Park Avenue, West-
clifT-on-Sea. Essex. Entrance fee, 2s. 6d. ; annual
subscription, ■;;.
Wegt«m ol England Tacht Club. Royml.
Royal Western of England Vacht Club.
5w
Wastorn (Scotland) Yacht Club. Boyal. See Royal
Western (Scotland) Yacht Club.
Western Transit Co.. with which is amalgamated
the New York Central and Hudwjn River Railway
Co., with their head offices at Halifax, New York.
bave a fleet of 14 modem cargo steamers ranging
{torn 1,500 to 5,000 tons trading on the Great
Lakes.
Flkkt.
Duluth.
Aliiwiiubes.
Mohawk.
Romt.
A ufturn.
Boston.
Buffalo.
Chicago.
Commodore.
Suptrior.
Syracuse.
Troy.
Uiica.
Yonhars.
Gross tonnage, 40,000.
West India and PaoiAo Une. Set Leyland Line.
West India Mail. .**(■(■ Imprnal Direct Service.
West Lancashire Yacht Club. Established 189$.
Commodore. W. D. Coddington ; Vice-Comniodors,
T. B. Rowc ; Rear -Commodore, W, A. Hooton ;
Hooorary Treasurer. W. G. White ; Honorary
Secretary, H. W. Hatch, 171 Lord Street, South-
port, I^ncs. F.ntrancc fee, £1 ix. : annual siib-
Mcriptian. {,1 lis, 6d.
WectoD, Jamei, has a fleet of 38 vessels engaged
in the difleri-nt carrying trades of the world, and
under contracts with nearly all the European
Governments. The firm was started in 1851. since
which time they have owned steam and sailing
tonnage amounting to nearly 2,000,000 tons of
shipping. The first steamer was built in 1864.
with a dead weight capacity of 1,100 tons, the
fleet now comprising vessels varying from 1,300 to
7.050 tons. The firm specialise in tonnage so that
the requirements of any class ol charterers can be
snpplied, from a transport to
The head office of the firm is
Fleet.
Abana.
Aldworth.
A mhient.
BtnsficerU,
Birch.
Bfitannia.
Cogent.
Coniscliffs.
Consent.
Dtligent.
F. D.Lambetl.
George Alien.
George Royie.
Gerenl.
Gladys Royle.
J. M. Smith.
J. Y. Short,
James Cameron.
James Westott.
Gross tonnage.
3 Crfjvcmment collier.
in Sunderland.
John FothergiU.
Joseph Davis.
Lavinia WestoU.
Liszie tt'estoU.
Lucent.
Magnus Mail.
Mary Ada Short.
Aluuificent.
Regent.
Robert Adamson.
Robert Eggletou.
lj}ker.
Salient.
T. R. Thompson.
Virmt.
Westbum.
IViUiam Adamson.
WiUiam Middleion.
75.000.
West Qtiay Regatta Olab. SDutha.mpton. Estab-
lished [SG6, bur tliore was a club of that name in
existence many yi^ars prior to that date, and this
club is known as the "father" of the "Royal
Southampton Yacht Club." The present club con-
ducts the annual Southampton town regatta, and
has a membership of just over zoo. Burgee: Blue,
bcariug a white St. Andrew's Cross, with the South-
ampton shield in centre. Commodore, T. Cham-
beriayne ; Vice-Commodore, Mytcs B. Kennedy ;
Rear-Commodore. A. Jones ; Honorary Treasurer,
J. Pickett; Honorary Secretary, C. Thompson.
Annual subscription, 101. 6<f.
West TirgiaJa. U-S. ist class cruiser. (Newport
News. 1 903.)
Length 502ft. Beam 70ft. Maximum draught 27ft.
Displacement i j.400 tons. Complement S^a.
Armour.
" Krupp."
G in. Belt amidships.
6 in. Turrets.
9 in. Conning tower.
Guns.
4 — 8 in,. 45 cal.
14— 6 In.
18—14 pdT-
13—3 pdr.
8— I pdr.
8 Colbt.
2 Field guns. 3 in.
Torpedo Tubes {18 in.).
2 Submerged.
Twin screw. Hp. 2^,000 = 22 kts. Coal maxi-
mum 2,000 tons. Approximate cost l\ .loo.ffOfo.
Wet. Damage done by water for wlu'ch (he
owners of the vessel arc liable.
WettliL German ist class battleship. (Schi-
chan, 1901.)
Length 416ft. Beam €7ft. Maximum draught 28(t.
Displacement 1 1,830 tons. Complement 650.
Guns.
4— 9'4 in-
I8 — 6 m.
la— i5i pdr.
I J— I pdr.
8 Machine.
A rmour.
" Krupp."
9 in. Belt,
lo in. Barbettes,
lo in. Turrets,
lo in. Conning tower.
Torpedo Tubes.
5 Submerged bow and broadside,
t Above water stem.
Three screws. Kp. 15,000= 18 kts. Coal maxi-
mnm 1,500 tons, Approjiimate cost ^1.100,000.
W.F. Distinguiiilung letters on sea fishing boats
registered at WcrvershooJ, Holland.
W.F.D. Distinguishing letters on sett fishing
boats registered at Wolfaartsdyk, Holland.
WJi, Dibtitiguishtng letters on sea Ashing boats
registered at Weymouth. England.
Whale. Stg Royal Fish.
Whale Mand. See Naval Establishments.
Wh&ler. A vessel or person employed in the
whale ftsheries.
Wharf. An erection of wood or stone for the
oonvenience of loading and tralooding merchant
vessels.
WheeL General name for the helm which works
the tilliT and rudder.
WhMling. U.S. gun-boat. (San Francisco, 1S97.)
length, 174 ft. : beam, 34 ft. : draught, 12^ ft. ;
displacement, i. 000 tons; complement, 140; arma-
ment, 6 4in., 4 6-in., 2 i-pdr. : Hp., i,o8o« tikts. ;
coal, 326 tons.
Whatt. A long strip of bunting used at the mast-
head as an aid to steering, or as a si^al.
Whalpi. The projecting brackets which surround
the liarrcl or main body oi the capstan like but-
tresses, enabling the cable to get a good bite.
Wbeny. A light nver boat used in harbours
for river and passenger traflic.
WhUBar. Obaolcte term for lifer; a tenn of
derision.
Whiptwr. [.ocal tfrm in use on tlic River Thames
for a man who unloads coal into lighters.
Whipping. Spun yam saturated with tar and
formed into a string for whipping or protecting the
endi ol ropes.
Whipple. U.S. torpedo-boat destroyer (igoo).
Displact-ment. 433 tons ; guns, 3 14-pdr.. 5 6-pdr. ;
lorp*-do tubrs. 3 l8-in. ; Hp., 8,300=30 kts.
WhfrL Ob^etc term for a rope winch.
Whirlpool is an eddy or vortex in running water
cau»cd by thr meeting of tvro or more currents
inducing a whirling motion, whidi attracts and
eaguUfe lloating objects. They take place more or
leas in all nvers, and in every tide race of the sea.
the depth, diameter, and velocity depending on
accidental causes.
Cbarybdis. a whirlpool famous in daasical litera-
ture, is situated in the Straits of McHsina ; this was
nothing more than a current which became danger-
ously suong under certain conditions of wind and
tide.
Saltenstrom, the whirlpool of Salten Fjord, on the
north-west coast of Norvi-ay. is known as one of the
most violent bdal currents of the world. It runs
with a velocity of seven miles an hour with an
irregular iwa-bcd rising abruptly from aoo fathoms
seaward of Mosken to 30 fathoms in the Channel
and Fjord, which gives it a character very similar
to that of the Straits of Messina.
In the Faroe Islands several dangerous tide caices
exist, m which there are whirlpools, the wont two
being the Quaemc ofi Sand Island, and one round
the rock of Sumboe-musk off Suder Island.
The Shetland and Orkney Islands are traveiaMl
by a system of formidable tide waves frequently
forming whirlpools. The channel of Jura Sound
in the Hebrides contains a whirlpool resembling
that of Moskcn and Messina. Full and trust-
worthy details of the actual state and dangers of
whirlpools will be found in the Sailing Directioaft
for Coast Pilots of the British Admiralty for the
various seas.
Whirlwind. A small, local cyclonic whirl in which
there is a very strong upward motion of the air.
Wblakfln. Projections from the cat-head
which the jib guys are spread.
Whistle. A small instrument used for signalliftg
by the boatswain.
Whit^ Alfred Fr&noifl. Educated Belfast,
and served his apprenticeship with Mesan. Har-
laod and Wol0. In 18^9 he became drmogbti-
man with Messrs. Gourlay Brothers. Dundee, and
in 1 890 left tills firm to go to sea to gain experience
in marine engineering. In 1893 went to Australia,
and was employed by the New South Wales Govern-
ment until 1S95. ^" ^^ return to England in
1896 be joined tlie firm of Messrs. Babcock and
Wilcox, London, with whom be was aasooated
during the [K-riod of the introduction of tbctr
boilers for marine parposee, and had charge o( tbeir
marine department. In 1697 he became sopcna-
tendeot engineer to Messrs. Wilson, Sons and Co-.
Hull, and after four years with this firm he went to
Japan as technical adviser to the Nippon Yow
Kaisha, and under his supervision 10 vessels have
t>een added to the fleet of this comp>any. aggregating
over 40,000 tons. Member of the Institution of
Naval Architects and of the institution of Mech
caJ Engineers.
White, Sir Wiltiam Henrf (b. Devonport.
ruary 2, 1845). BritijJi naval architect, K.CB,^
cr. 1895. F.R.S. (Lond. and Edin.). LL.D.. D!
After serving his appreoticesbip in the Dev
Dockyard he look first place in the scholanhq
compebtioa at the Royal School of Naval ArchtMC-J
WESTCLIFF
677
WETTIN
I
vice between Fremantle and the varioos ports of
Western Australia to the north. The company.
in conjunction with the Ocean Steam Navigation
Co.. now own five modem steamers, and a fort-
nightly service is maintained from Fremantle to
Singapore, and vfM vena. These steamera form a
connecting link between West Australian ports and
the principal ports of the world, passengers and
cargo transhipping at Singapore.
Flbbt.
Charon. Minitya, Natal.
Patoo. Sultan,
Weatoliff Tacht Club. K«tabli<;hed 1900. Com-
modore;. H. C. Iiwer ; Vice -Commodore. W. Kirk-
ham : Rear-Commodore, W. A. Coulson ; Honorary
Treasurer, H. W. CoRtN , Honorary Secretary, Fred.
J. Klein. " Bedford." Ronald Park Avenue. West-
diff-on-Sea, Essex. Entrance fee. 25. 6d. ; annual
subscnption, s*.
W«8t«ni ol EagUnd Yaoht Clab, BoyaL
Royal Western of England Yacht Club.
Sm
Waitem (BootUnd) Taoht Club. BoyaL See Royal
Western (Scotland) Y.icht Club.
WMt«ni Traniit Co., with which is amalgamated
the New Voik Central and Hudson River Railway
Co.. with their head offices at Halifax. New York,
have a fletit of 14 moJcm cargo stcamerii ranging
from 1.500 to 5.Q00 tons trading on the Great
Lakes.
Fleet.
Duluth.
Mohawk.
Rome.
.■luburn.
BosUm.
Buffalo.
Chicugo.
Commodore.
Supanof.
SyracHM0.
Troy.
Uttca.
Yonhtrs.
Gross tonnage. 40.000.
West India and Fadflo Lin«. 5«« Leyland Line.
West India Hail. Src lnii>crial Direct Service.
West Lancuhire Yaobt Club. Esublishcd iSqs.
Commodore. W. D. Coddington ; Vice-Commodore,
T. B. Kowe ; Rear -Commodore, W. A. Hootoa :
Honorary Treasurer. W. G. While ; Honorary
Secretary. H. W. Hatch. 171 Lord Street. South-
port. Lanes. Entrance tee, £1 is. ; annual sub-
' achption. ^i its. td.
WestoU, James, has a fleet of jS vessels engaged
in the differcni carrying trades of the world, and
under contracts with nearly all the European
Governments. The firm was started in 1851. since
vrhtch time they have owned steam and ssultng
tonnage amounting to nearly 3.000,000 tons of
shippmg. The first steamer was built in 1864.
with a dead weight capacity of 1,100 tons, ^e
fleet now corapriaing vessels varying from i.aoo to
I 7.050 tons. The firm specialise in tonnage so that
Lthe requirements of any class of charterer can be
supplied, from a transport to
The head othce of the firm is
Flest.
Ahana.
Aldwortk.
A mbient.
BenefUetU.
Hitch.
Britannia,
Cogent,
Conisdiffe.
Consent.
Diligent.
F. D. Lamhett.
Geofge Allen.
George Royle.
Cerent.
Gladya Boyle.
J. M. Smith.
J. Y. Short,
James Cameton.
James WesloU.
Gross tonnage.
a Government collier.
in Sunderland.
John Fothergill.
Joseph Davis.
Lavinia WesUAl.
Liuie WestoU.
Lucent.
Magnus Afait.
Mary Ada Short.
Munificent.
Newent.
Regent.
Robert Adamson.
RoOett Egglettm,
taker.
Salient.
T. R. Thompson.
Vtrmt.
iVesfbum.
William .i damson.
William Middleton.
75,000.
West Qd&7 Regatta Clab. Southampton. Estab-
lished 1866. but there was a club of that name in
existence many years prior to that date, and this
club is known as the "father" of the " Ro>'al
Southampton Yacht Club." The prt:»ent club con-
ducts the annual Souttiamptoa town regatta, and
has a membership of ju»t over soo. Burgee : Blue,
bearing a white St. Andrew's Cross, with the South-
ampton shield in centre. Commodore, T. Charo-
berlaync ; Vice-Commodore. Myic^t B. Kennedy ;
Rear •Commodore. A. Jones ; Honorary Treasurer,
J. Pickett : Honorary Secretary, C. Thompson.
Annual subscription, 105. 6d.
West Tirginia. U.S. 1st class cruiser. (Newport
News. 1903.)
Length 502ft. Beam 70ft. Maximum draught 27ft.
Displacement 13.400 tons. Complement 622,
Armour.
" Kmpp."
6 in. Bell amidshipG.
6 in. Turrets.
9 in. Conning tower.
Guns.
4 — 8 in,. 45 cal.
14 — 6 to.
18 — 14 pdr.
12 — 3 p<lr.
8—1 pdr.
8 Colts.
2 Field guns. 5 in.
Torpedo Tultes (18 in.).
2 Submerged.
Twin screw. Hp. 23,000 = 22 kts. Coal maxi-
mum 2.000 tons. Approximate cost / 1.200,000.
Wet. Damage done by water for which the
owners of the vessd are liable.
Wetttn. German ist class battleship. (Schi-
chau, 1901.)
I.ength 4i6fl. Beam 6; ft. Maximum draught J8ft.
Displacement 11.830 tons. Complement 650.
WHITE
680
WHITWORT
port. The steamers leave Southampton every
Wedae&day morning, calling at Cheibourg the same
afternoon, and then proceed to Qut-enstown to
take the mails on board. Homeward bound
steamers leave New York ever)' Wednesday and
steam direct to Plymouth, whcic mails and pas-
sengers are landed : from thence to Cherbourg, and
end the voyage at Southampton. In addition to
the mail and passenger services and the cargo ser-
vices to New York and Boston, a most popular
branch of the line is the Australian service, by
which one class of passcngex only is taken.
The five twin-screw steamers on the run
are each of 12.000 tons gross rcRister, and thus
the largest in the trade despatched from the
United Kingdom. They leave Liverpool every
four weeks for Albany, Adelaide. Melbourne, and
Sydney, calling at Cape Town on the outward
voyage. Homewards they touch at Durban. Cape
Town, and TeocrifTc. landing passengers for the
United Kingdom at Plymouth and London. In
conjunction with the Shaw, Sa\*ill, and Albion Co.,
Ltd., the White Star Line ha* a monthly sailmg
from London to New Zealand, and among the
steamers engaged in this service arc three over
12,000 ton.H — the largest in the trade. The out>
ward voyage is made via Tenerifle, Cape Town,
and Tasmania, the homeward ma Cape Mom. Hio
dc Janeiro, and Tenerifle. passengers for the I'nited
Kingdom being landed at Plymouth and London.
The company also havi- stc-amers m the Trans-
Pacific service between San Francisco. I-Ionululu,
Japan, and China, managed by the OccideulaJ and
Oriental Steamship Co.
Fleet.
American Sbkvices.
Afail and Passenger Steamets.
Niw York.
'Adriatic, twin screw 24.000 tons.
Owflfifc, twin screw '7.274 ..
Majestic, twin screw . . , . 10,000
T«»/i7«(V, twin screw .. .. 10,000 „
'Baltic, twin screw . . 24,000 „
*CffrffiV, twin screw .. .. st.ooo „
•Cefti'c. twin screw .. ., 31.000 „
Crrtic, twin .*4crew . . , . 13.507 „
• Four of the largest vessels in the world.
Boston.
*Arahte. twin screw
'RepubHc twin screw
Ca*utf>ir, tuin screw
Romanic, twin screw
Cymric, twin screw
• The two largest vessels
trade.
15.801
» 5.378
13.096
'r394
13.096
in the Boston
tons.
Freight and Livr-Slock Steamers.
Gtorcic, Iwnn screw , . 10.077
Cdtnc. twin screw .. .. 8,301
Sow*, twm screw .. .. 6.585
tons.
CouiNUo, Sbkvices.
New Zealand.
'Athenic. twin screw . . 12,334
*Corinthic. twin screw
'Ionic, twin screw
Gothic, twin screw
Delphic, twin screw
* The three largest vasn^ in Uie New^
Zealand trade.
Australia.
*Afric. twin screw
*Medic. twin screw
• Runic, twin screw
*Suraic, twin screw
'Persic, twin screw
Cufic. twin screw
Tropic, twin screw
* The largest vcasscis sailing from the United
Kingdom in the Austmlian trade.
Pacific Service.
Doric
Coptic . .
Tenders.
Magnetic, twin screw (passenger)
Pontic (baggage)
Whiting. British torpedo-boat destroyer. (Ji
row. 1896.) length. 21 5 ft. . beam. 30 ft. ;<
f^l ft, : displacement. 330 tons ; complement
armament, i (3-pdr., 5 6-pdr., 2 tubes ; twin screw
Hp, C\?^9^ 30 kt5 ; coal. 91 loos.
Whitworth, Sir Joseph, Bart. (1805-87). &i|U
engineer (b. Stockport), Spent some tame at vanm
engineering works in and about Manchester, anl a
1835 came to London, where he gained expccicKr
in machine shops, includini; those of Maodslayaai
Holtzapffel, and whilst working at Uaiidsbf^
made his first important discovrry — a tnily fiu*
surface. He found that if two true plants «■*
arranged parallel to each other, an rsoeedni^
small motion towards or Tront each other was n^
cient to determme whether an object pUcol
between them was held timily or allowed to dm?''
and by mounting one of the planes on a acre* ^'^
provided w4Lh a comparatively large wheel, btaro;
a scale, he wa.s able to obtain mea.surement oi tb
amount, however minute, by which the disawe
between the planes was altered . by cAjBtrtM
through what angular distance the whe«>I had Nv^^
ttimtd. In 1835 ho returned to Mancbcsirr lai-
started busincsN ait a tool maker, and lor tlir sot
30 years he gradually developed his sj^itm 9
standard machines and gauges. In 1854 Ik «u
asked by Government to make expcnacsa
rogiirdinf; the making of machinery lor pn)d9Efl|
rifled muskets. He also expenotcntcd on
siruction of heavy guns, and the greatest]
diM:ovcrics in this connection was his
obtaining steel castings Iroro cutnpr««sed i
process being that the metal was subjcctnl W i
L
WHOLESOME
6Si
WILLIAM
pri-Mure whilr stiU in thf fldid rtatc. and i* after,
wards forged in hydraulic presses, not by hammeri.
In 1868 he founded 35 Whilworth scholarships,
wtting a^de an annual sum of ^j.ooo to be given for
proficiency in mrchajitcs and its cognate sciences.
