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ENCYGLOPiEDIA 
OFSHIPS  AND 

SHIPPING 


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Edited  by 

HERBERT  B.  MASON 


THE  SHIPPING  ENCYCLOPAEDIA 

UMITED  ^ 

CHICHESTER  HOUSE  CHANCERY  LANE      - 

LONDON  MDCCCCVIII 

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PREFACE 


■J-Ul. 


.    I 


The  "  Encyclopaedia  of  Ships  and  Shipping  "  has  been  compiled  to 
furnish  information  of  value  to  those  in  any  way  connected  with 
nautical  matters. 

In  preparing  the  work,  it  Jias,  been  necessary,  in  order  to  confine  the 
matter  to  one  volume,  to  make  the  article  as  concise  as  possible,  and  where 
space  has  prevented  the  subject  being  dealt  with  to  any  great  length, 
standard  authorities'^are  quoted  to  enable  the  reader  to  obtain  further  iuw 
formation  on  the  subject.  This  applies  particularly  to  Law  and  Insurance 
and  in  most  instances  the  leading  Admiralty  Court  cases  on  the  question 
are  quoted. 

The  Editor  is  grateful  to  the  many  gentlemen  of  distinction  who  have 
been  good  enough  to  assist  him  with  their  advice  and  aid  in  the  com. 
pilation  of  the  work.     Among  these  may  be  mentioned  : 

The  Naval  Attaches  at  the  Embapies  in  London,  for  their  kind- 
ness in  furnishing  information  ejQabling  him  to  include  in  this 
work  particulars  of  vessels  in  ,the  various  foreign  navies. 


EDGAR  TARRY  ADAMS,  Esq. 

SirVTHEODORE  V.  S.  ANGIER  . 

The  Rt.  Hon.  LORD  ARMSTRONG, 
J.P.,  D.L. 

Sir  NATHANIEL  BARNABY,  K.CB. 

Sir  BENJAMIN  C.  BROWNE,  D.C.L 

Professor  CARL  BUSLEY 

M.  Le  Marquis  de  CHASSELOUP- 

LAUBAT 

G.  STEU  ART  CROSHAW,Esq.,M  Jl. 

ARCHIBALD  DENNY,  Esq. 

J.  M'AUSLAND  DENNY,  Esq.,  M.P. 


A.*^  DICK,  Esq. 
H.  RAYLTON  DIXON,  Esq. 
Sir  4-  J-  DURSTON,  K.CB. 
WILLIAM  FIFE,  Esq. 

SirJAMES  FORTESCUE 

FLANNERY,  J.P. 

Sir  CHRISTOPHER  FURNESS, 

M.P. 
Sir  JOHN  GLOVER 

JOHN  GRETTON,  Esq.,  M.P. 

The  Right  Hon.   LORD   GEORGE 
HAMILTON,  G.C.S.I. 


Commander  JOSEPH  HONNER,R.N. 
LINTON  HOPE,  Esq.,  A.Iiist.  N.A. 
Admiral    Sir  JOHN    OMMANNEY 

HOPKINS,  G.C.B. 
The  Late    Colonel   Sir   HENRY    M. 

HOZIER,  K.C.B. 
JOHN  INGLIS,  Esq. 
The  Rt.  Hon.  LORD  INVERCLYDE 
FRED.  T.  JANE,  Esq. 
Sir  ALFRED  L.  JONES 
The  Late  LORD  KELVIN,  O.M. 
Professor  ALEX.  KENNEDY,  LL.D., 

F.R.S. 
Sir  J.  K.  LAUGHTON 
The  Late  GEORGE  C.  MACKKOW, 
,    ^    Esq.,  M.Inst.  N.A. 
W.  MARRIOTT,  Esq.,  F.R.  Met.  Soc. 


Admiral  Sir  GEORGE  DIGBY 

MORANT,  K.C.B.. 

sir^biGBX  Murray,  Bart. 

Sir  JOHN  MURRAY,  K.C.B.,  LLD.„ 

F.R.S. 
Sir  ANDREW  NOBLE,  K.C.B. 
Engineer  Rear-Admiral  H.  J.  ORAM 
The  Hon.  CHARLES  A.  PARSONS,. 

C.B. 
Commander  ROBINSON,  R.N. 
Sir  MARCUS  SAMUEL,  Bart. 
The  Rt.  Hon.  EARL  SPENCER,  K.G. 

Sir  THOMAS  SUTHERLAND, 

G.C.M.G_ 
Sir  WILLIAM  WHITE,  K.C.B. 
Sir  JAMES  WILLIAMSON,  C.B. 


THE  ENCYCLOPEDIA  OF 
SHIPS  AND  SHIPPING 


A.  The  highest  class  of  merchant  ships  on  Lloyd's 
books,  subdivided  into  Ai  and  A2,  after  which  they 
descend  by  the  vowels.  Refer  to  Lloyd's  Register 
of  British  and  Foreign  Shipping. 

A.  Distinguishing  letter  on  sea  fishing  boats  re- 
gistered at  Aalborg,  Denmark. 

A.  Distinguishing  letter  on  sea  fislfing  boats  re- 
gistered at  Aberdeen,  Scotland. 

A.  Distinguishing  letter  on'  aea  fishing  boats  re- 
gistered at  Antwerp,  Belgiom. 

A.A.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Alloa,  Scotland. 

AJB.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Aberystwith,  England. 

A3.  Able  body.  Signifjring  trained  seamen. 
Refef  to  Able-bodied  Seaman. 

Abaok.  Position  of  ship's  sails  when  wind  bears 
against  front  surface. 

Abaft     Relatively  near  the  stem. 

Abalone.  A  shell-fish  of  the  East  and  West  Pacific 
Coasts.  The  fiesh  is  dried  and  eaten,  and  the  shell  is 
used  as  mother-of-pearl. 

Abandon.     See  Abandonment. 

Abandomnent  generally  means  a  Notice  of  Aban- 
donment or  letter  from  the  assured  notifying  to  the 
underwriter  the  abandonment  of  the  subject  in- 
sured. "  The  abandonment  must  be  direct  and  ex- 
press, and  I  think  the  word  Abandon  should  be  used 
to  make  it  effectual "  (Lord  Eflenborough  in  Par- 
meter  V.  Todhunter,  Camp.,  542).  It  is  a  positive 
transfer  of  property  from  the  assured  to  the  under- 
writer the  notice  is  intimating  his  intention  to 
abandon.  As  a  rule,  the  underwriter  declines  to 
accept  the  notice,  but  his  neglect  to  reply  must  not 
be  taken  as  his  acceptance  (Provincial  Insurance 
Company  of  Canada  v.  Leduc,  L.R.,  6  P.C.  224).,  No 
particular  form  has  been  prescribed  for  tender  or 
notice  of  abandonment.  It  is  not  even  necessary 
that  it  should  be  in  writing,  although  it  is  usually  so 
given  as  documentary  evidence  of  the  tender ;  but  in 
whatever  iorm  it  is  given  one  essential  is  that  it  be 
given  unequivocally;  no  conditions  may  be  at- 
tached; it  must  be  an  absolute  offer  then  and  there, 
but  it  is  desirable  that  it  should  state  some  grounds 
on  which  the  tender  is  made.  The  reply  of  the 
underwriter  if  he  accepts  must  be  similarly  uncondi- 
tional and  absolute.  Refer  to  Derelict  and  Con- 
structive Total  Loss, 


Abatement  or  Rebate  is  in  commerce  an  allowance 
or  discount  made  in  consideration  of  prompt  pay- 
ment. The  term  is  also  used  to  express  the  deduc- 
tion occasionally  made  by  the  Customs  authorities 
from  duties  chargeable  upon  such  goods  as  are 
damaged  or  for  loss  in  warehouses.  Among  ship- 
pers the  term  rebate  is  used  to  denote  the  amount 
returnable  for  freight  paid  by  the  shipper  to  the  ship- 
owner or  his  agent,  when  the  shipper  confines  his 
shipments  to  one  line  or  ring  of  shipowners. 

Abbe,  Profeasor  deYeland,  A.M.,  Ph.D.,  LL.D., 

Professor  of  Meteorology,  United  States  Weather 
Bureau  {b.  New  York  City,  December  3,  1838). 
Educ.  College  of  the  City  of  New  York;  University 
of  the  State  of  Michigan;  Harvard  University;  Cen- 
tral Nicholas  Observatory,  Poulkova,  near  St. 
Petersburg,  Russia.  Instructor  of  Mathematics, 
Trinity  Parish  School,  New  York,  1857-58,  and 
Engineering,  Michigan  State  Agricultural  College, 
1859;  aid  in  U.S.  Coast  Survey,  1860-64;  Direc- 
tor of  Cincinnati  Observatory,  1868-73;  organised 
the  weather  service  under  the  Secretary  of  War,  1870- 
91,  now  under  the  Secretary  of  Agriculture; 
started  the  reform  in  standards  of  civil  time  reckon- 
ing by  even  hours  of  longitude  from  Greenwich, 
1875,  which  is  now  widely  adopted;  conducted  the 
Signal  Service  expedition  to  observe  the  solar  eclipse 
from  Pike's  Peak,  1878;  Meteorologist  to  the  Ex- 
pedition to  the  West  Coast  of  Africa,  1889-90; 
Associate  Editor  of  the  American  Meteorological 
Journal,  1891-94;  editor  of  the  monthly  Weather" 
Review,  1893;  Professor  of  Meteorology,  Columbia 
University,  1885;  Lecturer  on  Meteorology,  Johns 
Hopkins  University,  1895. 

Publications :  "  The  Parallax  of  Sirius  "  (1866), 
"  The  Distribution  of  the  Nebulae  "  (1867),  "Dorpat 
and  Poulkova  "  (1869).  "  The  Weather  Bulletin  of 
the  Cincinnati  Observatory  "  (1869),  **  The  Eclipse 
of  August "  (1869),  "  How  to  Use  Weather  Maps  " 
(1871),  "  Historical  Note  on  Weather  Telegraphy  " 
(187 1),  "  Observations  of  Coggia's  Comet  "  (1874), 
"The  Aurora  of  Feb.  4th,  1872  ";  "The  Hurricane  of 
August,  1873";  "The  Meteor  of  Dec.  24th,  1874"; 
"  The  Signal  Service  Eclipse  Expedition  to  Pike's 
Peak,  1878";  "Short  Memoirs  on  Meteorology" 
(1878),  "  Treatise  on  Meteorological  Apparatus  and 
Methods  "  (1887),  "  Determination  of  the  True 
Amount  of  Precipitation  "  (1889),  "  Mechanic  of  the 
Earth's  Atmosphere  "  (1891),  "  Atmospheric  Radia- 
tion "  (1892),  "  Preparatory  Studies  for  Storm  and 
Weather  Predictions  "  (1889),  "  The  Marine  Nepho- 
scope  "  (1893),  "The  Meteorological  Work  of  the  U.S. 

B 


ABBREVIATIONS 


ABERDEEN 


Signal  Service  "  (1893),  "  Annual  Summary  of  Pro- 
gress in  Terrestrial  Physics  and  Meteorology  "  (1873- 
89),  the  article  "  Meteorology  "  in  "  The  Times  " 
Supplement  to  the  9th  Edition  of  the  Encyclopaedia 
Britannica,  "  Aims  and  Methods  of  State  Weather 
Services"  (1899),  "The  Altitude  of  the  Aurora" 
(1899),  "  The  Physical  Basis  of  Long-Range  Fore- 
casts "  (1901). 

Abbreviatioiu  are  distributed  throughout  the  En- 
cyclop  adia  of  Ships  and  Shipping  in  alphabetical 
order. 

A J.C.  Railway  Time  Tables  for  Cardiff,  New- 
port and  Swansea.     Published  monthly.      Price  id. 

Address:  Cardiff. 

t 

Abdul  Hamid.    Turkish  cruiser  (1904)- 

Length  330  ft.   Beam  4a  ft.  Maximum  draught  16  ft. 

Displacement  3,277  tons.  Complement  302. 

Guns,  Armour.  ' 

2—6  in.  "  Steel." 

6—4  in.  2  in.  Deck. 

2-— 3  pdr. 

2 — I  pdr. 

Torpedo  Tub^s, 

3  Above  water. 

Twin  screw.     Hp.  forced   12,000  ^aa  kts.    Coal 

maximum  600  tons. 

Abdul  Medjidiah.  Turkish  armoured  cruiser. 
(Philadelphia,  1903). 

Length  331ft.    Beam  42  ft.  Draught  16  ft. 
Displacement  3,400  tons.    Complement  300. 
Guns.  Armour. 

2—6  in.  "  Steel." 

8 — ^4*7  in.  4  in.  Deck  amidships. 

6 — X'8  in. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 

2  Above  water. 

Hp.  13,000=22  kts.     Coal  600  tons. 

Abeam.  In  a  direction  at  right  angles  to  vessel's 
length. 

Abel,  Sii  Frederick  Angiutiii  (1827-1902).  Scien- 
tific Chemist  (b.  London).  Was  an  authority  on  ex- 
plosives and  improved  the  manufacture  of  gun 
cotton;  was  part-inventor  with  Professor  Dewar  of 
cordite.  Invented  an  apparatus  for  determining  the 
flashpoint  of  petroleum;  Professor  of  Chemistry, 
Royal  Military  Academy,  1851-55;  Chemist  to  the 
War  Department,  1854-88;  First  Director  Imperial 
Institute,  1887. 

Publications:  "Gun  Cotton"  (1866),  "The 
Modern  History  of  Gunpowder  "  (1866),  "  On  Ex- 
plosive Agenti*  "  (1872),  "  Researches  in  Explosives" 
(1875),  "  Electricity  Applied  to  Explosive  Pur- 
poses '■  (1(^84). 

Aberdeen.  Steamship,  built  in  1882.  One  of  the 
first  to  be  cngined  with  triple  expansion  engines, 
which  were  designed  by  Mr.  Kirk  to  work  with  steam 
at  125  lbs.  pressure. 


Aberdeen,  Leitfa  and  Horay  Steamriiip  Oo.»  Ltd., 

with  their  head  office  in  Aberdeen,  maintain  a 
service  every  Monday  from  Leith  for  Aberdeen, 
Buckie,  I^ssiemouth,  Cromarty,  InVergordon  and 
Inverness,  making  the  return  journey  from  Inverness 

every  Thursday. 

Fleet. 
Earnholm.  James  Crombie. 

Aberdeen  Line  (Rennie's).  Was  inaugurated  in 
1856  with  a  fleet  of, sailing  ships  trading  regularly 
between  London  and  Natal.  In  1857  steam  was 
first  tried  with  the  Madagascar^  the  first  steamer 
on  the  South  African  Coast  carrying  the  mails  from 
Cape  Town  to  Durban.  In  1886  the  Matabele, 
the  first  steadier  in  the  South  African  trade  to  be 
fitted  with  triple  expansion  engines,  was  added  to  the 
fleet.  The  company  now  maintain  a  weekly  service 
from  the  West  India  Dock,  London,  to  Natal,  calling 
at  Portland  and  the  Canary  Islands  (Las  Palmas  and 
Tenerifle),  and  an  East  African  service  inaugurated 
in  1892,  which  has  developed  into  a  fortnightly  ser-^ 
vice  between  Natal  and  Quilimane,  calling  at  the 
Portuguese  ports  of  Delagoa  Bay,  Inhambane  and 
Beira  and  Chinde. 

Fleet. 

Ifafa.  Jnchanga.         Jnsizwa. 

Illovo.  Ingsli.  Inyati. 

Jnanda.         Inkonha.  Inyoni, 

Inhosi, 
Gross  tonnage,  28,000. 

Aberdeen  Line  (Thompson's).  This  company,  ply- 
ing between  London  and  Australia,  via  the  Cape, 
founded  in  Aberdeen  in  1824,  has  occupied  for  three- 
quarters  of  a  century  a  prominent  position  in  the 
Australian  cargo  and  passenger  trade ;  due  in  the  first 
instance  to  the  runs  of  their  noted  clippers  to 
Melbourne  and  Sydney.  The  Aberdeen^  built  in 
1881,  was  the  first  ocean  steamer  to  demonstrate 
decisively  the  superior  merits  of  triple  expansion 
engines.  The  total  tonnage  now  only  includes  one 
sailing  vessel  of  2,093  ^^^»  ^^^  ^^^  clippers  having, 
been  replaced  by  modem  steamships.  The  Mil- 
Hades  holds  the  record  from  London  to  Melbourne 
via  the  Cape,  her  steaming  time  being  34  days, 
actual  time  from  port  to  port  35  days. 

Fleet. 

Aberdeen.  Marathon.  Nineveh. 

Australasian.      Miltiades.  Salamis, 

Damascus.  Moravian.  Sophocles. 

Gross  tonnage,  44,000. 

Aberdeen,  Newcastle  and    Hull  Steamship  Co., 

Ltd.,  with  their  head  office  in  Aberdeen,  maintain  a 
service  of  steamers  at  advertised  hours  between 
Aberdeen  and  Hull  and  Aberdeen  and  Newcastle-on- 
Tyne.  A  steamer  leaves  Aberdeen  for  Hull  every 
Tuesday,  returning  from  Hull  every  Saturday.  A 
steamer  leaves  Aberdeen  for  Newcastle  every  Satur- 
day, and  returns  from  Newcastle  ever>'  Wednesday. 

Fleet. 
Earl  of  Aberdeen.  Norwood. 


ABERDEEN 


ACCIDENT 


Abtrdeeo  Stewn  Navlgatlaii  Oompwiy,  with  their 
head  office  in  Aberdeen,  and  their  London  office  at 
Limehouse,  maintain  a  regulair  service  of  steamers 
between  London  and  Aberdeen,  sailing  every  Wednes- 
day and  Saturday.  The  steamers  have  excellent 
passenger  accommodation. 

Flbbt. 
City  of  Aberdeen,  Hogarth. 

City  of  London.  Harlaw. 


East  Indiaman.  Went  ashore   on 
the  Bill  of  Portland,  February  6,  1805 ;  300  lives  lost. 

Aberratioii.  An  apparent  change  of  place,  or 
alteration  of  their  mean  position,  in  the  fixed  stars, 
caused  by  the  orbital  movement  of  the  earth.  Aber- 
ration of  planet  signifies  the  space  through  which  it 
appears  to  move  during  the  time  which  it  occupies  in 
passing  from  the  planet  to  us. 

AUe-Bodied  Seaman.  (Merchant  Shipping  Act, 
J  894,  section  126.)  A  sean^an  shall  not  be  entitled 
to  the  rating  of  A.B.,  that  is  to  say,  of  able-bodied 
seaman,  unless  he  has  served  at  sea  for  four  years 
before  the  mast,  but  the  employment  of  fishermen  in 
decked  fishing  vessels  registered  under  the  first  part 
of  this  Act  shall  only  count  as  sea  service  up  to  the 
period  of  three  years  of  that  employment;  and  the 
rating  of  A.B.  shall  only  be  granted  after  at  least  one 
year's  sea  service  in  a  trading  vessel  in  addition  to 
three  or  more  years'  sea  service  on  board  of  decked 
fishing  vessels  so  registered. 

Service  may  be  proved  by  certificates  of  discharge 
or  by  certificate  of  service  from  the  Registrar- 
General  of  Shipping  and  Seamen  (q.v.)  or  other 
satisfactory  proof. 

Aboafd.     Inside  or  upon  a  ship. 

Abookir*  British  ist  class  cruiser.  (Fairfield, 
1900.) 

Length  454  ft.  Beam  69  ft.   Maximum  draught  28  ft. 
Displacement  12,000  tons.      Complement  700. 
Guns.  Armour. 

2 — 9-2  in.,  45  cal.  "  Krupp." 

I2~~6  in.  6  in.  Belt  amidships. 

12 — 12  pdrs.  6  in.  Barbettes. 

2 — 12  pdr.,  8  cwt.  12  in.  Conning  tower. 

3 — 3  pdr. 
2  Maxims. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
2  Submerged. 
Twin  screw.       Hp.  21,000  =  21  kts.      Coal  maxi- 
mnm  1,600  tons.    Approximate  cost  ;^749,ooo. 

This  ship-name  was  introdaced  into  the  Navy  in 
1798  with  the  Aquilon  captured  at  the  battle  of  the 
Nile;  she  was  renamed  the  Abouhir. 

Aboat  Ship.    To  turn  or  tack  head  to  wind. 

Above  Boafd.    Over  the  deck. 

AbOK.     See  Aback. 


Abrek.      Russian      torpedo      gun -boat     (1896). 
Length  2x2  ft.  Beam  25  ft.  Maximum   draught  13  ft. 
Displacement  534  tons.     Complement  109. 

Guns. 
2 — ^47  in, 

4—3  pdr. 
2 — I  pdr. 

Torpedo  Tubes, 

2  Above  water. 

Twin  screw.  Hp.  4,500=321  kts. 

Abninii  Dake  of,  Prince  Luigi  Amedeo  Giuseppe 
Maria  Ferdinando  Francesco,  Captain  Italian  Navy 
and  Geographer  (b.  Madrid,  J anuary  29,1873).  Third 
son  of  Amedeo,  Duke  of  Aosta,  and  cousin  to  the  King 
of  Italy.  Ascended  Mount  St  Elias,  Alaska,  July 
31,  1897,  and  determined  its  altitude  and  geological 
origin.  Commanded  an  Arctic  expedition  to  the 
North  Pole,  1900;  when  he  and  his  party  reached 
86**  33'  N.    Refer  to  Arctic  Exploration. 

Publication:  "  The  Ascent  of  Mount  St  Elias  " 
(1900). 

Abyssal  Anfmi^lf  are  those  which  inhabit  the 
greatest  depths  of  the  ocean.  Until  the  last  half  of 
the  19th  century,  it  was  commonly  supposed  that 
only  the  upper  strata  and  shallow  water  of  the  ocean 
were  inhabited.  This  was  disproved  by  the  Challen- 
ger expedition  {q,v.),  and  it  was  thought  that  possi- 
bly the  discovery  would  lead  to  the  finding  of  liv- 
ing fossils.  This,  however,  has  not  been  the  case  to 
any  great  extent,  as  the  deep-sea  animals  show  clear 
signs  of  having  been  derived  from  shallow  water  and 
do  not  shed  any  light  on  the  origin  of  life  in  the  sea.  It 
has  been  proved  that  Abyssal  animals  are  carnivo- 
rous and  depend  upon  the  dead  organisms  which  drop 
down  from  the  surface  waters.  At  the  great  depth 
at  which  they  are  found  the  water  is  so  cold,  and  the 
pressure  so  enormous,  that  living  plants  are  absent. 
One  striking  peculiarity  of  deep-sea  animals  is  that 
many  of  them,  especially  fish,  are  ^lind.  The 
last  volume  of  the  Challenger  monographs,  entitled 
"  Summary  of  Results,"  gives  a  graphic  and  his- 
torical account  of  deep-sea  dredging. 

Abyssmia.  Guion  screw  steamer.  Caught  fire 
in  mid-Atlantic,  December  18, 189 1.  Passengers  and 
crew  rescued  by  the  Spree, 

A.O.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Karolinensiel,  Germany. 

A/c.    Account. 

Aoademies*  Naval.     See  Naval  Establishments. 

AcalephSS.  From  the  Greek,  meaning  Nettle;  a 
name  given  to  the  animals  commonly  known  as  jelly- 
fish, sea-blubber,  medusa,  sea-nettle. 

Aco^tance.    See  Bill  of  Exchange. 

Aocident  "  The  expression  '  accident  *  in  the 
ordinary  sense  denotes  an  unlooked-for  mishap  or 

b2 


ACCIDENT 


ACEVEDO 


untoward  event  which  is  not  expected  or  designed/' 
and  covers  cases  of  inevitable  accidents  and  accidents 
caused  by  the  Act  of  God  {q.v.). 

An  inevitable  accident  is  "  that  which  the  party 
charged  with  the  offence  could  not  possibly  prevent 
by  the  exercise  of  ordinary  care,  caution  and  mari- 
time skill,"  and  is  a  good  defence  to  an  action  for 
negligence. 

By  section  425  of  the  Merchant  Shipping  Act,  1894, 
a  report  of  any  accident  to  a  British  steamship  caus- 
ing loss  of  life  or  personal  injury,  or  affecting  the 
seaworthiness  or  efficiency  of  the  ship,  must  be  sent 
by  her  master  to  the  Board  of  Trade  as  soon  as  pos- 
sible after  its  occurrence. 

This  section  also  applies  to  all  foreign  steamships 
carrying  passengers  between  places  in  the  United 
Kingdom. 

By  section  728  inspectors  may  be  appointed  by  the 
Board  of  Trade  (q.v.)  for  the  purpose  of  reporting  on 
the  causes  and  nature  of  any  accident  or  damage  to 
any  ship. 

Refer  to  Collisions  at  Sea,  Employers'  Liability, 
Limitation  of  LiabiUty,  Seamen. 

Aoddent  Inraranoe.    See  Insurance. 

Accommodatioa  Ladder.  Flight  of  steps  over  ship's 
side. 

Aoconnt.  Going  upon.  A  phrase  for  buccaneer- 
ing. 

Aocountaat  GeneraL  An  officer  in  the  English 
Court  of  Chancery  who  receives  and  disburses  all 
moneys  paid  into  the  Court.  This  office  was  abolished 
in  1872,  the  duties  being  transferred  to  the  Paymas- 
ter-General. 

Aooonntant  Offloen  (Navy).  See  Paymaster 
(Navy). 

Aooul.  A  term  used  by  seamen,  indicating  the  end 
of  a  deep  bay. 

Aocomolated  Temperature.  This  is  the  combined 
amount  and  duration  of  the  excess  or  defect  of  the 
air  temperature  above  or  below  the  base  temperature 
of  42^.  It  is  considered  that  the  temperature  above 
that  value  is  mainly  effectual  in  starting  and  main- 
taining the  growth,  and  in  completing  the  ripening 
of  agricultural  crops. 

Aocomtllator,  Hydranlio.  Devised  by  Lord  Arm- 
strong, consists  of  a  vertical  cylinder  and  heavily 
weighted  ram,  fed  at  a  constant  rate  from  the 
hydraulic  pump,  giving  a  pressure  of  700  lbs.  to  the 
square  inch.  In  this  way  an  artificial  head  of  water 
IS  obtained.  Any  superfluous  water  escapes  from 
the  top  of  the  cylinder,  as  when  the  piston  reaches  its 
highest  point  it  automatically  stops  the  pump.  The 
differential  accumulator  is  one  in  which  forced  pres- 
sure may  be  obtained  by  means  of  changing  the  area 
of  the  piston  surface,  or  by  the  use  of  several  different 
pistons. 


In  the  steam  accumulator  the  piston  rod  forms  the 
ram  of  the  hydraulic  cylinder. 

The  air  accumulator  "  Armstrong  "  is  one  in  which 
the  ram  works  against  compressed  a>t  in  a  chamber, 
instead  of  against  weights.  / 

Accumulators,  electric,  are  battbies  or  reservoirs 
for  the  accumulation  of  electric  ezfergy. 

See  Robinson,  "  Hydraulic  Po^er  and  Hydraulic 
Machinery." 


Aoetyleiie  (C,  HJ  is  a  colourless,  poisonous 
gas,  discovered  by  B^rtelot,  i862)  a^d  brought  promi- 
nently into  commercial  use  by  W,ilson's  discovery 
(1888)  of  the  modem  method  of  preparing  calcium 
carbide. 

On  analysis  it  contains — Carbon         92*3 

Hydrogen      77 


100"0 


It  occurs  in  small  quantities  in  coal  gas,  and  to  a 
greater  extent  in  oil  gas.  It  is  largely  manufactured 
for  commercial  purposes,  and  is  usually  made  by 
bringing  water  into  contact  with  calcium  carbide, 
which  is  manufactured  by  heating  a  mixture  of  lime 
and  hard  metallurgical  coke,  of  the  highest  degree  of 
purity,  in  an  electric  furnace.  It  is  now  largely 
manufactured  in  America  and  Europe  and  is  usually 
supplied  to  consumers  in  air-tight  drums.  Not  more 
than  28  lbs.  may  be  stored  in  Great  Britain  or  in  any 
of  the  British  Colonies,  by  any  one  person,  without 
an  annual  licence;  and  must  be  stored  in  a  place 
specially  built,  and  a  certain  distance  away  from 
other  buildings.  The  package  in  which  it  is  con- 
tained must  be  hermetically  sealed,  as  it  rapidly 
absorbs  moisture,  thus  deteriorating  in  quality,  and 
liberating  a  gas  which  is  dangerous.  It  is  liable  to 
spontaneous  explosion  when  in  a  liquid  state,  and  it 
is  illegal  to  manufacture  or  keep  it  in  this  form.  The 
gas  when  burning  is  intensely  white,  and  it  is  .said  to 
resemble  sunUght  more  nearly  than  any  other  artifi- 
cial illuminant.  The  highly  illuminating  and  in- 
trinsical  brightness  of  the  flame  makes  it  a  very 
suitable  illuminant  for  lighthouses. 

It  has  been  used  in  England,  United  States,  Ger- 
many, Argentine  and  China  for  lighthouse  and 
beacon  illumination.  On  the  German  and  Dutch 
coasts  oil  gas  mixed  with  about  20%  of  acetylene  has 
been  used  with  excellent  results,  as  it  increases  the 
illuminating  intensity  about  100% ;  but  it  is  very  ex- 
pensive. The  cost  of  lighting  by  acetylene  is  about 
the  same  as  lighting  by  coal  gas  at  55.  per  1,000  feet. 
See  Lewes'  "  Acetylene,"  1900;  Dormer,  "  L' Ace- 
tylene et  ses  applications, ' '  Paris,  1 896.  For  a  list  of 
the  papers  and  memoirs  on  acetylene,  see  Ludwig's 
"  Fiihrer  calcium  carbid — und  Acetylene — ^Litera- 
tur."     Berhn,  1889. 

Acevedo.  Spanish  torpedo-boat.  (Chiswick, 
1885.)  Length,  1 17  ft. ;  beam,  12  ft. ;  draught,  6 ft. ; 
displacement,  63  tons;  complement,  20;  arma- 
ment, 2  machine,  2  tubes;  Hp.,  660  =  20  kts.;  coal, 
25  tons. 


ACHE 


ACT 


Ache,  Count  d'  (1700-75).  French  admiral.  Was 
accounted  responsible  for  the  capture  by  the  British 
of  the  French  possessions  on  the  Malabar  and  Coro- 
mandel  Coasts  of  India. 

Aoheloos.    Greek  gun-boat.  Of  no  fighting  value. 

Achenbaoh,  A.  (b.  i  S 1 5) .  German  painter.  Leader 
of  the  Impressionist  movement  in  German  painting;, 
particularly  sea-scapes.  Principal  works:  "  Foun- 
dering of  the  s.s.  President "  (1842),  *'  Hardanger 
Fjord  "  (1843),  "  Pontine  Marshes  "  (1846),  "  Fish 
Market  in  Ostend  "  (1866),  '*  Flooding  of  the  Lower 
Rhine  "  (1876). 

Aehemar.  A  star  of  the  first  magnitude  in  the 
constellation  Eridanus,  commonly  known  as  the 
"  Spring  of  the  river." 

Aeheroa.  French  armoured  gun-boat.  (Cher- 
bourg, 1887.) 

Length  18  x  ft.    Beam,  40  ft.   Draught  11  ft. 
Displacement  1,700  tons.   Complement  xoi. 
Guns,  Armour. 

I — IO-8  in.  "  Compound." 

3 — 3'9  in*  9  U3.  Belt  amidships. 

2 — 2 '8  in.  8  in.  Big  gun  shields. 

Hp.  1,700=  1 3  kts.    Coal  maximum,  300  tons. 

Aohilles.     British    ist    class   cruiser.     (Elswick, 

1905.) 

Length  480  ft.  Beam  73  ft.  Maximum  draught  27  ft. 
Displacement  13,550  tons.     Complement  850. 

Guf^.  Armour, 

6 — 9*2  in.,  50  cal.  '*  ICrupp." 

4 — 7' 5  in.  6  in.  Belt  amidships. 

24 — 3  pdr,  6- in.  Barbettes. 

8 — Pompoms.  6  in.  Turrets. 

Maxims.  7  in.  Conning  tower. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.).   . 
3  Submerged. 

Twin  screw.  Hp.  23,500=22*33  kts.  Coal  maxi- 
mum 2,000  tons.     Approximate  cost  ;{i , 1 50,000. 

This  ship-name  was  introduced  into  the  Navy  in 
1744,  and  is  associated  with  the  capture  of  the 
French  Raisonnable,  1758;  bombardment  of  Havre, 
1759;  capture  of  the  French  Comte  de  Florentine, 
1759;  reduction  of  Belleisle,  1761;  capture  of  the 
French  Achille  at  the  battle  of  the  "  Glorious  First 
of  June,"  1794;  battle  of  Trafalgar,  1805. 

Ae-hisar.  Turkish  torpedo-boat.  (Sestri  Pon- 
ente,  1904.)  Length,  165  ft.;  beam,  18  ft.;  draught, 
4 J  ft.;  displacement,  165  tons;  complement,  18; 
armament,  2  i-pdr.,  2  tubes;  Hp.,  2,200  =  27  kts. ; 
coal,  22  tons. 

Aflker.    One  tide  swelling  above  another. 

AoJkmeii.    Fresh  water  pirates. 

Adand,  Yioe-^Admiial,  Sir  William  Alison  Dyke, 

2nd  Bt.,  cr.  1890;  C.V.O.  1903   (b.   Oxford  1847). 
Entered  H.M.S.  Britannia  as  cadet,  1861 ;  promoted^ 


heu tenant  1868,  commander  1879,  captain  x885* 
Attached  to  the  Chilian  army  in  the  war  between 
Chili  and  Peru ;  commanded  the  first  brigade  in  the 
march  from  Pusco  Muvin,  and  was  present  at  the 
Battle  of  Chorrilos  and  Mirafiores;  mentioned  in 
despatches  (Medal  and  two  clasps).  Deputy  Com* 
missioner  of  Western  Pacific,  1883;  A.D.C.  to  the 
Queen,  1896.  Captain  of  Dockyard  Reserve  at 
Devonport,  1897-99;  Rear- Admiral,  1899;  Second-in- 
Command  of  Channel  Squadron,  1901-02;  Superin- 
tendent of  Gibraltar  Dockyard,  1902-04;  Vice- 
Admiral,  1904. 

Aooek-BilL    5^6  Cock-bill. 

Aeom.  A  small  piece  of  wood,  conical  in  form, 
fixed  on  the  mast-head  above  the  vane  to  prevent  it 
being  detached  when  wind  is  violent. 

Aere,  Batfle  oL  On  November  3,  1840,  the 
allied  fleet  under  Sir  Robert  Stopford  stormed  and 
captured  Acre  (Syria)  after  a  bombardment  of  a  few 
hours,  the  Egyptians  losing  upwards  of  2,000  killed 
and  wounded  and  3.000  prisoners,  the  British  loss 
being  trifling. 

Aotien  Gesellsohaft  *'  Neptune/^  Rostock.  This  yard 
was  founded  in  185 1  by  Mr.  A.  Tischbein.  It  is  situa- 
ted on  the  Wamow,  on  the  coast  of  Mecklenburg, 
and  covers  an  area  of  about  25  acres.  It  possesses  five 
slips  together  with  machine  and  engine  shops  neces- 
sary for  the  building  and  fitting  out  of  steamers  up 
to  10,000  tons.  Between  1898  and  1905  vessels 
aggregating  150,000  net  register  tons  and  82,000 
I.  Hp.  were  turned  out.  The  yard  gives  employ- 
ment to  about  1,800  men. 

Aotanaiia.  Sea  anemones  which  possess  some 
slight  power  of  locomotion. 

Aetinant.  Any  vessel  or  torpedo  propelled  by 
self-contained  power  which,  through  the  medium  of 
a  ray,  can  be  steered  on  or  beneath  the  surface  of  the 
water  by  a  distant  operator. 

Actinometer.  An  instrument  for  measuring  the 
intensity  of  solar  radiation. 

Aotinin,  Battle  of.  On  September  2,  31  b.c.  Octavian 
completely  defeated  the  fleet  of  Anthony  and  Cleo- 
patra and  gained  control  of  the  whole  Roman 
Empire. 

Actinozoa.  Hollow-bodied  animals,  including  sea 
anemones,  corals,  and  allied  forms.  Their  charac- 
teristic is  that  the  life  history  is  simple,  and  does  not 
include  the  jelly  fish  stage.  The  mouth  is  usually 
surrounded  by  tentacles;  digestive  filaments  are 
present,  and  the  stinging  cells  are  often  well  de- 
veloped. 

Active.  West  Indiaman.  Lost  in  Margate  Roads, 
January  10,  1803. 

Act  of  Ood,  An*  or  vis  major,  is  one  which  results 
from  "  such  a  direct  and  violent  and  sudden  and 
irresistible  act  of  nature  as  could  not  be  foreseen,  or 


ACTUAL 


ADAMSON 


if  foreseen,  prevented  by  ordinary  skill,  prudence  or 
diligence."  It  is  one  of  the  excepted  perils  found  in 
all  bills  of  lading  and  charter-parties,  and  in  con- 
tracts with  common  carriers.  In  contracts  taken 
generally,  non-performance  is  excused,  if  perfor- 
mance becomes  impossible  owing  to  an  Act  of  God. 
All  loss  or  damage  occasioned  by  an  Act  of  God  is  due 
to  inevitable  accident,  and  the  party  who,  apart 
^om  such  inevitable  accident,  would  be  liable  for  the 
loss  or  damage  so  occasioned,  cannot  in  such  circum- 
stances be  made  responsible;  but  not  every  inevi- 
table ar-cident  is  an  Act  of  God. 

Actual  Capture.  In  British  Prize  Courts  the  actual 
captor  is  the  ship  to  which  the  prize  strikes  her  flag, 
and  may  include  many  others  besides  those  who  take 
part,  e.g.,  a  boat's  crew  despatched  on  a  different 
errand.  Joint  captors  are  those  who,  not  being 
themselves  actual  captors,  have  assisted  by  convey- 
ing encouragement  to  them  or  intimidation  to  the 
enemy.  "In  the  law  of  prize  the  presumption  is 
always  in  favour  of  actual  captors  as  against  those 
who  claim  to  be  joint  captors.  Under  certain  cir- 
cumstances the  claims  of  joint  capture  are  ad- 
mitted "  e.g.,  by  co-operation,  association  or  bond 
of  union,  "  but  the  Prize  Court  has  again  and  again 
declared  its  resolution  not  to  extend  the  operation 
of  that  doctrine."  Actual  capture  may,  therefore,  be 
taken  to  be  the  rule  which  will  always  be  enforced  in 
the  adjudication  of  naval  prize,  except  in  cases  in 
which  the  application  of  constructive  capture  is  well 
recognized  and  established.  Rejer  to  Prize  of  War. 

A.Hni.  Abbreviation  for  Alto-cumulus  as  adopted 
by  the  International  Meteorological  Committee  and 
used  in  the  International  Cloud  Atlas. 

AJD.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Ardrossan.  Scotland. 

AJ).     Anno  Domini.    The  year  of  our  Lord. 

Adalbert,  Prince,  of  Pnuaia  (i8 11-73).  Uncle  of 
Friedrich  Wilhelm  IV.  Took  a  special  interest  in 
the  formation  of  the  German  Navy,  and  in  1854 
was  made  admiral. 

Publications:  "  Aus  meinem  Reisetagbuch, 
1842-43"  (1847);  "DenkschriftuberdieBildungeiner 
deutschen  Flottc  "  (1848). 

Adamastor.  Small  Portuguese  cruiser.  (Leg- 
horn, 1896.) 

Length  243  ft.    Beam  35  ft.    Maximum  draught  16  ft. 
Displacement  1,750  tons.     Complement  237. 

Guns.  Armour. 

2—6  in..  '•  Steel." 

4 — 4*7  in.  i^  in.  Deck. 

4 — 6  pdr.  2I  in.  Conning  tower. 
4 — ^Machine. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
3  Above  water  bow  and  broadside. 
Twin  screw.      Hp.  natural  3,000=  16  kts.,  forced 
4,000=  18  kts.  Coal  maximum  430  tons. 


Adams,  Edgar  Tarry  (b.  December  8.  1852). 
Associate  of  Institution  of  Naval  Architects.  F.R.  A.S., 
F.  R.  Meteorological  Society.  Fellow  Commoner 
Downing  College,  Cambridge.  Observer  for  Royal 
Meteorological  Society.  Hon.  Sec.  Cambridge  Uni- 
versity Cruising  Club. 

Adams,  John  Couch  (1819-92).  British  astrono- 
mer. Gained  a  Siza  at  St  John's  College,  Cambridge. 
1839,  and  graduated  B.A.  in  1843;  ^^^  Senior 
Wrangler  and  first  Smith's  prizeman  of  his  year,  and 
elected  a  Fellow  of  his  College  in  1843.  It  is  due  to 
his  investigations  that  the  cause  of  the  irregularities 
of  the  planet  Uranus  were  determined — due  to  the 
action  of  an  undiscovered  planet — ^which  he  de- 
tected and  proved  was  unrecorded  in  the  map;  this 
new  planet  receiving  the  name  of  "  Neptune."  Its 
mathematical  production  was  not  only  an  unsur- 
passed intellectual  feat,  but  proved  also  that  New- 
ton's Law  of  Gravitation  prevailed  even  to  the 
utmost  bounds  of  the  solar  system.  In  1845  the 
honour  of  Knighthood  wais  offered  to  him  on  the 
occasion  of  Queen  Victoria's  visit  to  Cambridge,  but 
then,  as  on  subsequent  occasions,  he  declined  it.  In 
1866  the  Roy  ad  Astronomical  Society  awarded  him 
their  gold  medal.  He  worked  for  many  years  ar- 
•ranging  and  cataloguing  Newton's  unpublished 
mathematical  writings  presented  to  the  University 
of  Cambridge  by  Lord  Portsmouth.  In  1881  he  was 
offered  the  post  of  Astronomer  Royal,  which  he 
declined,  preferring  to  resume  his  teaching  and  re- 
search at  Cambridge  University.  He  died,  Janu- 
ary 21,  1892,  at  Cambridge  Observatory  after  a 
long  illness,  and  was  buried  at  St  Giles'  Cemetery. 
In  May,  1895,  a  portrait  medallion  by  Albert  Bruce 
Joy  was  placed  in  Westminster  Abbey  near  the 
grave  of  Newton,  and  joining  the  memorials  of 
Darwin  and  Joele,  a  fitting  tribute  to  this  illustrious 
astronomer. 

Publications:  "The  Scientific  papers  of  John 
Adams  "  (1896),  "  Lectures  on  the  Lunar  Theory." 

^dft'ng,  John*  Organiser  of  a  prosperous  and 
peaceful  miniature  colony  in  the  Pitcaim  Islands, 
after  the  mutiny  of  H.M.S.  Bounty  (q.v.).  His  real 
name  was  Alexander  Smith.  Refer  to  Naval 
Mutinies. 

Adams,  William.  English  nayigator  (b.  Gil  ling- 
ham,  near  Chatham,  1575).  He  was  the  first  Eng- 
lishman to  take  up  his  residence  in  Japan,  and  lived 
there  from  1600  till  his  death  in  1620. 

Adamscn,  Alexander  (b.  Gla.sgow).  Educ.  Secular 
School,  Glasgow.  Apprenticfed  1861  to  the  Engineer- 
ing Works  of  Messrs  Randolph  and  Elder;  he  be- 
came Naval  Architect  there  and  continued  with  this 
firm,  which  is  now  known  as  "  The  Fairfield  Ship- 
building Company,"  till  1883,  when  he  joined  the 
firm  of  Messrs  Palmer  and  Co.,  of  Jarrow,  as  Ship- 
yard Manager.  Later  he  joined  the  firm  of  Messrs 
Armstrong,  Iditchell  and  Co.    He  left  this  firm  in 


ADAMSON 


ADMIRAL 


1888  to  take  the  Management  of  the  Shipyard  De- 
'partment  of  the  Naval  Construction  and  Armaments 
Co.,  Ltd.p  Barrow-in-Furness,  and  in  1891  became 
Managing  Director  of  these  Works.  In  1897  this 
business  was  purchased  by  Messrs  Vickers.  Sons  and 
Maxim,  who  still  retained  his  services,  until  he  re- 
tired from  active  business  in  1900.  During  his 
career  he  had  to  do  Mrith  the  building  of  some  480 
vessels,  representing  almost  every  conceivable  type; 
50  of  these  were  war- vessels  mostly  for  the  British 
Government,  beginning  with  H.M.  composite  gun- 
boat Midge  built  in  1868,  and  ending  with  H.M. 
battleship  Vengeance,  1900. 

AdamsQQ,  James  (b.  Stirlingshire.  January  8,  1850). 
Served  his  apprenticeship  at  Falkirk  and  Glasgow, 
and  then  went  to  sea  as  junior  engineer,  and  after 
obtaining  the  necessary  certificates  returned  to 
drawing  office  work.  Was  appointed  Assistant  En^ 
gineer  to  the  British  India  Steam  Navigation  Com- 
pany, Ltd.,  and  subsequently  became  their  Superin- 
tendent Engineer  at  the  Royal  Albert  Docks.  While 
in  Glasgow  he  devoted  considerable  time  to  the 
Glasgow  Foundry  Boys'  Society.  Is  Organising  and 
Hon.  Secretary  of  the  Institution  of  Marine  En- 
gineers. Member  of  the  Institution  of  Engineers 
and  Shipbuilders  of  Scotland. 

Publications:  "The  Marine  EngiBeer "  (1898), 
"  Seaborne  Traffic  "  (1900),  "  Our  Fuel  Supply  " 
(1902),  "  Technical  Education  "  (1904). 

Adamson,  WIUiam»  C.M.G.  1897.  0^-  Glasgow, 
1832).  Educated  privately.  A  merchant  of  the 
Straits  Settlements  and  for  many  years  resided  at 
Singapore.  Is  chairman  of  the  Straits  Settlements 
Association  and  a  director  of  the  P.  and  O.  Steam 
Navigation  Company,  and  was  decorated  ior  public 
service  in  connection  with  the  Colony. 

AJ).C.    Abbreviation  for  Aide-de-Camp  {q,v.). 

Adder.  U.S.  submarine.  (Elizabeth  Port,  1901.) 
Length,  63  ft.;  beam,  11  ft. ;  displacement,  120  tons; 
complement,  5 ;  torpedo  tubes,  i ;  Hp.,  160  sr  8  kts. 
above  water,  7  below. 

Address.     See  Post  Office. 

AdeLaar,  Cort  Sivartsea  (1622-75).  Danish  ad- 
miral (b.  Brevig,  Norway).  At  the  age  of  15  he 
became  a  cadet  in.  the  Dutch  fleet,  and  took  part  in 
the  famous  battle  of  the  Downs  (1639),  under  Tromp. 
In  1645  he  was  promoted  captain  in  the  service  of  the 
Venetian  Republic,  and  achieved  a  most  brilliant 
victory  at  the  Dardanelles  in  May,  1645,  when,  with 
his  own  vessel  alone,  he  broke  through  a  hne  of  S7 
Turkish  ships,  sinking  1 5,  burning  others  and  causing 
a  loss  to  the  enemy  of  5,000  men.  Returning  to 
Copenhagen  in  1663.  was  made  an  admiral  and  in 
1666  Admiral-General.  On  November  5,  1675, 
while  in  command  of  the  fleet  he  died  of  plague. 

Adelaide  Sieamsbip  Company,  with  their  head 
of&ces  at  Adelaide,  have  a  fleet  of  30  excellent 


steamers  which  maintain  sailings  from  Adelaide  for 
Australian  coast  ports.  A  steamer  leaves  Adelaide 
at  scheduled  times  for  Albany  and  Fremantle. 
transhipping  at  that  port  for  Esperance,  Geraldton 
and  all  north-west  ports  to  Wyndham.  A  service  is 
maintained  from  Adelaide  to  Melbourne,  Sydney, 
Newcastle,  Brisbane,  Maryborough,  Rockhampton, 
Makay,  Townsville  and  Cairns.  A  service  twice  a 
week  from  Adelaide  to  Spencer  Giflf.  calling  at  the 
principal  ports  en  route. 

Fleet. 

Adelaide,  Jnnamincha,        Narloo. 

Allinga.  Kadina,  Ouraka, 

Barrier.  Kolya.  Tarcoola. 

BtfUlarra.  Mintaro.  Willyatna. 

Colac.  Moonta,  Winfield. 

Dilkera.  Nardoo,  Wollowra. 

GratUala,  Yongala. 

Adialbatic.  The  relation  of  the  changes  which 
occur  in  the  pressure,  volume  and  temperature  of  a 
mass  of  gas,  which  is  subject  to  the  condition  that  it 
neither  parts  with,  nor  receives,  heat  during  the 
process. 

AdJQStmeiit  is  ascertaining  the  exact  amount  of 
indemnity  which  the  assured  is  entitled  to  receive 
under  the  policy;  embodying  the  particulars  in  a 
statement,  fudng  not  only  the  exact  amount  but  the 
proportion  of  the  indemnity  to  be  recovered  from 
each  underwriter.  The  compiler  of  this  statement 
is  called  an  Average  Adjuster  {q.v.). 

Refer  to  Average. 

Adler.  Austro-Hungarian  destroyer.  (Yarrow, 
1886.)  Length,  135  ft.;  beam,  13  ft.;  maximum 
draught,  6  ft. ;  displacement,  95  tons ;  complement, 
16;  armament,  2  nord.,  2  tubes;  Hp.,  900  =  22  kts.; 
coal  maximum,  28  tons. 

Adler.  Russian  torpedo-boat.  (Elbing,  1890.) 
Length,  1 52  ft. ;  beam,  17  ft. ;  draught,  7  ft. ;  displace- 
ment, 1 30  tons ;  complement,  40;  armament,  2  i-pdr., 
3  tubes;  Hp.,  2,200  =  27  ^ts,;  coal  maximum, 
50  tons. 

Admella.  Steamer  plying  between  Melbourne 
and  Adelaide,  struck  on  a  reef  August  6,  1859, 
when  72  persons  perished. 

Aflpnirftl,  An*  in  early  records  was  an  officer  of 
State  entrusted  by  the  Crown  with  safe-guarding  the 
seas,  and  all  matters  arising  at  sea  which  required 
official  investigation  and  were  not  within  the  juris- 
diction of  any  county,  were  referred  to  him  for  deci- 
sion. Early  in  the  fourteenth  century  there  seem  to 
have  been  three  admirals,  controlling  three  districts, 
viz.  (i)  the  Cinque  Ports  (q.v.),  and  all  ports  from 
Dover  to  Cornwall;  (2)  from  the  Thames  to  Berwick, 
and  (3)  the  Irish  Sea  coast.  The  first  Lord  High 
Admiral  was  appointed  in  1 360,  whose  Court,  in  the 
reign  of  Edward  IH.,  was  firmly  established  and 
began  to  assert  prominent  jurisdiction.      In  more 


ADMIRAL 


8 


ADMIRALTY 


modem  times  as  Judge  of  the  Admiralty  Court,  ap- 
pointed by  the  Crown,  deprived  the  Lord  High 
Admiral  of  his  judicial  powers,  and  in  1632  his  ad- 
ministrative functions  were  first  exercised  by  Com- 
missioners, commonly  known  as  the  Lords  of  the 
Admiralty  (q.v,).  The  present  powers  and  duties  of 
admirals  are  defined  by  the  Naval  Discipline  Act 
(^.t;.),  1866,  and  the  Admiralty  regulations.  Refer 
to  King's  Regulations. 

Admiral,  The  Lord  High*  0!  England.  This  office 
was  first  created  in  1406,  and  vested  in  John,  Earl  of 
Somerset.  It  was  created  for  the  purpose  of  taking 
over  the  legislation,  administration  and  protection 
of  the  Mercantile  Marine,  which  had  previously  been 
governed  by  a  body  of  mercantile  Admirals,  who, 
owing  to  the  feeble  manner  in  which  the  fieet  had 
been  administered,  came  into  existence  to  undertake 
the  safe-guarding  of  the  seas.  In  1632  the  office  was 
put  into  commission,  and  its  powers  have,  with  one 
or  two  short  intervals,  been  ever  since  vested  in  the 
Admiralty  authorities,  now  known  officially  as  Com- 
missioners, for  executing  the  office  of  Lord  High 
Admiral  of  the  United  Kingdom  of  Great  Britain 
and  Ireland. 

Admiral  Oreig.  Russian  coast  defence  battle- 
ship, 1870.     Of  no  fighting  value. 

Admiral  KomiloS.  Small  Russian  cruiser.  (La 
Seyne,  1887.) 

Length  351ft.  Beam  48ft.  Maximum  draught  20ft. 
Displacement  5,880  tons.     Complement  478. 
Guns.  Armour, 

14— 6  in.  "Steel." 

6 — 3pdr.  2 J  in.  Deck. 

6 — I  pdr. 
5 — I  pdr..  Boat. 

Torpedo  Tubes, 
6  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.  Hp.  natural,  7,500  =  17-5  kts.,  forced 
9,000  =  18*5  kts.    Coal  maximum  1,100  tons. 

Admiral  Komilow.  Russian  coast  defence 
battleship  (1870).     Of  no  fighting  value. 

Admiral  Lazereff.  Russian  coast  defence  bat- 
tleship (1870).      Of  no  fighting  value. 

Admiral  Makarow.  Russian  armoured  cruiser. 
(La  Seyne,   1906.) 

Length  443  ft.     Beam  75  ft.    Draught  23  ft. 
Displacement  7,900  tons.   Complement  500. 
Guns,  Armour. 

2—8  in.  "  Krupp." 

8—6  in.  7  in.  Belt,  amidships. 

20 — 12  pdr.  6  in.  Gun  shields. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
2  Submerged. 
Hp.,  16,500  =  21  kts.    Coal  maximum  1,000  tons. 

Admiral  Moorsom.  L.  and  N.W.R.  steamer.  Sunk 
by  collision  with  the  Santa  Clara  near  Holyhead; 
4  lives  lost. 


Admiral  Hakhimott.  Russian  armoured  cruiser 
(1885).  Sunk  by  the  Japanese  at  the  battle  of 
Tsushima,  May  27-29,  1905. 

Admiral  Ol  flie  fleet  is  an  honorary  distinction 
giving  no  command,  but  merely  an  increase  of  half- 
pay.  The  title  was  first  created  in  185 1,  when  Sir 
Thomas  Byam  Martin,  G.C.B.,  and  Sir  George 
Cockbum,  G.C.B.,  were  named  Admirals  of  the  Fleet, 
the  latter  receiving  the  honour  for  his  long  and 
highly  distinguished  services.  Should  an  Admiral 
of  the  Fleet  serve  afioat,  he  is  authorised  to  carry  the 
union  flag  at  the  main-top-gallant-mast  head.  In 
1874  the  number  of  Admirals  of  the  Fleet  was  in- 
creased to  three;  at  the  present  time  there  are  two 
honorary  Admirals  of  the  Fleet,  His  Imperial 
Majesty,  William  II.,  Emperor  of  Germany,  King  of 
Prussia,  G.C.V.O.,  and  his  Majesty  King  of  Sweden; 
and  four  Admirals  of  the  Fleet;  Sir  James  Elphin- 
stone,  K.C.B.,  Sir  Charles  Frederick  Hotham, 
G.C.B.,  G.C.V.O..  Right  Hon.  Lord  Walter  Talbot 
Kerr,  G.C.B,,  Sir  Edward  Hobart  Seymour,  G.C.B., 
O.M. 

Admiral  Oashavov.  Russian  coast  service  bat- 
tleship. (New  Admiralty,  1893.)  Sunk  by  the  Japa- 
nese at  the  battle  of  Tsushima,  May  27-29,  1905. 

Admiral  Seniavin.  See  Mishima^  Russian  coast 
service  battleship.  Captured  by  the  Japanese  at 
the  battle  of  Tsushima,  May  27-29,  1905. 

Admiral  Spiridoff.  Russian  coast  defence  bat- 
tleship (1870).    Of  no  fighting  value. 

Admiral  Tchitchagoff,  Russian  coast  defence 
battleship  (1870).    Of  no  fighting  value. 

Admiralty,  The,  is  that  Executive  Department  of 
the  State  which  presides  over  the  Royal  Naval  and 
Marine  forces  of  the  Kingdom. 

The  Board,  the  members  of  which  are  commonly 
known  as  the  Lords  of  the  Admiralty,  consUt  of  the 
First  Lord,  the  First  and  Second  Naval  Lords,  the 
Naval  Controller,  the  Junior  Naval  Lord,  the  Civil 
1x^6 ,  a  Parliamentary  and  Financial  Secretary,  and  a 
Permanent  Secretary.  The  business  of  the  Board  is 
divided  into  four  branches :  (i)  Personnel  of  the  Navy, 
organisation  and  marine  defence;  (2)  naval  con- 
struction, dockyards,  ordnance  and  stores;  (3) 
works  and  personnel  of  Civil  Depsotments;  (4) 
Finance. 

The  following  is  a  list  of  Lord  High  Admirals  and 
First  Lords  of  the  Admiralty,  from  the  time  of 
Charles  I.  to  the  present  date: 

r66o.  James  Duke  of  York, 

1673.  King  Charles  the  Second. 

1673.  Prince  Rupert. 

1679.  Sir  Henry  Capell,  Kt. 

1680.  Daniel  Finch,  Esq. 

1 68 1.  Daniel  Lord  Finch. 

1684.  Daniel  Earl  of  Nottingham. 

1684.  James  Duke  of  York  (and  as  James  II.). 


ADMIRALTY 


ADMIRALTY 


1689.  Arthur  Herbert,  Esq. 

1690.  Thomas  Earl  of  Pembroke  add  Montgomery. 

1692.  Charles  Lord  Com walUs. 

1693.  Anthony  Viscount  Falkland. 

1694.  Edward  Russel,  Esq. 
1697.  Edward  Earl  of  Oxford. 
1699.  John  Earl  of  Bridgewater. 

1 701.  Thomas  Earl  of  Pembroke  and  Montgomery. 

1702.  George  Prince  of  Denmark. 

1708.  Thomas  Earl  of  Pembroke  and  Montgomery. 

1709.  Edward  Earl  of  Oxford. 

1 7 10.  Sir  John  Leake,  Kt. 
17x2.  Thomas  Earl  of  Strafford. 
1 7 14.  Edward  Earl  of  Oxford. 

1 71 7.  James  Earl  of  Berkeley. 

1727.  Lord  Viscount  Torrington. 

1733.  Sir  Charles  Wager,  Kt. 

1 74 1.  Daniel  Earl  of  Winchelsea  and  Nottingham. 

1744.  John  Duke  of  Bedford. 

1748.  John  Earl  of  Sandwich. 

175 1.  George  Ix>rd  Anson. 

1756.  Richard  Earl  Temple. 

1757.  Daniel  Earl  of  Winchelsea  and  Nottingham. 
1757.  George  Lord  Anson. 

1762.  George  Dank  Earl  of  Halifax. 

1762.  George  Grenville,  Esq. 
1763    John  Earl  of  Sandwich. 

1763.  John  Earl  of  Egmont. 
1766.  Sir  Charles  Saunders,  K.B. 
1766.  Sir  Edward  Hawke,  K.B. 
^77^-  John  Earl  of  Sandwich. 
1782.  Hon.  Augustus  Keppel. 

1782.  Augustus  Viscount  Keppel. 

1783.  Richard  Viscount  Howe. 
1783.  Augustus  Viscount  Keppel. 
1783.  Richard  Viscount  Howe. 
1788.  John  Earl  of  Chatham. 
1794.  George  John  Earl  Spencer. 
1801,  John  Earl  of  St.  Vincent,  K.B. 

1804.  Henry  Lord  Viscount  Melville. 

1805.  Charles  Lord  Bartram. 

1806.  Charles  Gray.  Esq. 
z8o6.  Thomas  Grenville,.  Esq. 

1807.  Henry  Lord  Mulgrave. 
1809.  Right  Hon.  Charles  Yorke. 

1812.  Right  Hon.  Robert  Viscount  Melville. 
1827.  H.R.H.  William  Henry  Duke  of  Clarence. 
182B.  Right  Hon.  Robert  Viscount  Melville<  K.T. 
1830.  Right  Hon.  Sir  James  R.  G.  Graham,  Bart. 
1834.  Right  Hon.  George  Baron  Auckland. 

1834.  Thomas  Philip  Earl  de  Grey. 

1835.  Right  Hon.  George  Baron  Auckland. 
1835.  Gilbert  Earl  of  Minto,  G.C.B, 

1 841.  Thomas  Earl  of  Haddington. 

1846.  Right  Hon.  Edward  Earl  of  Ellenborough. 

1846.  Right  Hon    George  Earl  of  Auckland  (died 

January  i,  1849). 
1849.  Right  Hon.  Su:  Francis  T.  Baring,  Bart. 
1852.  Algernon  Percy  Duke  of  Northamberland,  K.G. 
185  3«  Right  Hon.  Sir  James  R.  G.  Graham,  Bart, 
1855.  Right  Hon.  Sir  Charles  Wood,  Bart. 


1858.  Right  Hon.  Sir  John  Pakington,  Bart. 

1859.  Edward  A.  St.  Maur  Duke  of  Somerset,  K.G. 

1866.  Right  Hon.  Sir  J.  S.  Pakington,  Bart.,  G.C.B. 

1867.  Right  Hon.  Henry  Thomas  Lowry  Corry. 

1868.  Right  Hon.  Hugh  Culling  Eardley  Childers. 
1 87 1.  Right  Hon.  George  Joachim  Goschen. 
1874.  Right  Hon.  George  Ward  Hunt. 

1877.  Right  Hon.  William  Henry  Smith. 
1880.  Earl  of  Northbit>ok. 

1885.  Lord  George  Hamilton. 

1886.  The  Marquis  of  Ripon,  K.G. 
1886.  Lord  George  Hamilton. 
1892.  Earl  Spencer,  K.G. 

1895.  Right  Hon.  G.  T.  Goschen. 
1900.  Earl  of  Selbome. 
1903.  Right  Hon.  Earl  Caudor. 
1906.  Lord  Tweedmouth. 

Admiralty  Aetioos  are  either  in  rem — i.e.,  against  the 
property  out  of  which  the  claim  has  arisen;  or  in 
personam-^.e.,  directly  against  the  person  from  whom 
relief  is  claimed.  Proceedings  in  rem  are  peculiar  to 
Admiralty,  and  are  only  available  when  the  res  is 
within  the  jurisdiction  of  the  Court.  This  form  of 
action  applies  to  cases  where  a  maritime  lien  (q.v.) 
is  sought  to  be  enforced  or  where  owner  seeks  to 
obtain  possession  of  ship  {q.v.).  Actions  in  personam 
are  similar  to  ordinary  actions  tried  in  other  divisions 
of  the  High  Court,  and  are  adopted  where  the  res  is 
out  of  the  jurisdiction  and  consequently  cannot  be 
arrested.  Wliere  an  action  has  once  been  com- 
menced in  either  of  these  forms,  it  cannot  afterwards 
be  changed,  and  a  judgment  obtained  in  a  personal 
action  cannot  be  enforced  by  proceedings  in  rem,  but 
where  there  is  a  remedy  both  in  personam  and  in 
rem,  a  person  who  has  resorted  to  one  may,  if  he  does 
not  thereby  get  full  satisfaction,  resort  to  the  other. 
Refer  to  Admiralty  Division;  Admiralty  Registry; 
Arrest  of  Ship;  Restraint  on  Ship;  Bail;  Prelimi- 
nary Act;  Taxation;  Trial. 

Admiralty  Advocate.  The  Admiralty  Advocate, 
originally  the  Advocate  of  the  Lord  High  Admiral, 
was  an  oflScer  of  the  Cro^Ti  in  the  Court  of  Admiralty 
whose  duty  it  was  to  represent  the  Crown  in  its  office 
qi  Admiralty.  His  present  duties  consist  chiefly  in 
advising  on  all  legal  matters,  and  on  affairs  connected 
with  the  military  duties  of  the  Lord  High  Admiral. 
During  the  last  reign  the  oflices  of  Admiralty  Advo- 
cate and .  Jud^e  Advocate  of  the  Fleet  (q.v.)  were 
combined. 

Admiralty  Bail  takes  the  form  of  a  bond  executed 
by  two  sureties  who  thus  agree  to  submit  themselves 
tp  the  jurisdiction  of  the  Court,  and  is  the  security 
given  to  prevent  detention  of  a  ship  through  arrest 
by  the  Court  in  Admiralty  proceedings  in  rem.  How- 
ever great  the  claim,  the  amount  of  bail  need  not 
exceed  the  value  of  the  ship,  which  may  be  an  amount 
either  agreed  upon,  or  ascertained  by  appraisement 
(g.v.),  and  if  bail  has  been  given  for  a  sum  greater 


ADMIRALTY 


lO 


ADMIRALTY 


than  the  value  of  the  res,  it  is  only  liable  to  the  ex- 
tent of  that  value,  and  if  excessive  bail  is  demanded 
the  plain tifi  will  have  to  pay  the  costs  and  expenses 
incurred  by  the  defendant  in  giving  bail.  Where  the 
award  exceeds  the  amount  of  bail  the  balance  can  be 
recovered  in  an  action  in  personam,  but  where  the 
amount  of  bail  is  less  than  the  value  of  the  res,  the 
property  is  liable  to  rearrest. 

Bail  may  be  taken  before  the  Admiralty  Regis- 
trar, or  before  any  District  Registrar  or  Commis- 
sioner to  administer  oaths  in  the  Supreme  Court.  In 
every  case  the  sureties,  who  must  not  be  partners, 
must  justify.  Refer  to  Restraint  on  Ship;  Admiralty 
Action. 

Admiralty  Charts  when  issued  by  Messrs.  J.  D. 
Potter,  145  Minories,  London,  E.,  have  received  all 
necessary  corrections  to  date  of  issue ;  when  ordering, 
the  number  of  the  chart  will  be  found  in  the  lower 
right  hand  comer  and  this  should  be  quoted. 

Admiralty  Ckxirt.    See  Admiralty  High  Court. 

Admiralty  Court  of  the  Cinqae  Ports,  The,  exercises 
within  its  local  bounds,  a  jurisdiction  analogous  to 
the  inherent  jurisdiction  of  the  High  Court  of 
Admiralty.  That  is  to  say,  it  has  power  to  deal  with 
cases  of  torts  committed  on  the  high  seas,  suits  for 
salvage,  possession,  hypothecation  and  seamen's 
wages.  It  also  hears  cases  on  appeal  from  the  County 
Courts  and  from  the  Cinque  Ports  Salvage  Com- 
missioners. Its  practice  and  procedure,  except  in  so 
far  as  they  are  afiected  by  the  Cinque  Ports  Court  of 
Admiralty  Rules  1891,  arc  similar  to  those  of  the 
High  Court,  and  appeals  lie  to  the  Privy  Council. 
The  boundaries  of  its  jurisdiction  are  from  Red  Cliff 
near  Seaford  to  within  5  miles  of  Cape  Grisnez  in 
France,  thence  round  the  Overfall  shoal,  passing  to 
the  east  of  the  Galloper  Sand  till  its  north  end  bears 
W.N.W.  (true)  from  the  Galloper,  thence  in  a  direct 
line  across  the  Middle  Thwart  shoal  to  Maze  Tower, 
and  thence,  following  the  course  of  the  shore,  to  Shore 
Beacon  in  Essex. 

Admiralty  Diviston,  The,  is  a  division  of  the  High 
Court  of  Justice  established  in  its  present  form  by 
the  Judicature  Acts,  1873  and  1875,  and  is  governed 
by  the  Rules  of  the  Supreme  Court,  1883.  The  Bench 
is  composed  of  two  Judges,  one  of  whom,  as  Presi- 
dent of  the  Probate,  Divorce  and  Admiralty  Divi- 
sion, is  a  member  of  the  Court  of  Appeal.  For  causes 
within  the  exclusive  jurisdiction  of  the  Admiralty 
Division  see  High  Court  of  Admiralty.  The  Ad- 
miralty Division  has  the  same  powers  of  transfer  and 
consolidation  of  actions  as  other  divisions  of  the 
High  Court,  and  has  concurrent  jurisdiction  with  the 
Inferior  Courts  of  Admiralty,  whose  jurisdiction  is 
limited  by  the  amount  of  claim  or  value  of  the  pro- 
perty against  which  it  is  to  be  enforced,  or  by  local 
bounds.  Refer  to  Admiralty  Action;  Admiralty 
Jurisdiction. 

Admiralty  Droits,  once  the  perquisites  of  the  I^rd 


High  Admiral,  now  belong  to  the  Sovereign  in  his 
office  of  Admiralty.  They  consist  of  all  property, 
including  ships,  boats,  cargoes,  found  dcrehct  on  the 
high  seas,  and  of  things  flotsam,  jetsam,  and  lagan, 
not  granted  to  a  subject,  e.g.,  lords  of  manors.  The 
jurisdiction  as  to  all  these  things  is  now  vested  in  the 
Admiralty  Division.  Unclaimed  derelict  property, 
subject  to  the  salvor's  reward,  goes  to  the  Crown, 
forming  part  of  the  casual  revenues  of  the  Crown,  and 
is  carried  to  the  consolidated  fund,  but  property 
found  within  territorial  waters  is  dealt  with  by  the 
Receiver  of  Wreck  (q.v.)  under  the  Merchant  Ship- 
ping Act,  1894. 


,  The.    See  Naval  Ceremonies. 


Admiralty,  High  Coart  o(  was  originally  the  Court 
of  the  Lord  High  Admiral.  Its  jurisdiction  was  two- 
fold: (i)  As  a  Prize  Court  it  dealt  with  captures  and 
seizures  of  vessels  and  goods  in  times  of  war.  (2)  As 
an  Instance  Court  it  had  criminal  jurisdiction  over 
all  offences  committed  on  the  high  seas,  not  triable 
by  the  Common  Law  Courts,  and,  until  1866,  ad- 
ministered discipline  in  the  Navy.  The  exclusive 
civil  jurisdiction  of  the  Instance  Court  was  at  first 
limited  to  private  injuries  to  private  rights  arising  at 
sea,  i.e.,  to  contracts  of  a  marine  nature  and  to  torts 
to  property  committed  on  the  high  seas  or  with  the 
jurisdiction  of  Admiralty.  By  modern  statutes  its 
powers  were  extended  to  include  salvage  to  life  and 
property,  bottomry,  necessaries,  supplies  to  foreign 
ships,  possession  of  ships,  collision  or  damage  to 
persons  or  property,  towage,  wages,  pilotage,  dis- 
bursements by  master,  mortgage,  title,  ownership 
and  management  of  ships,  and.  in  186 1.  concurrently 
with  the  Chancery  Court,  Limitation  of  Liability 
suits.  In  1S35  the  criminal  jurisdiction  was  trans- 
ferred to  the  Central  Criminal  Court,  and  by  the 
Judicature  Acts,  1873  and  1875  the  civil  jurisdiction 
passed  the  Admiralty  Division  (q.v.)  of  the  High 
Court. 

Admiralty  JnrisdietiQn  is  co-extensive  with  the 
general  jurisdiction  of  the  High  Court,  but  reaches 
still  further  in  that  it  extends  over  all  British  ships 
in  all  parts  of  the  world,  and  has  power  to  deal  with 
all  transactions  of  every  description  between  British 
subjects  and  those  of  all  other  nations  in  relation  to 
marine  matters,  mercantile  or  otherwise.  Its  juris- 
diction extends  over  all  offences  committed  on  the 
high  seas,  whether  triable  at  the  Common  Law 
Courts  or  not.  At  the  present  time  this  criminal 
jurisdiction  is  exercised  by  the  Central  Criminal 
Court,  whereof  the  Judge  of  the  Admiralty  Court  is 
a  member;  and  all  offences  within  the  jurisdiction  o 
Admiralty  are  triable  within  the  county  wherein  the 
offender  is  arrested.  Refer  to  Admiralty  Action; 
Admiralty  Division. 

Admiralty  Knol  A  geographical  mile,  6,080  feet 
~  X  *oi  3^  fathoms  81*15  mile  statute.  Refer ^  to 
Knot, 


ADMIRALTY 


II 


ADVENTURE 


Admiralty  Light  List.  Published  annually  at  the 
beginning  of  each  year,  and  appendices  are  issued 
every  two  months,  giving  the  alterations  that  have 
taken  place. 

Admiralty  Registry.  The  Admiralty  Court  does 
not  go  into  details  in  matters  relating  to  the  assess- 
ment of  damages  or  matters  of  account,  but  refers 
them  either  to  the  Registrar  alone,  or  to  the  Regis- 
trar assisted  by  merchants,  who  are  appointed  by 
him  and  have  experience  in  shipping  and  mercantile 
affairs.  The  hearing  of  the  reference  is  governed  by 
Order  56  of  the  rules  of  the  Supreme  Court,  Wit- 
nesses may  be  examined  and  evidence  given  by 
affidavit.  At  the  close  of  the  proceedings  the  Re- 
gistrar makes  his  report,  showing  the  items  allowed 
and  disallowed.  Objections  to  the  report  are  brought 
before  the  Court  by  petition  in  objection  or  by 
motion. 

Adria  Royal  Hmigarian  Sea  HavigaiioD  Company, 

with  their  head  offices  at  Fiume,  have  a  fleet  of  ex- 
cellent steamers  engaged  in  passenger  and  cargo 
trade  to  Italy  and  the  Mediterranean  ports.  Steam- 
ers sail  regularly  from  Fiume  and  Trieste,  to 
Venice,  Bari,  Messina,  Catania,  Malta,  Tunis,  Algiers, 
Gibraltar,  Tangiers  and  Malaga.  A  steamer  sails 
daily  (Mondays  excepted)  from  Malta  to  Syracuse. 
Steamers  leave  Fiume  and  Trieste  regularly  for 
Malta,  Catania,  Messina,  Palermo,  Naples,  Genoa, 
Nice,  Marseilles,  Barcelona  and  Valencia. 

Adriatic  Sea  (Adriaticum  Mere  of  the  Ancients) 
is  that  arm  of  the  Mediterranean  which  separates 
Italy  from  Trieste,  Croatia,  Dalmatia  and  Albania. 
It  extends  from  40**  to  45*  50'  N.  Lat.  in  a  N.W. 
direction.  Its  greatest  length  is  460  m.,  its  general 
breadth  about  90  m.,  and  its  depth  varies,  at  the 
south  being  as  much  as  860  fathoms,  shoaling  to  4 
fathoms  in  shore  and  from  23  to  a6  fathoms  in  the 
centre  of  the  north  part.  The  colour  is  green,  dar- 
ker than  that  of  the  Mediterranean,  and  its  saltness 
is  greater  than  the  ocean.  The  ebb  and  flow  of  the 
tides  are  inconsiderable.  A  current  runs  up  the  E. 
and  down  the  W.  coasts.  The  prevalence  of  sudden 
squalls  from  the  N.E.  and  S.E.  renders  its  naviga- 
tion, particularly  for  sailing  vessels,  hazardous,  espe- 
cially in  winter.  The  chief  industry  is  fishing,  and 
the  chief  ports  are  Brindisi,  Ancona  and  Venice; 
Trieste,  Pola  and  Fiume;  Corfu;  Zante,  Vostizza, 
Patras  and  Kalamata. 

See  "  Highlands  and  Islands  of  the  Adriatic,"  by 
A.  A.  Paton  (1849);  "  Shores  of  the  Adriatic,"  by 
Viscountess  Strangford  (1864) ;  Faber's  "  Fisheries  of 
the  Adriatic"  (1883.) 

Adrift.    Flowing  at  random. 

Ad  Valorem.    According  to  value. 

Ad  Valorem  Daty  is  duty  or  customs  paid  on  cer- 
tain goods  according  to  their  value  in  contradistinc- 
tion to  duty  paid  according  to  weight,  number,  or 
measure.  The  term  is  also  used  of  stamp  duties 
which,  in  many  cases,  are  payable  under  the  Stamp 


Act,  1 891,  according  to  the  value  of  the  subject 
matter  of  the  particular  instrument  or  writing,  e,g,, 
the  stamp  duty  on  Charter-Parties  and  Bills  of 
Lading. 

Advance.  In  1853  Dr.  Kane,  with  this  little 
brig  of  120  tons,  undertook  to  lead  an  American  ex- 
pedition up  Smith  Sound.  They  were  stopped  by  ice 
78°  45'  N.,  only  17  miles  from  the  entrance;  and  the 
vessel  was  subsequently  abandoned.  Refer  to  Arctic 
Exploration. 

Advanoe  Note  is  a  document  issued  by  a  Ship- 
owner or  his  agent,  undertaking  to  pay  to  a  seaman 
or  his  order  a  sum  of  money  not  exceeding,  one 
month's  wages,  within  a  certain  number  of  days 
after  he  has  sailed  in  the  ship.  This  restriction  as  to 
the  amount  advanced  does  not  apply  to  seamen  en- 
gaged at  a  foreign  port. 

Save  as  aforesaid  any  agreement  to  pay  money  to, 
or  on  behalf  of,  a  seaman  conditionally  on  his  going  to 
sea  from  any  port  in  the  United  Kingdom  is  void, 
and  no  money  paid  under  any  such  agreement  shall 
be  deducted  from  wages.  An  Allotment  Note  is  an 
agreement  by  which  a  seaman  authorises  a  ship- 
owner to  pay  over  to  his  near  relatives  or  a  savings 
bank  any  part  (not  exceeding  one-half)  of  his  wages 
during  hia  abeence.  Payment  under  such  a  note, 
which  must,  be  made  in  a  form  ^proved  by  the 
Board  of  Trade,  shall  begin  at  the  expiration  of  one 
month,  or,  if  the  allotment  is  in  favour  of  a  sav- 
ings bank,  of  three  months,  from  the  date  of  the 
agreement  with  the  crew,  or  at  such  later  date  as 
may  be  fixed  by  the  agreement. 

Advanees.  These  generally  are  expenses  incurred 
ia  connection  with  a  vessel  putting  into  an  interme 
diate  port  of  refuge  and  there  incurring  certain  ex  • 
penses  which  are  usually  paid  by  the  ship's  agent  on 
behalf  of  all  interests  and  are  payable  by  cargo  and 
freight  in  certain  proportions  on  Adjustment.  There 
is,  therefore,  an  insurable  interest  to  thepa3rer  of  these 
expenses  from  the  port  of  refuge  to  destination 
(Lowndes  on  the  Law  of  Marine  Insurance,  s.  32). 
The  expenses  are  usually  insured  as  '*  Average  Dis- 
bursements." 

Adveniore.    British  scout.    (Elswick,  1904.) 
Length  370  ft.  Beam  38  ft.  Maximum  draught  I3jft. 
Displacement  2,750  tons.     Complement  268. 
Guns.  Armour, 

10—12  pdr.  I J  in.  Deck. 

8 — Pompoms, 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
2  Submerged. 
Twin  screw.    Hp.  17,000  =  25  kts.  Coal  maximum 
380  tons.    Approximate  cost  ;£2 7 5, 000. 
This  ship-name  is  associated  with  Blake's  action 
with  Tromp  off  Dover,  1652;  the  battle  off  the  North 
Foreland,  1652;  Barfleur  and  La  Hogue,  1692;  cap- 
ture of  Belleisle,  1761 ;  Cook's  second  voyage  of  dis- 
covery, 1772. 


ADVICE 


12 


AEROLITES 


Advice.  An  advice  note  is  the  instruction  usually 
given  by  one  merchant  to  another,  informing  him 
with  particulars  of  date  or  sight,  the  sum  payable 
and  the  payee,  and  relates  especially  to  the  drawing 
of  bills  and  the  forwarding  of  goods. 

Admna.  Japanese  armoured  cruiser.  (St.  Na- 
Zaire,  190X.} 

Length  431  ft.  Beam  59  ft.  Maximum  draught  25  ft. 
Displacement  9,436  tons.      Complement  482. 
Guns,  Armour, 

4—8  in.  "  Harvey  Steel." 

12 — 6  in.  7  in.  Belt  amidsOiips. 

12 — 3  in.  6  in.  Barbettes. 

8 — 1*8  in.  6  in.  Conning  tower. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
'  4  Submerged. 
I  Above  water. 
Hp.  17,000  =  20  kts.    Coal  maximum  1,300  tons. 

A.E.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Emden,  Germany. 

iEi.  Lloyd's  classification  for  wood  ships  when 
carrying  perishable  goods  on  short  voyages. 

ASgeaa  Sea.  The  north-east  part  of  the  Mediterra- 
nean Sea  now  more  commonly  known  as  the  Grecian 
Archipelago.  Boimded  on  the  north  by  Turkey, 
west  by  Greece  and  east  by  Asia  Minor.  Its  waters 
are  studded  with  islands  and  its  shores  greatly  in> 
dented. 

iSSgean  Steam  Navigation  Company,  with  the  head 
offices  at  Constantinople,  possess  a  fleet  of  10  steam- 
ers which  maintain  a  service  to  meet  the  passenger 
and  cargo  demands  of  the  Mediterranean.  A  weekly 
service  is  maintained  from  Constantinople  to  Mity* 
lene,  Smyrna,  Chios  and  Piraeus;  another  service 
to  Gythinm,  Calamae,  Patrae,  Corcyra,  St  Sarante, 
Aulona,  and  Trieste;  another  service  to  the  Dar- 
danelles, Thessalonica  and  Bulus;  another  service  to 
Bama,  Sulina.  Toulsta,  Galirium»  and  Balia;  and 
four  other  services  to  local  ports. 

Fleet. 

Alexandria,  Crete.  Panormos. 

Braila,  Heraclea.      P.  Mitylcna. 

Chios.  Naples,         Smyrna. 

Odessa, 

iEser.    Norwegian  gun-boat.    (Horten,    1893.) 

Length  108  ft.  Beam  29  ft.  Maximum  draught  8  ft. 

Displacement  387  tons.     Complement  43. 

Guns, 
1—8-2  in. 
I — 27  in. 
2 — 1-9  in. 
Hp.  450  —  9  kts. 

JBgkt,    The  Giant  Sea-god  of  the  Norse  Sagas. 

2Elgir.    German  coast  service  battleship   (1895). 
Length  254  ft.  Beam  49  ft.  Maximum  draught  i8(t. 
Displacement  4,150  tons.     Complement  297. 


Guns. 
3 — 9*4  in. 
10 — i5i  pdr. 
6 — 1  pdr. 
4 — ^Machine. 


Armour. 
"  Nickel-steel." 
9  in.  Belt. 
8  in.  Barbettes. 
7  in.  Conning  tower. 


Torpedo  Tubes. 
3  Submerged  bow  and  broadside. 
I  Above  water  stem. 
Twin  screw.  Hp.  5,100  =  15  J  kts.  Coal  maximum 
580  tons. 

Agoipotamoi,  Battle  of.  Fought  405  b.c.  when  the 
Spartans  under  Nysander  defeated  the  Athenian 
Fleet. 

ASneas.  Transport  lost  off  Newfoundland  Octo- 
ber 23,  1805,  when  340  perished. 

SkAoM  (Gr.  Fleet).  In  heathen  mythology  the  god 
of  the  winds.  In  the  "  Odessey  "  he  is  mentioned  as 
the  Ruler  of  the  £olian  (Lipari)  Islands,  to  whom 
Jupiter  had  given  the  superintendence  and  distribu- 
tion of  the  winds;  and  he  was  supposed  to  have  kept 
them  immured  in  a  cave. 

2E6l0B.    British  3rd  class  cruiser  (1891). 
Length  300  ft.  Beam  43  ft.  Maximum  draught  18  ft. 
Displacement  3,400  tons.     Complement  273. 
Guns.  Armour. 

2—6  in.  "  Steel." 

6 — 4'7  in.  2  in.  Deck. 

8 — 6  pdr.  3  in.  Conning  tower. 

1 — 3P<ir- 
4 — ^Machine. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (14  in.). 
4  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.   Hp.  natural  7,000  =  18-5  kts..  forced 
9,000  s:  20  kts.    Coal  maximum  535  tons. 
Approximate  cost  ;^200,ooo. 
This  ship-name  is  associated  with  Elliot's  defeat 
of  Thurot.  1760;  capture  of  Martinique,  1809;  bom- 
bardment of  SveabociK,  1855. 

^Bran.  Swedish  coast  defence  battieship. 
(Gothenburg,  1902.) 

Length  287  ft.    Beam  49  ft.    Draught  16  ft. 
Displacement  3.600  tons.    Complement  250. 
Guns.  Armour. 

2—8-2  in.  "  Krupp." 

6 — 5*9  in.  7  in.  Belt  amidships. 

10— 2*2  in.  7  in.  Turrets. 

2 — 1*4  in.     ■  5  in.  Conning  tower. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
2  Submerged. 
Hp.  6,500  =  17  kts.    Coal  maximum  1,900  tons. 

Aeroolinosoope.  A  weather  indicator  by  which  the 
variation  of  the  barometer  and  the  direction  of  the 
wind  may  be  signalled. 

Aendites  (Gr.  air-stones)  are  stone  or  metaUic 
masses  falling  from  the  sky,  known  as  fire-balls,  fall- 
ing or  shooting  stars,  meteoric  stones,  thunderbolts, 
etc.   Some  of  these  meteors  are  almost  entirely  stone, 


AEROSTATICS 


13 


AFRICAN 


others  a  mixture  of  stone  and  iron.  In  1492  one  fell 
at  Knsisheini  in  Alsace,  weighing  270  Ibe.  Gassendi, 
in  1627,  saw  one  fall  in  Provence,  which  weighed 
59  lbs.  In  1620  one  fell  in  the  Punjab,  and  was 
forged  into  a  sword  for  Jehangir,  one  of  the  Indian 
emperois.  Probably  the  largest  on  record  is  that 
which  fell  in  Brazil  and  is  said  to  weigh  over  6  tons. 
Aerolites  often  reach  the  earth  in  groups,  or  showers, 
as  at  L'Aigle  in  Normandy,  1803;  at  New  Concord, 
Ohio,  i860;  and  atDhurmsala,  Punjab,  i860.  The 
German  physicist,  Reichenbach,  estimates  that  at 
least  4,500  aerolites  of  all  sizes  fall  every  year. 

See  Arogo's  "  Popular  Astronomy  ";  Brit.  Assoc. 
"  Report  on  Meteors  ";  Fletcher's  "  An  Introduc- 
tion of  the  Study  of  Meteorites  ";  Bonney's  "Story 
of  our  Planets  ";  Lockyer's  "  Meteoric  Hypothesis  " 
(1890). 

Aerosiatiof .    See  Hydrostatics. 

Aetbxi0f00P6.  An  instrument  consisting  of  a 
differential  thermometer,  both  bulbs  contained  in  a 
cup-shaped  mirror,  and  one  of  them  in  the  focus, 
designed  by  Leslie  in  18 17,  for  the  purpose  of 
measuring  changes  of  temperature.  By  this  instru- 
ment, even  slight  variations  of  temperature  due  to 
changes  in  the  condition  of  the  sky  can  be  esti- 
mated. 

AllledCt  Sir  Edmund  (1723-88).  Admiral, 
British  Navy.  In  command  of  the  Bedford,  which 
took  a  pr<aninent  part  in  the  engagement  off  Cape  St. 
Vincent  {1780).  For  services  rendered  in  the  West 
Indies  under  Rodney  (q.v.)  and  Hood  {q,v.)  (1782- 
84),  he  was  created  a  baronet  and  promoted  to 
the  rank  of  Rear-Admiral. 

Affondatore.  Obsolete  Italian  battleship.  Of 
no  fighting  value;  now  used  as  torpedo  dep6t  in 
harbour. 

ASraighimfiQt  is  a  contract  for  the  carriage  of 
goods  by  sea,  expressed  in  a  charter-party  (q.v.)  or 
biU  of  lading  (q.v.)  Apart  from  express  exceptions 
in  the  contract,  or  statutory  limitations  {see  Dan- 
gerous Goods:  Limitation  of  Liability),  a  ship- 
owner is  under  the  same  liabilities  for  the  safe  carriage 
of  goods  as  a  "common  earner" — i^.,  he  is  responsible 
for  loss  or  damage  to  goods  in  his  charge,  unless 
caused  by  an  Act  of  God,  the  King's  enemies,  some 
inherent  vice  in  the  goods,  improper  packing,  or 
jettison  (q.v.) ;  and  only  in  these  cases  is  he  protected 
if  he  has  taken  reasonable  care  to  avoid  the  danger, 
and  if  the  ship  is  fitted  to  receive  the  goods  and  sea- 
worthy, and  has  not  improperly  deviated  from  her 
usual  course.  The  liability  of  a  "  common  carrier  " 
commences  as  soon  as  goods  are  delivered  to  him  or 
his  agent,  and  ceases  upon  actual  delivery  to  the 
consignee,  or  upon  failure  by  the  consignee  to  fetch 
the  goods  after  notice  of  arrival.  Where,  however,  a 
pilot  is  employed  by  compulsion  of  law  and  owing  to 
his  negligence  a  collision  occurs  whereby  goods  car- 
ried in  the  ship  are  damaged,  the  shipowner  cannot 
be  held  liable.    Words  in  such  contracts  "  are  to  be 


understood  in  their  plain,  ordinary  and  popular 
sense  unless  they  have  generally,  in  respect  to  the 
subject  matter,  as  by  a  known  usage  of  trade,  or 
the  like,  acquired  a  peculiar  sense."  The  law  ap- 
plicable to  contracts  of  affreightment,  unless  other- 
wise specified,  is  the  law  of  the  flag  under  which  the 
ship  sails. 

Afloat.     Supported  by  water.      A  term  used  for 
being  on  board  ship. 

Africa.    British   ist   class  battieship.   (Chatham, 
1905.) 
Length  453  ft.   Beam  78  ft.   Mean  draught  26  ft. 
Displacement  16,350  tons.     Complement  ^77' 
Guns.  A  rmour. 

4 — 12  in.  "Krupp." 

4—9*2  in.  9  in.  Belt  amidships . 

10— 6  in.  12  in.  Barbettes. 

14 — 12  pdr.  12  in.  Conning  tower. 

U — 3  P^r. 
2  Maxims. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
4  Submerged  broadside. 
I  Submerged  stem. 
Twin  screw.    Hp.  18,000  =  18*5  kts.    Coal  maxi- 
mum 2,000  tons.    Approximate  cost  ;^i  ,500,000. 

A  ship  of  this  name  was  with  Hughes  against  De 
Suffren  in  the  East  Indies  off  Cuddalore,  1783; 
Nelson  at  Trafalgar,  1805. 

Afrioan  Steamship  Oompany,  now  under  the 
management  of  Messrs.  Elder,  Dempster  and  Co., 
was  the  earliest  African  Line  and  was  founded  in 
1832.  This  company  received  its  charter  in  1852 
with  an  annual  subsidy  of  ;£30,ooo  for  a  monthly 
mail  and  passenger  service,  which  it  has  maintained 
ever  since.  The  pioneer  boats  of  this  company,  the 
Forerunner,  Faith,  Hope  and  Charity,  rendered  valu- 
able service  during  the  Crimean  War. 

Steamers  leave  Liverpool  regularly  on  the  Opobo 
service  for  Teneriffe,  Grand  Canary,  Goree,  Dakar, 
Rufisque.  Bathurst,  Sierra  Leone,  Monrovia,  Grand 
Bassa,  Cape  Palmas,  Axim,  Sekondi,  Cape  Coast 
Castle,  Accra,  Addah,  Kotonou,  Bonny,  New  Cala- 
bar, Bakana,  Buguma,  Degama,  Abonema,  Opobo, 
and  Egwanga;  on  the  Lagos  Express  Service  for 
Grand  Canary,  Sierra  Leone,  Axim,  Sekondi,  Cape 
Coast  Castie,  Accra,  Lagos  Road,  Forcados  (for 
Lagos)  and  Burutu;  on  the  South  Coast  Express 
Service  for  Sierra  Leone,  Axim,  Sekondi,  Cape  Coast 
Castle,  Accra,  Lagos  Roads,  Forcados,  Bonny,  Cala- 
bar, Cameroons,  St  Thoma,  Landana,  Cabenda, 
Banana.  San  Antonio,  Noqui,  Boma,  Maradi, 
MucuUa.  Ambrizette,  Mussera,  Kinsembo,  Ambrixo 
Loanda  (if  inducement  offers),  Lobito  Bay  and 
Benguela,  also  to  Fernando  Po,  Rio  del  Ray,  Vic- 
toria, Plantation,  Knbi,  Batanga,  Bata,  Eloby, 
Ukaka,  Botica,  Babo(Mi,  Cape  Lopez,  Setta  Camma, 
Nyanga,  Mayumba,  Quillo  and  Loango;  on  the 
Brass  Service  for  Madeira,  Teneriffe,  Grand  Colony, 
Conakry,    Sierra    Leone,    Lahou.    Grand    Bassa, 


AFRIDI 


H 


AIR 


Assinee,  Axim,  Sekondi,  Cape  Colony,  Saltpond, 
Accra,  Lagos  Roads,  Brass,  Akassa,  Forcados,  Warri, 
Benin  and  Sapcle;  and  on  the  Windward  Service  for 
Teneriflfe,  La  Palma,  Sierra  Leone,  Sherbro,  Cape 
Mount,  Sinoe,  Tabou,  Drewin,  Sassandra,  Half  Jack, 
Adda  (Ivory  Coast),  Half  Assinie,  Bay  in,  Attuaboe, 
Axim,  Dixcove,  Adjuah,  Sekondi,  Chama,  Elmina, 
Cape  Colony,  Anamboc,  Mumford,  Apam,  Winne- 
bah,  Barracoe,  Accra,  Pram  Pram,  Quittab,  Lome, 
Little  Popo  and  Whydah. 

Afridi.  British  ocean -going  torpedo-boat  de- 
stroyer. (Armstrong,  1905.)  Length,  250  ft.;  beam, 
25  ft. ;  maximum  draught,  7  ft. ;  displacement,  790 
tons;  complement,  60;  armament,  3  12-pdr., 
2  tubes;  Hp.,  i4,<xx>  =  33  kts. ;  coal  maximum, 
180  tons. 

Alt.     See  Abaft. 

After-Deck  House.   See  Deck  House. 

After-Olow.  The  radiance  or  glow  seen  in  the 
western  sky  for  a  longer  period  than  usual  after  the 
sun  has  set. 

A.O.  or  T.T.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing 
boats  registered  at  Tarbcrt  (Lochfyne),  Scotlaiid. 

AgamemnoiL  >  British  ist  class  battleship. 
(Beardmore,  1906.) 

Length  410  ft.     Beam  79  ft.    Mean  draught  27  ft. 
Displacement  16,600  tons.  Complement  865. 
Guns.  Armour, 

4 — 12  in.  "  Krupp." 

10 — 9*2  in.  12  in.  Belt  amidships. 

18 — 3'5  in.  14  in.  Barbettes. 

6 — 3  pdr.  12  in.  Conning  tower. 

6  Pompoms. 
2  Maxims. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.  Q4M.). 
4  Submerged  broadside. 
I  Submerged  stem. 
Twin  screw.    Hp.  20,000=18*5  kts.    Coal  maxi- 
mum 2,000  tons.     Approximate  cost  ;^  1,500,000. 

This  ship- name  is  associated  with  Rodney's  vic- 
tory, 1782;  Toulon,  i793;Bastia,  i794;Calvey,  1794; 
Genoa,  1795;  Hy^res,  1795;  Copenhagen,  1801; 
Calder's  victory  off  Ferrol,  1805;  Trafalgar,  1805; 
Sebastopol,  1854. 

Agatha.  Packet  lost  near  Memel,  April  7,  1808, 
when  Lord  Royston  and  many  others  were  drowned. 

Agency  Havas.   See  Havas. 

Agent.    See  Broker. 

Agile.  French  sea-going  destroyer.  (LaSeyne,  1889.) 
Length,  1 39  ft. ;  beam,  14  ft. ;  maximum  draught,  7  ft. ; 
displacement,  121  tons;  complement,  6;  arma- 
ment, 3  3-pdr.,  2  tubes;  Hp.,  1,100  =  26  kts.;  coal, 
maximum,  35  tons. 

Aginconrt.  British  ist  class  cruiser  (10,690 
tons,  12  kts).    Launched  x868. 


Agio.    The  premium  borne  by  a  better  sort  of 
money  above  an  inferior. 

Agordat.      Italian  gun-boat  (1899). 
Length  287  ft.    Beam  30  ft.  Maximum  draught  10  ft. 
Displacement  i  .3 1 3  tons.     Complement  1 54. 
Gtms,  Atmour. 

12— 12  pdr.  *'SteeL" 

I  in.  Deck. 
Torpedo  Tubes, 
2  Above  Mrater. 
T^dn   screw.      Hp.  8,000  =  23  ^ts.    Coal  normal 
160  tons. 

Aground.       Stranded;  situation  of  vessel  whose 
bottom  touches  the  ground. 

Ague.    See  Malaria. 

Agol.     Russian   armoured    cruiser    (Sebastopol, 
1902). 

Length  439  ft.  Beam  54  ft.  Draught  20  ft. 
Displacement  6,645  tons.    Complement  340. 
Gutis.  Armour, 

1 2 — 6  in.  ' '  Krupp. ' ' 

1 2 — 3  in.  3  in.  Deck  amidships. 

6  Maxims.  5  in.  Barbettes. 

Torpedo  Tubes, 
2  Submerged. 
Hp.  19,500  =  23  kts.    Coal  1,100  tons. 

A.H.     Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Arbroath,  Scotland. 

Ahead.    Immediately  before  the  ship  in  the  course 
steered. 

Ahoy.    See  Ho. 

AhnlL   When  a  ship  is  under  bare  poles,  driving  by 
wind  and  sea,  stem  foremost. 

A.I.      Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Akreyri,  Iceland,  Denmark. 

A.I.      Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Juist,  Germany. 


A  staff  officer  who  carries  and 
circulates  the  commanding  officer's  orders.  In  the 
Navy  fiag-Ueutenant  to  an  admiral,  or  in  action  the 
quarter-deck  midshipman  to  a  captain. 

Aigrette.  French  sea-going  submarine.  (Toulon, 
1903.)  Length,  118  ft.;  beam,  12 J  ft.;  draught, 
8 J  ft.;  displacement,  172  tons;  complement,  20; 
torpedo  tubes,  1-177  in.  ;Hp.,  200  =  10*5  kts.  above 
water,  8  below. 

Aiorone.  Italian  torpedo-boat.  (Odero,  1906.) 
Length,  165  ft. ;  beam,  17  ft. ;  draughty  4  ft. ;  displace- 
ment, 200  tons;  complement,  30;  armament,  3 
3-pdr.,  3  tubes;  t^in  screw;  Hp.,  3,000  =  25  kts. 
coal,  40  tons. 

Air  Bladder.  One  of  the  most  characteristic  organs 
of  fishes;  present  in  most,  though  not  in  all  fish.    It 


AIRY 


15 


ALABAMA 


consists  of  a  hollow  sac,  formed  of  several  tunics  con- 
taining gas,  situated  in  the  abdominal  cavity,  out- 
side the  i)eritonear  sac.  Like  the  lungs  of  air- 
breathing  vertebrates,  it  rises  as  an  outgrowth  from 
the  alimentary  canal,  and  may  either  retain  this 
action  throughout  life,  as  in  the  herring,  or  become 
entirely  shut  off  from  the  gut,  as  in  the  haddock. 
Being  compressible,  its  special  function  consists  in 
altering  the  specific  gravity  of  the  fish,  or  in  changing 
the  centre  of  gravity.  Isinglass,  or  fish  glue,  in  its 
raw  state,  is  the  air  bladder,  swim  bladder  or  sound, 
of  various  species  of  fish. 

Airy,  Sir  George  Biddell  (1801-92).  British 
Astronomer  Royal  (b.  Alnwick).  Educ.  Hereford 
Grammar  School  and  Colchester.  In  1823  graduated 
Senior  Wrangler,  first  Smith's  Prizeman,  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge,  and  three  years  later  was  ap- 
pointed Lucasion  Professor  of  Mathematics;  and 
Astronomer  Royal,  June  18,  1835.  ^^^  Administra- 
tion at  Greenwich  extended  over  a  period  of  46 
years,  during  which  time  he  reorganised  the  whole 
management;  created  a  Magnetic  department  in 
1838;  a  Spectroscopic  department  in  1868.  The 
solar  ecUpses  of  1842,  185 1  and  i860  were  observed 
by  him  in  Italy,  Sweden  and  Spain  respectively; 
organised  the  transit  of  Venus  Expedition,  1854.  In 
1872  he  was  made  K.C.B.,  and  in  the  same  year  was 
nominated  a  Grand  Cross  in  the  Imperial  Order  of 
the  Rose  of  Brazil;  he  also  held  the  Appreciation 
Order  for  the  M6rite;  belonged  to  the  Legion  of 
Honour  of  France,  and  the  Legion  of  the  North  Star 
of  Sweden  and  Norway.  A  complete  list  of  his 
printed  papers,  about  518,  will  be  found  in  his  auto- 
biography, edited  by  his  son,  and  published  in 
1896. 

Aitodocf.  Russian  torpedo-boat.  (Odessa, 
X891.)  Length,  126  ft. ;  beam,  13  ft.;  draught,  8^  ft. ; 
displacement,  81  tons;  complement,  13;  armament, 
3  i-pdr.,  2  tubes;  Hp.,  1,100  =  21  kts.;  coal,  17 
tons. 

Ajaz.  Steamer,  sunk  by  collision  with  the  Runde- 
burg,  August  9,  1892;  35  Uves  lost. 

Ajaz.  74  guns.  On  February  14,  1807,  this 
vessel  was  destroyed  by  fire,  ofi  the  Island  of 
Tenedos,  when  250  perished. 

A.K.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Andf  jord,  Holland. 

Akadamiicher  Setfer-Verein.  Est.  1886.  Com- 
modore, A.  von  Appen;  Vice-Commodore,  W.  Hahn; 
Rear-Commodore,  Paul  Hillmann ;  Treasurer,  Walter 
Otto;  Secretary,  Hans  Bokland;  Konigliche  Tech- 
nische  Hochschule,  Charlottenburg,  Berlin.  En- 
trance fee,  50m. ;  annual  subscription,  1 50m. 

Akagi.    Japanese  gun-boat.    (Yokosuka,  1891.) 

Length  164  ft.   Beam  27  ft.   Maximum  draught  to  ft. 

Displacement  6x5  tons.    Complement  1 30. 


Guns. 

I — 8*3  in. 
I — 5*9  in. 
2 — I  pdr. 
Hp.  7,000  =  1 3  kts.    Coal  1 20  tons. 

Akaahi.     Japanese  cruiser.    (Japan,  1897.) 
Length  305  ft.   Beam  4 1  ft.    Maximum  draught  1 6  ft. 
Displacement  2 ,  700  tons.    Com plement  275. 
Guns.  Armour. 

2—6  in.  "  Steel." 

6 — ^47  in.  2  in.  Deck. 

12 — 3  pdr.  4 J  in.  Gun  shields. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
2  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.    Hp.  8,500  =  20  kts.    Coal  maximum 
600  tons. 

Akatioki.  Japanese  torpedo-boat  destroyer. 
(Yarrow,  1901.)  Displacement,  306  tons;  comple- 
ment, 55;  maximum  draught,  8^  ft.;  armament, 
I  i2-pdr.,  5  6-pdr.;  tubes,  2  i8-in.;  Hp.,  6,000  = 
31  kts. ;  coal,  95  tons. 

Akabono.  Japanese  torpedo-boat  destroyer. 
(Yarrow,  1899.)  Displacement,  306  tons.;  comple- 
ment, 55;  maximum  draught,  8^  ft.;  armament, 
I  i2-pdr.,  5  6-pdr.  tubes;  2  i8-in.;  Hp.;  6,000  = 
31  kts. ;  coal»  95  tons. 

Akitsiishima.  Old  Japanese  cruiser.  (Japan, 
1892.) 

Length  302  ft.  Beam  43  ft.   Maximum  draught  18  ft. 
Displacement  3,150  tons.     Complement  330. 
Guns.  Armour. 

4—6  in.  "  Steel." 

6 — 4-7  in.  3  in.  Deck, 

lo— 3pdr. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
4  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.    Hp.  forced  8,400  =19  kts.  Coal  nor- 
mal 500  tons. 

Aknla.  Russian  submarine  (1905).  Length,  77  ft. ; 
displacement,  175  tons;  speed,  7  kts. 

A.L.      Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Ameland,  Holland. 

A.L.      Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Leer,  Germany. 

Alabama.  U.S.  ist  class  battleship.  (Cramp's, 
1898.) 

Length  368  ft.     Beam  72  ft.    Mean  draught  23  ft. 
Displacement  1 1,565  tons.   Complement  490. 

Guns,  Armour. 

4 — 13  in.,  35  cal.  "  Harvey-nickel." 

14—6  in.  16  in.  Belt  amidships. 

6 — 6  pdr.  16  in.  Turrets. 

4 — I  pdr.  10  in.  Conning  tower. 

4  Colts. 
2  Field  guns  (3  in.). 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
4  Above  water  (Armoured). 


ALABAMA 


i6 


ALBATROSS 


Twin  screw.  Hp.  forced  io,cxx>=  i6  kts.  Coal 
maximum  1.450  tons.    Approximate  cost  ;£950,ooo. 

Alabama.  Celebrated  Confederate  cruiser,  origi- 
nally known  as  "  No.  290/'  her  number  in  the 
yard  of  the  builders,  Messrs.  Laird,  of  Birkenhead. 
She  was  a  steam  vessel  of  1,000  tons,  launched  May 
15,  1862,  with  engines  of  300  Hp.,  giving  a  speed  of 
about  II  kts.  During  judicial  inquiries  after  her 
character,  under  pretext  of  making  a  trial  trip,  she 
slipped  out  to  sea,  July  29,  the  day  tfefore  the 
British  Government  telegraphed  to  detain  her. 
Under  the  command  of  Captain  Semmes  she  did 
great  damage  to  American  mercantile  shipping,  be- 
tween the  bamks  of  Newfoundland  and  Martinique, 
and  succeeded  in  destroying  the  HatUras,  a  Federal 
vessel  engaged  in  the  blockade  of  Galveston.  She 
was  eventually  destroyed  by  the  Federal  ironclad 
Kearsarge,  off  Cherbourg,  June  19,  1864.  Refer  to 
Alabama  Case. 

Alabama  Case.  The  Alabama  was  a  steamer 
launched  at  Birkenhead  in  1862,  and  obviously  in- 
tended for  a  Confederate  cruiser.  Although  the 
attention  of  the  British  Government  was  drawn  to 
her,  she  was  allowed  to  escape,  and  wrought  great 
havoc  to  property  of  the  Northern  States  until 
sunk  by  the  Kearsarge  (q.v.)  in  1864.  An  inter- 
national tribunal,  which  sat  at  Geneva  in  1871, 
assessed  the  damage  to  be  paid  by  Great  Britain  at 
over  ;£ 3,000,000. 

In  the  treaty  of  submission  the  follo¥dng  rules 
were  agreed  upon  by  the  United  States  and  Great 
Britain  to  be  observed  among  themselves,  and  other 
nations  who  acceded  to  them. 

A  neutral  Government  is  bound:  (i)  to  use  due 
diligence  to  prevent  the  fitting  out,  arming  or  equip- 
ping within  its  jurisdiction  of  any  vessel  it  has 
ground  for  believing  is  intended  to  carry  on  war 
against  a  Power  with  which  it  is  at  peace,  and  also 
to  prevent  the  departure  from  its  jurisdiction  of  such 
vessel ;  (2)  not  to  permit  either  beUigerent  to  use  its 
waters  as  a  base  of  operations,  or  for  the  purpose  of 
renewing  suppUes,  men,  etc. ;  and  (3)  to  exercise  due 
diUgence  as  to  persons  within  its  jurisdiction,  to 
prevent  any  violation  of  the  above  obligations. 

Alacrity.  British  despatch  boat  (1,700  tons, 
17  kts.).  Launched  1885. 

Alagoas.      Brazilian  river  turret  armoured  gun- 
boat. (Brazil,  1888.) 
Length  120ft.  Beam  28ft.  Maximum  draught  5  ft. 
Displacement  335  tons.  Complement  43. 


Guns, 

I — 7  in. 
2  Machine. 


A  rmour. 
"  Sted." 
4}  in.  Belt  amidships. 
4|  in.  Gun  shields. 
Hp.,  i8o  =  7kts. 


AlaroOQ,  Hernando  de.  Spanish  Navigator,  per- 
sonally connected  with  the  Spanish  expedition  to  the 
coast  of  CaUfomia,  of  which  he  was  leader.  He 
sailed  from  Spain,  May  9,  1540,  and  on  arrival  in 


California  made  a  careful  and  exact  survey  of  the 
coast,  and  was  the  first  European  to  explore  the 
Colorado  river;  was  the  first  to  prove  that  California 
was  a  peninsula  and  not  an  island,  and  on  his  return 
to  New  Spain  in  1541  he  constructed  a  map  of  Cali- 
fornia, which,  according  to  M.  Dufflot  de  Mofras, 
scarcely  differs  from  the  one  in  use  at  the  present  day. 

Alarm.      British  torpedo  gun-boat  (1892). 
Length  230  ft.  Beam  27  ft.  Maximum  draught  12}  ft. 
Displacement  810  tons.    Complement  8  5 . 

Guns. 
2 — 4'7  in.  J 

4—3  Pdr.  ,..^      i 

Torpedo  Tubes,  \ 

5 — 14  in. 
3 — 18  in. 
Twin  screw.  Coal  maximum  160  tons.  Speed  17  kts. 

« 

Alantie.  French  sea-going  destroyer.  (St.  Na- 
zaire,  1889.)  Length,  151  ft.;  beam,  15  ft.;  draught, 
8  ft.;  displacement,  169  tons;  complement,  30; 
armament,  2  3-pdr.,  4  tubes;  twin  screw;  Hp.. 
1,400  K  30  kts. ;  coal,  40  tons. 

Alaska  Steamship  Company,  with  their  head  offices 
at  Seattle,  Washington,  U.S.A.,  have  a  fleet  of  four 
steamers,  which  maintain  a  service  twice  a  week  be- 
tween Seattle  and  Skegway,  calling  en  route  at 
Ketchikan,  Wrangel,  Douglas,  Juneau,  Haines. 

Fleet. 
Dirigo,  Dolphin,  Farrallon. 

Jefferson, 

Albaoore.  A  fish  of  the  Scomberidae  family,  found 
in  shoals  in  the  ocean ;  it  is  from  5  to  6  ft.  in  length 
with  an  average  weight  of  about  100  lbs. 

Alhany.  U.S.  cruiser.  (Elswick,  1898.)  Pur- 
chased from  Brazil. 

Length  330  ft.  Beam  43  ft.  Maximum  draught  18  ft. 
Displacement  3,450  tons*     Complement  300. 
Guns,  Armour, 

6-^  in.  "  Harvey-nickel." 

4 — 5  in.  3  in.  Deck. 

10—6  pdr.  4  in.  Gun  shields. 

4 — I  pdr. 
4  Colts. 

Torpedo  Tubes^ 
2  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.    Hp.  forced  7,500  e=  20-25  ^^<   ^^^^ 
maximum  700  tons. 

Albatross  (Diomedea).  A  genus  of  aquatic  birds, 
closely  allied  to  the  petrels  and  gulls,  belonging  to 
the  family  of  long-winged  birds.  The  name  especially 
applied  to  D*  exulans,  one  of  the  largest  birds  capable 
of  sustaining  flight,  and  best  known  as  the  common 
or  wandering  albatross.  It  occurs  in  all  parta  of  tl^e 
Southern  Ocean,  and  in  the  seas  that  wash  the  coast 
of  Asia,  and  is  occasionally  found  in  the  North 
Pacific,  especially  during  the  breeding  season.  The 
colour  of  the  bird  is  a  dusky  white,  the  back  being 
streaked  transversely  with  black  or  brown  bands, 
and  the  wings  darker  than  the  rest  of  the  body.   The 


•  ALBATROSS 


17 


ALDEN 


beak  is  large,  strong  and  sharp-edged,  tiie  upper 
mandible  tenninating  in  a  large  hook;  the  wings  are 
narrow  and  very  long.  The  feet  have  no  hind  toe, 
and  the  three  anterior  toes  are  completely  webbed. 
It  feeds  on  small  fish  and  on  animal  refuse  that  floats 
on  the  sea.  It  is  a  true  sea  bird,  following  ships  for 
great  distances,  and  rarely  found  on  land,  except 
during  the  breeding  season.  The  early  explorers  con- 
sidered the  presence  of  the  bird  a  good  omen,  and  the 
evil  that  befell  liim  "  who  shot  with  his  cross  bow 
the  albatross," is  familiar  to  the  readers  of  Coleridge's 
**  Rime  of  the  Ancient  Mariner." 

AlbatrOM.  British  torpedo-boat  destroyer. 
(Chiswicky  1898.)  Length,  227  ft.;  beam,  21  ft.; 
draught,  8 J  ft.;  displacement,  360  tons;  comple- 
ment, 68;  armament,  i  12-pdr.,  5  6-pdr.;  2  tubes; 
twin  screw;  Hp.,  7,900  =  32  kts. ;  coal,  100  tons. 

Alliatrou.  Italian  torpedo-boat.  (Odero,  1906.) 
Length,  165  ft. ;  beam,  17  ft. ;  draught,  7  ft. ;  displace- 
ment, 200 tons;  complement,  30;  armament,  3  3-pdr., 
3  tubes ;  twin  screw ;  Hp. ,3,000  =  25  kts. ;  coal,  40  tons. 

Albedo.  An  astronomical  term  used  to  signify  the 
proportion  of  incident  light  reflected  by  a  non- 
luminous  surface. 

Albemarle.  British  ist  class  battleship.  (Chat- 
ham, 1901.) 

Length  429  ft.  Beam  75  ft.  Maximum  draught  27  ft. 
Displacement  14.000  tons.    Complement  750. 
Gufts.  Armour. 

4 — 12  in.  "  Krupp." 

12—6  in.  7  in.  Belt  amidships. 

12 — 12  pdr.  II  in.  Barbettes. 

6—3  pdr.  1 2  in.  Conning  tower. 

2  Maxims. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
4  Submerged. 
Twin  screw.      Hp.  18,000=^19  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 2,000  tons.    Approximate  cost  ;fi  ,000,000. 

This  ship-name  was  introduced  into  the  Navy 
about  1685,  and  is  associated  with  the  battle  of 
Beachy  Head,  1690;  Barfleur  and  La  Hogue  1692. 

Albemarle.   See  Keppel  Monk. 

Albert^.Pifaoe  of  Mooaca  See  Monaco,  Albert, 
Prince  of. 

Albert  Taoht  Olllb,  Bofal.  See  Royal  Albert 
Yacht  Qub. 

Albion.  British  ist  class  battleship.  (Thames 
I.W.,  1898.) 

Length  418  ft.  Beam  74  ft.  Maximum  draught  26  ft. 
Displacement  12,950  tons.     Complement  750. 
Guns.  Armour. 

4 — 12  in.,  35  cal.  *'  Harvey-nickel." 

12 — 6  in.  '  6  in.  Belt  amidships. 

10—12  pdr.  12  in.  Barbettes. 

6-^3  pdr.  12  in.  Conning  tower. 

3  Maxims. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.).  ^ 

4  Submerged. 


Twin  screw.  Hp.  13,500=  18*25  kts.  Coal  maxi- 
mum 2,300  tons.    Approximate  cost  ;£900,ooo. 

This  ship-name  is  associated  with  Byron's  action 
off  Granad%,  1779;  Rodney's  action  with  de  Guichen, 
1780;  bombardment  of  Algiers,  18 16;  Navarino, 
1827;  bombardment  of  Sebastopol,  1854. 

Albaaaerqoe,  Affonso  D'  (1453-1515)  (b.  Alexan- 
dria). Sumamed  the  "  Great "  and  the  "  Portu- 
guese Mars."  He  was  the  means  of  upholding  and 
extending  the  power  of  Portugal  in  India  and  the 
East  from  1 503 — when  he  set  out  on  his  first  expedi- 
tion— till  15 15,  when  the  island  of  Ormus  pelded  to 
him  without  resistance,  and  remained  in  possession 
of  the  Portuguese  until  1822.  He  captured  Goa  in 
1 5 10,  Malacca  1 5 11,  and  subdued  the  Malabar  Coast, 
Ceylon,  and  other  ports  of  the  East.  He  died  at  sea, 
December  15,  15 15,  and  his  body  was  buried  at  Goa, 
in  the  Church  of  "  Our  Lady." 

Alcester,  Frederick  Beanchamp  Paget  Seymoor, 
Baron  (1812-95).  British  Admiral.  Entered  the 
Navy  1834,  and  served  in  the  Mediterranean  and 
Pacific.  Promoted  Commander  1847,  and  Captain 
1854.  Was  captain  of  the  Pelorous  on  the  Austra- 
lian station,  and  commanded  the  Naval  Brigade  in 
New  Zealand  during  the  Maori  war  (1860-61),  for 
which  he  was  made  a  C.B.  In  1870  he  became  a 
Rear- Admiral,  and  Lord  of  the  Admiralty  (1872- 
74),  and  1876  was  made  a  Vice- Admiral,  and 
Commander-in-Chief  of  the  Mediterranean  fleet;  on 
May  24,  1 88 1,  he  was  made  G.C.B.,  and  one  year 
later  promoted  to  the  rank  of  Admiral.  In  July, 
1882,  he  commanded  at  the  Bombardment  of  Alex- 
andria, for  which  service  he  was  raised  to  the 
peerage  of  Baron  Alcester,  of  Alcester,  and  had  a 
Parliamentary  grant  of  ^£25,000. 

Aloiooe.  Italian  torpedo-boat.  (Odero,  1906.) 
Length.  165  ft. ;  beam,  17  ft. ;  draught,  7  ft. ;  displace- 
ment, 200  tons ;  complement,  30 ;  armament,  3  3 -pdr., 
3  tubes ;  Hp.,  3,000  =  25  kts. ;  coal,  40  tons. 

Aloook,  Halor  Alfred  William,  OJLE.  1903.  M.D., 
LL.D.,  F.B.S.»  (b.  June  23.  1859).  Superintendent 
of  the  Indian  Museum  and  Professor  of  Zoology  in 
the  Medical  College,  Calcutta.  Educ.  Mill  Hill,  West- 
minster, Blackheath,  Aberdeen  University.  Joined 
the  Indian  Medical  Service  {1885);  Surgeon-Natural- 
ist to  the  Marine  Survey  of  India  on  board  the 
R.I.M.S.  Investigator  (1888-92). 

Publications:  "  Naturalist  in  Indian  Seas  "  (1902). 

Aldebaran,  the  lucida  of  Taurus,  a  well-known 
nautical  star,  commonly  called  Bull's-eye. 

Aldebnrgh  Taoht  (Qnb.  Est.  1898.  Commodore, 
A.  H.  E.  Wood;  Vice-Commodore,  S.  Garrett;  Rear- 
Commodore,  Percy  Clark;  Honorary  Treasurer, 
W.  H.  T.  T.  Powell;  Secretary,  Ernest  S.  Rogers; 
Albeburgh-on-Sea.  '  Annual  Subscription,  £1  is. 

Aldeo,  John  (i 599-1686).  One  of  the  Pilgrim 
Fathers,  who  sailed  in  the  Mayflower,      Has  been 


ALDRICH 


18 


ALFRED 


immortalised  in  Longfellow's  '*  Courtship  of  Miles 
.  Standish." 

Aldrich,  Vice-Admiral  Pelham  (b.  December  8, 
1844).  Entered  Navy  1859,  and  served  as  First 
Lieutenant  in  the  Challenger  survey  expedition 
(1872-75),  and  as  First  Lieutenant  on  the  Alert  in 
the  Arctic  expedition  (1875-76).  (Arctic  Medal.) 
Promoted  Rear-Admiral  1898,  and  was  Second-in- 
Command  of  "  B  "  fleet  in  manoeuvres  (1899),  and  in 
1900  promoted  Admiral-Superintendent  of  Ports- 
mouth Dockyard.  Refer  to  Arctic  Exploration, 
Antarctic  Exploration. 

Alee.  Position  of  helm  when  tiller  is  over  to 
leeside,  to  go  about. 

Alewife  (Culpae-alosa).    A  fish  of  the  herring  tribe. 

Alexander.    See  Isabella. 

Alexandra  Yacht  dab,  Southend.  Established 
1873.  Flag:  Red  ensign.  Burgee:  Blue,  red  shield, 
three  white  cutiasses  in  centre.  Commodore :  W.  C. 
Blatspiel-Stamp ;  Vice-Commodore,  F.  G.  Ensor; 
Rear-Commodore,  E.  F.  Wood;  Honorary  Trea- 
surer, G.  F.  Jones;  Honorary  Secretary,  Arthur  F. 
Allen.  Entrance  fee,  £2  2s.  and  ;£i  is.  Annual  sub- 
scription, £2  2S. 

Alexeieff*  Erghenyi  Ivanovitch  (b.  1843).  Russian 
Naval  Officer  of  Armenian  extraction.  In  1899  he 
commanded  the  Pacific  Squadron,  and  afterwards 
was  made  Governor  of  Kwangting  and  Viceroy  of 
the  Far  East  (1903).  His  obstinate  policy,  to  a  great 
extent,  precipitated  the  war  with  Japan. 

Alfonso  XIL    Spanish  cruiser.    (Ferrol,  1890.) 
Length  278  ft.  Beam  42  ft.  Maximum  draught  17  ft. 
Displacement  341  tons.    Complement  300. 

Guns. 
6 — 2  in. 
2 — 2.7  in. 
6 — 6  pdr. 
Torpedo  Tubes. 
5  Above  water. 
Hp.  4,800  =17  kts.    Coal  600  tons. 

Alfonso  XII.  Spanish  mail  steamer  belonging 
to  the  Lopez  Line,  bound  from  Cadiz  to  Havana, 
sank  off  Point  Gando,  Grand  Canary,  in  nearly 
30  fathoms  of  water,  about  a  mile  off  shore.  She 
had  on  board  Spanish  gold  coin  valued  at  ;£icx),ooo. 
Mr  A.  Lambert,  a  diver,  recovered  from  this  wreck 
j£70,ooo  of  the  treasure  at  a  depth  of  160  ft. 

Alfonso  De  Albaquerane.    See  Albuquerque. 

Alfonso  De  Albaqnerque.  Portuguese  corvette- 
(Blackwall,   1884.) 

Length  203  ft.     Beam  33  ft.     Draught  40  ft. 
Displacement  1,1 11  tons.     Complement  183. 

Guns. 
2 — 6  in. 
5— 4-1  in. 
2 — 2-5  in. 
Hp.  1,360  =»  13  kts.    Coal  normal  14a 


Alfred*  Ernest  Albert,  Duke  of  Edinburgh  and  Duke 
of  Saxe-Coburg  and  Gotha  (1844- 1900).  Second  son 
and  fourth  child  of  Queen  .Victoria  (b.  Windsor 
Castie,  August  6,  1844).  Entered  the  Navy  1856, 
and  in  August,  1858,  having  passed  his  examination 
for  midshipman,  was  appointed  to  the  EurycUus. 
Was  promoted  Lieutenant  1863;  Captain  1866,  be- 
ing then  appointed  to  the  command  of  the  Galatea. 
On  attaining  his  majority  (1865),  he  was  created 
Duke  of  Edinburgh  and  Earl  of  Ulster,  and  given  an 
annuity  of  ;f  50,000.  On  January  24,  1867,  ^^  started 
his  voyage  round  the  world,  visiting  Gibraltar,  the 
Cape,  and  landed  at  Glenelg,  South  Australia,  on 
October  3 1 .  After  a  stay  of  five  months,  in  which  he 
visited  the  principal  towns  of  the  colonies ;  it  was  on 
his  second  visit  to  Sydney,  while  attending  a  public 
picnic,  an  Irishman  shot  him  in  the  back  with  a  re- 
volver; the  wound  was  fortunately  not  dangerous. 
In  1869  he  visited  India,  and  on  his  return  was  pro- 
moted Rear- Admiral,  and  in  1882  Vice-Admiral,  and 
received  his  baton  as  Admiral  of  the  Fleet,  June  3, 
1893.  He  commanded  the  Channel  Fleet  (1883- 
84)  ;  the  Mediterranean  Fleet  (1886-89)  ;  and  was 
Commander-in-Chief  at  Devonport  (1890-93).  In 
August,  1893,  he  succeeded  his  uncle,  Ernest  II,  as 
reigning  Duke  of  Saxe-Coburg  and  Gotha.  He  was 
succeeded  by  his  nephew,  the  Duke  of  Albany. 

Alfred  the  Great,  Youngest  son  of  Ethelwulf,  King 
of  the  West  Saxons  (b.  Wantage,  Berkshire,  849.  a.  d.)  . 
When  quite  yoimg  he  greatiy  distinguished  himself 
in  assisting  his  brother  Ethelred  against  the  Danes, 
particularly  at  Ashdown,  and  on  the  death  of 
Ethelred,  he  was  unanimously  elected  King  (871). 
When  only  twenty-two  years  of  age  he  concluded  a 
Treaty  of  Peace  with  the  Danes,  who  withdrew  to 
London,  and  his  supremacy  vras  acknowledged 
through  the  whole  country,  south  of  the  Thames, 
and  the  greater  part  of  Mercia.  He  practically 
founded  the  British  Navy»  and  the  naval  victory 
which  he  gained  over  Danish  rovers  (873),  is  the  first 
on  record  won.by  Englishmen.  Alfred  was  the  means 
of  putting  the  country  into  a  complete  state  of  de- 
fence, old  fortifications  were  repaired,  and  new  ones 
raised  in  suitable  localities;  the  fleet  was  brought 
into  a  state  of  efficiency.  He  greatly  encouraged 
commerce,  and  took  a  keen  interest  in  geographical 
study,  founded  schools,  encouraged  literature,  im- 
proved the  service  of  the  Church ;  and  his  devotion 
to  learning  and  his  exertion  in  the  cause  of  educa- 
tion, are  among  the  most  agreeable  features  of  his 
reign.  He  died  on  October  27, 1901,  at  the  age  of  52, 
and  was  buried  at  Winchester,  the  ancient  capital  of 
England. 

His  principal  works  are  as  follows:  "  Manual  or 
Handbook,"  of  which  no  copy  is  known  to  exist; 
"  Laws  "  {See  Wilkin's  "  Leges  Anglo-Saxonicae  " 
(1721),  and  Thorpe's  "  Ancient  Laws  and  Institutes 
of  England  "  (London,  1840).  Translations  into  Old 
English  (Anglo-Saxon)  of  the  following:  "  Bede's 
Ecclesiastical   History,"   edited  by  Wheloc,   Cam- 


ALFRED 


19 


ALLAN 


bridge  (1643-44),  and  by  Smith,  Cambridge  (1722). 
'*  The  Universal  History  of  Orosins,"  edited  by 
Thorpe,  London,  1857.  "The  Consolations  of 
Philosophy,"  by  Boethius.  edited  by  Fox,  London 
(1864).  Gregory's  "  Pastoral  Care."  edited  by 
Sweet,  for  the  Early  English  Text  Society,  London 
(1871-72). 

AUred  Tacht  Cklbt  BoyaL  See  aoyal  Alfred 
Yacht  Club. 

A]g9.  Seaweed  and  the  floating  substances  on 
fresh  water. 

Algedras,  Gibraltar  Railway  and  Steamship  Com- 
pany, with  the  head  office  at  Algeciras,  maintain  a 
service  between  the  Railway  Pier,  Gibraltar,  and  the 
Railway  Pier,  Algeciras,  ill  connection  with  all  trains 
in  and  out,  besides  making  several  other  local  runs, 
practically  every  two  hours  of  the  day. 

Fleet. 

Aline»  Christina.  Elvira. 

Margarita. 

Gross  tonnage  1,400. 

Alger.    Old  French  cruiser  (1889). 
Length  346  ft.  Beam  45  ft.  Maximum  draught  23  ft. 
Displacement  4,200  tons.    Complement  407. 
Guns.  Armour. 

4 — 6*4  in.  4  in.  Deck. 

6 — 5 '5  in.  4  in.  Gun  shields. 

2 — 9  pdr. 
8 — 3  pdr. 
10 — I  pdr. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
4  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.      Hp. 8,000 nig  kts.    (Small fighting 
value.) 

Algerian.  French  submarine.  (Cherbourg,  1 901.) 
Length,  1 18  ft. ;  beam,  9  ft. ;  draught,  8  ft. ;  displace^ 
ment,  146  tons;  complement,  9;  Hp.,  250  =  8  kts. 

AlgoL  A  variable  star  in  Perseus,  which  goes 
through  its  changes  in  a  Uttle  under  three  days. 

Algoma.  Canadian  steamer,  foundered  in  Lake 
Superior,  November  7,  1885 ;  45  lives  lost. 

AUen,  An,  is  one  who  owes  allegiance  to  a  foreign 
State.  By  English  law  every  one  bom  in  British 
territory  is  a  British  subject,  and  every  one  bom  out- 
side British  territory  is  an  alien,  except  children  of  a 
British  father.  A  child  bom  in  British  territory  of 
alien  parents  is  a  natural-bom  British  subject,  but 
children  of  a  British  mother  and  foreign  father  are 
aliens,  unless  bom  in  British  Dominions.  A  British 
subject  becoming  naturalized  in  a  foreign  country 
ceases  to  be  a  British  subject.  A  British  womtaa 
marrying  an  alien  becomes  an  aUen.  The  status  of 
aliens  in  Great  Britain  is  regulated  by  the  Natura- 
lization Act  (1870),  by  which  Real  and  Personal 
property  oi  every  description  may  be  taken,  ac- 


quired, held,  and  disposed  of  by  an  alien  in  the  same 
manner  in  all  respects  as  by  a  natural-bom  British 
subject,  but  (Section  14)  nothing  in  tliis  Act  shall 
qualify  an  alien  to  be  the  owner  of  a  British  ship. 

Alien  Immigration  is  now  controlled  by  the  Aliens 
Act,  1905.  The  expression  "  immigration  '*  means 
an  alien  steerage  passenger  who  is  to  be  landed  in  the 
United  Kingdom,  other  than  one  who  is  proceeding 
within  a  reasonable  time  to  some  destination  out  of 
the  United  Kingdom,  or  (in  certain  cases)  passengers 
holding  prepaid  through  tickets  to  some  such  destina- 
tion. The  Act  provides  for  the  landing  of  alien 
immigrants  at  such  ports  only  as  are  provided  with 
an  Immigration  officer,  who  shall  control  their  land- 
ing and  refuse  (subject  to  appeal  to  the  Port  Immi- 
grant Board)  certain  classes  of  immigrants  described 
by  the  Act  as  "  undesirables."  The  Act  further 
provides  for  the  expulsion  of  aliens  resident  in  the 
United  Kingdom,  who,  through  some  crime  or  other 
cause,  have  become  "  undesirable."  Ship-owners  and 
masters  of  ships  are  laid  under  certain  obligations 
with  regard  to  the  carrying  of  alien  immigrants,  and 
may  be  convicted  for  contravention  of  the  Act.  An 
alien  immigrant  is  not  excluded  from  the  United 
Kingdom  solely  on  the  ground  that  he  is  a  political 
offender, 

Aiifigtngi,  Admiral  Arthur  Hildebrand.  Entered 
Navy  1852;  served  in  the  Baltic  and  Black  Seas 
during  the  Russian  War;  present  at  the  night  attack 
on  the  sea  fortifications  of  Sebastopol.  at  the  capture 
of  Kertch  and  Kinbum;  at  the  fall  of  Sebastopol 
(Baltic,  Crimean  and  Turkish  medals,  Sebasto- 
pol clasp);  Senior  Lieutenant  of  Rinaldo  on  the 
North  American  Station  during  United  States  Civil 
War;  received  the  Royal  Humane  Society's  silver 
medal  for  jumping  overboard  with  all  his  clothes  on 
and  saving  the  Ufe  of  Private  J.  Brown,  who  at- 
tempted suicide  by  throwing  himself  overboard  in 
the  Bay  of  Biscay,  May  1861.  Lieutenant  Com- 
mander of  Britotnart  on  Lake  Erie  duriug  Fenian 
Riots  1866-68;  Commander  of  Boxer  on  West  Coast 
of  Africa;  took  an  active  part  in  the  destruction  of 
various  piratical  villages  during  the  Niger  Expedi- 
tion, 1877;  mentioned  in  despatches;  Assistant  to 
Admiral  Superintendent  of  Naval  Reserves,  March 
1892-94;  Captain's  Good  Service  Pension  1892-94; 
Second-in-Command  Channel  Squadron  1895-96; 
Secoiid-in-Command  of  Channel  Fleet  at  the  Navy 
Tactical  Exercises  1895. 

AXfK.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Alkmaar,  Holland. 

Allan,  Robert  W.  (b.  1852).  Scotch  marine  painter. 
Studied  in  Paris,  1875- 1880,  o^©  o*  t^©  pioneers  of 
the  mddem  Glasgow  School. 

Allan,  Sir  Hugh  (  18x0-82)  (b.  Saltcoats,  Ayr- 
shire). Was  one  of  the  projectors  of  the  Canadian 
Pacific  Railway  Company,  and  in  187 1  was  knighted 
for  services  rendered  to  this  enterprise; 


ALLAN 


20 


ALLUVIUM 


Allan  Line,  was  originally  founded  as  the  Mon- 
treal Ocean  Steamship  Co.,  formed  by  the  Allan 
Brothers,  who  had  been  connected  with  Canada  as 
sailing-ship  owners  since  1820.  The  company  began 
a  mail  service  between  Liverpool,  Quebec  and 
Montreal  in  April,  1856,  and  have  since  continued  to 
meet  and  promote  the  postal,  commercial  and  immi- 
grational  requirements  of  the  vast  Dominion  of 
Canada.  In  the  course  of  its  career  it  has  absorbed 
the  fleet  of  the  old  State  Line  of  Glasgow,  and  th^ 
greater  part  of  the  fleet  of  the  Royal  Exchange 
Shipping  Company,  and  of  the  Hill  Line.  Ftom  the 
time  of  the  Crimean  War,  down  to  the  South  African 
campaign,  the  company's  vessels  have  been  em- 
ployed as  transports,  on  occasions  of  national  emer- 
gency. The  finest  vessels  of  the  company  are  run  in 
the  mail  service  from  Liverpool  to  the  St  Lawrence 
ports  in  the  summer,  to  HaUfax  and  St  John's  (N.6.) 
during  the  winter  season,  when  the  river  is  closed. 
The  Virginian,  the  first  turbine  propelled  Atlantic 
steamer,  beat  all  records  in  August  1905,  between 
Moville  and  Rimouski,  the  actual  steaming  time  be- 
tween ports  being  5  days  21  hours.  The  vessel  being 
out  of  sight  of  land  only  3  days  21  hours.  The 
Tunisian,  crossing  from  Liverpool  to  Quebec,  has 
done  the  land  to  land  passage  in  4  days  4^  hours,  and 
the  Victorian  in  4  days  i  hour. 

Fleet, 
Bavarian.  Laurentian.  Pretorian. 

Brazilian,  Livonian.  Rosarian, 

Buenos  A  yrean,     Mongolian.  Sardinian. 

Carthaginian.        Monte  Videan.  SanuUian. 

Corean.  Numidian.  Siberian. 

Corinthian.  Ontarian.  Sicilian. 

Hibernian.  Orcadian.  Tunisian. 

Hungarian.  Parisian.  Victorian. 

Ionian.  Pomeranian.  Virginian. 

Gross  tonnage  147,000. 

AllansQQ-Winn,  Bovvland  George  Allanion,  Civil 
Engineer  (b.  London,  January  19,  1855).  Educated 
Westminster,  Trin.  Coll.,  Cam.  Mathematical  Tripos, 
1878;  engaged  in  Foreshore  Protectton  Works  in 
England  and  Ireland;  completed  the  Beramula- 
Srinagar  Road,  1896. 

Publications:  "  Foreshore  Protection  "  (1899), 
"  Utilisation  of  Tidal  and  Wave  Action,"  "  Con- 
structive Power  of  the  Sea,"  "  Youghal  Foreshore 
Protection  Works,"  "  Protection  and  Improvement 
of  Foreshore  by  the  Utilisation  of  Tidal  and  Wave 
Action,"  "  The  Lea  as  a  Constructive  Agent," 
awarded  Silver  Medal  Royal  Scottish  Society  of  Arts, 
1900;  Silver  Medals  Institution  of  Civil  Engineers  of 
Ireland,  1902,  1903. 

All  Hands.    The  whole  of  the  ship's  company. 

Alliance  Blarine  and  General  Asanranoe  Company, 
Limited.  Established  in  1824,  and  originally 
authorised  by  a  special  Act  of  Parliament;  in  1881  it 
was  incorporated  as  a  limited  company  under  Com- 


panies Act;  in  1892,  on  the  objects  of  the  company 
being  revised  to  meet  the  requirements  of  modem 
conditions,  the  words  "  and  General  "  were  ordered 
to  be  added  to  its  description.  Its  present  capital  is 
;£i, 000,000  in  10,000  j£ioo  shares.  £2$  paid,  i.e., 
;£2 50,000  paid  up.  Of  this,  ;£s0'000  was,  in  1876, 
written  ofi.  Since  that  date  a  reserve  has  been 
accumulated  of  ;£200,ooo. 

The  directors  of  the  company  are  :  Rt.  Hon.  Lord 
Rothschild,  G.C.V.O.  (President);  Rt.  Hon.  Lord 
Battersea;  A.  V.  Dunlop  Best;  James  Fletcher;  Hon. 
William  H.  Goschen;  Max  Hecht;  C.  Shirreff  Hilton; 
W.  Douro  Hoare;  Alfred  H.  Huth;  Alex.  Lawrie; 
Francis  A.  Lucas,  M.P.;  Henry  Pryor  Powell;  Marl- 
borough Robert  Pryor;  Hon.  L.  Walter  Rothschild, 
M.P.;  Hon.  N.  Charles  Rothschild;  Sir  Marcus 
Samuel,  Bart.;  H.  Melvill  Simons;  Harry  Alexander 
Trotter.  Auditors:  Benjamin  L.  Cohen,  M.P., 
Charles  L.  Nichols,  F.C.  A. ;  Underwriter,  Edward  W. 
Nicholls;  Secretary,  Douglas  Owen.  Offices:  Capel 
Court,  London. 


Alligator  Fish  (Podothecus  Acipenserinus).  Found 
in  the  Strait  of  Fuca,  Puget  Sound,  and  other  inlets 
along  the  north-east  coast  of  the  Pacific.  The  fish  is 
about  a  foot  in  length,  with  a  compressed  tapering 
body. 

Alligator  See!  Lighthooae,  Florida,  is  one  of  the 
finest  iron  sea-swept  lighthouse  structures  in  the 
world.  It  is  135^  ft.  in  height,  standing  on  the 
Florida  Reef  in  5  ft.  of  water.  In  construction  it 
closely  resembles  the  Fowey  Rocks  tower. 

Allin,  Beai^Admiral  Sir  Thomas  (1612-85)  (b. 
Lowestoft).  Was  in  command  of  a  ship  of  the  Prince 
Rupert  Squadron  (1649-50).  In  1665,  when  in 
command  of  a  small  fleet,  successfully  engaged  a 
Dutch  convoy  off  Cadiz,  and  in  the  following  year 
served  in  the  first  battie  of  the  North  Foreland  and 
the  St  James's  fight.  In  1670  he  became  Controller 
of  the  Navy,  and  in  1678  Commander-in-Chief  in  the 
Channel. 

All  in  the  Wind.  When  vessel's  head  is  too  close  to 
wind.    Sails  not  drawing. 

All  Serene.  Australian  ship,  wrecked  in  a  gale 
in  the  Pacific,  February  21,  1864;  30  lives  were  lost. 

AUnvion  is  land  claimed  from  the  sea  by  the  wash- 
ing up  of  earth  and  sand.  Refer  to  Foreshore: 
Riparian  Laws. 

AUnvinnL  The  geological  term  for  soil  or  land, 
made  up  of  the  settiement  deposited  by  running 
water.  It  may  be  (i)  restricted  to  all  stream  depo- 
sits, such  as  sand,  mud,  shingle,  gravel,  boulders, 
etc.,  or  (3)  include  all  kinds  of  recent  deposits,  such 
as  dune,  formations  along  the  sea^shore.  turf,  coral 
eeia,  etc.  The  principal  level  tracks  are  the  deltas  or 
the  delloid  formations,  at  the  mouths  of  large  rivers. 
The  delta  of  the  Nile  is  one  of  the  best  marked  speci- 


ALMA 


21 


ALOOF 


mens.    The  Mississippi  has  carried  the  solid  matter  it 
holds  in  suspension,  far  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 

Alma.  Steamer,  grounded  on  a  reef  near  Aden, 
about  35  miles  from  Mocha,  June  12,  1859,  and  be- 
came a  total  loss. 

Almanac.  A  record  of  the  days,  feasts,  and  celes- 
tial phenomena  of  the  year.  The  most  authoritative 
almanac  in  Great  Britain  is  the  Nautical  Almanac 
(q.v.);  its  information  is  indispensable  in  navigation 
and  astronomy.    . 

In  France  the  corresponding  almanac  is  the 
"  Connaissance  des  Temps,"  published  by  the  Bureau 
des  Longitudes;  in  Germany  the  "  Berliner  Astrono- 
misches  Jahrbuch";  and  in  the  United  States  the 
"  American  Ephemeris  and  Nautical  Almanac." 

The  "Almanach  de  Gotha,"  printed  in  both 
French  and  German,  is  a  marvellous  work  of  over 
one  thousand  pages  of  statistical  information. 

Almas.  Russian  2nd  class  cruiser.  (St  Peters- 
burg. 1903.) 

Length  325  ft.  Beam  43  ft.    Draught  18  ft. 
Displacement  3,285  tons.      Complement  430. 
Guns,  A  rmour, 

6— 47  in.  "Steel." 

8 — 1-8  in.  3  in.  Deck. 

2 — I  '4  in.  5  in.  Gun  shields. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
6  Above  water, 
rip.  7,500  =19  kts.    Coal  maximum  700  tons. 

Alminnte  Brown.  Argentine  battleship.   (Laird. 
1880.)    Reconstructed  La  Seyne,  1897. 
Length  240  ft.  Beam  50  ft.  Maximum  draught  22  ft. 
Displacement,  4,267  tons.  Complement,  380. 
Guns.  A  rmour. 

10—6  in.  "  Compound." 

4 — 37  in.  9  in.  Belt  amidships. 

8 — 3  pdr.  7  in.  Bulkheads. 

8  in.  Central  battery. 
Torpedo  Tubes. 
2  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.  Hp.  4,500  =  14  kts.  Coal  maximum 
650  tons. 

Almiraate  Ooehiane.  Old  Cbilian  battlesbip, 
3.500  tons.  At  present  used  for  harbour  defence. 
Of  little  fighting  value. 

Almirantis  OoodeU.     Chilian    torpedo  gun-boat. 
(Birkenhead,  1890.)    Reconstructed  1900. 
Length  230  ft.    Beam  37  ft.  Maximum  draught  1 2  ft. 

Displacement  750  tons. 
Guns,  A  fmour. 

3 — 14  pdr.  I  in.  Amidships. 

4 — 3  pdr.  I  in.  Bulkhead. 

2  Gatlings. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
5  Above  water. 


Twin  screw.    Hp.  4.000  ^  20  kts.    Coal  maximum 
100  tons. 

Almiiante  Lynch.  Chilian  torpedo  gun -boat.  (Bir- 
kenhead, 1890.)    Reconstructed  1900. 
Length  230  ft.    Beam  27  ft.   Maximum  draught  1 2  ft. 

Displacement  750  tons. 
Guns.  A  rmour. 

3 — 14  pdr.  I  in.  Amidships. ' 

4 — 3  pdr.  I  in.  Bulkheads. 

2  Gatlings. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
5  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  4,000  =  20  kts.    Coal  maximum 
100  tons. 

Almlrante  O'Higgins.    Chilian  armoured  cruiser. 
(Elswick,  1898.) 

Length  41 1  ft.  Beam  62  ft.  Draught  22  ft. 
Displacement  8,500  tons.     Complement  520. 
Guns,  Armour. 

4— Sin.  .    "Steel." 

10—6  in.  7  in.  Belt  amidships. 

4 — ^47  in.  7  in.  Gun  Shields. 

10—12  pdr. 

Torpedo  Tubes, 
2  Submerged. 
I  Above  water. 
,  Hp.  16.000  =  21*5  kts.    Coal  maximum  1,260  tons. 

Almirante  SimiwoiL    Chilian  torpedo   gun-boat. 
(Birkenhead,  1896.) 

Length  240  ft.  Beam  27  ft.  Maximum  draught  1 3  ft. 
Displacement  800  tons. 
Guns.  Armour. 

2 — 47  in«  "  Harvey." 

4 — 3  pdr.  I  in.  Belt  amidships. 

2  Maxims.  4^  in.  Gun  Shields. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
3  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  4,500  =  21  kts.  Coal  maximum 
100  tons. 

Alndnuite  Tamandare.    Brazilian  cruiser.  (Rio  de 
Janeiro,  1890.) 

Length  394  ft.  Beam  46  ft.  Maximum  draught  20  ft. 
Displacement  4,537  tons.    Complement  450. 
Guns.  Armour. 

10—6  m.  "  Steel." 

2 — ^47  in  1^  in  Deck 

8  Kordenfelts.  3  in.  Casemates. 

2  in.  Conning  tower. 
Twin  screw:    Hp.  natural  6,500=  16  kts.,  forced 
7, 500  =17  kts.    Coal  maximum  750  tons. 

Aloft       Above;  anywhere  abont  higher  yards, 
masts,  and  rigging  of  ships. 

Alongside.    By  the  side  of  a  ship. 

Aloof.     At  a  distance.      Word  used  for  "  keep 
your  luff  "  when  sailing  to  the  wind. 


ALOSE 


22 


AMALFI 


Alose.  French  submarine.  (Toulon,  1903.)  Length, 
yj  ft. ;  beam.  7  ft. ;  draught,  8  ft. ;  displacement.  68 
tons;  complement,  5;  Hp.,  60  =  8  kts. 

Alow.  Synonymous  with  below;  as  opposed  to 
aloft. 

Alphios.    Greek  gun  vessel.    (Blackwall,  1885.) 
Length    130  ft.      Beam   24  ft. 
Maximum  draught  12  ft. 
Displacement  420  tons.    Complement  80. 

Guns, 
2—37  in. 
3  Maxims. 
Hp.  400  =  10  kts.     Coal  50  tons. 

Alt.  Alternating  (near  a  light).  Abbreviation 
adopted  on  the  Charts  issued  by  the  Hydrographic 
Office,  Admiralty. 

Altair.     The  bright  nautical  star  Aquilae. 

Altarismuth.     See  Azimuth. 

Altitode.  A  term  applied  to  the  angular  distance 
of  a  celestial  object  from  the  horizon.  Observations 
of  altitude  are  made  at  sea  with  the  sextant,  for  the 
purpose  of  working  out  problems  essential  to  naviga- 
tion, such  as  finding  the  latitude  and  rating  the 
chronometers.     Refet  to  Sextant. 

Alimoath  Sailing  Chib.  Established  1873.  Com- 
modore: A.  W.  Kirk;  Vice-Commodore  and  Honorary 
Treasurer:  J.  Banks  Cran;  Honorary  Secretary: 
T.  B.  Dean,  The  Dunes,  Warren  Road,  Blundellsand. 
Liverpool.  Entrance  fee,  ;£i  is.  Annual  subscrip- 
tion, IDS. 

Alto-Cmmilllf  •    See  Clouds. 

Alton,  Frands  Oooke,  CB.  (1902).  Fleet  Pay- 
master; acted  as  Secretary  to  Admiral  Seymour  in 
China,  1897. 

Alto-Stratas.    See  Clouds. 

AJntninmm  is  a  metallic  substance,  first  separated 
from  the  chloride  by  Wohler  in  1828.  In  1854  Clare 
D'ville  succeeded  in  improving  the  mode  of  produc- 
tion, but  it  was  not  until  1885  that  a  really  practical 
electrical  method  of  production  was  patented  by 
Messrs  Cowls,  this  being  finally  supplanted  by  the 
Herault-Hall  method.  Its  formula  is  A i.  27*1,  and 
although  not  ioand  free,  is  one  of  the  most  abundant 
elements  in  nature.  The  former  process  of  manufac- 
ture consisted  in  heating  to  a  red  heat  a  mixture  of 
the  double  chloride  of  aluminium  and  sodium,  but  it 
is  now  almost  exclusively  obtained  by  the  electro- 
lysis of  a  solution  of  the  purified  oxide  in  moulton 
cryolite.  It  is  a  white  metal  resembling  silver  in 
appearance,  takes  a  fine  polish,  without  odour  and 
taste,  highly  malleable  at  100*'  to  150^  c,  and  may 
be  beaten  and  rolled  into  thin  sheets,  or  drawn  into 
fine  wire.  Has  a  high  specific  heat  and  a  low  specific 
gravity,  conducts  heat  and  electricity  as  well  as 
silver.  It  does  not  oxidise  in  air;  is  not  acted  upon 
by  sulphuretted  hydrogen  or  sulphide  of  ammonium, 
and  preserves  its  lustre  where  silver  would  tarnish 


or  blacken.  It  is  soluble  in  hydrochloride  acid,  and 
solutions  of  caustic  potash  and  soda.  When  alloyed 
with  copper  it  becomes  a  highly  important  metal, 
and  is  largely  used  for  mounting  sextants  and  other 
astronomical  instruments,  and  for  making  balance 
beams.  Owing  to  its  lightness,  toughness  and 
strength,  it  is  extensively  used  for  boat  building; 
for  torpedo  boats,  balloon  fitting,  bicycles,  tele- 
graphy and  telephony  as  conductors;  and  also  used 
as  a  substitute  for  stone  in  lithography.  It  is  manu- 
factured largely  at  works  beside  the  Niagara  Falls, 
the  Falls  of  Schafifhausen  and  the  Falls  of  Foyers  in 
Inverness-shire.  See  Borcher's  "  Electric  smelting," 
Blount's  "  Electric  Chemistry  "  (1901),  Richard's 
"  Aluminium  "  (3rd  edition),  1896. 

Alwado,  Pedro  de  (b.  Badajoz,  1495).  One  of  the 
Spanish  leaders  in  the  discovery  and  conquest  o£ 
America.  In  February  15 19  he  accompanied 
Hernando  Cortez  in  the  conquests  of  Mexico,  and  in 
1523  in  the  conquest  of  Guatemala,  of  which  place 
he  was  subsequently  appointed  Governor.  He  died 
at  Guatemala  in  1541. 

Ahrando.  U.S.  gun-boat,  captured  from  Spain 
during  the  Spanish  American  War.  Of  little  fighting 
value. 

Alwayi  Alloftt.  These  words,  frequently  found  in 
Charter-Parties,  mean  that  the  vessel,  to  which  they 
refer,  shall  load  or  discharge  her  cargo  always  afloat 
at  a  place  which  is  safe  for  her  to  lie  in  when  fully 
loaded.  The  questions  usually  arising  are:  (i)  Has 
there  been  a  breach  of  contract,  and  (2)  who  is  to 
bear  the  expense  of  additional  transport?  Where  by 
charter-party  a  vessel  was  to  load  at  a  certain  dock, 
and  could  have  loaded  there,  but  her  master  shifted 
her  to  prevent  being  delayed  from  sailing  by  the  tak- 
ing-off  of  the  tides,  his  owners  had  to  pay  lighterage. 
Where  a  ship  was  to  discharge  at  A  always  afloat, 
and  the  master  put  into  and  discharged  at  B  the 
nearest  safe  port  that  his  vessel  could  lie  in  always 
afloat,  he  was  held  justified  in  so  doing.  On  the  other 
hand,  where  a  vessel  was  to  go  to  a  certain  port  and 
discharge  always  afloat,  and  the  charterer  seeing 
the  impossibility  of  getting  a  full  ship  to  the  quay, 
offered  to  lighten  her,  her  master  was  held  wrong  in 
refusing. 

A.1I.  Distingniahing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Amsterdam,  Holland. 

a.m.    The  abbreviation  for  ante-meridian. 


All  at  once,  suddenly,  generally  used  for 
anjrthing  that  is  moved  by  tackle-fall. 

Amalfl.    Italian  armoured  cruiser  (1906). 
Length  429  ft.    Beam  69  ft.    Mean  draught  23  ft. 
Displacement  9,830  tons. 


Guns. 
4 — 10  in.,  45  cal. 
8— 8  in. 
Many  smaller. 


Armour, 
"  Temi." 

8  in.  Belt  amidships. 
7  in.  Barbettes. 
7  in.  Conning  tower. 


AMALIA 


23 


AMERICA 


Torpedo  Tubes, 

3  Submerged. 

Twin  screw.     Hp.  18,000  =  22*5  kts. 

Afwf^lift       Steamer,  wrecked   January   zi,    1866. 
The  cargo  lost  was  valued  at  ;£20o,ooo. 


On  September  26,  1841,  this  vessel 
was  lost  ofi  Metis,  when  29  passengers  and  x  2  of  the 
crew  were  lost. 

Amateur.  One  who  practises  sport  for  mere  plea- 
sure, as  opposed  to  professional;  in  rowing  the 
amateur  is  such,  in  the  strictest  sense  of  the  word. 


H.M.  screw  sloop,  in  collision  with 
screw  steamer  Osprey,  near  Portland,  July  10,  1866; 
both  ships  went  down. 

See   Royal  Mail   Steam  Packet   Com- 


pany. 


W.  India  mail  steamer,  on  her  maiden 
voyage  from  Southampton,  was  burnt  at  sea  about 
no  miles  S.W.S.  of  Scilly,  January  4,  1852.  Out  of 
160  persons  on  board,  only  59  were  saved. 


French  subsidised  merchant  ship 
(1896).  Messageries  Maritimes  (q.v.).  Dimensions, 
445  X  50  X  36  ft.;  gross  tonnage  6,240.  Hp. 
7.200=  18  kts. 


U    German   armoured   cruiser.    (Krupp, 
1900.) 

Length  328  ft.  Beam  39  ft.  maximum  draught  1 7  ft. 
Displacement  2,650  tons.     Complement  249. 
Guns,  Armour, 

10 — ^4*1  in.  "  Krupp." 

14 — X  pdr.  2  in.  Deck. 

4  Machine.  3  in.  Conning  tower. 

Torpedo  Tubes, 
2  Submerged. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  8,5000321  kts.  Coal  maodmom 
560  tons. 

Ambuiador.  Steamer,  sunk  in  collision  with 
the  George  Mansion,  an  American  ship,  in  lat.  58** 
6'N.  long,  73®  27'E.  December  25,  1876;  23  lives  lost. 

AmbMsadon.    See  Embassies. 

Amber.  A  hard  resinous  vegetable  substance,  of  a 
bright  yellow  colour,  and  translucent.  It  occurs 
chiefly  on  the  southern  shores  of  the  Baltic,  and 
those  of  Sicily,  where  it  is  thrown  up  by  the  sea. 

Ambergris  is  a  solid,  fatty,  inflammable  substance, 
with  ruddy  marble-like  veins  running  through  it — 
probably  a  biliary  secretion — derived  from  the  in- 
testines of  the  spermaceti  whale.  It  is  generally 
found  floating  in  the  sea,  on  the  searcoast,  or  in  the 
sand  upon  the  shore.  It  is  usually  met  with  in  the 
Atlantic  Ocean,  on  the  coasts  of  Brazil  and  Mada- 
gascar, China,  Japan,  and  the  Molucca  Islands,  but 
more  parttcularly  the  Bahama  Islands.  It  is  exten- 
sively used  in  the  manufacture  of  perfumery,  and  its 
price  lor  such  ose  varies  from  1 5s.  to  25s.  per  oonce. 


Its  genuineness  is  easUy  tested  by  its  solubiUty  in 
hot  alcohol;  its  fragrant  odour  and  uniform  iatty 
consistence,  on  being  penetrated  by  a  hot  wire. 

AiwAHa  Steamer.  When  on  a  voyage  from 
London  to  Liverpool  was  lost  on  the  Heme  Sand, 
February  26,  1841. 


Thompson.      Ship  lost  near  Madras,  May 


23.  1843. 


amarii^n  0|||^  xhe  circumstances  which  led  to  the 
offer  of  the  now  historic  trophy  are  as  follows : 

The  America,  a  schooner  yacht  of  170  tons,  was 
built  for  a  New  York  S3nQdicate  by  George  Steers, 
much  on  the  lines  of  an  American  pilot  boat.  Her 
nominal  owner.  Commodore  Stevens,  brought  her  to 
Cowes,  where,  owing  to  his  rather  bombastic  chal- 
lenges, he  was  unable  to  arrange  any  match  for  some 
time.  Finally,  after  numerous  abortive  attempts 
at  bringing  about  a  race,  the  Royal  Yacht  Squadron 
decided  to  ofier  a  silver  cup,  valued  at  i  ,000  guineas, 
for  a  race  round  the  Isle  of  Wight,  open  to  "  all  the 
world." 

The  famous  trophy  which  was  won  by  the  A  merica 
an  August  2a,  185 1,  was  not,  as  frequently  stated,  a 
Queen's  Cup.  The  Royal  prize  could  only  be  raced 
for  by  yachts  belonging  to  members  of  the  Royal 
Yacht  Squadron,  and  thus,  of  course,  the  visitors 
were  not  qualified  to  enter.  The  America  left  New 
York  on  June  21,  185 1,  and  arrived  at  Havre  on 
July  II,  the  voyage  to  Havre  having  been  accom> 
plished  in  twenty  days  and  five  hours,  which  must 
be  considered  remarkably  good  tune  when  it  is  taken 
into  account  that  she  vras  becalmed  four  days.  The 
America's  average  running  was  about  7^  kts.  Her 
best  run  for  twenty-four  hours  was  284  kts,  and  her 
worst  33  kts.  The  dimensions  of  the  America  were 
as  follows:  94  ft.  in  length,  on  deck  from  stem  to 
stem;  83  ft.  on  the  water  line;  her  keel  8  ft.  and 
beam  23  ft.  amidships.  She  drew  11  ft.  of. water  in 
sailing  trim,  and  her  measurement  was  170  tons. 
Her  spars  were  respectively  79^  ft.  and  81  ft.  long, 
with  a  rake  of  nearly  three  inches  to  the  foot.  Her 
main  gaff  was  26  ft.  long,  and  her  main  boom  58  ft. 
She  carried  a  lug  foresail,  with  foregaff  of  24  ft.  long, 
and  the  length  of  her  bowsprit  was  32  ft.  She  car- 
ried eight  men  before  the  mast,  besides  the  captain, 
first  and  second  mates  and  carpenter. 

The  race  for  the  trophy  was  sailed  on  August  22, 
1851,  the  course  being  **  round  the  Isle  of  Wight, 
inside  Norman's  buoy  and  Sandhead  buoy,  and 
outside  the  Nab."  The  following  yachts  were 
entered;  they  were  anchored  in  a  double  line.  No 
time  allowed  lor  tonnage: 

Yacht.  Rig,       Tons,  Owners, 

Beatrice         schooner   161  Sir  W.  P.  Carew. 
Volante         cutter         48  Mr.  J.  L«  Craigie. 
Arrow  cutter         84  Mr.  T.  Chamberlayne. 

Wyvem         schooner   205  Duke  of  Marlborough, 
lone  schooner     75  Mr.  A.  HiU. 


AMERICA 


24 


AMERICAN 


Yacht.  Rig,      Tons,  Owners, 

Constance      schooner   218  Marquess  of  Conyngham 
Titania  schooner    100  Mr.  R.  Stephenson. 

Gipsy  Queen  schooner    160  Sir  H.  B.  Hogton. 
Alarm  cutter        193  Mr.  J.  Weld. 

Mona  cutter         82  Lord  A.  Paget. 

America         schooner    170  Mr.  J.  C.  Stephens,  etc. 
Brilliant        schooner    392  Mr.  J.  H.  Akers. 

3-mast 
Bacchante      schooner     80  Mr.  B.  H.  Jones. 
Freah        >     cutter  60  Mr.  W.  Curling. 

Stella  cutter  65  Mr.  R.  Franklin. 

Eclipse  cutter  50  Mr.  H.S.  Fearon. 

Femande      schooner    127  Major  Martyn. 
Aurora  cutter  4  Mr.  T.  Le  Merchant. 

At  9.55  the  preparatory  gun  was  £red  from  the 
club-house  battery,  and  the  yachts  were  soon  sheeted 
from  deck  to  topmast  with  clouds  of  canvas;  high 
gaff  top*sails  and  balloon  jibs  being  greatly  in  vogue. 
The  Titania  and  the  Stella  did  not  start,  and  the 
Femande  did  not  take  her  station  (the  latter  was 
twice  winner  in  1850  and  once  in  1851).  Thus  only 
fifteen  started,  of  which  seven  were  schooners,  in* 
eluding  the  Brilliant  (three-masted  schooner),  and 
eight  were  cutters.  At  ten  o'clock  the  signal  gun 
for  sailing  was  fired,  and  before  the  smoke  had  well 
cleared  away  the  whole  of  the  beautiful  fleet  was 
under  way,  moving  steadily  to  the  east  with  the  tide 
and  a  gentle  breeze.  The  Gipsy  Queen,  with  all  her 
canvas  set  and  in  the  strength  of  the  tide,  took  the 
lead  after  starting,  with  the  Beatriu  next,  and  then, 
with  little  difference  in  order,  the  Volante,  Constance, 
Arrow,  and  a  flock  of  others.  The  America  went 
easily  for  some  time,  and  then  began  to  creep  up  on 
them,  passing  some  of  the  cutters  to  windward.  In  a 
quarter  of  an  hour  she  had  left  them  all  behind,  ex- 
cept the  Constance,  Beatrice  and  Gipsy  Queen,  which 
were  well  together,  and  went  along  smartly  with  the 
light  breeze.  Off  No  Man's  Land  Buoy  the  yachts 
were  timed: 

Yacht.  H.    M.   S, 

Vokmte  11      7      o 

Freah  11       8     20 

Aurora  . .  11       8     30 

Gipsy  Queen  . .         . .         ..11       8    45 

America         . .  . .     11       9      o 

Beatrice  ..         ..         ..     xi       9     15 

Alarm  ..  ..  ..11       9     20 

Arrow  ..  ..  ..     ii     10      o 

Bacchante       ..  ..  ..     11     10     15 

The  other  six  were  struggling  away  in  the  rear,  and 
the  Wyvem  soon  afterwards  hauled  her  wind  and 
went  back  towards  Cowes.  At  this  point  the  wind 
blew  somewhat  steadily*  and  the  America  began  to 
show  a  touch  of  her  quality.  'Whenever  the  breeze 
took  the  line  of  her  hull,  all  her  sails  set  as  flat  as  a 
drumhead,  and  without  any  careering  or  staggering 
she  "  walked  alolng  "•  past  cutter  and  schooner,  and 
when  off  Brading  had  left  every  vessel  of  die 
squadron  behind  her-*-a  mere  ruck— with  the  ex- 
ception of  VolantCt  whidi  she  overtook  at  1 1.30.    As 


there  was  no  wind  the  time  consumed  in  getting  up 
from  Hurst  Castle  to  the  winning  flag  was  very  con- 
siderable. The  America  arrived  first  at  8.37,  the 
Aurora  at  8.45,  the  Bacchante  at  9.30,  the  Eclipse  at 
9.45,  the  Brilliant  at  1.20.  The  rest  were  not  timed. 
Thus  the  America  made  good  all  her  professions,  and 
Messrs.  Stephens  were  presented  by  the  Royal  Yacht 
Squadron  with  the  well  won  cup. 

The  winners  conveyed  it  by  deed  of  gift  to  the 
New  York  Yacht  Club,  to  be  held  by  that  Club 
against  all  challengers  as  an  international  trophy. 
In  1870  and  187 1  Britain  challenged  with  the 
Cambria  and  Livonia,  both  of  which  were  defeated. 
Canada  challenged  in  1875  and  188 1,  and  met  with  a 
similar  fate.  Further  British  challengers  in  1885  and 
1887  were  unsuccessful.  In  1893  Lord  Dunraven 
challenged  with  Valkyrie  I  J.,  but  was  unable  to  carry 
off  the  cup.  In  1895  he  challenged  again,  and  won 
the  first  race  against  the  American  Defender,  The 
second  race  fell  to  the  Defender,  and  on  this  occasion 
Lord  Dunraven  attributed  his  defeat  to  the  crowded 
state  of  the  course.  In  the  third  race  his  yacht 
merely  crossed  the  line,  in  order  to  give  the  American 
yacht  a  start,  and  then  withdrew  from  the  contest. 
No  further  challengers  were  forthcoming  until  1898, 
when  Sir  Thomas  Lipton  challenged,  and  in  the 
following  year  sent  over  the  Shamrock  to  compete 
against  the  American  Columbia,  The  contest  took 
place  October  1899,  outside  Sandy  Hook,  and 
although  a  series  of  five  races  had  been  arranged,  it 
was  only  necessary  to  sail  three,  the  Columbia  win- 
ning the  first  by  II  minutes;  fijiishing  alone  in  the 
second,  owing  to  the  Shamrock  losing  her  top-mast; 
and  the  third  by  six  minutes  34  seconds.  In  1900 
he  again  challenged,  and  a  new  vessel,  the  Shamrock 
II.,  was  sent  out  in  the  following  year,  but  he  was 
again  beaten  by  the  Columbia,  that  vessel  winning 
three  races  consecutively,  the  first  by  about  200 
yards,  the  Second  by  a  little  over  a  minute.  In  1903 
he  challenged  again  with  Skamrock  III.,  and  this  time 
sailed  against  the  American  Reliance.  Although  his 
boat  showed  wonderful  qualities  in  the  light  and 
fluky  airs  characteristic  of  these  waters  at  the  season 
in  which  the  races  took  place,  he  again  failed  to  win 
a  single  race. 

Amflrioa  Martt.  Japanese  Government  Liner 
(1898).  Dimensions,  4^3  x  51  x  29  ft.;  gross  ton- 
nage 6,307.    Hp.,  10,000  =17  kts. 

Amerioan  and  Colonial  Weekly.  Established  1902. 
Published  (Wednesday).  Price  ^d.  •  Address:  14 
Coventry  Street,  W.C,  and  38  King  William 
Street,  E.C. 

American  Average  Claose.  See  Clauses. 

AmOTJ^yiyn  Line.  The  International  Navigation 
Company,  the  proprietary  organisation  firom.  which 
this  Line  was  developed,  was  incorporated  in 
Pennsylvania  in  1871.  In  1873  a  fortnightly  service 
of  steamers  was  established  between  Antwerp  aa4 


AMERIGO 


25 


AMMIRAGLIO 


Philadelphia,  under  the  Belgian  flag,  known  as  the 
Red  Star  Line,  and  the  American  Line  was  founded 
in  1880,  bringing  a  weekly  service  between  New  York 
and  Antwerp,  this  expansion  being  followed,  in  1886, 
by  acquiring  the  Inman  Line.  In  1893  the  Inman 
and  International,  as  the  Line  was  then  called,  be- 
came the  American  Line,  and  their  steamers  ex- 
changed Liverpool  for  Southampton  as  their  port  of 
call.  Weekly  New  York  Mail  Lines  are  run  to  and 
from  Antwerp  and  Southampton,  steamers  running 
between  Antwerp  and  New  York  call  at  Dover.  A 
Line  is  also  maintained  between  Philadelphia  and 
Liverpool,  as  well  as  Antwerp. 

Fleet. 
Haverford.  Philadelphia, 

Kensington,  Si  Paul. 

Merion,  St  Louis. 

.  New  York.  Southwarh. 

Noordland.  Westemland, 

Zeeland. 
Gross  tonnage,  170,943. 

Amerigo  VaspQoei.    Old  Italian  cruiser  (188 1). 
Displacement  3,050  tons.  Complement  280. 
Guns,  Armour. 

6—47  in.  "  SteeL" 

4 — 6pdr.  I  ^  in.  Deck. 

8 — I  pdr. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 

2  Above  water. 

Hp.  4,000  =  12  kts.    Coal  500  tons. 

Amerigo  TeiyDOoL    See  Vespucci  Amerigo. 

Amethyst.    British  3rd    class    cruiser.   (Elswick, 

1903.) 
Length  360  ft.  Beam  40  ft.  Mean  draught  14  ft. 

Displacement  3,000  tons.    Complement  296. 


Armour. 
"  Steel." 
2  in.  Deck. 


Guns. 
12 — ^4  in. 
8— 3  pdr. 
2  Maxims. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
2  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.     Turbine.    Hp.  9,800  =  2175  kts. 
Coal  maximum  500  tons. 
Approximate  cost  ;^240,ooo. 
This  ship-name  was  introduced  into  the  Navy  in 
i793»  when  the  Perle,  captured  at  Toulon,  was  re- 
named Amethyst;  it  is  also  associated  with  the  cap- 
tare  of  the  French  Thetis,  1808. 

Amidships.    Middle  of  the  ship. 

Amind   Anbe.       French    ist  class   cruiser.   (St. 
Nazaire,  1903.) 

Length  460  ft.  Beam  63  ft.  Maximum  draught  26  ft. 
Displacement  10,000  tons. 
GiifM.  .     Armour, 

2 — 7 '6  in.,  40  cal.  "  Krupp." 

8 — 6*4  in.  6}  in.  Belt  amidships. 

6—4  in.  8  in.  Turrets. 

18 — 3  pdr.  8  in.  Conning  tower. 

2 — 9  pdr.  Boat  guns. 


Torpedo  Tubes  (177  in.). 
2  Submerged. 
2  Above  water. 
I  Above  water  (stem). 
Three  screws.  Hp.  20*500  » 21  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 1 ,  590  tons.      Approximate  cost  £%7  5 ,000. 

Amiral  Bandin.     French    2nd  class    battleship 
(1883).  Reconstructed  1901. 

Length  321  ft.  Beam  69  ft.  Maximum  draught  29  ft. 
Displacement  1 2 , 1 50  tons.    Complement  62  5 . 
Guns,  Armour. 

2— 14-5  in.  "  Steel." 

4 — 6*4  in.  16  in.  Belt  amidships. 

8 — 5*5  in.  16  in.  Barbettes. 

18 — 3  pdr.  12  in.  Big  gun  shields. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (177  in.). 
6  Above  water. 

r 

Twin  screw.    Hp.  natural  5,000=14  kts.,   forced 
9700  =  16  kts.    Coal  maximum  800  tons. 

Amiral    Ohainer.      French     2nd    class    cruiser. 
(Rochefort,  1893.) 
Length  361  ft.  Beam  46  ft.  Maximum  draught  20  ft. 

Displacement  4,750  tons.   Complement  370. 
,  Guns,  Armour. 

2 — 7*6  in.,  45  cal.  "  Creusot  steel." 

6 — 5  '5  in.  4  in.  Belt  amidships. 

6 — 9  pdr.  4  in.  Turrets. 

4—3  pdr.  4  in.  Conning  tower. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (177  in.). 
4  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  8,300=  18-5  kts.   Coal  normal 
406  tons.    Approximate  cost  ;f3  50,000. 

Amiral  &6hociaH.     French     turret     battleship. 
(L'Orient,  1896.) 

Length  293  ft.   Beam  58  ft.   Draught  24  ft. 
Displacement  6,600  tons.  Complement  337. 
Guns.  Armour. 

2 — 1 2  in.     •  "Compound.'* 

8 — 3-9  in.  i8  in.  Belt. 

10— I '8  in.  18  in.  Gun  shields. 

Torpedo  Tubes, 
4  Above  water. 
Hp.  8, 500  =15  kts.     Coal  maximum  800  tons. 

Ammiraglio  di  St  Bon.    Old  Italian  battleship. 
(Venice,  1897.) 

Length  344  ft.  Beam  69  ft.  Maximum  draught,  26  ft. 
Displacement  9,800  tons.    Complement  542. 
Guns.  Armour, 

4— -10  in.  "  Harvey-nickel." 

8 — 6  in.  10  in.  Belt  amidships. 

8 — ^47  in.  10  in.  Barbettes. 

8—6  pdr.  6  in.  Conning  tower. 

12 — I  pdr. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
4  Submerged. 
Twin  screw.    Hp.  natural  9,000  s  16  kts.,  forced 
13.500=18  kts.    Coal  Maximum  1,000  tons. 
Approximate  cost  ^700,000. 


AMOK 


26 


ANCHOR 


Amok.  A  Malay  term,  sigBifying  slaughter  or 
sudden  frenzy,  which  seizes  an  individual.  In  the 
Malay  States,  as  well  as  in  India  and  Burma,  as  soon 
as  a  man  is  known  to  have  "  run  amok,"  every  effort 
is  made  to  capture  him,  as  until  they  are  slain,  or  fall 
from  exhaustion,  any  one  whom  they  meet  would 
probably  be  murdered. 

Amphitrite.  Ship,  with  female  convicts  to 
New  South  Wales,  lost  on  Boulogne  Sands,  August 
30,  1833 ;  out  of  131  persons,  only  three  were  saved. 

Amphitrite.  British  ist  class  cruiser.  (Vickers, 
1898.) 

Length  450  ft.  Beam  69  ft.  Maximum  draught  27  ft. 
Displacement  11,000  tons.      Complement  677. 
Guns.  Armour. 

16—6  in.  "  Harvey." 

12 — 12  pdr.  4  in.  Belt  amidships. 

2 — 12  pdr.,  8  cwt.       12  in.  Conning  tower. 
1 2 — 3  pdr. 
2  Maxims. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
2  Submerged. 
Twin  screw.      Hp.  18,000  =  20*3  kts.   Coal  maxi- 
mum 2,000  tons.    Approximate  cost  ;£6oo,ooo. 

This  ship-name  is  associated  with  Hood's  occupa- 
tion of  Toulon,  1793. 

Amphitrite.    U.S.  monitor  (1883). 
Length  260  ft.  Beam  56  ft.  Maximum  draught  16  ft. 
Displacement  3,990  tons.    Complement  160. 
Guns.  Armour. 

4 — 10  in.  •*  Iron." 

2 — 4  in.  9  in.  Belt  amidships. 

2 — 6  pdr.  12  in.  Barbettes. 

2 — 3  pdn  8  in.  Conning  tower. 

2 — I  pdr. 
2  Machine. 
Twin  screw.      Hp.  1,600=10-5  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 330  tons. 

Amplitude.  The  horizontal  distance  or  amount  of 
deviation  towards  the  North  or  South  of  a  heavenly 
body,  from  the  true  East  at  rising,  to  the  true  West 
at  setting.  For  fixed  stars  it  is  constant ;  for  the  sun 
and  the  planets,  it  varies  with  the  declination.  Its 
measure  is  an  angle  intercepted  between  the  prime 
vertical,  and  the  vertical  circle  passing  through  the 
object. 

Amsterdam  OanaL  In  1865  the  merchants  of 
Amsterdam,  realizing  that  it  was  imperative  they 
should  have  better  communication  with  the  North 
Sea  than  that  afforded  by  the  North  Holland  Ship 
Canal,  formed  a  company  for  the  purpose  of  con- 
structing a  canal  from  Amsterdam,  in  nearly  a  direct 
line  to  the  North  Sea,  through  the  Lake  Y  and  Wyker 
Meer,  a  distance  of  16^  miles.  The  canal  commences 
at  a  made  harbour,  which  is  farmed  by  two  piers, 
built  of  concrete  blocks,  founded  on  a  deposit  of 
rough  basalt,  and  passes  through  a  broad  belt  of 
sand-hills,  which  protect  the  whole  of  this  part  of  the 


coast  to  Holland  from  the  in-roads  of  the  sea,  through 
the  village  of  Valsen,  and  then  enters  the  Wyker 
Meer,  a  wide  track  of  tide  covered  land.  From  ther«, 
through  the  promontory  of  Buitenhuizen,  which 
separates  Wyker  Meer  from  Lake  Y;  the  rest  of  tiie 
course  being  through  Lake  Y  as  far  as  Amsterdam. 
There  are  two  sets  of  locks,  one  set  at  each  end;  the 
North  Sea  locks  at  a  distance  of  about  three-quarters 
of  a  mile  from  the  North  Sea  Harbour,  and  the 
Zuider  Zee  locks  on  the  dam  between  Amsterdam 
and  the  Zuider  Zee.  The  canal  is  16^  miles  long, 
107  feet  wide  on  the  water  surface.  89  feet  at  the 
bottom,  with  a  minimum  depth  of  23  feet.  The  for- 
mation of  the  banks  through  the  Wyker  Meer  and 
Lake  Y  enabled  about  12,000  acres,  which  was  for- 
merly occupied  by  these  lakes,  to  be  reclaimed.  The 
canal  took  10  years  to  complete,  and  the  contract 
sum  for  the  execution  of  the  work  /2, 2 50,000. 

Amsterdam  Drydock  Company  (Amsterdamsche 
Droogdok  Maatschappy)  was  established  in  1897. 
They  commenced  with  one  floating  dock  of  4,000  ton 
lifting  power,  and  fitted  out  a  repairing  yard,  start- 
ing with  about  100  men.  In  1880  another  floating 
dock  was  purchased,  with  a  lifting  capacity  of  3,000 
tons,  and  nine  years  later  a  third  was  added,  with  a 
lifting  capacity  of  7,500  tons.  They  now  possess,  be- 
sides the  three  floating  drydocks,  workshops  capable 
of  carrying  out  the  biggest  repairs  to  ships,  engines 
and  boilers,  and  employ  a  staff  of  men,  numbering 
about  600. 

Amsterdamsehe  Droogdok  Maatsohappy.  Sm  Am- 
sterdam Drydock  Company. 

Amnrets.  Russian  torpedo-boat  destroyer  (1906). 
Displacement.  625  tons;  complement,  100;  arma- 
ment, 6  6-pdr. ;  2  tubes. ;  Hp.,  6,000  =  28  kts. 

AJI.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Nordemey,  Germany. 

AJI^.  or  A.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing 
boats  registered  at  Aberdeen,  Scotland. 

Anaklia.  Russian  torpedo-boat.  (Elbing,  1890.) 
Length,  128  ft.;  beam,  16. ft.;  draught,  7  ft.;  dis- 
placement, 130;  armament,  2  i-pdr.,  2  tubes; 
Hp.»  1,200  22  kts.;  coal,  17  tons. 

Anapa.  Russian  torpedo-boat.  (Odessa,  1891.) 
Length,  126  ft.;  beam,  13  ft.;  draught,  8^  ft.;  dis- 
placement, 81  tons;  complement,  13;  armament, 
2  i-pdr.,  2  tubes;  Hp.,  1,000  =  21  kts. ;  coal,  16  tons. 