He died at Monte Carlo. January 32, 1887.
Wbolwome. A name applied to a ahip that will
tide well without labouring heavily in a big sea.
WX Distinguishing letters on sea fishing boats
registered at Wisbech. England.
Wtddershina. A term denoting a superstition
which portends evil if a ves&el iit turned against the
suD ; still prevalent among oortbern fishermen.
Widgeon. Briush ist class gun-boat (805 tons,
1^ kts.). I-aunchcd iSSg.
Widows^ moo. Imaginary sailors formerly borne
on the books as A.B.'s for wages for every ship in
commission ; the>' ceased with the consolidated
pay at the close of the war. The institution was
dated 34 George 11., to meet widows' pensions ; the
amount of pay and provisions for two men in each
100 was paid 0%'er by the Paymaster-General of
the >Ja\*y to the widows' fund.
Wiegand, Dr. Heinrioh (b. Bremen, August 17,
1855). Educated Hi^h School, Bremen; studied
law at the Universities of Erlangcn. Bonn. Berlin,
and Suassburg ; after passing the States Examina-
tion and gaining his diploioa. he served his time at
several law courts in Alsace and Lorraine. In
1879 he established himself m his native town of
Bieuien as an attorney and notary pubUc. and
devoted himself principally to commercial and
nautical law cases in which he gained a very high
reputation. The famous lawsuit Sopbic-Hohcn-
staufen. which he conducted as consulting lawyer
to the N'orddeutscher Lloyd, and in which he suc-
ceeded to getting a verdict in lavour o( his clients,
the Norddeutscher Lloyd, in two courts, was the
sensation of the day, and firmly established his
reputation as the most able sea lawj-cr of his time in
Germany. On April i. 1893, after the dcmi'e of
Mr. Lohmann. the late managing director of the
Norddeutschcr Lloyd, Dr. Wiegand was appointed
general mauagi-'r cf this steamship company, which
position he still holds to-day. The success and
the high standing of the Norddcutscher Lloyd is
mainly due to his great energy and his thorough
knowledge of commercial and nautical mattcTL
Wan. A ustro- Hungarian battleship. (Sao Roc-
co. 1895.)
Length 333ft. Beam ;6ft. Maximum draught sift.
Displacement 5,600 tons. Complement 469.
Guns. Armouf.
4 — 9"4 in., 35 cal. " Harvey."
6 — 6 in. lo in. Belt amidships.
14 — 3 pdr. 8 in. Bulkheads,
12 Machine. 10 in. Barbettes.
' 3 in. Conoing tower.
Torpedo Tubes {ij'j in.).
4 Above water
Twin screw. Hp. 8,500^17 kts. Coal maxi-
mum 500 tons.
WicKios. Captain Joseph (18331905)- ArcUc
explorer. Was the discoverer and opened up the
North-East Passage to the south of the Yanesei.
and successfully piloted a fleet of trading steamers
through the Kara Sea to the Rivers Obi and Yanr-sci,
opening up a sea route to Europe for European
produce.
Wfldflre. Briti.ib flag ship, SheeruMB (453 tousl.
Wildlab. Jamei Owrge (b. CJiatham. March vi,
1S42}. British naval architect. After serving his
apprenticeship in Cliathara Dockv-ard be won a
scholarship, granted by the Admiralty, entitling
him lo two years' special irammg m higher mathe-
matics at the Dockyard School, and in instructions
in laying ofl ships. In 1S63-64 he assisted Sir
Nathaniel Baniaby (f.f.) in supervising the build-
ing of the Bellerophon. the first »hip constructed
on the bracket system of framing devised by Sir
Edward Kccd. He was, in 1S64. appointed to tlie
construction department of the Admiralty, and m
1884 became constructor, and while attached to the
Admirait)' office he filled the position ot overseer in
charge of three cruisers buildmg at Glasgow,
and overseer of Uic battleship Benbow, build-
ing on the Thames. He also made a series
of calculations as to the stabdity of the battle-
ship Inflexible, with her nnarmoured ends
ajisumcd Lo be liddled and flooded in various
Mrays in action. He became chief constructor at
Chatham Dockyard in i386, and at the end of tlie
following year was appointed as assistant t(> the
director of dock>'ard3 at the Admiralt)*. From
iSgo-igos he filled the position of civil assistant to
the admiral-superintendents at Devonport and
Chatham Dock^'ards.
Publications : Papers published in the Transac-
tions of the Institution of N'aval .Architects, "The
Elements of Design atlcctmg the Sailing Qualities of
Ships " (1872). •• The Strength of Mild Steel Flatea
and Rivets used in Shipbuilding " (1885}.
Wilkes. U.S. torpedo-boat (I'JO'^I- Displace-
ment. 105 tons: guns, 3 i-pdr. ; torpedo tubes,
3 iS-tn. ; maximum speed, 26 kts.
Willem Barents. This veaad. a sailing schooner
o( 79 toiw, biiilt at Amsterdam, made her first cruise
to the Polar regions in 1878, commanded by Lieu-
tenant A'dcbrune, and sailed from Holland on
May 6, 1878. Up till 1884, her last voyage, she
made annual visits, and has brought back most
useful scientific results.
William and ttary. American emigrant ship.
Struck on a sunken rock near the Bahamas. May 3,
1853, when about 170 persons perished.
WILLIAM
682
WILLS,
WiHiam and Karj. Packet. Struck on the
Wille>'5 Kocks, near the HolmcE Lighthouse,
Bristol Cbanoel, October 23. 1817 ; 60 livca were
lost
Willium, Sir Edward Lead«r, K.B., 1894 (b.
WuiccbUT, idsd). Educated private schools ;
served apprenticeship to engineering, and since
1846 has been engaged as an engineer on works
of the Crcat Northern Railway, Shoreham and
Dover Harbours, River Weaver, and Bridgwater
Canal Navigations : u-a.s chief engineer of the Man-
chester Ship Canal during its construction ; has an
extensive practice as a civil engineer in Manchester,
and acts as consulting engineer to thu Manchester
Ship Canal : is a member of Council of the Institu-
tion of Civil Engineera.
Publications : Papers printed in Proceedings of
the Institutibn of Civil Engineers : articles on
Canals .-ind N.-iV!gaiinn in " Tncy. Brit."
WtUianuon, Captain JaxnM [b. Millport). Edu-
cated Rothesay and Hutton Hall. Served an
apprenticeship with Messrs. William King and Co..
of Glasgow, and at the end of his term joined his
father, owner of the Sultan, Sullana. and Viceroy
(known as the Turkisli fleet), and whtm placed in
command o^ thi- Sxdtana he waft probably the
youngest captain who ever trod a bridge. In 1879
he. with a few prominent shipowner, built the
Ivctihce, and under bis command she became one
of the most successful and popular boats on the
Firth, and he initiated the evening trips which have
since become >to popular. About the same time
he started the firm of Morton and Williamson, con-
sulting engineers and marine sur^'eyors, and in 18S5.
when on a visit to Melbourne, he saw room for
enterprise in the steamship business, He built and
sent out a crack steamer which rcvolurioni^cd the
running in Colonial waters. In 1888 the Cale-
donian Railway Co. invited proposals irom steam-
boat owners for the development of the coast
traflic, and he formulated a plan, resulting in the
formation of the Caledonian Steam Packet Co.,
and he was appointed its secretary and manager.
Publication : " The Clyde Passenger Steamer :
its rise and progress during the nineteenth century,
from the Cvmrt of ifti2 to the Kin; Edmari of
1901."
WHUamioni Sir Jamw, K.T^ i9c». CLB.. 1903
(b. January z8. 1839}. British naval architect.
Educated Esplanade Academy, Portsmouth Gram-
mar School, and passed into the Royal Dockyard
at Portsmouth by competitive examination.
Passing out of the college he became draughtsman,
and at the age of ;!4 was selected by the Admiralty
to assist in superintending the building by con-
tract of the Nortkumherland. one of the first armour-
clad ships built for the Biiti&h Navy. He accepted
an appomtmcot as surveyor on the staff of Lloyd's
Registry of British and Foreign Sliippmg. and alter
tome yeats' service became principal surveyor.
la 1882 bo accepted tbe position of general
to Messrs. Barclay, Curie and Co., and iS months
later became a partner. While associated with th:
firm be was responsible for the design and buildinf
of 78 8hip«. comprising liners, sailing ships, fast
rivrr steamers, yachts, etc., for many companies.
tncludinf; Messrs. Donald Curric, Messrs. James
Currie, Messrs. George Smith and Co.. Messn.
J. and G. Bums, and the Wc«t Indian and Pacific
Co, He was appointed by Lord George Hamittoa
{^■v.), the then First Lord of tbe Admiralty, to the
post of Director ol H.M. Dockyards, as succesior
to Professor Elgar. As a mark of appreciation of
his good work 10 connection with the RD>*al Dock-
yard, the late Queen conferred upon him the honour
of knighthood.
WUUanuon. John (b. Rothesay, February 9. 1858)..
Educated Rothesay, Glasgow Academy. Has bceo
closely connected with river traffic, and in 1897 be
displayed decided enterprise in building tbe wdl-
appointed Slratkmnre for service between Fairlie
Pier and Campbeltown, and was the first to intro-
duce on tbe Clyde steamers propelled by steam
turbines. Up till then the Parsons' marine steam
turbines had only been fitted to torpedo-boat
destroyers, and after consultation with klesirs.
Denny BrotheiB of Dumbarton, tbe picwecr
passenger turbine steamer King Edward for the
Fairlie and Campbeltown route was built, the
machinery being supplied by the Pardons' Marine-
Steam Turbine Co. This vessel had her speed trials
in June. 1901. and attained on the measured mile
30^ kta. The Queen Alexandra followed, for tbe
same service in 190J. and It is entirely due to Us
energy and foresight that such a magnificent service
Of river steamers is maintained on the Clyde.
Williwawa. Sudden \iolent squalls in the
Straits ol Magellan.
Wai 0* the Wtip. Screw steamer. Struck on
the Bum Rock, ofi Lambay. February 9, 185$,
when 13 lives were lost
WiUoagbfay. Sir Hugh. English navi^ter (d.
1854). Was given command in conjunction with
Richard Chancellor, by a company of merchant
adventurers, of a trading expedition to China in
1853. The route chosen was by way of the North
East Passage. The expeditioa was a disastrous one,
as all hands were lost ofi the coast of Lapland.
Wills. Ever>' person of sound mind is entitled Ut
make a will, except ( t ) an infant, unless be is serrng
as a soldier or sailor, and {3) a woman married
before December 31, 1SS2. with the exception of
property acquired since that date. For seamen's
wills refer to Naval Testament, Every will most
be in vrriting. signed at the foot by the testator tn
the presence of two witnesses, and attested by tiiem
in the presence of tbe testator and of each otbeci
In the event of the testator's illiteracy, or inabihty^l
througli sickness to write his signature, be may make
i
I
*
WILLS
683
WILSON
his mark, or some other person. Aongh be be also
an attesting witness, may sign the testator's name
for him in his prest-ncc and by bis direction. In
this case the signature must be acknowledged by
the testator before two witnesses. An attesting
witness should not be a beneficiary under the will,
for any gift made to him thereunder will be void.
though his attestation is good and the remainder of
the will perfectly valid. Wills of real property — i.e.,
immovables — must be made in accordance with
the law of that country where the property is
-wtuated. Wills of personal property— 1.#., mova-
bles—are governed by the law of the testator's
domicile, t'.^.. according to the law of the place
where be has made a permanent home. Every
will made out of the United Kingdom by a British
subject (whatever may be the domicile of such
person at the time of making the same, or at the
time of his or her death) shall, as regards personal
estate, be held to be wull executed for the purpose
of being admitte<I in England and Ireland to pro-
bate, and in Scotland to confirmation, if the same
be made according to the fomu required either by
the law of tlie place where tlie same was made, or by
the law of the place where such person was domi-
ciled when th« same was made, or by the laws
then in force in any part of His Majesty's dominions
where he had his domicile of origin.
In drawing up a will without the assistance of a
lawyer, the language used should be as simple as
possible, and all technical expressions carefully
avoided. No special form or words are necessary,
but there must be writmg, signature, and attestation.
The following (oma may serve as an example of a
very simple will :
I (htrs insftt Ham*i)
of {here insert ordinary
address, if any) declare this to be my last will and
testament, and I hereby revoke all Qiy former
testamentary dispositions.
I. I give and bequeath to
{k4ra insert namas of legatee) my gold watch.
3. I give and bequeath to the
sum of ^50.
I give and devise my real estate at
{fute in.ierl name of place where the proftertx is
situated) to
I give and bequeath a part of my
personal property to
I give devise and bequeath the residue of my
real (and/or) personal property to
and I hereby appoint
•«<f vif t «'•••••*- ••. and as
ettctitors of this my will.
In witness vrhereof I have hereunto set my hand
this d*y ol
{Signature of testator.)
{Signature of wittusses.)
Signed by the testator in our presence
who, in his presence and in the pre-
sence of each other have hereunto
sub:»crit>ed our names as witnesses.
N.B. — Anyone can be appointed executor, evea
a beneficiary. The number of executors is im-
material but one must be appointed
In the event of the testator wxshmg the full
amount of his bequest to be handed over to a
legatee without the deduction of duty, he should
insert the words " free of duty " ; and in this case
the payment of the legacy doty falls on all the
property of the testator.
WQly wllly. The name applied to a cyclone in
Western .\ustrali!i.
Wtlmiiigton. tJ.S. gun-tx»t. (Newport News,
iji97.) Length, 250 ft. : beam, 40 ft. : draught.
10 ft.; displacement. 1,392 tons; complement.
175 : guns, 8 4-in.. 4 6-pdr.. 4 i-pdr. ; armour.
" Steel," I in. deck amidships, 3^ in. gun shields ;
Hp.^ 1,894015 kts. ; coal. 300 tons.
Wilson. Alexander Hall (b. Aberdeen).
E<tucated AlH-Ttlcwi University, and graduated
B.Sc. with special distinction in mathematics and
natural philosophy. Entered the works of Messrs.
Hall. Russell and Co., Ltd., Aberdeen, where he
served his time, and is now managing-director of
that firm.
Wilson. Admiral of the Fleet Sir Arthtir Knyvet.
K.C.V.O., rr. iQoi. K.O.B., cr. icjoi. O.B., l8')7. V.O,
(b, March 4, t943). Midshipman of Ali^iers dunng
the Russian war (Crimean and Turkish medals,
Sebastopol clasp) ; midshipman of Calcutta at the
capture of Peiho forts, rSs8 ; landed with Naval
Brigade at attack on Canton (China medal. Taku
and Canton clasp) ; captain of the Hecla at the
bombardment of Alexandria, July 11. 1882 (Egyp-
tian medal and Alexandria clasp, Khedive's Bronxe
Star, Medjidie 3rd Class) ; served Egyptian cam-
paign, 18S1. and was decorated with the V.C. for
conspicuous gallantrj* at the battle a\ EI Teb.
Extract from the '* Garette." May 21, 1S84 :
" This officer, on the staff of Roar-Admiral Sir
William Hewitt at the Battle of £1 Teb. on the 2gth
February, attached himself during the advance to
the right half battery Naval Brigade, in the place of
Lieutenant Royds. R.N.. mortally wounded. As
the trooiw clowid on the enemy's ' Krupp ' battery,
the Arabs charged out on the comer of the square,
and on the detachment who were dragging the
' Gardener ' gun. Captain Wilson then sprang to
the front and engaged in single combat with some
of the enemy, thus protecting his detachments tiU
some men of the York and Lancaster Regiment
came to their ajwiatance with their bayonets. But
for the action of this officer, Sir Redvers Bullcr
thinks that one or more of his detachment must
have been speared. Captain Wilson was wounded,
but remained with the half battery during the day."
He was presented with a sword by the torpedo
WILSON
WIMSHURST
officers of the Vernon in admiration of his gallu)tr>'
(Sualum and Ei Teb clasps) ; assistant director of
torpedoes, Admiralty. 1887 ; C.B., June 21. 1887;
inventor of double barret torpedo tubes, A.D.C. to
theQueon, t892-<^; : commanded torpedo squadron
at iia\'al maofruvrcs. 18^; : a l>ord Commissioner
of the Admiralty and Comptroller of the N'avy,
1S97 ; Commander-in-Chief, Channel Squadron.
Igoi ; created K.C.B., itfoi; commanded Home
Fleet, 190J ; pmmoted admiral, 1905, and retained
Commander-in-Chief of the Chaoncl Fleet. Admiral
of the Fleet, roo;.
WUkd Bailey and L»etham Line. Sf* Wilson
Line.
WUson Une, with which is incoqiornted B»itey
and Lertliiim and Wilson and Xortli-Fastcm Rp.il-
way Co., Ltd.. possess a fleet of nearly 100 steamers.
raJiging from 50a tons to ovt-r 6,000 tons. The
firm of B<-ckinglon Wilson and Co,, founded at
Hull about 18)5 by Mr. Thomas Wilson, adopted
a few years later the name under which the com-
pany is now known, and which tn >8qi was incor-
porated a.<t a private company. Since i84it the
firm hax ht-Id the foremost position in the Baltic
trade. Slnrting in 1850 a mail strvirr brtwren
England and Sweden with the Courtet. a vessel of
4CK) tons, the trade soon developed inio a large
mail and passenger service between the principal
Swe<li8h and Norwcftuin porta. The next trade to
be included in their enterprise was between Sl
Petpraburg. Riga and Stettin, which was begun in
ift(y>, and in thr same year this service was ex-
tended to the Black Sea. In 1875 the New York
and Boston trades were entered, and three years
later the steamers of Messrs. HrowTilow, Banden
and Co. were purchased, and the Hamburg, .^nt-
werp, and Dunkirk trades taken up. A service to
India which had l>ren started in 1870. wa<t re-
sumed in 18H5 with a hne between Hull and Bom-
bay, and in 1K90 a service betwr*^ Londrn and
Boston, U.S.A.. was established in connection with
the Fiimesn and I^yland hnes. The company's
vessels sail from Hull to Stavenger and Bergen ;
to Christiansanil and ChriRtianta : to Gdthcnburg ;
to New York ; to Boston ; to Port Said. Bombay.
Kurrarhee ; tn Marseilles. I'alcmio. Adriatic ports,
Constantinople. Malta, and Alexandria ; to Riga
and St. Petcrsbnrg , to Copenhagen ; to Stettin ;
to Danxig ; to Hamburg ; to .Antwerp : to the
Clianncl I.'ilands : I0 Aalrsund, Christiansand, and
Drontheini : to Dunkirk ; to Ghent ; to Laverpool ;
to Newcastle . to Norrkoping and Stockholm , to
Novorossisk and Odessa ; to Keval : to Rouen ; to
Valencia ; Imra Grimsby to Christiania : to Gothen-
burg ; in Malmd . hvm L^ondon to Christiansand
and Christtania ; to Norrkoping and Stockholm ;
to Reval and Riga ; to Trieite. Venice. Fiume.
Ban : from 1 iverpc'ol to HuU . to Christiania,
Orammen. Por&gnind ; to Rcval and St. Peters-
burg; inrni Maacbceter to Christiania, Drammon.
Por#gn)Dd . to Reval and St. Petersburg ; from.
Newcastle 10 HuU; to Copenhagen : to Riga and
- - »-"..owui5.
Fl«FT.
Jtecio.
Gmoa.
Pola.
AUpp0.
Gitano.
Prftto.
Ar^o.
Gvndnn.
Rinatdo,
A r^le.
Htro.
Rolto.
A riosto.
HidatgOf
ftomeo.
Austria.
Hindoo.
ftonda.
Borodino.
I ago.
Runo.
Bruno.
Idaho.
Satmo.
Catypso.
Joffo.
Sappkn.
Cameo.
Jumhx.
Sa'pio.
CasteUo.
Juno.
Silvio.
Caio.
Kotta.
Spero.
Ciceto.
Leo.
Suitan,
Cito.
Lido.
Syria.
Clara.
Lorgnio.
Tasso.
Clio.
Lome.
Tokio.
Colanso.
Martello.
Toledo.
Cohrado.
Mikado.
Tora.
Congo.
Mnntebtlln.
Toronto.
Consuela.
Morocco,
Truro.
Dago.
Murilto.
Tycfio.
Dido.
Narva.
Una.
Douro.
Novo,
Urbinn.
Dvnamo.
Oria.
Vasco.
Ebrn.
Orlando.
Vifo.
Eldorado.
Osia.
Voto.
Envoy.
Oihftlo.
Voliuno.
Esse*.
OUo.
WiJham Pailry.
Fairy.
Oxford.
Yeddo.
F\do.
Plato.
Zero, ^
Finland.
Zara. ^1
Wilson's and ruraeas-Lerland Lines. S^e
Lint'.
Wimtile. Tlie bonny implement of a shtpvbnghC
worked by the centre bit : a gimict is ihc fliminu-
tive form of a wimble.
Vnmshoial; Janus, F.R.S.. FXE.E.. FJ
H0Q.M.M.E. {b. April 1 3, 18.IJ ; d. Januart- j,l
igo3). Educated Strabonhealh House. Stejmey, '
and apprenticed to shipbuildmg and eogincrrisf |
with Mr. C. J. Marl, of Blackwall. When bis twM
was up he remained with this firm until he obtained ,
an appointment on the professional stafi of [Joyd'fl
RcgLstr^' of Shipping, and 10 ytars later waa a^^
pointed to the chief position on the start of tb^
" Liverpool Underwriter's Registry 0/ Ships aiul
Engines." and subsequently, when the nttrntioB
of the House of Commons was bring dtnxted to the J
unsea worthy condition and to the except ve loading, 1
of many merchant steamers, he was ofiercd a poan
hon on their staff, which he accepted, aad reprr-J
sented this body on many conferences, notably iaf
1S90 at the IntcmationaJ Conference hcU io '
Wa.<thington. I'.S.A- In 1882 he made aad f«-
hibited a largo and new type ol efectncal tnflucopo
machine, and these are now employed in a dirw-
tioQ wbidi, it u beUeved. will be of the highest
W.LN.
685
WINSLOW
importance to nuinkind ; for the Wimshurst In-
fluence Machine is now being used in the metro
}>oIitan bofipiliLls for the treatment of tupua and
cancer. He invented a superior method o[ lighting
And holding the X-Ray tube, which hu proved oE
great assistance to the snrgeon.
Publication : " Rules for the Construction of
Steam Vessels of at) Classes."
WXM. Distinguishing letters on sea. fbhing
boats registered at Winkel, Holland.
WiBOh. A form of hoisting machine consisting
of a roller on which the rope is wound, the turning
power being a crank.
Wind. A stream or current of air moving in the
atmosphere m any direction or with any velocity.
Winds are produced by variations of temperature
in different latitudes, or at different portions of
the same latitude. Heateil air tends to ascend and
to prevent a void hrom arising in the lower portion
of the atmosphere from which it is ascendmg. a
current of air, colder and therefore denser, takes
its place. This phenomenon is most obvious in
the tropics, from which hot rarefied air is ever
ascending, one part towards the northern, and the
other part towards the southern, pole. Were the
earth at rest, the hot currents would depart, and
the cold currents strike the equator at right angles ;
hot owing to the rotation of the earth from west to
east, more quiclily than its friction can carry the
atmosphere with it. the latter is somewhat deflected
to the westward, the hot current leaving, and the
cold one striking the equatorial line at an oblique
instead of a right angle. The beat of the vertical,
or nearly vertical, sun rarefies the atmosphere in
the tropics over both land and water, not. how-
ever, to the same extent. Land is easily heated
during the day and cooled during the night. Water
is less easily changed in temperaturt*. hence ever>-
tropical island is like a separate ftimacc at work
during the day, raref>'ing the air and sending it
upwards ; whilst, falling below the temperature ot
the ocean during the night, it modifies, suspends,
or re^'enses the process, especially if the absence of
clouds makes radiation great. Hence land and sea
breeze* arise, the former blowing during the day
{mm the sea to the land, the latter during ttic
night in a contrary direction. There are eight
principal directions in which the winds blow —
Irom the north, the north-east, the east, the south-
east, the south, the south-west, the west, and the
north-west. Qassified according to the direction
in which they blow, winds are divided into regular,
periodical, and variable winds. The fi-rst are
winds which blow all the year round in the same
direction, as the trade winds ; the second those
which blow regularly at the same seasons and the
same hours of the day. as the monsoons : the third
which blow sometimes in one direction, and some-
times in another, as the prevalent winds of the
tfmprratc and Arctic xooc». The average velocity
of the wind is 18 to 70 ft. a second. U the vdodty
is 6 or 7 ft. the wind is moderate ; if 30 or 35 (U
it is fresh ; if 60 or 70 ft. it is strong ; if 8n or
90 ft. it is a tempest ; if 90 to 120 it in a hurricane.
Refer to Anemometer.
Windenuen Taeht Clab. Boytl. Sm Royal
Windermere Yacht Club.
Winding. A call by the boatswain's whistle.
Winding taoUe. A tackle formed of one fixed
three -slieaved block and one double or treble
movable block.
IXnndlus. A machine in the lore part of a ship
which serves to hold as well as heave in the cable.
Wind-rode. Applied to a khip when the wind
overcomes the passing tidal force, and the vessel
rides head to wind.
Wind rose. ■\ diagram showing the proportions
o( winds observed from each point of the compass.
Wind-sail. .\ long funnel-ahaped canvas venti-
latui .
Windior. Steamer, Fremantle for Hong Kong.
Wrecked on the Abrolhos rocks ofl the West Aus-
tralian Coa^t. February 3, 1908 ; captain, chief
oflicer, and chief engineer drowned.
Wiodsor. Kmi[;rant ship. Struck on ft reef
near the Cape dc Verde Islands. December 1. 1857.
Wind vane. An instrument employed for show-
ing the direction of the wind.
Windward. Towards the direction of the wind.
Wing and wing. A ship sailing before the wind
with studding-sails .set on both Hides. In fore-
.uid-aft craft the main-iail .nnd spinnaker boomed
oat form the wings.
Winsloe, Raar-Admiral Alfred Leigh. O.K.Q.,
1901 (b. .A,pril 2;. 1852). Entered the Navy, 18155 ;
promoted lieutenant. 1S74, and commanded the
Helicon during Egyptian war ; landed with Naval
Brigade, and present at the battle of Tcl-el-Kebir
(Eg>'ptian medal. Tel-cl-Kcbir clasp. Khedive's
Bronze Star, iS82| : commander. 1885 ; com-
manded the Brisk, and landed with Naval Brigade
under the command of Vice-Admiral Hon. Sir
E. R. Fremantle. K.C.B., CM,G. (Commander-in-
Chief on East India Station), lor the expedition
against the Sultan of Vitu, i8go ; mcntioued in
despatches (general Africa medal. Vitii clasp) ;
commanded the Ophir, and was commodore of the
escorting squadron during the Royal tour to the
Colonies in 1901 ; C.M.C.. 1901 ; commodore,
second class, in command of CniUer Squadron,
i^ot ; rear-admiral, commanding torpedo and sab-
marine craft flotillas in commission and reserve.
1904.
Wiualow. U.S. torpedo-boat ([Sos). Displace-
ment, 143 tons; gnns, 3 t-pdr ; torpedo tubes,
5 i3-in. ; maximum speed, 24 kts.
WINTERBURN
686
WIRELESS
WintCTlmrn, W. 0. fb- Whitby. Oclotwr 8. tSfis).
Sri-\'ed apprenticeship with Messrs, J. G. BUir and
Co., Ltd., Siocltholm, and gained an extra first-
class Board of Trade certificate as marine engineer
in 1887, and in iSRS tlie Japanese certificate of
competency as Arst engineer of the 6nit grade.
In 1890 he joined the Penang Foundry Co. of
Penaog, and subsequently Mes.srs. George Fenwick
and Co.. Ltd.. Hong Kong, and in tSqA wa.*i ap-
pointed their Reneral manager. Member of the
Institution of Naval Architects, and is lite member
of the Institution of Marine Engineer?.
Pubticaliona : Numerous papcn published in
the Transactions of the Iiistitution of Marine
Engineers, Institution of Engineer? and Ship-
builders, Hoog Kong, 1895. for paper on Screw
Propeller (Gillies' Gold Medal), numerous articles
in the " Steamship." and other journals,
Winterton. An East Indiaman. Wrecked an
AuRiiM ."■, 1792 ; many lives lait.
Wireless telegnpby. Among the many eminent
scientists who have, between i8qa and the present,
given much thought and time to the development
of the wonderful power underlying the study of
atmospheric electricity may be mentioned Marconi.
Preece, Branly. Calzecchi Onesti, Righi, Threlfall
of Sydney, Tesla. Oliver Lodge, Hughes. Rutherford,
Popoff. Mmchin, Turner, Captain Jackson. R.N.,
Jcrvis Smith, and Stevenson. By the beginning
of the present century- the utility of the Hertzian
wave for the purpose of communication had passed
from the stage of an experimental wonder to a
science adapted to public utUity, so much ko that
in 1903 it was found convenient by the German
Government to convene an International Con-
ference at Berlin to study a means of controlling
this new development in coraraunication ; and in
the following year the late Government of this
country was constrained to pass an Act to regulate
and control the indiscriminate use of a force which
was suddenly recognised as possessing commercial
and great naval and military potency.
To understand it. and the far-reaching interests
it involves, it is necessary to trace in brief outline
the rapid progress that recent years have seen ia
the development of utility in atmospheric elec-
tricity. The s>"3tems being used by various com-
panies throughout the world are : The Marconi Co. ,
using the Marconi system ; the American de Forest
Wireless Telegraph Co.. with its British ramifica-
tion ; the National Electric Signalling Co.. operating
the Fessendcn system ; the Lodge -M airhead Wire-
toss and General Telegraphy Sj-ndicate, operating
the Lodgc-Mutrhead system ; and the German
Telefunkun Co., operating the Braun-Sicmcits and
Alaby-Arco inventions.
Between 1894-96. Guglielmo Marconi, a young
Italian. ga\-e great attention to the improvement
of devices for the detection of electric waves. He
made his sensitive tube or improver coherer, and
arTi\'ed in London with letters of recommendatiai
which excited the appro\-al of the Post O&t
Marconi, however, preferrtd to entrust to phnir
speculation the development of hi.-s adaptatioa «
aimonpherical electricity to the recording of otrf
ligcnt telegraphic signals. The txansnaitter be is
vented is an Injitrument in which two small sfban
connected to the terminals of the secoodan,- «Tfldcr
of an induction coil arc connected, one to ctn^
and the other to a vertical conductor, whx* »
called the aerial cond uctor. l*he traninutM
works as follows : When the key* is pctaaed tk
current of the battery is allowed to actuic tfae
spark coil, which charges the spheres of the Rub
oscillator or the vertical wire, which diidufjti
through the spark gap.
This di.scharge is an oscillating one. and tft*
System of spheres and insulated conductor beeotw
a radiator of electric waves. It is easy to osdet
stand how. by pressing the key for long or «kvt
intervals, it ia possible to ^mit a long or Aort
Euccessico of waves, which, when they ixJhttui
the receiver, reproduce on it a long or short eHrA
according to their duration, in this way rqro-
ducing the Morse or other «iignats transmitted froB
the sending station.
The receiver designed hy Marconi, one of t*p
principal parts of which is the seositi-ve oifar er
coherer, or radio conductor, has been found to tv
the only form of coherer trustworthy and ittidk
lor long distance work. It consists of a loil
glass tube, four centimetres long, into which tw
metal pole pieces are tightly fitted. They at
separated from each other by a sn\aU gap. wbci «
partly filled with a mixture o( nickel aw! who
filings. This coherer forms part of a ctmlt tm-
taining the local cell and a sensitive telef^nph nkj
actuating another circuit, which circuit works •
trembler, or decohcrer. and a recording instruiusi
In its normal condition the resislaace of the
filings in the tube 19 infinite, or at least very pat
but when the filings are influenced by tkcmt
waves or surgings. cohesion instantly takes pl>x
and the tube becomes a comparatively good as
ductor. Its resistance falling to between ico oA
500 ohms. This allows the current from t^ too*
cell to actuate the relay.
The oscillations induced on the strips, v sraf
conductor, wluch acts as resonator by the n^i
tion from the oscillator, affect the sensitive tut«
This effect on the tube consists in a great tncn^
of its conducti\^ty, thus completing th* enc*
and allowing the current from the cell to actiaff
the relay. The relay in its turn causes a
battery to pass a current through the
interrupter, and also through the electn>-i
of the recording instrument.
The tapper or Uembler is so adjusted as
tha tube and shake the filings in it It i* ^
instant during which these various actuv ok
place the electrical oscillations had died oat if*
I
resonator, the shake or tap given to the tube by
the liammer would have restored it to its normal
high- resistance condition, and the Moree instru-
ment oi recorder would have marked a dot on the
tape, but it the oscillations continue at ver>' bripl
intervals the acquired conductivity of tlie tul»e is
destroyed only lor an instant by the up of the
trembler, aad immediately re-established by thr
electrical surgings, and therefore the relay tapper
and telegraph instrument are again actuated, and
so on, until the oscillations from the radiator have
ceased.
The practical result is that the receiver is
actuated for a time equal to that during which the
key ift pressed at the transmitting station. For
each signal, however short, the armatures of the
rday and tapper perform some v^y rapid vibra-
tions dependent on each other ; for it is the action
of the relay which starts the tapper, but the tapper
by its action interrupts the relay.
The armature of the Morse recording instrument
being rather heavy, and possessing a comparatively
large inertia, cannot follow the very rapid vibra-
tions ot the tongue of the relay, but remains down
all the time, during which the rapidly intermittent
action of the receiver lasts. In this way the anna
ture of the inker gives a practically exact reproduc-
tion of the movements of the key at th« trans-
mitting end, dashes coming out as dashrs and
dots as dots.
Much has been said and written about cohcren
being very unrebable and untmstwortby in their
action, but it must be said that this has not bet:it
in any way the experience of Marconi's company.
Provided a coherer is properly constructed and
used on a suitable receiver, it is just as certain in
its action as any other electrical apparatus, such
as an electro- magnet or incandescent lamp.
It is claimed that the first message sent by wire*
less telegraphy on a commercial basis was des-
patched from Alum Bay to Bournemouth by means
of Marconi's installations on June j. 1898. In
November, 1899. Marconi, returning from America,
where he had demonstrated for the benefit of the
United States Navy, was jubilant when he was
able to commnnicate 60 miles between the St.
Paul, on which be was a passenger, and lus stations
at Alum Bay and the Haven. Three years aftfa
this success Marconi had erected high-power
stations in ComwaJt and Newfoundland, and was
endeavouring to span the Atlantic.
In tliis country the Marconi Co. lias covered
the majority of trade routes with its small power
stations, so that it is imposaible that any ship
equipped with its apparatus to miss making com-
munication somewhere with our shores. The
statiomi allowed under Post Otltce licence are as
foUow» ; Afalio Head. luishtrahull, Faiitnet, St.
(,atht-*nne'B Point. St. Abb's Head. Tor/ Island.
Flannan Islands, Butt of Lewis. Liverpool, and
certain of Uo>-d'8 stations. Over and above these
is the high -power station at Poldhn, and one on
the west coast of Ireland ; also some Admiralty
stations, in which the Marconi Co. co-operates, and
which naturally do not come under the Post Office
authority. The Liverpool station is an instruc-
tional mstitution where the large army o( operators
required arc taught the craft of wireless communica-
tion.
At the Royal Institution on March ji, 1908, Mr.
Marconi delivered a lecture on Trans-Atlantic Wire-
less Telegraphy, in which he said : The facility
witli which distances of over 100 miles could be
covered prior to 1900 led him to recommend the
erection of two large power stations, one in Corn-
wall and the other in North America, to test tbe
possibiUty of traasmittin^ messages across the
Atlantic. He choite trans-Atlantic communication
for his experiments tn preference to shorter db-
tances, because the cables between England and
the Continent and between most Continental
nations were Government owned, and those Govern-
ments would not allow tbe establishment of any
system, wireless or other, which might tamper with
the revenue they derived from their cables. More-
over, in spite ot the cost of the high-power stations
required, be was convinced that it was more
profitable to transmit messages at 6d. a word to
America than at ^sd. a word across tbe English
Chatmel. In giving a general account of the
station erected at Poldhu, he related how, after
various accidents from storms and othei causes.
he succeeded, on December w. 1901. in sending
the signal " S " from Cornwall to Newfoundland,
where, as a temporary expedient, tbe aerial con-
ductor was elevated by a kite. Two months later
readable messages were received on the liner
Philadelphia from Poldhu up to a distance of
1.551 miles, and S's and other test letters up to
2,099 niiles. Next a long-distance station was
erected at Glace Bay. in Nova Scotia, between
which and Poldhu messages were for the first time
exchanged at night in Docember, 1902. In the
spring of 1903 the transmission ot news messages
from America was attempted, and lor a time
messages were correctly received and published in
the " Times," until a breakdown m the insulation
at Glace Bay made it necessary to suspend the
service. The Glace Bay station was tbea recoo-
structed, and it was decided to build a conpletcly
new station in Ireland. Early in 1905 preliminar>'
tests were carried out. The aerial used at the new
Glace Bay station gave a wave-lengtb of t2,oou ft.,
and signals were received at Poldhu both by day
and night. A further step in advance was the
adoption of directional aerials, whereby it was
possible to confine the cfiecLt of electric waves
mainly to certain directions as desired, and another
improvement was effected by the iutruduction of
transmitting apparatus by wliich continuous or
semi-coatmuous oscillations could t>c produced.
At the end oi Bday, 1907, experiments were begun
WIRELESS
688
WITTELSBACH
between Glaoe Bay and the Irish station at Clifden,
and on October 17 a limited service for Frens
messages was begun between Great Britain and
America. The service was extended to ordinary-
messages between London and Montreal on Feb-
ruAiy 3. Communicabon has never been inter-
rvptcd across the Atlantic lor more than a few
hours since the commercial service was begun in
Octobrr, thouf^h there had been several serious
intemiptioiis at CUfden owing to the untrufit
worthiness of the landlines connL-cting Clifden lo
the ordinary l'o«t Office system. Daring the fip*t
few months only a fraction of the imnsmittinf;
power was used, and in consequence transmiiision
was alow and short interrupt ions rather frtqiient.
Most of the difrtcullirs have now been overcome,
and in a few more months, when it should be
po«atb1e to utilise the full power, much greater
speed and efitaency were likely to be attained.
Meaages can now be transmitted by day as well
as by night, but there were still certain periods,
fortunately ol short duration, in which transniis<Eion
was difficult and at times ineflcctive unless an
aboormally large amount of energy was employed.
Thus In the morning and evening, v^lien, owing to
the diflerence of longitude, daylight or darkness
extended only part ol the way across the Atlantic,
the received signals were weak and sometimes
ceased altogether. At other times theie were con-
ditions that made the signals unusually strong.
The Fosenden system, the National Electric
Signalling Co.. Washington. ha\'e established a very
powerful station at Machrihani->h. on the west
coast of KintjTc, and claim that their system,
owing to simplicity and case of tlir supervision ol
the complete installaUoii, can be operated by even
non-experts. Their busmess 15 principally con-
cerned with passenger steamers, suppl>'ing weather
reports, and warning concerning fogs.
llic name of Oliver Iu>dge (Ixxlge-Mutrhead
Wireless and General Telegraphy Syndicate) alone
M buflicicnt guarantee that the saentific world will
accept with interest anything that comes before
the public t>earing this great scientist's name, and
there are many who admit that much that has
made the discovery of atmospherical telegraphy of
practical service, though it will be handed down to
podterity identihed with other names, was due to
the research of this distinguished Hoglishman. Ol
what Dr. Muirhead, the other name a*soctated with
the British firm, has done for submarine cabling it
is not necessary to dwell here. The Lodge-Mnir-
head Syndicate do not seek to estabUah themselves
as a world-wide telegraph company. Their object
is to sell electrical apparatus. But wherever the
I .odge -Muirhead system has been installed it has
given satisfaction. It is now a matter of common
notoriety that the British Army, after minute
research, has found the Lodge-Mutrhead system
the roost ituitable to its requirements. Ttie Indian
Government (Indian Telegraphs) have installed it
to maintain communication between the mainland
and the Andaman Islands, and the Andaman
Islands and Burma. As recentiy, $0 the con-
fidential reports say, as the visit of the Prince and
Princess of Wales to India and Bunna, the unaU-
power installation in the Andamana was able to
reach the cruiser escort to the Royal tourists when
the naval instruments had been unable to reply
for 200 miles.