AnasiosofL  Russian  torpedo-boat  destroyer 
(1906).  Length,  185  ft. ;  beam,  21  ft. ;  draught,  7  ft. ; 
displacement,  324  tons;  complement,  60;  arma- 
ment, I  i2-pdr.,  5  3-pdr.;  2  tubes;  twin  screw; 
Hp.,  5,600  —  26  kts. ;  coal  maximum,  100  tons. 

Anohge.  Anchorage.  Abbreviation  adopted  on  the 
Charts  issued  by  the  Hydrographic  Ofl&ce,  Admiralty. 

Anohor.  A  large  and  heavy  instrument  in  use 
from  the  earliest  times,  by  which  ships  hold  fast  to 


ANCHORAGE 


27 


ANDREiE 


the  bottom  of  the  sea.  A  common  form  consists  of  a 
long  iron  shank,  having  at  one  end  a  ring  to  which  the 
cable  is  attached^  and  the  other  branching  out  into 
two  arms,  with  flukes  or  palms  at  their  bill  or  ex- 
tremity. The  number  of  anchors  carried  by  a  ship 
vary,  according  to  her  size.  There  are  many  patent 
anchors,  some  of  which  have  movable,  instead  of 
rigid  arms;  others  are  stockless,  so  constructed  that 
they  can  be  drawn  right  into  the  hawse  hole  of  a  ship. 
All  large  ships  carry  several  anchors.  A  fiist-class 
battleship  usually  has  eight  anchors.  Anchors  of 
various  forms  are  used  for  keeping  buoys  and  moor- 
ings in  position.  For  this  work  the  screw  and  the 
mushroom  anchor  are  usuaUy  employed. 

Anchorage.  Ground  which  is  suitable  for  ships  to 
ride  in  safety  upon. 

Anchor  Ice  (or  Ground  Ice)  forms  at  the  bottom 
of  rivers,  and  is  common  in  the  Baltic  Sea  and  off  the 
coast  of  Labrador.  It  is  formed  of  congealed  water, 
retarded  in  the  bed  of  the  river,  or  on  the  sea  bottom, 
by  the  current  being  too  great  for  the  formation  of 
ice  on  the  surface.  In  the  Labrador  fishing  grounds 
it  forms  at  a  considerable  depth.  Seals  caught  in  the 
line  at  this  depth  have  been  brought  up  solidly 
frozen.  Iron  chains  and  anchors  have  at  times  been 
found  floating  in  anchor  or  ground  ice. 

Anchor  Line»  was  established  in  1852,  by  Messrs. 
Handyside  and  Henderson  (now  Henderson  Bros.), 
with  a  service  from  the  Clyde  to  Portuguese  and 
Spanish  ports  extending  later  to  Mediterranean 
ports.  In  1856  they  started  a  trade  between 
Glasgow  and  New  York,  and  the  Mediterranean  and 
New  York,  and  now  maintain,  in  addition,  a  service 
between  the  United  Kingdom,  Bombay  and  Calcutta 
and  the  chief  Mediterranean  ports,  which  has  been 
vigorously  pushed  with  fine  steamers,  increasing  in 
size,  in  cargo  carrying  capacity,  and  in  speed  with 
the  development  of  the  trade. 

Fleet. 
Algeria,  Britannia,  Fumessia, 

Arabia,  Calabria.  Italia, 

Asia.  Caledonia.  Massilia, 

Assyria,  California,  Nubia, 

Astoria.  Castalia,  Olumpia, 

Aitstralia.  Circassia,  Persia, 

Bavaria.  Columbia,  Parugia, 

Bohemia,  Dalmatia.  Scinda. 

Ethiopia. 
Gross  tonnage  1 30,000. 

Anchor  Sailing  dnb,  Deal.  Established  1892. 
Burgee:  Blue,  with  yellow  foul  anchor.  Commodore, 
Richard  Lyddon;  Vice-Commodore,  T.  T.  Denne; 
Honorary  Treasurer,  F.  T.  Honeyball;  Honorary 
Secretary,  John  Sparke.  Annual  subscription,  los.  6d, 

Andent  Mariner.  Poem  by  Samuel  Taylor  Cole- 
ridge. The  suggestion  of  shooting  the  albatross 
came  from  Wordsworth.  It  was  published  in 
"  Lyrical  Ballads  "  (1798). 

Andereon,  Charlei  WiUiam,  jon.  (b.  January  18, 
1872).    Served  his  apprenticeship  with  Messrs  Craig, 


Taylor  and  Co.,  Stockton-on-Tees,  and  was  in 
1900  appointed  chief  draughtsman  to  that  firm. 
Member  of  the  North-East  Coast  Institution  of  En- 
gineers and  Shipbuilders. 

Anderson,  Thomas  James  (b.  August  8,  1864). 
Marine  Engineer.  Served  apprenticeship  with  the 
Blaydon  Iron  Works  Co.,  and  Messrs.  R.  and  W. 
Hawthorn  and  Co.,  Newcastle-on-Tyne.  Holds  B.T. 
certificate  for  Marine  Engineering.  Appointed  Ship 
and  Engineer  Surveyor  to  Lloyd's  Register  of  Ship- 
ping, 1889. 

Andoe,  Vic^Admiral  Sir  ffilary  ChutaFos,  K.C.B. 
(cr.  1902),  C.B.  (b.  February  14,  1841).  Edu- 
cated University  College  School.  Entered  Navy 
1855  as  Naval  Cadet;  promoted  Lieutenant  1861 ; 
Commander  1872;  Captain  1878;  and  Rear- Admiral 
1894.  Was  principal  Naval  Transport  officer  during 
Boer  War  (1881).  During  the  first  Soudan  expedi- 
tion was  Flag-Cap  tain  to  Lord  John  Hay,  Com- 
mander-in-Chief of  the  Fleet.  In  1895  was  ap- 
pointed Admiral-Superintendent  of  Chatham  Dock- 
yard, and  in  1900  promoted  Vice- Admiral,  ^d  re- 
tired. Has  been  decorated  with  Japan  medal  and 
star,  Soudan  clasp.  Queen's  Jubilee  medal  and  Royal 
Humane  Society's  medal. 

^"fl^ft    Brazilian  cruiser.  (Bergen,  1S92.) 
Length  252  ft.    Beam  34  ft.    Draught  18  ft. 
Displacement  2,560  tons.     Complement  300. 

Guns, 

2 — ^47  in. 

2 — 14  pdr. 

6 — 6  pdr. 

Torpedo  Tubes, 

5  Above  water. 

Hp.  3,600=:  17  kts.    Coal  maximum  600  tons. 

Andrea Doria*  Italian  battleship  (1885). 
Length  328  ft.  Beam  65  ft.  Maximum  draught  30  ft. 
Displacement  1 1,200  tons.    Complement  526. 
Guns.  Armour. 

4 — 17  in.  "  Compound." 

2 — 6  in.  18  in.  Belt  amidships. 

4 — 4'7  in.  18  in.  Redoubt. 

2 — 12  pdr.  18  in.  Conning  tower. 

10—6  pdr. 
17 — 1  pdr. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
2  Submerged. 
I  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  natural  7,500=  15  kts.,  forced 
10,000=  i6'5  kts.    Coal  normal  850  tons. 
Approximate  cost  ;f  780,000. 

AndresB,  Bhidker  Johan  Hetnrik  (b.  Leenwarden, 
Holland,  March  30,  1847).  Danish  Naval  Architect, 
Royal  Danish  Navy,  R.N.L.  Entered  Navy  as  Mid- 
shipman in  1862,  serving  with  distinction  till  1880, 
when  he  retired  from  active  sea  life,  and  was  ap- 
pointed to  the  Steamship  Department  of  the  Admi- 
ralty, of  which  he  was  promoted  chief  in  1884.     In 


ANDREE 


28 


ANEROID 


1865  ^®  introduced  the  vertical  triple-compound 
engine  in  the  Dutch  Navy,  and  in  1894  the  Yarrow 
Water  Tube  Boiler  on  a  large  scale.  Member  of  the 
Institution  of  Naval  Architects. 

Publications:  Bijdrage  Tot  de  Kennis  van  de 
Topedo's  of  Watermijney  1872;  numerous  papers 
published  in  the  Transactions  of  the  Institution  of 
Naval  Architects. 

Andrte,  Solomon  Angiut  (1854-97).  Swedish 
Aeronaut  and  Explorer,  (b.  Grenna.)  After  making 
several  balloon  journeys  he  decided  to  attempt  to 
reach  the  North  Pole  in  a  balloon  of  novel  design,and 
started  July  11,  1897,  froni  Danes  Island  (Spitz- 
bergen)  with  two  companions*  Strindberg  and 
Fraenkel,  in  a  balloon  of  5,000  cubic  meters,  with  the 
hope  of  being  drifted  by  the  wind  over  the  Pole. 
One  carrier  pigeon,  apparently  liberated  48  hours 
after  the  start,  was  shot,  and  several  buoys  were 
found  which  had  been  carried  in  the  balloon,  con- 
taining despatches  dated  July  11,  but  nothing  fur- 
ther has  been  heard  of  the  explorers,  of  whose  fate 
there  can  be  no  doubt. 

Andrei  Pervoswanni.  Russian  ist  class  battle- 
ship. (St.  Petersburg,  1906.) 

Length  460  ft.     Beam  80  ft.      Mean  draught  27  ft. 
Displacement  17,400  tons. 
Guns.  Armour. 

4 — 12  in.,  40  cal.  "  Krupp." 

12 — 8  in.,  1 1  in.  Belt  amidships. 

20 — 12  pdr.  12  in.  Turrets. 

20 — 3  pdr.  12  in.  Conning  tower. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
2  Submerged. 
2  Above  water, 
bow  and  stem. 
Twin  screw.    Hp.  17,600=  18  kts.  Coal  maximum 
3 ,000  tons.    Approximate  cost  £ i ,  500,000. 

Andromache.    See  Antarctic  Exploration. 

Andromeda.  28  guns.  In  October  1780,  this 
vessel  was  lost  in  a  storm  in  the  West  Indies. 

Andromeda.  British  ist  class  cruiser.  (Pem- 
broke, 1897.) 

Length  450  ft.  Beam  69  ft.  Maximum  draught  27  ft. 
Displacement  11,000  tons.  Complement  677. 
Guns.  Armour. 

16—6  in.  "  Harvey." 

12 — 12  pdr.  4  in.  Belt  amidships. 

2 — 12  pdr.,  8  cwt.       12  in.  Conning  tower. 
12 — 3  pdr. 
2  Maxims. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
2  Submerged. 
Twin  screw.      Hp.  16,500  =  20*25  kts.  Coal  maxi- 
mum 2,000  tons. 

Approximate  cost  ;£6oo,ooo. 
This  ship-name  is  associated  with  Rodney's  action 
against  De  Guichen,  1780;  Keppel's  action  off  Brest, 

1778. 


Anemo-CIinograph.  An  instrument  for  recording 
the  angular  deviations  of  wind  movement  from  a 
horizontal  path,  or  from  one  parallel  to  the  surface  of 
the  ground. 

Anemogram.  The  trace  marked  on  paper  by  an 
anemograph. 

Anemograph.    A  self-recording  anemometer. 

Anemometer.  An  instrument  for  measuring  and 
indicating  the  pressure  or  velocity  of  the  wind.  If 
currents  of  air  were  anything  like  uniform  it  would 
be  comparatively  simple  to  deduce  the  velocity  from 
the  pressure,  but  the  variability  is  so  great  that  the 
relation  between  the  velocity  and  the  pressure  be- 
come almost  unworkably  complexed.  There  are 
two  things  absolutely  essential  to  every  anemometer, 
(i)  A  wind-vane,  to  show  the  changes  of  direction; 
(2)  a  w^ld-gauge,  to  show  the  changes  in  the  velocity 
or  of  force.  Anemometers  may  be  either  non-record- 
ing, as  merely  exhibiting  the  variation  to  the  eye,  or 
recording,  marking  them  permanently  on  paper. 
The  best  known  form  is  the  Hermispherical  Cup 
Anemometer,  invented  by  Dr  Robinson,  which  con- 
sists of  four  hermispherical  cups  which  rotate  hori- 
zontally with  the  wind,  and  a  combination  of  wheels 
which  record  the  number  of  revolutions  in  a  given 
time.  The  Osier's  Anemometer,  one  of  the  most 
trustworthy  of  the  pressure-gauge  description,  traces 
with  pencils,  upon  a  sheet  of  paper,  lines  which  indi- 
cate changes  of  the  wind  both  in  direction  and  in 
pressure.  It  consists  of  a  plate  usually  about  a 
square  foot  in  area,  which  is  kept  facing  the  wind, 
and  is  by  it  driven  back  upon  springs,  whose  resis- 
tance is  the  measure  of  the.  wind's  force.  The  Royal 
Meteorological  Society  appointed  a  committee  to 
consider  the  subject  of  wind -force ;  and  an  Anemo- 
meter, invented  by  W.  H.  Dines,  has  superseded  its 
predecessors.  Anemometry  forms  a  most  important 
feature  in  meteorological  observations,  and  many  im- 
portant and  rem£u:kable  results  have  appeared  since 
the  invention  of  the  self-recording  apparatus. 

Anemoscope.  An  instrument  for  recording  the 
direction  of  the  wind. 

Aneroid  (Or.  non  Liquid).  Barometer  invented  by 
Vidi,  Paris,  1843  (patented  in  England,  1844),  con- 
sists of  a  metal  box  from  which  the  air  is  exhausted, 
and  a  steel  spring  in  the  form  of  a  double  leaf.  Its 
action  depends  on  the  effect  produced  by  the  pres- 
sure of  the  atmosphere  on  a  circular  metallic  cham- 
ber, partially  exhausted  of  air  and  hermetically 
sealed.  The  dial  is  graduated  by  comparison  with  a 
mercurial  barometer,  both  instruments  being  placed 
under  an  air  pump  for  the  purpose.  The  vacuum 
chamber  is  made  of  two  discs  of  corrugated  German 
silver,  soldered  together,  to  which  is  attached  a  strong 
spring,  which  acts  in  opposition  to  the  motion  of  the 
box.  At  the  centre  of  the  upper  surface  of  the  ex- 
hausted chamber,  a  lever  of  brass  or  iron  is  attached. 
The  end  of  the  lever  is  attached  to  a  second  or 


ANEROIDOGRAPH 


29 


ANNAM 


smaller  lever,  from  which  a  chain  extends  to  where 
it  works  on  a  drum  attached  to  the  axis  of  the  hand, 
connected  with  a  hair  spring,  regulating  and  chang- 
ing the  motion  from  vertical  to  horizontal,  and  re- 
gulating the  hand.  The  spiral  spring  keeps  the 
chain  free  from  slackness  while  the  pressure  is 
diminishing,  and  when  the  pressure  increases  the 
lever  pulls  down  the  chain.  As  these  instruments 
are  graduated  experimentally,  and  being  liable  to 
changes  from  elasticity  of  the  brass  chamber  chang- 
ing, or  from  changes  in  the  S3^stem  of  levers  which 
work  the  pointer,  rusting,  or  alteration  in  the  force 
of  the  springs,  they  require  to  be  repeatedly  com- 
pared with  a  mercurial  barometer. 

See  Whymper  "  How  to  use  the  Aneroid  Barome- 
ter "  (1891). 

Anflroidogiaph.  A  self-recording  aneroid  baro- 
meter. 

Aagamos,  Battle  ol  Naval  fight  off  Angamos  Point 
(Chile),  October  8,  1879,  between  Peruvian  ironclad 
Huascar  and  Chilian  ironclads  Blanco  Encalada  and 
Almarante  Cochrane,  assisted  by  corvette  Covadonga; 
after  a  battle  of  about  one  hour  and  a  half  the 
Peruvians  were  forced  to  surrender. 

Angel  Fish.  Species  of  shark  found  in  both  the 
East  and  West  Hemispheres.  It  reaches  a  length  of 
five  feet,  and  is  viviparous. 

Angler,  Lieut  Sir  Theodore  Vivian  SamueL  K.T. 

1904  (b.  London,  1845).  Educated  Rossal  School, 
Lancashire;  King's  College,  London.  Apprenticed  in 
1861  to  Messrs.  Davison,  Son  and  Lindley,  where  he 
served  his  time.  After  a  trip  through  Southern 
Europe  he  returned  to  London,  and  joined  tlie  firm 
of  Messrs.  S.  H.  Angier  and  Co.  In  1869,  owing 
to  the  death  of  his  father,  he  was  compelled  to 
embark  in  business  on  his  own  account,  and  started 
the  firm  of  Messrs.  Angier  Brothers,  of  which  he  is  the 
head.  Held  a  Commission  in  the  Duke  of  Cambridge's 
Hussars  (Middlesex  Yeomanry).  Director  of  several 
Insurance  Associations;  Vice-Chairman  in  1883  and 
Chairman  in  1884  of  the  General  Shipping  Owner's 
Society;  Vice-President  of  Chamber  of  Shipping 
1884;  President  1885 ;  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Statistical 
Society;  served  on  the  Load  Line  Committee  1898; 
served  on  Lloyd's  Register  Committee  1884-1889; 
contested  Orkney  Thelland  as  Unionist  Candidate  in 
X902 ;  Member  of  the  original  committee  of  the  Tariff 
Reform  League;  Vice-President  of  Brighton  and 
Hove  Tariff  Reform  League.  Travelled  extensively 
over  India,  Ceylon,  Australia,  United  States  and 
Canada. 

Ansle-Iroo.  Strips  of  iron,  having  edges  turned 
up  at  an  angle  to  each  other,  used  for  ribs  and  knees, 
in  framing  iron  vessels. 

Aa^er.  British  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Chis- 
wick,  1898.)  Length,  210  ft. ;  beam,  19  ft. ;  draught, 
7  ft. ;  displacement,  278  tons ;  complement,  60;  arma- 
ment, I  i2-pdr.,  5  6-pdr.;  2  tubes;  twin  screw; 
Hp.,  5,800=  30  kts. ;  coal.  80  tons. 


Angler^Flah.  A  fish  called  also  Sea  Devil,  Frog,  or 
Frog  Fish,  and  in  Scotland,  Wide-gab,  signifying 
wide  mouth.  It  has  an  enormous  head,  on  which  are 
placed  two  elongated  appendages,  or  filaments, 
which,  being  movable,  are  manoeuvred  as  if  they 
were  bait,  and  when  small  fishes  approach  to  ex- 
amine them  the  Angler,  hidden  amid  mud  and  sand, 
which  it  has  stirred  up  by  means  of  its  ventral  fins, 
seizes  them.  It  occurs  along  the  British  coasts,  and 
averages  about  three  feet  in  length,  but  occasionally 
specimens  are  taken  measurhig  as  much  as  five  feet. 


Angler's  Hewg  and  Sea  Fisher's  JonmaL  Estab- 
lished 1900.  Published  weekly  (Saturday).  Price 
id.    Address:  4  and  5  Gough  Square,  London,  B.C. 

Anglesey  Taoht  Clab,  Royal.  See  Royal  Anglesey 
Yacht  Club. 

Anglia.  Anchor  Line  steamer,  capsized  in 
river  Hoogly,  August  24,  1892;  12  lives  lost. 

Angling,  In  modem  English  the  practice  of  catch- 
ing fish  by  means  of  a  rod,  line,  hook  and  bait.  The 
hook  is  rendered  attractive  to  the  fish  by  concealing 
it  in  a  natural  bait,  or  attaching  to  it  a  deceptive  imi- 
tation of  a  fly.  Among  the  best-known  works  on 
Angling  may  be  mentioned  Frances'  book  on 
"Angling,"  1885;  Maxwell's  "Salmon  and  Sea 
Trout,"  1889;  Duer's  book  on  "The  Dry  Fly," 
1897;  Hardy's  "  The  Salmon,"  1893;  "  Fly  Fishing," 
Sir  E.  Grey,  1899. 

Anglo-Algerian  Steamship  Company,  with  which  is 
incorporated  the  Anglo-Arabian  and  Persian  Line, 
managed  by  Messrs.  Frank  C.  S trick  and  Co.,  Ltd., 
London,  incorporated  in  1896;  have  a  fleet  of 
16  modem  steamers  engaged  in  cargo  carrjnng  to 
various  parts  of  the  world. 

Fleet. 

Afghanistan  Bardistan  Nijaristan 

Arabistan  Gorjistan  Serbistan 

Armanistan  Gulistan  Shahristan 

Avristan  Koordistan  Tabaristan 

Baluchistan  Luristan  Turhistan 

Muristan 

Anglo-Saxon.  Mail  steamer,  wrecked  on  a  reef 
off  Cape  Race,  Newfoundland,  April  27,  1863;  237 
lives  lost. 

Angoille.  French  submarine.  (Toulon,  1903.) 
Length,  yy  ft. ;  beam,  7^  ft. ;  draught,  8  ft. ;  displace- 
ment, 68  tons;  complement,  5 ;  Hp.,  60  =  8  kts. 

Angnlfir  Measore.    See  Weights  and  Measures. 

Anjon*  Lieatenani    See  Arctic  Exploration. 

Anker.  An  obsolete  liquid  measure  of  8*29x4  gal- 
lons. The  Scots  anker  contained  20  Scots  pints. 
The  measure  is  still  in  use  in  Denmark,  Russia  and 
Germany. 

Amiftm,  French  subsidised  merchant  ship 
(1898).    Messageries  Maritimes  (g.v.).    Dimensions, 


ANNAPOLIS 


30 


ANTARCTIC 


445  X  50  X  36  ft.;  gross  tonnage,  6,364;  Hp..  7.200 
=  18  kts. 

Annapolis.  U.S.  gun-boat.  (Elizabeth  Port,  1897.) 
Length  168  ft.  Beam  36  ft.  Maximum  draught  12  J  ft. 
Displacement  1,000  tons.   Complement  135. 

Guns. 
6 — 4  in. 
4 — 6  pdr. 
2 — I  pdr. 
Hp.  1,250=  13  kts.   .Coal  maximum  225  tons. 

Annie  Jane.  An  emigrant  ship,  driven  on  shore 
at  Barra  Islands  on  the  West  Coast  of  Scotland. 
September  29,  1853;  348  lives  were  lost. 

Annovaszi,  CKiueppe,  Rear-Admiral.  Italian  Navy 
(b.  1846).  Entered  Navy  1865;  Director  of  Naval 
Ordnance  and  Torpedoes  1898- 1900;  Second -in- 
Command  of  the  Italian  Squadron  1903 ;  President  of 
the  Permanent  Commission  for  Ordnance  Experi- 
menting, 1904-05. 

Anodon.     See  Mussel. 

Anson.  44  guns.  On  December  29,  1S07,  this 
vessel  was  wrecked  in  Mount's  Bay,  when  60  lives 
were  lost. 

Anson.  British  2nd  class  battleship.  (Pembroke, 
1886.) 

Length  330  ft.  Beam  68  ft.   Maximum  draught  27  ft. 
Displacement  10,600  tons.     Complement  515. 
Guns.  Armour. 

4 —  1 3  •  5  in.  "  Compound. " 

6 — 6  in.  18  in.  Belt  amidships. 

12—6  pdr.  12  in.  Barbettes. 

10 — 3  pdr.  12  in.  Conning  tower. 

Twin  screw.  Hp.  11,500=  16-25  kts.  Coal  maxi- 
mum 1 .200  tons.    Approximate  cost  ;£8oo,ooo. 

This  ship-name  is  associated  with  Rodney's  vic- 
tory, 1782;  destruction  of  the  Calliope,  1797;  cap- 
ture of  the  Daphne,  1797;  Warren's  action.  1798; 
capture  of  the  Bomona,  1806;  and  the  Curacao,  1807. 

Anon,  Captain  Charles  Eustace,   B.N..  M.V.O. 

1901  (b.  1859).      Entered   Navy    1872;    promoted - 
Lieutenant  1882,  and  served  in  Egypt  (medal  and 
clasp;  bronze  star) ;  Commander  1894;  Captain  1901. 
and  appointed  to  command  H.M.  yacht  Osborne. 

Anson,  George  Lord,  British  Admiral  (b.  Shuck- 
borough  Manor,  Staffordshire,  April  22,  1697). 
Entered  Navy  at  the  age  of  15,  and  at  the  early  age 
of  21  was  promoted  to  command  of  the  Weasel 
sloop,  and  by  1724  to  the  command  of  the  man-of- 
war  Scarborough.  From  1724  to  1735  he  made  three 
expeditions  to  South  Carolina  against  the  Spaniards. 
I^  1739.  on  the  outbreak  of  tlie  Spanish  war,  he  was 
given  command  of  a  squadron  of  eight  vessels, 
equipped  to  annoy  the  Spaniards  in  the  South  Seas. 
He  sailed  in  September  1740.  and,  although  losing 
most  of  his  men,  with  only  one  remaining  ship,  the 


Centurion,  he  captured  a  rich  galleon  on  her  passage 
to  Manila,  and  returned  to  England  1743  laden  with 
booty,  and  was  appointed  Rear- Admiral  of  the  Blue. 
In  1745  he  was  made  Rear-Admiral  of  the  White, 
In  1747  as  Vice- Admiral,  he  intercepted  off  Cape 
Finisterre,  a  powerful  French  fleet,  which  he  utterly 
defeated,  taking  six  men-of-war  and  four  East 
Indiamen.  In  recognition  of  liis  signal  services  he 
was  raised  to  the  peerage.  In  1757  he  became  first 
Lord  of  the  Admiralty,  and  four  years  later  Admiral 
of  the  Fleet,  which  rank  he  held  until  his  death. 
June  6,  1762, 

Ant.  British  3rd  class  gun-boat  (254  tons). 
Launched  1873. 

Antarctic.     Ship.    See  Antarctic  Exploration. 

Antarctic.   Opposed  to  Arctic;  the  Antarctic  Circle 
or  Zone  which  it  encloses. 

Antarctic  Circle.  A  small  circle  of  the  earth  de- 
scribed around  the  Southern  Pole,  at  a  distance  from 
it  of  23**  28'.  Sometimes,  however,  the  term  is 
more  loosely  applied  to  the  South  Polar  regions  in 
general. 

Antarctic  Ezploratioa.     The  first  ship  to  approach 
the  Antarctic  circle  was  one  of  a  fleet  under  Jacob 
Mahu,  which  sailed  from  Rotterdam,  June  1598. 
The  vessel,  a  yacht  of  150  tons,  named  the  Good 
News,  was  commanded  by  Dirk  Gerritz,  and  he  is 
credited  with  having  discovered  the  South  Shet- 
lands.     In    1772    a    Frenchman    named    Yves    J. 
Kerguelen,  discovered  the  island  which  bears  his 
name,  in  48°  41'  S. ;  this  island  is  now  usually  used  as 
a  base  for  Antarctic  exploration.    The  first  voyage  of 
importance  to  the  southern  seas  was  that  of  Captain 
Cook,  who  in  January  1773,  sailed  southwards  from 
the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  in  the  Resolution.    On  Janu- 
ary 17  the  Antarctic  circle  was  crossed  for  the  first 
time  in  long.  39*  35'  E.     In  December  of  that  year 
he  made  another  attempt  to  discover  the  supposed 
southern  Continent,  and  again  crossed  the  Antarctic 
circle  in  147®  46'  W..  and  on  January  29,   1774, 
reached  70**  23'  S.     Captain  Bristow,  in  1806,  dis- 
covered Auckland  Island  and  Hazleburgh,  and  four 
years  later  Campbell  Island.     In  18 18  Mr.  William 
Smith  came  across  the  land  known  as  South  Shet- 
land,  which   was   subsequently   confirmed  by  Mr. 
Bransfield,  the  Captain  of  H.M.S.  Andromache,  who 
discovered  another  portion,  which  was  named  Brans- 
field's  Land.     The  South  Orkneys  were  discovered 
by  Captain  George  Powell  in  the  sloop  Dove  182 1. 
and  in  the  following  year  James  Weddell,  R.N.,  of 
the  sailing  vessel  Jane,  attained  the  lat.  of  74**  15'  S. 
In  1830  an  expedition  under  the  command  of  Mr. 
John  Biscoe,  R.N.,  sighted  land  in  long.  47**  20'  E.. 
and  lat.  65°  57'  S.,  which  he  named  Enderby  Land, 
subsequently  discovering  Biscoe   Island,   the  land 
now  known  as  Graham  Land.     In  1839  the  French 
expedition,    under    Dumont    d'Urville.    disco v^ed 
Joinville  Land  and  Louis  Phillippe  Land,  and  two 


ANTARCTIC 


31 


ANTARCTIC 


small  islands  on  the  Antarctic  circle  named  Terre 
Ad^lie  and  Cote  Clarie.  The  finest  expedition  that 
has  ever  explored  the  south  polar  seas,  was  the 
English  Antarctic  Expedition  which  left  England  in 
1839,  and  Hobart,  December  1840.  This  expedition 
was  under  the  command  of  Captain  (afterwards  Sir) 
James  Clarke  Ross,  who  was  accompanied  by  Dr. 
(afterwards  Sir)  Joseph  Hooker.  Two  old  bomb 
vessels  were  fitted  out,  the  Erebus  and  Terror,  and 
sailed  from  Chatham  in  September  1839,  proceeding 
to  the  Cape,  and  thence  southward  to  Kerguelen 
Island.  Possession  islands  were  discovered,  and  a 
landing  a£fected  on  one  of  the  largest,  and  the  coast 
line  of  Victoria  Land  was  traced  from  Cape  North  to 
Cape  Crozier,  a  distance  of  about  570  miles.  Several 
sununits  and  mountain  ranges  were  named,  including 
a  volcano,  Erebus,  12,400  ft.  The  south  magnetic 
pole  was  calculated  to  be  in  76"  S.  and  145*'  20'  E., 
about  500  miles  south-west  of  the  ship's  position. 
The  whole  of  the  great  southern  land  discovered  on 
this  voyage  was  named  Victoria  Land.  In  Novem- 
ber 1841  a  second  voyage  was  undertaken,  and  the 
Arctic  circle  was  crossed  on  New  Year's  Day  1842. 
After  navigating  through  a  belt  of  ice  800  miles 
broad,  a  clear  sea  was  sighted  February  i,  1842,  and 
the  voyage  continued  to  the  southward  in  1 74**  31'  W. 
On  February  23  the  expedition  attained  a  lat.  of 
78®  1 1'  S.,  the  highest  ever  reached  at  that  time.  In 
December  of  the  following  year  the  expedition  sailed 
on  the  third  visit,  and  the  land  named  after  Prince 
d'Joinville  by  Dumont  d'Urville,  and  the  southern 
side  of  the  South  Shetlands  was  discovered  and  sur- 
veyed. In  1845  Lieutenant  Moore,  in  command  of  a 
merchant  barque,  the  Pagoda,  continued  the  work 
which  Ross  had  so  ably  started,  and  completed  the 
magnetic  observations  south  of  the  60th  parallel, 
between  the  meridians  of  the  Cape  and  Australia.  In 
1873  the  Challenger  expedition  (q.v.),  under  the  com- 
mand of  Captain  Nares,  sailed  from  England,  arriving 
at  Kerguelen  Island  on  January  6,  1874,  where  sur- 
veys were  made,  and  the  islands  including  those 
named  Heard  and  Macdonald,  which  had  been  dis- 
covered in  November  1853,  by  Captain  Heard,  of  the 
American  ship  Oriental,  thoroughly  examined  by  the 
naturalists  of  the  expedition.  Several  deep  sea 
soundings  were  taken,  the  greatest  depth  being 
1,975  fathoms.  The  first  winter  passed  by  man 
within  the  Antarctic  circle  was  that  of  1898,  when 
the  Belgica,  under  Captain  de  Gerlache,  was  beset  by 
ice  in  lat.  71°  31'  S.,  and  long.  85**  16'  W. 

The  German  Antarctic  Expedition  in  the  Gauss 
(1901-03),  discovered  new  land  south  of  6i**  58'  S.S. 
and  95°  8'  E.,  which  was  named  Kaiser  Wilhelm  II. 
land,  and  also  discovered  an  inactive  volcano,  which 
was  named  Gaussberg. 

A  Swedish  Expedition  in  the  Antarctic  left  Europe 
in  1 90 1,  the  vessel  was  lost  two  years  later,  but  the 
party  were  rescued.  The  Scottish  National  Antarc- 
tic Expedition  in  the  Scotia  (1902-04),  confined  its 
work  to  the  Weddell  Sea.  Four  thousand  miles  of 
ocean,  from  17**  45'  W.  long,  to  70°  25'  S.  lat.  was 


explored,  and  after  wintering  in  the  South  Orkneys, 
they  reached,  in^  their  second  se£ison,  the  south- 
eastern extremity  of  Weddell  Sea,  discovering  a 
great  barrier  of  inland  ice,  which  is  believed  to  be 
part  of  the  Antarctic  Continent,  and  which  was 
found  to  be  600  miles  north  of  its  supposed  position. 

Among  the  most  important  exx>editions  recently 
at  work  in  the  Antarctic  regions,  must  be  mentioned 
the  British  National  Antarctic  Expedition,  in  the 
Discovery  (1902-04).  The  Ross  barrier  was  followed 
for  a  considerable  distance  to  the  east,  and  the  coast 
discovered  named  Edward  VII.  land.  Subsequently 
it  was  discovered  that  Mount  Erebus  and  Terror  are 
on  an  island,  and  that  Murdo  Bay  is  really  a  Strait. 
Connected  with  this  expedition  were  Captain  R.  F. 
Scott  and  Lieutenant  Shackleton,  who  on  January  i, 
1903,  sledged  southward  along  the  coast  of  Victoria 
Land,  and  carried  the  British  fiag  to  82°  17'  S.,  the 
highest  southern  lat.  ever  attained. 

S$8  "Antarctic  Manual,"  Murray,  1901;  Mur- 
doch's **  From  Edinburgh  to  the  Antarctic,"  1894; 
Bull's  "Cruise  of  the  Antarctic,"  1896;  Borchgre- 
vink's  "First  on  the  Antarctic  Continent,"  1901; 
Bemacchi's  "To  the  South  Polar  Regions,"  1901; 
"Southern  Cross  Collections"  (Nat.  Hist.),  1903; 
Nordenskojld's  "  Antarctica,"  1905. 

Aniarotto  Ooean.  A  name  that  should,  strictly 
speaking,  be  appUed  only  to  the  ice-bound  sea  to  the 
south  of  the  Antarctic  circle;  but  generally  applied 
to  the  great  water  division  of  the  globe  round  the 
South  Pole.  As  compared  with  the  Arctic  Ocean, 
little  is  known  about  this  portion  of  the  earth's  sur- 
face. There  is  good  reason  to  believe,  however,  that 
the  Antarctic  consists  of  a  central  mass  of  land 
covered  with  a  thick  and  presuidably  unbroken  ice 
cap.  The  depth  varies  considerably,  and  percepti- 
bly decreases  as  the  edge  of  the  ice-barrier  is  ap- 
proached. East  of  Victoria  Land  the  depth  varies 
from  100  to  800  fathoms;  east  of  South  Shetland 
Isles  100  to  500  fathoms;  west  of  Graham's  Land 
200  to  300  fathoms ;  between  Patagonia  and  Kergue- 
len Isle  from  2,000  to  3,000  fathoms.  Records  of  the 
Challenger  expedition  proved  that  deep-sea  sound- 
ings were  taken  at  a  depth  of  1,975  fathoms.  To  the 
S.W.  of  South  Georgia,  Sir  James  Clark  Ross  records 
having  sounded  a  depth  of  4,000  fathoms,  without 
finding  bottom.  The  temperature  of  the  Antarctic 
is  slightly  colder  than  that  of  the  Arctic,  and  varies 
considerably.  Observations  made  by  the  German 
Deep-Sea  Expedition  in  the  Valdivia  in  1898-99,  give 
a  surface  temperature  down  to  50  fathoms  of  29°  to 
30*  F,;  at  165  fathoms  35**  F.;  below  800  fathoms  it 
sinks  to  31^.  According  to  the  observations  of  the 
Challenger  expedition  the  temperature  of  the  surface 
water  was  between  29°  and  38°,  according  to  the 
latitude,  with  the  bottom  temperature  from  32®  to 

35°. 

Antaroiio  Pole.  The  Southern  Pole,  whether  of  the 
earth  or  of  the  heavens. 


ANTARCTIC 


32 


APPARENTLY 


Antarctic  Tropic.    The  tropic  of  Capricorn. 

Antaret.  A  star  of  the  first  magnitude,  commonly 
called  the  Scorpion's  Heart;  it  is  one  of  the  nautical 
stars,  and  used  for  determining  the  latitude  and 
longitude. 

Antemiariiu.  A  genus  of  spiny-finned  fishes  akin 
to  the  Fishing  Frogs.  The  Walking-fish,  a  native  of 
the  Indian  seas,  is  an  exceedingly  grotesque-looking 
animal. 

Anthelion.  Coloured  rings  seen  round  the  shadow 
of  an  observer,  projected  on  to  a  cloud  or  fog  l3dng 
below  him.    Also  called  "  Glory." 

Anfhozoa.     See  Actinozoa. 

Anthracite  (or  Stone  Coal)  is  a  variety  of  coal, 
differing  from  the  common  bituminons  kind  by  its 
great  hardness,  the  large  proportion  of  carbon  in  its 
composition,  and  the  great  heat  given  out  in  burn- 
ing. While  ordinary  coal  has  a  dull  lustre,  anthra- 
cite is  brilliant,  and  is  frequently  iridescent  on  the 
natural  surface.  It  does  not  soil  the  fingers  when 
handled  like  ordinary  coal;  ignites  with  difficulty; 
bums  with  a  feeble  smokeless  flame,  giving  out  an 
intense  heat,  and  is  the  best  steam  coal  known. 
Anthracite  has  been  defined  as  the  ultimate  product 
of  the  conversion  of  vegetable  matter  into  coal. 
The  chief  deposits  in  Great  Britain  exist  in  the  great 
coal-fields  of  South  Wales,  while  the  greatest  fields  at 
present  worked  are  those  of  Pennsylvania.  It  is  also 
found  in  Selesia,  Westphalia,  France,  Russia,  West 
Canada,  and  the  Rocky  Mountains.  It  has  been 
estimated  by  Richthofen  that  the  anthracite  de- 
posits in  the  Chinese  province  of  Shansi,  amount  to 
630,000,000,000  tdhs.  See  Robert's  Anthracite 
Coal  Industry  (1902). 

Anthropophagi.     See  Cannibalism. 

Anticyclone.  An  area  of  relatively  high  barometric 
[)ressure  increasing  towards  the  centre,  in  which  the 
wind  blows  spirally  outwards,  and  in  the  northern 
hemisphere,  in  the  direction  of  the  movement  of  the 
hands  of  a  watch. 

Anti-Ihcmftatoan.    See  Boiler  Composition. 

Antipatharia  (or  Black  Corals).  A  group  of  Acti- 
nozoa (q.v.)  with  homy  skeleton. 

Antipodes.  The  name  given  to  those  inhabitants 
of  the  earth's  surface  who  are  diametrically  opposite 
to  each  other,  t.f.,  feet  to  feet.  From  the  people  the 
term  has  passed  to  the  places  themselves,  which  are 
situated  at  the  two  extremities  of  any  diameter  of  the 
earth. 

Anti-Trades.  Winds  in  the  upper  air  blowing  in  a 
contrary  direction  to  that  of  the  trade  wind  {q.v.)  of 
the  lower  level.  The  direction  of  the  anti-trade 
winds  is  usually  from  the  S.W.,  but  in  the  southern 
hemisphere,  they  blow  from  the  N.W 


Antrim.    British    ist  class    cruiser.     (Clydebank, 

1903.) 

Length  450  ft.  Beam  68  ft.  Maximum  draught  25  ft. 
Displacement  i o,  700  tons.     Complement  655. 


tt 


Armour, 
Krupp." 
6  in.  Belt  amidships. 
6  in.  Barbettes. 
12  in.  Conning  tower. 


Guns. 
4—7-5  in. 
6 — 6  in. 
2 — 12  pdr. 
22 — 3  pdr. 
2  Maxims. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
2  Submerged. 

Twin  screw.  Hp.  2i,ooo  =  32|^  kts.  Coal  maxi- 
mum 1 ,800  tons.      Approximate  cost  ;^8 50,000. 

Anvers,  Taiflit  Olnb  D\  See  Yacht  Club  d'  An- 
vers. 

Aoataka.  Japanese  torpedo-boat.  (Kure»  1903.) 
Length,  147  ft.;  beam,  16  ft.;  draught,  8  ft.;  dis- 
placement. 150  tons;  complement,  26;  armament, 
I  6-pdr.,  2  3-pdr.;  2  tubes;  Hp.,  4,200=30  kts.; 
coal  30  tons. 

Apcar  Line,  with  the  head  offices  in  Calcutta,  was 
founded  by  Messrs.  A.  Apcar  and  Co.,  for  the  purpose 
of  trading  between  Calcutta,  the  Straits  Settlements 
and  Hong  Kong,  maintain  a  fortnightly  service  be- 
tween Calcutta  and  Hong  Kong.  They  carry  pas- 
sengers as  well  as  cargo,  and  are  known  as  the 
Opium  Boats,  on  account  of  their  being  used  by 
the  Indian  Government  for  conveying  opium  to 
China. 

Fleet. 

A  ratoon  A  pear.     Catharine  A  pear.     G  regory  A  pear. 

Lightning. 
Gross  tonnage,  14,000. 

Apeak  or  Apeek.  A  ship  drawn  directly  over  the 
anchor  is  said  to  be  apeak.  The  anchor  is  apeak 
when  the  cable  has  been  sufficiently  hove  in  to  bring 
the  ship  over  it. 

Aphetion.  That  point  in  the  orbit  of  a  planet  at  its 
greatest  distance  from  the  sun. 

Apogee.  That  point  in  its  orbit  when  the  moon  is 
furthest  from  the  earth.  The  distance  being  about 
253,000  miles. 

Apollo.  Frigate,  wrecked  on  the  coast  of  Portu- 
gal* April  I,  1804. 

Apoplexy,  Unconsdoiunees  frooL  See  Appar- 
ently Dead,  Methods  of  Restoring  the. 

Apparenfly  Dead*  Method  ol  Bestoring  the.      The 

art  of  resuscitating  the  apparently  dead  does  not 
appear  to  have  been  known  to  the  ancients,  and 
although  some  few  instances  of  recovery  from 
drowning  and  hanging  occurred  on  the  Continent 
and  at  Oxford  about  the  year  1650,  it  was  not  until 


APPARENTLY 


33 


APPORTIONMENT 


the  middle  of  the  eighteenth  century  that  any 
serious  investigation  on  this  subject  took  place.  At 
this  time  the  eminent  Dr.  J.  Fothergill,  in  a  paper 
to  the  Royal  Society,  propounded  the  most  im- 
portant theory  of  the  "  possibility  of  saving  many 
lives  without  risking  anything,"  and  this  theory 
having  been  put  in  practice  by  M.  Reaumer,  an  in- 
genious foreigner,  several  successful  attempts  at 
resuscitation  were  recorded  in  Switzerland,  and  a 
society  for  the  recovery  of  the  apparently  drowned 
was  established  in  Amsterdam.  In  the  year  1773 
the  records  of  this  society  Jell  into  the  hands  of  the 
late  Dr.  Hawes,  who,  in  association  with  Dr.  Cogan 
and  several  other  gentlemen,  founded  what  is 
known  as  the  Royal  Humane  Society  (q.v.), 

li  from  drowning,  suffocation,  or  narcotic  poison- 
ing, the  points  to  be  aimed  at  are — first  and  imf9tedi' 
alely,  the  restoration  of  breathing ;  and,  secondly, 
after  breathing  is  restored,  the  promotion  of  warmth 
and  circulation. 

Dr.  H.  R.  Silvester's  Method  of  Restoring  Natural 

Breathing. 

Rule  I.     To  adjust  the  patient's  position. 

Place  the  patient  on  his  back  on  a  flat  surface, 
inclined  a  little  from  the  feet  upwards  ;  raise  and 
support  the  head  and  shoulders  on  a  small  firm 
cushion  or  folded  article  of  dress  placed  under  the 
shoulder-blades.  Remove  all  tight  clothing  about 
the  neck  and  chest. 

Rule  2.  To  maintain  a  free  entrance  of  air  into 
the  windpipe.  Cleanse  the  mouth  and  nostrils  ; 
open  the  mouth  ;  draw  forward  the  patient's  tongue, 
and  keep  it  forward  ;  an  elastic  band  over  ±he 
tongue  and  under  the  chin  will  answer  this  purpose. 

Rule  3.     To  imitate  the  movements  of  breathing. 

Firstly.  Induce  inspiration.  Place  yourself  at 
the  head  of  the  patient,  grasp  his  arms,  raise  them 
upwards  by  the  sides  of  his  head,  stretch  them 
steadily  but  gently  upwards,  for  two  seconds.  (By 
this  means  fresh  air  is  drawn  into  the  lungs  by 
raising  the  ribs.) 

Secondly.  Induce  expiration.  Immediately  turn 
down  the  patient's  arms,  and  press  them — or  your 
own  hands — gently  against  the  sides  of  his  chest, 
for  two  seconds.  (By  this  means  foul  air  is  ex- 
pelled from  the  lungs  by  depressing  the  ribs.) 
Repeat  these  measures  alternately,  deliberately,  and 
perseveringly,  fifteen  times  in  a  minute,  until  a 
spontaneous  effort  to  respire  be  perceived.  (By 
these  means  an  exchange  of  air  is  produced  in  the 
lungs  similar  to  that  effected  by  natural  respiration.) 

Rule  4.     To  excite  respiration. 

During  the  emploj'ment  of  the  above  method 
excite  the  nostrils  with  snuff,  or  smelling-salts,  or 
tickle  the  throat  with  a  feather.  Rub  the  chest  and 
face  briskly,  and  dash  cold  and  hot  water  alternately 
on  them.  Friction  of  the  limbs  and  body  with  dry 
flannel  or  cloths  should  be  had  recourse  to.  When 
there  is  proof  of  returning  respiration,  the  individual 
may  be  placed  in  a  warm  bath,  the  movements  of 


the  arms  above  described  being  continued  until  re- 
spiration is  fully  restored.  Raise  the  body  in 
twenty  seconds  to  a  sitting  position,  dash  cold  water 
against  the  chest  and  face,  and  pass  ammonia  under 
the  nose.  Should  a  galvanic  apparatus  be  at  hand,  ap- 
ply the  sponges  to  the  region  of  diaphragm  and  heart. 
Treatment  after  Natural  Breathing  has  beevi  Restored. 

To  induce  circulation  and  warmth.  Wrap  the 
patient  in  dry  blankets,  and  rub  the  Umbs  upwards 
energetically.  Promote  the  warmth  of  the  body  by 
hot  flannels,  botties  or  bladders  of  hot  water,  heated 
bricks,  to  the  pit  of  the  stomach,  the  armpits,  and 
to  the  soles  of  the  feet. 

On  the  restoration  of  life,  when  the  power  of 
swallowing  has  returned,  a  teaspoonful  of  warm 
water,  small  quantities  of  wine,  warm  brandy  and 
water,  or  coffee  should  be  given.  The  patient  should 
be  kept  in  bed,  and  a  disposition  to  sleep  encour- 
aged. During  reaction  large  mustard  plasters  to 
the  chest  and  below  the  shoulders  will  greatiy 
relieve  the  distressed  breathing. 

Note.  In  all  cases  of  prolonged  immersion  in  cold 
water,  when  the  breathing  continues  a  warm  bath 
should  be  employed  to  restore  the  temperature. 

//  from  Intense  Cold. 
Rub  the  body  with  snow,  ice,  or  cold  water. 
Restore  warmth  by  slow   degrees.     It  is   highly 
dangerous  to  apply  heat  too  early. 

//  from  Intoxication. 
Lay  the  individual  on  his  side  on  a  bed,  with  his 
head  raised.     The  patient  should  be  induced  to 
vomit.     Stimulants  should  be  avoided. 

//  from  Apoplexy  "or  from  Sunstroke. 
'  Cold  water  should  be  applied  to  the  head,  which 
should  be  kept  well  raised.   Clothing  removed  from 
the  neck  and  chest.     Stimulants  avoided. 

//  from  Electric  Shock. 
Remove  the  body  from  contact  with  the  wire, 
cable,  or  other  conductor  (in.  doing  this,  the  body 
must  not  be  touched  with  the  naked  hand,  but  india- 
rubber  gloves,  a  fold  of  dry  cloth,  or  other  non- 
conductor should  be  used),  and  at  once  proceed  to 
induce  respiration  by  the  above  method. 

Apparentty  Drowned.  See  Apparentiy  Dead, 
Method  of  Restoring  the. 

Apportioninent  (i)  may  form  the  subject  of  an 
action  for  distribution  of  salvage  (q.v.),  or  may  be 
raised  by  some  interested  party  in  the  course  of  an 
ordinary  salvage  action.  The  Admiralty  Court, 
which  is  bound  to  apportion  on  application,  will 
consider,  as  between  owners  and  crew,  the  value  of 
the  salving  property  and  its  risk,  as  against  the 
skill,  labour,  and  courage  of  the  crew. 

The  master  usually  has  a  special  award  for  hia 
responsibility,  and  the  crew  a  lump  sum  distri- 
buted, according  to  their  ratings,  but  individual 
members  may  be  specially  awarded. 

As  between  independent  salvors,  each  case  is  con- 
sidered according  to  its  merits,  but  where  the  ser- 

C 


APPRAISE 


34 


AQUEDUCT 


vices  are  not  rendered  contemporaneously,  the  first 
set  of  salvors  is  favoured. 

(2)  Apportionment  of  collision  damage.  Where 
both  ships  are  held  to  blame,  whatever  the  degree  of 
fault  is  in  each  ship,  the  damage  is  apportioned  in 
equal  shares. 

Thus,  if  the  loss  to  A  is  ;£  1,000  and  to  B  £2,000, 
A  can  recover  ;(5oo  against  B,  and  B  can  recover 
;£ 1, 000  against  A. 

Appraise.    To  value  goods  imported. 

Appnisement.  When  any  questions  arise  in 
actions  in  the  Admiralty  Court  as  to  the  value  of  a 
ship  or  her  cargo,  the  marshal  or  his  deputy,  acting 
under  an  order  from  the  Court,  proceed  to  make  an 
inventory  of  the  ship's  property  or  cargo,  which  is 
appraised  on  oath  by  a  quaUfied  valuer.  The  inven- 
tory, appraisement  in  writing,  and  a  certificate  of  the 
proceedings  are  then  sent  to  the  registry.  An  ap- 
praisement properly  made  is  conclusive  of  the  value 
of  the  property  and  is  binding,  although  the  pro- 
perty be  afterwards  sold  for  a  lesser  amount.  Where  a 
sale  of  a  ship  has  been  decreed  by  the  Court,  it  is  fixed 
and  advertised  by  the  marshal,  and  is  usually  sold  by 
public  auction.  If  the  bidding  is  much  under  the 
appraised  value,  the  Court  will  not  always  order  the 
property  to  be  sold  for  what  it  will  fetch,  but  may 
settle  a  specific  sum,  below  which  it  shall  not  be  sold. 

Apprentioe,  Sea.  The  contract  of  apprenticeship 
to  the  Merchant  Service  must,  if  the  apprentice  is  to 
be  bound  for  a  longer  period  than  one  year,  be  made 
by  indenture,  a  duplicate  of  which  is  sent  for  record 
to  the  Registrar-General  of  Shippmg  and  Seamen  (q.v.). 

The  indenture  of  a  pauper  apprentice  must  be 
attested  by  two  justices,  who  shall  satisfy  themselves 
that  the  boy  has  consented  to  be  bound,  is  of  at  least 
12  years  of  age,  and  sufiiciently  strong  and  healthy. 
In  foreign -going  ships  the  apprentice  and  his  inden- 
ture must  be  produced  to  the  superintendent  before 
whom  the  crew  is  engaged.  (Merchant  Shipping 
Act,  1894,  sections  105-109.) 

No  boy  under  13  years  of  age  can  be  apprenticed 
to  the  sea-fishing  service;  and  no  boy  under  16  years, 
unless  duly  apprenticed  by  indenture  in  a  form  ap- 
proved by  the  Board  of  Xrade,  oan  be  taken  to  sea 
for  longer  than  one  day.  The  superintendent  must 
satisfy  himself  that  the  indenture  complies  with  this 
Act,  that  the  boy's  relatives  or  guardians  assent  to 
his  apprenticeship,  that  the  master  is  a  fit  person  to 
receive  the  boy,  and  that  the  apprentice  is  not  under 
the  age  of  13  and  is  of  sufficient  strength  and  health. 
The  superintendent  may  enforce  stipulations  in  the 
indenture  on  behalf  of  the  boy,  and  take  legal  pro- 
ceedings in  his  own  name  for  this  purpose. 

Anyone  who  receives  money  or  other  considera- 
tion from  the  person  to  whom  the  boy  is  bound  as 
apprentice  shall  be  guilty  of  a  misdemeanour. 
(Merchant  Shipping  Act,  1894,  sections  392-398.) 

The  rights  and  liabilities  of  apprentices  are  very 


similar  to  those  of  seamen,  though  apprentices  are 
not  **  seamen  "  within  the  meaning  of  the  Act. 

Aprazia,  Feodor,  Ooant  (1671-1728).  Founder  of  the 
Russian  Navy.  In  17 10  took  a  successful  part 
against  Sweden,  and  three  years  later  i^^as  in  com- 
mand of  the  fleet  against  Finland,  and  was  instru- 
mental in  inducing  Sweden  to  conclude  the  treaty  of 
Nystad,  which  gave  Russia  the  Baltic  Province. 
Was  made  Admiral  of  the  Navy  by  Peter  the  Great. 

Apron.  Strengthening  timber  abaft  the  lower  part 
of  stem,  above  foremost  end  of  keel. 

AqnttriPin.  Tanks  or  vessels  containing  aquatic 
plants  or  animals  living  as  nearly  as  possible  under 
their  natural  conditions.  Among  the  plants  which 
flourish  in  the  fresh  water  aquarium  are  the  Cana- 
dian Water  Weed,  various  species  of  Duckweed  and 
the  Bladderwort,  the  common  Water  Buttercup, 
Water  Starwort  and  Homwort.  Of  the  animal  in- 
habitants, by  far  the  easier  to  keep  alive  are  those 
capable  of  breathing  both  air  and  water,  such  as 
Newts  and  Axolotls.  Of  fish  the  Stickleback  and 
Minnow  are  the  most  likely  to  flourish.  There  are 
Marine  Aquariums  attached  to  the  Biological  Station 
of  Naples  and  Plymouth;  and  Aquaria  at  Brighton, 
Berlin,  Hamburg,  New  York  and  Washington. 

See  Taylor's  "  Aquarium  "  (1881).  Wood's  "  Com- 
mon Objects  of  Sea-shore,  including  Hints  for  an 
Aquarium." 

AQoariiif  •    The  eleventh  sign  in  the  Zodiac. 

AQOatio  AnimftlM  are  those  living  in  or  about  the 
water;  swimming  in,  flying  over,  or  deriving  their 
food  from  the  water. 

AQoatio  Planti.  Plants  found  growing  in  water, 
stagnant,  fresh  or  salt. 

Aquaiios.    Inhabiting  or  relating  to  water. 

AQnednct.  An  artificial  conduit  or  canal  built  for 
the  conveyance  of  water.  The  term  is  not  applied 
to  pipes  working  under  pressure,  but  only  to  chan- 
nels in  which  water  flows  with  a  free  surface.  The 
piers  and  arches  of  an  aqueduct  may  be  of  stone, 
brick  or  concrete.  The  water-channel  of  wood, 
iron,  steel  or  masonry.  At  the  end  of  the  first  cen- 
tury A.D.,  Rome  had  nine  aqueducts,  with  a  total 
length  of  over  270  miles.  In  the  Roman  provinces 
there  were  aqueducts  at  Nimes,  Segovia,  Tarragonia, 
Metz,  Mainz,  Antioch  and  Pyrgos.  The  aqueduct 
"  Delle  Torre  Spolets  "  (Umbria)  dates  from  the 
eighth  century,  and  is  about  300  feet  high.  There 
was  a  famous  aqueduct  at  Athens  (made  560  b.c). 
one  at  Samos  (625  a.  d.),  and  one  still  in  use  at  Syra- 
cuse. In  France  the  aqueduct  of  Main  tenon,  which 
was  constructed  to  bring  water  to  Versailles,  is  4,400 
feet  long,  and  over  200  feet  high.  The  first  aque- 
ducts of  importance  in  Britain  were  built  towards 
the  end  of  the  eighteenth  century,  to  carry  canals. 
The  Barton  aqueduct,  built  by  Brindley,  carried  the 
Bridgewater  Canal  over  the  Irwell.     The  aqueduct 


AQUEOUS 


35 


ARBITRATION 


cairying  the  EUesmere  Canal  across  the  Dee  is  i  .000 
feet  long  and  126  feet  high.  In  British  India  the 
most  important  is  the  Ganges  Canal,  which  traverses 
the  North  Western  Provinces  of  Bengal,  and  dis- 
tributes over  their  vast  area  nearly  the  whole  volume 
of  the  waters  of  the  Ganges.  The  Croton  aqueduct 
by  which  the  City  of  New  York  is  supplied  with  water, 
built  in  1842,  was  regarded  at  that  time  as  one  of  the 
most  magnificent  works  of  the  kind  in  modem  times ; 
its  length  is  38  j-  miles.  The  Loch  Katrine  Aqueduct 
of  the  Glasgow  Waterworks  is  the  modem  aqueduct 
which  has  probably  attracted  the  largest  share  of 
public  attention;  the  length  of  the  aqueduct  is  about 
35  miles,  of  which  27  may  be  considered  the  aqueduct 
proper,  the  remaining  8  miles  consists  of  two  lines  of 
cast-iron  pipes,  by  which  the  water  is  conVeyed  from 
large  service  reservoirs  at  Mugdock  to  the  City  of 
Glasgow.  An  aqueduct  near  Edinburgh,  conveying 
the  water  of  the  Edinburgh  and  Glasgow  Union 
Canal  across  the  valley  of  the  Water  of  Leith  at 
Slateford,  is  constructed  entirely  of  cast-iron,  built  in 
with  masonry.  It  is  about  500  feet  in  length,  and  con- 
sists of  eight  arches,  each  45  feet  span,  75  feet  above 
the  level  of  the  river.  The  aqueduct  which  carries 
the  water  to  supply  the  Vienna  Waterworks  from 
Kaiserbrunn  spring  to  the  receiving  reservoir  at 
Rosenhugel  is  56^  miles  long. 

See  Herschel's  '*  Water  Supply  of  Rome  ";  Tur- 
neaure  and  Russell's  "Public  Water  Supplies"  (1901). 

Agaeoaa  Rocks.  A  name  applied  to  all  rocky 
masses  beneath  the  water,  whether  in  the  form  of 
sedimentary  deposits,  accumulations  of  shells,  or  of 
crystallized  masses  due  to  concentration  by  evapora- 
tion. 

AqpeODS  Vapour.     See  Elastic  Force  of  Vapour. 

Aqmidaban.  Brazilian  battleship.  Displacement, 
5,000  tons. 

Blown  up  by  the  exploding  of  her  magazine  at 
Jacarepagna,  a  small  port  to  the  south  of  Rio  de 
Janeiro,  January  22,  1906.  The  ship  sank  three 
minutes  after  the  explosion,  and  300  officers  and  men 
perished.  This  vessel  was  torpedoed  by  the  Sampio, 
and  sank  in  shallow  water  at  Destoro,  during  the 
revolt  of  the  Brazilian  Fleet,  March,  1894.  She  was 
refloated  and  sent  to  Stettin  to  undergo  repairs. 

Aqpila.  ItaUan  torpedo-boat.  (Elbing,  1888.) 
Length,  1 52  ft. ;  beam,  1 7  ft. ;  maximum  draught,  8  ft. ; 
displacement,  130  tons;  complement,  24;  arma- 
ment, 2  3-pdr.  q.f.,  i  i-pdr.;  3  tubes;  Hp.,  2,200  = 
26  kts.;  coal  maximum,  40  tons. 

Aqoflon.  French  torpedo-boat  (1899).  Dis- 
placement, 120;  complement,  34;  maximum  draught, 
9^  ft.;  guns,  2  3-pdr.;  torpedo  tubes,  2  15 -in.; 
twin  screw ;  Hp.,  2,000=26  kts. ;  coal,  16  tons. 

AonilODe.  Italian  torpedo-boat  destroyer 
(1902).  Displacement,  330  tons;  complement,  100; 
armament,  2  12-pdr.,  5  6-pdr.;  3  tubes;  Hp., 
6,800=28  kts. 


AiQfaflono.  Italian  torpedo-boat  destroyer. 
(Naples,  1902.)  Displacement,  330  tons;  maximum 
draught,  8  ft.;  armament,  5  6-pdr.,  tubes,  2  18  in.; 
Hp.,  6,000=930  kts.;  coal,  80  tons. 

AJR.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Ayr,  Scotland. 

Arab.  British  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Clydebank, 
1 901.)  Length,  2x0  ft. ;  beam,  19  ft. ;  draught,  7  ft. ; 
displacement,  278  tons;  complement,  60;  armament. 
I  12-pdr.,  5  6-pdr.;  2  tubes;  twin  screw;  Hp., 
5,800=30  kts.;  coal,  80  tons. 

Arabia.  British  subsidised  merchant  ship 
(1898).  P.  and  O.  Company  (q.v.).  Dimensions, 
500  X  54  X  33  ft.;  gross  tonnage,  7,900;  passenger 
accommodation,  524;  Hp.,  9,400-18  kts. 

Aragoary.  Brazilian  torpedo-boat.  (Thorny- 
croft,  1891.)  Length,  150ft.;  beam,  14  ft.;  draught, 
5  ft.;  displacement,  150  tons;  complement.  27; 
armament,  2  q.f.,  4  tubes;  Hp.,  1,550—25  kts.; 
coal,  22  tons. 

Aran.  Swedish  coast  service  battleship. 
(Lindholmen,  1902.) 

Length  287  ft.  Beam  49  ft.  Maximum  draught  16  ft. 
Displacement  3,650  tons.      Complement  250. 
Guns,  Armour, 

2 — 8-2  in.,  45  cal.       "  Krupp." 
6—6  in.  7  in.  Belt  amidships. 

10 — 3  pdr.  7  in.  Turrets. 

2 — I  pdr.  8  in.  Conning  tower. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (i8in.). 
2  Submerged. 
Twin  screw.       Hp  .6,500=17  kts.     Coal  normal 
360  tons. 

Aran.  Japanese  torpedo-boat  destroyer. 
(Yarrow,  1905.)  Displacement,  380  tons;  comple- 
ment, 55;  maximum  draught,  9  ft.;  armament, 
I  12-pdr.,  5  6-pdr.;  tubes,  2  18  in.;  Hp.,  6,000= 
31  kts.;  coal,  95  tons. 

Arayat.  U.S.  gun-boat,  captured  from  Spain  in 
the  Spanish  American  War,  1898.  Of  little  fighting 
value. 

Arbelete.  French  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Nor- 
mand,  1902.)  Length,  180  ft.;  beam,  21  ft.;  maxi- 
mum draught,  10  ft. ;  displacement,  300  tons;  com- 
plement, 45;  guns.  I  9-pdr.,  6  3-pdr.;  torpedo 
tubes,  2  15  in.;  speed,  27-30  kts. 

Arbitratioii.  (i)  Arbitration  is  an  agreement  be- 
tween parties  to  refer  disputes  to  the  decision  of  one 
or  more  persons.  The  Arbitration  Act,  1889,  amends 
and  consolidates  the  previous  Acts  on  the  subject. 
Where  parties  have  submitted  to  determine  ques- 
tions in  dispute  by  arbitration,  such  submission, 
unless  a  contrary  intention  appear,  is  irrevocable, 
except  by  leave  of  the  Court.  The  arbitrator  is  a 
person  either  appointed  by  the  Court  or  mutually 
agreed  upon  between  the  parties.  The  rules  of  pro- 
cedure and  evidence  are  similar  to  those  of  the  High 

c2 


ARBUTHNOT 


36 


ARCTIC 


Court,  and  perjury  is  punishable  as  in  other  cases. 
The  arbitrator,  who  may  be  removed  and  his  award 
set  aside  by  the  Court  for  misconduct,  must  try  the 
case  impartially,  and  make  the  award  in  writing 
within  three  months,  when  it  must  be  final  and  not 
subject  to  conditions. 

Where  there  are  two  arbitrators  whose  opinions 
differ,  an  umpire  is  appointed  by  them. 

The  Court  may  refer  any  civil  matter  for  inquiry 
or  report  to  an  official  or  special  referee,  who  is 
deemed  an  officer  of  the  Court,  and  must  conduct  the 
reference  according  to  rules  prescribed  by  the  Court. 
His  report  or  award,  unless  set  aside  by  the  Court  or 
Judge,  shall  be  equivalent  to  the  verdict  of  a  jury. 

(2)  International  Arbitration  is  the  settlement  of 
disputes  between  independent  states  by  one  or  more 
private  individuals  or  a  friendly  power,  mutually 
agreed  upon.  The  principal  questions  referred  to 
International  Arbitration  relate  to  boundaries  on 
land,  fisheries  at  sea,  breaches  of  neutrality,  and 
unlawful  arrests  and  seizures  of  vessels. 

At  The  Hague  Peace  Conference,  1899,  where 
twenty-six  states  were  represented,  the  establish- 
ment of  a  permanent  Court  of  International  Arbitra- 
tion was  agreed  upon. 

Aibattmot,  Charles  BaniMyt  Captain  R.N.  (b.  Feb- 
ruary 5,  1850).  Educated  H.M.S.  Britannia;  a  Sub- 
Lieutenant  of  the  Royal  yacht;  Lieutenant  in  Arctic 
yacht  Pandora  (Arctic  medal);  promoted  Com- 
mander 1883;  Captain  1891;' commanded  H.M.S. 
Orlando,  flagship  Australian  Station,  1892-95.  Kefcr 
to  Arctic  Exploration. 

Arc.  French  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Chalon, 
1903.)  Length,  183  ft.;  beam,  21  ft.;  draught,  10  ft.; 
displacement,  300  tons;  complement,  62;  arma- 
ment, I  9-pdr.,  6  3-pdr.;  2  tubes;  twin  screw; 
Hp.,  6,000—28  kts. ;  coal,  75  tons. 

Arcachoo,  Tachting  CSnb  D'.  Established  1887. 
President,  Comte  de  Gaulne;  Vice-Presidents,  H. 
Exshaw  and  G.  Picon,  250,  Boulevard  de  la 
Plage,  Arcachon.    Annual  subscription,  20  francs. 

Arcadia.  British  subsidised  merchant  ship 
(1888).  P.  and  O.  Company  {q,v.).  Dimen- 
sions, 468  X  52  X  34 J  ft.;  gross  tonnage,  6,605; 
passenger  accommodation,  321 ;  Hp.,  6,000— 17  kts. 

Arched  SqualL  A  squall  ofi  the  West  Coast  of 
Africa,  in  which  the  clouds  take  the  shape  of  an  arch. 

Archer.  French  sea-going  torpedo-boat.  (Nor- 
mand,  1893.)  Length,  138  ft.;  beam,  14  ft.; 
draught,  7  ft.;  displacement,  131  tons;  complement, 
26;  armament,  2  3-pdr.,  2  tubes;  Hp.,  1,250— 
26  kts. ;  coal,  27  tons. 

Archer  Fiah.  A  name  given  to  the  Toxotes  Jacula- 
tor,  and  several  East  India  and  Polynesian  fishes, 
from  the  habit  they  have  of  shooting  drops  of  water 
a  distance  of  three  or  four  feet  into  the  air,  thus 
bringing  down  insects  for  their  food. 

Ardhimedean  Screw.     An  apparatus  invented  by 


the  Greek  mathematician,  Archimedes.  It  consists 
of  a  spiral  pump  working  on  a  central  axis,  and  is 
used  for  draining  docks  or  raising  w^ter  to  any  pro- 
posed height. 

Arching,     See  Hogged. 

Archipelago.  A  name  now  applied  to  any  group  of 
islands  considered  collectively. 

Architeoti,  NavaL  See  Institution  of  Naval 
Architects. 

Architecture,  Naval.  Construction  or  art  and 
science  of  ship-building. 

Aroona.  German  armoured  cruiser.  (Weser,  1902.) 
Length  328  ft.  Beam  40  ft.  Maximum  draught  17  ft. 
Displacement  2.715  tons.      Complement  259. 
Guns,  Armour. 

10— 4-1  in.  "  Krupp." 

10 — 1  pdr.  2  in.  Deck. 

4  Machine.  4  in.  Conning  tower. 

Torpedo  Tubes, 
2  Submerged. 
Twin  screw.    Hp.  8,000=21  kts.  Coal  maximum 
700  tons.  ' 

Arctic.  U.S.  mail  steamer,  in  collision  off 
Newfoundland  with  the  French  steamer  Vesta,  and 
went  down ;  300  lives  were  lost. 

Arctic.  Pertaining  to  the  North  generally,  or  more 
specially  to  the  region  within  the  Arctic  circle. 

Arctic  Circle.  A  small  circle  of  the  globe,  23"  28' 
distance  from  the  North  Pole,  which  is  its  centre.  It 
is  opposed  to  the  Antarctic  circle,  which  is  at  the 
same  distance  from  the  South  Pole. 

Arctic  EzploratioiD.  The  Arctic  Sea,  we  are  told  by 
King  Alfred,  was  entered  by  a  Norwegian  named 
Other,  and  although  the  localities  mentioned  cannot 
now  be  identified,  it  is  quite  possible  that  they  refer 
to  the  North  Cape  and  the  coast  of  Lapland.  It  was, 
however,  not  until  1553,  when  an  expedition  pro- 
moted by  Sebastian  Cabot,  and  under  the  command 
of  Sir  Hugh  Willoughby  and  Richard  Chancellor, 
that  any  advance  was  made  in  Arctic  Exploration. 
The  expedition  sailed  on  May  20,  1553,  "for  the 
search  and  discovery  of  the  northern  parts  of  the 
world  to  open  up  a  way  and  passage  to  our  men  for 
travel  to  new  and  unknown  kingdoms."  On  this 
expedition  Nova  Zembla  was  sighted.  In  the  spring 
of  1556  Steven  Buirough,  who  was  with  Chancellor, 
sailed  in  a  small  pinnace  called  the  Searchthrifi.  He 
went  to  Archangel,  and  discovered  the  Strait  leading 
into  the  Kara  Sea,  between  Nova  Zembla  and  the 
Island  of  Waigat.  In  1580  two  vessels,  under 
Arthur  Pet  and  Charles  Jackman,  sailed  through  the 
Strait  discovered  by  Burrough,  and  thence  eastward 
beyond  the  mouth  of  the  River  Obi.  Pet  discovered 
a  Strait  into  the  Kara  Sea,  between  Waigat  and  the 
mainland,  and  endeavoured  to  push  eastward,  but 
without  success  returned   to    England  in   safety. 


ARCTIC 


37 


ARCTIC 


Jackman,  after  wintering  in  a  Norwegian  port,  sailed 
for  England,  but  was  never  heard  of  again.  In  1576 
Frobisher,  aided  financially  by  Michael  Lok,  set  sail 
with  two  small  vessels  of  20  to  25  tons,  called  the 
Gabriel  and  Michael,  This  expedition  was  formed 
>»ith  the  idea  of  discovering  a  shorter  route  to  India 
by  the  north-west.  On  July  20,  Frobisher  sighted 
high  land,  which  he  named  Queen  Elizabeth's  Fore- 
land, and  the  following  day  he  entered  the  Strait  now 
known  as  Frobisher  Strait,  calling  the  land  Meta 
Incognita.  For  a  long  time  Frobisher  Strait  was 
supposed  to  pass  through  Greenland,  but  it  is  now 
clear  that  Frobisher  never  saw  Greenland,  and  that 
his  Strait  and  the  Meta  Incognita  are  on  the  Ameri- 
can side  of  Davis  Strait.  John  Davis  made  three 
voyages  in  three  successive  years.  He  was  the  first 
to  visit  the  West  Coast  of  Greenland;  discovered 
Gilbert  Sound  and  the  Strait  which  bears  his  name. 
On  his  second  voyage  he  did  not  accomplish  any- 
thing of  note.  In  his  third  voyage  1587,  he  ad- 
vanced far  up  Davis  Strait,  and  reached  a  lofty 
island  in  72°  41'  N.,  which  he  named  Sanderson's 
Hope. 

In  1594  some  Amsterdam  merchants  fitted  out 
a  vessel  of  some  100  tons,  under  the  command  of 
Willem  Barents.  He  discovered  the  whole  western 
coast  as  far  as  Cape  Nassau  and  the  Orange  Island  at 
the  north-western  extremity.  On  his  second  voyage , 
he  made  an  unsuccessful  attempt  to  enter  the  Kara 
Sea.  During  the  third  voyage,  1596,  he  acted  as 
pilot  to  Jacob  van  Heemskerck,  who  was  accom- 
panied by  Comeliszoon  Rijp;  they  sailed  northward 
and  discovered  Bear  Island,  and  sighted  the  north- 
western extremity  of  Spitzbergen,  which  they  named 
Niewland.  They  were  the  first  to  face,  and  success- 
fully pass,  an  Arctic  winter,  and  in  the  spring  of  the 
following  year  made  their  way  in  boats  to  the  Lap- 
land coast.  Barents  died  during  the  voyage,  but  his 
record  takes  first  rank  among  Polar  enterprises  of 
the  sixteenth  century. 

In  1602  Captain  Waymouth,  sent  out  by  the  East 
India  Company  to  seek  for  a  passage  by  the  open- 
ing seen  by  Davis,  returned  without  any  success. 

In  1605  Christian  IV.  of  Denmark  sent  out  three 
ships  under  the  Englishmen  Cunningham  and  Hall,  and 
a  Dane  named  Lindenov.  They  managed  to  get  as  far  as 
the  West  Coast  of  Greenland,  and  had  much  intercourse 
with  the  Eskimo.  In  1607  Henry  Hudson,  in  the  service 
of  the  Muscovy  Company,  made  his  first  voyage,  and 
discovered  the  most  northerly  point  on  the  Eastern 
Coast  of  Greenland,  73°  N.,  he  examined  the  edge  of 
the  ice  between  Greenland  and  Spitzbergen,  and 
reached  the  latitude  of  80°  23'  N.  On  his  return  he 
discovered  Hudson's  Tutches,  since  called  Jan 
Mayen.  In  his  second  voyage,  1608,  he  examined 
the  edge  of  the  ice  between  Spitzbergen  and  Nova 
Zembla.  In  his  third  voyage,  when  employed  by 
the  Dutch  East  India  Company,  he  explored  the 
coast  of  North  America,  and  discovered  the  River, 
Strait  and  great  Bay  which  bear  his  name.  Sir 
Thomas  Button  in  May,  16 12,  in  command  of  two 


ships,  the  Resolution  and  Discovery,  sailed  from 
England,  entered  Hudson's  Bay,  crossed  it  to  its 
western  shore,  and  wintered  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Hudson  river.  In  the  following  year  he  explored 
the  shore  of  Southampton  Island  as  far  as  65°  N., 
returning  to  England  in  161 3.  In  1616  Robert 
Bylot,  as  master,  and  William  Bafi&n,  as  pilot  and 
'navigator  in  the  Discovery,  examined  the  coast  of 
Hudson's  Strait,  and  made  many  valuable  observa- 
tions. In  the  following  year  the  two  sailed  again  in 
the  Discovery,  and  discovered  what  has  been  known 
ever  since  as  Baffin's  Bay.  Baffin  named  the  most 
northern  opening  Smith  Sound,  after  the  promoter 
of  the  voyage  Sir  Thomas  Smith;  Wolstenholme 
Sound,  Cape  Dudley  Digges,  Hakluyt  Island,  Lancas- 
ter Sound,  Jones  Sound,  and  Cary  Islands  wefe 
named  after  others  interested  in  the  expedition. 
In  1 63 1  two  expeditions  were  dispatched,  one  from 
London  and  one  from  Bristol.  In  the  London  ship, 
Charles,  Luke  Fox  explored  the  western  side  of  Hud- 
son's Bay,  as  far  as  a  place  called  "  Sir  Thomas  Roe's 
Welcome."  Captain  James,  in  the  Bristol  ship 
Maria,  went  north  and  reached  "North  West  Fox," 
66°  47'  N.  He  wintered  off  Charlton  Island,  and 
returned  in  1632. 

After  the  acquisition  of  Siberia  by  the  Russians, 
the  whole  of  the  northern  shores  of  that  vast  region 
was  gradually  explored.  In  1648  Simon  Desnneff,  a 
Cossack,  in  a  boat  expedition  on  the  River  Kolyma, 
passed  through  the  Strait,  afterwards  named  Bering, 
and  reached  the  Gulf  of  Anadjnr.  Captain  Vlamingh, 
in  1664,  advanced  as  far  round  the  northern  end  of 
Nova  Zembla  as  the  winter  quarters  of  Barents.  In 
1 67 1  Frederick  Martens  visited  the  Spitzbergen 
group.  In  1707  Captain  GiUes  and  Outsger  Rep 
went  to  the  eastward  as  far  as  the  northern  shores  of 
Greenland,  and  saw  high  land  in  80°,  which  has  since 
been  known  as  GiUes  Land. 

In  1 722  John  Scroggs.in  theemployment  of  the  Hud- 
son's Bay  Company,  was  sent  from  Churchill  River 
in  search  of  two  ships  commanded  by  Mr.  Knight. 
He  went  as  far  as  Sir  Thomas  Roe's  Welcome,  and 
then  returned,  and  it  was  subsequently  found  that 
the  two  ships  were  lost  and  the  crews  had  perished. 

Peter  the  Great  in  1 725  appointed  Captain  Vitus  Be- 
ring, a  Dane,  to  command  an  expedition.  Two  vessels 
set  sail  in  1728,  Bering  ascertaining  the  existence  of  a 
Strait  between  Asia  and  America.  In  1740  he  again 
set  sail  in  the  St.  Paul,  with  the  object  of  discovering 
the  American  side  of  the  Strait.  He  sighted  that  mag- 
nificent peak,  named  by  him  Mt.  St.  Elias ;  explored  the 
Alutian  Islands,  but  the  ship  was  wrecked  on  an  is- 
land,   and   Bering   himself   died   on    December    8, 

1741. 

In  1735  Lieut.  T.  Tchel3niskin  got  as  far  as  77**  25' 
N.,  near  the  Cape  which  bears  his  name,  and  eight 
years  later  reached,  with  a  sledge  party,  the  most 
northerly  point  of  Siberia  77°  41'  N. 

Cap  t.  Christopher  Middle  ton  in  1742  discovered  Wa- 
ger River  and  Repulse  Bay.  In  1746  Captain W\  Moor 
made  a  voyage  in  the  same  direction,  and  explored  the 


ARCTIC 


38 


ARCTIC 


Wager  Inlet.  Between  1769  and  1772  Samuel  Heame 
descended  the  Coppermine  River  to  the  Polar 
Sea. 

In  1 77 1  a  Russian  merchant  named  Liakhofif  dis- 
covered New  Siberia  or  Liakhofif  Island. 

In  1 773  Captain  Phipps  sailed  in  an  expedition,  which 
was  stopped  by  ice,  to  the  northofHakluyt  headland, 
thenorth-westemportionofSpitzbergen.They  reached 
Seven  Island  and  discovered  Walden  Island,  returning 
to  England  in  September  of  the  same  year.  In  1 778 
Captain  Cook  sailed  from  Kamchatka  in  search  of 
the  north-east,  or  north-west  passage,  from  the 
Pacific  to  the  Atlantic.  During  his  voyage  he 
reached  ('ape  Prince  of  Wales,  and  his  ships,  the 
Resolute  and  Discovery,  arrived  at  the  edge  of  the  ice 
70®  41'  N.,  after  passing  through  Bering  Strait.  In 
1789  Alexander  Mackenzie  discovered  the  mouth  of 
the  Mackenzie  River.  Captain  Scoresby,  a  whaling 
captain,  takes  first  rank  as  a  successful  fisher  and 
scientific  observer.  In  1806  he  succeeded  in  advanc- 
ing his  ship  Resolution  as  far  north  as  81^  12'  42". 
In  1822  he  forced  his  way  through  the  ice,  which 
encumbers  the  approach  to  the  land  of  the  East  Coast 
of  Greenland,  and  surveyed  that  coast  from  75®  down 
to  69°  N.,  a  distance  of  400  miles.  In  18 18  the  two 
vessels  Dorothea  and  Trent,  commanded  by  Captain 
David  Buchan  and  Lieutenant  John  Franklin,  sailed 
by  way  of  the  Spitzbergen  route  to  discover  the 
north-west  passage,  in  the  hope  of  receiving  the 
^£20,000  reward  which  was  offered  for  making  the 
north-west  passage,  or  £$,000  for  reaching  89®  N. 
The  vessels  were  driven  into  the  ice  pack  by  a  heavy 
swell  from  the  south,  and  compelled  to  rehim  to 
England.  At  the  same  time  another  expedition,  fol- 
lowing in  the  wake  of  Baffin's  voyage  of  16x6  and 
sailing  by  way  of  Baffin's  Bay,  consisting  of  two 
ships  the  Isabella  and  Alexander,  commanded  by 
Captain  John  Ross  and  Lieutenant  Edward  Parry, 
sailed  on  the  same  quest.  They  returned  to  Eng- 
land having  accomplished  very  little,  except  that 
they  were  able  to  vindicate  Baffin's  accuracy  as  a 
discoverer.  In  18 19  Lieutenant  E.  Parry  was 
selected  to  command  two  vessels,  the  Hecla  and 
Griper,  He  passed  through  Lancaster  Sound,  the 
continuation  of  which  he  named  Barrow  Strait,  and 
advanced  westward,  discovering  the  Archipelago, 
since  known  as  Parry  Islands.  He  discovered  Wel- 
lington Channel,  and  sailed  onward  for  300  miles  to 
Melville  Island,  returning  in  1820.  A  fresh  expedi- 
tion in  the  Fury  and  Hecla,  still  under  his  command, 
sailed  the  following  year.  They  passed  their  first 
winter  on  the  coast  of  Melville  Peninsula,  66®  1 1'  N. ; 
their  second  winter  among  the  Eskimo  in  69**  20'  N., 
and  discovered  a  channel  leading  westward  from  the 
head  of  Hudson's  Bay,  which  he  named  Fury  and 
Hecla  Strait.  In  18 19  Lieutenant  John  Franklin, 
accompanied  by  Dr.  Richardson,  George  Back  and 
Hood,  attempted  to  reach  land  by  the  northern 
shores  of  America.  They  landed  at  York  factory, 
and  proceeded  to  the  Great  Slave  Lake.  In  the  fol- 
lowing year  they  started  for  the  Coppermine  River, 


and  reached  its  mouth  on  July   18,   182 1,  subse- 
quently exploring  550  miles  of  coast  line,  the  ex- 
treme  point   of   which    they   named    Cape   Turn 
again. 

In  1 82 1  Captain  Lutke,  a  Russian,  was  employed  in 
surveying  the  West  Coast  of  Nova  Zembla,  as  far  as 
Cape  Nassau,  and  examining  the  ice  of  the  adjacent 
sea.  In  182 1  Lieutenant  Anjou,  a  Russian,  made  a 
complete  survey  of  the  New  Siberia  Islands.  Be- 
tween 1820-23  Baron  Wrangell  made  four  journeys 
with  dog-sledges,  exploring  the  coast  between  Cape 
Tchelagskoi  and  the  Kolyma. 

In  1824  three  combined  attempts  were  organised, 
under  Parry,  Beechy.and  Franklin,  to  connect  the  Cape 
Tumagain  of  Franklin,  with  the  discoveries  made  by 
Parry  during  his  second  voyage.  Parry  was  to  enter  by 
the  Lancaster  Sound,  and  make  for  the  great  opening 
he  had  seen  on  the  south  named  Prince  Regent's 
inlet,  Beechy  by  Behring  Strait,  and  Franklin  from 
the  shores  of  Arctic  America.  Parry  was  unfortu- 
nate; Beechy  in  the  B/os5om- entered  Behring  Strait, 
August  1826,  and  got  as  far  as  Point  Barrow  71°  23' 
33"  N.  lat. ;  Franklin  descended  the  Mackenzie  River 
to  the  mouth,  and  explored  the  coast  for  374  miles  to 
the  westward.  In  1827  Parry  made  an  attempt  to 
reach  the  Pole  from  the  northern  coast  of  Spitz- 
bergen in  sledge  boats.  On  this  occasion  he  reached 
latitude  82®  45'  N. 

In  1829  Captain  Graah,  of  the  Danish  Navy,  under- 
took an  expedition  to  the  East  Coast  of  Greenland ;  he 
advanced  as  far  as  65**  18'  N.  on  the  east  coast,  where 
he  was  stopped  by  ice.  He  wintered  at  Nugarlik,  in 
63®  22'  N.,  and  returned  in  the  following  year. 

In  1829  Captain  John  Ross,  and  his  nephew 
James,  undertook  a  private  expedition  of  dis- 
covery on  behalf  of  Felix  Booth,  in  a  small  vessel 
called  the  Victory,  Ross  proceeded  down  Prince 
Regent  inlet  to  the  Gulf  of  Boothia,  and  win- 
tered on  some  land  named  by  him  Boothia  Felix. 
On  this  expedition  James  Ross  crossed  the  land  and 
discovered  the  position  of  the  north  magnetic  pole; 
discovered  land  to  the  westward  of  Boothia,  which 
he  named  King  William  Land,  the  northern  shore  of 
which  he  examined.  The  most  northern  point  oppo- 
site the  magnetic  pole  he  named  Cape  Felix.  The 
Rosses  spent  four  winters  in  the  Arctic,  and  were 
eventually  picked  up  by  a  whaler  in  Barrow  Strait 
and  brought  home.  Their  prolonged  absence  caused 
great  anxiety,  and  Sir  George  Back,  with  Dr.  Richard 
King  as  his  companion,  started  out  in  1833  to  search 
for  them,  but  owing  to  lack  of  supplies  were  com- 
pelled to  return.  In  1836  Sir  George  Back  was  sent, 
at  the  instigation  of  the  Royal  Geographical  Society, 
to  proceed  to  Repulse  Bay  in  his  ship  the  Terror,  to 
examine  the  coast  line  at  the  mouth  of  the  Great  Fish 
River.  The  expedition  did  not  accomplish  the  task, 
and  the  vessel  was  brought  back  across  the  Atlantic 
in  a  sinking  condition.  In  July  of  the  following  year 
Messrs.  Simpson  and  Dease,  both  in  the  service  of  the 
Hudson's  Bay  Company,  started  on  an  expedition. 
They  reached  the  mouth  of  the  Mackenzie,  and  con- 


ARCTIC 


39 


ARCTIC 


nected  that  position  with  Point  Barrow,  which  had 
been  discovered  by  the  Blossom  in  1826.  During 
this  voyage  the  explorers  landed  at  Montreal  Island, 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Great  Fish  River,  and  advanced 
as  far  as  Castor  and  Pollux  River,  and  returned  along 
the  north  side  of  the  channel,  which  is  the  south 
shore  of  King  William  Island,  discovered  by  James 
Ross.  In  order  to  complete  the  delineation  of  the 
northern  shores  of  the  American  Continent  Dr.  John 
Rae  was  entrusted  by  the  Hudson's  Bay  Company 
with  an  expedition.  He  went  to  Repulse  Bay,  where 
he  wintered,  and  in  the  spring  of  the  following  year 
explored  on  foot  the  shores  of  a  great  gulf  having  7 ,000 
miles  of  coast  line.  He  was  the  means  of  connecting 
the  work  of  Parry,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Fury  and 
Hecla  Strait,  to  that  of  Ross  on  the  coast  of  Boothia, 
and  proved  that  Boothia  was  part  of  the  American 
Continent.  In  1843  Middendorf  was  sent  to  explore 
the  region  which  terminates  in  Cape  Techelyuskin. 
previously  surveyed  by  Baron  Wrangell.  He  reached 
the  Cape  in  the  height  of  the  short  summer,  whence 
he  saw  open  water,  and  thus  completed  the  explora- 
tion of  the  Arctic  shores  of  Siberia. 

In  1845  Sir  John  Franklin, in  the  Erebus  and  Terror, 
made  a  fresh  attempt  to  make  the  passage  from  Lan- 
caster Sound  to  Behring  Strait.  He  wintered  at  Beechy 
Island,  and  in  the  following  spring  fdUnd  a  channel 
leading  south  along  the  western  shore  of  the  land  of 
North  Somerset,  discovered  by  I^arry  in  1819.     He 
knew  that  if  he  could  reach  the  channel  on  the  Ameri- 
can coast  he  would  be  able  to  make  his  way  along  it 
to  the  Behring  Strait.     He  sailed  down  Peel  Sound 
towards  King  William  Island,  with  land  on  both 
sides,  but  immediately  after  passing  the  southern 
point  of  the  western  land,  he  was  driven  by  the  great 
Palaeocrystic  Sea  (the   name  given  by  Sir  George 
Nares  to  the  accumulation  of  ice  of  enormous  thick- 
ness, which  arises  from  the  absence  of  direct  com- 
munication between  this  portion  of  the  north  polar 
region  and  the  warm  waters  of  the  Atlantic  and 
Pacific)    towards    King    William     Island.     In    the 
spring  of  1848  Sir  James  Ross  was  sent  with  two 
ships,  the  Enterprise  and  the  Investigator,  to  search 
for  Franklin.    He  wintered  in  LeopoVd  Harbour,  and 
in  the  spring  of  1849  made  a  long  sledge  journey  with 
Lieutenant  M'Clintock  along  the  northern  and  wes- 
tern coasts  of  North  Somerset,  without  finding  any 
traces  of  the  Franklin  expedition.     In  1848  Sir  John 
Richardson  and  Dr.  Rae,  at  the  instigation  of  the 
Hudson's  Bay  Company,  continued  the  search,  and 
examined  the  American  coast  from  the  mouth  of  the 
Mackenzie  to  that  of  the  Coppermine;  and  in  185 1. 
after  a  long  sledge  journey  and  a  boat  voyage,  to  the 
shores  of  Wollaston  and  Victoria  Land.     Anxiety 
about  the  fate  of  the  Franklin  expedition  was  now 
being  keenly  felt,  and  an  extensive  plan  of  search 
was  organised;  one  expedition,  under  CoUinson  and 
M'Clure  in  the  Enterprise  and  Investigator;  one  under 
Captain    Austin,    comprising    the    Assistance    and 
Resolute,  with  two  steam  tenders,  the  Pioneer  and 


Intrepid,  and  two  brigs  the  Lady  Franklin  £uid  Sofia, 
under  Captain  Penny.  Austin  and  Penny  entered 
Barrow  Strait,  and  discovered  Franklin's  winter 
quarters  on  Beechy  Island.  Stopped  by  ice,  the 
expedition  wintered  off  Griffith  Island,  and  in  the 
following  spring  they  planned  a  thorough  and  exten- 
sive system  of  search  by  means  of  sledge  travelling. 
Penny  undertook  the  search  by  Wellington  Channel. 
M'Clintock  advanced  to  Melville  Island,  marching 
over  770  miles  in  81  days;  Captain  Ommaney  and 
Sherard  Osbom  went  south,  and  discovered  Prince  of 
Wales  Island ;  Lieutenant  Brown  examined  the  wes- 
tern shores  of  Peel  Sound;  but  with  the  exception  of 
the  winter  quarters  at  Beechy  Island,  no  record,  no 
sign  of  Franklin  was  discovered.  CoUinson,  in  the 
Enterprise,  was  within  a  few  miles  of  Point  Victory, 
on  the  shores  of  Victoria  Land,  where  the  fate  of 
Franklin  would  have  been  ascertained  had  he 
pushed  a  little  further.  He  passed  his  first  winter  in 
a  Sound  in  Prince  Albert  Island,  71°  35'  N.  and 
117°  35'  W.;  his  second  in  Cambridge  Bay,  and  his 
third  in  Camden  Bay.  70°  8'  N.,  140®  29'  W.,  return- 
ing to  England  in  1854.  M'Clure  in  the  Investigator, 
passed  the  first  winter,  1850-5 1,  at  the  Princess  Royal 
Islands,  and  came  across  the  same  palaeocrystic  ice 
which  stopped  Franklin  off  King  William  Land.  He 
turned  south,  and  after  many  hair-breadth  escapes, 
took  refuge  in  a  bay  on  the  north  shore  of  Banks- 
land,  which  he  named  the  Bay  of  God's  Mercy,  and 
here  the  Investigator  remained,  never  to  move  again. 
Two  winters  were  spent  here,  and  M'Clure  and  his 
crew  were  preparing  to  abandon  the  ship  and  reach 
the  American  coast  as  Franklin  had  attempted,  and 
possibly  the  fate  of  this  expedition  would  have  been 
that  which  overtook  Sir  John  Franklin  and  his 
party,  had  not  succour  providentially  arrived  in 
time. 

It  was  during  the  autumn  of  1853  that  Captain 
Kellett,  in  command  of  the  Resolute,  with  M'Clintock 
in  the  steam  tender  Intrepid,  discovered  M'Clure's 
record,  and  thus  ascertained  the  position  of  the 
Investigator.  In  the  following  spring  Lieutenant 
Pirn  was  entrusted  with  the  task  of  taking  a  message 
across  the  Strait,  which  he  successfully  accom- 
plished. The  officers  and  crew  of  the  Investigator,  led 
by  M'Clure,  arrived  safely  on  board  the  Resolute, 
June  17,  1853,  and  reached  England  in  the  following 
year.  They  not  only  discovered,  but  traversed  the 
north-west  passage,  though  not  in  the  same  ship,  and 
partly  by  travelling  over  the  ice.  M'Clure  received 
the  honour  of  Knighthood,  and  a  reward  of  ;Jio,ooo, 
voted  by  the  House  of  Commons,  was  granted  to 
himself,  the  officers  and  crew.  The  sledge  party  of 
Kellett's  expedition,  led  by  M'Clintock,  Mecham  and 
Vasey  Hamilton,  completed  the  discovery  of  the 
northern  and  western  sides  of  Melville  Island. 
M'Clintock's  sledge  party  was  away  from  the  ship 
for  105  days,  and  during  that  time  travelled  1,328 
miles;  Mecham's  party  was  away  94  days,  and 
travelled  1,163  o^iles. 


ARCTIC 


40 


ARCTIC 


In  1853  Dr.  Rae  was  employed  to  complete  the 
examination  of  the  coast  of  America.  He  went  up 
Chesterfield  Inlet  and  River  Quoich,  wintering  at 
Repulse  Bay.  He  succeeded  in  connecting  the  dis- 
coveries of  Simpson  with  those  of  James  Ross,  and 
established  the  fact  that  King  William  Land  was  an 
island.  He  also  brought  home  tidings  and  relics  of 
Franklin's  expedition,  gathered  from  the  Eskimo. 
In  the  spring  of  1854  Mecham  made  a  most  remark- 
able journey,  in  the  hope  of  obtaining  news  of  Cap- 
tain CoUinson;  he  was  absent  70  days,  out  of  which 
he  w^as  travelling  61 J  days;  the  distance  travelled 
was  1,336  miles,  and  is  without  parallel  in  Arctic 
records. 

Charles  Hall,  of  Cincinnati,  became  an  Arctic  ex- 
plorer through  his  deep  interest  in  the  search  for 
Franklin.  He  made  his  first  journey  1860-62,  and 
discovered  the  interesting  remains  of  a  stone  house 
built  by  Frobisher,  on  the  Countess  of  Warwick 
Island,  nearly  200  years  before.  On  his  second  ex- 
pedition, 1864-69,  he  reached  the  line  of  retreat  of 
the  Franklin  survivors  at  Todds  Island,  on  the  south 
coast  of  King  William  Island.  He  heard  from  the 
Eskimo  the  story  of  the  wreck  of  one  of  the  ships, 
and  was  told  that  seven  bodies  had  been  buried  at 
Todds  Island.  He  brought  home  some  bones,  which 
are  believed  to  be  those  of  Lieutenant  Le  Vcscomte 
of  tlie  Erebus. 

The  Norwegian  fishermen  are  responsible,  to  a 
great  extent,  for  recent  exploration  of  the  Spitz- 
bergen  seas.  In  1863  Captain  Carlsen  circumnavi- 
gated the  Spitzbergcn  group  for  the  first  time  in 
a  brig  called  Jan  Mayen.  In  1864  Nordcns- 
kiold  and  Duner  made  observations  at  80  different 
places  on  the  Spitzbergen  shores.  In  1868  the  Sofia, 
an  iron  steamer,  attained  a  latitude  of  81°  42'  N.  on 
the  meridian  of  18°  E.  The  expedition,  consisting  of 
the  steamer  Polhem  and  the  brig  Gladcn,  commanded 
by  Professor  Xordenskiold  and  Lieutenant  Palander, 
spent  the  winter  of  18^8  at  Mussel  Bay,  on  the  nor- 
thern shore  of  Spitzbergen,  and  in  the  following 
spring  made  an  important  sledge  journey  of  60  days' 
duration  over  North  Ea^t  Land.  In  1868  an  expedi- 
tion, financed  by  Dr.  Petermann  of  Gotha,  and  com- 
manded by  Captain  Koldewey,  sailed  from  Bergen 
to  Hinlopen  Strait  in  Spitzbergen.  In  1869  another 
expedition,  in  command  of  Captain  Koldewey,  con- 
sisting of  the  Germania,  a  steamer  of  140  tons,  and 
the  brig  Hansa,  sailed  from  Bremen  for  the  east 
coast  of  Greenland.  The  Germania  wintered  at 
Pendulum  Island  in  74°  30'  N.,  and  in  March  of  the 
following  year  set  out,  under  Koldewey,  and  reached 
a  di.^tance  of  100  miles  from  the  ship  to  the  north- 
ward. A  ('ape.  named  after  Prince  Bismarck, 
marked  the  northern  Hmit  of  their  discoveries. 
Lieutenant  Payer,  who  had  been  with  Captain  Kolde- 
wey, resolved  to  continue  the  work  of  Polar  dis- 
covery. He  and  a  naval  officer  named  Weyprecht 
chartered  a  Norwegian  schooner,  called  the  Ii>lu'/rn, 
and  examined  the  edge  of  the  ice  between  Spitzber- 


gen and  Nova  Zambia.  In  1872  an  Austro-Hun- 
garian  expedition  was  organised.  The  steamer 
Tegeihoff  was  fitted  out,  with  Weyprecht  in  com- 
mand, and  Payer  to  conduct  the  sledge  parties.  The 
vessel  sailed  on  July  14,  1872,  but  was  closely  beset 
near  Cape  Nassau,  at  the  northern  end  of  Nova 
Zembla,  in  August.  In  October,  1873,  the  island 
named  Count  Wilczek  was  discovered  in  79**  54'  N., 
and  the  second  winter  was  passed  here. 

In  March,  1874,  Payer  started  on  a  30  days' 
sledge  journey,  and  discovered  the  country  named 
Franz- Josef  Land.  The  expedition  was  compelled  to 
abandon  the  ship  and  attempt  to  retreat  in  boats. 
They  were  eventually  picked  up  by  a  Russian 
schooner,  and  arrived  at  Vard6  on  September  3, 
1874.  This  expedition  was  one  of  the  most  im- 
portant connected  with  north  polar  exploration 
during  the  last  century. 

In  1875  2Ln  English  expedition,  with  Captain  Nares 
as  leader,  in  two  powerful  steamers,  the  Alert  and 
Discovery,  started  for  Smith's  Sound.  Captain 
Markham,  Lieutenant  Aldrich  and  Captain  Field- 
ham,  R.A.,  were  also  in  the  Alert.  The  Discovery 
was  commanded  by  Captain  Stevenson,  wth  Lieu- 
tenant Beaumont  as  his  first  lieutenant.  The  expe- 
dition left  Portsmouth  on  May  29,  1875,  and  entered 
Smith's  Sound  towards  the  end  of  July.  The  Dis- 
covery established  her  winter  quarters  at  Lady 
Franklin  Bay  81**  44'  N.,  the  Alert  pressed  onwards 
and  reached  the  edge  of  the  Palaeocrystic  Sea,  and 
passed  the  winter  off  the  open  coast  facing  the  great 
Polar  pack  in  82®  27'  N.  Captain  Markham,  with 
Lieutenant  Parr,  advanced  over  the  Polar  pack  at 
the  high  latitude  of  83*  20'  26"  N.  Lieutenant 
Aldrich  explored  the  coast  line  to  the  westward, 
facing  the  frozen  Polar  Ocean  for  a  distance  of  220 
miles.  The  Alert  reached  the  highest  northern  lati- 
tude ever  attained  by  any  ship  up  to  that  date,  and 
wintered  further  north  than  any  ship  had  wintered 
before.  The  expedition  returned  to  England  in 
October,  1876.  In  1875  Sir  Allen  Young,  in  his 
steam  yacht  the  Pandora,  attempted  to  force  his  way 
down  Peel  Sound  to  the  magnetic  pole.  He  entered 
Peel  Sound  on  August  29,  and  proceeded  further 
than  any  vessel  had  gone  since  it  was  passed  by 
Franklin's  two  ships  in  1846.  He  reached  lati- 
tude 72®  14'  N.,  and  sighted  Cape  Bird  at  the 
northern  side  of  the  western  entrance  to  Bellot 
Strait. 

In  1875  Professor  Nordenskiold  turned  his  atten- 
tion to  the  possibility  of  navigating  the  seas  along 
the  northern  coast  of  Siberia,  and  in  June  of  that 
vear  sailed  from  Tromso  in  the  Proven.  He  reached 
the  Yeniesi  by  way  of  the  Kara  Sea,  and  discovered 
an  excellent  harbour  on  the  eastern  side  of  its 
mouth,  which  he  named  Port  Dickson,  after  Mr. 
Oscar  Dickson,  who  had  largely  contributed  to  the 
expedition.  Nordenskiold,  being  convinced  that  the 
achievement  of  the  north-east  passage  was  feasible, 
the   King  of  Sweden,   Mr.   Oscar  Dickson  and  M. 


ARCTIC 


41 


ARCTIC 


Sibiriakoff  supplied  the  funds  for  a  second  expedi- 
tion, and  the  steamer  Vega  was  purchased.  On 
August  xo  they  left  Port  Dickson,  and  on  the  19th 
reached  the  most  northern  part  of  Siberia,  Cape 
Severo  or  Tchelyuskin  in  77**  41'  N.  Towards  the 
end  of  September  the  Vega  was  frozen  in  ofi  the  shore 
of  a  low  plain  in  67**  f  N.  and  173®  20'  W.  After  be- 
ing imprisoned  in  ice  for  two  hundred  and  ninety-four 
days,  on  July  18,  1S79,  the  Vega  proceeded  on  her 
voyage,  and  passed  Behring  Strait  two  days  later. 
Thus,  after  a  lapse  of  three  hundred  and  twenty-six 
years,  the  north-east  passage  had  been  accomplished 
without  the  loss  of  a  single  life  and  without  damage 
to  the  vessel. 

In  1879  Sir  Henry  Gore-Booth  and  Captain  A.  H. 
Markham,  R.N.  (^.v.),  undertook  a  Polar  cruise  in  the 
Norwegian  schooner  Isbjiim,  They  sailed  along  the 
west -coast  of  Nova  Zembla,  passing  through  the 
Matotchkim  Shar  to  the  east  coast,  and  examined 
the  ice  in  the  direction  of  Franz- Josef  Land  as  far  as 
78**  24'  N. 

In  the  same  year  an  expedition  was  undertaken  in 
the  United  States,  with  the  object  of  obtaining  further 
information  of  the  sad  history  of  the  retreat  of  the  offi- 
cers and  men  of  Sir  John  Franklin's  expedition.  The 
expedition  consisted  of  Lieutenant  Schwatka  of  the 
United  States  Army,  and  three  others.  The  first  winter 
wasspentnear  the  entrance  of  Chesterfield  Inlet,  and  in 
April  they  set  out,  assisted  by  Eskimo  and  dogs,  for 
the  estuary  of  the  Great  Fish  River.  They  crossed 
over  to  Cape  Herschel  on  King  William  Island,  in 
June«  and  examined  the  western  shores  of  the  island 
as  far  as  Cape  Felix,  the  northern  extremity,  with 
very  little  success.  Some  graves  were  found,  as  well 
as  a  medal  belonging  to  Lieutenant  Irvine  of  H.M.S. 
Terror,  and  some  bones  believed  to  be  his  were 
brought  home,  and  eventually  sent  to  England  and 
interred  at  Edinburgh. 

In  1879  Mr.  Gordon  Bennett  purchased  from  Sir 
Allen  Young  the  Pandora,  which  he  rechristened  the 
Jeannette,  and  dispatched  an  expedition  of  dis- 
covery by  way  of  Behring  Strait.  The  Jeannette, 
under  Lieutenant  De  Long,  United  States  Navy, 
sailed  from  San  Francisco,  July  8,  1879,  and  on  Sep- 
tember 3  was  seen  steaming  towards  Wrangell  Land. 
In  1 88 1,  as  nothing  had  been  heard  of  this  vessel,  two 
steamers  were  sent  up  the  Behring  Strait  in  search. 
One  of  these,  the  Rodgers,  under  Lieutenant  Berry, 
explored  Wrangell  Land  70®  57'  N.,  which  he  found 
to  be  an  island  about  70  miles  long  by  28  miles  wide,  but 
returned  without  any  news  of  the  Jeannette.  Eventu- 
ally, melancholy  tidings  arrived  from  Siberia.  After 
having  been  beset  in  heavy  ice  pack  for  twenty-two 
months,  the  Jeannette  was  crushed  and  sunk  in 
77"*  1$'  N.  lat.  and  ISS^  E.  long.  The  officers  and 
men  succeeded  in  reaching  an  island,  which  they 
named  Bennett  Land,  in  July,  and  in  the  following 
September  reached  one  of  the  New  Siberia  Islands, 
and  from  there  set  out  for  the  mouth  of  the  Lena. 
Mr.  Melville,  the  engineer,  and  his  boat's  crew, 
reached  Irkutsk,  and  immediately  set  out  in  search 


of  De  Long  and  his  party.  Eventually  De  Long's 
body  and  two  of  his  crew  were  discovered  on  March 
23,  1883.  they  having  perished  from  exhaustion  and 
want  of  food. 

In  1880  Mr.  Leigh  Smith  made  three  voyages  to 
Spitzbergen  in  the  screw  steamer  Eira.  He  sailed 
along  the  land  to  the  westward  and  discovered 
no  miles  of  new  coast  line,  and  returned  to  Eng- 
land. In  the  following  year  he  once  more  made 
for  Franz-Josef  Land,  and  reached  a  point  further 
west  than  had  been  possible  on  his  previous  voyage. 
He  had.  however,  gone  a  little  too  far  on  this  occa- 
sion, and  in  August  the  ship  was  caught  in  the  ice, 
was  nipped,  and  sank.  He  and  his  crew  passed  the 
winter  of  1881-82  in  a  hut,  and  on  June  21,  1882, 
started  in  the  hope  of  reaching  some  vessels  on  the 
Nova  Zembla  coast.  On  August  2  they  were  sighted 
by  the  Willem  Barents,  and  subsequently  taken  on 
board  the  Hope,  a  whaler  which  had  come  out  to 
their  rescue,  under  the  command  of  Sir  Allen 
Young. 

It  was  at  the  suggestion  of  Lieutenant  Weyprecht, 
from  a  paper  read  by  him  before  a  large  meeting  of 
German  naturalists,  that  the  importance  of  estab- 
lishing a  number  of  stations  within  or  near  the  Arctic 
circle  was  brought  about.      The  various  nations  of 
Europe  were  represented  at  an  international  Polar 
Conference  at  Hamburg  in  1879,  and  another  at  St. 
Petersburg  in  1882,  and  it  was  finally  decided  that 
each  nation  should  establish  one  or  more  stations. 
The  stations  established  were  at  the  following  locali- 
ties round  the  Arctic  circle: 
Norwegians. — "  Bosekop,"  Alten  Fjord,  Norway. 
Swedes. — "  Ice  Fjord,"  Spitzbergen. 
Dutch. — "  Dickson   Harbour,"   mouth   of   Yeniesi, 

Siberia. 
Russians. — "  Sagast3rr    Island,"    mouth    of    Lena, 

Siberia.    "  M611er  Bay,"  Nova  Zembla. 
Americans. — "  Point     Barrow,"     North     America. 

"  Lady  Franklin  Bay,"  81*  44'  N. 
English. — "  Great     Slave     Lake,"     Dominion     of 

Canada. 
Germans. — "  Cumberland  Bay,"  west  side  of  Davis 

Strait. 
Danes. — "  Godthaab,"  Greenland. 
Austrians. — "  Jan  Mayen,"  North  Atlantic,  71®  N. 

In  1 88 1  Lieutenant  Greely's  party,  consisting  of 
two  lieutenants,  twenty  sergeants  and  privates  of 
the  United  States  Army,  and  Dr.  Pavy,  an  enthu- 
siastic explorer,  installed  themselves  at  Lady 
Franklin's  Bay  for  the  winter.  In  the  following  year 
many  important  journeys  were  made;  Lieutenant 
Lockwood  journeyed  along  the  north  coast  of 
Greenland,  and  reached  a  small  island  in  83^  24'  N., 
and  40*  46'  W. ;  Dr.  Pavy  made  two  tripa  into  the  in- 
terior of  Grinnell  land,  the  coast  on  the  western  side 
was  reached,  and  a  large  lake  was  discovered  near 
Discovery  Harbour.  The  fate  of  this  expedition  was 
like  so  many  others.  As  no  relief  ship  had  arrived  by 
the  summer  of  1883,  Lieutenant  Greely  started  from 
Lady  Franklin's  Bay  with  his  men  for  Smith  Sound, 


ARCTIC 


42 


ARCTIC 


where  he  expected  to  pass  a  ship.  They  were  over- 
come by  cold,  and  compelled  to  encamp  at  Cape 
Sabine  on  the  western  shores  of  Smith  Sound.  Here 
many  of  them  died  of  actual  starvation,  and  when  the 
relieving  steamers  Thetis  and  Bear  did  arrive  at  Cape 
Sabine,  Lieutenant  Greely  and  six  of  his  companions 
were  found  just  alive. 

The  next  important  Arctic  work  was  the  crossing 
of  the  great  glacier  forming  the  interior  of  Greenland, 
by  Nansen  and  Peary.  Dr.  Nansen,  with  six  com- 
panions, succeeded  in  landing  on  the  East  Coast  of 
Greenland  in  August,  1888,  and  reached  a  height  of 
7.000  feet  on  the  glacier  in  64°  50'  N.,  and  on  Sep- 
tember 26  arrived  at  the  inner  end  of  the  Ameralik- 
fjord  in  64®  12'  N.,  having  traversed  260  miles  of 
glacier. 

In  April,  1892,  Peary  accompanied  by  Eiviod 
Astrup,  started  from  Whale  Sound,  on  the  West  Coast 
of  Greenland  in  77^  N..  and  taking  a  north-easterly 
course  sighted  land  in  82®  12'  N. 

In  the  year  1893  Dr.  Nansen  in  the  Fram  started  on 
his  famous  expedition  to  cross  the  Polar  Ocean,  by 
trusting  to  the  drift  from  east  to  west.  His  ship  was 
forced  into  the  ice  to  the  north-west  of  New  Siberia 
Island,  and  for  three  winters  the  drift  was  con- 
tinued, the  vessel  eventually  coming  out  of  the  pack 
to  the  north  of  j  Spitsbergen.  The  principal  dis- 
coveries on  this  memorable  voyage  was  that  there  is 
a  very  deep  ocean  to  the  north  of  the  Franz- Josef 
group,  continuous  with  that  to  the  north  of  Spitz- 
bergen.  The  result  of  this  expedition  materially  ex- 
tended our  knowledge  of  the  polar  regions. 

In  1894  Mr.  Jackson  commanded  an  expedition  in 
the  Windward,  fitted  out  at  the  expense  of  Mr.  A.  C. 
Harmsworth.  In  the  spring  of  1895  he  made  a 
journey  northwards  as  far  as  81°  19'  30"  N.,  and  dis- 
covered a  channel  leading  between  groups  of  islands 
to  the  west  of  the  Austria  Sound  of  Payer.  In  1896, 
during  his  second  winter,  Mr.  Jackson's  party  met 
Dr.  Nansen  and  his  companions,  and  in  the  following 
year,  accompanied  by  Mr.  Armitage,  made  a  remark- 
able journey,  during  which  he  discovered  the  western 
portion  of  Franz- Josef  Land.  The  Jackson-Harms- 
worth  expedition  returned  to  England  in  the  autumn 
of  1897. 

In  1899  Captain  Sverdrup  in  the  Fram  led  an  ex- 
pedition up  Smith's  Sound,  with  the  object  of  dis- 
covering the  northern  coast  of  Greenland.  In  the 
summer  of  1889  H.R.H.  the  Duke  of  Abruzzi,  on 
board  the  Norwegian  whaler  Jason,  which  was  re- 
named the  Stella  Polare,  proceeded  to  Franz- Josef 
Land,  and  wintered  at  TepHtz  Bay  in  Rudolph  Land. 
Three  sledge  expeditions  were  sent  north  in  the 
spring  of  1900,  and  one  under  Captain  Cagni,  reached 
84**  33'  N.,  at  about  56°  E.,  which  is  20  miles  farther 
north  than  Nansen's  farthest.  The  sides  of  the  SteUa 
Polare  were  crushed  by  ice  pressure,  but  she  was 
patched  up,  and  in  her  the  expedition  reached  Nor- 
way in  September,  1900. 

Robert  Edwin  Peary,   the  American  Arctic  ex- 


plorer, during  his  third  Arctic  expedition  for  the 
discovery  of  the  North  Pole  (1898- 1902)  rounded  the 
north  end  of  Greenland,  the  most  northemly  known 
land  in  the  world,  and  succeeded  in  reaching  84**  13' 
N.  lat.,  the  highest  latitude  then  attained.  In  the 
summer  of  1905  he  started  by  way  of  Greenland  for 
the  North  Pole  in  the  steamer  Roosevelt,  especially 
constructed  for  the  undertaking,  provided  with  the 
necessary  means  of  forcing  its  way  through  the  ice, 
and  furnished  with  an  installation  of  wireless  tele- 
graphy. On  November  4,  1906,  news  was  received  in 
New  York  that  Peary  had  gained  for  the  United 
States  the  "  Farthest  North  "  record.  The  Roosevelt 
spent  the  winter  of  1905  on  the  north  coast  of  Grant 
Land,  somewhere  north  of  the  Alert's  winter  quar- 
ters. In  February,  1905,  Peary,  with  his  palrty,  went 
north  with  sledges,  via  Hecla  and  Columbia.  They 
were  delayed  by  open  water  between  84**  and  85®, 
and  beyond  85*^  a  six  days'  gale  disrupted  the  ice, 
destroyed  the  caches,  cut  off  communication  with  the 
supporting  bodies  and  drifted  them  due  east.  They 
reached  87®  6'  N.  lat.,  over  ice  drifting  steadily  east- 
wards. On  the  return  journey  great  hardships  were 
endured,  and  the  ship  was  eventually  reached  by 
way  of  the  Greenland  coast. 

See  Scoresby's  "  Account  of  Arctic  Regions  and 
of  the  Whale  Fishery"  (1820),  Osborne's  "  Narra- 
tive of  an  Attempt  to  Reach  the  North  Pole"  (1827), 
M'Clintock's  "  Discovery  of  the  North- West  Pas- 
sage by  M'Clure"  (1857),  Nare's  "Narrative  of  the 
Discovery  of  the  Fate  of  Sir  John  Franklin  "  (1859), 
Markham's  "  Narrative  of  a  Voyage  to  the  Polar 
Seas"  (1875-76),  Middendorf's  "Polar  Regions" 
(1861),  Manual  of  the  "  Natural  History,  Geology 
and  Physics  of  Greenland  and  the  Neighbouring  Re- 
gions," British  Admiralty  (1875),  "Arctic  Geography 
and  Ethnology,"  Royal  Geographical  Society  (1875), 
Bessel's  "  New  Lands  within  the  Arctic  Circle" 
(1876),  Mohn's  "The  North  Ocean,  its  Depths, 
Temperature  and  Circulation  "  (1877),  Petterson's 
"Vo3rage  of  the  JeannetU"\  "The  Ship  and  Ice 
Journals  of  George  W.  De  Long  "  (1883),  Nansen's 
"Farthest  North"  (1897),  "The  Norwegian  North 
Polar  Expedition,  1893-96." 

Arctic  Ocean.  One  of  the  great  water  divisions  of 
the  Globe,  the  Arctic  circle  (60°  30')  being  taken  as  a 
boundary,  the  whole  of  the  ocean  lying  to  the  north 
is  given  this  name.  It  is  for  the  most  part  enclosed 
between  the  North  Coast  of  Europe,  Asia  and  North 
America.  It  communicates  with  the  Atlantic  by  a 
broad  opening  on  the  east  of  Greenland,  and  a  nar- 
row, but  important  channel  on  the  west,  which  has 
been  traced  as  far  north  as  87®  6'  N.  The  immediate 
area  round  the  North  Pole  is  as  yet  unexplored ;  the 
nearest  approaches  which  have  been  made  have  been 
those  of  Dr.  Nansen  and  Johansen  86**  14',  in  i^'j$  ; 
Captain  Cagni  86*  34',  1900;  Robert  Edwin  Peary 
87**  6'  N.,  1906.  So  far  as  is  known  the  region  imme- 
diately round  the  Pole  consists  of  deep  water  covered 
with  rough  and  broken  ice-pack.      The  area  of  the 


ARCTIC 


43 


ARGYLL 


Arctic  Ocean  is  estimated  at  5,908,000  square  miles. 
The  temperature  of  the  surface  water  is  generally 
29^,  or  about  freezing  point  of  salt  water,  at  about 
1 10  fathoms  it  increases  to  33^,  and  the  highest  tem- 
perature ranges  between  120  and  350  fathoms, 
namely,  35®  to  39**.  The  greatest  known  depth  is 
about  2,650  fathoms.  The  most  important  of  the 
numerous  islands  are  Spitzbergen,  Nova  Zembla. 
with  the  multitudinous  adjacent  islets  to  the  north 
of  Europe;  the  Likhow  Islands  or  New  Siberia,  off 
the  coast  of  Asia,  and  the  vast  irregular  Archipelago, 
into  which  the  north  eastern  portion  of  America  is 
split.     Refer  to  Arctic  Exploration. 

See  Dr.  Nansen's  "Farthest  North"  (1897), 
*'  Scientific  Results  of  the  Nansen  Expedition  " 
(1900).  "  On  the  Polar  ^tar  in  the  Arctic  Sea," 
Abruzzi  (1903),  "  History  of  the  Kara  Sea  Trade 
Route  to  Siberia,"  Kiniock  (1898). 

Arctie  Pole.  The  North  Pole,  as  opposed  to  the 
Antarctic  or  Southern  one. 

Arctic  Zone.  The  zone  or  belt  of  the  earth  be- 
tween  the  North  Pole  and  the  Arctic  circle. 

Arctonu.  A  star  of  the  first  magnitude,  one  of  the 
nautical  stars,  close  to  the  knee  of  Arctophylax. 

Ardea.  Italian  torpedo-boat.  (Odero,  1906.) 
Length,  165  ft.;  beam,  17  ft. ;  draught,  7  ft.;  dis- 
placement, 200  tons;  complement,  36;  armament, 
3  ■3-pdr.,  3  tubes. ;  Hp.,  3,000  =  25  kts. ;  coal,  40  tons. 

Ardent.  British  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Chis- 
wick,  1894.)  Length,  201  ft.;  beam,  19  ft.;  draught, 
7  ft.;  displacement,  247  tons;  complement,  45; 
armament,  i  12-pdr.,  5  6-pdr. ;  2  tubes;  twin 
screw;  Hp.,  4,500  =  27  kts.;  coal,  60  tons. 

This  ship-name  is  associated  with  Hood's  occupa- 
tion of  Toulon,  1793;  Camperdown,  1797;  Copen- 
hagen, 1801 ;  Bombardment  of  Copenhagen,  1807. 

Ardent.  Term  used  when  vessel  gripes  or  goes  to 
wind  quickly. 

Ardjoeno.  Netherlands  torpedo-boat.  (Yarrow, 
1886.)  Length,  125  ft.;  beam,  13  ft. ;  draught,  6  ft.; 
displacement,  83  tons;  complement,  16;  armament, 
2  i-pdr.,  2  tubes,  Hp.,  880=21  kts.;  coal,  20  tons. 

Areometer.    See  Hydrometer. 

Arethosa.  A  vessel  built  and  engined  by  Messrs . 
Penn  in  i860  with  engines  of  large  cylinder  capacity 
to  admit  of  great  expansion  with  surface  condensers 
and  superheaters  to  the  boilers.  They  were  double- 
trunk  with  two  cylinders  and  worked  at  a  pressure 
of  25lbs.  to  the  square  inch.  This  vessel  was  con- 
structed with  the  idea  of  economising  fuel. 

Aretosa.     Italian  torpedo  gun -boat  (1891). 
Displacement  850  tons.    Complement  118. 


Guns. 

Armour, 

1 — 47  in. 

"  Steel." 

6 — 6pdr. 

I J  in.  Deck. 

3—1  pdr. 

Torpedo 

Tubes. 

6  Above  water. 

Twin  screw.  Hp.  4,100=  19*5  kts.  Coal  maxi- 
mum 180  tons. 

Argelander,  Friedrich  Wilhelm  Angiist  (1799-1895)- 
German  astronomer  (b.  Memel).  From  1823-27. 
he  was  director  of  the  Abo  Observatory,  and  in  1837 
became  Professor  of  Astronomy  at  Bonn,  where  he 
pubUshed  his  celestial  atlas  **  Uranometria  Nova  " 
in  1843.  In  continuation  of  Bessel's  work  he  deter- 
mined the  position  of  some  22,000  stars. 

Argentine  Tacht  dab,  with  their  headquarters  in 
Buenos  Ayres,  was  established  in  1883.  Patron, 
His  Excellency  the  President  of  the  Argentine  Re- 
public; Commodore,  Rear- Admiral  Enrique  G. 
Howard;  Vice-Commodore,  C.  F.  Blanco;  Hon. 
Treasurer,  F.  F.  Nisbet;  Hon.  Secretary,  L.  B. 
Trant.  Entrance  fee,  100  dols.  Annual  subscrip- 
tion, 50  dols. 

Argnuuae,  Battle  of.  In  406  b.c.  Conon  and  the 
Athenian  Fleet  defeated  the  Spartans  in  a  naval 
fight  off  the  Island  of  Arginusae,  between  Nesbos  and 
Asia  Minor. 

Argonant.  British  istclasscmiser.  (Fairfield,  1898.) 
Length  450  ft.  Beam  68  ft.  Maximum  draught  27  ft. 
Displacement  1 1 ,000  tons.    Complement  677. 
Guns,  Armour, 

16—6  in.  "Harvey." 

12 — 12  pdr.  4  in.  Belt  amidships. 

2 — 12  pdr.,  8  cwt.     12  in.  Conning  tower. 
12 — 3  pdr. 
2  Maxims. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
2  Submerged. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  18,000=20*3  kts.   Coal  maxi- 
mum 2,000  tons.    Approximate  cost  ;£6oo,ooo. 

Argonant.  The  name  given  to  cuttles  belonging 
to  the  genus  Argonauta.  One  of  the  heroes  who 
accompanied  Jason  in  the  ship  Argo  when  he  sailed 
on  his  mythic  voyage  in  quest  of  the  Golden  Fleece. 

Argonanie.  French  torpedo-boat  (1899).  Dis- 
placement, 120;  complement,  34 ;  maximum  draught, 
9  ft.;  guns  2  3-pdr.;  torpedo  tubes  2  15 -in.;  twin 
screw;  Hp.,  2,000=26  kts.;  coal,  16  tons. 

Argo  Steamship  Co.,  with  their  head  offices 
at  Bremen,  have  a  fleet  of  30  steamers  engaged  in 
general  cargo  carrying,  and  the  Bremen-London  and 
the  Bremen-Hull  trades.  They  are  modern  well- 
built  ships,  containing  excellent  accommodation  for 
the  conveyance  of  passengers.  A  steamer  leaves 
London  every  Tuesday,  Thursday  and  Saturday,  for 
Bremen,  one  sailing  from  Bremen  on  the  same  days. 
A  steamer  leaves  Hull  for  Bremen  every  Monday 
and  Friday,  returning  from  Bremen  every  Wednes- 
day and  Saturday. 

Argns.  French  shallow  draught  gun -boat.  (Chis- 
wick,  1900.)  Displacement,  122  tons;  speed,  13  kts. 

ArgylL       British    ist   class   cruiser.     (Greenock 
Foundry  Co.,  1904.) 
Length  450  ft.   Beam  68  ft.  Maximum  draught  25  ft. 


ARIADNE 


44 


AR'MEN 


Displacement  io,7CX>  tons.   Complement  655. 
Guns,  A  rtnour. 

4 — 7'S  in.  "  Krupp." 

6 — 6  in.  6  in.  Belt  amidships.  / 

2 — 12  pdr.  6  in.  Barbettes. 

22 — 3  pdr.  12  in.  Conning  tower. 

2  Maxims. 

Torpedo  Tubes, 
2  Submerged. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  21,000=22^  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 1 .800  tons.     Approximate  cost  ;J8 50,000. 

Ariadne.  British  ist  class  cruiser.  (Clydebank, 
1898.) 

Length  450  ft.  Beam  69  ft.  Maximum  draught  27  ft. 
Displacement  11,000  tons.     Complement  677. 
Guns,  A  rmour, 

16—6  in.,  40  cal.  "  Harvey." 

12 — 12  pdr.  4  in.  Belt  amidships. 

2 — 12  pdr.,  8  cwt.         12  in.  Conning  tower. 
12 — 3  pdr. 
2  Maxims. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
2  Submerged. 
Twin  Bcrew.     Hp.  18,000=20-3  kts.    Coal  maxi- 
mum 2,000  tons.     Approximate  cost  ;£6oo,ooo. 

A  ship  of  this  name  was  with  Barrington  at  St. 
Lucia  1778;  with  Byron  against  D'Estaing,  off 
Grenada,  1779;  Hotham,  ofi  Hy^res,  1795. 

Ariadne.    German  armoured  cruiser  (Weser,  1900). 
Length  328  ft.   Beam  39  ft.   Maximum  draught  1 7  ft. 
Displacement  2,650  tons.    Complement  249. 
Guns.  A  rtnour, 

10 — ^4-1  in.  "  Krupp." 

14 — I  pdr.  2  in.  Deck. 

4  Machine.  3  in.  Conning  tower. 

Torpedo  Tubes, 
2  Submerged. 
Twin  screw.  Hp.  8,500=21  kts.    Coal  maximum 
560  tons. 

Ariadne  Steamship  Oo^  Ltd.,  have  two  modem 
cargo  steamers  built  at  West  Hartlepool,  which  are 
engaged  in  the  cargo   trade  with   the  Continent. 

Fleet. 
Ariadne,  Ariadne  Alexander. 

Ariake.  Japanese  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Yar- 
row, 1905.)  Displacement,  380  tons;  complement, 
55;  maximum  draught,  9^t.;  armament,  i  12 -pdr., 
5  6-pdr.,  tubes  2  i8in.;Hp.,  6,000=31  kts.;  coal. 
95  tons. 

Ariel.  On  March  18.  1820,  this  vessel  was  lost  in 
the  Persian  Gulf,  when  ^9  perished. 

ArieL  British  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Chiswick, 
1897.)  Length,  210ft.;  beam,  19  ft.;  draught,  7  ft.; 
displacement,  278  tons;  complement,  60;  arma- 
ment, I  1 2 -pdr.,  5  6-pdr.,  2  tubes;  twin  screw; 
Hp.,  5,800  =  30  kts.;  coal,  80  tons. 

This  vessel  struck  the  head  of  the  break-water 
during  anight  attack  on  Malta  Harbour,  April,  1907, 
and  foundered ;  one  life  lost. 


Aries.  A  northern  constellation,  forming  the  first 
of  the  twelve  signs  of  the  Zodiac,  into  which  the  sun 
enters  about  March  20.  With  Musca,  Aries  contains 
22  Nebulae,  8  double,  and  148  single  stars,  of  which 
only  50  are  visible  to  the  naked  eye.  The  commence- 
ment of  this  sign,  called  the  first  point  of  Aries,  is  the 
original  from  which  the  right  ascension  of  the 
heavenly  bodies  is  reckoned  upon  the  equator,  and 
their  longitude  upon  the  ecliptic.  Owing  to  the  effect 
of  precession,  the  passage  of  the  sun  through  Aries 
has  been  moved  forward  from  April  16  to  May  13. 

Arkansas.    U.S.  monitor.  (Newport  News,  1900.) 
Length  252  ft.  Beam  50  ft.  Maximum  draught  13  ft. 
Displacement  2,755  tons.     Complement  130. 
Guns.  Armour. 

2 — 1 2  in.,  40  cal.        "Krupp." 
4 — 4  in.  1 1  in.  Belt  amidships. 

3—6  pdr.  1 1  in.  Barbettes. 

4 — I  pdr.  8  in.  Conning  tower. 

2  Colts. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
2  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.    Hp.  2,400  =  12  kts.    Coal  maximum 
400  tons. 

Ark  of  Noah.  A  sacred  and  capacious  vessel,  built 
by  Noah  for  the  purpose  of  preserving  the  race  of 
man,  and  of  the  land  animals,  against  the  fiood.  It 
took  120  years  to  build,  measured  300  cubics  in 
length,  50  in  breadth,  and  30  in  height;  it  had  three 
storeys,  and  was  constructed  of  Gopher  wood,  and 
pitched  over  or  paved  with  Bitumen. 

A.B.1L  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Amemuiden,  Holland. 

Armada.  A  Spanish  term,  signifying  a  royal  fleet. 
It  comes  from  the  same  root  as  Army. 

^''Tnada,  The  Spanish.    See  Spanish  Armada. 

Armand  BehiC.  French  subsidised  merchant 
ship  (1892).  Messageries  Maritimes  {q.v.).  Dimen- 
sions, 486  X  49  X  36  ft.;  gross  tonnage,  6,635. ;  Hp., 
7,500=17  kts. 

Armed  Neatrality  is  the  condition  of  a  neutral  State 
which  is  prepared  to  take  military  measures  against 
possible  attempts  on  the  part  of  a  belligerent  {q.v.) 
to  use  neutral  territory  or  to  commit  aggressions.  The 
first  armed  neutrality  of  1780,  formed  by  Russia, 
Denmark  and  Sweden,  proclaimed  the  principles 
that  neutral  vessels  may  freely  navigate  and  carry 
goods  belonging  to  subjects  of  belligerents,  if  not  of 
the  nature  of  contraband  of  war  {q.v.),  and  that  no 
blockade  {q.v.)  should  be  recognised  unless  effective. 
The  second  armed  neutrality  of  1800  made  no  ad- 
vance, owing  to  the  Naval  supremacy  of  Great 
Britain  and  the  death  of  the  Emperor  Paul.  In  1807 
Russia  proclaimed  armed  neutrality  afresh,  and  it  was 
not  until  the  Declaration  of  Paris  (^.t;.),  1865,  that  new 
rules  were  finally  settled. 

Ar'men  Light,  situated  off  Cape  Finisterre,  was 
established  in   1897,  and  is  a  3-flash  light  every 


ARMING 


45 


ARMSTRONG 


20  seconds;  duration  of  flash  one-tenth  second; 
candle-power  250,000;  burner,  mantle  30  mm. 
diameter;  illuminant,  incandescent,  oil,  gas. 

Arming  the  Lead.  Tallow  placed  in  the  cavity  at  the 
end  of  sounding  lead,  to  bring  up  specimens  from 
the  bottom. 

Armour,  NavaL  The  idea  of  using  armour  for  iron- 
clads is  about  86  years  old,  and  dates  from  the  intro- 
duction of  guns,  capable  of  horizontal  shell  fire.  In 
1 82 1  a  French  commission  was  appointed  to  con- 
sider the  question  of  armour-clad  vessels,  but  decided 
it  to  be  impracticable,  and  nothing  was  done  until 
the  Crimean  War,  when  the  first  armoured  vessels 
were  built  in  France  for  the  purpose  of  attacking  the 
Russian  shore  batteries  in  the  Black  Sea.  None  of 
these  were  sea-going  vessels,  and  it  was  not  until 
1857  that  Napoleon  III.,  with  Dupuy  de  L6me,  be- 
gan a  new  era  of  naval  construction,  with  the  sea- 
going frigate  Gloire,  the  frame  of  which  was  built  of 
wood  and  plated  with  iron.  In  December,  i860,  the 
first  British  sea-going  ironclad  Warrior  was  launched ; 
her  displacement  was  9,000  tons,  and  less  than  two- 
thirds  of  her  length  was  armoured.  The  Black  Prince 
followed  in  1861,  both  vessels  being  built  of,  as  well 
as  armoured  with,  iron,  the  superior  strength  and 
lasting  qualities  of  which  soon  drove  wood,  as  a  con- 
structive material,  out  altogether.  In  1873  the 
Minotaur  was  launched,  a  vessel  of  10,300  tons, 
armoured  throughout  her  length,  except  at  the  bow, 
and  armed  with  breech«-loading  rifled  guns.  In  1867 
the  turret  system,  in  which  the  guns  were  carried  on 
a  turning  platform,  protected  by  an  armoured  ring, 
was  applied  to  the  Captain  and  Monarch.  The  Her* 
cules,  in  1868,  with  9  in.  armour,  was  an  example  of 
the  belt  and  battery  system;  sh«  was  only  armoured 
to  the  main  deck,  except  that  the  armour  was  carried 
up  to  theupperdeck,  where  it  was  necessary  to  protect 
the  big  guns  carried  in  her  central  battery.  In  1871 
the  Devastation,  with  12  in.  armour,  represented  a 
revolution  in  design,  for  she  had  twin-screws,  and 
depended  entirely  on  steam  propulsion;  the  hori- 
zontal armour  of  her  main-deck  was  a  new  feature, 
which  materially  increased  weight  and  cost.  So  the. 
increase  went  on  until  the  Inflexible,  launched  in 
1876,  bore  some  armour  which  was  as  much  as  24  in. 
thick.  She  was  of  the  central  citadel  type;  her 
armour  was  concentrated  for  about  one-third  of  her 
length,  the  fore  and  aft  protection  being  a  steel  deck. 
This  vessel  was  severely  criticized,  and  it  was  urged 
against  her  that  her  unarmoured  ends  might  be 
freely  penetrated;  but  in  1894,  ^t  the  battle  of  Ya-lu. 
two  Chinese  ships  of  the  same  type  were  exposed  to 
fire  all  day,  and  in  the  evening  were  able  to  follow  up 
the  Japanese  fleet  when  it  withdrew.  While  she  was 
being  constructed,  compound  armour  was  introduced 
and  applied  to  her  in  certain  positions,  which 
marked  the  beginning  of  the  complete  supersession 
of  iron  by  steel.  Nearly  all  battleships  built  between 
188^-90  )iad  compound  armour — i.e.,  armour  with 


a  hard  steel  face  and  soft  iron  back.  In  the  Majestic 
1894,  Harveyized  steel  was  emplo3red,  which  was 
made  by  a  mixture  with  steel  of  small  proportions  of 
other  metals,  notably  nickel.  Her  plating  was  7^  in., 
and  was  equal  to  1 5  in.  of  iron.  She  was  a  return  to 
the  belt  system,  and  had  a  large  protected  area.  In 
the  Formidable,  a  modem  addition  to  the  Majestic, 
the  armour  was  carried  forward  to  the  bow,  and  with 
this  increase  of  armoured  area  there  was  another 
quality  of  armour  plate,  the  latest  and  best  which  is 
known  as  "  Krupp  "  armour.  The  necessary  thick- 
ness was  therefore  decreased,  and  instead  of  24  in. 
wrought  iron  armour,  12  in.  compound,  or  7^  in. 
Harveyized  steel,  5j-in.  Krupp  steel  was  substituted. 
At  the  present  day  12  in.  Krupp  steel  armour  plates 
are  the  thickest  used,  and  these  only  in  such  vessels 
as  the  Dreadnought  and  her  class;  the  major  part  of 
the  armour  of  most  of  the  battleships  in  the  British 
and  foreign  navies  being  about  nine  inches. 

Refer  to  Very's  "  Navies  of  the  World  ";  Very's 
"Naval  Construction";  Browne's  "Position  of 
British  and  Foreign  Armour";  Brassey's  "Naval 
Aimual." 

Armoured  Veoals*    See  Armour,  Naval. 

Armfltooiigt  Whitvrorth  and  Co.,  Ltd.,  Sir  W.  0 

Elswick  and  Walker. 

The  Flswick  shipyard  has  a  frontage  on  to  the 
River  Tyne  of  about  2,300  feet,  and  berth  accommo- 
dation is  provided  in  the  yard  for  the  building  of  ten 
vessels  at  the  same  time.  Three  of  the  berths,  which 
have  been  specially  piled  and  strengthened  to  re- 
ceive exceptionally  large  and  heavy  war-vessels,  are 
capable  of  taking  vessels  up  to  650  ft.  in  length  and 
90  ft.  in  breadth.  Lines  of  rail  intersect  the  yard  and 
run  alongside  each  of  the  berths,  whilst  locomotives 
with  cranes  for  light  lifts  and  heavy  travelling  cranes 
to  lift  large  castings,  etc.,  are  constantly  employed  in 
and  about  the  shipyard. 

The  machinery  shed,  containing  punching,  shear- 
ing, drilling,  bending  and  planing  machines,  has  a 
length  of  1,000  feet,  and  in  it  are  found  the  most  up- 
to-date  appliances  for  dealing  quickly  with  ship 
plates  and  other  work. 

In  the  centre  of  the  yard  the  angle  smith  and  angle 
turning  shops,  with  furnaces  for  heatix^  angle  bars 
and  plates,  are  situated;  at  the  east  end  a  very  com- 
plete sawmill,  with  timber  sheds,  the  pattern-making 
shop  and  plumbers'  shop,  boat  building  shop,  sail 
making  loft  and  model  making  shop,  are  also  located, 
and  on  the  west  side  the  blacksmiths'  shop,  fitting 
shop  and  joiners'  shop,  with  a  mould  loft  300ft.  in 
length  above  the  drawing  and  general  offices  and 
general  store.  The  latter,  as  well  as  the  fitting  shop, 
joiners'  shop  and  mould  loft,  are,  however,  being 
transferred  to  the  other  end  of  the  shipyard,  where 
the  joiners'  shop  will  be  in  close  and  convenient 
proximity  to  the  sawmill. 

The  whole  of  the  machinery  employed  in  the  ship- 
yard is  electrically  driven,  and  the  installation  of 


ARMSTRONG 


46 


ARMSTRONG 


motors  for  producing  power  and  light  represents 
about  2.000  B.Hp. 

Three  large  air  compressors  supply  compressed  air 
for  working  various  portable  tools  throughout  the 
3rard,  mains  being  fitted  so  that  compressed  air  can 
be  readily  obtained  wherever  required,  in  the  yard 
and  on  board  vessels  at  quays. 

A  floating  workshop  has  been  constructed  for  use 
alongside  vessels  when  away  from  the  yard.  This 
shop  is  fitted  with  various  machines,  a  dynamo  for 
lighting  purposes,  smith  forge,  etc..  and  a  galley  for 
preparing  workmen's  meals. 

The  Elswick  shipyard  was  primarily  established  in 
1884.  for  the  exclusive  building  of  warships,  but 
during  this  period  other  vessels  of  special  types,  in- 
eluding  several  oil-carrying  vessels,  a  cable  repairing 
vessel,  and  an  exceptionally  finely  modelled  and 
luxuriously  furnished  yacht  and  a  State  barge  for  the 
Sultan  of  Turkey,  have  been  constructed  there. 

At  this  yard  the  firm  could,  if  required,  proceed 
contemporaneously  with  the  construction  of  ten  war 
vessels,  having  accommodation  for  two  battleships 
of  20.000  tons  or  more  displacement  (one  of  the 
berths  recently  constructed  and  strengthened  with 
ferro-concrete  piling  could  take  a  vessel  up  to 
30,000  tons),  one  first-class  cruiser  of.  say,  15,000 
tons,,  and  one  of  10,000  tons;  two  second^lass 
cruisers  of  4,000  tons;  two  third-class  cruisers  or 
gunboats  of  2,000  tons,  and  two  torpedo-boat  de- 
stroyers, or  other  smaller  craft. 

As  illustrating  the  capacity  of  Sir  W.  G.  Arm- 
strong. Whitworth  and  Co..  Ltd.,  for  warship  con- 
struction, it  may  be  stated  that  in  1898  no  less 
than  twenty  war  vessels  of  various  types  were  under ' 
construction,  viz.,  15  at  Elswick  shipyard  and  5  at 
the  Walker  shipyard.  This  extensive  list  comprised 
one  first-class  battleship.  12.300  tons  and  14.000  Hp.. 
two  first-class  cruisers,  each  of  9,700  tons  and 
18.000  Hp..  two  coast  defence  armour-clads,  each  of 
3,400  tons  and  4.500  Hp..  one  armoured  cruiser  of 
7.000  tons  and  18.000  Hp.,  eleven  second  and  third- 
class  cruisers  and  two  torpedo-boat  destroyers.  The 
aggregate  displacement  of  these  vessels  amounted  to 
98,000  tons,  and  the  aggregate  indicated  horse-power 
of  the  machinery  fitted  in  them  amounted  to  233,000. 
Six  of  the  vessels,  viz.,  one  first-class  battleship,  one 
armoured  cruiser,  and  four  second-class  cruisers, 
were  launched  from  Elswick  shipyard  in  that 
•year. 

In  all  71  war  vessels  have  been  built  at  Elswick 
shipyard  for  the  British  Navy  and  for  other  navies  of 
ttie  world,  viz. : 


Total  dispt. 

I.Hp. 

British  Navy 

23 

117,009 

271.700. 

Japanese  Navy 

10 

91.835 

145,000. 

Chilian  Navy 

7 

30.550 

79.750. 

Brazilian  Navy 

5 

9.447 

21,500. 

Chinese  Navy 

5 

I3»97i 

48,000. 

Norwegian  Navy 

4 

H.554 

18,000. 

Italian  Navy 

4 

5.«26 

27.200. 

Argentine  Navy 

3 

II  158 

46.000. 

Total  dispt. 

I.Hp. 

Austrian  Navy            2 

3.104 

2.000. 

Spanish  Navy             2 

2,076 

4.400. 

Indian  Service            2 

1.478 

9,000. 

Roumanian  Service    i 

1.435 

4.7x4. 

Portuguese  Service     i 

4.253 

12.500. 

United  States              i 

3.437 

7.500. 

Turkish  States            i 

3.805 

12.500. 

71 

313.928 

709,764. 

In  May,  1907,  there  were  under  construction,  in 
addition  to  H.M.S.  Invincible,  a  vessel  of  the  Dread- 
nought class,  to  be  named  Superb,  and  a  33  kt. 
torpedo-boat  destroyer  for  the  British  Navy,  as  well 
as  two  first-class  battleships  for  the  Brazilian 
Navy. 

The  number  of  men  employed  in  Elswick  shipyard, 
when  moderately  busy,  is  from  four  to  five  thousand. 

It  may  be  added  that  Sir  W.  G.  Armstrong, 
Whitworth  and  Co..  Ltd.,  by  arrangement  with 
Messrs.  Robert  Stephenson  and  Co.,  Ltd..  Heb- 
bum-on-T}me,  have  first  claim  to  the  large  grav- 
ing dock  belonging  to  the  latter  firm,  for  the  dock- 
ing of  war  vessels  built  by  the  former.  This  dock 
is  710  ft.  long  and  90  ft.  wide,  and  is  thns  capable  of 
receiving  the  largest  war  vessels  yet  built  or  build- 
ing. It  will  therefore  be  seen  that  the  facilities 
possessed  by  the  Elswick  firm  for  the  building  and 
completion  of  every  class  of  war  vessel  leave  nothing 
to  be  desired,  and  are  possibly  such  as  no  other 
private  firm  in  the  country  possess. 

The  Walker  shipyard  was  originally  founded  in 
1840,  and  after  changing  hands  once  or  twice,  was 
reopened  in  1852  by  the  late  Mr.  Charles  Mitchell,  in 
partnership  with  Mr.  Matthew  R.  Bigge,  of  Fenham 
Hall,  under  the  style  of  Messrs.  C.  Mitchell  and 
Co.  A  number  of  interesting  steamers  of  all  types 
were  constructed  in  this  yard ;  and  if  one  type  of  the 
many  may  be  taken  as  representing  a  speciality,  the 
light  draft  paddle  steamer  may  be  pointed  to  as  a 
class  of  vessel  of  which  perhaps  a  larger  number  than 
any  other  was  built  at  that  time.  The  relations  be- 
tween Mr.  Mitchell  and  the  Russian  Government  were 
very  close,  and  in  the  early  'sixties  Mr.  Henry  F.  Swan 
went  to  St.  Petersburg  and  constructed  a  floating 
battery,  the  Ne  Tron  Menya,  the  armoured  frigate 
Prince  Pojarshi,  and  three  armoured  turret  ships  for 
the  Russian  Navy,  in  the  dockyard  placed  at  the 
disposal  of  Messrs.  C.  Mitchell  and  Co.  by  the 
Government.  Amongst  a  large  number  of  commer- 
cial steamers  the  following  may  be  mentioned  as  re- 
presenting very  unusual  types,  and  as  pointing  to  the 
variety  of  work  which  has  been  characteristic  of  the 
shipyard:  The  Hooper,  telegraph  steamer,  which 
was  launched  in  100  working  days;  the  Faraday;  the 
Pouyer  Qu&rtier,  cable  steamer;  a  floating  dock 
formed  of  iron  cylinders,  which  was  built  and  shipped 
for  re-erection  in  Batavia.  and  the  cruisers  Chao 
Yung  and  Yang  Wei.  In  1882  the  tirm  of  Messrs. 
C.   Mitchell  and  Co.,  combined  with  that  of  Sir 


ARMSTRONG 


47 


ARPAD 


W.  G.  Armstrong,  Whitworth  and  Co.,  and  the 
style  of  the  company  became  Sir  W.  G.  Arm- 
strong, Mitchell  and  Co.,  Ltd.  After  the  amal- 
gamation the  cruisers  Esmeralda,  Naniwa  Kan, 
Takachiho  Kan,  and  one  or  two  others  were  built  in 
the  Walker  yard,  but  it  was  decided  to  separate  the 
military  from  the  commercial  shipbuilding,  and  the 
Elswick  shipyard  was  formed  for  carrying  on  the 
former  class  of  work.  The  total  number  of  vessels 
constructed  in  the  Walker  shipyard  since  its  inau* 
guration,  under  the  management  of  the  late  Sir. 
Charles  Mitchell,  is  708.  Although  many  yards  can 
claim  a  considerably  larger  output  of  tonnage,  it  is 
questionable  whether  any  shipbuilding  firm  can  show 
such  a  record  of  varied  work.  The  ice-breaking 
steamer  Ermack,  the  ice-breaking  ferry  steamer 
Baikal,  the  ice-breaking  ferry  steamer  Saratovskaia 
Pereprava,  represent  specimens  of  work  which  are  in 
their  way  unique.  The  tank  type  of  steamer  for 
carrying  petroleum  in  bulk  owes  its  inception  to  Mr. 
Swan,  and  no  less  than  91  of  this  type  have  been 
already  constructed,  while  it  is  very  seldom  that  at 
least  one  of  this  class  of  steamer  is  not  under  con- 
struction. Passenger  steamers  of  various  kinds,  tur- 
bine propelled  steamers  of  high  speed,  and  practically 
every  type  of  vessel  which  a  shipbuilder  is  called 
upon  to  design,  have  been  turned  out  from  this  yard. 
Of  late  the  whole  arrangement  of  the  yard  has  been 
altered,  more  land  has  been  taken  in,  the  old  build- 
ings have  disappeared  and  have  been  replaced  by 
modem  up-to-date  sheds,  with  all  the  latest  appli- 
ances lor  carrying  out  rapid  and  economical  ship- 
building. 

AimftrODg,  WiUiam  George,  first  Baron  Arm- 
strong (18 10- 1 900).  British  Inventor  and  founder 
of  the  Elswick  Works.  Educated  at  the  Gram- 
mar School,  Bishop's  Auckland,  and  on  leaving 
was  articled  to  a  solicitor,  and  for  a  number 
of  years  was  engaged  in  active  practice  in  Newcastle. 
As  a  boy  he  took  considerable  interest  in  mechanical 
devices  and  began  investigations  on  electricity,  and 
several  of  his  inventions  date  from  a  time  prior  to  his 
giving  up  the  Law.  In  1838  he  made  his  first  con- 
tribution to  Hydraulic  Engineering  by  inventing  a 
Hydro-Electric  Machine,  and  six  years  later  invented 
the  Hydraulic  Crane,  which  procured  for  him  his 
Fellowship  of  the  Royal  Society.  The  Elswick  Works 
were  originally  founded  for  the  manufacture  of 
Hydraulic  Machinery,  and  the  first  **  Rified  Ord- 
nance Armstrong  Gun  "  did  not  make  its  appearance 
until  1856.  They  were  adopted  by  the  British 
Government  in  1859,  he  was  appointed  Engineer  of 
Rifled  Ordnance,  and  300  "  Armstrong  "  guns  were 
introduced  into  the  service  between  1859  and  1862; 
Great  Britain  thus  originated  a  principle  of  gun  con- 
struction which  has  since  been  universally  adopted. 
In  1863  he  resigned  his  appointment  and  returned  to 
Elswick,  where  he  developed  his  early  idea  of  using 
steel  wire  for  the  construction  of  guns.  The  retro- 
grade step  which  was  taken  by  the  British  Gcvem- 


ment  in  1864,  when  they  ceased  to  use  the  "  Arm- 
strong "  gun  owing  to  defects  found  in  parts  of  the 
breech  mechanism,  which  was  caused  by  careless- 
ness in  not  closing  this  part  of  the  gun  properly,  but 
which  might  easily  have  been  remedied,  decided  them 
to  revert  to  the  old  muzzled  loader,  and  it  was  not 
until  1880,  when  he  once  more  demonstrated  the 
superiority  of  breech-loading  guns,  that  they  were 
received  back  into  the  service.  In  1863,  when  Presi- 
dent of  the  British  Association,  his  speech  on  the 
probable  early  exhaustion  of  our  coalfields,  led  to 
the  appointment  of  a  Royal  Commission  to  investi- 
gate the  matter.  Besides  the  Elswick  Gun  Foimdry, 
he  established  the  Elswick  shipyards  for  the  construc- 
tion of  steel  warships,  and  some  of  the  fastest  ships 
in  the  British  Navy  have  been  built  there.  In  1897 
he  was  raised  to  the  peerage,  his  name  appearing 
among  the  Jubilee  honours,  and  became  the  first 
Baron  Armstrong.  He  died  at  Rothbury,  Northum- 
berland, December  27,  1900,  at  the  venerable  age  of 
90.  and  was  buried  on  the  last  day  of  the  nineteenth 
century  in  Rothbury  churchyard. 

In  addition  to  being  a  Companion  of  the  Bath,  he 
held  the  Order  of  St.  Maurice  and  St.  Lazarus  of  Italy, 
of  the  Dannebrog  of  Denmark,  of  Jesus  Christ  of 
Portugal,  of  Francis  Joseph  of  Austria,  of  Charles  the 
Third  of  Spain,  of  the  Rose  of  Brazil,  of  the  Dragon 
of  China,  and  of  the  Sacred  Treasure  of  Japan.  He  re- 
ceived the  honorary  degrees  of  D.C.L.  from  Oxford 
and  Durham,  and  of  LL.D.  from  Cambridge. 

Publications:  "  A  Visit  to  Egypt  "  (1873),  "  Elec- 
tric Movements  in  Air  and  Water  "  (1897),  besides 
many  professional  papers. 

Armstrong,  WiUiaiii  Henry  AmuitrQiig  FitiPatrick, 
Lord  Armstrong.  J.P.,  D.L.  Northumberland,  (cr. 
1903.)  Major  Northumberland  Yeomanry  (b. 
March  3,  1863).  Married  1889  Winifred,  daughter  of 
late  Sir  John  Adye,  G.C.B.  Educated  Eton  and 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  M.A.  Cantab  Hon. 
D.C.L.,  Durham.  Heir,  s.  Hon.  W.  J.  Montagu 
(b.  1892).  Director  of  Sir  W.  G.  Armstrong,  Whit- 
worth  and  Co.,  and  of  the  North-Eastem  Railway. 
President  of  the  North-East  Coast  Engineers  and 
Shipbuilding  Institution,  1894.  Hon.  Ass.,  Inst. 
N.A.,  and  an  Hon.  Member  of  the  Surveyors 
Institution. 

Army  and  NaTy  Ohronide  and  Omninm  Oatheram 

Established  1902.     Published  monthly.     Price  6d 
Address,  1 1 1  Jermyn  Street,  St  James's,  London,  S.W' 

Army  and  Havy  €(aiette.  Established  i860.  Pub- 
lished weekly  (Saturday).  Price  6d.  Address,  22 
Essex  Street,  Strand,  London,  W.C. 

Arpad.     Austro-Hungarian  battleship.     (Trieste, 
1901.) 
Length  354  ft.  Beam  65  ft.  Maximum  draught  25  ft. 

Displacement  8,340  tons. 


ARPEA 


48 


ARTAN 


Guns. 

3 — 9*4  in.*  40  cal- 
12 — 6  in. 
10—12  pdr. 
16  Maxims. 


Armour, 
"  Krupp." 
8  in.  Belt  amidships 
8  in.  Barbettes. 
8  in.  Turrets. 


8  in.  Conning  tower. 
Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
2  Submerged. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  11,900=18*5  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 840  tons.    Approximate  cost  £6$o,ooo. 

Arpea.  Italian  torpedo-boat.  (Odero,  1906.) 
Length.  165  ft.;  beam,  17  ft.;  draught,  7  ft.;  dis- 
placement, 200  tons;  complement,  30;  armament, 
3  3-pdr.,  3  tubes;  Hp.,  3,000=25  kts;  coal,  40 
tons. 

Arquelxife.  French  torpedo-boat  destroyer. 
(Normand,  1902.)  Length,  180  ft.;  beam,  21  ft.; 
maximum  draught,  10  ft.;  displacement,  300  tons; 
complement,  45;  guns,  i  9-pdr.,  6  3-pdr.;  tor- 
pedo tubes,  2  1 5 -in. ;  speed,  27-30  kts. 

Arrest  of  Ship.  In  order  to  enforce  the  Admiralty 
process  in  rem,  either  party  to  a  suit  may,  at  any 
time  after  the  issue  of  a  writ  of  summons,  apply  for  a 
warrant  of  arrest,  which,  however,  is  enforceable 
only  so  long  as  the  res  remains  in  territorial  waters. 
Before  a  warrant  for  arrest  can  be  obtained,  an 
affidavit  must  be  filled  by  the  party  or  his  agent, 
stating  the  name  and  description  of  the  party  at 
whose  instance  the  warrant  is  to  be  issued,  the 
nature  of  the  claim  or  counterclaim,  the  name  and 
nature  of  the  property  to  be  arrested,  and  that  the 
claim  or  counterclaim  has  not  been  satisfied.  A 
warrant  is  then  issued  from  the  Admiralty  registry, 
directed  to  the  Marshal  of  the  Court,  authorising  him 
or  his  deputy  to  arrest  and  keep  under  arrest  the 
ship  until  further  orders.  The  service  of  the  warrant 
is  effected  by  nailing  the  original  to  the  mast,  and 
then  leaving  a  copy  in  its  place.  The  arrest  extends 
to  all  the  vessel's  apparel,  and  sometimes  to  her 
cargo,  either  on  its  account  or  on  the  account  of 
freight  due. 

Any  vessel  belonging  to  a  British  Sovereign  or  to  a 
foreign  Sovereign  Government  is  exempt  from 
arrest. 

Arrogant.  British  2nd  class  cruiser.  (Devonport, 
1896.) 

I«ength  320  ft.  Beam  57  ft.  Maximum  draught  24  ft. 
Displacement  5,750  tons.    Complement  480. 
Guns,  Armour. 

10—6  in.  2  in.  Belt  bow. 

1.  8 — 12  pdr.  3  in.  Deck. 

I — 12  pdr.,  8  cwt.        9  in.  Conning  tower. 
3—3  pdr. 
2  Maxims. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
2  Submerged. 
I  Above  water  stem. 
Twin  screw.      Hp.   10,000— 19  kts.      Coal  maxi- 
mum 1,175  to>^«    Approximate  cost  ;£30o,ooo. 


A  vessel  of  this  name  was  with  Rodney  in  his 
action  with  De  Grasse,  1782. 

Arrogant.  French  ironclad,  sunk  off  Hy^es  Isles» 
March  19, 1879;  47  lives  lost. 

ArroL  Sir  William,  Kt.  (cr.  1890)  (b.  1839).  Head  of 
the  firm  of  Wm.  Arrol  and  Co.,  Engineers.  Con- 
structed the  Tay  and  Forth  Bridges. 

Arrowimiih'g  Bristol  Tide  Tables.  Published 
monthly.  Price  is.  Address,  Bristol,  Gloucester- 
shire. 

Arsenal.  A  magazine  of  military  stores  containing 
weapons  of  all  kinds,  and  ammunition  for  the  supply 
of  the  naval  and  military  force  belonging  to  a  country. 
The  manufacturing  establishments  for  the  Navy, 
and  the  storehouses  at  places  Uke  Plymouth,  Ports- 
mouth, Pembroke  Docks  and  Chatham,  are  arsenals, 
but  it  has  long  been  the  custom  to  speak  of  them  as 
dockyards.  In  England  the  term  is  almost  exclu- 
sively applied  to  the  factories  and  magazines  at 
Woolwich,  from  which  the  Army  and  Navy  obtain 
the  bulk  of  their  guns  and  ammunition.  The  principal 
naval  arsenals  on  the  Continent  are  Brest,  Cher- 
bourg, Toulon,  in  France;  Spezia  and  Venice,  in* 
Italy;  Cartagena,  in  Spain;  Ludwigshafen  and  Kiel, 
in  Germany;  Kronstadt,  with  naval  yards  at  St. 
Petersburg,  Libau,  Revel,  Sebastopol  and  Nicolaieff, 
in  Russia;  Horten,  in  Norway;  Karlskrona,  in 
Sweden;  and  Antwerp,  in  Belgium.  In  the  United 
States,  Portsmouth,  Boston,  Brooklyn,  League 
Island,  Washington,  Norfolk,  Pensacola,  Mare 
Island  and  Puget  Sound. 

Anon.  To  maliciously  and  unlawfuUy  set  fire  to 
His  Majesty's  ships  of  war,  arsenals,  magazines, 
dockyards,  or  naval  or  miUtary  stores,  is  a  felony 
punishable  with  death  (Dockyard  Protection  Act 

1772). 
To  unlawfully  and  maliciously  set  fire  to  any  ship, 

finished  or  unfinished,  is  a  felony  punishable  by 
penal  servitude  to  the  extent  of  life,  or  by  imprison- 
ment. To  attempt  to  set  fire  to  any  ship,  etc.,  is  a 
felony  punishable  by  14  years'  penal  servitude,  or 
imprisonment  (Malicious  Damage  Act,  1861). 

To  set  fire  to  vessels  or  works  in  the  docks  of  the 
port  of  London  is  still  punishable  by  death. 

Every  person  subject  to  the  Naval  Discipline  Act, 
1866,  who  shall  unlawfully  set  fire  to  any  dockyard, 
victualling  yard,  or  steam  factory,  yard,  arsenal, 
magazine,  building,  stores,  or  to  any  ship,  vessel, 
log,  barge,  boat,  or  other  craft,  or  furniture  thereunto 
belonging,  not  being  the  property  of  an  enemy, 
pirate  or  rebel,  shall  suffer  death  or  any  other  pun- 
ishment mentioned  in  the  Act  (q.v.). 

Artan,  Louis.  Marine  painter  of  the  Antwerp 
School.  Remarkable  for  the  dark  and  powerful 
effects  he  obtained  in  his  work,  the  famous  picture, 
the  "  North  East,"  being  a  fine  specimen  of  work. 


ARTIFICER 


49 


ASIA 


Artifloer  bgiiifltn  (British  Navy).  All  engine- 
room  artificers  oi  at  least  lo  years'  ccofinned  service, 
and  of  not  less  than  35  years  of  age,  become  eligible 
for  warrant  rank  of  artificer  engineers.  Their  miif orm 
is  that  of  the  engineer,  with  Hie  addition  of  a  narrow 
strip  of  purple  cloth  on  the  cnff . 

Amn.  British  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Laird, 
1903.)  Length,  225  ft.;  beam,  23ft.;  draught,  10 ft.; 
displacement.  550  tons;  complement,  70;  armament, 
I  i2-pdr.;  5  6-pdr.,  2  tubes;  twin  screw;  Hp. 
7,000=25  kts.;  coal,  130  tons. 

AS,  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Aarhuus,  Denmark. 

AS,  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Spiekeroog,  Germany. 

A.-4.  Abbreviation  for  Alto-stratus,  as  adopted 
by  the  International  Meteorological  Committee  and 
used  in  the  International  Cloud  Atlas. 

Amgizi.  Japanese  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Thorny- 
croft,  1901.)  Displacement,  365  tons;  maximum 
draught,  9  ft. ;  complement,  60;  armament,  i  12-pdr., 
5  6-pdr. ;  torpedo  tubes,  3  i8-in. ;  Hp.  6,000^31  kts. ; 
coal,  90  tons. 

AaaUbL  Japanese  ist  class  battleship.  (Qyde- 
bank,  1899.) 

Length  42  5  ft.    Beam  76  ft.  Maximum  draught  28  ft. 
Displacement  1 5 ,000  tons.    Complement  74 1 . 
Guns.  Armour, 

4 — 12  in.,  40  cal.        "  Harvey-nickel." 
14 — 6  in.  9  in.  Belt  amidships. 

20 — 12  pdr.  14  in.  Barbettes. 

8 — 3  pdr.  10  in.  Turrets. 

6 — 2jt  pdr.  14  in.  Conning  tower. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
4  Submerged. 
Twin  screw.  Hp.  14,500=18  kts.  Coal  maximum, 
1,400  tons. 

AMllillO.  Japanese  torpedo-boat  destroyer. 
(Thomycroft,  1901.)  Displacement,  365  tons;  maxi- 
mum draught,  9  ft. ;  complement,  60;  armament, 
I  i2-pdr..  5  6-pdr.;  tubes  2  i8-in.;  Hp.,  6,000= 
31  kts.;  coal,  90 tons. 


Torpedo  Tubes  (z8  in.)* 
I  Above  water  bow. 
Twin  screw.    Hp.  forced  18,000 =21  kts. 
maTrimiim  1,300  tons. 


Coal 


>,  Japanese  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Kobe, 
1906.)  Length,  220  ft. ;  beam,  20  ft. ;  draught,  9^  ft. ; 
displacement,  375  tons;  complement,  58;  armament, 
I  i2-pdr.,  5  6-pdr.;  2  tubes;  Hp.,  6,000=29  kts.; 
coal,  96  tons. 

*f^*"ft      Japanese  armoured  cruiser.     (Elswick, 

1898.) 

Length  408  ft.   Beam  67  ft.  Maximum  draught  24  ft. 
Displacement  9,750  tons.    Comjdement  500. 
Guns.  Armour. 

4 — 8  in.  "  Harvey-nickel." 

14—6  in.  7  in.  Belt  amidships. 

13 — 12  pdr.  6  in.  Turrets. 

7—2^  pdr.  14  in.  Conning  tower. 


AlMITiir  Japanese  torpedo-boatdestroyer.  (Thomy- 
croft, 1902.)  Length,  216  ft.;  beam,  20  ft.;  draught, 
8^  ft.;  di^lacement,  373  tons;  complement,  59; 
armament,  i  i2-pdr.,  5  6-pdr.;  2  tubes;  twin  screw; 
Hp..  7,400=3.1  kts.;  coal,  96  tons. 

AaatsoyiL  Japanese  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Osaka, 
1906.)  Length,  220  ft. ;  beam,  2p  ft. ;  draught,  9}  ft. ; 
displacement,  374  tons;  complement,  58;  armament, 
I  1 2 -pdr.,  5  6-pdr.;  2  tubes;  twin  screw;  Hp., 
6,000=29  kts.;  coal,  98  tons. 

Asbestos  is  a  fibrous  mineral  of  the  Horn-Blend 
family,  and  akin  to  Tremolite,  Actemolite  and  com- 
mon Horn-Blend.  The  chemical  composition  is 
chiefly  silica,  magnesia,  alumina  and  ferrous  oxide. 
It  occurs  in  delicate  fibres,  usually  white,  grey,  blue 
or  green.  Though  rather  brittle,  it  can  be  teased  out 
like  wool,  and  spun  and  woven  into  cloth.  It  forms 
a  fire-proof  texture,  and  to  be  purified  requires  only 
to  be  thrown  in  the  fire;  and  it  is  said  that  the 
Romans  used  to  wrap  the  bodies  of  their  dead  in 
asbestos  cloth,  in  order  to  keep  the  ashes  separate 
from  those  of  the  funeral  pile.  From  this  property 
it  has  derived  its  name.  The  principal  sources  of 
supply  are  Canada,  the  Alpine  countries,  Corsica  and 
New  South  Wales;  it  has  also  been  found  near 
Anglesey,  Cornwall,  in  several  parts  of  Scotland  and 
the  Shetland  Isles.  It  is  largely  used  for  piston  pack- 
ing, and  has  been  found  to  exceed  in  durability  any 
material  hitherto  employed.  It  is  invaluable,  parti- 
cularly in  the  case  of  marine  engines. 

See  Jones's  "  Asbestos  and  Asbestic." 

Ash*  Heory  Horatio  (b.  Portsmouth,  January  13, 
1840).  British  naval  architect.  Served  apprentice- 
ship Portsmouth  Dockyard.  In  1881  was  promoted 
foreman  of  the  Devonport  Dockyard.  In  March. 
1 88  5 ,  appointed  Assistant  Constructor.  In  1 886  was 
promoted  and  sent  to  the  Naval  Yard  at  Bermuda, 
and  in  1893  was  appointed  Chief  Constructor  in  the 
Navy,  and  transferred  toSheemess.  He  retired  at 
the  age  of  60,  with  43  years'  service. 

Ashtord*  Oyril  Bmest,  M.A.,  Head  Master,  Osborne 
Royal  Naval  College  (b.  June  17,  1867).  Educated 
King  Edward's  School,  Berlin;  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
bridge; nth  Wrangler,  1889;  First-class  in  Part  I. 
Natural  Science  Tripos,  1890. 

Publication:  "A  Text-Book  on  Electricity  and 
Magnetism." 

Ashore.    Aground  on  land. 

Asia.  North- West  Transit  Service  steamer.  Foun- 
dered between  Ontario  and  Saute  Sainte  Marie,  Sep- 
tember 14, 1882;  98  hves  lost. 


ASIATIC 


50 


ASSOCIATION 


Aflatio  Petroleiim  Oo.  have  a  fleet  of  two  steameis 
engaged  in  the  carriage  of  petroleum. 

Fleet. 
El  Guisr,  Saline  Richmers. 

Asiatio  Steam  Vavigatkn  Ooh  Ltd..  managed 
by  Messrs.  Turner,  Morrison  and  Co.,  Calcutta, 
have  a  fleet  of  15  large  steamers,  which  main- 
tain services  from  Calcutta  round  the  coast  of 
India  to  Bombay;  one  from  Calcutta  to  Chittagong 
and  Rangoon ;  a  cargo  service  from  Calcutta  to  Java ; 
the  Andaman  Mail  service  from  Calcutta  to  Ran- 
goon, Port  Blair  and  Madras;  and  a  service  from 
Calcutta  to  Rangoon  and  Moulmein. 

Fleet. 

Kohimuf.  Newab.  Rajah, 

Maharaja.         Nizam,  RajptU. 

Maharani.         Nurani.  Ranee. 

Nadir,  Pasha.  Shahjehan. 

Nairung.  Pundit.  Shahzada. 

Askold.    Russian  cruiser.     (Krupp,  1900.) 
Length  444  ft.  Beam  49  ft.  Maximum  draught  2 1  ft. 
Displacement  6,500  tons.    Complement  580. 
Guns.  Armour. 

12 — 6  in.  "  Krupp." 

12 — 12  pdr.  3  in.  Deck. 

8 — 3  pdr.  6  in.  Conning  tower. 

2 — I  pdr. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
2  Submerged. 
4  Above  water  bow  and  stem. 
Three  screws.  Hp.  19,500=23  kts.  Coal  maximum 
1,100  tons. 

Escaped  from  Japanese  at  the  Battle  of  Round 
Island,  August  10,  1904,  and  reached  Shanghai, 
where  she  was  interned. 

AiO.  Formerly  Bayan  (q.v.).  Japanese  armour 
cruiser.     (La  Seyne,  1900.) 

Length  443  ft.    Beam  55  ft.    Draught  32  ft. 
Displacement  7,700  tons.  Complement  400. 
Guns.  Armour. 

2—8  in.  "  Krupp." 

8—6  in.  8  in.  Belt. 

20— 1 2  pdr.  7  in.  Bulkheads. 

7 — 3  pdr.  7  in.  Big  gun  shields. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
2  Submerged. 
4  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.    Hp.  17,400=22  kts.    Coal  maximum 
1,000  tons. 

Aipen.  Russian  torpedo-boat.  (Oshora,  1895.) 
Length.  127  ft.;  beam,  15  ft.;  draught,  6 J  ft.;  dis- 
placement, 98  tons;  complement,  14;  armament, 
2  I -pdr.,  2  tubes;  Hp.,  1,250=21  kts.;  coal,  17  tons. 

Aspem,     Small  Austro-Hungarian  cruiser.     (Pola, 

1899.) 

Length  313  ft.  Beam  39  ft.  Maximum  draught  17  ft. 
Displacement  2,437  ^oas.   Complement  242. 


Guns.  Armour. 

8—47  in.  "  Steel." 

12 — 3  pdr.  2  in.  Deck. 

2 — I  pdr. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (177  in.). 
I  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.    Hp.  7,000=20  kts.     Coal  maximum 
500  tons.      Approximate  cost  £1 50,000. 

Aspic.  French  screw  gim-boat  (1880).  Of  little 
fighting  value. 

AspinaU's  Kariiiiiia  law  Beporti.  Established 
1 861.  Published  quarterly.  Price  5s.  6rf.  Address: 
Bream's  Buildings,  London,  £.C. 

^Tff^fl"  Dutch  Indian  Navy  gun-boat.  (Rotter- 
dam, 1900.) 

Length  179  ft.  Beam  30  ft.  Maximum  draught  12  ft. 
Displacement  787  tons.    Complement  96. 

Guns. 

3—47  in. 

2 — 2*9  in. 

4 — I '4  in. 

Hp.  1,353  =  13  kts.    Coal  120  tons. 

Anaf^i-I^BWllk.  Turkish  battleship.  (La  Seyne, 
1870.) 

Length  272  ft.    Beam  52  ft.    Draught  25  ft. 
Displacement  4,61 3  tons.     Complement  320. 
Guns.  Armour. 

2--9'2  in.  "  Steel," 

6 — 6  in.  8  in.  Deck. 

10—12  pdr.  6  in.  Gun  shields. 

Hp.  3,560=13  kts.    Coal  maximum  400  tons. 

Aiseti.  A  term  for  property  and  money  in  contra- 
distinction to  liabilities. 

Andsnment.  A  policy  may  be  assigned  in  whole  or 
part  (31  and  32  Vict.  cap.  86).  This  Act  gives  the 
form:  "  I,  A.B.,  of  etc.,  do  hereby  assign  unto  CD., 
etc.,  his  executors,  administrators,  and  assigns,  the 
within  policy  of  assurances  on  the  ship,  freight,  and 
the  goods  therein  carried  (or  on  ship,  or  freight,  or 
goods  as  the  case  may  be)."  The  adoption  of  this 
form  is,  however,  not  imperative,  nor  is  it  custo- 
mary, as  an  assignment  is  usually  made  by  indorsa- 
tion in  writing  upon  the  body,  margin,  or  back  of  the 
policy,  or  by  delivery  of  the  instrument  with  inten- 
tion to  assign  it.  (Amould,  4th  ed.,  pp.  103,  104.) 
The  assignment  of  a  policy  of  insurance  after  loss  is 
within  the  Act  (Lloyd  v.  Spence;  Lloyd  v.  Fleming, 
L.R.  7  Q.B.  299),  but  if  the  interests  of  the  assured 
have  ceased  before  loss,  an  assignment  of  the  policy 
after  the  loss  has  happened  will  be  inoperative  (North 
of  England  Pure  Oilcake  Co.  v.  Archangel  Marine 
Co..  L.R.  10  Q.B.  249.  Mc Arthur  on  the  Contract 
of  Marine  Insiurance  p.  58.) 

Assistance.    Ship.    See  Arctic  Exploration. 

Assistance.    British  steam-repair  ship  (9,600  tons). 

4tSfffthlt^ffll  H.M.  shq>.  70  guns.  Wrecked  off  the 
Scilly  Islands,  October  22.  1707.  when  Admiral  Sir 
Cloudealey  Shovel  and  800  men  perished. 


ASSOCIATION 


51 


ASTREA 


Anooiation  of  ATtrage  Adjiigtarg,  Capei  Court.  B.C., 
is  an  association  of  avexage  adjusters  combining  for 
mutual  support  as  well  as  for  the  regulation  of  their 
practice  upon  approved  lines;  and  the  formation  of 
the  Association  of  Average  Adjusters  has  enabled 
them  to  make  progress  in  this  direction.  The  objects 
of  the  association  are  to  promote  correctness  of 
principle  and  uniformity  of  practice  in  the  adjust- 
ment of  claims.  An  annual  meeting  is  held,  which  is 
attended  by  representatives  of  shipowners,  mer- 
chants and  underwriters,  as  well  as  by  the  adjusters 
themselves,  for  the  discussion  of  questions  affecting 
average  adjustment  and  the  formation  of  practical 
rules. 

Examinations  are  also  held,  which  new  members 
of  the  profession  have  to  pass  before  they  are  eligible 
for  admission  as  members  of  the  associaticHi. 

Aaooiatioii  of  Uaierwiltofs  and  Ihauiaiioe 
BraiDBCS  in  CHaagOW  is  composed  of  underwriters, 
marine  insurance  companies  and  insurance  brokers, 
and  is  carried  on  as  a  centre  for  undenmting,  marine 
insurance  broking,  and  with  the  view  to  protect  un- 
derwriters' and  brokers'  interests,  both  in  respect  to 
underwriting  questions  and  salvage  arrangements* 

There  is  evidence  of  the  Association  of  Under- 
writers in  Glasgow  for  the  purpose  of  underwriting 
as  far  back  as  1744,  and  that  they  met  at  that  time 
at  the  shop  of  one  Andrew  Stalker,  a  seller  of  marine 
poUcies.  In  1778  there  appeared  an  advertisement 
in  the  '*  Glasgow  Mercury  "  relative  to  certain  regu- 
lations with  respect  to  the  payment  of  premiums. 
The  first  recorded  meeting  of  underwntejs  and 
marine  insurance  brokers  was  held  on  April  i,  18 18, 
and  in  the  minutes  of  that  meeting  it  was  stated 
that  "  for  some  time  past  an  association  had  been 
formed  among  the  underwriters  and  brokers  fre- 
quenting the  coffee  room  for  the  purpose  of  such 
directions  as  might  appear  necessary  for  the  superin- 
tendence and  protection  of  the  property  in  which  the 
members  were  generally  interested,  and  aXso  for 
corresponding  with  agents  at  the  outports  on  these 
and  other  matters  in  which  the  general  interests  of 
the  underwriters  were  concerned;  but  that  up  to 
that  time  no  r^ular  office  bearers  had  been  ap- 
pointed, nor  minutes  of  the  procedure  of  the  associa- 
tion preserved."  A  committee  was  elected  at  that 
meeting,  consisting  of  a  chairman  and  three  direc- 
tors, and  a  secretary  who  was  to  act  as  treasurer, 
and  the  committee  was  to  be  elected  annually. 

The  first  printed  copy  of  the  rules  and  regula- 
tions of  the  association  was  issued  in  18 19,  and  the 
latest  in  1905.  The  present  (1907)  committee  of 
management  consists  of  seven  members,  and  the 
admission  committee  of  ten  members.  The  asso- 
ciation is  represented  on  the  Agency  Committee  of 
Lloyd's,  on  the  Committee  of  Lloyd's  Register  of 
British  and  Foreign  Shipping,  and  on  the  Com- 
mittee of  the  British  Corporation  for  the  Survey 
and  Registry  of  Shipping.  The  association  also  sends 
representative   members   to   the  meetings  of   the 


Association  of  Average  Adjusters  held  annually  in 
London. 

The  association  is  supplied  daily  by  Lloyd's,  Lon- 
don, with  telegraphic  and  postal  advices  of  shipping 
movements  and  casualties,  and  its  library  is  fur- 
nished with  shipping  newspapers,  atlases,  gazet- 
teers, underwriting  text  books,  maritime  law  re- 
ports, and  a  classified  series  of  charts  and  sailing 
directions,  which  are  annually  replenished  by  dona- 
tion from  the  Hydrographic  Department  of  the 
Admiralty. 

In  connection  with  the  association,  but  having  an 
independent  Constitution,  is  tiie  Glasgow  Salvage 
Association  {q*v.),  which  attends,  when  instructed,  to ' 
the  protection  of  Underwriters'  interests  in  respect 
to  wrecked  and  damaged  property. 

Assoranoe.  See  Marine  Insurance;  also  Life  As- 
surance. 

Aatay.  Said  of  an  anchor  when,  in  heaving  in,  the 
cable  forms  such  an  angle  with  the  surface  as  to  ap- 
pear in  a  line  with  the  stays  of  the  ship. 

Aatem.    Behind  the  after  part  of  a  ship. 