The German Tdefunken Co. , operating the
Braun-Siemena and Slaby-Arco inventions, is pro-
bably one of the largest concerns of the kind in
existence, and is used eJEclusively in Germany.
Long-distance stations (Marconi system) are now
lieing erected in many pans of the world, the ouMt
powerful of all being that of the Italian Govern-
ment at Coltano, and in the near future vrirckas
telegraphy will afford communicati'on between dia-
tatu countries at cheaper rates than could bo
obtained by eitlicr wires or cables. Whether the
new telegraphy will or wilt not injure or disjilace
the cables is still a matter of conjecture, and
depends a good deal on what the cables can do m
the way of cheaper rates. It is only a question
of time, and that not a very long time, befon
wireless telegraphy oer great distances, possibly
round the world, will become an indispensable aid
to commerce and ciWIisation.
Wucooiiii. U.S. iBt class battleship. (San Fna-
cisco, 1898.)
Length $6Slt Beam 73ft Mean draught ajll.
Displacement 1 1.565 tons. Complement 490.
Guns. Anmottr.
4 — 13 in., 35 cal. " Harvey- nickel."
14 — 6 in. 16 in. Belt amidshipa.
6-H5 pdr. 16 in. Turrets.
4 — I pdr. TO in. Conning tower.
4 Colts.
2 Field guns, 3 in.
Torptdo Titbgs {iS in.).
4 Above water (armoured}.
Twin screw. Hp. forced io.oood6 kts. Coal
maximum 1^50 tons. Approximate coat ^950.000.
Witch of the Waves. Amencan ship, built (£51.
Engaged to the China tea trade to London. On
her best voyage she made the passage from W^au
poa to Dungeness in 90 days, the best day's rvn
being 338 kts.
Wittw. A ring or boom iron by which a beam
is set oat or in on its principal spar.
With the ion. Twisting or coiling a rope, or
tumjQg anything in the direction indicated by the
sun's path — vix., from cast over south to west.
Wittelsbtdl. Ger man 1 st c lass b*ttleabq>.
(Wllheliiuihaven, i'>oo.)
Length 416 ft. Beam 6; ft. Maximum draitgfat 38ft.
I>inp1acement 1 1.830 tons. Complement 650.
WIVERN
6S9
WOODCOCK
•
Guns. Armour.
4^9'4 in. " Krupp."
18—6 ia. 9 in. Belt,
12 — 15J pdr. 10 in. Barbettes.
12 — I pdr. loin. Turreta.
a Machine. to in. Conning tower.
Torpedu Tubes:
5 Submerged bow and broadside.
1 Above water stem.
Three screws. Hp.. 15.000= 18 kts. Coal maxi-
mum 1,500 tons. Approximate coat £1.100.000.
FtEwr.
Wlvern. British coast defence ship (2,750 tons,
B'5 kts.). Launched 1865.
Wizard. British torpedo-boat destroyer. (East
Cowes, 1895.] Length, 200 ft.; beam. 19 ft.;
draught, sk ^^- • displaceraeat. 300 tons ; comple-
ment, 45 ; armament, I i3-pdr., 5 6-pdr., 2 tubes ,
twin screw ; Hp., 4,100927 kts. : coal. 60 tons.
W.K. Distinguishing letters on sea fishing boats
registered at VVorkom. Holland.
W.S. Dbtinguisbing letters on sea fishing boat»
registered at Wck. Scotland.
WX. Distinguishing letters on sea fishing ttoats
registered at Wcstdongerodeel, Holland.
W.H. Distinguishing letters on sea fishing boats
registered at Willerastad, Holland.
W.M,^. Distinguishing letters on sea Pishing
bouLs registered at Wcmeldinge, Holland,
WJLH. Distinguishing letters on se-a fiHhing
boats registered at Warmenhuixen, Holland.
W.ir. Distinguishing letters on sea fishing boats
registered at Wigtown, Scotland.
W.O. Distinguistiing letters on sea fishing boats
registered at Workington, England.
W.O.E. Distinguishing letters on sea fishing
boats festered at Woensdrecht, Holland.
Wotfmum Line, with the head oHices in Ham-
burg, have a large fleet of steamers, ranging from
t.jDO to 6,000 tons. A serv-ice has been maintained
by this line for the last 55 years, between Hamburg
and West Africa, which, owing to rapid develop-
ment ol the trade, now necessitates 1 1 regular
steamers being despatched every month, besides
extra ones when inducement offers. Steamers
leave Hamburg on the toth of each month, calling
at Dover, for Las Polmaa. Axim. Stsiomlce, and
Victoria, calling at Southampton on the return
voyage. Another service is maintained from Ham-
burg on the 30th of each month to Madeira. Teneri Re.
Grand Bassa, Walfish Bay, and Luderittzbucht ;
on the 15th of each montli via Madeira, for Mon-
ravia, Togo, and Whydah,
Ado
Aiiotph Woermann.
Alexandra WotrmanH.
AHne Woermann.
Anna Woermann.
Asian Wofrniann,
Carl Woermann.
Edttard Bohlen.
Eduard Woermann.
EUonote Woemtann.
Ella Wofrmann.
Epe.
Ertsh Woermann.
Etttst Woermann.
Gouvemntrv. Puttkamrr.
Hans Woermann.
Uedwid Woermann.
HcnriiUe Woermann.
Irtna Woermann.
Jeanette Wotrmann.
Kuha.
Kurt Woermann.
Liti Woermann.
Linda Woermann.
Lolhar Bohlen.
Lucis Woermaim.
Marie Woermann.
Manna.
Martha Woermann.
Melita Bohlen.
Ogun.
Otto Woermann.
Oyo.
Paul Woermann.
President Barclay.
Thehla Bohlen,
WoU. British torpedo-boat destroyer. (Birken-
head. 1S97.) Length, 318 ft. : beam, so ft. :
draught, 5^ (t. ; displacement, 300 tons ; cumpli^-
ment, $8; armament, i 12-pdr., 5 6-pdr., 2 tubes;
twin screw ; Hp., 6,000=27 kts. ; coal, 80 tons.
Wolff, OnstaT WiUiftm (b. Hamburg. November
10, [834]. Educatetl Hamburg, and at the Liver-
pool College : served as apprentice with Menn.
Joseph Whitworth and Co.. Manchester, which 6rm
he represented at the Paris Exhibition, 1855, After
leaving them he became draughtsman at Messrs.
B. Goodfellow and Co., engineers, flyde. In i860
went to Edward Harland, Queen's Island. Bellast,
and in 1862 became partner, the &rm then being
Harland and Wolt?. Was elected member of Par-
liament for East Belfast. March, 1892. which he
has represented since. Rrjer to Harland and Wolff.
WoU Rock LlghthooM, situated midway between
SciUy and Uie Lizard Point, was designed by the
late Mr. Walker, and commenced under tlic super-
intendence of Mr. Dougla.s in 1862.
Wolf Trap Xighlhonn, erected in 1894, on Wolf
Trap Spil m Chesapeake Bay.
W.OJ(. Distinguishing letters on sea fishing
boats rcgit>ten.-d at W'onseradeel, Holland.
Wood« Henry Alfred (b. Sheffield). Served
apprentictshtp with Messrs. Sir Raylton Dixon and
Co., and joined as draughtsman Messrs. Oswald.
Mordant and Co., Southampton, subsequently join-
ing Messrs. W. Harkess and Son.s, Middlesbrough.
In 1S95 be was appointed graving dock manager
and works manager of the Tecs Conservancy Com-
misiioners of Middlesbrough and Stockton, Member
of the North-Hast Coast Institution of Engineers
and Shipbuilders.
Woodcock. British shallow-draught steamer for
nver st:r\icL, China {150 tons). Launched 189S.
WOODFIELD
690
WORKMAN
Woodfiald Steamibip Oo., Ltd.. with which is
incorporated the Burrsfield Steamship Co., Ltd..
Jacob Bngfat Steamship Co.. Ltd.. and the Ursula
Bright Steamship Co., I-t<i.. with their head offices
in London, have a fleet oi j6 steamcra. ranging
from 3.000 up to 5,000 tons, which are engaged in
the cargo trade in various parts of the world.
Flebt.
Bunsfiald. Rosffiftd,
Chatham. Kotherfietd.
Ftmfietd. Sandfieid.
From field, Somtrfield.
Hathfieid. UrsuJa Bfigh4.
Jacob Bright. Wildcroft.
John Bright. Woodfitld.
Mavfield. Zamibat.
WoocBark. British shallow-draught steamer for
river service, Ctiina (150 tons). Launched 1&9H.
Wood-lock. A piece of timber fixed near some
movable object io prevent the latter from shifting.
WoodB Patha, Sir Henry Felix. K.C.V.O. Ad-
miral in tiervicv of Sultan of Turkey ; A.D.C,
General to the Sultan ; Conductor of Naval Con-
struction Department (b. 1843). Entered Royal
Navy, 1858 ; served West Coast of .Africa ; present
at operations in the Scardes River, 1859; navi-
gating lieutenant of Cnrmotant, t666 ; British
delegate to the Inteniational Commission for Im-
provement of Na\igation in Black Sea and Bos-
pboms, 1867 ; entered naval service of Turkey.
1870, and, in conjunction with Hobart Pasha, re-
organised the Turkish Fleet ; organised torpedo
and coast defence service ; surveyed and bnoyed
th« Dardanelles ; received Medjidie, 2nd Class, with
permission to accept and wear, 1885 ; Osmanieh,
2nd Ctas<4, with permission to wear, 1887 ; Grand
Cordon of the Order of Medjidie, and permission
to wear, 1888 ; Gold Medal of the Order of Nichau-
i-lmtiaz, 1890 ; Grand Cordon of the Osmanieh
Order, with a star in brilliants, Royal licence to
wear. 1894 ; Knight-Commander of the Order of
Saxe-Coburg.
Woodward. Admiial Robert, C.B.> 1886 |b. Novem-
ber 7, 1838}. Entered the Navy 1850, and served
as mate of the Nimrod during the second China
war; took part in the operaticms against Canton.
1857 ; promoted sub -lieutenant, and landed at the
attack and capture of the Taku foru (China medal,
Taku and Canton clasps) ; promoted lieutenant,
1859: commander. 1870; captain of the Turt/uoin
during naval operations in ihe Eastern Soudan,
1884-S5 (Egyptian medal) ; captain of Turquoise
during Burmah war, 1885-S6; commanded Naval
Brigade to Mandalay ; specially mentioned in de-
spatches by General Sir H. Prendcrgast for " energy,
willingness, and professional skill " ; received the
thanks of the Covenunent of India (India medal.
Burmah, 1885-87, cla<!p) : captain's good service
pension, iSgi ; rear-admiral, 1U94 ; vice-admiral.
1900,
WooUins. Strengthexung a weakened qw ^
binding it np to sui>port it where it is fished.
Worden. U.S. torpedo-boat destroyer (1900),
Displacement, 433 tons ; guns. 2 r4-p*J'-. 5 "S-p*:
torpedo tubes. 3 i8-in. : Hp.. 8,300=30 kta.
Word on the Waton. Hstablisbed 18 $8. Pi6>
lishcd quarterly. Price id. .\ddres3 : II Bad>
inghara Street. London, W.C
Work, .\pptied to a ship when, owing
straining in a tempestuous sea., bcr joints
loosened.
Workman. Olark and Oo^ Ltd,^ Beliast.
tensive works controlled by this &rm.
thp Belfast Shipyard, wexe established m the j
1879, when Mr. Frank A^'orkman and Mr. C«.S
Clark leased from the Belfast Harbour Cooibb-
sioncrs a plot of land on the north side of At
River Lagan. The site cbosscii was admuiblj
adapted for the purposes of shipbnildiog. tbai
being ample room as well as depth of water U
launching the largest vessels ; also plentiful gnn'
available for extension.
After a succession of prosperous year* the faa
extended its operations by the purchase of a iup
shipyard on the south side of the river, imroeduifif
oppo-sitc to the parent yax<l. but owtng to Ot
annual increase in the output it was fonod on*
sary to extend the conftnes of the works, ad
these two yards now cover an area of upwardi'
30 acres, cootaining 10 launching berths, loac ^
these prepared for the construction of vesseki^
to 8do ft. in length.
Adjoining each of thcae yards there are fiSJIt.
out berths with sufficient draught of water
states 01 the tide to accomiuodate the
steamers, whilst they are fuUy equipped wiib ^
mast modern appliances for the expedttioiB aad
safe handling of the heavy weights to bt pst »
board, one of the berths baxring a crane c^aE^
of lifting upwards of roo tons.
In the year 1891 the firm decided to aild ^
construction of marine engines and botlcrs to ttac
shipbuilding business, and for this purpose pooal
was secured contiguoiis to the south ahi^MiAABi
yard . where extensive engine and boiler works ««w
erected, oil the buildutga t>eixig very loft>- iaf
substantially butlt. The plaat in these works *
adaptf*d for the construction of tx>tb recipracatflf
and turbine marine engines ; aiso replete wiib d
the latest adaptations of hydraulic, pneumatic a^
irlcctric power capable of producing the bt^tf
class of work in the most expeditious aaaitf
Thxs branch of the firm's busiucss is cxAdadi^
under the fecial supervision of Mr. Ckaa K
Allan, who became a director of the firm in iM*-
Both shipyards are equipped with the vtf
modem types of electric and hydraulic machlsT
together uith the latest lalx}ur-eaving devio*. tJW
ensuring expeditious production, while t\xn tfif
WORM
691
WRECK
in the crni^triicHon. from the laying of the lt**l to
the completion of the vessel, is accomplished within
the company'^ works.
For soitic ycaifi this firm has occupied a high
position in the Annual Tonnage Returns of the
United Kingdom, and in the year 1902 attained the
premier position.
The history nf the firm points tocontinual progress
a? the following list of tonnage indicates :
Arm/tuf.
" Compound."
15 in. Belt.
12 in. Barbettes.
5 in. Turrets.
13 in. Conning tower
Yw.
V«smU
bnih.
Bowd of TrwU
I.Hp.
HM'>» iH •••
9 '
51.475
K.201
H6.71I
?S^5
32.320
M.300
♦6.9O0
The class of vessels constructed includes first
clua ocean mail steamers, passenger aud cargo Uaers
of 20,000 tons displacement, insulated fruit and
meat<arrying steamers up to 600,000 cubic feet
capacity, cross channel passenger steamers, steam
and sailing yachts, paddle steamers, and full-rigged
sailing ships, making in all a grand total displace-
mcnl of close on 2,000,000 tons. They have al.so
constructed caissons for the British Government
dockyards, and are continually employed with all
clashes of ship repair work. In addition to the
above items of shipbuilding work they have carried
out contracts for bridge work.
Prominent among the vessels tunied out by the
firm may be menboned the Allan Line triple screw
steamer Victorian, the first transatlantic turbine-
propclled mail steamer : aUo the British India Co.'s
turbine-propelled steamer Bingera; the handsome
passenger steamer City 0/ London , built tor
the EUerman Lines Calcutta trade ; and the Royal
Mail Steam Packet Co.'s twin - screw steamer
Araguaya, built for the West Indian and South
American trades. This steamer is one of the most
completely equipped and luxuriously furnished
passenger steamers afloat, and has hecn deKhbed
as one of the finest examples of the skill of the
marine architect and shipbuilder. The list of
dienU for whom Workman. Clark and Co., Ltd..
have built and engined vessels includes such ship-
owning firms a.s the British India Steam Navigation
Co.. Cuuard Steamstiip Co.. Hamburg-.\merika Line.
Lamport and Holt, Lloyd Brazileiro, Norddeutscher
Lloyd, Ocean Steamship Co. . Peninsular and Oriental
Steam Navigation Co,. Koyal Mail Steam Packet
Co.. Shaw, Savill. and Albion Co.. and the Allan.
Booth. City. Eider. Dcmp.ster, EUcnnan, Hall,
Harrison, Houlder, Stai and Tyser Lines, togethpr
with vessels built for the British Admiralty.
Worm. The act of passing a rope ^tmlly
between the layr-rv of a cable ; a method of pro-
tecting parts of a rope which are likely to be chafed.
Wtfrtb. German !st class battleship (1891).
Length 380ft. Beam 64ft. Maximum draught a6ft.
Displacement 10.060 tons. Complement 568.
Guns.
4— II in.
a — II in.
8 — 4"t in.
8 — tsi pdr.
2 — r pdr.
4 Machine.
Torpeio Tt^s.
1 Submerged.
I Abox-e wattT stem.
Twin screw. Hp. forced 10.000=17 kts. Coal
maximum i .050 tons. Approximate cost. ^750,000.
W. PL Watering Place. Abbreviation adopted
on the charts issued by the Hydrographic Office.
Admiralty.
W.R. l>istinguisliing letters on sea fishing boats
registered at Wiexingen, Holland.
WnAk. Seaweed thrown ashore and left high
and dry by the receding ebb.
WnULgell, BarOB. 5^■« Arctic RxploratioQ.
Wreck. (.Merchant Shipping Act, 1894. sections
510-571.) Tlie expression "wreck " includes jetsam
(q.v.), floLiam {q-v.), lagan, and derelict {q.v.). found
in or on the shores of the sea or any tidal water.
The finder of wreck if also owner must at once give
notice to the Receiver of Wreck for the district ;
if not owner, he must as soon as possible driiver up
the property to the Receiver. Any person,
whether own«r or not. who secretes or takes posses-
sion of any article or cargo belonging to a wrecked
or stranded vessel, and refuses to deliver up the
same to the Receiver, shall be liable to a penalty of
jfioo. The Receiver, upon notification that any
ship, British or foreign, is wrecked, stranded, or in
distress at some place within his district, shall at
once proceed to the spot, make all necessary arrange-
ments for the protection and preservation of the
property, take command of all persons present,
and may require suitable persons to assist him. and
impr(>ss waggons and horses into the ser\-ice, under
a penalty of ^100 for refusal. For the purpose ol
rendering assLstancc or saving Ufe or cargo, persons
and waggons may pass over private lands, any
damage done being a charge upon the property
saved. The owner or occupier of lands who hinders
this right of passage, or prevents the deposit of
salved property on liis land, shall be Uable to a
penalty of /loo. The Receiver may use all neces*
sary force in suppressmg plundering, disorder, or
obstruction, and may cause offenders to be arrested.
Where any vessel is or has been in distress on the
coasts of the United Kingdom, the Receiver exam-
ines on oath any person belonging to the ship, or
likely to be able to give an account of the ship, her
cargo or stores. Any person who takes into any
foreign port any wreck found on or near the coasts
of the United Kingdom, shall be guilty of a felony,
and liable to five years' penal servitude. Where
the Receiver has reasons for believing that wrecked
property has been secreted or taken poaaession
WRECK
692
YACHT
of by some pema other than the owner, any
justice has power to issue a search warrant. A
Receiver may at any time seJI any uTeck. if in hi»
opinion it i^ under the value of £$, or is so dam-
aged or of such a perisliable nature tluit it caunot
he kept, or is not worth warchou&iog The owner
of wreckage must, in order to recover his property,
establish his claim within a year, and pay all
saK'agc. tecs, and expenses due. If no claim to
wreck \b made u-ithin a vear, the Kcxeiver may
proceed to »cU the property, and the surplus, after
paying expenses, goes to th" Crawn, unlcf<s the
wrcckace i^ found at a place where nghls to un-
claimed wreck have been granted to a subject, r.g..
an admiral or lord of the manor, in which case the
cUimant, after proving his title, and paying lUI
expenses, is entitled to the property* ; bot the
no.Trd of Trade has power to purchas*? rights to
wreck possessed by any person other than the
Sovereign. In the absence of the Receiver, who
is appointed by the Board of Trade, his powers
and duties are exercised by the chief Customs,
Coastguard, or Inland Revenue Officer, or by the
Shcnfl, a Justice of the Peace, or naval or military
ofhccr on full pay. Where any wreckage is likely
to cause an obstruction in any place under the con-
trol of a harlKiur or cooservainc\- authontj-. such
authority may remove, raise, sell, or destroy. In
any other case the powers of removul. etc., arc
cxrrcised by the general ligbUiousc authorities.
Iffftr to Salvage. Derelict, .\dmiralty Droits.
WMd[. Tlu' ruins of a ship stranded : a vessel
dashed against rocks or land, and broken or other-
wise destroyed, or totally crippled or tnjured, by
violence or fracture ; any ship or goods driven
ashore or found deserted at sea in an unmanage-
able conditiun.
WrMk OomnUsBiOD, A court e«tabhshcd in 1876
to investigate the causes of the shipwrecks which
occur from hme to time.
Wreck free. Exempted from the forfeiture of
shipwreck goods and vessels : as, for example, the
Cinque Fortj — a privilege granted to tlicm by a
charter of Edward I.
Wnek mMter. An official appointed to take
charge of goods, etc.. cast a-thore after a shipsfcxrck.
Wring. To damage, twist, or strain by undae
premnre ol any kind.
WJK.W. Distinguishing letten on sea fishing
boats registered at Wieringcrwaard, Holland.
WJ. DistinguiBhing tetters on sea fishing boat^
registered at Lynn, Norfolk. England.
WXM. Distmguishing tetters on sea lushing
txiats registered at Wiiisum, Holland.
W.T. Dbtinguishing letters on sea fi*>hing boats
registered at Wcstport and Newport. Ireland,
W.U. Distinguishing letters on sea Ashing boats
registered at Wilsum, Holland.
W.T. Distingnishins letters on aea fishing boats
registered at Wildervank. Holland.
W.W. Distinguishing lettcra on sea fishing boats
registered at Weststcllingwert. Holland.
W.Y. [>i8tingutshing letters on sea fishing boats
registered at Whitby. England.
Wye. Royal mail steamer. Became a total
wreck in the hurricane that swept ov«r the Virgin
Islands, October 2g. 1867.
Wye. British store-ship, particular •ervic^
(l,.?7o luiii). Laiinclied 189J.
Wykeham. Steamer, of Wtiitby. Foundered ofE
Usboo, March, 1883 ; 22 lives lost.
Wyomins. V.S. monitor. (San Fronci&co, 1 900.I
I.ength 352ft. Beam 5ofL Maximum draught rjlL
Displacement a. 755 tons. Complement 150.
Cims. Armour.
3 — tJ in., 40 cal. " Krupp.'
4 — 4 in. 1 1 in. Belt amid<hj|)a.
3—6 pdr. 1 1 in. Barbette*.
4— 1 pdr. 8 in. Conning townr.
2 Colts.
Totptdo Tt^s (iS tn.).
2 Above water.
Twin screw. Hp. 3.400*13 kts. Cool nwd-
mum 400 tons.
Xebeo. .\ small three-masted vcssd used 00 the
MtHJitvrrHnran. distinguished by the gnat pr(h
iectmg bow and her overhanging stem.
T, Distinguishing letter on sea fishing boats
rrgistcrrd at Yougbal, Ireland.
J. Vollow. Abbte\'iation adopted 00 the charts
tsaned by tlie Hydrographic Office, Admiralty, dv-
noting the quatit>' of the ocean's bottom.
Yacht A decked pleasure vessel. The ri^ ire
various, and many have iteam power as an aocct-
sory during calms. Racing yachts arc built witb
fine finest, enormous lipars, and sails, and having
the hold deeply ballasted, thus sachfictni! fvrrv
tiling to speed.
Tueht, A, is a " ship," and is suhject lo mr^M <ii
the righu and liabilities ot ships, though she may
be bound by the local rules of any yachtmg club
to the ricclubion of her legal rights, but not ol bs
liabilities.
There are certain regulations la the Mercfaaot
Shipping Act. 1894, frooi which yachts an ejMBSR.
namely, those that require —
(1) That officers shall hold certificates ;
(2) The entry m the agreeoMnt witb tin
of particulars respecting apprentices, and
to be done reelecting such entry :
(3) The engagement or supply of scamca or
apprentices by or through licensed persons :
J
YACHT
693
YACHT
(4) Agreemrnta with crew :
(5) Discharge and payment of wages before
superintendent, and the delivery of an account of
wages, showiaj; deduction;^ and fines.
(6) Certain accommodation of seamen.
(7) The dcliveri»- of documents at foreign ports
to Custom.'i officers.
(S) The keeping of an official log ;
(9) Deck and load lines to t>e marked ;
(to) An inquiry by superintendent into the cause
of death on board, and his report to the Board of
Trade.
Yachts have certain privileges as regards stores,
and, whilst fishing for pleasure, arc not required
to be lettered or registered as fishing Loate. Yachts
over five tons formerly paid light dues of is. per
ton annually, but those dues have since been
reduced by I2j%, by Order in Council (1903}.
Tftcht Claose. Sa Clauses.
Yacht Club Argentina Established 18S3. Patron:
His Excellency the President of the Argentine
Republic ; Commodori". Rear-Admiral Enrique G.
Howard ; Vice-Commodore. C. F. Blanco ; Honorary
Treasurer, F. P. Nisbet ; Honorary Secretary, L. B.
Fiant, 659 Calle Flonda. Buenos Aires. Entrance
fee. 100 dols. ; annual subitcnplion. 50 dels.
Yacbt Club do France. Established 1S91. Pre-
sident, Vice-Admital Humann ; Vice-Presidents,
Vicomtc de Curzay, Due Dccaees, A, Glandas,
Marquis de Montaigu : Agent, Cent. E. Gras,
83 Bvd. Haussmaim, Paris. Entrance fee, 100
francs and 20 francs ; annual subscription, 100
francs.
Taeht Olab d'Osteode. Established 1901. Pre-
sident, Count I.out.1 dn Hemptinne ; Vice-Presi-
deats. F. Quioet. A. Colder ; Treasurer, T. Thicle ;
Secretary, Lieut. Louis Depierc, 44 Boulevard
Ropier, Ostcnd, Belgium. Annual subscription,
20 francs.
Yacht Clab ot Victoria. RoyaL See Royal Yacht
Club of Victoria.
Yachting Clab AutoraobQe d'Arcachon. Estab-
lished 1887. President. Comte de Gaulne ; Vice-
Presidents. H. Ex^aw, G. Picon ; Treasurer,
G. I.afon Plantey : Secretary. Henry Gibert,
350 Boule\*ard do la Plage, Arcachon. Annual sub-
scription. 20 francs.
YaohtJBg UootUy. Established iqo6. An illus-
trated magazine of ya'ihting, marine motoring, sea-
fiHhiiig, rowing, and all water sports. Published
monthly, price is. Address: "Field" Office,
Breani'i^ BuilOmgs. London. E.C.
Yaohtinc World. Established t8<i4. Published
weekly {Thursday). Price }d. Address : 37 Wal-
brook, London, E.C.
Yatdit Racing Anoclation.
Racing Rttles.
Ail races, and yachL*. filing therein, shall be
under the direction oi the Flag OBiccni. Sailing
Committee, or Officers of the day of the Club
under whose auspices the races are being sailed,
hereinafter referred to. together or separately, aa
the Sailing Committee. M] matters shall be sub-
ject to their approval and control ; and all doubts,
qucstion.s, and disputes which may arise sholJ be
subject to their decision. Their decisions shall be
based upon these rules so far as they will apply,
but as no rules can be devised capable of meeting
every incident and accident of sailing, the Sailing
Committee should keep in view the ordinary
customs of the sea, and discourage all attempts to
win a race by other means than fair sailing and
superior speed and skill.
2. — Recognised Yacht Clubs.
The term, a recognised Yacht Club, shall include
every British Yacht Club holding an Admiralty
Warrant ; and also such othrj- Yacht and Sailing
Clubs giving races under these rnles as may bo
accepted as recognised Yacht Clubs by the Council.
The Council shall have the power oi cancelling
recognition of any Club should they deem it
expedient to do so.
Oamership of YaclUs.
Every yacht entered for a race must be tlie
bona fide property of the person or persons in
whose name or names she is entered, who must
he a member or members of a recognised Yacht
aab.
A yacht let on hire may be raced provided —
(n) That she is let for a period in excess of one
mouth ;
(b) That she is entered in the name of tbe owner,
who is to l>c responsible in nit contingencies, lor
all entries, racing expenses, and damages ;
{c\ That the crew are to be considered the ser^
vants of the owner ;
{d) That the hirer (who must be a member oi a
recognised Yacht Cluhl shall, as representative of
the owner, comply with all the rules and regula-
tioia of the Y.R.A.
4. — Certificttte.
A valid Y.R.A. certificate sliall be held by every
yacht starting m o race under Y.R.A. rating,
unless the owner or his representative signs and
lodges with the Sailing Committee before the start
a statement in the following form — vii. :
Vnderlakin^ to Pfoduee Certificate.
The Yacht competes in tbe Race of the
.on the condition that a valid certificate
is to be produced within a fortnight, and dated not
more than one week after the Race, that she is
not to be altered between the Race and tbe date
of certificate, and that she competes in the Race
on tbe rating of that certificate.
Signed
Date
Fees for AfgasurtHK.
The Official MrasorcxTi nhall collrct th? fers
before measiirtng, and be responsible for the same
to the Hon. Treaaurer.
The fees shall be as follows :
I. — Partial MeasuremfHts.
(a) For ni«i5urinR length, beam, antl npars, or
lor length and spars or sail area :
Memben. Nan^Memben.
3i-rt, ralirMC £0 7 6 £l 1 0
34 ft nod not above M-ft 0 lA 6 I II 0
Biov«dins 33-ri. ... - 0 11 0 Z U 6
(fc) For measuring length and beam only if
carried out conjointly ■ Half above fees.
{e) For measunng spars or saiJ area only : Half
above fees.
(d) For measuring girth, or girth difference :
Memben. Nea-Ucmb«n.
34-rt. raiioa and iMder ... £o 10 6 £l 7 A
Ov«r24-rt and not above 32-ft. ... 0 IS 0 2 2 0
EsoMditiK S:-ft 110 2 15 6
{e) For attending at a weighing : loj. 6d.
i.-^CompUte Measuremettts for a Y.H.A.
Certificair of Rating.
VcfC measuring length, beam, girth, girth differ-
ence, !)par<i (and satl area, if necessary) ;
Member*. Noo-Memb«t«.
24.ft. and undor - .. ... . . £0 tS 0 £2 S fi
Orer 24-ft. and Dot BxOMdlai 32-ft. 13 0 S 13 6
EiMcdinji Si-ff I IS 0 5 8 0
Fee for a duplicate certificate when no new
measurements are required, 5s. (payable to Secre-
tary direct).
Upon measuring days fixed by a Yachi Clnb.
bOKta of 34-ft. rating and under will be mcasUTed
at an inclusive fee of £1 12*. 6rf.. and half fee for
girth only, or for length and beam only, or for
spars only. The Yacht Club in such cases must
pay the Measurer's travelling expenses. This scale
applies only when not fewer than four yachts are
measured on one day.
5. — Time Athwance.
There shall be no time allowance in races under
V.R.,^. rating except as pro\'ided in the Inter-
national Rule [f.v.).
In race.5 in which there is time allowance the
time to be allowed on arrival shall be in proportion
to the length of the course as notified on the pro-
gramme or instructions.
6. — Entriis.
Entries shall be made with the Secretary of the
Club in the following form at least 4S hourF pre\'ious
to noon ot the day appointed (or starting each race.
In case of a Sunday intervening, 24 hours shall
be added. Entries may br made by telegram, and
it shall be deemed sufficient that the same shall
have been despatched before noon of the day on
which the entries close, subject to the provision as
to Sundays, but such entries by telegram must be
con6rmed la the proper form, in course of post
Form of Emiry.
To be signed by the Owner or his Re
Please enter the Vacht , owner... .|
for the.. Race at......
Her distinguishing flag is — '.
her rig is : and her Y-RA.
And I agree to br bonnd by the Racing Ri^
Uie y.R.A.
Signed this day ot .
In case the rating has from any rcftsoo ]
incorrectly stated in the Form of Entry, if1
fact is notified to the Sailing Conuoittee in wala^
beforv the entries close, the Sailing CommiRB
shail regard only the yacht's correct rating at a
time of starting ; but otherwise the yacht OSM
.^ail at a lower rating than that cnm-ed.
7.—Rsfusai of Entpy.
A Sailing Committee RiKy. if they
expedient, refuse any entry.
S.—Oamer to Erti&r One YmcMt Oniy,
An owner may not enter more than ooe fldl'
in a race, nor the same yacht for two or .
races advertised to be sailed on the same day ol
under the same club.
<
.pert
■1
9. — Postf>onement of Hacei.
The Saihng Committee ahail have power to pert-
pone any race should unfavourable weather
such a course desirable. Letter K ot the
mcrcial code, hoisted over iho flag dmocn^
race, shall be the signaJ that a race has been po^
poncd.
No new entry shall be received nnder lay
cumstances whatever for a postponed race.
10. — Sailing Over.
.K yacht duly entered for a race shaJl be
to sail over the course (subject, however, to Rakii
(or not less than halt the value of the 6i7t pn2«-
II. — Resattrd Race
A yacht which did not start or which tm. *
the opinion of the Sailing Committee, fontB"*^
a breach of the rules in the original race. ahaB
be allowed to compete in a resailed race.
i3.~Sfiottemng Cottrrf.
The .Sailing Committee may shorten ihc 000*
during a race, and the flag denoting Ibe taa.
hoisted under the White Peter, or in case of ^
or darkness two guns fired, shall br the Bf>^
that the race is to finish with the round abort n
bf completed, or at such mark as the Sailiaj Cc*
mittee may appoint, and the time allowaoM^ti*
be reduced in proportion.
13. — lientovai of Flaf Vessel or Mmi
Should any flag vessel or other mark be
from its proper position, either by actidrti! *
design, the race shall be re -sailed, or not. tt •<
discretion of the Sailing Committee.
fACHT
695
YACHT
14. — OecUraiion of Ohservatut of Rules.
The Sailing Committee shall award the priu'!i.
Dbject to these rules, but before thvy do so the
er. or his representative, shall sign a declara-
tion that the yacht has strictly conformed to all
the sailing regulalionn. a.H follows :
^V Farm of Declaration.
^V I , a Member of the
^HTacht Qub, do hereby declare that I was on board
and in charge of the Yacht while sailing
in the Race this day. and that all Rules and Regu-
lations were obeyed during that Race.
Date
» Signed
Snch declaration must be lodged with the Sailing
Committee within 48 hours of the axrival of the
wiiming yucht, but the Sailing Committee may
extend tlus timv if it conHidurs it d«iirable to do
BO. but such extension shall not exceed a period of
30 days.
»I5. — If a Yacht be Disquaiified.
If any yacht be disqualified the next in order
shall be awarded the prixe.
16. — Distinguishing Flag.
Every yacht must carry at her main topmast
head a rectangular distinguishing flag of a suitable
size, which must not be hauler] down unless she
gives up the race. If the topmast be lowered on
deck or carried away, the flag must be rehoisted
in a conspicuous place as soon as possible.
^L 1 7. — FtUtnus and Baitast.
^M All yachts exceeding 7 metres must be fitted
^Hpelow deck with the ordinary fittings of a yacht,
^Kfficiently constructed, which in number and size
shall not be less than specified in the table con-
tained in the International Rule for Yacht Measure-
ment (f.v.) ; and they must carry on board the
hawsers and chain cables specified in the Scantling
Tables. The 5, 6. and 7 metre classes must carry
the anchors specified in the Scantling Tables, but
the 8 to 23 metn; classes may dispense witli ist
anchor and rarr>' 2nd anchor as specified in the
Scantling Tables, also 3rd anchor, it specified, or a
k«dge anchof of suitable weight
»t8. — Boats and Lifebuoys.
Every yacht exceeding u metres shall carry a
serviceable boat on deck of not less than the
dimensions named in the annexed table, ready fur
immediate use, with oars lashed therein ;
V.R.A. fUiUii
UiMernAtioiul Rule).
Abo** the
t»M«im
«2-3 h.)
[UivAlmi Tonnage.
'at«-lue LeDStb ... Ovar 70 ft.
Len*tli _. -.
Beam .. ...
I>«ptb at i lt«am frcn ta-
tide of pluikuiil to lop
of unnwals „,
Uft.
4 ft, 7 ID.
a) In.
Abow !h»
13 MetiM
(49'2 ft.t
ClMt.
Over 51 ft
lift.
4 ft. 3 fal.
20 In.
Above I be
UMttrei
39 4 ft.)
Clus.
0«c*5ft.
10 ft.
4 ft. 9 ta.
19 in.
A yacht not measured for Y.R.A. rating, whea
racing in a handicap race, must carry a boat as
provided in the above rule according to her equiva-
lent Water-line Length as above tabulated.
Every yacht shall carry at least one lifebuoy on
deck or iit the cockpit ready for use.
19.— i-'fA's-
All yachts sailing in a race at night shall observe
the Board of Trade rules as to carrying of lights.
:JT. — Manual Power Oniy to bt Used.
There shall be no restrictions as to sails, or the
manner of setting and working them ; but manual
power only may be used for hoisting and working
them, or for working a centre-board or plate.
33. — Member on Board.
Every yacht sailing in a race shall have on
board a member of a recognised yacht club to be
in charge of the >'acht, as owner or owner's repre-
sentative.
33. — Owner Steering.
An owner shall not steer any other yacht than
his own in a race wherein his own yacht competes.
34. — Crtw and Friends in Yachts of 19 Metres
163-5 "■) '""' i^ytder.
Set International Rale of Measurement.
35. — Crew attd Friends in Yachts Above
19 Metres (62"3 //.).
See lotemational Rule of Measurement.
36. — Instructions for the Race.
Every yacht entered for a race shall, at the time
of entry, or as soon after a.s possible, be supplied
with whttcn or printed mstruchons as to the
course to be sailed, marks, etc. Nolhmg shall be
considered as a mark in the course unless specially
named as such in these instmctions.
Each yacht shall be given a number with the
saiUng instructions, for purposes of recall, as
specified in the succeeding rule.
27.— The Start.
Fifteen minutes before the time of starting one
of the following flags of the New International
Code of Signals shall be hoisted as a preparatory
flag for the yachts of each successive race to
approach the starting line — vit. '
A of Imenut. Cods for the yicbta of ih« l«l not-
B .. .. ., ., 2nd ,.
C ,. „ .. „ Jrd „
D „ ,. „ 4(h ..
and so on.
Five minutes before the start the preparatory
flag shall bo lowered, a Blue Peter botsted, and a
gun fired, after which the yachts in the race shall
be amenable to the rules. At the expiration of
five minutes exactly, the Blue Peter shall be hauled
down, and a second gun fired as a signal to start.
Should a gun miss tire, the Blue Peter shall be the
signal.
If any yacht, or any part of her hull, spais. or
other equipment be on or across the starting line
YACHT
696
YACHT
when the signal to start is made, her recall nnmber
shall be disjilayed as soon as possible, and a suit-
mh\c sound signal aino given to call the attention
of the competitors to the fact that a recall number
is beinR displayed. The yacht recatle<l must retnm
and recroM the line to the satisfaction of the Com-
mittee, and the numbiT must be kept displa}*ed
until she has done so ; and a yacht so returning,
or one working into position from the wrong side
of the line after the signal to start has been made,
must keep clear of all competing yachts.
The numbere should be in white on a black
ground, and the figure* not less than 3 ft. 6 in. in
height
sS.~ Yachts Mfgting.