AateroiAa.  The  name  by  which  Sir  W.  Herschel 
proposed  to  distinguish  the  minor  planets  circulating 
between  the  orbits  of  Jupiter  and  Mars.  They  are  all 
small  bodies,  and  have  been  discovered  since  the 
commencement  of  the  nineteenth  century.  The  first 
asteroid  was  discovered  on  January  i,  1801,  and  at 
the  present  time  the  known  number  is  about  600. 
The  largest  has  a  diameter  of  500,  and  the  smallest  of 
probably  less  than  20,  miles,  and  there  may  be  multi- 
tudes beyond  tiie  range  of  perception.  Their  detec- 
tion has  been  accelerated  by  the  use  of  the  photo- 
graphic method  introduced  by  Dr.  M.  Woolf , 

AatraBft*     British  2nd  class  cruiser.    (Devonport, 

1893.) 

Length  320  ft.  Beam  49  ft.  Maximum  draught  21  ft. 

Displacement  4, 360  tons.    Complement  318. 
Guns.  Armour, 

2—6  in.  "  Steel." 

8 — 4*7  in.  2  in.  Deck. 

8 — 6  pdr.  3  in.  Conning  tower. 

X — 3  pdr. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
4  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.    Hp.  natural  7.000^18  kts.;  iorced 
9,000=  19*5  kts.   Coal  maximum  i.ooo  tons. 
Approximate  cost  £z$o,oqo. 

This  ship-name  was  introduced  into  the  Navy  in 
1739,  and  commemorates  the  capture  of  the  Spanish 
Astraa  at  Porto  Bello.  It  is  associated  with  the 
capture  of  the  Gloire,  1795;  the  action  off  L'Orient, 
the  capture  of  Barbadoes,  1796;  Bgypt,  1801; 
Schomberg's  victory  off  Madagascar,  18x0. 

Aatrea.  Frigate.  On  May  23,  1808,  this  vessel  was 
lost  OH  the  Anagada  Coast. 


ASTRONOMER 


52 


ASTRONOMY 


Astronomir  BoyaL  The  ofiicia]  title  of  the  head  of 
Greenwich  Observatory.  The  appointment  is  given 
by  the  Prime  Minister,  and  the  office  held  by  warrant 
under  the  royal  sign  manual.  Sir  W.  H.  M.  Christie, 
K.C.B.,  is  the  present  Astronomer  Royal,  the  eighth 
holder  of  this  office  since  its  establishment  in  1675. 
In  Scotland  the  Astronomer  Royal  is  Professor  R. 
Copeland,  Director  of  the  Royal  Observatory,  Edin- 
burgh, and  in  Ireland  Professor  C.  J.  Jolly. 

Asirooomical  Day  is  measured  by  the  apparent 
motion  of  the  sun;  but  for  the  convenience  of 
Astronomical  Computations  it  is  taken  to  begin  at 
noon,  that  is  12  hours  after  the  beginning  of  the  Civil 
Day,  and  end  at  noon  of  the  following  day.  Astrono- 
mers generally  reckon  the  hours  of  this  day  up  to 
24  hours,  without  any  distinction  of  ante  or  post 
meridian,  which  they  call  astronomical  time;  hence 
the  first  12  hours,  of  which  are  p.m.  hours,  of  the 
Civil  Day  on  which  it  begins;  and  the  last  12  hours 
of  it  are  a.m.  hours,  of  the  day  on  which  it  ends. 

AstroQOmy.  The  sublime  science  which  treats  of 
the  distances,  magnitudes,  masses,  composition, 
motions,  and  all  that  is  discoverable  regarding  the 
heavenly  bodies,  meaning  the  sun,  the  earth,  the 
moon,  the  planets,  the  fixed  stars,  the  comets,  the 
meteorites,  the  nebulae,  and  all  other  material  bodies 
really  or  apparently  moving  in  infinite  space.  The 
science  first  took  definite  shape  in  Babylonia,  where 
in  the  third  milltonium  b.c.  the  sphere  began  to  be 
measured,  and  the  zodiac  was  delimited  and  divided. 
The  vault  of  heaven  being  visible  in  all  its  glory 
alternately  by  day  and  night  in  every  portion  of  the 
world,  absolute  ignorance  regarding  celestial  pheno- 
mena cannot  have  existed  in  any  place  or  at  any 
time.  The  people  belonging  to  some  nations  were, 
however,  more  observant  in  this  respect  than  others, 
and  claims  to  early  proficiency  in  astronomy  have 
been  preferred  in  favour  of  the  Chinese,  Chaldeans, 
Egyptians  and  the  Hindoos.  Hipparchus,  between 
B.C.  160-T25,  catalogued  the  stars  visible  above  the 
horizon,  noting  down  1,180.  Among  his  numerous 
discoveries  may  be  reckoned  the  procession  of  the 
equinoxes,  trigonometry,  and  apparently  the  stereo- 
graphic  projection  of  the  sphere.  The  next  great 
name  was  that  of  Ptolemy,  a  geographer  and  astro- 
nomer of  Alexandria,  who  discovered  lunar  evection. 
In  1543  Copernicus,  just  before  he  died,  published 
his  great  work,  "  On  the  Revolutions  of  the  Heavenly 
Bodies,"  compiled  some  13  years  previously.  The 
next  great  name  is  that  of  Tycho  Brah6,  a  Dane  by 
birth,  who  died  in  1601.  Though  not  accepting  the 
Copemican  system,  but  holding  views  partly  bor- 
rowed from  Copernicus  and  partly  from  Ptolemy, 
his  extensive  and  accurate  observations  gave  a  great 
impulse  to  astronomy.  Kepler,  a  pupil  of  Tycho,  wiU 
for  ever  be  remembered  for  the  discovery  of  the  three 
laws  which  bear  his  name,  the  first  and  second  made 
known  in  160^  and  the  third  in  1618.  Galileo,  hav- 
ing constructed  a  telescope  in  1610,  subsequently 


discovered  the  satellites  of  Jupiter,  the  phases  of 
Venus,  the  mountains  of  the  moon  and  other  new 
truths.  The  year  in  which  he  died  Sir  Isaac  Newton 
was  bom,  and  in  1687  he  published  his  immortal 
"  Principia,"  in  which  the  law  of  gravitation  was 
announced,  thus  constituting  an  epoch  in  the  history 
of  science  which  probably  will  never  be  paralleled  at 
any  future*time.  The  year  that  Newton  died,  1727, 
was  the  one  in  which  the  discovery  was  made  by 
Bradley  of  the  aberration  of  light,  which  proved  the 
motion  of  the  earth,  and  gave  the  death-blow  to  all 
Ptolemiac  and  Tychonic  systems,  both  of  which  were 
founded  on  the  h3rpothesis  that  it  was  stationary. 
Sir  Wm.  Herschel,  1738,  before  he  died,  among  other 
great  discoveries,  added  nine  new  members  to  the 
Solar  system  (one  of  them  the  planet  Uranus)  to  the 
eighteen  previously  known.  He  was  one  of  the  first 
to  originate  a  systematic  study  of  stars  and  nebulae, 
which  prescribes  the  leading  methods  of  modem 
astronomy.  A  profound  change  has  been  brought 
about  in  the  scope,  no  less  than  in  the  methods,  of 
astronomy,  by  the  adoption  of  the  camera  as  an  in- 
strument of  precision.  Much  progress  has  already 
been  made  with  the  preparation,  at  eighteen  observa- 
tories, of  a  catalogue  likely  to  embrace  some  four 
milUon  stars ;  and  the  corresponding  chart  of  the  sky 
will  secure  the  identification  of  possibly  30 
million. 

Astronomical  enterprise  tends  more  and  more  to 
assume  an  international  character.  England  com- 
mands both  hemispheres,  through  the  establishments 
at  Greenwich  and  the  Cape.  In  the  United  States 
of  America  the  organisation  centred  at  Harvard 
College  has  been  extended  from  Pole  to  Pole  by  the 
foundation  of  a  post  at  Arequipa.  Among  astrono- 
mical societies  at  present  in  existence  may  be  men- 
tioned the  British  Astronomical  Association,  the 
Soci6t6  Astronomique  de  France,  the  Urania  Gesells- 
chaft  in  Berlin,  the  Russian  Astronomical  Society, 
the  Astronomical  Societies  of  the  Pacific  and  Toronto, 
Canada,  the  Astronomical  and  Astrophysical  Society 
of  America,  the  Society  degli  Spettroscopisti,  Italy, 
catering  for  the  wants  of  the  general  public  interested 
in  this  science. 

Among  historical  works  connected  with  astro- 
nomy, see  Grant's  *'  History  of  Physical  Astronomy  " 
(1852),  which  is  of  standard  authority;  Lewis's 
"  Astronomy  of  the  Ancients "  (1862),  Berry's 
"  Short  History  "  (1898),  Gierke's  "  Popular  His- 
tory of  Astronomy  during  the  Nineteenth  Cen- 
tury "  (1902),  Madler's  "  Geschichte  der  Himmel- 
kunde  "  (1873),  Wolf's  "  Geschichte  der  Astronomie" 
(1877),  Chauvenet's  "  Manual  of  Spherical  and 
Practical  Astronomy  "  (1893),  Loomis's  "  Introduc- 
tion to  Practical  Astronomy"  (1894),  Campbell's 
'*  Handbook  of  Practical  Astronomy  "  (1891),  Bar- 
low and  Bryan's  "  Elementary  and  Mathematical 
Astronomy  "  (1892),  Young's  "  Manual  on  Astro- 
nomy "  (1902),  Chambers'  "  Handbook  of  Descrip- 
tive and  Practical  Astronomy"  (1889-90),  Com- 
stock's  "Textbook  of  Astronomy"  (1901).  Ball's 


A.T. 


53 


ATLANTIC 


"  Story  of  the  Heavens,"  Turner's  "  Modern  Astro- 
nomy "  (1901),  Newcombe's  '*  Popular  Astronomy  " 
(1883),  Gierke's  ''Concise  Astronomy"  (1898), 
Langley's  "  New  Astronomy  "  (1888),  Todd's  "  New 
Astronomy  "  (T898),  Gregory's  "  Vault  of  Heaven  " 

(1893). 

A.T.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Terborg,  Germany. 

Ateoama.  Steamer,  wrecked  22  miles  south  of  Cal- 
dera,  near  Copiapo,  November,  1877;  104  lives  lost. 

Atago.    Japanese  gun-boat.    (Yokosuka,  1891.) 

Length  164  ft.  Beam  27  ft.  Maximum  draught  10  ft. 

Displacement  615  tons.    Complement  130. 

Guns, 

I — 8*2  in. 

I — 5 '9  in. 

2 — I  pdr. 

Hp.  7,000=  1 3  kts.    Coal  1 20  tons. 

Atalanta.  British  training-ship.  Foundered  March, 
1880,  on  her  voyage  from  Bermuda,  all  on  board 
perishing. 

Atelaate.  H.M.  frigate.  On  November  10,  18 13, 
this  vessel  was  lost  off  Nova  Scotia. 

At  and  Vtobl  "  From  "  covers  only  from  the  time 
of  the  sailing  of  the  vessel.  **  At  and  from  "  includes 
(in  a  home  port)  the  risk  immediately  the  insurance 
is  effected;  (in  a  foreign  port)  from  the  moment  of 
her  arrival  there— of  course,  seaworthy. 

The  clause  "  Risk  not  to  attach  before  the  expiring 
of  the  previous  policies  "  is  generally  added.  There 
must  be  no  undue  delay  "  at  "  the  port  without  re- 
ference to  underwriters  (Houghton  v.  Empire,  i  L.R., 
I  Ex.  206). 

In  a  policy  "  at  and  from  "  a  port,  it  is  an  implied 
agreement  that  the  vessel  shall  be  there  within  such 
a  time  that  the  risk  shall  not  be  materially  varied; 
otherwise  the  policy  does  not  attach  (De  Wolf  v. 
Archangel  Mar.  Bank,  2  Asp.  Mar.  L.C.  273).  Refgr 
to  Deviation ;  also  Leave  to  call. 

Athenian.  British  subsidised  merchant  ship. 
(188 1).  Canada-Pacific  Railway  Co.  {q.v.).  Dimen- 
sions, 365  X  48  X  29  ft.;  gross  tonnage,  3,882; 
passenger  accommodation,  102 ;   Hp.,  4,600=  1 7  kts. 

Afhenicn.  64  guns.  On  October  27,  1806,  this 
vessel  was  lost  near  Tunis,  when  347  perished. 

Atherina.  Genus  of  small  fishes,  from  four  to  five 
inches  long,  taken  in  great  z^umbers  in  the  Mediter- 
ranean. They  are  carnivorous,  live  in  shoals,  and  are 
valued  as  food,  and  also  used  in  the  manufacture  of 
artificial  pearls. 

Attiartan,  William  Henry  (b.  Preston,  Lancashire, 
November  15,  1867).  Mechanical  engineer.  Served 
apprenticeship  in  works  of  Messrs.  Craven  Brothers, 
Ltd.,  Manchester,  and  wa3  for  six  years  evening 


student  of  the  Manchester  Technical  School ;  a  Whit- 
worth  Exhibitioner  and  Royal  Exhibitioner  in 
Science.  Served  from  1890  to  1893  ^^  ^^^  Elswick 
Drawing  Office  of  Messrs.  Armstrong,  Whitworth 
and  Co.,  Ltd.  From  1893-97  at  the  Armstrong 
College,  Newcastle-on-Tyne,  and  subsequently  for 
seven  years  with  Messrs.  Mather  and  Piatt,  Ltd., 
Manchester.  Represented  that  firm  at  the  Glasgow 
International  Exhibition  of  1901 .  For  a  few  months 
on  the  engineering  staff  of  the  London  County 
Council.  Since  January,  1905,  general  manager  of 
the  Chain-Belt  Engineering  Co.,  Derby,  the  con- 
veying and  elevating  machinery  of  Ley's  Malle- 
able Castings  Co.,  Ltd.  Member  of  the  Institution 
of  Mechanical  Engineers,  the  Manchester  Association 
of  Engineers,  and  the  North-East  Coast  Institution 
of  Engineers  and  Shipbuilders. 

Publications:  "The  Design  of  Beams  and  Gir- 
ders," "  The  Resistance  and  Power  of  Steamships  " 
(jointly  with  A.  L.  Mellanby,  M.Sc),  paper  on  the 

Fouling  of  Ships,"  and  numerous  articles. 


tt 


Athwart.  Across  anything  extended  in  the  line  of 
a  ship's  course. 

AfUnson,  John  Joseph  (b.  Liverpool,  1850).  Marine 
engineer.  Served  apprenticeship  with  Messrs. 
George  Forrester  and  Co.,  Liverpool,  and  for  some 
years  was  engaged  in  the  construction  of  engines. 
Joined  the  National  Line  of  Atlantic  Liners,  and 
obtained  a  Board  of  Trade's  Certificate  as  first-class 
engineer  in  1877.  In  1889  acted  as  consulting 
engineer  to  the  late  Thomas  Irwin,  Esq.,  in  which 
firm  he  became  a  partner.  He  has  been  connected 
with  the  construction  of  many  new  vessels,  and 
structural  alterations  and  repairs  on  behalf  of  the 
leading  underwriters  and  ship  owners.  Member  of 
the  North-East  Coast  Institution  of  Engineers  and 
Shipbuilders,  1891. 

Atkinson- Willei,   Bear-Admiral  George   Lambart 

(b.  July  13,  1847).  Educated  Leamington  College; 
Royal  Naval  Academy,  Gosport;  entered  Navy 
1 861;  lieutenant,  1866.  Served  in  Abyssinian  War 
in  Naval  Brigade,  1868,  and  mentioned  in  despatches. 
As  Commodore  commanded  Training  Squadron, 
1895-97;  Dockyard  Reserve,  Chatham,  1898- 
1900.  A.D.C.  to  H.M.  Queen  Victoria,  1 899-1901 ; 
Rear-Admiral  Home  Squadron  and  Second-in-Com- 
mand  Home  Fleet,  1903. 

Atlanta.    U.S.  3rd  class  cruiser.    (Chester,  1884.) 
Length  271  ft.   Beam  42  ft.  Maximum  draught  20  ft. 
Displacement  3,000  tons.    Complement  304. 


Guns, 

Armour. 

2 — 8  in. 

"  Steel." 

6— 6  in. 

i^in.  Deck,  amidships, 

6— 6  pdr. 

Hp.  4,000=15 

kts. 

Coal  maximum  570  tons. 

Atlantio.  Steamer  belonging  to  the  White  Star  Line 
struck  on  the  Meagher  Rocks,  west  of  Sambro', 
April  1.  1873;  560  lives' lost. 


ATLANTIC 


54 


ATT  WOOD 


Aflaatic  Ocean  stretches  from  the  Arctic  Ocean  on 
the  north,  to  the  Antarctic  Ocean  on  the  south,  and  is 
that  great  ocean  between  Europe  and  Africa  on  the 
one  side  and  America  on  the  other,  divided  into  the 
Northern,  the  Intertropical  and  the  Southern,  or 
simply  into  the  Northern  and  Southern  Atlantic. 
The  length  of  the  Atlantic  basin  is  nearly  8,000 
geographical  miles.    The  depth  has  been  more  care- 
fully  and  systematically  examined  than  that  of  any 
other  oceanic  basin,  and  there  is  scarcely  any  por- 
tion of  its  floor  that  has  a  depth  exceeding  3.000 
fathoms,  or  about  3*4  miles.      The  greatest  depth 
determined  by  the  Challenger  sounding  was  that  of 
a  limited  depression  about  100  miles  to  the  north  of 
St.  Thomas,  where  3,870  fathoms,  or  about  4*4  miles, 
was  determined.     The  surface  temperature  over  the 
greater  part  of  the  North  Atlantic  averages  40**  F., 
increasing  to  50**  F.  near  the  shores  of  Europe.    The 
heat  equator  Ues  a  little  to  the  north  of  the  geo- 
graphical, and  the  surface  temperature  there  aver- 
ages from  80  to  90°.    Over  the  greater  portion  of  the 
Southern  Atlantic  the  bottom  water  varies  between 
35  and  40**,  but  in  the  North  Atlantic  the  tempera- 
ture averages  2®  higher.       The  water  is  relatively 
Salter  than  that  of  the  other  oceans,  its  salinity 
being  greater  in  the  region  of  the  Trade  winds  and 
least  in  the  region  of  Equatorial  calms. 

Atlantic  Shipping  TcaaL  See  International  Mer- 
cantile Marine  Co. 

Aflantio  Transport  Co.,  Ltd.  Originated  in  London 
1886,  and  in  1896  purchased  the  controlling 
interest  in  the  International  Steamship  Co. 
(a  line  which  dates  back  to  1863),  and  two  years 
later  it  absorbed  the  fleet  and  American  busi- 
ness of  the  Wilson's  and  Funiess-Leyland  Lines. 
The  company  maintains  a  regular  service  from 
London  to  Baltimore,  Philadelphia  and  New  York, 
and  its  steamers  are  built  principally  for  the  purpose 
of  carrying  cargoes  of  refrigerated  meat  and  live 
stock,  although  on  some  of  their  larger  steamers  ex- 
cellent passenger  accommodation  is  provided,  and 
the  three  latest  vessels  can  carry  up  to  250  passen- 
gers. 

Fleet. 
Manitou.  Mesava. 

Marquette,  Minneapolis. 

Menominee.  Minnehaha. 

Minnetonka. 
Gross  tonnage,  138.102. 

Atlantique.  French  subsidised  merchant  ship. 
(1898).  Messageries  Maritimes  (q.v.).  Dimensions, 
469  X  50  X  32J  ft.;  gross  tonnage,  6,708;  Hp.,  7,200 
=  i8kts. 

Atlas  Line.     See  Hamburg- A merika  Line. 

Atmometer.  An  instrument  for  measuring  the 
amount  of  evaporation  of  water. 

Atmcephere  is  the  name  applied  to  the  ambient 


air,  or  thin  elastic  fluid,  which  surrounds  the  globe, 
and  gradually  diminishing  in  gravity  rises  to  an  un- 
known height,  yet  by  gravitation  partakes  of  all  its 
motions.  It  is  a  mechanical  mixture  of  about 
78  volumes  of  nitrogen,  with  21  of  oxygen,  and  one 
of  argon,  and  also  contains  a  variable,  but  all  im- 
portant, proportion  of  water  vapour.  Sir  John 
Herschel  has  calculated  that  the  total  weight  of 
atmosphere,  averaging  30  inches  of  pressure,  is  about 
1 1^  trillion  of  pounds,  and  that,  making  allowance 
for  the  space  occupied  by  the  land  above  the  sea, 
it  is  about  ^^^^^^^^  part  of  the  solid  globe.  It 
exerts  a  pressure  when  the  barometer  stands  at 
29*905  of  nearly  14^  pounds  avoirdupois  to  the 
square  inch,  and  it  is  calculated  that  a  man  of 
ordinary  size  sustains  a  constant  pressure  of  about 
14  tons. 

Atmospheric  pressure.  Pressure  produced  by  the 
weight  of  the  air. 

Atoll.    See  Coral,  Coral  Island,  and  Coral  Reef. 

Atrato.  British  subsidised  merchant  ship  (1886). 
Royal  Mail  Co.  (q*v.).  Dimensions,  421  x  50  x  33  ft.; 
gross  tonnage,  5,360;  passenger  accommodation, 
277;  Hp.,  5,600=17  kts. 

Atrip.  A  term  applied  to  the  anchor  when  the 
purchase  has  made  it  break  ground  or  raised  it  clear. 

Attach^!  Nayal*  is  the  representative  of  a  nation  at 
the  seat  of  Government  of  a  foreign  Power  quar- 
tered at  the  Legation.  His  duty  is  to  note  and  report 
to  his  Government  all  changes  that  take  place  in 
naval  matters. 

Attentive.    British  scout.    (Elswick,  1904.) 
Length  370  ft.  Beam  38  ft.  Maximum  draught  i3^ft. 
Displacement  2,750  tons.    Complement  268 

Guns.  A  rmour. 

10 — 12  pdr.  i^  iO'  Deck. 

8 — Pompoms. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
2  Submerged. 
Twin  screw.  Hp.  17,000=25  kts.    Coal  maximum 
380  tons.   Approximate  cost  ;£275,ooo. 

Attwood,  Edward  Lewis  (b.  187 1).  Professor  of 
Naval  Architecture.  Served  apprenticeship  with 
Messrs.  Green,  of  Blackwall.  On  being  granted  a 
scholarship  of  the  Worshipful  Company  of  Ship- 
wrights, he  went  through  the  Royal  Naval  College  as 
a  private  student,  obtaining  the  Professional  certifi- 
cate at  the  final  examination.  Appointed  a  member 
of  the  Royal  Corps  of  Naval  Construction,  1895 ;  in- 
structor of  Naval  Architecture  of  Royal  Naval  Col- 
lege, 1901-04;  Professor,  1904. 

Publications:  "Text  Book  of  Naval  Architecture  " 
(1899)1  "Warships"  (1904),  paper  before  the  Institu- 
tion of  Naval  Architects  1905,  on  the  "  Admiralty 
Course  of  Study  of  Naval  Architects." 


A.U. 


55 


AUSTIN 


A.n.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Baltrum,  Germany. 

Anbe.  French  avisos- transport  (1885).  Of  little 
fighting  value.  Guns.  4  5'5-in.,  4  9-pdr. ;  speed 
(nominally),  11  kts. 

AncUand,  George  Eden*  Barl  of  (1784- 1849). 
President  of  the  Board  of  Trade,  1830;  First  Lord  of 
the  Admiralty,  1834;  Governor-General  of  India, 
1835-41. 

Andacieuz.  French  torpedo-boat  (1901).  Dis- 
placement, 185  tons;  complement,  18;  maximum 
draught,  9  ft.;  guns.  2  3-pdr.;  torpedo  tubes,  3  15-in; 
armour  '*  Steel,"  |  in.  amidships;  twin  screw; 
Hp.,  1,200    26  kts. ;  coal,  25  tons. 


Spanish  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Clyde- 
bank, 1897.)  Displacement,  430  tons;  armament. 
2  14-pdr,,  2  6-pdr.,  2  i-pdr. ;  torpedo  tubes,  2; 
I^Jp-'  7f500=3o  kts.";  present  speed  about  20  kts. 

Andibility.   Unusual  distinctness  of  distant  sounds. 

Ank  or  Alsidae.  A  family  of  marine  birds  with  heavy 
bodies,  large  heads,  short  wings  and  compact 
plumage.  The  Great  Auk  or  Gare-fowl,  formerly 
common  on  all  the  northern  coasts,  but  now  extinct, 
was  flightiess.  The  birds  are  experts  at  swimming 
and  diving,  rarely  leaving  the  sea  except  for  breed- 
ing purposes. 

Anrora.   Russian  cruiser.     (Galemii,  1900.) 
Length  410  ft.  Beam  5  5  ft.  Maximum  draught  21  ft. 
Displacement  6,630  tons.    Complement  570. 
Guns.  Armour, 

8—6  in.  "  Steel." 

22 — 12  pdr.  2}  in.  Deck. 

8 — Small  q.f.  6  in.  Conning  tower. 

4^  in.  Engine  hatches. 

Torpedo  Tubes, 

4  Above  water. 

^  Three  screws.     Hp.  11,600=20  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 1,430  tons. 

Escaped  from  the  Japanese  at  the  Battie  of 
Tsusliima.  May  27-29,  1904,  and  was  interned  tiU 
the  end  of  the  war. 

Anrora.  Transport.  On  December  21,  1805,  this 
vessel  was  lost  on  the  Goodwin  Sands,  wheif  300 
perished. 

Aiiron»  of  Hull,  sailed  from  New  York,  April  26, 
1853,  and  foundered  in  mid-Atiantic;  25  lives  lost. 

Aurora  Anstralijl.  A  luminous  electrical  display  of 
much  beauty,  appearing  in  the  sky  in  the  southern 
hemisphere,  sometimes  taking  the  form  of  an  arch, 
streamers,  corona,  glow,  etc. 

Aurora  Borealis.  Polaris  light,  or  Northern  light, 
is  a  luminous  meteoric  phenomenon  of  great  beauty, 
which  is  seen  in  the  northern  sky  in  high  latitudes, 
taking  the  form  of  streamers,  arches,  or  patches 


which  vary  in  shade  considerably,  being  sometimes 
grey,  and  at  others  brilliant  yellow,  green,  violet,  or 
fiery  red.  They  seem  to  be  governed  by  electricity, 
and  are  more  frequent  in  frosty  weather,  and  are 
proved  to  be  many  miles  above  the  surface  of  the 
earth.  The  Aurora  is  not  vivid  above  the  70th  degree 
of  north  latitude,  and  is  seldom  seen  before  the  end  of 
August.  In  America,  according  to  Professor  Loomis, 
the  zone  of  maximum  frequency  is  between  latitude 
50°  and  60°  N.  In  Europe  between  the  parallels  of 
66°  and  75°.  The  belt  of  greatest  frequency  begins 
close  to  the  shores  of  the  Arctic  Ocean,  from  the 
N.  Cape  East  to  Point  Barrow,  thence  south,  passing 
through  Hudson's  Bay  in  lat.  60°,  then  south  of 
Greenland,  and  obliquely  north  again  between  the 
Faroe  Islands  and  Iceland.  In  London  two  Auroras 
are  seen  annually;  in  Edinburgh  four. 

Austen,  Charles  John,  British  rear-admiral  (1779- 
1852).  Was  present  at  the  capture  of  Koomeet  and 
Ville  de  Lorient  in  the  Endymion.  Between  1826 
and  1828  he  was  in  command  of  the  Aurora  in  the 
West  Indies,  and  took  an  active  part  in  the  suppres- 
sion of  the  slave  trade;  took  part  in  the  bombard- 
ment of  St.  Jean  d'Arc  in  the  Bellerophon,  1840. 

Ansten,  Sir  Franeis  William  (1774- 1865).  British 
admiral.  In  x8oo,  when  in  command  of  the  Petrel, 
he  captured  the  Ligurienne.  Served  with  distinction 
in  the  Egyptian  operations  of  1801,  and  four  years 
later,  at  the  Battie  of  San  Domingo,  commanded  the 
Canopus,  Was  made  admiral  in  1848,  and  Admiral 
of  the  Fleet,  1863. 

Anstiiit  Horatio  Thomas  (1801-65).  English  ex- 
plorer. Accompanied  Parry  in  his  second  expedition 
in  search  of  the  North- West  Passage,  and  in  x88o, 
when  four  vessels  were  equipped  and  despatched  in 
search  of  Franklin,  he  was  given  command,  and  ex- 
plored 900  miles  of  hitherto  unknown  coast.  On  his 
return  to  England  he  was  made  vice-admiral.  Refer 
to  Arctic  Exploration. 

Austin,  S.  P.,  and  Sons,  Ltd.,  shipbuilders,  Sunder- 
land. Established  1827;  incorporated  1899,  with  an 
authorised  capital  of  7,000  £$  per  cent,  cumulative 
Preference  Shares  oi  £10  each,  and  65,000  Ordinary 
Shares  of  ;£i  each,  all  fully  paid,  ;i7o,ooo  First  Mort- 
gage Debenture  Stock  £4  per  cent. 

Number  of  berths,  3, 

River  frontage,  ^  mile. 

Repairing  berths :  capacity,  vessels  up  to  400  ft. 

Maximum  annual  output,  12,000  to  15,000  tons 
of  ne^  tonnage. 

Pontoon,  capable  of  docking  vessels  400  ft.  long 
and  about  8,000  tons  dead  weight. 

Lifting  capacity,  3,600  tons. 

Graving  dock,  306  ft.  long. 

Public  graving  docks,  387  and  443  ft.  long. 

Machinery,  tools  and  every  appliance  for  building 
and  repairing  steamers. 

Building  of  collier  steamers  a  speciality. 


AUSTRAL 


56 


AUSTRO-HUNGARIAN 


AnstraL    Relating  to  fhe  South. 

AnstraL  Orient  Line  steamer.  Sank  in  Sydney 
Harbour,  subsequently  raised  by  means  of  a  coffer- 
dam attached  to  the  gunwales  by  divers,  and  is  still 
one  of  the  favourite  vessels  of  the  Orient  Line. 

Anstralaiian  United  Steam  Navigatioii  Co.,  Ltd., 

with  their  head  offices  in  Brisbane,  have  a  fleet 
of  excellent  passenger  and  cargo  steamers,  which 
maintain  sailings  from  Melbourne  to  Queensland; 
Melbourne  to  Western  Australia,  round  the  north 
coast  to  the  Philippine  Islands.  Four  of  their 
steamers  maintain  regular  services  from  Melbourne 
to  Sydney,  Rockhampton,  Brisbane,  Townsville, 
Cairns,  Port  Douglas  and  Cooktown.  A  service 
every  three  weeks  is  maintained  from  Brisbane  to 
Thursday  Island,  Normanton  and  Burketown;  two 
of  the  steamers  conduct  regular  fortnightly  services 
to  Sydney,  Adelaide  and  Fremantle,  and  a  service  is 
maintained  every  four  weeks  to  Noumea  (New 
Caledonia)  and  the  Fiji  Islands. 

Fleet. 
iramac,  Karcoo.  Maranoa, 

Arawalia,         Kyarra.  Wodango. 

Kanowna,  \  \]  Wyndara. 

Anatralin.  French  subsidised  merchant  ship 
(1889).  Messageries  Maritimes  (q.v.).  Dimen- 
sions, 482  X  39  X  34  ft.;  gross  tonnage,  6,570; 
Hp.,  7.500=17  kta. 

Anstralind  Steamship  Co.,  Ltd.,  managed  by  Messrs. 
Bethell,  Gwyn  and  Co.,  London,  have  a  fleet  of  three 
modem  cargo  steamers,  and  maintain  a  service  be- 
tween   Bristol    and    London    to    Fremantle    and 

Albany,  Western  Australia. 

Fleet. 
A  rrino.  A  skburton,         A  ustralind. 

Austria.  Emigrant  ship.  Burnt  in  mid-Altantic, 
September  13, 1858;  out  of  538  persons  only  67  were 
saved. 

Anstrian  Lloyd  Steam  Navigation  Co.,  with  the  head 
offices  at  Trieste,  was  established  in  1836,  and  now 
has  a  fleet  of  64  steamers  ranging  from  1,329  to 
6,500  tons.  Regular  services  of  passenger  and  cargo 
steamers  are  maintained  from  Trieste  to  Brazil;  a 
monthly  service  between  Trieste  and  Brindisi,  Port 
Said,  Suez,  Aden,  Karachi,  Bombay,  Madras,  Ran- 
goon and  Calcutta;  one  between  Trieste  and  Bom- 
bay, Columbo,  Penang,  Singapore,  Hong  Kong, 
Shanghai  and  Kobe.  A  monthly  service  to  Calcutta, 
and  one  to  Africa  via  Port  Said,  Suez,  Aden,  Mom- 
bassa,  Beira,  Louren90  Marques,  and  Durban.  This 
company  maintains  a  fortnightly  accelerated  service 
between  Trieste,  Brindisi,  Karachi  and  Bombay 
during  the  busy  months.  The  maximum  duration 
of  the  voyage  from  Trieste  is  15  days,  the  new  fast 
twin-screw^  steamers,  Koerber,  Africa,  Bohemia, 
Imperaior  and  Impetatrix,  all  fitted  out  with  every 
modem  convenience  for  the  comfort  and  safety  of 
passengers,  are  on  this  run. 


Fleet. 

Erth.  Franz 

Medea. 

Ferdinand. 

Espero. 

Melpomone. 

Ettore. 

Metcovich. 

Euterpe. 

Moravia, 

Galatea. 

Nippon, 

Galicia. 

Orion, 

Coritia. 

Persia, 

Achille. 

Africa, 

Aglaja. 

Almissa. 

Amphitrite. 

Apollo, 

Aurora. 

Austria.  GrafWurmbrand,  Polluce. 

Baron  Call,  Habsburg.  Salzburg, 

Bohemia.  Helios.  Satumo. 

Bosnia,  Hungaria.  Semiramas. 

Bucovina,  Imperator.  Silesia, 

Calipso.  Imperatrix,  Stiria, 

Carinthia,  India,  Sultan. 

Carniolia,  Istria.  Tebe, 

Castore,  Juno,  Thalia, 

China,  •  Jupiter.  Tirol, 

Cleopatra.  Koerber.  Trieste, 

Dalmatia.  Leda,  Urano, 

Danubis,  Maria  Teresa.  Venus, 

Daphne,  Maria  Valerie,      Vesta. 

Elehtra,  Marquis  Vindobona, 

Bacquerhem, 

Gross  tonnage,  203,000. 

Aastro-Amerioaa  Steamship  Co^  with  their  head 
offices  in  Trieste,  possess  a  fleet  of  23  large  new 
steamers  fitted  out  with  every  modem  convenience 
for  passenger  service  and  cargo.  Regular  sailings  are 
maintained  every  Saturday  from  Trieste  direct  for 
New  York,  and  vice  versa.  A  monthly  service  is 
maintained  between  Trieste  and  the  Mexican  Ports, 
via  Genoa,  Marseilles,  Canary  Islands,  La  Guayra 
and  Colon,  for  Vera  Cruz,  Tampico  and  Progreso. 
Many  of  the  company's  steamers  are  used  on  the 
freight  service  between  Trieste  and  Northern  and 
Southern  United  States  ports. 

Fleet. 

Alberta,  Francesca,  Jenny, 

Anna,  Frederica.  Lodovica. 

Auguste.  Georgia.  Lucia, 

Carolina.  Gerty.  Margherita. 

Clara.  Guilia,  Maria, 

Dora,  Hermine.  Marianne, 

Emilia.  Ida,  Sofia  Hohenberg. 

Erny,  Irene,  Terisa. 

Eugenia,  Virginia. 

Anstro-Hdagarian  Imperial  and  Boyal  Yaeht 
SgoadroiL  Established  1891.  Patron,  H.I.  and 
R.A.M.  the  Emperor  of  Austria;  Commodore,  H.I. 
and  R.H.  the  Archduke  Franz  Ferdinand  of  Austria; 
Vice-Commodores,  H.H.  Prince  Philip  of  Saxe- 
Coburg-Gotha,  Count  Alfred  Harrach;  Rear-Com- 
modores, Count  Geza  Andrassy,  Count  Carl  Bubuoy ; 
Secretary  and  Treasurer,  Captain  C.  Ritter  von 
Wolff,  Pola,  Austria.  Entrance  fee,  1,000  or  100 
Kronen ;  annua]  subscription,  200  or  100  Kronen. 


A.V. 


57 


AVERAGE 


A.V.  Distingaishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Norden,  Germany. 

Ava.  British  India  Steam  Navigation  Co/s  steamer. 
Sunk  by  collision  with  Brunhilda,  in  the  Bay  of 
Bengal,  April  24,  1879;  70  lives  lost. 

Ave.  Indian  mail  steamer.  Wrecked  off  the  coast 
of  Ceylon,  February  16,  1858. 

AvAlanche.  French  twin-screw  gun-boat.  Of 
little  fighting  value.  Guns  2  3*5 -in.;  speed  (nomi- 
nally), 9  kts. 

Avalanche.  Emigrant  ship,  in  collision  with  the 
Forest,  i  $  miles  S.  by  W.  of  Portland  on  her  voyage 
from  London  to  New  Zealand.  Both  vessels  sank ; 
out  of  100  persons  only  12  were  saved. 

Avast.  The  order  to  hold,  stop  or  cease,  in,  any 
operation. 

Avengar.  H.M.  steam  frigate.  On  December  20, 
1847,  this  vessel  was  lost  off  the  N.  coast  of  Africa, 
when  officers  and  crew  (nearly  200)  were  lost. 

ATeatnrier.  French  sea-going  torpedo-boat.  (St. 
Nazaire,  1889.)  Length,  151  ft. ;  beam,  1 5  ft. ;  draught, 
8  ft. ;  displacement,  1 74  tons ;  complement,  34 ;  arma- 
ment, 2  3-pdr.,  4  tubes;  Hp.,  1,400=20  kts.;  coal, 
40  tons. 

Averaga  means  either  (a)  some  contributions  in 
equitable  proportion  which  is  to  be  made  by  all 
parties  concerned  towards  losses  and  expenses  which 
have  been  incurred  for  the  advantage  of  all,  or  (b) 
some  contribution  to  be  made  to  the  assurers  for 
partial  loss  or  damage  sustained  by  the  property 
insured.  In  the  case  (a)  it  is  adjusted  as  Geperal 
Average  (q.v,).  In  the  case  of  (6)  it  is  adjusted 
either  as  Particular  Average  or  Salvage  Loss  {q.v.). 

The  term  "  Average  "  was  in  use  before  Marine 
Insurance  was  known,  and  has  a  meaning  indepen- 
dent of  insurance.  In  this  sense  it  denotes  all  loss 
resulting  from  the  causes  excepted  in  an  ordinary 
bill  of  lading. 

Merchandise  is  usually  insured  either  f.a.a.  (free 
of  all  average),  f.p.a.  (free  of  particular  average)  or 
w.a.  (with  average).  For  the  latter  there  are  many 
Average  clauses.    Refer  to  Clauses. 

Average.    See  Mean. 

Average  Adjuster.  When  damage  has  been  sus- 
tained by  ship  or  cargo  the  documents  in  support  of 
the  damage  are  placed  in  the  hands  of  an  Average 
Adjuster,  whose  function  is  to  apply  the  law  and  the 
practical  rules  generally  observed,  to  the  facts  of  the 
case,  so  as  to  make  a  correct  statement  of  the 
amounts  due  to  or  from  the  several  parties  con- 
cerned. If  the  parties  deem  it  advisable  they  invest 
the  Average  Adjuster  with  the  authority  of  an 
Arbitrator,  and  the  statement  issued  by  him  has 
then  the  force  of  an  award ;  but  in  the  absence  of  that 
authority,  the  findings  of  the  Adjuster,  whether  of 


law  or  fact,  may  be  questioned  by  any  of  the  parties, 
as  the  adjustment  can  only  be  enforced,  like  any 
other  statement  of  account,  by  legal  process  upon 
proof  of  its  correctness.  (McArthur  on  the  Contract 
of  Marine  Insurance,  p.  172.) 

Average  AUnsters'  Assooiatiaa.  See  Association  of 
Average  Adjusters. 

Average  Agreement    See  Average  Bond. 

Average  Bond  is  an  Agreement  between  the  par- 
ties interested  in  an  Adjustment  {q.v.),  by  the  terms 
of  which  they  bind  themselves  to  pay  their  several 
proportions  of  General  Average  or  other  charges 
when  ascertained. 

When  a  general  average  consists  of  sacrifices  made 
by  a  ship,  or  of  expenses  incurred  by  a  ship  on  behalf 
of  the  whole  venture,  the  shipowner  has  a  lien  on 
the  cargo  for  its  shares  of  these  sacrifices  or  expendi- 
tures. The  form  in  which  the  lien  is  usually  en- 
forced is  a  demand  by  the  shipowners  of  a  deposit  of 
a  Sum  sufficient  to  cover  the  liability  of  the  con- 
signee's cargo,  or  the  signature  of  the  consigner  of  an 
Agreement  securing  payment  of  his  proper  propor- 
tion of  the  general  average  when  ascertained.^  This 
agreement,  which  is  called  an  Average  Bond  or 
Agreement,  is  on  a  recognised  form. 

When  the  sacrifice  is  one  of  cargo  by  jettiaon  (^.0.), 
the  shipowner  having  by  the  jettison  lost  the  freight 
payable  at  destination  on  the  goods  thus  sacrificed, 
has  also  an  interest  in  recovery  in  general  average, 
and  can  exercise  his  lien  in  that  case  also,  and  thus 
act  on  behalf  of  the  cargo  owner. 

But  where  the  damage  consists  merely  in  de- 
terioration of  the  cargo,  without  any  diminution  of 
it  or  change  of  species  such  as  would  occasion  a  loss 
of  freight,  then  the  only  party  interested  in  the  re- 
covery is  the  owner  or  consignee  of  the  damaged 
cargo.  A  steamer  put  back  to  Liverpool,  having 
taken  fire  and  flooded  her  holds  to  extinguish  the  fire. 
One  of  the  shippers,  not  satisfied  with  the  steps  taken 
by  the  shipowners,  brought  an  action  against  them, 
alleging  that  the  shipowners  refused  to  give  any 
assistance  to  enable  anyone  to  get  an  average  state- 
ment made  out,  or  to  take  any  steps  to  enable  the 
shippers  to  recover  contributions.  Mr.  Justice  Lush, 
after  saying  that  the  shipowner  was  the  only  person 
who  had  the  right  to  require  security  for  general 
average  contribution  from  the  other  parties  to  the 
adventure,  said,  "  The  right  to  detain  for  average 
contribution  is  derived  from  the  civil  law,  which  also 
imposes  on  the  master  of  the  ship  the  duty  of  having 
contributions  settled  and  of  collecting  the  amount, 
and  the  usage  has  always  been  substantially  in 
accordance  with  the  law,  and  has  become  part  of  the 
common  law  of  the  land.  I  am,  therefore,  of  opinion 
that  he  (the  shipowner)  is  liable  in  the  action  for 
not  having  taken  *the  necessary  steps  for  procuring 
an  adjustment  of^the  general  average  and  securing 
its  payment."    (Crooks  v,  Allan,  5.  Q.B.D.  38.)  J 


AVERAGE 


58 


AZOF 


A  steamer,  homeward  bound,  stranded  near  Brid- 
port.  but  after  jettison  and  assistance  came  ofi  and 
proceeded  to  Liverpool.  There  the  shipowners 
required  a  deposit  of  xo  %  of  the  value  of  the 
cargo  into  an  account  in  the  name  of  the  adjuster  or 
shipowner,  or  both  jointly,  and  the  signature  of  an 
average  bond  in  the  form  then  regularly  signed  in 
Liverpool.  Several  consignees  objected  to  this,  but 
agreed  to  sign  the  London  form  of  bond  and  to  pay 
the  deposit  into  the  joint  account  of  the  shipowners 
and  themselves.  This  proposal  the  shipowners  de- 
clined; the  consignees  then  paid  under  protest,  and 
raised  an  action  against  the  shipowners.  In  the 
Court  of  Appeal  it  was  decided  that  in  exercising  his 
lien  on  cargo  for  general  average  the  shipowner  need 
not  accept  a  bond  or  security ;  on  the  other  hand,  the 
consignee  is  not  bound  to  sign  a  bond.  The  ship- 
owner has  the  right  to  demand  a  deposit,  giving  the 
consignee  proper  information,  so  as  to  enable  him  to 
judge  of  the  reasonableness  of  his  demand,  and  if  he 
considers  it  excessive,  to  tender  a  sufficient  sum. 
Huth  V,  Lamport;  and  Gibbs  \v,  Lamport,  L.R. 
16  Q.B.D.  442  and  735.  Also,  Gow  on  Marine  In- 
surance, p.  293. 

Average  Claiues.    See  Clauses. 

Average  Diabnrseinents.    See  Advances. 

Average  Pdioy.    See  Policy. 

Aveme.  French  torpedo-boat  (1898).  Displace- 
ment, 120;  complement,  34;  maximum  draught, 
9 J  ft.;  guns,  2  3-pdr.;  torpedo  tubes,  2  15 -in.; 
twin  screw;  Hp.,  2,000=26  kts.;  coal,  16  tons. 

Avni-Dlah.  Turkish  battleship  (1870).  Recon- 
structed Ansaldo,  Genoa. 

Length  331  ft.  Beam  59  ft.   Maximum  draught  2y  ft. 
Displacement  9, 1 20  tons.    Complement  600. 
Guns,  A  rntour, 

2 — 9*2  in.  "  Iron." 

12 — 6  in.  12  in.  Belt. 

14 — 12  pdr.  12  in.  Battery. 

10 — 6  pdr.  3  in.  Barbettes  (Temi). 

2—3  pdr. 
Twin  screw.    Hp.  11,000=16  kts. 

Avoirdnpois  Weight    See  Weights  and  Measures. 

Avon.  British  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Barrow, 
1896.)  Length,  210  ft.;  beam,  21  ft.; draught,  5^  ft.; 
displacement,  300  tons;  complement,  60;  armament, 
1  1 2 -pdr.,  5  6-pdr.,  2  tubes;  twin  screw;  Hp., 
6,ooo=r  30  kts. ;  coal,  80  tons. 

Awdtoio.  Italian  torpedo-boat.  (Elbing,  1888.) 
Length,  152  ft.;  beam,  17  ft.;  draught,  7 J  ft.;  dis- 


placement, 130  tons;  complement,  24;  armament, 
2  3-pdr.  q.f.,  I  i-pdr. q.f.,  3  tubes;  twin  screw; 
Hp.,  2,200=26  kts. ;  coal.  40  tons. 

A.W.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Wilhelmshaven,  Germany. 

Awa  Mara.  Japanese  liner,  belonging  to  the 
Nippon  Yusen  Kaisha.  Ran  on  the  West  Scar  Rocks 
off  Redcar,  December  27,  1906.  No  lives  lost.  The 
vessel  was  subsequently  refloated. 

Award,     The  decision  in  Arbitration. 

Awash.    Reefs  even  with  the  surface. 

Away.  The  cry  when  a  vessel  starts  on  the  ways 
launching. 

Aweafher.  As  opposed  to  a-lee;  position  of  helm 
when  tiller  is  moved  to  the  windward  side  of  the 
ship. 

Aweigh.    See  Atrip. 

Awheft  or  Awatt    The  display  of  a  stopped  flag. 

Awning.  A  cover  of  canvas  spread  over  a  vessel  to 
protect  the  decks  and  crew  from  sun  and  weather. 

A.X.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Borkum,  Germany. 

AJC.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Norddeich,  Germany. 

Ayakaae.     Japanese     torpedo  -  boat     destroyer. 
(Yokosuka,  1906.)  Length,  220ft.;  beam,  20^  ft.; 
draught,  9^    ft.;   displacement,    374    tons;   arma- 
ment.   I    12-pdr.,  5  6-pdr.,   2  tubes;  twin  screw; 
Hp.,  6,000=29  kts. 

Aye.  A  prompt  reply  on  receiving  an  order, 
signifying  yes. 

Aylmer,  Matthew  Lord  (1643-1720).  British  ad- 
miral. While  in  command  of  the  Royal  Catherine  he 
fought  in  the  action  off  Beachy  Head  and  Cape 
Barfleur,  1692.  In  1709  promoted  Admiral  of  the 
Fleet,  and  five  years  later,  on  retiring  from  active  sea 
life,  was  made  Governor  of  Greenwich  Hospital. 

Admafh.  A  word  borrowed  from  the  Arabic;  is 
the  angular  distance  of  a  celestial  object  from  the 
N.  or  S.  point  of  the  horizon,  or  an  arc  between  the 
meridian  of  a  place  and  any  given  vertical  line.  In 
the  N.  Hemisphere  it  is  usually  reckoned  from  the  S. 
point  of  the  horizon  through  the  W.  from  o"  to  360**. 

Asof  Craft  Clanse.    See  Clauses. 


B 


59 


BAFFIN 


B 
B.     Distinguishing  letter  on   sea   fishing  boats 
registered  at  Belfast,  Ireland. 

B.  Distinguishing  letter  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Blankenberghe,  Belgium. 

B.  Distinguishing  letter  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Boulogne,  France. 

b.     Abbreviation  for  bom. 

b.  Blue.  Abbreviation  adopted,  on  the  Charts 
issued  by  the  Hydrographic  Office,  Admiralty, 
denoting  the  quality  of  the  ocean's  bottom. 

B.  Bay.  Abbreviation  adopted  on  the  Charts 
issued  by  the  Hydrographic  Office,  Admiralty. 

B.  Black  (near  a  buoy)  Abbreviation  adopted 
on  the  Charts  issued  by  the  Hydrographic  Office. 
Admiralty. 

B.A.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Ballantrae,  Scotland. 

B.A.A.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing 
boats  registered  at  Baarland,  Holland. 

Babenborg.  Austro-Hungarian  battleship.  (Pola, 
1902.) 

Length  354ft.    Beam  65ft.    Maximum  draught  25ft. 
Displacement  8,340  tons. 
Guns.  Armour, 

3 — 9*4  in.  40  cal.       "  Krupp." 
12 — 6  in.  8  in.  Belt  amidships. 

10 — 12  pdr.  8  in.  Barbettes. 

16  Maxims.  8  in.  Turrets. 

8  in.  Conning  tower. 
Torpedo  Tubes   (18  in.). 
2  Submerged. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  11,90033 18' 5  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 840  tons.    Approximate  cost  ;£65o,ooo. 

Bacchante.  British  ist  class  cruiser.  (Clyde- 
bank, 1902.) 

Length  454ft.    Beam  69ft.    Maximum  draught  28ft. 
Displacement  12,000  tons.     Complement  700. 
Guns.  Armour. 

2 — 9*2  in.  45  cal.       "  Krupp." 
12 — 6  in.  6  in.  Belt  amidships. 

12 — 12  pdr.  6  in.  Barbettes. 

2 — 12  pdr.  8  cwt.      12  in.  Conning  tower. 

3—3  P<ir. 
2  Maxims. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
2  Submerged. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.   21,000=21  kts.    Coal  maxi- 
mum 1 ,600  tons.    Approximate  cost  £800,000. 

A  ship  of  this  name  was  present  at  the  capture 
of  the  Fumi  and  Cattaro,  1813. 

Back,  Sir  George  (1796-1878).  British  admiral, 
Arctic  explorer  (b.  Stockport).  In  18 18  he  went 
with  Franklin  in  the  Trent  on  a  voyage  of  discovery 
to  the  Arctic  regions,  and  later  accompanied 
Franklin   on   his   expedition   to   North   America. 


The  expedition  to  search  for  Sir  John  Ross  in 
1883  was  commanded  by  him  when  he  discovered 
the  Great  Fish  or  Back  River  in  Canada. 

Publications  :  **  Narrative  of  an  Expedition  in 
H.M.S.  Terror  "  (1838)  ;  *'  Narrative  of  the  Arctic 
Land  Expedition  1833-35"  (1836).  Refer  to  Arctic 
Exploration. 

Back  and  fiU.  A  mode  of  drifting  safely  with  the 
tide  against  the  wind. 

Back  a  sail.  To  let  the  wind  press  it  the  reverse 
way. 

Backboard.  A  board  across  the  stem  sheets  of  a 
boat  to  form  the  box  in  which  the  coxswain  sits. 

Backing*wiiid.  A  wind  which  changes  in  a 
direction  contrary  to  that  of  the  sun's  apparent 
course,  as  e.g.,  from  W.  through  S.  to  £.,  etc. 

Backstay.  Long  ropes  extending  from  all  mast- 
heads above  lower  mast  to  both  sides  of  chain- 
wales.  These  are  set  up  with  dead  eyes  and 
laniards  to  the  backstay-plates. 

Backwater.    The  swell  of  water  thrown  back  by, 
its  contact  with  any  solid  body. 

Bacon,  Xohn,  Ltd.  Established  about  the 
middle  of  the  last  century  by  the  late  Mr.  John 
Bacon.  In  1889  this  concern  was  formed  into  a 
limited  company  which  at  present  own  a  fleet  of 
ten  steamers  maintaining  regular  sailings  between 
Liverpool  and  Wexford,  Liverpool  and  the  Bristol 
Channel  Ports. 

Bacon,  Reginald  Hugh  Spencer,  D.S.O.  (b.  1863). 
Commander  Royal  Navy,  Chief  of  the  Intelligence 
Department  during  the  Benin  Expedition,  1897. 

PubUcations  :  "  Benin,  the  City  of  Blood  "  ; 
"  Manual  of  Electricity  and  Electric  Lighting  for 
the  Navy." 

Baden.  German  battleship  (1880).  Reconstructed 
1897.  Length,  298  ft.;  displacement,  7,370  tons; 
speed,  12^  kts.    Obsolete,  of  no  fighting  value. 

Baden-Powell,  Francis  Smyth  (b.  Oxford,  1850). 
Marine  painter  and  sculptor.  Studied  art  in  Paris, 
painting  under  Carolus  Durari;  has  exhibited 
many  works  at  the  Royal  Academy,  London,  and 
at  the  Salon,  Paris,  and  other  galleries.  Among  his 
chief  works  are :  "  The  Last  Shot,"  "  Nelson  at 
St.  Vincent,"  "Trafalgar  Re-fought,"  "Queen 
Victoria's  Wooden  Walls,"  "Wreck  of  the 
Foudroyani,"   "  Nelson  Nearing  Trafalgar." 

Baensch,  Friedrich  Bemhard  Otto    (1825-1898). 

German  engineer.     Executed  the  North  Sea  Baltic 
Canal. 

Baffin,  William.  Navigator  and  discoverer  (b. 
1584).  In  161 2  he  accompanied  Captain  James 
Hall  on  his  fourth  voyage  in  search  of  the  North- 
West  Passage.  In  1615-16  he  made  two  voyages 
in    atke     Discovery    under    Bylot,    and    on    the 


BAGGARA 


60 


BALLAST 


second  of  these  discovered  and  charted  Baffin's  Bay. 
Accounts  of  these  expeditions  were  given  by  Baffin 
himself  and  were  discredited  until  verified  by  Sir 
John  Ross  in  18 18.  S&e  "  Voyages  of  William 
Baffin"  (1612-22),  "Markham"  (1881).  Refer  to 
Arctic  Exploration. 

Baggara.  A  lateen-rigged  Arab  trading  vessel 
used  in  the  Red  Sea. 

Bagley.  U.S.  torpedo-boat  (1900).  Displace- 
ment, 167  tons ;   guns,    3  i-pdr.;     torpedo  tubes, 

3  1 8 -in.;  speed,  28  kts. 

Bag  BeeL  A  fourth  or  lower-reef  of  fore-and-aft 
sails. 

Bagnio.  The  Philippine  name  for  a  revolving 
storm  or  cyclone. 

Baikie.  William  Balfour,  M.D.  (1824-63)  (b. 
Kirkwall).  Educated  Edinburgh,  and  on  obtaining 
his  degree  joined  the  Royal  Navy.  Was  appointed 
surgeon  and  naturalist  to  the  Niger  Expedition,  18  54, 
and  on  the  death  of  Fernando  Po  was  appointed  in 
conmiand ;  ascended  the  Niger  about  250  miles 
beyond  the  point  reached  by  former  explorers,  and 
returned  after  a  voyage  of  ti8  days  without  the  loss 
of  a  single  man.  In  1841  he  formed  a  colony  at  the 
confluence  of  the  Quorra  and  Benue,  in  which  he 
acted,  not  merely  as  ruler,  but  as  physician,  teacher 
and  priest.  Within  five  years  he  opened  up  the 
navigation  of  the  Niger,  made  roads  and  estab- 
lished a  market.  He  collected  vocabularies  of 
nearly  fifty  African  dialects  and  translated  portions 
of  the  Bible  and  Prayer-book  into  Housa.  He 
died  on  his  way  home  at  Sierra  Leone  in  November, 
1863,  at  the  early  age  of  39. 

Bail  Admiral^.    See  Admiralty  Bail. 

Bailey.  U.S.  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Morris 
Heights,  1899.)  Length,  205  ft. ;  beam,  19  ft.  ; 
draught,  6    ft. ;    displacement,    235 ;    armament, 

4  6-pdr.,  2  tubes;  Hp.,  5,0003=30  kts.;  coal, 
20  tons. 

Bailey  and  Leetham  Line.    See  Wilson  Line. 

Baittbridge.  U.S.  torpedo-boat  destroyer  (1900). 
Displacement,  426  tons ;  complement,  64 ;  guns 
3  14-pdr.,  5  6-pdr. ;  torpedo  tubes,  2  i8-in., 
amidships  and  aft.;  Hp.,  8,000=29  kts.;  coal, 
139  tons. 

Baionette.  French  gun -boat,  twin  screw.  Of 
Uttle  fighting  value.  Guns,  2  3' 5 -in. ;  speed 
(nominally),  9  kts. 

Baker,  Frederick  Wallace  (b.  September  29, 
1870).  American  Naval  architect.  Graduated 
from  the  Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technology  ; 
afterwards  attending  lectures  at  the  Glasgow 
University.  Has  been  actively  engaged  in  ship- 
building, and  served  during  the  Spanish-American 
war  on  board  the  U.S.  Monterey,  Holds  the 
position    of    Constructor    to    the    Lake   Torpedo 


Boat  Co.  Member  of  the  Institution  of  Naval 
Architects,  and  of  the  American  Society  Naval 
Engineers. 

Baker.  Sir  Benjamin,  K.O.B.,  cr  1902 ;  K.C.M.O. 
1890.  English  Civil  Engineer  (b.  1840).  In  con- 
junction with  Sir  John  Fowler  he  designed  and 
superintended  the  construction  of  the  Forth  Bridge, 
1882.  Consulting  engineer  for  the  Nile  Reservoir. 
For  services  rendered  was  decorated  with  ist  Class, 
Medjidie. 

Balance  Log.    See  Lug. 

Balance  ReeL  A  reef  band  that  crosses  a  sail 
diagonally  from  outer  head-earing  to  the  tack. 

Balohen,  AdmL  Sir  John  (1670-1774).  Com- 
manded the  Chester  in  1707  when  she  was  captured, 
and  two  years  later  was  again  captured  by  Duguay 
Trouin's  squadron  when  commanding  the  Glouces- 
ter, Commanded  the  Shrewsbury  at  Cape  Passaro 
1 7 18.  Was  lost  in  the  Victory,  no  guns,  when 
that  vessel  was  wrecked  on  the  Casquet  Rocks 
off  Aldemey,  October  4, 1774. 

Baldie.  A  small  class  of  Scotch  lugger  used  on 
the  east  coast. 

Bale-slingl.  A  long  rope  or  chain  for  hoisting 
packages. 

Bale,  To.  To  lade  water  out  of  a  boat  or  vessel 
with  buckets,  cans,  or  such  like. 

BalL  Siamese  gun-boat  (1899).  600  tons.  Of 
little  fighting  value. 

Balifte.  French  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Nor- 
mand,  1902.)  Length,  180  ft. ;  beam,  21  ft. ; 
maximum  draught,  10  ft. ;  displacement,  30b  tons  ; 
complement,  45  ;  guns,  i  9-pdr.,  6  3-pdr. ;  torpedo 
tubes,  2  1 5 -in. ;  speed,  27-30  kts. 


Ball*  Sir  Robert  Stawell,  cr.  1886.  Lawndean 
Professor  of  Astronomy  and  Geometry,  Cambridge 
University  ;  Director  of  Cambridge  Observatory  ; 
President  of  the  Royal  Astronomical  Society  (b. 
Dublin,  1840).  Educated  Abbot's  Grange,  Chester  ; 
Trin.  Col.,  Dublin.  In  1865  was  appointed  astro- 
nomer to  the  Earl  of  Rosse,  and  two  years  later 
Professor  of  Applied  Mathematics  to  the  Royal 
Irish  College  of  Science.  From  1874-92  he  held 
the  position  of  Astronomer  Royal  of  Ireland.  In 
1884  he  was  appointed  Scientific  Adviser  to  the 
Commissioners  of  Irish  Lights. 

Publications :  "  The  Story  of  the  Heavens  " 
(1885),  "  Starland  "  (1889).  "  In  Starry  Realms," 
"  In  the  High  Heavens,"  "  Time  and  Tide  "  (1889). 
"  The  Cause  of  an  Ice  Age,"  "  Atlas  of  Astronomy  " 
(1892),  "  The  Story  of  the  Sun  "  (1893).  "  Great 
Astronomers  "  (1895),  "A  Treatise  on  the  Theory 
ol  Screws"  (1900),  "The  Earth's  Beginning" 
(1901). 

Ballait  Anything  carried  for  its  weight  when 
the  cargo  is  too  Uttle  to  bring  the  vessel  sufficiently 
low  in  the  water. 


BALLIN 


6i 


BANDS 


Ballin*  Albert.  Director-General,  Hamburg- 
Amerika  Line  (b.  Hamburg.  1857).  Educated  Ham- 
burg. Has  been  connected  with  the  steamship 
business  since  his  early  boyhood,  having  been  pre- 
viously to  his  joining  the  Hamburg-Amerika  Line 
associated  with  the  Carron  Line.  From  the  time 
he  joined  the  Hamburg-Amerika  Line  it  has  steadily 
forged  ahead.  He  it  was  who  brought  about  the 
airangement  with  the  Union  Steamship  Line  (the 
amalgamation  of  the  Sloman  Line  with  the  ships  of 
Edward  Carr),  whereby  the  passenger  business 
should  be  done  under  the  direction  of  the  Ham- 
burg-Amerika Line.  Between  1883  ^^^  I905>  under 
his  management,  the  capital  of  this  enormous 
steamship  enterprise  has  increased  from  15,000,000 
to  100,000,000  marks,  the  reserve  fund  from 
3,000,000  to  24,000,000  marks,  the  profit  from 
2,000,000  to  28,000,000  marks,  and  the  fleet 
from  65,000  to  796,269  register  tons,  and  to-day  the 
vessels  under  his  control  comprise  157  ocean-going 
steamers,  with  an  aggregate  gross  tonnage  of 
957,250.  Albert  BaUin  is  more  than  a  great  man  ; 
there  is  something  of  the  ruler  in  him,  and  he 
possesses  the  faculty  of  being  capable  of  guessing 
the  needs  of  the  future.  All  the  later  vessels  of 
this  magnificent  fleet  have  been  built  under  his 
personal  direction,  and  his  genius  as  an  organiser 
is  manifest  to  those  who  have  been  fortunate 
enough  to  travel  on  such  magniflcent  floating 
palaces  as  the  Afnerika  and  Etnprsss  AugusU 
Victoria.  He  has  the  honour  of  the  friendship  of 
the  German  Emperor,  and  has  been  decorated  with 
the  Crown  Order  of  the  second  class. 

Ball  Idghtaing.  A  luminous  ball  or  globe  which 
moves  slowly  and  sometimes  bursts,  giving  rise  to 
flashes  of  lightning. 

BaUom  Sonde.  A  small  rubber  balloon  employed 
for  raising  a  meteorograph  to  obtain  a  record  of 
the  conditions  prevailing  in  the  upper  regions  of 
the  atmosphere. 

Balneology.  The  science  or  study  of  mineral 
springs  and  baths. 

Balny.  French  torpedo-boat.  (Normand,  1886.) 
Length,  134  ft. ;  beam,  11  ft. ;  draught,  7  ft.; 
displacement,  66  tons ;  complement,  21  ;  arma- 
ment, 2  i-pdr.,  2  tubes;  Hp.,  700=20  kts. ; 
coal,  12  tons. 

Balsa.  A  South  American  wood,  very  porous, 
almost  as  Ught  as  cork,  used  for  making  sturf  boats. 

Baltic  Sea.  An  inland  sea  of  North  Europe 
enclosed  by  Sweden,  Russia,  the  German  Empire, 
and  Denmark.  It  communicates  with  the  North 
Sea  by  a  channel  which  Ues  between  the  southern 
part  of  Scandinavia,  and  the  northern  peninsular 
of  Schleswig  ajid  Jutland,  and  with  the  Atlantic 
through  Skager  Rak  and  Kattegat.  Its  whole 
area,  including  the  Gulf  of  Bothnia,  is  about 
160,000  geographical  square  miles;    it  is  about 


900  miles  long,  and  its  greatest  width  between 
Karlskrona  and  Memel  is  slightly  over  200  miles. 
It  has  three  large  arms — Gulf  of  Bothnia,  Gulf  of 
Finland,  Gulf  of  Riga,  and  several  bays,  as  the 
Bay  of  Danzig,  Kiel  Bay  and  Neustadter  Bay.  Its 
depth  rarely  exceeds  100  fathoms,  and  along  the 
southern  coast  its  shallowness  is  a  great  obstacle 
to  navigation.  It  is  fed  by  numerous  rivers,  some 
of  them  of  considerable  size,  such  as  the  Neva, 
Duna,  Niemen,  Vistula,  Oder,  Gotaelf,  Lulea,  Tur- 
nea.  The  salinity  of  the  water  is  very  much  below 
that  of  oceanic  water,  and  varies  greatly  at  different 
seasons.  The  summer  temperature  of  the  surface 
water  is  about  63**.  In  severe  winters  the  Gulf 
of  Bothnia  becomes  frozen  from  shore  to  shore,  and 
each  winter  the  smaller  bays  and  creeks,  particu- 
larly those  on  the  north  part  of  the  sea  are  frozen 
over,  and  suspend  navigation.  The  Kaiser  Wil- 
helm  or  Nord  Ostee  Canal  from  i^el  to  the  mouth 
of  the  Elbe  affords  a  short  cut  between  the  Baltic 
and  the  North  Sea. 

Baltic  Segel  Clab.    See  Segel  Club  Baltic. 

Baltic  Steamship  Company,  owned  and  managed 
by  Messrs.  A.  Coker  and  Co..  Liverpool,  have  a 
steamer  which  trades  between  Liverpool  and  the 
Baltic  ports,  taking  cargo  as  inducement  offers. 

Fleet. 
Ivy. 


I.    Old    U.S.    cruiser    (1888).     Recon- 
structed 1 90 1. 
Length  325  ft.  Beam  48ft.  Maximum  draught  24ft. 
Displacement  4,600  tons.    Complement  395. 

Guns.  Armour, 

12—6  in.  "  Steel." 

6—14  pdr.  4  in.  Deck. 

4 — 6  pdr.  3  in.  Conning  tower. 

2—3  pdr. 
6 — I  pdr. 
2  Colts. 

Torpedo  Tubes, 
5  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.   Hp.  forced,  10,000  a  20  kts.    Coal 
maximum  900  tons. 

Banco.    A  Continental  term  for  bank  money. 

Bancroft  U.S.  gun-boat.  (Elizabeth  Point, 
1892.) 

Length  187ft.  Beam  32ft.  Maximum  draught  13ft. 
Displacement  839  tons.    Complement  195. 
Guns.  Armour, 

4—4  in.  "  Steel." 

8 — 3  pdr.  \  in.  Deck. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
I  Above  water. 
Hp.  1,200=14  kts.     Coal  maximum  136  tons. 

Bands  (Naval).  Any  ship  in  the  Royal  Navy 
when  the  commander  bears  the  rank  of  post- 
captain  or .  that  of  a  superior  officer  is  entitled 
to  possess  a  band.    The  number  of  performers 


BANGALORE 


62 


BARCLAY 


range  from  10  to  15,  consisting  of  band-master, 
band -corporal,  and  bandsmen.  In  1893  ^  o®w 
Royal  Naval  School  of  Music  was  opened  at 
Melville  Hospital.  Chatham.  Refer  to  Naval 
Education. 

Bangalore.  East  Indiaman.  On  April  12. 
1802,  this  vessel  was  lost  in  the  Indian  Ocean. 

Bank.  Rising  ground  in  the  sea,  composed  of 
sand,  mud  or  gravel,  not  rock. 

Banker.  A  vessel  employed  in  deep-sea  cod- 
fishery  on  the  Banks  of  Newfoundland. 

Bankson,  Lloyd  (b.  Philadelphia.  November  15, 
1857).  Naval  Constructor,  U.S.  Navy  (1896). 
Educated  University  of  Pennsylvania,  Degree  of 
B.S.  1877;  entered  U.S.  Naval  Academy  1879; 
completing  ten  years'  course ;  acted  as  Assistant 
Engineer,  Philadelphia  Water  Department,  1883-86. 
In  1890  was  given  the  degree  of  Ing^ni^r  £cole 
d 'Application  du  G^nie  Maritime,  Paris.  Assistant 
Engineer  U.S.  Navy  1883-89;  Assistant  Naval 
Constructor  U.S.  Navy,  1889-96 ;  Naval  Con- 
structor U.S.  Navy,  1896. 

Banshee.  British  torpedo-boat  destroyer. 
(Birkenhead,  1894.)  Length,  210  ft. ;  beam,  19  ft. ; 
draught,  7^  ft. ;  displacement,  290  tons ;  comple- 
ment, 50;  armament,  i  12-pdr.,  5  6-pdr.,  2  tubes; 
twin  screw ;  Hp.,  4,500=27  kts ;  coal,  60  tons. 

Banyan-day.  A  term  applied  to  a  fast-day, 
when  oatmeal  was  issued  in  lieu  of  meat. 

Baptiite  de  Andrade.  Portuguese  gun-boat. 
220  tons.     Of  no  fighting  value. 

Bar.  A  shoal  or  bank,  sand,  shingle,  or  gravel 
thrown  up  by  the  sea  which  endangers  navigation. 

Barbadoes.  14  guns.  In  October,  1780,  this 
vessel  was  lost  in  a  storm  in  the  West  Indies. 

Barbette.  A  fixed  armoured  breast  work  behind 
which  the  heavy  guns  of  a  ship  are  mounted,  the 
guns  revolve  on  turntables  within,  their  after-ends 
being  protected  by  means  of  armoured  hoods.  The 
Temetaire  in  1876  was  the  first  British  armour-clad 
to  be  fitted  with  barbettes. 

Barcelo.  Spanish  torpedo-boat.  (Gaarden, 
1886.)  Length,  117  ft.;  beam,  12  ft.;  draught, 
6  ft.  ;  displacement,  63  tons  ;  armament,  2  i-pdr., 
2  tubes;  Hp.,  660=20  kts. 

Barclay,  Curie  and  Oo.,  Ltd.»  Whiteinch, 
Glasgow.  This  firm  is  the  oldest  established 
concern  in  the  upper  reaches  of  the  river,  the 
yard  at  Whiteinch  being  just  outside  the  city  of 
Glasgow. 

The  origin  of  this  shipbuilding  business  goes  back 
to  1818,  when  Robert  Barclay,  a  shipbuilder  who 
had  only  Hmited  means  at  his  command,  but  was  a 
man  of  great  initiative,  established  a  small  yard  at 
Stobcross.  His  son,  also  named  Robert,  extended 
the  range  of  his  business,  and  as  the  work  of 


excavating  the  channel  and  deepening  the  Clyde 
progressed  larger  and  larger  ships  and  steamers 
were  built  at  Stobcross. 

In  184s  Messrs.  Robert  Curie  and  James  Hamil- 
ton became  partners  in  the  firm,  and  the  title  by 
which  it  has  been  known  for  sixty  years  past  was 
then  assumed — Barclay,  Curie  and  Co. 

Under  the  management  of  John  Ferguson,  in 
1847,  this  shipyard,  which  had  meanwhile  become 
the  largest  repairing  works  on  the  Clyde,  com- 
menced building  iron  vessels.  This  new  departure 
brought  in  so  much  work  that  all  the  available 
space  was  occupied  by  stocks,  whilst  as  the  dimen- 
sions of  ships  had  likewise  been  increasing,  the 
repairing  slips  became  insufficient  for  their  purpose. 

The  celebrated  clippers  that  were  built  by  the 
firm  gained  for  it  such  a  reputation  that  in  1855 
it  became  necessary  to  purchase  a  piece  of  land  at 
Whiteinch.  about  53,000  square  metres  in  extent, 
for  the  establishment  of  new  shipbuilding  and 
engineering  works.  Two  years  afterwards,  in  1857, 
the  Mr.  John  Ferguson  above  mentioned  and 
Mr.  Andrew  Maclean  (now  Sir  Andrew)  became 
partners  in  the  firm,  of  which  the  latter  had  for 
several  years  been  commercial  manager.  About 
the  same  time,  Mr.  Archibald  Gilchrist,  who  was 
at  the  head  of  the  engineering  works,  also  joined 
the  company. 

New  ground  was  purchased  in  i858^at  Stobcross 
for  the  enlargement  of  the  shops,  but  in  1874  the 
building  slips  there  had  to  be  given  up  to  the  Clyde 
Trustees  in  connection  with  the  extension  of  the 
Harbour,  and  the  work  that  had  hitherto  been 
carried  on  there  was  transferred  to  Clydeholm 
Shipbuilding  Yard,  Whiteinch,  Glasgow. 

In  1878  the  firm  of  Barclay.  Curie  and  Co. 
purchased  the  property  of  Jordanvale,  comprising 
about  130,000  square  metres  of  land,  with  the 
intention  of  making  dry  docks  there. 

In  1884  the  firm  was  converted  into  a  limited 
company,  and  Mr.  James  Williamson,  shipbuilder, 
afterwards  Director  of  Dockyards  at  the  British 
Admiralty,  joined  the  Board  of  Directors,  with 
Mr.  John  Ferguson  as  chairman. 

The  management  of  the  concern  is  now  in  the 
hands  of  Messrs.  James  Gilchrist,  chairman,  William 
Russell  Ferguson,  and  Andrew  Maclean,  joint 
managers  of  the  business,  sons  of  the  late  Arch. 
Gilchrist,  J.P.,  late  John  Ferguson,  J. P.,  and  late 
Sir  Andrew  Maclean,  K.T.,  respectively.  They 
have  the  assistance  of  two  very  capable  young 
gentlemen,  Mr.  Noel  E.  Peck,  Yard  Manager  for 
the  Naval  Architecture  Department,  properly  so 
called,  and  the  construction  of  the  hulls  ;  and  Mr. 
Chas.  Randolph  Smith,  Engineer  Manager  for  the 
Engineering  Department  for  the  propelling  ma- 
chinery. These  two  managers  also  are  descended 
from  families  of  Naval  Constructors,  for  in  this 
firm  everything  is  hereditary. 

It  might  be  said  that  the  reputation  of  this  yard 
is  due  to  the  accumulated  labours  of  very  many 


BARENTS 


63 


BARHAM 


men  of  genius,  everyone  of  whom  has  left  an 
inheritance  of  means  and  experience,  of  which 
successors  have  diligently  taken  advantage. 

The  present  prosperity  of  the  company  is  cer- 
tainly a  consequence  of  this  tradition,  but  not 
divorced  from  that  spirit  of  enterprise  that  soars 
above  its  surroundings  and  transforms  the  directing 
body  into  a  homogeneous  entity  prompt  to  respond 
to  the  influence  of  the  times  and  to  profit  by  every 
favouring  circumstance. 

At  present  the  firm  owns  a  shipbuilding  yard  at 
Whiteinch,  occupying  80,000  square  metres  of  land, 
¥rith  six  <x  seven  stocks  large  enough  for  the  build- 
ing of  vessels  up  to  180  metres  in  length.  The 
engineering  works  at  Stobcross  are  on  the  Admi- 
ralty list  for  engines  of  13,000  Hp.  The  boiler 
works  at  Kelvinhaugh,  like  the  engineering  works, 
have  an  outfit  of  machine  tools  of  most  modem 
type,  and  can  turn  out  boilers  of  any  size.  At 
Kelvinhaugh  there  are  also  the  Dry  Docks,  capable 
of  taking  in  steamers  up  to  170  metres  in  length. 
At  Finnieston  Street  there  are  the  repairing  works 
which  are  so  oi^^anised  that  repairs  can  be  executed 
with  the  utmost  speed.  There  new  shafts  can 
also  be  fitted  in  an  exceedingly  short  time. 

At  the  present  time  Barclay,  Curie  and  Co., 
Ltd.,  are  undertaking  the  construction  of  their 
469th  vessel,  and  their  annual  production  exceeds 
43,000  tons.  Among  their  regular  patrons  are : 
The  P.  and  O.  Co.,  Pacific  Steafai  Navigation  Co., 
British  India  Co.,  City  Line,  Allan  line,  Ellerman 
Lines,  •  Beaver  Line,  African  JRojral  Mail  Co., 
Messrs.  Elder,  Dempster  and  Co.,  Union-Castle  Co., 
etc.  For  the  last-mentioned  company,  which,  as 
is  well  known,  is  managed  by  Sir  Donald  Currie, 
this  yard  has  built  about  60  steamers. 

For  the  P.  and  O.  Company  they  built  the 
Sicilia  and  the  Dangola,  and  many  other  twin- 
screw  steamers ;  recently  they  have  constructed 
for  the  Pacific  Mail  Co.,  the  Oriana,  of  8,066 
tons,  one  of  the  largest  steamers  classified  in 
Lloyd's  Register  last  year,  and  in  June  of  this 
year  they  launched  a  steamer  of  12,000  tons  gross 
register,  and  10,000  Hp.  for  the  Allan  Line  Royal 
Mail  Service  between  Liverpool,  Quebec,  and 
Montreal. 

Barents,  Willem.  Dutch  navigator.  Was  pilot 
of  three  unsuccessful  expeditions  to  discover  the 
North-West  Passage.  His  third  voyage  was  the 
most  important,  as  on  June  19  Spitzbergen  was 
discovered  and  the  whole  western  coast  and  part 
of  the  northern  examined.  He  sailed  round  the 
north-western  end  of  Nova  iZembIa,  and  his  com- 
pany were  the  first  Europeans  to  ever  face  an 
Arctic  winter.  He  died  on  June  19,  1597,  and  was 
buried  in  the  midst  of  his  discoveries,  and  it  was 
not  until  1871  that  a  Norwegian,  Captain  Carlson, 
came  upon  Barents'  vdnter  quarters,  and  in  1875 
recovered  part  of  his  diary.  Refer  to  Arctic 
Exploration. 


Bare  polet.  The  condition  of  a  ship  at  sea 
without  any  sails  set. 

Barflenr.  British  ist  class  battleship.  (Chat- 
ham, 1892.) 

Length  360  ft.  Beam  70ft.  Maximum  draught  27ft. 
Displacement  (since  reconstruction)  11,000  tons. 

Complement  620. 
Guns.  A  rmour, 

4 — 10  in.,  30  cal.  "  Compound  Harvey." 
10 — 6  in.  12  in.  Belt  amidships. 

8 — 6  pdr.  9  in.  Barbettes. 

12 — 3  pdr.  12  in.  Conning  tower. 

2 — 9  pdr.  Boat. 
2  Maxims. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
2  Submerged. 
I  Above  water  stern. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  natural  9,000=17  lets.,  forced 
I3,oooecz8'5  kts.    Coal  maximum  1,125  ^ons. 
Approximate  cost  £620,000, 
This  ship-name  dates  in  the  Navy  from  1697,  and 
commemorates  the  Anglo-Dutch  victory  over  the 
French  at  Cape  Barfleur,  May,  1692 ;  Vigo  Bay, 
1702;    battle  ofF  Cape   Passaro,  }7iS:    Graves's 
action  off  the  Chesapeake.  1781 ;  Hood's  action  with 
De  Grasse,  1782;  Rodney's  action  with  De  Grasse, 
1782  ;  the   battle  of  "  The  Glorious  First  of  June," 
1794 ;    Bridport's  action  off  I.  Groix,  1795  ;    St. 
Vincent,  1797  ;  Calder's  action  off  Ferrol,  1805. 

Barflenr,  Battle  of  Gape.  On  May  19,  1692,  the 

French  Navy  was  destroyed  by  Admiral   Russel 
after  the  victory  of  La  Hogue. 

Barflenr  light,  established  1893,  ^  ^  two-flash 
light  every  ten  seconds  ;  duration  of  flash  one-fifth 
to  two-fifths  second ;  candle  power,  3,500,000  ; 
illuminant,  electricity. 

Barge.  A  long  slight  spacious  boat  for  the  use  of 
admirals  and  captains  of  ships  of  war. 

Barge,  Stealing  from,  is  a  felony,  punishable  under 
the  Larceny  Act  (1861)  by  penal  servitude  for  not 
less  than  three  or  more  than  fourteen  years,  or  by 
imprisonment  for  not  more  than  two  years,  with  or 
without  hard  labour.  The  offence,  which  may  be 
tried  at  Quarter  Sessions,  consists  of  "  the  felonious 
removal  or  carrying  away  of  any  goods  or  mer- 
chandise in  any  vessel,  barge,  or  boat  in  any  haven, 
or  in  any  port  of  entry  or  discharge,  or  upon  any 
navigable  river  or  canal,  or  in  any  creek  or  basin 
belonging  to  or  communicating  with  any  such 
haven,  port,  river,  or  canal. 

Barhanu  British  3rd  class  cruiser  (1889). 
Reconstructed  1899. 

LeoQgth  280  ft.  Beam  35ft.  Maximum  draught  i6ft. 
Displacement  1,830  tons.    Complement  169. 
Guns,  Armour, 

6— 47  in-  "Steel." 

4 — 3  pdr.  2  in.  Deck  amidships. 

I  in.  Deck  ends. 


BARHAM 


64 


BARNEY 


Twin  screw, 
mum  140  tons. 


Torpedo  Tubes. 
2  Above  water. 
Hp.  4,700=19  kts- 


Coal  maxi- 


Barham,  Lord  Oharles  Kiddelton  (1726-1813). 
British  admiral  and  Controller  of  the  Navy,  1778-90. 
First  Lord  of  the  Admiralty  and  created  Baron 
Barham  1805  ;  vice-admiral,  1793  ;  full  admiral, 
1795.     He  never,  however,  hoisted  his  flag  afloat. 

Bark.    See  Barque. 

Barkentine.    See  Barquantine. 

Barlow,   Bear-Admiral   Charles  Jamee.    D.S.O. 

1887  (b.  1848).  Entered  Navy  1862  ;  Lieutenant 
of  Inflexible  at  the  bombardment  of  Alexandria, 
1882  ;  landed  with  and  commanded  a  party  which 
held  one  of  the  gates  of  the  town  until  relieved  by 
troops  ;  served  on  shore  in  command  of  an  outpost 
near  Port  Said  (Egyptian  medal,  Alexandria  clasp, 
Khedive's  Bronze  Star,  Osmanieh  4th  Class) ; 
Comihander  of  the  Btu^chanU  flag ;  served  with 
Naval  Brigade  landed  during  Burma  Annexation 
war  1885-86 ;  '  mentioned  in  naval  and  military 
despatches.  General  Sir  H.  Prendergast  in  his 
despatch  stated  that :  "  Commander  Barlow's 
march  of  120  miles  through  the  country  with  a 
detachment  of  bluejackets  reflects  great  credit  on 
that  ofiicer  and  his  pairty."  D.S.O.  for  these  ser* 
vices  ;  promoted  to  captain  (India  medal,  Burma, 
1885-87,  clasp). 

Bamaby,  Sir  Nathanielt  K.O.B.,  cr.  1885  (b. 
Chatham,  1829).  Educated  Chatham,  Sheemess, 
Portsmouth.  Attached  to  the  office  of  the  Con- 
troller of  the  Navy  from  1854-85  ;  as  overseer  of 
ships  of  war  building  for  the  Crimean  operations  ; 
as  Admiralty  draughtsman  and  calculator ;  as 
assistant  to  the  officers  of  Chatham  Dockyard  in 
devising  the  structural  arrangements  of  H.M.S. 
Bellerophon  and  subsequent  iron  ships  ;  as  assistant 
constructor ;  then  chief  naval  architect,  and 
finally  as  Director  of  Naval  Construction  at  White- 
hall, in  succession  to  Sir  Edward  Reed  {q.v.). 
Was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Institution  of  Naval 
Architects  in  i860.  Was  instrumental  in  eflecting, 
through  the  influence  of  the  Boards  of  Admiralty 
and  the  co-operation  of  Lloyd's  Surveyors,  great 
and  much-needed  changes  in  the  division  of  large 
passenger  ships  by  watertight  bulkheads,  and  in  the 
material  of  their  construction.  Was  created 
C.B.  1876,  and  K.C.B.  1885.  On  the  latter  occasion 
Lord  Northbrook  {q.v.),  then  First  Lord  of  the 
Admiralty,  said  the  appointment  was  to  mark  the 
appreciation  of  "  distinguished  service  and  un- 
wearied application  as  Director  of  Naval  Con- 
struction." Has  been  decorated  with  the  following 
foreign  orders : — Commander  of  the  Order  of  the 
Dennebrog,  Denmark,  1873  ;  of  the  Royal  Military 
Order  of  "Our  Lord  Jesus  Christ."  Portugal, 
1875  ;  and  of  the  Rose  of  Brazil,  1883. 


Publications :  "  Abridgnnents  of  Specifications 
relating  to  Shipbuilding,"  etc.,  from  161 8  to  the 
present  time,  first  two  volumes  1862 ;  articles 
"  Navy  and  Shipbuilding  "  in  "  Encyclopaedia 
Britannica,"  9th  edition  ;  "  Naval  Development 
of  the  Nineteenth  Century." 

Barnacle  {lepas  anatifera).  A  name  applied 
to  a  species  of  shell  fish,  often  found  sticking  by  its 
pedicle  to  the  bottom  of  ships,  doing  little  or  no 
injury  beyond  that  of  deadening  the  w^ay. 

Bamei»  Frederick  Kynastoii  (b.  February  11, 
1826).  British  naval  architect.  Served  an  appren- 
ticeship of  six  years  at  the  Pembroke  Dockyard, 
and  in  May,  1848,  was  selected  as  a  student  on  the 
establishment  of  the  School  of  Naval  Construction, 
under  the  direction  of  the  late  Joseph  WooUcy, 
LL.D.  He  remained  there  for  three  years,  and  took 
first  place  in  the  final  examination,  and  was  selected 
for  another  year's  study  at  that  ccdlege.  In  1852 
joined  Dockyard  as  draughtsman,  and  in  July,  1853, 
he  was  appointed  on  the  Naval  Construction  stafi 
of  the  Admiralty.  In  1856  he  made  a  tour  of  the 
French  Imperial  Dock3rard,  and  many  large  private 
establishments ;  prior  to  this  date  very  little  was 
known  of  the  resources  of  the  French  dockyards  or 
private  shipbuilding  establishments.  In  i860  when 
the  Institution  of  Naval  Ar^tects  was  founded 
he  was  one  of  the  first  members,  and  later  became 
vice-president.  In  1862  was  appointed  to  the 
Thames  Ironworks,  Blackwall,  to  superintend  the 
construction  of  one  of  the  early  ironclads,  the 
Minotaur,  and  to  complete  the  details  of  the  design 
of  that  class.  In  1864  ^^  appointed  Assistant 
Constructor  of  the  Navy,  which  post  he  held  until 
the  retirement  of  Sir  Edward  Reed  (q.v.).  Was 
tiien  appointed  Constructor  of  the  Navy  and 
member  of  the  Council  of  Construction  under  the 
presidency  of  Sir  Nathaniel  Bamaby,  K.C.B.  {q.v.). 
In  1872  he  was  appointed  surveyor  of  dockyards, 
which  office  he  held  until  his  retirement  in  1886. 

Publications :  Several  papers  published  by  the 
Institution  of  Naval  Architects,  notably  one  on  the 

Stability  of  Ships,"  1861.     Was  joint  author  of 

Shipbuilding :  Theoretical  and  Practical,"  of 
which  the  late  Professor  MacQueen  Rankine  was 
the  chief  author. 

Bamett*  Barnes  Bennie  (b.  Johnstone.  Septem- 
ber 6,  1864).  British  naval  architect.  Educated 
Glasgow  University.  Served  apprenticeship  with 
Mr.  G.  L.  Watson,  Glasgow.  Gained  South 
Kensington  medal  for  Naval  Architecture.  In 
1889  was  appointed  in  charge  of  Mr.  G.  L.  Watson's 
office,  and  on  the  death  of  that  famous  architect 
he  succeeded  to  the  business.  Is  consulting 
naval  architect  to  the  Royal  National  Lifeboat 
Institution. 

Barney.  U.S.  torpedo-boat  (1900).  Displace- 
ment, 167  tons;  guns,  3  i-pdr. ;  torpedo  tubes. 
3  i8-in. ;  speed,  28  kts. 


€t 


(« 


BAROCYCLONOMETER 


65 


BARRY 


BafoofdonoiBets.  An  instrument  for  ascer- 
taining the  position,  distance,  and  direction  oi 
advance  oi  a  cyclone  or  revolving  storm. 

Barogram.  The  trace  marked  on  paper  by  a 
barograph. 

BarognplL    A  self-recording  barometer. 

Barometer.  An  instrument  for  measuring  the 
pressure  of  the  atmosphere. 

Baron  Line*  owned  and  managed  by  Messrs.  H. 
Hogarth  and  Sons,  with  their  head  o/iices  in 
Glasgow,  have  a  fleet  of  nine  lacge  steamers  engaged 
principally  in  general  trade  to  Indian  ports  and  the 
Far  East.  Two  of  the  steamers  maintain  a  monthly 
service  between  Glasgow  and  Lisbon  and  Huelva. 
This  line  also  have  five  large  sailing  ships  which 
trade  to  the  colonies. 

Fleet. 
Ardnamurchan,  Baron  Faitlie, 

Ballachulish,  Baron  Huntiy, 

Baron  Ardrossan.  Baron  Jnnerdale. 

Baron  Balfour,  Baron  Kelvin, 

Baron  Cawdor,  Corryvrechan, 

Baron  Dalmeny,  Machrihanish. 

Baron  Eldon,  Ochtertyre, 

Barqaantine.  The  diminutive  of  barque.  A 
vessel  carrying  a  barque's  full  square-rigged  fore- 
mast, but  fore-and-aft  rigged  on  main  and  mizzen 
masts. 

Barqoe.  A  name  given  to  small  three-masted 
vessels  with  only  fore-and-aft  sails  on  her  missen 
mast. 

Bazrack8»  HavaL    S00  Naval  EstabUshments. 

Barratry  is  wilful  misconduct  with  criminal 
intent  committed  by  the  master  or  crew  of  a  vessel 
in  violation  of  their  duty  to  the  shipowner,  and 
without  the  connivance  of  the  latter.  (Atkinson  v. 
Great  Western  Insurance  Co.,  L.T.  Rep.,  v.  27, 
p.  103.) 

If  the  captain  is  owner  of  the  vessel  he  commands, 
he  cannot,  of  course,  commit  barratry  against 
himself ;  but  if  he  is  only  k  part  owner,  he  may 
do  so  against  the  other  shareholders.  (Amould, 
4th  ed.,p.  713.)  If  a  vessel  is  under  charter,  and 
entire  control  and  management  are  vested  in  the 
charterer,  any  act  with  criminal  intent,  committed 
by  the  master  or  crew,  in  violation  of  their  duty, 
constitutes  barratry  against  the  charterer,  even 
though  it  should  have  been  connived  at  by  the 
general  owner.  (Vallejo  v,  Wheeler.)  An  act 
of  known  illegality  is  barratry  though  not  intended 
to  defraud  the  owners.  If  owing  to  the  mutinous 
violence  of  the  crew  the  master  is  compelled  to 
deviate  from  his  course,  this  is  "  barratry  of  the 
mariners  " ;  but,  on  the  other  hand,  repeated  acts 
of  smuggling  by  the  crew,  which  might  have  been 
prevented  by  due  watchfulness  on  the  part  of  the 
master  or  owner,  will  not,  even  if  they  result  in 


the  confiscation  of  the  ship,  give  rise  to  a  claim  on 
the  underwriters  under  this  head.  (McArthur  on 
Marine  Insurance,  p.  131  ;  Amould,  4th  ed.,  p. 
712.) 

Unless  expressly  exempt  by  the  terms  of  his 
contract,  a  shipowner  is  liable  to  the  owner  of  the 
cargo  for  barratrous  acts  of  his  servants,  by  which 
the  cargo  is  damaged  (Abbott,  492),  but  damage 
to  goods  in  a  collision  caused  by  the  negligence  of 
those  on  board  is  not  a  loss  by  barratry.  (Grill 
V,  General  Iron  Screw  Collier  Co.,  L.R.,  3  C.P.,476.) 

Barrloa.    A  small  cask  for  water  carried  in  boats. 

Barrington,  Samuel  (1729- 1800).  British  admi- 
ral. Served  under  Hawk  at  Basque  Road,  and  in 
1 76 1  with  Keppel  at  Belle  Isb ;  became  Com- 
mander-in-Chief of  the  West  Indies,  1778,  and 
second  in  command  to  Byron  in  the  action  off 
Grenada.  1779 ;  was  present  at  the  reUef  of 
Gibraltar,  1782;   promoted  admiral,  1797. 

Barrow  Taoht  Olab,  Royal.  Sm  Royal  Barrow 
Yacht  Qub. 

Barroio.     Brazilian  protected  cruiser.    (Elswick, 

1895.)    Sheathed  and  coppered. 

Length  330ft.  Beam  43  ft.  Maximum  Draught  20ft. 

Displacement   3,450  tons.     Complement  300. 

Guns.  Armour, 

6—6  in.  "  Sheet." 

4 — 4' 7  in*  3  J  ill.  Deck  amidships. 

•    10 — 6  pdr. 
4 — I  pdr. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  forced  7, 500 « 20  kts.    Coal 
maximum  850  tons. 


U.S.  torpedo-boat  destroyer  (1900). 
Displacement,  420  tons ;  complement,  64 ;  guns, 
2  14-pdr.,  5  6-pdr. ;  torpedo  tubes,  2  18 -in., 
amidships  and  aft;  Hp.,  8,000^=29  kts.;  coal, 
139  tons. 

Barry,  John  Arthur,  Australian  novelist  (b. 
1850).  Spent  many  years  voyaging  in  all  parts  of 
the  world  in  the  Merchant  Service. 

Publications  :  "  Steve  Brown's  Bunyip  "  (1893), 
"  In  the  Great  Deep  "  (1895),  "  The  Luck  of  the 
Native  Bom"  (1898),  "The  Son  of  the  Sea" 
(1899),  "Against  the  Tides  of  Fate"  (1899), 
"  Line  and  Blue  Star  "  (1902). 

Barry,  Ralph  BnBWorth  (b.  Philadelphia,  1868). 
American  Naval  Architect.  Apprentice  at  Roache's 
Shipyard  and  at  Delamaster's.  Educated  Steven's 
Institute  and  Cornell  University ;  was  chief 
draughtsman  with  the  Union  Ironworks,  later 
with  the  Newport  News  Shipbuilding  and  Dry  Dock 
Co. ;  heutenant  U.S.  Navy  during  the  Spanish- 
American  war,  and  now  calculating  draughtsman, 
Bureau  Construction  and  Repair  U.S.  Navy ; 
certificates  as  master  of  sail  and  steam  vesseb,  and 
as  pilot  for  New  York,  Savannah,  and  San  Fran- 
cisco; Associate  of  the  Institution  of  Naval 
Architects;   member  of  the  Am.   Society  Naval 

D 


BARRY 


66 


BAYLEY 


Architects  and  Marine  Engineers,  the  Am.  Society 
Naval  Engineers,  U.S.  Naval  Institute,  and  Inter< 
national  Congress  of  Navigation. 

Bany  Dock  News.  Established  1887.  Pub- 
lished weekly  (Friday).  Price  id.  Address : 
Barry  Docks,  Glamorgan. 

Bart,  Jean  (165 1 -1702)  (b.  Dunkirk).  Entered 
the  Dutch  Navy,  but  when  war  broke  out  between 
Louis  IV.  he  joined  the  French  forces,  and  gained 
distinction  in  the  Mediterranean,  where  he  held  a 
sort  of  roving  commission,  not  then  being  eligible 
for  command  in  the  Navy,  owing  to  his  low  birth. 
His  success,  however,  was  so  great  that  he  was 
given  a  commission  and  rose  rapidly  to  the  rank  of 
captain  and  then  to  that  of  admiral,  and  he 
became  a  popular  hero  of  the  French  Naval  Service. 

See  Reichar/*  Vie  de  Jean  Bart,"  1870 ;  Vanderest, 
"  Histoire  de  Jean  Bart." 

Basilisk.  British  sloop  (1,170  tons,  14*7  kts.). 
Launched  1889. 

Bafriliimft  Olga.  Greek  gun-boat.  Of  no  fighting 
value. 

Basane  Roads,  Battle  oL     Fought  April,  1809, 

when  14  French  ships  of  the  line  were  attacked  and 
destroyed  by  Admirals  Gambia  and  Cochrane.  At 
a  court-martial  brought  about  by  Admiral  Cochrane, 
who  accused  Admiral  Gambia  of  neglecting  to 
support  him  in  this  battle,  Admiral  Gambia  was 
acquitted. 

Bat.  British  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Jarrow, 
1896.)  Length,  215  ft.;  beam,  20  ft.;  draught, 
6|  ft. ;  displacement,  326  tons ;  complement,  60. 
armament,  i  12-pdr.,  5  6-pdr.,  2  tubes;  twin 
screw  ;   Hp.,  6,1853=30  kts. ;   coal,  91  tons. 

Batavia  Line.  Nederlandsche  Stoomboot-Maats- 
chappij.  W.  H.  Miiller  and  Co.,  with  their  head 
offices  in  Rotterdam,  have  a  fleet  of  eleven  steamers, 
four  of  which  maintain  daily  service  between 
London  and  Rotterdam,  in  connection  with  the 
steamers  of  the  Nederland  Rhine  Steam  Navigation 
Co.,  which  ply  between  Rotterdam  and  all  places  on 
the  Rhine  as  far  as  Mannheim,  the  remainder  of 
the  fleet  being  used  in  a  cargo  carrying  capacity 
in  different  parts  of  the  world. 

Fleet. 

Balavia  II.  Caledonia. 

Batavia  III.  Grangesberg. 

Batavia  I  V.  Hispania. 

Batavia   V.  Iberia. 

Batavia   VI.  Rhenania. 

Tuetonia. 
Gross  tonnage,  20,000. 

Bates,  Linden  Wallace  (b.  Marshfield,  Vt., 
November  19,  1856).  Marine  engineer.  Educated 
Chicago  High  School  and  Yale ;  was  surveyor  on 
Northern  Pacific  Railroad,  assistant-engineer 
Northern   Pacific   and   Oregon   Pacific   Railroads ; 


connected  with  various  railway,  dock,  and 
contracts  in  Oregon.  Washington,  Montana,  Kansas, 
Missouri,  Illinois,  Ix)uisiana,  Califomia,  for  lUl  the 
transcontinental  railways  ;  built  by  contract  mam- 
moth dredge  Beta  for  U.S.  Government ;  employed 
to  prepare  reports  and  projects  for  improvement  of 
port  of  Antwerp ;  by  Sues  Canal  Co.  on  the  en- 
largement of  the  canal ;  by  Russian  Government 
on  the  rivers  Volga,  Dnieper,  and  Bug ;  by  the 
Queensland  Government,  the  Calcutta  Port  Com- 
missioners on  the  River  Hugli ;  built  large  hydraulic 
dredge  for  Russian  Government,  the  sea-going 
dredges  Hercules,  Samson,  and  Archer  for  Queens- 
land, and  the  Lindon  Bates  for  Calcutta.  In  colla- 
boration with  leading  engineers  designated  by 
Governments  of  Russia,  Germany,  Austria,  and 
Belgium,  prepared  scheme  for  improvement  of 
Port  of  Shanghai ;  Grand  Prix,  and  decorated  by 
French  Government  for  "  distinguished  services  to 
science " ;  member  Western  Soc.  Engineers, 
Chicago ;  life  asso.  Inst.  Naval  Architects  and  of 
Inst.  Civil  Engineers  of  Great  Britain ;  member 
Soc.  Engineers  of  France. 

Bathnrai.    Argentine     torpedo-boat.     (Yarrow, 
1890.)     Length,   150  ft.;  displacement,  85   tons; 
2  tubes ;  speed  about  24  kts. 

Bathymetry.    The  measurement  of  depths. 

Battenberg,  His  Serene  Highness  Prince  Louis 
Alexander  oL  G.C.B.,  G.C.V.O.,  Personal  A.D.C.  to 
the  King  ;  captain  Royial  Navy  ;  Director  of  Naval 
InteUigence  (b.  Gratz,  May  24,  1854).  Was 
naturalised  a  British  subject  and  entered  the  Royal 
Navy  as  cadet,  1868  ;  served  in  Egyptian  war, 
1882  (medal  and  Khedive's  Star). 


Battendown.    To     secure 
exclude  the  sea-water. 


with     battens ;      to 


BatleiUL  Blocks  of  wood  tapering  from  one  to 
three  inphes  broad. 

Battery  floating.     See  Floating  Battery. 

BattiMhip.    Sm  Navy. 

Baty.  Battery.  Abbreviation  adopted  on  the 
Charts  issued  by  the  Hydrographic  Office,  Admi- 
ralty. 

Bawley  boat  A  cutter-rigged  Thames  Estuary 
fishing-boat,  without  main  boom. 

Bayan.  See  Aso.  Armoured  cruiser.  Damaged 
by  the  Japanese  at  the  action  off  Port  Arthur, 
February  25,  1904,  and  eventually  blown  up  by  the 
Russians  in  Port  Arthur  Harbour  before  capitula- 
tion, January,  1905  ;  since  raised,  refitted,  and 
added  to  the  active  list  of  the  Japanese  Navy. 

Bayenu  German  battleship  (X878) ;  7,370  tons. 
Obsolete,  of  no  fighting  value. 

Bayley,  Oapt  Edward  Henry,  C.B.  (1900),  R.N. 
(b.  December,  1849).     Educated  privately  ;   H.M.S. 


BAY 


67 


BEDFORD 


Britannia,  Entered  Navy  1863 ;  captain  1894 ; 
served  Ashantee  1873-74;  served  at  Tientsin  in 
command  of  first  British  Defence  Force ;  was 
senior  commanding  officer  of  aU  the  allied  forces, 
represented  during  the  siege  of  Tientsin,  July, 
1900 ;  subsequently  Chief -of -Stafi  to  Admiral  Sir 
Edward  Seymour  (^.v.)*  ^^<^  senior  naval  officer  at 
Tientsin  until  September,  when  all  naval  forces 
had  been  withdrawn.  Decorated  for  services 
while  in  China. 

Bay  of  Hoses,  Battle  oL  On  November  i,  1809,  a 
brilliant  naval  action  was  fought,  led  by  Lieut. 
John  Tailour,  and  ended  in  the  capture  or  destruc- 
tion of  eleven  armed  Spanish  vessels.  * 

Baieloy,  Geocget  and  Co^  Penxance.  See  Little 
Western  Steamship  Co. 

B.B.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Bremen,  Germany. 

B.C.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Bovenkarspel,  Holland. 

B.D.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Bideford,  England. 

Bdilaliiy.  Russian  torpedo-boat  destroyer  (1906). 
Length,  185  ft. ;  beam,  ai  f t. ;  draught,  7^  ft. ; 
displacement,  324  tons  ;  complement,  60 ;  arma- 
ment I,  12-pdr.,  5  3-pdr.,  2  tubes;  twin  screw; 
Hp.,  5,600=26  kts.  ;  coal,  100  tons. 

BJEL  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Barnstaple,  England. 

Beaohy  Head,  Battle  6L  Fought  June  3i>,  1690, 
when  the  British  and  Dutch  Fleet,  commanded  by 
the  Earl  of  Tonington,  were  defeated  by  a  French 
force  under  Admiral  TourviUe.  The  Dutch  lost 
two  admirals,  500  men,  and  sunk  several  of  their 
ships  to  prevent  them  falling  into  the  hands  of  the 
enemy.     The  British  lost  two  ships  and  400  men. 

Beaoon«  A  signal  mark  for  the  safe  guidance  of 
shipping.     Refer  to  Lighthouse. 

Beadon,  Daores  0.  (b.  Bishopstoke,  July,  1857). 
Educated  Cheltenham  College  ;  served  apprentice- 
ship as  an  engineer  with  Messrs.  R.  and  W.  Haw- 
thorn, Leslie  and  Co.,  of  Newcastle-on-Tyne,  in 
whose  services  and  interests  he  remained  practi- 
cally since  then.  Holds  position  of  outside  manager 
in  the  marine  engine  department. 

Beak  or  Beakhead.  A  piece  of  brass  fixed  at  the 
head  of  ancient  galleys  with  which  they  rammed 
their  enemies. 

Beam.    The  extreme  width. 

Beam-ends.  A  ship  is  said  to  be  on  her  beam- 
ends  when  she  has  heeled  over  so  that  her  beams 
approach  a  vertical  position. 

Bear  a  hand.    Hasten. 


Bear  away  and  bear  op.  To  steer  farther  from 
the  wind. 

Bearding.  The  angular  fore  part  of  the  rudder 
at  the  side  of  the  stem  post. 

Bearing.    The  direction. 

Beat.     In  sea  phraseology  to  excel  in  speed. 

Beaofort,  Sir  Francis  (i774'iS57).  British  rear- 
admiral.  Entered  Navy  1787,  and  was  present  at 
Lord  Howe's  action  of  June  i,  1794.  Promoted 
commander  1800,  and  captain  1810.  From  1832-55 
he  acted  as  hydrographer  to  the  Admiralty. 

Beanfort's  Scale.  Devised  by  Admiral  Sir  F. 
Beaufort,  and  now  in  general  use^for  estimating 
the  force  of  the  wind. 

Beantoy.  On  February  20,  1823,  Mr.  Weddel, 
R.N.,  in  command  of  this  vessel,  penetrated  as  far 
south  as  74®  15'  S. 

Beaamont»  Vioe-Admiral  Sir  Lewis  Anthony, 
K.C.1L0.,  K.C.B.  (b.  May  19,  1847).  Entered  Navy 
i860 ;  served  Arctic  expedition,  1875-76  (Arctic 
medal)  ;  private  secretary  to  Lord  Northbrook; 
First  Lord  of  the  Admiralty,  and  High  Com- 
missioner to  Egypt,  1884 ;  Director  of  Naval  In- 
telligence, 1894-99 ;  A.D.C  to  the  Queen,  1895-97  ; 
Commander-in-Chief  Australian  Station,  1900  ;  in 
personal  attendance  on  H.R.H.  the  Duke  of  Corn- 
wall and  York  during  the  Australian  tour,  1901  ; 
decorated  K.C.M.G.  for  these"services ;  K.C.B.  on 
His  Majesty's  birthday,  1904, 

Becalmed*  Implies  the  state  of  a  vessel  unable 
to  make  headway  owing  to  there  being  no  wind. 

Beoke,  George  Louis.  English  novelist  (b. 
Sydney,  New  South  Wales,  1848).  The  experience 
he  gained  between  1870  and  1893  while  trading  in 
the  South  Seas  he  turned  to  good  account  in  his 
stories  of  adventure.  Among  the  best  known  are 
"  By  Reef  and  Palm  "  (1893),  "  The  Ebbing  of  the 
Tide  "  (1896),  "  Pacific  Tales  "  {1897),  "  The  South 
Sea  Pearler  "  (1900),  "  By  Rock  and  Pool  "  (1901), 
"  Breachley  Black  Ship  "  (1902). 

Beckei     A  rope-eye  to  receive  a  knot  or  toggle. 

Bedford.  British  ist  class  cruiser.  (Fairfield, 
1901.) 

Length  440  ft     Beam  66  ft.     Mean  draught  24  ft. 
Displacement  9,800  tons.    Complement  678. 
Guns.  Armour, 

14 — 6  in.,  45  cal.         "  Krupp." 
8—12  pdr.  4  in.  Belt  amidships. 

2 — 12  pdr.,  8  cwt.     5  in.  Barbettes. 
3 — 3  pdr.  10  in.  Conning  tower. 

8  Pompoms. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.) 
2  Submerged. 
Twin  screw.   Hp.  22,000=23  kts.    Coal  maximum 
1,600  tons.   Approximate  cost  ;f775,ooo. 
This  ship-name  dates  in  the  Navy  from  1702, 

D  2 


BEDFORD 


68 


BELFAST 


and  is  associated  with  Rooke's  victory  at  Vigo, 
1702  ;  action  off  Cape  Sparco,  1703  ;  Rooke's  vic- 
tory off  Malagar,  1704 ;  capture  of  I^uisberg, 
1758 ;  expedition  to  Quebec,  1759 ;  capture  of 
Comets,  1761  ;  Rodney's  action  off  St.  Vincent, 
1780;  Grave's  action  off  the  Chesapeake,  1781  ; 
Hood's  action  with  De  Grasse,  1782;  Rodney's 
action  with  De  Grasse,  1782  ;  Hood's  occupation  of 
Toulon,  1793  ;  Hotham's  action  off  Genoa,  1795  ; 
Hotham's  action  off  Hydros,  1795  ;  Camperdown, 

1797. 

Bedford,  Admiral  Sir  Frederick  George  Deoham 

(b.  1838).  Entered  Royal  Navy  1852  ;  cadet  of  Sam- 
son, 1852-54 ;  served  during  Russian  war,  Black 
Sea  ;  present  at  the  bombardments  of  Odessa  and 
Sebastopol  (Crimean  and  Turkish  medals,  Sebas- 
topol  clasp)  ;  mid.  of  Vulture  in  the  Baltic  expedi- 
tion, 1855  ;  present  at  the  bombardment  of  Svea- 
borg  (Baltic  medal)  ;  served  Black  Sea  during 
Rus.sian  war  (Crimean  and  Turkish  medals)  ;  cap- 
tain of  Shah  at  the  engagement  %vith  the  Peruvian 
ironclad  Huascar ;  when  captain  of  Monarch  did 
excellent  work  for  the  relief  of  General  Gordon, 
1884,  and  received  the  thanks  of  the  Admiralty 
(Egyptian  medal,  Nile,  1884-85,  clasp,  Khedive's 
Bronze  Star) ;  A.D.C.to  the  Queen,  1888-91 ;  Lord 
Commissioner  of  the  Admiralty,  1889-92  ;  Com- 
mander-in-Chief Cape  of  Good  Hope  and  West 
Coast  of  South  Africa,  1892-95  ;  in  recognition  of 
services  in  the  Benin  River,  1894,  ^e  received 
K.C.B.  (general  Africa  medal,  Gambia,  1894,  Benin 
River,  1894,  Brass  River,  1895,  clasps)  ;  Second 
Sea  Lord  of  the  Admiralty,  1895  ;  Commander-in- 
Chief  North  America  and  West  Indies,  1899 ; 
G.C.B.  1902  ;  retired  1903. 

Publications:  "Sailors'  Pocket-Book,' '  "The 
Sailors'  Hand-Book,"  and  "The  Sailors'  Ready 
Reference  Book."^ 

Bed  of  river.  The,  means  the  soil  between  the 
two  adjacent  banks  between  which  the  river 
normally  flows.  In  a  navigable  tidal  river  the 
property  in  the  bed  belongs  prima  facie  if>  the 
Crown  up  to  high-water  mark,  but  it  may  be  vested 
in  a  board  of  conservators,  or  granted  to  a  private 
individual  who  takes  subject  to  all  public  rights — 
e.g,t  of  navigation,  anchorage,  and  grounding — such 
river  being  a  public  highway.  The  regulation  of 
most  of  our  important  waterways  is  vested  in  a 
Conservancy  (^.v.),  which  protects  but  does  not 
actually  own  the  bed,  unless  it  be  in  the  interests 
and  for  the  purposes  of  navigation.  In  a  non-tidal 
river  or  above  tide-flow  the  property  in  the  bed 
vests  presumptively  in  the  riparian  owners  (q-v.) 
ad  medium  filum  aqua,  who  must  not  interfere 
with  the  natural  flow  of  the  stream  so  as  to  injure 
other  riparian  owners ;  but  this  presumption  is 
rebuttable  by  evidence  that  one  riparian  owner  is 
owner  of  the  soil  of  the  whole  bed. 

i^'Beechey,  Frederick  William.  Naval  rear-admiral 
and    geographer  (b.  London,  1796).     Entered  the 


Navy  in  1806,  and  was  engaged  in  active  service 
during  the  wars  with  France  and  America,  18 18; 
served  under  FrankHn  in  Arctic  expedition,  and  in 
1 8 19  accompanied  Parry  in  the  Heela;  took  part 
in  the  survey  of  the  Mediterranean  coast,  1821. 
In  1825  he  was  appointed  to  the  Blossom  to  ex- 
plore the  Behring  Strait,  in  conjunction  with 
Franklin  and  Parry.  The  whole  voyage  lasted 
three  years,  during  which  he  passed  through  the 
Bebring  Strait,  and  penetrated  as  far  as  lat. 
71®  23' 31^  N.  and  long.  156**  21'  30'  W..  dis- 
covering several  islands  in  the  Pacific  and  an 
excellent  harbour  near  Cape  Prince  of  Wales.  In 
1847  ^  ^^^c^  appointed  by  the  Admiralty  to  pre- 
side over  the  Marine  Department  of  the  Board  of 
Trade ;  promoted  rear-admiral,  1854 ;  d.  Novem- 
ber 29,  1856.     Refer  to  Arctic  Exploration. 

Beeohing,  James  ( 1 778-1 858).  Inventor  of  "  self- 
righting  lifeboat,"  and  originator  of  the  Yarmouth 
fishing- vessel.  In  competition  with  others  he  was 
awarded  the  Prince  Consort's  prize  for  his  life- 
boat, which  was  taken  as  a  model  for  the  boats  of 
the  National  Lifeboat  Institution. 

Beerbohm's  Morning  Shipping  List  Est.  1869. 
Published  daily  (morning).  Price  ^d.  Address : 
94  Leadenhall  Street,  London,  E.C. 

Bees.  Wood  or  iron  pf ejections  bolted  on  each 
side  of  the  bowsprit. 

Before.  The  bearing  of  any  object  which  is 
before. 


Behem,  or  Behaim,  Kartin  (b.  Nuremberg, 
1436).  Was  appointed  geographer  to  an  ex- 
pedition undertaken  by  Diego  Cam  to  the  western 
coast  of  Africa,  and  as  a  reward  for  his  services 
received  the  honour  of  knighthood.  While  visiting 
his  native  city  in  1482  he  constructed  a  terrestrial 
globe  in  which  he  incorporated  the  discoveries  of 
Marco  Polo  and  other  travellers.  The  globe  is  still 
preserved  in  the  family,  and  has  frequently  been 
reproduced.  It  is  not,  however,  accurate,  as  mis- 
takes in  the  localisation  of  the  places  he  visited 
are  noticeable  ;  in  some  instances  they  are  as  much 
as  16^  out.     He  died  at  Lisbon,  1506. 

Behring.  Captain  YitllS.     See  Arctic  Exploration. 

Belay.  To  fasten  a  rope  by  twining  it  round  a 
belaying-pin  or  cleat. 

Belcher,  Sir  Edward  (1799-1877).  British  ad- 
miral. In  1825  he  went  with  Captain  E.  W. 
Beechey  {q.v,)  in  the  Blossom,  when  important  dis- 
coveries were  made.  In  1851  he  was  appointed  to 
command  the  Assistance  on  an  Arctic  expedition, 
and  on  his  return  was  promoted  rear-admiral. 

Publications  :  Narrative  of  "  A  Voyage  Round 
the  World  in  the  H.M.S.  Sulphur  "  (1844-52). 

Belfast  and  Ooonty  Down  Railway  Co.  Steamboat 
Service  commence  sailing  about  the  end  of  May 
for  the  summer  season,  making  trips  four  times 


BELFAST  69 


BELFAST 


daily  from  Belfast  to  Bangor.  On  Saturdays  only 
a  steamer  leaves  Belfast  for  Bangor,  Donaghadee, 
and  Lame  Harbour. 

Flebt. 
Bearinagh.  Sleio^. 

Beliut  Corintliiftii  SaiUng  (Slab.  Established 
1889.  Flag :  Blue,  with  yellow  bell  on  red  shield. 
Commodore.  J.  McKegherty ;  Vice-Commodore» 
E.  J.  Bryne ;  Rear-Commodore,  W.  Shields ; 
Treasurer,  W.  Hutchinson ;  Secretary,  W.  J. 
Hannan.  Entrance  fee,  25.  6d. ;  annual  subscrip- 
tion, 55. 

Bdfasi»  Port  oL  Belfast  Harbour,  the  premier 
harbour  of  Ireland,  is  at  the  head  of  Belfast  Lough, 
in  latitude  54**  36'  N.,  $''  56'  W.  The  time  of  high 
water  at  full  and  change  is  10  hours  and  43  minutes. 

The  rise  of  the  tide  varies  from  g^tt,  springs  to 
7ft.  Sin.  neaps. 

The  prevailing  wind  is  from  the  south-west  to 
north-west  for  nine  months  of  the  year.  The 
harbour  is  safe,  and  the  approach  from  the  sea  is 
easy  by  means  of  a  straight  channel,  which  is 
efficiently  lighted  by  oil,  so  that  it  is  easily  navi- 
gated by  night  as  well  as  by  day.  The  depth  of 
water  in  the  channel  is  20  feet  at  average  low 
water. 

In  161 3  a  charter  incorporating  Belfast  a  borough 
empowered  the  "  Sovereign,  free  burgesses,  and 
commonalty  "  to  construct  a  wharf  or  quay  at 
Belfast,  and  in  1688  a  new  charter  empowered  the 
same  authority  to  mend  the  quays  and  receive 
dues. 

The  first  Act  of  Parliament  for  regulating  Belfast 
Harbour  was  passed  in  1729,  and  empowered  the 
authorities  to  appoint  officers,  to  make  bye-laws, 
to  supply  ballast,  and  to  levy  tonnage  dues.  In 
1785  an  Act  was  passed  by  which  the  Belfast 
Corporation,  consisting  of  15  members,  was  con- 
stituted. This  Act  empowered  the  new  corpora- 
tion to  license  pilots,  appoint  a  harbour-master, 
mark  and  deepen  the  channel,  and  constmct  docks. 
A  further  Act  was  passed  in  1837  changing  the 
name  of  the  corporation  to  the  "  Corporation  for 
Preserving  and  Improving  the  Port  and  Harbour 
of  Belfast."  This  corporation  consisted  of  18 
members,  two  of  whom  were  ex  officio.  The 
corporation  had  power  under  this  Act  to  borrow 
money,  purchase  private  quays  and  docks,  and 
construct  a  straight  channel  to  deep  water.  The 
first  section  of  this  channel  was  opened  in  1841, 
the  second  in  1849,  and  it  was  further  extended  and 
deepened  in  1891. 

The  present  harbour  authority,  styled  the  "  Bel- 
fast Harbour  Commissioners,"  was  constituted  by 
the  Belfast  Harbour  Act  of  1847.  '^^s  ^<^  8^^® 
enlarged  borrowing  powers  for  the  purpose  of  pur- 
chasing additional  property,  filling  up  old  docks, 
and  widening  and  improving  the  quays.  Authority 
was  also  given  to  levy  tonnage  and  quayage  dues 


on  vessels,  rates  on  goods,  pUotage,  porterage  and 
storage,  and  rents.  The  Commissioners  are  also 
conservators  of  the  harbour  under  the  Belfast  Port 
and  Harbour  Conservancy  Act,  1852. 

By  the  Belfast  Harbour  Act,  1883.  the  number 
of  members  was  increased  to  twenty-two,  the  Lord 
Mayor  being  a  member  ex  officio, 

A  person  is  not  qualified  to  act  as  a  Commis- 
sioner unless  he  resides  within  20  miles  from  the 
harbour  office,  and  possesses  one  of  the  following 
qualifications : 

He  must  be  either  the  registered  owner  of  at 
least  300  tons  of  a  vessel  or  vessels  belonging 
to  and  registered  at  Belfast,  and  engaged  in 
the  coasting,  channel,  or  foreign  trade  ;  or  be 
rated  as  the  occupier  of  premises  within  the 
borough  of  Belfast  on  a  net  annual  value  of 
not  less  than  £60,  or  be  rated  as  one  of  several 
joint  occupiers  of  such  premises  of  not  less 
than  £60  for  each  such  joint  occupier ;  or  be 
seized  in  his  own  right  or  in  the  right  of  his 
wife  of  real  estate  in  the  United  Kingdom  of 
a  net  annual  value  not  less  than  ;f2oo,  or  of 
personal  estate  of  a  gross  value  not  less  than 

its  .000. 
The  Commissioners  are  elected  by  a  constituency 

of  shipowners  and  ratepay^^.  The  elector  must 
be  the  registered  owner  of  at  least  50  tons  of  a 
vessel  or  vessels  belonging  to  and  registered  at 
Belfast,  and  engaged  in  the  coasting,  channel,  or 
foreign  trade,  or  be  rated  as  the  occupier  of  pre- 
mises within  the  borough  of  Belfast  on  a  net  annual 
value  of  not  less  than  ;£2o. 

The  following  is  a  tabular  statement  of  the 
docks,  etc.,  in  the  harbour : 

RIVBR  LAGAN,  Etc. 


Op«ned 

QuaVB 

Depth 

Lineal 

o.h.w. 

o.l.w. 

Quayage ' 

1848 

1849 
1874 
1877 

Canal  Quay         

Donegal!  Quay    

Albert  Qnay         

Queen's  Quay      

MuaoBAvx  Channkl 

ft.  In. 
8    8 
24    3 
24    3 
23    9 

ft.  in. 
0    2 
IS    9 
13    9 
IS    3 

feet 
200 
3.218 
1.987 
2.122 

1903 
1904 

No.  I  0c2  Quays 

No.  3  Quay 

Wharvss 

32    3 
34    3 

23    9 
25    9 

800 
400 

1889 
l<t8^ 
1893 
1900 
1905 

Alexandra  Wharf 

Clarence  Wharf 

Victoria  Wharf    

Alexandra  Jetty 

New  Wharf.  Down      ... 

34    3 
25    3 

24    3 
30    3 
40    3 

25    9 
16    9 
IS    9 
21    9 
31    9 

943 
750 
754 
814 
600 

DOCKS  AND  BASINS. 


Opened 


1851 
1867 
1872 
1872 
1872 
1897 


Docks 


Width 
of  En- 
trainoe 


Clarendon  Dock 
Abercom  Basin 
Dufferin  Dock 
Spencer  Dock 
MUewater  Basin 
York  Dock 


feet 
SO 

60 
180 

100 


Depth 

below 

Water 

Lineal 

Low 

area 

Quayage 

Water 

1 

feet 

a.  r.  p. 

feet 

9 

4  0  21 

2.076 

11 

10  2  12 

1.429 

15 

3  1  12 

1.660 

15 

7  1  39 

1.974 

11« 

5  0    2 

971 

26 

10  1    0 

4.142 

Total  Lineal  Quayage.  24.840  feet. 


BELFAST 


70 


BELLEROPHON 


GRAVING  DOCKS. 


Width 
of  En- 
trance 


Level 
;  of  sill 
'  above 

Datum 


Clarendon  Graving 

Dock  No.  1 
Clarendon  Graving 

Dock  No.  2 


Hamilton    Graving 

Dock 
Alexandra  Graving 

Dock 


feet    I  ft.  in. 


36 

60 
80 


1    9 

Harb. 
datum 
Below 
datum 
5    7 

IS    0 


Depth 

°^.£^^  Breadth  Length 

^i«^«-  i  of  floor  of  floor 
coping 

to  floor 


ft.  in. 

14  9 

15  6 


n  9 

31    0 


ft.   in.  I  ft.  in. 
27    6      245    0 


34    0 


287    0 


50    0      451    6 


50    0 


800    0 


100 

0 

128 

0 

16 

0 

23 

4i 

Harbour  datum— Level  of  No.  2  Clarendon  Graving  Dock  Sill, 
and  1  ft.  83  ins.  below  average  low  water  level. 

Ordnance  datum — (2  ft.  \\\  ins.)    Three  feet  below  Harbour 

datum. 

The  Commissioners  axe  constructing  another 
graving  dock  of  the  following  dimensions  : 

ft.      in. 
Length  of  dock  or  floor  from  the  north 
quoin  of  the  inner  caisson  sill  to  the  toe 
of  the  battered  wall  at  the  south  of  the 

QOCK  ..  ..  ..  ..  .■q5^^ 

Breadth  of  dock  from  toe  to  toe  of  the 
battered  side  wall  below  alter  courses  . . 
Breadth  of  dock  from  coping  to  coping    . . 
Height  of  coping  above  harbour  datum  . . 
Width  of  caisson  chamber  in  clear 
Level  of  surface  at  inner  and  outer  sills  is 
to  be  below  harbour  datum       . .         . .     24    6 
This  graving  dock  will  be  one  of  the  largest  in 
the  world. 

The  docks  and  basins  cover  an  area  of 
about  1 36  acres.  The  harbour  consists  of  about 
590  acres  of  land  and  1,528  acres  of  water,  or 
about  2,118  acres  in  all.  There  is  a  complete 
system  of  tramways  around  the  harbour,  and  coal, 
etc.,  can  be  loaded  direct  from  vessels  into  the 
railway  trucks.  These  tramways  are  connected 
with  all  the  railway  systems  of  the  country.  Ship- 
building is  encouraged,  and  the  large  shipbuilding 
and  engineering  works  of  Messrs.  Harland  and  Wolfi, 
Ltd.,  and  Messrs.  Workman,  Clark  and  Co.,  Ltd., 
who  have  a  world-wide  reputation  for  the  con- 
struction of  the  largest  classf^of  ocean-going 
steamers,  are  situated  on  the  harbour  estate. 

The  revenue  of  the  harbour  from  all  sources, 
excluding  loans,  for  the  3'ear  1906  was  ;J  157,000, 
and  the  surplus,  after  defraying  all  expenses,  was 
nearly  ;^20,ooo. 

Belfast  SteaniBliip  Co.,  with  their  head  ofl&ce  at 
Donegall  Quay,  Belfast,  maintain  a  daily  service 
between  Belfast  and  Liverpool,  and  vice  versa, 
Sundays  excepted,  leaving  Belfast  at  8  p.m.  and 
Liverpool  at  10  p.m.  The  steamers  of  the  com- 
pany are  lighted  throughout  by  electricity,  and 
fitted  with  every  modem  convenience  for  the  com- 
fort of  passengers.  The  open  sea  passage  is  about 
six  hours. 


Fleet. 
Caloric,  Logic. 

Comic.  Magic. 

Graphic.  Mystic. 

Heroic,  Optic. 

Gross  tonnage,  24,000. 

Belgmn  Safliag  Clab»  RoyaL    See  Royal  Belgian 
Sailing  Club. 

Belgian  State  Bailway  and  Hail  Packet  Servioe 

maintain  three  services  in  each  direction  from 
Dover  to  Ostend  in  conjunction  with  the  railway. 
The  new  fast  turbine  steamer  Princess  Elizabeth 
has  a  speed  of  25  knots,  and  is  fitted  with  the 
Marconi  system  of  wireless  telegraphy. 

Belgica.    Ship.     See  Antarctic  Exploration. 

Beteiqae,  Royal  Taoht  dob  de.    See  Royal  Yacht 
Club  de  Belgique. 


French  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Nor- 
mand,  1902.)  Length,  180  ft. ;  beam,  21  f t. ; 
maximum  draught.  10  ft. ;  displacement,  300  tons  ; 
complement,  45  ;  guns,  i  9-pdr.,  6  3-pdr.  ;  torpedo 
tubes,  2  1 5 -in.  ;  speed,  27-30  knots. 

Bell,  Henry  (b.  Torpichaton,  1767).  Introducer 
of  practical  steam  navigation  into  the  United 
Kingdom.  In  January,  181 2,  he  produced  the 
steamboat  Comet,  of  25  tons,  driven  by  an  engine 
of  3  Hp.,  with  a  speed  of  7  miles  an  hour,  which 
plied  between  Glasgow  and  Greenock.  This  was 
the  first  steam  vessel  to  be  launched  in  Great 
Britain.  He  died  at  Helensburgh,  November  13, 
1840,  and  a  monument  was  erected  to  his  memory 
at  Dunglass,  on  the  banks  of  the  Clyde. 

Ben,  Sir  James,  cr.  1895  (^*  Glasgow).  Con- 
tested the  America  Cup  with  the  yacht  Thistle, 
now  Comet,  and  at  the  present  time  owned  by  the 
Emperor  of  Germany. 

Bell  Brothers  and  HaoLeUand,  with  their  head 
offices  in  Glasgow,  have  a  fleet  of  ten  steamers 
engaged  in  cargo  trade.  These  vessels  have  accom- 
modation for  a  hmited  number  of  passengers. 

Fleet. 

Bellagio.  Bellaura. 

Bellailsa.  Bellena. 

Bellanoch.  Bellenden. 

Bellarden.  Bettevue. 

Bellasco.  Bellgrano. 

Bellerophon.  British  ist  class  battleship.  Laid 
down,  1906. 

Length  500  ft.    Beam  80  ft.     Draught  26  ft. 
Displacement  18,000  tons. 
Guns.  Armour. 

10 — 12  in.  "  Knipp." 

18 — 3  in.  12  in.  Belt  amidships. 

12  in.  Barbettes. 


BELLEROPHONE 


71 


BEND 


Torpedo  Tuhes  (18  in.). 
4  Submerged  broadside. 
I  Submerged  stem. 
Turbine.  Hp.  23,000=21  kts.  • 
Approximate  cost  j(  1,7  50,000. 
The  first  vessel  of  this  name  was  launched  in 
1786.  and  distinguished  herself  in  May»  1794*  in  an 
engagement  with  the  French  Revolutionaire.    She 
fired  the  first  gun  at  the  battle  of  "  The  Glorious 
First  of  June/'  1794.     In  1798  she  was  present  at 
the  battle  of  the  Nile,  and  subsequently  took  part 
in  the  battle  of  Trafalgar.     Napoleon  Bonaparte, 
on  his  surrender  to  Captain  Maitland  on  July  15, 
18 1 5,  was  conveyed  from  Basque  Koads  to  Ply- 
mouth in  this  vessel.     The  second  BeUerophon  was 
launched  in  18 18.     In  1840  she  was  eAgaged  in  the 
bombardment  of  St.  Jean  d'Acre,  and  in  1854  the 
bombardment  of  Sebastopol.     The  third  BeUero- 
phon was  an  iron  battleship,  built  in  1856,  which 
in  1904  had  her  name  changed,  and  is  still  in  use 
at   Devonport   as   a   training   establishment   and 
workshop. 

Bellerophone.    See  Ocean  Steamship  Co. 

Belligerent.  The  term  "  belligerent,"  according 
to  The  Hague  Conference  (1899),  which  reproduces 
and  amplifies  the  provisions  of  all  former  confer- 
ences, includes  both  the  combatants  and  non- 
combatants  who : 

(i)  Are  commanded  by  some  responsible  person  ; 

(2)  Wears  some  distinctive  emblem  ; 

(3)  Carry  arms  openly ;  and 

(4)  Conduct  operations  according  to  the  laws 
and  customs  of  war. 

The  unorganized  inhabitants  of  invaded  terri- 
tory who  take  up  arms  are  also  regarded  as  belli- 
gerents so  long  as  they  observe  the  customs  of 
war.  Refer  to  Contraband  of  War,  Neutrality, 
Cartel,  Blockade,  Visit  and  Search. 

BeUot,  Joseph  Reii6.  French  naval  officer  and 
explorer  (b.  Paris,  March  18,  1826).  Distinguished 
himself  in  the  French  expedition  of  1845  ^  Mada- 
gascar, and  received  the  Cross  of  the  Legion  of 
Honour.  He  obtained  permission  to  join  the 
English  expedition  under  the  command  of  Cap- 
tain Kennedy  in  search  of  Sir  John  Franklin,  and 
on  this  occasion  discovered  the  strait  which  bears 
his  name  between  Bothia  Felix  and  Somerset 
Land.  Two  years  later  he  accompanied  Captain 
Inglefield  on  an  expedition,  and  while  making  a 
perilous  journey  with  two  comrades  across  the  ice 
was  overtaken  by  a  storm  and  perished.  Refer  to 
Arctic  Exploration. 

Bell  Bock  Light,  situated  near  the  Firth  of  Tay, 
is  a  red  and  white  alternate  flash  every  60  seconds. 
Duration  of  flash,  ^  second  ;  candle-power,  60,000  ; 
burner,  6  wick  ;  illuminant,  oil. 

BeDs.      At  sea  the  subdivision  of  a  "  watch  " 


BeUy.    The  swell  of  a  sail. 

Belly-band.  A  broad  strip  of  canvas  half-way 
between  the  close  reef  and  the  foot  of  square  sail 
to  strengthen  it. 

Belly-siay.  A  rope  from  the  centre  of  the  mast 
forward. 

Bembiidge  Sailing  dab.  Isle  of  Wight.  Estab- 
lished 1886.  Burgee :  White,  blue  borders  on  fly, 
red  device  in  centre,  representing  the  Isle  of  Wight. 
Commodore,  R.  Stewart  Savile ;  Vice-Commodore, 
Sir  Charles  Campbell;  Rear-Commodore,  Col.  Sir 
Simon  Lockhart ;  Treasurer  and  Secretary,  Mr. 
H.  H.  Freman.  Entrance  fee,  £$  55. ;  annual  sub- 
scription, £s  35. 

Benbow,  John.  English  admiral  (b.  Shrews- 
bury, 1650).  In  1668,  when  trading  to  the  Mediter- 
ranean, he  defeated  a  Sallee  pirate,  and  for  this 
James  II.  made  him  captain  of  a  man-of-war,  and 
for  some  years  he  was  employed  to  protect  English 
commerce  in  the  Channel.  Took  part  in  the  bom- 
bardment of  St.  Malo,  1693,  ^^^  ^^^  ^  charge  of 
the  squadron  which  burnt  Dieppe,  and  bombarded 
Havre  and  Calais.  In  1696  he  became  rear-admiral, 
and  in  1698  set  sail  for  the  West  Indies,  where  he 
compelled  the  Spaniards  to  restore  several  English 
vessels  they  had  seized.  In  1700  he  was  appointed 
vice-admir^,  and  returned  to  the  Wejst  Indies.  In 
1702  his  ship,  the  Breda,  gave  chase  off  Santa 
Martha  to  a  French  squadron  under  Du  Casse,  and 
kept  up  a  running  fight  for  five  days.  During  this 
fight  he  was  severely  wounded  in  the  head,  his 
right  leg  was  shattered  by  a  shot,  and  h6  was 
compelled  to  conduct  the  action  from  a  cradle  on 
his  quarter-deck.  The  French  admiral  escaped, 
and  he  was  reluctantly  forced  to  abandon  the 
chase.  He  returned  to  Jamaica,  and  died  of  his 
wounds,  November  4,  1702. 

Benbow,  Sir  Henry,  K.C.B.,  cr.  1902.  D.S.O., 
1 891  ;  Chief  Inspector  of  Machinery,  R.N.  (b. 
September  5,  1838).  Educated  private  school ; 
entered  Navy  as  assistant  engineer  in  1861,  and 
became  chief  engineer  1879  ;  promoted  to  Inspector 
of  Machinery  1885,  and  Chief  Inspector  of  Machinery 
1888  ;  served  with  the  Naval  Brigade  in  the  Nile 
Expedition,  1884-85  (medal,  bronze  star),  and  re- 
paired uAder  the  enemy's  fire  th6  boiler  of  the 
Sofiti,  which  was  displaced  by  a  shot  from  Fort 
Habeshi ;  decorated  for  services  with  the  Nile  Ex- 
pedition ;  retired,  1893. 

Benches.    See  Thwarts. 

Benooolen.  East  Indiaman,  struck  on  sands 
near  Bude  Haven,  Cornwall,  October  19.  1862, 
when  twenty-six  lives  were  lost. 

Bend.  To  extend  or  make  fast  a  saU  to  its 
(^.9.)  are  noted  by  a  half-hourly  striking  of  a  bell  proper  yard  or  stay  ;  a  kink  formed  in  a  hemp 
with  a  clapper.  cable  when  stowing  it. 


BENEAP 


72 


BERESFORD 


Beneap.  The  situatioa  of  a  vessel  when  she  is 
aground  at  the  height  of  spring  tides. 

Benedetto  Brim    Italian  battleship.     (Castella- 
mare,  1901.) 
Length  430  ft.  Beam  78  ft.  Mean  draught  27  ft. 
Displacement  13,427  tons.    Complement  720. 
Guns.  Afmouf, 

4 — 12  in.  40  cal.        "  Temi." 
4 — 8  in.  6  in.  Belt. 

12—6  in.  8  in.  Barbettes. 

16 — 12  pdr.  6  in.  Casemates. 

8-^6  pdr.  12  in.  Conning  tower. 

2 — I  pdr. 
2  Maxims. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
4  Submerged. 
Twin  screw.    Hp.  natural  14,000 » 18  kts.,  forced 
19,000=320  kts.    Coal  maximum  2,000  tons. 
Approximate  cost  ;£i,  150,000. 

Bengal  lights  or  Blue  Lights  are  pyrotechnical 
preparations  for  signals  by  night.  Potassium 
chlorate,  antimony,  sulphide,  and  sulphur  are  the 
chief  ingredients  used  in  their  manufacture.  As 
the  mixture  is  highly  explosive  great  skill  is  re- 
quired in  the  making. 

See  Cooley's  "  Cyclopaedia  of  Practical  Receipts  " 
(1892). 

BengO.  Portuguese  gun>boat  (1879).  B.L.  guns. 
Of  little  fighting  value.    Speed  (nominally)  10  kts. 

Benjamin  Constant  Brazilian  cruiser.  (La 
Seyne,  1892.) 

Length  236ft.    Beam  44ft.    Maximum  draught  i8ft. 
Displacement  2,750  tons.    Complement  380. 
Guns.  Armour, 

4— 6  in.  "Steel."* 

8 — ^4' 7  in.  2  in.  Deck. 

2 — 12  pdr.  3i  in.  Conning  tower. 

2 — I  pdr. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
4  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  natural  2,800^^14  kts.,  forced 
4,ooos  15  kts.     Coal  maximum  260  tons. 

Ben  Line,  E.  H.  Xhomaon  and  Ga,  with  their 
head  office  in  Leith.  own  a  fine  fleet  of  cargo 
steamers  trading  to  the  East  and  Far  East.  The 
ships  are  all  modem,  with  a  sea  speed  of  about 
io(  kts.,  and  have  excellent  accommodation  for  a 
few  first-class  passengers. 

Fleet. 
Benlomond.  Benlarig. 

Benmolu.  Benvenue. 

Benalder.  BenUdi. 

Bengloe.  Benlawers, 

Benvorlich.  Benavon. 

Bencleuch.  Moscow. 

Benarty.  Petersburg, 

Reval. 
Gross  tonnage,  48,000. 


Armour. 
"  Steel." 
\  in.  Deck  amidships. 


Bennett  Line,  with  their  head  offices  in  London, 
maintain  regular  services  between  Goole  and 
Boulogne-sur-Mer.  and  between  London  and  that 
port.  Steamers  leave  Goole  every  Wednesday, 
Thursday,  and  Saturday,  and  from  London  every 
Tuesday,  Thursday,  and  Saturday,  returning  Tues- 
day, Thursday,  and  Sunday. 

Flbbt. 
Africa.  Malta. 

Burma.  Mopsa. 

Corea.  Syria. 

Bennington.    U.S.  gun-boat.     (Chester,  1891.) 
Lengtii  230ft.    Beam  36ft.    Maximum  draught  i6ft, 
Displacement  1,700  tons.    Complement  195. 
Guns. 
6-^  in. 
4 — 6  pdr. 
Hp.  3,400=17  kts.    Coal  maximum  400  tons. 

Bentick  Shronda.  Formerly  used  to  assist  the 
futtock  shrouds  extending  from  weather  futtock 
staves  to  the  opposite  lee-channels. 

Benton.  Steamer  of  Singapore  sunk  in  collision 
with  an  unknown  steamer,  April  28,  1897  M5o  lives 
lost. 

Beownll     German  coast  service  battleship  ( 1 890) . 
Length  254ft.    Beam  49ft.    Maximum  draught  18ft. 
Displacement  4,150  tons.     Complement  297. 
Guns.  Armour. 

3 — 9*4  in.  "Compound." 

10— 15  J  pdr.  9  in.  Belt. 

6—1  pdr.  8  in.  Barbettes. 

4  Machine.  7  in.  Conning  tower. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
3  Submerged  bow  and  broadside. 
I  Above  water  stem. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  5.ioo=si5*5  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 580  tons. 

Berenice,   H.K.8.    On  October   13,    1866,   this 
vessel  was  burnt  in  the  Persian  Gult. 

Becaiiord,  Tioe-Adniiral  Lord  Ohades  William  da 
la  Poer*  0.0. V.O^  K.O.B.  cr.  1903  (b.  Ireland, 
February  10,  1846).  Educated  at  Beyford  School 
and  Stubbington,  Famham,  Hampshire.  Entered 
Britannia  as  cadet,  1859 ;  sub-lieutenant,  1866 ; 
lieutenant,  1868 ;  commander,  1875.  Accom- 
panied H.R.H.  Prince  of  Wales  (Edward  VII.)  as 
a  naval  A.D.C.  to  India,  1875-76.  Commanded 
H.M.S.  Conddr  at  the  bombardment  of  Alexandria, 
July  II,  1882.  Landed  at  Alexandria,  and  witli 
Royal  Marines  instituted  a  regular  police  system, 
which  under  his  able  administration  achieved 
marvellous  results.  The  "  Times  "  correspondent, 
July  24,  1882,  says  :  "  I  say  without  fear  and 
contradiction  that  no  such  work  has  ever  been  done 
with  such  complete  absence  of  violence."  Pro- 
moted captain,  and  mentioned  in  despatches  for 
gallantry.  (Egypt  medal,  Alexandria  clasp,  Khe- 
dive's Bronze  Star,  Medjidie,  3rd  Class.)  Served  in 
the  Soudan  with  the  Nile  Expedition  for  the  relief 


BERESFORD 


73 


BERRY 


of  General  Gordon.  Served  on  staff  of  General 
Lord  Wolseley,  and  subsequently  commanded  the 
Naval  Brigade  at  the  battles  of  Abu  Klea»  Abu 
Km,  and  Metemmeh.  (Mentioned  for  gallantry.) 
Commanded  the  expedition  which  rescued  Sir 
Charles  Wilson's  party  in  Sofia,  when  boilers  were 
repaired  under  fire.  Specially  mentioned  in  de- 
spatches for  gallantry,  and  the  Secretary  of  the 
Admiralty  in  the  House  of  Commons  said :  "  The 
rescue  of  Sir  C.  Wilson  by  Lord  Charles  Beresford 
was  a  feat  of  arms  equally  remarkable  for  the  skill 
and  getllantry  displayed."  Received  the  thanks  of 
both  Houses  for  the  operations  in  the  Soudan. 
Again  specially  mentioned  in  despatches  by  Lofd 
Wolseley,  1885,  who  said  au  officer  whose  readiness 
of  resource,  whose  ability  as  a  leader  are  only 
equalled  by  his  daring.  (Nile  1884-85  and  Abu 
Klea  clasps.)  Lord  Commissioner  of  the  Admiralty, 
1885  ;  resigned,  1888.  While  captain  of  Undaunted 
>  rendered  assistance  on  the  occasion  of  the  grounding 
of  the  Seignahay,  for  which,  during  the  visit  of  the 
English  Fleet  to  Golf  Juan,  the  French  admiral 
visited  the  Undaunted  to  personally  present  to  her 
captain,  officers,  and  men  the  thanks  of  the  French 
Government  A.D.C.  to  the  Queen,  1897.  Second- 
in-command  Mediterranean  Station,  1900-3.  Com- 
mander-in-Chief Channel  Fleet,  1903-4.  G.C.V.O., 
1907  ;  K.C.B.  on  His  Majesty's  birthday,  Novem- 
ber 9,  1903. 

Berwiord,  Sir  John  Poo  (1766-1844).  British 
admiral.  In  1795,  when  captain  of  the  Hussar 
on  the  North  American  Station,  he  engaged  five 
French  store  ships,  and  captured  two.  In  1797, 
when  in  command  of  the  Raisan,  he  captured  a 
valuable  Spanish  treasure  ship  near  the  Bahamas. 
Was  present  at  the  action  in  Basque  Road  (1809.) 
Promoted  rear-admiral  1814,  and  made  a  baronet. 
In  1838  he  became  admiral,  and  retired. 

Berk  Blshaii.  Turkish  torpedo-boat  destroyer. 
(Gaarden.  1894.)  Length,  187  ft. ;  beam,  21  ft. ; 
draught,  7  ft. ;  displacement,  370  tons ;  arma- 
ment, 6  i-pdr.,  3  tabes ;  Hp.,  i,3ooas35  kts. 

Berkdey,  Jamest  Third  Bar!  (1680-1736).  Fought 
with  great  credit  in  Rooke's  action  off  Malagar  in 
1704,  and  in  command  of  the  51.  George  at  the 
siege  of  Toulon.  Was  appointed  First  Commis- 
sioner of  the  Admiralty,  171 1,  and  two  years  later 
was  |»t>moted  admiral  and  Commander-in-Chief  of 
the  Fleet. 

Berkdey*  Sir  €toorg»  Oranfldd  (1753-1818).  In 
1780-82.  as  captain,  he  was  in  command  of  the 
frigate  Recovery  at  the  relief  of  Gibraltar ;  at  Lord 
Howe's  victory,  1794,  was  in  command  of  the 
Marlborough ;  in  1799  he  was  in  command  of  a 
squadron  bloc'^Lding  Brest ;  promoted  admiral, 
1810. 

Berlin.    German     armoured     cruiser.     (Danzig 
Dockyard,  1903.) 
Length  341ft.   Beam  40ft  Maximum  draught  x6(ft. 


Displacement  3,200  tons.    Complement  380. 


Guns, 
10— 4*1  in. 
10 — 1*4  in. 
4  Maxims. 


Armour. 
"  Krupp." 

3  in.  Deck. 

4  in.  Conning  tower 
Torpedo  Tubes, 

2  Submerged. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  11,0003:23  kts.    Coal  maxi- 
mum 800  tons. 

Berlin.  1,775  to^^*  Great  Eastern  Railway  Co.'s 
mail  steamer,  running  between  Harwich  and  the 
Hook  of  Holland,  stranded  on  the  rocks  in  the 
vicinity  of  Vooma  Island,  at  the  end  of  the  NorHi 
Pier  at  the  Hook  of  Holland  in  a  gale,  Fe1nniary2i, 
1907,  and  became  a  total  wreck.  Of  143  on  board — 
93  passengers  and  50  crew — only  1 5  were  saved. 

Berlinar  Segler  Club.  Established  1885.  Com- 
modore, E.  Deter;  Vice-Commodore,  O.  Jach- 
mann ;  Treasurer,  W.  Lettre ;  Secretary,  J.  Nurren- 
bach,  5  Schiffoauerdamm,  Berlin. 

Btettner  Taoht  (nub.  Established  1885.  Com- 
modore, Paul  Schmidt ;  Vice-Commodoce,  F.  Mer- 
tens;  Rear-Commodore,  G.  Gottling;  Treasurer, 
C.  Ihlow ;  Secretary,  M.  Buchholtz,  Qub  House, 
Grunan,  by  Berlin.  Entrance  fee,  mark  30 ;  annual 
subscription,  mark  40. 

BermniU  Big.    See  Mugian  Rig. 

Beroe.  A  small  marine  organism  belonging  to 
the  Ctenophora*  and  found  abundantly  near  the 
surface  of  the  sea  during  summer.  It  differs  from 
its  near  allies  in  not  possessing  tentacles  and 
having  a  wide  slit-like  mouth. 

Berry,  Edward  (b.  Devonport,  March  1858). 
Served  apprenticeship  H.M.  steam-engine  factory 
at  Keyham,  Devonport ;  in  1878  joined  the  Union 
S.S.  Co. ;  in  1883  rose  to  the  position  of  chief 
engineer,  which  he  retained  until  1890  ;  had  charge, 
under  the  late  Charles  du  Santory,  Esq.,  supt. 
engineer  to  the  Union  S.S.  Co.,  of  the  conversion 
of  two  crank  compound  engines  to  triple  expan- 
sion; resigned  this  appointment  in  189$,  and  com- 
menced business  as  a  naval  architect  and  marine 
engineer  surveyor ;  in  1898  accepted  the  appoint- 
ment of  supt.  engineer  to  the  Ocean  S.S.  Co.,  of 
Liverpool ;  member  of  the  Institution  of  Naval 
Architects. 

Berry,  Sir  Bdward  (1766-1831).  British  rear- 
admiral.  Served  with  Nelson  in  1796,  who  was 
instrumental  in  his  promotion  to  commander  In 
that  year ;  he  led  the  boarding  party  at  the  cap- 
ture of  San  Joseph  and  San  Nicholas  in  the  victory 
off  Cape  St.  Vincent,  1797  ;  promoted  captain,  and 
took  part  in  the  battle  of  the  Nile ;  was  in  com- 
mand of  the  Foudroyani,  1800,  at  the  capture  of 
the  GMreux ;  in  the  Agamemnon  he  took  part  in 
the  battle  of  Trafalgar,  1805,  and  San  Domingo  in 
1815  ;  he  was  given  a  K.C.B.  and  retired,  1821, 
having  obtained  flag  rank. 


BERTH 


74 


BIBBY 


Berth.  The  station  in  which  a  ship  rides  at 
anchor. 

Bertm»  Louib  Emile.  Chief  Constructor  French 
Navy  (b.  Nancy,  March  23,  1840).  Educated 
Polytechnic  School,  and  served  at  the  arsenals  of 
Cherbourg  and  Brest  from  1862-85  ;  while  there  he 
designed  and  superintended  the  construction  of 
many  ships-of-war  built  for  the  French  Navy ;  in 
1886  visited  Japan,  and  superintended  the  con- 
struction of  many  ships  in  the  Japanese  Navy, 
which  have  play^ed  so  prominent  a  part  in  the 
Russo-Japanese  war..  On  his  return  from  Japan 
in  1892  he  became  Chief  of  I'^cole  du  G^nie  Mari- 
time of  Paris,  and  in  1895  ^^^  called  to  the  Ministry 
and  given  the  title  of  Director  of  Material,  which 
was  subsequently  changed  to  that  of  Chief  of  the 
Technical  Section,  and  in  this  capacity  designed 
and  superintended  the  construction  of  the  battle- 
ship Henry  I  V.,  and  the  cruisers  Jeanne  d*AfC 
and  Jufien-de-la-Gravi ire,  and  those  of  the  class 
Montcalm,  Cloire,  Gatnbetta,  Michelet,  and  Renans  ; 
was  the  prime  mover  of  the  Bill  of  1895  which  led 
to  the  construction  of  submarines  in  the  French 
Navy :  is  a  commander  of  the  Legion  of  Honour, 
Grand  Krain  of  the  Rising  Sun,  Grand  Order  of 
St.  Anne,  Grand  Officer  at  Puis ;  member  of  the 
Institution  of  Naval  Architects,  and  Director  of 
Naval  Construction,  C.R. 

Publications  :  Numerous  papers  on  naval  archi- 
tecture (1869- 1 906),  published  in  the  Transactions 
of  the  Academy  of  Science,  Paris,  the  Institution 
of  Naval  Architects,  Society  of  Naval  Architects 
and  Marine  Engineers,  the  Maritime  Technical 
Association,  and  the  Society  of  Science  of  Cher- 
bourg, among  which  may  be  mentioned  "  Notes  on 
Waves  and  Rolling,"  "  Naval  Science,"  "  Ventila- 
tion of  Ships,"  the  "  Resistance  of  Cruisers." 

Berwick.    British  ist  class  cruiser.    (Beardmore, 
1902.) 
Length  440  ft.  Beam  66  ft.  Mean  draught  24  ft. 
Displacement  9,800  tons.     Complement  678. 

Guns.  Armour, 

14 — 6  in.,  45  cal.       **  Krupp." 
8 — 12  pdr.  4  in.  Belt  amidships. 

2 — 12  pdr.,  8  cwt.     5  in.  Barbettes. 
3 — 3  pdr.  10  in.  Conning  tower. 

8  Pompoms. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
2  Submerged. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  22,000=23  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 1,600  tons.    Approximate  cost  ;£77 5, 000. 

This  ship-name  dates  in  the  Navy  from  1687, 
and  is  associated  with  the  battle  of  Beachy  Head, 
1690 ;  Barfleur  and  I^  Hogue,  1692 ;  Vigo  Bay, 
1702  ;  capture  of  Gibraltar,  1704  ;  siege  of  Gibraltar, 
1727  ;  Matthews 's  action  off  Toulon,  1744  ;  capture 
of  Orphee,  1758  ;  Keppel's  action  off  Ushant,  1778  ; 
battle  of  the  Dogger  Bank,  1781  ;  Hood's  occupa- 
tion of  Toulon,  1 793  ;  the  destruction  of  the  .^mojron, 
1811. 


Bwchomaii  Russian  torpedo-boat  destroyer. 
(Elbing,  1889.)  Length,  196  ft. ;  beam,  18  ft.  ; 
draught,  11  f t. ;  displacement,  350  tons ;  armament, 
I  i2-pdr.,  5  3-pdr.,  2  tubes  ;  Hp.,  6,000=27  kts. 

Besposchtsohadny.  Russian  torpedo-boat  de- 
stroyer. (Elbing,  1899.)  Length,  196  ft. ;  beam, 
18  ft.;  draught,  11  It.;  displacement,  350  tons; 
armament,  i  12 -pdr.,  5  3-pdr.,  2  tubes ;  Hp., 
6,000=27  kts. 

Benemer,  Sir  Henry  (1813-98)  (b.  Charlton, 
Herefordshire).  Inventor  of  the  Bessemer  process 
of  the  manufacture  of  steel,  a  process  of  manu- 
facture which  revolutionised  the  steel  industry 
Over  the  whole  world.  The  pecuniary  reward  of 
Bessemer's  invention  came  to  him  quickly,  but  it 
was  not  until  1879  that  the  Royal  Society  made 
him  a  Fellow  and  the  Government  honoured  him 
with  a  knighthood.  He  also  patented  inventions 
for  die-casting,  railway  signalling,  and  a  ship  which 
was  to  save  her  passengers  from  the  miseries  of 
mal-de-mer,  this  last  haxang  adjustable  cabins, 
which  should  always  preserve  a  horizontal  floor. 
A  boat  called  the  Bessemer  was  built  in  1875  for 
the  cross-channel  service,  but  the  mechanism  was 
found  defective  in  practice,  and  she  was  ultimately 
discarded.     ?Ie  died  at  London.  March  15,  1898. 

Bestrasohny.  Russian  torpedo-boat  destroyer. 
(Elbing,  1899.)  Length,  196  ft.  ;  beam,  18  f t.  ; 
draught,  11  ft.  ;  displacement,  350  tons  ;  armament, 
1  i2-pdr.,  5  3-pdr.,  2  tubes ;  Hp.,  7,000=27  kts. 

Beta*  A  fire-float  built  by  Messrs.  Forrestt  and 
Co.,  of  Wyvenhoe,  for  the  London  County  Council 
Fire  Brigade.  •  She  is  100  ft.  in  length,  with  a  beam 
of  16  ft.  6  in.,  and  a  water-draught  of  40  in.  This 
low  draught  enables  her  to  pass  under  the  bridges 
at  all  slates  of  the  tide.  On  her  trials  she  steamed 
12  kts.,  and  with  only  one  boiler  in  use  a  little 
over  II.  She  is  fitted  with  four  fire-pumps,  which 
give  a  discharge  of  4,000  gals,  of  water  per  minute. 

Between  deokv.  The  space  contained  between 
any  two  decks  of  a  ship. 

Between  wind  and  water.    At  the  water's  edge. 

B.F.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Banff,  Scotland. 

B.H.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Blyth,  England. 

B.H.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Brouwershaven,  Holland. 

Bhima.  Steamer,  in  collision  with  the  steamer 
Nana  in  the  Red  Sea,  September  11,  1866. 
Nineteen  Uves  lost. 

BX  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Brielle.  Holland. 

Bibby  Line.  One  of  the  oldest  steamship  lines 
trading   between    England   and    India,    and    was 


BICKERDYKE 


75 


BILL 


ff 


«f 


founded  in  1807.  100  years  ago,  by  Mr.  John 
Bibby,  the  grandfather  of  the  present  representa- 
tives, the  fleet  at  that  time  consisting  of  small 
sailing-vessels.  In  185 1  the  steam  fleet  was  com- 
menced, and  in  1891  the  Lanc<ishife  was  built, 
which  vessel  still  holds  the  record  between  liver- 
pool  and  Rangoon  for  a  passage  of  23  days  30  hours. 
The  company  maintains  regular  sailings  between 
Liverpool  and  Rangoon  via  Marseilles  and  Colombo, 
and  the  steamers  have  excellent  passenger  accom- 
modation. 

Fleet. 
Cheshivg.  Shropshire. 

Derbyshire.  Staffordshire. 

Herefordshire.  Warwichshire. 

Worcestershire. 
Gross  tonnage,  55.000. 

Biokefdyke,  John  {nam  ds  plume  of  Charles  Henry 

Cook).      English  novelist  and  writer  on  angling 

(b.  London,  1858). 

PubUcations  :  "  Angling  in  Salt  Water  "  (1887), 
Days  in  Thule  vrith  Rod,  Gun,  and  Camera." 
Sea-Fishing"   (Badminton).    "  WUd    Sports    in 

Ireland  "  (1897).  "  Book  on  the  All-Round  Angler  " 

(1900). 

Bickertcm,  Sir  Biohard  Honey  (1759-1832).  Eng- 
lish admiral.  In  1781,  when  captain  of  the  In- 
vincible, was  present  at  the  action  o£f  Martinique, 
and  under  Lord  Keith  took  part  in  the  Egyptian 
operations,  and  was  made  Commander-in-Chief  at 
Alexandria  after  the  capture  of  that  town,  iSoi. 
He  was  second-in-command  of  the  Mediterranean 
to  Lord  Nelson,  1804 ;  promoted  to  the  rank  of 
admiral,  18 10,  and  Commander-in-Chief  at  Ports- 
mouth, 18 12. 

Bicklord,  Vioe-Admiial  Andrew  Kennedy  (b. 
India).  Entered  Navy,  1858  ;  served  in  China,  in 
Barossa,  at  the  action  of  Simonoseki ;  in  charge  of 
rocket-boat  Research  on  the  coast  of  Ireland  during 
Fenian  riots,  1866-68  ;  senior  and  gunnery  Ueu- 
tenant  of  Amethyst  during  actions  with  Peruvian 
rebel  ironclad  Huascar  ;  commander  of  Thalia,  em- 
ployed in  transport  service  during  Egyptian  war, 
1882  (Egyptian  medal,  Khedive's  Bronze  Star, 
Medjidie,  3rd  Class) ;  A.D.C.  to  the  Queen,  1896 ; 
superintendent  Sheemess  dockjrards,  1897  *  Com- 
mander-in-Chief, Pacific  Station,  1900. 

Bidarka.    See  Kayak. 

Bidder,  Oeocge  Parker  (1806-78).  English  en- 
gineer. Educated  Edinburgh  University ;  prize- 
man in  higher  mathematics,  1872.  Assisted 
Stephenson  in  the  construction  of  the  London  and 
Birmingham  railway,  and  constructed  several  lines 
in  England  and  abroad — e.^.,  Denmark,  Norway, 
and  India.  He  plaimed  the  Victoria  Docks. 
London,  invented  the  railway  swing  bridge,  and 
was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  first  electrical  tele- 
graph company. 


Biddle.  U.S.  torpedo-boat  (1900).  Displace- 
ment, 167  tons ;  guns,  3  i-pdr. ;  torpedo  tubes, 
3  18-in. ;  speed.  28  kts. 

BXEL  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing 
boats  registered  at  BiervUet,  Holland. 

Biggart^  Andrew  Stephenson  (b.  Ayrshire, 
August  25,  1857).  Marine  engineer.  Served  ap- 
prenticeship to  marine  engineering,  and  entered  the 
service  of  Sir  William  Arrol  and  Co.,  Glasgow,  as 
principal  assistant ;  was  appointed  engineer  and 
manager  under  Sir  William  Arrol  for  carrying  out 
the  construction  of  the  Forth  Bridge,  and  on  com- 
pletion of  this  work  iff  1890  was  made  partner  in 
the  firm ;  since  then  has  taken  the  leading  part  in 
carrying  out  various  contracts,  including  the  steel 
work  of  the  Tower  Bridge  ;  is  managing  director  of 
Sir  William  Arrol  and  Co.,  Ltd.,  and  head,  Wright- 
son  and  Co.,  Ltd.;  designed  the  three  famous  bridges 
over  the  Nile  at  Cairo ;  past-president  of  the  Glas- 
gow University  Engineering  Society ;  governor  of 
the  Glasgow  and  West  of  Scotland  Technical 
College;  member  of  council  of  the  Institution  of 
Engineers  and  Shipbuilders. 

Publications :  Has  contributed  many  scientific 
and  technical  papers  to  the  British  Association, 
Institution  of  Civil  Engineers,  Institution  erf 
Mechanical  Engineers,  Institution  of  Engineers  and 
Shipbuilders  in  Scotland. 

Bight,  The  loop  of  a  rope  when  it  is  folded  in 
opposition  to  the  end. 

Bilge.  That  part  of  a  ship  where  the  floors  and 
second  futtocks  unite,  and  upon  which  the  ship 
would  rest  if  laid  on  the  ground. 

BUge-keeL  An  additional  short  keel  placed  out- 
side the  bilge  of  boats  to  protect  the  skin  in  ground- 
ing, and  also,  especially  abroad,  to  enable  them  to 
bold  a  better  wind  when  sailing  and  heeling  over. 

BOgeways.  The  foundations  of  the  cradle  sup- 
porting a  ship  upon  the  sliding-ways  during  build- 
ing and  launching.  The  bilgeways  are  about  five- 
sixths  the  length  of  the  ship,  and  are  about  two  ft. 
6  in.  square. 

BilL    See  Anchor. 

BUlander.  Formerly  applied  to  small  merchant 
vessels  with  two  masts,  distinguishable  by  the  fact 
that  their  mainsail  is  bent  to  the  whole  length  of 
her  yard  hanging  fore  and  aft.  Few  vessels  are 
now  rigged  in  this  manner. 

Bill  board.  Doubling  under  the  fore-channel  to 
the  waterline  as  a  protection  from  the  bill  of  the 
anchor. 

Bill  of  exchange.  A,  is  an  instrument  in  writing 
whereby  a  debtor  assigns  to  his  creditor  a  debt 
due  to  himself  from  a  third  party.  These  instru- 
ments came  into  use  among  merchants  early  in  the 
fourteenth  century,  notwithstanding  the  rule  of 


BILL 


76 


BISHOP 


Common  Law  that  **  choses  in  action  "  or  debts 
were  not  assignable.  They  were  recognised  for 
centuries  in  the  Courts  of  Staple  and  Admiralty, 
which  administered  the  law  merchant.  Their 
validity  in  courts  of  law  generally  was  not  estab- 
lished until  the  days  of  Lord  Mansfield.  The  Bills 
of  Exchange  Act,  1882.  codifies  the  law  now 
governing  them. 

The  person  making  the  bill  is  called  the  drawer ; 
the  person  to  whom  it  is  addressed  the  drawee,  or, 
after  accepting  it,  the  acceptor ;  the  person  in 
whose  favour  it  is  drawn  is  the  payee,  or,  if  he 
endorse  the  bill  to  another,  the  endorser ;  while  the 
person  to  whom  the  bill  is  assigned  or  negotiated 
is  the  endorsee  or  holder. 

No  notice  of  assignment  is  necessary  (as  in 
equity)  to  complete  the  holder's  title.  A  bill 
drawn  (a)  to  order,  or  {b)  to  bearer,  will  (a)  when 
indorsed  or  (6)  when  handed  over  vest  a  right  of 
action  upon  the  bill  in  any  person  taking  bona 
fide  and  for  value,  and  without  notice  of  any  flaw 
in  the  title  of  the  person  from  whom  he  took  it, 
consideration  for  the  bill  being  always  presumed 
until  the  contrary  appear. 

The  essentials  of  a  bill  of  exchange  are :  (i)  it 
must  be  in  writing ;  (2)  the  order  to  pay  must  be 
unconditional — i.e.,  not  payable  on  a  contingency 
or  out  of  a  specified  fund  ;  (3)  payment  must  be  on 
demand  or  at  a  fixed  or  ascertainable  future  time ; 

(4)  payment  must  be  for  a  sum  certain  in  money ; 

(5)  the  drawee  must  be  indicated  with  reasonable 
certainty ;  (6)  if  not  payable  to  bearer  the  bill 
must  clearly  indicate  the  payee. 

Where  the  drawer  and  drawee  are  the  same 
person,  the  holder  of  the  instrument  may  treat  it 
either  as  a  bill  or  promissory  note. 

Bill  of  health.  A,  which  is  included  in  the  list  of 
a  ship's  documents,  is  a  certificate  signed  by 
consuls  or  other  authorities  and  delivered  to  the 
shipmaster,  stating  the  sanitary  condition  and 
state  of  health  of  the  port  at  the  time  of  her  leaving. 
A  "  clean  "  bill  of  health  means  that  at  the  time  of 
the  ship's  departure  no  infectious  disease  was 
known  to  exist.  A  "  suspected  "  or  "  tainted  " 
bill  of  health  is  one  that  imports  that  there  were 
rumours  of  the'existence  of  some  infectious  disease, 
though  up  to  the  time  of  certifying  it  had  not 
appeared. 

A  "  foul  "  bill  of  health  means  that  when  the 
vessel  left  the  port  was  infected. 

Bill  of  lading.  A«  is  a  receipt  for  goods  and  an 
undertaking  to  carry  safely  and  deliver  them  in 
good  condition  at  their  port  of  destination,  with 
the  exception  of  loss  or  damage  caused  by  the  act 
of  God,  king's  enemies,  fire,  or  any  danger  or 
accident  of  seas,  rivers,  and  navigation.  Upon 
delivery  of  goods  on  board  the  shipper  receives  a 
"  mate's  receipt,"  which  contains  the  tenns  upon 
which  the  goods  are  to  be  carried.  The  master  or 
ship's  agent  afterwards  signs  a  bill  of  lading,  and 


delivers  it  to  the  header  of  the  receipt.  Three 
bills  are  made  out.  One  is  sent  to  the  consignee, 
a  second  goes  by  the  ship,  and  the  third  is  retained 
by  the  shipper. 

A  clean  bill  of  lading  is  one  in  which  there  is 
nothing  to  qualify  the  admission  on  the  part  of 
the  shipowner  that  so  many  packages  are  shipped 
in  good  order  and  well-conditioned.  A  through 
bill  of  lading  is  one  made  for  the  carriage  of  goods 
from  one  place  to  another  by  several  shipowners 
or  railway  companies. 

A  bill  of  lading  is  not  a  negotiable  instrument, 
and  the  transferee  has  no  better  titie  to  the  goods 
therein  mentioned  than  the  transferor  had.  but 
the  property  in  goods  will  pass  to  the  transferee  by 
indorsement  and  delivery  of  a  bill,  subject  to  the 
right  of  stoppage  in  transitu  {q.v.).  Indorsement 
of  a  bill  of  lading  by  the  buyer  to  a  bona  fide  pur- 
chaser for  value  will  defeat  this  right  of  stoppage 
in  transitu. 

Refef  to  Affreightment,  Damage. 

Bill  of  Lading  dame.    See  Clauses. 

Bill  of  fliore  is  a  licence  granted  by  the  Customs 
house  authorities  to  a  merchant,  by  which  he  is 
entitied  to  reimport  within  five  years  unsold  goods 
free  of  duty. 

BJUjiloy*  A  large  one-masted  vessel  principally 
used  on  the  east  coast. 

Binnaole,    A  box  for  the  compass. 

Birkbeok,  Sir  Bdward«cr.  1886  (b.  October  zi, 
1838).  Chairman  of  Royal  National  Lifeboat 
Institution ;  originator  and  chairman  of  the  Inter- 
national Fisheries  Exhibition,  Ix>ndon,  1883  ;  M.P., 
North  Norfolk,  1879-85  ;  East  Norfolk.  1885-92. 

BirkanlieadL  Troopship,  iron  paddle-wheeled, 
and  of  556  Hp.  On  January  7,  1852,  this  vessel 
sailed  from  Queenstown  for  the  Cape,  having  on 
board  detachments  of  the  I2tli  Lancers,  2nd,  6th, 
1 2th,  43rd,  45th,  and  6oth  Rifles,  73rd,  74th.  and 
91st  regiments.  On  February  26,  1852,  she  struck 
upon  a  pointed  pinnacle  rock  ofl  Simon's  Bay, 
South  Africa,  and  of  638  persons  only  184  were 
saved  by  the  boats ;  454  of  the  crew  and  soldiers 
perished. 

BinninghaBL    U.S.  scout  (1904). 

Length  424ft.    Beam  45ft.     Draught  18ft. 
Displacement  4,000  tons.    Complement  384. 
Guns,  Armour, 

6—14  pdr.  5  in.  Belt  amidships. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (21  in.). 
2  Submerged. 
Twin  screw.    Hp.  16,000^24  kts.    Coal  maxi 
mum  1,000  tons. 

Biscoe,  Johllt  ILH.    See  Antarctic  Exploration. 

Bishop  Bock  Liglifhoiue»  situated  on  the  western- 
most landfall  rock  of  the  Scilly  Isles,  fully  exposed 
to  the  Atlantic,  occupies  perhaps  a  more  exposed 


BISTRITZA n 

situation  than  any  other  in  the  world.  It  gives  a 
two-flash  light  per  minute,  the  duration  of  each 
flash  being  four  seconds,  170,500  candle  power, 
using  the  Douglas  8-wick  burner,  and  oil  as  illu- 
minant.  It  was  designed  by  the  late  Mr.  James 
Walker,  and  carried  out  by  Mr.  J.  N.  Douglas. 

BisiritHU  Roumanian  gun-boat,  100  tons.  Of 
no  fighting  value. 

Bite.  The  anchor  is  said  to  bite  when  it  holds 
fast  in  the  ground. 

Biitwn.  British  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Bar- 
row, 1897.)  Length,  210  ft. ;  beam,  21  ft. ;  draught, 
5^  ft. ;  displacement,  300  tons ;  complement,  60 ; 
armament,  i  I2*pdr.,  5  6-pdr.,  2  tubes ;  twin 
screw  ;  Hp.,  6,000=30  kts.  ;  coal,  80  tons. 

Bitts.  Cross  timbers  or  iron  to  secure  the  cables 
when  the  ship  rides  at  anchor. 

BXW.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing 
boats  registered  at  Broek  in  Waterland,  Holland. 

Bii0^    A  cold,  piercing  wind  of  Languedoc. 

Bjerke.  Russian  torpedo-boat.  (Putilofl,  1890.) 
Length  136  ft. ;  beam,  13  ft. ;  draught,  j\  ft. ; 
displacement,  81  tons;  armament,  2  tubes;  Hp., 
1,250=21  kts.;   coal,  17  tons. 

Bjorn.  Swedish  armoured  gun-boat,  460  tons. 
Of  no  fighting  value. 

B JL  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Berwick-on-Tweed,  England. 


Bank.   Abbreviation  adopted  00  the  charts 
issued  by  the  H3rdrographic  Office,  Adnuralty. 

B/L.     Bill  of  Lading. 

B Ji.    Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Blankenham,  Holland. 

B  Ji.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Bristol,  England. 

Blaek  Book  of  Admiralty.  The  Black  Book  of 
Admiralty,  said  to  have  been  partly  compiled 
during  the  reign  of  Edward  III.,  is  a  collection  of 
"  ancient  statutes  of  tiKe  Admindty  to  be  observed 
both  upon  the  ports  and  havens,  the  high  seas,  and 
beyond  the  seas  "...  "  having  been  from  time 
to  time  kept  in  the  registry  of  the  Court  for  the  use 
of  the  Judges  of  the  Admiralty."  It  is  now  pre- 
served at  the  Royal  Courts  of  Justice.  R^fw  to 
"Laws  of  Olerom." 

Black,  John  G«  (b.  Glasgow,  March  21,  1864). 
Educated  Blair  Lodge,  and  on  leaving  school  was 
articled  to  Messrs.  Russell  and  AitJcen,  Falkirk, 
solicitors,  and  at  the  same  time  studied  Naval 
Architecture  at  the  Technical  College,  Glasgow. 
Finding  that  the  law  was  not  to  his  liking,  his 
father  apprenticed  him  to  Messrs.  Blackadder  and 
Co.,  and  finally  to  Messrs.  Shanks  and  Bell,  of 
Yoker.    After  serving  an  apprenticeship  he  took  up 


BLACK 

active  sea  life,  and  in  1895  was  appointed  chief 
officer  of  the  Borghcse,  and  was  the  means  of  saving 
the  lives  of  so  many  men  of  the  steamer  Charlewood, 
which  was  in  collision  off  the  Longship  Light  with 
the  Borghese,  He  afterwards  commanded  this 
steamer,  and  in  1900  the  Planet  Mars ;  1901,. 
the  WsstminsUr,  which  was  used  by  the  Ameri- 
can Government  in  the  Spanish-American  war  to 
carry  coals  lor  Admiral  Dewey's  fleet.  In  1903  he 
retired  from  the  sea  and  became  Marine  Superin- 
tendent to  the  Monarch  Steamship  Co.  He  is 
President  of  the  Shipmasters'  and  Officers'  Assoda- 
tion,  and  editor  of  the  "  Scottish  Shipmaster,"  and 
is  the  head  of  the  movement  which  has  for  its 
object  the  establishment  of. a  Nautical  College  in 
Glasgow. 

Publications :  "  Our  Mercantile  Miarine/'  a 
number  of  papers  on  the  education  of  Mercantile 
Officers  ;  "  Position  of  our  Merchant  Shipping  "  ; 
"  Sanitation  and  Living  Acconunodation  on  British 
Cargo  Steamers " ;  "  Discipline  of  Merchant 
Ships." 

Blaokbnni,  0.  7.  (b.  November  21,  1852).  Marine 
engineer.  Served  his  apprenticeship  at  Messrs. 
Laird  Brothers,  Birkenhead ;  vras  appointed 
Assistant  Superintendent  Engineer  to  the  Guion 
Line,  and  held  the  appointment  for  seventeen 
years,  until  the  company  was  wound  up  in  1S95  ; 
appointed  Superintendent  Engineer  to  the  Isle  of 
Man  Steam  Packet  Co.,  and  was  closely  connected 
with  the  building  of  the  paddle  steamer  Empress 
Queen,  and  the  turbine  steamer  Viking,  the  two 
fastest  steamers  of  their  class  afloat. 

Blackpool  Passenger  Steamboat  Ck>.,  Ltd.,  with 
their  head  offices  at  Blackpool,  maintain  daily 
sailings  from  Blackpool  to  Douglas  (Isle  of  Man), 
Llandudno,  Southport,  Liverpool,  Manchester, 
Morecambe,  and  Fleetwood. 

Fleet. 
Bells,  Greyhound. 

Bicherstoge,  Queen  of  the  North. 

Wellington. 

Black  Priace*  British  ist  class  cruiser.  (Thames 
Ironworks,  1904.) 

Length  480  ft.  Beam  73ft.  Maximum  draught  27ft. 
Displacement  13,500  tons. 
Guns.  Armour. 

6 — 9*2  in.,  50  cal.  "  Krupp." 

10 — 6  in.  6  in.  Belt  amidships. 

24—3  pdr-  6  in.  Barbettes. 

8 — ij  pdr.  Pompoms.      7  in.  Conning  tower. 
Torpedo  Tubes  (i8  in.). 
3  Submerged. 
Twin  screw.  Hp.  23,500=22*33  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 2,000  tons.     Approximate  cost  £i,\ 50,000. 

This  ship-name  was  introduced  into  the  Navy 
in  1648  ;  the  first  Black  Prince,  which  was  driven 
ashore  by  Blake's  squadron,  1650,  had  on  board 
Prince  Rupert. 


BLACK 


78 


BLAKE 


Black  Sea*  or  Euxine,  from  the  <^d  Roman  name 
Pontus  Euxinus,  is  a  large  inland  sea  in  the  south- 
east of  Europe,  bounded  on  the  north  and  east  by 
Russia,  on  the  south  by  Asia  Minor,  and  the  west  by 
Turkey,  Bulgaria,  and  Roumania.  It  is  entered 
from  the  Mediterranean  through  the  channel  of  the 
Dardanelles  or  Hellespontus,  the  Sea  of  Biarmora 
or  Propontis,  and  the  channel  of  Constantinople  or 
Thractian  Bosphorus ;  and  it  is  connected  with  the 
Sea  of  Azofi  by  a  strait  between  the  Crimea  and 
the  Isle  of  Taman,  known  as  the  Strait  of  Kertch  or 
Yenikale.  The  basin  of  the  Black  Sea  is  of  an 
irregular  ovate  form  with  a  nearly  flat  bottom ;  its 
greatest  length  from  east  to  west  is  720  miles ;  its 
greatest  breadth  is  in  its  western  portion,  between 
the  estuary  of  the  Dnieper  on  the  north  and  the 
mouth  of  the  Sakaria  on  the  south,  where  it  is 
380  miles.  Its  total  area,  including  the  Sea  of 
A2off,  is  about  172,500  square  miles.  In  the  centre 
of  the  basin  the  maximum  depth  is  about  1,227 
fathoms.  The  uniform  mean  temperature  of  the 
sea  is  about  48*20,  but  during  the  summer  the 
surface  water  rises  in  temperature  from  54°  F.  in 
May,  to  78°  in  August.  The  winds  are  variable 
except  during  the  summer,  when  they  generally 
blow  from  the  north-east,  while  at  other  seasons 
southerly  or  south-westerly  winds  often  prevail. 
The  area  is  very  subject  to  fogs,  and  remarkable 
for  the  rapidity  with  which  violent  storms  not 
unfrequently  rise,  often  to  subside  again  with  like 
rapidity.  This  sea  is  practically  destitute  of  islands 
and  seldom  freezes,  even  along  the  shore.  The 
salinity  of  the  Black  Sea  water  varies  at  different 
periods  of  the  year,  and  is  about  half  the  salinity 
of  ordinary  sea  water. 