When two yachts are approaching one another.
90 as to involve risk of collision, one of them shall
keep out of tlie way of the other, a& follows^
vii. :
A yacht which is running free iihall keep out of
the way of a yacht which is close-hauled.
A yacht which is close-hauled on the port tack
shall keep out of the way of a yacht which is
closc-hauIcd on the starboard tack.
When both are running tree with the wind on
different sides, the yacht which ha.s the wind on
the port side shall keep out of the way of the
other.
Ulien both are miming free with the wind on
the same side, the yacht which is to windward
shall keep out of the way of the yacbt which is to
leeward.
A yacbt which lias tJie wind aft shall keep ODt
of the way of the other yacht.
29. — OpfrlaktMg, Luffing, and Btaring Away.
A yacht overtaking any other shall keep out
of the way of the overtaken yacht ; and a yacht
may lofi as she pleases to pre\'cnt another yacht
passing to windward, but must never bear away
out of her course to hinder the other passing to
leeward — the lee «de to be conaidcred that on
which the leading yacht of the two carries her
main boom. The overtaking vessel, if to leeward,
roust not lufl until she has drawn clear ahead of
tile yacht she has overtaken.
30.—Jii>unding Marks.
When rounding any buoy or vessel used to
mark out the course, if two yachts are not clear
of each other at the tijne the leading yacht is
doK to and actually rounding the mark, the
outside yacht must give the other room to pass
clear of it, whether it be the lee or weather yacht
which ut in danger of fouling the mark. No yacht
shall be considered clear of another yacht unless
so much ahead as to give a free chcrice to the
other on which side she will pass. An overtaking
yacht shall not. however, be justified in attempting
to establish an overlap, and thus force a passage
between the leading ^nicbt and the mark, after the
latter yacht has altered her helm for the purpose
of rounding.
31. — Obiivuclions to Sm-Room.
When passing a pier, shoal, rock, vc&sel, or other
obstruction to sva-room, should yachts not be clear
of each other, the outside yacht or yachts mast
give room to the yacht iu danger of fouling ancb
obstruction, whether she l>c the weather or the
leeward yacht, provided alwa>-s that an overlap
has been established before an obstractun is actu-
ally reached.
52. — Clcu^Hauitd Approaching a Shore.
If two yachts arc standing towards a shore or
shoal, or towards any buoy, boat, or ve«sel. and
the yacht to leeward is likely to mn agroand or
foul of such buoj'. boat, or vessel {a mark veasH
excepted), and is not able to tack without eemSng
into colli.<iioa with the yacht to mndward. the
latter shall at once tack, on being haded to do so
by the nwncr of the Itt-ward yacht, or the person
acting as the owner's representative, who shall be
bound to see that the leeward yacht tacks ai the
same time.
33. — Fouling o* Imp»ofvrly Rounding Markt,
A yacht must go fairly round the course, roosd
ing the series of marks as specified in the instrvc
tions ; and. m order to round each mark, the
yacht's track from the preceding to the following
mark must enclose it on the reqtiired side. A
yacht which, in rounding a mark, fouls it or eaosss
the mark \-e»cl to shift her po<ition to avoid a
foul, shall be disqualified, unless on her protest It
is established that she was wrongfully compelled
to do so by another yacht, in which case such other
yacht shall be disqualified. The yacht wfdch
fouled the mark must immediately either abandoa
the race or hoist a protest Sag.
34 — Fouling Competing VocJUs.
If a yacht, in consequence of her neglect of aay
of these nites. sluUl loul anotlier yacht, or comprf
other yachts to foul, she shall be disqualified, asd
shall pay all damages aa provided by Rule 41.
35. — Running Ashore
A yacht ninniog on shore, or foul of a buoy,
vessel, or other ot»truction. may use her own
ancUon, boats, warps, etc.. to haul ofi, but aay
not receive any assistance except Irotn the csev
of the vejuM^I fouled. Any anchor. Ixmt. or waip
used must be taken on board again betorv sIm
continues the race.
36. — Anchcifing During a R»t*.
K yacht may anchor danng a race, but isusf
weigh her anchor again and take it on board. a»^
not slip. No yacht shall, during a rmce. nub
fast to any buoy, stage pier, or other object, or
send an anchor out m a boat, except tor ibe par-
pose of Rule 35.
J7- — MeoMs of Propulsion.
No towing:, sweeping, poliDg. pushing, or any
mode of propulsion except sails shall be allowed
except for itie purpose set forth iu Rule 3$.
38. — Sounding,
No other means of fioundinf; than the Iraii ami
line shall he allou'f^I.
39. — Man Overboard.
In case of a man falling overboard from any
yacht, all other yachts in a position to do so shall
use their utmost endeavours to render assistance ;
and if it should appear that any j-acht so assisting
was thereby prevented from winning a prize, the
Committee shall have power to order ihc race to
be re-sailfd between any yacht or yachts so pre-
vcntctl and the- actual winners. A yacht shall
be di<M]ualified from winning a prize in a race or
a re-sailed race if. when in a position to render
assistance, she shall have neglected to do so.
40. — Finishing a Rate.
A yacht shall be timei) for completing a race as
soon as any part of the hull or spars be on or
across the finishing Unc. bat continues amenable
to the rules so long as any part of the hull or
spars remains on the line.
41. — Protest.
Any yacht disobeying or infringing any of these
rales — which shall apply to all yachts, whether
sailing in the same or different races, shall be dis-
qualified from receiving any pri»e she would other-
wise have won. and her owner shall be liable for
all damages analog therefrom, not exceeding in
amount and subject to the same limitations as
provided by the Merchant Shipping .\ct of 1804.
A breach of these rule* shall be considered " im-
proper navigation " uithin the meaning and for
the purposes of that Act.
42. — Protasis.
A protest on the score of a breach of the rules
occurring during a race must be signified by
showini; a flag conspicuously in the main rigging
of the protesting yachts on first passing the Sailing
Com.mittee.
All protests must be made in wrhting and signed
by the owner or his representative, and lodged
with the Sailing Committoe with such fee. if any,
as may have been prrscribcd, \vithin two hours of
the fioish of the protesting yacht, or her arrival
at an anchorage should she not cross the finishing
line. But the Sailing Committee shall have power
to extend the time should they have good and
safhdent reason to do so. A protest made in
writitig shall not be withdrawn.
43. — Sailing Committee's Decision.
Before deciding a protest, a Sailing Committee
shall give notice to the party protested against.
and shall hear such evidence and make such other
inquiries as Ihey may consider nece^ary.
44. — Appeals to Couneii.
A protest which has been decided by a Sailing
Committee shall be referred to the Council of the
Y.R.A.
[a) If the Sailing Commiitec. at their own
instance, should think proper to so rcft^r it.
{b) II either of the parties interested make
application for such reference, on a question of
interpretation of these rules, \fc'ithtn one week of
the Sailing Committee's decision.
In the tatter case (&) such reference must be
accompanied by a dqiosit of £$ in the case ot
yachts exceeding 36-ft. rating, and of ^3 (or yachlii
not exceeding 36-ft. rating, payable by the party
appealing, to be forfeited to the funds of the
Vacht Racing Association in the event of the appeal
not being sustained.
45. — Particulars to ba Furnished by Sailing
Committee.
The reference to the Couocil must be accom-
panied by the following particulars, as far as the
same arc applicable :
1. A copy of the protest and all other written
statements that may have been put in by tbi-
parties.
2. A plan showing —
(o) The course.
{b) The direction and force of the wind,
[c] The set of the tide.
id) The position and tracks of the competing
yachts involved in the protest.
3. A copy of the advertised conditions of the
race, and the sailing instructions furnished to the
yachts.
4 . The observations of the Sailing Committee
thereon, with their decision.
46. — Expenses of Remeasurcment Incurred by
Protest.
In the event of • protest involving the re-
measurement of a yacht, the fees and expenses
of such remeasurement sliall be paid by the un-
successful parly lo the protest.
47. — Persons Interested not to Take Part in
Decisions.
No member of the Sailing Committee or Council
shall take part in the discussion or decision upon
any disputed question In which he is an mterested
party.
48. — Disqualification Without Protest.
Should it come to the knowledge of a Sailing
Committee, or should they have reasonable grounds
for supposing that a competitor in a race has in
any way infringed these rules, they shall act on
their own initiative as if a protest had been made.
49. — Penalties for Flagrant Breach of RuUs.
Should a flagrant breach or inlringement of any
of these rules he proved against the owner of a
yacht, or against the owner's representative, or
YACHT
698
YACHT
ajnat(>ur helmsman, auch ovnHtr, bis representative,
or amateur helmsman may be disqualified by the
Council, for any time the Council may think (it.
iram steering or saihng in charge of a yacht m any
race hrld under the rules o( the Yacht Racing
A.ssociation ; and should a fiagrant breach of thene
rules be proved against any sailing master, he may
be disqualified by the Council, for such time as the
Council may think fit. from steering or actinfi; as
sailing master of a yacht in any race held under
the rules of the Yacht Racing Association.
InUrtiaUonat Rult of Measuremrrtt.
The rule of measurement is " The Inteniattooal
Rule for Yacht Measurement and Rating." 11 is
to Ixi in force for ten years, from January i, 1008 —
that is to say, until December 31, 1917.
The formula is :
L+B+iC+arf + t^'S-F „ ^ , ,.
— — = Rating in linear oaita
— i.*.. eitlier feet or metres.
Where L« Length in linear units.
,. B = Beam in linear units.
,, G = Girth in linear units.
rf= Girth difference in linear units.
,. S=SaiI area in square units.
F= Freeboard in linear units.
UngtK.
The length. L, for the formula If to be the
length on the water-Une (recorded as spcci&ed in
paragraph 24 of the Itustructions to Mca-surers],
with the addition (1) of the difierence between the
girth, covering board to covering board, at the
bow water-line cndmg, and twice the freeboard
at that point, and (2) one-fifth of the difference
between the girtli, covering board to covering
Iwani, at the stem water-line ending, and twice
the freeboard at that point.
Beam.
The beam, B. is to be taken from outside to
outside of the planking at the broadest place, in-
cluding wales, doubling planks, and mouldings of
any kind.
Girth.
The girth, *G. is to be the chain girth measured
irom the upper side of the covering board round
tbe keel to the upper side gf the covering board
again, at that part of the yacht at which the
measurement is greatest, less twice the freeboard
at the same station. This station i& to be indicated
on the covering board by an official mark (G].
Should tbe chain girth be the same at several
stattoos, that which is nearest to the greatest beam
shall be adopted for subsequent measurements.
But if tbe keel underside line abaft the girth
>tation IS straight, except for a reasonable round
4t the extreme after end, the station for the girth
measurement may be fixed by the designer any-
where abaft 0.55 of the I..W.L. length from its
fore end, provided that the maximum chain (prth.
covering board to covering board, docs not exceed
that at the station so fixed, anywhere forward t>f
that station, or by more than j| per cent, aay-
wlirrc abaft of that station.
Should then: be any hollow in the (ore «Dd aft
underwater profile, the girth and diflereace measiixe>
ments shall be taken under an imaginary keel lifkc.
excluding such hollow.
Giftk Difference.
The girth diflercnc(7, d. in the formula, ts to be
tlie difference between the ch.iin girth. mea.^unvl
as above described from covering board to covering
board, and the skin girth between the same potnti,
measured along the actual outline of the crow
section.
Satl.4rea.
The sail area. S. is to be measured as stated tn
paragraph 31 of the Instructions to Measurers.
FtfebtMttd.
The freeboard for the formula is to be twice the
freeboard at the girth station. f>!us once the tree-
board meavured at the bow water-line ending for
length measurement (see above), f>lus onc« th«
freeboard measured at the stem watcr-iine ending,
the sum to be divided by 4.
Crew.
All measurements to be taken without crew 00
l>oard.
Maths.
Visible measurement mark^ on the hull must be
in acc<MYlancc with paragraph 13 of tbe Instroc-
tions to Measurers.
Immersion.
That the certificated rating be for the immersioo
of the yacht in water of the specific gravity of
open sea water. Allowance is to be tnade io th#
case of vessels measured in fresh water, as
scnbed in the in-ttructions to Measurers.
Cabin Dtmensicms and FittinKs.
The restrictions as to cabin specifications to
in accordance with the table ptiblisbed in t
Y.R.A. book of Rules (page 51).
Ma$ts.
Hollow wooden masts are prohibited m tb<
classes above 32.8 leet (to metres), and also bonow
metal masts in ail classes up to 75^ ft. (3j metroil
inclusive.
Ciassificalion,
The classes will be as follows :
Linttt 10 tntw
h««f vtumikm
•lli>««i«a|
• n
Comspoodtiui
Clus A Uboip* U)
aUuMftla
EiUlbhrMl.
/"
nwlrri
75.*
t«
„
U.1
13
... M.
49.2
Inttr-
naiionsl •
ClUSM
U
to
9
a'
*,:: '.-
39.4
MA
1 ?
»• •>•
3M
6*
„, .„
M.r
3"
... ».
16.4
YACHT
699
YACHT
Among the classes of 10 metres and under, thr
classes • Ihtis marked to be styled the principal
cIasM8, which clubs are specially recommended to
encourage.
Amaigamaiicm to bt Avoided.
The internationa] classea, when separately adver-
tised, must nevur be amalgamated.
Scantlings.
All yachts will have to be classed with one of
the three dawiiication sociebes— pi>. . Lloyd's
Register of British and Foreign Shipping. Ger-
mamscher -Lloyd, or Bureau Veritas ; and yachts
of the International classes so built will be classed
R, denoting that tlieir scantlings arc as required
for their rt^pvctive rating classes. The tables of
scantlings may Iw obtained on application from
the Secretary of Lloyd's Regibter of British and
Foreign Shipping. 7: Fenchurch Street. E.C., or
of the Gcrmanischer-Lloyd. Reichstags Ufer (6
Berlin N.W. ; or the Administration of the Bureau
Veritas, 8, Place de la Bourse, Paris.
Time Allowance,
The allowance to be made between the old boats
of each ot the existing classes of the several countries
and the corresponding new tntematioiial class is
to be assessed by the National AuthoriUes of the
several countnes, and to be the same lor all the
old yachts of each class, which must maintain
their certificate of rating by measurement under
the rule for which they were built.
Old Yachts.
Old yachts will bt; allowed to race under special
conditions until December 31. I90<j. For the pur-
pose of this rule an old yacht may be considered
aa a yacht which commenced building before
June 13, 1906. II any old yacht conforms with
the scantling regulations and the accommodation
rules, she may be regarded as a new yucht for the
purposes of the rule, and complete in het corre-
sponding class.
Weight.
The minimum displacement in tlie 5, 6. and
7 metre classes to be as follows ;
CUaa.
9JI ... .
DlsplicoinsDt.
7»kilo^ (ucwi. 85 IL.1.)
laOO .. U ion 3 cm. 70 Ita.)
tj»0 .. tlion l}owl.<(«lt«.)
Spscial iiules fo* Centre -board Vachis.
I. — Boats weighing less than 750 kilos, shall be
excluded trom international regattas.
11. — In centre-board yachts,
(i) A. — 11 the draught witliout the c — b at
the girth station is equal to { B, or nior«,
the measurement ior d and G shall be
taken under the bottom of the keel with-
out regard to the c ^ b. or with c — b
hoisted.
B. — il tfie draught without the c — b at the
girth sUtiou IS le»is than ^ B. the girth
measurement for d and G shall be taken
to a point distant below the bottom o(
the keel by twice the difference between
the actual draught without c — b and
iB,
(2) In order to give G for the formula, one-liali
of the greatest depth of the c — b from
the underside of the keel shall be added
to G. taken as above,
til. — Centre-board yachts are not allowed to
race either with keel yachts or alone, unless ex-
pressly so stated in the announcement of th«
race.
IV. — The minimum displacement of centre-board
yachts to be as follows ;
CUss. DiipUceniMit.
3 0 710 kilos. (14 e«rl. V 1U.)
6J) ... ... ... 1,200 „ 11 ton 3 CWL. 70 lb*J
7.0 ... ... _ 1.800 .. U ton 15«w»-«l»>«.)
8.0 „ IjHtO „ (2toaall cwLiOtbsl
9.0 ... „. „ 3.700 .. U lom 12 owt. 93 IW.)
10.0 S.O0O „ (4 tons 18 cwt. 4? lbs.)
In order to avoid ballasted centre-boards, the
maximum weight of the centre-board in each class
bo be as follows :
Wtright.
SOkOoft.
UlDlbs.)
73 ..
Uewl. UIU.)
123 ..
(2GW^ 3I1U.I
»0 ..
(3 cwt. 103 tb».)
300 ..
13 cwt. 101 )W.)
400 ..
(7 cwt 9911m.)
TOO „
US cwt. 87 lbs I
1.300 .,
U ton S cwt. 66 lb*.)
Cttli/Uata of Hating.
As soon aa a yacht has been measured, the
measurer shall forward the measurements (with
the sail-makcr's diagram, if necessary) to the
Secretary of the National Authority, who shall in
due course, and after receipt of the Classification
Society's certificate, issue a certificate of rating,
which shall be in force from the date of the com-
pletion of the measurement. If from any pecu-
harity in the build of the yacht, or other cause,
the measurer shall be of opinion tliat the rule
will not rate the yacht fairly, or tliat in any
respect she does not comply with the requirements
of these rules, he shall report the circumstances
to the National Authority, who. after due inquiry,
shall award such certificate of rating as they may
consider equitable, and the measurement shall be
deemed incomplete until this has been done.
Errors in Certificate.
Should the certificate under which a Yacht has
sailed m any race or races be proved to have been
incorrect fur any reason, the National Authority
may. after inquiry, correct such certificate as they
may deem prefer, and may revise the cluim of tlie
Yacht to the prizes which she may have been
awarded in such race or races.
Cerlificatt nol to be Granted to Yachts Under
WfigM Named in Rule.
No certiJicate of rating sliall be granted to any
Yacht weighing less than the minmium weight
prescribed in the rule, nor having a centre-board
of greater weight than prescribed by the rule.
YACHT
700
YAKUMO
Obtt^altom of Oamer Respecting Certificdte.
The certificate of rating shall cease to be valid
under any of the following contingencies :
(n) If any dimension measurcil far rating, except
freeboard, is found to exceed the measurement
stated on the certificate.
(6) If one or both of the length marks fall
within the length immersed when ihp yacht is
lying in smooth water in measaremcnt trim.
(c) li any alteration is made so as to increase
I he beam or girth or girth diflcrcnce, or the length
01 any spar or spars, or the sail area, as respec-
tively measured for rating.
id) If any length or girth or immersion mark
IK moved from its position.
(e) It the weight is reduced to less than tlie
v.eigbt prescribed by the rule.
{/) If the fittings do not comply witli tlie tables.
ig) At the expiration of two yean from the date
n( the certificate.
In such case the owner, or his representative,
•ihall forthwith notify in writing the mvalidtty of
the certificate to the Secretary ol the National
Authority. A fresh or rc-datcd certihcate will
afterwards be issued, to be in force from llie com-
pletion of remeasurcmcnt, or from the date the
(.L-rtificate expires under clause (g).
It is especially incombcnt on the owner, or his
representative, to aacertain from time to time, by
inspection of the marks, whether the immersion
of the yacht has from any cause whatever ticcome
such as to render the certificate invalid.
Penalty for Infringement of Provisions Relating
to Cett locate.
\i an iniringcmcnt ot any of the foregoing pro-
visions in respect of llie validity of the certificate
of a yacht should, in the opinion of the National
Authority, be proved against any yacht, such
yacht sliall be liable to be disqualified hy the
National Authority from starimg Ln any race sailed
under these rules for the remainder ol the current
year, or such period as the National Authority
may direct, reckoning from the date at which her
certificate is proved to have become invahd.
InsptctioH to be Permitted by Owner.
Every owner sailing under these Rules shall
permit all reasonable inspection by or on behalf
of the National Authority, aud shall afford all
reasonable facility to uury out such ituj>cction
in regard to measurements, marks, fittings, and
such other matters as fall u-ithin the sco[)e of a
measuror's duty.
Peet for MeasuremeiU.
The owner of a yacht shall pay all fees and
expenses lor measurement.
Rules and Time Atloti/ance for " A " Class.
I. T)mt A class shall be for schooners (ketches
and luggen) and yawls ooly.
2. Schooners, ketches, and luggers shall for Ittnc
allowance be entitled to soil at o.dS of their rating
against yawls.
j. The time allowance shall be foar lecoads per
metre of rating per nautical mllr.
4. That clubs may be allowed to divide tbe
A class into two sections — trii. :
(I.) Above 23 metres, not above 27 tnetrea.
(11.) Above 27 metres.
In ol! A class races the time allowances between
yachts roust Ims calculated on each yacht's rating
as reduced by rig allowance.
Time Allowance.
The time allowance scale in A class shall lit
as follows :
aao - -. _ u
13.« „ _. .„ i_ . 1
U.SO « ... 2
23, 7S J
H.M «
2*M S
M.SO ... - .- ... . B
2*.7i ... — ... 7
2iJi» a
and so on. Any fraction above the unit of rating
will bo counted as 0.35. For example :
35.01 metres will count as 35.35, and 35.26
metres as 25.5a metres.
Rig Allowance.
A J fowl's mainsail shall not exceed o._j7 o4 b»f
total sad area, and her mizzcn must not be lea
than one-sixth of the area of her mainsail. lb
schooners the forcside of the mainmast at the
deck shall be not farther forward than 0.55 of the
water-line lungtli from its fore end.
Ketches and luggers shall be reckoned lor tnu
allowance as schooners, provided that in » kocdt
the distance between the masts does not esceed
halt the water-line length of the yacht, and that
the smaller sail is carried aft.
Taohtsman. Established 1B9T. PubUsheil weekly
(Thursday). Price jd. Address : 143 Strand.
London. W.C.
Tuht Squadron. RoytL See Raj's] Yacht
Si]uaJron.
Yaegt. A N'orncgtan coast vesseL
Yakmuo. Japanese armoured cruiser. (\'«lcaa
Co. 1899.)
Length 40711. Beam 65ft. Mean draught }4tL
Di.tplacement 9.S50 tons.
Guns, Atmtmr.
4 — S in. " Krupp.'*
1,2—6 in. 7 in. Belt aink1»hip».
12 — 12 pdr. 6 in. Turrets.
7 — 2| pdr. 6 in. Canemateft.
10 in. Conning towrx.
Torpedo lubes (18 m.).
4 Submerged.
I Above water bow.
Twin screw. Hp. f<;,ooo=3a lets, flood max**
mum I. JOG tons.
YAMAHIKO
701
YOKOHAMA
I
I
I
I
Tanmliiko. JapanMc torpedo-boat destroyer.
(Port Arthur, 1893.) Length. 196 ft. ; beam,
ifl ft. ; draught, 1 1) ft. ; dispUcement, 350 tons ;
Armampnt. i i2-pdr.. 5 3-pdr., z tubes : twin
screw ; Hp.. 6.000^ 27 kts. ; coal, 80 tons.
Yamato. Japanese cruiser. (Yokosuka. iSSd.)
Length, 206 ft. ; be&m, 36 ft. ; dnuglit. 15 (t. ;
displiiciriiicnt, 1.475 tons ; coinplenient, 343 ;
arnmment. a6"6 in., j 4'7-in., a tubes ; Hp., 1,600—
ijkt.s.
Timisei. Rusisian mining transport. On Febru-
ary 11, lu'j.], whilst lajing mines outside Dslny.
tiiis vessie] was Mown up by one of them, and
four officers and 92 men perished.
Tazd. A long cytindrical spar suspended upon
the mast, used to spread a sail. They are termer!
square, lateen, or lug ; the &rst are suspended acrom
thr mast at right angles, and the two latter obhquely.
The square yards taper from the middle, which is
called tile alings, towards the extremities, which
arc termed the yanl-arms ; and the distance Iwtween
is divided by the artificers into quarters called the
first, second, third quarters, and yard-arms.
Tard-ann. That part of a yard outside the
qoartor which is on either side of the mast beyond
the battens, where it hes athwart the ship. It
generally means the extremity of the yard, and it
is fitted with sheave - holes for reaving sheets
through.
Yard-rope. A rope by wliich a yard is sent up
from the d^ck and used as halliards.
Yard-tacklea. Tackles to the fore and main
yard:, uf a ship for hoisting in and out heavy
weigh t.s.
Tan Sailing Clab, Norwich. Established 1076.
with the object of encouraging the building, ira-
provemcnt, and salting of small yachts arid boats.
Flag : Burgee, having a blue ground and a yellow
craaa. Commodore, H. L. Clark, J. P. ; Vice-
Commodore, H. C. Davies ; K?ar-Commodore,
H. E. Mackley ; Honorary Treasurer, Henry S.
Page r Secretary. Fred. S. CuUey. Annaal sub-
scription, tos.
Yarmouth (Great) Yacht Clab. Established 1883.
Honorary Secrelaj>' {pro tem.), G. H. L Blake. 38
Hall Quay. Great Yarmouth.
Yam. In rope-making one of the threads of
which the strands of a rope are composed.
Yashima. Japanese 1st class battleslup. (Kls-
wick. 1896.) In May, 1904, struck a mine and
foundered aU Saseho.
Yatagan. French tort>cdo - boat destroyer.
(Forges et Chantiers, 1904.) Length, 180 ft. ;
beam, 3t ft. : maximum draught, to ft. ; dis-
placement. 300 tons : compli-ment. 45 ; guns,
t 9-pdr., 6 3-pdr. ; torpedo tubes, 2 15-in. ; speed,
^7-30 ku.
Yav. A vessel is said to yaw when by careless
steering she is allowed to deviate from the direct
line of her course.
YawL \ decked boat cairyiiig two masts one
of which is near the st«m. It is usoAlty lugger or
cutter rigged. The after mast is calle'l a jigger,
beiug the smaller.
Yaw-jaw. A nick-name for the sicamen on the
shores of tlic Baltic.
Yayeyama. Japanese torpedo gun-boat fiSSg).
Sunk during the Hu5.<M>-Japanese war, since raised
and refitted.
Displacement 1,600 tons. Complement zoo.
GuHs. Armour.
3 — 4'7 in. " Steel."
j^ in. Deck.
Torpedo Tubfs.
2 Above water.
Twin screw. Hp. ?, 500= jo kts.
Yayoi. Japanese torpedo-boat destroyer. (Yoko-
5uka. 1905.) Length, 220 ft ; lieara. 2o\ ft ;
draught, 9^ ft. ; dtsplaoemfut. 374 tons ; arma-
ment. I i2-pdr.. 5 6-pdr.. 2 tubes; twin screw;
Hp., 6,000=^27 kts.
jrda. Abbreviatinn for jranl-i.
T,E. Distinguishing letters on sea fialiing boats
registered at Yerseke, Holland.
Yell. An antiquated term denoting a rolling
motion.
Yellow admiraL A retired post captain, who,
not having served his time Jn tliat rank, is not
entitled to promotion to active tbig.
TeUow flag. The signal hoisted by vessels in
quarantine.
Yeoward Broa^ of Ijverpool, own a fleet of three
steamers sailing every Wednesday from Liver|MJol
for the Canaries. The outward route is by way of
Lisbon, Santa Crux de Ititterific, or Las Palmas. and
the journey occupies eight nr nine days. The
homeward journey <lirrct to Liverpool occupies
six or seven days.
Fleet.
A rtUola, Avtioro. A pofel.
Y.H. Distinguishing letters on sea fisliing boats
registered at Yarmouth, Norfolk, England.
Y.M. Distinguishing letters on sea fishing boats
registered at Ymuiden, Holland.
Yodo. Japanese despatch boat (Kobe, 1906.)
Yoke. A Utting connecting two parts ; such as
the yoke of a mast, or the yoke of a rudder, the Hat
plate to which in open boats the yoke lines are
attached.
Yokohama Yacht ClDb. Established t83«. Com-
modore, O. H. Scidmore ; Vice-Commodore. A.
Owston ; Honorary Secretary and Treasurer,
G. W. Brockhurst, 96 Settlement, Yokohama.
Ton^ German onnoured cruiser. (Blohm and
Voss. 1 904- 1
l.czigt)i 403ft, Beam 65ft. Maximum draught 26ft.
Displac^meot 9,050 tons. Complemfnt 557.
Guns. Armour.
4 — 8'3 in. " Kiupp."
10 — 6 in. 4 in. Bell.
12 — 34 pdi. 6 in. Turret*.
10— I pdr, 6 in. Conning tower.
4 Machine.
Torpedo Tules.
4 Submerged bow and broadside.
Three screws. Hp., i9,oons:2i lets, Coal inaxj-
mum 1.600 tons, Approximate cost /900.000.
York. 70 gnns. On November 3^. 1703, this
vessel was lost near Harwich when all but (our
hands penshcd.
Toric-Antwerp Boles are the result ol conJcrenccs
of. average adjusters (f.v.), merchants, shipowners,
and underwriters, held at York in 1S64, Antwerp in
1877, revuicd and finally adopted at Genoa in 1892.
The object ol the conferences was to frame rules
which should overcome the uncertainties of taw and
custom in general average. The rules arc, therefore,
to be considered as certain alterationii in but not
in themselves a code of general average law. The
effect of the Y.A. clause in a policy ts that the
underwriter agrees to pay under a suteroent based
on these rules when the adjustment rs so made as
between the ownrrs of ship and cargo respectively.
in accordance with the conditions of the chaiter
party or bill of lading. Otit-tide ot the limits of
the rules, the adjustment wiU have to be made
according to the law or usage which ts otherwise
applicable. (McArthur on the Contract of Marine
Insunvnce. p. 17S.)
York-Antwerp Rulks.
{LiV4rp0ol Confetfince, 1890.)
I. Jettison of dsck cargo. — No jettison of deck
cargo shall be made good ^s general average.
Every structure not built in with the frame of the
vessel shall be considered to be a part of the deck
of the vessel.
3. Damage by jetlisvn and sacrifice for the com-
mon sa/#/y. ^Damage done to a ship and cargo, or
either of them, by or in consequence of a sacrifice
made for the common safety, and by wat^^r which
goes down a ship's liutchcii opened or other opening
made for the purpose of making a jettison for the
common safety, shall be made good as general
averagc-
3. Exiim^u%shtn^ fire on sAip/tmmf.— Damage done
to a ship and cargo, or either at tbem. by water
OS otherwise, including damage by beaching or
scuttling a burning ship. \o extinguishing a lire
on board the ship, shall be made good as gcunal
average ; except that no compeuiuition t>hall be
made fox damage to such portions of the »hip and
bulk cargo, or to sach separate packages of cargo, as
have been on fire.
4. Cutting away wrtck.—hasi or damage canaed
by cutting away the wreck or remains of ^nn. or
of other things which have previously been carried
away by sea peril, shall not be made good as gcaeral
average.
5. Voluntary stra$tding. — When a ahlp is intefl-
tionally run on shore, and thr circumstances an
such that if that course were not adopted she
would inevitably sink, or drive on shore or oa
rocks, no Ujss or damage caused to the ship, cargo,
rtnd freight, or any of them, by such intentional
running on shore shall be made good as general
average. But in all other cases where a ship is
intentionally run on shore for tlie common safety
the coiiM^ucot loss or damage shall be allowed as
general average.
6. Carrying press of lait — Damagt to or lou of tmOi.
— Damage to or loss of sails and spars, or either of
them, caused by forcing a ship ofi the ground, or
by driving her higher up the ground, for the commoa
safety, shall be made good as general average.
but where a ship is afloat, no loss or damage causid
to the ship, cargo, and freight, or any of them, by
carrying a press of sail shall be made good as
geoeral avera^
7. Dama^f» to engines in ref1oatiH(f a sktp.—^
Damage caused to machinery and boders of a »hip,
which is ashore and in a position of pcnl. m ea-
deavouring to refloat, shall be allowed in gananl
average, when ^hoMTi to have arisen from an actual
intention to float the ship fur liie common safety at
the risk of .<iuch damage.
8. Expenses lightening a shtp when tuMoft m*i
consequent damnges.—V^.licn a ship is ashore and. 10
or<ler to float hc-r, cargo, bunker coals, and sfatp'i
stores, or any of tliem, ore discharged, the extra
cost of lightening, lighter hire, and nshi|)puig (if
Incuired), and the loss or damage sustained tbertby.
shall be admitted as gcoefal average.
4- Cargo, skip's maleriah, and tUtrtt 6io^ ftt
fuel. — Cargo, ship's materials and stores, or aay ol
them, necessarily burnt for fuel lor the commoa
safety at a time of peril, shall be admitted as geuenl
average, when and only when an ample supply (t
fuel had been provided ; but the estimated quantitf
of coals that would have been consumed, calculated
at the price current at the ship's t&st port ol depar-
ture at the date of her leaving, shall be charged to
the tJiipuwaer and credited to the general averagr-
10. Expemei of pint of refuge, etc. — la) Whefi ■
ship shall have entered a port or place of fdagt. or
shall have returned to her port or place at loadiag.
in consequence of accident, sacrifice, or OCbo'
extraordinary circumstances, which rcmlrr that
necessary for the common safety, the exfienscs of
entering such port or place sliall lie admitted i*
general average ; and when she shall have sadrd
tlicnce with her origmol cargo, or a part of it. thr
corresponding expenses of leavmg such ttrt or
place, cnn-iKjaent upon such entry or return,
shall Likewise be admitted as general avenge.
(b) The cost of discharging cargo from a ship,
whether at a port or place of loading, call or rcrti);c.
shall be admitted as general average, when the
discharge waA ncce.ssary for the common uifcty,
or to en.-ibl« riaiiiage to the abip. caused by sacrifice
or accident diiriug the voyage to be repaired, il the
repairs were necessary, for tha ssfc proeecutioa o(
the voyage.
(c) Whenever the cost of discharging cargo from
a ship is admissible as general average, the cost
of reloading and storing such cargo on board the
said nhip. together with all storage charges on such
cargo, shall likewise Ik- so admitted. But when
the ship is condemned, or does not proceed nn her
original voyage, no storage expenses incurred after
the date of the ship's condemnatton, or of the
abandonment of the voyage, shall be admitted as
general avprage.
(d) If a ship under average be in a port or place
at which it is practicable to repair her, so as to
enable her to carry on the whole cargo, and if in
Ofder to save expenses, either she is towed thence
to some other port or place oi repair, or to her
destination, or the cargo, or a portion of it is tran-
shipped by another ship, or otherwise forwarded,
then the extra cost of such towage, transhipment
and forwarding, or any of them (up to the amount
of the extra expense saved) shal! be payable by the
several parties to the adventure in proportion to
the extraordinary expense saved.
11. n'a^ei and mainUnanu of cttw in port of
rtfuge, etc, — \Mien a ship shall have entered or
been detained in any port or place under the
circumstances, or (or the purposes of the repairs
mentioned in Rule lo. the wages payable to the
master, officers, and crew, together with the cost
of maintenance of the same, during the extra period
ol detention in such port or place until the ship
shall or should have been made ready to proceed
upon her voyage, shall be admitted as general
avexagr. But w-lica tlic ship is condemned, or
does not procee<) on her original voyage, the wages
and maintenances of the master. ofTicers. and crew
iocurred after the date of the ship's condemnation,
or of the abandonment of the voyage, shall not be
admitted as general average.
1 2. Damage to lar^o in diickargiug. ttc. — -Damage
done to or loss of cargo necessarily caused in the act
of discharging, storing, reloading, and stowing
shall be made good as general average, when and
only when the cost of those measures respectively
is admitted in general average.
1 3. Deductions from cost of rapairt. — In adjusting
claims for general average, repairs to be allowed in
general average shall be subject to the following
deductions in respect of " new for old." viz. :
Id the case of iron or steel ship5, from date of
originaJ register to the date of accident :
^oldlo!*' ^' f^f^i" to *» allowed in full,
except painting or coating of hot-
torn, from which one-third is to be
deducted.
One-third to be deducted ofl
repairs to and renewal of woodwork of
hull, masts and spars, furniture, up-
holstery, crockery, metal and glass
ware, also sails, rigging, ropes, sheets,
and hawsers (other than wire or
chains), awning covers and painting,
Betirem i uid One-sixth lo be dc<luctcd off wire
nggtng, wire ropes, and wire hawsers,
chain cables and chains, donkey
engines, steam winches and connec-
tions, steam cranes Euid connectioiu ;
other repairs in full.
fietvrcea3«nd Deductions as above under Clause
>e«r» g except that one-sixth lie deducted
off ironwork of masts and spars and
machinery (inclusive of boilers and
tlietr mountings).
Between 6 «>d Deductions as abo\'e under Clause C
n>y«.R(D). ejj^pj jj,3( one-third be deducted off
ironwork of masts and spars, repairs
to and renewal of all machinery (in-
clusive of boilers and their mountings)
and all hawsers, ropes, sheets, and
nggiDg.
B«twem 10 and One -third to be deducted off all
repairs and renewals except ironwork
of huU and cementing and chain
cables irom which one-sixth to he
deducted. Anchors to be allowed in
full.
One-third to be deducted off all
repairs and renewals. Anchors to be
allowed in full. One-sixth to be
deducted off chain cables.
CeoenUrfCI, Tbc deductions (except as to pro-
visions and stores, machinery- and
boilers) to be regulated by the age of
the ship, and not the age of the par-
ticalar part of her to which they
apply. No painting bottom to be
allowed if the bottom has not been
painted within six months previous to
the date of accident. No deduction
to be made in respect of old material
which t.s repaired without being
replaced by new, and provisions and
stores which have not lieen in nse.
In the case of wooden or composite ships :
When a ship is under one year old from date of
original register at tlic time of accident, no
deduction new for old shall be made. After
that period a deduction of one-third shall be
made, with the following exceptions :
Anchors shall be allowed in full.
Chain cables shall be subject to a deduction of
one-sixth only.
o»« 13 vMn
YORKSHIRE
704
YUDACHI
No deduction shall be made in respffCt of pro-
viaions and storea which had not been in
use. Metal sheathing shall be dealt wttli by
allowing in full the coat of a weight equal to
the gross weight of metal sh«-aihing stripped
off. minuft the proceeds of the old metal.
Nails, lelt. and labour metalling are subject
to a deduction of one-third.
In the case of ships generally :
In the case ol all ships, the expense of straighten-
ing bent Ironwork, including labour of taking
out and rr-ptacmg it, shall be allowed in full.
Craving dock dues. Including expenses of re-
movals, cartages, use of shears, stages, and
gra%-ing dock matcrials.shall be allowed iufull.
14. TemfHirary repairs. — No deductioas " new
for old " shall be made from the temporary rcpaiis
of damage allowable as general average.
15. Loss of ftcight. — Loss of freight arising from
damage to or loss of cargo shall be made good as
gcnpral average, either when caused by a general
a\'erage act, or when the damage to or loss ol cargo
is so made good.
16. Amcunl to be mad£ good for cargo lost or
damaged hy satrifire. — The omount to be made
good as general average for damage or loss of goods
sacrificed shall be the toss which the owner of the
goods has sustained thereby, based on the markfl
values at the date of the arrival of the vessel or at
the termination of the adventure.
17. Ccntribuinty lalws. — The contribution of a.
general average shall be made upon the actual
valu» of the property at the termination of the
adventure, to which shall be added the amount
made good a.'i general average (or property sacri-
ficed ; deductiomi being made from the shipowner's
freight and passage-money at risk, of such port
charges and crew's wages as would not have been
incurred had the ship and cargo been totally tost at
the date of the general average act or sacrifice ; and
have not'been allowed a* general average deduction
being also made from the \atue of the property
of all charges incurred in respect thereof sobae-
quently to the general average act. except sudi
charges as arc allowed in general average.
Passengers' baggage and personal eflects not
shipped under bill of lading shall not contribute to
genrral average.
iS. Adfustment. — Except as provided in the
foregoing rules, the adjustment shall be drawn up
in accordance with the law and practice that would
have governed the adjustment had the contract of
affreightment not contained a clause to pay general
average according to the:«c rules.