I  See  Sir  John  Murray  on  the  "  Deposits  of  the 
Black  Sea  "  (1900). 

Black  Sea  Yacht  Clab.  Established  1875.  ^^- 
modore,  Angelo  Anatra ;  Vice-Commodore,  Baron 
Wladimir  Mahs;  Rear-Commodore,  N.  Grodschi; 
Treasurer,  Angelo  Anatra ;  Honorary  Secretary, 
S.  I.  Doojan,  Odessa.  Entrance  fee,  100  roubles ; 
annual  subscription,  30  roubles. 

BlackBtrake.  The  range  of  plank  immediately 
above  the  wales  in  a  ship's  side. 

,  Blackthorn  Winter.  The  cold  weather,  accom- 
panied by  keen  north-east  winds,  which  sometimes 
occurs  about  the  second  week  in  April,  when  the 
blackthorn   is   in    bloom. 

Blackwall  Hitch.    See  Knots. 

Blackwater.  British  torpedo-boat  destroyer. 
(Laird,  1903.)  I-ength,  225  ft. ;  beam,  23  ft.  ; 
draught,  10  ft.;  displacement,  550  tons;  com- 
plement, 70;  armament,  i  12-pdr.,  5  6-pdr.,  2 
tubes;  twin  screw;  Hp.,  7,000=25  kts.  ;  coal, 
130  tons. 

Blackwater^SaiUng  Clab.  Commodore,  }.  H.  T. 
Tudsbery;     Vice-Commodore,    Walter   H.    Grayj 


Rear-Commodore,  £.  Copland  ;  Honorary  Secretary 
and  Treasurer,  T.  Laurance  Eve,  Friary,  Maldon, 
Essex;  Qub  House,  Heybridge  Basin,  Essex. 
Entrance  fee,  105. ;  annual  subscription,  xos. 

Blackwood,  Vice-Admiral  Hon.  Sir  Henry  (1770- 
1832).  As  Ueutenant  of  the  Invincible  took  part  in 
Howe's  battle  of  June  i,  1794,  and  in  the  following 
year  in  Bridport's  action  he  commanded  the 
Migara.  In  1780  was  attached  to  the  squadron 
blockading  Malta,  where  he  distinguished  himself 
in  the  Penelope  by  attacking  the  GuiUame  Tell, 
which  he  captured.  At  the  battle  of  Trafalgar 
he  rendered  good  service  in  the  Euryalus,  and 
brought  home  the  despatches  announcing  the 
victory.  In  1827  he  was  appointed  Commander-in- 
Chief  at  the  Nore. 

Blade.  A  flat  part  of  an  oar  which  is  plunged 
into  the  water  in  rowing. 

Blake.    British    ist    class    cruiser.     (Chatham, 

1899.) 

Length  375ft.  Beam  65ft.  Maximum  draught  a7ft. 
Displacement  9,150  tons.     Complement   590. 
Guns.  Armour, 

2 — 9*2  in.  "  Steel  and  Compound." 

10 — 6  in.  6  in.  Deck. 

16—3  pdr.  12  in.  Conning  tower. 

2—9  pdr.  Boat. 
7  Machine. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (14  in.). 
2  Submerged. 
2  Above  water. 
Twia   screw.     Hp.    natural    13,000=18*5    kts., 
forced  20,0003322  kts.     Coal  maximnm  x,8oo  tons. 
This  ship-name  was  first    introduced  into  the 
Navy  in  1808,  and  is  associated  with  the  bom- 
bardment of  Flushing,  1809. 

Blake,  Robert  (i  598-1657).  British  admiral 
(b.  Bridgewater).  Was  appointed  commander  of 
the  British  Fleet,  1649,  and  in  the  following  year 
destroyed  most  of  Prince  Ruperfs  squadron  at 
Malaga.  In  1651  he  captured  the  Scilly  Isles  and 
Jersey.  Appointed  to  command  the  Fleet,  assisted 
by  Rear-Admiral  Bourne,  against  the  Dutch  in 
1654 ;  he  defeated  van  Tromp  in  the  Downs,  and  De 
Witt  and  De  Rujrter  ofi  the  mouth  of  the  Thames. 
He  sustained  a  reverse,  however,  at  the  hands  of  .van 
Tromp  ofi  Dungeness.  In  1653,  after  an  indecisive 
action  with  v^  Tromp  off  Portsmouth,  he  met  the 
same  antagonist  ofi  the  Dutch  coast  and  finally 
routed  him.  s  Van  Tromp  was  killed  in  this  action. 
In  1656,  when  war  broke  out  with  Spain,  he  took 
charge  of  the  blockading  squadron  ofi  Cadiz, 
sailing  from  there  to  Tenerifie,  where,  finding  a 
naval  force  at  Santa  Cruz,  he  attacked  and  defeated 
them.  He  died  August  17,  1657,  on  board  his 
flagship  the  George,  within  sight  of  Plymouth 
Sound. 

See  Hepworth  Dickson's  "  Robert  Blake " 
(1852)  ;     "  A    Life,"     by    Dr.    Samuel    Johnson 


BLAKELY 


79 


B.L.O. 


(1777) ;  D.  Hannay's  "  Life  of  Blake  "  (1886)  ; 
"  The  FxxBt  Dutch  War."  (Navy  Recozds  Society. 
1 899- 1 900.) 

Btokdy.  U.S.  torpedo-boat  (1900).  Displace- 
ment. 165  tons ;  guns,  3  i-pdr. ;  torpedo  tubes.  3 
i8-in.  ;   maximum  speed,  26  kts. 

Blanohe.  Frigate.  On  March  4,  1807,  this 
vessel  was  lost  on  the  French  coast,  when  45  men 
perished. 

Blanohe  Nef.  On  November  25.  1120.  this 
vessel  was  wrecked  oflf  Barfleur.  The  children  of 
Henry  I.  and  a  large  number  of  attendants  were 
on  board  ;    363  persons  perished. 

Blanoo-BnoaladA.  Chilian  cruiser.  (Elswick,  1893.) 
Sheathed  and  coppered. 

Length  370ft.    Beam  46ft.    Maximum  draught  20ft. 
Displacement  4.420  tons.    Complement  427. 
Guns.  Armour. 

2—8  in.  "  Steel." 

10 — 6  in.  4  in.  Deck. 

12 — 3  pdr.  6  in.  Conning  tower. 

10— I  pdr.  6  in.  Gun  shields. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
5  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.    ii,oooaa3i*79  kts.  ;    forced, 
14,000 ss  22*78  kts.    Coal  maximum  900  tons. 

Bland  Une*  was  founded  by  Messrs.  M.  H. 
Bland  and  Co.,  Ltd.,  GibraJtar,  and  maintains 
a  regular  steam  service  between  Gibraltar  and 
Tangiers,  carrying  the  mail ;  and  frequent  sailings 
to  and  from  Tetuan,  Melilla,  Larache,  Rabat,  and 
other  Morocco  ports.  They  also  undertake  salvage 
work,  and  maintain  the  ocean  tug  and  salvage 
steamer  Rescue,  together  with  an  efficient  staff  of 
divers*  mechanics,  etc.  They  were  instrumental 
in  floiting  H.M.S.  Assistance  {q.v.)  from  her 
perilous  position  on  the  shores  of  Tetuan  Bay  in 
November.  1905. 

Fleet. 

Dolphin.  Gibel  Musa 

Express,  Gibel  Tarik. 

Gibel  Habid,  NeUie. 

Gibel  Kebir,  Rescue, 

SeaguB. 


British  3rd  Class  gun-boat  (254  tons). 
Launched  1870. 


Swedish  gun-boat    (500  tons).    Of  no 
fighting  value. 

Wwih^m  y^  guns.  Admiral  Sir  T.  Troubridge. 
On  February  i.  1807.  this  vessel  foundered  near  the 
Island  of  Rodriguez,  East  Indies,  when  all  on  board 
perished. 


British    ist  dass  cruiser.    (Thames 
Ironworks,  1890.) 

Length  375ft.    Beam  65ft.    Maximum  draught  27ft. 
Displacement  9,150  tons.     Complement   590. 


Guns.  Armour. 

2 — 9'2  in.  "  Steel  and  Compound." 

10—6  in.  6  in.  Deck. 

16 — 3  pdr.  12  in.  Conning  tower. 

2 — 9  pdr.  Boat. 
7  Machine. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (14  in.). 
2  Submerged. 
2  Above  water. 
Twin    screw.     Hp.    natural    13,000=18*5    kts., 
forced  20,000=22  kts.     Coal  maximum  1,800  tons. 
This   ship-name   was   first   introduced   into  the 
Navy  in  1709,  and  commemorates  the  victory  of 
the  Duke  of  Marlborough  over  the  French  in  1704. 
It  is  associated  with  Howe's  relief  of  Gibraltar,  1782  ; 
Hotham's  action  at  Genoa,  1795  ;    the  battle  off 
Cape  St.  Vincent,  1797  ;  and  the  Baltic.  1854. 

Btorvle  Caatto.  On  December  25,  1859,  this 
vessel  sailed  from  London  Docks  for  Adelaide. 
She  was  lost  in  the  Channel ;  57  persons  were 
drowned. 

BUgh«  William  (1754-1817).  British  admiral 
(b.  Cornwall).  Saw  service  under  Captain  Cook. 
1772-74 ;  took  part  in  the  action  off  the  Dogger 
Bank,  1781  ;  and  Howe's  relief  of  Gibraltar,  1782. 
In  1788  commanded  the  Bounty  (q.v.),  and  after  his 
adventures  on  that  voyage  was  promoted  captain  ; 
commanded  the  Warrior,  1794,  off  Ushant ;  the 
Director,  1797,  at  Camperdown ;  and  the  Glatten, 
1 801,  at  Copenhagen.  Was  a  brave  and  first-rate 
seaman,  but  one  of  the  worst  of  tyrants  in  days 
when  tyrannical  naval  commanders  were  too 
numerous.     Refer  to  Naval  Mutinies. 

Blink.  Norwegian  torpedo-boat.  (Christiania, 
1903.)  Length.  115  ft.  ;  beam,  14  ft.  ;  draught, 
6  ft.  ;  displacement,  65  tons  ;  armament,  2  i  '4  in., 
2  tubes  ;  Hp.,  650=19  kts. 

Blite.  German  3rd  class  cruiser.  (Kiel.  1882.) 
Displacement,  1.390  tons;  Hp.  2.700  =»  15*$  kts. 
Of  no  fighting  value. 

Bliti.  Austro-Hungarian  torpedo  gun-boat. 
(Schichau.  1888.)  Practically  of  no  fighting 
value. 

Blizi  Swedish  torpedo-boat.  (Karlskrona.  1898.) 
Length  128  ft ;  beam.  15  ft. ;  draught.  7  ft. ;  dis- 
placement. 92  tons  ;  complement,  18  ;  armament, 
2  i*9-in.  (q.f.),  2  tubes  ;  Hp.,  1,250  =  23  kts. ;  coal. 
17  tons. 

BUnard.  A  violent  and  bitterly  cold  wind 
accompanied  with  blinding  snow. 

B.L^  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing 
boats  registered  at  Blokhus,  Holland. 

blk.  Black.  Abbreviation  adopted  on  the  charts 
issued  by  the  Hydrographic  Office,  Admiralty, 
denoting  the  quaUty  of  the  ocean's  bottom. 

B.L.O.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing 
boats  registered  at  Blokzijl,  Holland. 


BLOCK 


80 


BLOMFIELD 


Block.     A  shell  of  wood  or  metal  containing 
sheaves  for  running  ropes. 


M 


Blockade  is  a  siege  carried  on  by  surrounding  a 
place  with  hostile  troops  or  ships,  so  as  to  prevent 
the  besieged  from  receiving  any  supplies  of  men  or 
provisions,  or  having  any  communication  from 
without."  The  law  of  nations  imposes  no  obliga- 
tion upon  neutrals  to  abstain  from  breach  of 
blockade,  and  a  State  does  not  violate  laws  of  neu- 
trality for  failing  to  prevent  its  subjects  from  com- 
mitting breaches.  For  breach  of  blockade  ships  and 
cargo  are  liable  to  confiscation,  provided  notice  of 
such  blockade  has  been  brought  to  the  master's 
knowledge,  and  there  has  been  some  act  of  viola- 
tion, either  by  coming  in  or  going  out  with  a  cargo 
laden  after  the  commencement  of  blockade.  But  a 
neutral  is  generally  allowed  to  leave  a  port  with  such 
cargo  as  has  been  bona  fids  purchased  and  delivered 
before  blockade.  By  the  Declaration  of  Paris 
(9.V.)  blockades  to  be  binding  must  be  efiective. 
Refer  to  Paper  Blockade. 

Blohm  and  Voss.  The  Hamburg  shipyard  of 
Blohm  and  Voss,  which  Ues  on  the  Stainwarder, 
was  founded  in  1877  by  Messrs.  Hermann  Blohm 
and  Ernest  Voss.  The  area  of  the  dockyard  is 
about  50  acres,  and  there  is  a  vast  water  frontage. 
The  most  important  feature  of  the  yard  is  the 
repairing  department.  There  are  five  floating 
docks ;  Nos.  i  and  2  have  3,000  to  4,700  tons 
capacity,  with  six  departments,  and  can  take  three 
ships  of  over  300  ft.  in  length  ;  No.  4  a  capacity  of 
17,500  tons,  and  can  take  ships  up  to  500  ft.  in 
length.  It  was  in  Docks  Nos.  i  and  2  that  the 
lengthening  of  the  Norddeutscher  Lloyd  steamers 
Preussen,  Bayem,  Sachsen,  and  Pfalz  was  done. 
These  vessels  were  cut  in  two,  and  by  means  of 
specially  devised  hydraulic  machinery  pulled  apart, 
the  Preussen  was  lengthened  70  ft.,  and  the  other 
three  50  ft.  In  the  dockyard  on  the  other  side  of 
the  wharf  lies  dock  No.  3,  which  has  a  capacity  of 
17,000  tons ;  it  is  furnished  with  steam  boilers, 
machines,  djmamos,  and  in  time  of  war  can  be 
transported  to  any  naval  base  to  dock  ships  re- 
quiring to  be  repaired.  Dock  No.  5,  which  is 
nearing  completion,  will  be  the  largest  steam  dock 
ever  constructed,  and  is  to  have  a  capacity  of  35,000 
tons,  which  will  enable  it  to  take  the  largest  warship 
or  vessel  belonging  to  the  mercantile  marine  in 
existence. 

The  3'ard  contains  six  slips  in  which  ships  of  up  to 
600  ft.  in  length  can  be  built,  while  on  the  opposite 
side  of  the  dockyard  there  are  separate  slips  for 
warship  building.  The  machine  shop  is  furnished 
with  all  the  latest  and  best  appliances  for  the 
building  of  marine  engines,  and  contains  electri- 
cally driven  travelling  cranes  of  10  to  30  tons 
lifting  capacity.  The  boiler  shop  has  also  three 
travelling  cranes  of  30  tons  capacity,  and  contains 
all  the  necessary  machinery  for  the  turning  out  of 
large  marine  boilers. 


On  the  quays  are  the  necessary  cranes  for  the 
reception  and  setting  in  place  of  machinery  and 
boilers,  one  steam  crane  of  100  tons  capacity,  and 
several  small  cranes,  steam  and  electric  turn 
cranes,  and  on  the  southern  part  of  the  quay  a  crane 
of  150  tons  and  one  portal  crane  of  50  tons.  The 
establishment  employs  an  average  of  5,000  work- 
men. 

Of  the  cargo  and  passenger  vessels  built  at  this 
yard  mention  may  be  made  of  the  following 
modem  ships  : 


Barharossa 
Pretoria     ... 
Bulgaria    ... 
Fhoenicia 
Oraf  Waldersee 
Molike 
Blucher 
Potsdam    ... 


ToDsdispt.  Tons  cap. 
...    15.100  9.000    Norddeotacber  Lloyd 

...    23.500         13.500    Hambnitf  America  Line 
...     19.500         11.500 
...    15.100  9.000 

...    23.500  13.500 

...    21.000  10.000 

...    21.000  10.000 

...    23.000         13.000    Holland  America  Line, 

Rotterdam 


and  the  pleasure-yacht  Prinxasain  Victoria  Luise, 
5,000  tons  displacement,  for  the  Hamburg-American 
Line. 

Of  warships  the  ist  class  battleship  Kaiser 
Carl  der  Grosse,  of  11,152  tons  displacement,  13,500 
I.Hp..  with  a  speed  of  17*5  kts. ;  the  cruiser  Frie- 
drich  Carl,  9,000  tons  displacement,  17,700  I.Hp., 
21  kts.  speed ;  the  cruiser  Yorch,  9,500  tons  dis- 
placement, J  9,000  I.Hp.,  21  kts.  speed ;  and  a  large 
new  cruiser  not  yet  completed,  of  11,500  tons 
displacement. 

Bloiii.  Chiistian  (b.  Horten,  Norway.  May  28, 
1870).  Norwegian  naval  architect ;  commander  in 
the  Royal  Norwegian  Navy.  In  1889  entered  Nor- 
wegian Naval  Academy,  and  promoted  sublieu- 
tenant 1891  ;  in  1895  went  to  France  to  study 
naval  architecture  at  the  r£cole  d 'Application  du 
G6nie  Maritime  in  Paris,  gaining  his  diploma  with 
iirst-class  honours  ;  from  1897  to  1902  acted  as 
assistant-director  of  naval  constpiction  at  Horten, 
and  in  1909,  having  risen  to  commander  in  the 
Navy,  retired  from  active  sea  Ufe  and  became 
director  of  naval  construction. 

Blomfield,?ice-Adiiiiral  BIchard  Kanlfl,  K.0.]LO^ 

cr.  1904,  O.M.O.,  1903  (b.  1835).  Educated  at 
Stevenage  Grammar  School ;  entered  Navy,  1848  ; 
served  in  the  Crimean  campaign  as  midshipman, 
mate,  and  lieutenant  of  Agamemnon  and  Royal 
Albert;  mate  of  the  first  launch  of  the  Royal 
Albert  in  Azoff  Expedition,  1855  (Crimean  and 
Turkish  medals,  Sebastopol  and  Azoff  clasps)  ; 
lieutenant  of  H.M.S.  Hero,  conveying  H.R.H.  the 
Prince  of  Wales,  now  King  Edward  VII.,  repre- 
senting H.M.  the  late  Queen,  to  the  British  American 
colonies  and  back,  i860 ;  commander,  1866 ;  cap- 
tain, 1872 ;  member  of  the  Admiralty  Torpedo 
Committee,  1873-76 ;  Comptroller  of  Port  of  Alex- 
andria from  the  institution  of  that  office  in  1879  ; 
present  by  invitation  of  Commander-in-Chief  on 
his  flagship  during  the  bombardment  of  Alexandria, 
1882  ;  received  Medjidie,  3rd  Class,  August  1883, 
from  the  Khedive  of  Egypt  in  recognition  of  his 


BLOODHOUND 


8i 


BOBSTAYS 


services  whilst  actually  and  entirely  employed  by 
His  Highness  beyond  Her  Majesty's  dominion ; 
granted  Egyptian  war  medal  and  Star  of  Egypt  for 
services  rendered  to  H.M.  Government  and  the 
Khedive  during  the  events  of  1883 ;  Deputy  Con- 
troller General  of  Egyptian  ports  and  lighthouses, 
1888 ;  Comptroller  General,  1901  ;  received  the 
order  of  Osmanieh  3rd  Class  from  the  Khedive  and 
Her  Majesty's  permission  to  wear  it,  1891. 

Publications :  Papers  in  Alexandria  Archaeo- 
logical Society's  Bulletins. 

Bloodhonnd,  British  3rd  Class  gun-boat  (254 
tons).     Launched  1871. 

Blosfom.    Ship.    See  Arctic  Exploration. 

Blozamiie.  The  method  adopted  by  Mr.  J.  C 
Bloxam  to  obtain  smoothed  mean  values. 

Bine  Funnel  line.  See  Ocean  Steamship  Co., 
Ltd. 

Bluejacket  and  Ooastgnard  Gaiette.  Published 
monthly.  Price  id.  Address:  51  Old  Bailey, 
London,  E.C. 

Bine  Peter.  A  blue  flag  with  a  white  square  in 
the  centre.  This  signal  when  hoisted  at  the  fore 
top-mast  head  denotes  the  vessel  is  about  to  sail. 

Blnewater.    The  open  ocean. 

Blnlf.  Abrupt  high  land  projecting  almost  per- 
pendicularly into  the  sea. 

B.1L  Distinguishing  letteis  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Brixham,  England. 

Bn.  Beacon.  Abbreviation  adopted  on  the 
charts  issued  by  the  Hydrographic  Office,  Ad- 
miralty. 

B  JV.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Boston,  Lincohishire,  England. 

B.O.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Borrowstoness,  Scotland. 


Austro-Hungarian  torpedo-boat.  (Yar- 
row, 189S.)  Length,  152  ft. ;  beam,  15  ft. ;  draught, 
7i  ft. ;  displacement,  133  tons ;  complement,  24 ; 
armament,  2  3-pdr.  q.f.,  3  tubes;  Hp.,  2.000 » 
24  kts. ;  coal,  30  tons. 

Boadioea.  Transport,  lost  near  Kinsale.  Janu- 
ary 31,  18 16,  when  over  200  of  the  82nd  Regiment 
perished. 

Boaid.  Timber  sawn  to  a  less  thickness  than  a 
plank.  All  such  timber  is  under  i|  in.  in  thick- 
ness. 

Bonidiag-nettiag.  A  stout  rope  netting  placed 
to  obstruct  an  enemy. 

Board  of  Trade,  The,  was  established  in  1660  as 
a  counsel  of  trade  for  keeping  control  and  super- 
intendence upon  the  whole  commerce  of  the  nation. 
In  1872  its  functions  were  transferred  to  the  Privy 
Council,  and  four  years  later  a  new  Board  was 


appointed  for  the  consideration  of  all  matters  re- 
lating to  trade  and  foreign  plantations,  with  powers 
of  a  purely  consultative  character.  In  1840  the 
Board  of  Trade  was  first  entrusted  with  adminis- 
trative functions,  which  have  since  increased  in 
proportion  to  the  decline  of  its  consultative  duties. 
The  powers  of  the  Board  of  Trade  are  now  partly 
ministerial  and  partly  judicial,  and  are  constantly 
being  extended  by  statutory  enactments. 

The  Board  is  under  the  direction  of  a  president, 
a  Parliamentary  secretary,  a  permanent  secretary, 
and  four  assistant  secretaries,  who.  together  with 
a  staff,  transact  the  whole  business,  though  there 
are  many  ex-officio  members  on  the  committee. 
There  are  seven  depetrtments — ^viz.  :  The  Statistical 
and  Commercial,  the  Railway,  the  Marine,  the 
Harbour,  the  Finance,  the  Fisheries,  recently  trans- 
ferred to  the  Agricultural  and  Fisheries  Board 
(9.V.),  and  the  Bankruptcy  Department. 

Board  of  Trade  JonmaL  Established  1886.  Pub- 
lished weekly  (Thursday).  Price  id.  Address : 
East  Harding  Street.  London.  E.C. 

Boat.  The  regulations  respecting  boats  are  con- 
tained in  sections  427-431  of  the  Merchant  Shipping 
Act.  1894.  ^^^  sure  set  out  in  detail  under  the 
rules  made  by  the  Board  of  Trade  (1902)  fbr  life- 
saving  appliances.  British  ships  are  divided  into 
divisions  and  classes,  according  to  their  tonnage 
and  trade,  and  for  each  class  a  minimum  number 
of  boats,  lifeboats,  rafts,  jackets,  and  buoys  is 
specified.  I^or  failure  to  carry  the  minimum 
number  of  boats,  etc..  and  to  keep  the  same  in 
proper  repair  and  ready  for  use.  the  master  (if  in 
default)  shall  be  liable  to  a  fine  of  £$0,  and  the 
owner  (if  in  default)  to  a  fine  of  ;£ioo,  for  each 
offence.  A  British  ship,  not  provided  with  life- 
saving  appliances  in  accordance  with  this  Act, 
may  be  detained  until  the  defects  are  remedied. 

In  Lloyd's  policy  boats  are  included  as  part  of 
the  ship.  When  navigated  at  sea  boats  carry  the 
lantern  prescribed  by  Article  7  of  the  Regulations 
for  preventing  collisions  at  sea  (q.v.). 

The  method  of  ascertaining  the  measurement 
and  carr3ang  capacity  of  boats  is  briefly  as  follows  : 
Length  (outside)  x  breadth  (outside)  x  depth 
(inside)  x  '6.  The  product  is  the  measurement  of 
the  boat  in  cubic  feet  The  carrying  capacity  of  a 
boat  is  equal  to  the  number  of  cubic  feet  in  her 
measurement  divided  by  (a)  10  in  the  case  of  a 
lifeboat  having  at  least  one  cubic  foot  of  air-tight 
compartments  for  every  ten  cubic  feet  of  her 
measurement,  and  (b)  8  in  the  case  of  other  boats. 
Refer  to  Merchant  Shipping  Act. 

Boatiwain.  The  seaman  who  has  charge  of  the 
crew,  boat  sails,  ship  sails,  rigging,  canvas,  colours, 
anchor,  cable,  etc.,  and  pipes  the  hands  to  their 
several  duties. 

Bobstaya.  Ropes  or  chains  used  to  keep  the 
bowsprit  down. 


bOcklin 


82 


BOKHARA 


BfloUin,  Arnold  (1827-1901).  Swiss  painter  (b. 
Basel).  Studied  'Paris,  Antwerp,  Brussels ;  acted 
as  art  teacher  at  Weimar,  1866-71  ;  lived  at  Flor- 
ence. 1874-85,  Zurich,  1885-92,  and  moved  to  Fien- 
sole,  1892,  where  he  died.  Among  his  most  re- 
markable works  are  "  Pan  Amongst  the  Reeds," 
"Pirates  Plundering  a  Castle,"  "Island  of  the 
Dead,"  "  Panic  Terror,"  "  The  Sport  of  the  Waves," 
"  The  StiUness  of  the  Sea,"  "  Tritons  Nereids." 

Bodrog.    Austro-Hungarian  river  monitor. 
Length  184  ft.     Beam  31  ft.     Draught  4  ft. 
Displacement  433  tons.     Complement  60. 

Guns.  A  rmour. 

2 — 4y  in.  "  Harvey-nickel." 

I — 4'7  in.  2  in.  Belt  amidships. 

Howitzer.  3  in«  Big  gunshields. 

Hp.  1,400=13  kts.     Coal  65  tons. 

Bodry.  Russian  torpedo-boat  destroyer."  (Nev- 
sky,  1902.)  Length,  196  ft. ;  beam,  18  ft. ;  draught, 
11^  ft. ;  displacement,  350  tons ;  armament,  i  12- 
pdr.,  5  3-pdr.,  3  tubes ;  Hp.,  6,000=27  kts. 

Body.    The  main  strength  of  a  fleet. 

Body-plan.  A  section  supposed  to  cut  the  vessel 
through  her  broadest  part  showing  the  breadth  of 
her  timbers. 

Bogatyr.  Russian  armoured  cruiser.  (Vulkan 
Co.,  1901.) 

Length  437ft.    Beam  52lt.    Maximum  <iraught  25ft 
Displacement  6,550  tons.     Complement  573. 
Guns.  Armour. 

12— 6  in.  "Krupp." 

12 — 12  pdr.  3  in.  Deck. 

8 — 3  pdr.  3  in.  Turrets. 

2 — I  pdr.  3  in.  Casemates. 

6  in.  Conning  tower. 
Torpedo  Tubes. 
2  Submerged. 
I  Above  water  bow. 

1  Above  water  stem. 

2  Above  water  training. 

Twin  screw.  Hp.  19,500=23  kts.  Coal  maxi- 
mum 1,000  tons. 

Bohrdt,  HanB  (b.  1857).  German  marine  painter. 
His  works  comprise  numerous  pictures  depicting 
sea  and  ships,  among  the  best  known  being  "  Re- 
ception of  King  WUliam  H.  at  Spithead,"  "  ITie 
Meteor  "  (1891),  "  Brandenburg's  First  Sea  Fight  " 
(1893),  which  were  purchased  by  the  Emperor 
William  IL,  "  Opening  of  the  Baltic  Canal  "  (1896), 
"Sea  Fight  off  Gothland"  {1901),  "The Viking's 
Last  Voyage  "  (1896). 

BoievoL  Russian  torpedo-boat  destroyer  (1905). 
Length,  185  ft.  ;  beam.  21  ft. ;  draught,  7^  ft.  ; 
displacement,  324  tons ;  complement.  60 ;  arma- 
ment, I  i2-pdr.,  5  3-pdr.,  2  tubes ;  twin  screw ; 
Hp.,  5.600  =  26  kts.  :  coal,  100  tons. 


Boiky.  Russian  torpedo-boat' destroyer.  (Nev- 
sky,  1900.)  Length,  196  ft. ;  beam,  18  ft. ;  draught, 
iii  ft.;  displacement,  350  tons;  armament, 
I  i2-pdr.,  5  3-pdr.,  2  tubes;  Hp.,  6.000s: 38  kts. ; 
coal,  90  tons. 

Boiler  oompodtionB.  The  life  of  a  steam  boiler, 
and  the  method  of  working  it  economically,  depends 
to  a  great  extent  on  the  kind  of  water  used.  The 
principal  impurities  which  tend  to  reduce  the  life 
and  steam-producing  qualities  of  the  boiler  are : 
bicarbonate  of  calcium  and  magnesium,  magnesium, 
chloride  of  calcium,,  sulphate,  and  common  salt 
in  sea  water. 

A  large  number  of  patented  anti-incrustation 
compounds  are  advertised,  the  basis  of  the  majority 
being  some  form  of  alkali. 

Boflen,  Ibrine*  the  most  general  type  of  which 
is  known  as  the'  Scotch  boiler,  consist  of  a  short 
horizontal,  cylindrical  steel  shell  with  flat  end  plates, 
and  provided  with  several  internal  furnaces  com- 
municating with  internal  combustion  chambers. 
Another  variety,  the  double-ended  boiler,  has 
furnaces  at  both  ends  of  the  shell,  with  a  common 
combustion  chamber.  The  single-ended  marine 
boiler  is  practically  half  a  double-ended  boiler. 

Water-tube  boilers  are  those  in  which  the  steam 
is  generated  from  water  contained  in  thin  tubes  of 
small  diameter,  by  heat  applied  to  the  outside  of  the 
tubes. 

There  are  numerous  forms  of  water-tube  boilers, 
among  which  may  be  mentioned  the  Babcock  and 
Wilcox  Boiler,  the  Stirling  Boiler,  the  Belville  Boiler, 
etc.,  etc. 

Boilers  are  defined  by  the  Boiler  Explosion  Act 
(1882)  as  "  any  closed  vessel  used  for  generating 
steam,  or  for  heating  water  or  other  liquids,  or  into 
which  steam  is  admitted  for  heating*  steaming, 
boiling,  or  other  similar  purposes,"  and  includes 
pipes  conveying  steam.  This  Act  provides  that  a 
notice  of  every  boiler  explosion,  except  those 
occurring  to  boilers  in  His  Majesty's  service,  shall 
be  sent  to  the  Board  of  Trade  within  twenty-four 
hours  of  its  occurrence. 

By  the  Merchant  Shipping  Act  (1894),  section  425 , 
a  report  of  any  incident  to  a  steamship,  causing 
loss  of  life  or  injury  to  the  person,  or  affecting  the 
seaworthiness  of  the  vessel,  or  her  efficiency  either 
in  her  hull  or  in  any  part  of  her  machinery,  must 
be  sent  by  her  owner  or  master  to  the  Board  of 
Trade  as  soon  as  possible.  For  failure  without 
reasonable  cause  to  comply  with  this  section,  the 
owner  or  master  shall  be  liable  to  a  fine  not  ex- 
ceeding £$0,  This  section  applies  to  all  British 
ships  and  to  foreign  ships  carrying  passengers 
between  places  in  the  United  Kingdom.  Refer  to 
Inspection  of  Ships. 

Bokhara.  P.  and  O.  steamer  on  her  way  from 
Shanghai  to  Hong  Kong,  wrecked  off  Sand  Island, 
in  the  Pescadoies  gzx>np.  during  a  typhoon.  October 
10.  1892  ;  125  lives  lost 


B.O.L. 


83 


BONE 


B.O.Ii.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  iishing 
boats  registered  at  Broek  op  Langcdijk«  Holland. 

Bold  sluwe.  That  which  has  deep  water  close 
to  it. 

Bollards.  Strong  timbers  fixed  verticaliy  into 
the  ground  by  w^hich  vessels  are  secured  to  the 
shore. 

Bolsttr.  Small  cushions  of  tarred  canvas  to 
preserve  the  stays  from  being  chafed  by  the  masts 
when  the  ship  pitches. 

Bolton  Steamahip  Co.»  Ltd.^  owned  and  managed 
by  Messrs.  F.  Bollon  and  Co.,  London,  have  a  fleet 
of  six  modem  steamers  engaged  in  cargo  trade. 

Flkbt. 

Ramsay,  Romney. 

Reynolds.  Rossetti. 

Ribera.  Rubens, 

Bolt-rope.  A  sux>erior  rope  made  of  fine  yam 
stitched  round  the  edge  of  a  sail  to  prevent  the 
canvas  from  tearing. 

Bolti.  A  cylindrical  pin  of  metal,  used  to  unite 
the  different  parts  of  a  vessel,  varied  in  form 
according  to  the  places  where  they  are  required. 
In  shipbuilding,  bolts  which  completely  penetrate 
a  structure  are  through  bolts,  and  those  which 
only  partly  do  so  are  blunt  bolts.  Drift-bolts  are 
used  to  drive  out  others.  Bay-bolts  have  jags  or 
barbs  on  each  side  to  keep  them  from  flying  out  of 
their  holes.  Clench-bolts  are  clenched  with  rivetting 
hammers.  Fend-bolts  are  made  with  long  and 
thick  heads,  and  struck  in  the  outermost  bends  of 
the  ship  to  save  her  sides  from  bruises.  Set-bolts 
are  used  for  forcing  the  planks  and  bringing  them 
close  together.  Scarp-bolts  and  keel-bolts  are 
pointed,  not  clinched,  and  used  for  false  keel  or 
temporary  purposes.  Bring-to  bolts  are  fitted  vnih 
an  eye  at  one  end,  and  a  knot  and  screw  at  the 
other,  for  bringing  to  the  ends  at  the  stem. 

Bombarde.  French  torpedo-boat  destroyer. 
(Havre,  1903.)  length,  183  ft. ;  beam,  21  f t. ; 
draught,  10  ft. ;  displacement,  300  tons ;  comple- 
ment, 62  ;  armament,  i  9-pdr.,  6  3-pdr.,  2  tubes ; 
twin  screw ;  Hp.,  6,000=28  kts. ;  coal,  75  tons. 

Bombardmaiit  is  more  often  a  naval  than  a 
military  operation,  and  may  be  either  to  bring 
about  capitulation  or  to  destroy  military  stores, 
arsenals,  dockyards,  etc.  In  recent  years  the  most 
notable  bombardments  are  those  of  Alexandria 
and  Port  Arthur,  the  latter  possibly  the  most 
terrible  in  history.  The  method  employed  was  by 
"  sapping  "  and  "  mining,"  supported  by  a  terrific 
artillery  fire.  The  guns  used  were  the  usual  regular 
siege  guns  of  from  5-6  in.  calibre,  47  and  6  in. 
naval  guns,  ordinary  field  ordnance,  and  11  in. 
mortars  weighing  some  eight  tons  apiece.  In  all 
300  gnns  were  trained  on  the  fortress.  The  mortars 
fired  a  shell  weighing  about  500  pounds  loaded 


with  an  explosive  invented  by  Dr.  Shimose,  which 
burst  on  contact.  They  had  a  maximum  range  of 
seven  to  eight  miles,  but  were  fired  within  three 
miles  of  the  town.  It  is  estimated  that  about 
11,000  Russians  in  Port  Arthur  were  killed  during 
the  various  bombardments. 

Bombay.  On  December  14,  1864.  this  vessel 
was  burnt  off  Flores  Island,  near  Montcndes.  when 
91  lives  were  lost. 

Bombay  Steam  Vavigatton  Ck>.»  with  their  head 
office  in  Bombay,  have  a  large  fleet  of  passenger 
and  cargo  steamers  maintaining  a  service  on  the 
west  coast  of  India  as  far  north  as  the  Persian  Gulf, 
and  south  to  Ceylon.  A  service  is  maintained 
at  scheduled  times  from  Bombay  to  Kurracheev 
calling  at  Kutch  Manvie  and  intermediate  ports 
and  vice  versa ;  a  daily  service  from  Bombay  to 
Goa,  and  vice  versa ;  a  service  at  scheduled  times 
from  Bombay  to  all  ports  south  of  Goa,  and  vice 
versa.  The  vessels  are  specially  fitted  for  coolie 
traffic,  and  have  accommodation  for  as  many  as 
1,600  passengers. 

Bombe.     French    torpedo    gun-boat.      (Havre, 
1885.)    Length,   196  f t. ;  beam,  21  ft. ;  draught, 
6  ft.;  displacement,  413  tons;  complement,  63; 
guns,   4  8'i-in. ;    3  Maxims;   torpedo  tubes.    2 
Hp.,  2,000=18  kts. ;  coal  maximum,  100  tons. 

Bonaventnre.  British  2nd  class  cruiser.  (Devon- 
port,  1892.) 

Length  3 20ft    Beam  49ft.    Maximum  drau ght  2 1  ft. 
Displacement  4,360  tons.     Complement  318. 
Guns.  Armour. 

2—6  in.  "  Steel." 

8 — 4'2  in.  2  in.  Deck. 

8 — 6  pdr.  3  in.  Conning  tower. 

1—3  pdr. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
4  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  natural  7,000=18  kts.,  forced 
9,000=19*5  kts.     Coal  maximum  1,000  tons. 
Approximate  cost  ;£25o,ooo. 
This   ship-name   dating   from   the   end   of   the 
15  th  century  is  associated  with  the  defeat  of  the 
Armada,    1 588 ;    the    last    cruise    of    Drake    and 
Hawkins,   1595  ;  the  Cadiz  expedition,   1625  ;  the 
battles  off  Dungeness,  1652,  Beachy  Head,  1690, 
and  Barfleur,  1692. 

Bonded  Prloes  Claiue.    See  Clauses. 

Bonded  warehonse.  A,  is  a  place  approved  by 
the  Commissioner  of  Customs  where  dutiable  goods 
are  deposited  without  payment  of  duty  on  landing. 
Such  places,  which  are  under  the  control  of  revenue 
officers,  afford  merchants  facilities  for  free  exporta- 
tion and  for  postponing  the  payment  of  duties 
until  the  goods  pass  to  the  consumer  or  retailer. 

Bone^  W.  (b.  Devonport,  June  30,  1843).  British 
naval  architect.  Served  apprenticeship  Devonport 
Dockyard  from  1857-64,  and  in  1867  gained  diploma 


BON ETTA 


84 


BOREAS 


as  Fellow  of  the  Royal  School  of  Naval  Archi- 
tecture ;  from  1867-69  acted  as  assistant-inspector 
on  the  Clyde  for  Government  vessels  building  under 
contract ;  in  1869  was  appointed  surveyor  to 
Lloyd's  Registry  of  British  and  Foreign  Shipping, 
and  assisted  the  late  Bernard  Weymouth,  Esq.,  in 
making  the  great  change  of  their  rules  for  scantlings 
of  vessels  from  tonnage  basis  to  the  present  system.; 
in  1876  became  managing  director  of  the  Tyne 
Iron  Shipbuilding  Co.,  Ltd.,  since  which  time  he 
has  designed  1 50  vessels  of  all  classes. 

Bonetta.  British  3rd  class  gun -boat  (254  tons). 
Launched  1871. 

Bonite.  French  submarine.  (Toulon,  1903.) 
Length,  jj  ft. ;  beam.  y\  ft. ;  draught,  8  ft. ;  dis- 
placement, 68  tons  ;  complement,  5  ;  Hp.,  60 « 
8kts. 

Bonnet.  An  additional  part  laced  to  the  foot  of 
a  sail  to  gather  more  wind. 

Booby  hatch.  A  readily  removable  companion 
way. 

Boom.  A  long  spar  run  out  to  extend  or  boom 
out  the  foot  of  any  particular  sail. 

Boom-irons.  Metal  supports  through  which  the 
studding-sail  booms  traverse. 

Booms.    Spare  spars. 

Booth,  Felix.    See  Arctic  Exploration. 

Booth  Line,  The,  founded  in  1866  by  Messrs. 
Alfred  Booth  and  Co.,  Liverpool,  and  was  subse- 
quently amalgamated  in  1901  with  the  Red  Cross 
Line  founded  by  Messrs.  R.  Singlehurst  and  Co., 
imder  the  name  and  title  of  the  Booth  Steamship 
Co.,  Ltd.  The  steamers  maintain  frequent 
sailings  from  New  York,  Liverpool,  Havre,  Oporto, 
and  Lisbon,  to  the  Amazon  ports  of  Para  and 
Manaos,  and  carry  a  great  number  of  passengers 
between  Portuguese  ports  and  the  Amazon.  The 
company  carries  the  Royal  mail  to  Para  and 
Manaos,  and  also  mails  between  New  York  and 
Brazil.  The  Iquitos  Steamship  Co.,  Ltd.,  which 
this  company  manage,  have  a  large  fleet  of  steamers 
which  trade  more  than  2,000  miles  up  the  Amazon 
to  Iquitos  in  Peru. 

Fleet. 

Amazon.  Cametense,  Horatio, 

Ambrose.  Cearense.  Hubert. 

Anselm.  Clement.  Jerome. 

Antony.  Cuthbert.  Justin. 

Augustine.  Dominie.  Lanfrane. 

Basil.  Dunstan.  Madeirense. 

Benedict.  Fluminense.  Maranhense. 

Bernard.  Grangense.  Obidense. 

Boniface.  Gregory.  Polycarp. 

Hildebrand. 
Gross  tonnage,  80,000. 


The  Iquitos  Steamship  Co.'s 
Fleet. 
Bolivar.  Javary.  Napo. 

Huascar.  Ucayali. 

Gross  tonnage,  5,000. 

Boot-topping.  A  term  applied  to  sheathing  a 
vessel  with  planking  over  felt. 

Booty.     See  Prize. 

Booty  of  War  is  property  of  a  belligerent  {q.v.) 
captured  by  an  army  on  land  and  belongs  to  the 
Crown,  although  generally  granted  to  the  captors 
as  reward  for  their  services.  Booty  of  war  con- 
sists principally  of  arms,  provisions  and  military 
stores,  private  property  being  no  longer  liable  to 
capture.  By  the  advice  of  a  Privy  Council 
questions  relating  to  booty  of  war  may  be  referred 
to  the  Judges  of  the  Prize  Court  of  Admiralty, 
which  has,  by  3  and  4  Vict.  c.  65,  jurisdiction 
analogous  to  that  in  question  of  prize  of  war  {q.v.). 

B.O.B.  Distinguishing  letters  on.  sea  fishing 
boats  registered  at  Borsele,  Holland. 

Bora.  A  violent,  cold,  anticyclone  wind,  blowing 
down  from  mountains  close  to  the  coast,  if  a  chilled 
tableland  lies  behind  them.  The  Bora  of  the 
Adriatic  is  best  known,  but  a  similar  viind  is 
observed  elsewhere. 

Borohgrevink,  Oarsten  Egeberg  (1864,  b.  Chris- 
tiania).  At  an  early  age  went  to  Australia  ;  sailed 
on  the  Antarctic,  1894,  ^^^  ^^^  among  the  first 
party  to  land  on  the  Antarctic  Continent,  1895.  In 
1898  was  given  command  of  the  Southern  Cross 
expedition  organised  by  Sir  George  Newnes ;  on 
his  return  in  1902  was  deputed  to  investigate 
into  the  volcanic  disturbances  in  the  West  Indies . 
An  account  of  his  first  Antarctic  voyage  is  pub- 
lished in  the  6th  International  Geographical  Con- 
gress, 1895.     See  Antarctic  Exploration. 

Borda,  Xean  Charles  (i733'99)-  Mathematician 
and  nautical  astronomer  (b.  Dax).  Educated 
La  Fleche  ;  visited  the  Azores  and  Canary  Islands, 
of  which  he  constructed  an  admirable  map ;  was 
an  able  mathematician  and  contributed  a  long 
series  of  valuable  memoirs  to  the  Academy  of 
Science.  His  researches  in  hydro-dynamics  were  of 
great  use  for  marine  engineering,  and  the  greater 
part  of  the  instruments  employed  in  the  task  ol 
determining  the  axe  of  the  meridian  were  invented 
by  him. 

Bore.    A  sudden  and  rapid  flow  of  a  tide. 

Borea.  Italian  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Naples, 
1903.)  Displacement,  330  tons  ;  maximum  draught, 
8  ft. ;  armament,  5  6-pdr.  ;  tubes,  2  i8-in. ;  Hp., 
6,000  =  30  kts. ;  coal,  80  tons. 

Boreas.  Man-of-war.  On  November  28.  1807, 
this  vessel  was  lost  upon  the  Hannois  Rock  in  the 


BOREE 


85 


BOSTON 


BofM.  French  torpedo-boat  (1898).  Displace- 
ment. 140  tons ;  complement,  34 ;  maximum 
draught,  yi  ft. ;  guns,  2  3-pdr. ;  torpedo  tubes, 
3  15-in. ;  twin  screw  ;  Hp.,  3;2oo=3i  kts. ;  coal, 
15  tons. 

Borja  de  Moaota,  Antoine  Lanrati  Joieph  (b. 

Nantes,  September  29,  1844).  Educated  Chaptal 
College,  and  was  admitted  as  a  supernumerary 
in  the  office  of  the  Ministry  of  Public  Works  in 
1865  ;  but  subsequently  in  the  same  year  entered 
the  service  of  the  Bureau  Veritas,  where  he  suc- 
cessively held  the  position  of  Chief  Accountant, 
1876 ;  general  secretary,  1881  ;  chief  of  the 
administrative  service,  1884 ;  and  was  ultimately 
chosen  in  1889  administrator  of  this  important 
Association.  In  these  many  capacities  he  has 
taken  a  considerable  part  in  the  work  of  this 
Institution,  so  useful  to  navigation  and  French 
International  Commerce ;  he  has  reorganised  the 
offices  of  the  Bureau  Veritas  in  Russia,  Germany, 
Italy,  Sweden,  and  Norway,  and  has  constantly 
applied  useful  modifications  or  additions  to  the 
publications  of  the  Bureau  Veritas,  regarding  the 
construction  of  ships.  Connected  with  the  "  Reper- 
toire g6n6ral  de  la  marine  marchande  "  (General 
Magazine  of  Merchant  Marine) ;  treasurer  and 
member  of  the  Bureau  of  the  Maritime  Technical 
Association  ;  was  nominated  in  1900  member  of  the 
Head  Council  of  the  Merchant  Marine.  As  recorder 
of  the  universal  Exposition  section,  be  read  an 
interesting  report  and  document  on  the  "  Question 
of  Tonnage,"  and  at  the  Congress  of  Lisbon  held 
May,  1904,  by  the  International  Association,  read  a 
memorandum  on  the  "  Load-line  of  Ships  of  Com- 
merce." Is  Chevalier  of  the  Legion  of  Honour ; 
Chevalier  of  the  ist  class  of  the  Order  of  St.  Olaf 
of  Norway ;  associate  member  of  the  Institution 
of  Civil  Engineers,  and  the  Institution  of  Naval 
A2x:hitects. 

Bofneo.    Dutch  gun-boat.    (Glasgow,  1893.) 
Length  179  ft.   Beam  3 1  ft.  Maximum  draught  1 3  ft. 
Displacement  787  tons.     Complement  106. 

Guns, 

6 — 4*1  in. 

I — 2*9  in. 

2 — I '4  in. 

Hp.  1, 000 ss  13  kts.    Coal  maximum  124  tons. 

Borodino*  Russian  ist  class  battleship.  (New 
Admiralty,  1901.)  Sunk  by  the  Japanese  at  the 
Battle  of  Tsushima,  May  27-29,  1905. 


Dominion  Line  steamer.  Sprang  a 
leak  in  mid- Atlantic.  December  i,  1879,  and  went 
down  ;    160  lives  lost. 

Bofanaaet»  Admiral  Oeorge  Stanley  (b.  1835). 
Educated  R.N.  Academy,  Gosport;  entered  Navy 
1848 ;  mid.  and  acting  mate  of  Rodney,  1854,  in 
Black  Sea  during  Russian  war ;  acting  lieutenant 
of  SpUfirs,  engaged  at  the  taking  of  Kertch  and 
Yenikale ;    acting  Ueutenant  of   Rodney,  in  the 


naval  brigade  before  Sebastopol  (Crimean  and 
Turkish  medals,  Sebastopol  clasp,  and  5th  Class 
Medjidie) ;  lieutenant  of  CalctUta  flagship,  engaged 
in  the  bombardment  and  capture  of  the  forts  at  the 
entrance  to  the  Peiho  river,  1858  ;  as  lieutenant 
in  command  of  the  Woodcock  engaged  with  the 
north  forts  at  the  entrance  to  the  Peiho  river,  i860, 
which  were  captured  by  the  combined  English  and 
French  land  forces  (China  medal,  two  Taku  clasps) ; 
in  conunand  of  Flamer,  served  during  operations 
against  the  Taiping  rebels,  and  was  present  on  shore 
at  the  taking  of  Min-hong,Kabding,  Na-jow.Cho-Un ; 
wounded  in  the  attack  on  the  city  of  Fung-wha, 
1862 ;  mentioned  in  despatches ;  employed  in 
various  operations  against  pirates  in  the  neighbour- 
hood of  Chusan,  1873  ;  severely  wounded,  in  an 
attack  by  rebels  on  Flamer,  in  Hang-chow  Bay ; 
mentioned  in  despatches  ;  Gold  medal  from  Impe- 
rial Government  of  China,  and  promoted  to  com- 
mander for  distinguished  services ;  captain  of 
Northumberland  during  the  Egyptian  war,  1882 
(Egyptian  medal,  Khedive's  Bronze  Star,  Os- 
raanieh  3rd  Class) ;  rear-admiral  1887 ;  vice- 
admiral  1892  ;  adnural  1898  ;  retired  1904. 

BoBQaw«il>  Edward.  British  admiral  (1711-61). 
Ptesent  at  the  taking  of  Porto  Bello,  1740 ;  and  at 
the  siege  of  Carthagena,  1741  ;  in  May,  1747.  he 
distinguished  himself  in  an  engagepient  off  Cape 
Finisterre,  where  he  captured  ten  French  ships  and ' 
M.  de  Hocquart,  their  commander ;  in  1748  he 
laid  siege  to  Pondicherry,  and  while  there  received 
news  of  the  peace,  and  Madras  was  delivered  up  to 
him  by  the  French.  In  1751  was  made  a  Lord  of 
the  Admiralty,  and  chosen  an  Elder  Brother  of 
Trinity  House  ;  in  1755  he  intercepted  the  French 
squadron  bound  to  North  America,  and  captured 
the  A  hide  and  the  Lys,  and  Hocquart  became  his 
prisoner  for  the  third  time.  In  this  engagement 
he  captured  1,500  prisoners,  and  received  on  his 
return  to  England  the  thanks  of  Parliament.  In' 
I759»  when  in  conmiand  of  the  Mediterranean  Fleet, 
he  pursued  the  French  Fleet,  and  after  a  sharp 
engagement  in  Lagos  Bay  defeated  them,  capturing 
three  large  ships,  burned  two,  and  returned  to 
Spithead  with  his  prizes  and  2,000  prisoners.  He 
died  near  Guildford,  January  10,  1761,  at  the  early 
age  of  50. 

Bofton.    U.S.  3rd  class  cruiser.  (Chester.  1887.) 
Length  27 1  ft    Beam  42ft.    Maximum  draught  20ft. 
Displacement  3,000  tons.    Complement  280. 
Gu9U,  Amtour, 

2—8  in.  "  SteeL" 

6—6  in.  i^  in.  Deck. 

6 — 6  pdr. 
Hp.  4.000s 1 5  kts.    Coal  maximum  450  tons. 

Botton  Bteanohlp  Co.,  with  which  is  amalgamated 
the  Boston  Tow-Boat  Co.,  with  their  head  office  in 
Boston,  maintain  a  fleet  of  five  up-to-date  caigo 
steamers  which  trade  to  the  Far  East ;  the  two 
latest,  the  Shaumui  and  Tremont,  having  excellent 


BOTH 


86 


BOURNEUF 


passenger   accommodation,    and   a   sea   speed   of 
15  kts. 

Fleet. 
Hyades.  Pleiades. 

Lyra. 

Gross  tonnage,  31,000. 


Shaumut. 
Tretnont. 


Both  iheets  aft.    Running  before  the  wind. 

Botlle  Ohari.  Those  on  which  the  set  of  surface 
currents  are  exhibited  derived  from  papers  found 
in  bottles  which  have  been  thrown  overboard  for 
that  purpose,  and  washed  up  on  the  beach,  or 
picked  up  by  other  ships. 

Bottom.  The  part  of  a  ship  or  boat  which  is 
below  the  waves. 

Bottomxy.  A  bottomry  bond  is  a  marine  con- 
tract in  writing,  by  which  the  master  of  a  vessel, 
in  consideration  of  a  sum  of  money  advanced  to. 
him,  hypothecates  or  binds  the  vessel  as  security 
for  the  loan  and  interest.  The  object  of  such  a 
bond  is  in  the  interests  of  commerce,  and  to  meet 
the  case  of  a  vessel  arriving  at  a  foreign  port, 
where  her  master  cannot  obtain  credit,  in  need  of 
repairs  or  necessaries  the  want  of  which  would 
hinder  her  voyage.  The  property  in  the  ship  re- 
mains in  her  owners,  who  are  personally  liable  to 
the  lender,  and  this  debt  can  only  be  defeated  by 
the  actual  total  loss  of  the  vessel.  Where  it  is  for 
the  benefit  of  all  parties  concerned  freight  may  be 
pledged,  and  also  cargo,  but  in  the  latter  case  the 
master  must  if  possible  communicate  with  the 
cargo-owners  first.  Among  maritime  liens  a  claim 
under  a  bottomry  bond  takes  precedence  of  all 
other  claims  except  those  for  wages  and  salvage. 
The  Admiralty  Division  of  the  High  Court,  which 
has  almost  exclusive  jurisdiction  over  all  matters 
relating  to  bottomry,  will  construe  such  bonds 
liberally  and  with  the  principles  of  equity  according 
to  the  general  tenor  of  their  contents. 

In  marine  insurance  an  insurable  interest  arises 
thus :  When  a  captain  finds  himself  in  a  foreign 
port  and  unable  to  defray  his  expenses,  and  gets 
money  on  his  own  credit,  or  on  the  shipowner's, 
he  is  empowered  "  in  direst  need  "  to  raise  money 
by  pledging  his  ship  for  repayment,  against  her 
arrival  at  her  destination,  the  bond  for  the  advance 
being  payable  a  certain  number  of  days  after 
arrival. 

A  "  respondentia  "  bond  is  a  similar  advance, 
but  on  cargo  pledged  as  security.  The  lender  of 
the  money  has  an  insurable  interest,  but  the  interest 
must  be  mentioned  and  specified  in  the  policy  of 
insurance.     (Glover  v.  Black,  3  Burr.,  1,394.) 

Money  lent  in  bottomry  or  on  respondentia  do 
not  contribute  in  general  average.  (C.  Joyce  v. 
Williamson,  in  "  Park  on  Insurance,"  p.  481.) 

Bottomry  CQaiut.    See  Clauses. 

Boaoh,  Sir  ThomM  (1822-80).  Civil  engineer  (b. 
Thursley).  Entered  the  service  of  the  Edinburgh 
and  Northern  Railway  Co.,  now  the  N.B.R.  system. 


and  in  1849  became  manager  and  engineer,  and 
carried  into  effect  the  floating  railway  for  passing 
goods  trains  across  the  Firths  of  Forth  and  Tay. 
He  designed  and  superintended  the  construction 
of  many  large  railway  viaducts,  and  designed  the 
first  Tay  Bridge,  which  was  begun  in  1870.  This 
bridge  fell  in  on  December  28,  1879,  with  the  train 
which  was  crossing  at  the  time.  He  was  so  afi[ected 
by  the  news  that  he  never  recovered  from  the  shock, 
and  died  shortly  after.  In  June,  1879,  he  received 
the  honour  of  knighthood. 

BoncUer.  French  gun-boat  (1884).  Displace- 
ment, 170  tons.  On  service  in  Cochin  China.  Of 
little  fighting  value. 

Bondourii,  Demetrius.  Rear-admiral  of  the  Greek 
Navy  (b.  1846).  Entered  Navy,  1863 ;  com- 
manding officer  of  Sphakieria  during  the  Turco- 
Greek  war,  1897,  ^^^  sent  to  Candia  In  charge  of 
torpedo  flotilla ;  commanding  oflicer  of  the  Royal 
yacht  Amphitriie,  1889- 1905  ;  A.D.C.  to  the  King, 
1895  J  A.D.C.  General,  1905  ;  Admiral  Superinten- 
dent of  Salamis  Dockyard,  1905  ;  was  decorated 
a  Commander  of  the  Royal  Order  of  our  Saviour, 
1890. 

BoiigBitt¥J]le»  Lonif  Antoine  de  (1729-1811). 
French  admiral.  Served  with  Montcalm  in  Canada, 
1756-59,  and  again  in  Gennany  during  the  Seven 
Years'  War ;  conunanded  the  first  French  expedi- 
tion  round  the  world,  1756-59,  which  led  to  many 
important  geographical  discoveries ;  acted  as  naval 
conunander  in  North  American  war,  and  was  made 
a  count  by  Napoleon. 

Bounty,  (i)  A  sum  paid  by  the  Government  to 
exporters  and  manufacturers  for  the  purpose  of 
promoting  a  certain  trade  and  enabling  them  to 
undersell  foreign  rivals.  The  system  has  been 
abolished  in  England. 

(2)  A  sum  paid  to  Army  and  Militia  recruits. 

(3)  A  sum  distributed  among  the  officers  and 
men  of  a  warship  for  naval  services,  other  than 
salvage  or  the  capture  of  enemy's  property. 

Bounty,  armed  transport,  with  a  crew  of  44 
officers  and  men  and  two  gardeners,  left  Spit- 
head,  December,  1787,  on  a  voyage  to  the  South 
Sea.  On  the  night  of  April  28,  1789,  when  off 
Tahiti,  the  seamen,  led  by  Fletcher  Christian,  rose, 
secured  the  arms,  and  then  seized  the  captain  and 
took  command  of  the  ship.  Christian,  with  most 
of  the  crew,  decided  to  retire  to  some  unknown 
island.  It  was  not  until  18 14  that  a  man-of-war, 
the  Briton,  discovered  Pitcaim's  Island,  and  found 
upon  it  John  Adams,  the  sole  survivor  of  the 
Bounty  mutineers,  who  had  formed  a  colony  there, 
and  installed  himself  chief.  Refer  to  Naval 
Mutinies. 

BonmeuL  Australian  emigrant  vessel.  Struck 
on  a  reef  in  the  Torres  Straits,  and  became  a  total 
wreck,  August  3,  1853. 


BOURRASQUE 


87 


BOYD 


Boorrasqiie.  French  torpedo-boat  (1898).  Dis- 
placement, 140  tons ;  complement,  34 ;  maximum 
draught,  7^  ft. ;  gnns,  2  3<pdr. ;  torpedo  tubes, 
2  15-in. ;  twin  screw;  Hp.,  3,200  =  31  kts. ;  coal, 
15  tons. 

Bonwt  French  ist  class  battleship.  (L'Orient. 
X896.) 

Length  40 1  ft.    Beam  70  ft.    Maximum  draught  28ft. 
Displacement  12,205  tons.     Complement  630. 
Guns,  Armour. 

2 — 12  in.,  40  cal.       "  Special." 
2 — To'8  in.  16  in.  Belt  amidships. 

8 — 5*5  in.  15  in.  Turrets. 

8 — 4  in.  10  in.  Conning  tower. 

10—3  pdr. 
20 — I  pdr. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (17*7  in.). 
2  Submerged. 
2  Above  water. 
Three  screws.     Hp.  14.000=17  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 800  tons.     Approximate  cost  j£  1,200,000. 

Boavinas.  French  coast  ser\dce  battleship.  (T^ 
55eyne,  1892.) 

Length  292ft.    Beam  59ft.    Maximum  draught  24  ft. 
Displacement  6, 5  3  5  tons.     Complement  335. 
Guns,  Armour. 

2 — 12  in.,  45  cal.         "  Creusot." 
8 — 4  in.  18  in.  Belt  amidships. 

4 — 3  pdr.  14  in.  Turrets. 

10  Small.  12  in.  Conning  tower. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (177  in.). 
2  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.,  8,900=16*2  kts.     Coal  maxi 
mum  337  tons.     Approximate  cost  ;£57S,ooo. 

Bow.  The  fore  end  of  a  vessel,  being  the  rounding 
part  forward,  beginning  on  both  sides  where  they 
arch  inwards,  and  terminating  where  they  close 
at  the  stem. 

Bowden-Smifh,  Sir  Nathaniel,  K.C3.,  cr.  1897. 
British  admiral  (b.  Hampshire,  1838).  Entered 
Navy,  1852,  and  was  naval  cadet  in  Winchester 
during  Burmese  war,  1852-53  (Burmah  medal  and 
Pegu  clasp)  ;  mid.  in  Royal  George  in  the  Baltic. 
1854-55  (Baltic  medal) ;  was  present  at  the  capture 
of  Peiho  forts,  1858,  and  as  lieutenant  of  the 
Chesapeake  was  present  at  the  unsuccessful  attack 
on  the  Taku  forts,  1859  (China  medal,  Fatshan 
and  Taku  clasps)  ;  served  as  flag-captain  on  the 
Mediterranean  and  East  Indian  stations ;  senior 
oflicer  S.E.  coast  America ;  commanded  the 
Britannia,  1883-86 ;  one  of  the  British  representa- 
tives at  the  International  Marine  Conference,  1889  ; 
Commander-in-Chief  Australian  Station,  1892-95  ; 
K.C.B.  on  the  commemoration  of  Her  Majesty's 
Diamond  Jubilee ;  Commander-in-Chief  at  the 
Xore,  1 899- 1 900 ;  retired,  1903. 

Bowen,  Riohaid  (1761-97).  British  naval  officer 
(b.  Ufracombe).  On  board  the  Foudroyant  he  parti- 
cipated in  the  capture  of  the  Lively  and  the  Pegase  ; 


in  1794  he  distinguished  himself  at  the  attack  on 
Port  Royal,  Martinique,  which  resulted  in  the  cap- 
ture of  the  Bienvenu;  at  the  battle  off  Cape  St. 
Vincent.  1797,  when  in  command  of  the  Terpsichore, 
he  gained  further  glory  by  engaging  single-handed 
the  Spanish  four-decker  Seniissima  Trinidad ;  was 
present  at  the  bombardment  of  Cadiz,  and  was 
shot  dead  during  that  ill-fated  attack  on  Santa 
Cruz. 

Bower  aaohon.    Those  at  the  bow  in  constant 
use. 

Bowgraoe.    A  fender  to  prevent  the  ship's  side 
receiving  injury. 

Bowline.     A  rope  fastened  forward  to  bow  the 
leech  of  the  sail. 


A  span  on  the  leech  of  a  square 
sail  to  which  the  bowline  is  clinched. 


Bowring  and  Go.,  Ltd.,  0.  T. 

American  Steamship  Co. 

Bowse.     To  haul  with  tackle. 


See  English  and 


Bowsprit  A  long  spar  ranking  with  a  lower 
mast  projecting  over  the  stem.  Beyond  it  extends 
the  jibboom,  and  beyond  that  again  the  flying 
jibboom.  To  these  spars  are  secured  the  stays  of 
the  fore-mast  and  of  the  spars  above  it.  On  these 
stays  are  set  the  fore  and  fore-topmast  stay-sails, 
the  jibs,  and  flying-jib. 

Bowsprit  shroilds.  Strong  ropes  or  chains 
leading  from  nearly  the  outer  end  of  the  bowsprit, 
giving  lateral  support  to  thai  spar. 

Box.  The  space  between  the  back-board  and 
the  stem-post  of  a  boat  where  the  coxswain  sits. 

Boxer.  British  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Chis- 
wick,  1894.)  Length,  201  ft. ;  beam,  19  ft.  ; 
draught,  7  ft. ;  displacement,  247  tons ;  comple- 
ment, 45  ;  armament,  i  12-pdr.,  5  6-pdr.,  2  tubes ; 
twin  screw  ;  Hp.,  4,500=27  kts ;  coal,  60  tons. 

Boz-haoling.  When  the  ship  is  veered  sharp 
round  on  her  heel,  the  head  yards  brace  flat  aback, 
the  after  yards  squared ;  to  avoid  making  a  great 
sweep. 

Box  her  off.    To  force  the  bow  from  the  wind. 

Boyarin.  Russian  cruiser  (3,200  tons).  This 
vessel  struck  a  mine  outside  Dalny,  February  12, 
1904,  and  foundered. 

Boyd,  William  (b.  AmcUfle,  October  17,  1839). 
Educated  Rugby  and  King's  College,  London ; 
entered  business  in  1863,  and  became  a  partner  in 
the  engineering  firm  of  Messrs.  Thompson,  Boyd  and 
Co.,  of  Newcastle,  and  on  the  dissolution  (1874) 
was  appointed  managing  director  of  the  Wallsend 
Slipway  and  Engineering  Co.  ;  director  of  John 
Spencer  and  Sons,Newbum  Steel  Works,  Newcastle  : 
first  president  of  the  North-East  Coast  Institution 
of  Engineers  and  Shipbuilders  (1884-86) ;  member 
of  the  Newcastle  School  Board  (1871-77) ;  joined 


BOYES 


88 


BRASSEY 


the  I  St  Newcastle  Vol.  Artillery  in  1865,  and  com- 
manded the  corps  from  1871-79,  when  he  resigned  ; 
first  Mayor  of  Wallsend,  November  1901. 

Publications :  Has  read  papers  at  various  times 
before  the  Institution  of  Mechanical  Engineers  and 
the  North-East  Coast  Institution  of  Engineers  and 
Shipbuilders. 

Boyes,  Cteorge  Thonuui  Henry.  Director  of 
transports,  Admiralty.  Entered  Navy,  1854 ; 
was  present  at  the  siege  of  Sebastopol,  expedition 
to  Kertch  and  Yenikale,  and  attack  and  capture 
of  Kinbum  (Crimean  and  Turkish  medals,  Sebasto- 
pol clasp)  ;  commander  of  Achilles  during  Egyptian 
war  (Egyptian  medal,  Khedive's  Bronze  Star,  3rd 
Class  Medjidie)  ;  captain  of  the  Anson  during  the 
operations  attending  the  salvage  of  H.M.S.  Howe 
at  FexTol,  1892  ;  commodore  and  naval  officer  in 
charge,  Hong  Kong,  1893-96 ;  acting  director  of 
transports,  1900 ;  retired,  1901  ;  commander 
2nd  class  Saxe-Emestine  Order. 

Publication:    "The  Salvage  of  H.M.S.     Howe" 

Boyevoi.  Russian  torpedo  -  boat  destroyer. 
(Yarrow,  1906.)  Displacement,  356  ;  complement, 
62  ;  armament,  i  12-pdr.,  5  3-pdr.,  3  tubes,  18  in. ; 
Hp.,  5,700  =  26  kts.  ;  coal,  80  tons. 

Boyne.  Mail  steamer,  from  Braal,  ran  on  a  rock 
during  a  fog,  15  miles  ofi  Ushant,  and  became  a 
total  loss. 

Boyne.  British  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Heb- 
bum,  1904.)  Length,  222  ft. ;  beam,  23^  ft. ; 
draught.  9}  ft.  ;  displacement,  600 ;  complement, 
72 ;  armament,  i  x2-pdr.,  5  6-pdr.,  2  tubes. ; 
twin  screw  ;  Hp.,  7, 500 » 35  kts. ;  coal,  126  tons. 
This  ship-name  is  associated  with  the  attack  on 
Carthagena,  1741  ;  Barrington  at  St.  Lucia,  1778  ; 
Byron's  action  off  Grenada,  1779 ;  Rodney's 
action  with  De  Guichen,  1780 ;  capture  of  Mar- 
tinique, 1794. 

Boyne.  98  guns.  On  May  4,  1795,  this  vessel 
was  destroyed  by  fire  at  Portsmouth,  caused  by  the 
explosion  of  the  magazine,  when  most  of  the  crew 
perished.  Portions  of  the  wreck  were  recovered  in 
June,  1840. 

B.B.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Breskens,  Holland. 

B  J(.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Bridgwater,  England. 

br.  Brown.  Abbreviation  adopted  on  the  charts 
issued  by  the  Hydrographic  Office,  Admiralty, 
denoting  the  quality  of  the  ocean's  bottom. 

Brace  to  or  by.  To  bring  the  yards  back  to 
make  them  shake. 

Braoe-np.  To  place  the  yards  as  far  forward  as 
they  will  go,  for  the  purpose  of  heaving  to. 

Brackenlmry,  Admkal  Jolm  WiUlun,  CILO., 
1879,  03.,  1887.     Commanded  the  Shakes  naval 


brigade  during  the  Zulu  war;  promoted  captain 
for  services  on  West  Coast  of  Africa,  188 1  (Zulu 
medal  and  clasp) ;  captain  of  the  Thalia  during  the 
Egyptian  war.  1882  (Egyptian  medal,  Khedive's 
Bronze  Star,  Medjidie,  3rd  Class);  captain  of 
Turquoise  during  operations  on  East  Coast  of 
Africa,  1887-91  ;  mentioned  in  despatches ;  naval 
officer  in  charge  of  naval  establishment,  Bermuda. 
1894-96 ;  second  in  command  of  the  Channel 
Squadron,  1898. 

BraokidL    Water  not  fresh. 

Bradshaw*!  General  Raflway  Steam  NaWgatioii 
Guide  for  Great  Britain  and  Ireland.  Established 
1837.  Published  monthly.  Price  6d.  Address: 
59  Fleet  Street,  London,  E.C. 

Bragagna.  A  lateen-rigged  trader  of  the  Adriatic 

Bragood.    A  lug-rigged  trader  of  the  Adriatic. 

Brailfl.  Ropes  passing  through  leading  blocks  on 
the  hoops  of  the  mizsen  mast  and  ga£f,  fastened  to 
the  outer-mo6t  leech  of  the  sail  in  different  places  to 
truss  it  close  up  as  required  ;  all  try-sails  and  several 
of  the  stay-sails  have  brails. 

Brail  op.    To  haul  in  the  sail. 

Brand.  Norwegian  torpedo-boat.  (Christiania, 
1899.)  Length,  128  ft. ;  beam,  15  ft ;  draught. 
6}  ft. ;  displacement,  84  tons ;  armament,  2  i  '4  in. 
q.f.,  2  tubes  ;  Hp.,  1,100=23  kts. 

Brandenburg.    German  ist  class  battleship  (1891) 
Length  380  ft  Beam  64  ft.  Maximum  draught  26  ft 
Displacement  10,060  tons.  .  Complement  568. 
Guns,  Armour, 

6 — II  in.  "Compound." 

8— 4*1  in.  15  in.  Belt 

8 — i5i  pdr.  12  in.  Barbettes. 

2 — I  pdr.  5  in.  Turrets. 

4  Machine.  12  in.  Conning  tower. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
2  Submerged. 
I  Above  water  stem. 
Twin  screw.    Hp.  forced  io,ooosi7  kt<}.    Coal 
maximum  1,050  tons.    Approximate  cost  ;£75o,ooo. 

Branrteld.    See  Antarctic  Exploration. 

Braney,  Oapt  Hon.  Thomas  Allnntt  Braney, 
B.A.,  J.P.,  H.A.,  F.B.0.8.  |  West  Kent  Yeomanry 
(b.  March  7,  1863).  Eldest  son  of  first  Baron 
Brassey,  married  Lady  Idina  Mary,  third  daughter 
of  first  Marquess  of  Abergavenny,  1889.  Educated 
Eton;  Balliol  College,  Oxford.  Editor  "Naval 
Annual,"  1890  ;  assistant  private  secretary  to  Earl 
Spencer  when  First  Lord  of  the  Admiralty ;  assistant 
secretary  to  Royal  Commission  on  Opium ;  con- 
tested Epsom  Division,  1892  ;  Christchurch,  1895 
and  1900  ;  member  Agricultural  Organisation  Asso- 
ciation ;  is  a  director  of  Powell,  Duffr3ni  Steam 
Colliery  Co. ;  chairman  of  the  Pertusola  Co.,  which 
owns  important  lead  smelting  works  near  Spezia, 
in  Italy. 

Publication :    "  ProUems  of  En^nre  "  (1904). 


BRASS  EY 


89 


BRENNAN 


Biifiey,  Thomas,  Baron,  K.C.B^  OX*,  JJP^ 
BAJJu  (b.  Stafford,  1836).  Became  a  Civil  Lord 
of  the  Admiralty,  1880-83.  and  Secretary  to  the 
Admiralty,  1883-85  ;  chairman  of  the  Opium  Com- 
mission, and  the  Commissions  on  Unseaworthy 
Ships,  Coaling  Stations,  and  Pensions  to  the  Aged 
Poor ;  president  of  the  Institution  of  Naval 
Architects,  1893-95  ;  Governor  of  Victoria,  1895- 
1900.  In  1876  he  and  Lady  Brassey  undertook  a 
voyage  round  the  world  in  their  3racht  the  Sun- 
beam, and  the  account  which  was  published  of  the 
voyage  attained  great  p<^ularity.  He  is  a  high 
authority  on  naval  questions  and  has  been  a  fre^ 
quent  writer  on  those  subjects. 

PubUcations:  "Work  and  Wages"  (1872), 
"  British  Seamen  "  (1877),  "  The  Eastern  Ques- 
tion "  (iSyS),  "Foreign  Work  and  English 
Wages"  (1879).  "The  British  Navy,"  in  five 
volumes  (1882-83)  *'  edited  for  a  number  of  years 
"  The  Naval  Annual." 

Bntmuchweig.    German     ist    class   battleship. 
(Krupp,  1902.) 
Length  430ft.  Beam  72ft.  Mean  draught  26  ft. 
Displacement  13.200  tons.    Complement  691. 
Guns.  Armour. 

4 — 1 1  in.  9  in.  Belt. 

14 — 67  in.  1 1  in.  Barbettes. 

23 — ^24  pdr.  1 1  in.  Turrets. 

13— *i  pdr.  12  in.  Conning  towen 

3  Machine. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
5  Submerged  bow  and  broadside. 
I  Above  water  stem. 
Three  screws.     Hp.  16,0003:18  kts.     Coal  Maxi- 
mum 1,600  tons.    Approximate  cost  ;£  1,1 60,000. 

BravL  Russian  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Nevsky. 
1902.)  Length,  196  ft. ;  beam,  18  f t. ;  draught, 
11^  ft.;  displacement,  350  tons;  armament, 
I  i2-pdr.,  5  3-pdr.,  3  tubes;  Hp.,  6,000=27  kts. 

Braaon.  British  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Clyde- 
bank. 1896.)  Length,  218  f t. ;  beam,  20  ft. ; 
draught,  5^  ft. ;  displacement,  300  tons ;  comple- 
ment, 60  ;  armament,  i  12-pdr.,  5  6-pdr.,  2  tubes ; 
twin  screw ;  Hp.,  6,000=30  kts. ;  coal,  80  tons. 

Braaen.  British  torpedo-boat  destroyer  (300 
tons,  30  kts.).   Launched  1896. 

BJLD.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing 
boats  registered  at  Broadford,  Scotland. 

Break  bulk.    To  commence  discharging  cai;go. 

Break  her  sheer.  When  a  vessel  is  forced  by 
wind  or  current  to  pass  the  wrong  side  of  her 
anchor. 

Breakwaien.    See  Harbours. 

Breaming.    Cleaning  a  ship's  bottom  by  burning. 

Breaai-lasi.  A  rope  or  cable  used  to  confine  a 
ship's  broadside  to  a  wharf  or  quay. 


Breaet  hook.  Thick  pieces  of  timber  used  to 
strengthen  the  fore  parts  of  a  ship. 

Breda.  In  August,  1702,  this  vessel,  flag-ship 
of  Admiral  John  Benbow,  gave  chase  to  the  Santa 
Martha,  a  French  vessel  under  Du  Casse;  and 
although  unsupported  kept  up  a  running  fight  for 
five  days. 

Breeies.  Wind  in  general,  whether  weak  or 
strong. 


Land  and  sea.  Winds  which  blow  near 
the  coast,  from  sea  to  land  during  the  day,  and 
from  land  to  sea  during  the  night. 

Bremen*  German  armoured  cruiser.  (Weser, 
Bremen,  1903.) 

Length  341ft.  Beam  40ft.  Maximum  draught  i6^ft. 
Displacement  3,200  tons.     Complement  280. 
Guns.  A  rmour. 

10 — ^4' I  in.  "  Krupp." 

10 — I '4  in.  2  in.  Deck. 

4  Maxims.  4  in.  Conning  tower. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
2  Submerged. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  11,000=23  kts.    Coal  maxi- 
mum 800  tons. 

Bremer^Vnlkan  Behiffban  nnd  Maiehinenftilirik, 

Vegesack,  Bremen.  This  shipyard  was  founded 
in  1893.  &A(l  ^s  an  area  of  about  80  acres,  water 
frontage  of  three-quarters  of  a  mile,  and  is  furnished 
with  all  the  latest  appliances  and  machinery 
necessary  for  a  large  modem  yard.  It  has  six 
sUps  capable  of  building  the  largest  vessels,  each 
slip  having  electric  travelling  cranes.  Since  it  was 
founded,  506  vessels  have  been  launched,  among 
which  may  be  mentioned  large  mail,  passenger  and 
freight  steamers  for  the  Norddeutscher  Lloyd, 
Hamburg-Amerika  Line,  Hansa  Line,  Argo  Steam- 
ship Co.,  A.  Kirsten,  Hamburg,  and  a  number  of 
smaU  steamera  for  the  Woermann  Line,  and  the 
East  Africa  Line.  Between  1900  and  1905  vessels 
were  launched  with  a  net  tonnage  of  138,250,  and 
machinery  of  76,330  I.Hp. 

Bremer  Taoht  dnb.  Established  189 1.  Commo- 
dore, A.  Boyes ;  Vice-Commodore,  Joh.  MuUer ; 
Rear-Commodore,  H.  Wurtmann;  Treasurer.  A. 
Frese;  Secretary,  G.  Tottcher,  Woltmershauser, 
Dreieck,  Bremen,  Germany.  Annual  subscription, 
mark  15. 

Brennan,  Lonis.  Inventor  of  the  Brennan 
torpedo  (b.  Ireland,  1852).  In  1882  the  British 
Admiralty,  recognising  the  value  of  his  torpedo, 
invited  him  to  England,  paying  him  a  retaining  fee 
of  £$,000,  and  engaging  him  for  a  period  of  three 
years  at  a  salary  of  £2,000  a  year  and  expenses,  to 
enable  him  to  improve  his  invention.  He  was  after- 
wards given  a  reward  of  ;f  110,000,  and  a  salary  of 
;£i,5oo  for  five  years.  In  1907  he  produced  a 
working   model   of  his  invention,    the   mono-rail 


BRENNUS 


90 


BRILLIANT 


gioscope  train,  which  no  doubt,  in  tha  near  future, 
will  be  put  to  practical  use. 

BrennoB.     French  ist  class  battleship  (1891). 
Length  375ft.    Beam  65ft.    Maximum  draught  27ft. 
Displacement  11,395  tons.     Complement  696. 
Guns.  Armour. 

3 — 13*4  in.  42  cal.       *'  Creusot  steel." 
10— 6*4  in.  18  in.  Belt  amidships. 

4 — 9  pdr.  18  in.  Turrets. 

14 — 3  pdr.  5  in.  Conning  tower. 

2  Maxims. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
6  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  13,600=17.5  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 800  tons.     Approximate  cost  ;£995,ooo. 

Brenton,  Sir  Jahleel  (1770- 1844).  British  vice- 
admiral.  Served  in  the  Bar fleur  at  Cape  St.  Vincent ; 
flag-captain  to  Saumare^  in  the  actions  at  Alge- 
ciras  and  Gibraltar,  1801  ;  was  wrecked  and  taken 
prisoner  in  the  Minerve,  1803,  and  imprisoned  till 
1806.  In  May,  x8io,  when  in  command  of  the 
Spartan,  he  defeated  a  Franco-Neapolitan  flotilla ; 
for  this  service  he  was  made  a  baronet  in  18  z  2,  and 
K.C.B.  181 5  ;  was  subsequently  a  resident  Com- 
missioner at  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  and  Lieutenant 
Governor  at  Greenwich  Hospital. 

See  **  Life  of  Sir  Jahleel  Brenton,"  by  Raikes, 
1846. 

Brett,  John  (1830-1902).  British  painter;  The 
chief  exponent  of  the  pre-Raphaelite  method  as 
applied  to  sea-scape ;  elected  A.R.A.N.,  1881 ; 
Among  his  principal  works  are  "  Britannia's 
Realm "  (1880) ;  Tate  Gallery,  London.  "  The 
Norman  Archipelago "  (1885),  in  Manchester ; 
"  North-West  Gale  oflf  the  Longship  Lighthouse," 
in  Birmingham. 

Brickflelder.  A  very  hot,  dust-laden  wind 
blowing  from  the  North  in  New  South  Wales. 

Bridge,  Admiral  Sir  Oyprian  Arttuir  George,  0.0 JB. 
1903.  K.O.B.  1899  (b.  March,  1837).  Entered  Royal 
Navy,  1853  ;  served  in  Brisk  in  White  Sea,  1854 ; 
present  at  the  operations  of  the  Bar  of  Archangel, 
and  at  the  attack  on  Solovetski ;  was  fired  on  when 
landing  with  a  flag  of  truce  on  one  of  the  Solo- 
vetski Islands  ;  took  part  in  the  second  expedition 
to  Petro  Paulovski ;  present  in  the  Pelorus  in  the 
Bay  of  Bengal  during  the  Indian  Mutiny ;  landed 
with  a  naval  brigade  and*  proceeded  to  the  Burmese 
frontier ;  member  of  the  Committee  on  Heavy 
Guns,  1878;  machine  guns,  1879;  Ordnance 
Committee,  1S81  ;  Director  of  Naval  Intelligence, 
1889-94  :  Commander-in-Chief  Australian  Station, 
'895-97  ;  K.C.B.  on  Her  Majesty's  Birthday,  1889  ; 
Was  appointed  by  the  Board  of  Trade  in  con- 
junction with  Mr.  Aspinall,  K.C.  (q.v.),  to  inquire 
into  the  North  Sea  outrages  (Dogger  Bank)  {g.v.),  in 
Hull,  October,  1904. 

Bridgewater,  Frauds  Bgerton,   Third  Dnke  of 

(1736-1803).     Projected   the  first  navigable  canal 


executed  in  Great  Britain  in  modem  times,  and 
has  sometimes  been  stvled  "  The  Father  of  British 
Inland  Navigation."  The  canal,  constructed  on 
the  advice  of  James  Brindley.  was  77^  miles  long, 
and  spanned  the  Irwell  from  Worsley  to  Man- 
chester, subsequently  being  extended  to  the  Mersey, 
and  cost  £220,000.  In  1887  this  canal  was  sold 
to  the  Manchester  Ship  Canal  Co.  {q.v.). 

Bridle.  Two  parts  of  a  cable  from  the  hawse  to 
the  mooring. 

Bildporti  Sir  Alexander  Hood,  First  Yisooont 

(1727-1 814).  English  admiral.  Was  in  charge  of 
the  Minerva  in  Quiberon  Bay,  1759,  and  in  the 
same  frigate  captured  the  Warwick  in  1761  ;  com- 
manded the  Robust  in  the  action  06.  Ushant,  1777  ; 
in  1780  promoted  rear-admiral,  and  two  years  later 
was  present  at  the  relief  of  Gibraltar ;  he  was 
second-in-command  to  Lord  Howe  in  the  victory 
of  June  I,  1794.  for  which  he  was  made  Baron 
Bridport ;  in  1795  he  defeated  the  French  off 
L'Orient  for  this  victory  he  was  promoted  vice- 
admiral,  and  created  a  peer  of  the  realm  and  placed 
in  command  of  the  Channel  Fleet. 

Brierly,  Sir  Oswald  Walters  (1817-94)-  English 
marine  painter.  During  the  Crimean  war  he  was 
on  board  Keppel's  ship  in  the  Baltic,  and  pub- 
lished a  series  of  lithographs  ;  he  took  sketches  for 
Queen  Victoria  at  the  naval  review  at  Spithead, 
1856 ;  he  accompanied  the  Duke  of  Edinburgh 
round  the  world,  1867-68,  and  the  Prince  (King 
Edward  VII.)  and  Princess  of  Wales  on  their  tour 
to  Constantinople  and  Egypt.  Among  his  best- 
known  works  are :  "  The  English  and  French 
Fleets  in  the  Baltic  "  (1854),  "  The  Retreat  of  the 
Spanish  Armada "  (1872),  "  Drake  taking  the 
Capitana  to  Torbay  "  (1872).  "The  Loss  of  the 
Revenge  "  (1877),  "  The  Decisive  Battle  off  Grave- 
lines  "  (1881). 

Brig.  A  two-masted  square-rigged  vessel  with- 
out mainsail  or  try-sail,  inast  abaft  the  main  mast. 

Brigaatine.  A  square-rigged  vessel  with  two 
masts. 

Bright,  Sir  Charles  Tilston  (1832-88).  Telegraph 
engineer  (b.  Wanstead,  1832).  At  the  age  of  20 
he  became  engineer  to  the  Magnetic  Telegraph  Co., 
and  in  that  capacity  superintended  the  laying  of 
lines  in  various  parts  of  Great  Britain ;  in  1853  he 
laid  the  first  submarine  cable  between  England  and 
Ireland ;  in  1858  he  laid  the  first  Atlantic  cable, 
and  subsequently  supervised  the  laying  of  sub- 
marine cables  in  almost  every  part  of  the  world. 

Brighton.  See  L.B.S.C.  Ry.  steamers  ;  also  Tur- 
bine Steamers. 

Brilliant.  Ship.    See  Rennel,  James. 

Brilliant.    British  3rd  class  cruiser  (1891). 
Length  300ft.    Beam  43ft.    Maximum  draught  i8ft. 
Displacement  3,400  tons.     Complement  273. 


BRIN 


91 


BRISTOL 


Guns.  A  rmour. 

2—6  in.  "  Steel." 

6 — 4*7  in.  a  in.  Deck. 

8 — 6  pdr.  3  in.  Conning  tower. 
1—3  pdr. 
4  Machine. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (14  in.). 
4  Above  water. 
Twin    screw.     Hp.    natural    7,0003=18*5     kts., 
iorced  9,000=20  kts.     Coal  maximnm  535  tons. 
Approximate  cost  ;^2oo,ooo. 

This  ship-name  was  first  introduced  into  the 
Navy  in  1755,  and  is  associated  with  the  bombard- 
ment of  Havre,  1759  ;  action  off  Vigo.  1751. 

Brill,  Benedetto  (1833-98).  Italian  naval  en- 
gineer and  administrator  (b.  Turin).  In  1873 
Admiral  St.  Bon,  Minister  of  Marine,  appointed 
him  Under-Secretarv  of  State,  and  later  he  was 
promoted  Minister  of  Marine,  which  office  he  held 
until  1 89 1,  and  during  that  time  distinguished  him- 
self by  the  manner  in  which  he  developed  the 
Italian  Navy.  The  huge  armoured  cruisers  Dan- 
dolo,  12,265  tons,  built  1S78  (reconstructed  1897), 
and  the  Italia,  15,654  tons,  built  1880,  were  his 
work,  though  he  afterwards  abandoned  their  type 
in  favour  of  smaller  and  faster  vessels  of  the  Varese 
and  Garibaldi  class.  He  died  on  May  24,  1898. 
While  Minister  of  Marine,  he,  more  than  any  man, 
must  be  regarded  as  the  practical  creator  of  the 
Italian  Navy. 

Brindley*  James  (171 6-7 2) .  English  engineer,  the 
pioneer  of  English  inland  navigation,  who  planned 
for  the  Duke  of  Bridgewater  the  canal  from  Worsley 
to  Manchester.  During  his  life  he  designed  and 
superintended  the  construction  of  over  365  miles 
of  canal,  the  most  important  of  which  was  the 
Grand  Trunk  between  the  Trent  and  the  Mersey. 

Brine,  Lindsay.  British  admiral  (b.  1834). 
Entered  Navy,  1847,  and  was  mid.  of  the  Leander 
during  the  operations  in  the  Black  Sea,  i8t;4 ; 
he  commanded  an  outpost  battery  at  Eupatoria 
at  the  action  of  November  14 ;  was  mentioned  in 
despatches,  and  gazetted  for  "  meritorious  ser- 
vices," and  promoted  lieutenant,  receiving  in  addi- 
tion for  his  services  the  Crimean  and  Turkish 
medals,  with  Sebastopol  clasp ;  after  serving  as 
lieutenant  of  the  Retribution  in  the  Baltic,  he  was 
sent  out  to  China,  and  was  in  charge  of  a  division 
of  boats  at  the  attack  on  Peiho  forts  in  1859,  and 
commanded  the  Opossum  at  the  capture  of  the 
Takn  forts  in  the  following  year  (China  medal. 
Canton  and  Taku  clasps) ;  he  was  captain  of  the 
Briton,  and  senior  officer  on  the  east  coast  of 
Africa,  and  was  employed  in  the  suppression  of 
the  slave  trade,  receiving  from  the  Admiralty  the 
expression  of  **  their  appreciation  of  the  able 
manner  in  which  the  service  had  been  carried 
ont  ";  in  1875  he  accompanied  Sir  Douglas  Forsyth 
to   Mondalay  with  the  mission  to  the  King  of 


Burmah,  and  in  the  following  year  proceeded  in 
the  Briton  with  the  Resident  at  Aden  to  Tamarida 
to  execute  a  treaty  with  the  Sultan  of  Socotra  ;  at 
the  occupation  of  Cyprus,  1879,  he  commanded 
the  Invincible  ;  he  received  the  gold  medal  of  the 
Royal  United  Service  Institution  in  1882,  and  for 
five  years  was  a  Younger  Brother  of  Trinity  House, 
and  one  of  the  Naval  Assessors  to  the  House  of 
Lords  ;  he  retired  in  1894. 

Publications :  "  The  Taeping  Rebellion," 
"  American  Indians  :  their  Ancient  Earthworks  and 
Temples." 


by  the  lee.  To  incline  too  rapidly  to  lee- 
ward, till  wind,  after  crossing  stem,  backs  the 
saUs. 

Bring  to.    To  anchor  or  stop  by  backing  a  sail. 

Bris.  Swedish  torpedo-boat.  (Karlskrooa,  1900.) 
Length,  128  ft. ;  beam,  15^  ft. ;  draught,  7  ft. ; 
displacement,  92  tons  ;  complement,  18  ;  armament, 
2  i'5-in.,  q.f.,  2  tubes ;  Hp.,  1,250=23  kts. ;  coal, 
17  tons. 

Brisbane,  Sir  Charles  (1769-1829).  British  rear- 
admiral.  Was  mid.  at  the  battle  of  Dominica, 
1782  ;  was  present  at  the  occupation  of  Toulon, 
and  under  Nelson  in  Corsica  ;  in  1796  in  the  Oiseau 
he  successfully  defended  himself  against  two 
Spanish  frigates  of  superior  force ;  in  command  of 
the  Doris  he  planned  and  executed  the  gallant 
cutting  out  of  the  Chevrette  from  Camarat  Bay  ; 
in  1807  he  achieved  his  greatest  success,  the  cap- 
ture of  the  Curacao  and  several  Dutch  vessels  with 
a  force  of  four  frigates  only  ;  he  was  decorated 
K.C.B.,  181 5,  and  retired  with  the  rank  of  rear- 
admiral,  18 19. 

Brisbane,  Sir  James  (1774- 18 26).'  British  naval 

oTficer.  Younger  brother  of  Sir  Charles  Brisbane 
(q.v.)  ;  was  mid.  in  the  Queen  Charlotte  at  the 
battle  of  "  The  Glorious  First  of  June,"  1794  ;  was 
present  in  the  Cruiser  at  the  bombardment  of 
Copenhagen,  1801,  and  was  promoted  in  18 16;  he 
commanded  Lord  Exmouth's  flagship,  the  Queen 
Charlotte,  at  the  bombardment  of  Algiers,  and  for 
services  rendered  was  created  a  knight. 

Bristol  Channel  Yacht  dab,  Swansea.  Estab- 
lished 1875.  Flag :  Red  ensign.  Burgee :  Red, 
blue  cross,  with  Prince  of  Wales's  feathers  in 
centre.  Commodore,  The  Earl  of  Dunraven ; 
Vice-Commodore,  Major  J.  Edwards  Vaughan ; 
Rear-Commodore,  Edward  H.  Bath ;  Honorary 
Treasurer,  P.  Langdon  Thomas ;  Honorary  Secre- 
tary, F.  G.  Andrews.  Entrance  fee,  £2  25. ;  annua 
subscription,  £2  2s.     Outport  members,  £1  6s. 

Bristol  Pleasure  Steamers.  P.  and  A.  Campbell's 
steamships  maintain  a  service  of  marine  excursions 
in  the  Bristol  Channel  between  Bristol,  Cardiff, 
Clevedon,  Weston,  Newport,  Minehead,  Lynmouth, 
Ilfracombe,  Clovelly,  Chepstow,  Mumbles,  and 
Tenby. 


BRISTOL 


92 


BRITANNIA 


Ravenswood. 
Wavetley. 
Westward  Ho, 

thousand   years 
It    begins    the 


Fleet. 
Albion,  Britannia, 

Bonnie  Doon,  Cambria, 

Brighton  Queen,       Glen  Rosa, 

Bristolt   Port  of,   has  for  one 

maintained  a  leading  position, 
twentieth  century  by  constructing  docks  at  the 
head  of  the  Bristol  Channel  of  such  magnitude  and 
cost  as  to  surpass  all  municipal  achievements 
hitherto  attempted  in  this  direction. 

The  shipping  trade  of  the  port  with  distant 
parts  of  the  world  dates  back  for  many  centuries. 
Vessels  were  formerly  discharged  and  loaded  at 
landing-places  along  the  banks  of  the  tidal  river 
Avon,  which  then  flowed  tlirough  the  heart  of  the 
city.  In  1809  a  new  course  for  the  river  was 
formed,  and  the  old  water  way  for  a  length  of  two 
and  a  half  miles  was  converted  into  a  floating 
harbour.  This  is  now  equipped  with  modem 
wharves,  granaries,  transit  sheds,  cranes,  railways, 
etc.,  and  many  large  manufactories  and  other 
industrial  concerns  are  located  in  the  immediate 
neighbourhood  of  the  quays. 

In  the  course  of  the  last  40  years  the  river 
navigation  has  been  greatly  improved.  The 
cbaoncl  has  been  deepened,  and  banks  and  points 
have  been  marked  by  a  series  of  illuminated  posts 
and  lights,  and  a  new  entrance  lock  has  been  c(mi- 
strucied,  the  result  being  that  it  is  now  possible 
for  vessels  of  325  ft.  in  length  between  perpendi- 
culars to  enter  the  city  docks  with  little  or  no 
delay. 

The  dimensions  of  the  docks  are  as  follows  : 

The  City  Dochs, 

Depth  of  water  on  sill : 


Mean  spring  tides 

33  tt. 

Mean  neap  tides  . . 

23  „     . 

Length  of  lock 

.       350  .. 

Width  of  lock 

62  „ 

Area  of  docks 

83  acres. 

Length  of  wharfage 

.    4.898  yds. 

Avonmouth  Dock, 

Depth  of  water  on  sill : 

Mean  spring  tides 

38  ft. 

Mean  neap  tides  . . 

28  „ 

length  of  dock 

.    2,180  „ 

Width  of  dock 

Soo  „ 

Length  of  lock 

.       48s  .. 

Width  of  lock 

70      M 

Width  of  extension 

180  „ 

Area  of  dock 

Z9  acres 

Length  of  wharfage 

.    1 ,600  yds. 

Royal  Edward  Dock, 

Depth  of  water  on  inner 

sill: 

Mean  spring  tides 

40  ft. 

Mean  neap  tides  . . 

30  " 

Length  of  dock 

.    1,120  „ 

Width  of  dock 

.    1,000  „ 

length  of  lock 

.       875  .. 

Width  of  lock 

lOO   „ 

Area  of  dock 

30  acres 

34  ft. 

24  .. 

1,800  „ 

300  „ 

444  M 

66  „ 

12  acres 

943  yds. 

Length  of  wharfage  (at  present  sanc- 
tioned)      . .         . .         . .         . .    3,730  ft. 

Portishead  Dock, 

Depth  of  water  on  sill : 
Mean  spring  tides 
Mean  neap  tides 

Length  of  dock 

Width  of  dock 

Length  of  lock 

Width  of  lock 

Area  of  dock 

Length  of  wharfage 

All  these  docks  have  extensive  covered  quays 
and  shed  accommodation*  At  the  Avonmouth 
Dock  a  fruit  store  and  warehouse  have  been  pro- 
vided specially  for  the  West  Indian  trade.  Cold 
stores,  with  a  capacity  of  220,000  cubic  ft.,  afford 
ample  accommodation  for  carcases  of  beef  and 
mutton,  as  well  as  provision  for  other  perishable 
articles,  and  nine  oil-tanks  each  averaging  over 
1,000,000  gallons  storage  capacity  for  the  reception 
of  petroleum.  The  floating  pontoon  dock  is  355  ft. 
long  and  62  ft.  wide,  and  is  available  for  the  recep- 
tion of  vessels  of  these  dimensions. 

The  Koyal  Edward  Dock,  the  first  sod  of  which 
was  cut  by  H.R.H.  the  Prince  of  Wales  on  March  5, 
1902.  will  be  completed  in  the  early  part  of  1908, 
and  will  be  replete  with  every  modem  convenience 
for  the  loading  and  discharging  of  vessels. 

Briatol  Stoam  Navigatioii  Oo.»  with  their  head 
offices  in  Bristol,  maintain  a  regular  service  of 
steamers  from  Bristol  to  both  Cork  and  Dublin. 
Steamers  leave  Bristol  every  Thursday,  returning 
from  Cork  every  Tuesday.  Steamers  leave  Bristol 
for  Dublin  every  Tuesday,  and  return  every  Ftiday. 

Fleet. 
Argo,  Blarney.  Killamey, 

Bristow,  Oaptftin*    See  Antarctic  Exploration. 

• 

Britannls.  Britiah  ist  class  battleship.  (Ports- 
mouth, 1904.) 

Length  453  ft.    Beam  78  ft.     Mean  draught  26  ft. 
Displacement  16.350  tons.    Complement  777, 
Guns,  Armour. 

4 — 12  in.  "  Krupp." 

4 — 9*2  in.  9  in.  Belt  amidships. 

10—^  in.  12  in.  Barbettes. 

14 — 12  pdr.  12  in.  Conning  tower. 

14—3  pdr. 
2  Maxims. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
4  Submerged  broadside. 
I  Submerged  stem. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  i8.ooosei8'5  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 2,000  tons.    Approximate  cost  ^fi  ,500,000. 

This  ship-name  was  first  introduced  into  the 
Navy  in  1682,  and  is  associated  with  the  battles  of 
Barfleur  and  La  Hogue,  1692 ;  Hood's  occupation 
of  Toulon,  1793  ;  Hotham's  action  off  Genoa,  1795  ; 
Hotham's  action  of  Hydres,  1795  ;  battle  off  Cape 


BRITANNIA 


93 


BRITISH 


St.  Vincent,  1797 ;  Trafedgar.  1805  ;  bombardment 
of  Sebastopol,  1854. 

In  i860  the  Prince  of  Wales  (now  King  Ed- 
ward VII.)  launched  a  vessel  of  this  name  which 
was  fitted  as  a  training  ship  for  naval  cadets, 
and  stationed  at  Portsmouth.  She  was  subse- 
quently transferred  to  the  Dart,  where  in  1905 
she  was  superseded  by  the  Royal  Naval  College, 
Dartmouth. 

Britamiia  (1887).  British  subsidised  mer- 
chant ship.  P.  and  O.  Company  {q.v.).  Dimen- 
sions. 465  X  52  X  34  ft-  ;  gross  tonnage,  6,523  ; 
Hp.,  6,000=  17  kts.  Principally  used  as  a  Govern- 
ment transport.     Passenger  accommodation,  304. 

Britannic    See  White  Star  Line. 

Britbh  AdmlraL  Emigrant  ship,  wrecked  on 
King's  Island,  Bass's  Strait,  May  23,  1874,  when 
80  out  of  89  persons  were  lost. 


America  Asraranoe  Co.  Incorporated 
1883.  Capital.  9850,000.  Since  the  incorporation 
this  company  has  paid  a  steadily  increasing  divi- 
dend, which  for  the  last  70  years  has  averaged 
^'21%,  and  a  Reserve  Fund  has  been  built  up  of 
91,024,042-95. 

The  directors  of  the  company  are :  Hon.  George 
Cox  (president),  J.  J.  Kenny  (vice-president  and 
managing  director),  Augustus  Myers,  Thomas 
Long.  John  Hoskin,  K.C.,  LL.D.,  Hon.  S.  C.  Wood, 
Robert  Jafiray,  Lieut.-Col.  H.  M.  Pellatt.  E.  W. 
Cox.     Head  o&ce  :  Toronto,  Ontario. 

British  and  African  Steam  Navigation  Co.,  Ltd., 

was  originally  established  in  1858  to  run  a  line  of 
cargo  and  passenger  steamers  between  Glasgow, 
Liverpool,  and  the  West  Coast  of  Africa.  In  1900 
a  new  company  was  formed  with  a  capital  of 
£1,000,000,  with  Sir  A.  L.  Jones  as  chairman,  to 
acquire  an  additional  fleet  of  steamers  for  the 
service.  They  purchased  from  Messrs.  Elder, 
Dempster  and  Co.  a  number  of  vessels,  and  to-day 
own  a  fleet  of  95  steamers,  aggregating  269,170 
tons,  and  control  an  extensive  business  with  the 
West  Coast  of  Africa. 

British  and  Foraign  Marina  fiunvanoe  Oo^  Ltd. 

Registered  January  8,  1863.  Authorised  capital, 
;£  1*340,000  (paid  up,  ;£268,ooo,  or  £4  per  share). 
The  Reserve  Fund  is  ;£90o,ooo,  and  the  balance  of 
Profit  and  Loss  Account  carried  forward  to  Janu- 
ary I,  Z906,  ;£i4i,285.     Present  dividend,  20%. 

The  directors  of  the  company  are  : 

Liverpool. — Richard  Hobson  (chairman),  G.  B. 
Heyworth  (deputy-chairman),  Joseph  Beausire, 
William  Bingham,  Harold  Brocklebank,  Arthur 
Earle,  E.  Edmondson,  H.  H.  Hammond,  Sir  Ed- 
ward Lawrence,  Samuel  Sanday,  Hugh  L.  Smyth, 
Thomas  Woodsend.  Underwriter,  John  Davies ; 
secretary,  Arthur  McNeill. 

London. — The  Rt.  Hon.  Lord  Avebury  (chair- 
man),   E.    T.    Doxat    (deputy-chairman),    Robert 


Balfour,  Augustus  Pfaolip  Brandt,  Ernest  Chaplin, 
C.  G.  Du  Croz,  Herbert  Edlmann,  W.  Scott-Elliot, 
James  N.  Graham,  J.  Howard  Gwyther,  J.  J. 
Hamilton,  F.  J.  Johnston.  Underwriter,  Thomas 
J.  Storey ;  secretary,  Thomas  Davis. 

Head  office :  British  and  Foreign  Chambers, 
5  Castle  Street,  Liverpool.  London  Office  :  i  Old 
Broad  Street,  E.C. 

Britiah  and  Foreign  Steamship  Co.,  Ltd.,  have 
a  fleet  of  14  large  modem  cargo  steamers 
trading  to  various  parts  of  the  world.  These 
vessels  are  fitted  with  the  latest  appliances  for  the 
handling  of  cargo. 

Fleet. 

Saint  Andrew.  Saint  Hugo. 

Saint  Beds.  Saint  Irene. 

Saint  Cuthbert.  Saint  Jerome. 

Saint  Dunstan.  Saint  Leonards. 

Saint  Egbert.  Saint  Nicholas. 

Saint  Fillans,  Saint  Oswald. 

Saint  George.  Saint  Quentin. 

Gross  tonnage,  56,160. 

Britiah  and  Iriah  Sfteam  Paoket  Co..  with  their 
head  office  in  Dublin,  nuuntain  a  service  twice  a 
week,  leaving  London  for  Dublin  Sundays  and 
Wednesdays,  and  Dublin  for  London  Wednesdays 
and  Saturdays,  calling  at  Portsmouth,  Southamp- 
ton, Plymouth,  and  Falmouth.  The  fleet  consists 
of  six  large  and  powerful,  steamers,  with  excellent 
passenger  accommodatioa  for  some  six  to  seven 
hundred  passengers,  and  a  sea  speed  of  1 3  kts. 

Fleet. 

Calskot.  Lady  Olive. 

Lady  Hudson  Kindkan.  Lady  Roberts. 

Lady  Martin.  Lady  Wolseley, 

Gross  tonnage,  7,000. 

British  Dominions  Marine  Insnranoe  Co.,  Ltd. 

Registered  September  15,  1904,  with  an  authorised 
capital  of  ;£6oo,ooo,  of  which  shares  to  the  extent 
of  ;£20i,ooo  were  issued  and  ;£ioi,ooo  called  up. 
The  capital  is  composed  of  17,000  fully-paid  £z 
preference  shares,  interest  on  which  is  limited  to 
6%  per  annum,  and  50,000  £^  ordinary  shares,  of 
which  £1  has  been  paid  up. 

The  directors  of  the  company  are :  His  Honour 
Judge  Bompas,  K.C.  (chairman).  Sir  W.  E.  M 
Tomlinson,  Bart.,  F.  H.  Booth,  Alex.  G.  Mackenzie, 
P.  H.  Marshall,  H.  T.  GuUick,  G.  Wigley,  J.  W. 
Rogerson.  Underwriters,  Robert  Gardner,  Moun- 
tain and  Co.,  Ltd.  Offices  :  Z7  Royal  Exchange, 
London,  E.C 

British  India  Steam  Nafigatimi  Co.  Founded  in 
185$  by  the  late  Sir  William  MacKinnon,  as  the 
Calcutta  and  Burma  Steam  Navigation  Co.,  for 
the  performance  of  mail  services  for  the  East 
Indian  Co.  In  1857  the  Baltic  and  Cape  of  Good 
Hope  were  sent  out  to  inaugurate  the  business.  In 
1862  a  fresh  mail  service  was  entered  into,  which 
included  an  additional  route,  and  the  name  of  the 


BRITISH 


94 


BRITISH 


company  was  officially  altered  to  its  present  title. 
On  the  opening  of  the  Sues  Canal  this  company's 
steamer,  the  Indian,  conveyed  the  first  cargo  of 
Indian  produce  to  England  through  the  canal. 
In  1872  the  Aden-Zanzibar  Mail  Service  was  put 
on,  and  from  then  until  now  new  routes  have  been 
constantly  added.  The  company  is  under  con- 
tract with  the  Indian  Government  for  mail  services 
to  Persia.  India,  Burma,  East  India,  the  Mauritius, 
and  also  runs  other  services  to  Batavia,  Queens- 
land, etc.  In  1889  a  three  weekly  service  was 
started  from  Calcutta  to  Manila,  which  has  since 
been  extended  to  Moji,  Kobe,  and  Yokohama. 
The  company  has  a  capital  of  ;£  1,700,000.  and  pays 
dividends  averaging  about  10%. 

Fleet. 

Africa.  Jelunga.  Pundua. 

Amarapoora.  Jumna.  Purnea. 

Antra.  Kapurthala.  Putiala. 

A  ska.  Kasara.  Queda. 

Avoca.  Katoria.  Querimba. 

Bancoora.  Kistna.  Quiloa. 

Bangala.  Kola.  Ramapoora. 

Bezwada.  Lalpoora,  Rangoon. 

Bhadra.  Lama.  Rasmara. 

Bharata.  Landaura,  Sangola, 

Bhundara.  Lawada.  Sanihia. 

Booldana.  Lhasa.  Satara. 

Bulimba.  Lindula.  Scindia. 

Byculla.  Linga.  Sealda. 

Canara.  Loodiana.  Shirala. 

Carpentaria.  Lanka.  Sirdkana. 

Chanda.  Madura  Sirsa. 

Chupra.  Madda.  Sofala. 

Colaba.  Manora.  Surada. 

Dilwara.  Maiiana.  Tata. 

Dumra.  Megna.  Taroba. 

Dunera.  Meanatchy.  Teesia. 

Dwarka.  Momhassa.  Thongwa. 

Ellora.  Muttra.  Vnganda. 

Ethiopia.  Nerbudda,  Ujina. 

Fazilka.  Nevasa,  Ula. 

FuUala.  Nowshera.  Umballa. 

Goalpara.  Nuddea.  Umta. 

Golconda.  Obra.  Upada. 

Goorkha,  Okara.  Urlana. 

Gwalior.  Okhla.  Vadala. 

Henzada.  Onda.  Virawa 

Hindu.  Onipenta,  Waipara. 

Islanda.  Oolobaria.  Wardha. 

Ismaila.  Orissa,  Waroonga. 

Itaura.  Pachumba*  Warora. 

Itinda.  Palamcotta.  Zaida. 

Itola.  Palitana.  Zanumia, 

Itria.  Pentakota.  Zibenghla. 
Gross  tonnage,  442.000. 

British  iUrine  Salvage  Co.,  Limited,  Olaigow, 

was^started  in  1888  to  carry  on  the  business  of  sal- 
vors of  stranded  and  sunken  vessels  and  their 
cargoes.       The  registered  office  of  the  company 


is  at  the  Royal  Exchange^  Glasgow,  and  its  salvage 
appliances  are  stored  at  Greenock,  dose  to  quay 
and  railway,  ready  for  despatch  by  sea  or  land. 
The  company's  plant  consists  of  12  in.,  10  in.,  and 
8  in.  centrifugal  steam  pumps,  each  complete  with 
boiler  and  piping,  diving  gear,  portable  electric 
overland  and  submarine  lights,  heavy  purchase 
blocks,  steel  wire  hawsers,  etc..  two  wrought  iron 
pontoons  with  screws  and  lifting  chains. 

British  Maritime  Tmst,  Ltd.,  managed  by 
Messrs.  Fumess,  Withy  and  Co.,  Ltd.,  West 
Hartlepool,  has  a  fleet  of  22  modem  vessels 
engaged  in  the  cargo  trade  to  various  parts  of 
the  world,  some  of  the  later  ones  having  limited 
accommodation  for  passengers. 

Fleet. 

Adriana.  Cynihiana.  Peruviana. 

Atheniana.  Graciana.  Potomac. 

Austriana.  Guardiana.  Sandown. 

Birmingham.        Indiana.  Thomley. 

Cehriana.  '  Lugano.  Tudhoe. 

Como.  Malinche.  Westhampton. 

Croxdale.  Oriana.  Wyandotte. 

Persiana. 

British  Pacific  Cable,  owned  proportionately  by 
the  Governments  of  the  United  Kingdom,  Canada, 
and  Australia,  the  proportions  being  the  tTnited 
Kingdom  and  Canada  five-eighteenths,  New  South 
Wales,  Victoria,  Queensland,  and  New  Zealand 
two-eighteenths  each,  was  constructed  by  the 
Telegraph  Construction  and  Maintenance  Co.,  at 
a  cost  of  £1,795,000.  It  runs  from  Vancouva  to 
Fanning  Island,  thence  to  Fiji  and  Norfolk  Island, 
and  by  means  of  tvio  cables  to  New  Zealand  and 
Queensland  respectively.  It  has  a  total  length 
of  7,838  nautical  miles,  and  was  opened  to  traffic 
on  December  8,  1902. 

British  Qaeen.  Packet,  from  Ostend  to  Margate, 
wrecked  on  the  Goodwin  Sands,  December  17,  18 14, 
when  all  on  board  perished. 

British  ship  is  a  ship  British  owned,  surveyed, 
measured,  and  registered  according  to  the  require- 
ments of  the  Merchant  Shipping  Act,  1894.  Such 
vessel  is  regarded  as  a  part  of  Great  Britain,  and  is 
subject,  together  i^ath  all  on  board,  wherever  she 
may  go,  to  the  jurisdiction  of  the  nation  whose 
fiag  she  flies.  Not  more  than  64  persons  can 
be  registered  as  owners,  and  the  majority'  may 
direct  the  ship's  movements. 

Every  transfer  of  a  British  ship  or  share  thereof 
by  way  of  sale  or  mortgage,  or  upon  death,  mar- 
riage or  bankruptcy  of  an  owner,  must  be  registered. 
Refer  to  Flag,  Restraint  on  Ship,  Log  Book,  Pas- 
senger Boats,  Foreign-going  Ships,  Yacht, 
Passengers. 

British  Underwriter.  Established  1896.  Pub- 
lished monthly  (first  Saturday).  Price  3^.  Ad- 
dress :  6  Dorset  Street,  London,  E.G. 


BRITON 


95 


BROKER 


Briton.    See  Union-Castle  Line. 

Brk.  Broken.  Abbreviation  adopted  on  the 
charts  issued  by  the  Hydrographic  Office,  Admi- 
ralty, denoting  quality  of  the  ocean's  bottom. 

Broaching  to.    Coming  up  into  the  wind. 

Broad*  George  Alexander,  M.V.O.  (b.  1844).  Staff 
captain.  Royal  yacht  Alberta  since  1897  ;  entered 
Navy,  i860;  navigating  lieutenant  of  Valofcms 
while  attached  to  Arctic  Expedition,  187s  :  staff 
commander  on  flagship  Triumph,  Pacific,  1885-88  ; 
Northumberland,  Channel  Fleet,  1889-90 ;  Cam- 
perdown,  Channel  Fleet,  1890-92 ;  commanded 
Royal  yacht  Elfin,  1892-97.  Decorations : 
Diamond  Jubilee  medal,  1897 1  Prussian  Royal 
Order  of  the  Crown,  2nd  class,  1901.  Refer  to 
Arctic  Exploration. 

Broadiide.    The  whole  side. 


Broadside  on.  The  whole  side  of  a  vessel,  as 
opposed  to  end  on. 

Brock,  Walter  (1836-1906).  Marine  engineer. 
Educated  Glasgow  Academy  and  Glasgow  Universi- 
ty ;  in  1852  apprenticed  to  the  firm  of  Messrs.  R. 
Napier  and  Sons,  and  on  completing  an  apprentice- 
ship of  five  years,  part  ol  which  was  spent  in  the 
dockyard  at  Brest  fitting  engines  in  vessels  for  the 
French  Navy,  he  was  appointed  draughtsman  in  the 
firm ;  in  1859  he  accepted  the  position  of  head 
draughtsman  with  Messrs.  Wm.  Simpson  and  Co., 
but  in  1864  he  returned  to  Messrs.  R.  Napier  and 
Sons,  as  manager  of  their  engine  works  ;  became  a 
partner  in  the  firm  of  Messrs.  Denny  and  Co.  in  1878, 
and  a  few  years  later  in  the  shipbuilding  firm  of 
Messrs.  William  Denny  and  Brothers ;  was,  up  to 
the  time  of  his  death,  managing  director  of  both 
firms,  which,  although  carried  on  under  different 
designations,  are  in  reaUty  one.  Was  a  Chevalier 
of  Leopold  of  Belgium;  member  of  Institution  of 
Naval  Architects,  of  the  Institution  of  Civil  Engin- 
eers, and  the  Institution  of  Mechanical  Engineers 
of  England,  and  of  the  Institution  of  Engineers 
and  Shipbuilders  in  Scotland. 

Brooken  Spectre.    See  Anthelion  or  Glory. 

Brocklelmnk  Line»  owned  by  Messrs.  H.  J. 
Brocklebank,  of  Liverpool,  possess  a  fine  fleet  of 
large  steamers,  carrying  passengers  and  freight  at 
scheduled  times  from  Liverpool  to  Calcutta  direct, 
via  the  Suez  Canal. 

Fleet. 

Ameer,  Malakand. 

Gengali.  Manipur. 

Gaekwar.  Mdrwarri. 

Mahratta.  Matheran. 

Mahronda.  Pindari. 


Broke,  Sir  Phifip  Bowes  Tare  (1776-1841).  Bhtish 
rear-admiral.  Was  present  at  tlie  siege  of  Bastia, 
at  Hotham's  {q.v,)  two  actions  in  1795,  and  at  the 


battle  of  Cape  St.  Vincent,  1797  ;  on  June  r,  181 3, 
in  the  Shannon  he  engaged  the  U.S.  fhgate  Chesa- 
peake, and  after  a  severe  action  obliged  the  enemy 
to  surrender.  He  was  created  a  baronet  181 3.  and 
made  K.C.B.  181 5. 

See  "  Life,"  by  Brighton,  1866. 

Broken-backed.  The  state  of  a  ship,  so  loosened 
in  her  frame  as  to  drop  at  each  end,  causing  the 
lines  of  her  sheer  to  be  interrupted. 

Broker.  A  shipbroker  is  usually  employed  to 
effect  the  charter  of  a  ship.  He  is  paid  a  commis- 
sion of  5  per  cent,  on  the  amount  of  freight  by  the 
shipowner,  to  which  he  is  as  a  general  rule  entitled, 
whether  the  freight  is  earned  or  not.  Where 
several  brokers  are  employed  to  obtain  a  charter, 
the  first  to  introduce  the  principals  to  each  other 
becomes  entitled  to  the  commission.  Shipbrokers 
are  bound  by  the  instruction  of  their  principals, 
and  will  lose  their  right  to  brokerage  for  acting  in 
contravention  thereof.  A  third  party  chartering 
a  vessel  through  a  broker  who  is  acting  contrary  to 
his  instructions  cannot  enforce  it  against  the  ship- 
owner, but  his  remedy  for  any  damage  he  may  have 
suffered  by  the  broker  so  acting  would  be  an  action 
for  breach  of  warranty  of  authority  against  such 
broker. 

In  Marine  Insurance  risks  are  usually  placed 
before  the  underwriter  by  a  broker,  an  expert  in 
insurance  law  and  practice,  whose  position  in  the 
matter  is  somewhat  important,  as  he  becomes 
responsible  to  the  underwriter  for  the  premium, 
although  the  underwriter  still  is  liable  to  the  assured 
(the  employer  of  the  broker)  for  the  loss,  in  the 
event  of  a  ckum  arising  on  the  policy.  The  assured 
is  debtor  to  the  broker,  and  the  latter  to  the  under- 
writer ;  and  the  underwriter  is  debtor  to  the  assured 
foi:  losses.     (Amould,  5th  ed.,  p.  192.) 

The  underwriter  is  prevented  by  the  receipt 
clause  in  the  policy  from  claiming  the  premium 
from  the  assured  direct,  or  seeking  to  set  off  un- 
settled premiums  against  losses ;  he  must  look  to 
the  broker  for  his  consideration,  and  the  latter  to 
the  assured.  In  short,  the  underwriter  is  entirely 
debarred  from  claiming  upon  the  assured  direct ; 
unless  the  latter  has  acted  fraudulently,  or  has 
connived  at  the  commission  of  fraud  by  the  broker, 
in  the  particular  instance.*  It  is  settled  law  that  the 
broker  has  a  lien  for  the  amount  of  the  premiums  on 
every  policy  effected  by  him.  whether  for  a  princi- 
pal or  for  an  agent.  If  a  broker  employs  another 
to  effect  an  insurance,  and  divides  the  brokerage 
with  the  latter,  the  sub -agent  has  a  lien  for  the 
premium  paid  by  him  to  the  underwriter,  both  as 
against  the  principal  and  the  agent  first  employed, 
and  is  entitled  to  hold  the  policy  until  that  Uen  is 
satisfied,  though  the  premium  has  been  paid  by  the 
assured  to  the  first  broker.  Further,  when  the 
broker  has  been  employed  by  the  assured  direct,  he 
has  a  lien  upon  each  policy  in  his  possession  for  the 
general  balance  of  his  account  with  the  latter.     In 


BROKERAGE 


96 


BROWN 


the  event  of  a  loss  a34sing  on  a  policy  the  claim  is 
generally  collected  by  the  broker  from  the  under* 
writers  and  settled  by  the  Custom  of  Lloyd's  (q.v.), 
(McArthur  on  the  Contract  of  Insurance,  p.  36 ; 
Phillips  on  Insurance,  vol.'  II.,  s.  1,909).  In 
companies'  policies  it  is  usual  to  substitute  for  the 
acknowledgment  of  the  receipt  of  the  premium  a 
promise  on  the  part  of  the  assured  to  pay  it,  but 
under  the  clause  so  worded  the  obligation  of  each 
party  to  the  other  stands  upon  the  same  footing — 
the  clause  being  only  a  promise  to  pay.  Refer  to 
Principal  and  Agent. 

Brokerage.  The  commission  charged  by  mer- 
chants and  brokers  tor  securing  and  transacting 
business  for  ships. 

Brontometer.  A  combination  of  meteorological 
instruments  designed  to  facilitate  thtt  study  of 
thunderstorms.  Pens  register  in  aniline  ixik»  on 
paper  worked  by  a  clock  on  a  drum  about  12  in. 
long,  the  velocity  of  the  wind,  rainfall,  and  the 
atmospheric  pressure ;  other  pens  worked  by  keys 
record  the  exact  time  of  thunder  or  lightning,  and 
the  duration  and  intensity  of  haiL 

Brooklsnu    U.S.  belt  cruiser  (1895). 
Length  400  ft.  Beam  65  ft.  Maximum  draught  38  ft. 
Displacement  9,215  tons.     Complement  500. 
Guns,  Armour. 

8—8  in.  "  Harvey." 

12 — 5  in.  3  in.  Belt  amidships. 

1 2 — 6  pdr.  8  in.  Barbettes. 

4 — I  pdr.  8  in.  Conning  tower. 

4  Catlings. 

Torpedo  Tubes, 
5  Above  water,  bow  and  broadside. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  forced  16,000=21  kts.    Coal 
maximum  1,650  tons. 

Broom.  A  besom  at  the  mast-head  signifies  the 
ship  is  for  sale. 

Broome,  Thomas  C.  (b.  Wolverhampton,  1869). 
After  leaving  school  in  1884  he  went  to  sea,  and  in 
1889  passed  for  second  mate  and  master,  and  four 
years  later  obtained  an  extra  master's  certificate.  In 
1897  ^^  received  a  commission  as  sub-lieutenant  in 
the  Royal  Naval  Reserve,  and  served  on  H.M.S. 
Cambridge,  Defiance,  and  Astrea,  1899- 1900,  and 
in  the  latter  year  received  a  lieutenant's  commis- 
sion. In  1902  he  retired  from  active  sea  life,  and 
joined  the  Tyser  Line  as  assistant  marine  superin- 
tendent Joined  Institution  of  Naval  Architects, 
1904. 

Brought  alongiide.  "  After  which  she  shall  load 
there  from  the  charterers  a  full  and  complete  cargo 

of ,  the  cargo  being  brought  to  and  taken  from 

alongside  at  the  charterer's  risk  and  expense." 

The  above  clause  is  found  in  most  charter-parties, 
and  marks  the  place  where,  and  the  time  when,  the 
responsibility  for  the  cargo  passes  from  the  char- 
terer to  the  shipowner,  and  again  at  the  port  of 
delivery  from  the  shipowner  to  the  charterer  or  his 


consignee.  It  is  not  sufficient  that  the  cargo  be 
placed  within  easy  reach  of  the  shipowner ;  it  must 
be  actually  brought  alongside  the  ship  at  the 
charterer's  expense  (».«.,  '*  free  alongside  "),  and 
where  the  ship,  owing  to  her  draught,  is  unable  to 
get  up  to  the  wharf,  the  cost  of  lightering  faUs  on 
the  charterer.  Similarly  at  the  termination  of  the 
voyage,  the  cargo  is  delivered,  and  the  shipowner's 
risk  ended,  as  soon  as  the  cargo  is  put  overside. 

Brown,  Andrew,  JJP.  (b.  Glasgow,  1825).  Marine 
engineer.  Left  school  1837  to  serve  apprentice- 
ship with  Mr.  John  Neilsen,  Oakbank  Foundry, 
Glasgow;  was  appointed  assistant  draughtsman 
to  Messrs.  Todd  and  MacGregor,  1849;  engaged 
in  Caledonian  running  engine  shops,  Glasgow,  1850  ; 
and  in  i860  joined  the  late  Mr.  Wm.  Simons  at 
Renfrew,  and  is  now  chairman  of  Wm.  Simons  and 
Co.,  Ltd.  He  is  the  oldest  engineer  and  ship- 
builder on  the  Qyde,  and  has  been  associated  with 
many  events  in  marine  engineering,  such  as  the 
Prompt  <i854),  the  first  screw  steamer  running 
between  Leith  and  London,  in  place  of  the  old  sailing 
smacks  ;  Viviandiere,  the  pioneer  coasting  steamer 
of  the  Clyde  Shipping  Co. ;  the  Anchor  Line 
India  (1877),  the  first  vessel  fitted  with  compound 
engines  on  the  North  Atlantic  service ;  the  Oxton, 
the  first  four-screw  propelling  ferry  steamer  built  for 
vehicular  traffic  on  the  Mersey  (1879) ;  the  first 
hopper  dredger  (1866)  ;  the  first  steam  hopper 
barge  in  Europe  (r86i) ;  the  Finnieston,  and 
the  first  elevating  deck  ferry  steamer  built 
for  vehicular  traffic  on  the  Clyde.  The  great 
advance  made  in  building  may  be  seen  from  the 
fact  that  the  first  hopper  dredger  had  a  capacity  of 
200  tons,  while  the  latest  construction,  the  Cetus 
(1905).  for  the  Natal  Government,  is  of  3,000  tons. 
He  became  a  member  of  the  Renfrew  Town  Council 
in  1865,  and  continued  a  member  until  1900  ;  was 
elected  Provost  in  1877,  and  held  that  position 
for  1 5  years ;  member  of  the  Institution  of  Civil 
Engineers. 

Publications :  Has  contributed  papers  to  the 
Institution  of  Shipbuilders  and  Engineers  in 
Scotland,  on  "  Improved  Dredging  Plant,"  in  1874 
and  1899,  and  also  read  at  the  Institution  of  Civil 
Engineers  in  1894  &>  paper  on  "  Recent  Types  of 
Ferry  Steamers." 

Brown,  A.  B.  (b.  Ringwood,  1839).  After 
serving  an  apprenticeship  at  sea,  he,  in  186 1,  entered 
the  service  of  the  P.  and  O.  Co.  as  a  junior  officer, 
and  was  promoted  chief  officer  in  1866.  In  1868 
the  Japanese  Government,  having  decided  to  light 
and  buoy  its  coast,  purchased  a  steamer  and  ofiered 
him  command,  and  he  was  actively  engaged  for 
several  years  in  the  service  of  the  Mikado's  Govern- 
ment, surveying  sites  and  superintending  the  con- 
struction of  lighthouses  and  beacons,  etc.  In  1874 
the  Japanese  Government  decided  on  sending  an 
expedition  to  Formosa,  and  purchased  from  the 
P.   and  O.  Co.  their  steamer    Delta,  which  was 


BROWN 


97 


BRUNEL 


re-christened  Tahasago  Maru,  and  he  was  given 
command,  and  had  charge  of  the  transport  of  1,500 
men  to  Laingkiao  Bay,  under  General  Saigo.  On 
the  termination  of  the  expedition,  the  Japanese 
Government  found  itself  with  a  number  of  steamers, 
and  an  arrangement  was  made  with  Mr.  Iwasaki 
Yatiro  to  purchase  the  ships  and  form  a  company 
and  this  formed  the  nucleus  of  the  Mitsu  Bishi 
Company  ;  in  fact,  the  modern  Mercantile  Marine 
of  Japan.  In  1874  he  returned  to  Great  Britain 
and  purchased  two  other  merchant  vessels  as  a 
further  addition  to  this  fleet.  On  his  return  to 
Japan  in  1875,  ^^  ^^^s  appointed  to  assist  in 
forming  a  marine  bureau.  In  1885  a  new  company 
was  formed,  the  Nippon  Yusen  Kaisha,  to  take  over 
the  then  existing  steamship  companies,  the  Mitsu 
Bishi  Co.,  and  the  Kiodo  Unyu  Kaisha.  and  at  the 
request  of  the  Government  he  was  appointed  general 
manager.  In  May,  1889,  he  resigned  this  position 
and  came  to  England  to  take  charge  of  the  com- 
pany's shipbuilding  programme,  and  other  business 
requiring  expert  superintendence ;  settled  in 
Glasgow  and  founded  the  firm  of  Messrs.  A.  R. 
Brown,  MacFarlane,  Ltd.  He  has  been  closely 
associated  with  the  modem  Mercantile  Marine  of 
Japan  from  its  earliest  infancy,  and  assisted  in 
founding  the  Tokio  College,  and  the  Tokio  Marine 
Insurance  Co.  For  service  rendered  to  the  Japan- 
ese Government,  he  was  decorated  with  the  3rd 
Order  of  the  Rising  Sun,  and  was  the  first  British 
subject  in  Japan  to  receive  this  honour. 

Brown,  George  llatthews  (b.  South  Shields, 
May  .11,  1872).  B.A.,  B.Sc,  W.H.  School.  Served 
apprenticeship  in  the  engine  works  department 
of  Messrs.  Palmer's  Shipbuilding  Co.,  Ltd., 
J  arrow  ;  afterwards  working  in  their  drawing  office. 
Gained  Whitworth's  Scholarship  in  1895  ;  gradu- 
ated B.Sc,  Durham,  with  honours,  in  1898,  and 
B.A.  (Part  II.  Science  Tripos),  Cambridge,  1900. 
At  present  engaged  as  chief  engineer  in  the  power 
and  mining  department  of  Messrs.  Thomson,  Hou- 
ston Co.,  Rugby. 

Publications :  Has  contributed  papers  to  the 
Engineering  Society  on  "  Steam  Practice  and 
Electrical  Engineering." 

Brown,  Lieni.    See  Arctic  Exploration. 

Browne,  Sir  Benjamin  Chapman,  K.T.  (cr.  1887), 
D.C.L.  (b.  1839).  Served  his  apprenticeship  at  the 
Elswick  Works  under  Sir  W.  G.  Armstrong ;  in 
1870  took  an  active  part  in  the  reconstruction  of  the 
old  firm  of  R.  W.  Hawthorn,  with  a  special  view  to 
the  development  of  the  marine  engine  trade,  and 
during  the  next  16  years  was  closely  connected 
with  engine  building  for  the  British  Admiralty,  the 
Italian,  French,  Russian,  and  many  other  Govern- 
ments. In  1896  he  became  chairman  of  the  firm 
of  R.  and  W.  Hawthorn,  LesUe  and  Co.,  Ltd., 
the  amalgamation  of  R.  and  W.  Hawthorn  and  Co. 
and  the  shipyards  of  A.  S.  LesUe  and  Co. ;   he  is 


also  connected  with  electric  light  and  power  com- 
panies, and  with  tlie  coal  trade  ;  is  well  known 
in  connection  with  labour  institutions,  and  in  1904 
he  served  on  a  committee  appointed  by  the  Home 
Secretary,  to  examine  the  working  of  the  Worker's 
Corporation  Act.  Member  of  the  Institutions  of 
Civil  Engineers,  Mechanical  Engineers,  and  Naval 
Architects. 

B.B.n.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing 
boats  registered  at  Bruinisse,  Holland. 

Brohn,  Johannes  (b.  Borris.  Denmark,  March  11, 
1868).  Served  his  apprenticeship  in  Flensburg 
Shipbuilding  Yard,  and  with  Messrs.  Mackie  and 
Thomson,  Glasgow.  Studied  naval  architecture 
and  engineering  at  the  Glasgow  University,  and 
took  his  degree  of  B.Sc,  and  in  1892  the  degree  of 
D.Sc.  was  conferred  on  him  ;  in  1895  ^^  joined  the 
staff  of  the  Committee  of  Lloyd's  Register  of 
British  and  Foreign  Shipping,  London,  and  stUl 
retains  the  post  of  Scientific  Adviser  to  this  body ; 
in  1900  he  was  awarded  the  gold  medal  by  the 
Institution  of  Naval  Architects  for  his  paper 
"  The  Stresses  at  the  Discontinuities  of  a  Ship's 
Structure." 

PubUcations  :  A  number  of  papers  dealing  with 
the  Strength  and  Stability  of  Ships,  read  before 
the  Institution  of  Naval  Architects,  and  the  Insti- 
tution of  Engineers  and  Shipbuilders  in  Scotland. 

Bmiser.  Steamer.  In  collision  with  the  Haswell 
off  Aldborough,  August  19,  1866;    15  lives  lost. 

Brniz.    French   2nd  class  cruiser.     (Rochefort, 

1894.) 

Length  361ft.   Beam  46ft.    Maximum  draught  20ft. 

Displacement  4,750  tons.    Complement  370. 

Guns,  Armour. 

2 — y'6  in.,  45  cal.        "  Creusot  "  steel. 

6 — 5*5  in.  4  in.  Belt  amidships. 

6 — 9  pdr.  4  in.  Turrets. 

4 — 3  pdr.  4  in.  Conning  tower. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (17*7  in.). 

4  Above  water. 

Twin  screw.     Hp.  8,300=  18' 5  kts.     Coal  normal 

406  tons.     Approximate  cost  ;f  3 50,000. 

Bmiier.  British  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Chis- 
wick,  1895.)  Length,  201  ft.  ;  beam,  19  ft.  ; 
draught,  7  ft.  ;  displacement,  247  tons ;  comple- 
ment, 45  ;  armament,  i  12-pdr.,  5  6-pdr.,  2  tubes  ; 
twin  screw  ;  Hp.,  2,500=27  kts. ;  coal,  60  tons. 

Bnunmer.  German  protected  gun-boat  (1884). 
Displacement,  870  tons.    Of  no  fighting  value. 

Brunei,  Isambard  Kingdom  (1806-59].  English 
civil  engineer.  Was  one  of  the  pioneers  in  the 
development  of  ocean  steam  navigation ;  he  de- 
signed the  Great  Western,  the  first  ship  to  make 
regular  voyages  across  the  Atlantic,  1838  ;  he  built 
the  Great  Britain,  the  first  large  iron  steamship 
which  was  navigated  by  the  screw  propeller,  1845  *  ^^ 

E 


BRYSON 


98 


BUENOS 


constructed  the  huge  Great  Eastern  for  the  Eastern 
Steam  Navigation  Co.,  1853  ;  gave  much  attention 
to  gun  improvement,  and  designed  a  floating  gun 
carriage  for  the  attack  on  Kronstadt,  1854.  He 
died  on  board  the  Great  Eastern,  September  15. 
1859.  See  "  Life  of  I.  K.  Brunei/*  by  Isadore 
Brunei,  1870. 

Bryson*  John  JToshaa  (b.  Newcastle.  March  4, 
1868).  Marine  engineer.  Educated  Glasgow  Tech- 
nical College,  where  he  took  first  place  in  steam  and 
mechanical  engineering,  with  flrst-class  honours, 
gaining  Atkinson's  bursary  ;  at  the  Glasgow  Univer- 
sity he  gained  first  prize  for  mechanical  engineering, 
and  held  Elder's  bursary  for  marine  engineering  and 
naval  construction  ;  served  his  apprenticeship  with 
Messrs.  R.  and  W.  Hawthorn,  Leslie  and  Co.;  from 
1890-95  was  employed  in  the  drawing  office  of  the 
Naval  Construction  and  Armaments  Co..  having 
under  his  entire  charge  the  shipbuilding  and 
engineering  department.  Member  of  the  Institu- 
tion of  Naval  Architects. 

B.S.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Beaumaris,  England. 

B.  Th.  U.,or  British  Thermal  Unit,  is  the  unit 
quantity  of  heat  employed  by  engineers.  It  is 
mechanically  equal  to  778  ft.  lbs.  of  work,  and  is  the 
amount  of  heat  required  to  bring  one  pound  of 
water  from  49**  to  50°  F. 

B.T.U.,  or  Board  of  Trade  Unit,  is  the  legal  unit 
for  the  sale  of  electrical  energy  to  the  public. 

B.U.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Bunschoten,  Holland. 

Baccaneer.  A  name  given  to  pirates  who 
formerly  infested  the  Spanish  coast. 

Buccaneer  Tacht  Clnb.  Established  1898.  Com- 
modore, Major  R.  Giles  Bradshaw  ;  Vice-Commo- 
dore, A.  Christie  Bradshaw ;  Rear-Commodore, 
Charles  R.  Catchpool ;  Honorary  Secretary  and 
Treasurer,  Lieut. -Col.  A.  T.  Simpson,  Bosham 
Abbey,  Sussex.  Entrance  fee,  £$  35. ;  annual  sub- 
scription, £s  3^- 

Bncban,  Captain  David.     See  Arctic  Exploration. 

Bnchardo.  Argentine  torpedo-boat.  (Yarrow, 
1890.)  Length,  150  ft.;  displacement.  85  tons; 
2  tubes ;  speed,  about  24  kts. 

Backland,  Henry  Birkett  (b.  South  Shields, 
March  16,  1869).  Served  his  apprenticeship  with 
Messrs.  Black,  Hawthorn  and  Co.,  Gateshead  ;  from 
there  joined  Messrs.  Henry  Watson  and  Sons  as 
draughtsman,  and  subsequently  the  Central  Marine 
Engineering  Works,  Hartlepool.  Having  obtained 
his  Board  of  Trade  certificate  at  sea,  was  appointed 
manager  of  the  Tyne  Boiler  Works  Co.,  Ltd.,  where 
under  his  charge  several  bridges  were  built  for 
India,  and  also  in  1887.  during  the  French  scare, 
430  spherical  submarine  mines  for  the  Home  and 


Indian  Governments.  In  1S88  he  embarked  in 
business  on  his  own  account  as  a  consulting 
engineer  and  naval  axx:hitect  at  Newcastle.  Know- 
ing that  boilers  are  the  heart  of  a  steamer,  he 
early  made  them  his  special  study  and  care,  and 
has  designed  and  patented  the  "  Buckland  Vertical 
Donkey  Boiler "  and  the  '*  Stanley  Spherical 
Marine  Boiler." 

BneUe,  Vice-Admiral  Claode  Edward  (b.  Dur- 
ham, 1839).  Entered  Navy.  1852 ;  cadet  of 
Leander,  and  served  in  Black  Sea  during  Russian 
war;  joined  Valorous  December.  1864;  ^^  en- 
gaged in  two  night  attacks  on  the  sea  front  at 
Sebastopol,  the  capture  of  Kertch  and  Kinburn 
(Crimean  and  Turkish  medals,  Sebastopol  clasp)  ; 
joined  Inflexible,  1856 ;  was  engaged  in  the  de- 
struction of  the  Chinese  fleet  at  Escape  Creek, 
Sawshu,  and  Fatshan ;  took  part  in  the  capture  of 
Peiho  forts,  1858  ;  was  mentioned  in  despatches 
by  the  Commander-in-Chief  (China  medal.  Canton, 
Fatshan,  and  Taku  clasps) ;  was  lieutenant  in  Hero 
when  she  took  H.R.H.  The  Prince  of  Wales  to 
Canada ;  A.D.C.  to  the  Queen,  1889-91  ;  captain, 
senior  naval  officer,  Gibraltar,  1889-92 ;  senior 
officer  on  the  coast  of  Ireland,  1895-98  ;  promoted 
admiral,  August  12,  1903,  when  he  retired. 

Baoklers,  Two  blocks  of  wood  fitted  together 
to  stop  up  the  liawse-holes  to  prevent  the  ship 
taking  any  water  in  a  heavy  sea. 

Bnoknall  Steamship  lines,  Ltd.,  managed  by  the 
founders,  Messrs.  Bucknall  Bros.,  possess  a  fleet  of 
26  first-class  steamers.  The  present  company 
was  formed  in  1900  to  take  over  and  extend 
the  British  and  Colonial  line  from  London  to 
south-east  African  ports,  established  1892.  The 
company  maintains  monthly  service  from  London 
to  Madeira,  Cape  Town,  Algoa  Bay,  East  London, 
and  Natal ;  also  lines  between  New  York  and  South 
Africa  and  New  York  and  India,  as  well  as  a  line 
between  Manchester  and  the  Persian  Gulf  ports. 

Budapest.    Austro-Hungarian   battleship.    (San 
Rocco,  1896.) 

Length  323ft.    Beam  56ft.    Maximum  draught  21ft. 
Displacement  5,600  tons.     Complement  469. 
Guns.  Armour. 

4 — 9*4  in.,  35  cal.      "  Harvey." 
6 — 6  in.  10  in.  Belt  amidships. 

14 — 3  pdr.  8  in.  Bulkheads. 

12  Machine.  10  in.  Barbettes. 

8  in.  Conning  tower. 
Torpedo  Tubes  (177  in.). 
4  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.   8,500=17   kts.     Coal   maxi- 
mum 500  tons. 

Bnenos    Aires.      Argentine    cruiser.      (Elswick, 
1895.)     Sheathed  and  coppered. 
Length  408ft.    Beam  47ft.  Maximum   draught  32ft. 
Displacement  4,500  tons.    Complement  400. 


BUGALET 


99 


BURAN 


Guns. 

2 — 8  in. 
4 — 6  in. 
6—4*7  "I- 
4 — 6pdr. 


Armour. 
"  Steel." 
5  in.  Deck  amidships. 

5  in.  Gun  shields. 

6  in.  Conning  tower. 


1 6 — 3  pdr. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
5  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  natural  13,000=23  kts.,  forced 
17,070=24  kts.    Coal  maximum  1,000  tons. 

Bogalet    A  large  trading  boat  of  the  Persian 
GuU. 

Bngeaild.    French    2nd    class    cruiser.     (Cher- 
bourg, 1893-) 

Length  308ft.  Beam  43ft.  Maximum  draught  22ft. 
Displacement  3,772  tons.     Complement  358. 
Guns.  Armour. 

6 — 6*4  in.  3  in.  Deck. 

4 — 4  in.  2  in.  Sponsons. 

4—3  pdr. 
II — I  pdr. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
2  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.   9,500=19  kts.     Coal   maxi- 
mum 587  tons.     Approximate  cost  ;j30o,ooo. 

BqiUL    a  vessel's  form  or  construction. 


Boilder^B  risks.  The  great  increase  in  the  size 
and  in  the  values  of  steamers  has  made  the  risk 
while  in  course  of  construction  a  very  serious  one 
to  all  concerned,  and  special  terms  have  been 
arranged  by  the  underwriters  for  the  due  protection 
of  builders  and  owners.  Refer  to  Builder's  Risks 
Clauses. 

Bnlgeways*     See  Bilgeways. 

Bulk.  When  cargo  is  stowed  without  sacks  or 
packages. 

Bulkheads.  Partitions  built  up  to  divide  the 
ship  into  separate  sections. 

BuUardt  King  and  Co.    See  Natal  Line. 

Bonen,  Frank  Thomas  (1857).  Enghsh  author 
(b.  Paddington).  Served  at  sea,  1869-83  on  a 
whaler ;  from  1883-89  he  worked  as  clerk  in  the 
Meteorological  Office.  Among  his  best-known 
writings  are  "  The  Cruise  of  the  Cachalot"  (1898), 
"  Idylls  of  the  Sea  "  (i899)»  "  With  Christ  at  Sea  " 
(1900),  "  Deep  Sea  Plunderings  "  (1901),  '*  A  Whale- 
man's Wife  "  (1902),  "  A  Sailor  Apostle  "  (1903), 
"Sea-Wrack"    (1903),    "Creators    of    the    Sea" 

(1905). 

Bullfinch.  British  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Hull 
1 901.)  Length,  210  f t. ;  beam,  20  ft. ;  draught, 
5^  ft. ;  displacement,  300  tons ;  complement,  60 ; 
armament,  1  12 -pdr.,  5  6-pdr.,  2  tubes;  twin 
screw ;  Hp.,  5,800=30  kts. ;  coal,  80  tons. 


BoU  Book  Light,  established  1889  on  Bull  Head, 
Bantry  Bay,  is  a  single  flash  Ught  every  15 
seconds  ;  duration  of  flash,  three  seconds  ;  candle- 
power,  300,000  maximum  ;  burner,  10  ring  Douglass ; 
illuminant,  oil  gas. 

Bull-rope.  A  rope  from  the  jib-boom  to  keep  a 
buoy  or  boat  from  the  bows. 

Boll's-eye.  A  thick  piece  of  glass  inserted  into 
scuttle  hatches  for  the  admission  of  Ught. 

Bolwark.  British  ist  class  battleship.  (Devon- 
port,  1899.) 

Length  430ft.    Beam  75ft.    Maximum  draught  29ft. 
Displacement  15,000  tons.     Complement  750. 
Gur^s.  Armour. 

4 — 12  in.,  40  cal.       "  Krupp." 
1 2 — 6  in.  9  in.  Belt  amidships. 

16 — 12  pdr.  12  in.  Barbettes. 

6—3  pdr.  12  in.  Conning  tower. 

2  Maxims. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
4  Submerged. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  15,000=18  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 2,100  tons.     Approximate  cost ;{ 1, 000, 000. 

Bulwarks.  The  woodwork  round  the  vessel  above 
her  deck. 

Bnmboat.  A  small  boat  used  when  carrying 
provisions  to  a  ship  lying  at  a  distance  from  the 
shore. 

Bninkin  shrouds.  Strong  chains  fiixed  on  stays 
to  the  bumkin  ends  to  support  the  strain  exerted 
by  the  fore-tacks  upon  them. 

Bnmpkm.    A  short  boom  projecting  from  bow. 

Bung.  A  stopper  for  the  large  opening  in  the 
bulge  of  a  cask  called  a  bunghole. 

Bonk.    A  sleeping-place. 

Bunt.  The  middle  part  of  a  sail  formed  into  a 
cavity  that  it  may  gather  more  wind. 

Bun^lines.  Ropes  attached  to  the  foot  of  a 
sail  which  are  used  to  haul  it  up. 

Buoy.  A  floating  object  to  mark  a  navigable 
channel  to  warn  a  vessel  against  submarine  danger, 
or  to  serve  as  an  anchorage. 

Buoyancy.    Capacity  for  floating  lightly. 

Buoy-rope.  The  rope  which  attaches  the  buoy 
to  the  anchor. 

Burakoff .  Russian  torpedo-boat  destroyer  ( 1 906) « 
Length,  185  ft. ;  beam,  2i  f t.  ;  draught,  7\  ft.  ; 
displacement,  324  tons ;  complement,  60 ;  arma- 
ment, I  i2-pdr.,  5  3-pdr.,  2  tubes ;  twin  screw ; 
Hp.,  5,600=26  kts. ;  coal,  100  tons. 

Bnran.  Gale  from  the  north-east,  accompanied 
with  drifting  snow,  in  the  Steppes  of  Central  Asia. 

See  Purga. 

E  2 


BURDEN 


lOO 


BUSLEY 


Borden.     The  number  of  tons  weight  which  a 
ship  will  carry  when  loaded. 

Boigee.    A  swallow-tailed  broad  flag  used  in 
merchant  vessels,  cutters,  and  yachts. 


.  Bormeisifir  and  Wain's  Engin«ering  and  Ship- 
building Co.,  Ltd.,  Copenhagen.  This  Arm  was 
started  in  July,  1846,  by  H.  Baumgarten  and 
C.  Burmeister.  Their  business,  employing  30 
hands,  manufactured  various  machinery,  stationary 
steam-engines,  and  boilers,  the  first  marine  engine 
being  turned  out  a  few  years  later,  in  1849. 

Messrs.  Baumgarten  and  Burmeister  carried  on 
their  works  with  great  energy  and  abihty,  and  the 
business  expanded  rapidly,  keeping  pace  with  the 
increasing  demand  for  steam  power  in  all  branches 
of  industry. 

From  1 86 1,  on  the  retirement  of  Mr.  Baumgarten, 
Mr.  Burmeister  was  sole  partner  a  few  years,  when 
he  in  1865  asked  Mr.  William  Wain,  a  gentleman 
of  considerable  mechanical  skill  and  valuable 
practical  knowledge,  to  join  him  and  become  a 
partner  in  the  firm,  the  name  then  being  changed 
to  Burmeister  and  Wayi. 

The  firm  continued  progressing  successfully  as  a 
private  firm  until  1872,  when  it  was  formed  into  a 
limited  company,  with  C.  F.  Tietgen  as  a  chair- 
man, and  a  board  of  management,  with  C.  Bur- 
meister and  W.  Wain  as  directors.  The  company 
has  had  the  benefit  of  retaining  the  interest  and 
services  of  Mr.  Wain  until  his  death,  1882,  and 
Mr.  Burmeister  until  his  retirement  in  1890. 

The  two  merited  chiefs  have  in  course  of  time 
been  followed  by  others,  and  full  advantage  has 
been  taken  by  the  introduction  of  modern  machinery 
and  recent  appliances  and  facilities. 

The  company  has  built  and  engined  about 
250  vessels,  aggregating  191,000  tons,  with  317,000 
I.Hp.,  and  from  1872- 1906  carried  out  8,700  larger 
repairs  to  steamers. 

The  steamers  built  comprise  several  of  special 
types,  such  as  ice-breakers,  large  railway  ferries, 
salvage  steamers,  and  steamers  for  telegraph  ser- 
vice, war  vessels,  mail  and  passenger  steamers, 
yachts,  and  oil  steamers. 

The  engine  department,  besides  having  built  the 
engines  for  all  the  new  steamers  built  by  the  com- 
pany, has  supplied  the  greater  part  of  the  engines 
for  the  warships  of  the  Royal  Danish  Navy. 
Further,  it  has  built  the  engines  for  the  electric 
plant,  sewage,  and  waterworks  of  the  Corporation 
of  Copenhagen,  for  a  great  number  of  factories, 
and  many  other  stationary  plants  in  Denmark  ; 
the  engines  for  the  Electric  Central  Station  in  St. 
Petersburg ;  for  the  electrical  works  in  Stockholm, 
Gothenburg,  Klagstorp,  and  Frederikshald  in  Nor- 
way, etc.  ;  engines  to  Malaga,  South  America,  and 
India  for  electric  plant. 

Not  only  engines  but  also  boilers  of  various 
types  have  been  supplied  to  a  great  number  of  the 
above-named  plants,  and  during  the  last  two  years 


the  company  has  delivered  and  set  working  about 
100  Diesal  engines  of  various  dimensions ;  and 
recently  they  have  taken  up  the  manufacturing  of 
steam  turbines  for  electricity  works. 

Many  heavy  forgings  have  been  turned  out  from 
these  shops  for  works  in  Denmark,  Norway,  Eng- 
land. Scotland,  Holland,  Russia. 

^  Bornham  Yacht  dab,  Essex  Established  1895, 
and  new  wing  added  in  1900,  which  was  opened  by 
the  president  of  the  club.  Lord  Claud  Hamilton. 
Commodore,  C.  H.  CoUand ;  Vice-Commodore, 
C.  J.  R.  Tijou  ;  Rear-Commodore,  G.  M.  Roberts ; 
Honorary  Treasurer,  A.  L.  Ramage ;  Honorary 
Secretary,  R.  K.  Mooney.  Entrance  fee,  £1  \is.6d.  ; 
annual  subscription,  £1  us.  6d. 

BornL  Russian  torpedo-boat  destroyer  (1906). 
Length,  185  ft. ;  beam,  21  ft.  ;  draught,  ji  ft.  ; 
displacement,  324  tons  ;  complement,6o  ;  armament, 
I  i2-pdr.,  5  3Tpdr.,  2  tubes ;  twin  screw ;  Hp., 
5,600=26  kts. ;  coal,  100  tons. 

Burns,  0.  and  7.,  Ltd.  See  Scottish  and  Irish 
Royal  Mail  Line. 

Burnt.     See  Fire ;  also  Memorandum. 

Bnrroogh,  Steven.     See  Arctic  Exploration. 

Bnnt  of  the  monsoon.  The  sudden  change  of 
weather  accompanying  the  setting  in  of  the  south- 
west monsoon. 

Burton,  B.,  and  Sons,  established  by  the  late 
Mr.  R.  Burton,  of  Newport,  Mon.,  over  a  century 
ago.  Since  1840  it  has  been  carried  on  by  his 
three  sons,  who  in  1898  formed  the  business  into 
a  limited  company.  Their  steamers  maintain 
regular  services  between  Liverpool  and  the  Bristol 
Channel  ports,  and  daily  services  between  Bristol 
and  Cardiff,  and  Bristol  and  Newport,  Mon. 

Barton.  A  small  tackle  with  a  double  and 
single  block  used  to  set  up  or  tighten  shrouds. 

Bosh  of  a  sheave.  The  metal  lining  on  which  a 
pin  rests. 

Bosley,  Carl  (b.  Neustrelitz,  October  7,  1850). 
Educated  at  High  School*  and  on  leaving  gained 
practical  experience  in  engineering  in  a  large 
factory ;  in  1871  he  entered  the  Academy  in 
Berlin,  and  three  years  later  passed  out  with  first- 
class  diplomas  for  marine  engineering,  and  entered 
the  Imperial  German  Marine  as  second  engineer ; 
in  1875  he  was  engaged  as  marine  engineer  at  the 
Imperial  Wharf,  Kiel ;  in  1879  he  became  associated 
with  the  marine  academy  and  school  at  Kiel, 
attaining  the  degree  of  professor  in  1890,  and  five 
years  later  the  title  of  Geheimen  Regierungsrat ; 
in  1896  he  joined  F.  Schichau  in  Elbing  and 
Danzig  as  naval  constructor,  which  position  he 
still  holds  ;  he  was  a  juror  on  the  committee  of  tlie 
exhibitions,  Hamburg  (1889),  Chicago  (1893), 
Antwerp     (1894),    Liibeck    (1895),     Kiel    (1896), 


BUSS 


lOI 


BUTE 


Brussels  (1897),  Paris  (1900) ;  was  a  member  of  the 
organization  '*  Schifintxautchnischen  Gesellschaft,"  a 
scientific  organization  of  shipbuilders  and  ship- 
owners founded  in  1889,  on  the  lines  of  the  Institu- 
tion of  Naval  Architects  in  this  country,  and  the 
Association  Technique  Maritime  of  France,  having 
for  its  aim  the  improvements  of  national  ship- 
building ;  he  is  an  enthusiastic  yachtsman,  and  has 
devoted  much  time  to  this  sport ;  was  one  of  the 
founders  of  the  Marine  Regatta  Association,  1887, 
which  was  changed  in  1891  to  the  Imperial  Yacht 
Club,  of  which  he  is  still  one  of  the  directors ;  was 
the  founder  of  the  German  Sailing  Association, 
1888  ;  was  on  board  the  German  torpedo-boat 
5.  42  carrjring  the  news  to  H.M.  The  German 
Emperor  of  the  result  of  the  Dover-Helgoland  race 
on  June  24,  1902,  when  that  vessel  was  run  into 
by  the  British  steamer  Fursby,  nearly  losing  his 
life ;  in  1900  he  was  elected  chairman  of  the  Ger- 
man Airship  Association,  Berlin  ;  he  is  author  of 
many  well-known  technical  works,  and  has  read 
papers  before  various  scientific  institutions.  Among 
his  works  may  be  mentioned  : 

1.  Die  Meerwasser-Distillier- Apparate  der  Kaiser- 
lichen  Marine,  Berlin,  1880. 

2.  Die  Schififmachine,  Kiel,  2  Bde.  u.  i  Atlas, 
1.  Aufl.  1883  ;  II.  Aufl.  1884 ;  russisch  1889  ;  III. 
Aufl.  1891  ;  engl.  1892. 

3.  Die  Verwendung  fltissiger  Heizstoife  fur 
Schiffskessel,  Berlin,  1887. 

4.  Die  Entwickelung  der  Schiffsmachine  in  den 
letzten  Jahrzehnten,  Berlin,  I.  Aufl.  1888,  III. 
Aofl.  1892. 

5.  Die  neueren  Schnelldampfer.  Kiel,  I.  Aufl. 
1891,  II.  Aufl.  1893. 

6.  Die  Entwickelung  des  Norddeutschen  Lloyd 
und  der  Hamburg-Amerikan  Packetf.  Act.  Ges. 
Zusammen  mit  R.  Haack,  Berlin,  1893. 

7.  Die  jungsten  Bestrebungen  und  Erfolge  des 
deutschen  Schiflbaues,  Berlin,  1895. 

8.  Die  Wasserrohrkessel  der  Dampfschifle,  Berlin, 
1896. 

9.  Die  gesundheitlichen  Einrichtungen  der  mo- 
demen  Dampfschifle,  Berlin,  1897. 

10.  Der  Kampf  un  den  ostasiastischen  Handel. 
Berlin  I.  Aufl.  1897,  H-  Aufl.  1898. 

11.  Die  modernen  Unterseeboote.     Berlin,  1899. 

Bum.    a  small  Dutch  fishing  vessel. 

Bnstamente.  Spanish  torpedo-boat.  (Normand, 
1887.)  Length,  126  ft. ;  beam,  10}  ft. ;  draught, 
6J  ft.  ;  displacement,  63  tons  ;  armament,  3  3-pdr., 
2  tubes ;  Hp.,  800=22  kts. ;  coal,  25  tons.      ^ 

Bustard.  British  3rd  class  gun-boat  (254  tons). 
Launched  1871. 

Bate  Sliipbiiildiiig,  Engmeering,  and  Dry  Dock 
Co.»  Ltd.  Amongst  the  leading  dry  dock  under- 
takings in  the  Bristol  Channel,  the  Bute  Ship- 
building, Engineering,  and  Dry  Dock  Co.,  Ltd., 
occupies  a  front  place.  This  company  was  formed 
in  the  early  part  of  the  year  1883,  and  the  first 


vessel  entered  the  Graving  Dock  on  June  22,  1885. 
The  Bute  Dry  Dock  was  therefore  constructed  and 
opened  about  three  years  prior  to  the  opening  of 
the  Roath  Dock. 

This  dry  dock  was  constructed  at  a  time  when  a 
2,000  ton  ship  was  accounted  a  large  vessel,  and  it 
is  indicative  of  the  foresight  of  the  promoters 
when  it  is  remembered  that  the  dock  has  a  length 
of  600  ft.  and  a  breadth  of  87  ft.,  with  a  depth  of 
water  over  the  sill  at  spring  tides  of  28  ft.,  and  there 
is  consequently  no  difficulty  in  accommodating 
the  modem  sized  steamship. 

The  Bute  Dry  Dock  occupies  a  unique  position, 
inasmuch  as  being  situated  within  the  Roath  Basin. 
Vessels  taken  in  hand  are  conveniently  situated  for 
subsequent  loading  in  the  Roath  Basin,  Roath 
Dock,  or  East  Dock,  and  may  be  moved  to  either 
of  these  wet  docks  regardless  of  tides  with  a 
minimum  of  delay  and  expense,  a  consideration  in 
these  days  of  keen  competition  which  is  not  lost 
sight  of  by  shipowners. 

As  regards  equipment,  one  of  the  chief  features 
of  the  dry  dock  is  its  compactness.  The  work- 
shops are  arranged  around  and  in  close  proximity 
to  the  dry  dock,  with  a  crane  railway  alongside 
between  the  dock  and  the  shops,  which  are  well 
served  with  three  steam  travelling  cranes,  capable 
of  handling  material  and  heavy  machinery,  etc., 
of  all  descriptions,  and  this,  coupled  with  the 
proximity  of  the  workshops,  enables  operations  to 
be  carried  on  with  the  greatest  expedition.  The 
large  crane  is  capable  of  lifting  30  tons,  and  has  a 
lifting  power  of  8-^  tons  over  a  radius  of  50  ft., 
these  capabilities  meeting  all  the  needs  of  ordinary 
ship  repairing  work. 

The  various  workshops  are  excellently  equipped 
with  up-to-date  machinery  plant  and  tools,  replete 
in  every  detail,  an  important  factor  in  the  suc- 
cessful working  of  a  dry  dock  and  ship  repairing 
concern.  There  is  a  complete  electric  light  in- 
stallation in  the  workshops,  yard,  and  dry  dock, 
and  no  barrier  exists  to  continuous  working,  re- 
pairs being  carried  on  at  night  internally  and 
externally  upon  vessels  ia  the  dry  dock  or  along- 
side in  the  wet  dock,  under  the  same  conditions  as 
by  day. 

The  Bute  Dry  Dock  has  always  moved  with  the 
times,  and  amongst  its  innovations  of  late  years 
has  been  a  complete  equipment  of  electrically 
driven  appliances.  These  conditions  have  com- 
bined to  give  "  The  Bute  "  a  name  for  despatch 
and  economy  which  it  is  difficult  to  beat,  "  prompt- 
ness and  eflectiveness "  being  its  chief  charac- 
teristics. 

The  dock  is  fitted  with  powerful  steam-pumps, 
but  it  may  be  also  drained  by  means  of  sluices 
discharging  into  the  entrance  channel. 

The  dry  dock  is  divisible  into  sections  by  a 
caisson,  thus  enabling-  an  ordinary  sized  steamer 
to  remain  in  dry  dock  for  extensive  repairs,  leaving 
the  other  portion  available  for  other  vessels. 


BUTLERAGE 


1 02 


BYRON 


The  work  undertaken  by  "  The  Bute  "  is  most 
varied  and  cosmopolitan.  In  its  earliest  days  as 
many  as  five  vessels  have  been  accommodated  at 
one  time.  Now  it  is  a  common  occurrence  for  a 
large  tramp  steamer  to  monopolise  the  whole  of 
the  dock,  a  contrast  which  speaks  for  itself.  Ocean 
liners,  troopships,  stately  "  sailers,"  mud-dredgers, 
and  warships  have  found  a  temporary  resting- 
place  in  the  Bute.  In  August,  1902,  the  Japanese 
cruiser  Takasago  was  dry-docked  for  cleaning  and 
painting,  the  work  being  efficiently  and  expedi- 
tiously carried  out  in  three  days  to  the  entire 
satisfaction  of  the  Japanese  naval  authorities. 

The  repair  of  ships  has  not  been  the  only  work 
undertaken  by  the  Bute  Dry  Dock.  Successful 
salvage  operations  have  helped  to  make  the  name 
of  this  enterprising  firm,  one  of  these  being  the 
steamer  Fidele  Primavesi,  which  was  successfully 
raised  after  sinking  in  the  Roath  Dock  while 
loading  in  September,  1892.  A  later  case  was  that 
of  the  Pina,  which  sunk  while  loaded  near  the 
entrance  lock  of  the  Roath  Basin.  After  being 
raised  this  vessel  was  kept  afloat  while  being  dis- 
charged, and  was  afterwards  docked  and  repaired 
by  the  same  firm. 

A  particular  feature  of  the  Bute  Dry  Dock 
which  claims  special  attention  is  its  capabilities 
for  docking  loaded  ships,  a  feature  which  has 
gained  for  it  a  reputation  to  which  it  is  deservedly 
entitled.  Over  20  ships  have  been  dry  docked 
with  cargo  and  repaired  in  this  condition,  two 
recent  cases  being  the  Vauxhall  Bridge  (gross 
register  tonnage,  3,391).  loaded  with  a  full  cargo 
of  rails,  and  extensively  repaired,  and  the  Hill- 
grove  (gross  tonnage,  3,465),  with  a  cargo  of  5,500 
tons  of  coal.  The  success  which  has  attended  the 
docking  of  loaded  vessels  is  sufficient  proof  of  the 
solid  formation  of  the  dock  bottom. 

In  1 90 1  the  mercantile  pontoon  was  acquired, 
and  is  worked  as  an  annexe  to  the  parent  concern. 
The  pontoon  is  situated  in  the  Roath  Dock,  and 
represents  the  only  dry  dock  accommodation  avail- 
able there.  It  is  320  ft.  long  and  52  ft.  wide,  and 
is  capable  of  raising  vessels  up  to  2,600  tons  dis- 
placement. There  are  excellently  equipped  work- 
shops in  close  proximity  to  the  pontoon. 

The  Bute  Dry  Dock  has  shared  in  the  prosperity 
of  the  ship-repairing  industry,  and  commercial 
success  has  attended  the  enterprise  in  no  small 
measure,  the  name  of  the  Bute  Dry  Dock  being 
synonymous  with  an  up-to-date  policy,  good 
management,  and,  as  a  result,  large  dividends. 
This  position  the  company  has  maintained,  although 
the  conditions  of  the  ship-repairing  trade  at  the 
present  day  and  the  exceptionally  keen  competi- 
tion now  prevaiUng  have  operated  in  giving  a 
temporary  check  to  its  erstwhile  commercial  success. 

Buflerago.  Once  a  tax  upon  all  imported  wine, 
and  paid  to  the  King's  butler.  Obsolete  since 
1809. 


Bntt.    The  end  of  a  plank. 

Battock.  The  breadth  of  the  ship's  stern  from 
truck  upwards. 

Button,  Sir  Thomas.    See  Arctic  Exploration. 

Butt-slings.     Slings  by  which  casks  are  raised. 

Buys-Ballot's  Law.  In  the  northern  hemisphere, 
'*  Stand  with  your  back  to  the  wind  and  the 
barometer  will  be  lower  on  the  left  hand  and 
higher  on  the  right."  Directions  are  reversed  in 
the  southern  hemisphere. 

Buzzard.  German  3rd  class  cruiser.  (Danzig, 
1890.) 

Length  256ft.    Beam  30ft.    Maximum  draught  19ft. 
Displacement  1,555  tons.     Complement  165. 
Guns.  A  rtnour. 

8—4-1  in.  "Steel." 

7  Maxims.  3  in.  Deck  amidships. 

Torpedo  Tubes, 
2  Above  water. 
Hp.  2,900=16  kts.     Coal  maximum  300  tons. 

B.V.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Vegesack,  Germany. 

B.W.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Barrow-in-Fumess,  England. 

B.W.G.  These  letters  stand  for  Birmingham 
Wire  Gauge,  which  extended  the  application  of  the 
gauge  introduced  by  Sir  Joseph  Whitworth  in 
1857.  In  1884  the  B.W.G.  became  the  Imperial 
Standard  wire  gauge.  The  various  sizes  are  usually 
denoted  by  numbers. 

B.X.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Bremerhaven,  Germany. 

By.     On  or  close  to  the  wind. 

Byeluga.  Russian  submarine  (1905).  Speed, 
9  kts. 

Bylot,  Robert.     See  Arctic  Exploration. 

Byng,  The  Hon.  John  (1704-57).  English  vice- 
admiral.  In  1756  he  fought  an  unsatisfactory 
action  off  Minorca ;  was  subsequently  court- 
martialled,  and  on  being  conv-icted  for  not  having 
done  his  best  was  sentenced  to  be  shot.  He  was 
executed  on  board  the  Monarch  at  Portsmouth, 
March  14,  1757.  There  was  no  imputation  upon 
his  honour  or  courage,  but  he  suffered  this  penalty 
for  his  too  strict  observance  of  rules,  discipline, 
and  points  of  naval  etiquette. 

See  Chamock's  "Biographia  Navalis"  (1797). 
Clowe's  "Royal  Navy"  (1896-1901). 

Byron,  Hon.  John  (1723-86).  English  vice- 
admiral.  Accompanied  Anson  round  the  world, 
1740-44,  and  gained  the  nickname  of  "  Foul 
Weather  Jack."  In  the  Dolphin  he  visited 
Madeira,  Brazil,  Patagonia,  Falkland  Islands,  the 
Pacific,  Society  Islands,  Ladrones,  Batavia,  and 


BY 


103 


CABOT 


the  Cape.  In  1769  he  was  appointed  Governor  of 
Newfoundland,  and  nine  years  later  was  despatched 
in  command  of  a  feet  to  watch  the  movements  of 
Count  D'Estaing,  and  in  July,  1779,  fought  an  in- 
decisive engagement  with  him  off  Grenada. 

See  Byron's  journal  on  "  A  Voyage  round  the 
World'*  (1767). 

By  the  board.    Over  the  ship's  side. 

By  fhe  head.  When  the  vessel  draws  more 
water  forward. 

Bythesea,  Bear-Admiral  John,  V.C,  O.B.,  C J.E. 

(i 827-1 906).  Educated  Grosvenor  College,  Bath. 
Entered  the  Navy  as  a  volunteer  ist  class,  X841  ; 
promoted  lieutenant,  1849 ;  commander,  1856 ; 
awarded  the  V.C.  while  serving  in  H.M.S.  Arrogant 
in  Russian  war. 

Kxtract  from  the  "  Gazette,"  February  24,  1857  : 
"  On  August  9,  1854.  having  ascertained  that  an 
A.D.C.  of  the  Emperor  of  Russia  had  landed  on 
the  Island  of  Wardo  in  charge  of  a  mail  and  de- 
spatches for  the  Russian  general.  Lieutenant  Bythe- 
sea  obtained  permission  for  himself  and  WilUam 
Johnson,  stoker,  to  proceed  on  shore  with  a  view 
to  intercept  them.  Being  disguised  and  well 
armed,  they  concealed  themselves  till  the  night  of 
the  12th,  when  the  mail  bags  were  landed  close  to 
the  spot  where  they  lay  secreted  in  the  bushes. 
The  mails  were  accompanied  by  a  military  escort, 
which  passed  close  to  them,  and  which,  as  soon  as 
it  was  ascertained  that  the  road  was  clear,  took  its 
departure.  Availing  themselves  of  this  opportunity 
Lieutenant  Bythesea  and  the  stoker  attacked  the 
five  men  in  charge  of  the  mail,  took  three  of  them 
prisoners,  and  brought  them  in  their  own  boat  on 
board  the  Arrogant,*' 

Commanded  the  Locust  in,  the  Baltic,  1855 
(Baltic  medal),  and  the  Cruiser  in  China  during 
the  war,  1858-60  (China  medal,  Taku  clasp)  ; 
captain,  i86i  ;  a  member  of  the  Royal  Com- 
mission on  Defence  of  Canada,  1862 ;  Naval 
Attach^  at  Washington,  1855-67  ;  in  command  of 
the  Phcebe  in  the  flying  squadron  under  Admiral 
Hornby,  1870  ;  Consulting  Naval  Officer  to  Govern- 
ment of  India,    1874-80 ;   rear-admiral,   1877. 

By  fhe  stem.  When  the  vessel  draws  more 
water  aft. 

Byischok.  Russian  submarine  (1906).  Length, 
50  ft.;  beam,  14  ft.;  displacement,  120  tons; 
speed,  10  kts. 

Bsrwell  Castle.  In  collision  with  the  steamer 
Princess  Alice  (q.v.),  September  3,  1878. 

Bynuitin.  French  steamer,  sunk  by  collision 
with  the  English  steamer  Rinaldo  in  the  Dar- 
danelles, December  18,  1878. 

B.Z.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Bergen  op  Zoom,  Holland. 


C.  Cape.  Abbreviation  adopted  on  the  charts 
issued  by  the  Hydrographic  Office,  Admiralty. 

C.    Centigrade. 

0.  Distinguishing  letter  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Cork,  Ireland. 

C.  Distinguishing  letter  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Caen,  France. 

c.  Coarse.  Abbreviation  adopted  on  the  charts 
issued  by  the  Hydrographic  Office,  Admiralty, 
denoting  the  quality  of  the  ocean's  bottom. 

C.A.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Cardigan,  England. 

Cabin.  A  compartment  of  a  ship  where  pas- 
sengers and  officers  reside. 

In  a  passenger  ship  the  cabin  is  that  portion  of 
the  ship  which  is  set  apart  for  the  exclusive  use  of 
passengers. 

A  cabin  passenger  (Merchant  Shipping  Act,  1894, 
section  268,  subsection  3)  is  one  who : 

(a)  Has  at  least  36  clear  superficial  feet  to  his 
exclusive  use. 

(6)  Is  messed  throughout  the  voyage  at  the  same 
table  as  the  master. 

(c)  Has  contracted  to  pay  a  fare  of  at  least 
thirty  shillings  a  week. 

(d)  Has  a  ticket  in  the  form  prescribed  by  the 
Board  of  Trade, 

In  a  cargo  ship  the  cabin  is  the  space  reserved  for 
the  use  of  the  officers,  and  cannot  generally  be  used 
for  the  stowage  of  cargo.  In  loading  a  "  full  and 
complete  cargo,"  the  charterer  cannot  claim  cabin 
space  for  passengers  or  goods,  unless  specially  pro- 
vided for  in  the  contract,  and  should  he  do  so, 
their  passage  money  can  be  claimed  by  the  ship- 
owner ;  and  the  goods  stowed  in  the  cabin  can  be 
charged  freight  at  the  current  rates.  Refer  to 
Merchant  Shipping  Act ;    Passenger. 

Cable.  A  strong  rope  or  chain  by  which  the 
ship  is  kept  at  anchor. 

Cable  laid.    A  nine-stranded  rope. 

Caboose.    The  cook-house  or  galley  on  deck. 

Cabot»  Sebastian  (1474-1557).  The  renowned 
navigator  and  contemporary  of  Columbus  (b. 
Bristol).  When  Henry  VI I L  resolved  to  enter  the 
new  field  of  maritime  discovery,  he  granted  a  patent, 
dated  March  5,  1496,  to  Louis,  Sebastian,  and 
Santos  Cabot,  who  went  to  seek  out,  subdue  and 
occupy  at  their  own  charges  any  regions  which 
before  *'  had  been  unknown  to  all  Christians." 
They  were  authorised  to  set  up  the  Royal  banner, 
and  a  fifth  part  of  the  gains  of  the  voyage  was  to  be 
reserved  to  the  Crown. 

John  and  Sebastian  sailed  from  Bristol  in  the 
Matthew  in  1497,  and  it  is  probable  that  the  Island 
of  Newfoundland  was  discovered  on  this  voyage. 


CACKLING 


104 


CAIRNS 


From  a  map  drawn  by  Sebastian  Cabot,  and  en- 
graved by  Clement  Adams,  which  was  hung  in 
Queen  Elizabeth's  gallery  at  Whitehall,  the  most 
precise  account  of  the  discovery  was  obtained.  The 
notice  runs  as  follows  :  "  In  the  year  of  our  Lord, 
i497f  John  Cabot,  a  Venetian,  and  his  son  Sebastian, 
discovered  that  country,  which  no  one  before  his 
time  had  ventured  to  approach,  on  June  24,  about 
five  o'clock  in  the  morning. "  He  called  it  the  Terra 
primum  nisa,  because  this  was  the  place  that  first 
met  his  eye  in  looking  from  the  sea.  On  the  con- 
trary, the  inland  which  lies  opposite  the  land  he 
called  the  island  of  St.  John,  because  it  was  dis- 
covered on  the  festival  of  St.  John  the  Baptist. 

In  1498  a  second  patent  was  granted  to  John 
Cabot,  authorising  him  to  take  six  ships  of  not 
more  than  200  tons,  in  any  port  of  the  realm  "  and 
them  convey  and  lede  to  the  lande  and  the  isles 
of  late  found  by  the  said  John  in  oure  name  and 
by  oure  commandment."  Before  the  expedition 
was  ready  John  Cabot  died,  and  Sebastian,  with  a 
fleet  of  five  vessels,  set  sail  from  Bristol  in  May. 
On  this  voyage  he  discovered  1,800  miles  of  sea 
coast  on  the  North  American  Continent,  probably 
passing  into  Hudson's  Bay,  which  some  authorities 
represent  he  discovered,  but  of  this  there  is  nothing 
authentic. 

Nothing  more  appears  relative  to  Sebastian 
until  1 5 17,  when  he  undertook,  with  Sir  Peter 
Perke,  another  voyage  to  Spanish  America.  In 
August,  1526,  a  squadron  was  fitted  out  under 
Cabot  to  pursue  Spanish  discoveries  in  the  Pacific, 
but  some  of  his  officers  having  spread  dissatisfac- 
tion in  the  fleet,  the  original  plan  was  abandoned 
as  impractical,  and  the  fleet  put  into  "La  Plata.  He 
explored  the  river  for  a  distance  of  350  miles,  but 
being  attacked  by  the  natives  he  was  compelled  to 
abandon  further  discoveries  up  the  Paraguay,  and 
returned  to  Spain,  1530.  On  his  return  to  England 
in  1549  he  was  made  Grand  Pilot  of  England,  an 
office  which  is  said  to  have  been  created  for  him. 
He  was  active  in  promoting  the  expedition  of  1553 
to  Russia,  which  opened  to  England  the  trade  of 
that  country,  the  success  of  which  gave  him  the 
life  payment  of  Governor  of  the  Muscovy  Company. 
He  died  in  England  in  1557,  about  80  years  of  age. 

Cackling  or  Keckling  is  covering  a  cable  spirally 
with  old  rope  to  protect  it  from  being  chafed  in  the 
hawse  hole. 

Cacongo.  Portuguese  river  gun-boat  (1886). 
Displacement  280  tons.     Of  little  fighting  value. 

Cadet  sbipSy^  NavaL     See  Naval  Education. 

Cadets,  Naval.    See  Naval  Education. 

Cadet's  Own.  Established  1902.  Published 
monthly.  Price  \d.  Address :  83  Ham  Park 
Road,  West  Ham,  London,  E. 

Cadiz.  London  steamer.  Wrecked  on  the  Wizard 
Rock,  Brest,  August  8,  1875  ;  62  persons  were  lost. 


Cadiz,  Battle  of.  One  hundred  vessels  of  the 
Spanish  Armada  destroyed  by  Sir  Francis  Drake 
at  this  battle,  1587.  A  French  squadron  here 
surrendered  to  the  combined  Spanish  and  British 
fleet,  1808. 

Cadmus.  British  screw  sloop.  Displacement, 
1,070  tons  ;   Hp.,  1,400  ;  speed,  13^^  kts. 

CflBsar.  British  zst  class  battleship.  (Ports- 
mouth, 1896.) 

Length  4 1 3ft.    Beam  75  ft.    Maximum  draught  30ft. 
Displacement  14,900  tons.     Complement  757. 
Guns,  Armour, 

4 — 12  in.,  35  cal.       "  Harvey." 
12 — 6  in.  9  in.  Belt  amidships. 

1 6 —  1 2  pdr.  1 4  in.  Barbettes. 

12 — 3  pdr.  14  in.  Conning  tower. 

2 — 12  pdr.  Boat  guns. 
2  Maxims. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 

4  Submerged. 
I  Above  water  stem. 
Twin    screw.     Hp.    natural    10,000=16*5    kts., 
forced    12,000=17*5    kts.    Coal   maximum    2,000 
tons.    Approximate  cost  ;f  1,000,000. 

This  ship-name  was  introduced  into  the  Navy 
in  1793,  and  is  associated  with  the  battle  of  "  The 
Glorious  First  of  June,"  1794;  Algeciras,  1801  ; 
Saumarez's  action,  1801  ;  Sir  Richard  Strachan's 
action,  1805  ;  Basque  Roads,  1809. 

Caiman.  French  coast  service  battleship  (1885). 
Reconstructed,  1901. 

Length  294ft.    Beam  59ft.    Maximum  drau  ht  ?  5ft. 
Displacement  7,000  tons.      Complement  381. 
Guns,  A  rmour, 

2 — io*8  in.,  45  cal.    "  Compound." 
6 — 4  in.  19  in.  Belt  amidships. 

10 — 3  pdr.  10  in.  Turrets. 

12  in.  Conning  tower. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  6,000=14*5  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 800  tons. 

Cidaae.     A  small  Levantine  vessel. 

Gaimglen  Steamship  Co.,  Ltd.  See  Cairns,  Noble 
and  Co. 

Cairn  Line.    See  Cairns,  Noble  and  Co. 

Cains,  Charles  Waldie  (b.  Dublin,  October  12, 
1 872) ,  M.Sc. ,  Durham  University.  In  1 893  he  gained 
the  North-East  Coast  Engineering  Scholarship,  and 
in  1894  the  Whitworth  Scholarship,  and  later  in 
the  same  year  was  bronze  medallist  in  mechanical 
engineering.  City  and  Guilds  of  London ;  studied 
at  the  Durham  University  College  of  Science, 
Newcastle  (now  Armstrong  College) ;  was  appren- 
ticed to  Messrs.  R.  and  W.  Hawthorn,  Leslie  and 
Co..  Ltd.,  1893*95,  and  later  joined  the  Central 
Marine  Engineering  Works,  West  Hartlepool, 
where  he  did  much  interesting  work-in  connection 
with  some  of  the  improvements  in  marine  engineer- 
ing practice  inaugurated  under  the  late  Mr.  Thomas 
Mudd,  M.lnst.C.E.,  and  Mr.  W.  C.  Borrowman.    In 


CAIRNS 


I  OS 


CALEDONIA 


1899  ^6  joined  Messrs.  Vickers,  Sons  and  Maxim  ; 
after  some  time  there,  a  period  at  sea,  and  on  the 
staff  of  the  Tyne  Pontoons  and  Dry  Dock  Co., 
he,  in  1903,  embarked  in  business  on  his  own 
account  as  consulting  engineer,  and  acts  as 
superintendent  engineer  for  the  Cairn  Line  and 
Gaelic  Steamship  Co.  Member  of  the  North-East 
Coast  Institute  of  Engineers  and  Shipbuilders. 

Cairns,  Noble  and  Co.,  with  their  head  offices  in 
Newcastle  on-Tyne,  have  a  fleet  of  two  steamers, 
and  also  act  as  managers  for  the  Cairn  Line  of 
Steamers,  the  Gaelic  Steamship  Co..  Ltd.,  and 
the  Caimglen  Steamship  Co.,  Ltd.,  in  which  they 
are  financially  interested.  The  vessels  are  all 
modem  cargo  carriers,  but  have  no  passenger 
accommodation. 

Fleet. 
Cairn  Line. 
Caimavon.  Catrnesh.  Cairnnevis. 

Cairncrag.  Cairnmore.  Cairnloch. 

Caimdon.  Caimtorr.  Caimross, 

Caimtsla, 
The  Gaelic  Steamships,  Ltd. 
Cairnali.  Caimstrath. 

Cairnbahn.  Cairnmona. 

The  Caimglen  Steamship  Co.,  Ltd. 
Caimglen, 
Caimlyou. 
Cairns,  Noble  and  Co. 
Cairndhu. 
Cairngowan. 

Cairo.  Iron  ship,  carrying  gunpowder,  wrecked 
off  Gough  Island,  January,  1877. 

Caisson.  An  adopted  term  for  a  sort  of  float 
sunk  to  a  required  depth  by  letting  water  into  it 
which,  when  it  is  hauled  under  a  ship's  bottom, 
receives  her  steadily,  and  on  pumping  out  the  water 
floats  her.  It  is  also  a  name  appUed  to  a  vessel 
fitted  with  valves,  to  act  instead  of  gates  for  a  dry 
dock.  In  engineering  work  it  is  a  chamber  of  iron 
or  wood  used  in  the  construction  of  subaqueous 
foundations.  It  is  used  in  places  where  either  the 
water  or  the  permeable  soil  is  too  deep  to  allow  a 
dam  to  be  erected,  and  serves  the  same  purpose  as 
a  cofferdam.  The  largest  caissons  ever  used  were 
those  of  the  East  River  Suspension  Bridge  at  New 
York,  of  which  one  was  170  ft.  long  by  100  ft.  wide. 

C.A.L.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing 
boats  registered  at  Calais,  France. 

Calabria.    Small  ItaUan  cruiser.     (Spezia,  1894.) 
Length  249ft.    Beam  42ft.    Maximum  draught  17ft. 
Displacement  2,492  tons.     Complement  254. 
Guns.  Armour, 

4—6  in.  "  Steel."  \ 

6— 4'7  in.  2  in.  Deck  amidships. 

8 — 6pdr. 
8 — I  pdr. 
3  Machine. 

Torpedo  Tubes, 
3  Submerged. 


Twin  screw.  Hp.  forced  4,000=16  kts.  Coal 
maximum  500  tons.    Approximate  cost  ^185,000. 

Calais  light,  established  1883,  is  a  four-flash 
light  every  1 5  seconds  ;  duration  of  flash  }  second  ; 
candle-power,  900,000  ;  illuminant,  electricity. 

Calamianes.  U.S.  gun-boat.  Captured  from 
the  Spaniards  in  the  Spanish-American  war. 

Calataflma.     Italian  torpedo  gun-boat  (1892). 
Displacement  850  tons.     Complement  118. 

Guns.  A  rmour. 

,  1—47  in.  "  Steel." 

6 — 6  pdr.  I J  in.  Deck. 

3—1  pdr 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
6  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  4,100=19*5  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 180  tons. 

Caloutta;  Ship.  On  a  voyage  from  South  Shields 
to  Aden,  took  fire  in  mid-ocean,  September  11, 1874, 
and  foundered  ;  many  lives  lost. 

Calder,  Sir  Robert  (1745-1815),  baronet  (b. 
Elgin).  English  admiral.  Entered  the  Navy 
as  a  midshipman  in  1759,  and  in  1766  was 
promoted  lieutenant,  and  served  in  the  Essex  imder 
the  Honourable  George  Faulkner,  in  the  West 
Indies ;  he  attained  the  rank  of  post-captain  in 
1782,  and  14  years  later  was  named  "  Captain 
of  the  Fleet  "  by  Sir  John  Jar  vis,  and  took  part  in 
the  battle  of  Cape  St.  Vincent,  and  was  selectei  as 
the  bearer  of  despatches  announcing  the  victory  to 
King  George  III.,  for  which  he  was  knighted,  and 
the  following  year  raised  to  the  peerage  ;  in  1 799 
he  was  promoted  rear-admiral,  and  two  years  later 
was  despatched  with  a  small  squadron  in  pursuit  of 
the  French  force,  who  were  conveymg  supplies  to 
the  French  in  Egypt ;  in  this  he  was  not  success- 
ful, and  on  his  return  to  England  he  struck  his 
flag ;  he  was,  however,  recalled  to  service,  pro- 
moted vice-admiral,  and  when  in  command  off 
Ferrol  engaged  a  superior  force  of  French  and 
Spanish  ships ;  part  of  the  fleet  chased  by  Nelson 
from  the  West  Indies  to  Europe  ;  the  action  took 
place  on  July  22,  1805,  and  after  a  combat  of  four 
hours,  during  which  time  he  captured  two  Spanish 
ships,  he  gave  orders  to  discontinue  the  action  ;  in 
consequence  of  the  strong  public  feeling  against 
him  in  England,  he  demanded  a  court-martial, 
which  was  held  on  December  23,  1805,  and  resulted 
in  his  being  convicted  of  an  error  of  judgment,  and 
he  was  severely  reprimanded  for  not  having  done 
his  utmost  to  renew  the  engagement,  at  the  same 
time  he  was  acquitted  both  of  cowardice  and  dis- 
affection ;  the  tide  of  public  feeling  having  turned 
again,  and  in  recognition  of  his  services,  and  of  his 
acquittal  of  the  charges  made  agaiust  him.  he  was 
appointed  Commander  of  Portsmouth,  lie  died 
at  Holt,  Hampshire,  August  31,  id  id. 

Caledonia  (1894).  British  subsidised  msrchant 
ship,   P.   and  O.   Co,   (q-v.).    Dimensions,  486  x 


CALEDONIA 


1 06 


CAMELEON 


54    X    34i  ft.,    gross    tonnage,    7,558 ;    passenger 
accommodation,  490  ;  Hp.,  10,000=  18  kts. 

Caledonia.  Formerly  one  of  H.M.  training-ships 
stationed  at  Firth  of  Forth,  and  sold  July  10,  1906. 
She  was  originally  named  the  Impregnable,  and  was 
modelled  exactly  after  Nelson's  fajnous  ship  the 
Victory ;  a  three-decker  of  3,808  tons  displace- 
ment, and  carrying  98  guns,  she  was  launched  at 
Chatham  in  18 10,  and  was  one  of  the  North  Sea 
Fleet,  which,  under  Admiral  Young,  watched 
Napoleon's  vessels ;  at  the  great  naval  review 
at  Spithead  she  was  the  flagship  of  the  Duke  of 
Clarence,  afterwards  King  William  IV.,  and  later 
took  part  in  the  bombardment  of  Algiers  ;  in  1843 
she  became  flagship  at  Devonport,  and  subse- 
quently* for  a  period  of  24  years  was  a  naval 
training  ship  for  boys  there ;  in  1886  she  was 
renamed  the  Kent,  but  on  being  sent  to  the 
Forth  she  was  christened  the  Caledonia. 

i  Caledonian  Canal  is  a  waterway,  partly  natural, 
and  partly  artificial,  and  passes  through  Glenmore, 
Invemess-shire,  connecting  the  Atlantic  Ocean 
with  the  Moray  Firth  branch  of  the  North  Sea.  In 
1773  James  Watt  was  employed  to  survey  the 
country  for  a  distance  of  about  60  miles,  with  a 
view  of  forming  a  ship  canal  between  the  two  seas, 
thereby  saving  a  coasting  voyage  of  some  400  miles, 
but  it  was  not  until  1801,  when  Telford  and  Jessop 
made  their  estimate  of  the  cost,  that  the  construc- 
tion of  the  canal  commenced.  In  1822  the  canal 
although  only  two-thirds  finished  was  opened  for 
navigation.  Its  total  length,  including  locks,  is 
60J  miles,  depth  at  standard  level  17  ft.,  breadth 
at  surface  100  ft.,  and  at  bottom  50  ft.  Of  the 
whole  distance  about  37 J  miles  is  natural  lake 
navigation,  and  the  remaining  23  artificial  or 
canal  navigation.  It  is  chiefly  used  by  fishing 
fleets,  and  by  small  pleasure  steamers. 

California.  U.S.  ist  class  cruiser.  (Union  Iron- 
works, 1903.) 

Length  502ft.    Beam  70ft.    Maximum  draught  27ft. 
Displacement  13,400  tons.     Complement  822. 
Guns.  A  rmour, 

4 — 8  in.,  45  cal.         "  Krupp." 
14 — 6  in.  6  in.  Belt  amidships. 

18 — 14  pdr.  6  in.  Turrets. 

12 — 3  pdr.  9  in.  Conning  tower. 

8 — I  pdr. 
8  Colts. 
2  Field  guns,  3  in. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
2  Submerged. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  23,000  =  22  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 2,000  tons.     Approximate  cost  ;£i, 200,000. 

CalL  A  whistle  used  for  piping  the  hands  on 
deck  for  their  various  duties. 

Callao.  U.S.  gun-boat.  Captured  from  Spain 
during  the  Spanish-American  war.  Of  little 
fighting  value. 


Calliope.  Italian  torpedo-boat  (1906).  Length, 
165  ft.  ;  beam,  17  ft.  ;  draught,  7  ft.  ;  displace- 
ment, 200  tons ;  armament,  3  3-pdr.,  3  tubes  ; 
twin  screw  ;  Hp.,  3,000  =  25  kts. ;  coal,  40  tons. 

Calm.     A  quiescent  state  of  the  air. 

Calm  belt.     See  Doldrums. 

Calm  centre.    The  vortex  of  a  cyclonic  storm. 

Calypso.  British  3rd  class  cruiser  (2,770  tons, 
146  kts.).     Launched  18S3. 

Camber.    The  curve  of  a  ship's  plank. 

Cambria.  Iron  screw  steamer,  lost  in  a  storm 
off  InishtrahuU  Island,  N.W.  Ireland,  October  19, 
1870  ;    170  lives  were  lost. 

Cambrian.  British  2nd  class  cruiser.  (Pem- 
broke, 1893.) 

Length  320ft.    Beam  49ft.    Maximum  draught  21ft. 
Displacement  4.360  tons.     Complement  318. 
Guns.  Armour. 

2— 6  in.  "Steel." 

8 — ^4*7  in.  2  in.  Deck. 

8 — 6  pdr.  3  in.  Conning  tower. 

1—3  pdr. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
4  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  natural  7,000=18  kts.,  forced 
9,000=19*5  kts.    Coal  maximum  1,000  tons. 
Approximate  cost  •£250,000. 
This  ship-name  has  been  borne  by  ships  in  the 
Navy  since  1790,  and  is  associated  with  the  bom- 
bardment of  Copenhagen,  1807,  and  tlie  victory  of 
Navario,  1857. 

Cambridge.  British  gunnery  school  ship  (4.971 
tons).     Launched  1858. 

Cambridge  University  Cruising  Clab.  Established 
1893,  with  the  object  of  the  promotion  of  inter- 
course between  members  of  the  University,  the 
interests  of  amateur  cruising  and  racing,  and  their 
mutual  advantage  and  instruction  as  regards 
nautical  subjects  generally.  Flag :  Red  ensign. 
Burgee :  Gules  across  ermine,  in  the  dexter  chief 
a  lion  passant  guardent  or  a  burgee  representing  in 
design  and  colours  the  coat-of-arms  of  the  univer- 
sity, but  simplified  by  omitting  the  book  and 
three  of  the  four  lions  ;  the  lion  retained  to  be  in 
the  upper  part  of  the  hoist  of  the  flag.  President, 
G.  B.  Finch ;  Commodore,  C.  J.  P.  Caves ;  Vice- 
Commodore.  Rev.  H.  Rogers ;  Rear-Commodore, 
J.  Phillimore  ;  Honorary  Treasurer,  H.  Y.  Oldham  ; 
Honorary  Secretary,  Edgar  T.  Adams,  Downing 
College.  Annual  subscription,  105.  6d.  Residents » 
£1  IS,  (for  the  first  three  years). 

CameleoQ.  German  armoured  gun-boat  (1878). 
Displacement,  1,100  tons,  carrying  one  old  i2-in. 

gun.     Of  little  fighting  value. 

Cameleon.  Cutter.  On  August  27,  1834,  this 
vessel  was  run  down  oflF  Dover  by  the  Castor^ 
frigate,  when  13  of  the  crew  were  drowned. 


CAMMELL 


107 


CAMPBELL 


Cammell,  Laird  and  Co..  Ltd.  To  recount  the 
history  of  the  well-known  firm  of  Laird  is  almost 
equivalent  to  giving  a  history  of  the  steamship 
itself,  so  intimately  has  the  firm  been  associated 
with  the  origin  and  growth  of  iron  vessels ;  and, 
moreover,  while  the  Birkenhead  Ironworks  may 
safely  claim  to  be  one  of  the  oldest  shipbuilding 
firms  in  the  kingdom,  it  retained  for  upwards  of 
75  years  its  original  character  as  a  private 
family  concern.  The  business  was  converted  into 
a  limited  company,  under  the  title  of  Laird  Brothers, 
Ltd.,  in  the  year  1900.  • 

In  1824  William  I^ird  laid  the  foundation  of  the 
existing  establishment,  but  it  was  his  son,  John 
Laird,  who  in  1829  recognised  the  future  possi- 
bilities of  iron  as  a  material  for  shipbuilding,  and 
he  gave  practical  proof  of  the  faith  that  was  in 
him  by  constructing  in  that  year  what,  if  not 
actually  the  first  iron  ship,  was  certainly  one  of 
the  first. 

Shortly  after  this  initial  attempt  MacGregor 
Laird,  also  a  son  of  William  Laird,  made  another 
step  in  advance  by  being  the  first  to  take  an  iron 
vessel  on  a  sea  voyage.  This  was  the  Alburha, 
forming  one  of  the  African  expedition's  vessels. 

In  1838  the  first  screw  steamer  was  launched  at 
Birkenhead  to  the  order  of  an  American  naval 
ofi&cer,  and  was  christened  with  his  name,  Robert 
F.  Stockton. 

In  1839  Mr.  Laird  received  his  first  order  from 
the  Admiralty  for  an  iron  paddle  steamer  named 
the  Dover,  which  was  employed  as  a  mail  packet. 

When  in  1861  Mr.  John  Laird  retired  from  the 
firm,  his  three  sons,  William,  John,  and  Henry  H. 
Laird,  entered  into  partnership,  under  the  style  of 
Laird  Brothers. 

On  the  death  of  Mr.  John  Laird  the  younger, 
early  in  1898,  Mr.  William  Laird,  the  sole  re- 
maining member  of  the  partnership  of  1861, 
associated  with  him  in  partnership  Mr.  John 
McGregor  Laird,  who  had  for  several  years  taken 
a  leading  part  in  the  general  conduct  of  the  busi- 
ness, Mr.  William  Laird,  jun.,  and  Mr.  Roy 
McGregor  Laird,  each  being  a  son  of  one  of  the 
members  who  constituted  the  firm  in  1861,  and 
therefore  representing  the  fourth  generation  that 
has  sprung  up  to  continue  the  traditions  of  the 
firm. 

In  1903  an  important  extension  of  the  works 
was  decided  upon,  embracing  a  large  area  of  land 
adjoining  the  present  yard,  on  which  a  fitting-out 
basin  of.  ample  extent  and  two  large  graving  docks 
capable  of  taking  in  any  size  of  steamer  have  been 
constmcted,  together  with  new  shops  complete 
with  all  the  most  modern  appliances ;  and,  in  con- 
nection with  this  extension,  an  amalgamation  was 
arranged  vnth  Charles  Cammell  and  Co.,  Ltd.,  of 
Sheffield,  the  well-known'  steel  and  armour  plate 
makers,  the  name  of  the  new  company  being 
Cammell,  Laird  and  Co.,  Ltd. 

Mr.  John  McGregor  Laird  and  Mr.  R.  R.  Bevis 


joined  the  board  of  the  new  company  as  directors, 
the  former  being  subsequently  appointed  chairman. 

This  amalgamation  places  the  company  in  a 
position  to  construct  entirely  on  their  own  premises 
vessels  of  war  of  the  largest  class  complete  with 
their  armour,  ready  for  service. 

During  the  80  years  of  their  existence  the 
Birkenhead  works  have  turned  out  a  vast  amount 
and  variety  of  work,  embracing  steamers  of  all 
classes,  from  the  Atlantic  liner  to  the  small  river 
steamer,  and  for  many  years  past  very  special 
attention  has  been  devoted  to  the  design  and  pro- 
duction of  vessels  of  war  of  all  types,  as  is  evidenced 
by  the  fact  that  104  vessels  have  been  built  for 
His  Majesty's  Navy,  among  which  have  been  four 
1st  class  battleships  of  14,000  tons  and  13,000  to 
18,000  Hp.,  and  a  large  number  of  gun-vessels, 
torpedo  gun-boats,  and  torpedo-boat  destroyers, 
and  recently  seven  of  the  new  2$i  knot  destroyers 
have  been  completed  and  successfully  passed 
through  their  trials. 

The  works  have  also  built  many  armour  clad 
vessels,  gun-boats,  and  torpedo-boat  destroyers  for 
the  Dutch,  Portuguese,  Russian,  Peruvian,  Argen- 
tine, Brazilian,  Chilian,  and  other  navies. 

Campania  (1893).  British  subsidised  merchant 
ship.  Cunard  Line  (q.v.).  (Liverpool,  New  York.) 
Dimensions,  620x65x37 J  ft.;  gross  tonnage, 
12,950  ;  Hp.,  3o,boo=2i  kts. 

Campbell,   Captain   Frederick   Livingston,   B.N. 

(1854-1906).  Entered  the  service  as  a  cadet, 
April  7,  1868,  and  promoted  captain,  1897,  and 
before  his  appointment  as  superintendent  of  Sheer- 
ness  Dockyard,  1905,  in  succession  to  Rear- Admiral 
W.  H.  P.  Graham,  he  commanded  the  Majestic, 
ist  class  battleship  in  the  Channel  Fleet.  He  was 
killed  while  hunting  with  the  Meynell  Hounds, 
January  24,  1906. 

Campbell,  Rear-Admiral  Charles  (b.  March  26, 
1847).  Educated  Royal  Naval  Academy,  Gosport. 
Entered  the  Britannia,  i860  ;  commander  in  Thalia 
employed  in  transport  service  during  Egyptian 
war,  1882  (Egyptian  medal,  Khedive's  Bronze 
Star) ;  when  in  conunand  of  the  Philomel  on  the 
East  Coast  of  Africa  he  commanded  the  road-cutting 
party  to  Nana's  stronghold,  was  four  days  under 
fire,  and  led  the  centre  attack,  and  on  leaving 
Zanzibar  was  presented  by  the  Sultan  with  a 
handsome  sword  in  commemoration  of  his  services  ; 
was  created  C.B.  in  recognition  of  his  services  in 
the  operations  against  the  chief  Nana  in  the  Benin 
River;  mentioned  in  despatches  (general  Africa 
medal,  Benin  River  clasp),  and  given  a  D.S.O. 
for  his  prompt  action' in  saving  the  lives  of  the 
wounded  in  Benin  City  on  February  18,  1897 
(Benin  clasp) ;  as  captain  of  the  Empress  of  India 
was  second-in-command  to  Admirals  Harris  and 
Noel  during  the  operations  in  Crete,  1897-99. 


CAMPBELL'S 


1 08 


CANOPUS 


Camp1)eU'8  Steamships.  See  Bristol  Pleasure 
Steamers. 

Campbeltown  and  Glasgow  Steam  Packet  Joint 
Stock  Cq.«  Ltd.,  one  of  the  oldest  steamship 
companies  in  existence,  maintain  a  service  for 
passengers  and  cargo  bet-ween  Campbeltown  and 
Glasgow,  sailing  twice  daily  during  June,  July, 
and  August,  and  once  daily  during  the  rest  of  the 
year,  calling  en  route  at  Greenock  and  Gourock,  on 
the  Firth  of  Clyde,  Loch  Ranza  and  Pimmill  in 
Arran,  and  Carradall  in  Kintyre. 

Fleet. 
Davaar.  Kinlock.  Kintyre, 

Campbeltown  Yacht  Club.  Established  1894. 
Flag :  Red  ensign.  Burgee :  White  with  red  bar 
and  blue  lona  cross.  Vice-Commodore,  D.  Mac- 
Callum ;  Rear-Commodore,  G.  W.  Gardiner ;  Trea- 
surers, T.  L.  Brown,  R.  Y.  Maxtons ;  Secretaries, 
T.  MacKelvie,  J.  J.  Smith.  Annual  subscription, 
55. 

Camperdown,  Battle  oL  Fought  October  11, 1797, 
w^hen  Admir£il  Duncan,  with  a  fleet  of  18  ships, 
defeated  the  Dutch  fleet  under  De  Winter,  and 
captured  11  of  the  enemy's  vessels.  In  recog- 
nition of  this  victory  Admiral  Duncan  was  created 
Viscount  Lord  Duncan  of  Camperdown,  and  given 
an  annual  pension  of  ;f3,ooo. 

Camperdown.  British  ist  class  battleship  (10,600 
tons,  1 6*9  kts.).    Launched  1885. 

Camps,  Harold  Edward  Joscelyn  (b.  London, 
1874).  Educated  King's  College,  London ;  took 
honours  diploma  for  naval  architecture  at  South 
Kensington  ;  apprenticed  to  Messrs.  Harland  and 
Wolff,  Belfast,  and  after  serving  his  time  joined 
the  firm  of  Messrs.  PaJmer,  Ltd.,  afterwards  holding 
an  important  position  with  Messrs.  Swan,  Hunter, 
Ltd.,  and  Sir  Raylton  Dixon,  Ltd. ;  in  1900  he 
established  himself  in  London  as  a  consulting 
engineer,  naval  architect,  and  marine  surveyor ; 
member  of  the  Institution  of  Naval  Architects  and 
of  the  Institution  of  Mechanical  Engineers. 

Canada,  Jamaica,  Steamship  Co.,  with  the  head 
offices  in  Toronto,  have  a  fleet  of  two  steamers 
which  maintain  a  bi-monthly  service  to  Kingston 
(Jamaica),  calling  en  route  at  Santiago  de  Cuba. 

Fleet. 
Kathinka.  Veritas, 

Canadian.  Steamer.  On  June  4,  1861,  this 
vessel  struck  on  a  field  of  ice  in  the  Straits  of  Belle 
Isle  and  foundered  ;  35  lives  were  lost. 

Canadian  Aostralian  Line  was  established  in 
1893,  ^^^  ru^s  ^^  connection  with  the  Canadian 
Pacific  Railway.  The  four  steamers  of  the  fleet 
are  under  contract  with  the  Canadian,  New  South 
Wales,  Queensland,  and  Fijian  Governments  for  a 
monthly  mail  service  between  Vancouver,  Victoria 
(B.C.),  Honolulu,  Brisbane,  and  Sydney  (N.S.W.). 


Flebt. 

Aorangi.  Moana. 

Miowera.  Maheno. 

Gross  tonnage,  11,250. 

Canadian  Padflc  Railway  Steamers.  See  Empress 
Line. 

Canadian  YaohtClab,BoyaL  5^5  Royal  Canadian 
Yacht  Club. 

Canal  is  an  artificial  waterway  constructed  for 
the  conveyance  of  goods  or  passengers  by  boat  or 
ship.  Canals  may  be  classified  under  two  divi- 
sions :  (z)  Ordinary  inland  navigation  canals ;  and 
(2)  ship  canals  providing  a  means  of  inexpensive 
transportation  between  ocean  and  ocean,  or  between 
the  ocean  and  some  inland  centre. 

Refer  to  Suez  Canal,  Manchester  Ship  Canal, 
North  Sea  and  Baltic  Canal.  North  Holland  Canal, 
Amsterdam  Canal,  Bruges  Canal,  Languedoc  Canal, 
Caledonian  Canal,  Corinth  Caneil,  Cronstadt  Canal, 
and  Panama  Canal. 

Can  baosr.  A  contraction  of  the  words  "  cone 
buoy." 

Cannibalism.  The  act  or  practice  of  eating 
human  flesh  ;  man  eating. 

Canning^  Sir  Samael  (b.  1823).  English  civil 
engineer.  Was  closely  connected  with  the  manu- 
facture and  successful  laying  of  submarine  cables 
in  the  Atlantic  and  Mediterranean,  notably  in  con- 
nection with  Atlantic  Cable  Expedition  of  1865-66 
and  1869. 

Cano.  Jnan  Sebastian  del  (1460-1526).  Spanish 
navigator.  Accompanied  Magellan  on  his  voyage 
round  Cape  Horn,  15 19,  and  on  his  death  assumed 
command  of  the  expedition.  He  returned  to  Spain. 
1522,  by  way  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  in  the  sole 
surviving  ship  of  the  fleet,  and  was  thus  the  first 
circumnavigator  of  the  globe. 

Canoe.  A  light  shallow  boat  pointed  at  either 
end. 

Canoe  Clnb,  Bosral.    See  Royal  Canoe  Club. 

Canopo.  Italian  torpedo-boat  (1906).  Length, 
165  ft. ;  beam,  17  ft. ;  draught,  7  ft. ;  displacement, 
200  tons ;  armament,  3  3-pdr.,  3  tubes ;  twin 
screw ;  Hp.,  3,000  =  25  kts. ;  coal,  40  tons, 

Canopos.  British  ist  class  battleship.  (Ports- 
mouth, 1897.) 

Length  418ft.    Beam  74ft.    Maximum  draught  26ft. 
Displacement  12,950  tons.     Complement  750. 
Guns.  Armour. 

4 — 12  in.,  35  cal.       "  Harvey-nickel." 
1 2 — 6  in.  6  in.  Belt  amidships. 

10 — 12  pdr.  12  in.  Barbettes. 

6 — 3  pdr.  12  in.  Conning  tower. 

2  Maxims. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
4  Submerged. 


CANT 


109 


CAPPANUS 


Twin  screw.  Hp.  1 3,500  =  i8'25  kts.  Coal  maxi- 
mum 2,300  tons.     Approximate  cost,  ;£900,ooo. 

This  ship-name  ^as  introduced  into  the  Navy 
in  1798,  and  is  associated  with  San  Domingo, 
1806,  Dardanelles,  1807. 

Cant.  Anything  diverging  from  a  central  right 
line. 

Canvas.    A  cloth  made  of  hemp. 

Cap.  A  block  of  wood  used  to  confine  two  masts 
together  in  order  to  lengthen  them ;  also  pieces  of 
oak  on  the  upper  blocks  on  which  a  vessel  is  built 
to  receive  the  keel. 

Cap  d'Antifer  Light,  situated  on  the  coast  of 
France,  English  Channel,  was  established  in  1894. 
and  is  a  single  flash  light  every  20  seconds  ;  dura* 
tion  of  light,  one  second  ;  candle-power,  220,000 
maximum ;  burner,  mantle  55  mm.  diameter ; 
illuminant,  incandescent,  acetylene,  oil. 

Cap9.  A  projecting  point  of  land  running  out 
from  the  coastline,  differing  from  a  headland  in  so 
much  that  a  cape  may  be  low-ljdng. 

Cape  Byron  Light,  established  1901,  situated  on 
the  coast  of  New  South  Wales,  is  a  two-flash  light 
every  20  seconds ;  duration  of  flash,  one-fifth 
second  ;  candle-power,  145,000  ;  burner,  6  wick  ; 
illuminant,  oil. 

Cape  Finisterre,  Battle  of.  In  1747  Vice-Admiral 
Anson  intercepted  ofl  Cape  Finisterre  a  powerful 
French  fleet  bound  to  the  East  and  West  Indies. 
He  captured  six  men-of-war  and  four  East  India- 
men.  The  French  admiral,  Jonquiere,  surrendered. 
Among  the  ships  captured  were  the  Invincible  and 
the  Glory, 

Cape  Francoise,  Battle  of.  Fought  October  21, 
1757,  between  the  English  and  French,  when  the 
latter,  although  superior  to  the  British  in  ships  by 
more  than  two  to  one,  suffered  a  crushing  defeat. 


Cape  GMs-Kei  Light,  situated  in  Straits  of  Dover, 
is  a  single  flash  light  every  five  seconds  ;  duration  of 
flash,  one-tenth  second ;  candle-power  estimated 
at  15,000,000;  illuminant,  electricity. 

Cape  Henry,  Action  off.  Fought  March  16,  1781, 
between  the  British,  under  Vice-Admiral  Marriott 
Arbuthnot,  and  the  French,  under  Commodore  des 
Touches.  The  action  was  indecisive,  but  resulted 
in  the  British  regaining  command  of  Chesapeake 
Bay. 

Cape  la  H^e  Light,  established  1893.  ^  ^  single 
flash  light  every  five  seconds  ;  duration  of  flash,  one- 
tenth  second ;  candle-power  estimated  at  10,000,000 ; 
illuminant,  electricity. 

Cape  la  Hogne,  Battle  oL  Fought  May  19,  1692, 
when  the  British  and  Dutch  fleets  under  Admirals 
Russel  and  Rooke  defeated  the  French  fleet  com- 


manded by  Admiral  Tourville.     The  British  burnt 
13  of  the  enemy's  ships  and  destroyed  eight  more. 

Cape  Leenwin  Light,  established  1896,  situated 
on  the  south-east  coast  of  Western  Australia,  is  a 
single  flash  light  every  five  seconds ;   duration  of 
flash,    one-fifth    second ;    candle-power,    145,000 
burner,  6  wick  ;  illuminant,  oil. 

Cape  St.  Blase  Light,  established  1897,  situated 
south-west  of  Mossel  Bay,  South  Africa,  is  a  two- 
dash  light  every  1 5  seconds  ;  duration  of  flash, 
one-third   second ;    candle-power,    5,000 ;    burner, 

1  wick  Douglas  ;  illuminant,  oil. 

Cape  Si  Vincent,  Battle  ot  Fought  February  4, 
1797,  when  Sir  John  Jarvis,  with  the  Mediterranean 
fleet  of  15  sail,  defeated  the  Spanish  fleet  of  27 
ships  of  the  line,  taking  four  ships  and  sinking 
six.  For  this  victory  he  was  raised  to  the  peerage 
as  Earl  St.  Vincent. 

Capitan  Herinotarpa.  Chilian  torpedo-boat  de- 
stroyer. (Laird,  1902.)  Displacement,  350  tons  ; 
armament,  i  12-pdr.,  5  6-pdr. ;  tubes,  2  i8-in.  ; 
Hp..  6,250=30  kts. ;  coal,  90  tons. 

Capitan  Munoigamere.  Chilian  torpedo-boat  de- 
stroyer. (Laird,  1896.)  Displacement,  300  tons  ; 
armament,    i    12-pdr.,   5   6-pdr. ;    torpedo  tubes, 

2  i8-in. ;  Hp.,  6,250=30  kts. ;  coal,  90  tons. 

Capitan  O'Brien.  Chilian  torpedo-boat  destroyer. 
(Laird,  1902.)  Displacement,  350  tons  ;  armament, 
I  12-pdr.,  5  6-pdr.  ;  tubes,  2  i8-in. ;  Hp.,  6,250= 
30  kts. ;  coal,  90  tons. 

Capitan  Orella.  Chilian  torpedo-boat  destroyer. 
(Laird,  1896.)  Displacement,  300  tons ;  arma- 
ment, I  12-pdr.,  5  6-pdr. ;  tubes,  2  18 -in. ;  Hp., 
6,250=30  kts. ;  coal,  90  tons. 

Capitan  Prat  Chilian  battleship.  (La  Seyne, 
1890.) 

Length  328ft.    Beam  60ft.    Maximum  draught  26ft. 
Displacement  6,901  tons.     Complement  480, 
Guns,  Armour. 

4—9*2  in.  "  Creusot." 

8 — 4*7  in.  12  in.  Belt  amidships. 

6-^  pdr.  10  in.  Barbettes. 

4 — 3  pdr.  4  in.  Redoubt  amidships. 

10— I  pdr. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
4  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  natural  8,000=17  kts.,  forced 
12,000=18*3    ^ts.     Coal    maximum    1,100    tons. 
Approximate  cost  ;^39i,ooo. 

Capitan  Thompeon.  Chilian  torpedo-boat.  (Yar- 
row, 1898.)  Displacement,  140  tons ;  maximum 
draught,    7f    ft. ;     armament,    3    3-pdr.  ;    tubes, 

3  14-in. ;  Hp.,  2,200=27  kts.  ;  coal,  40  tons. 

Cappanos.  The  worm  which  adheres  to  and  eats 
the  bottom  of  wooden  ships  not  sheathed  with 
copper. 


CAPRERA 


no 


CARGO 


Oaprera.    Italian  gun-boat  (1894). 
Length  230ft.    Beam  27ft.    Maximum  draught  i  ift. 
Displacement  853  tons.     Complement  118. 


Guns, 
2 — 4y  in. 
4 — 6  pdr. 
2 — I  pdr. 


Armour. 
"  Steel." 
i^  in.  Deck. 


Torpedo  Tubes. 
5  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  forced  4, 250=19 '8  kts. 
maximum  180  tons. 


Coal 


Caprideose.  In  1852  this  vessel  commanded 
by  a  Frenchman  discovered  the  Gulf  of  Peter  the 
Great,  the  whole  gulf  being  subsequently  mapped 
out  in  1859  by  the  Russian  ships  America  and 
Stryelok.  In  1861  a  Russian  post  was  opened  here, 
which  ultimately  received  the  name  of  Vladi- 
vostock. 

Capricorne.  French  gun-boat  (1882).  Displace- 
ment, 360  tons. 

Capshofe.  A  supporting  spar  between  the  cap 
and  trestle-tree. 

Capsiie.    To  overturn. 

Capstan.  A  drum  or  spindle  having  a  horizontal 
circular  head  used  for  heaving  great  weights. 

Capt.     Abbreviation  for  captain. 

Captain.  British  turret  ironclad  (6,950  tons). 
Built  Birkenhead,  1869.  Capsized  during  a  squall 
in  the  Bay  of  Biscay,  September  6,  1870,  when 
most  of  her  crew,  including  her  designer,  Captain 
Coles,  perished.  She  was  fully  rigged  with  tripod 
masts  and  large  sail  spread.  This  spread  of  canvas, 
with  her  low  freeboard  and  deficient  stability,  was 
largely  responsible  for  her  loss. 

Refer  to  Reed,  Sir  Edward  James. 

Captain  in  the  British  Navy  ranks  above  a  com- 
mander, and  immediately  below  a  commodore. 
His  duties  are  the  safe  navigation  of  the  ship,  and 
in  addition  he  is  responsible  for  the  crew,  in  regard 
to  health  and  discipline,  the  stores,  provisions,  and 
ammunition.  In  his  hands  lies  the  punishment  of 
offenders  among  the  crew,  but  is  permitted  only  to 
arrest  or  suspend  commissioned  officers,  not  to 
punish  them.     The  retiring  age  is  55. 

Captain  Sachen.  Russian  torpedo-boat.  Black 
Sea.  (Nicolaieff,  1899.)  Length,  210  ft. ;  beam, 
24  ft. ;  draught,  9  ft.  ;  displacement.  742  tons ; 
complement,  120 ;  guns,  7  4'7-in.,  7  Maxims ; 
torpedo  tubes,  3  above  water;  Hp.,  3,400  = 
18  kts.  ;  coal,  100  tons. 

Capture.  See  Actual  Capture,  Privateer,  Prize 
of  War. 

Capture  Claose.     See  Clauses. 

Carabine.  French  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Nor- 
mand,    1902.)     Length,    180   ft. ;    beam,    21    ft.  ; 


maximum  draught,  10  it. ;  displacement,  300  tons  ; 
complement,  45  ;  guns,  i  9-pdr.,  6  3 -pdr. ;  torpedo 
tubes,  2  15-in. ;  speed,  27-30  kts. 

Caramnm.  Brazilian  torpedo  cruiser.  (Kiel, 
1896.) 

Length  240ft.    Beam  31  ft.     Draught  loft. 
Displacement  1,014  tons.     Complement  140. 
Guns,  Armour. 

2— 3'9  in.  "  Steel." 

6 — 2*2  in.  -J  in.  Deck  amidships. 

2 — 1*4  in. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
3  Above  water. 
Hp.  6,000  =  22  kts. 

Carboy.  A  large  glass  vessel  protected  with 
wicker-work  used  for  carrying  corrosive  or  danger- 
ous liquids. 

Carcass.  This  vessel,  with  the  Racehorse,  under 
Capt.  Phipps,  sailed  from  the  Nore  on  June  2,  1773. 
on  a  polar  expedition.  They  reached  Seven  Islands 
and  discovered  Walden  Island,  and  attained  a 
latitude  of  80®  48'  N.,  and  found  ice  at  the  edge  of 
the  pack  24  ft.  thick. 

Cardiff  **  Hall "  line,  owned  and  managed  by 
Messrs.  £.  Nicholl  and  Co.,  Cardiff,  was  founded 
by  Mr.  £.  Nicholl.  Beginning  in  quite  a  small  way 
they  now  own  a  fleet  of  six  modem  cargo  steamers. 
These  boats  are  not  engaged  in  any  particular 
trade,  but  carry  cargo  to  and  from  all  parts  of  the 
world.  The  vessels  of  the  fleet  are  constructed  on 
the  Doxford -turret  type,  and  from  a  dividend - 
earning  point  of  view  are  most  successful. 

Fleet. 
Eaton  Hall.  Silksworth  Hall. 

Grindon  Hall.  Tredegar  Hall. 

Haigh  Hall.  Whateley  Hall, 

Gross  tonnage,  42,000. 

Cardiff*   Swansea  and  Hewport  Shipiifaiir  GaBeHe. 

Established  1859.  Published  weekly  (Monday). 
Price  215.  per  annum.  Address  :  190  Fleet  Street, 
London,  E.C. 

Cardinal  Points.  The  name  by  which  the  North, 
East,  South,  and  West  rhumbs  of  the  horizon  are 
distinguished. 

Careen.    To  heel  over. 

Cargo.  The  risk  on  cargo  commences  from  its 
loading  on  board  the  ship.  When  vessels  load  in  a 
river  or  bay,  the  clause  "  including  all  risk  of 
craft,"  is  usually  added,  but  even  that  clause, 
when  printed  in  the  poUcy,  covers  only  craft  or 
lighterage  if  it  is  the  custom  to  load  by  craft.  For 
instance,  it  would  protect  craft  risk  at,  say,  Val- 
paraiso.  where  it  is  the  custom  to  load  by  lighters, 
but  not  at  Liverpool,  where  it  is  not  the  custom. 
The  printed  clause  covers  only  what  is  customary. 
The  addition  of  the  clause  "  laden  on  board  said 
ship  or  vessel,  craft,  or  boat,"  as  above,  covers  it. 


CARLINES 


III 


CARONIA 


If  the  policy  is  worded,  say,  "  Deraeraxa  to  Liver- 
pool," it  is  implied  that  the  cargo  has  been  really 
loaded  at  Demerara — a  literal  compliance  with  this 
condition  is  essential.  The  addition  of  the  words 
"  wheresoever  laden  "  will  cover  this  risk. 

A  new  clause  recently  adopted  by  Liverpool 
underwriters,  and  one  to  which  no  objection  will  be 
raised,  is  this  :  "  Warranted  free  from  particular 
average,  unless  the  vessel  or  craft  be  stranded,  sunk, 
or  burnt,  each  craft  or  lighter  to  be  deemed  a  sepa- 
rate interest " — and  sometimes  with  this  addition  : 
"  And  to  pay  the  insured  value  of  any  lighter,  load, 
or  part  thereof  totally  lost." 

The  risk  on  cargo  terminates  when  the  goods  have 
been  "  safely  landed,"  *.«.,  on  the  quay,  wharf,  or 
customary  place  of  discharge.     TJJie  underwriter  is 
not  liable  for  loss  arising  from  theft,  fire,  or  any 
other  peril  to  which  the  goods  may  be  subjected 
while  lying  on  the  quay  or  in  dock.     If  it  is  the 
custom  of  the  trade  to  convey  the  goods  from  the 
ship  to  the  shore  in  lighters  or  craft,  they  are  pro- 
tected by  the  policy  ;   if  it  is  not  the  custom,  they 
are  not  protected,  unless  specially  provided  for. 
Cargo  has  to  be  landed  within  a  reasonable  time 
from  the  arrival  of  the  ship,  or  it  wiU  cease  to  be 
covered  by  the  policy.    What  is  a  reasonable  time 
depends  on  the  usage  of  the  trade.    When  goods  are 
insured  by  a  vessel  to  several  ports  in  succession, 
the  risk  ends  at  the  final  port  of  discharge  named 
in  the  policy.    To  such  places  as  "  Jamaica  "  or 
"  West  Coast  of  America,"  it  ends  where  the  vessel 
discharges  the  bulk  of  her  cargo.     Any  inconsider- 
able portion  taken  further  would  not  be  covered  by 
the  ordinary  wording. 

Refer  to  Loading,  Affreightment,  Freight,  Ship- 
master, Bottomry,  Charter  Party,  Bill  of  Lading, 
F.O.B.,  Brought  Alongside,  Always  Afloat,  Coaster, 
Dangerous  Goods,  Deck  Cargo,  Demurrage,  Limita- 
tion of  Liability,  Contraband  of  War,  Final  Port, 
Manifest,  Maritime  Lien,  Grain  Cargo. 

Carlines.  Pieces  of  timber  lying  fore-and-aft 
from  one  beam  to  another. 

Oarlo  Alberto.  Italian  armoured  cruiser.  (Spezia, 
1896.) 

Length  325ft.    Beam  59ft.   Maximum  draught  24ft. 
Displacement  6,500  tons.     Complement  500. 
Guns,  Armour, 

12 — 6  in.  "  Harvey." 

6 — 4*7  in.  6  in.  Belt  amidships. 

14 — 6  pdr.  4  in.  Gun  shields. 

6 — I  pdr.  6  in.  Conning  tower. 

Torpedo  Tubes, 
4  Submerged. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  natural  8.600=17  kts.,  forced 
1 3,000  =3 1 gkts.      Coal  maximum  i  ,000  tons. 
Approximate  cost  ;£40o,ooo. 


Oumania  {^^S)*  British  subsidised  merchant 
ship,  Cunard  Line  (q,v,).  (Liverpool,  New  York.) 
Dimensions,  C50  x  72  x  40  ft. ;  gross  tonnage,  19,600. 


Carmichael»  Angus  T.,  M.I.ELS.  (b.  Glasgow, 
June  7,  1875).  Educated  Glasgow  and  West  of 
Scotland  Technical  College.  Served  his  appren- 
ticeship with  Messrs.  G.  and  W.  Henderson  and  Co.. 
Ltd.,  after  which  he  joined  the  service  of  the 
Japanese  Mercantile  Marine.  On  the  outbreak 
of  the  Japanese-Russian  war,  joined  the  Army 
Transport  Department,  and  on  June  15,  I9t>4.  the 
transport  he  was  on  was  attacked  by  the  Russian 
Vladivostock  squadron,  and  he,  with  28  other 
officers,  was  taken  prisoner.  After  seven  days* 
close  confinement  on  the  cruiser  Russia,  he  was 
taken  to  Vladivostock,  and  from  there  sent  to 
Siberia.  Having  been  detained  as  a  prisoner  of 
war  for  14  months,  he  was,  on  August  10,  1905. 
by  special  order  of  the  Czar,  set  free. 

Carnarvon.    British   ist  class    cruiser.     (Beard- 
more,  1904-) 

Length  450ft.    Beam  68ft.    Maximum  draught  25ft. 

Displacement  10,700  tons.    Complement  655. 

Guns.  Armour, 

A,—rS  in.  "  Krupp." 

6 — 6  in.  6  in.  Belt  amidships. 

2 — 12  pdr.  6  in.  Barbettes. 

22 — 3  pdr.  12  in.  Conning  tower. 

2  Maxims. 

Torpedo  Tubes, 
2  Submerged. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  21,000= 22^  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 1,800  tons.     Approximate  cost  /8 50,000. 

Oamatio.  P.  and  O.  steamer  wrecked  off  Sliad- 
wan.  in  the  Gulf  of  Suez,  September  13,  1869  ; 
25  lives  lost.  Treasure  to  the  extent  of  20  boxes 
of  bar  silver  and  six  boxes  of  bar  gold,  valued  at 
;£4o,ooo,  in  addition  to  a  large  quantity  of  valuable 
cargo,  recovered  by  divers. 

Camot.    French  ist  class  battieship.     (Toulon, 

1894.) 

Length  380ft.    Beam  70ft.    Maximum  draught  28ft. 
Displacement  1 2, 1 50  tons.    Complement  62 1 . 
Guns,  Armour, 

2—12  in..  45  cal.     "  Creusot." 
2 — io*8  in.  18  in.  Belt  amidships. 

8 — 5*5  in.  14  in.  Turrets. 

4 — 9  pdr.  6  in.  Conning  tower. 

12 — 3  pdr. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (177  in.). 
2  Submerged. 
2  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  15,000  =  18  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 700  tons.     Approximate  cost  ;£  1,1 00,000. 

Oaronade.  French  gun-boat  (1884).  Displace- 
ment, 170  tons.  On  service  in  Cochin,  China.  Of 
littie  fighting  value. 

Caronia  (1905).  British  subsidised  merchant 
ship,  Cunard  Line  {g,v.),  (Liverpool,  New  York.) 
Dimensions,  620  x  72  X  40  ft.  ;  gross  tonnage,  19.600 
Hp.,  1 5, 000 » 18  kts. 


^ 


CARPENTER 


112 


CARTEL 


Carpenter,  Captain  Alfred,  DJSI.0.  (b.  1847). 
Entered  Navy  i860 ;  lieutenant  1870  ;  served  as 
lieutenant  in  the  Challenger  Scientific  Expedition.and 
received  the  Albert  medal,  second  class,  as  a  mark 
of  Royal  favour  for  gallantry  in  saving  life  at  sea, 
June,  1876.  Extract  from  the  "  Gazette  "  :  "  At 
10.30  p.m.  on  the  31st  January,  1876,  while  the 
Challenger  was  at  anchor  in  Stanley  Harbour, 
Falkland  Islands,  in  five  fathoms  of  water,  distant 
a  quarter  of  a  mile  from  the  shore,  Thomas  Bush, 
an  A.B.,  fell  overboard  from  the  steam  pinnace 
which  was  coming  alongside,  and  sank  without 
uttering  a  cry.  The  night  was  dark,  the  weather 
boisterous  and  raining,  there  was  a  short,  choppy 
sea  (which  rendered  swimming  extremely  difficult), 
and  an  outsetting  current.  Lieutenant  Carpenter, 
without  a  moment's  hesitation,  jumped  from  the 
gang^'ay  and  swam  towards  the  spot  where  the 
man  disappeared,  some  20  ft.  from  the  ship  ;  he  then 
dived,  seized  hold  of  Bush,  and  brought  him  to  the 
surface,  and  supported  him  for  three  to  five  minutes, 
but  Bush  being  a  very  heavy  man,  and  encumbered 
with  thick  waterproof  clothing,  and  moreover  being 
quite  insensible.  Lieutenant  Carpenter,  as  he  got  ex- 
hausted with  his  exertions,  was  obliged  to  let  him 
slip  down  ;  he  supported  him  with  his  legs  for  a  few 
moments,  and  then  they  were  both  hauled  into  the 
pinnace,  and  taken  on  board  the  Challenger.  Every 
effort  was  at  once  made  by  the  medical  officer  to 
restore  Bush,  but  without  success.  There  were 
several  patches  of  floating  kelp  round  the  ship, 
amongst  which  the  strongest  swimmer  could  be 
helpless,  which  materially  increased  the  risk 
incurred."  Commander,  1883 ;  commander  in 
command  of  Myrmidon  during  the  naval  and 
military  operations  in  Eastern  Soudan,  1883-84  ; 
mentioned  in  despatches  (Egyptian  medal,  Khe- 
dive's Bronze  Star)  ;  commander  in  charge  of 
Marine  Survey  of  India,  1884-89 ;  served  with 
Naval  Brigade  during  Burmah  annexation  war, 
1885-86  ;  received  the  thanks  of  the  Government 
of  India,  and  specially  mentioned  in  despatches, 
D.S.O.  for  this  service  (India  medal,  Burmah  clasp). 

Caiftnois.  French  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Nor- 
mand,  1902.)  Length,  180  ft.  ;  beam,  21  ft. ;  maxi- 
mum draught,  10  ft. ;  displacement,  300  tons ; 
complement,  45  ;  guns,  i  9-pdr.,  6  3-pdr.  ;  torpedo 
tubes,  2  15-in.     Speed,  27-30  kts. 

Carr,  Admiral  Henry  John  (b.  July,  1839). 
Entered  Navy,  1852  ;  lieutenant,  i860 ;  lieutenant 
of  Bombay  when  she  was  burnt  at  sea,  1864  ;  men- 
tioned in  despatches  for  gallantry ;  commander, 
1871  ;  captain,  1879  ;  senior  officer  at  Bermuda, 
1892-94;  rear-admiral,  1894;  admiral  superin- 
tendent Devonport  Dockyard,  1896 ;  retired 
1899  f'  vice-admiral,  1901  ;  admiral,  1904. 

Carriage  of  goods  by  sea.    See  Affreightment. 

Carrick.  Bng.  Lost  in  a  gale  in  the  St.  Lawrence, 
May  19,  1847 ;   170  emigrants  perished. 


Carrick  bend.    See  Knots. 

Carrington»  Richard  Christopher  (1826-75).  Eng- 
lish astronomer  (b.  London).  Equipped  an 
observatory  at  Redhill,  Surrey,  in  1853,  and  in 
1857,  after  three  years'  survey  of  the  zone  of  the 
Heavens,  within  nine  degrees  of  the  North  Pole,  he 
completed  a  catalogue  of  3.735  stars.  His  observa- 
tion of  sunspots  and  discovery  of  the  composite 
law  of  solar  rotation  were  published  in  1863. 

Carronade.  An  obsolete  gun  formerly  used  at 
close  quarters  in  naval  engagements. 

Carron  Line,  with  the  head  office  at  Carron, 
Sterlingshire,  N.B.,  incorporated  by  Royal  Charter 
in  1773,  is  one  of  the  oldest  in  the  country.  One  of 
the  steamers  sail  every  Monday,  Wednesday,  and 
Saturday  from  London  for  Grangemouth,  and 
another  every  Friday  for  Bo'ness,  returning  for 
Grangemouth  every  Wednesday,  Thursday  and 
Saturday,  and  Bo'ness  every  Tuesday. 

Fleet. 
Avon.  Grange, 

Firth,  Thames. 

Carry  away.    To  break. 

Carry  on.    To  spread  all  sails. 

Carstens^  Samuel  (b.  Denmark.  185 1).  Served 
his  apprenticeship  to  practical  wood  shipbuilding 
in  Denmark,  and  in  1876  was  appointed  to  the 
shipbuilding  yard  of  Messrs.  J.  and  G.  Thompsen 
and  Co.,  Glasgow,  for  the  building  of  some  compo- 
site gun-boats  for  the  British  Government ;  in  1877 
he  joined  the  drawing  office  of  Messrs.  Charles 
Mitchell  and  Co.,  and  three  year^  later  was  ap- 
pointed head  draughtsman  with  Messrs.  Richard- 
son, Duck  and  Co.  ;  in  1888  he  joined  the  designing 
department  of  Messrs.  Palmer  and  Co.,  J  arrow, 
and  was  appointed  chief  in  the  technical  depart- 
ment of  Messrs.  Burmeister  and  Wain,  Copenhagen, 
in  1889. 

CarteL  A  vessel  commissioned  in  time  of  war  to 
exchange  prisoners  of  hostile  powers,  or  carrying 
proposals  from  one  to  another.  No  arms,  ammu- 
nition, or  war-like  materials  are  permitted  to  be 
carried  on  board,  excepting  a  single  gun  for  sig> 
nailing  purposes. 

Cartels  are  conventions  between  belligerents 
(g.v.),  and  are  usually  made  by  high  officials  {e.g,, 
generals  or  admirals)  in  the  exercise  of  their  implied 
general  authority,  for  the  purpose  of  permitting 
certain  intercourse  of  a  pacific  character.  They 
relate  chiefly  to  communications  by  post,  telephone 
or  railway,  the  treiitment  of  wounded,  and  the 
exchange  of  prisoners. 

Cartel  ships  are  those  vessels  belonging  to  bellige- 
rents {q.v.)  which  are  commissioned  for  the  carriage 
by  sea  of  exchange  prisoners.  By  the  customs  of 
nations  these  ships  must  not  trade  or  carry  cargo, 
despatches  or  munitions  of  war,  except  one  gun 


CARTER 


"3 


CASSINI 


for  purposes  of  signalling.  They  hold  an  official 
document  specifying  their  character,  and  exempting 
them  from  capture  or  molestation,  but  for  the 
breach  of  general  rules  or  any  specially  imposed 
conditions  they  are  liable  to  seizure  and  confiscation. 

Carter,  WilUam  Charles  (b.  London.  February  21, 
1859).  Educated  University  College  School  and 
City  of  London  School ;  apprenticed  to  Messrs. 
J.  and  F.  Howard,  on  the  conclusion  of  which  he 
joined  the  drawing  office  staff  of  Messrs.  Wigham. 
Richardson  and  Co.,  and  served  the  firm  both  in 
the  shops  and  at  sea.  In  1881  joined  Messrs. 
Harland  and  Wolflf,  Belfast,  and  was  engaged  there 
for  several  years  in  designing  marine  and  structural 
engineering  work ;  was  also  a  lecturer  at  the 
Mechanics  Institute,  Belfast,  on  engineering 
subjects ;  in  189 1  he  commenced  business  in 
London  as  a  Consulting  Marine  Engineer  and 
Technical  Adviser  to  Shipowners.  He  holds  the 
position  of  consulting  engineer  to  many  steamship 
and  industrial  companies. 

Member  Institution  of  Naval  Architects,  associate 
member  of  Institution  of  Civil  Engineers ;  holds 
bronze  medal  for  machine  design. 

PubUcations  :  "  Practical  Hints  in  Boiler  De- 
sign," "The  Principle  of  Moments,"  "About 
Work  and  Power,"  etc. 

Carfhagena,  Battle  ofL  Fought  August  19,  1702, 
between  the  British  under  Admiral  Benbow  and 
the  French  under  Admiral  Du  Casse.  During  the 
engagement  a  chain  shot  shattered  the  leg  of 
Admiral  Benbow  who,  in  spite  of  his  wound,  con- 
tinued to  conduct  the  action  and  was  successful  in 
driving  the  French  off.  Had  he  been  supported  by 
the  whole  squadron  the  victory  would  have  been 
complete  and  Admiral  Du  Casse  his  prisoner. 
Admiral  Benbow  died  of  his  wound  in  October,  1702, 
at  Jamaica. 

GarveL  A  lateen  rigged  vessel  formerly  used 
by  Spaniards  and  Portuguese. 

Carvel  build.  A  vessel  or  boat  the  planks  of 
which  are  all  flush  and  smooth,  the  edges  laid  close 
to  each  other,  and  caulked  to  make  them  water- 
tight, as  opposed  to  clinker-built,  where  they 
overlap  each  other. 

Gaiabianoa.    French  avisos  (1895). 
Length  269ft.    Beam  27ft.    Maximum  draught  12ft. 
Displacement  960  tons.     Complement  139. 
Guns,  'Armour, 

1—4  in.  "  Steel." 

3 — 9  pdr.  I  in.  Deck  amidships, 

7—S  pdr. 
Hp.  5,000= 21  kts.     Coal  maximum  135  tons. 

Case.     Outside  planking  of  the  ship. 

OaM-bacdening.  The  operation  by  which  wrought 
or  cast  iron  is  hardened  by  decarbonisation, 
whereby  the  surface  is  converted  into  steel.    The 


process  of  conversion  is  that  the  iron  to  be  treated  is 
packed  in  cast  or  wrought  iron  chests  in  iron 
oxide  powder  and  heated  to  a  dull  redness  for 
varjring  periods  according  to  the  size  of  the  article 
and  the  thickness  of  the  coating  required. 

Case-shot  or  Canister-shot  was  a  form  of  pro- 
jectile formerly  much  used  in  gunnery.  It  con- 
sisted of  a  number  of  small  iron  balls,  varying  in 
weight  and  number,  packed  in  a  cylindrical  metal 
case  or  canister,  fitting  the  bore  of  the  gun  from 
which  it  is  fired.  Owing  to  its  small  effective 
range  it  is  now  practically  superseded,  and  its  place 
is  taken  by  the  use  of  machine  guns  discharging 
shrapnel. 

Cashiering.  Scandalous  conduct  unbecoming  an 
officer  and  a  gentleman  is  punished  in  the  British 
Navy  by  cashiering,  i.e.,  cancellation  or  annulment 
of  commission,  which  renders  officers  incapable  of 
serving  the  Crown  again. 

Cashmere.  Steamer  belonging  to  the  British 
India  Steam  Navigation  Co.  wrecked  off  Guardafui, 
July  12,  1877. 

Casqaets  light  Built  in  1877  on  a  reef  to 
the  west  of  Alderney,  Channel  Islands ;  has  a 
three-flash  light  per  half  minute ;  duration  of 
flash,  two  seconds ;  candle  power  maximum, 
60,000 ;  eight-wick  burner  (1894)  '»  illuminant, 
oil. 

Cassard.  French  2nd  class  cruiser.  (Cher- 
bourg, 1896.) 

Length  326ft.    Beam  45  ft.    Maximum  draught  23ft. 
Displacement  4,000  tons.     Complement  393. 
Guns,  A  rmour, 

6 — 6 '4  in.  3  in.  Deck. 

4 — 4  in.  2  in  Sponsons. 

4—3  pdr. 
II — I  pdr. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
2  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.   9,500=19  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 624  tons.     Approximate  cost  ;£3oo,ooo. 

Casse*T0te.  French  gun-boat  (1884).  Displace- 
ment 170  tons.  On  service  in  Cochin,  China.  Of 
little  fighting  value. 

Cassier's  Hagaaine.  Established  1891.  Pub- 
lished monthly.  Price  is.  Address :  33  Bedford 
Street,  London,  W.C. 

CassinL    French  avisos  (1894). 
Length  269ft.    Beam  27lt.    Maximum  draught  12ft. 
Displacement  960  tons.     Complement  139. 
Guns.  Armour, 

1—4  in.  "  Steel." 

3 — 9  pdr.  I  in.  Deck  amidships. 

7—3  pdr. 
Hp.  5,ooo»2i  kts.    Coal  maximnm  135  tons. 


CASSIOPEA 


114 


CAVE 


Cassiopea.  Italian  torpedo-boat.  (Naples,  1906.) 
Length,  165  ft. ;  beam,  17  ft.  ;  draught,  7  ft.  ; 
displacement,  200  tons  ;  armament,  3  3-pdr.,  3 
tubes  ;  Hp.,  3,000=25  kts. ;  coal,  40  tons. 

Castelfidardo.  Obsolete  Italian  battleship.  Of 
no  fighting  value ;  now  used  as  torpedo  depot  in 
harbour. 

Castine.    U.S.  gun-boat.     (Bath,  1892.) 
Length  204ft.    Beam  32ft.    Maximum  draught  1 5ft. 
Displacement  1,177  tons.     Complement  151. 
Guns.  Armour, 

8—4  in.  "  Steel." 

4 — 6  pdr.  i  in.  Deck  amidships. 

Hp.  2,200=  16  kts.     Coal  maximum  292  tons. 

Castle  Yacht  dab,  Solent.  Established  1887. 
Burgee  :  Red,  white  cross,  castle  in  centre.  This 
club  is  a  purely  racing  club  for  the  Y.R.A.  small 
classes,  and  gives  the  most  regattas,  of  any  of  the 
Solent  clubs.  The  club  house  stands  on  Calshot 
Spit,  under  the  shadow  of  the  old  castle,  built  in 
the  reign  of  Henry  VIII.,  and  its  site  is  rented 
from  the  War  Department.  Commodore,  Col.  The 
Hon.  H.  G.  L.  Crichton,  A.D.C. ;  Vice-Commodore, 
Frederick  Cox ;  Rear-Commodore,  The  Earl  of 
Hardwicke  ;  Honorary  Treasurer,  R.  S.  Hankinson  ; 
Secretary,  W.  Campbell.  '  Entrance  fee,  £2  ',  annual 
subscription,  £$. 

Cast-off.    To  let  go. 

Castor.  French  submarine.  (Rochefort,  1903.) 
Length,  77  ft.  ;  beam,  7J  ft. ;  draught,  8  ft.  ;  dis- 
placement, 68  tons ;  complement,  5  ;  Hp.,  60= 
8  kts. 

Castor  and  Polllix.  Fiery  balls  which  appear  at 
the  mast-heads,  yard-arms,  or  sticking  to  the 
riggings  ol  vessels  in  a  gale  at  sea. 

Cat.    A  ship  built  on  a  Norwegian  model. 

Cataluna.     Spanish  armoured  ship  (1900]. 
Length  348ft.    Beam  60ft.    Maximum  draught  25ft. 
Displacement  7,000  tons.     Complement  497. 
Guns.  Armour. 

2 — 9*4  in.  "  Harvey.'* 

8 — $'s  in.  12  in.  Belt  amidships. 

2 — 12  pdr.  12  in.  Bulkheads. 

8 — 6  pdr.  8  in.  Barbettes. 

8 — 3  pdr.  8  in.  Conning  tower. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
2  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  natural  x 0,000=  18  kts.,  forced 
15,000=20*25  kts.     Coal  maximum  1,200  tons. 

Catamaran.  A  small  raft  formed  by  logs  lashed 
together,  sometimes  canying  an  outrigger,  in  use 
among  the  natives  of  India,  Ceylon,  and  the  Straits. 

Caiapnlte.  French  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Nor- 
mand,  1902.)  Length,  180  ft. ;  beam,  21  ft.  ; 
Inaximum  draught,  zo  ft. ;  displacement,  300  tons  ; 
complement,  45  ;  guns,  i  9-pdr.,  6  3-pdr.  ;  torpedo 
tubes,  2  15-in. ;  speed,  27-30  kts. 


Cai-Uock.  A  strong  three-fold  block  usually  em- 
ployed for  hoisting  the  anchor. 

Catch.  Denoting  among  fishermen  the  quantity 
of  fish  taken  at  a  haul. 

Ca^fall.    A  rope  rove  to  the  cat-block. 

Cath.  Cathedral.  Abbreviation  adopted  on  the 
charts  issued  by  the  Hydrographic  Ofi&ce,  Ad- 
miralty. 

Catharpin  legs.  Ropes  connecting  lower  parts  of 
futtock  shrouds. 

Cathead.  A  bracket  serving  to  suspend  the 
anchor  clear  of  the  bow. 

Catherine  Adamson.  Wrecked  on  the  coast  of 
New  South  Wales,  25  miles  from  Sydney,  June  3, 
1875  *  ^^  hves  lost. 

Catinat.  French  2nd  class  cruiser.  (Granville, 
1896.) 

Length  332ft.    Beam  44ft.    Maximum  draught  21ft. 
Displacement  4,000  tons.     Complement  378. 
Guns.  Armour. 

4 — 6*4  in.,  45  cal.      "  Steel." 
10—4  in.  2  in.  Deck. 

10 — 3  pdr.  2  in.  Casemates. 

4 — I  pdr.  2  in.  Conning  tower. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (17*7  in.). 
2  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  8,500=  i9'5  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 750  tons.     Approximate  cost  £350,000. 

Cato.  50  guns.  On  November  5,  1783,  this 
vessel  was  lost  on  the  Malabar  coast,  when  Admiral 
Sir  Hyde  Parker  [q.v.)  and  the  crew  perished. 

Cai-rig.  A  rig  formed  of  one  sail,  fore-and-aft 
mainsail,  used  by  pleasure-boats  in  light  wind. 

Cat's-paw.  A  term  used  to  indicate  a  light  wind 
springing  up  in  a  calm ;  a  name  also  given  to  a 
particular  twisting  hitch  made  in  the  bight  of  a 
rope. 

Catterihan.  Steamer,  from  Sydney  to  Hong 
Kong,  wrecked  on  the  Seal  Rocks  off  Cape  Hawk, 
August  8,  1895  f  ^5  ^v^  ^^^* 

Cattle  Clauses.    See  Clauses. 

CanUdng.  Forcing  oakum  into  the  seams  of  the 
planks  of  a  ship's  deck  to  prevent  leakage. 

CavaL    A  large  cleat  for  securing  ropes. 

Cave,  Admiral  John  Halliday,  C.B.  (b.  1827). 
Entered  the  Navy,  1849 ;  lieutenant  of  Princess 
Royal  in  the  Baltic  Expedition,  1854,  and  senior 
lieutenant  of  the  Diamond  attached  to  the  Naval 
Brigade  at  the  siege  of  Sebastopol ;  present  at  the 
storming  of  the  Redan,  1855  ;  mentioned  in  de- 
spatches (Crimea,  Baltic,  and  Turkish  medals, 
Sebastopol  clasp,  Knight  of  the  Legion  of  Honour, 
5th  Class  Med j idle). 


CAVENDISH 


115 


CERVERA 


Cavendish,  Thomas  (1560-92)  (b.  Trimley  St. 
Mary).  Commanded  an  expedition  to  the  South 
Seas  in  1586.  Sailing  from  Plymouth  with  three 
small  vessels  he  passed  through  the  Straits  of 
Magellan,  and  cruised  along  the  coast  of  Chili,  Peru, 
and  Mexico.  He  sunk  many  Spanish  ships,  and 
captured  off  the  coast  of  California  the  Santa  Anna, 
a  vessel  belonging  to  the  King  of  Spain,  with  a 
cargo  of  immense  value.  Returning  to  England 
with  his  plunder  by  way  of  the  Cape  of  Good 
Hope,  he  reached  Plymouth  on  September  9, 
having  circumnavigated  the  globe  in  2  years  and 
55  days.  The  second  voyage  which  he  undertook 
with  five  vessels  was  a  most  disastrous  one.  His 
crews  were  mutinous,  and  after  leaving  the  Straits 
of  Magellan  they  obliged  him  to  steer  for  Eng- 
land, and  he  died  on  the  voyage  home  in  1592. 
He  is  attributed  with  having  discovered  a  harbour 
which  he  named  Port  Desire  on  the  east  coast  of 
Patagonia. 

CaviL     See  Cleat. 

CJB.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Coleraine,  Ireland. 

OMIle.  French  2nd  class  cruiser.  (La  Seyne, 
1890.) 

Length  378ft.    Beam  49ft.    Maximum  draught  20ft. 
Displacement  5,800  tons.     Complement  486. 
Guns.  Armour, 

8—6-4  in.  **  Steel." 

10 — 5 '5  in.  4  in.  Deck  amidships. 

6 — 6-8  in. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 

4  Above  water. 

Hp.  10,200=19  kts.     Coal  maximum  1,000  tons. 

Centaur.  74  guns.  On  September  21,  1782, 
this  vessel  foundered  on  her  passage  from  Jamaica. 
Most  of  the  officers  and  crew  were  lost. 

Oentanro.  Italian  torpedo-boat.  (Naples,  1906.) 
Length,  165  ft.  ;  beam,  17  ft. ;  draught.  7  ft.  ;  dis- 
placement, 200  tons  ;  armament.  3  3-pdr.,  3  tubes  ; 
twin  screw  ;  Hp.,  3.000=25  kts.  ;  coal,  40  tons. 

Centigrade.  The  thermometer  scale,  frequently 
called  after  Celsius,  in  general  use  on  the  Continent, 
in  which  the  interval  between  the  freezing  and 
boiling  points  is  divided  into  100°,  the  freezing 
point  being  o*',  and  the  boiling  point  100^. 

Centreboard.  A  drop  keel  used  in  racing  crafts, 
its  object  being  to  prevent  a  boat  making  leeway. 

Centre  of  bnoyancy.  Term  used  in  naval  archi- 
tecture for  the  mean  centre  of  that  part  of  a  vessel 
which  is  below  the  water  line. 

Centurion.    British  ist  class  battleship.     (Ports- 
mouth, 1892.) 
Length  360ft.    Beam  70ft.    Maximum  draught  27ft. 

Displacement  (since  reconstruction)  11,000  tons. 
Complement  620. 


Armour, 
"  Compound  Harvey." 
12  in.  Belt  amidships. 
9  in.  Barbettes. 
12  in.  Conning  tower. 


Guns. 
4 — 10  in.,  30  cal. 
10 — 6  in. 
8—6  pdr. 
12 — 3  pdr. 
2—9  pdr.  Boat. 
2  Maxims. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
2  Submerged. 
I  Above  water  stem. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  natural  9,000^17  kts.,  forced 
13,000=18*5  kts.     Coal  maximum  1,125  tons. 
Approximate  cost  ;(620,ooo. 
This  ship-name  has  been  used  in  the  Navy  since 
1580,  and  is  associated  with  defeat  of  the  Spanish 
Armada,    1588 ;    Blake's   action   with   Tromp   off 
Dover,  1652  ;  battle  off  the  North  Foreland,  1653  ; 
battle    off   Lowestoft,    1665  ;    St.    James's    fight, 
1666 ;    Barfleur   and    La   Hogue,    1692 ;    Anson's 
circumnavigation,  1740-44  ;  capture  of  the  Acapulco 
galleon,  1742  ;  Anson's  victory  off  Finisterre,  1747  ; 
expedition  to  Quebec,  1759 ;  reduction  of  Havana, 
1752  ;  Barrington  at  St.  Lucia,   1778  ;  Rodney's 
action  against  De  Guichen,  1780 ;  capture  of  the 
Dutch  East  Indian  Settlements,  1795  ;  action  off 
Vizagapatam,  1804. 

Ceram.    Dutch  gun-boat. 
Length  176  ft.    Beam  25ft.   Maximum  draught  i  ift. 
Displacement  541  tons.    Complement  82. 

Guns, 

3—47  in. 

I — 2*9  in. 

2 — 1*4  in. 

Hp.  8,000=12  kts.     Coal  maximum   140  tons. 

Of  no  fighting  value. 

Gerbto.  A  French  gun-brig  of  seven  guns  and 
a  crew  of  87  captured  by  Lieutenant  Coghlan  in 
the  harbour  of  L'Orient,  July  26,  1800. 

Cende  de  la  Voile  de  Paris.  Established  1858. 
President,  Georges  Pettier ;  Vice-Presidents,  E. 
Laveme,  J.  Valton  ;  Treasurer,  Ferdinand  Doucet ; 
Honorary  Secretary,  Jacques  Baudrier,  53  Rue  de 
Chateaudun,  Paris  ;  Club  House,  Mureaux  (Seine 
and  Oise).  Entrance  ^fee.  40  ^francs ;  annual 
subscription,  60  francs. 

Cerde  de  la  Vofle  de  Poissy.  Established  1888. 
President,  A.  Leroy ;  Vice-President,  G.  Waren- 
horst ;  Rear-Commodore,  H.  Descombes ;  Treas* 
urer,  G.  Li6gard ;  Secretary,  P.  Malet,  Hotel 
de  I'Esturgeon,  Poissy  (Seine  and  Oise).  Annual 
subscription,  10  francs. 

Ceres.  On  November  10,  1866,  this  vessel  was 
lost  near  Camsoe,  Ireland  ;  36  lives  lost. 

Cervera  y  Topete,  Pasonal.  Spanish  admiral  (b. 
1839).  Admiral-in-Chief  during  the  Spanish- 
American  war,  1898  ;  was  blockaded  at  Santiago 
by  tile  American  admiral  Samson,  who  on  July  3 
defeated  the  Spanish  fleet,  compelled  by  force  of 


CESAREVITCH 


ii6 


CHAIN 


public  opinion  in  Spain,  though  against  Cervera's 
better  judgment,  attempted  an  escape,  which  re- 
sulted in  the  destruction  or  capture  of  every 
Spanish  ship,  the  death  of  one-third  of  their  men, 
and  the  surrender  of  Cervera  as  prisoner  of  war. 

Oesarevitch.    See  Tsesarevitch. 

Ceylon  Steanudiip  Co.,  Ltd.,  with  their  head  office 
in  Colombo,  Ceylon,  have  a  fleet  of  two  modern 
steamers  engaged  in  a  weekly  service  round  the 
Island  of  Ceylon. 

Fleet. 
Lady  Gordon.  Lady  Havelock. 

C.F.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Cardiff,  England. 

C.FJ.  In  a  mercantile  contract  these  letters 
stand  for  "  cost,  freight,  and  insurance,"  and  mean 
that  the  price  paid  covers  the  cost  of  the  goods  to 
be  sent,  their  freight,  and  insurance  during  transiL 
When  goods  are  sold  under  a  C.F.I,  contract  the 
seller  fulfils  his  part  of  the  contract  when  he  ships 
the  goods,  and  hands  to  the  consignee  the  shipping 
documents  and  policy  of  insurance  in  conformity 
with  the  contract. 

CO.  Coast  guard.  Abbreviation  adopted  on 
the  charts  issued  by  the  Hydrographic  Office, 
Admiralty. 

O.G.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Kallantsoog,  Holland. 

C.H.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Cherbourg,  France. 

C.H.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Chester,  England. 

Ch.  Church.  Abbreviation  adopted  on  the 
charts  issued  by  the  Hydrographic  Office,  Ad- 
miralty. 

Chaoabnoo.  Chilian  protected  cruiser.  (Elswick, 
1898.) 

Length  360ft.    Beam  46ft.    Maximimi  draught  20ft. 
Displacement  4,300  tons.     Compl-iment  400. 
Guns.  Armour. 

2— 8  in.  "  Harvey-nickel." 

10 — 4' 7  in.  4 J  in.  Deck. 

12 — 12  pdr.  4  ID.  Gun  shields. 

6 — 2  J  pdr. 

Torpedo  Tubes, 
K  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  forced  15,000=24  kts.    Coal 
maximum  i.ooo  tons. 

Chacabaca  Iron  ship.  Went  down  in  the  Channel 
after  collision  with  the  steamer  Torch,  March  i, 
1873  ;  24  Hves  lost. 

Chads,  Admiral  Sir  Henry  Dncie,  K.CJB.,  cr.  1887 
(b.  18 19).  Educated  Royal  Naval  College,  Ports- 
mouth ;  as  mid.  served  and  engaged  in  boats  of 
Andromache  in  action  with  pirates  and  suppression 


of  piracy  in  the  Straits  of  Malacca,  1836 ;  senior 
lieutenant  of  Harlequin,  was  wounded  in  an  attack 
on  pirates  in  the  Island  of  Sumatra,  1844 ;  as 
captain  was  present  at  the  capture  of  Bomarsund 
in  the  Baltic,  and  specially'  recommended  to  the 
Admiralty  by  the  marshal  commanding  the  French 
troops  (Baltic  medal)  ;  captain  superintendent  of 
Deptford  Dock  and  Victualling  Yards,  1863-66  ; 
rear-admiral,  1866  ;  flag-officer  second  in  command 
Channel  fleet,  1869-70;  vice-admiral,  1872;  Com- 
mander-in-Chief at  the  Nore,  1876-77 ;  admiral, 
1877  ;  K.C.B.,  1887  ;  retired.  1884. 

Chaffer.  A  name  applied  to  a  whale  or  grampus 
in  the  northern  seas. 

Chafing  mati.    Mats  used  to  protect  the  rigging. 

Chaimite.  Portuguese  gun-boat  (1897).  dis- 
placement, 340  tons.     At  present  on  the  Zambesi. 

Chain.  A  connected  series  of  links  of  metal 
passing  through  each  other  so  as  to  move  more  or 
less  freely,  and  thus  form  a  strong  but  flexible 
string,  used  for  various  purposes,  as  for  restraint, 
support,  connection,  transmission  of  mechanical 
power,  etc.  Chain  making  is  a  special  industry. 
The  welding  of  the  links  until  recently  was  almost 
entirely  done  by  hand.  The  manufacture  of  weld- 
less  steel  chains  of  a  size  up  to  one  inch  diameter 
metal  is  now  accomplished  by  machinery.  Chain 
cables  arc  generally  made  in  lengths  of  from  1 2^  to 
25  fathoms,  the  length  being  joined  together  by 
shackles.  A  cable's  length  is  100  fathoms  of 
6*08  ft.  each,  and  is  one-tenth  of  a  nautical  mile. 
The  largest  sizes  of  chains  pass,  before  use.  certain 
standard  tests  under  Lloyd's  Register,  which  im.- 
pose  a  strain  sufficient  to  detect  bad  material  or 
workmanship,  yet  not  so  severe  as  to  injure  the 
metal.  Chains  used  as  cables  on  British  ships 
must  pass  a  statutory  test  and  be  properiy  stamped. 
The  various  test  requirements  of  the  British 
Admiralty  and  the  United  States  Testing  Board 
can  be  found  in  Kent's  "  Mechanical  Engineers* 
Pocket-Book,"  1901.  The  breaking  strain  of  any 
chain  may  be  calculated  from  its  cross  section,  to 
the  area  of  which  it  bears  a  fixed  proportion.  The 
largest  mooring  chains  on  record  were  made  in 
1907  for  use  on  the  Mauretania  and  Lusiiania, 
the  links  were  4^  and  $3  diameter,  the  weight  of 
each  end  link  336  pounds,  and  each  common  link 
243  pounds,  the  swivel  connection  weighing  4.485 
pounds,  and  each  shackle  711  pounds,  giving  a 
total  weight  of  moorings  of  over  200  tons. 

Chain.     A  measure  of  66  feet. 

Chain  cables.  All  vessels  have  to  carry  anchors 
and  chain  cables  tested  up  to  a  strain  ranging  with 
the  size  of  the  vessel. 

Chain-plates.  Iron  plates,  the  lower  ends  of 
which  are  bolted  to  the  ship's  side,  to  which  the 
dead-eyes  are  fastened. 


CHAIN 


117 


CHAMBER 


Chain^piimp.  A  lai*ge  hand  pump,  worked  by 
endless  chains  producing  a  continuous  flow  <^ 
water. 

ChaHenger.    See  Challenger  Expedition. 

Challenger.  British  2nd  class  cruiser.  (Chat- 
ham, T902). 

length  355ft.    Beam  56ft.    Maximum  draught  21ft. 
Displacement  5,880  tons.     Complement  475. 
Guns.  Armour, 

1 1 — 6  in.  3  in.  Deck  amidships. 

8 — 12  pdr.  6  in.  Conning  tower. 

I — 12  pdr.,  8  cwt. 
6—3  pdr. 
2  Maxims. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
2  Submerged. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.   12,500=21  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 1,225  tons.     Approximate  cost  ;f42o,ooo. 

Challengef  Expedition.  H.M.S.  Challenger,  a 
British  man-of-war  selected  by  the  Admiralty  to 
carry  out  an  investigation  of  the  physical  and  bio- 
logical conditions  of  the  great  ocean  basins,  was  a 
steam  corvette,  with  a  spar  upper  deck»  of  2,300 
tons  displacement,  and  1,200  Hp.  Only  two  guns 
were  retained,  and  the  space  occupied  by  the  other 
guns,  ammunition,  etc.,  was  utilised  in  providing 
accommodation  for  zoological  and  chemical  labora- 
tories and  other  workrooms,  and  for  scientific 
apparata,  special  sounding  and  dredging  platforms 
being  erected,  and  also  an  engine  for  hauling  in 
the  dredging  and  sounding  lines.  The  fitting-out  of 
the  Challenger  was  commenced  in  June,  1873,  and 
she  sailed  from  Portsmouth  on  December  21,  1872, 
returning  to  that  port  6n  the  completion  of  her 
circumnavigating  voyage  on  May  24, 1 876.  During 
this  period  of  three  years  and  hve  months  the 
distance  sailed  was  nearly  69,000  miles,  and  about 
500  deep  sea  soundings*  as  well  as  133  dredgings» 
151  trawlings,  and  263  series  of  temperature  obser- 
vations beneath  the  surface,  were  taken. 

The  Challenger  carried  a  full  complement  of 
naval  officers  and  men,  under  the  command  of 
Captain  G.  S.  Nares,  who  was  unplaced  at  Hong 
Kong  by  Captain  F.  T.  Thomson.  The  scientific 
work  was  entrusted  to  a  civilian  staff,  consisting  of 
Professor  C.  Wyv'ille  Thomson,  director ;  J.  Y 
Buchanan,  chemist ;  H.  N.  Moseley,  naturalist ; 
John  Murray,  naturalist ;  R.  von  Willemoes-Suhm, 
naturalist ;  and  J.  J.  Wild,  secretary  and  artist.  Dr. 
von  Willemoes-Suhm  died  during  the  course  of  the 
cruise  in  the  Pacific,  and  the  only  surviving 
members  of  the  civilian  staff  at  the  present  day  are 
Sir  John  Murray  and  Mr.  J.  Y.  Buchanan. 

After  the  return  of  the  expedition,  the  work  of 
preparing  the  scientific  results  of  the  voyage  for 
publication  was  at  first  under  the  direction  of 
Professor  Sir  C.  Wyville  Thomson,  who  died  in 
1882,  the  direction  then  passing  into  the  hands  of  - 
his    chief    assistant,    Mr.    (afterwards    Sir)    John 


Murray.  The  official  reports,  published  by  H.M. 
Government,  filled  50  large  quarto  volumes, 
which  appeared  at  intervals  between  the  years 
1880  and  1895,  ^Qd  contained  29,500  pages,  illustra- 
ted by  3,000  lithographic  and  chromolithographic 
plates  and  maps,  and  thousands  of  wood-cuts  in 
the  text.  The  list  of  76  authors  includes  the 
names  of  scientists  of  world-wide  reputation — 
British,  Colonial,  Continental,  and  American — 
who  devoted  in  many  cases  years  of  study  and  pains- 
taking labour  to  the  department  of  knowledge 
allotted  to  them.  The  scientific  work  carried  out 
on  board  H.M.S.  Challenger  practically  laid  the 
foundations  of  the  recent  science  of  oceanography, 
and  the  published  results  of  that  work  formed  the 
starting-point  for  all  subsequent  researches. 

In  addition  to  the  Official  Reports,  edited  by  Sir 
John  Murray  (50  vols.,  1880-95),  of  the  expedition, 
see  Spry's  "  Cruise  of  H.M.S.  Challenger/*  1876. 
"  Notes  by  a  Naturalist  "  (Moseley,  1879).  Refer  to 
Murray,  Sir  John. 

Chamber  of  Commerce*  A,  of  which  there  are 
more  than  100  in  the  United  Kingdom,  is  an 
association  of  merchants,  manufacturers,  capitalists 
and  others  engaged  in  commerce,  for  the  purpose 
of  promoting  mercantile  and  industrial  interests 
in  general,  and  those  of  their  own  district  in 
particular.  Some  chambers  of  commerce  are 
incorporated  by  charter,  others  incorporated  and 
registered  under  the  Companies  Acts  and  licensed 
by  the  Board  of  Trade,  and  others  neither  incor- 
porated, registered  nor  licensed.  They  collect 
statistics  and  information  on  all  matters  relating 
to  trade,  discuss  measures  affecting  their  interests, 
and  represent  their  vieivs  to  the  public  authorities. 
Action  with  regard  to  legislative  measures  is  taken 
by  petitioning  Parliament  by  the  representation  to 
the  House  of  their  views  through  some  private 
member. 

The  earliest  Chamber  of  Commerce  in  Great 
Britain  was  that  of  Glasgow,  incorporated  in  1783. 
The  London  Chamber  of  Commerce  was  formed  in 
1882,  and  the  Association  of  Chambers  of  Commerce 
of  the  United  Kingdom,  which  meets  in  conference 
annually  for  the  discussion  and  promotion  of 
measures  affecting  trade  and  commercial  interests, 
was  founded  in  i860. 

Chamber  of  Shipping  is  an  association  of  mer- 
chants of  the  United  Kingdom,  established  in  1876, 
for  the  purposes  of  Parliamentary  work  and  com- 
munication with  the  principal  Government  depart- 
ments on  matters  relating  to  shipping. 

It  consists  of  two  committees,  (i)  The  Ship- 
owners' Parliamentary  Committee,  which  watches 
public  Bills  affecting  shipping  matters,  and  looks 
after  Parliamentary  shipping  interests.  (2)  A 
Documentary  Committee,  which  deals  with  charter- 
parties,  bills  of  lading,  and  the  forms  of  maritime 
documents. 


CHAMBERS 


ii8 


CHANGE 


(1 


«< 


Chambers,  Oeorge  (1803-40).  Marine  painter 
(b.  Whitby).  For  several  years  pursued  a  life  of 
the  sea.  He  was  employed  by  Thomas  Horner  to 
assist  in  painting  the  great  panorama  of  London 
for  the  Coliseum  (the  exhibition  building  in  Regent's 
Park,  which  has  since  been  demolished).  His  best 
works  represent  naval  battles.  Two  of  these — 
The  Bombardment  of  Algiers "  (1836)  and 
The  Capture  of  Porto  Bello  *' — are  in  Greenwich 
Hospital. 

Chambers,  John,  Low^estoft.  This  firm  was 
established  in  1878  as  "  Page  and  Chambers,"  the 
title  being  altered  successively  to  "  Page  and  Co.,*' 
"  Chambers  and  Colby,"  and  "  John  Chambers." 
Over  260  wood-built  vessels  of  various  descriptions 
have  been  launched,  including  yachts,  lifeboats, 
cargo  vessels,  deep-sea  trawlers,  and  herring 
drifters.  Among  the  vessels  built  may  be  men- 
tioned the  yacht  Hoyden  (for  Mr.  T.  G.  Bowles), 
the  yacht  Zephyr  (for  Mr.  B.  Dowson),  the 
yacht  Meriden  (for  Mr.  E.  R.  T.  Croxall),  and  the 
herring  drifter  Consolation,  This  latter  was  the 
first  steam  herring  boat  on  the  coast,  and  was  so 
successful  that  the  firm  have  launched  subsequently 
80  of  this  well-known  type  of  steamer.  The  advent 
of  the  steam  drifter  has,  in  fact,  revolutionised  the 
herring  fishery  of  the  Kingdom.  The  last  vessel 
launched  was  the  Thomas  B.  Miller,  a  mission 
trawler  for  the  Royal  National  Mission  to  Deep  Sea 
Fishermen. 

Chamois.  British  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  Foun- 
dered in  the  Gulf  of  Patras  through  one  of  her  screw 
blades  coming  off  and  piercing  her  bottom. 

Champlain,  Battle  of  Lake.  Fought  in  18x4,  when 
the  American  Mgates  commanded  by  Macdonough 
defeated  the  British  fleet. 

Champlain,  Samuel  de  (i 567-1635).  First  French 
Governor  of  Canada  (b.  Brouage).  Sailed  for 
Canada  in  1603  ;  on  his  third  voyage  he  founded 
Quebec,  discovered  the  lake  which  now  bears  his 
name,  and  established  a  flourishing  fur  trade.  He 
was  brought  to  England  a  prisoner  when  Quebec 
fell  before  the  British,  1629  ;  but  by  the  treaty  of 
St  Germain,  when  Canada  was  restored  to  the 
French.  1632,  he  was  released,  and  again  became 
Governor,  and  remained  so  till  his  death. 

See  "  Life,"  in  French,  by  Dionne,  1891,  and 
by  Gravier,  1900. 

Champness,  H.  Robert,  H.y.O.  (b.  1852). 
Educated  Old  Brompton,  Kent ;  Assistant  Director 
of  Naval  Construction  at  the  Admiralty ;  entered 
H.M.  Dockyard,  Chatham,  in  1866,  at  the  age  of  14, 
taking  first  place  in  competition  for  entry.  After 
four  years  spent  in  theoretical  study  and  acquiring 
a  practical  knowledge,  he  obtained  second  place 
at  the  examination  for  admission  to  the  Ro3ral 
School  of  Naval  Architecture,  then  located  at  South 
Kensington  Museum,  and  joined  there  in  1870  ;  at 
the  end  of  his  third  session,  the  school  was  trans- 
ferred  to   the   Royal   Naval   College.   Greenwich, 


where  his  final  session  was  passed ;  he  was  then 
appointed  to  the  Drawing  Oflice  at  Chatham  Yard, 
where,  after  one  year,  he  proceeded  to  the  Admi- 
ralty for  duty  and,  returning  to  Chatham  in  1875, 
was  appointed  to  assist  in  supervising  the  con- 
struction of  H.M.S.  Timiraire  ;  in  May,  1877,  he 
was  again  transferred  to  the  Admiralty,  where  he 
remained  till  March,  1885,  being  appointed  a 
second-class  Assistant  Constructor  on  the  Estab- 
lishment of  the  Royal  Corps  of  Naval  Constructors 
in  1883  ;  from  the  Admiralty  he  was  appointed 
overseer  to  the  Barrow  Shipbuilding  Works,  and 
while  there  he  received  the  thanks  of  the  Admiralty 
for  a  report  upon  a  type  of  submarine  torpedo-boat ; 
in  November,  1886,  he  was  sent  to  Portsmouth  to 
reorganise  the  Drawing  Office  staff ;  he  was  pro- 
moted to  first-class  Assistant  Constructor  in  Novem- 
ber, 1889,  and  in  that  capacity,  until  April,  1895, 
he  was  closely  associated  with,  and  largely  responsi- 
ble for,  the  accelerated  rate  of  shipbuilding,  having 
charge  of  H.M.S.  Centurion,  and  later  of  the  Royal 
Sovereign  class  of  battleships,  on  delivery  from 
contractors,  as  well  as  of  the  building  of  the 
Majestic,  Prince  George,  and  Casar,  In  April, 
1895,  he  was  appointed  to  Malta  Yard  as  Chief 
Constructor,  and  remained  till  April,  1897.  '^he 
thanks  of  the  Admiralty  were  conveyed  to  him  for 
expedition  in  fitting  bilge  keels  to  H.M.S.  Barfleur 
in  three  weeks,  and  the  Governor  of  Malta  also 
expressed  satisfaction  with  the  work  done  in  pre- 
paring transports  for  conveyance  of  troops  to  Crete. 
In  February,  1897,  he  was  appointed  chief  con- 
structor at  Dcvonport,  just  after  the  first  modem 
battleship  at  that  yard  had  been  laid  down,  and 
held  this  appointment  until  the  end  of  1902  ;  at  the 
launch  by  Her  Majesty  the  Queen  of  H.M.S.  Queen, 
on  March  8,  1902,  when  His  Majesty  the  King  also 
laid  the  first  keel  plate  of  H.M.S.  King  Edward  VII., 
he  was  decorated  by  His  Majesty  with  the  fourth 
class  of  the  Royal  Victorian  Order  ;  was  appointed 
Assistant  Director  of  Naval  Construction,  taking  up 
the  appointment  on  January  i,  1903.  Member 
of  Institution  of  Naval  Architects. 

Publication  :  A  paper  on  the  "  Launch  of  a 
Battleship,"  read  before  the  Institution  of  Mechani- 
cal Engineers. 

Chan.  Channel.  Abbreviation  adopted  on  the 
charts  issued  by  the  Hydrographic  Office,  Admi- 
ralty. 

Change  of  Voyage.  This  expression  in  tlie  Devia- 
tion Clause  refers  only  to  a  change  after  the  policy 
has  once  attached  by  the  commencement  of  a 
voyage  of  such  a  kind  that,  if  not  changed,  it  would 
have  been  within  the  policy.  It  has  been  held 
that  an  initial  declaration  of  insurance  on  any  other 
voyage  is  outside  the  policy,  and  that  therefore  the 
"  change  of  voyage  "  never  took  effect  at  all  in  such 
a  case.  (Israel  v,  Sedgwick,  8  Times  Law  Reports, 
726 ;  also  Gow  on  Marine  Insurance,  p.  61.) 

Refer  to  Deviation  ;  also  Clauses. 


CHANNEL 


119 


CHARLESTON 


GhanneL  See  Trinity  House  Pilotage  Districts ; 
Fairway. 

Channel  Islands  Taoht  Clnb»  Royal.  See  Royal 
Channel  Islands  Yacht  Club. 

Channels  or  Chains.  Projections  over  a  ship's 
side  on  ¥/hich  the  rigging  is  spread. 

Chansy.    French  2nd  class  cruiser.     (Bordeaux, 

1894) 

Length  361  ft.  Beam  46  ft.  Maximum  draught  20  ft. 

Displacement  4,750  tons.     Complement  370. 

Guns.  Armour. 

2 — 7*6  in.,  45  cal.        "  Creusot  "  steel. 

6 — 5*5  in.  4  in.  Belt  amidships. 

6 — 9  pdr.  4  in.  Turrets. 

4 — 3  pdr.  4  in.  Conning  tower. 

Torpedo  Tubes  {177  in.). 

4  Above  water. 

Twin  screw.     Hp.  8,300=18*5  kts.     Coal  normal 

406  tons.     Approximate  cost  ;f35o,ooo. 

This  vessel  went  ashore  off  the  coast  of  China,  a 

little  below  Shanghai,  and  was  abandoned. 

Chaplains,  NavaL     See  Naval  Education. 

Charger.  British  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Pop- 
lar, 1894.)  Length,  190  ft. ;  beam,  18  ft.  ;  draught, 
si  ft.  ;  displacement.  250  tons ;  complement,  45  ; 
armament,  i  12-pdr.,  5  6-pdr.,  2  tubes ;  twin  screw  ; 
Hp.,  3,100=27  kts.  ;  coal,  60  tons. 

Chargeors  R6anis  (French  Steam  Navigation 
Co.)  have  a  fleet  of  35  excellent  steamers,  fitted  with 
all  the  latest  modem  improvements  for  the  trade  in 
which  they  are  engaged.  A  service  is  maintained 
from  Havre,  Dunkirk,  Bordeaux,  and  Marseilles 
at  scheduled  times  for  Colombo,  Singapore,  Saigon, 
Tourane,  and  Haiphong,  taking  passengers  and 
cargo  for  transhipment,  for  Bangkok,  Pnom-Penh, 
and  Hanoi.  A  monthly  service  for  the  West  Coast 
of  Africa  sailing  from  Havre  and  Bordeaux,  for 
Teneriffe,  Dakar.  Conakry,  Grand  Bassa,  Grand 
Lahou,  Cotonou,  Libreville,  Cap  Lopez,  Sette-Cama, 
Mayumba,  Loango,  Banana,  Boma,  and  Matadi.  A 
service  for  Brazil  from  Havre  and  Dunkirk  for 
Vigo,  Leixoes,  Lisbon,  Pemumbuco,  Bahia,  Kio  de 
Janeiro,  and  Santos.  A  service  to  La  Plata  from 
Havre,  Dunkirk  and  Bordeaux,  calling  at  Vigo, 
Teneriffe,  Monte  Video  and  Buenos  Aires.  A  Far 
£ast  service  leaves  Antwerp  and  Dunkirk  for 
Singapore,  Shanghai,  Hankow,  Taku,  Japanese 
ports,  San  Francisco,  and  the  River  Plate. 

Fleet. 
Admiral  Airy.  Campana, 

Admiral  Aube.  Campinas. 

Admiral  Baudin.  Canarias, 

Admiral  Courbet.  Caravellas. 

Admiral  de  Ksrsaint,  Carolina, 

Admiral  Exelmans.  Cholon. 

Admiral  Fourichon.  Colombia, 

Admiral  Hamelin.  Colonia, 

Admiral  Jaureguiberry,  Concordia, 


Admiral  Latouche  Treville. 

Admiral  Magon. 

Admiral  Nielly. 

Admiral  Ponty. 

Admiral  Rigault  de  Genouilly. 

Admiral  Sallandrouze  de 

Lamomaix, 

Admiral  Superre, 

Admiral  Troude. 


Cordilleras. 
Cordoba. 
Corrientes. 
Corsica. 
Europe. 
Paraguay. 
Santa  Fe. 
Ville  de  Maceio. 
Ville  de  Maranao. 


Charlemagne.  French  ist  class  battleship. 
(Brest,  1895.) 

Length  387  ft.  Beam  67  ft.  Maximum  draught  28  ft. 
Displacement  1 1 , 260  tons.     Complement  63 1 . 
Guns.  Armour. 

4 — 12  in.  "  Harvey-nickel." 

10 — 5*5  in.  14  in.  Belt  amidships. 

8 — 4  in.  1 3  in.  Turrets. 

20 — 3  pdr.  12  in.  Conning  tower. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (177  in.). 
4  Submerged. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  14,500=18  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 1,100  tons.    Approximate  cost  ;£  1,100,000. 

Charlemagne.  Iron  clipper.  Wrecked  on  the 
coast  near  Canton,  March  20,  1857 ;  the  loss 
amounted  to  about  ;^  110,000. 

Charlemonte  Packet.  Lost  between  Holyhead 
and  Dublin,  December  22,  1790,  when  104  of  the 
passengers  and  crew  were  drowned. 

Charles.  In  1631  this  vessel,  commanded  by 
Luke  Fox,  explored  the  western  side  of  Hudson's 
Bay  as  far  as  a  place  called  Sir  Thomas  Roe's 
Welcome.  In  August  be  met  Captain  James  and 
the  Bristol  ship  Maria  {q*v.)  in  Hudson's  Bay,  and 
together  they  went  North,  and  reached  66°  47'  N. 
Refer  to  Arctic  Exploration. 

Charlee  MarleL  French  ist  class  battleship. 
(Brest,  1893.) 

Length  390  ft.  Beam  70  ft.  Maximum  draught  27  ft. 
Displacement  11,882  tons.    Complement  620. 
Guns.  Armour. 

2 — 12  in,.  45  cal.       "  Creusot  steel." 


18  in.  Belt  amidships. 
15  in.  Turrets. 
9  in.  Conning  tower. 


2 — 10*8  in. 
8— 5 '5  in. 
4 — 9  pdr. 
20 — 3  pdr. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (177  in.). 
2  Submerged. 
4  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  14,500=18  kts.    Coal  maxi- 
mum 1,000  tons.     Approxinukte  cost  ;£  1,000,000. 

Charleston.    U.S.  ist  class  cruiser  (1903). 
Length  423  ft.  Beam  65  ft.  Maximum  draught  23  ft. 
Displacement  9,700  tons.    Complement  564. 
Guns.  Armour. 

14 — 6  in.  "  Krupp." 

id — 14  pdr.  4  in.  Belt  amidships. 

12 — 3  pdr.  4  in.  Battery. 

12 — I  pdr,  5  in.  Conning  tower. 

8a>lt8, 


CHARNER 


1 20 


CHASSELOUP 


Torpedo  Tubes, 
2  Submerged. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  2 1 ,000 =21*5  k ts.    Coal  maxi- 
mum 1,500  tons. 

Cbarner.    French  armoured  cruiser.     (Rochefort, 

1895.) 

Length  348ft.  Beam  46ft.   Maximum  draught  19ft. 

Displacement  4,700  tons.     Complement  375. 

Guns.  A  rmour, 

2— 7*6  in.  "  Steel." 

6 — 6*5  in.  4  in.  Belt  amidships. 

14  Small.  5  in.  Barbettes. 

4  in.  Conning  tower. 

Hp.  8,300=18  kts.     Coal  500  tons. 

Chart.  A  hydrographic  map  representing  a  por- 
tion of  the  earth's  surface  projected  on  a  plane. 
The  term  is  commonly  restricted  to  those  intended 
for  navigators'  use  on  which  merely  the  outlines  of 
coasts,  islands,  etc.,  are  represented.  In  the 
earliest  charts  the  earth's  surface  was  regarded  as 
flat,  and  it  was  not  until  1569  that  Mercator 
treated  it  from  a  spherical  point  of  view.  Modern 
Admiralty  charts  are  prepared  and  issued  by  direc- 
tion of  the  Hydrographic  Department.  In  Ad- 
miralty charts  all  the  information  necessary  to  a 
navigator  is  included,  and  the  recognised  abbrevia- 
tions used  are  as  follows  :  In  the  case  of  buoys 
capital  letters  are  used  to  denote  their  difference 
in  colour ;  the  quality  of  the  sea  bottom  is  ex- 
pressed in  small  letters ;  soundings  are  shown  in 
fathoms  when  numerals  are  marked  on  the  white 
surface,  and  in  feet  when  appearing  on  the  dotted 
surface ;  lights  are  shown  by  a  yellow  dot  with  a 
red  spot  in  the  middle ;  currents  indicated  by  a 
feathered  arrow  in  the  direction  of  their  flow ; 
rocks  below  the  surface  by  a  dotted  circle  with  a 
cross  inside ;  rocks  awash  or  above  water  by  a 
dotted  circle,  with  one  or  more  dots  according  to 
the  number  of  rocks  indicated. 

Chartered  companieB  are  companies  which  have 
been  granted  a  charter  by  the  Crown,  authorising 
them  to  carry  on  certain  business.  Formerly 
chartered  companies  were  formed  for  the  purposes 
of  colonisation  and  the  expansion  of  the  Empire, 
and  possessed  an  exclusive  monopoly  of  trade  and 
great  powers  of  governance,  as  in  the  case  of  the 
old  East  India  Company ;  but  modem  chartered 
companies  which  are  principally  engaged  in  trade 
are  confined  by  the  rights  and  powers  they  acquire 
on  concession,  the  Crown  merely  authorising  or 
recognising  the  acquisition  of  such  rights  and 
powers — e.g.,  the  Royal  Niger  Co.,  1886 ;  the  Im- 
perial British  East  Africa  Co.,  1889 ;  the  South 
African  Co..  1889.     Reti^f  to  South  Sea  Bubble. 

Chartered  freight.    See  Freight. 

C]iarter*party.  A  charter-party  is  a  contract 
between  a  shipowner  and  a  merchant,  by  which 
the  former  agrees  to  place  a  ship,  or  a  part  thereof, 
at  the  disposal  of  the  latter  (called  the  charterer)  for 


a  particular  voyage  or  voyages,  or  for  a  certain 
period  of  time.  It  may  be  made  verbally,  but  is 
usually  in  writing,  and  must,  to  be  available  in  a 
court  of  law,  bear  a  sixpenny  stamp.  Unless  the 
contract  amount  to  a  demise  or  lease  of  the  ship, 
the  ownership  of  the  vessel  continues  in  the  ship- 
owner, and  her  master  and  crew  are  his  servants. 
The  provisions  of  the  written  contract,  which  can- 
not be  contradicted  or  varied  by  parol  evidence, 
are  either  conditions  precedent,  the  breach  of 
which  by  one  party  entitles  the  other  to  repudiate 
the  contract,  or  collateral  promises,  the  breach 
of  which  only  gives  the  injured  party  the  right  to 
damages.  Whether  a  particular  clause  amounts 
to  a  condition  or  is  merely  a  warranty  (q.v.)  de- 
pends upon  the  intention  and  meaning  of  the  parties 
as  appears  on  the  instrument ;  but  all  representa- 
tions concerning  the  ship  are  treated  as  conditions, 
and  a  shipowner  who  knowingly  makes  a  mis- 
representation with  regard  to  the  ship  is  liable  to 
an  action  for  deceit.  The  proper  persons  to  sue 
or  be  sued  under  the  contract  are  primarily  the 
contracting  parties,  but  where  made  by  agents  the 
ordinary  law  of  principal  and  agent  (^.v.)  applies. 

Refer  to  AfiEreightment,  Broker,  Free  of  £xp>ense 
to  Ship,  He  or  They  Paying  Freight,  Brought 
Alongside,  Always  Afloat. 

Charybdis.  British  2nd  class  cruiser.  (Shecr- 
ness,  1893.) 

Length  320ft.  Beam  49ft.    Maximum  draught  21ft. 
Displacement  4,360  tons.     Complement  318. 


Armour, 
"  Steel." 

2  in.  Deck. 

3  in.  Conning  tower. 


Guns. 
2 — 6  in. 
8—47  in. 
8 — 6  pdr. 
1—3  pdr. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
4  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  natural  7,000=18  kts.,  forced 
9,000=19*5  kts.     Coal  maximum  1,000  tons. 
Approximate  cost  jf25o,ooo. 

Chasselonp-Laabat  French  2nd  class  cruiser. 
(Cherbourg,  1893.) 

Length  308ft.  Beam  43ft.   Maximum  draught  22ft. 
Displacement  3,772  tons.     Complement  358. 
Guns.  Armour. 

6—6*4  in-  3  ^'  Deck. 

•   4 — 4.  in.  2  in.  Sponsons. 

4—3  pdr. 
II — I  pdr. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
2  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.   9,500=19   kts.     Coal   maxi- 
mum 587  tons.     Approximate  cost  ;f3oo,ooo. 

OhaiMloaihLaabat»  Uaraoia  de  (b.  June  12, 
1863).  In  1889  joined  the  £cole  Central  des  Arts 
et  Manufactures  as  a  mechanical  engineer,  and 
later  graduated  from  the  Institution  of  Civil 
Engineers  of  France,  obtaining  the  Nozo  prize  in 
1897  ixx  naval  work,  and  subsequently  became 


CHASSE 


121 


CHESTER 


manager  of  the  Soci^tS  des  Chantiers  and  Ateliers 
of  Gironde.  He  is  treasurer  of  the  Society  of  Civil 
Engineers  of  France  and  vice-president  of  the  Ligue 
Maritime  Franfaise.  Assoc,  of  the  Inst,  of  Naval 
Architects. 

Publications :  "  Remarks  on  the  Battle  of 
Yolon,  and  the  Conditions  that  Warships  have  to 
fulfil"  (April.  1896),  "Marine  BoUers "  (April. 
1897),  "  The  Different  Modes  of  Gunnery  on 
Ships  "  (April.  1898),"  The  Naval  Strength  of  Spain 
and  America  "  (May,  1898),  "  Naval  Materials  " 
(July.  1898), "  Large  Mail  Steamers  "  (1898). "  Notes, 
on  the  Evolution  of  the  Construction  of  Warships  " 
(February,  1900),  "  Modem  Ships  of  War  "  (edited 
by  V.  C.  Danod.  Paris,  1903). 

Chasse-Marte.  A  coasting  vessel  used  on  the 
French  shores  of  the  Channel,  lugger-rigged,  with 
two  or  three  masts  and  sometimes  a  top-sail. 

duuHdron  Light,  situated  in  the  Bay  of  Biscay, 
established  1895,  is  a  single  flash  light  every 
10  seconds  ;  duration  of  flash,  half  second  ;  candle- 
power,  360,000  maximum ;  burner,  mantle  30  mm. 
diameter  ;  ilhiminant,  incandescent  oil  gas. 

Chateanrenanlt  French  2nd  class  cruiser,  (ha, 
Seyne,  1898.) 

Length  457  ft.     Beam  56  ft.    Mean  draught  22  ft. 
Displacement  8,018  tons.     Complement  600. 
Guns.  Armour. 

2 — 6*4  in.,  45  cal.      3  in.  Deck. 
6 — 5*5  in.  i^  in.  Casemates. 

10 — 3  pdr. 
Three  screws.     Hp.  23,000=23  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 2,100  tons.     Approximate  cost  ^^6 10,000. 

Cliatfleld,  Admiral  Alfred  John,  C^.,  cr.  1887 
(b.  1 831).  Entered  Navy.  1846;  sub-lieutenant, 
185 1  ;  lieutenant,  1854;  Ueutenant  of  Gladiator  in 
Baltic  expedition,  1854 ;  present  at  bombardment 
of  Bomarsund  (Baltic  medal)  ;  also  in  the  Black 
Sea,  the  blockade  of  Odessa,  and  all  operations 
before  Sebastopol,  and  at  capture  of  Kinbnm 
(Crimea  and  Turkish  medals,  Sebastopol  Cflasp)  ; 
commander.  1863 ;  captain,  186S ;  captain  of 
Amethyst  blockading  the  coast  during  the  Ashantee 
campaign.  1874  (Ashantee  medal) ;  joined  in  the 
engagement  with  the  Peruvian  turret  ship  Huascar, 
1877  ;  commanded  on  south-east  coast  of  Aiperica 
for  two  years,  and  H.M.S.  7'hunderar  in  Mediter- 
ranean ;  superintendent  Pembroke  Dockyard.  1882- 
85  ;  awarded  good  service  pension.  1882 ;  rear- 
adnciiral.  1886 ;  vice-admiral.  1891  ;  admiral.  1897. 

Chatham.    See  Dock^^ards.  Naval. 

Chattanooga.     U.S.  3rd  class  cruiser  (1891). 
Length  292ft.    Beam  44ft.    Maximum  draught  17ft. 
Displacement  3,200  tons.     Complement  293. 
Guns.  A  rmour, 

10 — 5  in.  "  Harvey-nickel." 

8 — 6  pdr.  2  in.  Deck. 

2 — I  pdr. 
2  Colts. 


Twin  screw.  Hp.  4,500=16*5  kts.  Coal  maxi- 
mum 700  tons. 

Chaanoey.  U.S.  torpedo-boat  destroyer  (1900). 
Displacement.  420  tons ;  complement,  64 ;  guns^ 
2  14-pdr..  5  6-pdr. ;  torpedo  tubes,  2  i8-in.  amid- 
ships and  aft ;  Hp.,  8.000=29  kts. ;  coal.  139  tons. 

Cheeks.  Pieces  of  timber  in  duplicate  and  corre- 
sponding perfectly  to  each  other. 

OheerfoL  Liverpool  steamer.  In  collision  with 
H.M.S.  Hecla  m  the  Bristol  Channel.  July  21, 
1885  ;  13  lives  lost. 

OheerlnL  British  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Heb- 
bum,  1897.)  Length,  210  ft. ;  beam,  21  ft. ; 
draught.  8  ft. ;  displacement.  308  tons ;  comple- 
ment, 62  ;  armament,  i  12-pdr..  5  6-pdr..  2  tubes  ; 
twin  screw  ;  Hp.,  6.000=30  kts. ;  coal,  82  tons. 

Chehner.  British  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Chis  • 
wick,  1904.)  length.  222  ft. ;  beam,  23J  ft.  ; 
draught,  9J  ft. ;  displacement,  600  tons ;  comple- 
ment, 72  ;  armament,  i  12-pdr.,  5  6-pdr.,  2  tubes; 
twin  screw  ;  Hp.,  7,500=25  kts. ;  coal,  T26  tons. 

Cheq.  Chequered  (near  a  buoy).  Abbreviation 
adopted  on  the  charts  issued  by  the  Hydrographic 
Oflice,  Admiralty. 

Chemomoretz.  Russian  gun- vessel,  Black  Sea. 
(Nicolaieff,  1899.)  Length,  210  f t. ;  beam,  35  ft.  ; 
draught.  11  ft.;  displacement.  1,224  tons;  com- 
plement, 161  ;  guns,  2  8-in.,  i  6-in.,  7  q.f.  ;  torpedo 
tubes,  2  above  water;  Hp.,  1,500=13  kts.;  coal 
maximum,  250  tons. 

OherwelL  British  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Pal- 
mer, 1903.)  Length.  225  ft. ;  beam.  23  ft. ; 
draught.  10  ft. :  displacement.  540  tons ;  comple- 
ment, 70 ;  armament,  i  12-pdr..  5  6-pdr..  2  tubes  ; 
Hp..  7,ooo8  25  kts. ;  coal.  95  tons. 

Chesapeake.  American  frigate  in  Boston  Bay 
(50  guns,  376  men),  commanded  by  Captain  T^w- 
rence,  struck  to  the  Shannon,  a  British  frigate 
(38  guns,  320  men),  commanded  by  Philip  Vere 
Broke,  after  a  severe  action  of  11  minutes,  June  i, 
1813. 

Chesapeake  and  Ohio  Steamship  Co.,  Ltd.,  with 
their  head  ofhce  in  London,  have  a  fleet  of  seven 
modem  cargo  steamers,  which  maintain  a  regular 
service  from  London  and  Liverpool  to  Newport 
News. 

Fleet. 
Alhiana.  Powhatan, 

Alleghany,        Mariana.        Rappahaunock. 
Kanawha,  Shenandoah, 

Gross  tonnage,  25,669. 

Chess-trees.  Iron  plates  with  thimble  eyes  on 
each  top  side. 

Chester.    U.S.  scout  (1904). 
length  424ft.     Beam  45ft.     Draught  i8ft. 
Displacement  4,000  tons.    Complement  384. 


CHEST 


122 


CHINE 


Guns.  A  rmour. 

6—14  pdr.  2 — 5  in.  Belt  amidships. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (21  in.). 
2  Submerged. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.   16,000=24  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 1,000  tons. 

Chest-rope.    See  Guest-rope. 

Chevalier.  French  torpedo-boat  {1893).  ^'^'■ 
placement,  134  tons;  complement,  32;  maximum 
draught,  7  ;  guns,  2  3-pdr.  ;  torpedo  tubes,  2  15-in.  ; 
Hp.,  2,700  =  27  kts.  ;  coal,  17  tons. 

Chicago.    Old  U.S.  cruiser  (1885).  Reconstructed 
1899. 
Length  328ft.  Beam  i8ft.  Maximum  draught  23ft. 
Displacement  5,000  tons.     Complement  459. 
Guns.  A  rmour. 

4 — 8  in.  I J  in.  Deck. 

14 — 5  in. 
9 — 6  pdr. 
Twin  .screw.     Hp.   10,000=19  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 940  tons. 

Chichester,  Rear-Admiral  Sir  Edward,  Bart. 
C.M.G.,  1899  ;  C.B.,  1900  (b.  1849).  Entered  Navy, 
1863  ;  sub-lieutenant,  1869  ;  lieutenant,  1870  ;  lieu- 
tenant of  the  X^^liO'  during  the  war  in  Egypt, 
1882  ;  promoted  to  commander  for  services  rendered 
1882  (Egyptian  medal,  Khedive's  Bronze  Star)  ; 
principal  transport  officer  in  Egypt,  1884-85  ;  cap- 
tain, 1888  ;  senior  officer  in  command  of  H.M. 
ships  employed  in  protecting  North  Sea  fisheries, 
receiving  the  thanks  of  the  Lords  of  the  Admiralty 
for  "  judgment  and  tact  displayed  "  ;  C.M.G.  for 
services  in  Manila ;  A.D.C.  to  the  Queen,  1899 ; 
naval  transport  officer  at  Cape  Town  during  the 
Boer  war,  1 899-1 900  ;  mentioned  in  despatches, 
1900,  by  Lord  Roberts,  who  wrote :  '*  Captain  Sir 
E.  Chichester  has  carried  out  his  arduous  duties 
with  an  ability  and  tact  which  have  ensured  the 
smooth  and  successful  working  in  all  the  arrange- 
ments." Again,  in  1901,  mentioned  in  despatches 
by  Lord  Roberts,  as  follows :  "  The  arduous  work 
of  disembarking  the  troops,  supplies,  stores,  re- 
mounts and  mules,  and  embarking  the  many  thou- 
sands of  sick  and  wounded  and  discharged  men 
reflects  the  greatest  credit  upon  Captain  Sir  Edward 
Chichester  and  the  staff  at  each  of  the  four  ports." 
C.B.,  October,  1900,  for  services  during  the  Boer 
war;  A.D.C.  to  the  King,  1901-02;  rear-admiral, 
1902  ;  admiral  superintendent  in  charge  of  all  H.M. 
naval  establishments  at  Gibraltar,  1904. 

ChidorL  Japanese  torpedo-boat.  (Normand, 
1900.)  Length,  147  ft. ;  beam,  16  ft.  ;  draught, 
8  ft.;  displacement,  150  tons;  complement,  26; 
armament,  i  6-pdr.,  2  3-pdr.,  3  tubes  ;  twin  screw  ; 
Hp.,  4,200=30  kts.  ;  coal,  30  tons. 

Chihaya.     Japanese  torpedo  gun-boat  (1901). 
Displacement  850  tons.     Complement  125. 


Guns, 
2 — 4*7  in. 
4 — 12  pdr. 
Torpedo  Tubes, 
3  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  6,000=21   kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 250  tons. 

Childwall  HalL  Hull  steamer.  Wrecked  near 
Cape  St.  Vincent,  Portugul,  April  11,  1878;  14 
lives  lost. 

Chili  (1894).  French  subsidised  merchant  ship. 
Messageries  Maritimes  (^.v.).  Dimensions,  462  x 
57  X  46  ft. ;  gross  tonnage,  6,375' ;  Hp. ,  6,000  =17  kts. 

Chimere.  French  crniser-a\Hsos  (188 1).  Dis- 
placement, 227  tons ;  draught,  8  ft. ;  armament, 
2  I -pdr. ;   speed  (nominally),  11  kts. 

Chimes.  That  part  of  the  waterway  projecting 
above  the  deck  plank  which  is  gouged  hollow  to  let 
the  water  run  free. 

China  (1896).  British  subsidised  merchant  ship, 
P.  and  O.  Co.  (q.v.).  Dimensions,  500x54x33  ft.  ; 
gross  tonnage,  7,900 ;  passenger  accommodation, 
464;  Hp.,  9,400=18  kts.  This  vessel  was 
wrecked  on  Perim  Island,  May,  1900;  eventually 
got  off  and  refitted. 

China  and  Manila  Steamship  Co.,  Ltd.,  managed 
by  Messrs.  Shewan,  Tomes  and  Co.,  Hong 
Kong,  have  two  modem  steamers,  which  maintain 
a  service  from  Hong  Kong  to  Manila  and  vice  versa. 
These  vessels  have  excellent  passenger  accommoda- 
tion, and  carry  a  large  quantity  of  cargo. 

Fleet. 
Rubi.  Zafiro. 

Gross  tonnage,  5 ,080. 

China  Mutual  Steamship  Co.,  Hong  Kong.  See 
Ocean  Steamship  Co.,  Ltd. 

China  Navigation  Co.  was  formed  in  1873 
by  Messrs.  John  Swire  and  Sons,  of  London,  for 
trading  in  China,  and  the  first  vessels  built  were 
two  1,200  tons  gross  register  completed  in  1876. 
They  now  have  a  fleet  of  64  steamers,  all  of  which 
have  been  built  by  the  Scotts'  Shipbuilding  and 
Engineering  Co.,  Ltd.,  of  Greenock,  trading  from 
China,  as  far  south  as  Australia,  as  far  west  as 
the  Straits,  and  as  far  north  as  Vladivostock  and 
the  Amur  River.  They  also  have  ships  trading 
up  the  Yang-tse  to  Ichang,  1,000  miles  from  the  sea, 
where  the  rapids  prevent  navigation  farther  into  the 
interior. 

Chin  Chu.  Japanese  gun-boat.  Displacement, 
440  tons.  Captured  from  the  Chinese  at  Wei-Hai- 
Wci,  1895.     Of  no  fighting  value. 

Chinckle.    Small  bight  in  a  line. 

Chine.  Part  of  the  water-way  projecting  above 
the  deck  plank,  hauled  out  to  let  the  water  run 
free. 


CHIN 


123 


CI 


Chin  HokiL  Japanese  gun-boat.  Displacement, 
440  tons.  Captured  from  the  Chinese  at  Wei- 
Hai-Wei.  1895.    Ot  no  fighting  value. 

Chin  Nan«  Japanese  gun-boat.  Displacement, 
440  tons.  Captured  from  the  Chinese  at  Wei-Hai- 
Wei,  1895.     Of  no  fighting  value. 

Chinook.  A  warm,  dry  wind  at  the  eastern  base 
of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  similar  to  the  Fohn. 

Chin-pen.  Japanese  gun-boat.  Displacement, 
440  tons.  Captured  from  the  Chinese  at  Wei-Hai- 
Wei,  1895.     Of  no  fighting  value. 

Chin  SeL  Japanese  gun-boat.  Displacement* 
440  tons.  Captured  from  the  Chinese  at  Wei-Hai- 
Wei,  1895.     Of  no  fighting  value. 

Chin  To.  Japanese  gun-boat.  Displacement,  440 
tons.  Captured  from  the  Chinese  at  Wei-Hai-Wei, 
1895.     Of  no  fighting  value. 

Chin  Ten.     Old  Japanese  battleship.     Captured 
from  the  Chinese  at  Wei-Hai-Wei,  1895. 
Length  308ft.    Beam  59ft.    Maximum  draught  23ft. 
Displacement  7,350  tons.     Complement  400. 
Guns.  A  rmour, 

4 — 12  in.  "  Compound." 

4 — 6  in.  14  in.  Belt  amidships. 

10 — 3  pdr.  12  in.  Barbettes. 

2 — I  pdr.  8  in.  Conning  tower. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 

3  Above  water. 

Twin  screw.  Hp.  natural  6,200=  14*5  kts.  Coal 
maximum  1 .000  tons. 

Chips.     A  colloquialism  for  the  ship's  carpenter. 

Chishinia.  Japanese  cruiser.  Sunk  in  collision 
with  the  Revenna,  a  P.  and  O.  steamer,  in  the  Gogo- 
shima  Straits,  July  20,  1895  *  75  ^i^^  lost. 

Chitoie.  Japanese  armoured  cruiser.  (San 
Francisco,  1898.) 

Length  405ft.    Beam  48ft.    Maximum  draught  25ft. 
Displacement  4,760  tons.     Complement  405. 
Guns.  Armour, 

2—8  in.  "  Steel." 

10 — 4*7  in.  4i  in.  Deck. 

12 — 12  pdr. 
6 — 2  J  pdr. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 

4  Above  water. 

Twin  screw.  Hp.  15,000= 22*5  kts.  Coal  maxi- 
mum 1,000  tons. 

Ohiyoda.  Old  Japanese  cruiser.  (Clydebank, 
1889.) 

Length  308ft.    Beam  43ft.    Maximum  draught  x  7ft. 
Displacement  2,450  tons.     Complement  350. 
Guns.  A  rmour, 

10 — ^4*7  in.  "  Chrome  Steel." 

15 — 3  pdr.  4i  in.  Belt. 

3  Catlings.  1  in.  Deck. 

Torpedo  Tubes, 
3  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.    5,500=19  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 420  tons. 


Chook-a^blook  or  Bloek  and  hloek.  When  the 
tackle  blocks  meet. 

ChoikaL  Japanese  gun-boat  of  slow  speed  and 
no  fighting  value. 

Choke-a-loff.  To  make  fast  round  both  parts 
of  the  fall,  to  prevent  the  leading  part  from  ren- 
dering. 

Chow-ehow.     A  Chinese  word  for  eatables. 

Christian  ComeUos.  Netherlands  torpedo-boat. 
(Yarrow,  1905.)  Length,  152  ft.;  beam,  15  it.; 
draught,  7^  ft. ;  displacement,  1 30  tons  ;  comple- 
ment, 25  ;  armament,  2  2-pdr.,  2  tubes ;  Hp., 
1,900=27  kts.  ;  coal,  36  tons. 

Chronograph.  An  instrument  for  registering 
mechanically  intervals  of  time  in  such  a  manner 
that  on  inspection  of  the  record  afterwards  the 
observer  is  able  to  measure  these  intervals  with 
great  accuracy.  This  instrument  differs  from  the 
chronometer  and  chronoscope,  in  being'  self- 
registering.  Its  essential  parts  are  generally  a 
cylinder  worked  by  clock-work,  and  kept  in  con- 
tinuous revolution,  and  a  marker  which  travels 
parallel  to  the  axis  of  the  cylinder,  and  registers 
on  a  sheet  of  paper  wrapped  round  the  cylinder. 
It  was  by  means  of  an  instrument  constructed  on 
this  principle,  as  early  as  1864,  that  Bashforth 
carried  out  his  great  experiments  on  the  flight  of 
projectiles  of  high  velocity  through  the  air. 

Chronometer.  An  instrument  in  the  nature  of  a 
clock  or  watch  for  the  exact  measurement  of  time. 
They  are  fitted  with  a  compensation  balance,  ad- 
justed for  the  accurate  measurement  of  time  in  all 
climates ;  and  used  for  the  determination  of  the 
longitude.  The  rating  of  chronometers  is  usually 
conducted  at  Government  Observatories,  and  are 
set  to  the  time  of  some  first  meridian.  British 
ships  and  most  Americans  use  the  time  of  Green- 
wich meridian  ;  the  French  use  that  of  Paris.  In 
the  handling  of  chronometers  care  should  be  taken 
to  stow  them  as  near  as  possible  to  the  centre  of 
motion,  where  the  vibration  of  the  vessel  is  least ; 
to  avoid  as  much  as  possible  any  change  in  tempera- 
ture in  the  place  where  they  are  kept ;  and  to 
place  them  as  far  as  possible  beyond  any  magnetic 
influence.  Chronometers  are  fitted  in  their  cases 
on  gimbals,  by  which  means  a  horizontal  position  is 
always  maintained. 

Chuck.  Sea-shell ;  sometimes  the  colloquialism 
for  the  boatswain. 

Chiisan.  Steamer.  From  Glasgow  for  Shanghai, 
foundered  in  a  gale  ofl  Ardrossan,  October  20,  1874. 

CL  Abbreviation  for  Cirrus,  as  adopted  by  the 
International  Meteorological  Committee,  and  used 
in  the  International  Cloud  Atlas. 

CL-oa«  Abbreviation  for  Cirro-cumulus,  as 
adopted  by  the  International  Meteorological  Com- 
mittee, and  used  in  the  International  Cloud  Atlas. 


C.I.F. 


124 


CITY 


CXP.    See  C.F.I. 

Oigno.  Italian  torpedo-boat.  (Naples,  1906.) 
Length,  165  ft. ;  beam,  17  ft. ;  draught,  7  ft.  ; 
displacement,  200  tons ;  armament,  3  3-pdr., 
3  tubes;  twin  screw;  Hp.,  300=25  kts.  ;  coal, 
40  tons. 

Cigogne.  French  sea-going  submarine.  (Toulon, 
Z903.)  Length,  118  ft. ;  beam,  12}  ft. ;  draught, 
8 J  ft. ;  displacement,  172  tons,  above ;  comple- 
ment, 20;  Hp.,  200=  I o* 5  kts.  above,  8  kts. 
below  ;   torpedo  tubes,  i  i7'7-in. 

Cimbria.  Hamburg  steamer.  Sunk  by  collision 
with  the  English  steamer  Sultan,  off  the  coast  of 
Holland,  January  19,  1883  ;    454  lives  lost. 

Cimeterre.  French  gun-boat.  Displacement, 
140  tons  ;  draught,  4  ft. ;  guns,  2  3*5 -in.  ;  speed 
(nominally),  9  kts. 

OinoiimAti.  U.S.  3rd  class  cruiser.  (Brooklyn, 
1892.) 

Length  300ft.    Beam  42ft.    Maximum  draught  21ft. 
Displacement  3^213  tons.     Complement  339. 
Guns.  A  rmour. 

II— 5  in.  "Steel." 

8^-6  pdr.  2  J  in.  Deck. 

4 — I  pdr.  2  in.  Conning  tower. 

Twin  screw.  Hp.  10,000=19  kts.  Coal  maxi- 
mum 556  tons. 

Oinane  Ports.  In  early  history  the  Cinque  Ports 
— comprising  Dover,  Sandwich,  Romney,  Hastings, 
and  Hythe,  and  the  two  ancient  towns  of  Win- 
chelsea  and  Rye — ^were  enchartered  corporations 
under  the  custody  of  a  Lord  Warden  and  his 
officers,  to  whose  jurisdiction  they  were  alone 
subject.  In  return  for  this  special  privilege  they 
had  to  provide  ships  and  crews  for  the  King's 
services.  Within  the  limits  of  the  Cinque  Ports 
the  Lord  Warden  had  the  exclusive  jurisdiction  of 
an  admiral,  and  tried  all  offences  committed  on  the 
high  seas.  The  exclusive  civil  jurisdiction  of  the 
Lord  Warden,  except  as  to  the  adjustment  of  salvage 
and  the  jurisdiction  of  the  Admiralty  Court  of  the 
Cinque  Ports  (9. v.),  was  abolished  in  1855,  and  the 
qfRce  of  Admiral  of  the  Cinque  Ports  ceased  in  1882, 
but  the  Cinque  Ports  are  still  for  certain  purposes 
treated  as  a  separate  county,  and  have  their  own 
militia  and  volunteer  corps,  whilst  each  Port 
retains  its  own  special  borough  jurisdiction. 

Oinaae  Ports  Taefat  dab.  Royal.  See  Roya^ 
Cinque  torts  Yacht  Club 

droo.     British  torpedo  gun-boat  (1892). 
Length  230ft.   Beam  27ft.  Maximum  draught  i2iit. 
Displacement  810  tons.     Complement  85. 

Guns. 
2 — 4*7  in. 
4—3  pdr. 
Torpedo  Tubes, 
5 — 14  in. 
3 — 18  in. 


Twin  screw.  Coal  maximum  160  tons.  Speed 
17  kts. 

This  ship-name  is  associated  with  Duncan's 
action  off  Camperdown,  1797 ;  capture  of  Mar- 
tinique, 1809. 

Ciroe.  Frigate.  32  guns.  On  November  16, 
1803,  this  vessel  was  lost  off  Yarmouth. 

CHrro-oamalafl.    See  Clouds. 

CSrro-fltratiu.    See  Clouds. 

drnu.  A  name  given  to  roundish,  curling, 
elevated  clouds.     Refer  to  Clouds. 

Oimjano  Videla.  Chilian  torpedo-boat.  (Yarrow. 
1898.)  Displacement,  140  tons  ;  maximum  draught, 
7i  ft.  ;  armament,  3  3-pdr.  ;  tubes,  3  14-in.  ;  Hp., 
2,200  =  27  kts. ;  coal.  40  tons. 

CL-S.  Abbreviation  for  Cirro-stratus  as  adopted 
by  the  International  Meteorological  Committee, 
and  used  in  the  International  Cloud  Atias. 

CHlsoi  VelikL    See  Sissoi  VeUky. 

City  Line.  This  line  was  founded  in  1839  by 
Messrs.  George  Smith  and  Sons,  and  subsequently 
sold  in  1 90 1  to  Messrs.  J.  R.  Ellerman.  The  line 
comprises  a  fleet  of  22  steamers  pl3dng  between 
Glasgow,  Liverpool,  London,  and  Calcutta.  Bombay, 
Kurrachee. 

Fleet. 

City  of  Athens,  City  of  Karachi. 

City  of  Benares,  City  of  Khios. 

City  of  Bombay,  City  of  Lucknow. 

City  of  Calcutta.  City  of  Madrid. 

City  of  Cambridge,  City  of  Manchester. 

City  of  Corinth.  City  of  Oxford. 

City  of  Delhi.  City  of  Perth. 

City  of  Dundee,  City  of  Sparta. 

City  of  Edinburgh.  City  of  Vienna. 

City  of  Glasgow.  City  of  Venice. 

Ctty  of  York, 
Gross  tonnage,  108,000. 

Oity  of  Botton.  On  February  11,  1870,  this 
vessel  sailed  from  New  York.  A  board  stating 
that  she  was  sinking  was  found  on  the  Cornish 
coast. 

City  of  Chicago.  Inman  Atiantic  liner.  Ran 
ashore  near  Old  Head  pf  Kinsale  during  a  fog, 
July  21,  1892.  Captain's  certificate  suspended  for 
nine  months. 

City  of  Columbus.  U.S.  passenger  ship.  Ran  on 
a  reef  off  the  coast  of  Massachusetts,  January  18, 
1884 ;  97  Uves  lost. 

City  of  Cork  Steam   Packet  Co.,    with    their 

head  offices  at  Cork,  own  a  fine  fleet  of  large  and 
well-apportioned  steamships,  which  maintain  a 
service  for  London,  Liverpool,  Bristol,  Southamp- 
ton, and  Milford. 


CITY 


125 


CLARK 


City  of  Dablin  Steam  Packet  Co.,  jointly  carry- 
ing on  day  and  night  Irish  mail  service  with 
the  London  and  North- Western  Railway  Co., 
have  a  fleet  of  four  twin-screw  steamers,  with  a 
speed  of  about  24  kts.  The  average  passage 
between  Holyhead  and  Kingston  is  2  hrs.  45  mins. 

Fleet. 
Connaught.  Munster. 

Leinster.  Ulster. 

CiiF  of  OlasgOW.  Steamer.  Sailed  from  Glasgow 
in  1854,  and  was  never  heard  of  again.  There  were 
480  persons  on  board. 

Git7  of  Montreal.  Inman  liner.  Burnt  off  the 
coast  of  Newfoundland  on  her  way  to  Liverpool, 
August  10,  1887. 

City  of  Paris.  Inman  Atlantic  liner.  With  about 
680  passengers  and  370  crew,  left  New  York, 
March  19,  1890.  On  March  25  the  starboard 
engine  broke  down,  and  the  inflow  of  water  stopped 
the  engines,  and  the  vessel  was  without  machinery 
or  sailing  apparatus.  She  was  picked  up  and 
towed  into  Queensland,  March  29,  1890. 

Civfl  Branches,  NavaL    See  Naval  Education. 

Civil  engineer.    See  Engineer. 

Civil  Bngineers*  Lutitatkm  of,  which  was  founded 
on  January  2,  18 18,  and  incorporated  by  RoysJ 
Charter,  June  3,  1838,  receiving  supplemental 
charteis  extending  its  powezs  in  1887  and  1896, 
has  its  headquarters  at  Gt.  George  Street,  London, 
S.W.,  members,  associate  members,  honorary 
members,  associates,  and  students  numbering  7,386. 
Among  the  objects  of  the  institution  are  the  ad- 
vancement of  mechanical  science  and  the  training 
of  cavil  engineers  in  that  species  of  knowledge 
which  is  essential  to  them. 

C.K.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Colchester,  England. 

CJi.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Carlisle,  England. 

eL  Clay.  Abbreviation  adopted  on  the  charts 
issued  by  the  Hydrographic  Office,  Admiralty, 
denoting  the  quaUty  of  the  ocean's  bottom. 

djuniL  Metal  bands  applied  to  a  mast  or  yard 
to  prevent  the  wood  from  bursting. 

dan  Line.  Began  a  fortnightly  service  from 
Glasgow  and  Liverpool  to  Bombay  and  Kurrachee  in 
1878,  adding  one  to  South  and  East  African  ports 
in  1 88 1,  and  another  to  Colombo,  Madras,  and 
Calcutta  in  1882,  a  joint  service  to  New  York 
direct  to  South  and  East  African  ports  appearing  in 
1893.  Twenty-nine  turret-deck  steamers  figure  in 
the  fleet,  of  which  the  Clan  Colquhoun  is  the  largest. 
The  line  is  under  the  management  of  Messrs. 
Cayzer,  Irvine  and  Co.,  of  Glasgow,  Liverpool, 
London,  and  Manchester,  whose  *  senior  partner. 
Sir  Charles  Cayzer,  Bart.,  was  the  founder. 


Clan  Alpine. 
Clan  Buchanan. 
Clan  Cameron. 
Clan  Campbell. 
Clan  Chattan. 
Clan  Chisholm, 
Clan  Colquhoun, 
Clan  Cumming. 
Clan  Farquhar. 
Clan  Ferguson, 
Clan  Forbes. 
Clan  Fraser. 
Clan  Gordon. 
Clan  Graham, 
Clan  Grant. 
Clan  Lament. 
Clan  Leslie. 
Clan  Lindsay. 
Clan  Macalister. 
Clan  Macaulay. 
Clan  Macdonald. 
Clan  Macdougall. 
Clan  Macfadyen. 
Clan  Macfarlane. 
Gross 


Fleet. 

Clan  Macintosh. 
Clan  MacifUyre. 
Clan  Machay. 
Clan  Machinnon. 
Clan  Maclachlan. 
Clan  Maclaren. 
Clan  Maclean. 
Clan  Macleod. 
Clan  Macmillan. 
Clan  Macndb. 
Clan  Macneil. 
Clan  Macpherson. 
Clan  Matheson. 
Clan  Menzies. 
Clan  Murray. 
Clan  Ogilvy. 
Clan  Ranald. 
Clan  Robertson. 
Clan  Ross. 
Clan  Shaw. 
Clan  Sinclair. 
Clan  Stuart. 
Clan  Sutherland. 
Clan  Urquhart. 
tonnage,  199,000. 


CSan  line  of  skips.  See  Dunlop  Steamship  Co., 
Ltd. 

Clanwilliam,  Biohard  James  Heade,  Foorth  Barl 
of,  cr.  1776.  G.C.B. ;  K.C.M.G. ;  F.R.G.S. ;  Ad- 
miral of  the  Fleet,  1895  ^-  ^^Z^)-  Entered  Navy, 
1845  >  lieutenant  of  Imperieuse,  1854-55,  blockading 
the  Gulf  of  Finland  ;  served  in  the  Baltic,  1854-55 
(Baltic  medal) ;  employed  in  the  destruction  of 
Chinese  war-vessels,  1857  (China  medal) ;  at  the 
destruction  of  Fatshan  flotilla  of  war-junks,  June, 
1857  (Fatshan  dasp) ;  severely  wounded  at  the 
capture  of  Canton,  185 1  (Canton  clasp) ;  specially 
mentioned  in  despatches ;  decorated  C.B.,  1877 ; 
A.D.C.  to  the  Queen,  1872-76 ;  Lord  of  the  Ad- 
miralty, 1874-80  ;  rear-admiral,  1876  ;  Commander- 
in-Chief,  Flying  Squadron,  1880-82;  K.C.M.G., 
1882 ;  Coipmander-in-Chief,  North  America  and 
West  Indies,  1885  ;  K.C.B.,  1887,  on  the  occasion 
of  the  celebration  of  the  completion  of  the  fiftieth 
year  of  her  late  Majesty's  reign ;  Commander-in- 
Chief,  Portsmouth,  1891-94;  Admiral  of  the  Fleet, 
1 895-1 902  ;  retired,  1902. 

dapper.    A  name  for  the  valve  of  a  pump-box. 


Clark,  Josiah  Latimer  (1822-98).  English  en- 
gineer and  electrician  (b.  Great  Marlow).  Asso- 
ciated with  the  construction  of  the  Britannia 
Tubular  Bridge,  and  in  1850  joined  the  Electric 
Telegraph  Co.  He  remained  with  this  company 
till  1870,  during  which  period  he  introduced  many 
improvements  in  the  telegraph  system,  including 
the  insulation  of  underground  wires  by  gutta- 
percha, and  the  method  of  preserving  submarine 
cables  by  a  covering  of  asphalt,  hemp,  and  silica 


CLARK 


126 


CLAUSES 


known  as  Clark's  compound.  He  also  invented  a 
single  camera  for  taking  stereoscopic  pictures. 
Was  head  of  the  firm  of  Clark  and  Standfield, 
which  firm,  since  1874,  have  devoted  themselves 
to  the  construction  of  floating  docks  and  hydraulic 
canal  lifts.  It  is  attributed  to  a  suggestion  of 
Clark's  that  the  affixing  of  stamps  to  telegrams  as 
payment  and  the  registering  of  abbreviated  ad- 
dresses for  telegrams  was  introduced  by  the  Tele- 
graph Office  authorities. 

Clark,  Vice-AdmJral  Sir  Boaverie  Francis,  K.C.B. 

cr.  1900  (b.  1842).  Entered  Navy,  1854 ;  cadet  on 
the  Cossack  in  the  Baltic,  present  at  the  bombard- 
ment of  Sveaborg  (Baltic  medal)  ;  mid.  and  acting 
mate  in  the  Ariel,  East  Coast  of  Africa,  and  cap- 
tured several  slave  dhows  ;  sub-lieutenant,  1861  ; 
lieutenant,  1862  ;  lieutenant  of  Esk  during  the  New 
Zealand  war,  1863-65,  and  served  with  Naval 
Brigade  at  Waikato  (New  Zealand  medal)  ;  com- 
mander, 1875;  captain,  1884;  captain  of  Anson, 
received  silver  medal  '*  al  Valor  di  Marina  "  from 
H.M.  the  King  of  Italy  for  services  rendered  at  the 
wreck  of  Utopia,  in  Gibraltar  Bay,  1891,  receiving 
from  the  reigning  Duke  of  Saxe-Coburg-Gotha  the 
second  decoration  of  the  Saxe  Ernestine  Order, 
1893  ;  director  of  transport,  1896 ;  rear-admiral, 
1899  ;  vice-admiral,  1904 ;  retired. 

Clark,  Lyonel  Edwin  (b.  London,  February  3, 
1856).  Educated  Dulwich  and  Merton  College, 
Oxford  ;  in  1876  joined  the  firm  of  Messrs.  Clark 
and  Standfield,  and  on  the  death  of  Mr.  Standfield 
in  1890  became  manager,  and  in  1898  senior 
partner.  As  head  of  the  firm  he  has  had  the 
designing  of  many  floating  docks  and  other  large 
works,  in  all  parts  of  the  world,  including  docks 
capable  of  dealing  with  the  largest  ironclads  for 
the  Spanish,  American,  British,  and  Austrian 
Governments.  Member  of  the  Institutions  of  Naval 
Architects  and  Civil  Engineers. 

Clark,  William  Tiemey  (1783-18 52).  English 
civil  engineer  (b.  Bristol).  Constructed  the  Ham- 
mersmith Suspension  Bridge,  1824-27,  and  the 
suspension  bridge  over  the  Danube  at  Budapest, 
1839-49,  which  was  classed  as  his  most  important 
work,  and  cost  over  ;{6oo,ooo. 

Clas  Horn.  Swedish  torpedo  gun-boat  (1898). 
Of  little  fighting  value. 

Length  223ft.    Beam  27ft.    Maximum  draught  loft. 
Displacement  700  tons. 
Guns.  Armour. 

2 — 4*7  in.  **  Bofors  steel." 

4 — 6  pdr.  J  in.  Deck. 

2  in.  Conning  tower. 
Torpedo  Tubes. 
I  Submerged  bow. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  4,000=20  kts. 

Clasp-hook.  A  split  iron  clasp  moving  on  a 
pivot. 


*'  Bofors  steel." 
j-  in.  Deck. 


dassifloation.  See  Lloyd's  Registry  of  British 
and  Foreign  Shipping  and  Bureau  Veritas. 

Clas  Uggla.     Swedish  torpedo  gun-boat  (1899). 

Length  223ft.   Beam  27jft.     Maximum  draught  9ft. 

Displacement  700  tons.     Complement  99. 

Guns,  Armour. 

2 — 47  in. 
4 — 6  pdr. 

3  in.  Conning  tower. 
Torpedo  Tubes, 
I  Submerged  bow. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  4,000=20  kts. 

Clauses.  In  marine  insurance  policies  marginal 
printed  clauses  take  precedence  if  they  differ  from 
the  body  of  the  policy,  and  written  clauses  take 
precedence  over  printed  claU^s.  As  Judge  Duer 
expressed  the  difference  :  The  printed  words  may 
not  express  the  intentions  of  the  parties,  the 
written  words  certainly  do.  More  importance  is 
attached  to  clauses  and  conditions  introduced  by 
the  parties  themselves  than  to  customary  forms  of 
expression. 

Amould  gives  two  valuable  rules  of  practice  on 
the  subject : 

(i)  The  provision  of  the  text  and  clauses  of  the 
policy  in  favour  of  the  assured  are  throughout 
taken  to  be  cumulative,  and  not  restrictive  or 
exclusive  of  one  another ;  in  other  words,  extra 
clauses  added  to  the  policy  with  the  intention  of 
adding  to  the  extent  of  the  assured's  indemnity 
are  not  allowed  to  deprive  him  of  any  indemnity 
he  may  have  under  the  original  text.  For  instance, 
in  Hagedom  v,  Whitmore  (i  Stark  157)  the  exist- 
ence of  a  special  clause  dealing  with  the  payment 
of  damages  to  liners  was  not  allowed  to  deprive 
the  assured  of  a  claim  for  damage  which  he  had  on 
the  policy  in  the  ordinary  printed  form. 

(2)  Any  ambiguity  in  an  exception  to,  or  re- 
striction of,  the  terms  of  a  poUcy  is  taken  in  a 
sense  least  favourable  to  the  underwriters.  The 
ground  for  this  apparent  hard  treatment  of  one 
of  the  parties  to  the  contract  is  given  by  C.  J. 
Cockburn  in  Notmen  v.  Anchor  Insurance  Co. 
(4  C.B.,  N.S.,  481),  namely,  "  the  policy  being  the 
language  of  the  coinpany  must,  if  there  be  any 
ambiguity  in  it.  be  taken  most  strongly  against 
them  "  (Arnould,  5th  ed.,  p.  805,  etc.  ;  Marshall, 
p.  229). 

American  Average  Clauses. — No  partial  loss 
or  particular  average  shall  be  paid  in  any  case 
unless  amounting  to  5  per  cent  Bread,  flax,  ^ax- 
seed,  and  sugar  are  free  from  particular  average 
under  7%.  Coffee  and  pepper  (in  bags  or  bulk) 
and  rice  are  free  from  particular  average  under 
10%.  Cassia  (q^cept  in  boxes),  hemp,  matting, 
tobacco  stems  are  free  from  particular  average 
under  20%. 

The  following  are  free  from  particular  average  : 

Bags  and  bagging  (and  articles  used  for),  car- 
riages (pleasure),  cheese,  cotton  bagging,  fish  (dry). 


CLAUSES 


127 


Clauses 


fruits  (preserved  or  otherwis«),  furniture  (house 
hold),  grain  (all  kinds),  hay,  hempen  yam,  hides, 
Indian  meal,  iron  (bar,  bundle,  rod,  hoop,  sheet), 
looking-glasses,  madder,  musical  instruments,  rags, 
roots,  salt,  skins,  steel,  sumac,  tin  plates,  tobacco, 
vegetables,  wicker-ware,  willow  (manufactured  or 
otherwise),  wire  (all  kinds),  and  all  other  articles 
that  are  perishable  in  their  own  nature. 

Warranted  by  the  insured  free  from  damage  or 
injury,  from  dampness,  change  of  flavour,  or  being 
spotted,  discoloured,  musty,  or  mouldy,  except 
caused  by  actual  contact  of  sea  water  with  the 
articles  damaged  occasioned  by  sea  perils.  Not 
liable  for  leakage  of  molasses  or  other  liquids 
unless  occasioned  by  stranding  or  collision  with 
another  vessel. 

N.B. — The  warranty  "  free  from  average  "  ; 
free  from  average  under  5  %  unless  general  is  not 
qualified  by  the  important  exception  customary 
in  the  English  policy  "  or  unless  the  vessel  be 
stranded,  sunk,  or  burnt." 

Average  Clauses. — Being  only  to  cover  the 
risks  excepted  by  the  clause  "  f.p.a.  unless  stranded, 
etc.,"  but  no  claim  to  attach  hereto  unless  it 
amount  to  %  on  the  whole  interest. 

Bnx  OF  Lading  Clause. — Including  all  liberties 
as  per  Bill  of  Lading. 

Bonded  Prices. — In  case  of  claim  for  particular 
average  bonded  prices  are  to  be  taken  as  the  basis 
of  settlement,  specially  in  the  case  of  tea,  tobacco, 
coffee,  wine,  and  spirits  imported  into  this  country 
—a.  rule  of  the  Average  Adjusters'  Association 
(q,v.). 

Bottomry  Clause. — To  pay  such  proportion  of 
the  £  as  may  be  recovered  in  consequence  of  the 
surety  being  destroyed  or  diminished  in  value  by 
reason  of  the  perils  insured  against,  or  of  any 
subsequent  bond  or  bonds. 

Capture  Clause. — Warranted  free  of  capture, 
seizure,  and  detention,  and  the  consequences 
thereof,  or  of  any  attempt  thereat,  piracy  excepted, 
and  also  from  all  consequences  of  hostilities  or 
warlike  operations,  whether  before  or  after  de- 
claration of  war. 

Cattle  Clauses. — Against  all  risks,  including 
mortality  and  jettison  arising  from  any  cause 
whatsoever.  Animals  walking  ashore,  or  when 
slung  from  the  vessel,  walking  after  being  taken 
out  of  the  sling,  to  be  deemed  arrived,  and  no 
claim  to  attach  to  this  policy  on  such  animals. 
Each  animal  to  be  deemed  a  separate  insurance. 

(b)  Warranted  free  from  mortality  unless  caused 
by  the  stranding,  sinking,  or  burning  of  the  ship, 
or  by  collision  with  another  ship  or  vessel. 

(c)  Liable  only  in  case  of  total  loss  of  vessel 
and  of  animals,  or  for  payment  of  general  average 
levied  on  all  interests. 

Continuation  Clauses.  —  Skip  or  Ships 
policies. — "  In  the  event  of  any  shipment  coming 
upon  this  poUcy,  the  value  of  which  is  in  excess 
of  the  sum  then  remaining  available,  it  is  mutually 


agreed  that  the  underwriters  shall  grant  a  policy 
for  such  excess  up  to  but  not  beyond  the  amount 
of  this  policy,  and  the  assured  shall  pay  the  premium 
thereon  at  the  same  rate. 

Time  Steamers, — (a)  Should  the  vessel  hereby 
insured  be  at  sea  on  the  expiration  of  this  policy, 
it  is  agreed  to  hold  her  covered  until  arrival  at 
port  of  destination  at  a  premium  to  be  arranged, 
provided  due  notice  be  given  on  or  before  the 
expiration  of  this  policy. 

(6)  Should  the  be  at  sea  on 

the day  of ,  190. . . .,  it  is 

hereby  agreed  to  issue  a  policy  covering  the  vessel 
from  that  date  in  accordance  with  the  continuation 
clause  contained  in  the  original  policy  or  policies. 

Cotton. — ^To  pay  average  on  each  10  bales 
running  landing  numbers,  or  on  the  whole,  and  on 
pickings  without  reference  to  series  or  percentage. 

With  liberty  to  stop  and  stay  at  ports  and  places 
to  tranship,  to  compress,  and  to  lighten* 

It  is  understood  and  agreed  that  this  insurance 
attaches  as  soon  as  the  cotton  becomes  the  pro- 
perty of  the  assured,  or  is  at  their  risk,  and  covers 
said  cotton  in  presses,  jrards,  railroad  dep6ts,  or 
wherever  it  may  be,  and  continues  so  to  attach 
until  safely  landed  at  the  port  of  destination.  This 
policy  also  covers  cotton  intended  for  interior 
points  in  Europe  until  its  delivery  at  the  mills,  if 
with  customary  despatch  and  when  so  specified  in 
the  certificate  of  insurance. 

Including  risk  of  craft  to  and  from  the  vessel. 
Each  lighter  or  craft  to  be  considered  as  if  sepa- 
rately insured.  Held  covered  in  event  of  deviation 
provide  the  same  be  communicated  to  assurers 
as  soon  as  known  to  the  assured,  and  an  additional 
premium  paid  if  required. 

Warranted  by  the  assured  free  from  any  liability 
for  merchandise  in  the  possession  of  any  carrier 
or  other  bailee,  who  may  be  liable  for  any  loss  or 
damage  thereto  ;  and  for  merchandise  shipped  under 
a  bill  of  lading  containing  a  stipulation  that  the 
carrier  may  have  the  benefit  of  any  insurance 
thereon. 

It  is  by  the  assured  expressly  stipulated  in  re- 
spect to  land  carriers  that  no  right  of  subrogation 
is,  or  is  to  be  abrogated  or  impaired  by  or  through 
any  agreement  intended  to  relieve  a  carrier  from 
duties  or  obligations  imposed  or  recognised  by  the 
common  law  or  otherwise. 

The  insurance  on  cotton  hereunder  shall  in  all 
cases  be  null  and  void  to  the  extent  of  any  insurance 
with  any  fire  insurance  companies,  directly  or  in- 
directly covering  upon  the  same  property,  whether 
prior  or  subsequent  hereto  in  date. 

In  case  of  loss  prior  to  issue  of  certificate  or 
policy,  and  negotiation  of  exchange  for  purchase  of 
cotton,  the  liability  under  this  insurance  is  not  to 
exceed  the  cost  of  the  cotton  and  charges  added^ 
except  in  cases  where  the  assured  is  compelled  by 
his  contract  to  replace  the  cotton  destroyed,  in 
which  cases  the  actual  cost  of  the  new  cotton,  and 


CLAUSES 


128 


CLAUSES 


of  pl&cing  it  where  the  old  cotton  was  lost,  shall 
be  the  limit  of  claim,  provided  it  does  not  exceed 
the  sum  insured.     Refer  to  Particular  Average. 

Craft. — Special  Clause, — Including  all  risks  of 
craft  lighterage  and /or  any  other  conveyances  by 
land  or  by  water  from  the  time  of  leaving  manu- 
factory, and /or  warehouse,  and /or  import  steamer, 
and /or  ship,  and /or  docks  until  on  board  the 
vessel,  and  from  the  vessel  until  safely  delivered 
into  consignee's  warehouse  or  destination  in  the 
interior,  and  of  fire  while  waiting  shipment,  and  all 
risks  incidental  to  steam  navigation  or  otherwise, 
and  transhipment  and  all  liberties  and  conditions 
as  per  Bills  of  Lading,  including  negligence  clause. 
Each  craft,  or  lighter,  or  package  to  be  deemed  a 
separate  insurance.  Including  all  risk  of  theft 
and /or  pilferage. 

SuLiNA  Craft  Clause. — Including  all  risk  of 
craft,  especially  at  Sulina,  and /or  in  the  River 
Danube,  or  from  ports  or  places  in  the  River 
Danube,  to  the  vessels  at  Sulina. 

Azof  Craft  Clause. — Including  all  risk  of  craft, 
especially  at  Yenikale  and  the  Sea  of  Azof,  or 
from  ports  or  places  in  the  Sea  of  Azof  to  Yenikale. 
C.T.L.  Clause. — In  the  event  of  total  and /or 
constructive  total  loss  no  claim  shall  be  used  by 
underwriters  on  ship  in  respect  of  freight. 
Customary  Average  Clauses  : 

Arrowroot. — Each  20  bris.,  or  50  tins. 
Cigars. — Each  case. 
Cochineal. — Each  bale,  or  5  packages. 
Cinnamon. — Each  5  bales. 
Coffee. — Every  10  hogsheads,  tierces,  or  casks, 
20  brls.  or  50  bags  running  landing  numbers.. 

CocoantU  Oi/.-;-To  pay  average  if  damage 
amount  to  3%  on  each  series  of  5  pipes,  10  pun- 
cheons, or  20  hogsheads  original  numbers. 

Cotton  Seed  Cake, — f.p.a.  under  10%  on  the 
total  interest  (American). 

Cotton,  —  American    and     Egyptian.       Each 
10  bales  running  landing  numbers,  or  on  the 
whole,  and  on  pickings  without  references  and 
series  or  percentage.     East  Indies  black  leaf  dis- 
coloration not  admissible  unless  bale  so  affected 
had  been  in  actual  contact  with  sea  water  or  fire. 
Flax    and    Hemp* — Each    interest    mark    or 
quality  (or  each  5  tons  or  20  packages)  as  raised 
from  the  ship's  hold. 
Fish  Oil. — Each  cask. 
Flour. — Every  ;iioo  value  (Sago  flour). 
Ginger. — Every  Rs.  1,000  value  running  land- 
ing numbers  (5  %). 

Goods  (Manchester). — Each  package. 

Hides. — Each    1,000    hides,   if  amounting  to 

10%. 

Hops. — Subject  to  10%  particular  average. 

Indigo. — Each  package. 
.   Jute  (Calcutta  to  Dundee). — 5  %  each  250  bales. 

Lac  Dye. — Each  package. 

Leather. — 5  %  each  bale  particular  average. 

Mohair. — Each  bale. 


Myrobalans. — Each  500  bags  ;  each  ;£ioo  value 

if  5%. 

Palm  Kernels. — Every  8  tons  running  landing 
numbers.   . 

Olive  oil. — Each  10  casks  or  5  tons  running 
landing  numbers. 

Opium. — ^Each  package. 

Palm  oil. — Each  3  tons  or  5  cask  running  land> 
ing  numbers. 

Pepper. — Each  50  bags. 

Pimento. — Every  10  bags  running  landing 
numbers. 

Rape  oil. — Each  5  tons. 

Rape  seed. — Each  500  bags  running  landing 
numbers  (5%). 

Rice  (Calcutta  and  Rice  ports). — Each  50  bags, 
100  bags,  or  200  bags,  according  to  arrangement, 
outward,  if  cleaned,  each  50  bags. 

Rum. — Each  mark  or  interest. 

Sago. — Each  20  boxes. 

Saltpetre. — Each  100  bags. 

Senna. — Each  5  bales. 

Sheep  skins  and  skins. — Each  bale  or  £100 
value. 

Shellac. — Each  package. 

Silk. — Each  bale. 

Sugar. — Each  20  baskets  or  50  bags.  Each 
25  baskets  or  300  bags. 

Tea. — Each  10  chests,  20  half  chests,  or  40 
quarter  chests  following  landing  numbers. 

Tin  plates. — Each  100  boxes  ;  each  50  boxes. 

Tobacco.- — Each  10  hogsheads,  10  boxes,  50 
bags,  or  10  tierces. 

Wool. — ^Mediterranean  and  Black  Sea,  each 
5  bales.  Cape,  each  bale ;  Cameli  wool,  each  5 
bales ;  River  Plate,  each  5  bales ;  East  Indian, 
each  TO  bales  running  landing  numbers  ;  W.C.S. 
America,  each  bale  ;  Australia  and  New  Zealand, 
each  bale. 

Deckload  Clause. — In  and  over  all.  Inclu- 
ding risk  of  craft  and /or  craft  to  and  from  the 
vessel  also  deck -load.     Refer  to  Jettison  clause. 

Destination  Clauses. — (a)  Warranted  free  of 
all  average,  but  to  pay  a  total  loss  on  such  portion 
as  does  not  reach  its  destination. 

(b)  Warranted  free  of  all  average  but  to  pay  a 
total  loss  on  such  portion  as  does  not  reach  its  desti- 
nation in  the  ship. 

Detention  Clause. — Warranted  free  from  any 
claim,  consequent  on  loss  of  time,  whether  arising 
from  a  peril  of  the  sea  or  other\vise. 

Deviation  Clause. — In  the  event  of  the  vessel 
making  any  deviation  or  change  of  voyage,  it  is 
mutually  agreed  that  such  deviation  or  change 
shall  be  arranged,  provided  due  notice  be  given  by 
the  assured  on  receipt  of  advice  of  such  deviation 
or  change  of  voyage. 

Diminishing  Clause. — It  is  agreed  that  the 
amount  of  risk  shall  be  reduced  by  one-twelfth  for 
each  expired  month. 


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129 


CLAUSES 


F.a.a. — ^Warranted  free  from  all  average,  with- 
out benefit  of  salvage.  Warranted  free  from  all 
average  without  benefit  of  salvage,  but  to  pay  a 
total  loss  on  such  portion  as  does  not  reach  its 
destination. 

F.G.A. — General  average  and  salvage  charges 
payable  according  to  foreign  statement  or  per  York- 
Antwerp  rules,  if  in  accordance  with  the  contract 
of  affreightment  {q.v.). 

F.p.a.  (Old  clauses). — (a)  Warranted  free  from 
particular  average  unless  the  vessel  or  craft  be 
stranded,  sunk,  or  burnt,  each  craft  or  lighter 
being  deemed  a  separate  insurance. 

Underwriters,  notwithstanding  this  warranty,  to 
pay  for  any  damage  or  loss  caused  by  fire  or  by 
collision  with  any  other  ship  or  craft,  or  with  ice, 
or  any  substance  other  than  water,  and  any  special 
charges  for  warehouse  rent,  reshipping,  or  for- 
warding, for  which  they  would  otherwise  be  liable. 
Also  to  pay  the  insured  value  of  any  package  or 
packages  which  may  be  totally  lost  in  tranship- 
ment. 

(6)  Warranted  free  from  particular  average,  unless 
the  vessel  or  craft  be  stranded,  sunk,  burnt,  or  on 
fire,  or  strike  the  ground,  pier,  quay,  bridge,  or 
against  any  other  object,  whether  stationary  or 
floating  on  the  water,  especially  ice,  or  in  collision 
(the  collision  to  be  of  such  a  nature  as  may  be 
reasonably  supposed  to  have  caused  the  damage), 
or  vessel  put  into  a  port  of  distress  and  discharge 
cargo.  Each  craft  or  lighter  to  be  deemed  a 
separate  insurance,  but  to  pay  landing,  ware- 
housing, forwarding  and  special  charges,  if  incurred, 
including  partial  loss  from  the  wharf  or  quay  into 
craft,  and  vice  versa,  as  well  as  loss  in  transhipment. 
General  average  payable  as  per  foreign  statement, 
or  York- Antwerp  rules  if  so  made  up,  irrespective  of 
insured  value.  Including  all  risks  of  act  of  default, 
error  of  judgment,  of  pilot,  master,  or  crew.  In 
the  event  of  any  deviation  or  change  of  voyage,  it  is 
hereby  agreed  to  hold-  the  assured  covered  at  a 
premium  to  be  arranged. 

(c)  Warranted  free  from  particular  average 
unless  the  vessel  and /or  the  interest  hereby  insured 
be  stranded,  sunk,  on  fire,  or  in  collision  ;  or  a  fire 
occur  on  board  by  reason  of  which  loss  or  damage  is 
caused  to  the  interest  hereby  assured  ;  each  craft 
or  lighter  being  deemed  a  separate  insurance. 

Underwriters,  notwithstanding  this  warranty,  to 
pay  for  any  loss  or  damage  which  may  reasonably 
be  supposed  to  have  been  caused  by  vessel  or  craft 
being  in  contact  with  any  substance  other  than 
ixrater,  ice  included,  and  any  special  charges  for 
'warehouse  rent,  reshipping  or  forwarding,  for 
which  they  would  otherwise  be  liable,  also  to  pay 
partial  loss  arising  from  transhipment. 

This  poUcy  to  hold  the  assured  covered  on  interest 
as  above  by  the  vessel  as  above  and /or  craft  and/or 
any  other  steamer  or  steamers,  ship  or  ships,  and /or 
any  other  conveyance  or  conveyances,  until  safely 
delivered  at  destination  as  above,  or  until  lost. 


Including  all  risk  whilst  waiting  shipment  and /or 
reshipment.  and  all  other  risks  and  losses  by  land 
and  water  until  delivered  into  the  warehouse  or 
other  places  for  which  the  goods  have  been  entered, 
or  in  which  it  is  intended  they  shall  be  finally 
lodged,  whether  previously  discharged  or  landed 
elsewhere  within  the  port  or  place  of  destination 
or  not,  with  or  without  recourse  against  lightermen, 
and  all  risk  of  craft  and /or  craft  and /or  boats 
especially  to  and  from  the  ship  or  vessel  and /or  of 
any  special  lighterage,  each  craft  and /or  lighter  to 
be  deemed  a  separate  insurance.  Deck-load  to  be 
deemed  a  separate  insurance. 

With  leave  to  call  and  stay  at  any  ports  and /or 
places  in  and /or  out  of  the  way  for  orders  and /or 
any  other  purposes  whatsoever  necessary  or  other- 
wise. 

General  average  and  salvage  charges  payable 
according  to  foreign  statement  if  so  claimed,  or  as 
per  York-Antwerp  rules,  or  as  per  York-Antwerp 
rules,  1890,  if  in  accordance  with  the  contract  of 
a&eightment. 

Including  all  liberties  and  exceptions  and /or 
exemptions  as  per  charter-party,  and /or  new  and /or 
bill  of  lading.     Including  negligence  clause. 

Including  all  risk  of  negligence,  default  and/or 
error  in  judgment  of  master,  mariners,  engineers, 
pilots,  or  any  others  of  the  crew. 

Seaworthiness  of  vessel  admitted  as  between  the 
assured  and  underwriters. 

Including  risk  by  rail  and /or  inland  conveyances 
from  warehouse  in  interior  and  whilst  awaiting 
shipment,  and  whilst  on  quay  at  port  of  discharge. 

The  above  clauses  and  conditions  are  additional 
to  those  contained  in  the  annexed  policy,  and  so 
far  as  they  are  inconsistent  therewith  are  to  super- 
sede the  same. 

F.p.a. — New  clause  called  F.p.a.  and  port  of 
distress  clause. 

Warranted  free  from  particular  average,  unless 
the  ship  or  craft  be  stranded,  sunk,  on  fire,  or  unless 
there  be  a  forced  discharge  of  cargo  at  a  port  of 
distress,  or  in  collision  (the  collision  to  be  of  such  a 
nature  as  may  reasonably  be  supposed  to  have 
caused  or  led  to  the  damage  claimed  for),  but  to 
pay  landing,  warehousing,  forwarding,  and  special 
charges,  if  incurred ;  also  partial  loss  arising  from 
transhipment. 

Including  all  risk  of  craft,  or  otherwise,  to  and 
from  the  vessel,  each  craft  or  lighter  to  be  deemed 
a  separate  insurance. 

Freight  Contingency  Clause. — On  increased 
value  on  arrival  by  payment  of  freight  and /or 
charges  being  against  the  risk  of  depreciation  by 
perils  insured  against  only ;  total  loss  and /or  loss 
of  a  part  to  be  deemed  an  arrival,  but  to  include  all 
risks  of  craft  and /or  raft  at  destination,  and  the 
risk  of  loss  of  the  whole  or  part  after  the  freight 
may  have  become  due. 

General  Clauses. — Including  risk  per  any  con- 
veyance to  destination,  and  for  not  exceeding  seven 

F 


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130 


CLAUSES 


days  from  noon  of  date  delivery  order  is  accepted 
by  buyers. 

In  the  event  of  claim  to  pay  average  as  customary. 

In  the  event  of  claim  for  particular  average,  the 
same  to  be  ascertained  by  comparison  of  the  sound 
and  damaged  prices,  after  the  deduction  of  freight 
and  duty.     Refer  to  Particular  Average. 

Held  covered  whilst  on  quay  awaiting  shipment, 
and /or  in  warehouse. 

Including  risk  from  taking  possession  and  until 
on  shipboard. 

Held  covered  on  wharves,  and /or  quays,  and /or 
in  warehouse,  awaiting  shipment,  and /or  until 
forwarded  to  destination  or  elsewhere. 

All  losses  and  claims  arising  under  this  policy  to 
be  settled  according  to  the  usage  and  customs  of 
Lloyd's. 

Average  as  customary. 

Grain  Clause. — Including  all  risk  of  craft  to  and 
from  the  vessel,  especially  from  the  vessel  when 
discharging  in  the  river,  or  in  any  dock  on  the 
Liverpool  side  of  the  river  to  the  grain  warehouses  ; 
each  lighter  or  craft  to  be  considered  a  separate 
risk. 

Grounding  Clause. — [a)  Grounding  in  the  Suez 
Canal,  River  Danube,  and  Demerara,  or  on  the 
Yenikale  Bar  not  to  be  considered  a  stranding. 

(5)  Grounding  in  canals,  harbours,  or  tidal  river 
not  to  be  deemed  a  strand. 

Manchester  Ship  Canal  Clatise. — Grounding  in  the 
Manchester  Ship  Canal  or  its  connections,  on  the 
River  Mersey  above  Rock  Ferry  slip,  if  occurring  on 
a  voyage  to  or  from  a  point  on  the  Manchester  Ship 
Canal  shall  not  be  deemed  to  be  a  strand. 

Guarantee  of  Underwriters'  Clause. — ^A.B. 
having  guaranteed  the  solvency  of  the  under- 
writers on  this  policy,  we  the  said  underwriters 
agree  that  in  case  of  loss  or  other  demand  the  same 
shall  be  placed  to  our  account,  and  shall  be  held  to 
be  part  payment  of  any  money  due  or  that  may 
become  due  from  the  said  A.B.,  but  in  the  event  of 
a  claim  under  this  policy  we  are  at  Uberty,  as 
against  the  assurers,  to  set  oft  against  it  moneys 
due  or  becoming  due  to  us  from  the  said  A.B. 

Honour  Policies  (attached  to  the  policy). — 
"  In  the  event  of  loss  this  policy  is  to  be  deemed 

sufficient    proof    of    interest    No 

Per "     "  It  is  understood  and  agreed  that 

full  interest  is  admitted  on  this  policy." 

Ice  Clause. — Should  the  navigation  be  inter- 
rupted by  ice,  the  captain  to  have  liberty  to  pro- 
ceed to  and  discharge  at  any  neighbouring  port ; 
the  risk  to  continue  until  safe  arrival  of  the  goods 
at  their  destination  by  land  carriage  or  otherwise. 

Inland  Conveyance. — (a)  Including  all  risks, 
including  fire  from  the  warehouse  to  the  ship,  and 
while  on  wharf  or  quay,  or  in  stores  or  elsewhere 
awaiting  shipment,  and  till  on  board. 

(6)  This  addition  to  (a)  and  by  any  conveyance 
from  the  vessel's  place  of  discharge  to  the  final 
destination  of  the  goods. 


Inland  Risk  Clause. — {Outward)  Including  all 
risks  of  inland  conveyance  to  place  of  shipment, 
and  of  fire  in  transit,  and  whilst  awaiting  shipment 
in  docks,  warehouse  or  elsewhere. 

(Inward.)  Including  risks  per  inland  convey- 
ances from  port  of  discharge  to  destination. 

{Manchester  outward.)  Including  the  risk  from 
Manchester  to  place  of  shipment  by  railway  and 
for  other  conveyance,  and  of  fire  in  transit,  and 
whilst  waiting  in  docks,  warehouses,  or  elsewhere. 

Institute  Builder's  Clauses  (1906). — ^This 
insurance  is  also  to  cover  all  risks,  including 
fire,  while  under  construction  and/or  fitting  out, 
except  in  buildings  or  workshops,  but  including 
materials  in  ^'ards  and  docks  of  the  assured,  or  on 
quays,  pontoons,  craft,  etc.,  and  all  risk  which  in 
transit  to  and  from  the  works  and /or  the  vessel 
wherever  she  may  be  lying,  also  all  risks  of  loss  or 
damage  through  collapse  of  supports  or  ways  from 
any  cause  whatever,  and  all  risks  of  launching 
and  brealfing  of  the  ways. 

Ihis  insurance  is  also  to  cover  all  risks  of  trial 
trips  as  often  as  required,  and  all  risks  whilst  pro- 
ceeding to  and  returning  from  trial  course. 

With  leave  to  proceed  to  and  from  any  wet  or 
dry  docks,  harbours,  ways,  cradles,  and  pontoons 
during  the  currency  of  this  policy. 

In  case  of  launch  failure,  underwriters  to  bear  all 
subsequent  expenses  incurred  in  completing  launch. 

Average  payable  irrespective  of  percentage,  and 
without  deduction  of  one-third,  whether  the  average 
be  particular  or  general. 

General  average  and  salvage  charges  as  per 
foreign  custom,  payable  as  per  foreign  statement, 
and /or  per  York- Antwerp  rules,  if  required  ;  and  in 
the  event  of  salvage,  towage,  or  other  assistance 
being  rendered  to  the  vessel  hereby  insured  by  any 
vessel  belonging  in  part  or  in  whole  to  the  same 
owners,  it  is  hereby  agreed  that  the  value  of  such 
service  (without  regard  to  the  common  ownership 
of  the  vessels)  shall  be  ascertained  by  arbitration  in 
the  manner  hereinafter  provided  for  under  Collision 
clause,  and  the  amount  so  awarded,  so  far  as  applica- 
ble to  the  interest  hereby  insured  shall  constitute 
a  charge  under  this  policy. 

In  the  event  of  deviation  to  be  held  covered  at  an 
additional  premium  to  be  hereinafter  arranged. 

To  cover  while  building  all  damage  to  hull, 
machinery,  apparel,  or  furniture,  caused  by  settling 
of  the  stocks,  or  of  hoisting  or  other  gear,  either 
before  or  after  launching,  and  while  fitting  out. 

With  leave  to  increase  value. 

It  is  also  agreed  that  any  changes  of  interest 
in  the  steamer  hereby  insured  shall  not  affect  the 
validity  of  the  poUcy. 

And  it  is  expressly  declared  and  agreed  that  no 
acts  of  insurer  or  insured  in  recovering,  saving,  or 
preserving  the  property  insured  shall  be  considered 
as  a  waiver  or  acceptance  of  abandonment. 

This  insurance  also  specially  to  cover  loss  of  or 
damage  to  the  hull  or  machinery,  through  negli- 


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131 


CLAUSES 


gence  of  master,  mariners,  engineers,  or  pilots,  or 
through  explosions,  bursting  of  boilers,  breakage  of 
shafts,  or  through  any  latent  defect  in  the  machinery 
or  hull,  or  from  explosions,  riots,  or  .other 
causes  of  whatever  nature,  arising  either  on  shore 
or  otherwise,  howsoever  causing  loss  of  or  injury 
to  the  property  hereby  insured,  provided  such  loss 
or  damage  has  not  resulted  from  want  of  due 
diligence  by  the  owners  of  the  ship  or  any  of  them, 
or  by  the  manager,  and  to  cover  all  risks  incidental 
to  steam  navigation,  or  iu  graving  docks. 

Instituts  Builder's  Collision  Clause. — ^And 
it  is  further  agreed  that  if  the  ship  hereby  insured 
shall  come  into  collision  with  any  other  ship  or 
vessel,  and  the  assured  shall  in  consequence  thereof 
become  liable  to  pay,  and  shall  pay  by  way  of 
damages  to  any  other  person  or  persons  any  sum  or 
sums  not  exceeding  in  respect  of  any  one  such 
collision  the  value  of  the  ship  hereby  insured,  we 
the  assurers  will  pay  the  assured  such  proportion  of 
such  sum  or  sums  so  paid  as  our  subscriptions 
hereto  bear  to  the  value  of  the  ship  hereby  insured. 
And  in  cases  where  the  liability  of  the  ship  has  been 
contested  with  a  consent  in  writing,  of  a  majority 
of  the  underwriters  on  the  hull  and /or  machinery 
(in  amoimt).  We  will  also  pay  a  like  proportion 
of  the  costs  thereby  incurred  or  paid  ;  but  when, 
both  vessels  are  to  blame,  then,  unless  the  liability 
of  the  owners  of  one  or  both  such  vessels  become 
limited  by  law,  claims  under  this  collision  clause 
shall  be  settled  on  the  principles  of  Cross  Liabilities, 
as  if  the  owners  of  each  vessel  had  been  compelled 
to  pay  to  the  owners  of  the  other  of  such  vessels 
such  one  half  or  other  proportion  of  the  latter's 
damages  as  may  have  been  properly  allowed  in 
ascertaining  the  balance  or  sum  payable  by  or  to 
the  assured  in  consequence  of  such  collision. 

And  it  is  further  agreed  that  the  principles  in- 
volved  in  this  clause  shall  apply  to  the  case  where 
both  vessels  are  the  property  in  part  or  whole  of  the 
same  owners,  all  questions  of  responsibility  and 
amount  of  liability  as  between  the  two  ships  being 
left  to  the  decision  of  a  single  arbitrator,  or  failing 
such  agreement  to  the  decision  of  arbitrators,  one 
to  be  appointed  by  the  managing  owners  of  both 
vessels,  and  one  to  be  appointed  by  the  majority 
in  amount  of  underwriter's  interest  in  each  vessel ; 
the  two  arbitrators  chosen  to  choose  a  third 
arbitrator  before  entering  upon  the  reference. 
The  terms  of  the  Arbitration  Act  of  1889  to  apply 
to  such  reference,  and  the  decision  of  such  single 
or  of  any  two  of  such  three  arbitrators,  appointed 
as  above,  to  be  final  and  binding. 