TofkahlM Ooristbian Yaoht Club. Established
tfi:j6. Commodore, A. i.. Middleton ; VKeCom-
modorv. H. Eastoo ; Rear-Commodore. T. L.
Fellowes ; Treasurer. K. Whittcm ; Honorary Sccre-
t«ry, Henry Mason, juo.. Midland Chambers, Hull.
Entrance fee, ^i if. ; annual subKrnption, £t u.
Yorkshire Yacht Clab, Royal. 5m Royal Yoilc-
sEUre Yacht Oub.
Torktown. U.S. gnn-bnat. (PhiUdelphia, iftS^.)
Length. 330 ft. : beam. 36 It. : draught. 16^ ft. ;
displacement, 1,710 tons; complement, los : ^iu.
6 6-in.. 2 6-pdr.. 2 3-pdr., 4 i-pdr., 2 tubes; Hp,,
3.400= 16 kts. ; coal 3R0 tons.
YctluDO. Tapanese protected cruiser. On May 1 5.
1004, th(S ves&d was nm into by the Japanese
armoured cruiser Kasugn in a fog, and foundered.
<;>nly 90 of the crew, out of about 312. were wtved.
Totmg, Andrew (b, 1868). Educated Greenock
Academy and Glasgow University. Served ap-
prenticeship with Messrs. Scott and Co., Glasgow,
and after complrting his time joined Messrs. Lol^
nitx and Co.. Renfrew. After being connected
with Messrs. J. and G. Thompson and Co.. aad
Messn. Sir W. G. Armnrortg, Mitchell and Ca.
he in 190( was appointed surveyor to BnrrjiK
Vcrila&, British Central Office, tendon. Memt'c:
of the North-East Coast Institution of Engineers
and Shipbuilders and Association Technique Man-
time. Paris.
Ton;^, John Denbolm (b. Rothesay, 1A63I.
Educated Ayr and Edinburgh University. wher« h«
obtained a place in the honour list for mathematics
in the entrance citaminarion. and a Town Cotmrii
Bursary in 1880. After serving an apprenticeship
with Miosis. Ramage and Ferguson, he in iSH; won
a scholarship, and obtained tlie fifth pnre in
natural philosophy at the Edinburgh ITmvrrslty.
In 1891 he took chaise of the drawing office of the
North-Eosteni Marine Engineering Co.. t.td.. and
was re9pon.<nble for tlie design of main and auxiliary
engines of more than 100 stvampm. On his rnirr
ment. 1894, he entered into private practice in
Liverpool as a consultmg eDgmeer. He has been
awarded two gold medals by the North-East Coast
Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders for his
papers. " A System of Mechanical Aid (or the
Investigation of Speed Curves " (1893) and *' Tbe
Application of the 1-^w of Similarity to Marine
Propellers " (189ft). His paper 00 the commrrciBi
si>eed of fiteamahips, read before the Institution of
Marine Engineers, I^ndon. caused con^nrafale
di<cu!;sion in shipping circles. Member of the
Institution of Ka^-al Architects.
Publications - " The Basis of Propeller Design "
(1898). " Horse-power of Gteamship Vihcmtaoo "
(1903), Is the author ot ** Light Marme Machnw
en- " and " Marine Engine Design. "
T^A. Abbreviation for Yacht Racing Assooa
tion.
Y3. Distinguishing letters on sea fi^ih^ bo«t!t
registered at Ysselmuideo. Holland.
T.T. Disliuguishing lettenh on sra fiabixig boats
rvgi-<tercd at Ylst, Holland.
YudftClli. Japanese torpedo - boat dostiojrr
(Saseho. looA ) Length, lao ft; baftsi, *a1 il> .
YUEN 705
draught. 9( ft. ; displacement. 374 tons ; anna*
ment, i i2-pdr., 5 6-pdr., 2 tubes; twin screw;
Hp. . 6.00a = 2u k ts.
Tnen-on Steamship Oo^ Ltd., with the head
offices in Hong Kong, have a fleet oi two modem
paridle-whcrl steamers eJigaged in passenger and
carjfo trade tn the Canton River, and daily sailings
are maintained from Hong Kong to Canton. The
steamers have accoraroodation for abont i ,soq pas-
scngeni.
Fleet.
Kwong Chow. Kwong Tung.
Gross tonnage, 2.550-
Tngiri. Japanese torpedo - boat destroyer.
(Thomycroft. 1B98.) Length. 210 ft. ; beam,
19J ft.; draught, 7 ft.; displacement, 307 ton.s ;
complement, f^ ; armament, 1 i3-pdr., ; 6-pdT.,
2 tubes; twin screw; Hp.. 5,700=30 kts. ; coal.
80 tunf.
Ynguri. Japanese torpedo - boat destroyer.
{Thomycroft, 1899.) Displacement, 275 tons ;
complement, 54 : armament. 1 12-pdr., 5 6-pdT. ;
tubes, 2 iS-ia. ; Hp., 5.400=30 kts. ; coal, Hi Ions.
Tnnagl. Japanese torpedo - Ixtat destroycT.
(Maizuni. i()o6.1 Length, 330 ft. ; beam, 30^ It. ;
draught, 9| ft. ; displacement, 374 tons : armament,
I i2-pdr., 5 &-pdr., 2 tubes; twin screw; Up.,
6,000= 3q kts.
Tnnker. Formerly a volunteer of the fiiat class ;
coIIoqiiiaUy, a general epithet for a youngster.
Tnrasobkr, Russian torpedo-boat destroyer.
(190C1). Length. 185 ft. ; beam, 21 ft. ; draught.
7i ft. : displacement, 324 tons ; complement. &o ;
annament 1 i3-pdr., 5 3-p<h-.. 2 tubes ; twin
screw : Hp., 5,6oo«36 kta. ; cool, too tons.
ZEELAND
ZJI. Distinguishing letters on sea. fishing boats
registered at Zaandam. Holland.
Zaofaariae. Bear-Admiral, Oeome Hnsh Robert
(b. 1850), Entered the Danish Navy. 1864; served
in the Baltic during the German-Daoisfa war
(war medal) ; commander. 1885 ; secretary to the
Minister of the Navy, 1886 ; Ridder af Dannebrog,
1886; captain, 1S97; director of personnel at the
Admiralty ; conmmnder af zden Crwl af Danne-
brog, 1898 ; rear-adminU 1901 ; Admiral-Super
intendent of Copenhagen Dockyard. July, 1901 ;
Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order,
1901 : commander af iste Grad af Daimebrog
1903 08 Dannebrogsmand, 1893 ; Knight Com-
mander of the Order of St. Michael and St. George.
19*15.
Zadorai. Russian torpedo-boat destroyer. (Nico-
latefl, 1903.} Length, 310 ft. ; beam, 31 ft. ;
draught, 7 ft. ; displacement. 350 tons ; armament,
I 13-pdr., 5 3-pdr.. 3 tubes; twin screw; Up.,
5, joo= 27 kts.
Zahrincan. German ist class battleship. (Gcr-
mania, 1901.)
Length 416ft. Beam 67ft. blaxinium draught aSft.
Displacement 11.830 tons. Complement 650.
Guns. Armottr.
4 — 9'4 in. " Krupp."
18 — 6 in. 9 in. Belt.
12 — 15J pdr. 10 in. Barbettes.
12 — I pdr. 10 in. Turrets.
8 Machine. 10 in. Canning tower.
Torpedo Tubfs.
5 Submerged bow and broadside.
I Above water stem.
Three screws. Hp. 15.000=18 Ictfl. Coal maxi-
mum 1.500 tons. Approximate cost /r. 100,000.
Zain. Portugese torpedo gun-boat. (Birken-
head, 1885.) Length, 140 ft.; beam, a; ft.;
draught, to} ft ; displacement, 580 tons : comple
ment, 109; annament, i 6-in., 3 4-in., 3 Maxims;
Hp., 600=11 kts. ; coal, 90 tons.
Zambase. Portuguese torpedo gun-boat. (Lis-
bon. 1889.) Length, 143 ft. ; beam, 35} ft. ;
draught, 12 ft.; displacement, 627 tons; comple-
ment, 107 ; armament, i 6-in.. 3 4-in., 2 Maxims ;
Hp.. ;oo= to kts. ; coal, 8$ tons.
Zaporojeta. Rnssian gun-boat. (Nicolaieff. 1889.)
Length, 210 ft. : beam, 35 ft. ; draught, 10 ft. ;
displacement, 1.224 ^on^ ' complement, 161 ; arma-
ment. 2 8-in., I 4-in., 7 q.f., 2 tubes; Hp., 1.500=
13 kts. : coal. 250 tons.
Zan. Austro-Hungarian torpedo gun -boat.
(Pola. 1880.) Len^h, 179 ft.: beam. 26 ft.;
draught, 12} f t. ; displacement, 817 tons ; comple-
ment, 142 : armament, 7 q.f., 5 l-pdr. ; Hp., 800 =
14 kts. ; coal. 150 tons.
Zanbd. Rassian torpedo-boat destroyer. (Ntoo-
lateff. 1904.) Length, 210 ft. ; beam. 21 ft. ;
draught. 7 ft. ; displacement, 350 tons : armament,
I i2-pdr.. 5 3-pdr.. 2 tubes; twin screw; Hp.,
5,500=27 kts. ; coal. 100 tons.
ZaTidni. Russian torpedo-boat destroyer. (Nico-
laieff. 1904.) Length, 310 ft. ; beam. 21 ft. ;
draught, 7 ft. ; displacement, 350 tons ; armament,
t 13-pdr.. 5 3-pdr., 2 tubes; twin screw; Hp..
5,500=27 Vis. : coal, 100 tons.
Z.D. Distinguishing letters on sea fishing boats
registered at Zuiderwolde, Holland.
Zebra. British torpedo-boat destroyer. (Black-
wall. 189$.) Length, 200 ft. ; beam, ao ft. ;
draught, 6 ft. ; displacement, 300 tons ; comple-
ment. 50: armament, i iz-pdr., 5 6-pdT.. 3 tubes;
twin screw ; Up., 3,850=37 kts. ; coal, 60 tons.
ZeednlL Netherlands gun-vessel, Dutch Indian
Navy. Of no fighting value.
Zeeland. Dutch cruiser (1896).
Length 305ft. Beam 48ft. Maximum draught iSft.
Displacement 3,900 tons.
L
ZEELAND
706
Z.IC
" Steel " and " Harvey."
2 in. Deck.
6 in. Cuo shields.
4 in. Cooning tower.
Twin screw,
mum 970 ton*.
4 Above water.
Hp. 10.000*20 kts.
Coal maxi-
Zedand Steamsbip Co. (Royal mail route) ha\-e
a deet consisting of ceven large excellent paddle
steamers, whicb run between England and the
Contioent via QuccnbotDogh and Flushing. These
steamers were built by the Fairfield Shipbuilding
amt Engineering Co.. of Govan, Glasgow, and are
among the finest, safest, and qukltcst vessels em-
ployed in the Channel service.
Flebt.
DuitscMhtHii. Koningin U'itktlmina.
Emgetamd. St4U*Utnd.
KoHtnfin Rt^tniu. Prim Hendrik.
WiiUtn Print van Oranje.
Zwnieeaw. Netherlands pin-veascl. Dntcb In-
dian Nav->-. Of no fighting value.
Zeflero. Italian torpedo-boat destroyer. (Naples ,
1904.) displacement, 330 tons; maximum draught,
8 ft. ; armament, 5 G-pdr. : tubes, 2 i8-in. ; Hp.,
€,ooow30 kts. ; coal. So tons.
ZeAro. Italian torpedo-boat destroyer. (Naples,
1904.} Length, 208 it. ; beam, 19 tt. ; draught,
6J it. ; displacement. 330 tons ; complement, 53 ;
armament, 1 ta-pdr.. s 6-pdr. (q.l.). 2 tubes ;
twin screw ; Hp.. 6.0000 30 kta. ; coal. 60 tons.
ZeflverMBigiDff "Het T," EsuUished 1885.
President, K. H. Croue ; Honorary Treasuier,
P. Juchter : Honorary- Secretary. Willy Theisaing,
Pnns Hendhkkade, 141. Amsterdam. Annual sub-
scription. 10 guilders.
Zelee. French gunboat. (Rochefort. 1899.)
Length, 16^ U. ; beam, 26 ft. : draught. 10} it. :
<li8placei&ect. 554 tons; complement, 7$, arma-
ment. 2 3'9-in.. 4 2'$-ui., 4 1'4-iD. ; Hp.. I uooss
13 kts. ; coal, 80 tons.
Zenith is that point in the heavens which is
directly over the observer's head ; nadir that whicJi
is opposite to it.
ZealUi distaac*. Oi a celestial object is equal to
that portion <j{ the vertical circle which is inter-
cepted between the centre of the object and the
observer's tenith. It is always equal to the com-
ptement of the altitude to a quadrant or 90'.
Zente. Small AustTD-Hongarian cruuujr. (Pola,
1897)
I'^'i^B^ 313^ Beam ]9(t. Maximum draught 17ft.
Displacement 2.437 tons. Complement 242.
Gnu. Awmom*
8 — 4*7 in.. 40 cat " Steel."
I J— 3 pdr. 2 m. Deck,
a— I pdr.
Torptdo Tubes (177 in.).
I Above water.
Twin screw. Hp. 7.000 = 20 kts. Coal
mum 500 tons. Approximate cost £150.000
Zephyr. British torpedo-boat destroyer. ^Pais
ley. 1S95O Leugtb. 200 ft. ; beam. 19 ft. ; draoffat.
51^ ft ; displacement, 270 toos ; complement. 50.
armament, i i2-pdr.. 5 6-pdr.. 2 tubes ; twin screw ;
Hp . 3,850=27 kts. ; coal, 60 tons.
Zephyr. The west wind ; colloquially, any soft,
gentle brecte,
Zharki. Russian torpedo-boat destroyer. (Naoo-
laicff. 1904) I<f^gth. 210 (t. ; beam. 31 ii. :
draught. 7 ft : displacement, 350 tcms ; armaraeat
I I2-pdr., 5 3-pdr., 2 tubes; twin screw; Hp..
5.500027 kts. ; coal. lOQ tana.
23iiToL Russian torpedo-boat destroyv.
lateflF, 1904-) Length, 210 ft.; beam, Ji ft:
draught, 7 fL ; displacement. 35a tons ; annuneo^
I l2-pdr.. 5 3-pdr.. 2 tubes; twm screw; Hp
$.500= 27 kts : coal, too tons.
ZUralka. Russian torpedo boat de
rNicolaicf!. 1904.) Length, 210 ft.: bouB. SI
draught. 7 ft. : dtsplacenient. 350 toos ; 1
f i2-pdr., 5 3-pdr., 2 tubes; twin screw
5,500=27 kts. ; coal, too tons.
ZhotkL Russian torpedo-boat destroyer.
laieff. 1904) Length. 210 ft.; beam. 21 tt. :
draught. 7 ft. ; displacement, 350 tons : aresarowrt.
I j2-pdr.. % 3-pdr., 2 tubes; twin-iBcrrw ;
5,5oo»27 kta. ; coal, too Ions.
ZteM, B&ndolph Alexandrowltsch (h. Mo
June 12, tS^o). Kducatpfl Kiel. Served
apprentict^hip in Kiel, and then came lo Glasgow.
and joined Messrs. Randolph. Elder and Co~
During the year 1870-71 ho served in the Germaa
Navy, and from there went to the Polytechnic
School, Berlin. In 1874 he returned to CogUnd
aiul Joined Mcssra. Sir W. G. Armstroog. MitchfU
and Co., and later came to London (or Mcsms.
Humphrryti. Prpnant and Co., and wis rcspoiwUs
for the design of the engine of many large troDdads
for the British Navy. In 1874 he trtvmed to
Germany, and started works in HAmburg, wbere
he has been engaged in shipbuilding for the last
25 years. Hon. member of the St Petc«b
Polytechnic Society, member of the brat Nav
Architects' Schiffbau technical Gesellachaft Bcflia.'
and Royal Techoicat Sodet^-, St Petrrshurg.
PubUcatims : Numcrou.-; articles of importance,
published in German technical papers.
g-lf, Distinguutung letters on fvea fishing boats
registered at Zoutkamp. Holland.
Z.L.
707
z.z.
ZX. Distinguishing letters on sea fishing boats
registered at Zwaluwe, Holland.
Z.O. Distinguishing letters on sea fishii^ boats
registered at Zoutelande, Holland.
ZorU. Russian torpedo-boat destroyer. (Xico-
Taieff, 190,^.) Length, 210 ft ; beam, xi ft. ; draught,
7 ft. ; displacement, 350 tonp ; armameot, i 12-pdr.
5 3-pdT.. 3 tubes ; twin screw ; Hp., 5,500=37 kts.
Zotov, Oosmai. Greek rear admiral (b. March
T7. 1842). Entered the Navy, 1861 ; promoted
sub-lieutenant, 1867 ; lieutenant, 1876 ; sub-
-du-ector of submarine mines, 1881. In 1883 was
deputed by his government to go to Denmark
to study naval organisation. Promoted senior
lieutenant, 1883, and became director of submarine
mines. Promoted commander, 18Q0, and appointed
director of the naval school for midshipmen ; chief
oi personal section of the ministry of marine. 1893,
■and in February, 1897, commanded the AdmitaX
Miaoulis on her mission to Crete for the protection
of Greek subjects ; promoted captain in 1887, and
reappointed director of the naval school ior mid-
shipmen. Between 1900 and 1905 he held the
position of commodore of the educational squadron,
and also for the squadron of nautical exercises ;
promoted rear-admiral in 1905, and hoisted his
flag as Commander-in-Chief of the squadron of
iron-clads on the Psara (q.v.). Decorations : Grand
Cross of the Victorian Order ; K.C. of the Order
of the Saviour (Greece) ; G.C. of the Order of St.
Stanisburg (Russia) ; O.F. of the Order of Danne-
brog (Denmark) ; O.F. of the Order of the Crown
'Italy).
Zoaare. French torpedo-boat. (St. Denis, 1892.)
Length, 138 ft. ; beam 14 ft. ; draught, 8 ft. ; dis-
placement, 124 tons ; complement, 26 ; armament.
3 3-pdr.. 2 tubes ; twin screw; Hp., 1.4003:31 kts. ;
coal, t6 tons.
Z.B. Distinguishing letters oa sea fishing boats
registered at Zwartsluis HollcUicl.
Z.U. Distinguishing letters on sea fishing boats
registered at Zuid-Scharwoude, Holland.
ZahaL Turkish gun-boat. (Turkey, 1896.'
Length, 173^ ft. ; beam, 26^ ft. ; draught, 11^ ft. ;
displacement. 800 tons ; armament, 4 4'7-in..
6 Maxims, 2 tubes; Hp., r6o=i2 lets. ; coal, la*
tons.
Zola. A class of Scotch fishing-lugger with
straight stem and raking stem-post.
Z.V. Distinguishing letters on sea fishing boats
registered at Zandvoort, Holland.
Z.T.O. Distinguishing letters on sea fishing
boats registered at Zalk en Veecaten, Holland,
ZTOnki. Russian torpedo-boat destroyer. (Nico-
laiefi, I904>) Length, 210 ft. ; beam, 31 ft. ;
draught. 7 ft.; displacement, 350 tons, arma-
ment, I i2-pdr., 5 3'pdr., 2 tubes; twin screw;
Hp„ 5.500=27 kts. ; coal, 100 tons.
Z.W. Distinguishing letters on sea fishing boats
registered at Zwartewaal, Holland.
Zwaan. Netherlands gun-vessel, Dutch Indian
Navy, 400 tons. Of no fighting value.
Zwakaw. Netherlands gun-vessel Dutch Indian
Navy, 400 tons. Of no fighting value.
Z.T. Distinguishing letters on sea fishing boats
registered at Zijpe, North Holland.
Z.Z. Distinguishing letters on sea fishing boats
registered at Zieriksee, Holland.