This  clause  shall  also  extend  to  any  sum  which 
the  assured  may  become  liable  to  pay,  or  shall  pay 
for  the  removal  of  obstructions  under  statutory 
powers,  for  injury  to  harbours,  wharves,  piers, 
stages,  and  similar  structures,  or  for  loss  of  life  or 
personal  injury  consequent  on  such  collision. 

Institute  Builder's  Protection  and  Indem- 
nity Clause. — And  we  further  agree  that  if  the 


assured  shall  become  liable  to  pay,  and  shall  pay 
sum  or  sums  in  respect  of  any  responsibility, 
claim,  demand,  damages,  and/or  expenses,  or  shall 
incur  any  other  loss  arising  from  or  occasioned  by 
any  of  the  following  matters  or  things  during  tne 
currency  of  this  policy  in  respect  of  the  ship  hereby 
insured,  that  is  to  say : 

Loss  or  damage  in  respect  of  any  other  ship  or 
boat  or  in  respect  of  any  goods,  merchandise, 
freight,  or  other  things  or  interests,  whatsoever,  on 
board  such  other  ship  or  boat  caused  proximately 
or  otherwise  by  the  ship  insured  in  so  far  as  the 
same  is  not  covered  by  the  running  down  clause 
hereto  attached. 

Loss  or  damage  to  any  goods,  merchandise, 
freight  or  other  things  of  interest  whatsoever, 
other  than  as  aforesaid,  whether  on  board  the  said 
steamer  or  not,  which  may  arise  from  any  cause 
whatever. 

Loss  of  or  damage  to  any  harbour,  dock,  graving, 
or  otherwise,  slipway,  way,  gridiron,  pontoon,  pier, 
quay,  jetty,  stage,  buoy,  telegraph  cable,  or  other 
fixed  or  movable  thing  whatsoever,  or  to  any  goods 
or  property  in  or  on  the  same,  howsoever  caused. 

Any  attempt  or  actual  raising,  removal  or 
destruction  of  the  wreck  of  the  said  steamship  or 
the  cargo  thereof,  or  any  neglect  or  failure  to  raise, 
remove  or  destroy  the  same. 

Any  sum  or  sums  from  which  the  insured  may 
become  liable  to  incur  from  causes  not  hereinbefore 
specified,  but  which  are  or  have  heretofore  been 
absolutely  or  conditionally  recoverable  from  or 
undertaken  by  the  Liverpool  and  London  Steam- 
ship Protection  Association,  Limited,  and/or  North 
of  England  Protecting  and  Indemnity  Association, 
but  excluding  loss  of  life  and  personal  injury. 

We  will  pay  the  assured  such  proportion  of  such 
sum  or  sums  so  paid,  or  which  may  be  required  to 
indemnify  the  assured  for  such  loss,  as  our  respec- 
tive subscriptions  bear  to  the  policy  value  of  the 
ship  hereby  insured,  and  in  case  the  liability  of 
the  assured  has  been  contested  with  tlie  consent  in 
writing  of  the  majority  of  the  underwriters,  or  the 
ship  hereby  insured  in  amount,  wc  will  also  pay  a 
like  proportion  of  the  costs  which  tlie  assured  shall 
thereby  incur,  or  be  compelled  to  pay. 

Institute  Time  Clauses  (1906). — And  it  is 
further  agreed  that  if  the  ship  hereby  insured  shall 
come  into  collision  with  any  other  ship  or  vessel, 
and  the  assured  shall^in  consequence  thereof 
become  liable  to  pay,  and^shall^pay  by  way  of 
damages  to  any  other  person  or  persons  any  sum 
or  sums  not  exceeding  in  respect  of  any  one  such 
collision  the  value  of  the  ship  hereby  insured,  this 
company  will  pay  the  assured  such  proportion  of 
three-fourths  of  such  sum  or  sums  so  paid  as  its 
subscription  hereto  bears  to  the  value  of  the  ship 
hereby  insured,  and  in  cases  in  which  the  liability 
of  the  ship  has  been  contested,  or  proceedings  have 
been  taken  to  limit  liabiUty,  with  the  consent  in 
writing  of  this  company,   the  company  will  also 

F  2 


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132 


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pay  a  like  three-fourths  of  the  costs  which  the 
assured  shall  thereby  incur,  or  be  compelled  to  pay  ; 
but  when  both  vessels  are  to  blame  then  unless 
the  liability  of  the  owners  of  one  or  both  of  such 
vessels  become  limited  by  law,  claims  under  this 
clause  shall  be  settled  on  the  principles  of  cross 
liabilities,  as  if  the  owner  of  each  vessel  had  been 
compelled  to  pay  to  the  owners  of  the  other  of  such 
vessels  such  one-half  or  other  proportion  of  the 
latter's  damages  as  may  have  been  properly 
allowed  in  ascertaining  the  balance,  or  sum  payable 
by  or  to  the  assured  in  consequence  of  such  col- 
lision. 

Provided  always  that  this  clause  shall  in  no  case 
extend  to  any  sum  which  the  assured  may  become 
liable  to  pay  or  shall  pay  for  the  removal  of  obstruc- 
tions under  statutory  powers,  for  injury  to  harbours, 
wharves,  piers,  stages,  and  similar  structures, 
consequent  on  such  collision,  or  in  respect  of  the 
cargo  or  engagement  of  the  insured  vessel,  or  for 
loss  of  life  or  personal  injury. 

Should  the  vessel  hereby  insured  come  into 
collision  with  or  receive  salvage  service  from 
another  vessel  belonging  wholly  or  in  part  to  the 
same  owners,  or  under  the  same  management,  the 
assured  shall  have  the  same  rights  under  this 
policy  as  they  would  have  were  the  other  vessel  en- 
tirely the  property  of  owners  not  interested  in  the 
vessel  hereby  insured ;  but  in  such  cases  the 
liability  for  the  collision  or  the  amount  payable 
for  the  services  rendered  shall  be  referred  to  a  sole 
arbitrator,  to  be  agreed  upon  between  the  under- 
writers and  the  assured. 

In  port  and  at  sea,  in  docks  and  graving  docks, 
and  on  ways,  gridirons,  and  pontoons,  at  all  times, 
in  all  places,  and  on  all  occasions,  services  and 
trades  whatever  and  wheresoever,  under  steam  or 
sail,  with  leave  to  sail  with  or  without  pilots,  to  tow 
and  assist  vessels  or  craft  in  all  situations,  and  to 
be  towed  and  to  go  on  trial  trips. 

Should  the  vessel  at  the  expiration  of  this  policy 
be  at  sea,  or  in  distress,  or  at  a  port  of  refuge  or  of 
call,  she  shall,  provided  previous  notice  is  given  to 
the  underwriters,  be  held  covered  at  a  pro  rata 
monthly  premium,  to  her  port  of  destination. 

Held  covered  in  case  of  any  breach  of  warranty 
as  to  cargo,  trade,  locality  or  date  of  sailing,  pro- 
vided notice  be  given  and  any  additional  premium 
required  be  agreed  immediately  after  receipt  of 
advices. 

Should  the  vessel  be  sold  or  transferred  to  new 
management,  then,  unless  the  underwriters  agree 
in  writing  to  such  sale  or  transfer,  this  policy  shall 
thereupon  become  cancelled  from  date  of  sale  or 
transfer,  unless  the  vessel  has  cargo  on  board  and 
has  already  sailed  from  her  loading  port,  or  is  at  sea 
in  ballast,  in  either  of  which  cases  such  cancellation 
shall  be  suspended  until  arrival  at  final  port  of 
discharge  if  with  cargo,  or  at  port  of  destination  if 
in  ballast.  K  pro  rata  daily  return  of  premium 
shall  be  made. 


This  insurance  also  specially  to  cover  (subject  to 
free  of  average  warranty)  loss  of,  or  damage  to  hull 
or  fnacliinery  through  the  negligence  of  master, 
mariners,  engineers,  or  pilots,  or  crew  not  to  be 
considered  as  part  owners  within  the  meaning  of 
this  clause  should  they  hold  shares  in  the  steamer. 

General  average  and  salvage  charges  to  be  ad^ 
justed  according  to  the  law  and  practice  obtaining 
at  the  place  where  the  adventure  ends,  as  if  the 
contract  of  affreightment  contained  no  special 
terms  relating  to  general  average  and  salvage 
charges,  except  that,  where  the  contract  of  affreight- 
ment provides  for  the  application  of  York-Antwerp 
rules,  or,  in  cases  of  wood  cargoes,  York-Antwerp 
rules  omitting  the  first  word  of  Rule  I,  underwriters 
shall  pay  in  accordance  with  such  provisions. 

Average  payable  on  each  valuation  separately, 
or  on  the  whole,  without  deduction  of  thirds,  new 
for  old  whether  the  average  be  particular  or  general. 

Donkey  boilers,  winches,  cranes,  windlasses, 
steering  gear,  and  electric  light  apparatus  shall  be 
deemed  to  be  part  of  the  hull,  and  not  part  of  the 
machinery.  Refrigerating  machinery  and  insulation 
not  covered  unless  expressly  included  in  the  policy. 

Warranted  free  from  particular  average  under 
3%  but  nevertheless  when  the  vessel  shall  have  been 
stranded,  sunk,  on  fire,  or  in  collision  "with  any 
other  ship  or  vessel,  underwriters  shall  pay  the 
damage  occasioned  thereby,  and  the  expense  of 
sighting  the  bottom  after  stranding  shall  be  paid  if 
reasonably  incurred,  even  if  no  damage  is  found. 

No  claim  shall  in  any  case  be  allowed  in  respect 
of  scraping  or  painting  the  vessel's  bottom. 

Grounding  in  the  Suez  Canal,  or  in  the  Manches- 
ter Ship  Canal,  or  its  connections,  or  in  the  River 
Mersey  above  Rock  Ferry  SUp,  or  in  the  River 
Plate  (above  Buenos  Aires)  or  its  tributaries,  or  in 
the  Danube,  Demerara,  or  Bilbao  River,  or  in  the 
Yenikale  or  Bilbao  Bar,  shall  not  be  deemed  to  be  a 
stranding. 

The  warranty  and  conditions  as  to  average 
under  3%  to  be  applicable  to  each  voyage  as  if 
separately  insured,  and  a  voyage  shall  be  deemed  to 
commence  at  one  of  the  following  periods  to  be 
selected  by  the  assured  when  making  up  the  claim, 
viz, :  at  any  time  at  which  the  vessel  (i)  begins  to 
load  cargo  or  (2)  sails  in  ballast  to  a  loading  port. 
Such  voyage  shall  be  deemed  to  continue  during 
the  ensuing  period  until  either  she  has  made  one 
outward  and  one  homeward  passage  (including  an 
intermediate  ballast  passage,  if  made)  or  has 
carried  or  discharged  two  cargoes,  whichever 
may  first  happen,  and  further  in  either  case,  until 
she  begins  to  load  a  subsequent  cargo  or  sails  in 
ballast  for  a  loading  port. 

When  the  vessel  sails  in  ballast  to  effect  damage 
repair  such  sailing  shall  not  be  deemed  to  be  a  saiUng 
for  a  loading  port,  although  she  loads  at  the  repair- 
ing port.  In  calculating  the  3%  above  referred  to, 
particular  average  occurring  outside  the  period 
covered  by  the  policy  may  be  added  to  particular 


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t$i 


CLAUSES 


average  occurring  within  such  period,  provided 
it  occur  upon  the  same  voyage  (as  above  defined), 
but  only  that  portion  of  the  claim  arising  within 
such  period  shall  be  recoverable  hereon.  The  com- 
mencement of  a  voyage  shall  not  be  so  fixed  as  to 
overlap  another  voyage  on  which  a  claim  is  made 
on  this  or  the  preceding  policy. 

In  no  case  shall  underwriters  be  liable  for  un- 
repaired damages  in  addition  to  a  subsequent  total 
loss  sustained  during  the  term  covered  by  this 
policy. 

The  insured  value  shall  be  taken  as  the  repaired 
value  in  ascertaining  whether  the  vessel  is  a  con- 
structive total  loss. 

In  the  event  of  total  or  constructive  total  loss 
no  claim  to  be  made  by  the  underwriters  for  freight, 
whether  notice  of  abandonment  has  been  given  or 
not. 

In  the  event  of  accident  whereby  loss  or  damage 
may  result  in  a  claim  under  this  policy,  notice  shall 
be  given  in  writing  to  the  underwriters,  where 
practicable,  and  if  abroad,  to  the  nearest  Lloyd's 
agent  also,  prior  to  survey,  so  that  they  may 
appoint  their  own  surveyor  if  they  so  desire ;  and 
whenever  the  extent  of  the  damage  is  ascertainable 
the  underwriters  may  take  or  may  require  the 
assured  to  take  tenders  for  the  repair  of  such 
damage.  In  cases  where  a  tender  is  accepted  by  or 
with  the  approval  of  underwriters,  the  underwriters 
will  make  an  allowance  at  the  rate  of  £$o  per  cent, 
per  annum  on  the  insured  value  for  the  time  actually 
lost  in  waiting  for  tenders.  In  the  event  of  the 
assured  failing  to  comply  with  the  conditions  of 
the  clause,  £t  5  per  cent,  shall  be  deducted  from  the 
amount  of  the  ascertained  claim. 

Warranted  free  of  capture,  seizure,  and  detention, 
and  the  consequence  thereof,  or  any  attempt 
thereat,  piracy  excepted,  and  also  from  all  conse- 
quences of  hostilities,  or  warlike  operations, 
whether  before  or  after  declaration  of  war. 

per  cent,   for  each  uncom« 

menced  month  if  it  be  mutually  agreed  to 

cancel    this   policy, as    follows 

for  each  consecutive  30  days  the  vessel 

To  return  may  be  laid  up  in  port,  vix,  : — 

and per  cent,  if  in  the  United  King- 
dom not arrival  under 

average. 

per  cent,  under  average,  or  if 

abroad 

Institute  Voyage  Clauses. — And  it  is  further 
agreed  that  if  the  ship  hereby  insured  shall  come 
into  collision  with  any  other  ship  or  vessel,  and 
the  assured  shall  in  consequence  thereof  become 
liable  to  pay,  and  shall  pay  by  way  of  damages  to 
any  person  or  persons  any  sum  or  sums  not  exceed- 
ing in  respect  of  any  one  such  collision  the  value  of 
the  ship  hereby  insured,  this  company  will  pay  the 
assured  such  proportion  of  three-fourths  of  such 
sum  or  sums  so  paid  as  its  subscription  hereto 
bears  to  the  value  of  the  ship  hereby  insured ';  and 


in  cases  in  which  the  liability  of  the  ship  has  been 
contested,  or  proceedings  have  been  taken  to  limit 
liability,  with  the  consent  in  writing  of  this  com- 
pany, the  company  will  also  pay  alike  proportion 
of  three-fourths  of  the  costs  which  the  assured  shall 
thereby  incur  or  be  compelled  to  pay ;  but  when 
both  vessels  are  to  blame,  then  unless  the  liability 
of  the  owners  of  both  of  such  vessels  become  limited 
by  law,  claims  under  this  clause  shall  be  settled  on 
the  principle  of  cross-liabilities,  as  if  the  owners  of 
each  vessel  had  been  compelled  to  pay  to  the 
owners  of  the  other  of  such  vessels  such  one-half 
or  other  proportion  of  the  latter's  damages  as  may 
have  been  properly  allowed  in  ascertaining  the 
balance  or  sum  payable  by  or  to  the  assured,  in 
consequence  of  such  collision. 

Provided  always  that  this  clause  shall  in  no  case 
extend  to  any  sum  which  the  assured  may  become 
liable  to  pay,  or  shall  pay  for  the  removal  of  obstruc- 
tions under  statutory  powers,  for  injury  to  harbours, 
wharves,  piers,  stages,  and  similar  structures,  con- 
sequent on  such  collision,  or  in  respect  of  the  cargo 
or  engagements  of  the  insured  vessel,  or  for  loss  of 
life  or  personal  injury. 

Should  the  vessel  hereby  insured  come  into 
collision  with  or  receive  salvage  service  from  any 
other  vessel  belonging  wholly  or  in  part  to  the  same 
owners,  or  under  the  same  management,  the 
assured  shall  have  the  same  rights  under  this  policy 
as  they  would  have  were  the  other  vessel  entirely 
the  property  of  owners  not  interested  in  the  vessel 
hereby  insured ;  but  in  such  cases  of  liability  for 
the  collision,  or  the  amount  payable  for  the  services 
rendered  shall  be  referred  to  a  sole  arbitrator  to  be 
agreed  upon  between  the  underwriters  and  the 
assured. 

This  insurance  also  specially  to  cover  (subjject 
to  the  free  of  average  warranty)  loss  of  or  damage  to 
hull  or  machinery  through  the  negligence  of  the 
master,  mariners,  engineers,  or  pilots,  or  through 
explosion,  bursting  of  the  boilers,  breaking  of  the 
shafts,  or  through  any  latent  defect  in  the  ma- 
chinery or  hull,  provided  such  loss  or  damage  has 
not  resulted  from  want  of  due  diligence  by  the 
owners  of  the  ship,  or  any  of  them,  or  by  the 
manager,  master,  mates,  engineers^  pilots,  or  crew, 
not  to  be  considered  as  part  of  the  owners  within 
the  meaning  of  this  clause  should  they  hold  shares 
in  the  steamer. 

General  average  and  salvage  charges  payable 
according  to  the  foreign  statement  or  per  York- 
Antwerp  Rules,  if  in  accordance  with  the  contract 
of  affreightment. 

Average  payable  on  each  valuation  separately  or 
on  the  whole  without  deduction  of  thirds,  new  for 
old,  whether  the  average  be  particular  or  general. 

Donkey  boilers,  winches,  cranes,  windlasses, 
steering  gear,  and  electric  light  apparatus  shall  be 
deemed  to  be  part  of  the  hull  and  not  of  the  ma- 
chinery. Refrigerating  machinery  and  insulation 
not  covered  unless  expressly  included  in  this  policy. 


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134 


CLAUSES 


Warranted  free  from  particular  average  under 
3%,  but  nevertheless  when  the  vessel  shall  have 
been  stranded,  sunk,  on  fire,  or  in  collision  with  any 
other  ship  or  vessel,  underwriters  to  pay  the  damage 
occasioned  thereby.  No  claim  shall  be  allowed  in 
respect  of  scraping  or  painting  the  vessel's  bottom, 
whether  she  be  stranded  or  not ;  but  the  expense 
of  sightingTthe  bottom  after  stranding  shall  be 
paid,  if  reasonably  incurred,  even  if  no  damage  be 
found. 

Grounding  in  the  Suez  Canal  or  in  the  Manchester 
Ship  Canal  or  its  connections,  or  in  the  River 
Mersey,  above  Rock  Ferry  Slip,  or  in  the  River  Plate 
(above  Buenos  Aires)  or  its  tributaries,  or  in  the 
Danube,  Demerara,  or  Bilbao  River,  or  in  the 
Yenikale  or  Bilbao  Bar  shall  not  be  deemed  to  be  a 
stranding. 

The  insured  value  shall  be  taken  as  the  repaired 
value  in  ascertaining  whether  the  vessd  is  a  con- 
structive total  loss. 

In  the  event  of  accident  whereby  loss  or  damage 
may  result  in  a  claim  under  this  policy,  notice  shall 
be  given  in  writing  to  the  underwriters  where  prac- 
ticable, and,  if  abroad,  to  the  nearest  Lloyd's  agent 
also,  prior  to  survey,  so  that  they  may  appoint 
their  own  surveyor  if  they  so  desire  ;  and  whenever 
the  event  of  the  damage  is  ascertainable,  the  under- 
writers may  take  or  may  require  the  assured  to  take 
tenders  for  the  repair  of  such  damage.  In  cases 
where  a  tender  is  accepted  by  or  with  the  approval 
of  underwriters,  the  underwriters  will  make  an 
allowance  at  the  rate  of  £$0  per  cent,  per  annum  on 
the  insured  value  for  the  time  actually  lost  in 
waiting  for  tenders.  In  the  event  of  the  assured 
failing  to  comply  with  the  conditions  of  the  clause, 
£1$  per  cent,  shall  be  deducted  from  the  amount  of 
the  ascertained  claim. 

Warranted  free  of  capture,  seizure  and  detention, 
and  the  consequences  thereof  or  any  attempt  there- 
at, piracy  excepted,  and  also  from  all  consequences 
of  hostihties,  or  warlike  operations,  whether 
before  or  after  declaration  of  war. 

Held  covered  in  case  of  deviation  or  change  of 
voyage  provided  notice  be  given,  and  any  addi- 
tional premiums  required  be  agreed  immediately 
after  receipt  of  advices. 

With  leave  to  sail  with  or  without  pilots,  and  to 
tow  and  assist  vessels  or  craft  in  all  situations,  and 
to  be  towed. 

With  leave  to  dock  and  undock  and  go  into 
graving  dock. 

Jbttison  Clause. — (a)  Warranted  free  from 
claim  for  jettison  or  washing  overboard,  {b)  War- 
ranted free  from  particular  average  and  from  all 
claim  for  jettison  or  washing  overboard. 

(c)  Warranted  free  from  all  average  but  to  cover 
risk  of  jettison  and  washing  overboard.  Refer  to 
Deck  Load  clause. 

Lbavs  to  Call. — With  leave  to  call  at  any  inter- 
mediate ports  and  places  for  all  purposes. 


Machinery  Clause. — In  case  of  loss  or  injury 
to  any  part  of  a  machine  consisting,  when  complete, 
for  sale  or  use,  of  several  parts,  the  underwriters 
shall  only  be  liable  for  the  insured  value  of  the  part 
lost  or  damaged. 

Meat. — (American)  Ip.a.  clause,  but  in  case 
of  the  prolongation  of  the  voyage  after  14  days  to 
pay  for  any  damage  to  or  deterioration  of  the 
meat. 

Negligence  Clause. — It  is  agreed  that  the 
assured  shall  not  be  prejudiced  by  the  insertion  in 
the  bill  of  lading  of  the  following  clauses  : — 

(a)  The  act  of  God,  perils  of  the  sea,  fire,  barratry 
of  the  master  and  crew,  enemies,  pirates,  thieves, 
arrest  and  restraint  of  princes,  rulers  and  people, 
collisions,  stranding,  and  other  accidents  of  naviga- 
tion excepted,  even  when  occasioned  by  the  negli- 
gence, default,  or  error  in  judgment  of  the  pilot, 
master,  mariners,  or  other  servants  of  the  ship- 
owner. 

(b)  The  insertion  of  the  London  Conference  Rules 
of  Affreightment  in  the  bill  of  lading  and/or  charter 
party. 

Passage  Money  Clause. — ^Against  all  costs, 
charges  and  liabilities,  the  master's  penalties  ex- 
cepted, to  which  the  owners  or  charterers  of  the 
ship  may  be  subjected  under  the  50th  and  52nd 
sections  of  the  i8th  and  19th  Victoria,  cap  119, 
entitled  the  Passengers  Act  1855  ;  and  under  the 
14th,  15th,  and  1 6th  sections  of  the  26th  and  27th 
Victoria,  cap  51,  entitled  The  Passengers  Amend- 
ment Act  1863,  including  the  replenishing  of  the 
provisions  and  stores,  required  by  the  Act  on 
putting  into  a  port  in  the  United  Kingdom  ;  also 
the  maintenance  of  the  passengers  according  to  the 
dietary  of  the  Act  while  the  vessel  is  detained  after 
putting  into  a  foreign  port.  But  it  is  understood 
that  the  underwriters' liability  shall  not  exceed  a 
total  loss  from  any  one  casualty,  and  that  they  shall 
not  be  liable  for  the  expense  of  replenishing  the 
provisions  and  stores  or  maintenance  as  aforesaid, 
except  the  putting  into  port  be  caused  by  accident 
or  damages  to  the  ship. 

Petroleum. — ^Not  liable  for  leakage  unless  the 
vessel  be  stranded  or  in  collision,  or  there  be  a 
forced  discharge  of  cargo  at  any  intermediate  port 
of  distress  and  it  amount  to  over  3%  on  the  whole. 

Average  payable  on  each  500  cases  of  and  over 
3%,  but  only  the  excess  of  i^%  on  the  whole 
interest  for  leakage  claims. 

Profit  Clause,  Commission  Clause. — Warrant- 
ed free  of  all  average,  but  to  pay  a  total  loss  on  such 
packages  as  do  not  reach  their  destination  by  any 
conveyance. 

Reinsurance  Clause. — (a)  "  Being  a  re- 
insurance subject  to  the  same  clauses,  and  condi- 
tions and /or  change  of  voyage  as  original  policy 
and  policies,  and  to  pay  as  may  be  paid  thereon." 

(6)  "  Being  a  reinsurance  against  the  risk  of 
total  loss  and/or  constructive  total  loss  only,  and  no 
claims  to  attach  to  this  policy  for  salvage  charges.'* 


CLAUSSEN 


»35 


CLEMENS 


Sue  and  Labour  Clauss. — "  And  in  case  of  any 
loss  or  misfortune  it  shall  be  lawful  to  the  assured, 
their  factors,  servants,  and  assigns,  to  sue,  labour 
and  travel  for,  in  and  about  the  defence,  safeguard, 
and  recovery  of  the  said  goods  and  merchandises 
and  ship,  etc.,  or  any  part  thereof  without  prejudice 
to  this  insurance ;  to  the  charges  thereof  we.  the 
assurers,  will  contribute,  each  according  to  the 
rate  and  quantity  of  his  sum  herein  insured." 

Tba  (China). — ^To  pay  average  on  each  lo  chests, 
20  half  chests,  or  40  quarter  chests  following  landing 
numbers,  but  no  claim  to  attach  for  wet  or  damp  in 
respect  of  any  package  unless  the  tea  therein  shall 
have  been  in  actual  contact  with  sea  water. 

Tobacco  (American). — In  case  of  particular 
average  to  pay  the  excess  of  5  %  on  the  value  of  each 
10  hogsheads  following  landing  numbers. 

Total  Loss  Only  (T.L.O.).— The  interest 
insured  by  this  policy  to  be  against  the  risk  of  total 
loss  only. 

(This  clause  is  an  engagement  distinct  from  the 
main  body  of  the  poUcy,  and  is  not  subject  to  the 
restrictions  contained  in  the  memorandum.  The 
liability  under  it  is  not  a  liability  for  particular 
avezage,  but  for  a  claim  over  the  amount  of  the 
policy ;  as,  for  example,  expense  incurred  in  an 
unsuccessful  attempt  to  save  a  ship  which  is  never- 
theless totally  lost.) 

ToT^L  Loss  Clause. — Against  the  risk  of  total 
loss  only. 

Trading  Clause. — Outward  cargo  to  be  deemed 
homeward  cargo  24  hours  after  arrival  at  first  port 
or  place  of  trade. 

Valuation  Clause. — The  insured  value  shall  be 
taken  as  the  required  value  of  the  vessel  in  ascer- 
taining whether  there  is  a  constructive  total  loss 
under  this  policy. 

Waiver  Clause. — ^And  it  is  expressly  declared 
and  agreed  that  no  acts  of  the  insurer  or  the  insured 
in  recovering,  saving,  or  preserving  the  property 
insured  shall  be  considered  as  a  waiver  or  acceptance 
d  abandonment.     Refer  to  Sue  and  Labour  Clause. 

Yacht  Clause. — To  pay  a  claim  if  amounting 
to  £ or  upwards  (generally  £$0), 

Cianwen,  Geocg  Wilhalm  (b.  Bremerhaven,  Janu- 
ary 23,  1845).  Served  his  apprenticeship  in  the 
shipbuildixig  yard  of  Messrs.  Joh.  C.  Tecklenborg, 
Bremerhaven ;  in  1866  he  joined  the  shipbuilding 
yard  of  Messrs.  Caird  and  Co.,  Greenock,  where  he 
became  head  draughtsman,  under  the  management 
of  Mr.  James  ID»ickson ;  in  1870  he  returned  to 
Germany  and  joined  the  firm  in  which  he  served 
bis  apprenticeship,  and  in  1876  he  became  managing 
partner,  having  in  the  meantime  designed  and 
superintended  the  construction  of  several  steamers 
for  the  well-known  firm  of  Fried.  Krupp,  Essen. 
Under  his  direction  the  firm  established  a  new  ship- 
building yard  at  (yeestemunde,  and  in  1883  added 
engineering  works.  In  1897  the  firm  was  converted 
into  a   limited  company,  and  he  was  appointed 


managing  director.  Member  of  the  British  Inst, 
of  Naval  Architects  and  the  German  Schifin^autech- 
nische  Gesellschaft. 

dawing-off.  To  beat  to  windward  from  a  lee 
shore  to  avoid  getting  into  difficulties. 

Olasn&are*  French  torpedo-boat  destroyer. 
(Forges  et  Chantiers,  1904.)  Length,  x8o  ft. ; 
beam,  21  f t. ;  maximum  draught,  10  ft. ;  displace- 
ment, 300  tons ;  complement,  45  ;  guns,  i  9-pdr., 
6  3-pdr. ;  torpedo  tubes,  2  1 5-in. ;  speed,  27-30  kts. 

(nays,  Paul  Jean  (18 19-1900).  Belgian  marine 
painter  (b.  Bruges).  Was  one  of  the  founders  of 
the  Marine  Belgian  School  of  Art,  and  his  work  is 
particularly  strong  in  depicting  the  beauties  of  the 
sea  at  peace.  His  best  known  pictures  are  :  "  Dutch 
Boats  in  the  Flushing  Roads  "  (National  Gallery, 
London),  "  Festival  of  the  Scheldt  at  Antwerp  " 
(New  York),  "  Calm  on  the  Scheldt "  and  "  Coast 
near  Ostend  "  (Brussels),  "  The  Open  North  Sea  " 
(Munich),  "  Entry  of  Queen  Victoria  into  Ostend 
in  1857." 

Gtoaranoe  is  a  certificate  issued  by  the  Customs 
authorities  showing  that  the  vessel  therein  named 
has  complied  with  the  Customs  requirements,  paid 
her  port  and  light  dues,  and  is  entitled  to  proceed 
to  sea.  It  can  be  obtained  by  the  master  "  as 
soon  as  his  cargo  is  in  such  a  position  as  to  enable 
him  to  make  out  his  manifest  (^.v.)  for  the  use  of 
the  Customs." 

Oleai.  A  piece  of  wood  with  two  arms  for  belay- 
ing ropes.  Also  small  wedges  used  to  secure  sails 
from  slipping. 

0]6meiis»  fiamaal  Langhome  (better  known  as 
Mark  Twain).  American  author  and  humorist 
(b.  Florida).  At  the  age  of  17  became  a  qualified 
pilot  on  the  Mississippi  River,  and  in  his  "  Life  on 
the  Mississippi "  he  graphically  records  his  experi- 
ences while  "learning  the  river."  After  drifting 
about  the  United  States  he  went  to  San  Francisco, 
and  in  1876  was  supplied  with  money  by  one  of 
the  leading  newspapers  in  that  city  to  join  a  party 
going  to  the  Mediterranean  ports.  The  letters 
written  by  him  during  this  voyage  were  gathered 
ill  1869  into  a  volume,  "  The  Innocents  Abroad," 
and  the  book  won  an  enduring  popularity.  Among 
his  best  known  works  are  :  "  Roughing  it  "  (1872), 
"The  Gilded  Age"  (1873),  "Life  on  the  Missis- 
sippi "  (1874).  "  Tom  Sawyer  "  (1876),  "  A  Tramp 
Abroad  "  (1880),  "  The  Prince  and  the  Pauper  " 
(1881),  "  Adventures  of  Huckleberry  Finn  "  (1884)  ; 
"A  Yankee  at  King  Arthur's  Court"  (1889), 
"  The  American  Claimant  "  (1897),  "  Pudd'n-head 
Wilson  "  (1894),  "  The  Man  who  Corrupted  Had- 
leyburg  "  (1900),  "  A  Double-Barrelled  Detective 
Story  "  (1902).  A  complete  edition  of  his  works 
was  published  in  22  vols,  in  1900  by  the  American 
Publishing  Co.,  of  Harvard,  Con. 


CLENCH 


136 


CLOUDS 


Otonoh.  Burring  the  end  of  a  bolt  to  keep  it 
secure. 

Cleopatra.  British  3rd  class  cruiser  (380  tons, 
13  kts.).     Launched  1878. 

Clermont.  This  vessel,  designed  by  Robert 
Fulton  ai3d  launched  on  the  Hudson  River,  U.S. A., 
in  September,  1807,  was  the  first  successful  vessel 
propelled  by  steam.  She  made  the  trip  from  New 
York  to  Albany,  a  distance  by  river  of  about  150 
miles,  in  32  hours. 

Cleveland.    U.S.  3rd  class  cruiser  (1891). 
Length  292ft.    Beam  44ft.   Maximum  draught  17ft. 
Displacement  3.200  tons.     Complement  293. 
Guns,  Armour. 

10 — 5  in.  "  Harvey-nickel." 

8 — 6  pdr.  2  in.  Deck. 

2 — I  pdr. 
2  Colts. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  4,500=  i6'5  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 700  tons. 

Clew-gamet.    Hauling  up  the  clew  of  a  cross. 

dew-line.    The  line  which  hauls  up  the  clew. 

Clew  of  a  saiL  The  corner  to  which  the  sail  is 
attached. 

Clews.  An  arrangement  of  small  ropes  for 
slinging  hammocks. 

Climate.  The  average  condition  of  meteoro- 
logical phenomena  at  a  given  place. 

Climatological  station.  A  station  at  which 
observations  are  made  only  once  a  day,  usually  at 
9  a.m. 

Climatology.    The  science  or  study  of  climate. 

Clinch.  The  inner  end  of  a  cable ;  also  method 
of  connecting  a  rope  cable  to  an  anchor. 

dinker-bnnt  (dhicher-built).  Applied  to  a  boat 
or  ship  built  with  the  lower  edge  of  each  plank 
overlapping  the  one  below. 

Clio.      Italian    torpedo-boat.      (Naples,     1906.) 
Length,   165  ft. ;  beam,    17  ft. ;  draught,   7  ft. ; 
displacement,    200    tons ;     armament,    3    3-pdr., 
3  tubes;  twin  screw;  Hp.,  3,000=25  kts.;  coal 
40  tons. 

dip.    Hooks  for  catching  hold  of  fish. 

Clipper.  A  name  applied  to  Australian  sailing 
ships,  owing  to  the  sharp,  fast,  low  in  the  water, 
rakish  appearance  of  the  vessel. 

dose-hauled.  The  general  trim  of  a  ship's  sails 
when  sailing  close  in  to  the  wind. 

dose-reefed.    All  sails  reefed. 

Close  to  the  wind.  A  name  applied  when  sailing 
just  sufficiently  near  to  the  wind  to  fill  the  sails 
without  shaking  them. 


dottis.  In  a  sail,  are  the  breadths  of  canvas  in 
its  whole  width. 

dond.  Moisture  in  the  air  condensed  into  a 
visible  form. 

dond-borst.  Sudden  precipitation  of  a  great 
amount  of  rain  or  hail  in  a  short  time. 

donds.  The  different  modifications  and  forms 
of  cloud,  as  originally  given  by  Luke  Howard, 
were  Cirrus,  Cirro-cumulus,  Cirro-stratus,  Cumulus, 
Cumulo-stratus,  Stratus,  and  Nimbus.  It  is  desir- 
able, however,  to  employ  the  nomenclature  adopted 
by  the  International  Meteorological  Committee, 
and  used  in  the  International  Cloud  Atlas,  which 
is  as  follows : 

Cirrus  (Ct.). — ^Detached  clouds,  delicate  and 
fibrous-looking,  taking  the  form  of  feathers,  gene- 
rally of  a  white  colour,  sometimes  arranged  in 
belts,  which  cross  a  portion  of  the  sky  in  **  great 
circles,"  and,  by  an  effect  of  perspective,  converge 
towards  one  or  two  opposite  points  of  the  horizon. 
(The  Ci.-S.  and  the  Ci.-Cu.  often  contribute  to  the 
formation  of  these  belts.) 

Cirro-Stratus  (Ct.-5.). — A  thin,  whitish  sheet,  at 
times  completely  covering  the  sky,  and  only  giving 
it  a  whitish  appearance  (it  is  then  sometimes  called 
Cirro-nebula),  or  at  others  presenting,  more  or  less 
distinctly,  a  formation  like  a  tangled  web.  This 
sheet  often  produces  halos  around  the  sun  and 
moon. 

CirrO'Cumuhu  (Ct.-Cti.). — Small  globular  masses 
or  white  flakes  without  shadows,  or  having  very 
slight  shadows,  arranged  in  groups  and  often  in 
lines. 

Alio  ^  Cumulus  ( A  .-Cm.).  —  Largish  globular 
masses,  white  or  greyish,  partially  shaded,  arranged 
in  groups  or  lines,  and  often  so  closely  packed  that 
their  edges  appear  confused.  The  detached  masses 
are  generally  larger  and  more  compact  (changing 
to  S.-Cu.)  at  the  centre  of  the  group.  At  the 
margin  they  form  into  finer  flakes  (changing  to 
Ci.-Cu.).  They  often  spread  themselves  out  in 
lines  in  one  or  two  directions. 

AUo-Stratus  (^.-5.). — A  thick  sheet  of  a  grey 
or  bluish  colour,  which  shows  a  brilliant  patch  in 
the  neighbourhood  of  the  sun  or  moon,  and  which, 
without  causing  halos,  may  give  rise  to  coronas. 
This  form  goes  through  all  the  changes  like  the 
Cirro-stratus,  but  by  measurements  made  at 
Upsala  its  altitude  is  one-half  less. 

Strato-Cumutus  (5.-Cttv). — ^Large  globular  masses 
or  rolls  of  dark  cloud,  frequently  covering  the 
whole  sky,  especially  in  winter,  and  occasionally 
giving  it  a  wavy  appearance.  The  layer  of  Strato- 
cumulus  is  not,  as  a  rule,  very  thick,  and  patches 
of  blue  sky  are  often  visible  through  the  inter- 
vening spaces.  All  sorts  of  transitions  between 
this  form  and  the  Alto-cumulus  are  noticeable.  It 
may  be  distinguished  from  Nimbus  by  its  globular 
or  rolled  appearance,  and  also  because  it  does  not 
bring  rain. 


CLOWES 


137 


CLYDE 


Nimbus  {N,), — Rain-cloud.  A  thick  layer  of 
dark  clouds,  without  shape  and  with  ragged  edge, 
from  which  continued  rain  or  snow  generally  falls. 
Through  the  openings  in  these  clouds  an  upper 
layer  of  Cirro-stratus  or  Alto-stratus  may  almost 
invariably  be  seen.  If  the  layer  of  Nimbus 
separates  up  into  shreds,  or  if  small  loose  clouds 
are  visible  floating  at  a  low  level  underneath  a 
large  Nimbus,  they  may  be  described  as  Fracto- 
nimbus  (the  "  scud  "  of  sailors). 

Cumulus  (Cu.), — Wool -pack  clouds.  Thick 
clouds  of  which  the  upper  surface  is  dome-shaped, 
and  exhibits  protuberances  while  the  base  is 
horizontal.  These  clouds  appear  to  be  formed  by 
a  diurnal  ascensional  movement,  which  is  almost 
always  observable.  When  the  cloud  is  opposite  to 
the  sun  the  surfaces  usually  presented  to  the 
observer  have  a  greater  brilliance  than  the  margins 
of  the  protuberances.  When  the  light  falls  aslant 
these  clouds  give  deep  shadows  ;  when,  on  the  con- 
trary, the  clouds  are  on  the  same  side  as  the  sun, 
they  appear  dark,  with  bright  edges.  The  true 
Cumulus  has  clear  upper  and  lower  limits.  It  is 
often  broken  up  by  strong  winds,  and  the  detached 
portions  undergo  continual  changes.  These  may 
be  distinguished  by  the  name  of  Fracto-cumulus. 

Cumulo- Nimbus  {Cu.-N.), — ^The  thunder-cloud; 
shower-cloud.  Heavy  masses  of  cloud,  rising  in 
the  form  of  mountains,  turrets,  or  anvils,  generally 
having  a  sheet  or  screen  of  fibrous  appearance 
above  ("  false  Cirrus  "),  and  underneath  a  mass  of 
cloud  similar  to  Nimbus.  From  the  base  there 
usually  fall  local  showers  of  rain  or  of  snow  (occa- 
sionally hail  or  soft  hail).  Sometimes  the  upper 
edges  have  the  compact  form  of  Cumulus,  forming 
into  massive  peaks  round  which  the  deUcate  **  false 
Cirrus  "  floats,  and  sometimes  the  edges  themselves 
separate  into  a  fringe  of  filaments  similar  to  that 
of  the  Cirrus  cloud.  This  last  form  is  particularly 
common  in  ^ling  showers.  The  front  of  thunder- 
clouds of  wide  extent  frequently  presents  the  form 
of  a  large  bow  spread  over  a  portion  of  the  sky 
which  is  imiiormly  brighter  in  colour. 

SttiUus  (5.). — A  horizontal  sheet  of  lifted  fog. 
When  this  sheet  is  broken  up  into  irregular  shreds 
by  the  wind,  or  by  the  summits  of  mountains,  it 
may  be  distinguished  by  the  name  of  Fracto- 
stratus. 

• 

dowaf.  Sir  WiUJam  Laird  (1856-1905).  Naval 
critic  and  writer  (b.  Hampstead).  Educated  Alden- 
ham.  King's  College,  London,  and  Lincoln's  Inn, 
and  at  the  last  moment  abandoned  the  Bar  for 
journalism,  and  wrote  on  technical  subjects,  chiefly 
naval,  subsequently  devoting  himself  to  researches 
in  naval  history.  Some  of  his  papers  on  the  condi- 
tion of  the  Navy  have  been  translated  into  many 
languages,  and  have  had  an  enormous  influence 
upon  naval  as  well  as  pubUc  opinion.  He  served 
on  the  Arts  and  General  Committees  of  the  Royal 
Naval  Exhibition  of  1891,  gained  the  gold  medal 


of  the  United  States  Naval  Institute  in  the  follow- 
ing year.  Was  elected  a  FeUow  of  King's  College, 
London,  in  1895,  ^^^  chosen  an  hon.  member  of 
the  Royal  United  Service  Institution. 

PubUcations  :  "  The  Naval  Pocket-Book,"  "  The 
Captain  of  the  Mary  Rose,"  "Blood  is  Thicker 
than  Water,"  "  History  of  the  Royal  Navy." 

dabbing.  Dropping  with  tide  or  current,  drag- 
ging the  anchor. 

dnb-haoL  Method  of  tacking  by  letting  go  lee 
anchor  when  wind  is  out  of  sails  ;  bringing  head 
to  wind. 

CDab  Maritinio  del  Abnu  President,  Don  Thomas 
Znbiria ;  Vice-President,  Don  Pedro  MacMahon ; 
Treasurer,  Don  Angel  Uona ;  Secretary,  Don 
Manuel  Galindes,  Las  Arenas,  Bilbao.  Entrance 
fee,  125  pesetas  ;  annual  subscription,  60  pesetas. 

dab  Naatioo  de  Bilbao.  President,  Don  Benigns 
de  Chavarri ;  Vice-President,  Don  Justo  D.  de 
Somonte ;  Treasurer,  Don  Jose  de  Arbide ;  Secre- 
tary, Don  Antonio  Carlevaris,  Qub  House,  Nuevo 
Teatro,  Bilbao.  Entrance  fee,  150  pesetas ;  annual 
subscription,  60  pesetas. 

dab  Haatiane  de  Hioe.  Established  1883.  Pre- 
sident, F.  Pilatte ;  Vice-Presidents,  J.  G.  Maurel, 
A.  Chauchard,  A.  Isnard  ;  Treasurer,  D.  Sauvaigo ; 
Honorary  Secretary,  L.  Bonfiglio,  93  Quai  du 
midi,  Nice ;  Honorary  Assistant-Secretary,  L.  Des- 
joyeux.  Entrance  fee,  20  francs ;  annual  sub- 
scription, 30  francs. 

dsrde  (1890).  British  subsidised  merchant 
ship.  Royal  MaU  Company  (q.v.).  Dimensions, 
436x50x33  ft.;  gross  tonnage,  5,620;  passenger 
accommodation,  554  ;  Hp.,  7,540=;  17  kts. 

dyde.  British  drill-ship  (1,447  tons).  Launched 
1829. 

dyde  Bin  ol  Eatry.  Established  1840.  Pub- 
lished Tuesday,  Thursday,  and  Saturday.  Price 
£1  IIS.  6d,  per  annum.     Address  :  Glasgow. 

(Hyde  Oorinihiui  TMbt  dab.  Established  1876, 
with  present  headquarters  at  Hunter's  Quay.  It 
was  originally  known  as  "  The  Clyde  Corinthian 
Sailing  Club  "  at  Dunoon.  Towards  the  end  of 
1876  the  Loch  Long  Sailing  Club  was  amalgamated 
with  it,  and  in  1880  assumed  the  present  title. 
Flags :  Red  ensign  and  red  burgee,  with  white 
cross,  and  in  the  centre  a  yellow  shield  with  lion. 
Commodore,  Wm.  Council ;  Vice-Commodore,  R.  S. 
Allan ;  Rear-Commodore,  C.  Maclver ;  Honorary 
Secretary  and  Treasurer,  John  D.  Allison.  En- 
trance fee,  £1  15. ;  annual  subscription,  £1  is. 

Clyde  Liae^  owned  and  managed  by  Messrs, 
W.  M.  P.  Clyde  and  Co.,  of  New  York,  have  a 
fleet  of  Ave  steamers,  which  maintain  daily  sailing>s 
from  New  York  for  Florida,  calling  at  the  principal 


CLYDE 


138 


COALING 


ports  en  route.     This  line  is  the  only  water  line  to 
Florida  without  transhipment. 

Fleet. 
Algonquin.  Arapohoe, 

Apache.  Comanche. 

Iroquois. 

Clyde  Shipping  Co.,  with  their  head  offices  in 
Glasgow,  have  a  large  fleet  of  fuU-powered  steamers, 
which  maintain  regular  steam  communication 
between  Glasgow,  Greenock,  Plymouth,  Southamp- 
ton, Newhaven,  Dover,  and  London  ;  Belfast,  Ply- 
mouth, Southampton,  and  London ;  Waterford, 
Plymouth,  Southampton,  and  London ;  Glasgow, 
Greenock,  Waterford,  and  Cork  ;  Glasgow,  Greenock 
and  Limerick ;  Belfast,  Dublin,  Waterford,  and 
Cork  ;  Cork  and  south-west  coast  of  Ireland  ports  ; 
Glasgow,  Greenock,  Antwerp,  and  Ghent.  The 
company  also  maintain  a  fleet  of  powerful  tug 
steamers  at  Glasgow,  Greenock,  Dublin,  Queens- 
town,  and  Cardiff. 

Fleet. 

Ailsacraig.  Flying  Swallow. 

America.  Flying  Swift. 

Aranmore.  Flying  Witch. 

[Copeland.  Flying  Wizard. 

Dungeness.  Garmoyle. 

Eddystone.  Goodwin. 

Fastnet.  Ireland. 

Flying  Cormorant.  Kalibia. 

Flying  Dutchman.  Kish. 

Flying  Elf.  Lizzard. 

Flying  Falcon.  Langships. 

Flying  Fish.  Needles. 

Flying  Fox.  Pladda. 

Flying  Linnet,  Portland. 

Flying  Mist.  Rathlin. 

Flying  Phantom.  Saliee. 

Flying  Scotsman.  Sanda. 

Flying  Scout.  Sheerness. 

Flying  Spindrift.  Skerrynore. 

Flying  Sportsman.  Spithead. 

Flying  Sprite.  Toward. 

Tushar. 

Clyde  Taoht  dab,  BoyaL  See  Royal  Clyde 
Yacht  Club. 

C.N.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Campbeltown,  Scotland. 

CO.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Courseulles,  France. 

CO.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Carnarvon,  England. 

Coak.  Small  triangular  piece  of  perforated  brass 
in  sheave  of  a  block  to  prevent  splitting  and  galling. 

Coaling  of  ships  at  sea.  In  1892  Admiral  Sir 
Michael  Sejrmour  succeeded  during  the  naval 
manoeuvres  in  coaling  his  squadron  at  sea  by  the 
aid  of   mechanical   appliances.     In   the   Spanish- 


American  war,  1898,  some  coaUng  was  thus  accom- 
plished, and  although  coaling  stations  are  now 
eagerly  sought  after  by  all  Powers,  a  fleet  which  is 
able  to  assert  and  to  maintain  the  command  of  the 
sea  will  not  find  great  difficulty  in  its  coal  supply. 
Coaling  by  the  Temperley  transporter  has  been 
largely  used  in  connection  with  the  coaling  of  war- 
ships at  sea.  The  transporters  are  made  for  loads 
of  from  5  to  60  cwts.,  up  to  1,000  ft.  in  length, 
and  a  travelling  speed  of  from  1,000  to  1,500  ft. 
per  minute.  The  record  for  coaling  from  a  collier 
without  outside  labour  was  achieved  by  Lord 
Charles  Bcresford's  flagship  King  Edward,  which 
took  in  950  tons  in  3  hours  20  minutes,  or  an 
average  rate  of  285  tons  per  hour. 

Coaling  stations  are  ports  specially  fitted  out  and 
used  for  supplying  steamships  with  coal.  In  188 1 
a  Royal  Commission,  under  the  presidency  of  the 
Earl  of  Carnarvon,  reported  on  the  question  of 
British  coaling  stations,  which  resulted  in  the  sum 
of  ;£i, 1 55,100  being  granted  by  the  British  Govern- 
ment for  improving  the  armament  and  works  of 
these  stations.  Britain  has  coaling  stations  in 
every  part  of  the  world.  Among  them  are  Gibraltar, 
Malta,  Aden,  Bombay,  Kurrachee,  Trincomalee, 
Colombo,  Singapore.  Hong  Kong,  Simon's  Bay, 
Table  Bay,  Mauritius,  Sierra  Leone,  St.  Helena, 
Jamaica,  St.  Luda,  Halifax,  and  Bermuda.  A 
complete  list  of  coaling  stations  of  the  world,  in- 
cluding those  on  the  Admiralty  List,  is  appended. 

Home  Ports. 

Aberdeen.  Grimsby.  Scilly. 

A3rr.  Hartlepool.  Seaham. 

Ardrossan.  Holyhead.  Shields  (North). 

Bairy.  Hull.  Shields  (South). 

Belfast.  Leith.  Southampton. 

Birkenhead.  Limerick.  Sunderland. 

Bl3rth.  Liverpool.  Swansea. 

Bristol.  London.  Stomoway. 

Cardiff.  Londonderry.  Troon. 

Cork.  Milford  Haven.  Tynemouth. 

Cowes.  Newcastle.  Waterford. 

Dartmouth.  Newport  (Mon.).  Wearmouth. 

Dublin.  Oban.  Wexford. 

Dundee.  Plymouth.  Whitby. 

Exeter.  Portland.  Whitehaven. 

Falmouth.  Portsmouth.  Wigtown. 

Glasgow.  Port  Talbot.  Youghal. 

European  Ports. 

Abo.  Bergen.  Bremerhaven. 

Ajaccio.  Beyrout.  Brindisi. 

Alexandria.  Bilboa.  Caen. 

Algiers.  Bizerte.  Cadiz. 

Altona.  Bona.  Cagliari 

Amsterdam.  Boulogne.  (Sardinia). 

Antwerp.  Bordeaux.  Calais. 

Augusta.  Bourbon.  Constantinople. 

Barcelona.  Braettesnaes-  Copenhagen, 

Ban.  Bremen.  Corcubion. 

Batoum.  Brake.  Corfu, 


COALING 


139 


COASTER 


European  Ports — (cont,) 


Corunna. 

Cronstadt. 

Danzig. 

Carentan. 

Cctte. 

Charente. 

Cherbourg. 

Christiania. 

Christiansiind. 

Dieppe. 

Dordrecht. 

Dram. 

Dunkirk. 

Drontheim. 

Elsinore. 

Emden. 

Staples. 

F6camp. 

Fiuxne. 

Flushing. 

Galatz. 

GaUipoli. 

Geestemunde. 

Genoa. 

Gibraltar. 

Gravelines. 

Hamburg. 

Havre. 


Helsingborg. 

Honfleur. 

Huelva. 

Ibrail. 

Kiel. 

Kustendji. 

La  Rochelle. 

Lisbon. 

Malmo. 

Malta. 

Marseilles. 

Memel. 

Messina. 

Nantes. 

Naples. 

Narva. 

Nordenham. 

Odessa. 

Ostend. 

Oran. 

P^ermo. 

Piraeus. 

Port  Said. 

Port  Audemer. 

Pontreux. 

Revel. 

Riga. 


Rouen. 

Rotterdam. 

Salonica. 

Savooa. 

St.  Petersburg. 

St  Malo. 

Schiedam. 

Seville. 

Smyrna. 

Stettin. 

Stockholm. 

Suez. 

Sulina. 

Syra. 

Tarifa. 

Toulon. 

Trieste. 

Trouville. 

Tunis. 

Valery. 

Varna. 

Venice. 

Vigo. 

Villafranca 

(Nice). 
Wilhelmshaven. 
Zaandam. 
Zea. 


Atlantic  Ports 

Antigua. 
^Ascension. 

Bahia. 

Bahia  Blanca. 

Baltimore. 
^Barbadoes. 


Belize. 

^Bermudas 

Boston  (U.S.). 

Buenos  Aires. 

Cape  Coast  Castle. 
*Cape  Town. 

Cape  Verdes  (St  Vin- 
cent). 

Ceara. 

Charleston  (S.C). 

Chester  (U.S.). 

Congo. 

Coosaw  River. 

Curasao. 

Dix  Cove. 

Klmina. 

Falkland  Islands. 

Fayal  (Azores). 
♦Fernando  Po. 

Galveston. 

Gambia. 

Greenport 

Gulfport. 


(North  and  South). 

♦Halifax. 

Havana. 

Horn  Island. 
♦Kingston  (Jamaica). 
♦Lagos. 

La  Plata. 

Las  Palmas. 

Loanda. 

Louisberg  (C.B.). 

Madeira. 

Maranham. 

Marcus  Hook  (U.S.). 

Martinique. 

Mobile. 

Monte  Video. 

Mossamedes  (West 
Coast  S.Africa). 

Nassau. 

Natal. 

Newport  News. 

New  Orleans. 

New  York. 

Norfolk  (Va.). 

Para. 

Pensacola. 

Pemambuco. 

Philadelphia. 

Pictou. 

Portland  (M.). 
♦Port  Stanley  (F.I.). 


Atlantic  Ports — {cont,) 

Punta  Arenas.  St.  Paul  de  Loanda. 

Punta  Delgada.  St.  Thomas. 

Quebec.  St.  Vincent. 

Quetta.  Santos. 

Rio  de  Janeiro.  Savannah. 

Rosario.  Ship  Island. 

Santa  Cruz  (Teneriffe).  ♦Sierra  Leone. 


St  John  (N.S.). 

St  Johns  (N.F.). 
♦St.  Lucia. 
♦St  Helena. 

St.  Michael's  (Azores). 


♦Simon's  Town. 
Sydney  (C.B.). 
Trinidad. 
Vera  Cruz. 
Whydah. 


Yarmouth  (N.S.). 
Indian  Ocsan  and  China  Sbas. 


♦Aden. 

Amoy. 

Bangkok. 

Batavia. 
♦Bombay. 

Bussorah. 

Bushire. 
♦Calcutta. 

Canton. 

Coconada. 
♦Colombo. 

Delagoa  Bay. 

Galle. 

HakodadL 


Karatzn. 
Killindim. 
Kobi. 

Kurrachee. 
Labuan. 
Madras. 
Manila. 
♦Mauritius. 
Moji. 
Mombasa. 
Moulmein. 
Muroran. 
Nagasaki. 


♦Newcastle 
(N.S.W.). 

Otaru. 

Penang. 
♦Perim. 

Rangoon. 

Saigon. 

Seychelles. 

Shanghai. 
♦Singapore. 

Sourabaya. 

Suez. 
♦Trincomalee. 

Yokohama. 

2^anzibar. 


♦Hong  Kong. 
Pacific  (North  and  South)  and  Australasia. 


Adelaide. 

Acapulco. 

Astoria. 

Auckland. 

Brisbane. 

Caldera. 

Callao. 

Chiloe* 

Christchurch. 

Comox. 

Coquimbo. 

Coronel. 

Diego  Garcia. 
♦Esquimalt 
♦Fiji  Islands. 

Guayaquil. 


Hobart  Town. 
Honolulu. 
King  George's 

Sound. 
I^dysmith. 
Leruka. 
Lota. 
Mazatlan. 
Melbourne. 
Mamaimo. 
♦New  Westmin- 
ster. 
Otago. 

Portland  (O.). 
Panama. 
Payta. 


Perth. 

San  Diego. 

San  Francisco. 

Seattle. 
♦Sydney. 

Taooma. 

Tahiti. 
♦Taboga. 

Tamsui. 

Fechau. 

TonkaJi. 

Union. 

Valparaiso. 

Vancouver. 

Victoria  (V.I.). 
♦Wellington. 


Ports  marked  ♦  are  on  the  Admiralty  List 

Coal  Marchant  and  Shipper.  Established  1900. 
Published  weekly  (Saturday).  Price  (by  subs.). 
Address  :  165  Strand,  London,  W.C. 

Ooamiiigl.    A  rest  of  a  ship's  hatch. 

Coast.  A  general  name  for  the  littoral  of  any 
country,  applied  to  that  part  of  the  land  only 
which  lies  contiguous  to  the  sea. 

Coaster.  The  expression  "  coaster  "  includes  all 
British  ships  trading  from  one  part  of  the  United 


COASTGUARD 


140 


COBRA 


Kingdom  to  another,  and  all  foreign  ships  carrying 
cargo,  passengers,  or  ballast  from  one  part  of  the 
United  Kingdom  to  another,  or  from  the  Channel 
Islands  or  the  Isle  of  Man  to  the  United  Kingdom, 
or  vice  versa. 

The  coasting  trade  is  confined  to  coasters,  except 
vessels  coming  from  parts  beyond  the  seas  with 
inward  cargo  for  more  than  one  port  in  the  United 
Kingdom.  If  any  goods  shall  be  taken  in  or  put 
out  of  any  coaster  at  sea  or  over  the  sea,  or  if  any 
coaster  touch  at  any  place  over  the  sea,  or  deviate 
from  her  voyage  unless  forced  by  unavoidable  cir- 
cumstances, or  if,  having  touched  at  some  place 
over  the  seas,  the  master  does  not  declare  the  fact 
to  the  proper  officer  on  first  arrival  in  the  United 
Kingdom,  the  master  shall  be  liable  to  forfeit  ;fioo. 

The  master  of  every  coaster  must  keep  a  cargo- 
book,  in  which  must  be  entered  {inter  alia)  the 
name  of  every  port  of  loading  and  the  nature  of 
goods  taken  on  board.  Before  leaving  the  port  of 
loading  a  transire  must  be  signed  by  the  master, 
and  a  copy  given  to  the  Customs  officers ;  and 
before  goods  can  be  discharged,  and  within  24  hours 
of  ai  rival  in  port,  the  transire  must  be  handed  to 
the  Collector  of  Customs,  under  a  penalty  of  ;£3o. 

By  the  Merchant  Shipping  Act,  1894,  coasters 
are  exempt  from : 

(i)  Compulsory  pilotage. 

(2)  Registration,  if  under  15  tons. 

(3)  Agreement  with  crew,  and  marking  deck  and 
loadlines.     See  Merchant  Shipping  Act. 

(4)  If  not  carrying  passengers,  from  carrying 
certificated  officers. 

CkMurtguardt  The,  a  force  originally  intended  solely 
for  the  prevention  of  smuggling ;  now  forms  part 
of  the  Navy,  and  acts  both  as  a  naval  reserve 
(q.v.)  and  a  means  of  coastal  defence.  The  force, 
which  was  transferred  from  the  Customs  Conmiis- 
sioners  to  the  Admiralty  in  1857,  and  limited  to 
10,000  officers  and  men,  is  under  the  superintend- 
ence of  an  admiral,  and  is  annually  exercised 
af  oat.  Its  duties  ashore  include  the  prevention 
of  smuggling,  the  protection  of  shipwrecked  pro- 
perty, assisting  distressed  vessels,  and  the  keeping 
of  weather  reports  and  the  hoisting  of  storm  signals. 
There  are  11  coastguard  districts  in  the  United 
Kingdom,  each  under  a  captain,  who  has  a  cruiser 
and  revenue  cutters  under  his  control. 

Coftsting  trade.  By  Act  of  Parliament  (39  and  40 
Vict.  c.  36,  s.  140)  it  is  enacted  that  all  trade  by 
sea  from  any  one  part  of  the  United  Kingdom  to 
any  other  part  thereof  (the  Channel  Islands  and 
the  Isle  of  Man  being  counted  as  part  of  the  United 
Kingdom)  shall  be  deemed  coasting  trade,  and  all 
ships  while  employed  in  such  trade  shall  be  deemed 
coasting  ships,  and  all  foreign  ships  proceeding 
either  with  cargo,  passengers,  or  in  ballast  on  any 
voyage  from  any  one  part  of  the  United  Kingdom 
to  another  shall  be  deemed  subject  to  the  same 
laws,  rules,  and  regulations  as  British  ships  when 


so  employed.  In  spite  of  the  absence  of  any  special 
restriction  on  foreign  vessels,  British  ships  control 
practically  the  whole  of  the  coasting  trade  of  the 
United  Kingdom,  foreigners  claiming  only  10%. 

Ckmtit.     Italian  gun-boat  (1899). 
Length  287ft.    Beam  30ft.    Maximum  draught  loft. 
Displacement  1,313  tons.     Complement  154. 
Guns.  Armour. 

12—12  pdr.  "  Steel." 

I  in.  Deck. 
Torpedo  Tubes. 
2  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  8,000=23  kts.     Coal  normal 
160  tons. 

OoatB,  Jamee  (b.  Glasgow,  December  22,  1853). 
Educated  in  Liverpool,  and  served  his  apprentice- 
ship on  the  Clyde.  After  a  period  at  sea,  obtaining 
a  marine  engineer's  certificate,  he' in  1881  went  to 
Russia  to  superintend  the  construction  of  a  large 
arc  light  plant,  and  to  hght  up  the  petroleum 
works  at  Novorossisk.  In  1883  he  went  to  India 
as  engineer  to  the  Indian  Phoenix  Gold  Mines,  and 
on  his  return  in  1886  he  was  offered  by  the  Egyptian 
Government  a  position  of  chief  engineer  of  a 
petroleum  expedition,  and  while  there  erected 
works.  On  his  return  to  England  he  joined  the 
steam  navigation  party  on  behalf  of  the  Fairfield 
Shipbuilding  Co.,  where  he  gained  experience  as 
to  the  requirements  of  the  engine-room  staff  of 
the  Navy,  having  been  at  the  speed  trials  of  many 
ironclads.  In  1688  he  went  to  Peru  as  chief 
engineer  of  the  London  Pacific  Petroleum  Co.,  and 
remained  there  three  years,  returning  to  Scotland 
in  1892  to  take  up  the  position  of  chief  engineer 
to  the  Scottish  Co-Operative  Wholesale  Society. 
After  a  period  of  ii  years  with  this  company  he 
went  to  Norway  on  behalf  of  the  Standard  Con- 
struction Co.,  in  charge  of  the  workshops  for 
Edison's  great  scheme  for  separating  the  ore 
magnetically,  and  since  his  return  to  England  has 
been  engaged  in  transforming  the  power  used  in 
factories  from  steam  driving  to  electricity. 

Member  of  the  Institution  of  Engineers  and  Ship- 
builders of  Scotland ;  associate  member  of  the 
Institution  of  Electrical  Engineers ;  vice-president 
of  the  West  of  Scotland  Scientific  Society. 

Cobbing.  An  obsolete  form  of  punishment, 
formerly  inflicted  for  breach  of  discipline. 

Ooble.  A  low  flat  boat  with  square  stem,  used 
in  cod  and  turbot  fishery. 

Ck>booee.    See  Caboose. 

Cobra.  British  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (£ls> 
wick,  1 90 1.)  This  vessel  was  wrecked  in  a  gale 
off  the  Lancashire  coast  on  September  id,  1901, 
and  immediately  went  to  pieces,  her  shell  not  being 
strong  enough  to  bear  the  weight  of  her  machinery 
and  armament. 


COBRA 


141 


CODES 


Ctolira.  Austro-Hungarian  torpedo-boat.  (Yar- 
row, 1899.)  Length,  152  ft. ;  beam,  15  re. ;  draught, 
yi  ft.  ;  displacement,  133  tons;  complement,  24; 
armament,  2  3-pdr.  q.f.,  3  tubes;  Hp.,  i,8oo=s 
24  kts. ;  coal,  30  tons. 

Cochrane.  British  ist  class  cruiser.  (Fairfield, 
1905.) 

Length  480ft.    Beam  73ft.    Maximum  draught  27ft. 
Displacement  13,550  tons. 
Guns.  Armour. 

6— 9'2  in.,  50  cal.      "  Krupp." 
4 — 7*5  in.  6  in.  Belt  amidships. 

24 — 3  pdr.  6  in.  Barbettes. 

8  Pompoms.  6  in.  Turrets. 

Maxims.   •  7  in.  Conning  tower. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
3  Submerged. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  23,500=23  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 2,000  tons.     Approximate  cost  j(  1.129,500. 

0oehnui6»  Admiral  The  Hon.  Sir  Arthur  Aaok- 
land  Leopold  Pedro»  K.C.B.,  cr.  1889  (b.  1824). 
Entered  Navy,  1840;  mid.  during  operations  on 
coast  of  Syria,  including  the  bombardment  of  Acre, 
1840  (Syrian  medal)  ;  lieutenant,  1845  ;  com- 
mander, 185 1  ;  commander  of  Driver  in  the  Baltic 
Fleet,  1854  (Baltic  medal)  ;  captain,  1854 ;  present 
in  boat  action  at  seizure  of  Dutch  Folly  Fort, 
Canton,  1856 ;  commander  3rd  Division  of  Naval 
Brigade  at  the  attack  on  Canton,  1857  ;  present  at 
the  destruction  of  the  Fatshan  flotUla  of  war- 
jnnks.  1857 ;  wounded  (China  medal,  Fatshan  and 
Canton  clasps) ;  rear-admiral,  1870  ;  Commander- 
in-Chief,  Pacific,  1873-76  ;  vice-admiral,  1876  ;  C.B., 
1855 :  captain's  good  service  pension,  1868-70 ; 
admiral,  1881  ;  flag  officer's  good  service  pen- 
sion, 1886 ;  retired.  1886. 

Ooohraiie,  Admiral  Thomas.  See  Dundonald, 
Thomas  Cochrane,  Earl  of. 

Cochrane,  Sir  Alexander  Forrester  Inglis  (1758- 
1832).  British  admiral.  Was  present  at  the  action 
ofi  Martinique,  1780,  in  the  Montagu.  In  1801  he 
commanded  the  Ajar  in  Lord  Keith's  expedition 
to  Egypt,  and  became  Second-in-Command  under 
Duckworth,  and  was  present  at  the  battle  of  San 
Domingo,  1806.  He  was  made  vice-admiral,  1809  ; 
K.C.B.,  181 5  ;  admiral,  181 9. 

Cochrane,  Sir  Thomas  John  (1789-1872).  Eng- 
lish admiral.  When  in  command  of  the  Surprise 
he  captured  the  American  privateer  Decatur,  sub- 
sequently assisting  in  the  attack  on  Washington 
and  Baltimore.  He  was  promoted  vice*admiral, 
1850 ;  admiral,  1856 ;  and  an  Admiral  of  the  Fleet, 
1865. 

Co^kbilL  Situation  of  anchor  when  suspended 
from  cat-head. 

Co^kbnm,  Sir  George  (1772-1853).  British  ad- 
miral. Served  in  the  East  Indies  and  Mediter- 
ranean, and  assisted  as  captain  of  the  Minerva  at 


the  blockade  of  Leghorn,  1796,  and  fought  at  the 
battle  of  Cape  St.  Vincent.  He  afterwards  parti- 
cipated in  the  reduction  of  Martinique,  1809.  In 
18 1 2,  on  his  promotion  to  rear-admiral,  he  was 
sent  to  North  America,  where  he  greatly  distin- 
guished himself  during  the  various  operations  in 
the  Chesapeake,  and  took  a  large  share  at  the  battle 
of  Bladensburg  and  the  capture  of  Washington. 
Early  in  181 5  he  received  the  Order  of  the  Bath, 
and  in  the  autumn  of  that  year  he  carried  out  in 
the  Northumberland  {q.v.)  the  sentence  of  deporta- 
tion to  St.  Helena  which  had  been  passed  upon 
Bonaparte.  He  was  created  G.C.B.  and  made  a 
Lord  of  the  Admiralty  in  1828.  From  1841  to 
1846  he  was  First  Naval  Lord.  In  185 1  he  was 
made  Admiral  of  the  Fleet,  and  a  year  before  his 
death  the  baronetcy  fell  to  him  by  heritage. 

Cocker,  George  Herbert  Engineer  R.N. ;  D.S.O., 
1900  (b.  November,  1871).  Educated  Bloxham, 
Banbur>%  Oxford ;  assisted  at  salvage  operations 
at  Ferrol  on  board  H.M.S.  Howe  (1893)  >  AustraUa 
in  H.M.S.  Karrakatia,  1894-97 ;  China.  1900 ; 
D.S.O.  decorated  for  services  with  Royal  Marines 
at  the  defence  of  Tientsin,  and  with  the  Brigade 
during  Admiral  Seymour's  attempted  relief  of  the 
Legation ;  employed  in  repairing  and  constructing 
temporary  armoured  trucks  and  mounting  the 
4-in.  guns  of  the  Algerine  at  PeiYang ;  present  at 
the  capture  of  the  native  city  of  Tientsin  (China 
medal)  ;  mentioned  in  despatches. 

CooUe.  (Cardium  edule.)  A  genus  of  the 
common  bivalve  molluscs,  many  of  the  members  of 
which  are  edible,  and  have  considerable  commer- 
cial value. 

Cockpit.  A  place  near  the  after  hatchway  of  old 
wooden  warships,  where  wounded  men  were 
attended  to. 

CoC3Fte.     French    armoured    gun-boat.     (Cher- 
bourg, 1889.) 

Length  id tft.    Beam  40ft.    Maximum  draught  12ft. 
Displacement  1,680  tons.     Complement  100. 
Guns,  Armour. 

I— IO-8  in.  "  Steel." 

2 — 3*9  in.  10  in.  Belt  amidships. 

2 — 1*8  in.  8  in.  Big  gun  shields. 

Hp.  1,700s  13  kts.     Coal  300  tons. 

Code-signals.    Flags  for  communicating  at  sea. 

Codes,  Telegraphic.  A  system  of  words  used  to 
represent  sentences  with  a  view  of  reducing  the 
cost  of  telegraphing  or  cabling  and  to  secure 
secrecy.  The  best  and  probably  the  most  univer- 
sally used  code  is  the  A.B.C.,  first  published  in 
1872.  Private  codes  are  much  used,  and  there  are 
various  systems  for  their  construction.  There 
are  certain  regulations  made  by  the  International 
Telegraph  Convention  which  must  be  conformed 
with,  the  most  important  of  which  "is,  viz.,  only 
Dutch,  English,  French,  German,  Italian,  Portu- 


CODRINGTON 


142 


COLLINGWOOD 


guese,  Spanish  and  Latin  may  be  used,  but  any  or 
all  of  these  languages  may  be  contained  in  one 
telegram.  Words  of  more  than  10  letters  are 
charged  as  two  words. 

Codrington,  Sir  Edward  (1770-1851).  British 
admiral  (b.  Gloucester).  Entered  the  Navy  in 
1783  ;  as  lieutenant  on  board  Lord  Howe's  flagship 
he  saw  ser\'ice  at  the  battle  of  "  The  Glorious  First 
of  June."  In  Lord  Bridport's  action  oflf  L'Orient, 
1795*  he  commanded  the  Babete,  and  10  years  later 
he  received  command  of  the  Orion,  in  which  he 
fought  at  Trafalgar.  In  18 13  be  sailed  for  North 
America  and,  on  being  promoted  the  following  year 
to  rear-admiral,  was  Captain  of  the  Fleet  at  Wash- 
ington and  Baltimore,  afterwards  taking  part  in 
the  attack  on  New  Orleans.  In  1826  he  was  in 
command  of  the  combined  fleets  of  Great  Britain. 
France  and  Russia,  sent  to  restrain  Ibrahim  Pasha 
from  operating  against  the  Greeks.  In  1827  the 
battle  of  Navarino  was  fought,  in  which  the 
Turkish  and  Egyptian  fleets  of  ^^  sail,  with  gun- 
boats, schooners  and  craft  of  all  sorts,  were  almost 
entirely  destroyed.  Having  attained  the  rank 
of  admiral.  1837,  he  became  Commander-in-Chief 
at  Portsmouth. 

See  Memoir  by  Lady  Boucher,  1873. 

Coeflogon.  French  3rd  class  cruiser.  (St.  Na- 
zaire,  1894.) 

Length  312ft.    Beam  30ft.    Maximum  draught  14ft. 
Displacement  1,900  tons.     Complement  190. 
Guns.  A  tmour. 

4— -S'S  in.  "  Steel." 

3 — 1*8  in.  i|  in.  Deck  amidships. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
5  Above  water. 
Hp.  5. 800 s=  19  kts.     Coal  maximum  300  tons. 

Cofferdam.  A  water-tight  enclosure  formed  by 
piles  2  to  6  ft.  apart  driven  into  the  bottom  of  a 
river,  the  intermediate  space  being  packed  with 
clay«  so  as  to  form  a  water-tight  wall.  It  is  used  as 
a  dam  when  laying  bare  the  bottom  of  a  river  in 
order  to  establish  a  foundation  for  a  pier,  abut- 
ment, quay  or  docks. 

Cognee.  French  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  Length, 
190  ft.  ;  beam,  21  ft. ;  draught.  9 J  ft.  ;  displace- 
ment. 431  tons ;  complement,  48  ;  guns,  i  9-pdr., 
6  3-pdr.  ;  torpedo  tubes,  2  17*7  in. ;  speed,  27-30 
kts. 

Coil.     Rope  laid  in  ring  fashion. 

C6L  A  neck  of  low  pressure  between  two  anti- 
cyclones. 

Colchester.  50  guns.  On  September  21,  1744, 
this  vessel  was  lost  on  the  Kentish  Knock,  when 
50  men  perished. 

Cold.  Coloured.  Abbreviation  adopted  on  the 
charts  issued  by  the  Hydrographic  Office,  Admi- 
ralty. 


Colima.  Pacific  Co.'s  steamer  from  San  Fran- 
cisco to  Panama,  wrecked  off  south-west  coast  of 
Mexico  ;   108  lives  lost. 

Collapsible  boat.  A  kind  of  boat  of  which  the 
frame  is  collapsible  for  compact  stowage,  either  on 
shipboard  or  for  transportation. 

Collar.  An  eye  in  the  end  or  bight  of  a  shroud  or 
stay,  to  go  over  the  mast-head  ;  also  a  rope  formed 
into  a  wreath  with  the  heart  or  dead  eye  seized  in 
the  bight  to  which  the  stay  'is  confined  at  the  lower 
part. 

Colleges*  Training.    See  Naval  Education. 

Collier.  Vessels  employed  exclusively  in  carry- 
ing coals. 

Collingwood,  Cnihbart.  First  Baron  Collingwood. 
1750-1810  (b.  Newcastle-on-Tyne).  Entered  the 
Navy  at  the  age  of  11,  and  was  in  the  Shannon 
under  command  of  Captain  (afterwards  Admiral) 
Brathwaite,  to  whom  he  was  indebted  in  a 
great  measure  for  that  nautical  knowledge  which 
marked  his  career.  After  serving  under  Admiral 
Roddam  he,  in  1774,  went  to  Boston,  and  a  year 
later,  on  being  promoted  lieutenant,  joined  the 
unsuccessful  expedition  to  the  Spanish  Main,  the 
idea  being  to  pass  into  the  Pacific  by  navigating 
the  River  San  Juan  and  Lakes  Nicaragua  and 
Leon.  He  first  saw  active  service  in  America, 
and  fought  on  shore  at  the  battle  of  Bunkers  Hill. 
1775.  In  1779  he  was  made  commander  of  the 
Badger,  and  shortly  afterwards  post-captain  of 
the  small  frigate  Hinckinbroke.  In  1783  he  was 
appointed  to  command  the  Samson,  of  64  guns,  and 
subsequently  to  the  Mediator,  destined  for  the  West 
Indies,  where  with  Nelson,  who  was  in  command  of 
that  station,  he  remained  for  some  years.  In  1781 
he  had  the  misfortune  to  be  wrecked  in  the  Pelican 
in  a  hurricane,  and  he  returned  to  England  and 
remained  on  shore  until  1793,  when  he  was  appoint- 
ed captain  of  the  Prince,  flagship  of  Rear-Admiral 
Bowyer.     On  the  outbreak  of  the  French  war  in 

1793,  he  took  part  in  Lord  Howe's  victory,  June  i, 

1794,  and  in  command  of  the  Barfleur  displayed 
great  judgment  and  courage  ;  on  board  the  Excel- 
lent he  shared  in  the  victory  of  February  14.  1797, 
at  the  battle  off  St.  Vincent.  In  January,  1799, 
he  was  promoted  vice-admiral,  and  hoisting  his 
flag  on  the  Triumph  joined  the  Channel  Fleet.  In 
1803  he  was  employed  in  watching  the  French 
Fleet  off  Brest,  and  fen-  two  years  he  displayed  the 
most  unwearied  vigilance  in  discharging  this  duty. 
In  the  Royal  Sovereign  he  was  second  in  command 
to  Nelson  at  the  battle  of  Trafalgar,  and  led  the  lee 
column,  and  the  manner  in  which  he  carried  his 
ship  into  action,  and  fought  the  Santa  Anna  (the 
largest  ship  of  the  line  then  afloat)  single-handed, 
and  eventually  had  the  satisfaction  of  seeing  her 
strike  her  colours,  in  ajgreat  measure  helped  to  de- 
moralise the  Spaniards,  and  to  the  victory  at  Trafal- 
gar.    On  the  death  of  Nelson,  Collingwood  assumed 


COLLINSON 


H3 


COLLISIONS 


supreme  command  of  the  fleet,  and  on  his  return  to 
England  was  raised  to  the  peerage  as  Baron  Col- 
lingwood  of  Coldbume  and  Heathpool,  and  recei\'ed 
the  thanks  of  both  Houses  of  Parliament,  with  a 
pension  of  ;£2,ooo  a  year.  In  original  genius  and 
daring  he  was  inferior  to  Nelson,  who  had  no 
equal ;  but  his  merits  as  a  naval  officer  were  of  the 
fiist  order,  and  in  seamanship  and  general  talent 
many  who  were  familiar  with  both  considered  him 
superior.  He  was  an  enemy  to  impressment  and 
fl<^ging,  and  was  given  the  honourable  name  of 
"  father  "  among  his  crew  for  his  kindness.  He 
died  on  board  the  Ville  de  Paris,  oft  Port  Mahan, 
March  7,  18 10.  His  body  was  conveyed  to 
England,  and  buried  in  St.  Paul's  Cathedral. 

CoUiason.    See  Arctic  Exploration. 

Collision.  In  marine  insurance  the  collision 
clause  becomes  operative  when  the  vessel  insured 
has  been  in  collision  with  any  other  ship  or  vessel, 
and  when  in  consequence  of  their  ship  or  vessel 
having  been  in  fault  the  owners  become  liable  to 
pay  and  shall  have  paid  to  the  persons  interested  in 
the  other  ship  or  vessel  for  the  damages  sustained, 
such  damages  not  to  exceed  the  value  of  the  insured 
ship  or  vessel,  i.e.,  the  policy  value.  (Sevrard  v. 
Owner  of  the  Vera  Cruz,  5  Asp.  Mar.  L.C.  386.) 
The  proportion  of  this  amount  for  damage  sus- 
tained for  which  the  underwriter  of  the  insured 
ship  is  liable  under  the  clause  is  three-fourths 
of  the  sum  paid  as  above  by  the  assured.  The 
maximum  liability  of  the  underwriter  in  any 
one  case  is  75%  of  the  insured  value,  irrespec- 
tive of  costs.  There  is  no  liability  on  the  under- 
writer to  pay  costs  unless  expressly  included, 
though  in  practice  they  are  usually  admitted. 
(Xenos  V.  Fox,  L.R.  4  C.P.  665.)  The  balance 
(35%)  o^  ^^  owners'  liability  is  either  separately 
insured,  or  specially  included  by  an  alteration  in 
the  clause.  (McArthur  on  the  Contract  of  In- 
surance, p.  296.) 

The  total  amount  under  the  Merchant  Shipping 
Act  of  1894  {q.v.)  for  which  a  shipowneri  Irtish 
or  foreign,  is  in  our  Courts  liable  for  damage  to 
property  and  loss  of  Ufe  or  personal  injury  (pro- 
vided he  is  not  by  his  own  default  concerned  in  it) 
is  ;£i  5  per  ton  ;  or  excluding  the  personal  damage 
£S  per  ton,  reckoned  on  the  net  register  of  ships  ; 
and  on  the  gross  register,  without  deduction  of 
engine  room  space,  of  steamers,  each  collision  taken 
separately. 

Unless  specially  included,  damage  by  collision 
to  the  following  are  not  included  in  the  protection  of 
the  clause  :  Wharves,  jetties,  floating  buoys,  pon- 
toons, stages,  piers-  (floating  or  fixed),  break- 
waters, quays,  or  dock  walls,  or  similar  structures. 
(I>amage  to  the  vessel  herself  is  claimable  in  par- 
ticular average.) 

The  portion  of  the  collision  clause  limiting  the 
liability  of  the  underwriter  to  three-fourths  of  the 
damage  the  owners  of  the  insured  vessel  have  had  to 


pay  is  now  frequently  altered  to  a  "  four-fourths  " 
clause,  which,  of  course,  includes  the  entire  liability  ; 
and  most  of  the  leading  companies  will  now  issue 
policies  without  a  collision  clause,  but  giving  full 
protection  to  the  shipowner  for  all  his  important 
liabilities.     See  Gow  on  Marine  Insurance,  p.  254. 

Briefly  the  decisions  of  liability  under  the  col- 
lision clause  have  led  to  the  following  conclusions  : — 

(a)  When  neither  vessel  can  establish  a  claim 
against  the  other  for  default,  no  damages  can  be 
recovered,  each  vessel  bearing  her  own  loss. 

(b)  When  one  vessel  is  in  default  and  solely  to 
blame,  this  vessel  is  responsible  for  the  damage 
sustained.  If  the  policy  value  of  the  insured  ship 
exceeds  £S  per  ton,  the  underwriter  pays  the  pro- 
portion that  his  subscription  bears  to  that  value. 

(c)  When  both  vessels  are  to  blame.  Settle- 
ments under  this  condition  vary,  but  generally  the 
damages  sustained  by  both  are  added  together  and 
the  sum  halved,  each  vessel  being  debited  with 
one-half.  (Stoomvaart  v.  P.  and  O.  Co.,  L.R. 
7  H.  of  L.  798 ;  Chapman  v.  Royal  Netherlands 
Co.,  L.R.  4  P.D.  157;  Voorwarts  v.  Khedive, 
L.R.  7  App.  Cas.  800  ;  London  Steamship  Associa- 
tion V.  Grampian  Co.,  L.R.  24  Q.B.D.  32  and 
663  ;    McArthur  p.   302.) 

In  the  case  of  both  vessels  to  blame  it  is  of  great 
importance  where  outside  of  England  the  action  is 
to  be  entered,  as  the  treatment  differs  widely — 
United  States  of  America  is  as  in  England  ;  France 
and  Belgium  according  to  the  degree  of  each  ship's 
fault ;  Portugal,  Spain,  Italy,  and  Holland,  each 
ship  bears  her  own  loss ;  Germany,  neither  can 
recover ;  Russia  (probably),  rests  where  it  falls ; 
Scandinavia,  Court  decides  in  each  case.  See 
Gow  on  Marine  Insurance,  p.  249,  and  McArthur 
on  the  Contract  of  Marine  Insurance,  Appen- 
dices I,  2,  and  3. 

All  these  arrangements  of  liability  rest  only  on 
the  insured  shipowner  having  paid  in  respect  of 
his  responsibilities.  In  the  case  of  a  collision 
between  two  vessels  belonging  to  the  same  owner, 
he  cannot  under  the  ordinary  clause  recover  any- 
thing from  imderwriters  on  either  vessel,  but  had 
himself  to  bear  his  collision  damages  unless  they  are 
claimable  as  the  direct  results  of  a  sea  peril.  This 
is  generally  avoided  by  special  clause  agreeing  that 
in  such  cases  the  principle  of  the  collision  clause 
wUl  be  maintained.     Refer  to  Clauses. 

ColUaioiifl  at  Sea.  "  There  are  four  possibilities 
under  which  an  accident  of  this  sort  may  occur.  In 
the  first  place,  it  may  happen  without  blame  being 
imputed  to  either  party ;  as  where  a  loss  is  occa- 
sioned by  a  storm  or  other  vis  major.  In  that  case 
the  misfortune  must  be  borne  by  the  party  on  whom 
it  happens  to  light ;  the  other  not  being  responsible 
to  him  in  any  degree.  Secondly,  a  misfortune  of 
this  kind  may  arise  where  both  parties  are  to  blame ; 
where  there  has  been  want  of  due  diligence  on  both 
sides.    In  such  a  case  the  rule  of  law  is  that  the 


COLLISIONS 


144 


COLLISIONS 


loss  must  be  apportioned  between  them.  Thirdly, 
it  may  happen  by  the  misconduct  of  the  suffering 
party  alone  ;  and  then  the  rule  is  that  the  sufferer 
must  bear  his  own  burden.  Lastly,  it  may  have 
been  the  fault  of  the  ship  which  ran  the  other  down, 
and  in  this  case  the  injured  party  would  be  entitled 
to  entire  compensation  from  the  other.' 

In  order  to  raise  a  presumption  of  fault  against 
the  other,  each  ship  must  prove  her  own  case.  In 
two  cases  only  does  a  statutory  presumption  arise, 
viz.,  where  there  has  been  (i)  an  infringement  of 
the  regulations  which  might  possibly  have  con- 
tributed to  the  collision  ;  or  (2)  a  failure  to  stand  by 
and  render  assistance  after  collision.  In  a  collision 
between  a  ship  in  motion  and  one  at  anchor  the 
burden  of  proof  rests  with  the  former  to  show  that 
the  accident  was  not  due  to  her  negligence.  The 
regulations  for  the  prevention  of  collisions  at  sea 
{q.v.)  which  were  drawn  up  by  the  International 
Marine  Conference  held  at  Washington  in  1890 
have  been  universally  adopted.  They  apply  to  all 
ships  at  sea,  on  tidal  rivers  and  inland  waters, 
except  where  special  local  rules,  which  every  State 
has  the  right  of  making  and  enforcing  within  its 
jurisdiction,  are  operative. 

When  a  collision  occurs  between  any  ships  in 
territorial  waters  the  action  is  decided,  wherever 
tried,  by  the  lex  loci — i.s,,  the  law  of  the  particular 
place  where  the  collision  happens. 

Actions  for  collision  on  the  high  seas  between 
any  ships  are  tried  in  the  Admiralty  Court  of  that 
country  within  the  jurisdiction  of  which  proceedings 
are  first  commenced. 

The  British  Admiralty  Court  has  jurisdiction  to 
try  any  cause  brought  for  collision  between  any 
ships,  British  or  foreign,  in  any  waters,  provided 
the  injury  complained  of  is  an  actionable  ofience 
according  to  English  law.  In  actions  for  colUsion 
on  the  high  seas  between  any  ships,  whether 
British  or  foreign,  the  Admiralty  Court  of  this 
country  administers  not  the  law  of  flags,  but  the 
British  maritime  law  (q,v*). 

When  an  action  is  pending  in  a  foreign  Court, 
the  Court  of  AdmixBlty  may  stay  proceedings  here, 
or  dismiss  the  action,  or  put  the  plaintiff  to  his  elec* 
tion  ;  and  a  final  judgment  in  a  foreign  Court  is  a 
bar  to  subsequent  proceedings  elsewhere.  The  form 
of  procedure  and  remedy  in  all  collision  actions  is 
according  to  the  law  of  the  tribunal  before  which 
the  case  is  tried. 

Refer  to  Apportionment,  Accident,  Foreign  Ship, 
Damage. 

OoUisioiis,  Regulation  for  the  Pityentioii  at  Sea, 
1886.  Article  i. — Rules  concerning  lights  shall  be 
compUed  with  in  all  weathers  from  sunset  to  sunrise. 

Article  2. — A  steamer  under  way  shall  carry  (a) 
a  white  light  not  less  than  20  ft.  above  the  hull, 
showing  an  unbroken  light  10  points  on  each  bow  ; 
(b)  on  the  starboard  side  a  green  light  showing  from 
right  ahead  to  two  points  abaft  the  starboard  beam  ; 


{c)  on  the  port  side  a  red  light  showing  from  right 
ahead  to  two  points  abaft  the  port  beam  ;  {d)  green 
and  red  lights  to  be  fitted  with  inboard  screens,  to 
prevent  their  showing  across  the  bow ;  {e)  an 
additional  white  light  may  be  carried  further  aft, 
and  at  least  1 5  ft.  higher  than,  but  similar  in  con- 
struction to,  the  light  mentioned  in  subdivision  (a). 

Article  3. — ^A  steamer  towing  a  vessel  shall  carry 
in  addition  to  her  side  Ughts,  two  white  lights 
vertically,  one  light  not  less  than  six  ft.  above  the 
other  ;  and  if  towing  more  than  one  vessel,  and  the 
length  of  tow  measures  more  than  6.000  ft.,  three 
white  Ughts. 

Article  4. — (a)  A  vessel  which  from  accident  is 
not  under  command  shall  carry  :  (i)  by  night  two 
red  all-round  Ughts  vertically ;  (2)  by  day  two 
black  balls  or  shapes,  {b)  A  telegraph  ship  at 
work  shaU  carry  :  (i)  by  night  three  aU-round 
lights  vertically,  the  highest  and  lowest  being  red 
and  the  middle  one  white ;  (2)  by  day.  three 
shapes,  the  highest  and  the  lowest  being  red  and 
globular,  and  the  middle  one  white  and  diamond- 
shaped,     {c)  Side  Ughts  if  under  way. 

Vessels  referred  to  in  this  article  also  carry 
side  lights  when  making  way  through  the  water. 

Article  5. — A  sailing  ship  under  way,  and  any 
vessel  being  towed,  carry  side  lights  only. 

Article  6. — Small  vessels  under  way,  if  prevented 
by  bad  weather  from  fixing  side  lights,  shall  keep 
them  ready  for  exhibition  in  time  to  prevent 
colUsion. 

Article  7. — Steamers  under  40  tons,  and  vessels  of 
less  than  20  tons  under  oars  or  sails  when  under 
way,  are  not  obliged  to  carry  lights,  but  may  carry 
Ughts  similar  to  those  in  Article  2,  or  a  combined 
lantern.  Rowing  boats  shaU  have  ready  for  use  a 
hand  lantern  showing  a  white  Ught. 

Article  8. — Pilot  boats  on  duty  caxry  only  an 
aU-round  white  mast-head  Ught,  and  exhibit  flares- 
up  every  15  minutes.  Side  lights  are  to  be  ready 
for  use  and  exhibited  in  time  to  prevent  collision. 

Article  9. — See  Fishing  Boats. 

Article  10. — ^A  vessel  being  overtaken  shall  show 
a  flare-up.  or  may  carry  a  fiixed  lantern  astern, 
showing  a  white  Ught. 

Article  11. — A  vessel  under  150  ft.  long,  when  at 
anchor.  shaU  carry  forward,  where  it  can  best  be 
seen,  an  aU-round  white  light.  A  vessel  over 
150  ft.  long,  when  at  anchor,  shall  carry  an  addi- 
tional Ught  astern. 

Article  12. — Every  vessel  may,  in  order  to  attract 
attention,  exhibit  a  flare-up.  or  use  a  detonating 
signal,  in  addition  to  the  Ughts  prescribed  by  these 
rules. 

Article  13. — Nothing  in  these  rules  shaU  interfere 
with  signals  made  between  ships  of  war.  sailing 
ships  under  convoy,  or  recognition  signals  duly 
registered  and  published. 

Article  14. — A  steamer  under  sail  only,  but 
having  her  fimnel  up.  shaU  by  day  carry  one  black 
baU  or  shape. 


COLLISIONS 


145 


COLLISIONS 


Article  15. — In  fog,  mist,  falling  snow,  or  heavy 
rain,  by  day  or  night :  (a)  A  steamer  under  way 
shall  sound,  at  intervals  of  not  more  than  two 
minutes,  a  prolonged  (4-6  seconds)  blast. 

(b)  A  steamer  with  engines  stopped,  and  having 
no  way  on,  shall  sound,  at  intervals  of  not  more 
than  two  minutes,  two  prolonged  blasts,  with  an 
interval  of  about  one  second  between  them. 

(c)  A  sailing  ship  under  way  shall  sound,  at 
intervals  of  not  more  than  one  minute,  one  blast 
if  on  starboard  tack,  two  blasts  if  on  port  tack, 
three  blasts  if  wind  aft. 

(d)  A  vessel  at  anchor  shall  ring  her  bell  rapidly 
for  five  seconds  at  intervals  of  not  more  than  one 
minute. 

{e)  A  vessel  towing,  a  telegraph  ship  at  work,  and 
a  vessel  not  under  command  shall,  when  under 
way,  sound  one  prolonged  and  two  short  blasts  at 
intervals  of  not  more  than  two  minutes. 

Article  16. — Every  vessel  shall,  in  fog,  mist,  etc.. 
go  at  a  moderate  speed,  having  regard  to  the 
existing  circumstances.  A  steamer  hearing,  appar- 
ently forward  of  her  beam,  the  fog  signal  of  a  vessel, 
the  position  of  which  is  not  ascertained,  shall  stop 
her  engines  and  then  navigate  with  caution. 

Article  17. — When  two  sailing  vessels  are  ap- 
proaching one  another,  so  as  to  involve  risk  of 
collision — one  shall  keep  out  of  the  way  of  the  other, 
as  follows,  viz.  : — 

(a)  A  vessel  running  free  shall  keep  out  of  the 
way  of  one  close-hauled. 

(6)  A  vessel  close-hauled  on  the  port  tack  shall 
keep  out  of  the  way  of  one  close-hauled  on  the 
starboard  tack. 

(c)  When  both  are  running  free,  with  the  wind 
on  different  sides,  the  vessel  which  has  the  wind  on 
the  port  side  shall  keep  clear. 

(d)  When  both  are  running  free,  with  the  wind 
on  the  same  side,  the  vessel  to  windward  shall 
keep  clear. 

(e)  A  vessel  having  the  wind  aft  shall  keep  clear. 

Article  18. — ^When  two  steamers  are  meeting 
end-on,  or  nearly  so,  so  as  to  involve  risk  of  collision, 
each  shall  alter  her  course  to  starboard. 

Article  19. — When  two  steamers  are  crossing,  so 
as  to  involve  risk  of  collision,  the  vessel  which  has 
the  other  on  her  starboard  side  shall  keep  out  of 
the  way. 

Article  20. — ^When  a  steamer  and  sailing  vessdi 
are  proceeding  in  such  directions  as  to  involve 
risk  of  collision,  the  steamer  shall  keep  clear. 

Article  21. — When  by  any  of  these  rules  one  of 
two  vessels  is  to  keep  out  of  the  way,  the  other  g^?ii 
keep  her  course  and  speed. 

Note, — ^When,  in  consequence  of  thick  weather 
or  other  causes,  such  vessel  finds  herself  so  close 
that  collision  cannot  be  avoided  by  the  action  of 
the  giving-way  vessel  alone^  she  also  shall  take 
such  action  as  will  best  aid  to  avert  collision. 


Article  22. — Every  vessel  directed  by  these  rules 
to  keep  out  of  the  way  of  another  shall,  ii  possible, 
avoid  crossing  ahead  of  her,  and 

{Article  23) — shall,  if  necessary,  slacken  speed, 
stop,  or  reverse. 

Article  24. — Every  vessel  overtaking  another 
shall  keep  out  of  her  way.  An  overtaking  vessel  is 
one  which  comes  up  with  another  from  any  direction 
more  than  two  points  abaft  the  beam.  No  subse- 
quent alteration  of  the  bearing  between  the  vessels 
shall  relieve  an  overtaking  ship  of  her  duty  to  keep 
clear. 

Article  25. — In  narrow  channels  every  steamer 
shall,  where  safe  and  practicable,  keep  to  that  side 
of  the  fairway  {q.v.)  which  lies  on  her  starboard 
side. 

Article  26. — Sailing  ships  under  way  shall  keep 
clear  of  sailing  vessels  engaged  in  fishing. 

Article  27. — In  obeying  these  rules,  regard  shall 
be  had  to  all  dangers  of  navigation,  and  to  any 
special  circumstances  which  may  render  a  depar- 
ture from  these  rules  necessary,  in  order  to  avoid 
immediate  danger. 

Article  28. — One  short  blast  from  a  steamer 
under  way  means,  "  I  am  directing  my  course  to 
starboard.''  Two  short  blasts  mean.  "  I  am  direct- 
ing my  course  to  port."  Three  short  blasts  mean, 
"  My  engines  are  going  full  speed  astern." 

AfticU  29. — Nothing  in  these  rules  shall  exonemte 
any  vessel,  or  the  owner,  master,  or  crew  thereof, 
from  results  of  neglect  of  any  precaution  required 
by  ordinary  practice  of  seamen,  or  by  special  cir- 
cumstances. 

Article  30. — Nothing  in  these  rules  shall  interfere 
with  the  operation  of  any  special  rule  made  by 
local  authority. 

Article  31. — A  vessel  requiring  assistance  shall 
use  the  following  signals,  either  together  or 
separately,  viz, : — 

By  day  or  m'ght — 

(i)  A  gun  or  other  explosive  signal  fired  every 

minute. 
(2)  Continuous  sounding  of  fog  signal. 

By  day — 

(i)  Letters  N.C  of  the  International  Code. 

(2)  A  square  flag  with  any  ball  above  or  below 
it 
By  night — 

(i)  Flames. 

(2)  Rockets  or  shells  fired  once  a  manute. 

Aids  to  memory  of  the  rule  of  the  road  at  sea, 
by  the  late  Mr.  Thomas  Gray,  C.B. — 

I. — Two  steamships  meeting. 

'*  When  both  side  lights  you  see  ahead. 
Port  your  helm  and  show  your  RED." 

2. — Two  steamships  passing, 

"  GREEN  to  GREEN— or,  RED  to  RED— 
Perfect  safety — Go  ahead  1 " 


COLNE 


146 


COLUMBUS 


3. — Two  stsamships  crossing. 
Note. — ^This  is  the  position  of  greatest  danger ; 
there  is  nothing  for  it  but  good  look-out,  caution, 
and  judgment. 

"  If  to  your  starboard  RED  appear, 
It  is  your  duty  to  keep  clear ; 
To  act  as  judgment  says  is  proper  ; 
To  Port — or  Starboard — Back — or  Stop  her  1 
But  when  upon  your  Port  is  seen 
A  steamer's  starboard  light  of  GREEN, 
There's  not  so  much  for  you  to  do. 
For  GREEN  to  Port  keeps  clear  of  you." 

4. — All  ships  must  keep  a  good  look-out. 
**  Both  in  safety  and  in  doubt. 
Always  keep  a  good  look-out ; 
In  danger,  with  no  room  to  turn. 
Ease  her  I     Stop  her  1    Go  astern  1 " 

Colne.  British  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Chis- 
wick,  1905.)  Length,  222  ft. ;  beam,  23^  ft. ; 
draught,  9^  ft. ;  displacement,  600  tons  ;  comple- 
ment, 72;  armament,  i  12-pdr.,  5  6-pdr.,  2  tubes; 
twin  screw;    Hp.,  7,500=25  kts. ;  coal,  126  tons. 

Colomb,  Viofr-Admiral  Philip  Howard  (1831-99)- 
Inventor  and  biographer  (b.  Scotland).  Saw  active 
service  during  the  Burmese  war,  1852  (Burmah 
medal  and  clasp).  Is  the  inventor  of  the  system 
known  as  Colomb's  "  Flashing  Signals,"  which  has 
been  universally  adopted  throughout  the  world. 

Pubhcations :  Essays  on  "  Naval  Defence " 
(1893).  "  Naval  Warfare  "  (1891).  "  Memoir  of  Sir 
Astley  Cooper  Key  "  (1898). 

Colombia.  Pacific  Steam  Navigation  Co.'s 
coastal  mail  steamer  from  Panama  to  Valparaiso, 
lost  at  Lobos  de  Tierra,  August  10,  1907.  One 
passenger  and  two  of  the  crew  perished. 

Colombo.  East  India  mail  steamer,  vrecked  on 
Minicoy  Island,  440  miles  from  Point  de  Galle, 
Ceylon,  November  19,  1862.    No  lives  were  lost. 

Colonial  lighthoiUM.  (Merchant  Shipping  Acts, 
1894-98.)  The  expression  "  colonial  lights  "  means 
any  lighthouses,  buo3rs,  or  beacons  on  or  near  the 
coast  of  a  British  possession,  and  maintained  by 
the  Board  of  Trade  out  of  moneys  ^provided  by 
Parliament,  or  out  of  colonial  light  dues. 

The  dues,  which  are  fixed  by  the  Sovereign  by 
Orders  in  Council,  and  cannot  be  levied  in  any 
British  possession  without  the  consent  of  the 
Legislature  of  that  possession,  are  collected  and  re- 
covered from  the  owners  or  masters  of  all  vessels 
passing  or  deriving  benefit  from  the  lights  in  respect 
of  which  the  dues  are  levied,  by  persons  appointed 
by  the  Governor,  and  are  paid  over  to  the  General 
Lighthouse  Fund,  subject  to  the  prior  payment 
thereout  of  any  sums  payable  on  account  of  money 
secured  on  those  dues  at  the  commencement  of 
this  Act  (1896)  in  accordance  with  the  conditions 
on  which^the  money  is  secured.  After  deducting 
the  expenses  of  collection  the  dues  are  applied  to 


erecting  and  maintaining  the  lighthouses,  etc.,  in 
respect  of  which  they  are  levied.  Accounts  of  all 
light  dues  received,  and  sums  exp>ended  in  con- 
struction, repair,  etc.,  arc  annually  laid  before 
ParUament. 

Colonial  Mntoal  Fire  Im oranoe  Co.  Established 
1878,  transacting  fire,  marine,  fidelity,  guarantee, 
plate  glass,  and  accident  insurance.  Authorised 
capital,  ;f2  50,000,  of  which  ;£  100,000  has  been  sub* 
scribed  in  100,000  shares  oi  £1  each.  Dividends 
at  the  rate  of  8%  per  annum  are  paid,  and  a 
Reserve  Fund  has  been  built  up  of  ;£75,ooo. 
Offices  :  60  Market  Street,  Melbourne. 

Colorado.    U.S.     ist    class    cruiser.     (Cramp's, 

1903.) 

Length  502ft.    Beam  70ft.    Maximum  draught  27ft. 
Displacement  13,400  tons.     Complement  822. 
Guns.  Armour. 

4 — 8  in.,  45  cal.         "  Krupp." 
14—6  in.  6  in.  Belt  amidships. 

18 — 14  pdr.  6  in.  Turrets. 

12 — 3  pdr.  9  in.  Conning  tower. 

8—1  pdr. 
8  Colts. 
2  Field  guns,  3  in. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (iS  in.). 
2  Submerged. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  23,000=22  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 2,000  tons.     Approximate  cost  ;fi, 200.000. 

Coloesui.  British  2nd  class  battleship  (9,420 
tons,  14*2  kts.).     Launched  1882. 

Columbia.    U.S.  commerce  destroyer  (1892). 
Length  4  x2ft.    Beam  58ft.   Maximum  draught  26ft. 
Displacement  7,450  tons.    Complement  524. 
Guns.  Armour. 

i~«  in.  "  Harvey." 

2—6  in.  4  in.  Deck. 

8 — ^4  in.  4  in.  Sponsons. 

12 — 6  pdr.  5  in.  Conning  tower. 

4 — I  pdr. 
4  Colts. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
4  Above  water. 
Three  screws.     Hp.  forced  21,500=23  kts.     Coal 
maximum  2,400  tons. 

Colombia.  Iron  steamer  (2,750  tons).  In  collision 
with  the  small  wooden  steamer  San  Pedro  off  the 
coast  of  Northern  Calif omia,  July  20,  1907.  Out 
of  261  passengers  150  were  drowned. 

Colnmbns,  Bartolomeo  (1445-15 15).  Brother  of 
Christopher  Columbus  (b.  Genoa).  Accompanied 
Bartolomeo  Diaz  on  his  voyage  to  the  Cape  of 
Good  Hope,  1486-87 ;  commanded  the  auxiliary 
fleet  despatched  after  Columbus  sailed  on  his 
second  voyage,  1494 ;  was  given  the  small  island 
of  Mona.  near  Hespaniola,  where  he  resided  until 
his  death. 


COLUMBUS 


H7 


COMMERCIAL 


Odninlntt,  Chriftopher  (1436-1506).  In  Italian, 
Cristofero  Colombo,  and  in  Spanish,  Cristobal  Colon. 
Discoverer  of  the  New  World  called  America 
(b.  Genoa).  Went  to  sea  at  the  age  of  14.  and  is 
known  to  have  visited,  among  oihtr  places  dnring 
his  early  activity,  England,  Ireland,  and  the  Greek 
Islands:  In  1740,  when  he  was  wrecked  during  a 
sea  fight  with  some  Venetian  galleys  off  the  coast 
of  Portugal,  he  landed  and  settled  at  Lisbon,  and 
during  the  next  few  years  made  many  voyages  to 
Madeira  and  the  Azores.  On  August  3,  1492,  an 
expedition  consisting  of  the  Santa  Maria,  a  decked 
ship  with  a  crew  of  50,  commanded  by  Columbus 
in  person,  the  Pinta,  with  30  men  under  Martin 
Pizon,  and  the  Nina,  with  30  men  under  his  brother 
Vincente  Pizon,  the  whole  expedition  numbering 
only  120  men,  left  Spain.  Three  days  after  the 
ships  had  set  sail  the  Pinta  lost  her  rudder,  and 
they  had  to  put  in  at  Tenerifie  to  refit.  On  Sep- 
tember 6  they  weighed  anchor  once  more,  and  his 
real  voyage  of  discovery  began.  On  October  12 
land  was  sighted  in  the  Bahamas,  which  was  named 
by  Columbus  San  Salvador.  He  discovered  Cuba 
and  Haiti,  and  returned  to  Europe  after  his  ship 
Santa  Maria  had  been  wrecked.  On  September  13, 
during  that  voyage,  the  variation  of  the  magnetic 
needle  was  for  the  first  time  observed. 

On  September  25,  1493,  he  set  out  with  a  much 
larger  squadron,  and  reached  Dominica,  an  island 
in  the  West  Indies.  He  returned  from  his  second 
voyage  in  1496,  and  set  out  on  a  third,  which 
resulted  in  the  discovery  of  the  mainland  of  South 
America.  In  1502  he  set  out  on  his  last  voyage, 
during  which  he  explored  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  re- 
turning in  1504.  He  died.  May  20,  1506,  at  Valla- 
dolid,  in  Spain. 

5«0  Washington  Irving's  "  Life  and  Voyages 
of  Columbus "  (1831).  Sir  A.  Help's  (1869),  and 
J.  Winsor's  "  Narrative  and  Critical  History  of 
America."  Vol.  II.  (1885-89).  "Life,"  by  Fernando 
Columbus,  Major's  "  Select  Letters  of  Columbus," 
biographies  by  Markham  (1893),  ^^^  Adams  (1892). 

Oolimilnu,  Olty  oL  Passenger  ship.  Ran  on  a 
reef  on  the  coast  of  Massachusetts  and  went  down, 
January  18,  1884  ;  97  lives  lost. 

Ck>mb.  A  small  piece  of  timber  under  the  low<^ 
part  of  the  beak-head  for  the  fore-tack  to  be 
hauled  to.  In  some  vessels  it  is  used  instead  of  a 
bumkin.  It  has  the  same  use  in  bringing  the  fore- 
tack  on  board  that  the  chess-tree  has  to  the  main 
tack. 

Comeniu»  Andrte  A«  (b.  Vails,  July  10,  1842). 
Spanish  naval  architect.  Educated  at  the  School 
of  Naval  Architecture,  Ferrol.  In  1864  was  ap- 
pointed assistant  naval  architect,  and  in  1873,  ^y 
order  of  the  Spanish  Government,  he  was  appointed 
constructor  of  the]^largest  graving  dock  in  Ferrol, 
and  after  completing  this  work  he  was  in  1880  sent 
to  London  as  engineer  to  the  Royal  Spanish  Naval 
Commission,  and  was  subsequently  attached  to  the 


Spanish  Legation  in  London.  In  1881  he  went  to 
Paris  and  represented  the  Spanish  Navy  at  the 
Congress  des  Electricous.  On  his  return  to  Ferrol 
in  1884  he  was  appointed  Chief  of  the  Royal  Dock- 
yard, and  under  his  direction  many  ships  of  war 
were  built,  and  he  designed  and  superintended  the 
construction  of  six  ships  of  war  for  the  Spanish 
Navy,  building  by  Messrs.  Vila  and  Co.,  Ferrol. 
In  1898  he  retired  from  the  Navy  with  the  rank  of 
General  of  Naval  Architecture.  For  services 
rendered  he  has  been  decorated  with  the  Legion 
d'Honneur,  France,  and  the  Grand  Cross  of  Naval 
Work  in  Spain. 

Member  of  the  Institution  of  Naval  Architects, 
of  the  Royal  Society  of  Arts,  of  the  Institution  of 
Electrical  Engineers,  of  the  Association  Technique 
Maritime,  and  of  the  Soci6t6  Internationale  des 
Electricienes  of  Paris. 

Publications :  "  Treatise  on  Shipbuilding," 
adopted  as  a  text-book  in  engineering  schools  ;  and 
many  articles  published  in  the  transactions  of 
technical  societies. 

Comet.    German  torpedo  gun-boat  (1892). 
Length  2  3  3ft    Beam  3 1  ft.    Maximum  draught  1 3  ft. 
Displacement  960  tons.     Complement  115. 

Guns,  Armour, 

4— iSjpdr.  "Steel." 

2  Machine.  i  in.  Deck. 

I  in.  Conning  tower. 
Torpedo  Tubes, 

1  Submerged  bow. 

2  Above  water. 

Twin  screw.  Hp.  4,500=319  kts.  Coal  maxi- 
mum 120  tons. 

Comet.     See  Bell,  Henry. 

Comete.  French  gun-boat  (1884).  Displace- 
ment, 470  tons.     On  China  station. 

Come  ap.    To  let  go  or  slacken. 

Coming-op.  When  the  wind  shifting  allows  a 
nearer  approach  to  the  course. 

Commander.     In  the  British  Navy  ranks  below 

^^..^aptain  and  above  first  Ueutenant ;  is  second  officer 

in  command  of  a  smaller  vessel  not  commanded  by 

a  captain.     Optional  retirement,  45  ;  compulsory 

retirement,  50. 

Commerdal,  Shipping,  and  General  AdTertiier 
for  West  ComwaU.  Established  1867.  PubUshed 
weekly  (Saturday).  Gratis.  Address :  Penryn, 
Cornwall. 

Commercial  treaties  are  contracts  made  between 
States  in  furtherance  of  security  of  trade,  naviga- 
tion, or  personal  legal  rights.  The  subjects  dealt 
with  include  importation,  exportation,  transit, 
transhipment,  bonding  of  goods,  Customs  tariffs, 
navigation  charges,  quarantine,  admission  of 
vessels  to  ports  and  docks,  coasting  trade,  fisheries, 
and  Consuls  and  their  rights.    They  determine  the 


COMMISSION 


148 


COMPAGNIE 


local  position  of  subjects  of  each  State  in  the  other 
country  in  regard  to  residence,  property,  taxes, 
military  service,  and  nationality. 

Gommissloil  Clause.    See  Clauses. 

OommJssioned  offloeni»  NavaL  See  Naval  Educa- 
tion. 

Comniissionent  NavaL  See  Admiralty,  Lords  of 
the. 

Commodore  in  the  British  Navy  is  temporarily 
conferred  to  a  post  captain  when  commanding  a 
small  squadron.  He  is  entitled  to  exercise  most  of 
the  functions  of  the  flag-officer,  and  to  hoist  the 
broad  pennant.  In  yacht  clubs  the  commodore  is 
president ;  in  the  mercantile  marine  he  is  the  senior 
master  serving  afloat. 

Commodore  Py.  Argentine  torpedo-boat.  (Thorny- 
croft,  1890.)  Length,  150  ft.;  displacement, 
1 10  tons  ;  3  tubes  ;  speed,  24  kts. 

Common  bend.    See  Knot. 

Commonwealth.  British  ist  class  battleship. 
(Fairfield,  1903.) 

Length  453  ft.    Beam  78  ft.      Mean  draught  26  ft. 
Displacement  16,350  tons.    Complement  777, 
Guns,  Armour. 

4 — 12  in.  "  Krupp." 

4—9*2  in.  9  in.  Belt  amidships, 

to-— 6  in.  12  in.  Barbettes. 

14 — 12  pdr.  12  in.  Conning  tower. 

14—3  pdr. 
2  Maxims. 

Torpedo  Tubes, 
4  Submerged  broadside. 
I  Submerged  stem. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  18,000=18*5  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 2,000  tons.     Approximate  cost  j^i, 500,000. 

Comoianti.    See  St.  Elmo's  Fire. 

Compagnie  de  Navigation  Marooane  et  Ar- 
menienne.  This  company,  with  their  head  offices 
in  Marseilles,  have  a  fleet  of  11  well-appointed 
vessels  sailing  from  Marseilles  every  alternate 
Wednesday  for  Samsoun,  Trebizonde,  Batoum,  and 
Novorossisk,  returning  from  Novorissisk  via  inter- 
mediate ports  every  alternate  Sunday.  A  service 
is  maintained  once  monthly  from  Marseilles  to 
Tangiers  and  the  coast  of  Morocco,  and  one  twice  a 
month  from  Marseilles  for  Gibraltar,  Tangiers,  and 
the  coast  of  Morocco. 

Flbbt. 

Anatolie,  Circassie.  Meurthe. 

Armenie,  Jtnerethie,  Mingrelie. 

Bithynie.  La  Gaule,  Moselle. 

Caramanie,  Oued  Sehou, 

Compagnie  de  Navigation  Ilizie»  with  their  head 
offices  at  Marseilles,  have  a  fleet  of  14  steamers, 
which  maintain  frequent  sailings  from  Mairseilles 
to  the  Mediterranean  ports.  A  service  is  main- 
tained every  Saturday  from  Marseilles  for  Bizerte, 


Tunis,  and  Palermo,  and  vice  vwsa  \  one  every 
Friday  from  Marseilles  for  Philippeville  and  B6ne, 
and  vice  versa ;  one  every  Wednesday  from  Mar- 
seilles to  Oran,  Beni  Saf .  Nemours,  Melilla,  Tetouan, 
and  Tangiers,  and  vice  versa  ;  one  every  Wednesday 
from  the  same  ports,  calling  at  Palermo  and 
Malaga ;  one  every  Tuesday  and  Friday  from 
Marseilles  for  Algiers  ;  every  Wednesday  for  Tunis, 
Sousse,  Monastir,  Mehdia.  Sfax,  Djesbah,  and 
Tripoli. 

Fleet. 

Emir.  Medjerda.  Rhone. 

Djurjura.  Moulouya.  Soudan. 

Felix  Tonache,        Oasis.  Tafna. 

Isly.  Omara.  Tell. 

La  Marsa.  Tonaree. 

Compagnie  dee  Bateaux  A  Vapenr  da  Nord,  with 
their  head  offices  in  Dunkirk,  have  a  fleet  of  20 
modem  steamers,  ranging  from  700  to  5,000  tons. 
The  company,  which  is  now  one  of  considerable 
importance,  commenced  in  a  very  modest  way  in 
1852.  Services  are  maintained  from  Dunkirk  to 
Bordeaux,  Marseilles,  and  Cette,  where  they  con- 
nect with  the  Messageries  Maritimes  for  South 
America,  and  with  the  Comp.  Transatlantique  for 
the  Mediterranean.  China,  and  Japanese  ports.  A 
service  from  Dunkirk  to  Havre,  which  connects  with 
the  Cbmp.  Transatlantique  for  New  York ;  from 
Dunkirk  to  Bayonne ;  from  Dunkirk  to  Boulogne, 
L'Orient,  La  Rochelle,  and  Rochefort ;  from  Dun- 
kirk to  Hamburg;  from  Dunkirk  to  London.  A 
service  is  also  maintained  three  times  a  month  to 
Morocco  via  Gibraltar. 

Fleet. 

Cambria.  Ville  de  Carthage. 

Frederich  Morel.  Ville  de  Cette. 

Jean  Bart.  Ville  de  ConstanHne. 

Maria.  Ville  de  Dunherque. 

Nord.  Ville  de  LilU. 

N.   Verberchmoes.  Ville  de  Lorient. 

President.  Ville  de  Marseilles. 

Ville  d'  Arras.  Ville  de  Rochefort. 

Ville  de  Bordeaux.  Ville  de  Strasburg. 

Ville  de  Bouhgna.  Ville  de  Valencisnne. 

Compagnie  Fran^  de  Navigation  A  Vapenr. 
See  Cyp.  Fabre  and  Co.,  Marseilles. 

Compagnie  Franoaiie  de  Cabotage  des  Hen  de 
Chine,  with  their  head  office  in  Paris,  have  a  fleet 
of  three  steamers  engaged  in  passenger  and  cargo 
trade  on  the  coast  of  China.  These  vessels  have 
accommodation  for  a  large  number  of  native 
passengers  on  deck. 

Fleet. 

Binh  Thuan.  Hainam.  Phu  Yen. 

Gross  tonnage,  4,100. 

Compagnie  Gtoteale  Traniatlantiqne,  with  their 
head  office  in  Paris,  was  established  in  1862,  and 
has  a  fleet  of  56  steamers  aggregatiug  182,321  tons, 
the  vessels  including  La  Lorraine  and  La  Savoie, 


COMPAGNIE 


149 


COM PAN  I A 


both  of  which  have  a  speed  of  21  kts.  A  service 
is  maintained  every  Saturday  from  Havre  for  New 
York,  sailing  from  New  York  for  Havre  every 
Thursday.  A  service  from  St.  Na^aire  and  Bor- 
deaux for  the  West  Indies,  Venezuela,  Central 
America,  South  and  North  Paci&c,  Cuba,  and 
Mexico.  Steamers  also  trade  from  Marseilles  to 
Algiers,  Bizerte,  Bono«  Bougie.  CoUo,  SjidjelU,  La 
Celle,  Malta.  Oran,  Philippeville,  Tabarka,  Tunis, 
Sfax  and  Sousse. 

Oompagnto  Havraiie  Peninrakiire  de  NaTigatton 
iL  V^p0iir»  with  their  bead  office  in  Havre,  is  the 
outcome  of  the  purchase  of  the  business  and 
steamers  of  £.  Grosos,  now  director  general  of  this 
company.  The  fleet  consists  of  1 1  powerful  modem 
mail,  passenger  and  cargo  steamers,  which  maintain 
regular  sailings  from  Havre  to  Portugal,  Spain, 
and  Algeria,  and  vice  versa  :  from  Havre  to  Re- 
union and  Madagascar,  and  vice  versa  ;  and  from 
Havre  to  Chili  and  Peru,  and  vice  versa. 

Fleet. 

Constantin.  Ville  d'  A  Iger. 

Die^o-Suarez.  Ville  du  Havre. 

Djibouti.  Ville  de  Majunga. 

Havraise.  Ville  de  Paris. 

Madagascar  Ville  de  Tamatave. 

Ville  de  Tartagone. 

Ckxmpagnie  Hanaillaise  de  Vavi^tion  A  Vapeur 

(Fraissinet  et  Cie.),  with  the  head  offices  in  Mar- 
seilles, have  a  fleet  of  18  steamers,  which  maintain 
a  service  from  MarseiUes  for  Corsica ;  a  postal 
service  for  the  West  Coast  of  Africa ;  a  service 
for  the  Levant  and  Danube ;  and  one  to  Naples. 
Steamers  leave  Marseilles  for  Bastia  and  Livoume, 
Fridays  and  Sunda}^ ;  for  Ajaccio,  Mondays  and 
Fridays ;  for  Propriano  every  Thursday ;  for 
Calvi  and  He  Rousse,  Wednesdays.  A  service  from 
Nice  to  Bastia  every  Wednesday,  and  for  Ajaccio 
every  Saturday.  A  monthly  service  from  Mar- 
seilles for  the  West  Coast  of  Africa ;  and  a  fort* 
nightly  service  for  the  Levant  and  Danube,  calling 
at  Genoa,  Dardanelles,  Constantinople,  Bourgas, 
Varna,  Sulina,  Galatz,  Braila. 

Flbrt. 

Balkan.  Liamane. 

Bocognamo»  L'Marc. 

Cort0,  Luzette  Fraissinet. 

Cvmos.  Mare  Fraissinet. 

Esttrel.  Pelion. 

Faraman.  Stamboul. 

Felix  Fraissinet.  Tanrus. 

Goh.  Tibet. 

Henry  Fraissinet.  Ville  de  Bastia. 

Compagnia  ]I6ditenaii6aiiiia  da  NaTigatioii,  with 
their  head  offices  in  Marseilles,  have  a  fleet  of  13 
excellent  passenger  and  cargo  steamers,  which 
maintain  a  service  from  Marseilles,  Nice,  and  Port 
Vendres,  to  Corsica,  Algiers,  Tunis,  and  Italy. 
Steamers  sail  from  Marseilles  weekly  for  Ajaccio ; 
twice  a  week  for  Bastia ;    weekly  ior  Algiers,  via 


Port  Vendres ;  weekly  for  Tunis  and  Naples  ; 
weekly  for  Leghorn.  From  Nice  weekly  for  Bastia, 
Naples  and  Tunis.  From  Port  Vendres  weekly  for 
Algiers. 

Fleet. 

Algerien.  Gallia.  Numidia. 

Bastiais.  Iberia.  Orient. 

Corsica.  Italia.  Tavignano. 

Emile.  Jeanne  d'  A  re.  Vizzavone. 

Monte  d'Ore. 

Compagnia  Transaflantiaa  de  Baroelona,  with 
their  head  offices  in  Barcelona,  have  a  fleet  of 
excellent  passenger  steamers,  which  carry  the  mails 
from  Barcelona  to  Antilles  and  Central  America, 
transhipment  for  North  and  South  Pacific  Coast 
taking  pjace  at  Colon.  Regular  sailings  are 
maintained  from  Barcelona  and  Genoa,  to  Cadiz, 
Las  Palmas,  Teneriffe,  Santa  Cruz,  San  Juan, 
Havana,  Pt.  Limon,  Colon,  Sabanilla,  Curasao, 
Porto  Cabello,  and  La  Guaira.  A  service  is  main- 
tained at  scheduled  times  from  Genoa.  Naples, 
Barcelona  and  Cadiz,  for  New  York,  Havana,  and 
Vera  Cruz.  A  regular  monthly  service  from  Santan- 
der  to  Havana  and  Vera  Cruz.  A  service  from 
Genoa,  Barcelona,  and  Cadiz  to  Santa  Cruz,  Tene- 
riffe.  Monte  Video,  and  Buenos  Aires.  A  regular 
service  for  the  Philippine  Islands,  from  Liverpool, 
Spanish  Ports,  and  Genoa,  calling  at  Port  Said,  Suez, 
Aden,  Columbo,  Singapore,  Manilla. 

Fleet. 

Alicante.  Leon  XII. 

Antonio  Lopez.  Manuel  Calvo. 

Buenos  Ayres.  Montevideo. 

Isla  de  Luzon.  Moniserrat. 

Isla  de  Panay,  P.  de  Sairustegui. 

Oompania  Karitima  Oabana  (formerly  the  Munson 
Steamship  Line),  with  their  head  offices  in  New 
York,  have  a  fleet  of  five  steamers  trading  between 
New  York,  Havana,  and  Cuba.  Regular  sailings 
are  maintained  at  scheduled  times,  and  three  of  the 
steamers    have    accommodation    for    passengers. 

Fleet. 

Cubana.  Mobila.  Olinda. 

Curityba.  Paloma. 

Oompania  Traniailantioa,  Cadiz,  with  the  head 
offices  at  Cadiz,  have  a  fleet  of  22  modem  steamers, 
which  trade  between  Cadiz  and  the  West  Indian 
Islands.  These  vessels,  nearly  all  of  which  have 
been  buUt  in  England,  have  excellent  passenger 
accommodation,  and  are  fitted  with  the  latest 
machinery  for  working  cargo. 

Fleet. 
Alfonso  XII.  C.  Lopez.  Mogador, 

Alfonso  XIII.         CrisHna.  Montevideo. 

Alicante.  I.  Luzon.  Moniserrat. 

A.  Lopez.  I.  Panay.  Rttbat. 

B.  Aires.  J.  Pielago.  Satrusteg. 
Cataluna.                  Larache.  S.  Franco. 

C.  Cadiz.  Leon  XIII.  ViUaverde. 

M.  Calvo. 


COMPANION 


150 


CONCORD 


Companion.    A  high  covering  for  a  hatchway. 

Company,  A,  is  an  association  of  persons  called 
members,  whose  shares  are  transferable.  A  limited 
company  is  one  in  which  the  liability  of  the  share- 
holders is  limited  to  the  nominal  value  of  their 
shares.  Syndicates  are  associations  formed  either 
under  agreements  which  constitute  the  members 
partners,  or  under  the  Companies  Acts,  in  which 
case  their  position  does  not  differ  legally  from  that 
of  other  registered  companies.  The  Companies 
Act,  1 862-1 900,  protects  the  public  from  imposition, 
so  far  as  it  is  possible  to  do  so,  by  requiring  certain 
legal  and  public  formalities  in  the  formation, 
prospectus,  commencement  of  business,  powers, 
acts,  accounts,  and  winding-up  of  every  company. 

Compass  Course  is  the  course  steered  by  ship's 
compass. 

Composite.  In  shipbuilding  a  vessel  con- 
structed partly  of  wood  and  partly  of  iron  having 
an  iron  framework  with  a  wooden  skin. 

Compressor.  A  curved  bar  to  brace  the  chain 
cable  against  a  beam. 

Comas.  British  3rd  class  cruiser  (2,380  tons, 
12}  kts.).     Launched  1878. 

Compass,  The  fliariners',  which  is  a  declination 
compass,  is  an  instrument  used  at  sea  for  directing 
the  course  of  a  ship.  Although  the  invention  of 
the  compass  was  formerly  placed  about  the  year 
1302,  there  are  indications  that  it  was  used  in 
China  some  2,000  years  ago,  and  it  is  certain  it  was 
in  use  in  Europe  during  the  twelfth  century.  The 
discovery  of  the  magnetic  declination  or  variations 
of  the  compass  is  due  to  Columbus,  and  was  made 
by  him  in  1492.  The  compass  consists  of  three 
parts,  viz.,  the  box,  the  card,  and  the  needle.  The 
box  is  circular,  and  usually  made  of  brass,  and  is 
hung  on  gimbals,  so  that  it  maintains  a  horizontal 
position  in  every  motion  of  the  ship.  The  mag- 
netised needle,  which  is  the  essential  part  of  the 
compass,  is  fixed  to  the  lower  part  of  a  card,  which 
revolves  with  the  needle.  The  upper  surface  of 
the  card  is  divided  into  32  points,  with  their  inter- 
mediate quarters,  and  in  addition  all  steamships 
have  the  circumference  of  the  compass  card  marked 
out  into  360  degrees.  In  iron  or  steel  vessels  there 
is  a  deviation  of  the  north  and  south  line  from  the 
magnetic  meridian,  owing  to  the  permanent 
magnetism  of  such  a  vessel.  This  is  compensated 
for  by  placing  a  permanent  steel  magnet  in  the 
neighbourhood  of  the  compass,  which  exerts  an 
equal  and  opposite  couple  to  that  due  to  the  ship. 
There  are  numerous  improved  and  patent  com- 
passes, including  those  of  Pope,  Preston,  Gowland, 
Harris,  Walker,  and  Scoresby.  The  one  most  in 
favour,  however,  was  patented  in  1876  by  Sir 
William  Thomson  (afterwards  Lord  Kelvin), 
iq.v.). 

The  declination  compass  is  an  instrument 
invented  to  measure  the  magnetic  declination  of  the 


place  when  its  astronomical  meridian  is  known. 

The  Inclination  Compass  is  an  instmment  for 
measuring  magnetic  inclination  or  dip. 

See  Cavallo's  "  Treatise  on  Magnetism "  (2nd 
ed.,  1800),  Macpherson's  "  Annals  of  Com- 
merce "  (1805),  Johnson's  "  On  the  Deviations  of 
the  Compass"  (1852),  Scoresby 's  "The  Compass 
in  Iron  Ships"  (185s),  Evans  and  Smith's  "The 
Admiralty  Manual  of  the  Compass,"  Merrifield's 
"  Magnetism  and  the  Deviation  of  the  Compass  " 
(Part  II.,  1872).  Harris's  "Rud.  Treat  on  Mag- 
netism" (1872),  Thomson's  "Nature"  (vol.  x., 
p.  388,  1874). 

Con.    Abbreviation  for  Connecticut. 

Concealment.  In  marine  insurance  all  facts  of 
importance  bearing  on  the  risk  must  be  placed  before 
the  underwriter.  To  conceal  a  material  fact 
voids  the  insurance.  The  principle  is  that  an 
underwriter  is  entitled  to  assume  as  the  basis  of 
a  contract  that  the  assured  has  communicated  to 
him  every  material  fact  not  only  which  he  knows, 
but  which  he  ought  to  have  known.  Hence,  when 
an  agent,  the  shipper  of  goods,  who  ought  to 
have  telegraphed  to  the  owner  the  news  of  the  ship's 
loss,  purposely  refrained  from  doing  so,  and  sent 
the  news  by  post  in  order  to  give  his  principal  time 
to  insure,  the  insurance  was  held  void.  (Proud- 
foot  V.  Montefiorc,  L.R.  2  Q.B.D.  511.)  The 
penalty  for  concealment,  generally  speaking,  is 
that  the  policy  is  wholly  void,  or,  more  preciaely, 
voidable  at  the  option  of  the  underwriter  on  first 
discovery  of  the  concealment.  He  may  elect  to 
condone  it  and  retain  his  premium,  but  he  must 
make  his  election  at  once.  (Marshall  on  Insurance, 
p.  450.) 

The  obligation  to  communicate  any  fact  bearing 
upon  the  risk  rests  equally  upon  the  underwriter 
with  the  assured  ;  and  therefore  if  at  the  time  of 
effecting  the  insurance  the  underwriters  were  pri- 
vately cognisant  of  the  fact  that  the  ship  had 
arrived  in  safety,  the  policy  would  be  void  as  to 
him,  and  an  action  would  lie  against  him  for  the 
recovery  of  the  premium.  (Carter  v.  Boehm ; 
Marshall  on  Insurance,  2nd  ed.,  p.  466.) 

Untrue  deductions  of  value  on  a  "  ship  or  ships  " 
policy,  representing  risks  which  have  run  off  as  of 
less  value  than  they  actually  were,  vitiates  a  policy 
on  the  ground  of  concealment,  or  rather  of  mis- 
representation. (Rivaz  V.  Gerussi,  4  Asp.  Blar. 
L-C.  377  ;  also  Morrison  v.  Uni'verBal  Co.,  L.R. 
8  Ex.  40,  197.) 

Concord.    U.S.  gun-boat.     (Chester,  1891.) 
Length  230ft.    Beam  36ft.    Maximum  draught  17ft. 
Displacement  1,700  tons.     Complement  294. 
Guns.  Armour, 

6--6  in.  "  Steel." 

2 — 6  pdr.  \  in.  Deck  amidships. 

2—3  pdr. 
Hp.  2,400=^16  kts.    Coal  maximum  401  tons. 


CONDE 


151 


CONSTANCE 


Oondft.  French  ist  class  cruiser.  (L'Orient, 
1900.) 

Length  460ft.    Beam  63ft.    Maximum  draught  26ft. 
Displacement  10,000  tons. 
Guns.  Armour, 

2 — 7*6  in.,  40  cal.      "  Knipp." 
8 — 6*4  in.  6}  in.  Belt  amidships. 

6 — ^4  in.  8  in.  Turrets. 

18 — 3  pdr.  8  in.  Conning  tower. 

2 — 9  pdr.,  Boat  guns. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (17*7  in.). 
2  Submerged. 
2  Above  water. 
I  Above  water  stem. 
Three  screws.     Hp.  20,500=21  kts.     Coal  maad- 
mnm  1,590  tons.     Approximate  cost  ;£875.ooo. 

Oonde  da  Veoadito.  Spanish  cruiser.  (Carta- 
gena, 1888.)  Length,  210  ft. ;  beam,  32  ft.  ; 
dzanght,  13  ft. ;  displacement,  1,112  tons;  com- 
plement, 130 ;  guns,  4  4*7  in.,  2  2*7  in. ;  torpedo 
tubes,  2  above  water;  Hp.,  1,600=14  kts. ;  coal, 
220  tons. 

Condor.  Dutch  gun-vessel.  Displacement,  400 
tons.     At  present  on  commission  on  Indian  Station. 

Condor.    French  avisos.     (Rochefort,  1886.) 
Length  216ft.    Beam  29ft.    Maximum  draught  16ft. 
Displacement  1,200  tons.     Complement  134. 

Guns.  Armour, 

5—3-9  in.  "  Steel." 

I — 2'5  in.  i^  in.  Deck  amidships. 

Torpedo  Tubes, 
5  Above  water. 
Hp.   3,800=17  kts.     Coal  maximum  300  tons. 
Of  small  fighting  value. 

Condor.    German  3rd  class  cruiser.     (Hamburg, 

1892.) 

Length  246ft.    Beam  33ft.    Maximum  draught  15ft. 
Displacement  1,600  tons.     Complement  165. 
Gtms,  Armour, 

8—4*1  m.  "  Steel." 

7  Small.  3  in.  Deck  amidships. 

Torpedo  Tubes, 
2  Above  water. 
Hp.  2,900=16  kts.     Coal  mfl,ximum  300  tons. 

Condoroot  French  ist  class  battleship.  Laid 
down  1906. 

Length  475ft.  Beam  84ft.  Maximum  draught  27^ft. 
Displacement  18,000  tons.     Complement  680. 
Guns,  Armour, 

4 — 12  in.  "  Krupp." 

i2->9'4  in.  10  in.  Belt  amidships. 

16 — 12  pdr.  12  in.  Turrets. 

8 — 3  pdr.  13  in.  Conning  tower. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 

2  Submerged. 

3  Above  water. 

Three  screws.  Hp.  22,500=  19  kts.  Coal  maxi- 
mum 2,010  tons.    Approximate  cost  j{i,825,ooo. 


Condore.  Italian  torpedo-boat.  (Ansaldo,  1898.) 
Length,  1 54  f t. ;  beam,  16  ft. ;  draught,  6}  ft. ; 
displacement,  1 36  tons ;  complement,  27  ;  arma- 
ment, 2  3-pdr.,  2  tubes  ;  twin  screw ;  Hp.,  2,500= 
27  kts. ;  coal,  23  tons. 

Oonflici  British  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (East 
Cowes,  1894.)  Length,  205  ft. ;  beam,  20  ft. ; 
draught,  8  ;  displacement,  270  tons ;  complement, 
50;  armament,  i  12-pdr.,  5  6-pdr..  2  tubes;  twin 
screw ;  Hp.,  4,370=27  kts. ;  coal,  60  tons. 

Conneotioat.  U.S.  ist  class  battleship.  (New 
York,  1904.) 

Length  456ft.    Beam  76ft.    Maximum  draught  27ft. 
Displacement  16,000  tons.    Complement  916. 
Guns.  Armour. 

4 — 12  in.,  45  cal.       "  Krupp." 
8 — 8  in.  1 1  in.  Belt  amidships. 

12 — 7  in.  12  in.  Turrets. 

20—14  pdr*  9  ui«  Conning  tower. 

12 — 3  pdr. 
14  Small. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
4  Submerged. 
Twin  screw.     Coal  maximum  2,200  tons. 
Approximate  cost  ;£  1,300,000. 

Conning.    Directing  the  helmsman. 

ConQiuror.  On  December  26,  1861,  this  vessel 
was  stranded  on  Rum  Cay,  near  the  Bahamas,  and 
was  lost.  The  captain  was  censured  for  neglect  of 
duty. 

Conqueror.  East  Indiaman,  homeward  bound, 
wrecked  near  Boulogne,  January  13,  1843.  Crew 
and  passengers  lost. 

Conaaeror.  On  February  15,  1760,  this  vessel 
was  lost  on  St.  Nicholas's  Island,  Plymouth. 

Conservanoj  is  a  board  of  commissioners  or 
trustees  in  whom  the  control  of  a  river  or  port  is 
vested  by  Act  of  Parliament.  The  Board  regulates 
the  navigation  and  flow  of  water,  protects  fisheries, 
and  adopts  measures  to  prevent  pollution.  The 
Thames  Conservancy  by  the  Act  of  1894  consists 
of  38  conservators,  whose  authority  extends  from 
Cricklade  to  Yantlet  Creek,  and  includes  the  right 
to  improve  navigation,  the  maintenance  of  tow- 
paths,  locks,  etc.,  the  licensing,  the  erection  of 
wharfs  and  piers,  the  dredging  of  the  river,  and 
removal  of  obstructions.  The  Thames  Conservancy 
possesses  all  rights  in  the  bed  and  soil  of  the  river 
up  to  high-water  mark. 

CooBOnraton  of  the  Thamef.  See  Thames  Con- 
servancy. 

Consiance.  A  vessel,  built  by  Messrs.  Elder  in  i860, 
with  engines  of  large  cylinder  capacity  to  admit  of 
great  expansion  with  surface-condensers  and  super- 
heaters to  the  boilers.  It  was  worked  with  steam 
of  32  pounds  pressure,  and  were  compound  engines 
with  six  cylinders.     The  economy  of  fuel  was  very 


CONSTRUCTIVE 


152 


CONSULATO 


marked,  as  they  were  able  to  obtain  one  indicated 
hoTse-power  with  2^  pounds  of  fuel.  The  engines, 
however,  were  excessively  complicated  and  heavy 
for  that  time,  their  weight  being  about  5^  cwt. 
per  maximum  indicated  horse-power. 

Constrnotive  total  Iom  is  a  loss  of  a  ship  con- 
demned on  account  of  her  having  sustained  injuries 
so  extensive  that  she  is  not  worth  the  cost  of 
repairs. 

As  to  constructive  total  loss  of  cargo,  the  under- 
writer engages  only  that  the  thing  insured  shall 
reach  its  destination  capable  of  being  used  under 
the  same  denomination  that  it  had  when  the  risk 
commenced — ue.,  that  a  ship  shall  reach  its  de- 
stination capable  of  being  used  as  a  ship,  and  that 
cargo,  say  rice,  shall  reach  its  destination  capable 
of  being  used  as  rice. 

The  questions,  therefore,  are  : 

(i)  Is  it  practically  possible  for  the  assured  to 
make  the  thing  insured  reach  its  destination  ? 

(2)  Will  or  does  it  reach  its  destination  capable 
of  being  used  under  the  denomination  it  had  before 
it  was  damaged  by  perils  of  the  sea  ? 

There  are  many  points,  some  of  great  nicety, 
bearing  on  anything  that  could  be  said ;  but, 
speaking  generally,  it  is  an  unwritten  law  of  marine 
insurance  that  the  assured  must  act  as  a  prudent 
uninsured  owner  would  do.  If  the  outlay  neces- 
sary to  remove  or  repair  the  damage  is  what  a 
prudent  uninsured  owner  would  undertake,  it  is 
not  a  constructive  total  loss  ;  if  he  would  not,  it  is. 

There  is  a  constructive  total  loss  of  goods  when 
the  goods  cannot  practically  reach  their  destina- 
tion— }.0.,  when  the  expenses  resulting  from  perils 
of  the  sea  will  exceed  the  probable  proceeds  of  the 
goods  at  their  port  of  destination. 

To  make  an  underwriter  liable  for  a  total  loss 
when  it  is  a  constructive  total  loss  only,  a  notice 
of  abandonment  is  necessary.  There  cannot  be  a 
constructive  total  loss  of  freight,  for  there  is  nothing 
to  abandon. 

By  English  law  the  assured  cannot  say  to  his 
underwriter  :  "  Here,  take  my  property.  Give  me 
the  amount  for  which  you  have  insured  it."  All 
he  can  legally  say  is :  "  I  give  you  notice  that,  in 
consequence  of  such  and  such  circumstances,  I 
now  make  my  election,  and  declare  my  intentions 
to  transfer  my  interest  in  what  I  have  insured  with 
you,  demanding  in  return  the  sum  insured  there, 
and  now  I  make  you  the  offer  of  this  transfer." 
This  tender  or  notice  of  abandonment  should  be 
made  as  soon  as  the  assured  has  made  up  his  mind 
that  it  is  reasonably  certain  the  interest  in  effect 
will  be  totally  lost. 

If  he  delays,  then  all  that  he  does  may  be 
reckoned  up  against  him  as  testimony  of  his  un- 
willingness to  tender  abandonment  at  the  proper 
time,  and  he  may  in  consequence  have  to  be 
satisfied  with  some  form  of  indemnity  that  does 
not  confer  on  him  a  payment  of  a  total  loss  against 


the  transfer  of  his  property,  but  leaves  him  with 
that  property  repaired,  so  as  only  to  be  as  good  as 
it  was  before  the  accident  causing  the  damage. 

If  the  notice  of  abandonment  to  the  under- 
writers has  not  been  accepted,  there  is  a  possi- 
bility of  neither  assured  nor  underwriter  taking 
steps  to  save  the  imperilled  property ;  neither  may 
be  inclined  to  act  in  such  a  way  as  may  be  held 
to  indicate  an  assumption  of  ownership  which  each 
wishes  to  declaim.  This  is  the  reason  of  the  exist- 
ence of  the  "  Waiver  Clause  "  or  "  Sue  and  Labour 
Clause,"  by  which  it  is  "  expressly  declared  and 
agreed  that  the  acts  of  the  assured  or  the  assurer 
in  recovering,  saving,  or  preserving  the  property 
shall  not  be  considered  as  a  waiver  or  acceptance 
of  abandonment."  If,  on  the  other  hand,  the 
assured 's  tender  of  abandonment  is  difficultly 
operative  as  regards  both  assured  and  underwriter, 
each  of  them  has  exercised  his  option  and  must 
abide  by  the  consequences.  (Gow  on  Marine  Insur- 
ance, p.  147.)  Refer  to  Abandonment ;  also  Clauses 
Valuation. 

OonstniotiTe  Total  Lon  OlaiiM.  See  C.T.L. 
Clause. 

Ooosolt  MeroantflAt  is  a  Government  official, 
resident  abroad,  who  is  appointed  to  guard  the 
rights  of  the  subjects  of  the  nation  he  serves,  and 
to  watch  the  interests  of  that  country  commercially. 
His  powers  are  wide  and  various,  and  he  enjoys 
certain  immunities  and  privileges  by  virtue  of  his 
office. 

The  duties  of  a  British  Consul  include  reporting 
on  local  import  and  export  trade,  administering 
any  oath  or  affidavit,  holding  inquiries  respecting 
offences  committed  on  the  high  seas  by  British 
seamen,  issuing  and  counter-signing  passports, 
solemnising  marriages  contracted  between  British 
subjects  or  between  a  foreigner  and  a  British  sub- 
ject, registering  births  and  deaths,  and  assisting 
shipwrecked  or  unemployed  seamftn.  AU  docu- 
ments affixed  with  the  Consular  seal  and  signed  by 
the  Consul  or  his  deputy  are  admitted  as  evidence  in 
a  British  Court  of  Law  without  proof  of  seal  or 
signature. 

Oonsiilate  of  the  Sea,  The  (Consulato  del  mare), 
is  the  eariiest  known  collection  of  sea  laws  and 
customs,  and  was  printed  at  Barcelona  in  the 
Catalan  language  in  1494,  whereof  the  only  existing 
copy  is  in  the  Paris  National  Library.  It  consisted 
of  a  code  of  procedure  issued  by  the  kings  of 
Aragon  for  the  guidance  of  Courts  and  Consuls  at 
sea,  a  collection  of  ancient  customs,  and  a  body 
of  ordinances  for  the  government  of  warships. 
Although  not  universally  recognised,  it  was  adopted 
by  most  of  the  Mediterranean  States,  and  England 
adhered  to  its  rules  until  it  was  superseded  by  the 
Declaration  of  Paris,  1856  {q.v,), 

Coosalato  del  Hare.    See  Consulate  of  the  Sea. 


CONTENT 


153 


COOK 


Content.  A  (Jocument  specifying  a  vessel's 
destination,  stores,  etc.,  signed  by  her  master  and 
delivered  to  the  Customs  authorities  before  she  can 
clear  outwards. 

Contest.  British  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Bir- 
kenhead, 1894.)  Length,  210  it. ;  beam,  19  ft. ; 
draught,  9  ft.  ;  displacement,  290  tons ;  comple- 
ment, 50;  armament,  i  12-pdr.,  5  6-pdr.,  2  tubes ; 
twin  screw ;  Hp.,  4,400  <«  27  kts. ;  coal,  60  tons. 

Continuation  QauBes.    See  Clauses. 

Contraband.    See  Smuggling. 

Contraband  of  war.  Goods  said  to  be  contra- 
band of  war  are  divided  into  two  classes,  (i)  Abso- 
lute contraband — i,e.,  all  articles  primarily  manu- 
factured or  ordinarily  used  for  naval  or  military 
purposes  in  war  time.  (2)  Conditional  contraband 
— 1.0. ,  articles  which  may  be  and  are  used  in  times 
of  peace  as  well  as  of  war,  the  law  of  nations 
looking  at  their  destination  to  determine  their 
character.  A  neutral  ship  carrying  contraband  of 
war  is  by  the  law  of  nations  liable  to  confiscation  if 
captured  by  a  belligerent,  though  of  late  the 
practice  has  been  relaxed  where  the  owners  of  the 
ship  and  cargo  are  different  persons,  the  contra- 
band goods  only  under  such  circumstances  being 
seized.  Yet  the  knowledge  of  a  shipowner  that  his 
vessel  is  carrying  contraband,  or  the  fact  that  she 
is  sailing  under  false  papers,  renders  her  liable  to 
confiscation  in  addition  to  the  goods  she  is  carrying. 
The  liability  to  seizure  commences  when  a  vessel 
leaves  port,  and  ends  when  her  contraband  cargo 
is  discharged. 

Great  Britain  has  recently  drafted  a  memo- 
randum on  which  it  is  proposed  to  negotiate  with 
Germany,  France,  and  Russia  for  the  conclusion  of 
an  agreement  affecting  contraband.  There  will  be 
three  lists  : 

1.  "  Absolute  "  contraband. — Articles  to  be  placed 
in  the  first  class  have  already  been  accepted  by  the 
Conference.  Others  can  be  added  after  due  notifi- 
cation. 

2.  "  Conditional  *'  contraband, — Fuel  of  all  kinds, 
railway  and  telegraph  material,  foodstufis,  clothing 
and  materials  for  clothing,  com.  Additional  articles 
can  be  added  after  due  notification.  Liability  to 
confiscation,  save  on  payment  of  full  compensation, 
only  to  come  into  force  after  the  expiration  of  a 
fixed  period,  say,  30  days. 

3.  "  Non-declarable  "  contraband, — ^Mails,  raw 
cotton,  raw  wool,  silk,  jute,  and  other  raw  material 
of  the  textile  industries ;  illuminating  oUs  ;  oil  seeds 
and  nnts ;  rubber,  gun:is,  hops ;  raw  hides  and 
horns ;  raw  sugar ;  metallic  ores  <;  explosives  not 
used  for  warlike  purposes. 

No  goods  are  to  be  considered  conditional  con- 
traband unless  generally  destined  for  the  armed 
forces  of  the  enemy.  The  burden  of  proof  is  to  be 
on  the  captor,  and  full  compensation  is  to  be  paid 


if  the  cl^arge  is  not  substantiated.  Neutral  destina- 
tion is  to  render  ships  immune  to  capture  for  con- 
traband. 

It  is  understood  that  in  return  for  agreement  on 
these  points  Great  Britain  would  give  up  the 
doctrine  of  continuous  voyages  with  regard  to 
contraband.     Refer  to  Visit  and  Search,  Neutrality. 

Contributing  values.     See  General  Average. 

Controller*  Maval*  is  the  third  naval  ord  who  has 
care  of  the  material  of  the  fleet.  His  duty  em- 
braces all  matters  connected  with  naval  construc- 
tion, dockyards,  engines,  ordnances,  and  sto  es, 
with  the  exception  of  coal.  He  is  responsible  not 
only  for  the  administrative  but  also  of  the  execu- 
tive part  of  naval  shipbuilding.  He  is  responsible 
for  the  satisfactory  construction  and  performance 
of  ships,  and  the  Director  of  Naval  Construction  is 
responsible  to  the  controller.  See  Vasey  Hamilton's 
"  Naval  Administration,'*  1896. 

Con?eyanolng  includes  all  legal  draftsmanship. 
A  conveyance  is  the  instrument  by  which  property 
is  tzansferred  from  one  person  to  another,  and 
includes  assignment,  appointment,  lease,  settiement, 
and  other  assurance,  and  covenant  to  surrender. 
It  is  made  by  deed  on  a  sale,  mortgage,  demise, 
or  settiement  of  any  property,  or  on  any  other 
dealing  with  or  for  property.  The  object  of  con- 
veyancing is  to  express  intentions  in  the  shortest 
and  clearest  manner. 

Convoy  is  the  accompaniment  and  protection  of 
merchant  vessels  by  warships  of  their  country  in 
time  of  war. 

With  regard  to  neutral  ships  under  convoy,  most 
Continental  nations  have  adopted  the  principle 
that  the  declaration  of  the  convoying  of&cer  that 
the  merchantmen  under  his  charge  carry  no  con- 
traband of  war  exempts  them  from  the  belli- 
gerent's {q,v.)  right  of  visit  and  search  (q.v.). 
Great  Britain,  however,  has  always  refused  to 
recognise  this  immunity  of  convoyed  vessels,  and 
hold  that  the  so-called  "  right  of  convoy  "  has  no 
existence  except  by  virtue  of  a  treaty  between 
States  mutually  conceding  that  right.  In  marine 
insurance  a  warranty  {q.v.)  to  sail  under  convoy  is 
a  stipulation  in  the  policy  that  the  ship  shall  so 
sail,  and  implies  that  the  convoy  shall  be  for  the 
whole  voyage,  that  the  sailing  orders  will  come 
from  the  of&cer  of  the  convoying  ship,  and  that  the 
insured  vessel  will  do  her  best  to  keep  with  her 
convoy. 

Cook,  Captain  JTames  (1728-79).  Celebrated  navi- 
gator (b.  Marton,  Yorkshire).  After  some  years 
spent  in  the  North  Sea  and  Baltic,  he  in  1755 
joined  the  Rojral  Navy,  and  distinguished  himself 
to  such  an  extent  that  he  was  appointed  master 
successively  of  the  Sluy,  Grampus,  Garland,  and 
Mercury,  in  the  last  of  which  he  was  principally 
engaged  in  surveying  the  St,  Lawrence  River,  of 


COOK 


154 


COOTE 


which  he  published  a  chart  of  the  journey  from 
Quebec  to  the  sea,  and  the  coast  of  Newfoundland. 
In  1768  he  received  a  commission  as  lieutenant, 
and  set  sail  in  the  Endeavour,  a  vessel  of  370  tons, 
accompanied  by  several  men  of  science,  to  observe 
the  transit  of  Venus.  From  Tahiti,  where  he 
erected  an  observatory,  he  set  sail  in  quest  of  the 
Great  Continent,  then  supposed  to  exist  in  the 
South  Pacific,  and  reached  the  Island  of  New 
Zealand,  which  he  circumnavigated,  and  charted 
the  coast.  From  New  Zealand  he  proceeded  to 
Australia  (then  called  New  Holland),  and  on 
April  28  came  in  sight  of  Botany  Bay.  From 
Australia,  Cook  sailed  to  New  Guinea,  and  thence 
to  Batavia,  where  his  ships  had  to  be  laid  up  for 
repairs. 

In  1772,  having  been  raised  to  the  rank  of  cap- 
tain, he  was  placed  in  command  of  the  Resolution, 
a  ship  of  462  tons,  and  a  smaller  ship  called  the 
Adventure,  which  were  sent  out  to  determine  the 
extent  of  the  reported  southern  continent.  He 
reached  Madeira  on  July  29,  touched  at  the  Cape 
of  Good  Hope,  and  from  there  the  expedition 
entered  the  Antarctic  circle  in  January,  1773. 
After  skirting  the  ice  in  high  latitudes,  and  being 
satisfied  that  no  land  existed  within  the  limits  of 
his  researches,  he  set  sail  for  New  Zealand.  Sailing 
again  to  the  south  and  east  the  Resolution  again 
encountered  ice,  and  in  January,  1774,  in  longitude 
106^  54'  W.  Cook  reached  his  highest  latitude, 
71^  10'  S.  After  wintering  among  the  Society 
Islands,  steering  northward  he  navigated  the 
southern  tropic  from  Easter  Island  to  New  Tripodes, 
and  discovered  the  island  named  by  him  New 
Caledonia. 

He  then  set  sail  for  home,  reaching  England  on 
July  29,  1775,  the  Adventure,  which  had  become 
separated  from  the  Resolution  in  the  South  Seas, 
arriving  the  previous  year.  In  1776  he  had  charge 
of  an  expedition  to  the  Pacific  to  endeavour  to  find 
a  passage  round  the  north  coast  of  North  America. 
The  two  ships,  the  Resolution  and  Discovery,  were 
speedily  equipped  and  placed  under  his  command. 
He  sailed  in  the  Resolution  from  Plymouth,  July  12, 
1776,  the  Discovery,  under  Captain  Clarke,  sailing 
shortly  afterwards.  The  two  ships  joined  company 
at  Cape  Town.  On  this  voyage  he  discovered  a 
group  of  islands,  which  he  named  the  Sandwich 
Islands,  after  the  Earl  of  Sandwich,  who  had 
taken  great  interest  in  the  expedition.  After  cir- 
cumnavigating these  and  laying  down  their  posi- 
tion on  a  chart,  he  reached  the  coast  of  North 
America,  and  explored  it  from  about  the  45th 
parallel  to  Icy  Cape,  where  they  were  stopped  by 
the  ice.  Returning  to  winter  off  the  Sandwich 
Islands,  he  discovered  Maui  and  Hawaii,  and  it 
was  here,  in  consequence  of  some  trouble  with  the 
natives,  that  he  met  his  death,  February  14,  1779, 
being  murdered  in  attempting  to  reach  his  boat. 
See  "Life"  by  Kipple,  1778,  by  Besant,  1890, 
by  Laughton,   "The  Pict  of  Nat   Biog."    The 


account  of  his  first  voyage,  written  by  himself, 
is  in  vols.  II.  and  III.  of  '*  Hawkesworth's  Voyages," 
1773,  that  of  the  second,  published  in  two  vols, 
in  1777,  and  of  the  third  in  three  vols.,  1784. 
Refer  to  Antarctic  Exploration,  Arctic  Exploration. 

Ckxik,  Geofge  Orome  (b.  New  York.  October  24, 
1875).  Educated  Webb's  Academy  of  Shq>build- 
ing.  New  York.  In  1897  ^  entered  the  hull  con- 
struction department  of  Messrs.  W.  M.  Cramp  and 
Sons,  shipbuilding  company,  Philadelphia,  and 
spent  several  years  in  work  on  naval  vessels  for 
the  United  States,  Japanese,  and  Russian  Govern- 
ments. In  1898  he  resigned  his  position,  and 
entered  the  department  of  naval  architecture  of 
the  Glasgow  University,  where  he  was  a  student  for 
two  years,  and  won  senior  class  honours  in  naval 
architecture.  On  leaving  Glasgow  he  entered  the 
hull  construction  department  of  Howaldtswerke, 
Kiel,  Germany,  and  remained  there  some  time. 
After  making  a  tour  of  the  shipyards  and  schools 
of  naval  architecture  of  Europe,  he  established 
himself  as  a  naval  architect  in  New  Yatk  City. 
He  is  instructor  of  naval  architecture  at  the  New 
York  Nautical  School,  and  lecturer  on  shipbuilding 
for  the  pubUc  schools  of  New  York  City. 

Publications :  Papers  published  in  transactions 
of  the  Society  of  Naval  Architects  of  New  York ; 
contributions  to  leading  American  technical  journal. 

Codie  QFiteiiit  The,  which  sprang  up  upon  the 
aboUtion  of  slavery,  is  the  importation  of  labourers 
from  China,  India,  and  other. countries  by  nations 
either  themselves  deficient  in  labourers  or  hoping 
to  increase  their  own  industrial  profits  by  the  em- 
ployment of  foreign  labour  cheaper  than  that 
locally  obtainable.  In  India  the  Government 
rebates  the  exportation  of  cooUes,  which  it 
restricts  to  British  colonies,  Guadeloupe,  Mar- 
tinique, and  Dutch  Guiana.  Since  1903  Chinese 
labour  has  been  extensively  employed  in  the  Trans- 
vaal. 

Cooperage  is  a  system  in  the  North  Sea  of  barter- 
ing tobacco,  spirits,  etc.,  to  seamen  and  fishermen 
by  Dutch  and  other  boats,  called  coopers.  The 
North  Sea  Fisheries  BiU  (1888)  prohibited  this 
traffic. 

Ck)ote,  Arflmr  (b.  Huntingdonshire,  March,  1841). 
British  naval  architect.  Served  his  apprenticeship 
at  Messrs.  Denny  Brothers,  Dumbarton,  then  for  a 
year  with  Messrs.  Samuelson,  of  Hull ;  and  for  them 
undertook  the  delivery  of  a  number  of  twin-screw 
barges  for  work  on  a  chain  laid  between  Rouen  and 
Paris.  In  1864  he  joined  Mr.  Andrew  Leslie  in 
partnership,  at  .the  Hebbum  Shipbuilding  Yard. 
Newcastle:  and  on  the  retirement  of  Mr.  Leslie 
became  the  sole  partner.  In  188$  he  formed  an 
amalgamation  with  Messrs.  R.  and  W.  Hawthorn, 
and  became  one  of  the  two  Directors  of  Messrs.  R. 
and  W.  Hawthorn,  L^e  and  Co.,  Ltd,     He  is 


COPENHAGEN 


155 


CORK 


chairman  of  the  Anglo- Australian  Steamship  Co., 
Ltd.,  and  Freeman  oi  the  City  of  London.  Member  of 
the  Institution  of  Naval  Architects  ;  of  the  Institu- 
tion of  Mechanical  Engineers  ;  and  of  the  Institution 
of  the  North-East  Coast  Engineers  and  Ship- 
builders. 

Ckypenhagen,  Baitte  oL  On  April  2nd,  i8ox, 
Lord  Nelson  and  Admiral  Parker  defeated  the  Dutch 
fleet  of  23  ships  of  the  line,  when  18  of  the  enemy's 
fleet  were  captured  or  destroyed.  Again  in  1807  the 
Dutch  fleet  surrendered  to  Admiral  Gambia  and 
Lord  Cathcart.  The  capture  consisting  of  18  ships 
of  the  line,  15  frigates,  6  brigs,  and  25  gun-boats^ 
together  with  inunense  naval  stores. 

OoQuetti.  British  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Chis- 
wick,  1898.)  Length,  210  ft. ;  beam,  19  ft ; 
draught,  7  ft. ;  displacement,  285  tons ;  comple- 
ment, 60 ;  armament,  i  12-pdr.,  5  6-pdr.,  2  tubes ; 
twin-screw ;  Hp.,  5,800=30  kts. ;   coal,  80  tons. 

Coraoto.  An  ancient  British  boat  constructed  of 
wicker  work,  covered  by  skins,  oilcloth,  etc. ; 
still  in  use  among  Welsh  and  Irish  fishermen. 

OofaL  (Coralliaria.)  A  name  applied  to  the  hard 
calcareous  support  or  skeleton  of  many  species  of 
marine  zoophytes.  The  coral  producing  animals 
abound  chiefly  in  tropical  seas,  and  their  growth 
depends  mainly  upon  the  mean  winter  temperature 
of  the  sea,  and  they  are  confined  to  seas  in  which 
the  temperature  of  the  water  during  the  winter  does 
not  sink,  on  an  average,  below  60*  or  68®  Fahr. 
The  reef-building  corals  are  essentially  shallow 
water  forms,  flourishing  between  extreme  low 
water  mark  and  depths  of  from  20  to  25  fathoms. 
By  their  continued  growth  and  aggregation  of 
countless  generations,  they  form  reefs,  barriers,  and 
isles  of  vast  extent.  The  red  coral  (CoralHum 
Riibfum)  of  the  Mediterranean  is  highly  prized  for 
ornamental  purposes. 

The  chief  works  on  Coral  and  Coral  Islands  are : — 
Proc.  Roy.  Soc.  Edin.  (1878-80) ;  Guppy,  Proc.  Roy. 
Soc  Edin.,  xiii.  (1885-86) ;  W.  Wharton,  "  Nature," 
zzxviL  (1887-88),  Iv.  (1896-97);  J.  Murray, 
"  Nature,"  xxxix.  (1888-89) ;  C.  Darwin,  "  Struc- 
ture and  Distribution  of  Coral  Reefs"  (1889); 
Sidney  J.  Hickson's  "  Naturalist  in  N.  Celebes  " 
(1889) ;  J.  D.  Dana,  "  Corals  and  Coral  Islands  " 
(1890) ;  W.  SaviUe  Kent's  "  Great  Barrier  Reef  of 
Australia "  (1893)  >*  Trans.  Roy.  Soc.  Edin., 
xxxviiL  (1896) ;  J.  Stanley  Gardiner,  "  The  Coral 
Reefs  of  Funafuti,  Rotuma,  and  Fiji "  ((Proc. 
Camb.  Phil.  Soc..  ix.,  1898) ;  "  The  Fauna  and 
Geography  of  the  Maldive  and  Laccadive  Archi- 
pelagoes "  (1901) ;  A.  Agassiz,  Bull.  Mus.  Comp. 
Z06I.,  passim,  and  Mem.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.,  xxvi. 
(1902) ;  W.  J.  Sollas,  **  Report  to  the  Committee  of 
the  Royal  Society  appointed  to  investigate  the 
Structure  of  a  Coral  Reef  by  Boring  "  (Proc.  Roy. 
Soc,  Ix.). 


Ooial  lalaiid  is  an  island  made  in  a  large  measure 
of  coral.  Bermuda  is  an  instance  of  the  kind. 
Refer  to  Coral  Reef. 

Ootal  BeeL  A  reef  consisting  to  a  considerable 
extent,  though  not  exclusively,  of  coral.  The  stony 
skeletons  of  zoophytes  form  large  masses  of  lime- 
stone, and  these  with  shells,  fragments  of  echini,  etc., 
become  cemented  together  by  carbonate  of  lime, 
derived  probably  from  the  decomposition  of  dead 
coral.  Darwin  divides  coral  reefs  into  three  kinds — 
(i)  the  annular  or  lagoon  reef,  generally  called  an 
atoll,  (2)  the  encircling  or  barrier  reef,  and  (3)  the 
fringing  or  skirting  reef.  The  first  two  axe  found 
only  where  subsidence  is  in  progress.  An  encircling 
reef,  that  is,  one  encircling  an  island  at  some 
distance  from  the  shore,  is  found  in  an  area  of 
subsidence  where  the  central  mountain  of  high  land 
has  not  yet  disappeared  beneath  the  ocean.  A 
barrier  reef — the  best  known  example  of  which 
is  one  running  parallel  to  the  north-east  coast  of 
Australia  for  1,000  miles,  350  of  them  without  a 
break — is  a  portion  of  what,  if  completed,  would  be 
an  encircling  reef.  A  fringing  reef,  close  to  the 
shore  of  a  volcanic  island,  is  produced  by  the  eleva- 
tion of  the  area,  which  converted  into  dry  land  the 
narrow  chann^  by  which  it  was  at  one  time  separa- 
ted from  the  shore.  The  Dangerous  and  Society 
Archipelagoes  are  areas  of  subsidence  with  atolls, 
as  is  the  case  with  the  Bermuda  Island,  the  only 
specimen  in  the  Atlantic  of  an  atoll.  The  New 
Hebrides,  Solomon  Islands,  and  New  Ireland 
afford  examples  of  fringing  reefs. 

Cordillere  (1895).  French  subsidised  merchant 
ihip.  Messageries  Maritimes  (q^v.).  Dimensions, 
462x57x46  ft.;  gross  tonnage,  6,375;  Hp., 
6,000=17  kts. 

Corinth.  Union  liner.  Sunk  in  collision  with 
H.M.S.  Firebrand,  March,  1886. 

Cocintil  Cmu^  This  ship  canal  crosses  the  Isth- 
mus of  Corinth.  The  work  was  commenced  in  1882, 
but  not  completed  until  1893,  through  lack  of  funds. 
It  is  four  miles  long,  100  ft.  broad,  with  a  bottom 
width  of  72  ft.,  and  a  depth  of  26  ft.  It  shortens 
the  sea  route  from  the  Gulf  of  Patras  to  the  Gulf  of 
Athens  by  180  miles.  Owing  to  the  deficient 
width,  strong  currents,  and  to  the  fact  that  the 
sides  of  the  canal  have  given  much  trouble  since  its 
opening,  notwithstanding  that  long  lengths  have 
been  protected  by  masonry,  or  rubble  stone,  the 
traffic  is  principally  confined  to  small  vessels.  The 
total  cost  amounted  to  approximately  ^£3,000, 000. 

Gorinthian  Taoht  Club,  RoyaL  See  Royal 
Corinthian  Yacht  Club. 

Cork  jacket.  A  jacket  lined  with  cork  for  the 
purpose  of  sustaining  the  wearer  on  the  surface  of 
the  water. 

Cork  Yaeht  Clnb,  Boyal.  See  Royal  Cork  Yacht 
Qub. 


CORMORANT 


156 


COSMAO 


Oonnorant.  Late  screw  sloop.  Displacement, 
1,130  tons.  Flagship  of  the  Admiralty  Superin- 
tendent at  Gibraltar  Dockyard. 

Cormorant.  German  3rd  class  cruiser.  (Danzig, 
1892.) 

Length  246ft.    Beam  33ft.    Maximum  draught  15ft. 
Displacement  1,600  tons.     Complement  165. 
Guns.  Armour, 

8—4-1  in.  "  Steel." 

7  Small.  3  in.  Deck  amidships. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
2  Above  water. 
Hp.  2,9oossi6  kts.     Coal  maximum  300  tons. 

Oom.     See  Memorandum. 

ComwalL  On  March  19,  187 1 ,  this  vessel  was  lost 
in  collision  with  the  Himalaya,  off  Hartlepool. 

ComwalL     British  ist  class  cruiser.     (Pembroke, 
1902.) 
Length  440ft.  Beam  66ft.  Mean  draught  24ft. 
Displacement  9,800  tons.     Complement  678. 
Guns.  Armour » 

14—6  in.,  45  cal.         "  Krupp." 
8 — 12  pdr.  4  in.  Belt  amidships. 

2 — 12  pdr.,  8  cwt.       5  in.  Barbettes. 
3 — 3  pdr.  10  in.  Conning  tower. 

8  Pompoms. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
2  Submerged. 

Twin  screw.  Hp.  22.000=23  kts.  Coal  maxi- 
mum 1,600  tons.     Approximate  cost  ;£77 5, 000. 

This  ship-name  was  introduced  into  the  Navy 
about  1685,  and  is  associated  with  Barfleur  and 
La  Hogue,  1692  ;  capture  of  Port  Louis,  1748  ; 
Knowles's  action  off  Havana,  1748;  Bjrron's  action 
off  Grenada,  1779 ;  Rodney's  action  with  De 
Guichen,  1780. 

Cornwall  Tacht  Club,  RosraL  See  Royal  Cornwall 
Yacht  Club. 

ComwalliB.  British  ist  class  battleship.  (Thames 
Ironworks,  1901.) 

Length  429ft.   Beam  75ft.  Maximum  draught  27ft. 
Displacement  14,000  tons.     Complement  750. 
Guns.  Armour. 

4 — 12  in.  "  Krupp." 

12 — 6  in.  7  in.  Belt  amidships. 

12 — 12  pdr.  II  in.  Barbettes. 

6 — 3  pdr.  12  in.  Conning  tower. 

2  Maxims. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
4  Submerged. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.   18,000=19  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 2,000  tons.     Approximate  cost  £1 ,000,000. 

ComwaUis,  Sir  William  (1744-1819).  British 
admiral.  Served  at  Louisburg,  1758;  battle  of 
Quiberon,  1759  ;  and  was  present  at  the  capture  of 
the  Achille  by  the  Thunderer,  1761.  In  1779  he 
took  part  in  the  battle  off  Grenada,  and  greatly 
distinguished  himself.  He  was  commander  of  the 
Canada  with  Hood  at  St.  Kitts,  and  Rodney,  off 


Les  Saintes,  1782.  In  1795  by  a  great  feat  of 
strategy,  skill,  and  daring,  when  in  command  of  a 
small  squadron,  he  managed  to  escape  from  a  supe- 
rior French  force,  and  for  this  he  was  made  full 
admiral.  His  nickname  in  the  Navy  was  '^  Billy 
Blue." 

Corona.  A  series  of  small  coloured  rings,  due  to 
refraction  through  thin  clouds,  round  the  sun  or 
moon.  The  order  of  the  colours  is  the  reverse  of 
that  in  the  rainbow. 

Coronation.  90  guns.  On  September  i,  1696, 
this  vessel  foundered  off  the  Ramhead.  The  crew 
were  saved. 

Corposants.    See  St.  Elmo's  Fire. 

Corrientes.  Argentine  torpedo-boat  destroyer. 
(Yarrow,  1896.)     Displacement,  250  tons  ;  armour, 

1  in.  Protection  amidships ;  armament,  i  14-pdr., 
3  6-pdr, ;  tubes,  3  i8-in. ;   Hp.,  4,200=27  kts. 

Corrlgan.    French  ship.     See  Korrigan. 

Corsaire.  French  torpedo-boat  (1892).  Dis- 
placement, 171  tons;  complement,  32;  maximum 
draught,  $\  ft. ;    guns,  2  3 -pdr. ;    torpedo  tubes, 

2  15-in. ;  Hp.,  2,500=25  kts. ;  coal,  15  tons. 

Cortes.  Steamer.  Foundered  in  the  Bay  of  Bis- 
cay, December  16,  1874  ;   25  lives  lost. 

Cosa,  Joan  de  la  (1450-1510).  Spanish  navigator 
(b.  Santona,  Italy).  Accompanied  Columbus  as 
pilot  in  1492,  and  was  sent  on  several  expeditions 
to  explore  the  newly-discovered  lands.  He  made 
two  coloured  maps  on  vellum^  one  marking  the  dis- 
coveries by  Columbus  and  his  successors,  and  the 
other  the  Spanish  possessions  in  Africa.  He  was 
killed  at  Tabasco  in  Central  America  during  a 
skirmish  with  some  Indians. 

See  "  Life,"  in  Spanish,  with  reproduction  of 
maps  in  six  sheets,  1892. 

Cosens  and  Co.,  Ltd^^  with  their  head  offices  at 
Weymouth,  own  a  fleet  of  eight  excellent  pleasure 
steamers,  which  maintain  frequent  sailings  daring 
the  summer  months,  from  Weymouth,  Swanage  and 
Bournemouth,  to  Ryde,  I.W.,  Cowes,  Southsea, 
and  Brighton.  Excursions  are  also  ran  to  Torquay, 
Exeter,  Teignmouth,  and  Dartmouth. 

Flbet. 

Albert    Victor »  Majestic.  Premier. 

Brodick  Castle.        Monarch.  Queen. 

Empress.  Victoria. 

Cosmao.  French  3rd  class  cruiser.  (Bordeaux, 
1890.) 

Length  312ft.    Beam  30ft.    Maximum  draught  14ft. 
Displacement  1,900  tons.     Complement  190. 

Guns.  Armour. 

4— 5  5  in.  "Steel." 

8 — 1*8  in.  li  in.  Deck  amidships. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
5  Above  water. 
Hp.  6,000=20  kts.     Coal  maximum  300  tons. 
Of  small  fighting  value. 


COSPATRICK 


157 


COURT 


Ckwpatrick.    Emigrant  vessel.    Took  fire  in  mid  Publications  :  Has  contributed  papers  on  various 

ocean   on   her  way  to   Auckland,   New   Zealand,      engineering  subjects  to  the  Institution  of  Engineers 
November  17,  1874  ;  470  lives  lost.  and  Shipbuilders  in  Scotland. 


Cossack.  British  ocean-going  torpedo-boat  de- 
stroyer. (Laird,  1906.)  Length,  250  ft. ;  beam, 
25  ft.  ;  draught.  7 J  ft. ;  displacement,  790  tons  ; 
complement,  60 ;  armament,  3  12-pdr.,  2  tubes ; 
3  screws;  Hp.,  13,000=33  kts. ;  coal  maximum, 
185  tons. 

Cosnlich  FrateDi,  Trieste.  See  Austro-American 
Steamship  Co. 

Ootton  elaiises.    See  Clauses. 

Cooleavrine.  French  torpedo  gun-boat.  (Havre, 
1896.) 

I^ength  196ft.    Beam  21ft.    Maximum  draught  6ft. 
Displacement  369  tons.     Complement  63. 
Guns.  Torpedo  Tubes. 

4 — I '8  in.  2  Above  water. 

Hp.  2,ooo=ri8  kts.     Coal  maximum  100  tons. 
Of  no  fighting  value. 


Ckyont  Belgioioso.  Indiaman.  On  March  13, 
1783,  this  vessel  was  lost  off  Dublin  Bay,  when 
147  souls  perished. 

Connter.  A  prefix  applied  to  many  words  of 
our  language  generally  signif3dng  opposition. 

Countess  Evelyne.  Cardiff  screw  steamer.  Sunk 
by  collision  with  the  City  of  Hamburg,  near  Trevose, 
May  3,  1893  '>  24  lives  lost. 

Cooper,  Sinolair  (b.  Wick,  August  24,  1856). 
Mechanical  engineer.  Educated  Local  School, 
Fraserburgh,  and  Grammar  School,  Aberdeen. 
After  serving  his  apprenticeship  with  Messrs.  Bar^ 
clay.  Curie,  and  Co.,  Glasgow,  he  entered  the 
Glasgow  University,  and  took  a  complete  engineer- 
ing course,  obtaining  the  certificate  of  proficiency 
in  engineering  science.  While  at  the  University, 
and  for  some  time  after  completing  his  course,  he 
worked  in  the  physical  laboratory  under  Sir 
William  Thomson  (Lord  Kelvin),  being  chiefly 
engaged  in  carrjring  out  a  series  of  experiments 
upon  the  elasticity  of  metals.  In  1879  he  entered 
the  employment  of  Messrs.  Miller  and  Co.,  Coat- 
bridge, and  there  designed  a  large  amount  of  new 
and  special  plant  for  steel  works.  In  1882  he  was 
appointed  engineering  manager  of  Messrs.  I.  and  W. 
Beardmore,  Glasgow,  and  continued  in  this  ap- 
pointment until  1887,  when  he  went  into  partner- 
ship with  the  late  Mr.  Lindsay  Burnet,  Moore  Park 
Boiler  Works,  Govan,  and  since  his  death  has  been 
sole  partner  in  that  business.  Has  been  Member 
of  Council  of  Institution  of  Engineers  and  Ship- 
builders in  Scotland,  and  one  of  their  representa- 
tives on  Lloyd's  Technical  Committee ;  membCT 
also  Institution  of  Mechanical  Engineers,  Institu- 
tion of  Naval  Architects,  Iron  and  Steel  Institute, 
and  Royal  Philosophical  Society. 


Cooibet.  French  2nd  class  battleship  (1882). 
Reconstructed  1902. 

Length  318ft.    Beam  69ft.    Maximum  draught  28ft. 
Displacement  10,000  tons.    Complement  689. 
Guns.  Armour. 

4— io'8  in.  "  Iron." 

3—9*4  in.  1 5  in.  Belt  amidships. 

I — 6*4  in.  9  in.  Battery. 

10—4  in.  3  in.  Conning  tower. 

14—3  pdr. 
17 — I  pdr. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
None. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  8,100=15*1  kts.     Coal  normal 
900  tons. 

Coureiir,  French  sea-going  torpedo-boat  de- 
stroyer. (Chiswick,  1888.)  Length,  147  ft. ;  beam, 
15  ft.;  draught,  4^  ft.;  displacement,  129  tons; 
complement,  27 ;  armament,  4  Nords.,  2  tubes ; 
twin  screw  ;  Hp.,  1,550=23  kts. ;  coal,  25  tons. 

Coiines*  Mainsail  and  foresail  of  square-rigged 
ship. 

Coart-martial  in  the  Navy  consists  of  trials  by 
a  special  court  composed  of  admirals,  captains,  or 
commanders,  or  of  officers  of  any  of  those  ranks 
for  the  trial  of  offences  under  the  Articles  of  War, 
the  whole  system  resting  on  the  Naval  Discipline 
Acts,  i860  to  1866.  Under  the  Act  of  1866,  the 
court-martial  must  consist  of  five  to  nine  officers, 
the  rank  of  the  president  depending  on  that  of 
the  prisoner,  and  must  be  held  publicly  on  board 
of  one  of  H.M.S.  ships  of  war.  Except  in  the  case 
of  mutiny,  where  the  trial  is  held  immediately,  it 
is  necessary  to  give  at  least  24  hours'  notice  for 
the  attendance  of  the  officers  constituting  the  court. 
The  captain  of  the  ship  in  which  the  ofEence  is 
committed  is  the  prosecutor,  and  the  prisoner  is 
given  a  copy  of  the  charge,  and  allowed  to  prepare 
a  defence,  and  consult  legal  advisers,  communicate 
with  witnesses,  and  obtain  the  services  of  a  friend 
to  represent  his  case.  The  Board  of  the  Admiralty 
have  under  the  Naval  Discipline  Acts  the  general 
power  of  suspending,  annulling,  modifying  sentences 
which  are  not  capital.  The  jurisdiction  extends 
to  all  persons  belonging  to  the  Navy,  to  land 
forces  and  other  persons  on  board,  shipwrecked 
crews,  spies,  and  persons  borne  on  the  books  of 
H.M.  ships  in  commission.  The  definition  of  the 
jurisdiction  of  locality  includes  harbours,  havens, 
or  creeks,  all  places  within  the  jurisdiction  of  the 
Admiralty,  all  places  on  shore  out  of  the  United 
Kingdom,  all  dockyards,  barracks,  hospitals,  etc., 
all  places  on  shore  in  or  out  of  the  United  Kingdom 
for  all  offences  punishable  under  the  Articles  of 
War  except  those  specified  in  the  Naval  Discipline 
Act  of  i860.     If  the  finding  of  the  court  is  "  Not 


COURT 


158 


CRAIGIE 


guilty."  the  judge  advocate  draws  it  up»  and  it  is 
signed  by  all  the  members.  The  finding  is  arrived 
at  by  taking  the  opinions  of  the  majority.  Should 
the  prisoner  be  found  guilty  and  sentenced  to  im- 
prisonment, the  punishment  begins  from  the  time 
of  sentence.  When  the  sentence  is  death,  notice 
is  given  by  the  firing  of  a  gun  from  the  ship  where 
it  is  to  be  carried  out. 

See  Simmons  on  the  "  Constitution  and  Prac- 
tice of  Court-Martial"  (1875),  Tring's  "Treaties  of 
the  Criminal  Laws  of  the  Navy  "  (1861) ;  cUso  "  The 
Annual  Mutiny  Act,"  Articles  of  War,  Naval 
Discipline  Acts. 

Court,  Viee-Admiial  of  the.  See  Vice-Admiralty 
Courts. 

(toatelai.  French  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Forges 
et  Chantiers,  1904.)  Length,  180  ft. ;  beam,  21  ft. ; 
maximum  draught,  10  ft. ;  displacement,  300  tons  ; 
complement,  45  ;  guns,  i  9-pdr.,  6  3-pdr.  ;  torpedo 
tubes,  2  1 5 -in. ;  speed,  27-30  kts. 

Ck>verley  and  Westray  Line,  taken  over  by  the 
Ellerman  Lines,  Ltd.,  in  1901,  maintain  a  service 
of  passenger  and  cargo  steamers  between  London 
and  Oporto.  A  monthly  service  was  inaugurated 
in  1904  in  conjunction  with  the  Allan  Line  to 
Uruguay  and  the  River  Plate. 

€k>ven  are  unstamped  documents  issued  pre- 
paratory to  the  preparation  of  the  stamped  poUcy 
for  the  protection  of  the  assured.     Refer  to  Slip. 

Cowry.  The  popular  name  of  the  shells  of  the 
Cyproeide,  a  family  of  molluscs.  Upwards  of  100 
species  are  recognised,  and  they  are  widely  distri- 
buted over  the  world,  being  found  chiefly  in  shallow 
water  along  the  seashore.  They  are  used  for 
money  and  barter,  and  are  collected  in  great 
quantities  in  the  Maldive  Isles,  in  Ceylon,  along 
the  Malabar  coast,  and  Borneo,  and  various  parts 
of  the  African  coast  from  Ras  Hafun  to  Mozam- 
bique. They  are  still  used  in  India,  East  Africa, 
and  Central  Africa.  In  India  it  requires  3,840  to 
make  a  rupee,  and  in  Siam  6,400  are  equal  to  a 
tical,  or  about  15.  6d, 

Coz,  Walter  Beseigh  (b.  Falmouth,  1867).  Served 
an  apprenticeship  of  five  years  at  engineering,  two 
years  shipbuilding,  and,  having  obtained  consider- 
able experience  in  Glasgow,  he  was  in  1890  ap- 
pointed managing  director  of  the  shipbuilding  and 
repairing  department  of  Messrs.  Cox  and  Co., 
Falmouth.  He  has  wide  experience  in  the  con- 
struction of  yachts,  tugs,  barges,  etc.,  of  all  types 
and  descriptions,  and  has  carried  out  some  of  the 
most  intricate  repairs  to  boilers  and  machinery 
that  have  been  executed  in  the  West  of  England, 
and  in  re-classing,  re-b<»lering|  and  re-engining 
vessels  of  all  types. 

Member  of  the  Institution  of  Naval  Architects. 


Coxswain.    The  seaman  who  steers  a  boat. 

C.P.     Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Kolijnsplaat,  Holland. 

Cr.     Creek.     Abbreviation  adopted  on.the  charts 
issued  by  the  Hydrogr^phic  Office,  Admiralty. 

Crab.     A  form  of  windlass  for  hauling  ships  into 
dock. 

Cradle.    A  frame  consisting  of  bUgeways,  poppets, 
etc.,  on  which  vessels  are  constructed. 

Craft.    A  term  in  sea  phraseology  for  every  kind 
of  vessel. 

Craft  daiue.    See  Clauses. 

Craig,  George  Batt,  J.P.  (b.  April  23,  1849). 
Was  originally  educated  with  a  view  to  the  legal 
profession,  but  his  inclination  towards  engineering 
science  early  manifested  itself,  and  he  entered  the 
drawing  office  of  Messrs.  Thomas  Wingate  and  Co., 
Glasgow.  After  being  connected  with  this  firm 
for  some  time,  he  became  draughtsman  to  Messrs. 
John  Fullerton  and  Co.,  of  Paisley,  and  from  there 
migrated  to  the  east  coast,  where  for  some  years 
he  was  chief  draughtsman  to  Messrs.  Wigham 
Richardson  and  Co.,  Newcastle.  Subsequently  he 
became  superintendent  engineer  for  the  P.  and  O. 
Co.,  which  position  he  held  for  many  years.  On 
resigning  this  he  decided  to  commence  business  on 
his  own  account,  and  accordingly  started  the 
Northumberland  Shipyard  under  the  name  of 
Messrs.  Edward's  Sons  and  Craig.  At  present  he 
is  senior  partner  in  the  firm  of  Messrs.  Craig, 
Taylor  and  Co.,  which  yard  he  laid  out  about 
21  years  ago. 


p»,  Vioe-Admiral  Robert  William  (b.  1849). 
Entered  Navy,  1863  ;  sub-heutenant,  1868 ;  lieu- 
tenant, 1872  ;  gunnery  lieutenant  of  Active,  landed 
with  a  detachment  from  that  vessel  during  the 
Kaffir  war,  1877-78  ;  commanded  at  Fort  Cunning- 
ham ;  mentioned  in  despatches  for  valuable  ser- 
vices rendered  on  the  Gaika  frontier ;  took  part  in 
the  operations  against  Sandilli ;  again  mentioned 
in  despatches ;  landed  with  the  Naval  Brigade 
during  Zulu  war,  1878-79,  and  acted  as  adjutant 
to  the  Active's  detachment ;  present  at  the  action 
of  Inyezane,  1879,  at  the  defence  to  Port  Durn- 
ford ;  acted  as  stafi-officer  of  the  Naval  Brigade 
composed  of  detachments  from  the  Shah,  Boadicea, 
and  Active ;  mentioned  in  despatches ;  promoted 
for  services  rendered  (Zulu  medal  and  clasp)  ; 
commander,  1879  ;  commanded  the  Flirt  on  the 
Cape  of  Good  Hope  and  West  Coast  of  Africa 
station ;  received  the  tlianks  of  the  Foreign  Office 
for  valuable  services  rendered  in  negotiating 
treaties  with  the  chiefs  of  the  Oil  River  District ; 
promoted  to  captain  for  services  rendered,  1886  ; 
received  the  K.N.  college  prize  for  steam  and  naval 


CRAMP 


159 


CRESCENT 


architecture,  1887,  ^^^  the  gold  medal  of  the  Royal 
United  Service  Institution,  1892 ;  commanded 
H.M.S.  Hyacinth  on  the  China  station,  and  acted 
as  senior  naval  officer  at  Singapore,  1892  ;  took 
part  in  the  operations  of  the  International  Squadron 
in  Crete,  1897,  when  in  command  of  the  Camper- 
down  ;  served  as  senior  British  naval  officer  from 
March  21  to  May  24,  1898  ;  good  service  pension, 
1898 ;  promoted  rear-admiral,  1900 ;  admiral 
superintendent  of  Chatham  Dockyard,  1902  ;  vice- 
admiral,  1905. 

Cramp,  Charles  Henry.  American  shipbuilder 
(b.  Philadelphia.  May  9,  1828).  Served  an  appren- 
ticeship with  John  Birely  for  three  years,  subse- 
quently becoming  attached  to  his  father's  yard  in 
1848.  No  school  of  naval  architecture  of  any  kind 
existed  at  that  time  in  the  United  States.  The 
time  of  his  entrance  into  the  shipbuilding  trade  was 
the  beginning  of  a  great  transition  from  wood  to 
iron  or  steel  in  the  materials  for  the  construction 
of  ships,  and  in  the  substitution  of  steam  for  sails 
for  propulsion.  During  the  beginning  of  his  career 
a  large  number  of  vessels  were  built  in  his  father's 
yard,  most  of  which  were  designed  by  him — coast- 
wise sailing  ships,  three-masted  schooners,  Cali- 
fornia clippers,  paddle  and  screw  steamers,  screw 
tug-boats,  and  the  first  screw  war  vessel,  the 
Libertadov,  for  Venezuela.  At  the  beginning  of 
the  Civil  War  he  designed  the  ironclad  battleship 
New  Ironsides,  which  was  built  of  wood,  mounting 
14  1 1 -in.  Dahlgen  guns  and  two  Parrots  of  8-in. 
calibre ;  also  the  fast  cruiser  Chattanooga,  and  the 
monitor  Yazoo,  and  rebuilt  several  others,  and  at 
the  end  of  the  war  the  monitor  Terror  was  built. 
£ngine  building  was  started  in  1871,  and  the 
modem  compound  engine  introduced.  Since  that 
time  every  type  of  vessel,  battleship,  armoured 
cruiser,  gun-boat,  and  ocean  merchant  steamer  has 
been  built,  mostly  of  his  own  design,  and  up  to 
the  time  of  his  retirement  from  active  participation 
in  the  business  in  1902  he  had  designed  and  super- 
intended the  construction  of  some  350  vessels. 

Ghmage  is  the  right  to  use  a  crane  for  loading  or 
unloading  goods,  and  the  price  paid  for  its  use. 

Crane.  British  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  ( Jarrow, 
1896.)  Length,  215  ft.;  beam,  20  ft.;  draught, 
6 J  ft.  ;  displacement,  324  tons  ;  complement,  60 ; 
armament,  i  12-pdr.,  5  6-pdr.,  2  tubes ;  twin 
screw  ;  Hp.,  6,336=30  kts. ;  coal,  80  tons. 

Crank.  Unstable ;  incapable  of  carrying  sail 
without  danger  of  overturning. 

OraTen.  U.S.  torpedo-boat  (i8q8).  Displace- 
ment. 147  ;  guns,  3  i-pdr. ;  torpedo  tubes,  3  i8-in. ; 
maxinmm  speed,  27  kts. 

Ofawfofd,  lieni-Colonel  Thomas,  J.P.  (b.  Novem- 
ber 9,  1825).    Commenced  bis  business  career  in 


the  offices  of  Messrs.  Losh,  Wilson  and  Bell,  with 
whom  he  remained  for  15  years.  In  1854  he 
entered  the  firm  of  Messrs.  C.  Mitchell  and  Co.,  and 
when  this  firm  amalgamated  with  that  of  Sir  W.  G. 
Armstrong,  Whitworth  and  Co.,  he  remained  with 
them,  and  is  now  head  of  the  commerdal  depart- 
ment, and  celebrated  the  jubilee  of  his  connection 
with  them  on  November  8,  1904.  Has  been  con- 
nected with  the  public  life  of  Walker  since  1859, 
and  acted  as  secretary  for  the  first  local  board. 
He  joined  the  ist  Northumberland  Volunteer  De- 
tachment as  a  private  in  1859,  and  retired  as  hon. 
lieu t. -colonel  in  1887.  with  the  long  service  medaT 
He  is  chairman  of  the  Walker  Local  Board,  of  the 
Walker  Urban  District  Council,  president  of  the 
Walker  Mechanics  Institute,  chairman  of  the 
Walker  and  Wallsend  Union  Gas  Co.  and  Qapham 
Steamship  Co.,  Ltd.,  alderman  of  the  Newcastle 
Corporation,  and  J. P.  for  Northumberland. 

Publication  :  "  Nineteenth  Century  Notes  on 
Walker." 

Crawl.  A  wooden  pen  built  on  the  sea  coast  to 
contain  fish  or  turtle. 

Creasote.  A  colourless  liquid  obtained  by  the 
distillation  of  wood  tar. 

Credit,  Letter  of.  A  letter  written  by  one  party 
to  another  requesting  the  party  addressed  to 
advance  the  bearer  or  person  named  a  specified  sum 
of  money. 

CreeL    See  Kreel. 

Creeper.  Small  grapUng-irons  for  dragging  a 
harbour  for  lost  property. 

Creposcnlar  rays.  Diverging  beams  seen  when 
the  sun  is  near  the  eastern  or  western  horizon,  and 
clouds  are  gathered  round  its  disc. 

Crescent.  British  ist  class  cruiser.  (Ports- 
mouth, 1892.) 

Length  360ft.    Beam  6oft.    Maximum  draught  26ft. 
Displacement  7,700  tons.     Complement  544. 
Guns.  Armour, 

I— 9'2  in.  "  Steel." 

1 2 — 6  in.  5  in.  Deck. 

12 — 6  pdr.  12  in.  Conning  tower. 

2—9  pdr.  boat. 
5—3  pdr. 
2  Maxims. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
2  Submerged. 
Twin    screw.     Hp.    natural    1 0,00b ^  18*5    kts., 
forced    12,000=19*5    kts.     Coal    maximum    1,250 
tons.     Approximate  cost  ;£42o,ooo. 

This  ship-name  is  associated  with  the  battle  off 
the  North  Foreland,  1653  ;  capture  of  the  French 
Berheley,  1759  ;  capture  of  the  French  La  Reunion, 
1793  '»  capture  Qf  Cape  of  Ggod  Hope,  1795, 


CRESSY 


i6o 


CRONSTADT 


Oressy.    British     ist    class    cruiser.     (Fairfield, 

1899.) 

Length  440ft.    Beam  69ft.    Maximum  draught  28ft. 
Displacement  12,000  tons.  Complement  700. 
Guns.  A  rmour. 

2 — 9*2  in.,  45  cal.      "  Krupp." 
1 2— -6  in.  6  in.  Belt  amidships. 

12 — 12  pdr.  6  in.  Barbettes. 

2 — 12  pdr.,  8  cwt.     12  in.  Conning  tower. 
3—3  pdr. 
2  Maidms. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
2  Submerged. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  2 1,000 =23 "5  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 1 ,600  tons.     Approximate  cost,  ;J749,ooo. 

Crew,  The,  means  the  whole  ship's  company 
with  the  exception  of  the  master.  "  At  common 
law  the  master  of  a  ship  has  authority  over  all  the 
mariners  {i.e.,  the  crew),  and  it  is  their  duty  to  obey 
his  commands  in  all  lawful  matters  relating  to  the 
navigation  of  the  ship  or  the  preservation  of  good 
order."  The  owner  is  only  bound  to  provide 
sufficient  and  capable  crew,  which,  since  1853,  may 
be  composed  of  all  nationalities.  The  crew  of  an 
emigrant  ship  must  satisfy  the  emigration  officer. 
When  a  complaint  is  made  to  the  Board  of  Trade 
or  a  detaining  officer  by  some  of  the  crew  that  any 
British  ship  is  unsafe,  the  Board  or  officer  may, 
unless  the  complaint  is  made  by  one-fourth  (being 
not  less  than  three)  of  the  seamen,  require  security 
to  be  given  by  complainants  for  the  cost  of  ascer- 
taining whether  the  ship  ought  to  be  detained,  and 
Sot  compensation. 

In  all  British  vessels,  except  coasters  under 
80  tons,  the  master  must  enter  into  an  agreement 
with  the  crew  in  a  form  approved  by  the  Board  of 
Trade,  and  in  the  case  of  foreign  going  ships  (q.v.) 
each  seaman  must  sign  the  agreement  in  the 
presence  of  a  superintendent.  The  High  Court  has 
power  to  rescind  any  contract  between  owners  or 
master  and  seaman  or  apprentice  if,  under  the 
circumstances,  it  appears  just  to  do  so. 

Refer  to  Seamen,  Employers'  Liability,  Wages, 
Merchant  Shipping  Act. 

Cricket.  British  ocean-going  torpedo-boat  de- 
stroyer.    (White,  1906^) 

Crimp,  A,  is  one  who  for  commission  undertakes 
to  supply  ships  with  seamen,  decoys  another  into  a 
foreign  naval  or  military  service,  or  induces  sailors 
to  desert.  The  Merchant  Shipping  Act,  1894 
(sections  no- 112,  213-219),  provides  that  seamen 
and  apprentices  for  merchant  ships  shall  only  be 
engaged  by  masters,  mates,  or  other  bona  fide 
servants  of  the  owners,  or  by  a  person  licensed  by 
the  Board  of  Trade  for  this  purpose,  who  shall 
receive  no  remuneration  other  than  the  fees  autho- 
rised by  this  Act.  An  unlicensed  person  supplying 
seamen  shall  be  liable  to  a  penalty  of  ;£2o.  Local 
authorities  may,  with  the  consent  of  the  Board  of 
Trade,  make  bye-laws  relating  to  seamen's  lodgings, 


and  impose  fines  not  exceeding  £$0  for  their  contra- 
vention. The  Act  further  makes  it  a  punishable 
offence  for  a  lodging-house  keeper  to  detain  a 
seaman's  effects,  to  solicit  a  seaman  to  become 
a  lodger,  or  to  remove  a  seaman's  goods  from  any 
ship,  except  under  his  personal  directions. 

An  unauthorised  person  who,  without  permission, 
goes  on  board  any  British  ship  upon  her  arrival  at 
the  end  of  her  voyage  at  a  port  in  the  United  King- 
dom, or  remains  after  being  warned  ofif,  is  liable  to 
fine  or  imprisonment.  This  section  may,  by  Orders 
in  Council,  be  made  to  apply  to  ships  of  foreign 
nations  which  have  a  similar  provision  against  un- 
authorised boarding,  and  so  desire. 

Crimping  still  abounds  in  many  ports  of  the 
United  States. 

Cringle.    An  iron  ring  confining  a  sail  to  a  stay. 

Cristoforo  Colombo.  Italian  3rd  class  cruiser. 
(Venice,  1892.) 

Length  249ft.    Beam  36ft.    Maximum  draught  17ft. 
Displacement  2,700  tons.     Complement  238. 

Guns. 

6 — 4*7  in. 

2 — 2*2  in. 

4 — 1*4  in. 

Hp.  2,300=16  kts.     Coal  maximum  445  tons. 

Of  no  fighting;  value. 

orl.  Coral.  Abbreviation  adopted  on  the  charts 
issued  by  the  Hydrographic  Office,  Admiralty, 
denoting  the  quality  of  the  ocean's  bottom. 

Crooodfl.  German  armour  gun-boat.  (Bremen. 
1880.) 

Length  154ft.  Beam  36ft.  Draught  lift. 
Displacement  1,091  tons.     Complement  76. 
Guns.  Armour. 

1—12  m.  "  Steel." 

2 — 3*3  in.  8  in.  Belt  amidships. 

8  in.  Gun  shields. 
Torpedo  Tubes. 
2  Above  water. 
Hp.  759=10  kts.     Coal  80  tons. 

Cromer  eralnboai.  A  boat  somewhat  resembUng 
a  jolly  boat. 

Cronstadt  Canal  was  made  with  the  object  of 
bringing  St.  Petersburg  into  direct  communication 
with  the  Baltic  for  large  vessels.  In  1877  opera- 
tions were  commenced  and  the  canal  was  com- 
pleted in  1885.  Starting  from  the  Neva,  at  St. 
Petersburg,  the  canal  proceeds  in  a  south-westerly 
direction  for  about  two  miles,  and  then  runs  in  a 
straight  line  north-west  to  Cronstadt.  It  is  17^ 
miles  in  length,  and  for  the  first  7i  miles,  where  it 
is  protected  by  embankments,  it  has  a  bottom 
width  of  275  ft.  The  depth  is  22  ft.  throughout. 
Three  basins,  formed  by  widening  out  the  canal 
near  St.  Petersburg,  give  an  area  of  230  acres  for 
the  accommodation  of  shipping.  The  total  cost 
of  the  canal  was  about  ;£  1,300,000. 


CROSSING 


i6i 


CU.-N. 


Orosriiigliine.    See  Naval  Ceremonies. 

Crossing  the  bows.     Passing  close  ahead. 

GrosBJaftk.    The  sail  set  on  the  crossjack-yard. 

Crossjaok-braoes.  Ropes  applied  to  the  mizzen 
yard  arms  to  change  the  position  of  the  mainsail 
occasionally. 

Orossjack-lifts.  Ropes  which  reach  from  the 
mizzen  mast-head  to  yard  arms  on  the  mizzen  mast 
to  steady  and  suspend  the  ends.  Their  use  is 
principally  to  support  the  weight  when  a  number 
of  men  are  employed  on  it  furling  or  reefing  the 
sail. 

Grossjack-yards.  The  lower  yard  on  the  mizzen 
mast,  to  the  arms  of  which  the  clues  of  the  mizzen 
topsail  >  is  extended.  The  term  is  applied  to  any 
fore-and-aft  vessel  setting  a  square-sail,  flying 
below  the  lower  cross-trees. 

Croas-irieoo.    The  traversed  timbers  of  the  bits. 

CroflS*-8pal6S.  Temporary  beams  supporting  the 
ship  in  frame  until  the  deck  knees  are  fastened. 

Gross-trees.  Timbers  under  tops  and  at  top- 
mast heads  supporting  top-gallant  rigging. 

Grotches.     See  Crutch. 

Grow.  An  iron  lever  to  prize  or  remove  weighty 
bodies. 

Grown.  A  name  applied  to  finishing  a  knot  by 
passing  the  strands  of  the  rope  over  and  under  each 
other  above  the  knot. 

Grow's-foot.  A  number  of  small  lines  brought 
to  a  common  centre. 

Crow's-nest.  A  small  shelter  for  look-out  man 
at  top-gallant  mast-head. 

Crosier,  Francis  Bawdon  Moira  (1796- 1848]. 
Arctic  explorer  ;  made  three  voyages  with  Parry, 
1821-27.  Accompanied  Captain  Ross  in  the 
Terror,  1839,  and  sailed  in  the  same  vessel  with  Sir 
John  Franklin's  expedition,  1845,  ^^^  perished  in 
the  Polar  regions. 

See  M.  Clintock's  "  Fate  of  Sir  John  Franklin," 
5th  ed.,  1881. 

Cmiser.  An  armed  vessel  used  to  protect  the 
commerce  of  its  own  country,  or  to  inflict  damage 
on  that  of  another. 

CnnsJng  Taoht  Glnb»  RoyaL  See  Royal  Cruising 
Yacht  Club. 

Gmpper.  A  chain  to  keep  down  the  heel  of  the 
jibboom. 

Crutch.  A  support  for  the  main  boom  of  a  sloop, 
brig,  or  cutter  fixed  on  the  tafirail.  A  metal  swivel 
for  oar  to  work  in. 

Cmtehley,  William  Gains  (b.  1848).  Commander 
(retired)  R.N.R, :     Secretary  to  the  Navy  League, 


late  Chairman  Shipmasters'  Society.  Sea  service 
from  1863-94  in  sailing  ships,  mail  steamers,  and 
H.M.  ships.  Seventeen  years  in  command  of 
mail  stealtiers.  Has  written  on  naval  and  marine 
subjects  for  many  years  past 

GJSI.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Cowes,  Isle  of  Wight,  England. 

O.T.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Castletown,  Isle  of  Man,  England. 

G.T.L.     Abbreviation  for  Constructive  Total  Loss. 

Cn.  Abbreviation  for  Cumulus  as  adopted  by 
the  International  Meteorological  Committee  and 
used  in  the  International  Cloud  Atlas. 

Cnhan  Steamship  Co.  (Cuban  Line)  have  a  fleet 
of  six  large  passenger  and  freight  steamers  trading 
from  London  to  Bermuda,  Vera  Cruz,  and  Coat- 
zacoalcos,  and  one  from  Antwerp  to  the  same  ports. 

Fleet. 
Cayo  Bonito.  Cayo  Largo, 

Cayo  Domingo.  Cayo  Manzanillo. 

Cayo  Gitano.  Cayo  Soto. 

Cookoo.  British  3rd  class  gun-boat  (254  tons). 
Launched  1873. 

Caddy.  A  cabin  or  cook-room  usually  in  fore 
part  of  vessel ;  in  lighters  and  barges  at  the  stern. 

Gnmberland.    British  ist  class  cruiser.     (London 
and  Glasgow,  1902.) 
Length  440ft.     Beam  66ft.     Mean  draught  24ft. 
Displacement  9,800  tons.     Complement  678. 
Guns,  Armour, 

14 — 6  in.,  45  cal.         "  Krupp." 
8 — 12  pdr.  4  in.  Belt  amidships. 

2 — 12  pdr.,  8  cwt.        5  in.  Barbettes. 
3 — 3  pdr.  10  in.  Conning  tower. 

8  Pompoms. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
2  Submerged. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  22,000=23  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 1,600  tons.     Approximate  cost  ;f 77 5, 000. 

This  ship-name  is  associated  with  the  capture  of 
Calcutta,  1757  ;  the  battle  oh  Cuddalore,'^i758  ; 
Negapatam,  1758 ;  Pondicherry,  1759 ;  Keppel's 
action  off  Ushant,  1778  ;  Hydres,  1795  ;  and  the 
action  at  Rosas,  1809. 

Gnmbrae  Light,  Firth  of  Clyde,  is  a  two-flash 
light  every  30  seconds  ;  duration  of  flash,  two- fifth 
second;  candle-power,  158,000;  illuminant,  elec- 
tricity. 

Gnmolo-nimbns.    See  Clouds. 

Cnmnlns.    See  Clouds. 

Gn.*N.  Abbreviation  for  Cumulo-nimbus,  as 
adopted  by  the  International  Meteorological 
Committee,  and  used  in  the  International  Cloud 
Atlas, 


CUNARD 


162 


CURRIE 


Oimard,  Sir  Samael  ( 1 787- 1 865).  Anglo-Canadian 
shipowner  (b.  Halifax).  Founded  in  1839,  together 
with  George  Bums,  of  Glasgow,  and  David  Maclver, 
of  Liverpool,  the  British  and  North  American 
Royal  Mail  Steam  Packet  Co.  In  July,  1840,  he 
established  the  first  steam  pastal  communication 
between  England  and  America,  and  developed  this 
service  by  building  iron  ships,  of  which  the  Persia 
was  the  first,  subsequently  superseding  the  paddle 
by  the  screw  propeller,  of  which  the  China  (1862) 
was  the  first. 

Canard  Steamship  Co.,  Ltd.,  was  originally  esta- 
blishefl  in  1840,  with  the  Britannia,  a  wooden 
paddle  steamer  which  made  her  first  voyage 
between  Liverpool  and  New  York  in  14  days, 
8  hours,  at  the  rate  of  8 J  kts.,  which  was,  in 
those  days,  a  remarkable  achievement.  In  1878 
the  company  took  over  the  business  of  the  British 
and  North  American  Royal  Mail  Packet  Company, 
and  the  British  and  Foreign  Steam  Navigation 
Co.  It  now  owns  a  fleet  of  22  steamers,  all  of  which 
are  fitted  with  the  Marconi  system  of  wireless 
telegraphy,  and  in  1903  the  Lucania,  with  Signor 
Marconi  {q.v.)  on  board,  was  the  first  vessel  to  hold 
communication  with  both  sides  of  the  Atlantic. 
The  "  Cunard  Bulletin,"  containing  the  latest 
Marconigrams,  is  published  on  the  steamers,  and  is 
the  first  real  ocean  newspaper.  In  1903  the  British 
Government  agreed  to  lend  this  company  j^2, 600,000 
at  an  interest  of  2}%,  and  also  to  subsidise  the 
company  to  an  extent  of  ;£i  50,000  per  annum,  on 
condition  they  built  two  large  steamers  of  high 
speed  for  the  Atlantic  trade,  and  to  hold  its  fleet  at 
the  Government's  disposal  for  20  years.  This 
agreement  was  the  outcome  of  negotiations  arising 
from  the  formation  of  the  Atlantic  Shipping  Com- 
bine. The  Lucania  held  for  some  time  the  Liverpool 
record  for  the  fastest  passage  both  westward  and 
eastward,  her  time  westward  being  5  days,  7  hours, 
a3  minutes,  with  an  average  speed  of  21*81  kts.; 
eastward,  5  days,  8  hours,  38  minutes,  an  average 
speed  of  22 '01  kts. 

The  westward  Atlantic  record,  with  the  exception 
of  the  highest  day's  run,  is  at  present  held  by  the 
Lusilania,  She  has  made  three  trips  to  New  York 
and  back.  The  following  table  shows  at  a  glance 
the  achievements  of  the  LusUania  on  her  six 
voyages : 


Date. 

Arrived  at 

Time  on  Voyage. 

Average  Speed 

Days 

hrs. 

0 

4 
19 
22 
18 
23 

mins. 

34 

49 

5 

53 

40 

5 

Knots. 

Sept.  12 
Sept.  27 
Oct.    11 
Oct.    24 
Nov.    8 
Nov.  21 

New  York 

Queenstown 

New  York 

Davnt's  Rock 

New  York 

Daunt's  Rock 

231 

22'58 

2402 

2361 

24*25 

2360 

ing,  beat  the  previous  record  held  by  the  Deutsch- 
land  of  the  Hamburg- Amerika  Line  by  17  kts. 
This  has  now  been  beaten  by  the  Mauretania  on 
her  maiden  voyage  by  her  steaming  624  kts.  in 

24  hours.     The  average  speed  for  a  day's  run  was 

25  kts..  and  the  maximum  speed  attained  2$\  kts. 
This  vessel  holds  the  eastward  record,  having  made 
the  passage  from  Sandy  Hook  in  4  days  22  hours 
29  minutes,  beating  the  Lusitania's  record  previous 
passage  by  21  minutes. 


Aleppo. 

Brescia, 

Campania, 

Carmania. 

Caronia. 

Carpathia. 

Cherbourg, 


Fleet. 
Etfuria, 
Ivemia, 
Lucania, 
Lusitania, 
Mauretania 
Pannonia. 
Pavia, 


Saragassa, 

Saxonia, 

Slavonia, 

Sylvania. 

Tyria. 

UUonia. 

Umbria. 

Veria. 


In  achieving  her  record  voyage  her  runs  for  the 
four  clear  days  at  sea  were  606,  616,  618,  and 
610  kts.,  and  the  average  speed  throughout  was 
34*25  kts.     Her  record,  618  kts.  for  a  day's  steam- 


Cypria. 

Gross  tonnage,  192,000. 

Onnha,  Tristao  da  Oonlui  (1460-1540).  Portu- 
guese navigator.  Discovered  the  islands  which 
bear  his  name,  in  the  South  Atlantic ;  conquered 
the  Island  of  Socotra  ;  visited  Madagascar,  Mozam- 
bique, and  the  coast  of  Zanzibar. 

CanninghaiiL  Explorer.     See  Arctic  Exploration. 

Ouracoa.  British  3rd  class  cruiser  (2,380  tons, 
13  kts.).     Launched  1878. 

Currents.  Progressive  flowing  of  water  in  one 
direction  compelling  all  bodies  floating  therein  to 
submit  to  the  stream. 

Oorrenti,  Ooeanio.    See  Ocean. 

Ciirrie»  Arefaibald  and  Go.,  with  their  head  offices 
in  Melbourne,  have  a  fleet  of  Ave  steamers  trading 
from  Melbourne  to  Calcutta,  and  Melbourne  and 
Cape  Town.  These  steamers  maintain  regular  ser- 
vices from  Melbourne  to  Java  and  Singapore, 
Colombo,  Madras,  and  Calcutta,  carrying  a  limited 
number  of  passengers,  cargo,  and  live-stock.  Large 
quantities  of  horses  are  shipped  by  this  line  from 
Australia  for  the  Government  remount  department 
jn  India. 

Fleet. 

Darius,  Fortunatus. 

Eurylus,  Grauhus, 

Curie,  Sir  Donald,  O.C.H.O.,  cr.  1897  ;  K.C.K.G^ 
cr.  1 88 1  (b.  1825).  Head  of  the  Union-Castle  Line 
of  steamships  {q.v.)  between  London  and  South 
Africa,  in  which  capacity  he  has  rendered  im- 
portant service  to  the  Government  on  various  occa- 
sions. 

Carrie  Une,  with  their  head  offices  in  Sunderland, 
maintain  a  service  every  Friday  from  Sunderland 
to  Leith,  returning  from  Leith  every  Thursday. 
This  line  is  one  of  the  few  now  in  existence  on  which 
intoxicating  liquors  are  not  sold. 

Fleet. 
Britannia*  Warsaw* 


CURTATONE 


163 


CUTTER 


Cnrtilone.    Italian  gun-boat.     (Venice^  1887.) 

Length  177ft.   Beam  32ft.  Maximum  draught  13ft. 

Displacement  1,200  tons.    Complement  131. 

Guns, 

4 — 2'2  in. 

2 — 1*4  in. 

Hp.  1.100=12  kts.     Coal  maximum  200  tons. 

Of  no  fighting  value. 


Cnrtii,  Sir  Rog«r  (1746-1816).  English  admiral 
(b.  Downttm,  Wilts).  Was  flag-captain  to  Lord 
Howe  in  North  America ;  as  commander  of  the 
BriUiatU  was  present  during  the  siege  of  Gibraltar, 
1782,  and  commanded  the  Naval  Brigade  in  1793  ; 
was  appointed  Lord  Howe's  Captain  of  the  Fleet, 
and  was  present  at  the  action  of  "The  Glorious 
First  of  June,"  1794.  For  services  rendered  he 
was  promoted  vice-admiral  and  created  a  baronet. 
In  1803  he  was  made  admiral,  and  five  years  later 
Commander-in-Chief  at  Portsmouth. 

OortiB  Turbine.    See  Turbines. 

Ciinoii-H6we»  Vice- Admiral  Honoorable  Assheton 

Gore  (b.  1850).  Entered  Navy,  1863  ;  lieutenant, 
1872 ;  first  lieutenant  of  Bacchante  during  her 
voyage  with  the  Princes  in  1879-80 ;  flag-captain 
of  Boadicea ;  as  chief  of  the  staff  served  in  the 
Naval  Brigade,  landed  under  the  command  of 
Vice-Admiral  Hon.  Sir  E.  R.  Fremantle,  K.C.B., 
C.M.G.,  Commander-in-Chief  on  the  East  India 
Station,  for  the  punitive  expedition  against  the 
Sultan  of  Vitu,  in  East  Africa,  October,  1890 ; 
mentioned  in  despatches ;  C.B.  for  this  service 
(general  African  medal,  Vitu  (1890)  clasp) ;  Assist- 
ant-Director of  Naval  Intelligence,  1891-92 ;  cap- 
tain of  Cleopatra,  1894  \  landed  a  party  of  seamen 
and  marines  for  the  protection  of  the  inhabitants 
of  Bluefields,  Nicaragua,  and  it  is  acknowledged 
that  his  prompt  action  on  this  occasion  prevented 
an  outbreak  of  civil  war  in  Nicaragua;  C.M.G., 
1896,  for  services  rendered  while  engaged  in  the 
protection  of  the  Newfoundland  Fisheries ;  A.D.C. 
to  the  Queen,  1899 ;  second-in-command  Channel 
Squadron,  1902;  C.V.O.,  1902;  second-in-command 
China  Station,  1903. 

Coihing.  U.S.  torpedo-boat  (1890).  Displace- 
ment, 105  tons ;  guns,  3  i-pdr.  ;  torpedo  tubes, 
3  i8-in. ;  maximum  speed,  22  kts. 

Oiutttioe,    Vte-Admiial    Sir    RuglnaW    Ne?ille 

(b.  1847).  Entered  Navy,  i860  ;  served  with  Naval 
Brigade  of  Euryalus  at  the  storming  of  Kah-ding, 
1862 ;  in  the  same  ship  at  the  actions  of  Kagosima, 
1863,  and  Shimonoseki,  1864 ;  lieutenant,  1868  ; 
Royal  Humane  Society's  silver  medal,  1868,  for 
jumping  overboard  and  assisting  to  support  Gunner 
W.  Foster,  R.M.A.,  who  had  fallen  into  the  water 
at  Hamoase,  imtil  a  boat  arrived ;  captain,  1885  ; 
Assistant-Director  of  Naval  Intelligence  Depart- 
ment, 1887-90 ;  Naval  Attach^  to  America,  1893  I 
A.D.C.  to  the  Queen,   1897  '»  rear-admiral,   1899 ; 


C.M.G.,  1900,  for  services  in  Crete  ;  Director  of 
Naval  IntelUgence,  1899  '*  second-in-command 
Mediterranean  fleet,  1902  ;  C.V.O.  on  the  occasion 
of  the  visit  of  H.M.  King  Edward  VII.  to  Malta, 
1903  ;  vice-admiral,  1904. 

Oiutoniary  Average  OUiues.    See  Clauses. 

Custom  ot  Uoyd's.  In  marine  insurance  where 
points  of  law  are  doubtful  or  not  defined  the  estab- 
lished custom  usually  followed  13  accepted,  and 
called  the  custom  of  Lloyd's.  To  entitle  a  particular 
trade  custom  to  judicial  sanction,  it  must  be  shown 
to  be  reasonable,  general,  and  notorious  in  the 
branch  of  trade  to  which  it  appertains,  and  one 
which  is  not  at  variance  with  the  plain  words  of 
the  contract.  If  the  custom  conforms  to  these 
conditions,  judicial  cognisance  will  be  taken  of  it ; 
but  if  it  does  not  conform  to  each  and  all  of  them 
it  will  be  disapproved  unless  made  a  term  of  the 
contract  by  agreement  between  the  parties.  Upon 
satisfactory  evidence  of  assent  by  the  parties, 
whether  express  or  impUed,  to  a  particular  usage 
of  trade,  the  Court  will  construe  the  contract  in 
accordance  with  such  usage,  though  it  be  at  variance 
with  legal  principle  ;  but  in  the  absence  of  proof  of 
assent  to  the  usage,  the  contract  wUl  be  inter- 
preted in  strict  accordance  with  the  law.  (Stephens 
V,  Australasians  Co.,  L.R.  Rep.  v.  27,  p.  585  ; 
Stewart  v.  West  India  and  Pacific  Co.,  L.R.  Rep. 
V.  27,  p.  823 ;  Bartlett  9.  Pentland,  10  B.  and 
Cr.  760;  McArthur  on  the  Contract  of  Marine 
Insurance,  p.  53.) 

Giuioiii  of  the  86ft.    See  Naval  Ceremonies. 
Ofurtomi.    See  Duty. 

Costoiiifl  Union,  A,  is  the  combination  of  different 
countries  or  States,  each  previously  possessing  a 
separate  tariff  system,  into  one  area,  with  a  common 
tariff  and  free  trade  inter  se. 

Such  union,  called  a  "  Zollverein,  "  after  the  name 
given  to  the  German  Custom  Union  founded  in 
1828,  has  been  proposed  for  the  several  parts  of 
the  British  Empire,  and  for  the  States  of  North 
and  South  America.  A  customs  union  between  the 
Free  State,  Cape  Colony,  Basutoland,  and  the 
Bechuanaland  Protectorate  was  agreed  upon  in 
1896,  but  perhaps  the  most  notable  example  of  a 
modern  Zollverein  is  afforded  by  the  Common- 
wealth of  Australia  (1901). 

Cat  and  nuu    To  cut  the  cable  and  move  off 

quickly. 

OaflftS.  A  sabre  which  is  slightly  curved.  The 
name  applied  to  the  small -hand  led  swords  supplied 
to  the  Navy ;  has  a  flat,  wide,  slightly  curved 
blade,  and  is  better  adapted  for  cutting  than 
thrusting. 

Oatter.  Small,  single-masted,  sharp-built,  broad 
vessel  carrying  fore  and  aft  mainsail,  gaff  topsail, 
stay  Ii^resail,  and  jib. 

G  2 


CUTTLEFISH 


164 


DALHOUSIE 


Ontileflsh.    U.S.  submarine.     (Quincy,  1906.) 

Cut  water.  The  foremost  part  of  a  vessel's 
prow. 

G.y.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Castlebay,  Barra,  Scotland. 

Cyclone.  An  area  of  relatively  low  barometric 
pressure,  decreasing  towards  the  centre,  in  which 
the  wind  blows  spirally  inwards,  and  in  the  northern 
hemisphere  in  the  opposite  direction  to  the  move- 
ment of  the  hands  of  a  watch.  The  name  is 
usually  applied  to  tropical  revolving  storms. 

Cydone.  French  torpedo-boat  (1898).  Displace- 
ment. 140  tons ;  complement,  34 ;  maximum 
draught,  7J  ft. ;  guns,  2  3-pdr.  ;  torpedo  tubes, 
2  15-in. ;  twin  screw  ;  Hp.,  3,200=31  kts. ;  coal* 
15  tons. 

Cydoop.  Netherlands  gun-boat.  Indian  Navy 
(1893).     Displacement,  438  tons. 

OFClope.  Italian  gun-boat.  (Naples,  1903.)  Dis- 
placement 831  tons ;  Hp.,  2,300=15  kts. 

Cygnet.  British  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Chis- 
wick,  1898.)  Length,  210  ft. ;  beam,  19  ft. ; 
draught,  7  ft. ;  displacement,  285  tons ;  comple- 
ment, 60  ;  armament,  i  12-pdr.,  5  6-pdr.,  2  tubes ; 
twin  screw  ;  Hp.,  5,800=30  kts.  ;  coal,  80  tons. 

Cymrio  (1898).  British  subsidised  merchant 
ship.  White  Star  Line  (q.v.).  Dimensions,  585  x 
64X37  ft.;  gross  tonnage,  13,096;  passenger 
accommodation p  1,420;  Hp.,  7.300=15  kts. 

Cynthia.  British  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Chis- 
wick,  1898.)  Length,  210  ft.  ;  beam,  19  ft. ; 
draught,  7  ft.  ;  displacement,  285  tons  ;  comple- 
ment, 60 ;  armament,  i  12-pdr.,  5  6-pdr.,  2  tubes ; 
twin  screw  ;  Hp.,  5,800=30  kts. ;  coal,  80  tons. 

Cjpiien  Falire  and  Co.    Sec  Fabre  Line. 

C.Z.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Cadsand.  Holland. 

Onr.  Steamer.  Wrecked  oft  the  Lizard,  Janu- 
ary 23,  1859  ;  14  lives  lost. 


D.  Distinguishing  letter  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Dublin,  Ireland. 

D.  Distinguishing  letter  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Dunkirk,  France 

d.  Dark.  Abbreviation  adopted  on  the  charts 
issued  by  the  Hydrographic  Office,  Admiralty, 
denoting  the  quality  of  the  ocean's  bottom. 

D.A.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Drogheda.  Ireland 

Dabchick.    A  small  diving  bird. 


Daooa.  British  India  Steam  Navigation  Co.'s 
steamer.  Went  on  a  reef  of  rocks  about  400  miles 
from  Suez,  and  became  a  total  wreck.  Passengers, 
mostly  emigrants,  saved  by  the  steamer  Rosaria, 
May  16,  1890. 

Daedalns.     Drill-ship  for  Royal  Naval  Reserve. 

Dago.  In  sea  slang  the  name  for  anyone  of 
Spanish,  Portuguese,  or  Italian  descent. 

Dagae.  French  torpedo  gun-boat.  (Havre,  1885.) 
Length,  196  ft.  ;  beam,  21  ft. ;  draught,  6  ft. ; 
displacement,  413  tons;  complement,  63;  guns, 
4  8*i-in.,  3  Maxims ;  torpedo  tubes,  2  ;  Hp.,  2.000 
=  x8  kts. ;  coal  maximum,  100  tons. 

Dahabiyeh.  A  boat  used  on  the  Nile  for  pas- 
senger traffic,  usually  two-masted,  with  triangular 
sails. 

Dahlgreen.  U.S.  torpedo-boat  (1898).  Dis- 
placement, 147  tons;  guns,  3  i-pdr. ;  torpedo 
tubes,  3  i8-in.  ;  maximum  speed,  27  kts. 

Daily  Freight  Register.  Established  1893-  ^b- 
lished  morning.  Price  42s.  per  annum  ;  country, 
63s.     Address  :  1 1  Tokenhouse  Yard,  London,  E.G. 

Dally  Shipping  Register.  Established  1 877.  Pub 
lished  morning.     Price  i  d.    Address :  Swansea. 

Dakota.  Great  Northern  Steamship  Co.'s  Ameri- 
can mail  and  passenger  steamer.  Went  ashore  ofif 
Nagami,  Japan,  February,  1907,  and  became  a 
total  wreck.  No  lives  lost.  The  Dakota  and  her 
cargo  represented  a  loss  to  London  underwriters  of 
;£7  50,000, 

Dale,  Admiral  Alfred  Taylor  (b.  1840).  Entered 
Navy,  1854 ;  served  as  mid.  on  Commander-in- 
Chief's  staff  at  the  capture  of  Peiho,  1858  (China 
medal,  Taku  clasp) ;  lieutenant,  i860 ;  com- 
mander, 1870  ;  captain,  1876  ;  A.D.C.  to  the  Queen, 
1889-91  ;  rear-admiral,  1891  ;  private  secretary  to 
the  First  Lord  of  the  Admiralty,  1889-92  ;  com- 
manded "  D  "  fleet  on  the  Blue  side  under  Rear- 
Admiral  Fitzroy  at  naval  manoeuvres,  1893 '»  Rear- 
Admiral  Second-in-Command,  Channel  Squadron, 
1894 ;  commanded  "  B  "  fleet  on  the  Red  side 
under  Vice-Admiral  Fitzroy  at  the  naval  manoeu- 
vres, 1894;  vice-admiral,  1897;  admiral,  1903; 
retired,  1905. 

Dale.  U.S.  torpedo-boat  destroyer  (1900).  Dis- 
placement, 420  tons ;  complement,  64 ;  guns, 
2  14-pdr.,  5  6-pdr.  ;  torpedo  tubes,  2  i8-in.,  amid- 
ships and  aft ;  Hp.,  8,000  =  29  kts. ;  coal,  139  tons. 

DaUlotuie.  On  October  19,  1853,  this  vessel 
foundered  off  Beachy  Head,  when  the  captain, 
passengers,  and  crew  perished.  The  cargo  was 
worth  ;£  1 00,000. 

Dalhoule.  Screw  steamer.  Lost  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Tay,  November  24,  1804  ;  34  lives  lost. 


DALRYMPLE 


165 


DANGEROUS 


Dakym]^  Atenmder  (1737- 1808).  First  hydro- 
grapher  to  the  British  Admiralty  (b.  New  HaUes, 
Edinburgh).  Devoted  his  Ufe  to  geographical  and 
hydrographical  studies,  and  published  in  addition 
to  many  pamphlets  an  account  of  "  Discoveries  in 
the  South  Pacific  Ocean  Before  1764." 

Damage.  The  Admiralty  Court  has  always  juris- 
diction over  torts  committed  by  British  subjects 
on  the  high  seas. 

By  the  Admiralty  Courts  Acts.  1840  and  i86z, 
the  High  Court  of  Admiralty  has  jurisdiction  to 
decide  all  claims  in  the  nature  of  damage  received 
by  any  ship,  or  done  by  any  ship.    The  jurisdic- 
tion, under  the  Act  of  1861,  has  been  held  to  apply 
to  cases  of  collision  between  two  British  vessels  in 
foreign   inland   waters    (the   Diana,    Lush.,    539), 
and  to  foreign  ships  in  foreign  waters  (the  Courier, 
.  Lush.,  541),  and  to  every  kind  of  injury  to  person 
or  property  caused  by  a  ship  (the  Sylph,  3  Asp.  37), 
and  to  all  injury  to  a  ship  caused  by  persons  or 
property  (the  2eta,  1893,  Ai>p.  Cas.  4,  468).     But 
it  has  been  held  that  the  Admiralty  Court  has  no 
jurisdiction  over  claims  by  third  parties  for  damages 
for  loss  of  Ufe  under  Lord  Campbell's  Act  in  an 
action   in   rem.    (the    Vera   CruM,    1888,    10   App. 
Cas.  59).     By  section  6  of  the  same  Act  the  High 
Court  of  Admiralty  has  jurisdiction  over  any  claim 
by  the  owner  or  consignee,  or  assignee  of  any  bill 
of  ladiug  of  any  goods  carried  into  any  port  of 
Kngland  or  Wales  in  any  ship  for  damage  done  to 
the  goods  or  any  part  thereof  by  the  negligence  or 
misconduct  of,  or  for  breach  of  duty,  or  breach  of 
contract,  on  the  part  of  the  owner,  master,  or  crew 
of  the  ship,  imless  it  can  be  shown  that  at  the  time 
of  the  institution  of  the  cause  any  owner  or  part 
owner  of  the  ship  is  domiciled  in  England  or  Wales. 
Refer  to  Accident,  Limitation  of  LiabiUty,  Collision 
at  Sea,  Apportionment,  Admiralty,  High  Court  of. 
Maritime  Lien,  Affreightment. 

Dampbdiilb  Bhederei  **  Union,'*  with  their  head 
office  in  Hamburg,  have  a  fleet  of  12  steamers 
carrying  cargo  to  various  parts  of  the  world.  A 
special  service  is  maintained  at  scheduled  times 
from  New  York  for  Pemambuco,  Bahia.  Rio  de 
Janeiro,  Santos,  and  vice  versa,  four  steamers  being 
exclusively  employed  on  this  run. 

Flbet. 
Albano.  Guniher.  Ssigmund, 

Albenga,  GurUrune.  Sieglinde. 

Barcelona,  Pallanza,  Syracusa, 

Brunhilde.  Pisa.  Verona. 

Gross  tonnage,  37,000. 

Dampier,  WlUiam  (1652-1712).  English  navi- 
gator (b.  East  Coker,  Somersetshire).  He  served 
in  1673  in  the  Dutch  war  under  Sir  Edward  Spragge, 
and  was  present  at  two  engagements.  In  1679  he 
joined  a  party  of  buccaneers,  with  whom  he  crossed 
tbe  Isthmus  oi  Darien.  They  spent  the  foUowmg 
year  on  the  Peruvian  coast,  where  they  captured 


several  vessels  in  the  Padiic  Ocean,  and  conducted 
a  piratical  war  against  the  Spaniards.  In  1698  be 
explored  the  coast  of  Australia,  and  was  wrecked 
on  the  Island  of  Ascension  on  his  way  home.  He 
then  joined  Woodes  Roger's  privateering  expedi- 
tion, for  which  he  acted  as  pilot,  and  on  this  voyage 
rescued  Alexander  Selkirk.  His  works  are  well 
known,  and  have  frequently  been  reprinted.  They 
consist  of  "  A  Vo3rage  Round  the  World,"  3  vols., 
1697 ;  reprinted,  1893  >  "  Two  Voyages  to  Cam- 
peachy,"  1699 ;  "A  Voyage  to  New  Holland," 
1709.     See  W.  C.  Russell's  *'  Dampier,"  1889. 

Dan.    Abbreviation  for  Danish. 

Dana,  Biehaid  Hanry  (1815-82).  American 
author.  Was  an  authority  in  the  department  of 
Maritime  Law,  and  in  1841  wrote  "  The  Seamen's 
Friend."  He  also  published  in  1840  an  account  of 
his  own  sailor  life,  "  Two  Years  Before  the  liCast," 
which  attained  great  popularity. 

Dandolo.    Old  Italian  battleship  (1878). 
Length  341ft.  Beam  65ft.  Maximum  draught  30ft. 
Displacement  12,265  tons.    Complement  506. 
Guns,  Armour, 

4—10  in.  "  Steel." 

7 — 6  in.  21  in.  Belt  amidships. 

5 — ^4*7  in.  17  in.  Redoubt. 

16—6  pdr.  10  in.  Turrets. 

8 — I  pdr. 
4  Machine. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
4  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  natural  7.500=515  kts.     Coal 
maximum  i  ,000  tons.     Approximate  cost  ;£86o,ooo. 

Dandy.  A  small  cutter  or  sloop  with  jigger- 
mast  abaft,  carrying  mizzen  lug-sail. 

DaagttOQl  goods.  The  expression  "  dangerous 
goods "  iodudes  aquafortis,  vitriol,  naphtha, 
benzine,  gunpowder,  lucifer  matches,  nitro-glycerine, 
petroleum,  explosives,  and  any  other  goods  of  a 
dangerous  nature.  (Merchant  Shipping  Act,  1894. 
section  446.) 

(i)  No  person  shall  send  or  carry  on  any  ship, 
British  or  foreign,  any  dangerous  goods,  without 
marking  their  nature  outside  each  package,  and 
giving  notice  in  writing  of  the  same,  together  with 
the  name  and  address  of  the  sender,  to  the  master 
or  owner  qn  shipment,  under  a  penalty  of  ;£ioo  for 
each  offence. 

(2)  For  knowingly  sending  or  carrying  such  goods 
under  a  false  description  a  i)erson  is  liable  to  a  fine 
of  ;£5oo. 

(3)  The  master  may  refuse  to  carry,  or  demand 
to  have  opened,  any  package  he  suspects  to  contain 
dangerous  goods. 

(4)  The  master  may  throw  overboard  any  goods 
he  considers  dangerous  if  unmarked,  or  of  which  he 
has  had  no  notice ;  and  neither  he  nor  his  owner 
shall  be  subject  to  any  liabUtty,  criminal  or  civil, 
for  so  throwing  goods  overboard. 


DANIEL 


166 


DARING 


(5)  Any  Court  having  Admiralty  jurisdictioa  may 
declare  forfeited  any  dangerous  goods  sent  or 
carried  without  proper  notice  having  been  given,  or 
unmarked,  or  under  a  false  description. 

(6)  No  emigrant  ship  shall  carry  dangerous  goods 
aa  cargo. 


SieiiiiiiaiL  White  Cross  steamer.  Struck 
on  the  rocks  oft  Sambro',  Nova  Scotia,  April  3, 
1884;    izo  lives  lost. 

Danmark.  Danish  emigrant  ship.  Sunk  in  the 
Atlantic,  about  800  miles  from  Newfoundland, 
April  6,  1889.  Captain  Murrel,  of  the  Atlantic 
Transport  liner  Missouri,  and  his  crew  rescued  all 
on  board.  At  the  Mansion  House  on  May  24,  1889, 
Captain  Murrel,  in  the  presence  of  a  distinguished 
company,  received  from  the  Lord  Mayor  a  silver 
salver  with  an  inscription  and  a  purse  of  ;£5oo  from 
the  citizens  of  London.  The  officers  and  crew  also 
received  testimonials. 

Dannebrog  Steamship  Co.,  Copenhagen,  owned 
and  managed  by  C.  K.  Hansen,  have  a  fleet  of  13 
modem  cargo  steamers  engaged  in  cargo  trade  in 
the  North  Sea,  and  various  parts  of  the  world,  as 
inducement  offers. 

Fleet. 
AnuUienbofg,  Kronborg. 

Brathingsborg,  Rosenborg, 

Flynderborg.  Skanderborg, 

Fredensborg,  Soborg, 

Fredetiksborg,  Stegelborg. 

Icnisborg,  Stjemeborg. 

Uranienborg. 

Danton.  French  ist  class  battleship.  Laid 
down,  L'Orient,  1906. 

Length  475ft.  Beam  84ft.  Maximum  draught  27^ft. 
Displacement  18,000  tons.  Complement  680. 
Guns,  Atmour. 

4 — 12  in.  "  Krupp." 

12 — 9 '4  in.  10  in.  Belt  amidships. 

16 — 12  pdr.  12  in.  Turrets. 

8 — 3  pdr.  13  in.  Coxming  tower. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 

2  Submerged. 

3  Above  water. 

Three  screws.     Hp.  22,500=19  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
'  mum  2,010  tons.     Approximate  cost  £1,600,000. 

Dantsig.  German  armoured  ciuiser.  (Danzig 
Dockyard,  1905.) 

Length  341ft.     Beam  40ft.     Draught  ib^it. 
Displacement  3,200  tons.    Complement  280. 
Guns,  Armour, 

10— 4' 1  in.  "  Krupp.*' 

10—1*4  in.  2  in.  Deck. 

4  Maxims.  4  in.  Conning  tower. 

Torpedo  Tubes, 
z  Submerged. 
Twin  screw.    Hp.  1 1 ,000 «  2  3  kts.    Coal  800  tons. 


Danube  (1893).  British  subsidised  merchant 
ship.  Royal  Mail  Steam  Packet  Co.  (q.v.).  Dimen- 
sions, 420x52x33^  ft.;  gross  tonnage,  5.891; 
passenger  accommodation,  655 ;  Hp.,  6,650s: 
17  kts. 

Danube  Craft  Clanse.    See  SuUna  Clause. 

Danube  Navigation  OommSnion  was  constituted 
in  1856  when,  by  the  Peace  of  Paris,  the  navigation 
of  the  river  was  declared  free  to  all  nations.  Origin- 
ally it  was  an  express  condition  that  it  should 
dissolve  in  1858,  but  by  various  conferences  it  has 
been  continued,  and  still  continues  to  exist.  It 
exercises  sovereign  powers  over  the  mouth  of  the 
Danube,  where  it  has  conducted  engineering  works. 
It  possesses  its  own  flag,  uniform,  and  police,  and  is 
empowered  to  raise  loans  and  make  its  own  laws. 
Its  jurisdiction  extends  as  far  as  the  Iron  Gate. 

Daphne.  Coasting  steamer.  Turned  turtle  in  the 
Clyde,  July  3,  1883  ;   124  lives  lost. 

Dazd.  French  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Nor- 
mand,  1902.)  Length,  180  ft. ;  beam,  21  ft. ; 
maximum  draught,  10  ft. ;  displacement,  300  tons  ; 
complement,  45  ;  guns,  i  9-pdr.,  6  3 -pdr.  ;  torpedo 
tubes,  2  15-in. ;  speed,  27-30  kts. 

Dardanellee  or  Hellespont,  or  Straits  of  GeilipoU, 
is  that  long  strait  about  45  miles  in  length,  and 
varying  from  one  to  five  miles  in  width,  between 
Europe  and  Asia,  connecting  the  JEgean  Sea  with 
the  Sea  of  Marmora.  It  is  of  great  strategic  im- 
portance, as  it  commands  the  entrance  to  Constanti- 
nople from  the  Mediterranean.  It  is  strongly 
fortified  on  both  sides,  and  the  channel  is  pro- 
tected by  torpedoes.  During  the  Russo-Japanese 
war,  two  vessels  of  the  Russian  Volunteer  Fleet 
passed  through  the  Dardanelles  under  a  commercial 
flag,  July  4  to  6,  1904.  These  vessels  were  really 
fast  cruisers,  and  intended  to  interfere  with  shipping, 
and  in  fact  in  the  Red  Sea  stopped  a  number  of 
British  and  German  ships.  Eventually,  on  receipt 
of  instructions  from  the  Czar,  delivered  to  them  by 
British  cruisers  near  Zanzibar,  they  ceased  opera- 
tions. 

Dardandles.  Battle  of  the.    On  February   19, 

1807,  Admiral  Sir  John  Duckworth,  ^^ith  a  British 
squadron,  forced  his  way  through  to  Constant!- 
nople,  and  returned  on  March  3,  when  great  damage 
was  done  to  the  British  ships,  the  castles  of 
Sestos  and  Abydos  hurling  down  stone  shot  upon 
the  vessel. 

Dardo.  Italian  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Schi- 
chau,  1900.)  Displacement,  330  tons;  maximum 
draught,  8|  ft. ;  armamei^t.  i  12-pdr. ;  5  6-pdr.  ; 
tubes,  2  i8-in. ;  Hp.,  6,000=30  kts. ;  coal,  80  tons. 

Daring.    British  torpedo-boat  destroyer.     (Chis- 
wick,    1893.)     Length,    185    ft. ;     beam,    19    f t.  ; 
draught,  7  ft. ;   displacement,  237  tons ;    comple- 
ment, 45  ;  armament,  i  12-pdr.,  3  6-pdr.,  3  tubes  ; 
twin  screw ;  Hp.,  4,3003=27  kts. ;  coal,  50  tans. 


DART 


167 


DAVIS 


Dart.  Screw  surveying  vessel  <i882).  Dis- 
placement, 470  tons ;  speed  (about),  8  kts. ;  lent  to 
the  N.S.W.  Government  for  surveying  purposes. 

Dartmonth,  Lord  George  Legge  (1647-91). 
English  admiral.  Served  with  distinction  during 
Dutch  war.  Was  appointed  in  1688  Admiral  of  the 
Fleet  by  James  II..  and  sent  to  intercept  the 
Prince  of  Orange.  He  died  a  prisoner  in  the  Tower 
of  London. 

Dartmoath  College.    See  Naval  Establishments. 

Dart  Safling  dub,  Dartmouth.  Established  1900. 
Burgee :  Red,  blue  dart  pointing  to  mast.  Ensign, 
red.  Commodore,  A.  H.  Bridson ;  Vice-Commo- 
dore, F.  L.  Carslake  ;  Rear-Commodore,  A.  F.  G. 
Brown  ;  Honorary  Treasurer,  W.  Pollard  ;  Honor- 
ary Secretary.  F.  L.  Hockin.  Entrance  fee,  105.  6d. 
Annual  subscription,  sailing  members,  los.  6d,  ;  and 
non-sailing  members.  55. 

Dart  Taeht  dab,  RoyaL  See  Royal  Dart  Yacht 
Club. 

Dasher.  British  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Pop- 
lar, 1895.)  Length  190  ft. ;  beam,  18  ft.  ;  draught, 
6  ft. ;  displacement.  250  tons ;  complement,  45  ; 
armament,  i  12-pdr.,  $  6-pdr..  2  tubes ;  twin 
screw  ;   Hp.,  3,180=26  kts.  ;  coal,  60  tons. 

D'Aflsas.  French  2nd  class  cruiser.  (St.  Na- 
zaire,  1896.) 

Length  326ft.    Beam  45ft.    Maximum  draught  23ft. 
Displacement  4.000  tons.     Complement  393. 
Guns.  Armour. 

6 — 6*4  in.  3  in.  Deck. 

4 — 4  in.  2  in.  Sponsons. 

4—3  pdr. 
II — I  pdr. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
2  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.   9,500=19  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 624  tons.     Approximate  cost  ;^30o.ooo. 


French  torpedo-boat  (1899).  Dis- 
placement, 120 ;  complement,  34 ;  maximum 
draught,  9J  ft.  ;  guns,  2  3-pdr.  ;  torpedo  tubes, 
2  15-in.  ;  twin  screw;  Hp.,  2,000  =  26  kts.;  coal, 
16  tons. 

Davie,  James  (b.  Dumbartonshire,  July  17,  1843). 
Served  his  apprenticeship  in  Glasgow  with  Messrs. 
Alexander  Chaplin  and  Co.,  his  shipbuilding 
experience  being  mostly  confined  to  the  design  and 
construction  of  light  draught  boats.  He  made  a 
^>ecial  study  of  heat  as  applied  to  the  steam  engine, 
and  his  first  paper  on  this  subject  was  read  before 
the  Junior  Section  of  the  Institution  of  Engineers 
and  Shipbuilders  of  Scotland  in  1876.  About  the 
year  1877  ^e  introduced  the  iive^team-eurface- 
lieater  (for  heating  the  feed-water  before  entering 
tbe  boilers),  which  is  now  considered  a  necessary 
auxiliary    to    high-pressure    steam    boilers;     but 


engineers  were  so  sceptical  as  to  its  utility  that  the 
inventor  undertook  to  fit  two  Atlantic  liners  with 
his  apparatus,  which,  after  being  subjected  to  a 
severe  test,  proved  the  system  a  complete  success. 
He  is  senior  partner  of  the  firm  of  Davie  and  Home, 
Engineers,  Johnstone,  Scotland,  whose  principal 
work  is  the  manufacture  of  the  "  Davie  "  patented 
specialities  in  evaporators,  heaters,  filters,  pumps, 
etc. 

Member  of  the  Institution  of  Engineers  and 
Shipbuilders  of  Scotland. 

Davis.  U.S.  torpedo-boat  (1898).  Displace- 
ment, no  tons;  guns,  3  i-pdr.  ;  torpedo  tubes.  3 
i8-in. ;  maximum  speed,  23  kts. 

Davis,  Vioe-Adiiiiral  Edward  Henry  Megga  (b. 

1846).  Entered  Navy,  i860 ;  lieutenant  1870 ; 
first  lieutenant  Active,  served  on  shore  with  Naval 
Brigade  at  Cape  of  Good  Hope  during  Kaffir  war, 
1877-78  ;  specially  promoted  for  services  rendered  ; 
commander  in  transport  service  at  Natal  during 
Zulu  war.  1879  (Zulu  medal  and  three  clasps) ; 
captain  of  the  Royalist,  hoisted  the  British  flag  on 
1 3  islands  of  the  Gilbert  group.  1892  ;  C.M.G.  for 
services  connected  with  islands  in  the  Western 
Pacific.  1894 ;  rear-admiral,  1901  ;  vice-admiral. 
1905. 

Davis,    John    (i 550-1605).    Celebrated    English 
navigator  (b.  Sandridge).     He  made  three  voyages 
for  the  British  Government  in  search  of  the  North* 
West  Passage  to  the  Pacific.     In  the  first  he  pushed 
his  way   round   the  southern  end  of  Greenland, 
across  the  strait  that  bears  his  name,  and  along  the 
coast  of  Baffin's  Bay  to  the  Cape  of  God's  Mercy, 
which  he  thus  named,  believing  that  his  task  was 
accomplished.     In  the  second  (1586)  he  made  little 
further  progress.     In  the  third  (1587)  he  reached 
the  entrance  of  the  strd.it  subsequentiy  explored  by 
Hudson.     In    1591    he   joined    Cavendish    in    his 
second  voyage  to  the  South  Sea,  and  after  the  rest  of 
the    expedition    returned,    unsuccessful,    he   con- 
tinued to  attempt,  on  his  own  account,  the  passage 
of  the  Strait  of  Magellan ;   this  he  did  not  accom- 
plish, but  became  the  discoverer  of  the  Falkland 
Islands.     In  1598  he  piloted  a  large  Dutch  mer- 
chant fleet  from  Middelburg  in  Holland  to  the  East 
Indies.     Three  years  later  he  accompanied  Sir  James 
Lancaster,  as  first  pilot,  on  his  voyage  in  the  service 
of  the  East  India  Company,  and  in  1605  he  sailed 
again  for  the  same  destination  with  Michelbourn 
in  the  Tiger.     On  his  way  home  he  was  murdered  by 
Japanese  pirates  off  the  coast  of  Malacca.     He 
published  "  The  World's  Hydrographical  Descrip- 
tion, whereby  it  appears  that  there  is  a  short  and 
speedy  passage  into  the  South  Seas  to  China  by 
northerly    navigation"    (London,    1595);     "The 
Seamen's  Secret  "  (1594)  ;   and  invented  the  Back- 
staff,  or  Davis  Quadrant.     See  Markham's  "  John 
Davis  "  (1889).     Refer  to  Arctic  Exf^ration. 


1 


DAVIS 


1 68 


DEBEN 


Davis,  W.  T.  (b.  Devonport,  May  21,  1867). 
British  naval  architect.  Served  apprenticeship  at 
Portsmouth  Dockyard,  and  in  1887  passed  first  at 
the  examination  for  entry  at  the  Royal  Naval 
College,  Greenwich.  After  completing  the  course, 
and  successfully  passing  the  necessary  examinations, 
he,  in  1890.  was  appointed  Assistant  Constructor  at 
Portsmouth  Dockyard,  where  he  served  until  1903, 
and  was  then  promoted  to  Constructor,  and  joined 
the  Admiralty  Constructive  Stafi. 

Davit.  A  derrick  of  wood  or  iron,  with  sheaves 
or  blocks  at  its  end,  projecting  over  vessel's  side  for 
hoisting  or  suspending  ship's  boat. 

DavoAt.  French  3rd  class  cruiser.  (Toulon, 
1889.) 

Length  289ft.  Beam  40ft.  Maximum  draught  21ft. 
Displacement  3,027  tons.     Complement  336. 


Guns. 

Armour, 

t — 6 '4  in. 

3j  in.  Deck. 

4—9  pdr. 

i^  in.  Conning  tower. 

8 — 3  pdr. 

Torpedo 

Tubes, 

4  Above  water. 

Twin  s 

screw.     Hp, 

9,000  =s  20' 5  kts. 

Approximate  < 

cost  ;£222,000. 

Davy  Jones.    The  spirit  of  the  sea. 

Davy  Jonai'i  Locker.  The  ocean  ;  the  common 
receptacle  for  all  things  thrown  overboard  ;  it  is 
a  phrase  for  death  or  the  other  world,  when  speaking 
of  a  person  who  has  been  buried  at  sea. 

Day  and  night  breeies  is  the  name  applied  to  the 
diurnal  variations  in  the  direction  and  velocity  of 
the  wind.  Over  the  ocean  the  period  is  but  feebly 
marked  ;  on  land,  however,  the  winds  are  distinctly 
stronger  about  noon  than  at  night. 

Day  degree.  The  accumulated  temperature  is 
expressed  in  "  Day  Degrees  " — a  day  degree  signi- 
fying I**  of  excess  or  defect  of  temperature  above 
or  below  42**,  continued  for  24  hours,  or  any  other 
number  of  degrees  for  an  inversely  proportional 
number  of  hours. 

Days  of  grace.  Days  allowed  by  law  or  custom 
for  payment  of  Bills  of  Exchange  (except  those 
payable  at  sight  or  on  demand)  after  specified  day 
of  payment,  thus  when  three  days  are  allowed,  as 
usual  in  England,  a  bill  due  on  the  fifth  of  the  month 
is  payable  on  the  eighth. 

D.D.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Dordrecht,  Holland. 

D/D.    Days  after  date. 

D.E.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Dundee,  Scotland. 

Deaden  her  way.    To  retard  progress. 

Dead-eye.  A  round,  flattish  wooden  block  with 
three  holes  without  sheaves. 


Dead  freight  is  the  compensation  paid  to  a  ship- 
owner for  failure  to  ship  a  full  cargo.  Refer  to 
Freight. 

Deadman,  Henry  Edward,  C.B.,  cr.    1904   (b. 

March  7,  1843).  British  naval  architect.  Served 
his  apprenticeship  at  the  Royal  Dockyards  of 
Deptford  and  Chatham,  and  in  1864  gained  an 
Admiralty  scholarship  at  the  Royal  College  of 
Naval  Architecture,  and  the  diploma  of  Fellow  of 
the  School  in  1867 ;  since  that  time  has  been 
wholly  employed  in  the  Admiralty  service  ;  Con- 
structor in  Bombay  Dockyard,  1880-83 ;  Con- 
structor at  Chatham,  1883-86;  Chief  Constructor 
of  Portsmouth,  1886-92 ;  Chief  Constructor  at 
Admiralty,  1892- 1902  ;  Assistant-Director  of  Naval 
Construction  on  Admiralty,  1902. 

Deal  Casfle.  34  guns.  In  October,  1780,  this 
vessel  was  lost  in  a  storm  in  the  West  Indies. 

Deane,  Charles  George  (b.  London,  1869).  Served 
apprenticeship  with  the  Thames  Iron  Works  and 
Shipbuilding  Co.,  Black  wall.  In  1891  was  ap- 
pointed as  assistant  naval  architect  to  the  P.  and 
O.  Co.,  and  spent  eight  years  supervising  the  com- 
pletion of  the  company's  ships.  In  1903  he  was 
promoted  naval  architect,  and  has  been  associated 
with  the  designing  of  a  number  of  the  largest  and 
finest  ships  of  this  fleet. 

Member  of  the  Institution  of  Naval  Architects. 

Deane,  Richard  (1610-53).  British  soldier  sea- 
man. Held  joint  command  in  1653  with  Blake 
and  Monck,  and  was  killed  at  the  first  battle  off 
the  North  Foreland.     See  "Life,"  by  J.  B.  Deane 

(1870). 

Dease.    Explorer.     See  Arctic  Exploration. 

Death,  Appearances  indicating.  There  is  no  ^ 
breathing  nor  heart's  action,  the  eyelids  are  gene- 
rally half  closed,  the  pupils  dilated,  the  jaws 
clenched,  the  fingers  semi-contracted.  Within  a 
varying  period,  usually  not  more  than  12  hours, 
the  body  becomes  rigid,  owing  to  the  development 
of  rigor-mortis.  The  blood  gravitates  to  the  most 
dependent  parts,  and  develops  discoloration  of  the 
skin,  known  as  post-mortem  rigidity  or  post-mortem 
staining. 

Deben  Sailing  dab,  Woodbridge.  Was  first  estab- 
lished in  I840  as  the  "  Deben  Yacht  Club."  and  met 
with  great  success  for  many  3rears,  the  shipping 
trade  at  Woodbridge  and  general  interest  in  the 
waters  being  then,  before  the  days  of  railways,  of 
a  more  robust  nature  than  at  present.  Some  time 
during  the  fifties  the  club  fell  through,  but 
was  restarted  in  1864,  but  again  succumbed.  In 
1886  it  was  again  revived,  under  the  present  title, 
for  the  purpose  of  encouraging  boat-sailing  on  the 
river  Deben,  and  up  to  this  time  has  proved  suc- 
cessful. It  may  be  mentioned  that  the  Syren. 
built  for  Mr.  D.  B.  Gall  in  1842  (first  secretary  of 
the  club)  by  Gerrard,  of  Woodbridge,  is  still  afloat. 


DEBENTURE 


169 


DEFIANCE 


her  jubilee  having  been  celebrated  at  Harwich  in 
1892.  She  is  still  in  the  same  family,  being  now 
the  property  of  Mr.  Alfred  Gall.  Burgee  :  Blue, 
white  spot  in  centre.  Commodore,  Walter  Brooke ; 
Honorary  Secretary  and  Treasurer,  Frank  Amer. 
Annual  subscription,  55.  minimum. 

Debenture.  An  instrument  of  the  nature  of  a 
bill  or  bond,  by  which  a  debt  is  claimable.  May 
bear  interest  or  confer  some  peculiar  advantage. 
It  is  given  at  the  Custom  House  to  claim  a  draw- 
back. 

Decatur.  U.S.  torpedo-boat  destroyer  (1900). 
Displacement,  420  tons ;  complement,  64 ;  guns, 
2  14-pdr.,  5  6-pdr. ;  torpedo  tubes,  2  i8-in..  amid- 
ships and  aft ;  Hp.,  8.000=29  kts. ;  coal,  139  tons. 

DMd6e.  French  gun-boat.  (L 'Orient,  1899.) 
Length,  184  ft.  ;  beam,  26  ft.  ;  draught,  12  ft.  ; 
displacement,  635  tons ;  complement,  99 ;  guns, 
2  3*9-in.,  4  2"5-in.,  4  r4-in.  ;  Hp.,  1,000=13  kts.; 
coal,  100  tons. 

Deek.  A  floor  in  a  ship  above  the  bottom  of  the 
hold.  Decks  may  run  from  stem  to  stem,  or  be 
but  partial. 

Deck  oargo.  If  goods  carried  on  deck  are  lost 
or  damaged,  the  shipowner  is  only  liable  under 
express  contract  or  universal  custom  of  a  trade. 
The  master  of  any  ship  arriving  in  the  United 
Kingdom  from  abroad  between  the  last  day  of 
October  and  April  16  is  liable  to  a  fine  of  £$  for 
every  100  cubic  feet  of  wood  goods  carried  in  any 
uncovered  space  ou  deck,  unless  he  can  show  tliat 
his  arrival  in  the  United  Kingdom  between  these 
dates  was  due  to  exceptionally  severe  or  excep- 
tionally unfavourable  weather.  No  goods,  luggage, 
or  stores  shall  be  carried  on  the  upper  or  pas- 
sengers' decks  of  an  emigrant  ship  unless  they  are 
properly  secured  and  do  not  interfere  with  the 
health  or  comfort  of  the  passengers.  Refer  to 
Jettison,  Merchant  Shipping  Act. 

Deck  house.  Any  built-up  house  of  wood  or 
iron  on  the  deck  of  a  vessel.  Those  in  the  after 
part  of  the  ship  are  termed  after-deck  houses ; 
those  in  the  fore  part  of  the  ship'  forward-deck 
houses. 

Deck  Load  danBe.    See  Clauses. 

Dedaration  of  Paris  was  a  diplomatic  instrument 
signed  by  the  representatives  of  all  the  Powers 
except  the  United  States,  Spain,  Mexico,  and 
Venezuela  at  the  Congress  of  Paris,  1856.  It  was 
obligatory  only  for  and  between  the  Powers  who 
acceded  to  it,  and  had  the  effect  of  securing  to 
neutrals  a  larger  carrying  trading  in  time  of  war. 
The  following  measures  were  adopted  : 

(i)  Privateering  is  and  remains  abolished. 

(2)  The  neutral  flag  covers  the  goods  of  a  belU- 
gereat  (q.v.),  with  the  exception  of  contraband 
of  war. 


(3)  Neutral  goods,  with  the  exception  of  con- 
traband of  war  (9 .v.),  are  not  liable  to  capture 
under  a  belligerent's  flag. 

(4)  Blockades  (q,v,)  in  order  to  be  binding  must 
be  effective — 1.«.,  maintained  by  a  force  sufficient 
really  to  prevent  access  to  the  coast  of  a  belligerent. 

In  the  Spanish-American  war  both  sides  declared 
their  intention  to  adhere  to  the  above  rules  (except 
Spain  as  regards  privateering). 

Declination  compass.    See  Compass. 

Deoiinatton  needle,  or  declinometer,  is  an  instru- 
ment for  registering  the  amount  and  variations  of 
the  magnetic  declinations.  The  variation  east  is 
generally  reckoned  negative,  and  west  positive. 

DecHnaticwi  of  a  celestial  object  The  distance 
north  or  south  from  the  equinoctial,  and  is  xueasured 
by  that  portion  of  celestial  meridian  which  is  inter- 
cepted between  centre  of  object  and  equinoctial. 

Decoy.  British  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  This 
vessel  sunk  after  collision  with  the  Arun  off  the 
Scilly  Isles  on  August  13,  1904. 

Dee.  British  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Palmer, 
1903.)  Length,  225  ft. ;  beam,  23  ft. ;  draught. 
10  ft. ;  displacement,  540  tons ;  complement,  70 ; 
armament,  z  12-pdr.,  5  6-pdr.,  2  tubes;  Hp., 
7,ooos=25  kts. ;  coal,  127  tons. 

Deep.  The  estimated  fathoms  between  the 
marks  on  the  hand  lead  line.     Refer  to  Lead. 

Deep  sea  deposits.     See  Deposition. 


Deep  sea  ezploratton.  See  Ocean,  Abyssal 
Animals,  Challenger  Expedition. 

Dee  Tacht  dab,  BoyaL  See  Royal  Dee  Yacht 
Club. 

Defence.    British  armoured  cruiser.     (Pembroke, 

1905.) 
Length  490ft.    Beam  74ft.    Mean  draught  26ft. 
Displacement  14,600  tons.     Complement  755. 
Guns.  Armour. 

4—9*2  in,,  50  cal.      '*  Krupp." 
10^7*5  in.  6  in.  Belt  amidships. 

30  Small.  6  in.  Barbettes. 

7  in.  Conning  tower. 
Torpedo  Tubes, 
$  Submerged. 
Hp.    forced    27,000=23    kts.    Coal    maximum 
2,000  tons. 

Defence.  74  guns.  On  December  24,  181 1,  this 
vessel,  with  the  St.  George  (98  guns)  and  the  Hero, 
stranded  on  the  coast  of  Jutland  ;  2,000  lives  lost. 

Defiance.  British  torpedo  schoolship  ( 5,270  t^ms) 
Launched  1861. 

Defiance.  64  guns.  In  October,  1780.  this 
vessel  was  lost  in  a  storm  in  the  West  Indies. 


DE 


170 


DENISH 


De  Honey,  Admiral  Sir  Algernon  nrederiek  Rons, 

K.C.B.,  cr.  1903  (b.  1827).  Entered  Navy,  1840 ; 
present  in  the  operations  on  the  Syrian  coast, 
1840  (Syrian  and  Turkish  medals) ;  was  flag- 
lieutenant  to  Sir  George  Seymour  in  the  West 
Indies  when  in  command  of  H.M.S.  Brisk,  cap- 
tured after  a  hard  chase  the  celebrated  Spanish 
slaver  Manuela  \  lieutenant,  1846 ;  commander, 
1853  ;  captain,  1857 ;  senior  officer  at  Jamaica  in 
the  Wolverene  during  the  rebellion,  1865,  and  re- 
ceived the  thanks  of  the  Governor  and  both  Houses 
of  Parliament ;  senior  officer  on  the  lakes  of  Canada 
in  the  Aurota  during  the  Fenian  disturbances, 
1856-57  (Canada  medal  and  clasp)  ;  commanded 
H.M.  ships  Devastation^  Victor,  Wolverene,  Aurora, 
and  Abouhir  in  the  West  Indies ;  rear-admiral, 
1875  ;  commanded  the  Brisk  and  Hector  on  the 
Cape  of  Good  Hope  and  Home  Stations ;  Com- 
mander-in-Chief in  the  Pacific,  1876-79 ;  in  the 
Skah  with  the  Ametkyst  engaged  for  three  hours 
the  Peruvian  rebel  turret  ship  Huascar,  May,  1877, 
driving  her  under  the  shelter  of  the  town  of  Ylo, 
when  she  escaped  after  dark,  and  surrendered  next 
day  with  the  Peruvian  squadron.  His  action  being 
questioned  in  Parliament,  Sir  J.  Holker,  Attorney- 
General,  said :  "  Huascar  having  committed  acts 
which  made  her  an  enemy  of  Great  Britain,  De 
Horsey  was  justified  in  what  he  did."  The  I^rd 
Commissioners  of  the  Admiralty,  in  communicating 
the  decision  of  the  law  officers,  wrote  :  *'  My  lords 
now  desire  me  to  convey  to  you  their  approval  of 
your  having  put  a  stop  to  the  lawless  proceedings 
of  the  Huascar.  Vice-admiral,  1879 ;  admiral, 
1885  ;  senior  officer  in  command  of  Channel 
Squadron,  1885  ;  retired.  1892. 

PubUcation :  "  Rule  of  the  Road  at  Sea." 


De  Long,  George  Washington  (1844-81).  Ameri- 
can Arctic  explorer  (b.  New  York).  In  1873  he 
sailed  on  the  Junita,  commanded  by  Captain 
Braine,  in  search  of  the  arctic  exploring  steamer 
Polaris,  and  was  detailed  to  the  command  of  the 
launch  which  was  sent  out  by  the  Junita  from 
Upemivik,  Greenland.  In  1879,  in  command  of 
tho  Jeanette,  he  set  sail  from  San  Francisco  for 
Siberian  Straits,  the  expedition  being  fitted  out  by 
Thomas  Gordon  Bennett.  On  September  5,  1879, 
the  vessel  was  enclosed  in  the  ice-pack,  and  after 
a  long  drift  was  finally  crushed  by  the  ice  on 
June  12,  1 88 1,  in  yy**  15'  N.  latitude,  155®  E. 
longitude.  The  members  of  the  expedition  jour- 
neyed by  sledge  and  boat  150  miles  to  the  New 
Siberian  Islands,  during  which  most  of  them 
perished.  De  Long  among  the  number.  The 
journal,  in  which  he  made  regular  entries  up  to  the 
day  of  his  death,  has  been  edited  by  his  wife,  and 
published  under  the  title  **  Voyage  of  the  Jeanetie," 
Refer  to  Arctic  Exploration. 

Mmoeratie.    French  ist  class  battieship.   (Brest, 
1905.) 
Length  452ft.  Beam  79ft.  Maximum  draught  27it. 

Displacement  14,865  tons.    Cx)mplement  793. 


Guns. 

4 — 12  in.,  50  cal. 
10 — 76  in. 

8 — 4  in. 
24 — 3  pdr. 


Armour. 
"  Knipp." 

1 1  in.  Belt  amidships. 
13  in.  Main  turrets. 
13  in.  Conning  tower. 
Torpedo  Tubes  (1904). 

2  Submerged. 

3  Above  water. 

Three  screws.    Hp.  18.000=18  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 1,850  tons.    Approximate  cost  ;^  1,425,000. 


Dejatelny.  Russian  torpedo-boat  destroyer 
(1905).  Length,  185  ft. ;  beam,  21  ft.  ;  draught, 
7|  ft. ;  displacement,  324  tons ;  complement,  60 ; 
armament,  i  12-pdr.,  5  3-pdr.,  2  Maxims,  2  tubes ; 
twin  screw;  Hp.,  5,600=26  kts. ;  coal  maximum, 
100  tons. 

Delaware.  Steamer.  Wrecked  off  Scilly  Isles  on 
December  20,  1871,  when  only  two  out  of  47  persons 
were  saved. 

DeUin.  Norwegian  torpedo-boat.  (Elbing,  1896.) 
Length,  128  ft. ;  beam,  16  ft. ;  draught,  6}  ft. ; 
displacement,    84    tons;    armament,    2    1*4   q.f., 

2  tubes  ;  Hp.,  1,100=24  l^ts. 

Oelfiino.  Italian  submarine.  (Spezia,  1894.) 
Length,  ^S  ft.;  beam,  10  ft.;  displacement,  iii 
tons;  complement,  12;  torpedo  tubes,  2;  Hp., 
150=12  kts.  above,  10  below. 

De  Long.  U.S.  torpedo-boat  (1900).  Displace- 
ment,  165  tons;  guns,  3   i-pdr. ;  torpedo  tubes, 

3  1 8 -in. ;  maximum  speed,  26  kts. 


Demnixage  is  the  sum  paid  to  the  shipowner  by 
the  charterer  for  each  day  taken  in  loading  or  dis- 
charging the  ship  beyond  the  lay  days  or  agreed 
time.  It  is  usually  stipulated  in  charter-parties 
that  the  charterer  may,  by  paying  a  certain  sum 
per  diem  for  overtime,  detain  the  vessel  for  a 
specified  time,  or  for  as  long  as  he  pleases  after  the 
expiration  of  the  lay  da3rs. 

^lien  the  demurrage  da3rs  are  limited  by  special 
contract  the  sum  due  for  detention  of  vessel  beyond 
them  will  be  taken  as  the  measure  of  loss  for  the 
further  time  in  the  form  of  damages.  Demurrage 
cannot  be  claimed  for  detention  by  a  public  enemy 
or  for  delay  caused  by  the  shipowners  or  their 
servants.  All  ordinary  causes  of  detention,  such 
as  the  orders  of  a  harbour  master,  are  at  the 
charterer's  risk,  and  he  must  pay  demurrage  even 
though  the  delay  were  inevitable.  Claim  for  de- 
murrage ceases  as  soon  as  the  ship  is  cleared  out 
and  ready  for  sailing,  though  unable  to  proceed  on 
account  of  heavy  weather. 

Denish  Stale  BaflwayB  have  a  fleet  of  31  modem 
steamers,  which  maintain  services  in  conjunction 


DENNY 


171 


DEODORO 


with  this  railway  and  also  to  ports  in  various  parts 
of  Denmark  and  the  vicinity. 

Fleet. 

Alexandra.  Marie. 

Dagmar.  Masnedsurid. 

Danneskjold.  Mjolner, 

Fredencia,  Nyborg. 

Frejn.  Ogir. 

Fyn.  Prins  Christian. 

Helsingborg.  Prinsesse  Alexandrine. 

Hjalmar.  SjaUand. 

Ingeborg.  Shimer. 

Jylland.  Staihodder. 

Kiobenhaven.  Stanbalh. 

Korsor,  Strib. 

Kronprinsesse  Louise.       Thor. 

Kronprins  Frederik.         Thyra. 

Lillebalh.  Tyr. 

Valdemar. 
Gross  tonnage,  19,450. 

Denny,  Arohibald  (b.  Dumbarton,  February  7, 
i860).  Served  his  apprenticeship  with  Messrs. 
William  Denny  and  Brothers,  Dumbarton,  and 
studied  at  the  Royal  Naval  College,  Greenwich,  for 
three  years ;  assumed  partner  in  Messrs.  William 
Denny  and  Brothers  in  1883,  from  which  time  he 
has  taken  a  leading  part  in  the  design  of  all  vessels 
built  by  that  firm ;  one  of  the  founders  of  the 
British  Corporation  for  the  Survey  and  Registry 
of  Shipping ;  chairman  of  the  Technical  Com- 
mittee, and  responsible  for  the  rules  since  1892  ; 
a  member  of  the  Committee  on  Freeboard,  which 
sat  in  the  year  1898  ;  a  member  of  the  conmiittee 
upon  the  design  and  construction  of  torpedo-boats 
(the  Cobra  Committee),  1892-94;  past-president  of 
the  Institution  of  Engineers  and '  Shipbuilders  in 
Scotland ;  past-president  of  the  Junior  Engineers. 
London ;  member  of  councU  of  the  Institution  of 
Naval  Architects ;  member  of  the  Main  Committee 
on  Standardisation,  and  chairman  of  the  sub- 
<x>mmittee  on  Ship  and  Engine  Material. 

Publications  :  The  author  of  numerous  technical 
papers  published  in  the  Transactions  of  the  Insti- 
tution of  Naval  Architects,  principally  on  the 
"  Strength  and  Stability  of  Ships." 

Denny,  John  HoAoBland  (b.  Dumbarton,  Novem- 
ber    29,     1858).     Educated     Dumbarton     Burgh 
Academy  and  Lausanne,  Switzerland.      Being  in- 
tended   for   his   father's   business,  Messrs.  W.  M. 
I>enny  Brothers,  Dumbarton,  he  received  a  special 
conunercial  training  prior  to  joining  the  firm,  and 
-mrs^  apprenticed  to  the  counting  house.     On  several 
occasions  he  was  sent  abroad  in  the  interests  of  his 
boose,  and  in  his  successful  efforts  to  extend  the 
business  visited  almost  every  part  of  Europe  ;  and 
one   of  the  first  contracts  he  was  successful  in 
obtaining  was  the  re-engining  of  one  of  the  North* 
German  Lloyd  steamships.     His  next  attempt  to 
secure  a  portion  of  the  Continental  trade  was  a 
contract  for  the  building  of  the  fast  paddle  steamers 


Princess  HenrieUe  and  Princess  Josephine  for  the 
Belgian  Government.     With  Russia  he  has  done  a 
large  business,  supplying  the  principal  vessels  for 
the  volunteer  fleet,  one  of  which  was  intended  for 
the  transport  of  criminal  convicts  to  Saghalin.     He 
naturally  evinced  a  deep   interest  in  all  matters 
connected    with    the    shipping    and    shipbuilding 
industries,  and  his  services  have  been  requisitioned 
several  times  for  important  committees  appointed 
by  the  House  of  Commons  and  the  Board  of  Trade. 
He  was  a  member  of  the  special  committee  which 
dealt  with  the  War  Office  contracts,  in  another  in 
connection  with  shipping  subsidies  ;  was  appointed 
by  the  Government  on  the  committee  which   sat 
to  investigate  the  cause  of  the  decrease  of  volun- 
teers in  the  British  Mercantile  Marine^  and  acted 
as  a  member  of  the  Tonnage  Committee.     He  is 
a  keen  volunteer,  and  as  colonel  conunands  the 
1st  Dumbartonshire  Rifle  Volunteers,  one  of  the 
strongest  and  most  efficient  in  the  service. 

D'BntreoasteaosL    French  2nd  class  cruiser.     (La 
Sejme,   1896.) 

Length  393ft.   Beam  58ft.  Maximum  draught  26ft. 
Displacement  8,114  tons.     Complement  521. 
Guns.  Armour. 

2 — 9*4  in., 40  cal.        "  Harvey." 
12 — $'s  in.  3  in.  Deck. 

12 — 3  pdr.  9  in.  Turrets. 

4  Maxims.  10  in.  Conning  tower. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (if 7  in.). 
2  Submerged. 
4  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  13,500= 195  kts.    Coal  maxi- 
mum 1,000  tons.     Approximate  cost  ^670,000. 

Denver.    U.S.  3rd  class  cruiser  (1892). 
Length  292ft.   Beam  44ft.   Maximum  draught  17ft. 
Displacement  3,200  tons.     Complement  293. 
Guns.  Armour. 

lo — 5  in.  "  Harvey-nickel." 

8 — 6  pdr.  2  in.  Deck. 

2 — I  pdr. 
2  Colts 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  4,500=16*5  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 700  tons. 

Deodoro.     Brazilian    coast    service    battleship. 
(La  Seyne,  1898.) 

Length  268ft.    Beam  48ft.  Maximum  draught  15ft. 
Displacement  3,162  tons.     Complement  200. 
Guns.  Armour. 

2 — 9*2  in.  "  Harvey-nickel." 

4 — 4*7  in.  1 3  in.  Belt  amidships. 

2 — 12  pdr.  8  in.  Turrets. 

4 — 6  pdr.  5  in.  Conning  tower. 

4 — I  pdr. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
2  Submerged. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.    3,400=14  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 240  tons. 


DE 


172 


DESERTION 


DeOreftifl,  Albert  I>eiOantidiGafldnao?o.  Italian 
vice-admiral.  Ufiiciale  Manriziano  ;  Grande  Ui!i- 
ciale  Corona  d'ltalia.  Entered  Navy,  x866 ; 
captain  of  Piemonte  during  Cretan  insurrection, 
1895-96 ;  Director  of  Naval  Ordnance  and 
Torpedoes,  Spezia,  1900-02 ;  Chief  of  the  Stafi  of 
the  Fleet  on  mission  to  H.I.M.  the  Sultan,  t 902 -03 
(Medjidie,  ist  Class) ;  President  of  the  Permanent 
Commission  for  experimenting  with  guns  and 
torpedoes.  1903-04;  rear-admiral,  1904;  A.D.C. 
to  the  King,  1904-05  ;  Commander-in-Chief  of  the 
ocean  squadron,  1905-06 ;  vice-admiral,  1906. 

Publication :  "  Technical  Text-book  on  Gunnery." 

• 

Dep.     Abbreviation  for  department. 

Depetit  Thonan.  French  tst  class  cruiser. 
(Toulon,  1905.) 

Length  460ft.   Beam  63ft.  Maximum  draught  24ft. 
Displacement  9,367  tons.     Complement  612. 
Guns.  Armour. 

2 — 7*6  in.  ♦       "  Harvey-nickel." 

8— 6'4  in.  6J  in.  Belt  amidships. 

4 — 4  in.  8  in.  Turrets. 

16—3  pdr.  6  in.  Conning  tower. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (17*7  in.). 
2  Submerged. 
Three  screws.     Hp.  22,000=21  kts.    Coal  maxi- 
mum 1.600  tons.     Approximate  cost  ;£90o,ooo. 

Deprewioil*    See  Cyclone. 

Depth.  The  measure  of  anything  from  the 
surface  of  highest  point  downwards. 

Derelict  is  the  term  applied  to  any  ship  or  part  of 
a  ship  or  cargo  found  floating  on  the  open  seas,  and 
abandoned  by  those  in  charge  without  the  hope 
of  recovery  or  intention  of  returning.  (For  derelicts 
found  on  or  near  the  coast  of  Great  Britain,  refer 
to  Wreck.) 

The  question  in  every  case  is  one  of  intention.  If 
the  crew  intended  to  return  the  property  cannot  be 
treated  as  derelict. 

Salvage  is  payable  to  persons  bringing  derelicts 
into  safety,  and,  by  an  cdd  rule  of  Admiralty,  the 
salvors  were  awarded  one-half  of  the  value  salved, 
but  now  the  amount  of  award  depends  on  the 
circumstances  of  the  case,  and.  never  more  than 
a  moiety  is  given,  except  where  an  action  goes  by 
default  and  the  owners  only  appear  at  trial. 

By  the  Derelict  Vessels  (Report)  Act,  1896,  the 
master  of  every  British  ship  shall,  under  a  penalty 
of  £s,  notify  Lloyd's  agent  at  his  next  port  of  call 
or  arrival  of  the  existence  and  locality  of  any 
derelict  vessel.     Refer  to  Admiralty  Droits. 

Derrick.  A  single  spar  supported  by  stays  and 
guys  used  in  loading  and  unloading  vessels. 

De  Bayter.    Dutch  battleship  (1902). 
Length  312ft.   Beam  48ft.   Maximum  draught  i8ft. 
Displacement  4,950  tons.    Complement  320. 


Guns.  Armour. 

2 — 9 '4  in.,  40cal.        "  Krupp." 
4—6  in.  6  in.  Belt  amidships. 

8 — 12  pdr.  10  in.  Barbettes. 

2 — I  pdr.  10  in.  Conning  tower. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (i8  in.). 
2  Submerged. 
I  Above  water  bow. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.    5.300=16  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 680  tons. 

De  Bayter  (Baijter),  Michael  Adrianszoon.    Se^ 

Ruyter. 

Derwent.  British  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Haw- 
thorn. 1903.)  Length,  220  ft.  ;  beam,  23  ft.  ; 
draught.  10  ft. ;  displacement,  534  tons ;  com- 
plement. 70 ;  armament,  i  12-pdr.,  5  6-pdr., 
2  tubes;  twin  screw ;  Hp.,  7,000=25  kts. ;  coal, 
130  tons. 

Derwent  Tacht  dub.  Established  1880.  Com- 
modore. O.  R.  Tinning ;  Vice-Commodore,  W.  E. 
Jorden ;  Honorary  Treasurer,  D.  R.  Lucas ; 
Honorary  Secretary,  J.  E.  Philp,  Hobart.  Tas- 
mania.   Annual  subscription.  £1  is. 

Desaix.  French  ist  class  cruiser.  (St.  Nazaire. 
1901.) 

Length  426ft.    Beam  58ft.    Mean  draught  24ft. 
Displacement  7,700  tons.     Complement  520. 
Guns.  A  rmour. 

8 — 6*4  in.,  45  cal.      "  Krupp." 
4 — 4  in.  4  in.  Belt  amidships. 

10—2  pdr.  4  in.  Turrets. 

6  in.  Conning  tower. 
Torpedo  Tubes  (177  in.). 
.2  Above  water. 
Three  screws.     Hp.  17,000=21  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 1,200  tons.     Approximate  cost  jf 7  50,000. 

Deeoartes.  French  2nd  class  cruiser.  (St.  Na- 
zaire, 1904.) 

Length  332ft.   Beam  44ft.  Maximum  draught  aift. 
Displacement  4,000  tons.     Complement  378. 
Guns,  Armour. 

4—6*4  in.,  45  cal.      "  Steel." 
10 — 4  in.  2  in.  Deck. 

10—3  pdr.  2  in.  Casemates. 

4 — I  pdr.  2  in.  Conning  tower. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (17*7  in.). 
2  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  8,500=19*5  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 750  tons.     Approximate  cost  ;f 3 50,000. 

Deiertion.  A  seaman  deserting  from  the  mer- 
chant service  or  sea  fishing  service,  except  for  the 
purpose  of  joining  the  Royal  Navy,  is  liable  to 
forfeit  all  wages  due  and  the  effects  he  leaves.  If 
desertion  takes  place  abroad  any  wages  a  merchant 
seaman  may  earn  in  any  other  ship  until  his  return 
to  the  United  Kingdom  are  liable  to  be  forfeited  to 
satisfy  any  excess  of  wages  paid  to  a  substitute 
engaged  at  a  higher  rate.     Except  in  the  United 


DESMOINES 


^72, 


DEUTSCH 


Kingdom,  a  deserter  from  the  merchant  service  is 
also  liable  to  imprisonment  for  not  more  than  i3 
weeks,  with  or  without  hard  labour.  If  absent 
without  leave  at  any  time  within  24  hours  of  the 
ship's  leaving  port,  a  merchant  seaman  or  fisherman 
forfeits  two  days'  wages,  and  in  addition,  for  every 
24  hours'  absence,  either  a  sum  not  exceeding  six 
days'  pay  (four  days'  pay  in  the  case  of  a  fisherman) , 
or  any  expenses  in  hiring  a  substitute.  If  abroad  a 
merchant  seaman  is  also  liable  to  imprisonment 
not  exceeding  10  weeks  with  or  without  hard  labour. 
For  desertion  or  absence  without  leave  a  merchant 
seaman  is  liable  to  be  arrested  without  a  warrant 
and  taken  back  to  his  ship,  all  costs  and  expenses 
properly  incurred  to  be  paid  by  the  offender,  or 
deducted  from  his  wages.  (Merchant  Shipping 
Act  (1894),  sections  221-224.) 

The  offences  of  desertion  and  absentee  without 
leave  by  those  subject  to  naval  discipline  are  dealt 
with  in  the  Naval  Discipline  Act,  1866  (^.v.),  and 
the  Naval  Desertexs  Act,  1847.  By  these  Acts  an 
offender  is  liable  for  desertion  (1)  to  the  enemy, 
to  capital  punishment ;  (2)  under  other  circum- 
stances, to  penal  servitude  or  other  punishment. 
In  both  cases  there  is  also  forfeiture  of  pay,  effects, 
price-money,  bounty,  salvage,  allowances,  gratuities, 
pensions,  medals,  and  decorations.  For  absence 
without  leave  an  offender  is  punishable  vdth  im- 
prisonment not  exceeding  10  weeks,  with  or  without 
hard  labour,  or  other  punishment,  and  if  absent 
for  a  month,  and  is  not  tried  for  the  offence,  he  is 
liable  to  the  above  forfeitures.  For  assisting  or 
persuading  to  desert  from  the  Navy,  a  person  not 
subject  to  the  Naval  Discipline  Act  is  liable  to  a 
fine  not  exceeding  £^0  or  ;£2o  respectively. 

DafmoinM.    U.S.  3rd  class  cruiser  (1902). 
Leng^  292ft.   Beam  44ft.   Maximum  draught  17ft. 
Displacement  3,200  tons.     Complement  293. 
Guns.  Armour. 

10 — 5  in.  "  Harvey -nickel." 

8 — 6  pdr.  2  in.  Deck. 

2 — I  pdr. 
2  Colts. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  4.500=  16*5  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 700  tons. 

Demnefl,  SimoiL    5m  Arctic  Exploration. 

Deiperate.  British  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Chis- 
wick.  1898.)  Length,  210  ft. ;  beam,  19  ft.  ; 
draught,  7  ft. ;  displacement,  285  tons ;  comple- 
ment, 60 ;  armament,  i  12-pdr.,  5  6-pdr.,  2  tubes ; 
twin  screw  ;  Hp.,  5,800  =  30  kts. ;  coal,  80  tons. 

Deftinatioii  olaofas.    See  Clauses. 

D'Hrtreei.    French  avisos.     (Rochefort,   1897.) 
Length  312ft.     Beam  39ft.     Mean  draught  i6ft. 
Displacement  3,460  tons.     Complement  234. 
Guns.  Armour. 

2 — 5*5  in.,  45  cal.  "  Hard  steel." 

4 — ^4  in.  I J  in.  Deck. 

8 — 3  pdr. 


Twin  screw, 
mum  480  tons. 


Torpedo  Tubes, 

3  Above  water. 

Hp.   8,500=21   kts.     Coal   maxi- 

Approximate  cost  ;£2 10,000. 


'  Deitroyers  or  torpedo-boat  destroyers  are  vessels 
of  great  speed  designed  to  act  against  hostile  tor- 
pedo flotillas.  This  class  of  vessel  was  first  intro- 
duced into  the  British  Navy  in  1893  \  smd  the  first 
two,  the  Havoc  and  Hornet,  of  240  tons  displace- 
ment, had  a  speed  of  27  kts.  At  the  present  time 
destroyers  are  from  350  to  360  tons  displacement, 
with  a  speed  varying  from  30  to  35  kts.  They 
carry  quick-firing  guns,  and  torpedoes,  and  are 
specially  constructed  at  the  bow  to  enable  them  to 
nn  down  and  sink  a  torpedo-boat. 

Deftraetor.    Spanish  torpedo  gun-boat.     (Clyde- 
bank, x886.) 

Displacement  386  tons.     Complement  45. 
Guns.  Armour. 

1—3-5  in-  "  Steel." 

4—6  pdr.  i^  in.  Bulkheads. 

2  Nordenfelts. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (15  in.). 

3  Above  water. 

Twin  screw.     Hp.  3,800= 20*2  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum no  tons. 

Detention  olanse.    See  Clauses. 

Det  Forenede  Damnskibi  Seiskab.    See  United 
Steamship  Co.,  Copenhagen. 

Detroit.    U.S.  3rd  dass  cruiser  (1891). 
Length  257ft.  Beam  37ft.  Maximum  draught  i6ft. 
Displacement  2,000  tons.    Complement  250. 
Guns.  Armour. 

9—5  in.  "  Steel." 

6—6  pdr.  I  in.  Deck. 

2 — I  pdr.  2  in.  Conning  tower. 

2  Catlings. 

Torpedo  Tubes, 

4  Above  water. 

Twin   screw.    Hp.    5,400=17    kts.    Coal  maxi- 
mum 435  tons. 

Deatsch-Amerikanisohe    Petroleam-GeseUsohaft, 

with  their  head  oifice  in  Hamburg,  have  a  ifleet  of 
18  modem  tank  steamers  engaged  in  the  kerosene 
oil  trade. 

Fleet. 

August  Korff.  Gut  Heil. 

Bgm.  Petersen.  Helios. 

Brilliant.  Mannheim. 

Deutscktand.  Paula. 

Diamant.    .  Phoebus. 

Elise  Marie.  Prometheus. 

Energie.  Standard. 

Excelsio/.  Washington. 

Geestemunde.  WillhommM. 

Gross  tonnage,  64,800. 


DEUTSCH 


174 


DEVASTATION 


Dentseh-Aiutralisolw    DampfBchiffi-GMeUBchftft. 

See  German  Australian  Steamship  Co. 

Deutsche  Levant  Line,  with  their  head  offices  !n 
Hamburg,  have  a  fleet  of  30  first-class  steamers, 
maintaining  services  between  Hamburg,  Antwerp, 
and  the  Mediterranean  Ports,  Russia,  Egypt,  and 
Arabia.  Steamers  leave  Hamburg  and  Antwerp  at 
scheduled  times  for  Malta,  Piraeus,  Smyrna,  Con- 
stantinople, and  Odessa.  Another  service  to 
Burgas.  Vcma,  Golatz,  and  Braila.  Another  in- 
cludes Alexandria,  Jaffa,  Beyrout,  Alexandretta. 
and  Messina.  Another  to  Novorossisk.  Matiupol. 
Taganrog.  A  service  is  maintained  from  Ham- 
burg, calling  at  Dover,  which  conveys  passengers 
and  cargo  to  Lisbon.  Algiers.  Tunis,  and  Constanti- 
nople. 

Fleet. 
A  ndros»  Lemnos,  Pyrgos. 

A  rgos.  Lesbos,  Rhodos, 

Athos.  Lipsos.  Samos, 

Chios.  Milos.  Serinbos. 

Delos,  Naxos.  Shyros. 

Enos.  Paros.  StambuL 

GakUa.  Patmos.  Tenedos, 

Imbros,  Pera,  Thasos. 

Kypros.  Pylos,  Tinos. 

Kythnos.  Velos. 

Gross  tonnage,  66,000. 

Deatichen  Dampfsohifflahrts-Oesellsohaft  "Han- 
■U^'     See  Hansa  Line. 

Deatichen  DamptMhifffahrts-OeseUschaft  "Koi- 
mos/'    See  Kosmos  Line. 

Detttsohe  Os^ Africa  Line,  with  their  head  offices 
in  Hamburg,  maintain  a  main  and  intermediate  line 
of  steamers  to  East  and  South  Africa.  The  fleet 
consists  of  12  modern,  well-built  steamers,  par- 
ticularly adapted  to  the  class  of  trade  in  which  they 
are  engaged,  having  excellent  accommodation 
for  passengers.  A  monthly  service  is  maintained 
from  Hamburg  and  Bremerhaven,  via  Cape  Colony, 
to  Durban  and  Delagoa  Bay ;  a  fortnightly  one  via 
Marseilles,  and  another  via  Genoa,  through  the 
Suez  Canal,  to  East  and  South  Africa,  which  boats 
connect  with  a  line  running  from  the  East  Coast  of 
Africa  to  Bombay. 

Fleet. 

Admiral,  Herzog.  Marhgraf. 

Bur  germeister,         Kanzler.  Prasident, 

FeldmarshalL  Konig,  Prituessin. 

Gouverneur,  Kronprinz.  Ptinzregeni. 

DentMShland  (1900).  German  merchant  ship. 
Hamburg  -  Amerika  Line  (q.v.),  Dim«i8ions, 
686x67x40  ft.;  gross  tonnage.  16.503;  Hp., 
33,000=23-5  kts. 

Deateehland.  Atlantic  steamer.  Wrecked  on 
the  Kentish  Knock  sandbank,  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Thames,  December  6,  1875  ;   70  lives  lost. 


Deateehland.     German     ist    class     battleship. 

(Krupp,  1904.) 

Length  430ft.     Beam  72ft.     Mean  draught  25ft. 
Displacement  13.400  tons.     Complement  700. 
Guns.  Armour. 

4 — II  in.  "  Krupp." 

14—6*7  in.  10  in.  Belt. 

22 — 24  pdr.  X I  in.  Barbettes. 

4 — I  pdr.  1 1  in.  Turrets. 

4  Machine.  12  in.  Conning  tower. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
6  Submerged,  bow,  stern,  and  broadside. 
Three  screws.    Hp.,  16,000 » 18  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 1.800  tons.    Approximate  cost  j^i. 200,000. 

DeatMhland   P.    German    ist  class   battleship, 

(Wilhelmshaven,  1905.) 

Length  430ft.     Beam  72ft.     Mean  draught  25ft. 
I>isplacement  13,400  tons.    Complement  700. 
Guns.  Armour. 

4 — II  in.  "  Krupp." 

14 — 6*7  in.  10  ixu  Belt. 

22 — 24  pdr.  1 1  in.  Barbettes. 

4 — I  pdr.  II  in.  Turrets. 

4  Machine.  1 2  in.  Conning  tower. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
6  Submerged,  bow,  stem,  and  broadside. 
Three  screws.     Hp.  16,000=18  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 1,800  tons.    Approximate  cost  ;£  1,200,000. 

Deuteohland   B.    German    ist  class   battleship. 
(Krupp.  1906.) 

Length  430ft.     Beam  72ft.     Mean  draught  25ft. 
Displacement  13.400  tons.     Complement  700. 
Guns.  Armour. 

4 — II  in.  "  Krupp." 

14 — 6'7  in.  10  in.  Belt. 

22 — 24  pdr.  1 1  in.  Barbettes. 

4 — I  pdr.  1 1  in.  Turrets. 

4  Machine.  12  in.  Conning  tower. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
6  Submerged,  bow,  stem,  and  broadside. 
Three  screws.     Hp.  1 6,000  s  18  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 1,800  tons.    Approximate  cost  ;f  1,200,000. 

Deyastation.     British  2nd  class  battleship  (9.330 
tons.  14  kts.).    Launched  1871. 

Devastation*    French  2nd  class  battleship  (1879). 
Reconstructed  1902. 

Length  318ft.   Beam  69ft.  Maximum  draught  28ft. 
Displacement  10.000  tons.    Complement  689. 
Guns.  Armour, 

4— 108  in.  "  Iron." 

2 — 9'4  in.  1 5  in.  Belt  amidahipe. 

1 1 — 4  in.  9  in.  Battery. 

4— -9  P^'  3  ui.  Conning  tower. 

12 — 3  pdr. 
20—1  pdr. 
Twin  screw.    Hp.  8.100=  15*1  kts.    Coal  normal 
900  tons. 


DEVIATION 


175 


DIAMOND 


Deviattom  In  marine  insurance  it  is  of  the 
utmost  importance  to  specify  accurately  the  port 
or  place  at  which  the  risk  commences,  and  the 
port  or  place  at  which  it  terminates.  It  is  an  im- 
plied condition  that  the  vessel  shall  follow  the 
course  usually  taken  by  other  vessels  in  the  same 
trade.  Any  deviation  from  the  ordinary  track, 
however  sUght,  without  a  justifying  cause  will 
vitiate  the  policy.  To  meet  this  latter  risk  a  clause 
called  the  "  Deviation  clause  "  is  usually  inserted 
in  the  policy,  to  this  effect :  "In  the  event  of  the 
vessel  making  any  deviation  or  change  of  voyage, 
it  is  mutually  agreed  that  such  deviation  or  change 
shaU  be  held  covered  at  a  premium  to  be  arranged, 
provided  due  notice  be  given  by  the  assured  on 
receipt  of  advice  of  such  deviation  or  change  of 
vojrage."  Refer  to  Voyage;  Change  of  Voyage, 
Leave  to  Call,  Clauses. 

Deviatkm.    See  Compass. 

Deviation  daiue.    See  Clauses. 

Domtlon  of  the  Ck>mpa8i.  The  angle  included 
between  the  Magnetic  North  and  the  Compass 
North.  This  error  is  due  to  the  disturbing  influ- 
ences of  the  iron  of  which  the  ship  is  built,  as 
rudder-posts,  masts,  chains,  funnels,  etc. ;  her  -po&i- 
tion  when  building,  her  cargo,  or  other  causes  within 
the  ship. 

DeyiL  Priming  made  by  bruising  and  damping 
gunpowder. 

Devonport  Dockyard.    See  Dockyards,  Naval. 

Devonshire.  British  ist  class  cruiser.  (Chat- 
ham, 1904.) 

Length  450ft.   Beam  68ft.   Maximum  draught  25ft. 
Displacement  10,700  tons.    Complement  655. 
Guns,  A  rmour, 

4 — 7*5  in.  "  Krupp." 

6 — 6  in.  6  in.  Belt  amidships. 

2 — 12  pdr.  6  in.  Barbettes. 

22 — 3  pdr.  12  in.  Conning  tower. 

2  Maxims. 

Torpedo  Tubes^ 
2  Submerged. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  21,000  =  22 J  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 1,800  tons.     Approximate  cost  ;£8  50,000. 

This  ship-name  is  associated  with  Barfleur  and 
La  Hogue,  1692  ;  Anson's  victory  off  Finisterre, 
1747 ;  Hawke's  victory  off  Ushant,  1749 ;  the 
reduction  of  Havana,  1762. 

D«w.  Condensation  of  moisture  on  solid  objects, 
caused  through  cooling  by  radiation. 

Dew«y»  Oeoiga.  American  admiral  (b.  Mont- 
pelier,  1837).  Graduated  U.S.  Naval  Academy, 
1858.  Took  part  in  the  forcing  of  the  entnmce  to 
the  Mississippi,  and  served  as  lieutenant  on  the 
steam  sloop  Mississippi  when  she  was  shattered  by 
the  Confederate  batteries  at  Port  Hudson.  In  1897 
he  was  assigned,  at  his  own  request,  sea  service,  and 
sent  in  oonunand  of  the  squadron  to  the  Far  East. 


On  May  i,  1898,  during  the  Spanish- American  War, 
after  having  received  orders  to  "  capture  or  destroy 
the  Spanish  Fleet  "  at  the  Philippines,  he  steamed 
into  Manila  Harbour.  His  flag-ship  Oiympia  led  in 
a  fight  at  close  range,  which  lasted  about  eight 
hours,  until  the  last  Spanish  flag  wa^  hauled  down. 
He  destroyed  or  captured  the  whole  of  the  Spanish 
fleet  in  the  Far  East  without  the  loss  of  a  single 
ship.  On  his  return  to  America  in  October,  1899, 
he  received  a  great  ovation,  was  promoted  admiral, 
and  received  the  thanks  of  Congress. 

Dew-poini.  The  temperature  at  which  dew 
begins  to  be  deposited. 

Deyatelni.  Russian  torpedo-boat  destroyer 
(1905).  Length,  185  ft.  ;  beam,  21  f t. ;  draught, 
7|  ft. ;  displacement,  324  tons  ;  complement,  60  ; 
armament,  i  12 -pdr.,  5  3 -pdr.,  3  tubes  ;  twin  screw  ; 
Hp.,  5,6oos=26kts. ;  coal,  100  tons. 

D.H.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Dartmouth,  England. 

Dhow.  A  wooden  vessel  having  generally  one 
mast  and  a  lateen  sail,  used  by  Arabs  in  the  Red 
Sea  and  Arabian  Gulf,  for  carrying  small  cargoes. 

DJ.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Dieppe,  France. 

Diadem.  British  ist  class  cruiser.  (Fairfield, 
1896.) 

Length  435  ft.   Beam  69ft.  Maximum  draught  27ft. 
Displacement  11,000  tons.     Complement  677. 
Guns.  Armour, 

J 6-^  in.  "  Harvey." 

12 — 12  pdr.  4  in.  Belt  amidships. 

2 — 12  pdr.,  8  cwt.     12  in.  Conning  tower. 
12 — 3  pdr, 
2  Maxims. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
2  Submerged. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  16, 500  =3  20^  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 2,000  tons.     Approximate  cost  ;t5  54,800. 

This  ship-name  was  introduced  into  the  Navy  in 
1782  ;  and  is  associated  with  Hood's  occupation  of 
Toulon,  1793  ;  St.  Vincent,  1797  ;  Hotham*s  action 
off  Genoa,  1795  ;  Hothara's  action  off  Hydres,  1795. 

■  Diagonal  bnild.  Denoting  the  manner  of  boat 
building  in  which  the  outer  shell  consists  of  two 
layers  of  planking  with  the  keel  in  opposite  direc- 
tions, constructed  upon  temporary  transverse 
models. 

Diamond.     British    3rd    class    cruiser.     (Laird, 
1904.) 
Length  360ft.    Beam  40ft.    Mean  draught  14ft. 
Displacement  3,000  tons.     Complement  296. 
Guns.  Armour, 

12—4  in.  *'  Steel." 

8 — 3  pdr.  2  in.  Deck. 

2  Maxims. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
2  Above  water. 


DIANA 


176 


DIDEROT 


Twin  screw.  Hp.  9,8009=21*75  kts.  Coal  maxi- 
mum 500  tons.     Approximate  cost  £240,000. 

This  ship-name  is  associated  with  the  defeat  of 
the  Spanish  Armada,  1588  ;  battle  of  the  Kentish 
Knock,  1652  ;  battle  ofi  Portland,  1653  »  l>SLttle  ofi 
the  North  Foreland,  1653  ;  Blake's  attack  on  Porto 
Farina  ;  battle  of  Bantry  Bay,  1689. 

Diftna.    British    2nd    class    cruiser.     (Fairfield, 

1895.) 

Length  364ft.   Beam  54ft.   Maximum  draught  23ft. 

Displacement  5,600  tons.     Complement  450. 

Guns.  Armour, 

II — 6  in.  "Harvey." 

8 — 12  pdr.  2 J  in.  Deck. 

1 — 12  pdr.,  8  cwt.     6  in.  Conning  tower. 

7—3  pdr. 

2  Maxims. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 

2  Submerged. 

I  Above  water  stem. 

Twin  screw.     Hp.  natural  8 ,000  =18*5  kts. ,  forced 

9,600=19*5  kts.    Coal  maximum  1,076  tons. 

Diana.     Russian  cruiser.     (Galemii,  1899.) 
Length  410ft.   Beam  55ft.   Maximum  draught  21ft. 
Displacement  6,630  tons.     Complement  570. 
Guns,  Armour. 

8—6  in.  "  Steel." 

22 — 12  pdr.  2^  in.  Deck. 

8  Small  q.f .  6  in.  Conning  tower. 

4^  Engine  hatches. 
Torpedo  Tubes. 
4  Above  water. 
Three  screws.     Hp.  11,600=20  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 1,430  tons. 

Escaped  from  the  Japanese  at  the  battle  of 
Round  Island.  August  10,  1904,  and  reached  Saigon, 
and  was  interned  till  the  end  of  the  war. 

Diathermanoy.  The  property  in  virtue  of  which 
the  solar  rays  pass  through  a  medium  without 
raising  its  temperature. 

Dial.  Bariolomeil  (145  5-i  Soo)-  Portuguese  navi- 
gator (b.  Lisbon).  Was  the  first  to  sail  round  the 
southern  extremity  of  Africa  (i486),  which  he 
named  Cape  of  Bad  Hope,  the  name  being  after- 
wards changed  by  King  Joao  11.  to  Good  Hope. 
In  1497  he  was  superseded  by  Vasoo  da  Gama»  and 
sailed  under  him  as  second-in-command  on  a 
voyage  of  discovery.  He  was  with  Cabral's  ex- 
pedition to  Calicut,  India,  during  which  Brazil  was 
discovered. 

Dibervflla.    French  avisos  (1892). 
Length  262ft.   Beam  26ft.  Maximum  draught  12ft. 
Displacement  925  tons.     Complement  140. 
Guns,  Armour. 

1—4  in.  *•  Steel." 

3^-9  pdr.  I  in.  Deck  amidships. 

7—3  pdr. 
Twin  screw.    Hp.   5,000=21   kts.    Coal  maxi- 
mum 135  tons. 


Diekie,  Jamei  (b.  Arbroath,  March  4.  1847). 
Served  an  apprenticeship  to  the  building  of  small 
wooden  vessels,  and  in  1870  went  to  America  and 
started  a  shipbuilding  yard  on  his  own  account. 
Subsequently  joined  the  Union  Ironworks  as  super- 
intendent of  their  shipyard,  and  in  1884  designed 
and  superintended  the  construction  of  the  first 
sailing-vessel  built  on  the  Pacific  coast.  While 
with  this  firm  he  was  closely  connected  with  the 
construction  of  20  war  vessels  for  the  United  States 
Navy  and  a  cruiser  for  the  Japanese  Navy«  In 
1905  he  severed  his  connection  with  the  Union 
Ironworks,  and  started  business  on  his  own  account 
as  naval  architect  and  marine  engineer. 

Publications :  Has  contributed  papers  to  the 
Society  of  Naval  Architects  and  Mechanical  En- 
gineers, and  to  the  North-East  Coast  Institution  of 
Engineers  and  Shipbuilders. 

DioUmon,  John,  and  Sons,  Ltd.,  Palmer's  Hill 
Engine  Works,  Sunderland.  These  works  were 
founded  in  1852  by  the  chairman  of  the  present 
company.  The  site,  comprising  about  4^  acres,  is 
of  peculiar  formation,  in  former  days  having  been 
an  old  ballast  hill,  on  the  site  of  which  the  present 
works  are  erected  in  terraces.  The  different  flats 
are  excavated  from  the  side  of  the  hill,  and  secured 
by  means  of  heavy  concrete  retaining  walls. 

The  principal  manufacture  is  that  of  marine 
engines  and  boilers.  Extensive  repairing  work  in 
connection  with  this  industry  is  also  carried  out. 
The  boiler  shop  has  lately  been  extended  and 
fitted  with  the  latest  type  of  machinery  for  dealing 
with  boilers  up  to  80  tons  weight.  The  engine 
works  are  also  fitted  with  machinery  of  modem 
type,  and  no  expense  has  been  spared  to  make 
the  whole  fax:ix>ry  complete  and  fully  equipped  for 
dealing  expeditiously  and  efficiently  with  the  com- 
pany's manufactures.  There  is  a  river  frontage 
of  about  630  ft.,  and  machinery  is  shipped  from 
the  quay  on  board  the  steamers  by  means  of  a 
large  80-ton  crane. 

The  output  for  the  last  ten  years  was  as  follows  : 
1897.     1 1  sets  of  engines,  representing  20,760  I.Hp. 

38.634  ,. 
29,004  „ 
4i»622     „ 

31.044  .. 

31.030  .. 

24.723  .. 

f.  ..  43.860  „ 

31.656  .. 

51.102  ,. 
The  number  of  men  employed  is  about  i,ooo. 

DIot    Abbreviation  for  dictionary. 

Didiffot      French    ist    dass    battleship.     Laid 
down  1906. 

Length  475ft.  Beam  84ft.  Maximum,  draught  2 7^ft. 
Displacement  18,000  tons.    Complement  680. 


1898. 

22 

1899. 

16    , 

1900. 

21 

I90I. 

16    , 

1902. 

17    . 

1903. 

II 

1904. 

20    , 

1905. 

17    . 

1906. 

30    , 

.. 


DIDO 


177 


DIU 


Guns.  Armottr. 

4 — 12  in.  10  in.  B^t  axm<lship3. 

12^-9*4  in.  12  in.  Turrets. 

16—12  pdr.  13  in.  Conning  tower. 

8—3  pdr. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 

2  Submerged. 

3  Above  water. 

Three  screws.  Hp.  22,500=19  kts.  Coal  maxi- 
mum 2,010  tons.     Approximate  cost  ;£  1,82 5, 000. 

Didow  British  2nd  class  cruiser.  (Londqn  and 
Glasgow,  1896.) 

Length  364ft.   Beam  54it.  Maximum  draught  23ft. 
Displacement  5,600  tons.     Complement  450. 
Guns,  Armour. 

II — 6  in.  "  Harvey." 

8 — 12  pdr.  2  J  in.  Deck. 

I — 12  pdr.,  8  cwt.     6  in.  Conning  tower. 
7—3  pdr. 
2  Maxims. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
2  Submerged. 
I  Above  water  stem. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  natural  8,000  =18*5  kts. ,  forced 
9,600  » 1 9' 5  kts.    Coal  maximum  1,076  tons. 

Digby,  Sir  Henry  (i  769-1842).  English  admiral 
(b.  Christchurch).  Commanded  the  Africa  in  the 
battle  of  Trafalgar.     He  was  made  admiral  1841. 

IMUoD*  Makwlm  (b.  London,  1859).  Was  for 
some  years  identified  with  banking  and  financial 
institutions  in  the  metropolis.  In  1893  ^^  became 
general  manager  and  secretary  of  the  Palmer  Ship- 
building and  Iron  Co.  Has  been  twice  Mayor  of 
Jarrow,  and  is  president  of  the  Northern  Union  of 
Mechanics. 

Publications  :  Several  works  on  Banking. 

Piminiiihing  daase.    See  Clauses. 

Diiigliy.  A  small  boat  fitted  with  settee  sail  pro- 
pelled by  paddles  in  use  on  the  coast  of  India. 

Dip.  The  inclination  of  the  magnetic  needle 
towards  the  earth. 

In  navigation  the  difference  of  the  latitudes  of  a 
star  seen  from  two  levels. 

The  angle  contained  between  the  sensible  and 
apparent  horizon,  the  angular  point  being  the  eye 
of  the  observer. 

The  allowance  made  in  all  astronomical  observa- 
tions of  latitude  over  the  height  of  the  eye  above 
the  level  of  the  sea. 

Dip.  To  lower,  generally  with  the  intention  of 
hoisting  again. 

DipWdoieope.  An  instrument  for  determining 
correct  time  by  tiansit  observations  of  the  sun  or 
of  the  stazs.  The  first  instrument  was  constructed 
by  Dent  from  a  design  patented  by  Bloxham  in 
1843.  PLoasl,  of  Vienna,  improved  it,  and  Stein- 
iieil  three  years  later  brought  oat  the  transit  prism 
which  is  now  used. 


Direel  LinM  Weit  Indittt  Sarfioe,  with  a  fleet  of 
13  well-built  modem  vessels,  maintain  services  to 
the  West  Indian  Islands.  One  of  their  steamers 
leave  London  fortnightly  for  Barbadoes,  Grenada, 
Trinidad,  and  Demerara,  transhipping  at  Barbadoes 
for  St.  Vincent,  St.  Lucas,  Montserrat,  and  St. 
Kitts.  A  steamer  leaves  Glasgow  every  three 
weeks  for  Barbadoes,  calling  at  and  transhipping  for 
the  same  ports. 

Flbet. 

Crown  of  Arragon.  Salybia. 

Crown  of  Castile.  Sarstoon. 

Crown  of  Grenada.  Serrana. 

Crown  of  Navarre.  Spheroid. 

Naparima.  Statia. 

Saba.  Torgorm. 

Yanariva. 


An  allowance  made  for  money  paid 
before  it  is  due.  To  discount  a  bill  is  to  buy  from 
the  holder  the  right  to  receive  the  money  upon  it 
when  due. 

Disooyery.  In  May,  161 2,  Sir  Thomas  Button 
sailed  in  this  vessel  on  a  voyage  of  discovery  to 
the  polar  regions.  He  entered  Hudson's  Bay,  and 
wintered  at  the  mouth  of  a  river  57°  10'  N.  The 
following  year  he  explored  Southampton  Island  as 
far  as  65^  N.,  returning  to  England  in  161 3.  In 
161 5  Robert  Bylot.  master,  and  William  Baffin, 
pilot,  sailed  in  this  vessel  and  carefully  surveyed 
the  coast  of  Hudson's  Strait,  and  sailed  round  the 
great  channel  now  known  as  Baffin's  Bay.  All  the 
capes,  islands,  and  sounds  discovered  were  named 
by  these  explorers  after  the  promoters  of  this 
expedition.  Refer  to  Antarctic  Exploration,  also 
Arctic  Exploration. 

Digk  of  the  8011  or  Hoeii.  The  round  face,  which, 
on  account  of  the  great  distance,  appears  flat,  as 
like  a  plane  surface. 

Digplaoement.  The  weight  of  water  which  a 
vessel  displaces  when  floating.  The  water  dis- 
placed is  equal  to  the  weight  of  the  ship. 

Diitingniflhed  Senrioe  Order  was  introduced 
in  1886  for  naval  and  army  officers  who  per- 
formed distinguished  service.  It  ranks  next  to 
the  Fourth  Class  of  the  Royal  Victorian  Order. 
The  decoration  consists  of  a  white  enamel  cross 
edged  with  gold,  with  the  Imperial  Crown  on  one 
side  and  the  Royal  Cipher  on  the  other.  It  is 
worn  on  the  left  breast  and  suspended  by  a  red 
ribbon  with  a  blue  edge. 

Diltren.  A  term  used  when,  owing  to  damage 
or  danger,  the  ship  requires  immediate  assistance. 

Din.  Portuguese  corvette.  (Lisbon,  1889.) 
Length,  147  ft. ;  beam,  27  ft. ;  draught,  13  f t.  ; 
displacement,  717  tons;  complement,  114;  guns, 
1  5*9-iA*»  2  4'7-in.,  I  3-pdr. ;  Hp.,  700=12  kts.; 
coal,  80  tons. 


DIURNAL 


178 


DIXON 


Diliiiial  motions  of  the  planets  are  the  spaces      guns,  8  5-in.,4  6-pdr.,  4  i-pdr. ;  Hp.,  3.800=  16  kts. 
they  move  through  in  the  day.  coal  maximfum.  1,371  tons. 


Diurnal  ineqnaliiiF  or  Diurnal  variation*  Changes 
due  to  the  time  of  day. 

Dinmal  range.  The  amount  of  variation  between 
the  maximum  and  minimum  of  any  element  during 
the  24  hours. 

Divine  Service  in  Navy.    See  Naval  Ceremonies. 

Diving.  This  art  has  been  practised  from  very 
early  times  in  the  Indian  seas,  divers  being  em- 
ployed in  bringing  up  from  considerable  depths 
coral,  pearl,  sponges,  etc.  The  record  time  a  good 
diver  can  remain  under  water  without  the  aid  of 
artificial  means  is  about  three  minutes.  The 
earUest  contrivance  for  enabling  divers  to  remain 
for  any  length  of  time  under  water  was  the  diving- 
bell,  but  this  was  not  entirely  a  success  owing  to 
the  necessity  of  the  bell  having  to  be  frequently 
drawn  to  the  surface  in  order  to  get  a  fresh  supply 
of  air.  It  was  in  1830  that  Mr.  A.  Siebe,  the  founder 
of  the  firm  of  Siebe,  Gorman  and  Co.,  Ltd.,  in- 
vented the  open  diving-dress,  which  consisted  of 
a  dress  made  of  solid  sheet  indiarubber  between 
specially  prepared  twill.  The  helmet,  made  of 
highly  planished  tin  copper,  with  gunmetal  fittings, 
was  fitted  with  two  side  oval  or  round  thick  plate 
glasses  in  brass  frames  with  guards.  The  air  was 
supplied  from  an  air-pump  by  means  of  a  vulcanised 
indiarubber  air-pipe  attached  to  a  gunmetal  inlet 
valve  in  the  helmet,  by  which  the  air  is  allowed  to 
enter.  The  diving-dress  of  to-day  is  merely  an 
improvement  on  that  invented  in  1830.  Divers  at 
a  depth  of  32  ft.  under  water  have  upon  the  surface 
of  their  whole  bodies  a  more  than  ordinary  pres- 
sure of  20,000  lbs.  weighty  yet,, when  we  consider 
the  uniformity  of  that  pressure,  which  causes  no 
dislocation  of  the  parts,  all  the  external  being 
equally  affected  with  it,  it  is  not  to  be  wondered 
that  divers  complain  of  no  sensible  pain  though 
they  be  pressed  with  so  great  weight  of  water. 
The  following  table  represents  the  pressure  in 
pounds  on  the  square  inch  at  a  given  depth  of 
water : 


20  ft. 

. .   8i  lbs. 

130  ft. 

. .  56j^  lbs. 

30.. 

..  12J 

140.. 

..  6of  .. 

40 .. 

..  i7i 

150  M 

■.  65J  .. 

50., 

..     2li 

Limit. 

60  „ 

..  26i 

160  „ 

..  69*  „ 

70** 

..  30J 

170  .. 

...  74   ,. 

80., 

..  34* 

180  „ 

..78   ,. 

90  M 

.  39 

190  » 

..  82J  .. 

100  „ 

.  43* 

204  „ 

..  88i  „ 

I  10.. 

.  47* 

The  greatest  depth  any 

120  „ 

.  52* 

diver  has  ever  de- 

scended. 

Dixie.  U.S.  cruiser.  (Newport  News,  1893.) 
Length,  389  ft. ;  beam,  48  ft.  ;^  draught,  20  ft. ; 
displacement,    6,145    ^^  *     complement,     181  ; 


Dixon,  (leorge  (175 5-1 800).  English  navigator. 
Served  under  Capt.  Cook  in  his  third  expedition  on 
the  North- West  coast  of  America.  In  1785  he  set 
sail  in  command  of  the  Queen  Charlotte — a  com- 
panion ship,  the  King  George,  being  under  the 
command  of  Capt.  Portlock — ^in  the  interest  of  the 
King  George's  Sound  Co**  London,  to  .make  a 
minute  examination  of  the  North- West  Coast  of 
America.  The  voyage  resulted  in  the  discovery 
of  numerous  small  islands,  ports,  and  bays,  of 
which  Queen  Charlotte's  Island.  Port  Mulgrave, 
Norfolk  Bay,  and  Dixon's  Archipelago  are  the 
most  important.  He  returned  to  England  in  1788. 
In  the  following  year  he  published  an  account  of 
his  voyage,  entitled  "  A  Voyage  round  the  World, 
but  more  particularly  to  the  North-West  Coast  of 
America,"  which  contained  many  valuable  charts. 
In  1 79 1  he  published  "  The  Navigator's  Assistant." 

Dixon,  Harold  Baylton  (b.  Middlesbrough,  1872). 
Educated  Harrow  and  France.  Served  his  appren- 
ticeship in  his  father's  firm.  Sir  Raylton  Dixon 
and  Co.,  Ltd.,  and  in  1897,  on  its  registration  as«> 
private  company  under  the  Limited  Liability  Act. 
he  was  selected  a  director,  and  on  the  death  of 
Sir  Raylton  Dixon  in  1901  became  chairman.  He 
is  a  director  of  the  British  and  African  Steam 
Navigation  Co..  and  the  Imperial  Direct  West 
Indian  Mail  Service,  Ltd.,  and  under  his  capable 
direction  the  Cleveland  Shipyard  has  not  only 
maintained  its  high  standard  and  reputation,  but, 
if  possible,  enhanced  it. 

Dixon  and  Ck>.,  Ltd.,  Sir  Raylton,  Middlesbrough- 
on-Tees.  The  history  of  this  firm,  whose  name 
is  synonymous  with  ability  to  undertake  and 
execute  work  in  ship  construction  and  repair,  is  in 
brief  this.  The  originator,  Mr.  Raylton  Dixon, 
after  serving  his  time  as  a  premium  apprentice  with 
Messrs.  Coutts  and  Parkinson  on  the  Tyne,  com- 
pleted his  articles  with  Messrs.  Charles  Mitchell  and 
Co.,  of  the  same  river.  In  1859  he  went  to  the 
Tees  as  manager  of  a  shipyard  there,  and,  three 
years  later,  established  under  the  titie  of  Packhouse 
and  Dixon,  the  undertaking  which  later  resolved 
itself  into  Raylton  Dixon  and  Co.,  subsequently 
being  registered  in  1897  as  a  Umited  company  under 
the  present  title  of  Sir  Raylton  Dixon  and  Co.,  Ltd. 

From  small  beginnings  the  works  gradually 
extended  until  they  became  of  their  present  im- 
portance, emplo3ring  about  2,400  hands ;  building 
passenger  and  other  high-class  vessels  for  the 
British  Government,  and  some  of  the  most  im- 
portant shipping  companies  at  home  and  abroad. 
The  yard  is  replete  with  all  the  latest  modem 
machinery  for  the  construction  of  vessels,  and 
among  the  clients  of  the  firm  may  be  mentioned  : 
Messrs.  Elder,  Dempster  and  Co.,  Lamport  and 
Holt.  Moss  Steamship  Co.,  Shipping  and  Coal  Co. 


DIXON 


179 


DOCK 


of  Rotterdam,  General  Steamship  Co..  Booth 
Steamship  Co.,  Java,  China,  and  Japan  Line,  Louis 
Dreyfus  and  Co.,  Glover  Brothers,  and  the  Bergen 
Steamship  Co. 

The  yard  turned  out  in  1906  eight  vessels,  aggre- 
gating 26,610  B.T.  gross  tons,  and  the  figures  for 
the  previous  five  years  are  : — 

Year.  B.T.  Gross  tons. 


1905 
1904 

1903 
1902 
1901 


27780 

23.787 
20,407 

18,152 

25,609 


Giving  an  average  size  of  vessel  of  3,326  B.T.  gross 
tons. 

Dixon*  ThomM  (b.  Thickley,  May  10,  1848). 
Served  apprenticeship  with  Messrs.  Pile,  Spence 
and  Co.  In  1868  appointed  cashier  to  Sir  Raylton 
Dixon  and  Co.,  apd  on  the  firm  being  converted 
into  a  private  limited  company  in  1897,  ^^  made 
secretary,  and  on  the  death  of  Sir  Raylton  Dixon 
(q.v.)  was  appointed  a  director. 

Mron,  Thomaf,  and  Soni,  with  their  head  office  in 

Belfast,  have  a  fleet  of  two  steamers,  which  run  in 
conjunction  with  those  of  the  Lord  Line  {q.v.). 

Fleet. 
Belfast.  Bangor. 

Diery.  Non^'egian  torpedo-boat.  (Christiania, 
T900.)  Length,  iii  ft.;  beam,  14I  ft;  draught, 
6^-  ft. ;  displacement,  65  tons ;  armament,  2  i  •4-pdr., 
2  tubes  ;   Hp.,  650=  19  lets. 

DJK.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Dundalk,  Ireland. 

DJi.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Deal,  England. 

Dmitri  DooakoL  Russian  annoured  cruiser 
(1883).  Sunk  by  the  Japanese  at  the  battle  of 
Tsushima,  May  27-29,  1905. 

Dmitrieff.  Russian  torpedo  -  boat  destroyer 
(1906).  Length,  185  ft. ;  beam,  21  ft. ;  draught, 
7 J  ft. ;  displacement,  324  tons  ;  complement,  60  ; 
armament,  i  12-pdr.,  5  3-pdr.,  2  Maxims,  2  torpedo 
tubes;  twin  screw;  Hp.,  5,600=26  kts. ;  coal 
maximum,  100  tons. 

Dnieper  (1894).  Russian  Government  liner. 
ILength,  460  ft. ;  beam,  52  ft.  ;  draught,  20  ft.  ; 
gross  tonnage,  5,432  ;    Hp.,  10,500=18  kts. 

D.O.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Douglas,  Isle  of  Man,  England. 

XMlfOWOleti.  Russian  torpedo  gun-boat  (1906). 
Displacement,  625  tons;   speed,  19  kts. 

Dock  eompanief .     See  Harbour. 

Dook  dnef  are  payments  made  by  the  owner  of  a 
ship  using  a  dock  to  the  dock  company,  and  are  in 
proportion  to  the  vessel's  registered  tonnage.  The 
term  includes  payments  by  the  shippers  of  goods. 
Vessels  belonging  to  the  Board  of  Trade  (q.v.)  and 


the  General   Lighthouse  Authorities  are  exempt 
from  dock  dues. 

Dock  master  is  one  whose  duties  consist  in 
managing  and  directing  the  movements  and  berth- 
ing of  all  ships  using  any  dock  under  his  control,  the 
collection  of  dock  dues,  and  the  carrying  into  efiect 
of  the  dock  bye-laws.  He  is  appointed  by,  and  is  a 
servant  of  the  dock-owners,  who  are  responsible 
for  any  damage  to  property  directly  traceable  to 
his  acts,  or  defaults  arising  from  orders  given  by 
him  within  the  scope  of  his  authority,  provided 
that,  in  cases  of  collision  there  has  been  no  con- 
tributory negligence  on  the  part  of  the  master  or 
crew  of  the  vessel  doing  damage,  and  that  the  dock 
master's  orders  are  properly  executed. 

Doeks.  A  dock  is  an  artificial  enclosure  into 
which  ships  may  be  floated  for  the  purpose  of 
repair,  discharge,  or  loading.  They  are  divided 
into  three  classes — tidal  docks  or  basins,  wet  docks, 
and  graving  or  dry  docks. 

A  tidal  dock  is  one  which  has  an  open  entrance, 
and  the  water  level  in  the  dock  rises  or  falls  accord- 
ing to  the  state  of  the  tide. 

In  a  wet  dock  the  water  is  maintained  at  one 
uniform  level  by  closing  the  entrance  by  means  of 
watertight  gates. 

Graving  docks  or  dry  docks  are  used  exclusively 
for  the  repair  of  vessels.  They  are  fitted  with 
water-tight  gates  at  one  end  ;  the  gates  have  sluices 
in  them,  in  order  to  allow  the  water  to  gradually  fill 
the  dock  to  admit  the  vessels.  Such  docks  are 
supplied  with  a  row  of  keel  blocks  up  the  centre, 
and  the  vessel  is  placed  with  her  keel  immediately 
over  them,  and  as  the  water  is  pumped  out,  the 
vessel  gradually  settles  on  these  blocks. 

Floating  docks,  which  are  invariably  constructed 
of  iron  or  steel,  fulfil  the  same  purpose  as  that  of  a 
graving  or  dry  dock. 

Refer  to  Harbours;  London,  Port  of;  Bristol, 
Port  of  ;  Belfast,  Port  of ;  Leith,  Port  of ;  Naval 
Establishments. 

Dock  warrants  are  documents  of  title  to  goods 
and  acknowledgments  on  the  part  of  dock  com- 
panies that  they  hold  and  are  responsible  for  certain 
quantities  of  goods  specified  therein.  Between  the 
two  contracting  parties  the  transfer  of  a  Dock 
warrant  operates  only  as  a  token  of  authority  to 
take  possession,  and  not  as  a  transfer  of  possession. 
But  any  document  of  title  may  be  lawfully  trans- 
ferred to  any  person  as  a  buyer  or  owner  of  the 
goods,  and  if  he  in  turn  transfer  such  document  of 
title  to  another  who  takes  bona  fide  and  for  valuable 
consideration,  the  last  transfer  will  have  the  same 
efiect  for  defeating  the  vendor's  lien,  or  right  of 
stoppage  in  transitu  (q.v.),  as  the  transfer  of  a  bill  of 
lading  has  for  defeating  the  right  of  stoppage  in 
transitu.  Pock  warrants  are  not.  however,  nego- 
tiable instruments,  and  the  transferee  acquires  no 
better  title  to  the  goods  than  the  transferor  had. 
(Sale  of  Goods  Act,  1893.  s^nd  Factors  Act,  1889.) 


DOCKYARDS 


i8o 


DOMETT 


Dookyaidf,  NavaL    See  Naval  Establishments. 

Dodd,  Thomas  Jamat  (b.  Portsmouth,  April,  1847). 
Educated  Portsmouth,  and  in  186 1  passed  first  in 
the  examination  before  the  Civil  Service  Commis- 
sioners, and  was  entered  in  Portsmouth  Dockyard 
as  a  shipwright  apprentice.  After  serving  five 
years  he  was  granted  by  the  Lord  Commissioners  of 
the  Admiralty  a  scholarship  for  a  further  two  years, 
during  which  time  he  studied  the  principles  of 
design,  and  was  instructed  in  the  actual  work  of 
laying  off  and  ship's  construction.  In  1868,  after 
completing  seven  years'  apprenticeship,  he  was 
appointed  an  assistant  overseer  of  iron  and  compo- 
site vessels  building  by  contract  for  H.M.  service, 
and  was  so  employed  on  the  armour-clad  frigates 
Swiftsute  and  Triumph,  on  the  turret-ship  Cyclops, 
four  iron  gun  -  vessels,  and  the  iron  troopship 
Assistance.  In  May,  1873,  he  was  appointed 
surveyor  to  Lloyd's  Register  of  British  and  Foreign 
Shipping  at  Leith  and  Sunderland,  and  assisted  the 
late  Mr.  Martel  in  the  preparation  of  the  first  free 
board  tables  which  were  accepted  by  the  Govern- 
ment in  1890.  In  1874  he  was  appointed  exclusive 
surveyor  at  Genoa,  Italy,  and  in  1877  ^^  appointed 
to  Marseilles,  on  special  duties.  In  February,  1880, 
he  was  promoted  to  Glasgow,  and  in  1900,  when  the 
Glasgow  Committee  of  Lloyd's  Register  of  British 
and  Foreign  Shipping  was  formed,  he  was  appointed 
secretary  of  that  committee,  in  addition  to  the 
principal  surveyorship. 

Member  of  the  Institution  of  Naval  Architects, 
and  of  the  Institution  of  Engineers  and  Ship- 
builders of  Scotland. 

Dog.  To  pass  zigzag  the  tails  of  a  stopper  or 
other  ropes. 

DogalL  Italian  3rd  class  cruiser.  (Elswick, 
1889.) 

Length  250ft.  Beam  37ft.  Maximum  draught  15ft. 
Displacement  2,000  tons.     Complement  257. 
Guns,  Armour, 

6—6  in.  "  Steel." 

I — 2*9  in.  2  in.  Deck. 

9 — 2*2  in.  4  in.  Deck  gun  shields. 

Torpedo  Tubes, 
4  Above  water. 
Hp.  7,600=19  kts.    Coal  maximum  480  tons. 

Doggar.  A  Dutch  smack  carrying  main  and 
mizzen  mast,  principally  used  for  fishing  on  Dogger 
Bank. 

Doggar  Bank.  A  sand  bank  in  the  middle  of  North 
Sea  between  England  and  Denmark,  and  extending 
within  40  miles  of  the  Yorkshire  coast.  Has  an  aver- 
age depth  of  10  to  20  fathoms.  Famous  cod-fishing 
centre.  Here  on  the  night  of  October  21,  1904,  the 
Russian  fleet  (which  was  afterwards  annihilated 
by  Admiral  Togo  at  the  battle  of  Tsushima)  when 
on  its  way  to  the  Far  East  fired  on  the  trawlers, 
sinking  the  Crane,  and  damaging  others,  and  killing 
two  and  wounding  many  of  the  fishermen.     An 


International  Commission  was  held  to  inquire  into 
the  incident,  and  the  Russian  Government  was  com- 
pelled to  pay  compensation. 

Doggar  Bank,  Battla  oL  On  August  5,  1781,  an 
indecisive  battle  was  fought  between  the  British 
under  Admiral  Sir  Hyde  Parker  and  the  Dutch. 

Doggatt'f  Ckwt  and  Badga.  A  sculling  prize 
founded  by  Thomas  Doggett  in  17 16  for  Thames 
watermen  who  have  finished  their  apprenticeship 
within  a  year  prior  to  the  race.  It  consists  of  a  red 
coat  with  a  large  silver  badge  on  the  arm.  The 
race  takes  place  annually,  the  course  being  from 
London  Bridge  to  Chelsea,  and  is  always  keenly  con- 
tested. A  record  of  winners  has  been  preserved 
since  1791. 

Dog's  aar*  The  leech  of  a  sail  between  the  reefs 
when  it  sticks  up. 

Dof-yaoa.  A  small  contrivance  made  of  thread, 
cork  and  feathers,  to  show  the  direction  of  the  wind. 

Dog-watoh.  The  half -watches  of  two  hours  each, 
from  four  to  six,  and  six  to  eight  in  the  evening. 

Doldniiiui.  Those  parts  of  the  sea  near  the 
equator  where  calms  are  generally  experienced. 

Dolphin*  A  bollard  post  on  a  quay  to  which 
hawsers  are  made  fast. 

Dolphin.  U.S.  gun-vessel.  (Chester,  1885.) 
Length,  240  ft.  ;  beam,  32  ft. ;  draught,  17  f t.  ; 
displacement,  1,486  tons  ;  complement,  117  ;  guns, 
2  4-in.,  I  6-pdr.,  6  3-pdr.  ;  Hp.,  2,250=15  kts.  ; 
coal,  173  tons. 

Dolphin  ttrikar.  A  short  gaff  spar  for  guying 
down  the  jibboom  which  it  supports. 

Dom  Carlos  L     Portuguese  armoured  ship  ( 1 898 ) . 
Length  360ft.     Beam  46ft.     Mean  draught  17ft. 
Displacement  4,100  tons.     Complement  473. 
Guns.  Armour. 

4—6  in.  '*  Steel." 

8 — ^4*7  in.  4^  in.  Deck. 

12 — 3  pdr.  4  in.  Conning  tower. 

10 — I  pdr. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 

2  Submerged. 

3  Above  water. 

Twin  screw.  Hp.  forced  12,500  =  22  kts.  Coal 
maximum  700  tons. 

Domatt,  Sir  William  (1754-1828).  English  ad- 
miral. Shared  in  the  action  off  Ushant,  1778  ; 
Arbuthnot's  action  in  the  Chesapeake,  1781  ;  was 
in  command  of  the  flag-ship  Romney  in  the  Mediter- 
ranean at  the  outbreak  of  the  war,  1793  ;  com- 
manded Hood's  flag-ship,  the  Royal  George,  in 
Howe's  battle  of  "The  Glorious  First  of  June," 
1794.  In  1799  he  was  present  at  Basque  Roads, 
and  two  years  later  was  promoted  flag-captain  to 
Sir  Hyde  Parker  (q.v.)  at  Copenhagen.  He  was 
one  of  the  Commissioners  of  Naval  Inquiry,  ap- 
pointed in  1803  on  dockyards,  which  sat  until 
March.  1808.     He  was  made  admiral,  1819. 


DOMINION 


i8i 


DONA 


Domiiuoii.    British  ist  class  battleship.  (Vickers* 

1903.) 
Length  453ft.    Beam.  78ft.    Mean  draught  26ft. 
Displacement  16.350  tons.    Complement  jjy. 
Guns,  Armour, 

4 — 13  in.  **  Knipp." 

4-— 9*3  in.  9  in.  Belt  amidships. 

10 — 6  in.  12  in.  Barbettes. 

14 — 12  pdr.  12  in.  Conning  tower. 

14—3  pdr. 
2  Maxims. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
4  Submerged  broadside. 
I  Submerged  stem. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  18,000=18*5  kis.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 2,000  tons.     Approximate  cost  ;£  1,5 00,000. 

Dominion  Steamihip  Line.  .  In  1870  some  Liver- 
pool and  New  Orleans  cotton  merchants  formed 
the  Mississippi  and  Dominion  Steamship  Co.,  Ltd. 
Since  1894  the  proprietary  company  has  been  the 
British  and  North  Atlantic  Steam  Navigation  Co., 
Ltd.  A  weekly  passenger  service  between  Liver- 
pool and  Quebec  and  Montreal  in  the  summer  and 
Halifax  (Nova  Scotia)  and  Portland  (Maine)  in  the 
winter  is  maintained,  as  well  as  a  regular  weekly 
freight  service  from  Liverpool  to  Portland  through- 
out the  year.  There  is  also  a  fortnightly  freight 
service  between  Avonmouth  and  Quebec  and 
Montreal  in  the  summer,  and  Portland  in  the 
winter.  The  largest  steamer  is  the  Norseman, 
9,546  tons.  There  is  building  a  new  twin-screw 
steamer  of  14,000  tons,  which  will  be  named  the 
Alberta. 

Fleet. 
Cambroman.  Irishman.  Ottoman. 

Canada.  Manxman.  Roman, 

Comishman,  Norseman,  Turcoman, 

^Dominion,  Ottaw^.  Vancouver, 

Englishman.  Welshman, 

Gross  tonnage,  88,650. 

Dom  Lois  L  Portuguese  gun- vessel.  (Lisbon, 
1895-)  Length,  151  ft.;  beam,  27  ft.;  draught, 
14  ft. ;  displacement,  710  tons ;  armament,  4  4'1-in., 
3  2*5-in.,  3  Maxims;  Hp.»  512=9  kts. ;  coal, 
100  tons. 

Domvile,  Adminl  Sir  Ck)mpion  Bdward,  K.O.B., 

cr.  1898  ;  O.O.V.O.*  1903  (b.  Worcestershire,  1842). 
Educated  Royal  Academy,  Gosport ;  entered  Navy, 
1856 ;  lieutenant,  1862 ;  lieutenant  commanding 
Algerine  ;  promoted  to  commander  for  his  skill  and 
gallantry  in  services  against  pirates  in  China, 
1866-68  ;  captain,  1876 ;  captain  of  Dido,  1879-83  ; 
saw  active  service  on  West  Coast  of  Africa  and  the 
Cape  during  Boer  war ;  Acting  Commodore, 
Jamaica,  1882 ;  captain  of  Temeraire,  1884-86 ; 
captain  H.M.S.  Excellent,  Gunnery  School,  Ports- 
mouth, 1886-90 ;  vice-president  of  Ordnance  Com- 
niittee,  1890-91  ;  Director  of  Naval  Ordnance  and 
Torpedoes,  1891-94;  Rear- Admiral,  Mediterranean 
Fleet,  1894  96 ;  Admiral  Superintendent  of  Naval 


Reserves,  1897  ;  President  of  Boiler  Commission 
since  1900 ;  Commander-in-Chief,  Mediterranean 
Station,  1902 ;  retired  October,  1907,  on  attaining 
the  age  of  65. 

Don*  Russian  Government  liner  (1890).  Length, 
504  ft. ;  beam,  57  ft. ;  draught,  24  ft. ;  gross  ton- 
nage, 8,430  ;  Hp.,  16,400=  19  kts. 

Donald«  James  (b.  Glasgow,  1867).  Served  ap- 
prenticeship with  the  Fairfield  Shipbuilding  and 
Engineering  Co.,  Glasgow.  From  1891-96  was 
assistant  to  Dr.  Francis  Elgar  in  the  London 
offices  of  the  company.  In  1896  he  joined  the 
Union  Ironworks,  San  Francisco,  California,  as  a 
naval  architect  and  assistant  to  the  general  manager 
In  1 901  he  severed  his  connection  with  this  firm 
and  joined  as  naval  architect  the  New  York  Ship- 
building Co. 

Member  of  the  Institution  of  Naval  Architects 
(England),  and  of  the  Institution  of  Naval  .Archi- 
tects (New  York). 

DonalllKin  Line.  Established  in  Glasgow  in  1854 
by  Donaldson  Brothers,  who  started  business  with 
the  little  wooden  bark  Joan  Taylor,  of  229  tons, 
trading  between  Glasgow  and  the  River  Plate. 

Their  first  iron  vessel  was  the  barque  Miami,  built 
in  1867,  and  their  first  steamer  the  Astarte,  863  tons, 
built  1870.  They  now  have  a  large  fleet,  which 
trade  regularly  between  Glasgow  and  St.  John, 
N.B.,  Quebec,  Montreal,  Baltimore,  Norfolk,  and 
Newport  News,  and  make  a  speciality  of  live-stock 
and  frozen  cargoes,  their  principal  steamers  being 
fitted  with  cold  storage  on  Hall's  principle. 

Fleet. 

Alcides,  Hestia.  Marina, 

Almora.  Jndrani,  Orihia. 

Athenia.  \  Kastalia.  Parthenia, 

Cassandra,   '  Lahonia.  Salacia. 

Concordia.  Tritonia, 

Gross  tonnage,  65,000. 

Don  Al?aro  de  BaMU.  Spanish  torpedo  gun- 
boat (1897). 

Displacement  830  tons.     Complement  89. 
Guns. 
2 — 4  in. 
4—3  pdr. 
2  Gatlings. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 

1  Submerged  bow. 

2  Above  water. 

Twin  screw.  Hp.  natural  2,500=17  kts.,  forced 
3,5003=19*5  kts.    Coal  normal  120  tons. 

Dona  Maria  de  Molina.  Spanish  torpedo  gun- 
boat (1896). 

Displacement  830  tons.    Complement  89. 


Armour. 
"  Steel." 
6  in.  Conning  tower. 


Guns, 

Armour. 

2— 4  in. 

'•  Steel." 

4—3  pdr. 

6  in.  Conning  tower, 

2  Gatlings. 

DONEGAL 


182 


DOUBLE 


Torpedo  Tubes, 
z  Submerged  bow. 
2  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  natural  2,500=17  kts.,  forced 
3,500=19*5  kts.     Coal  normal  120  tons. 

Donegal.     British    ist  class  cruiser.     (Fairfield, 
1902.) 
Length  440ft.     Beam  66ft.     Mean  draught  24ft. 
Displacement  9,800  tons.     Complement  678. 
Guns,  A  rmour. 

14 — 6  in.,  45  cal.         "  Krupp." 
8 — 12  pdr.  4  in.  Belt  amidships. 

2 — 12  pdr.,  8  cwt.     5  in.  Barbettes. 
3 — 3  pdr.  10  in.  Conning  tower. 

8  Pompoms. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
2  Submerged. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  22,000=23  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 1,600  tons.     Approximate  cost  ;i7 15,900. 

DonetE.  Russian  corvette.  Black  Sea.  (Nico- 
laiefif,  1888.)  Length,  210  f t.  ;  beam,  35  ft.  ; 
draught,  11  ft. ;  displacement,  1.224  ;  complement, 
161  ;  armament,  2  8-in.,  i  6-in.,  7  q.f.,  2  torpedo 
tubes  ;  Hp.,  1,500=  13^  kts  ;  coal,  250  tons. 

Don  Joan  de  Austria.  U.S.  gun-vessel.  (Cartha- 
gena,  1898.)  Length,  210  ft.  ;  beam,  32  ft.  ; 
draught,  13  ft.  ;  displacement,  1,159  tons  ;  comple- 
ment, 130  ;  armament,  6  4-in.,  4  6-pdr.,  4  Maxims  ; 
Hp.,  1,500  =  14  kts. ;  coal,  210  tons. 

Donkey-engine  is  a  subsidiary  engine  driven  by 
steam  from  the  main  boilers,  used  on  ship  board 
for  working  winches,  capstans,  and  pumps. 

Doil  Pedro.  French  steamer,  from  Havre  to  La 
Plata,  wrecked  off  the  N.W.  coast  of  Spain,  May  27, 
1894  I  87  lives  lost. 

Donskoi  Kasak.  Russian  torpedo  gun-boat.  (St. 
Petersburg,  1905.)  Displacement,  625  tons  ;  speed, 
19  kts. 

Donskoi  Kassaok.  Russian  torpedo-boat  de- 
stroyer. (Yarrow,  1906.)  Displacement,  508  tons  ; 
draught,  8  ft.  :  complement,  75  ;  armament, 
2  i2-pdr.,  5  6-pdr.,  2  tubes  ;  Hp.,  5,200=26  kts. 

Doon.  British  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Yar- 
row, 1904.)  Length,  222  ft.  ;  beam,  23 J  ft.  ; 
draught.  9^  ft.  ;  displacement,  600  tons  ;  comple- 
ment, 72 ;  armament,  i  12-pdr.,  5  6-pdr.,  2  tubes  ; 
twin  screw ;  Hp.,  7,500=25  kts. ;  coal,  126  tons. 

Dorade.  French  submarine.  (Toulon,  1903.) 
Length,  77  ft. ;  beam,  7^  ft.  ;  draught,  8  ft. ;  dis- 
placement, 68  tons ;  complement,  5  ;  Hp.,  60= 
8  kts. 

Doria,  Andrea  (1466- 1560).  Famous  Genoese 
admiral.  When  50  years  of  age  he  entered  into 
the  service  of  Francis  I.  of  France,  and  was  given 
command  of  the  fleet  in  the  Mediterranean,  and 


captured  Genoa  for  the  French  in  1527.  After  this 
victory  Francis  I.  slighted  him.  and  when  con- 
ducting the  blockade  of  Naples  for  the  French  he 
was  persuaded  to  change  sides,  receiving  from 
Charles  V.  a  promise  of  the  freedom  of  his  native 
town.  His  action  altered  the  fortunes  of  the  war, 
and  he  drove  the  French  from  Genoa  ;  re-established 
the  republic  on  a  broad  basis,  which  he  continued 
to  maintain  in  unity  and  independence  until  his 
death.  See  Petit *s  "  Andre  Doria,  un  Amiral  Con- 
dottiere,  1887." 

Doris.  British  2nd  class  cruiser.  (Barrow, 
1896.) 

Length  364ft.  Beam  54ft.  Maximum  draught  23ft. 
Displacement  5,600  tons.     Complement  450. 
Guns.  Armour. 

II — 6  in.  "Harvey." 

8 — 12  pdr.  2 J  in.  Deck. 

I — 12  pdr.,  8  cwt.     6  in.  Conning  tower. 
7--3  pdr. 
2  Maxims. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (i8  in.). 
2  Submerged. 
I  Above  water  stem. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  natural  8 ,000  =  18*5  kts. ,  forced 
9,600=19*5  kts.     Coal  maximum  1.076  tons. 

Doris.  Frigate.  On  January  12,  1805.  this 
vessel  was  lost  on  the  Diamond  Rock,  Quiberon 
Bay. 

Dombnsoh's  Floating  Cargoes.  Established  1 8 58. 
Published  daily  (morning  and  evening).  Price  (by 
subscription).  Address:  n  Tokenhouse  Yard, 
London.  E.C. 

Dorothea.  This  vessel,  commanded  by  Captain 
David  Buchan,  sailed,  April,  18 18,  for  the  polar 
regions.  Driven  into  the  pack  upon  a  heavy 
swell  she  was  severely  nipped,  and  had  to  return 
to  England.     Refer  to  Arctic  Exploration. 

Dorset  Yacht  dub,  Royal.  See  Royal  Dorset 
Yacht  Club. 

Dortmnnd-Weser-Ems  Canal  connects  the  West- 
phalian  coalfields  with  the  Weser  at  Munster,  and 
forms  the  intermediate  link  between  the  Midland 
Canal  and  the  Rhine-Weser-Elbe  CanaL  It  was 
commenced  in  1892,  and  cost  about  four  million 
sterling.  It  is  174  miles  long,  and  has  an  average 
depth  of  about  8^  ft.,  and  can  be  navigated  by 
vessels  up  to  750  tons. 

Dostoiny.  Russian  torpedo-boat  destroyer  ( 1 906) . 
Length,  185  ft.  ;  beam,  21  ft.  ;  draught,  yi  ft.  ; 
displacement,  324  tons ;  complement,  60 ;  arma- 
ment, I  12-pdr.,  5  3 -pdr.,  2  Maxims,  2  tubes ; 
twin  screw  ;  Hp.,  5,600  =  26  kts.  ;  coal,  100  tons. 

Double.  To  strengthen  a  ship  with  extra  plank- 
ing  when  through  age  or  otherwise  she  has  become 
loosened. 


DOUBLE 


183 


DO  WELL 


DoftUe  insaxanoe  sometimes  happens  when  the 
same  interest  is  insured  with  two  different  under- 
writers  without  any  fraudulent  intention.  In  such 
cases  the  rule  is  that  the  assured  claims  his  loss  in 
full  from  one  set  of  underwriters,  and  they  in  turn 
claim  a  return  of  one-half  from  the  other  under- 
writers. The  same  principle  holds  if  the  amounts 
are  any  other  proportion  than  half. 

Donglai,  Sir  Andrew  Snape  (1761-97).  British 
naval  officer.  In  1794  was  flag-captain  of  the 
Queen  Charlotte,  Lord  Howe's  flag-ship  at  the 
battle  of  "  The  Glorious  First  of  June/'  when  he 
was  dangerously  wounded.  In  the  following  year 
he  took  part  in  Bridport's  action  off  L'Orient. 

Dooslaf*  Admiral  Sir  Arehibald  Lneiiis,  K.03. 

(b.  1843).  Entered  Navy  1856;  served  as  mid- 
shipman and  lieutenant  of  the  Arragon  ;  present  at 
all  the  engagements  of  the  Naval  Brigade  up  the 
rivers  Congo  and  Gambia  during  her  commission 
on  the  coast  of  Africa ;  gunnery  lieutenant  of 
Aurora,  and  commanded  a  gun-boat  on  the  lakes  of 
Canada  during  the  Fenian  invasion,  1866 ;  com- 
mander, 1872  ;  instructor  in  the  use  of  Harvey's 
torpedo  of  the  Channel  and  Reserve  fleets,  1872 ; 
selected  by  the  Admiralty  to  proceed  to  Japan  as 
Commander  of  the  Naval  Mission  to  instruct  the 
Japanese  Navy ;  served  as  Director  of  the  Imperial 
Japanese  Naval  College  at  Yedo  for  two  years ; 
received  the  thanks  of  the  Emperor  of  Japan,  and 
approval  of  his  services  from  the  Admiralty ; 
captain,  1880  ;  captain  of  Serapts  during  the  naval 
and  military  operations  in  the  Soudan,  1884 
(Egyptian  medal,  Khedive's  Bronze  Star) ;  member 
of  Ordnance  Committee,  1887-90 ;  A.D.C.  to  the 
Queen,  1893-95  ;  rear-admiral,  1895  »  vice-president 
of  Ordnance  Committee,  1896 ;  Commander-in- 
Chief  East  Indian  Station,  1898  ;  Lord  Commis- 
sioner of  the  Admiralty,  1899  ;  vice-admiral,  1901  ; 
Commander-in-Chief  North  America  and  West 
Indies,  1902  ;  K.C.B.,  1902  ;  Commander-in-Chief 
at  Portsmouth,  1904  ;  admiral,  1905. 

Donglai*  Sir  Charlas.  British  rear-admiral.  Took 
a  distinguished  part  in  the  relief  of  Quebec,  1776 ; 
commanded  the  Stirling  Castle  in  the  action  off 
Ushant,  1778,  and  was  Captain  of  the  Fleet  to 
Rodney  in  the  battle  of  LesSaintes.  He  is  credited 
with  having  first  introduced  flint  gun  locks  into 
the  Navy. 

I>0llgiafl»  Sholio.  British  admiral  (b.  1833). 
Served  during  Cafree  and  Burmese  war  (Cafree 
and  Burmese  medals) ;  present  in  the  Baltic 
during  Russian  war;  at  the  bombardment  of 
Sleiburg  (Baltic  medal) ;  served  during  China  war, 
1855-58,  at  Fatshan  (China  medal,  Fatshan  clasp) ; 
commanded  the  Coromandel  at  the  capture  of  Bogue 
and  Peiho  forts  (Taku  clasp) ;  landed  with  Naval 
Brigade  at  the  capture  of  Canton,  1857  (Canton 
dasp) ;  commander  of  Espoir,  1860-64,  on  West 
Coast  of  Africa  during  slave  trade  blockade,  whm 


he  captured  and  liberated  over  2,000  slaves ;  com- 
manded the  Indian  troop-ship  Malabar,  frigate 
Aurora,  and  ironclads  Achilles  and  Resistance ; 
C.B.,  1881. 

Doaglasf,  Sir  Jamei  Nicholas  (1826-98).  English 
engineer  (b.  London).  Became  chief  engineer  to 
Trinity  House  Corporation,  for  whom  he  designed 
and  superintended  the  construction  of  many  light- 
houses, especially  the  structure  which  replaced  the 
Eddystone  Lighthouse,  1878-82.  He  carried  out, 
with  Tyndall  and  Faraday,  many  experiments  on 
Ughthouse  illumination  and  fog-signalling. 

Doaro.  British  mail  steamer.  Sunk  by  collision 
with  Spanish  steamer  Yurrac  Bal,  April  i,  1882 ; 
59  lives  lost. 

Dove.    See  Antarctic  Exploration. 

Oofe.  British  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Hull, 
1 90 1.)  Length,  210  f t. ;  beam,  20  ft. ;  draught, 
$i  ft. ;  displacement,  300  tons ;  complement, 
60 ;  armament,  i  12-pdr.,  5  6-pdr.,  2  tubes ;  twin 
screw  ;  Hp.,  5,800^30  kts. ;  coal,  80  toas. 

DoTer  and  Ostend  Belgian  Government  Mail 
Packet.  See  Belgian  State  Railway  and  Mail 
Packet  Service. 

Dover  Straiti,  Battle  ot.  On  September  28.  1652, 
the  Dutch  admiral  van  Tromp  defeated  the  British 
admiral  Blake.  The  Dutch,  with  a  fleet  of  80 
ships,  engaged  the  British  fleet  with  40  ships,  several 
of  which  were  captured  and  six  destroyed.  The 
Dutch  admiral  sailed  in  triumph  through  the 
Channel,  with  a  broom  at  his  mast-head,  to  denote 
that  he  had  swept  the  British  from  the  seas. 

DoweD,  Sir  WiDiam  Mcmtaga  (b.  1825).  Entered 
Royal  Navy  1839.  Served  as  midshipman  of  Druid 
and  Blenheim  ;  served  in  China,  and  took  part  in  all 
the  operations  from  the  attack  on  the  barrier  at 
Macao  in  1840,  to  the  capture  of  Ning  Po,  1841 
(China  medal  and  clasp) ;  landed  with  the  Naval 
Brigade  at  Monte  Video,  1846-47 ;  gunnery  lieu- 
tenant of  Albion  in  Black  Sea;  present  at  the 
siege  of  Sebastopol  (Crimean  and  Turkish  medals, 
Sebastopol  clasp.  Knight  of  the  Legion  of  Honour, 
Medjidie,  5  th  Class) ;  served  with  Naval  Brigade 
at  the  capture  of  Canton,  1857  (China  medal. 
Canton  clasp) ;  C.B.,  1864,  for  services  in  Japan  ; 
in  command  of  the  West  Coast  of  Africa  and  Cape  of 
Good  Hope  Stations,  1867-71  ;  second  in  command 
Channel  Squadron,  1877-78  ;  senior  officer  on  the 
Coast  of  Ireland,  1878-80;  senior  officer  in  com- 
mand of  the  Channel  Squadron,  1882-83  ;  attached 
to  Mediterranean  fleet  and  engaged  in  Egyptian 
war,  1882  ;  K.C.B.  for  services  rendered  (£g3rptian 
medal,  Khedive's  Bronze  Star,  Osmanieh,  2nd 
Class) ;  commander-in-chief  China,  1884-85  ;  com- 
mander-in-chief Devonport,  1888-90 ;  retired  1890, 
and  received  admiral's  good  service  pension  1891, 


DOWN 


184 


DOXFORD 


Down,  A  ridge  or  bank  of  sand  cast  up  by  the 
action  of  the  sea  or  wind  near  the  shore. 

Downs,  Battle  of  the.  On  February  20th.  1653, 
the  British  under  Blake  defeated  van  Tromp  and  the 
Dutch  fleet  off  Portsmouth,  taking  and  destroying 
II  men  of  war  and  30  merchantmen.  On  June  2 
the  Dutch  and  English  fleets  were  again  engaged 
off  the  North  Foreland,  and  victory  was  once  more 
for  the  British.  Six  Dutch  ships  were  captured, 
1 1  sunk,  and  the  rest  ran  into  Calais  Roads. 

Downs*  The.  A  roadstead  eight  miles  long  and 
six  miles  wide,  on  the  coast  of  Kent.  Extends  from 
N.  to  S.  Foreland,  and  is  protected  on  the  E.  by  the 
Goodwin  Sands.  Ships  can  find  safe  anchorage 
there  except  during  Southerly  gales. 

Dowse.  (Douse.)  To  strike  or  allow  the  sails  to 
fall  suddenly  on  account  of  squall. 

Doxlord,  WiUiam*  and  Sons*  Ltd.,  Sunderland. 
This  great  establishment  on  the  Wear,  which  has 
attained  world-wide  reputation,  is  the  result  of 
sustained  effort,  continuous  striving, .  and  steady 
growth  from  grandfather  to  grandson.  It  was  in 
1840  that  the  firm  was  established  by  the  late 
William  Doxford,  who  started  a  little  wooden 
ship-building  yard  at  Cox  Green,  and  it  was  here 
that  the  "  worthy  master  "  built  many  a  "  strong 
and  goodly  vessel,  that  did  laugh  at  all  disaster, 
and  with  wave  and  whirlwind  wrestle,"  with 
"  timbers  fashioned  strong  and  true,  stemson  and 
keelson  and  stemson  knee,  framed  in  perfect 
symmetry." 

The  Arm  to-day  are  famous  for  their  great  ocean 
carriers,  and  it  must  not  be  forgotten  that  more 
than  a  generation  ago  they  were  equally  famous 
for  their  fine  sailing  ships,  which  rank  amongst  the 
stateliest  vessels  then  turned  out  on  the  Tyne 
or  Wear. 

By  the  middle  of  the  century  it  was  clear  that 
the  day  of  the  wooden  ship  was  doomed ;  and  so 
moving  with  the  times,  Mr.  Doxford  left  Cox  Green 
and  started  a  ship-building  yard  at  Pallion,  in  1857, 
somewhat  to  the  west  of  the  present  site,  which 
they  purchased  in  1869.  Here  five  slips  were  laid 
down,  and  steamers  of  the  ordinary  iron  cargo  type 
were  built  in  considerable  numbers. 

In  1878  an  engine-building  department  was 
added  to  the  yard.  Here  for  many  years  steamers 
were  built  and  engined,  and  the  reputation  of  the 
firm  grew.  At  this  time  the  capacity  of  the  yard 
was  about  28.000  tons  of  shipping  per  annum,  with 
five  building  slips ;  shortly  afterwards,  these  five 
slips  were  converted  into  three  of  larger  size,  capable 
of  turning  out  vessels  up  to  12,000  tons  dead  weight 
on  each  berth.  From  the  time  of  this  change  the 
tonnage  output  of  the  firm  steadily  rose,  until  in 
1 902  it  had  reached  43 ,000  tons.  During  this  period 
extra  machinery,  railway  accommodation,  and  a 
fitting  out  quay,  including  a  150-ton  radial  crane, 
were  added  to  the  establishment.     Property  sur- 


rounding it  was  gradually  acquired,  until  finally,  in 
1 90 1,  a  start  was  made  with  the  extension  of  the 
premises,  and  three  extra  slips  were  designed. 
These  slips  were  started  in  1902,  and  completed  in 
1904,  enabling  the  firm  to  lay  down  the  first  keel  in 
their  new  yard  in  June  of  that  year,  before  the  close 
of  which  three  large  vessels  had  been  launched, 
thereby  bringing  the  output  of  the  firm  up  to  53,000 
tons,  all  in  turret  steamers.  In  1905 — the  first  year 
in  which  the  full  capacity  of  the  increased  establish- 
ment was  tested — the  total  output  of  tonnage  was 
87,000  tons,  and  in  1906  this  was  increased  to 
106,000  tons,  a  total  which  placed  the  firm  in  the 
immediate  front  rank  of  British  builders. 

In  September,  1901,  the  engine  works  were 
destroyed  by  fire,  and  were  rebuilt  on  an  enlarged 
scale.  In  the  process  of  rebuilding  the  firm  took 
the  opportunity  not  only  to  lay  down  new  machinery 
of  the  most  powerful  type  with  all  the  latest 
improvements,  but  brought  this  department  right 
up  to  date,  with  a  capacity  for  turning  out  30  sets 
of  marine  engines  per  annum,  with  an  I.Hp.  of 
45,000. 

The  engine  and  boiler  shops  consist  of  two  bays 
of  49  ft.  span,  and  two  ba3rs  of  32  ft.  span,  all  350  ft. 
long.  Each  bay  has  four  overhead  travelling, 
electrically-driven  cranes.  Weights  up  to  80  tons 
pan  be  lifted  and  transported  in  the  wider  bays. 
These  shops  are  fitted  throughout  with  the  most 
up-to-date  tools  and  machinery,  electrically  driven. 

For  over  a  decade  the  name  of  Doxford  has  been 
inseparably  identified  with  the  turret  deck  steamer. 
The  early  prejudices  against  it  have  gone.  Ship- 
owners who  at  first  dedined  to  experiment  with  it 
now  recognise  its  merits.  They  have  proved  to  be 
economic  and  commercially  efficient  craft,  and  they 
are  found  in  every  trade,  which  is  attested  by  the 
simple  fact  that  there  are  now  afloat  and  building 
175  turret  vessels  with  an  aggregate  gross  tonnage 
of  670,000,  and  a  dead-weight  capacity  of  1,080,000 
tons,  to  the  credit  of  the  Pallion  yard. 

In  their  long  ship-building  experience  this  firm 
have  turned  out  many  notable  ships.  They 
started  with  number  one  vessel  in  1863  ;  their  last 
wooden  vessel  was  constructed  in  1864  ;  their  last 
composite  ship  in  1869  ;  and  their  first  steel  ship  in 
1882.  In  1874  they  built  three  gun-boats  and  one 
corvette — Opal — for  the  British  Navy,  and  have 
recently  constructed  six  torpedo-boat  destroyers, 
among  which  are  the  Violet  and  the  Sylvia,  capable 
of  steaming  30  knots.  So  far  back  as  1879  they 
built  the  biggest  dead-weight  steamer  then  afloat, 
the  Grecian,  of  4.500  tons,  for  the  Allan  Line. 
In  1896  they  repeated  the  same  performance  on  a 
much  larger  scale,  the  vessel  being  the  Algoa,  a 
vessel  of  ii»3oo  tons  dead-weight,  which  was  the 
largest  tramp  steamer  built  that  year.  In  1905 
they  again  performed  an  achievement  in  shipbuild- 
ing by  turning  out  the  three  largest  single-deck 
ships  afloat,  viz,,  the  B.I.  steamers  Qmloa,  Qtisrimba 
and  Queda,  each  of  12,000  tons  dead-weight,  these 


D.R. 


185 


DRAKE 


being  the  largest  turret  steamers  which  have  yet 
been  built.  For  the  Clan  Line  the  firm  has  con- 
structed no  fewer  than  30  turret  steamers,  chiefly 
from  6,000  to  8,000  capacity. 

Among  the  more  recent  important  developments 
by  Messrs.  Doxford,  is  the  twin-masted  collier,  the 
E.  O,  Saltmarsh,  built  for  the  Louisville  and  Nash- 
ville Railroad  Co.,  for  their  coal  trade  from  Pensa- 
cola  to  Tampico.  She  is  fitted  up  with  Doxford 's 
system  of  derrick  gear,  and  can  discharge  2,000  tons 
of  coal  per  day  out  of  her  five  hatches,  and  deliver 
same  direct  into  the  railway  trucks,  which  are 
standing  6  ft.  from  the  quay  wall.  When  it  is 
remembered  that  Doxford 's  are  now  able  to  build 
and  engine  two  ships  for  every  calendar  month  of 
the  year,  some  idea  of  the  extent  of  the  establish- 
ment and  the  perfection  of  its  organisation  will  be 
understood. 

DJt.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing 
boats  registered  at  Dover,  England. 

Draak.  Nether  land  coast  defence  monitor  (2,000 
tons) .    Very  old,  and  of  no  fighting  value. 

Drabltt.  Canvas  laced  on  the  bonnet  of  a  sail  to 
give  it  more  drop. 

Drag.     Applied  to  an  anchor  when  not  holding. 

Dragon*  British  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Bir- 
kenhead, 1894.)  Length,  210  ft.  ;  beam,  19  f t.  ; 
draught.  7  ft. ;  displacement,  290  tons ;  comple- 
ment, 50  ;  armament,  i  12-pdr.,  5  6-pdr.,  2  tubes  ; 
twin  screw;  Hp.,  4,500  =  27  kts  ;  coal,  60  tons. 
This  ship-name  is  associated  with  the  battle  off  the 
North  Foreland,  1653  ;  battle  off  Lowestoft,  1665  '» 
capture  of  Belleisle,  1671  ;  reduction  of  Havana, 
1762  ;  Calder's  action  off  Ferrol,  1805. 

Dragon.  French  sea-going  torpedo-boat.  (Nor- 
mand,  1892.)  Length,  138  ft.  ;  beam,  14^  ft. ; 
draught,  8  ft. ;  displacement,  129  tons ;  comple- 
ment, 26 ;  armament,  2  3-pdr.,  2  tubes ;  twin 
screw;   Hp.,  1,400=25  kts. ;   coal,  20  tons. 

Dragon  Fly.  British  coastal  torpedo-boat  de- 
stroyer.    (White,  1906.) 

Dragonne.  French  torpedo  gun-boat.  (Havre, 
1885.)  Length,  196  ft.  ;  beam,  21  ft.  ;  draught, 
6  ft.;  displacement,  413  tons;  complement,  63; 
guns,  4  8*1  in.,  3  Maxims,  2  tubes ;  Hp., 
2,000=18  kts. ;  coal  maximum,  100  tons. 

Drake.  British  ist  class  cruiser.  (Pembroke, 
1902.) 

Length  529ft.   Beam  71ft.  Maximum  draught  28ft. 
Displacement  14,100  tons.     Complement  900. 
Guns.  Armour, 

2 — 9*2  in.,  45  cal.      "  Krupp." 
16 — 6  in.  6  in.  Belt  amidships. 

14 — 12  pdr.  6  in.  Barbettes. 

3 — 3  pdr.  12  in.  Conning  tower. 

2  Maxims. 


Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in."). 
2  Submerged. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.,  30,000  =  23  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 2,500  tons.     Approximate  cost  ;£!, 000,000. 

Drake.     10  guns.     On  June  20,  1822,  this  vessel 
was  lost  near  Halifax,  when  several  were  drowned. 

Drake,  Sir  Francis  (t 545-95)-    Celebrated  English 
admiral  (b.  Tavistock).      He  joined  the  ill-fated 
expedition  of  Sir  John  Hawkyns,  destroyed  by  the 
Spaniards  1 567,  where  he  acquired  a  great  reputa- 
tion.    After  two  voyages  to  the  West  Indies  he 
sailed  from  Plymouth,  1572,  for  Nombre  de  Dios, 
which  he  successfully  attacked.     He  crossed  the 
Isthmus  of  Panama,  and  committed  great  havoc 
among  the  Spanish  shipping.     Having  embarked 
his  men  and  filled  his  ship  with  plunder,  he  set  sail 
for    England,    arriving    at    Plymouth,    1573.     In 
December,  1577,  he  sailed  with  another  squadron, 
intending  to  undertake  a  voyage  through  the  South 
Seas  to  the  Straits  of  Magellan,  which  no  English- 
man  had   hitherto   attempted.     He   reached   the 
coast  of  Brazil  on  April  5,  and  entered  the  Rio  de 
la  Plata,  where  he  parted  company  with  two  of  his 
ships.     On  August  20  he  entered  the  Straits  of 
Magellan,  and  on  September  25  passed  them,  having 
then  only  his  own  ship.     He  then  worked  his  way 
up  the  West  Coast  of  South  America,  making  several 
prizes  by  the  way.     Off  Cape  Francisco  he  cap- 
tured the  Cacafuego,  with  more  than  1 50,000  pounds 
of  treasure.     He  then  struck  across  the  Pacific,  and 
returned  home  by  the  East  Indies,  Cape  of  Good 
Hope,  and  Sierra  Leone,  and  reached   England, 
September,  1580 — the  first  Englishman  to  circum- 
navigate  the   globe.     The   voyage   occupied   two 
years  and  ten  months.     In  1585  he  set  sail  with  a 
fleet  of  25  ships  to  make  reprisals  on  the  Spaniards 
in  the  West  Indies,  and  took  the  cities  of  St.  Jago, 
St.  Domingo,  Carthagena,  and  St.  Augustine.     In 
1587  he  went  to  Lisbon  with  a  fleet  of  30  sail,  and 
having  received  intelligence  of  a  great  fleet  being 
assembled  in  the  Bay  of  Cadiz,  destined  to  form  part 
of  the  Armada^  he  entered  the  bay,  and  burnt  up- 
wards   of    10,000    tons    of    shipping.     When    the 
Armada    appeared    the    following    year,    he    was 
appointed  vice-admiral  under  Lord  Howard,  and 
enhanced  his  reputation  in  the  running  fight  up 
channel,   where  he   made  prize   of  a   very  large 
galleon  commanded  by  Dom  Pedro  de  Valvcz,  who 
was  reputed  the  projector  of  the  invasion.     In  1595 
he  sailed  on  his  last  expedition  to  the  West  Indies. 
After  a  series  of  misfortune  he  died  of  dysentery  at 
Porto   Bello.     A   monument  was  erected   to  his 
memory  at  Tavistock,  and  there  is  a  duplicate  of  it 
on  Plymouth  Hoe. 

See  Barrow's  "  Life  of  Drake  "  (1843).  Sir  J.  K. 
Laughton,  **  The  Diet,  of  Nat.  Biog.,"  Corbett's 
•*  Drake  and  Tudor  Navy  "  (1899),  "  The  World  en- 
compassed by  Sir  Francis  Drake  '*  by  Fletcher  (1628) , 
"  Sir  Francis  Drake,  his  Voyage  "  (i  595)  by  Thomas 
Maynarde,  published  by  the  Hakluyt  Society  in  1849, 


DRAUGHT 


1 86 


DRISTIG 


Draoffhi.  The  depth  of  water  a  ship  displaces 
when  floating. 

Draw.     When  sails  are  well  filled  by  the  wind. 

Drawback.  An  allowance  granted  by  Govern- 
ment to  encourage  exportation  of  an  article,  or  a 
return  of  duties  paid  upon  certain  articles  on 
esi^ortation. 

Dreadnought.  British  ist  class  battleship.  (Ports- 
mouth, 1906.) 

Length  500ft.     Beam  Soft.     Draught  26ft. 
Displacement  18,000  tons. 
Guns.  sirmour, 

10 — 12  in.  "  Krupp." 

18 — 3'5  in.  12  in.  Belt  amidships. 

12  in.  Barbettes. 
Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
4  Submerged  broadside. 
I  Submerged  stern. 
Turbine.     Four  screws.     Hp.  23,000=21  kts. 

Approximate  cost  ;f  1,750,000. 
The  first  vessel  of  this  name  in  the  Navy  was 
launched  in  1573,  and  is  described  as  measuring 
400  tons  and  carrying  200  men.  She  took  part  in 
the  overthrow  of  the  Invincible  Armada,  and 
participated  in  the  attack  upon  Cadiz  under  Sir 
Walter  Raleigh.  She  was  reconstructed  in  the 
latter  part  of  the  reign  of  Charles  II.,  and  was  lost 
with  the  greater  part  of  her  ship's  company  off  the 
North  Foreland.  Another  vessel  of  the  same  name 
took  part  in  the  battle  of  Barfleur,  and  in  the  year 
1742  a  Dreadnought  of  60  guns,  measuring  938  tons, 
was  built  at  Portsmouth,  and  one  commanded  by 
Captain  the  Hon.  Edward  Boscawen  captured  the 
French  frigate  Medie  of  26  guns  and  240  men. 
In  1 80 1  she  was  ordered  to  be  broken  up,  and  a 
new  three-decker  of  98  guns,  building  at  Ports- 
mouth, was  given  her  name  by  Lord  St.  Vincent. 
This  is  the  vessel  which  took  part  in  the  battle  of 
Trafalgar,  and  in  1831  she  was  moored  ofi  Dept- 
ford  and  used  by  the  Seaman's  Hospital  Society 
for  several  years,  eventually  being  broken  up 
some  time  in  the  seventies.  The  immediate  pre- 
decessor of  the  present  Dreadnought  was  an  iron- 
clad turret-ship  designed  as  the  Fury,  but  launched 
under  her  new  name  in  1875.  She  carried  4  1 2*5  in. 
38  ton  muzzle-loaders,  and  had  engines  of  8,000 
Hp.,  which  gave  her  a  speed  of  about  13  kts. 
She  is  still  in  existence  in  the  Kyles  of  Bute,  to 
which  place  she  was  removed  in  1905. 

The  new  Dreadnought  has  turbine  engines  and 
four  screws,  and  can  average  a  speed  of  18  kts. 
on  ocean  voyages.  Most  warships  have  only  twin 
screws,  and  the  advantage  even  of  two  screws  is 
well  illustrated  by  the  recent  passage  of  the  Terrible 
from  Hong  Kong  to  Malta  at  an  average  speed  of 
12^  kts.  with  one  of  her  screws  disabled.  This 
advantage  is  doubled  in  the  case  of  the  Dread- 
nought I  indeed,  it  is  much  more  than  doubled. 
There  is  only  one  engine  to  each  screw  in  a  war- 


ship with  reciprocating  engines.  In  the  Dread- 
nought there  are  ten  turbines  in  all,  six  for  going 
ahead  and  four  for  going  astern.  Their  arrange- 
ment is  as  follows.  At  the  forward  end  of  the 
inner  shaft  on  the  starboard  side  there  is  a  turbine 
for  going  ahead  at  cruising  speed.  This  turbine 
may  for  purposes  of  reference  be  called  A.  Abaft 
of  this  there  is  a  low-pressure  turbine,  C>  for  going 
ahead.  Abaft  of  this,  and  in  the  same  casing, 
there  is  a  low-pressure  turbine,  Y,  for  going  astern. 
At  the  forward  end  of  the  outer  shaft  there  is  a 
high-pressure  turbine.  B,  for  going  ahead,  and  abaft 
of  this  there  is  a  high-pressure  turbine,  X,  for 
going  astern.  At  cruising  speeds  the  steam  passes 
successively  through  A  to  B  and  thence  to  C  before 
passing  through  the  condenser.  At  high  speed 
A  is  cut  out,  and  the  steam  passes  direct  to  B,  and 
thence  to  C.  For  going  astern  the  steam  passes 
first  to  X  and  then  to  Y.  It  will  be  seen  that  in 
all  cases  both  screws  are  actuated.  The  arrange- 
ment on  the  port  side  is  symmetrical  with  that 
just  described.  It  would  seem  to  follow  that, 
unless  all  three  of  the  turbines  in  the  series  for 
going  ahead  and  both  of  the  turbines  in  the  series 
for  going  astern  are  disabled  at  once,  at  least  one 
of  the  starboard  screws  can  be  driven  ahead  or 
astern  ;  and  the  same  reasoning  applies,  of  course, 
to  the  port  screws.  It  is  scarcely  necessary  to 
point  out  how  much  greater  a  security  against 
total  breakdown  is  obtained  by  this  system  than 
by  the  system  of  twin  screws  actuated  by  re- 
ciprocating engines. 

Dredging.    See  Clubbing. 

Dresdener  MaschinenhaofabrSk  Schifbwerft  Actien 
Gesellsohaft  Uebingaa.  This  yard  is  famous  for  its 
river  steamers,  of  which  it  has  built  no  fewer  than  52, 
with  50,600  I.Hp.,  for  the  Rhine,  amongst  which 
may  be  mentioned  the  Rheingold  and  the  Kaiserin 
Augusta  Victoria.  The  average  output  is  about 
7,642  net  register  tons  per  annum. 

Dress.     To  ornament  a  ship  with  flags. 

Drift.     Floating  without  guidance. 

Drif^net.  A  long  net,  the  top  floated  by  corks 
and  the  lower  edge  sunk  by  lead  sinkers,  by  which 
mackerel,  herring,  and  pilchard  are  caught.  A 
number  of  nets,  to  the  extent  of  a  mile  or  more, 
are  used  by  each  boat,  and  are  left  suspended 
vertically  in  the  water  for  some  hours  after  sun- 
set, when  they  are  usually  "  shot "  or  set  in  the 
water  in  the  neighbourhood  where  fish  are  thought 
to  be  schooling,  the  boat  riding  to  a  warp  at  the 
leeward  end  of  the  line  until  the  nets  are  hauled 
again. 

Dristtg.  Norwegian  torpedo-boat.  (Christiania, 
Z901.)  Length,  11 1  ft.;  beam,  14^  ft.;  draught, 
6j-  ft.  ;  displacement,  65  tons  ;  armament,  2  1*4  in., 
2  tubes  ;  Hp.,  6503=  19  kts. 


DRISTIGHETEN 


187 


DUBLIN 


Driftigbeteiu    Swedish  battleship.    (Lindholmen, 
1900.) 

Length  285ft.  Beam  48ft.  Maximum  draught  i6ft. 
Displaoement  3,500  tons.    Complement  250. 
Guns.  Armour. 

2—8-2  in.  "  Knipp." 

6 — 6  in.  8  in.  Belt  amidships. 

10 — 6  pdf.  8  in.  Turrets. 

2 — I  pdr.  8  in.  Conning  tower. 

Torpedo  Tubes, 
2  Submerged. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  5,5703=16*8  kts.    Coal  maxi- 
mam  400  tons. 


A  large  square  sail  set  with  a  great 
yard  on  end  of  the  spanker  boom  across  taffrail 
when  the  wind  is  aft. 

Driving.     Dragging  the  anchor  in  a  gale. 

Drizde.     Rain  in  very  small  drops. 

Droghers«  Small  craft  plying  round  the  bays  ot 
the  West  Indian  Islands. 

Drogne  or  Sea  anchor.  An  arrangement  for  pre> 
venting  drift  and  keeping  a  vessel's  head  to  sea  in 
bad  weather.  A  drogue  can  be  made  by  some 
canvas  and  a  few  spars,  but  most  fishermen  now 
carry  a  ready-made  canvas  bag  spread  at  its 
mouth  by  a  bamboo  or  iron  ring,  and  fastened  to 
a  bridle.  This  can  at  any  time  be  bent  on  to  a 
warp  and  used  eithei  for  heaving-to  in  bad  weather 
or  for  checking  the  boat's  way  when  runnirg  into 
a  crowded  harbour. 

Droltm  Adminlty.    S^e  Admiralty  Droits. 

Drop  astenL  To  slacken  ship's  way  to  allow 
another  to  pass  beyond  hei . 

Drop  of  a  f afl.  The  distance  the  foot  is  from  the 
yard. 

Drought.  A  long  continuance  of  dry  weather. 
Absolute  drought,  a  period  of  more  than  14  con- 
secutive days  absolutely  without  rain.  Partial 
drought,  a  period  of  more  than  28  consecutive  days, 
the  aggregate  rainfall  of  which  does  not  exceed 
0*01  in.  per  diem  (Symons). 

Drowned.  To  be  deprived  of  life  by  submersion 
in  water  or  other  liquid. 

Drowning.  Asphyxia  caused  by  immersion  of 
the  whole  body,  or  even  of  the  face  only,  in  any 
fluid. 

Drowning,  Beeeoe  of  the.  In  addition  to  a 
knowledge  of  swimming  the  most  essential  re- 
quisites in  order  to  efiect  the  successful  rescue  of 
a  drowning  person  are  courage  and  presence  of 
mind.  Always  approach  a  drowning  person  from 
behind,  assuring  him  in  a  loud  voice  that  he  is 
safe.  Before  jumping  in  throw  ofi,  if  possible,  all 
clothes.  Do  not  approach  a  person  in  the  water 
while  he  is  struggling,  as  you  so  by  run  great  risk 


of  being  clutched  and  dragged  under,  but  keep 
off  for  a  few  seconds,  till  he  gets  quiet,  then  seize 
him  firmly  by  the  hair,  turn  him  quietly  on  his 
back,  giving  him  a  sudden  pull  which  will  cause 
him  to  float,  then  throw  yourself  on  your  back, 
and  with  both  hands  graspmg  his  hau:  you  can 
float  or  swim  for  the  shore.  It  is  of  the  first  im- 
portance, however,  that  both  yourself  and  the 
person  you  are  saving  should  be  on  your  backs. 
When  attempting  a  rescue  by  diving  seize  the  hair 
of  the  head  with  one  hand  only,  using  the  other  in 
conjunction  with  the  feet  for  regaining  the  surface. 
The  exact  position  where  a  body  lies  under  water 
may  often  be  found  by  noticing  the  air  bubbles 
which  will  occasionally  rise.  Do  not  lose  your 
presence  of  mind  should  you  at  any  time  be  grasped 
by  a  drowning  person,  but,  havmg  taken  a  full 
breath,  allow  yourself  to  sink  with  him,  and  in 
almost  every  case  he  will  release  his  hold.  Refer 
to  Apparently  Dead,  Method  of  Restoring  the. 

Dmdge.    British  gun-boat  (890  tons). 

Dnunmond  Castle.  Union  Line  steamer,  with 
mails  and  passengers  from  Africa,  struck  on  the 
rocks  between  Ushant  and  the  mainland,  June, 
1896,  and  became  a  total  loss  ;  250  lives  lost. 


Dmry,  Vioe-Admind  Sir  Oharlet  Garter,  K.C.S.I., 

cr.  1903  (b.  1846).  Educated  Collegiate  School, 
Frederickton,  N.B. ;  entered  R.N.,  1859 ;  sub- 
lieutenant, 1865  ;  lieutenant,  1868  ;  commander, 
r878  ;  captain,  1885  ;  member  of  Ordnance  Com- 
mittee, r893  »  received  the  thanks  of  the  Foreign 
Office  for  services  in  Crete,  1896 ;  rear-admiral, 
1899 ;  Commander-in-Chief,  East  Indies,  1902 ; 
K.C.S.I.,  1903  ;  Second  Sea  Lord  of  Admiralty, 
1904 ;  vice-admiral,  1904. 

Dryad.    British  torpedo  gun-boat  (1894). 
Length  250ft.   Beam  30ft.  Maximum  draught  13ft. 
Displacement  1,070  tons.     Complement  120. 

Guns. 

2 — 4*7  in. 

4—3  pdr. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 

5  Above  water. 

Twin  screw.     Hp.  natural  2,500=17  kts.,  forced 

3,500=18*5  kts.    Coal  maximum  160  tons. 

D/S.    Days  after  sight. 

DJSL  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Dumfries,  Scotland. 

D.8.0.     See  Distinguished  Service  Order. 

Dab.  A  term  applied  to  a  pool  of  deep  and 
smooth  water  in  a  rapid  river. 

DaUin  Baj  flailing  COnb.  Established  1884. 
Commodore,  Captain  Viscount  Crichton ;  Vice- 
Commodore,  J.  B.  Boyd ;  Honorary  Treasurer, 
W.  M.  A.  Wright ;  Honorary  Secretary,  J.  H. 
Hargrave,  4  Haddington  Terrace,  Kingston,  Co. 
Dublin.     Annual  subscription,  los.  6d. 


DUBLIN 


188 


DUKE 


Dablin  (Onstoms)  Bill  of  Entry.  Established 
1858.  Published  daily  (morning).  Price  50s.  per 
annum.     Address :  Dublin. 

Dabagae.  U.S.  gun-boat.  (Morris  Heights. 
1904,)  Length,  174  ft.;  beam,  35  ft.;  draught, 
13  ft.;  displacement,  1,085  tons;  complement, 
162  ;  armament,  6  4-in.,  4  6-pdr..  2  i-pdr. ;  Hp., 
1,200=12  kts. ;  coal,  200  tons. 

Dno  D'Agoitaine,  64  guns.  On  January  i. 
1 76 1,  this  vessel  was  lost  off  Pondicherry,  when 
all  perished. 

Da  Chayla.  French  2nd  class  cruiser.  (Cher- 
bourg, 1895.) 

Length  326ft.   Beam  45ft.   Maximum  draught  23ft. 
Displacement  4,000  tons.     Complement  393. 
Guns.  Artnour, 

6 — 6'4  in.  3  in.  Deck. 

4 — 4  in.  2  in.  Sponsons. 

4—3  pdr. 
II — I  pdr. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
2  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.   9,500=19  kts.     Coal   maxi- 
mum 624  tons.     Approximate  cost  ;£3oo,ooo. 

Daek.  The  finest  quality  canvas,  used  for  small 
sails. 


Dnckham,  Fredrio  Eliot  (b.  Falmouth,  June  15, 
1 841).  Served  his  apprenticeship  with  Messrs. 
Peto  Brassey  and  Betts  at  the  Victoria  Docks.  In 
1868  he  was  appointed  engineer  of  the  Miliwall 
Docks,  in  which  position  he  remained  till  1898, 
when  he  was  appointed  general  manager.  In  190^ 
on  his  retirement,  he  was  made  a  director  of  the 
docks.  He  has  during  his  life  acted  as  a  consulting 
engineer,  and  among  his  inventions  are  the  "  Hydro- 
static Weighing  Machine  "  and  the  "  Pneumatic 
Elevator,"  now  extensively  used  in  discharging 
grain  cargoes.  Member  of  Institution  of  Civil 
gineers. 

Publications  :  Contributed  papers  to  the  Institu- 
tion of  Civil  Engineers,  for  one  of  which  he  was 
awarded  the  Telford  gold  medal  and  two  premiums. 

Daekworth,  Sir  John  Thomas  (i  748-1 817).  Eng- 
lish admiral  (b.  Leatherhead).  Entered  the  Navy 
in  1759,  and  in  1770  was  appointed  lieutenant  of 
the  Princess  Royal,  flagship  of  Admiral  Byron,  in 
which  he  sailed  to  the  West  Indies.  After  having 
been  present  in  the  action  off  Grenada,  1779,  he 
commanded  the  Orion  under  Lord  Howe,  and  took 
part  in  the  three  days'  naval  engagement  with  the 
Brest  fleet,  which  terminated  in  a  glorious. victory 
on  June  i,  1794.  For  his  conduct  on  this  occasion 
he  received  a  gold  medal  and  the  thanks  of  Parlia- 
ment. In  1804  he  won  a  victory  ofi  San  Domingo, 
and  in  the  following  year,  when  in  command  with 
the  Royal  George,  passed  through  the  Dardanelles, 


but  sustained  considerable  loss  in  e&cting  his 
return,  the  Turks  having  strengthened  their  posi- 
tion. In  18 10  he  was  appointed  to  the  chief  com- 
mand at  Plymouth,  which  he  held  until  his  death, 
April  14,  1817. 

Dngay  Tconin.  French  auxiliary  cruiser.  (Lake 
Tonkin.)  Length,  446  ft. ;  beam,  50  ft. ;  depth, 
36  ft. ;  displacement,  6,300  tons ;  armament, 
7  5*5 -in.,  and  small q.f. ;  Hp.  (nominal),  832  =  17  kts. 

Dngdala*  W.  H^  MJnstCIL,  MX1I.A.  (b.  Mon- 
mouthshire, J  uly ,  1859).  Served  an  apprenticeship 
of  seven  years  as  pupil  with  Messrs^  R.  and  J. 
Evans,  of  Liverpool,  and  eventually  became  chief 
draughtsman  and  finally  manager  of  this  firm. 
From  Liverpool  he  went  to  Belfast,  and  joined 
Messrs.  Workman,  Clark  and  Co.,  where  he  had 
charge  of  their  scientific  department  for  12  months. 
He  then  joined  Messrs.  Harland  and  Wolff  as 
works  manager,  and  had  charge  of  the  building 
and  completion  of  the  two  White  Star  Line  steamers, 
Teutonic  and  Majestic,  In  1892  he  was  invited  to 
become  shipyard  manager  to  Palmer's  Shipbuilding 
and  Iron  Co.,  Ltd.,  and  after  a  period  of  seven  years 
with  this  firm  he  left  to  take  up  the  position  of 
managing  director  of  Messrs.  S.  P.  Austin  and  Son, 
Ltd.,  of  Sunderland,  which  position  he  still  holds. 
He  is  a  member  of  the  Institution  of  Civil  Engineers, 
Institution  of  Naval  Architects,  president  of  the 
North  East  Coast  Institution  of  Engineers  and 
Shipbuilders,  member  of  the  River  Wear  Commis- 
sion and  of  the  Technical  Sub-Committee  to 
Lloyd's  Registry  of  British  and  Foreign  Shipping. 

Dugoay-Trooin,  Beni  (1673-1736).  A  famous 
French  admiral  (b.  St.  Malo,  June  10,  1673).  ^^ 
169 1,  securing  a  privateering  frigate,  he  did  much 
damage  to  English  shipping,  and  took  many 
valuable  prizes.  In  1697  ^®  entered  the  French 
Navy,  and  speedily  made  his  name  as  a  commander 
in  the  war  of  the  Spanish  Succession,  making  a 
brilliant  capture  of  Dutch  vessels.  His  most 
glorious  action  was  the  capture  in  171 1  of  Rio  de 
Janeiro.  In  171 5  he  was  made  chief  of  a  squadron, 
and  in  1728  Commander  of  the  Order  of  St.  Louis 
and  Lieutenant  General.  He  died  September  27, 
1736. 

Doilio.    Old  Italian  battleship.     Of  no  fighting 
value. 

Doke  Line  (Dublin  and  Glasgow  Steam  Packet 
Co.),  with  their  head  offices  in.  Dublin,  maintain  a 
service  of  steamers  every  Monday,  Wednesday, 
and  Friday,  and  every  alternate  Tuesday,  Thurs- 
day, and  Saturday,  from  Dublin  for  Glasgow  or 
Greenock. 

Fleet. 
Duhe  of  Fife,  Dulu  of  Montrose, 

Duke  of  Gordon,  Duke  of  Rothesay, 


DUKE 


189 


DUNDONALD 


Duke  of  EdmlMicsh.  British  ist  class  cruiser. 
(Pembroke,  1904.) 

Length  480ft.   Beam  /3ft.  Maximum  draught  zyit. 
Displacement  13,500  tons. 
Guns,  Armour. 

6—- 9'2  in,,  50  cal.        "  Krupp." 
10— 6  in.  6  in.  Belt  amidships. 

24—3  pdr.  6  in.  Barbettes. 

8 — i^  pdr.  Pompoms.  7  in.  Conning  tower. 
Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
3  Submerged. 
Twin     screw.      Hp.     23,500= 22*33  ^^^s.      Coal 
maximum  2 ,000  tons.  Approximate  cost  ^ t  ,  1 50,000. 

Duke  o!  Satheiland*  Steamer  from  London, 
wrecked  ofi  the  pier  at  Aberdeen,  April  2,  1853, 
when  ttie  captain  and  many  of  the  passengers  and 
crew  perished. 

Duke  of  Wellington.  6,071  tons.  Launched 
1852.     . 

Dambea  (1889).  French  subsidised  merchant 
ship.  Mcssageries  Maritimes  (q,v.).  Dimensions, 
463  X 46x32  ft. ;  gross  tonnage,  5,917  ;  Hp.,  5,000 
=  16  kts. 

Dnnbar.  Clipper.  Wrecked  on  the  rocks  near 
Sydney,  August  20,  1857  ;   121  lives  lost. 

Ihmeui.  British  ist  class  battleship.  (Thames 
Ironworks,  1901.) 

Length  429ft.  Beam  75ft.  Maximum  draught  27ft. 
Displacement  14,000  tons.     Complement  750. 
Guns,  Armour, 

4 — 12  in.  "  Krupp." 

12 — 6  in.  7  in.  Belt  amidships. 

12 — 12  pdr.  II  in.  Barbettes. 

6 — 3  pdr.  12  in.  Conning  tower. 

2  Maxims. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
4  Submerged. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  18,000=19  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 2,000  tons.     Approximate  cost  ;Ji, 000,000. 

Dimoiil,  Adam,  Viscount  of  Camperdown  (1731- 
1804).  An  illustrious  naval  commander  (b.  Lundie, 
Forfarshire).  Entered  Navy  1746,  and  in  1749 
became  a  midshipman  in  the  Centurion,  He  served 
in  the  attack  on  Goeree,  1758  ;  in  the  attack  on 
Havana,  1762  ;  at  the  defeat  of  the  Spanish  fleet 
by  Rodney  oflf  Cape  St.  Vincent,  1780;  and  took 
part  in  Lord  Howe's  relief  of  Gibraltar  as  captain 
of  the  Blenheim,  1782.  In  1795  he  hoisted  his  flag 
as  Commander-in-Chief  of  the  North  Sea  Fleet.  In 
recognition  of  his  great  victory  over  the  Dutch 
fleet  under  De  Winter  on  October  11,  1797,  he  was 
created  Lord  Viscount  Duncan  of  Camperdown 
and  Baron  of  Lundie,  with  an  annual  pension  of 
£3,000  2l.  year.     He  died  August  4,  1804. 

Daaean,  Bobert»  ILP.  (b.  Govan,  1850).  Educa- 
ted Glasgow  High  School  and  Academy.     Served 


his  apprenticeship  to  engineering  with  Messrs. 
Alexander  Chaplin  and  Co.  After  completing  his 
time  went  to  Glasgow  University,  taking  his  civil 
engineer's  certificate  after  a  two  years'  course,  and 
several  Walker  prizes.  He  then  worked  with  the 
firm  of  Messrs.  Dubs  and  Co.,  and  subsequently 
W.  and  A.  M'Onie  as  draughtsman.  In  1876  he 
embarked  in  business  on  his  own  account  in  partner- 
ship with  Mr.  William  Ross,  taking  over  the  business 
of  Messrs.  Addison,  Hamilton  and  Barrie.  He  is 
senior  partner  of  Ross  and  Duncan,  Whitefield 
Works,  Govan,  and  was  elected  a  member  of  Par- 
liament for  the  Govan  Division  of  I^narkshire  in 
1906.  He  is,  perhaps,  best  known  as  the  pro- 
prietor and  editor  of  the  Imperial  Unity  Magazine 
"  Britannia,"  which  was  founded  in  1896,  and  cir- 
culates through  the  Empire.  He  is  a  member  of 
the  Institution  of  Civil  Engineers,  Westminster,  and 
of  Institution  of  Engineers  and  Shipbuilders  in 
Scotland,  a  Life  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Colonial 
Institute,  and  member  of  Council  of  the  British 
Empire  League. 

Dnndonald,   Thomas  Coobrane,  Tenth  Earl  of 

(1775-1860).  British  admiral  (b.  Lanarkshire). 
At  the  age  of  17  he  joined  the  Navy  as  midshipman 
on  board  the  Hind,  and  was  afterwards  transferred 
to  the  frigate  Thetis,  In  1798  he  was  sent  to  the 
Mediterranean  to  serve  in  the  fleet  under  the  com- 
mand of  Lord  Keith.  When  in  command  of  the 
sloop  Speedy  he  performed  a  series  of  exploits  in 
capturing  vessels  immensely  superior  to  his  own, 
among  others  the  Spanish  ship  El  Gamo,  The 
cruise  of  the  Speedy,  which  had  occupied  some  13 
months,  during  which  she  took  upwards  of  50 
vessels  with  123  guns,  and  534  prisoners,  ended  in 
her  own  capture  by  three  French  line-of-battle 
ships,  after  making  so  gallant  a  resistance  that  the 
French  captain  to  whom  Cochrane  delivered  up  his 
sword  at  once  returned  it.  In  the  Basque  Roads, 
1809,  with  a  division  of  fire  vessels,  he  pushed 
within  the  enemies'  lines,  effecting  immense  destruc- 
tion. In  1 8 14  he  was  dismissed  the  Service  and 
sentenced  to  a  year's  imprisonment,  and  fined  £1 ,000 
for  being  implicated  in  a  Stock  Exchange  swindle. 
His  ruin  and  disgrace  were  completed  by  his  being 
expelled  from  the  House  of  Commons  and  deprived, 
with  the  usual  humiliating  ceremony,  of  the 
Knighthood  of  the  Bath,  which  had  been  bestowed 
on  him  after  his  heroic  service  at  Basque  Roads. 
At  the  close  of  his  imprisonment,  finding  that  there 
was  little  hope  of  his  being  again  actively  engaged 
in  the  service  of  his  native  country,  he  accepted 
a  command  in  the  Chilian  Navy,  1818,  and  greatly 
distinguished  himself  by  the  capture  of  the  Spanish 
frigate  Esmeralda.  He  afterwards  joined  the  Navy 
of  Brasil,  and  secured  the  independence  of  that 
country,  1823-25.  He  became  an  admiral  in  the 
Greek  Navy  in  1827,  and  fought  against  the  Turks. 
In  1832  he  was  reinstated  in  his  own  place  in  the 
British  Navy,  and  became  full  admiral  185 1.     He 


DUNLOP 


190 


DUNN 


wrote  the  "  Autobiography  of  a  Seaman  "  (i86x) ; 
"  Narrative  of  Services  in  the  Liberation  of  Chili, 
Peru,   and   Brazil."      See    "  Life "   by   Fortescue 

(1891). 

Dunlop,  David  James  (b.  Mexico,  December  7, 
1838).  Educated  Glasgow  Academy,  Glasgow 
High  School,  and  Liverpool.  Served  his  appren- 
ticeship at  general  engineering  with  Messrs.  Neilson 
and  Co.,  Glasgow.  In  i860  he  went  to  Java  as 
assistant  to  a  firm  there,  and  in  1862  he  joined 
Messrs.  Randolph,  Elder  and  Co. ;  was  responsible 
for  the  design  of  a  floating  dock  for  the  French 
Government  at  Saigon,  and  had  charge  of  the 
erection  and  completion  of  this  work,  which  was 
accomplished  with  Chinese  labour.  On  returning 
to  England  he  joined  Messrs.  John  Elder  and  Co., 
at  the  Fairfield  Shipbuilding  and  Engineering 
Works,  Govan.  In  1870  he  began  business  on  his 
own  account  at  Port  Glasgow,  under  the  name  of 
Messrs.  Cunhffe  and  Dunlop.  When  Mr.  Cunhffe 
retired  in  1881,  the  name  of  the  firm  was  changed 
to  that  of  David  J.  Dunlop  and  Co.,  and  he  became 
the  sole  partner.  He  has  been  closely  connected 
with  the  building  of  passenger  steamers,  cable 
steamers,  oil  steamers,  and  large  yachts,  and  is  the 
patentee  of  "  Dunlop 's  Marine  Engineering 
Governor." 

DnnlQp,    John    6.     Served    his   apprenticeship 
(1864-69)  with  Messrs.  Randolph,  Elder  and  Co., 
Glasgow,  and    before   its  completion   was  placed 
in    full    charge  of  machinery  building,  including 
the  earlier    sets    of    compound    engines    for    the 
Navy.      He    was    responsible    in   1870    for    the 
engines  of  H.M.S.  Tenedos,   Hydra,  and  Cyclops. 
In  1872  he  became  engineering  works  manager  at 
the  Fairfield  Works  of  Messrs.  John  Elder  and  Co., 
and  here  he  completed  the  machinery  of  many 
notable  steamers.     His  first  triple  expansion  set 
was  for  the  Pacific  Mail  Steamer  Iberia.    Amongst 
other  notable  craft  engined  was  H.M.S.  Inflexible, 
Condor,   Flamingo,  and    Nelson,  and  several  im> 
portant  merchant  ships,  including  the  greyhound 
Arizona,     In     1879    he    became    superintending 
engineer  for  the  Orient  Line,  and  under  his  regime 
the  Orient,  Austral,  and  Ormux  were  added  to  the 
fleet     In  the  last  named,  completed  in  1886,  he 
introduced   quadruple   expansion   engines  in   the 
Australian  service.     He  was  the  first  to  introduce 
electric  incandescent  lamps  on  board  ship,  and  in 
overcoming  many  of  the  practical  difficulties,  he 
materially  advanced  the  electrical  era.     Another 
direction  in  which  he  rendered  immense  service 
was  in  the  application  of  the  cold  storage  system  on 
board  ship.     He  was  the  first  to  fit  refrigerators  for 
passenger  requirement,    and    for    cargoes   frozen 
from  Australia,  and  to  his  eneigy  is  due  the  begin- 
ning of  one  of  the  trades  of  lasting  advantage  to 
ouF   Colonies.     In    1887    he    became    engineering 
manager  of  the  Clydebank  Works,  and  a  few  years 
later    managing    director.     While    at    Clydebank 


he  has  been  responsible  for  the  construction  of  many 
warships  and  merchantmen.  Among  the  former  are 
the  battleships  RamiUies,  Jupiter,  and  Hindustan 
the  Japanese  Asatri,  and  the  cruisers  Terrible, 
SuUej,  Bacchante,  Leviathan,  and  Antrim ;  while 
among  merchant  ships  first  place  is  occupied  by  the 
Cunard  and  other  Atlantic  liners,  and  high-speed 
channel  steamers.  He  fitted  turbine  machinery  to 
the  29,800  ton  Cunarder  of  19  kts.  speed,  and  to  the 
one  of  38,000  tons  of  35  kts.  speed  for  the  same 
fleet. 

Danlop  Steamship  Co.,  Ltd.,  with  which  is  in- 
corporated the  Queen  Line  of  steamers,  and  the 
Clan  Line  of  ships,  owned  and  managed  by  Messrs. 
Thomas  Dunlop  and  Sons,  was  founded  by  the 
father  of  the  present  partners  in  the  year  185 1. 
The  company  started  shipping  with  a  number  of 
wooden  ships  ;  the  first  iron  ship,  the  Clan  Macleod 
being  built  in  1874.  At  the  present  time  the 
company  have  six  iron  and  steel  sailing  ships  and 
nine  steamers.  The  sailing  ships  are  all  called 
**  Clans,"  and  the  steamers  *'  Queens."  The 
vessels  are  not  engaged  in  any  particular  trade, 
but  carry  cargo  to  and  from  all  parts  of  the  world 
as  inducement  offers. 

Fleet. 

Clan  Buchanan.  Queen  Alexandra. 

Clan  Galbraith.  Queen  A  melia. 

Clan  Graham.  Queen  Cristina. 

Clan  Mackenzie.  Queen  Eleanor. 

Clan  Macpherson.  Queen  Helena. 

Clan  Robertson.  Queen  Louise. 

Queen  Adelaide.  Queen  Mary. 

Queen  Olga. 

Dunn,  James.  British  naval  architect.  After 
serving  his  apprenticeship  in  the  Chatham  Dock- 
yard, he  entered  the  department  of  Surveyor  of 
the  Navy  at  the  Admiralty.  His  work  there  was  in 
connection  with  the  design  of  the  first  iron  armour- 
plated  sea-going  ship  built  for  the  British  Navy, 
the  Warrior,  and  later  of  the  Achilles  and  other 
ironclads.  From  1866-69  he  superintended  the 
construction  of  the  Audacious,  returning  to  the 
Admiralty  to  fill  the  position  of  chief  draughtsman. 
In  1870,  before  the  Royal  Corps  was  formed,  he 
was  given  the  distinctive  title  of  Assistant  Cou- 
structor  and  Chief  Draughtsman,  and  after  the 
formation  of  that  body,  he  filled  successfully 
various  appointments  up  to  senior  chief  constructor, 
and  on  occasions  acted  as  Director  of  Naval  Con- 
struction. In  these  several  capacities  he  was  asso> 
ciated  with  the  design  of  many  British  warships. 
In  1875  he  was  deputed  to  undertake  the  survey 
of  merchant  ships  with  a  view  to  the  selection  of 
vessels  to  be  placed  on  the  Admiralty  list  of 
merchant  cruisers,  and  to  him  is  largely  due  the 
credit  for  bringing  this  scheme  to  a  practical  success. 
Wlien  H.M.S.  Deterel  was  lost  in  1881 ,  and  an  explo- 
sive committee  appointed  to  investigate  the  cause, 
he  was  chosen  to  represent  the  Admiralty.     In  1884 


DUNNAGE 


191 


DURANCE 


he  was  appointed  to  assist  the  War  Office  in  its  pre- 
paration ot  the  Nile  Expedition  to  relieve  the  late 
General  Gordon.  In  1885  he  was  the  Admiralty 
representative  on  the  Load  Line  Committee,  and  in 
1898,  after  his  retirement,  served  on  a  second 
committee  on  the  same  subject.  In  1897  ^^ 
became  a  director  of  Messrs.  Vickers,  Sons  and 
Maxim,  Ltd..  and  has  been  responsible  for  the  de- 
sign of  many  warships  built  by  them  for  the  British 
and  foreign  Navies,  involving,  in  some  instances, 
important  departures.  He  is  a  vice-president  of 
the  Institution  of  Naval  Architects,  and  a  J. P.  for 
the  Borough  of  Barrow-in-Furness. 

Publications  :  ''  Memoirs  on  Modem  Merchant 
Ships,"  "  The  Arrangement  and  Equipment  of 
Shipbuilding  Yaids,"  "The  Watertight  Sub- 
Division  of  Ships,"  and  other  papers  published  in 
the  Transactions  of  the  Institutions  of  Naval 
Architects,  Mechanical  Engineers,  etc. 

Daimage.  Loose  wood  or  valueless  substance 
used  for  packing  cargo  to  prevent  it  shifting. 

Dimois.     French  avisos  (1896). 
Length  256ft.   Beam  28ft.   Maximum  draught  13  ft. 
Displacement  900  tons.     Complement   128. 

Guns. 
6 — 9  pdr. 
6—3  pdr. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  6,400  =  23  kts.     Coal  normal 
137  tons. 

Dapemy,  Louis  Udore  (1786-1865).  French 
navigator  (b.  Paris).  From  18 17  to  1820  he  served 
under  Freycinet  in  his  great  voyage  round  the 
world,  and  explorations  in  the  North  Pacific,  being 
entrusted  with  the  Hydrographic  operations  on 
board  the  Urania.  In  1822  he  attained  the  rank 
of  lieutenant,  and  was  entrusted  with  the  command 
of  the  Coquille,  which  was  engaged  in  scientific 
explorations  in  the  South  Pacific  and  along  the 
coast  of  South  America.  He  surveyed  parts  of 
Australia  and  New  Guinea,  discovered  Drummond, 
Henderville.  Charlotte,  and  other  Islands,  one 
of  which  received  the  name  of  Duperrey.  From 
this  voyage  he  brought  back  not  only  great  additions 
to  cartography,  and  important  data  in  regard  to 
the  currents  of  the  Pacific,  but  also  numerous 
pendulum  observations  serving  to  determine  the 
magnetic  equator,  and  to  prove  the  equality  of  the 
flattening  of  the  two  hemispheres.  The  value  of 
his  labours  was  recognised  by  his  admission  into 
the  Academie  des  Sciences  in  1842.  He  died 
in  August,  1865.  The  following  are  his  principal 
works  :  "  The  Partie  Historique."  *'  The  Hydro- 
graph,"  and  "  The  Physique,"  and  "  The  Voyage 
autour  du  Monde  sur  la  Coquille,"  Paris,  1826-30. 

Dnpleiz.     French  ist  class  cruiser.     (Rochefort, 
1900.) 
Length  425ft.    Beam  58ft.     Mean  draught  34ft. 
Displacement  7,700  tons.     Complement  520. 


Guns,  Armour, 

8 — 6*4  in.,  45  cal.        "  Krupp." 
4 — 4.  in.  4  in.  Belt  amidships. 

iQ— 2  pdr.  4  in.  Turrets. 

6  in.  Conning  tower. 
Torpedo  Tubes  (17*7  in.). 
2  Above  water. 
Three  screws.     Hp.  17,000=521  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 1,200  tons.     Approximate  cost  £7^0,000. 

Dapont  U.S.  torpedo-boat  (1897).  Displace- 
ment, 175 ;  guns,  4  I -pdr. ;  torpedo  tubes,  3  i8-in.  ; 
maximum  speed,  27  kts. 

Dopuy    de    L6m6.    French    ist    class    cruiser. 
(Brest,  X890.)     Reconstructed  1905. 
length  374it.   Beam  51ft.  Maximum  draught  26ft. 
Displacement  6,400  tons.     Complement  521. 
Guns,  Armour, 

2—7-6  in.  "  Steel." 

6 — 6*4  in.  5  in.  Belt  amidships. 

6—9  pdr.  4  in.  Turrets. 

8 — 3  pdr.  5  in.  Conning  tower. 

•  Torpedo  Tubes  (17*7  in.). 
4  Above  water. 
Three  screws.     Hp.  16,000=^22  kts. 
Approximate  cost  ;£4 16,000. 

Dapvy  do  L6me»  StanliUi  GbarlM  H^nri  Laureni 

(1816-85).  French  naval  architect  (b.  Ploemeur, 
near  L'Oiient).  .  Entered  ^oole  P6lytechnique  in 
1835,  and  later  was  sent  to  England  to  study  and 
report  on  iron  shipbuilding.  He  planned  and 
superintended  the  construction  of  the  first  French 
war  steamer,  Napdson,  1848-52,  and  subsequently 
transformed  sailing  men-of-war  into  steamships. 
In  1858  he  designed  and  superintended  the  building 
of  the  first  French  ironclad.  La  Gloire,  At  the 
beginning  of  the  war  with  Germany  in  1870  he 
was  appointed  a  member  of  the  Committee  of 
Defence,  and  during  the  siege  of  Paris  occupied 
himself  with  planning  a  steeraUe  balloon.  The 
experiments,  however,  that  were  made  with  it  did 
not  prove  entirely  satisfactory.  He  received  the 
Cross  of  the  Legion  of  Honour  in  1845,  ^^ 
made  a  commander  in  1858,  and  Grand  Officer  in 
1863.     He  died  at  Paris  on  February  i,  1885. 

Dagnenie,  Abraham  HarqniB  (1610-88).  French 
admiral  (b.  Dieppe).  Took  part  in  the  defeat  of 
the  Spaniards  at  Lerins,  1637,  and  again  before 
Tarragona,  1641.  His  greatest  exploit,  however, 
was  his  defeat  of  the  united  Dutch  and  Spanish 
fleets  off  Stromboli  in  1676.  This  battle  gave 
France  for  a  time  the  complete  control  of  the 
Mediterranean.  It  was  in  this  engagement  that 
the  heroic  Ruyter,  commander  of  the  Dutch 
fleet,  fell. 

DmaiUM.  Ftench  avisos^transport  (1885).  Of 
little  fighting  value.  Guns,  4  5*5-in.,  4  9-pdr. ; 
^peed  (nominally),  1 1  kts. 


DU RAN DAL 


192 


DYNAMIC 


DorandaL  French  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Nor- 
mand,  1889.)  Length,  180  ft. ;  beam,  20  ft.  ; 
draught,  xo  ft.  ;  displacement.  300  tons ;  comple- 
ment, 62  ;  armament,  i  9-pdr..  6  3-pdr.,  2  tubes  ; 
twin  screw  ;  Hp.,  5,000=28  kts. ;  coaJ,  84  tons. 

Darnford,  Bear-Admiral  Jobn,  C.B.,  D.8.0.  (b. 

1849).  Entered  Navy.  1862 ;  lieutenant.  1872 ; 
commander,  1882 ;  commander  commanding 
Mariner ;  served  during  the  Burmah  Annexation 
war.  1885-86 ;  with  field  force  on  staff,  and  also 
with  Naval  Brigade ;  present  at  engagement  at 
Minhla ;  mentioned  in  naval  and  military  de- 
spatches ;  D.S.O.  for  services  rendered ;  com- 
manded Naval  Brigade  and  flotilla  of  armed 
launches  in  Upper  Burmah,  1887  ;  mentioned  in 
despatches ;  services  specially  acknowledged  by 
Viceroy  and  Secretary  of  State  for  India  (India 
medal  and  Burmah  clasp),  1885-87  ;  captain,  1888  ; 
a  Lord  Commissioner  of  the  Admiralty,  1901  ; 
rear-admiral,  1902  ;  commander-in-chief,  Cape  of 
Good  Hope  Station,  1904, 

Dnrstont  Sir  Albert  Jahn,  K.C.B.,  cr.  1897 
(b.  Devonport.  October  25.  1846).  Engineer  rear- 
admiral.  Entered  Portsmouth  Dockyard  Febru- 
ary. 1 86 1,  and  while  serving  apprenticeship  as  an 
engineer  student  he  in  1865  gained  a  scholarship 
at  the  school  of  Naval  Architecture  and  Marine 
Engineering,  and  in  1868  became  a  Fellow  ;  entered 
the  Navy  as  an  assistant-engineer  of  the  second 
class  in  1868  ;  served  in  H.M.S.  Ocean,  then  on  the 
China  Station,  on  which  the  late  Sir  W.  N.  W. 
Hewitt,  K.C.B..  V.C.  {q.v.),  was  admiral,  and  Sir 
John  Fisher,  G.C.B.  (q.v.),  commander  ;  from  1872- 
81  served  as  assistant-engineer  at  Portsmouth,  and 
from  T  88 1 -88  as  chief  engineer  at  Sheemess,  and 
subsequently  at  Portsmouth  Dockyard ;  was  ap* 
pointed  Chief  Engineer  Inspector  to  the  Admiralty 
under  the  late  Richard  Sennett,  and  in  April. 
1889,  was  promoted  Engineer-in-Chief ;  has  been 
closely  connected  with  the  change  from  the 
cylindrical  to  water-tube  boilers  in  the  ships  of 
H.M.  Navy. 

Dost-oonnter.  An  instrument  for  counting  the 
number  of  dust  particles  in  a  given  volume  of  air. 

DnsiHltorilL  A  whirlwind  passing  over  a  dry  or 
sandy  district  and  carrying  up  the  dust  into  the 
air. 

Dntehmail.  In  sea  phraseology  a  name  for  a 
block  or  wedge  of  wood  driven  into  a  gap  to  hide 
a  badly-made  joint. 

Datiee,  Szoiae  and  Ciutomi.  i.  The  Excise, 
which  forms  part  of  the  Inland  Revenue,  is  an 
inland  tax  (i)  on  certain  commodities  (chiefly  beer, 
spirits,  and  tobacco)  produced  and  consumed  within 
the  country ;  (2)  on  licences  granted  to  certain 
trades  and  professions — e.g.,  auctioneers,  pawn- 
brokers, and  publicans ;  and   (3)  on  licences  for 


certain  luxuries — e,g.»  armorial  bearings,  male  ser- 
vants, and  motor-cars.  The  Commissioners  of  the 
Inland  Revenue,  under  the  Inland  Revenue  Regula- 
tion Act,  1890.  and  the  Excise  Management  Act. 
1827,  have  wide  powers  as  to  the  management  and 
collection  of  Excise  duties. 

2.  Customs  are  duties  charged  on  certain  im- 
ports and  exports,  and  are  regulated  mainly  by 
the  Customs  Consolidation  Act.  1876.  and  the 
Stamp  Act.  190Z.  Duties  are  now  levied  {inter 
alia)  upon  wine,  beer,  spirits,  tobacco,  tea.  cofiee. 
cocoa,  sugar,  dried  frnits,  chicory,  molasses, 
glucose,  chutney,  playing-cards,  confectionery,  con- 
densed milk,  and  saccharin.  The  powers  of  Customs 
officials  include  the  prevention  of  smuggling  (q.v.) 
and  the  prosecution  of  offenders,  the  rights  of 
search,  seizure  and  forfeiture,  the  restriction  of  the 
landing  of  goods  to  specific  places,  and  the  limiting 
of  the  size  of  vessels  and  packages  containing 
dutiable  goods.  Ofiences  against  Excise  and 
Customs  laws  are  tried  before  Courts  of  Summary 
Jurisdiction,  though  grave  cases  of  smuggling  may 
still  be  dealt  with  by  the  High  Court  under  the  old 
Exchequer  procedure. 

D.y.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Deventer,  Holland. 

Dvenadaat  Apoetdov.    Russian  ist  class  battle- 
ship.    Black  Sea  fleet.     (Nicolaieff,  1892.) 
Length  330ft.   Beam  6oft.   Maximum  draught  26ft. 
Displacement  8,400  tons.     Complement  500. 
Guns.  Armour. 

4—  1 2  in.  '  *  Compound. '  * 

4 — 6  in.  14  in.  Belt  amidships. 

8 — 3  pdr.  12  in.  Turrets. 

10  Maxims.  12  in.  Conning  tower. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
6  Above  water. 

Hp.  11,500=16  kts.     Coal  maximum  1,200  tons. 

Dwarl  British  ist  class  gun-boat  (710  tons. 
13^  kts.).    Launched  1898. 

Dyelny.  Russian  torpedo-boat  destroyer  (1906). 
Length,  185  ft. ;  beam,  21  ft. ;  draught.  7 J  ft.  ; 
displacement.  324  tons ;  complement.  60  ;  arma- 
ment. I  i2-pdr.,  5  3-pdr.,  2  tubes;  twin  screw; 
Hp.,  5.600=26  kts. ;  coal,  100  tons. 

Dsrmpluia.  This  vessel,  commanded  by  Lieu- 
tenant Hovgaard,  of  the  Danish  Navy,  who  accom- 
panied Nordenskold  in  his  discovery  of  the  North - 
East  passage,  was  fitted  out  to  ascertain  if  land 
existed  to  the  north  of  Cape  Tcheljruskin.  He 
sailed  from  Copenhagen  in  July,  1882,  and  was 
unfortunately  beset  in  the  ice  pack  and  compelled 
to  winter  in  the  Kara  Sea.  Refer  to  Arctic  Explora- 
tion. 

Dynamic  oooling.  The  cooling  produced  by  tlie 
expansion  of  air  when  it  passes  into  a  region  of 
decreascKi  pressure. 


DYNAMO 


193 


EARLE'S 


Dynamo.  Strictly,  any  machine  of  which 
mechanical  motion  is  transformefl  into  electric 
current;  tbns  applicable  to  all  magneto-electric 
machines  in  which  a  current  is  produced  in  coils 
of  wire  rotated  in  the  neighbourhood  of  a  magnet. 
The  term  dynamo  or  dynamo  electric  machine  is 
now  by  usage  restricted  to  those  machines  which 
give  a  continuously  direct  external  current. 
Machines  which  give  alternating  currents  are  dis- 
tinguished as  alternators. 

Dynamometer.  An  apparatus  for  measuring 
force  or  power,  as,  for  example,  the  power  de- 
veloped by  a  steam-engine  or  other  motor.  In 
practical  engineering  it  is  also  called  a  break  or 
absorption  dynamometer,  in  consequence  of  the 
energy  being  absorbed  by  a  frictional  resistance. 
Leroy's  dynamometer  is  a  spiral  spring  in  a  tube. 
Power  is  applied  to  condense  the  spring,  and  the 
pressure  indicated  by  a  graduated  bar.  Regnier's 
dynamometer  consists  of  an  elliptic  spring  whose 
collapse  in  the  direction  of  its  minor  axis  is  made 
to  move  an  index-finger  on  graduated  arcs.  The 
Sector  dynamometer  is  made  of  a  bar  oi  steel,  bent 
in  the  middle,  and  having  a  certain  flexibility.  To 
each  limb  is  attached  an  arc,  which  passes  through 
a  slot  in  the  other  limb.  Loops  at  the  ends  of  the 
arcs  permit  the  device  to  be  placed  between  the 
power  and  the  load,  so  that  the  limbs  are  drawn 
together  when  power  is  applied. 

D.Z.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Delfzijl,  Holland. 


E 

E.  Distinguishing  letter  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Esbjerg,  Denmark. 

B.  Distinguishing  letter  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Exeter.  England. 

E.    Abbreviation  for  east. 

Baide*  H.M.  ship.  Wrecked  on  the  rocks  off 
Scilly  Isles.  October  22,  1707,  when  Captain  Hen- 
cock  and  crew  were  lost. 

Eagle.  British  drill-ship  (2,340  tons).  Launched 
1804. 

Eagle  Speed.  Emigrant  vessel.  Foundered  near 
Calcutta,  August  24,  1865  >  ^^5  coolies  drowned. 


The  motion  and  high  wave  produced  by 
the  influx  of  water  of  the  ocean  into  the  mouth  of 
a  river  at  the  flow  of  the  tide. 

Eamei,    Engineer   Bear-Admiral   ffir    William. 

Chief  Inspector  of  Machinery.  Entered  Navy  as 
assistant-engineer,  1844 ;  engineer,  1845 ;  chief 
engineer,  1847  '»  chief  engineer  of  Inflex^le  during 
the  Crimean  war,*engaged][in  attack  on  the  Russian 
batteries  at  Oatchakoff  and  Fort  Nicolaieff.  1854  ; 
present  at  the  blockade  of  Odessa. 


B.  and  0.  E.  Abbreviation  for  errors  and  omis- 
sions excepted. 

Eardley-Wilmoi;  Bear-Admiral  Sydney  Harrow. 

(b.  Mortlake,  1847).  Educated  Stubbington,  Fare- 
ham.  Entered  Navy,  i860 ;  served  in  Emerald 
and  Duncan ;  promoted  lieutenant,  1869 ;  gunnery 
lieutenant,  1876 ;  senior  lieutenant  of  Vernon 
torpedo  school ;  served  at  the  Admiralty,  1881-84 ; 
commanded  H.M.S.  Dolphin  in  Red  Sea,  1885-86 ; 
assisted  in  the  defence  of  Suakim  (Egyptian  medal, 
Osmanieh  4th  Class) ;  promoted  captain,  1886 ; 
served  in  the  Intelligence  Department,  Admiralty, 
1887-90 ;  appointed  superintendent  Ordnance 
Stores,  Admiralty  ;  retired.  1893. 

Publications :  "  Life  of  Vice-AdmLcal  Lord 
Lyons,"  "  Our  Navy  for  One  Thousand  Yearsi." 
"  Our  Fleet  To-day  and  its  Development  During 
the  Last  HaUXentury,"  ''  Our  Flags  ;  their  Origin, 
Use,  and  Tiaditions." 

Barings.  Small  ropes  employed  to  fasten  the 
upper  comers  of  a  sail  to  its  yards. 

Barle's  Shipbuilding  and  Engineering  Oo.,  Ltd* 

This  shipbuilding  yard  was  established  by  Messrs. 
Charles  and  William  Earle  at  the  Victoria  Dock, 
Hull,  in  1853.  the  first  vessel  built  being  the 
Minister  Thoirheck,  258  tons  gross,  and  60  N.Hp. 
In  1863  Messrs.  Earle  purchased  the  site  of  the 
present  shipyard,  on  the  side  of  the  Humber  which 
is  two  miles  wide  opposite  the  yard,  and  in  course 
of  time  the  engineering  works  and  boiler  shop  wets 
transferred  to  this  site,  so  that  now  all  are  in  one 
compact  area  of  26  acres,  with  direct  railway  com- 
munication into  the  yard  from  the  North  Eastern 
Railway  and  the  Hull  and  Bamsley  Railway.  In 
1 87 1  II  steamers  were  built  and  engined  by  Messrs. 
C.  and  W.  Earle.  with  a  total  of  19.032  tons  gross. 
In  this  year  (1871).  owing  to  the  death  of  Mr. 
Charles  Earie.  and  declining  health  of  Mr.  William 
Earle.  the  undertaking  was  disposed' of  to  a  limited 
company,  under  its  present  name,  the  first  chair- 
man being  Mr.  (afterwards  Sir)  E.  J.  Reid,  who 
had  then  recently  retired  from  the  Chief  Con- 
structorship  of  the  Navy,  and  the  vice-chairman, 
Sir  John  Brown,  the  founder  of  the  famous  Sheffield 
firm  bearing  his  name.  Sir  John  Brown  became 
chairman  in  1874,  and  retained  the  position  for 
nearly  20  years.  Messrs.  C.  and  W.  Earle'  had 
confined  their  business  to  ordinary  mercantile 
steamers,  but  under  the  company  many  larger  and 
more  important  vessels  were  built,  including  iron- 
clads for  foreign  governments,'  warships  for  the 
British  Navy,  and  several  first-rate  steam  yachts, 
two  being  for  the  late  Emperor  of  Russia,  Alex- 
ander III.,  at  the  launch  of  one  of  which  he  was 
present.  In  1884  Mr.  A.  E.  Seaton  (who  had  been 
with  the  company  since  1872)  became  general 
manager,  and  later  on  a  director,  and  he  retained  the 
management  until  1899.  In  1901  the  undertaking 
was  purchased  by  the  late  Mr.C.  H.Wilson,  th^n  M.P. 

H 


EARLE'S 


194 


ECLIPSE 


for  West  Hull  (afterwards  Lord  Nunbumholme).  and 
a  new  company  was  formed  under  his  chairmanship. 
The  entire  reconstruction  of  the  works  was  im- 
mediately taken  in  hand,  and  the  year  1902  was 
practically  devoted  to  this  object,  no  expense  being 
spared  in  re-arranging  the  yard,  erecting  new  build- 
ings, and  installing  new  machinery  of  the  latest 
and  most  efficient  type,  all  the  machinery  being 
worked  by  electric  power.  This  work  has  been 
carried  on  during  the  succeeding  years,  and  the 
company  now  possesses  a  shipyard  with  the  best 
facilities  for  building  and  launching  vessels  of  any 
size,  extensive  engineering  shops,  and  an  excep- 
tionally spacious  and  well-equipped  boiler  shop 
capable  of  dealing  with  engines  and  boilers  of  the 
largest  description.  There  are  also  within  the 
works  four  patent  slips,  the  largest  taking  vessels 
up  to  3,600  tons,  and  two  tidal  docks  for  fitting 
out  new  ships  and  repairs.  A  loo-ton  crane  is  in 
course  of  erection.  During  the  whole  of  its  career 
Earle's  has  been  noted  for  the  excellence  of  its 
work,  and  perhaps  no  better  proof  of  this  could  be 
given  than  the  long  connection  it  has  had  in  build- 
ing for  the  Wilson  Line.  The  ninth  vessel  built 
here,  launched  in  1855,  ^^^  ^^r  Messrs.  Thos. 
Wilson.  Sons  and  Co.,  and  since  that  time  the  yard 
has  seldom  been  without  one  or  more,  sometimes 
several,  vessels  on  the  stocks  for  that  firm,  no 
fewer  than  105  steamers  having  been  built  here  for 
Messrs.  Wilson.  It  is  mentioned  above  that  the 
first  vessel  built  in  the  yard  was  the  Minister  Thor- 
beck,  launched  in  1853.  ^^i^  vessel  was  built  for 
Messrs.  Ringrose.  and  since  that  time  several 
vessels  have  been  built  here  for  Messrs.  Ringrose 
and  their  successors,  the  Hull  and  Netherland 
Steamship  Co.,  Ltd.  Earle's  have  also  built 
II  steamers  for  the  Great  Central  Railway  Co.,  and 
nearly  all  the  fleet  of  the  Great  Eastern  Railway 
Cow  have  been  built  here,  and  there  is  one  vessel 
on  the  stocks  for  this  company  at  the  present  time. 
Many  vessels  of  the  British  Navy,  built  in  H.M. 
Dockyard,  have  had  their  engines  and  boilers  con- 
structed and  fitted  by  Earle's,  including  H.M.S. 
London  and  H.M.S.  Formidable,  each  of  15,000 
I.Hp.  One  feature  of  Eade's  has  been  the  building 
of  steam  trawlers.  One  of  the  first,  if  not  the 
first,  steam  trawler  that  was  ever  built  was  the 
Zodiac,  launched  here  in  1881.  built  to  the  order  of 
the  Grimsby  and  North  Sea  Steam  Trawling  Co., 
Ltd.  This  vessel  was  built  on  the  lines  of  the  then 
existing  powerful  sailing  vessels,  and  had  large 
sail  power  in  addition  to  the  propelling  machinery. 
Since  that  date  the  steam  trawling  industry  has 
devel(^)ed  to  an  enormous  extent,  and  the  vessels 
have  greatly  increased  in  size  and  elaboration  of 
fittings,  and  are  now  solely  driven  by  their  pro- 
pelling machinery.  Following  on  the  success  of 
the  Zodiac,  Earle's  built  a  large  number  of  these 
vessels,  and  still  have  a  department  devoted  to 
this  class  of  work.  Over  160  steam  trawlers  have 
been  built  and  equipped  by  the  company,  and 


their  vessels  have  always  had  an  excellent  reputa- 
tion for  seaworthiness. 

■ul  of  Kote.  On  August  8,  1821.  this  vessel 
was  lost  on  the  Burfoo  Bank,  near  Liverpool,  when 
40  persons  were  drowned. 

Earnest.  British  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Bir- 
kenhead, 1896.)  Length,  2io  ft.;  beam,  21  ft.; 
draught.  5^  ft.  ;  displacement,  300  tons ;  comple- 
ment, 58  ;  armament,  i  12-pdr.,  5  6-pdr.,  2  tubes; 
twin  screw  ;  Hp.,  6,000  =  30  kts.  ;  coal,  80  tons. 

Etnunore.  Newcastle  steamer.  Foundered  in 
a  cyclone  ofE  the  Bahamas.  September  5,  1889 ; 
18  lives  lost. 

Bus  her.     In  steamers,  reduce  speed. 

Ease  off.     To  slacken  out  a  rope  carefully. 

Ease  the  helm.  To  move  it  backwards  amid- 
ships. 

Bafi  End  Hews  and  LondoB  Shipving  Ohronide. 

Established  1859.  Published  weekly  (Tuesday  and 
Friday).  Price,  id.  and  ^d.  Address  :  46  High 
Street,  Poplar,  London,  E. 

Eastern  City.  On  August  23-24,  1858,  this  vessel 
was  burnt  near  the  equator  on  her  way  to  Mel- 
bourne. By  great  exertions  all  on  board  were 
saved. 

Eastern  Monaroh.  On  June  2.  1859.  this  vessel 
was  Tjurnt  at  Spithead.  The  vessel  contained 
about  500  invalid  soldiers,  who.  with  the  crew, 
behaved  admirably,  and  only  eight  lives  were  lost 

Eastam  Taoht  dob.  Royal.  See  Royal  Eastern 
Yacht  Club. 

Easting.  A  course  made  good  or  gained  to  the 
eastward. 

E.B.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Elburg,  Holland. 

Ebb.  The  failing  reflux  of  the  tide,  or  its  return 
back  from  the  highest  of  the  flood  or  high  water. 

Eoknen.  Russian  torpedo-boat.  (Abo.  1890.) 
Length,  136  ft.  ;  beam,  13  f t. ;  draught,  7^  ft.  ; 
displacement,  81  tons  ;  complement,  13  ;  armament. 
2  i-pdr.,  2  tubes;  Hp.,  i,iooss2i  kts.;  coal. 
17  tons. 

Edair.  French  sea-going  torpedo-boat.  (La 
Seyne.  1891.)  Length,  144  ft.  ;  beam.  40}  ft.  ; 
draught,  7^  ft.  ;  displacement.  128  tons  ;  comple- 
ment, 26 ;  armament,  3  3-pdr.,  2  tubes ;  twin 
screw  ;  Hp.,  1,100  =  21^  kts. ;  coal,  17  tons. 

Edipse.     British  2nd  class  cruiser.     (Portsmouth. 

1894.) 

Length  364ft.   Beam  54ft.  Maximum  draught  23ft. 

Displacement  5.600  tons.    Complement  450. 

Guns,  A  rmour. 

II — 6  in.  *•  Harvey." 

8 — 12  pdr.  2i  in.  Deck. 

I — 12  pdr.,  8  cwt.     6  in.  Conning  tower. 

7—3  pdr. 

2  Maxims. 


ECLIPSE 


f95 


EDI 


Torpedo  Tubes  (i8  in.). 
2  Submerged. 
I  Above  water  stem. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  natural  8,000=  18' 5  kte.,  forced 
9,600=  1 9"  5  kts.     Coal  maximum  1,076  tons. 

Eelipse,  strictly  speaking,  extends  to  all  cases 
of  obscuration  of  one  heavenly  body  by  the  inter- 
vention of  another,  either  between  it  and  the  eye 
or  between  it  and  the  source  of  its  illumination, 
consequently  it  includes  besides  eclipses  of  the  sun 
and  moon  transits  of  inferior  planets,  the  conceal- 
ment of  stars  by  the  moon  or  by  a  planet,  or  the 
concealment  of  a  satellite  by  its  primary.  Solar 
eclipse  is  the  name  given  to  a  total  or  partial  con- 
cealment of  the  sun  by  the  moon.  Lunar  eclipse 
is  the  total  or  partial  concealment  of  the  moon  by 
the  shadow  of  the  earth.  An  eclipse  of  the  sun 
can  only  occur  when  the  moon  at  the  time  of  mean 
conjunction  with  the  sun  is  within  19}°  of  her 
node  ;  a  lunar  eclipse  when  she  is  within  13}^  of 
her  node.  There  may  be  as  many  as  seven  eclipses 
in  a  year,  of  which  four  would  be  solar,  three  of 
these  partial,  while  of  the  lunar  eclipses  two  would 
be  total.  The  least  possible  number  in  the  year 
would  be  two,  and  in  this  case  each  eclipse  would 
be  solar. 

E.D.  Existence  doubtful.  Abbreviation  adopted 
oii  the  charts  issued  by  the  Hydrographic  Office, 
Admiralty. 

ed.    Abbreviation  for  edition  and  edited.  • 

Edda.  Swedish  gun-vessel.  (Karlskrona,  1886.) 
Length,  185  ft.  ;  beam,  27  ft.  ;  draught,  lo}  ft.  ; 
displacement;  549  tons ;  complement,  76 ;  arma- 
ment, I  lo-in.,  I  6-in.,  2  1*5  in.,  2  Maxims;  Hp., 
960=13  kts. ;  coal,  80  tons. 

ESddy.  A  term  used  for  the  water  which  falls 
back  on  the  rudder  of  a  ship  under  sail. 

BSddyatone  liiglithoiue,  situated  in  the  English 
Channel  nine  miles  from  the  coast  of  Cornwall  and 
about  14  miles  S.S.W.  of  Plymouth  Breakwater. 
The  first  lighthouse  to  be  erected  here  was  one  of 
wood  built  in  1700,  and  swept  away  by  a  storm 
three  years  later.     The  second,  also  constructed 
of  isvood,  was  erected  in  1706,  and  burnt  down  in 
1755-     The  third,  which  stood  for  over  100  years, 
was    designed  by   Smeaton,   and  built  of  stone. 
1757.     In  1877  ^^^  Corporation  of  Trinity  House 
decided  to  erect  a  new  lighthouse,  and  selected  a 
site    120  feet  S.S.E.  from  Smeaton 's  Lighthouse. 
This  was  found  necessary  owing  to  the  rock  founda- 
tion   of  the  old  lighthouse  becoming  undermined 
by  the  waves.     The  fourth  Eddystone  Lighthouse, 
the  foundation  stone  of  which  was  laid  by  the  late 
Duke  of  Edinburgh  on  August  19,  1879,  was  com- 
pleted in  1882,  when  the  upper  portion  of  Smeaton 's 
tovrer   was  removed  and  re-erected  on  Plymouth 
Hoe.      The  light,  the  intensity  of  which  is  79,000 
candle-power,  has  a  range  of  jyi  miles,  and  gives 
a  double  flash  at  interv^als  of  half  a  minute. 


Eden.  Ship.  On  November  8,  1873,  tWs  vessel 
sailed  from  Valparaiso.  She  was  set  on  fire  by  her 
mad  captain  and  blew  up.  The  crew  were  rescued  by 
the  Juanita, 

Eden.  British  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Parsons, 
1903.)  Length,  220  ft;  beam,  23  ft.;  draught, 
8£-  ft. ;  displacement,  527  tons ;  complement.  70 ; 
armament,  i  12-pdr.,  5  6-pdr..  2  tubes;  twin 
screw  ;  Hp.,  7,000=25  kts. ;  coal,  130  tons. 

Bdsar.  British  ist  class  cruiser.  (Fairfield, 
1890.) 

Length  360ft.   Beam  60ft.   Maximum  draught  26ft. 
Displacement  7,350  tons.     Complement  540, 
Guns.  Armour. 

2— 92  in.  "Steel." 

10 — 6  in.  5  in.  Deck. 

12 — 6  pdr.  12  in.  Conning  tower. 

5—3  pdr. 
2  Maxims. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
2  Submerged. 
Twin    screw.    Hp.     natural    10,000=18*5    kts., 
forced    12,000  =  20*5    kts.     Coal    maximum    1,250 
tons.     Approximate  cost  ;f4i  0,980. 

This  ship-name  was  introduced  into  the  Navy 
by  Charles  IL,  1668,  and  is  associated  with  the 
first  battle  of  Schooneveld,  1673 ;  battle  of  th^ 
Texel,  1673  ;  battle  of  Bantry  Bay,  1689  ;  battle  of 
Beachy  Head,  1690  ;  Barfleur  and  La  Hogue,  1692  ; 
Bosca wen's  victory  in  Lagos  Bay,  1759  ;  reduction 
of  Havana,  1762  ;  Rodney's  action  off  Cape  St. 
Vincent,  1780;  Copenhagen,  1801. 

Eigar.  70  guns.  On  October  15,  171 1.  this 
vessel  blew  up  at  Spithead,  when  all  on  board 
perished. 

Edgard  Qninei    French  ist  class  cruiser.  (Brest, 
1905.) 

Length  528ft.   Beam  70ft.   Maximum  draught  27ft. 
Displacement;  13,480  tons.     Complement  750. 
Guns.  A  rmour, 

4 — 7*6  in.,  45  cal.      "  Krupp." 
16 — 6"4  in.  6 J  in.  Belt  amidships. 

8 — 9  pdr.  8  in.  Turrets. 

24 — 3  pdr.  8  in.  Conning  tower. 

Torpedo  Tubes  [17' 7  in.). 

2  Submerged. 

3  Above  water. 

Three  screws.  Hp.  40,0003=24  kts.  Coal  maxi- 
mum, 2,400  tons.     Approximate  cost,  ;f  1,350,000. 

Edge  away.  To  decline  gradually  from  the 
course  which  the  ship  formerly  steered  by  going 
more  away  from  before  the  wind. 

Edge  in  with.  To  steer  obliquely  towards  a  given 
object. 

EdL  Netherlands  gun-vessel.  (Flushing.  1898.) 
Length,  179  ft.  ;  beam,  30  ft.  ;  draught,  12  ft.  ; 
displacement,  787  tons ;  complement,  95  ;  arma- 
ment, 3  4'7-in.,  2  2*9-in.,  4  i*4-in.  ;  Hp.,  1,100= 
13  kts.  :  coal,  113  tons. 

h2 


1 


EDINBURGH 


196 


ELDERS 


Edinburgh.  British  2nd  class  battleship  (9,420 
tons,  I4'2  kts.).     Launched  1882. 

Bdilh.  Steamer.  In  collision  with  the  Duchess  of 
Sutherland  off  St.  John's  Point,  Ireland.  Both 
ships  went  down. 

Ed)d«r*  Turkish  torpedo-boat.  (Gaarden,i89o.) 
Length,  152  ft. ;  beam.  18^  ft. ;  draught.  7  ft.  ; 
displacement,  150  tons;  armament.  5  3-pdr.,  q.f., 
2  tubes  ;  twin  screw  ;  Hp.,  2,200=23  ^ts. 

Edmand.  Emigrant  ship,  from  Limerick  to  New 
York,  wrecked  off  the  Western  Coast  of  Ireland. 
November  12,  1850;  100  lives  lost. 

Ednc.     Abbreviation  for  educated. 

Edaoation  Engineering,  Naval.  See  Naval  Educa- 
tion. 

Ednoation.  NavaL     See  Naval  Education. 

Edward  Taoht  Club.  Established  1901.  Hono- 
rary Treasurer,  T.  W.  Berry ;  Honorary  Secretary, 
W.  Stewart,  Kingstown,  Co.  Dublin.  Entrance 
^^'  £3  '>  annual  subscription,  £$. 

E.E.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  nshing  boats 
registered  at  Eemrun,  Holland. 

E.E.    Abbreviation  for  errors  excepted. 

E.G.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Egmond-Aan-2^,  Holland. 

e.g.     For  example. 

Egeria.  British  surveying  vessel  (940  tons. 
IX '3  kts.).     Launched  1873. 

Egypt  (1897).  British  subsidised  merhcant  ship* 
P.  and  O.  Co.  (q.v.).  Dimensions.  500  X  54  X  33  ft.  > 
groRs  tonnage,  7,900 ;  passenger  accommodationi 
524;    Hp.,  9400=  18  kts. 

Egypt.  Atlantic  liner.  Burnt  at  sea  July  18, 
1890;  crew  and  passengers  saved  by  the  Gusiav 
Oscar. 

E.H.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Enkhuizen,  Holland. 

Eider.  North  German  Lloyd  steamer.  Struck 
on  the  rocks  near  the  Isle  of  Wight,  during  a  fog, 
January  31,  1S92  ;  captain,  166  of  the  crew,  and 
227  passengers,  together  with  mails,  were  saved. 
The  vessel  was  refloated  and  towed  into  Southamp- 
ton, March  29,  1892. 

Bidsvold.  Norwegian  coast  service  battleship* 
(Elswick.  1900.) 

Length  290ft      Beam  50ft.      Mean  draught  i6ft. 
Displacement  3,800  tons.     Complement  250. 
Guns.  Armour. 

2 — 8  in.,  45  cal.  "  Krupp." 

6 — 6  in.  7  in.  Belt. 

8 — 12  pdr.  6  in.  Turrets. 

6— -3  pdr.  5  in.  Casemates. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
2  Submerged. 
Twin   screw.     Hp.   4,850=17   kts.     Coal   maxi- 
mum 400  tons. 


Ekaterina  II.    Old  Russian  battleship.  Black  Sea 
(1886). 

Length  339ft.   Beam  69ft.  Maximum  draught  29ft. 
Displacement  10,250  tons.    Complement  530. 
Guns.  Armour. 

6^12  in.  "  Compound." 

7 — 6  in.  18  in.  Belt  amidships. 

8 — 3  pdr.  12  in.  Barbettes. 

4 — I  pdr.  16  in.  Conning  tower. 

6  Maxims. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
7  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.   11,000=16  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 870  tons. 

Elastio  loroe  of  vaponr.  Pressure  of  the  water 
vapour  in  the  atmosphere. 

Elba.     Small     Italian    cruiser.      (Castellamare. 

1893.) 

Length  272ft.  Beam  42ft.  Maximum  draught  i8ft. 

Displacement  2,730  tons.     Complement  247. 
Guns.  Armour. 

2—6  in.  '*  Steel." 

8 — 4*7  in.  1  in.  Deck. 

8— 6  pdr. 
8 — I  pdr. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
3  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  7,500=18*5  kts.    Coal  maxi- 
mum 500  tons.    Approximate  cost  ;£2oo.ooo. 

Elba,  Battle  of.  Foaght  August  28.  i652,between 
the  British  under  Admiral  Badiley  and  the  Dutch 
under  Admiral  van  Galen.  The  British  lost  the 
Phomix  during  the  engagement,  and  were  com- 
pelled to  retire  to  Porto  Longoue.  The  Phoenix 
was,  however,  recaptured  on  November  20  by  the 
British  under  Captain  Owen  Cox. 

Elbe.  North  German  Lloyd  steamer,  from  Bre- 
men to  New  York.  Sunk  in  colUsion  with  the 
Crathie,  of  Aberdeen,  of!  Lowestoft,  January  30, 
1S95  ;    334  l^v^  ^'ost. 

Elbing-Obedand  Canal,  commenced  in  1845, 
and  finished  in  i860,  at  the  cost  of  j£225,ooo,  con- 
nects Lake  Drausen  and  the  port  of  Elbing  with 
Lakes  Geserich  and  Drewenz.  It  is  no  miles  long, 
with  a  width  of  52^  ft.,  and  a  depth  of  4^^  ft. 

Elbow.    An  angle  formed  by  two  cables  or  ropes. 

Eloano.    U.S.    gun-boat.     Captured    from    the 
Spaniards  in  the  Spanish- American  war,  1898. 

Elder,  Dempeter  and  €k>.  See  Imperial  Direct 
West  India  Mail  Service  Co..  Ltd. 

Elder,  John  (1824-69).  Shipbuilder  and  maxine 
engineer  (b.  Glasgow).  Was  the  first  to  experiment 
with  and  bring  into  practical  use  compound  steam 
engines. 

Elders  and  Fyilet,  Ltd.,  was  formed  in  1901 .  ajid 
is  the  outcome  of  the  immense  development  of  tlie 
West  India  banana  trade.     The  service  began  -with 


ELDERSLIE 


197 


ELLERMAN 


four  steamers,  since  which  nine  have  been  added  and 
fitted  with  special  arrangements  for  the  safe  con- 
veyance of  fruit.  Regular  services  are  maintained 
between  Jamaica  and  Coata  Rica  from  Manchester, 
and  from  Bristol  (Avonmouth).  In  1904  the 
company  was  entrusted  with  the  carriage  of  parcels 
and  mails  to  Costa  Rica. 

Flbbt. 

Andrea.  Golden  Eagle.  Nicoya. 

Appomattox  Greenbrier.  Oracabessa. 

Barranca.  Guanche.  Pacuare. 

Chickahominy.      Manistee.  Reventazon. 

Chirripo.  Mariposa.  Taora. 

Esperanza.  Matina.  Zent. 

Miami. 
Gross  tonnage,  52,000. 

BUenlie    Steamship    Oo.,    Ltd.    See    Tumbull, 
Biartin  and  Co. 

Eldiidge,  George.  British  naval  architect.  Served 
his  apprenticeship  in  H.M.  Dockyard,  Chatham.  In 
1864  joined  the  firm  of  Messrs.  R.  Napier  and  Sons, 
Glasgow,  as  assistant  manager  in  the  shipbuilding 
department.  In  1872  joined  Messrs.  Palmer  and  Co., 
J  arrow,  as  manager  of  their  shipbuilding  department, 
and  in  the  latter  part  of  1873  ^«  went  to  St.  Peters- 
burg to  take  charge  of  the  shipbuilding  department  of 
the  Baltic  Ironworks,  there  being  closely  connected 
with  the  building  of  ironclads  and  cruisers  for  the 
Russian  Government,  and  many  steamers  for  mer- 
cantile service.  On  returning  to  England  in  1879, 
he  was  appointed  to  superintend  the  building  of  the 
Czar's  yacht  Livadia,  then  on  the  stocks  at  Messrs. 
Elder  and  Co.,  Glasgow.  In  1882  he  joined  the 
Orient  Steam  Navigation  Co.  as  Naval  Architect, 
and  on  the  sinking  of  the  Austral  in  Sydney 
Harbour,  he  made  a  contract  with  this  firm  to  raise 
her,  which,  after  two  months'  arduous  work,  he 
successfully  accomplished.  In  1884  he  returned 
to  London,  and  established  himself  as  a  consulting 
naval  architect  and  engineer.  In  March,  1888,  he 
made  a  contract  with  the  Jarrow  Shipbuilding  Co. 
to  go  to  Bilbao  to  select  a  site  for  building,  and  to 
prepare  plans  and  estimates  for  the  establishment 
of  works  to  build  three  cruisers  for  the  Spanish 
Government.  Was  selected  by  the  Council  of  the 
Institution  of  Naval  Architects  to  represent  them 
on  the  Life  Saving  Appliances  Committee. 

Elaotn.  British  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Clyde- 
bank, 1 90 1.)  Length.  218  ft. ;  beam,  20  ft. ;  draught, 
5  J  ft. ;  displacement,  300  tons  ;  complement,  58  ; 
armament,  i  12-pdr.,  5  6-pdr.,  2  tubes ;  twin 
screw ;   Hp.,  6.000=30  kts.  ;   coal,  80  tons. 

RIeetrio  shoek,  VnoonsoioiuneH  from.  See  Appa- 
rently dead,  Methods  of  restoring  the. 

Bleetrio  telegraph*    See  Telegraphy. 

RleotroBieter.  An  instrument  for  measuriAg  the 
electrification  of  the  air. 


BlgAT*  Franelt  (1845).  British  naval  architect 
(b.  Portsmouth).  Was  in  the  service  of  the  Admi- 
ralty from  1867  to  187 1.  In  1879  he  was  appointed 
adviser  on  naval  construction  to  the  Japanese 
Government,  which  post  he  held  for  two  years, 
until  he  was  appointed  professor  of  naval  archi- 
tecture and  marine  engineering  in  the  University  of 
Glasgow.  In  1886  he  resigned  this  position  to 
become  first  director  of  H.M.  Dockyards,  a  post 
which  he  held  until  1892.  He  then  acted  as  naval 
architect  to  the  Fairfield  Shipbuilding  and  Engineer- 
ing Co.,  Glasgow. 

PubUcation  :  "  Ships,  Old  and  New." 

BUagoi.  Turkish  torpedo  -  boat.  (Sestri  Po- 
nente,  1904.)  Length,  165  ft.  ;  beam.  18^  ft. ; 
draught.  4^  ft. ;  displacement,  165  tons ;  Hp.. 
2,200 at 27  kts. 

Eliot,  Whately,  ]IJtist.O.E.  (b.  November  22, 
1 841).  Civil  engineer.  Articled  pupil  to  the  late 
Sir  J.  Coode,  C.E.,  at  the  Admiralty  Breakwater 
Works  at  Portland,  1861-64.  Subsequently  en- 
gaged on  dock  and  harbour  works  at  Sunderland. 
Tynemouth,  Isle  of  Man,  and  in  New  Zealand. 
Engineer  to  Peterhead  Harbour  Board.  1875-80 ; 
resident  engineer  of  harbour  works  for  the  Cape 
Government,  1880-85  ;  resident  engineer  of  the 
Eastham  section  of  the  Manchester  Ship  Canal, 
including  the  entrance  locks.  Appointed  by  the 
Admiralty  in  1894  superintending  civil  engineer  of 
the  extension  of  H.M.  Dockyard  at  Keyham,  in- 
volving an  expenditure  of  about  ;£4,ooo,ooo,  and  was 
in  charge  of  the  construction  of  the  works  from  their 
commencement  until  completion  at  the  end  of  1906, 
when  he  retired  from  the  Admiralty  service. 

EUnbetha.  Roumanian  protected  cruiser.  (Els- 
wick.  1887.) 

Length  230ft.     Beam  32ft. 
Displacement  1,320  tons. 
Guns.  Armour. 

4—5-9  in.  "  Steel." 

4  q.f.  3  in.  Deck. 

2  Maxims. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 

4. 
Hp.  3, 000 » 16  kts. 

Eliza  Scott.  This  vessel,  154  tons,  commanded 
by  Mr.  John  Balleny  and  the  Sabrina,  cutter,  of  54 
tons,  under  Mr.  Freeman,  started  out  on  an  expedi- 
tion of  discovery  to  the  antarctic  regions  in  1838. 
In  February.  1839,  when. on  about  the  163®  E. 
meridian,  land  was  sighted  in  66^  30'  S..  and  subse- 
quently Sabrina  Island  was  discovered  in  March. 
1839.    Refer  to  Antarctic  Exploration. 

Ella.  London  and  Hamburg  steamer.  Left  the 
Thames  on  December  14,  1873,  and  nothing  was 
ever  heard  of  her. 

EUerman  linef*  Ltd.*  with  which  are  incorporated 
the  Hall  Line,  the  City  Line,  the  Papayanni  Line. 


ELLIDA 


198 


EMERAUDE 


Westcott  and  Lanrance  Line.  Coverley  and  Westray 
Line,  was  founded  in  1840.  and  originally  managed 
by  Messrs.  John  Bibby,  Sons  and  Co.,  under  the 
style  of  the  Bibby  Line,  until  1870,  when  it  was 
purchased  by  Messrs.  Frederick  Leyland  and  Co.. 
and  subsequently  known  as  the  Leyland  Line,  until 
acquired  by  the  Morgan  Combination,  who  sold  the 
Mediterranean  portion  of  the  business  to  Mr.  J.  K. 
Ellerman.  Steamers  trade  regularly  between  Liver* 
pool  and  Portugal,  Italy,  Sicily,  Adriatic,  Alexan- 
dria, Gibraltar,  Malta.  Syria,  Smyrna,  and  Con* 
stantinople. 

Ellida.  Norwegian  gun -vessel.  (Horten,  1881.) 
Length,  187  ft. ;  beam.  32  ft. ;  draught,  14I  ft.  ; 
displacement,  984  tons ;  complement.  128  ;  arma- 
ment. 2  4*7  in.,  4  2"9-in.,  4  i*4-in,,  3  tubes,  i  sub- 
merged ;  Hp.,  300=15  kts. ;  coal,  120  tons. 

Elliott,  Robert,  BJe,  (b.  Chichester,  June  18. 
i860).  Surveyor  to  Lloyd's  Register.  Served  his 
apprenticeship  as  an  engineer  with  Messrs.  A.  and 
J.  Inglis,  Glasgow,  and  in  November,  1880,  entered 
the  Glasgow  University,  and  in  April,  1884,  gradu- 
ated as  B.Sc.  in  engineering.  He  obtained  a  Thom- 
son scholarship  in  the  physical  laboratory,  and  was 
employed  on  the  late  Sir  W.  Thomson's  (afterwards 
Lord  Kelvin)  (q.v.)  and  the  late  Professor  Fleming 
Jenkin's  stafi,  where  he  superintended  the  manu- 
facture (at  Messrs.  Siemens'  works.  Woolwich)  of 
the  Atlantic  Cable  for  the  Commercial  Cable  Com- 
pany. In  1885  he  joined  the  British  India  Steam 
Navigation  Co.,  and  served  a  term  of  four  years 
at  sea.  Having  obtained  a  first-class  engineer's 
certificate  from  the  Board  of  Trade  in  1889,  be 
was  appointed  as  surveyor  to  Lloyd's  Registry. 

Blmo'i  Fire,  St    See  St.  Elmo's  Fire. 

ELnslie,  John  Elmslie  (b.  London,  May  29.  1844). 
In  1 86 1  he  was  apprenticed  to  Messrs.  Samuda 
Brothers,  of  Poplar,  and  after  being  connected 
with  this  firm  as  draughtsman,  he.  in  1871.  com- 
menced business  as  a  naval  architect  and  con- 
sulting engineer.  He  has  been  connected  with 
the  designing  of  a  large  number  of  ships,  and  in 
1890,  in  conjunction  with  the  late  Mr.  William 
John,  prepared  plans  for  a  9,000  ton  cruiser  for 
the  Spanish  Government.  Member  of  the  Institu- 
tion of  Naval  Architects,  and  member  of  Council 
of  the  Institution  of  Marine  Engineers. 

Elongatioii.  The  angular  distance  of  a  planet 
from  the  sun,  as  it  appears  to  us  upon  the  earth. 

Elsass.     German  ist  class  battleship.     (Schichau, 

1903) 

Length  430ft.      Beam  72ft.      Mean  draught  26ft. 
Displacement  13,200  tons.     Complement  691. 

Guns,  Armour. 

4— II  in.  "  Krupp." 

14 — 6'7  in.  9  in.  Belt. 

1 2 — 24  pdr.  1 1  in.  Barbettes. 

12 — I  pdr.  II  in.  Turrets. 

8  Machine.  12  in.  Conning  tower. 


Torpeda  Tubes, 
5  Submerged  bow  and  broadside. 
I  Above  water  stem. 
Three  screws.     Hp.  1 6,000  ss  18  kts.    Coal  maxi- 
mum 1,600  tons.    Approximate  cost  ;£  1.160,000. 

Emanaele  Filiberto.  Old  Italian  battleship. 
(Castellamare,  1897.) 

Length  344ft.  Beam  69ft.  Maximum  draught  26ft. 
Displacement  9.800  tons.     Complement  542. 
Guns,  Armour. 

4 —  I  o  in.  "  Harvey-nickel .  * ' 

8 — 6  in.  10  in.  Belt  amidships. 

8 — 4*7  in.  10  in.  Barbettes. 

6 — 12  pdr.  6  in.  Conning  tower. 

6 — 3  pdr. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
4  Submerged. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  natural  9,000=16  kts.,  forced 
13,500=18  kts.     Coal  maximum  1,000  tons. 
Approximate  cost  ^^700,000. 

Bmbankment  A  structure  raised  to  prevent 
water  from  overflowing  a  tract  of  country  or  to 
support  a  roadway ;  a  bank  or  mound  of  earth  or 
cement  to  form  a  barrier  against  the  encroachment 
of  the  sea,  against  the  overflow  of  a  river,  or  to 
carry  a  railroad,  canal,  or  road  across  a  track  of 
low  ground.  In  civil  engineering,  it  is  technically 
the  earth  which  requires  to  be  heaped  up  to  pro- 
tect a  level. 

Bmbaigo  is  a  temporary  detention  by  a  State 
of  vessels  within  its  ports.  On  the  breaking  out  of 
hostilities  it  was  once  usual  to  lay  an  embargo  upon 
all  the  enemy's  merchant  vessels  within  reach, 
with  a  view  to  their  being  declared  prize  of  war. 
but  the  custom  has  grown  up  of  allowing  the  vessels 
of  belligerents  which,  at  the  outbreak  of  war.  are 
in  a  hostile  port  time  to  unload,  reload,  and  depart. 
A  State  may  lay  an  embargo  on  its  own  ships  with 
a  view  to  their  employment  in  the  service  of  the 
nation  or  to  prevent  their  carrying  certain  pro- 
ducts out  of  the  country.  An  embargo  puts  an 
end  to  contracts  relating  to  a  ship  unless  her  deten- 
tion is  certain  to  be  short,  in  which  case  it  tem- 
porarily suspends  them. 

Embassfes.  The  name  given  to  the  residence  of 
ambassadors,  ministers  or  envoys  extraordinary, 
representing  their  country  at  foreign  Courts.  As 
representatives  of  Sovereign  States,  ambassadors 
take  precedence  after  the  blood -roj'al,  while 
ministers  rank  after  dukes.  Great  Britain  sends 
out  eight  ambassadors — to  Paris,  Berlin,  St.  Peters- 
burg, Rome,  Vienna,  Constantinople,  Washington, 
and  Madrid.  An  ambassador  is  not  subject  to 
the  civil  or  criminal  laws  of  the  country  to  which 
he  is  accredited.  Ambassadors  are  entitled  to 
audience  of  the  Sovereign,  but  in  Great  Britain  only 
in  the  presence  of  a  Minister  of  the  Crown. 

Bmmilde.  French  sea-going  submarine.  (Cher- 
bourg,   1903.)     Length.    147   ft.  ;    beam.    13    f t,  ; 


EMERSION 


199 


EMPRESS 


maximum  draught,  12  ft.  ;  displacement,  309  tons 
above.  442  tons  below ;  complement,  22  ;  torpedo 
tubes,  6  17'7-in.  ;  Hp.,  600=12  kts.  above.  8  kts. 
below. 

Bmenion.  The  time  when  any  planet  which  is 
eclipsed  begins  to  recover  light. 

Emir  Bneharski.  Russian  torpedo-boat.  (St. 
Petersburg,  1905.)  Displacement.  600  tons  ;  speed, 
19  kts. 

Emperador  Carlos  V.    Spanish  cruiser  (1895). 
Length  403ft.   Beam  67ft.   Maximum  draught  28ft. 
Displacement  9,200  tons.     Complement  600. 
Guns.  A  rmour. 

2 — 9*4  in.  "  Creusot  special." 

8 — 5*5  in.  2 J  in.  Deck. 

4 — 4  in.  10  in.  Barbettes. 

2 — 12  pdr.  12  in.  Conning  tower. 

8— 6pdr. 
2  Machine. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
6  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  natural  15^000=  19  kts.,  forced 
18,500=20  kts.    Coal  maximum  2,000  tons. 

Empire  l^ransport  Co.,  Ltd.  See  Houlder  Steam- 
ship Line. 

Employers'  liability.  The  Employers'  Liability 
Act  of  1880  gives  to  workmen  increased  rights  of 
action  against  their  masters  for  personal  injuries 
sustained  during  service.  The  expression  "  work- 
men "  applies  only  to  certain  classes  of  labourers, 
seamen,  and  apprentices  being  expressly  excluded. 
But  at  Common  Law  the  employer  is  still  liable 
if  he  provides  incompetent  fellow-workmen,  if  he 
has  been  guilty  of  personal  negligence,  or  if  his 
machinery  is  dangerous  or  ine&cient,  unless  the 
workman  is  aware  of  the  danger  and  has  accepted 
the  risk.  Refer  to  Passengers,  Protection  (Em- 
ployers' Liability  Act  and  Workmen's  Compensa- 
tion Act). 

Empress  lane,  Canadian  Paeifto  Bailway,  was 

established  in  1891,  and  maintained  a  three- weekly 
service  of  magnificent  twin-screw  mail  boats  between 
Vancouver  and  Japan  and  China,  calling  at  Yoko- 
hama, Kobe.  Nagasaki,  Shanghai,  and  Hong  Kong. 
In  1903  15  large  Atlantic  steamers  were  purchased 
from  Messrs.  Elder,  Dempster  and  Co*,  and  with 
these  three  sep&rate  services  are  maintained  from 
Liverpool,  Bristol,  and  London.  In  summer  the 
terminal  ports  are  Quebec  and  Montreal,  in  winter 
St.  John,  N.B.,  the  Lmidon  line  including  Antwerp. 

They  also  maintain  a  service  on  the  upper  lakes. 
Pacific  coast,  and  lakes  and  rivtsrs  in  British 
Columbia. 

The  steamers  plying  between  Vancouver  and 
Japan  and  China  are  subsidised  for  service  as 
cruisers 

The  Empress  of  Ireland  holds  the  record  between 
Liverpool  and  Quebec,  having  made  the  passage 


in  6  days,  8  hours,  and  50  minutes,  beating  the 
former  record  by  over  six  hours:  British  mails  by 
this  route  via  Quebec,  and  then  overland  to  Van- 
couver, where  they  are  put  on  steamers  plying 
between  Vancouver,  Japan  and  China,  land  about 
six  days  ahead  of  those  sent  via  the  Suez 
route.  The  Empress  of  Britain  holds  the  record 
ffom  between  Moville,  Ireland,  and  Rimouski, 
Quebec,  her  time  being  five  days,  21  hours,  17  min- 
utes. This  time  is  63  minutes  better  than  any 
other  former  passage  on  record. 

Fleet. 

Alberta.  Monmouth. 

Athabasca.  Montcalm. 

Athenian.  Monteagle. 

A  war.  Montezuma, 

Beaver.  Montfort. 

Charmer,  MofUreal. 

Danube.  Montrose. 

Empress  of  Britain,  Mount  Royal. 

Empress  of  China.  Mount  Temple. 

Empress  of  India.  Otter. 

Empress  of  Ireland.  Princess  Beatrice, 

Empress  of  Japan.  Princess  Louise. 

Lahe  Champlain.  Princess  May. 

Lake  Erie.  Princess  Victoria. 

Lahe  Manitoba.  Queen  City, 

Lake  Michigan.  Tartar. 

Manitoba.  Tees. 

Milwaukee,  Yosewitee. 
Gross  tonnage,  160,000. 

EmiHcess  o!  Britain.  (Govan,  1906.)  British 
subsidised  merchant  ship.  Canadian  Pacific  Rail- 
way. Dimensions,  550x65  x  40  ft. ;  gross  tonnage. 
14.500.  Passenger  accommodation,  1,778  ;  Hp., 
18,000=20  kts. 

This  steamer  arrived  at  Rimouski  on  June  18, 
1906,  having  covered  the  distance  between  Moville, 
Ireland,  and  Rimouski,  Quebec,  in  5  days,  21 
hours,  17  minutes.  This  time  is  63  minutes  better 
than  any  other  former  passage  on  record. 

Empress  of  China  (1891).  British  subsidised 
merchant  ship,  Canadian  Pacific  Railway  Co.  (q.v.). 
Dimensions,  485  x  51  X  33  ft.  ;  gross  tonnage,  5,947  ; 
passenger  accommodation,  230 ;  Hp.,  10,000= 
i6i  kts. 

Empress  ol  India.  British  ist  class  battleship. 
(Pembroke,  1891.) 

Length  380ft.   Beam  75ft.   Maximum  draught  30ft. 
Displacement  14,150  tons. 
Guns,  Armour. 

4 — 13*5  in.  "Compound." 

10 — 6  in.  18  in.  Belt  amidships. 

16 — 6  pdr.  17  in.  Barbettes. 

12 — 3  pdr.  14  in.  Conning  tower. 

2 — 9  pdr.  Boat. 
2  Maxims. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 

2  Submerged. 

I  Above  water  stem. 


EMPRESS 


200 


ENGINEERING 


Twin  screw.     Hp.  natural  9,0009=15  kts.,  forced 
i3,oookI7  kts.     Coal  maximum  1,400  tons. 
Approximate  cost  ;£9oo,ooo. 

BmpreM  of  India  (1891)-  British  subsidised  mer- 
chant ship.  Canadian  Pacific  Railway  Co.  (^.t;.). 
Dimensions,  485  x  51  X  33  ft. ;  gross  tonnage,  5,934 1 
passenger  accommodation;  230 ;  Hp.,  1 0,000 «= 
i6ikts. 

Empress  of  Ireland.  (Govan,  1906.)  British 
subsidised  merchant  ship.  Canadian  Pacific  Rail- 
way. Dimensions,  550  x  65  X  40  ft.  ;  gross  tonnage, 
14,500;  passenger  accommodation,  1,778;  Hp., 
18.000 ss  20  kts. 

Empress  of  Jamm  (1891).  British  subsidised 
merchant  ship.  Canadian  Pacific  Railway  Co.  (^.v.)* 
Dimensions,  485  x  51  X  33  ft.  ;  gross  tonnage,  5,940  ; 
passenger  accommodation,  230 ;  Hp.,  10,000= 
16}  kts. 

Empresa  Insolana  de  Navegaeao,  with  their  head 
offices  in  Lisbon,  have  two  excellent  steamers, 
which  maintain  regular  services  from  Lisbon  to 
the  Madeira  Islands  and  the  Azores  Islands.  The 
voyage  to  Madeira  occupies  40  to  42  hours,  accord- 
ing to  the  weather,  and  the  steamship  San  Miguel 
on  this  run  has  excellent  accommodation  for  pas- 
sengers. A  service  is  maintained  twice  a  month 
to  St.  Michael,  one  steamer  going  direct  and  doing 
the  journey  in  three  days,  the  other  calling  at 
Madeira  and  St.  Maria  taking  five  days.  A  steamer 
leaves  Lisbon  about  the  beginning  of  each  month 
for  Madeira,  St.  Maria,  St.  Michael,  Terceira, 
Graciosa,  St.  George,  Pico,  and  Faval,  returning 
by  the  same  route,  and  due  to  arrive  in  Lisbon 
early  in  the  following  month. 

Flbbt. 
Funchal.  San  Miguel, 

Gross  tonnage,  3,500. 

Empren  Nadonal  de  Navegaoao,  with  their  head 
offices  in  Lisbon,  have  a  fleet  of  18  excellent 
steamers,  which  maintain  regular  services  from 
Lisbon  to  the  Madeira  Islands,  St.  Vincent.  Prin- 
cipe, St.  Thom^,  Landana,  St.  Antonio  de  Zaire, 
Ambrizatte,  Ambriz,  Loanda.  Novo,  Redono, 
Libitto,  Benguella,  Mossamedes,  Bahia,  Porto- 
Alexandree,  Lorenzo  Marques,  Beira,  and  Mozam- 
bique ;  a  service  from  Madeira  to  St.  Vincent,  St. 
Antao,  St.  Nicholas,  Sal  Boa-Viste,  Meio,  Praia, 
Tarrufal,  Togo,  and  Brava ;  another  service  from 
Lisbon  to  Thiago,  Bissau,  to  Bolama. 

Fleet. 

Africa,  Cabo  Verde,  Malange, 

Ambaca,  Cazengo,  Mindello, 

Angola,  Guine,  Portugal, 

Benguella,  Loanda,  Principe.  ^ 

Bissau,  Lobito,  Zaire, 

Bolama,  Lusitania,  Zambesia. 


Enoooilier.    British  and  class  cruiser.     (Devon- 
port,  1908.) 

Length  355ft.  Beam  5^.  Maximum  draught  21ft. 
Displacement  5,880  tons.     Complement  475. 
Guns.  Armour. 

11^-6  in.  3  in.  Deck  amidships. 

8 — 12  pdr.  6  in.  Conning  tower. 

I — 12  pdr.,  8  cwt. 
6—3  pdr. 
2  Maxims. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
2  Submerged. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.   12,500=21  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 1,225  tons.     Approximate  cost  ;(420,ooo. 

Endeavour.     14  g^ps.    In  October,   1780,   this 
vessel  was  lost  in  a  storm  in  the  West  Indies. 

End  tor  end«    Changing  a  rope  that  is  worn ; 
substituting  strong  for  weak. 

End  on.    A  direct  line  with  the  ship's  length  as 
opposed  to  broad  side  on. 
Endsrmlon.    British    ist    class    cruiser.     (Hull. 

1891.) 

Length  360ft.   Beam  60ft.  Maximum  draught  26ft. 
Displacement  7,350  tons.     Complement  540. 
Guns,  Armour. 

2—9*2  in.  "  Steel." 

10—6  in.  5  in.  Deck. 

12 — 6  pdr.  12  in.  Conning  tower. 

5—3  pdr- 
2  Maxims. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 

2  Submerged. 

Twin    screw.     Hp.    natural    10.000=18*5    kts., 

forced    I2,ooosi9'5    kts.    Coal    maximam    1.250 

tons.     Approximate  cost  ;f430,ooo. 

This  ship-name  was  first  introduced  into  the 

Navy  in  1779,  and  is  associated  with  Rodney  at 

Dominica,  1782,  and  the  capture  of  the  American 

frigate  President,  181 5. 

Endsrmlon.  Sailing  vessel.  Burnt  in  the  Mersey, 
January  31,  i860  ;  loss  estimated  at  ;£2o,ooo. 

En^.    Abbreviation  for  English. 
Engineer.     See  Engineering. 

Engineer.  Esta.blifihed  1856.  Published  weekly 
(Friday).  Price  6d.  Address:  33  Norfolk  Street, 
London.  W.C. 

gfigin^frtng.  The  art  or  science  of  constructing 
engines  or  machines,  and  executing  such  works  as 
fall  to  the  duty  of  an  engineer.  Engineers  may  be 
divided  into  four  branches — military,  marine, 
mechanical,  and  civiL  A  military  engineer  has  to 
do  with  that  branch  of  the  science  which  is  con- 
nected with  the  design,  construction,  and  main- 
tenance of  fortifications.  The  duties  of  a  marine 
or  naval  engineer  embrace  works  partly  of  a 
military  and  partly  of  a  naval  character.  He  is 
responsible  for  the  design  and  construction  of 
vessels  of  war,  and  of  various  engines  of  war,  such 
as  torpedoes  and  otber  projectiles. 


ENGINEERING 


20I 


ENSIGN 


Civil  engineering  is  the  most  extensive  branch  of 
the  four,  and  may  be  said  to  have  originated  in 
England  abont  the  middle  of  the  last  century, 
owing  to  the  extraordinary  development  of  the 
system  of  internal  communication,  as  well  as  by 
the  application  of  steam  and  electricity  for  the 
purpose  of  our  manufactures.  A  civU  engineer 
requires  a  knowledge  of  mathematics  to  enable  him 
to  investigate  as  well  as  apply  the  rules  laid  down 
by  writers  on  those  branches  of  the  mixed  sciences 
to  which  his  attention  will  most  frequently  be 
drawn.  He  should  have  an  intimate  knowledge 
of  the  principles  of  mechanics,  hydrauUcs,  and  all 
branches  of  natural  philosophy.  He  should  be 
able  to  draw  neatly,  and  should  understand  the 
principles  of  projection  upon  which  all  engineering 
drawings  are  constructed.  His  work  includes  the 
construction  of  roads,  bridges,  railways,  canals, 
harbours,  and  drainage  worics. 

A  mechanical  engineer  is  one  who  is  efficient  in 
the  invention,  contrivance,  and  adjustment  of  all 
kinds  of  machinery,  who  is  acquainted  with  the 
strength  and  quaUty  of  material  used,  and  possesses 
a  thorough  knowledge  of  the  power  of  steam,  of 
electricity,  and  of  the  engine  in  all  its  modifica- 
tions, and  the  use  to  which  this  motive  power  is 
applied. 

Engineering.  Established  iS66.  Published 
weekly  (Friday).  Price  6d,  Address  :  35  Bedford 
Street,  London,  W.C. 

Engineering  Record.  Established  1874.  Pub- 
lished weekly  (Saturday).  Price  6d.  Address : 
146  Fleet  Street,  London,  E.C. 

Engineering  Standards  Commiitee,  which  is 
supported  by  the  Institution  of  Civil  Engineers, 
the  Institution  of  Mechanical  Engineers,  the 
Institution  of  Naval  Architects,  the  Iron  and  Steel 
Institute,  and  the  Institution  of  Electrical  Engineers, 
was  formed  in  January,  1901,  on  the  motion  of  Sir 
John  Wolfe  Barry,  K.C.B.,  to  consider  the  advisa- 
bility of  standardising  various  kinds  of  iron  and 
steel  sections.  The  original  committee  consisted 
of  six  members,  and  at  the  first  meeting,  held  April, 
1 901,  it  was  decided  to  recommend  that  the  various 
Institutions  now  associated  with  the  Committee 
be  approached  and  invited  to  nominate  two 
members  each  on  the  Committee.  The  invitations 
were  accepted,  and  the  Committee  on  Standardisa- 
tion thus  constituted  met  for  the  de^atch  of 
business  on  April  26, 1 90 1 .  In  1 90 1  the  standardisa- 
tion of  locomotives  and  of  tests  for  engineering 
materials  was  included,  and  early  in  the  following 
year  the  standardisation  of  electrical  plant.  The 
work  undertaken  by  the  Committee  has  thus  from 
time  to  time  been  enlarged,  and  the  following 
subjects  have  been  or  are  now  under  coanderation  : 
Rolled  Sections,  Railway  and  Tramway'  Rails, 
Locomotives  for  Indian  Railways,  Pipe  Flanges, 
Screw  Threads,  Pipe  Threads,  Limit  Gauges,  Rail- 
way Rolling  Stock  BCaterials,  Tyre  Profiles,  Steel 


V 


NominaUd  by  the  Inst, 
of  Civil  Enfineers. 


)    Nominated  by  the  Inst, 
l  of  Mechanical  Engineers, 

Nominated  by  the  Iron 
and  Steel  Institute, 

Nominated  by  the  Inst, 
of  Naval  Architects* 

Nominated  by  the  Inst, 
of  Electrical  Engineers, 


Castings  and  Forging  for  Marine  Work,  Portland 
Cement,  Cast  IrcMi  Pipes,  Generators,  Motors  and 
Transformers,  Prime  Movers  for  Electrical  Pur- 
poses, Telegraphs  and  Telephones,  Electric  Cables, 
Electric  Tramway  Materials,  Electric  Automobiles, 
Electrical  Plant  Accessories. 

Main  Comicittbb. 
Sir  John  Wolfe  Barry,  K.C.B.  (Chairman). 

Sir     Benjamin     Baker,  ^ 

K.CB. 
Sir  William   H.   White, 

K.CB. 
Sir  Alexander  R.  Binnie. 
Sir  Douglas  Fox. 
James  C.  IngUs. 
Professor  Unwin. 

William  H.  Maw. 
Edward  P.  Martin. 

G.  Ainsworth. 
Arthur  Cooper. 

Archibald  Denny. 
Dr.  Francis  Elgar. 

Sii       William       Preece, 

K.C>.B. 
Colonel  R.  E.  B.  Cromp- 

ton,  C.B.,  R.E. 

Dr.  J.  H.  T.  Tudsbery  (Hon.  Secretary),  Institu- 
tion of  Civil  Engineers. 
Leslie    S.    Robertson    (Secretary),    28    Victoria 
Street,  S.W. 

Engineer's  Gaiette.  Published  monthly.  Price 
6d.     Address  :   56  Chancery  Lane,  London,  W.C. 

Engineers,  HavaL    See  Naval  Education. 

Engineers'  Taoht  dab,  RoyaL  See  Royal 
Engineers'  Yacht  Club. 

English  and  Ameriean  Shipping  Co.,  Ltd.,  managed 
by  Messrs.  Bowring  Bros.,  Ltd.,  with  branch  oflSices 
at  Cardiff,  St.  Johns  (Newfoundland),  New  York, 
and  San  Francisco,  have  a  fleet  of  14  modem 
steamers  engaged  in  various  cargo  trades. 

Fleet. 

Adra,  Inca, 

Bona,  Mohta, 

Catalone.  Mora. 

Dominion,  Murcia, 

Huelva. 

Gross  tonnage,  43,66$. 

igngifali  Channel  Distriot.  See  Trinity  House 
Pilotage  Districts. 

Enroth.  Swedish  submarine.  (Stockholm, 
1902.)  Length,  82  ft. ;  beam,  13  ft. ;  draught, 
1 1  '6  ft. ;  displacement,  146  tons  ;  Hp.,  100=  1 1  kts. 

Ensign  is  a  national  flag  flown  at  the  mizzen 
peak  or  at  the  ensign  stafi  of  a  ship,  indicating  her 
nationality. 

Great  Britain  has  three  ensigns,  of  which  the 
Union  flag  forms  a  part,     (x)  The  White  Ensign, 


Mystic, 
Pola. 
Roda, 
Vera. 
Zufra. 


ENTERPRISE 


202 


ERNE 


which  belongs  exclusively  to  the  Royal  Navy, 
except  that  the  Royal  Yacht  Squadron  has  special 
permission  to  fly  it.  This  is  flown  by  all  ships  of 
the  Royal  Navy,  and  at  all  naval  stations.  The 
Union  Jack  occupies  one  quarter  of  the  field,  the 
upper  quarter  nearest  the  flagstaff.  The  rest  of 
the  ensign  is  white,  having  the  St.  George's  Cross 
upon  it,  throughout  its  length  and  height.  The 
white  ensign  is  the  only  one  of  the  three  that  carries 
a  cross  upon  its  field  in  this  way.  (2)  The  Blue 
Ensign  is  flown  by  ships  belonging  to  the  Naval 
Reserve.  The  Union  Jack  occupies  one  quarter  of 
the  field  ^  in  the  white  ensign,  and  the  whole  of  the 
rest  of  the  flag  is  taken  up  by  the  blue  field.  Some 
yacht  clubs  have  permission  to  fly  this  ensign. 
(3)  The  Red  Ensign  is  flown  by  all  British  ships 
which  do  not  belong  to  the  Royal  Navy  or  the 
Royal  Naval  Reserve.  The  design  is  the  same  as 
that  of  the  blue  ensign,  substituting  red  for  blue  in 
the  field.  Any  British  subject  may  fly  this  flag,  and 
it  is  unquestionably  the  right  one  for  private  indi- 
viduals to  display  on  occasions  of  national  rejoicing. 

The  proportions  of  all  these  ensigns  are  the  same 
as  those  of  the  Union  flag,  vix.,  the  length  is  double 
the  height. 

Some  Colonies  fly  the  blue  ensign,  as  New  South 
Wales  and  the  Straits  Settlements ;  and  some  the 
red,  as  Victoria,  Queensland,  Tasmania,  New 
Zealand,  Canada,  Cape  Colony,  West  African 
Settlements,  Malta,  etc.  With  the  blue  or  red 
ensign  the  badge  of  the  Colony  is  displayed  on  the 
field  or  "  fly  "  of  the  ensign.     liefer  to  Union  Flag. 

Enterprise.  Indian  Marine  steamer.  Foundered 
ofi  Port  Blair,  Andaman  Islands,  during  a  cyclone, 
November  2, 1891  ;  70  lives  lost. 

Enterprise.  In  1849  this  vessel,  under  CoUinson, 
sailed  from  England  in  search  of  Sir  John  Franklin 
(q.v.).     Refer  to  Arctic  Exploration. 

Entrance.  A  term  for  the  bow  of  a  vessel  under 
the  load  water-line. 

Entre  Bios.  Argentine  torpedo-boat  destroyer. 
(Yarrow,  1896.)  Length,  190  ft.  ;  beam,  19^  ft.  ; 
draught,  7^  ft.  ;  displacement,  280  tons  ;  comple- 
ment, 54  ;  armament,  i  14-pdr.,  3  6-pdr.  q.f.,  3 
tubes;  twin  screw;  Hp.,  4,000= 26J  kts.  ;  coal, 
80  tons. 

;  Havftl.     See  Naval  Educa- 


Entry  and 

tion. 

Ep6e.  French  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Forges 
et  Chantiers,  1904.)  Length,  180  ft. ;  beam,  21  ft.  ; 
maximum  draught,  10  ft. ;  displacement,  300  tons  ; 
complement,  45  ;  guns,  i  9-pdr,,  6  3-pdr ;  torpedo 
tubes,  2  15-in.  ;  speed,  27-30  kts. 

Epervier.     French  torpedo  cruiser.     (Rochefort, 
1887.) 
Length   216  ft.     Beam   29   ft.     Draught    15^  ft. 

Displacement  1,268  tons.    Complement  134. 


Guns.  Armour, 

5— 3-9  in.  "  Steel." 

I — 2'5  in.  I  j  in.  Deck  amidships. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 

5. 
Hp.  3,200=17  kts.     Coal  160  tons. 

Epieu.  French  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Nor- 
mand,  1902.)  Length,  180  ft.  ;  beam,  21  ft.  ; 
maximum  draught,  10  ft.  ;  displacement,  300  tons  ; 
complement,  45 ;  guns,  i  9-pdr.,  6  3-pdr. ;  torpedo 
tubes,  2  15-in.  ;  speed,  27-30  kts. 

Bgnaterial  enrrent    See  Ocean. 

Bqniiioz.  Either  of  the  two  points  of  intersection 
of  the  elliptic  and  the  equator- ;  so  called  because,  on 
the  sun's  arrival  at  either  of  them,  the  night  is 
everywhere  equal  in  length  to  the  day.  The  sun 
crosses  from  south  to  north  of  the  equator  at  the 
vernal  equinox  on  or  about  March  21,  and  again 
on  its  passage  from  north  to  south  of  the  same  line 
about  September  21. 

Erebus.    See  Franklin.  Sir  John. 

Ericsson.  U.S.  torpedo-boat  (1891).  Displace- 
ment, 120  tons;  guns,  3  i-pdr.  ;  torpedo  tubes, 
3  1 8 -in.  ;  maximum  speed,  23  kts. 

Eriosson,  John  (1803-89).  Naval  engineer  (b. 
Sweden).  Was  engaged  on  the  construction  of 
the  Gota  Ship  CanaL  In  1826  he  came  to  London, 
and  in  partnership  with  John  Braithwaite  con- 
structed the  "  Novelty,"  a  locomotive  engine  for 
the  Liverpool  and  Manchester  Railway  competition 
at  Rainhill.  He  and  Stephenson  were  rivals  in  the 
competition  for  the  first  locomotive,  and  the  prize 
was  won  by  Stephenson  with  the  "  Rocket."  He 
was  the  first  to  introduce  the  screw  propeller  in  a 
practical  way,  and  was  awarded  a  one-fifth  share  of 
the  j{2o,ooo  given  by  the  Admiralty  for  the  invention. 
In  1839  he  went  to  America,  where  he  subsequently 
built  the  famous  warship  Monitor,  from  the  appear- 
ance of  which  dates  the  modem  era  of  naval 
armament.  He  also  invented  the  steam  fire  engine, 
the  first  torpedo-boat,  a  solar  engine,  and  practical 
surface  condensation  as  applied  to  steam  navigation. 
He  died  at  New  York  on  March  8,  1889. 

Erilh  Tneht  Club.  Established  1900.  Commo- 
dore, T.  R.  Sales ;  Vice-Corn mocfore,  H.  Nelson 
Lloyd  ;  Rear-Commodore,  W.  E.  Ganney  ;  Trea- 
surer, T.  Davies ;  Honorary  Secretary,  W.  A.  De 
Merrall,  Club  House,  Erith,  Kent.  Entrance  fee, 
£1  IS. ;  annual  subscription.  £1  is, 

Bme.  British  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Palmer, 
1903.)  Length,  225  ft.  ;  beam,  23  ft. ;  draught, 
10  ft. ;  displacement,  540  tons  ;  complement.  70  ; 
armament,  i  12-pdr.,  5  6-pdr.,  2  tubes ;  twin 
screw  ;  Hp.,  7,000^25  kts. ;  coal,  95  tons. 


ERNEST 


203 


ERSKINE 


Ernest  Benan.  French  ist  class  cruiser.  (St. 
Nazaire,   1905.) 

Length   515ft.     Beam  72ft.     Mean  draught  27ft. 
Displacement  13,644  tons.     Complement  750. 
Guns.  Arm(n&, 

4 — 7*6  in.,  45  cal.      "  Krupp." 
12 — 6*4  in.  6}  in.  Belt  amidships. 

24 — 3  pdr.  8  in.  Turrets. 

8  in.  Conning  tower. 
Torpedo  Tubes  (17*7  in.). 
2  Submerged. 
2  Above  water. 
Three     screws.     Hp.     38,000= 23*5     kts.     Coal 
maximum  2,300  tons. 

Approximate  cost  ;£i, 250,000. 

fimest  Simons  (1893).  French  subsidised  mer- 
chant ship.  Messageries  Maritimes  (q.v.).  Dimen- 
sions, 443  X 47  X  36  ft. ;  gross  tonnage,  4,562  ;  Hp., 
5,000=17  kts. 


I.  A  minor  planet  discovered  by  M.  Witt,  of 
Berlin.  August  14,  1898.  The  brightness  of  this 
planet  when  nearest  to  the  earth  is  that  of  a  seventh 
magnitude  star.  It  is  a  mean  distance  from  the 
sun  of  135,500,000  miles,  and  approaches  within 
13,500,000  miles  of  the  earth. 

Error  of  capacity.  The  error  in  the  height  of  a 
mercurial  barometer  arising  from  the  change  of 
level  of  the  mercury  in  the  cistern. 

Ersats  Alexandrine.  Gennan  armoured  cruiser. 
(Danzig.  1905.) 

Length  341ft.  Beam  40ft.  Maximum  draught  ly^it. 
Displacement  3,250  tons.     Complement  280. 
Guns.  Armour, 

10 — 4*1  in.  "  Krupp." 

10 — I  pdr.  2  in.  Deck. 

4  Machine.  4  in.  Conning  tower. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
2  Submerged. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.   11,000=23  kts.     Coal   maxi- 
mum 800  tons. 


Bliti.     German  armoured  cruiser  (1906). 
Length  341ft.  Beam  40ft.  Maximum  draught  I7^ft. 
Displacement  3 , 2  50  tons.     Complement  280. 
Guns.  Armour. 

10 — ^4'!  in.  "  Krupp." 

10 — I  pdr.  2  in.  Deck. 

4  Machine.  4  in.  Conning  tower. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
2  Submerged. 
Twin  screw.     Hp,   11,000=23  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 800  tons. 

Ersats  Comet     German  armoured  cruiser  (1906)* 
Length  341ft.  Beam  40ft.  Maximum  draught  1 7^ft- 
Displacement  3.250  tons.    Complement  280. 
Guns.  Armour. 

10 — 4*1  in.  "  Krupp." 

10— I  pdr.  2  in.  Deck. 

4  Machine.  4  in.  Conning  tower. 


Torpedo  Tubes, 
2  Submerged, 
Twin  screw  turbine  engines.     Hp.  1 1 .000  ss  23  kts. 
Coal  maximum  800  tons. 

This  was  the  first  warship  fitted  with  German- 
built  turbine  engines. 

Ersati  Meteor.  German  armoured  cruiser.  (Kiel 
Dockyard,  1905.) 

Length  341ft.  Beam  40ft.  Maximum  draught  x6ift. 
Displacement  3,200  tons.     Complement  280. 
Guns.  Armour. 

10— 4*1  in.  "  Krupp." 

10 — 1*4  in.  2  in.  Deck. 

4  Maxims.  4  in.  Conning  tower. 

Tyrpedo  Tubes. 
2  Submerged. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  11,0003323  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 800  tons. 

Brsati  PfeiL    German  3rd  class  cruiser  (1906). 

Ersati  Saehen.  German  turret-ship  (1906).  Dis- 
placement, 18,000  tons. 

Ersats  Waofat.    German  armoured  cruiser  (1906). 
Length  341ft.  Beam  40ft.  Maximum  draught  ly^it. 
Displacement  3,250  tons.     Complement  280. 
Gur^.  Armour. 

10— 4"  1  in,  "  Krupp." 

10— I  pdr.  2  in.  Deck. 

4  Machine.  4  in.  Conning  tower. 

Torpedo  Tub$s. 
2  Submerged. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  11,000=23  kts.    Coal  zpaxi* 
mum  800  tons. 

EnUne,  Sir  James  Eiphinstone,  K.O.B.,  cr.  1897 
(b.  December,  1838).  Admiral  of  the  Fleet. 
Entered  Royal  Navy,  1852  ;  in  1880  was  appointed 
private  secretary  to  Lord  Northbrook,  then  First 
Lord  of  the  Admiralty ;  Commodore  on  the  Aus- 
tralian Station,  1881-84 ;  promoted  rear-admiral, 
1886,  and  sat  on  the  Admiralty  Board  as  Lord 
Commissioner  from  February  to  August ;  senior 
ofiicer  on  the  coast  of  Ireland,  1888,  and  one  of 
the  umpires  in  the  naval  manoeuvres,  1894 '»  Com- 
mander-in-Chief, North  American  and  West  Indian 
Station,  1895  >  during  his  command  on  the  Aus- 
tralian Station  he  had  the  honour  of  conducting 
to  a  satisfactory  conclusion  the  negotiation  with 
the  New  South  Wales  Gk>vernment  in  regard  to  the 
site  for  a  naval  depdt,  with  a  view  of  establishing 
a  naval  base  in  Australian  waters  ;  was  selected  by 
H.M.  Government  to  carry  out  their  instructions 
to  proclaim  a  British  protectorate  in  New  Guinea 
and  adjacent  islands ;  principal  naval  A.D.C.  to 
the  King,  1901-02  ;  was  appointed  a  Commissioner 
to  inquire  into  matters  relating  to  French  treaty 
rights  in  Newfoundland,  1898 ;  created  K.C.B.. 
June  22.  1897,  on  the  commemoration  of  Her 
Majesty's  Diamond  Jubilee ;  Admiral  of  the  Fleet, 
October  3,  1902. 


ERTOGRUL 


204 


ESSEX 


Briognil.  Turkish  Government  cruiser.  Foun- 
dered in  Japanese  waters  during  a  heavy  gale, 
September  18.  1890. 

Bnhenog   Ferdinand    Kax.    Austro-Hungarian 
battleship.     (Trieste,  1905.) 
Length  390ft.     Beam  72ft.     Mean  draught  24ft. 
Displacement  10,600  tons. 
Guns.  Armour, 

4 — 9 '4  in.,  40  cal.      "  Krupp." 
12 — 7*6  in.  8  in.  Belt  amidships. 

14 — 12  pdr.  9  in.  Barbettes. 

12 — I  pdr.  9  in.  Turrets. 

4  Maxims.  8  in.  Conning  tower. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (17*7  in.). 
2  Submerged. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  14,000s  19*25  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 1,315  tons.     Approximate  cost  ;f9i2,500. 

Enhenog  Friediicfa.    Austro-Hungarian  battle- 
ship.    (Trieste,  1904.) 
Length  390ft.     Beam  72ft.     Mean  draught  24ft. 
Displacement  10,600  tons. 
Guns.  Armour. 

4—9*4  in.,  40  cal.      "  Krupp." 
12 — y'6  in.  8  in.  Belt  amidships. 

14 — 12  pdr.  9  in.  Barbettes. 

12 — I  pdr.  9  in.  Turrets. 

4  Maxims.  8  in.  Conning  tower. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (17  in.). 
2  Submerged. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  14,000  s  19*25  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 1,315  tons.     Approximate  cost  £g 1 2, 500. 

Etsbenog  KarL    Austro-Hungarian  battleship. 
(Trieste,  1903.) 
Length  390ft.     Beam  72ft.     Mean  draught  24ft. 
Displacement  10,600  tons. 
Guns.  Armour. 

4—9*4  in.,  40  cal.      "  Krupp." 
12 — 7'6  in.  8  in.  Belt  amidships. 

14 — 12  pdr.  9  in.  Barbettes. 

12 — I  pdr.  9  in.  Turrets. 

4  Maxims.  8  in.  Conning  tower. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (17  in.), 
2  Submerged. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  14.000=19*25  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 1.3 1 5  tons.    Approximate  cost  3(912.500. 

Bilyiirn    Snare.    Danish    torpedo    school    ship 

(530  tons). 

Esoopette.  French  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Nor- 
mand,  1902.)  Length,  180  ft.  ;  beam.  21  ft.  ; 
maximum  draught,  10  ft.  ;  displacement,  300  tons  ; 
complement.  45  ;  guns,  i  9-pdr.,  6  3-pdr.  ;  torpedo 
tubes.  2  15-in. ;  speed,  27-30  kts. 

EMnioheon.  The  place  in  the  middle  of  the 
ship's  stem  where  she  carries  her  name* 

Simeralda.    Chilian  cruiser.     (Elswick.  1996.) 

Sheathed  and  coppered. 

Length  436ft.     Beam  53ft.     Mean  draught  20ft. 

Displacement  7.000  tons.    Complement  500. 


Guiu. 
2 — 8  in. 
16— 6  in. 
8 — 12  pdr. 
9 — 6  pdr. 


Armour. 
"  Harvey." 
6  in.  Belt. 
6  in.  Bulkheads. 
4  in.  Gun  shields. 


2—3  P<ir- 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 

2  Submerged. 
I  Above  water  bow. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  16.0008822*25  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 1,350  tons. 

Espandon.  French  sea-going  submarine.  (Cher- 
bourg, 1 90 1.)  Length,  11 1  ft.;  beam,  9^  ft.; 
draught,  5^  ft. ;  displacement,  106  tons  above, 
200  tons  below;  Hp.,  250=12  kts.  above,  8  kts. 
below ;  torpedo  tubes,  2  i7*7-in. 

Bspero.  Italian  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Naples. 
1904.)  Displacement,  330  tons ;  maximum  draught. 
8  ft. ;  armament.  5  6-pdr. ;  tubes,  2  i8-in. ;  Hp., 
6.000  as  30  kts. ;  coal,  80  tofas. 

Etpiegle.     British  sloop  (1,070  tons,  i^i  kts.). 

Bepora.    Argentine  small  cruiser.     (Laird,  1890.) 
Displacement  550  tons.    Complement  124. 
Guns.  Armour, 

2—14  pdr.  "  Steel." 

I — 8  pdr.  i^  in.  Belt  amidships. 

2 — 3  pdr.     '  I  in.  Conning  tower. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
5  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.    Hp.  forced  3.000=  19*5  kts.     Coal 
maximum,  130  tons. 

Eiqoire.  The  following  are  legally  entitled  to  be 
so  addressed,  viz. ! 

1.  The  younger  sons  of  peers  and  their  eldest 
sons. 

2.  The  eldest  sons  of  knights  and  their  eldest 
sons. 

3.  Chiefs  of  ancient  families  by  prescriptive 
right. 

4.  Esquires,  by  creation  of  office,  as  heralds, 
judges,  naval. and  miUtary  officers,  justices  of  the 
peace,  and  barrister9*at-law. 

5.  Esquires  who  attend  a  Knight  of  the  Bath 
on  installation. 

Euei.     British    ist    class    cruiser.     (Pembroke. 
1901.) 
Length  440ft.     Beam  66ft.     Mean  draught  24ft. 
Displacement  9.800  tons.    Complement  678. 
Guns.  Armour. 

14 — 6  in.,  4S  cal.         "  Krupp." 
8 — 12  pdr.  4  in.  Belt  amidships. 

2 — 12  pdr.,  8  cwt.     5  in.  Barbettea. 
3 — 3  pdr.  10  in.  Conning  tower. 

8  Pompoms. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
2  Submerged. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  22.000=23  kts.    Coal  maxi- 
mum i  ,600  tons.    Approximate  cost  £775,000. 


ESSEX 


205 


EUPHRATES 


This  ship-name  dates  in  the  Navy  from  1653. 
and  is  associated  with  the  battle  of  Lowestoft, 
1665  ;  The  Four  Days'  Fight,  1666 ;  St.  James's 
Fight,  1666 ;  Barfleur  and  X^  Hogue,  1693  ;  Vigo 
Bay,  1702 ;  capture  of  Gibraltar,  1704 ;  battle  off 
Cape  Passaro.  1718  ;  capture  of  Belleisle,  1761. 

Essex  Taoht  Clab»  Leigh.  Established  1890. 
Flag  :  Red  ensign.  Burgee  :  Red,  blue  shield  with 
three  cutlasses  in  centre.  Commodore  :  R.  Frost- 
Smith  ;  Vice-Commodore,  P.  Geary ;  Rear-Com- 
modore, M.  Pearce  Powell ;  Honorary  Treasurer, 
A.  J.  Ray ;  Honorary  Secretary,  A.  R.  Ray. 
Entrance  fee,  £1  is, ;  annual  subscription,  £1  is. 

BrtaWiihmftiit  of  the  port    Sse  Tides. 

Estivador  or  Stevedore.    A  man  who  stows  cargo. 

Bitoc  French  gun-boat  (1884).  Displacement, 
170  tons.  On  service  in  Cochin  China.  Of  little 
fighting  value. 

Estoniaa  Tacdit  Otah.  Established  1888.  Ad- 
miral. H.I.H.  The  Grand  Duke  Alexei  Alexandro- 
vitch ;  Commodore,  R.  von  Gemet ;  Vice-Com- 
modores, Baron  £.  Ugem-Stemberg  (W.  district), 
A.  Sesemann  (N.  district) ;  Treasurer,  Egon  Koch ; 
Honorary  Secretary,  F.  Kusmanoflf,  Reval,  Russia. 
Entrance  fee,  10  roubles ;  annual  subscription, 
10  roubles. 

Eltrailiadilia.     Spanish  cruiser  (1900). 
length  288ft.   Beam  36ft.  Maximum  draught  15  ft. 
Displacement  2,030  tons.     Complement  260. 

Guns,  Armour. 

4—5-5  in.  "  Steel." 

4 — 4  in.  1 1  in.  Deck. 

2 — 13  pdr. 
4 — 6  pdr. 
4 — I  pdr. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  forced  7,800=18  kts.     Coal 
maximum  210  tons. 


French  submarine.  (Toulon,  1903.) 
Length,  77  ft. ;  beam,  yi  ft. ;  draught,  8  ft. ;  dis- 
placement, 68  tons ;  complement,  5  ;  Hp.,  60=3 
8kts. 

Eten.  Steamer  belonging  to  the  English  Pacific 
Steam  Navigation  Co.  Wrecked  about  100  miles 
north  of  Valparaiso,  July  15,  1877  ;  100  lives  lost. 


winds.  Northerly  winds  which  blow 
consistently  in  the  Mediterranean  every  year 
during  the  summer  months  towards  North  Africa. 
To  these  winds  Egypt  owes  much  of  her  fertility. 

KttutHon,  38  guns.  On  December  24,  1799, 
this  vessel  was  lost  on  the  Penmarks. 

Etheridge,  OopeUmd  Knight  (b.  Ramsgate,  &fay, 
1856).  Served  his  apprenticeship  with  Messrs. 
J.  D.  Willis  and  Co.,  and  in  1879  joined  the  firm  of 
Messrs.  Houlder  Brothers  and  Co.,  London,  and 
had  full  charge  of  the  working  of  their  time- 
chartered  and  general  cargo  boats  running  to  the 


River  Plate.  On  the  formation  of  Messrs.  Houlder 
Brothers,  Ltd.,  he  received  the  appointment  of 
marine  superintendent  and  manager  of  their  marine 
department,  and  under  his  control  the  fleet  became 
one  of  the  first  cargo  lines  afloat.  During  the 
South  African  war  the  Houlder  Line  ships  were 
used  to  transport  horses  for  the  British  Govern- 
ment with  unqualified  success.  Member  of  Institu- 
tion of  Naval  Architects,  and  Associate  Member 
of  Institution  of  Marine  Engineers. 

Etna.  Dutch  torpedo-boat.  (Yarrow,  1883.) 
Length,  xoo  ft. ;  beam,  12^  ft. ;  draught,  5}  ft. ; 
displacement,  45  tons ;  complement,  16 ;  arma- 
ment, 2  i-pdr.,  2  tubes;  Hp.,  550  =  21  kts. ;  coal, 
7  tons. 

Etna.    Small  Italian  cruiser  (1885). 
Length  283ft.  Beam  42ft  Maximum  draught  20ft. 
Displacement  3.530  tons.    Complement  308. 
Guns,  Armour, 

8— 6  in.  "Steel." 

5 — 6  pdr.  2  in.  Deck, 

8 — I  pdr.  I  in.  Conning  tower. 

Torpedo  Tubes, 
I  Submerged  bow. 
3  Above  water. 
Twin  torew.     Hp.  7,480=  17*8  kts.     Coal  normal 
600  tons.    Approximate  cost  £22 $,000. 

Binilin  (1884).  British  subsidised  merchant 
ship.  Cunard  Line  {q.v.),  (Liverpool,  New  York.) 
Dimensions,  501 X  57  x  38  ft. ;  gross  tonnage,  8,135 ; 
Hp.,  14.500=18  kts. 

Etrnria.    Small  Italian  cruiser.     (Orlando,  189 1.) 
Length  262ft.   Beam  39ft.  Maximum  draught  17ft. 
Displacement  2,280  tons.    Complement  246. 

Guns,  Armour, 

2—6  in.  "  Steel." 

8 — 4*7  in.  I  in.  Deck. 

8 — 6  pdr. 
8 — I  pdr. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
3  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  7,500=18*5  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 500  tons.     Approximate  cost  ;f2oo,ooo. 

et  leq.    Abbreviation  for  **  and  the  following." 

Ettriok,  British  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Pal- 
mer, 1903.)  Length,  225  ft. ;  beam,  23' ft. ;  draught,' 
loft. ;  displacement,  540  tons;  complement,  70; 
armament,  i  12-pdr.,  5  6-pdr.,  2  tubes  ;  twin  screw ; 
Hp.,  7,000=25  kts. ;  coal,  95  tons. 

Enphratei  and  Tigris  Steam  HavigatUm  Oo^  Ltd., 

have  a  fleet  of  four  steamers,  trading  in  the  Persian 
Gulf.  A  service  is  maintained  from  Bussorah  for 
Bagdad  weekly,  and  vice  versa ;  a  service  from 
Mahommerah  for  Ahwaz  fortnightly,  and  vice  versa. 

Flbbt. 
Blosse  Lynch,  Malamir, 

Khalifah.  Mejidieh. 


EURIDICE 


206 


EVERTSEN 


Eqiidioe.     Italian  torpedo  gun -boat  (1891). 
Displacement  850  tons.     Complement  118. 


A  rtnouK 
"  Steel." 
i^  in.  Deck. 


Guns, 
I — 47  in. 
6 — 6  pdr. 
3—1  pdr. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
6  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  4,100=19*5  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 180  tons. 

Euro.  Italian  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Schi- 
chau,  1900.)  Displacement,  320  tons  ;  maximum 
draught,  8^  ft.;  armament,  i  12-pdr.,  5  6-pdr. ; 
tubes,  2  i8-in. ;  Hp.,  6,000=  30  kts. ;  coal,  80  tons. 

Bnropa.     British  ist  class  cruiser.     (Clydebank  > 

1897.) 

Length  450ft.   Beam  69ft.   Maximum  draught  27ft. 

Displacement  1 1 ,000  tons.     Complement  677. 
Guns.  A  rtnour. 

16—6  in.  "  Harvey." 

12 — 12  pdr.  4  in.  Belt  amidships. 

2 — 12  pdr.,  8  cwt.     12  in.  Conning  tower. 
12 — 3  pdr. 
2  Maxims. 

Torpedo  Tubes, 
2  Submerged. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  16,500  =  20*25  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 2,000  tons.     Approximate  cost  ;£6oo,ooo. 

IwyBliig.  British  ist  class  cruiser.  (Vickers, 
1901.) 

Length  454ft.   Beam  69ft.  Maximum  draught  28ft. 
Displacement  12,000  tons.     Complement  700. 
Guns.  A  rtnour. 

2 — 9*2  in.,  45  cal.      "  Krupp." 
12—^  in.  6  in.  Belt  amidships. 

1 2 — 1 2  pdr.  6  in.  Barbettes. 

2 — 12  pdr.,  8  cwt.     12  in.  Conning  tower. 

3—3  pdr. 
2  Maxims. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
2  Submerged. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  21,000=21  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 1 ,600  tons.     Approximate  cost  ;^8oo,ooo. 

This  ship-name  was  first  introduced  into  the 
Navy  in  1653,  and  is  associated  with  Nelson's 
victory  at  Trafalgar,  1805. 

Borydice.  Training  ship.  Foundered  ofiE  Dun- 
nose,  Isle  of  Wight,  March  24,  1878  ;  300  lives  lost. 
This  vessel  was  subsequently  raised  by  the  Admi- 
ralty divers,  by  having  oak  toggles  placed  inside 
each  port  hole,  to  which  were  attached  Bullivant 
wire  hawsers  carried  up  by  two  lifting  frigates, 
which  wore  moored  over  the  wreck. 

Emdne.    The  ancient  name  of  the  Black  Sea. 

Bvanf,  Robley  Danglifon  (b.  1846).  American 
naval  ofhcer.  Greatly  distinguished  himself  at 
the  battle  of  Santiago,  when  in  command  of  the 
Iowa. 

Publication  :    "  A  Sailor's  Log  "  (1901). 


Evani,  Sir  FMariok  Joha  Owen  (1815-85). 
English  hydrographer.  Wrote  in  conjunction  with 
Archibald  Smith,  "  Admiralty  Manual  for  deviation 
of  the  Compass  "  (i860),  which  is  the  standard 
text-book.  Was  hydrographer  to  the  Admiralty, 
1874-84. 

Evans,  Thomas  Lather  (b.  Cardigan,  September  2, 
1852).  In  1866  went  to  sea,  and  after  serving  10 
years  in  sailing  ships  obtained  command.  For 
18  years  he  commanded  steamers  on  foreign  service, 
and  in  1893,  having  retired  from  active  sea  life, 
became  marine  superintendent  to  a  large  steamship 
company.  In  March,  1902,  commenced  business 
on  his  own  account  as  a  marine  surveyor.  He  was 
in  May,  1903,  appointed  local  manager  and  secretary 
of  the  Donald  Steamship  Co.  During  his  career  he 
has  had  a  long  and  valued  exp>erience  in  superin- 
tending salving  and  repairing  large  steamers  in 
various  parts  of  the  world.  He  has  the  distinction 
of  having  supervised  the  repairing  (practically  the 
rebuilding)  of  the  American  steamer  Merrimac, 
which  vessel  became  historical  in  the  Spanish- 
American  war,  and  was  blown  up  at  the  entrance 
to  Santiago  Harbour  by  Lieutenant  Hobson.  of  the 
U.S.  Navy.  He  retired  with  a  magnificent  record, 
for  after  a  period  of  nearly  28  years  of  sea  service, 
trading  in  all  parts  of  the  world,  he  had  never  been 
in  collision,  nor  had  any  vessel  which  he  had 
commanded  been  sunk  or  stranded.  Member  of 
the  Society  of  Arts  and  Commerce,  London  ; 
Associate  Member  of  the  Institution  of  Naval  Archi- 
tects, and  Associate  Member  of  the  North-East 
Coast  Institution  of  Engineers  and  Shipbuilders. 

Braporatioa.  The  process  of  vapour  passing  into 
the  air  from  water  and  moist  surfaces. 

Evaporimeter.  An  instrument  for  measuring  the 
amount  of  evaporation. 

Even  keeL  When  a  ship  is  evenly  trimmed, 
drawing  the  same  quantity  of  water  fore-and-aft. 

Bvertsen.  A  Dutch  naval  family,  of  which  nine 
members  have  fallen  in  action  at  sea.  Among  the 
most  prominent  are  Vice-Admiral  Cornelius  Evert- 
sen,  killed  in  the  second  battle  of  the  North  Foreiand . 
x666 ;  Admiral  Jan  Evertsen,  killed  in  the  St. 
James's  fight.  1666 ;  and  Lieutenant  Admiral 
Cornelius  Evertsen.  who  greatly  distinguished 
himself  at  the  battle  of  Beachy  Head,  1690. 

Evertsen.    Dutch  battleship  (1894). 
Length  284ft.  Beam  47ft.  Maximum  draught  19ft. 
Displacement  3.520  tons.     Complement  260. 
Guns.  Armour, 

3—8*2  in,  "  Harvey." 

2 — 6  in.  6  in.  Belt  amidships. 

6 — 12  pdr.  9^  in.  Barbettes. 

6 — I  pdr.  9j  in.  Conning  tower. 

Torpedo  Tubes, 
2  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.      Hp.  forced  4,800  =16  kts.      Coal 
250  tons. 


EVSTAFF 


207 


FAB  RE 


Brtiifl.    Russian  turret  battleship,  Black  Sea. 
(Nicolaiefi,  1906.) 

Length  372ft.     Beam  72ft.     Draught  27ft. 
Displacement  12,733  tons.     Complement  731. 
Guns.  Armour. 

4 — 12  in.  **  Kmpp.*' 

4 — 8  in.  9  in.  Belt  amidships. 

12 — 6  in,  7  in.  Bulkheads. 

14 — 3  in.  10  in.  Barbettes. 

8 — I  '8  in. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 

5- 
Hp.  1 0,600  s=  1 6  kts.    Coal  maximum  1,400  tons. 

ExoellMit.  British  gunnery  ship  (508  tons). 
Launched  1883. 

Excess  Insnnuice  Co.,  Ltd.  Registered  March 
19.  1894,  with  an  authorised  capital,  issued  and 
called  up,  of  ;f 5 ,000,  in  5,000  shares  of  £1  each,  fully 
paid.  The  company  does  business  in  fire,  burglary, 
marine,  and  credit  insurance.  Since  its  incorpora- 
tion the  company  has  paid  a  steadily  increasing 
dividend,  from  5%  in  1896,  to  £1  per  share  per 
annum  for  1903,  and  since  then  at  the  uniform  rate 
of  £1  per  share  per  annum.  The  company  has  now 
accumulated  a  reserve  fund  of  ;^7o,ooo,  as  well  as  a 
special  reserve  fund  of  ;^  15,000,  for  depreciation  of 
investments.  The  invested  funds  (excluding  re- 
serves) amount  to  ;^i  11,000. 

Manager,  C.  E.  Heath ;  Secretary,  R.  E.  Hall. 
Offices :  Winchester  House,  Old  Broad  Street, 
l!x>ndon,  E.C. 


British  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Palmer, 
1903.)  Length,  225  ft. ;  beam,  23 J  It. ;  draught. 
10  ft.  ;  displacement,  540  tons  ;  complement,  70  ; 
armament,  i  12-pdr.,  5  6-pdr.,  2  tubes ;  twin  screw ; 
Hp.,  7,000=25  kts. ;  coal,  95  tons. 

Bzeeathres,  Na?aL     See  Naval  Education. 

Eze  Tacdit  (Hub,  Exmouth.  Established  1889. 
Recognised  by  Y.R.A.,  1895.  Burgee :  A  black 
cross  with  a  red  border  on  a  white  ground,  with  the 
three  castles  of  Exeter  in  yellow  in  the  centre. 
.Ensign:  Red,  The  club  house  is  on  the  pier  at 
Exmouth.  Commodore,  J.  E.  Norman ;  Vice- 
Commodore,  Xx>uis  Bamberger ;  Rear-Commodore, 
H.  Mellanby ;  Treasurer,  A.  J.  Darke ;  Honorary 
Secretary,  H.  F.  Pollard.  Entrance  fee,  105.  6d» ; 
annual  subscription,  £1  is. 

Bxmontli.    British  ist  class  battleship.     (Laird, 
1901.) 

Length  429  ft.  Beam  75  ft.  Maximum  draught  27  ft. 
Displacement  14,000  tons.    Complement  750. 

Cuns.  A  rmour. 

4—12  in.  "  Krupp." 

12—6  in.  7  in.  Belt  atnidships. 

12 — 12  pdr.  ir  in.  Barbettes. 

6 — 3  pdr.  12  in.  Conning  tower. 

2  Maxims. 


Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
4  Submerged. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  18,000=19  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 2,000  tons.     Approximate  cost  ;£  1,000,000. 

Expert  witness.  The  evidence  of  experts  is  one 
of  the  exceptions  to  the  rule  that  witnesses  must 
speak  to  facts  and  not  express  opinions.  When 
questions  of  science,  skill,  or  trade  are  involved,  the 
opinion  of  a  witne^,  himself  possessing  particular 
experience  or  knowledge,  may  aid  the  Court  in 
forming  a  correct  judgment,  and  is  admissible  as 
evidence.     Refer  to  Nautical  Assessors.  ' 

Explosives.     See  Dangerous  Goods. 

Express.  British  torpedo-boat  destroyer,  (Bir- 
kenhead. 1897.)  Length,  227  ft. ;  beam,  22  ft.  ; 
draught,  9  ft. ;  displacement,  300  tons ;  comple- 
ment, 60 ;  armament,  i  12-pdr.,  5  6-pdr.,  2  tubes ; 
twin  screw ;   Hp.,  6,000  =  31  kts.  ;   coal,  80  tons. 

Express  warranty.    See  Warranties. 

Extended  protest    See  Protest. 

Extremadllta.  Spanish  cruiser.  (Cadiie,  1902.) 
Length,  290  ft.  ;  beam,  36  ft. ;  draught,  14  ft. 
displacement,  2,030  tons  ;  guns,  8  4-in.,  4  2*2-in., 
2  I '4-in.  ;  armour,  "steel,"  2  in.  deck  amidships  ; 
Hp.,  7,000=20  kta. 

I^e.  A  round  loop  of  a  shroud  or  stay  where  it 
goes  over  the  mast. 

Eye  of  the  storm.  The  vortex,  or  calm  centre* 
of  a  tropical  revolving  storm. 

F 

F.  Distinguishing  letter  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Fano,  Denmark. 

F.  Distinguishing  letter  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Faversham,  England. 

F.  Distinguishing  letter  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  F6camp,  France. 

F.    Abbreviation  for  Fahrenheit. 

L  Fine.  Abbreviation  adopted  on  the  charts 
issued  by  the  Hydrographic  Office,  Admiralty,  de- 
noting the  quality  of  the  ocean's  bottom. 

F.a.a.  "  Free  of  all  average."  Captain's  effects 
are  generally  so  insured,  and  where  two  or  more 
different  and  distinct  kinds  of  goods  are  insured  on 
one  policy  the  loss  of  the  whole  of  any  one  kind 
entitles  the  assured  to  claim  the  insured  value  of 
the  same.  "  As  soon  as  it  is  ascertained  that  the 
goods  are  of  different  species  it  is  as  if  the  different 
species  were  ennmerated."  (Mr.  Justice  Williams 
in  Wilkinson  t;.  Hyde,  3  C.B»,  W.S.  30;  Gow  on 
Marine  Insurance,  p.  191.)  Refer  to  Clauses, 
Average. 

Falire  Line,  owned  and  managed  by  Cyp.  Fabre 
et  Cie.,  Marseilles,  have  a  fleet  of  six  excellent 
steamers,  which  maintain  a  regular  service  from 


FAERDER 


208 


FAIRFIELD 


Naples  and  Marseilles  lor  New  York.  This  service 
has  been  maintained  for  the  last  21  years,  and  the 
line  has  built  up  for  itself  a  great  reputation,  and 
claims  that  no  passenger  has  perished  through 
accidents  of  the  sea  on  any  of  its  steamers  since  it 
has  been  established. 

Fleet. 
Gallia.  Massilia. 

Gertnania.  Neustria, 

Madonna.  Roma. 

FMrder  Steanudiip  Oo.,  with  their  head  ofhces  in 
Christiania,  maintain  a  weekly  service  from  Grange- 
mouth to  Chnstiania,  and  vice  versa.  A  steamer 
leaves  Grangemouth  every  Wednesday,  carrying 
passengers,  and  visits  the  picturesque  scenes  of 
Eastern  and  Southern  Norway. 

FXABT. 

Norway.  Scotland. 

Fag-end.  The  end  of  any  rope  when  it  has 
become  untwisted. 

Fahienheit.  The  thermometer  scale  in  general 
use  in  English-speaking  countries,  in  which  the 
interval  between  the  freezing  and  boiling  points 
is  divided  into  180^,  the  freezing  point  being  32^ 
and  the  boiling  point  212°. 

Fahrenheit,  Gabriel  Daniel  (1686-1736)  (b.  Dan- 
zig). In  17 14  he  conceived  the  idea  of  substituting 
mercury  for  spirits  of  wine  in  the  construction  of 
thermometers,  and  is  well  known  for  the  im- 
provements made  by  him  in  the  construction  of 
the  thermometer  and  barometer.  He  took  as  the 
zero  of  his  thermometric  scale  the  lowest  tem- 
perature observed  by  him  in  Danzig  during  the 
winter  of  1709.  The  space  between  this  point  and 
that  to  which  the  mercury  ros^  at  the  temperature 
of  boiling  water  he  divided  into  212  parts.  He 
died  September  16,  1736. 

■ 

f  Fairfax^  Sir  Henry  (i 837-1 900).  English  ad- 
miral. Served  with  distinction  off  south-east  coast 
of  Africa  in  suppressing  the  slave  trade.  He 
personally  superintended  the  studies  of  the  late 
Prince  Albert  Victor  and  Prince  George,  Prince  of 
Wales.  CxHnmanded  the  Monarch  at  the  bom- 
bardment of  Alexandria,  1882 ;  a  Naval  Lord  of 
the  Admiralty  from  1889-92 ;  promoted  admiral, 

1897. 

Ffeirflflid  Shipbuilding  and  Bngineerliff  Ck).,  Ltdn 

Govan,  Glasgow.  The  Fairfield  works  have  for 
half  a  century  been  in  the  front  rank  amongst 
British  shipbuilding  and  engineering  concerns. 
Millwright  work  was  commenced  in  1834,  steam- 
ship machinery  was  first  constructed  in  1855,  and 
some  time  later  shipbuilding  was  entered  upon,  the 
firm  gradually  concentrating  their  energy  upon 
marine  work.  ^tThe  first  compound  engine  ever 
placed  on  t>oard  ship  was  constructed  by  the  firm 
in  1854,  ^^^  they  were  the  first  to  introduce  the 
triple  expansion  engine  to  the  Atlantic  service. 


Consistent  with  the  principle,  as  demonstrated 
by  this  and  other  precedents,  that  the  firm  shall 
always  lend  its  inlluence  to  progress,  th^  construc- 
tion of  the  steam  turbine  has  been  entered  upon 
with  an  active  confidence  as  great  as  the  resulting 
success.  There  have  already  been  constructed  by 
the  firm  a  large  number  of  turbine  installations  for 
channel  steamers,  and  amongst  the  work  on  hand 
at  the  beginning  of  the  current  year  was  the 
41,000  Hp.  for  the  four-screw  cruiser  Indomitable, 
the  25,000  Hp.  installation  for  the  new  battleship 
Bellerophon,  and  turbines  of  14,500  Hp.  for  each  of 
the  two  high-speed  steamers  for  service  between 
Marseilles  and  Egypt. 

The  Fairfield  Works,  situated  at  Govan.  two 
miles  down  the  river  from  Glasgow,  have  an  area 
of  85  acres,  with  a  frontage  to  the  river  of  2,600  ft. 
There  are  ten  building  berths  capable  of  taking  the 
largest  ships,  and  for  the  fitting  out  of  these  after 
they  have  been  floated  there  is  a  dock  five  acres  in 
extent,  with  an  entrance  240  ft.  wide,  and  having 
a  depth  of  water  sufficient  to  enable  vessels  draw- 
ing 29  ft.  to  continue  afloat  at  any  stage  of  the 
tide. 

The  first  ship  buUt  was  completed  in  1861,  and 
since  then  the  progress,  alike  in  power  and  size  of 
ships,  in  the  value  and  volume  of  the  work  done, 
and  in  the  economy  in  consumption  and  weight  of 
machinery,  has  been  continuous.  In  the  thirties 
the  firm's  wages  bill  was  only  about  ;£2,ooo,  but 
by  1 86 1  it  had  advanced  to  ;f 54,000,  and  now 
reaches  ^{400,000,  while  the  value  of  the  work  com- 
pleted per  annum  has  multiplied  tenfold  in  the 
same  period. 

The  following  table  gives  figures  regarding 
volume  and  value  of  work  done  : 


Quin- 
quennial 
period 

Tonnage 
of  vessels 
launched 

Tonnage 

of  largest 

vessels 

launched 

Indicated 

horse- 
power of 
engines 
completed 

Largest 

power  in 

vessel 

Value  of 

pletedper 
annum 

1861-65 
1866-70 
1871-75 
1876-60 
1881-85 
1886-90 
1891-95 

1896-1900 

1901-05 

1906 

One  year 

15.860 

64.698 
130.076 

89.154 
138.903 
109.354 

86.680 
123.888 
142.715 

[20.043 

1.664 

3.844 

4.820 

11.802 

7.719 

8.249 

12.952 

12.000 

16.420 

14.500 

1 

27.157 

51.989 

97.900 

91.384 

208.792 

177.890 

217.051 

235.680 

249.035 

'      29.380 

2.300 
3.100 
4,174 
12.383 
14.500 
16.000 
32.000 
21.UU0 
30.000 

19.280 

£ 
182.48S 
373.946 
785.202 
633.43S 

1.063.3O3 
518.795 
619.919 
847.432 

1.035.314 

1,194.903 

The  great  majority  of  the  vessels  built  by  the 
company  are  for  the  mail  and  passenger  service 
and  for  the  Navy.  In  the  latter  category  the  com- 
pany have  done  valuable  work.  In  all  about  60 
warships  have  been  completed,  and  several  others 
built  in  the  Royal  Dockyards  have  had  their 
machinery  from  the  Fairfield  Co.,  whose  association 
with  the. Admiralty  has  extended  over  37  years, 
and  it  is  indicative  of  the  improved  organisation 
and  equipment  that  this  naval  work  has  in  the 
last  decade  enormously  increased  in  volume  and 


FAIRFIELD 


209 


FAIRFIELD 


importance.  The  company  built  H.M.  battleship 
Comnumweaiih,  one  of  the  vessels  of  the  King 
Edward  VII.  class,  which  comes  next  to  the 
Dreadnoughts  in  fighting  power.  They  have  also 
been  entrusted  with  the  construction  of  the  turbine 
machinery  for  the  Bellerophon,  one  of  the  new 
Dreadnoughts  now  being  built  at  Portsmouth  Dock- 
yard. Even  more  remarkable,  however,  is  the 
Indomitable,  an  armoured  cruiser,  now  in  the  com- 
pleting stage,  which  will  far  excel  in  fighting  power 
any  battleship  afloat,  will  be  adequately  protected, 
and  will  have,  with  her  turbine  machinery,  a  speed 
of  25  kts.  Her  predecessors  as  armoured  cruisers 
were  the  Cochrane,  the  Donegal,  tiie  Good  Hope, 
the  Cressy  and  Aboukir  (sister  ships),  the  Bedford 
(of  the  County  class),  the  Diadem,  the  Argonaut, 
and  many  other  protected  cruisers.  The  advance 
made  in  these  vessels  is  suggested  by  the  following 
table,  whicfi  includes  vessels  with  all  of  which, 
except  the  Australia,  Terrible,  and  Minotaur,  Fair- 
field has  been  identified : 

GENERAL  PARTICULARS  OF  SUCCESSIVE  TYPES 

OF  CRUISERS. 


Dis- 

De- 

Name 

Date 

Length 

place- 
ment 

I.H.P. 

signed 
speed 

Cost 

feet 

tons 

knots 

£ 

Australia  ... 

1889 

300 

5.600 

8.500 

18*5 

285,000 

Bdgar 

1890 

360 

7.350 

12.000 

205 

410,980 

Terrible 

1893 

500 

14.200 

25.000 

22*5 

706,600 

Diadem 

1896 

43S 

11.000 

16.500 

20*3 

534.800 

Creasy 

1899 

440 

12.000 

21. COO 

2075 

749.000 

Good  Hope,.. 

1901 

SOO 

14.100 

30.000 

23'5. 

mooo 

715,900 

Donegal 

1902 

440 

9.800 

22.000 

23"0 

Cochrane    ... 

1903 

480 

13.550 

23.500 

23*0 

1.129.500 

Minotaur   ... 

1906 

490 

14.600 

27.000 

230 

1.410.000 

Indomitable 

1907 

530 

17,250 

41.000 

_ 

25*0 

1,744.000 

The  advance  in  the  armament  of  recent  cruisers 
may  thus  be  indicated  : 

Good  Hope, — ^Two  9'2-in.  and  i6  6-in.  guns, 
equal  to  82,700  foot  tons  for  one  round. 

Donegal.  14  6-in.  guns,  equal  to  46,984  foot 
tons  for  one  round. 

Cochrane. — Six  9'2-in.  and  four  7*5  in.  guns, 
eqaal  to  161,470  foot  toos  for  one  round. 

Minotaur, — Four  9"2-in.  and  10  7'S-in  guns, 
equal  to  170,140  toot  tons  for  one  round. 

Indomitable. — Eight  12-in.  guns,  equal  to  381,576 
foot  tons  for  one  round. 

This  gives  the  collective  energy  from  each  gun 
for  one  round,  and  it  will  be  seen  that  the  progress 
has  been  at  an  enormously  greater  ratio  than  either 
tbe  tonnage  or  the  cost  of  the  ships. 

It  would  be  impossible,  however,  within  the 
space  available  to  indicate  the  features  of  the  other 
iw-arships,  including  many  high-class  destroyers  and 
two  25  kt.  scouts,  the  Forward  and  the  Foresight. 

The  merchant  work  undertaken  is  equally  im- 
portant. The  splendid  work  done  b3/  the  late 
Sir  William  Pearce  in  improving  the  form  of  the 
earUer  Atlantic  hners  is  a  matter  of  general  his- 
tory,  and  from  the  Fairfield  Works  there  came  in 
the  eighties  and  nineties  a  long  succession  of  record- 


hreaking  ships,  including  the  Arpton^,  the  Alaska, 
the  Oregon,  the  Umbria,  the  Etruria,  the  Campania, 
and  the  iMcania,  while  in  recent  times  the  per* 
iormance  of  such  vessels  as  the  Empress  of  Ireland 
and  the  Empress  of  Britain  shows  that  Fairfield 
still  maintains  the  success  of  former  years.  For 
the  South  African  service  the  works  have  produced 
almost  a  steamer  each  year  in  recent  times,  and 
each  has  always  been  superior  to  its  predecessor 
in  all  features  which  conduce  to  comfort.  Many 
notable  Uners  have  been  built  for  the  Australian 
trade,  and  a  long  connection  has  been  maintained 
with  the  Pacific  trades  since  the  Fairfield  Co,  sent 
the  first  steamer  with  compound  engines  across 
the  ocean  for  service  cm  the  South  American  coast, 
now  very  many  years  ago. 

Amongst  the  most  interesting ,  of  the  later  ships 
are  the  two  vessels,  the  HeliopoUs  and  Cairo, 
which  have  been  built  for  the  new  British  express 
service  between  Marseilles  and  Alexandria,  with  a 
view  to  aasJBtipg  the  further  development  of  Bgypt 
as  a  health  and  tourist  resort.  The  new  vessels 
are  to  have  a  speed  of  21  kts.,  their  length  being 
545  ft.,  and  their  tonnage  12,000  tons ;  the 
machinery  is  to  develop  14,500  Hp.,  and  the  pubUc 
rooms,  with  the  cabins  and  other  conveniences  for 
the  passengers,  promise  to  signalise  the  highest 
excellence  achieved  in  naval  architecture.  The 
company  have  been  particularly  successful  with 
screw  steamers  for  channel  and  paddle  steamers 
for  river  traffic.  The  latest  productions  of  Channel 
steamers  are  the  Dieppe,  fitted  with  turbines,  *for 
the  Newhaven  and  Dieppe  service  ;  the  Viper,  also 
a  turbine  steamer,  for  the  express  daylight  service 
between  Ardrossan  and  Belfast ;  and  the  Hazel, 
completed  this  year  to  inaugurate  a  new  daylight 
service  between  Ardrossan  and  Portrush. 

All  the  departments  of  the  works  have  been 
recently  reorganised,  and  the  machinery  is  now 
driven  entirely  by  electric  power,  the  central 
station  having  an  electro-motive  capacity  of 
2,630  kw.  It  is  not  possible  in  a  short  article  to 
convey  any  complete  idea  of  the  extent  of  the 
modem  organisation  and  equipment,  but  it  may  be 
said  that  in  the  moulding  loft  the  people  of  pre- 
paring templates  has  been  carried  to  a  fine  art, 
and  thus  95  %  of  the  steel  work  pn  the.  ship  can  be 
prepared  at  once  to  fit  precisely  into  place  on  the 
berth,  the  result  being  that  the  preliminary  work 
occupies  but  a  short  time,  while  the  fitting  and 
riveting  are  rapidly  completed* 

The  platers'  shed  has  an  area  of  100,000  squai^e 
ft.,  and  here  is  some  of  the  finest  machinery  made 
for  shipbuilding  woric.  In  a  yard  from  which  such 
a  long  succession  of  steamers  with  extensive  pas- 
senger accommodation  have  come  one  naturally 
expects  to  find  an  extensive  joinery  and  cabinet- 
making  department.  The  building  for  this  is 
240  ft.  long  by  160  ft.  broad,  and  in, it  there  is 
every  conceivable  type  of  wood-working  tools.         ! 

The  engine  and  boiler  works  have  also  been  re- 


FAIR 


2IO 


FALSE 


arranged  in  order  that  the  latest  form  of  turbine 
machinery  may  be  constructed,  not  only  rapidly, 
but  with  that  high  precision  which  is  such  an 
important  element  in  working  efficiency.  As  to 
tiie  plan  of  the  boiler  works,  it  is  perhaps  sufficient 
to  say  that  in  the  past  ten  years  the  average  output 
of  water-tube  boilers  alone  has  been  nearly  40,000 
Hp.,  and  at  the  same  time  a  large  number  of 
cylindrical  boilers  have  been  completed,  the  out- 
put, as  shown  in  the  table,  averaging  for  10  years 
46,000  Hp.  As  in  the  case  with  the  shipbuilding 
yard,  so  with  the  engineering  department,  prac- 
tically everything  required  for  the  ship  is  com- 
pleted within  the  works. 

A'community  of  interests  was  recently  established 
between  the  Fairfield  Co.  and  Messrs.  Cammell, 
Laird  and  Co.,  Ltd.,  of  Sheffield,  the  world -re- 
nowned makers  of  armour  plates,  etc.,  and  jointly 
with  Messrs.  John  Brown  and  Co.,  Ltd.,  the  three 
firms  are  the  proprietors  of  the  Coventry  Ordnance 
Works,  Ltd.,  who  manufacture  all  kinds  of  gun  and 
mountings,  thus  placing  the  Fairfield  Works  in  the 
position  of  being  able  to  build  and  equip  with  arma- 
ment and  ammunition  all  classes  of  warships. 

Fair  Ue  light  (Skroo),  between  the  Orkney  and 
Shetland  Islands,  was  established  in  1892,  and  is 
a  two-flaah  light  every  30  seconds ;  duration  of 
flash,  •}  second ;  candle-power,  72,000 ;  burner, 
6  wick  ;  illuminant,  oil. 

Fairway.  "  Wherever  there  is  an  open  navigable 
passage,  used  by  vessels  proceeding  up  or  do\vn 
Channel,  tliat  may  be  said  to  be  a  fairway.**  It  is 
not  necessarily  confined  to  that  part  of  the  river 
which  is  marked  by  buojrs,  but  includes  all  that 
part  in  shore  which  is  navigable  for  vessels  of 
moderate  draught.  Local  rules  or  customs  often 
prohibit  the  anchoring  of  vessels  in  the  fairway, 
and  in  case  of  collision  a  vessel  so  anchored  would 
be  held  to  blame,  unless  compelled  to  anchor  in 
such  a  place  by  unavoidable  necessity — e,g.,  fog. 

Refer  to  Collisions,  Regulations  for  the  Preven- 
tion of  (Article  25). 

FairweaflMr,  OtoiiMiit  Wilaon  (b.  Newcastle, 
July,  1858).  Engineer.  Served  apprenticeship 
Ousebum  Engine  Works,  Newcastle,  worked  on 
co-operative  principles  by  the  Rev.  Dr.  Rutherford. 
In  1880  joined  the  drawing  office  of  Messrs.  J.  I. 
Thomycroft  and  Co.,  Chiswick,  and  was  engaged 
in  the  design  and  construction  of  high-speed 
machinery.  In  1881  became  chief  draughtsman 
with  Messrs.  Humphrey,  Tennant  and  Co.,  Dept- 
ford,  and  during  the  period  he  remained  there — 
about  five  years — the  machinery  of  some  of  the 
largest  battleships  was  designed  and  constructed. 
He  returned  to  Newcastle  in  1885,  and  became 
chief  draughtsman  to  Messrs.  Ernest  Scott  and  Co., 
and  in  1893  severed  his  connection  with  this  firm 
and  started  business  on  his  own  account  as  a  con- 
sulting, general,  and  electrical  engineer  and  con- 


tractor, and  has  carried  out  some  large  power  and 
light  installations.  In  1900  he  became  general 
manager  of  the  Northern  Counties  Electrical  Supply 
Co.,  Ltd. 

Fair  wind.  A  wind  which  allows  a  ship  to  steer 
directly  on  her  true  course. 

Fairy.  From  Harwich  on  a  surveying  cruise, 
lost  in  a  violent  gale  off  the  coast  of  Norfolk, 
November  13,  1840. 

Fiainr.  British  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Fair- 
field, 1897.)  Length,  227  ft. ;  beam,  22  ft. ; 
draught,  9  ft. ;  displacement,  300  tons ;  comple- 
ment, 60;  armament,  i  12-pdr.,  5  6-pdr..  2  tubes; 
twin  screw  ;  Hp.,  .6,000=31  kts. ;  coal,  80  tons. 

Fhke.    One  circle  of  coiled  rope. 

Fak6  down.     To  arrange  a  rope  clear  for  running. 

Faloon.  British  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Fair- 
field, 1901.)  Length,  220  ft. ;  beam,  21  ft.  ; 
draught,  9  ft. ;  displacement,  300  tons ;  comple- 
ment, 60;  armament,  i  12-pdr.,  5  6-pdr.,  2  tubes  ; 
twin  screw  ;  Hp.,  6,000  =  30  kts. ;  coal,  80  tons. 

Falconer,  William  (1732-69).  Scotch  poet  (b. 
Edinburgh).  After  serving  some  years  at  sea  he 
entered  the  Navy,  and  was  drowned  when  the 
Aurora  frigate  foundered  outside  Cape  Town.  He 
edited  "  The  Universal  Marine  Dictionary,"  1769, 
and  his  poem,  "The  Shipwreck"  (1762),  was 
founded  on  his  early  experiences. 

FMk*  Norwegian  torpedo-boat.  (Christiania. 
1903.)  Length,  11 1  ft.;  beam,  14  ft.;  draught, 
6^  ft. ;  displacement,  65  tons  ;  armament,  2  i*4-in.. 
2  tubes  ;  Hp.,  650=  19  kts. 

Fklfce.    German  3rd  class  cruiser.     (Kiel,  1890.) 
Length  246ft.     Beam  33ift.     Draught  15ft. 
Displacement  1,555  ^^s.     Complement  165. 
Guns.  Armour. 

8—4  in.  "  Steel." 

7  Maxims.  3  in.  Deck  amidships. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
2. 
Hp.  2,900=  15  kts.     Coal  300  tons. 

FalL  That  part  of  a  tackle  to  which  power  is 
applied  in  hoisting. 

Falling  oA.  When  the  ship  deviates  from  her 
course  owing  to  change  of  wind. 

Falmoath  Safling  Olab.  Established  1894.  Com- 
modore, Major  J.  Mead  ;  Vice-Commodore,  H.  S. 
Tuke ;  Honorary  Treasurer,  N.  Robins ;  Honorary 
Secretary,  G.  E.  Lucas,  6  Harbour  Terrace,  Fal- 
mouth.    Annual  subscription,  los.  6d. 

Falae  keeL  An  additional  keel  to  protect  the 
main  keel  in  case  of  grounding. 

Falie  point.  So  called  because  frequently  inis> 
taken  for  Point  Palmyras.  Is  a  land-locked  bar- 
bour  in  the  Cnttack  district  of  Orissa,  situated  in 
20''  20'  N.  latitude  and  86^  47'  £.  longitude.     Two 


FAMBRIDGE 


21  I 


FATHOM 


navigable  channels  lead  inland  across  the  Mahimadi 
delta  and  connect  the  port  with  Cuttack  City.  A 
lighthouse  (visible  19  miles)  is  situated  a  little  to 
the  south  of  the  anchorage,  which  is  safe,  roomy, 
and  completely  land-locked. 

FamlnJdge  Taoht  dub.  Established  1898.  Com- 
modore. C3ml  C.  L.  lonides ;  Vice-Commodore. 
L.  R.  Huggins  ;  Rear-Commodore,  R.  D.  Donald  ; 
Honorary  Treasurer,  Donald  M.  Haig  ;  Honorary 
Secretary,  Francis  B.  Cooke,  21  Harvard  Court, 
West  End  Lane,  London,  N.W.  Entrance  fee, 
105.  6d,  \  annual  subscription,  £1  is.  and  105.  6c2. 

Fame.  British  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Chis- 
wick.  1896.)  Length,  210  ft.  ;  beam,  19  ft.  ; 
draught,  7  ft. ;  displacement,  275  tons  ;  comple- 
ment, 60  ;  armament,  i  12-pdr.,  5  6-pdr.,  2  tubes ; 
twin  screw;  Hp.,  5,800=30  kts.  ;  coal.  80  tons. 
This  ship-name  is  associated  with  Bryon's  action 
off  Grenada,  1779 ;  Rodney's  action  with  De 
Grasse,  1782  ;  Taku  forts,  1900. 

Fan.  The  small  vane  which  turns  the  cap  of  the 
smock-mill  on  its  axis  to  keep  the  sails  presented 
to  the  wind. 

Fanal.     French  for  lighthouse. 

Fancy  line.  A  line  used  as  a  haul  down,  rove 
through  a  block  at  the  jaws  of  the  gaff. 

Fane,  ildmiral  Sir  Charles  Oeoige,  K.C.B.,  1901 
(b.  November,  1837).  Entered  Navy  185 1  ; 
served  as  midshipman  in  Black  Sea  during  Russian 
War  (Crimean  and  Turkish  medals.  Scbastopol 
clasp);  lieutenant,  1859;  commander,  1868; 
captain,  1875  ;  first  lieutenant  of  GalaUa  during 
her  commission  under  Captain  H.R.H.  the  Dnke 
of  Edinburgh  ;  captain-superintendent  of  Sheerness 
Dockyard,  1888-90  ;  rear-admiral,  1890  ;  adnairal- 
superintendent  of  Portsmouth  Dockyard,  1892-96  ; 
vice-admiral.  1896.  President  of  the  Committee 
appointed  to  consider  the  organisation  and  work  in 
the  department  of  director  of  naval  construction, 
and  the  engineer-in-chief. 

Fang.  A  pump  is  said  to  fang  when  the  boxes  do 
not  hold  the  water  left  on  them. 

Fanny.  On  January  i,  1828,  this  vessel  was  lost 
in  Jersey  Roads,  when  Lord  Harley  and  many 
others  perished. 

Fanshawe,  Admiral  Sir  Edward  Oennyi,  O.O.B. 

(1814-1906).  Entered  the .  Navy,  1828,  and 
was  made  lieutenant  in  1835.  I^  that  rank  he 
served  on  board  the  Daphne,  corvette,  during 
operations  on  the  coast  of  S3ma,  including  the 
reduction  of  Acre  in  1840.  In  1841  he  was  made 
commander,  and  four  years  later  took  the  Cruiser 
out  to  the  East  Indies.  In  August  of  that  year  he 
coxonianded  the  boats  at  the  destruction  of  Malloo- 
doo.  a  pirate  stronghold  on  the  coast  of  Borneo,  for 
which  he  was  promoted  to  the  rank  of  captain. 


From  1848  to  the  end  of  1852,  he  commanded  the 
Daphne  in  the  Pacific,  and  in  August,  1854,  com- 
manded the  Cossack,  a  screw  corvette,  which  in  1855 
he  took  up  the  Baltic,  where  her  name  came 
prominently  before  the  public  in  connection  with 
the  seizure,  by  the  Russians,  of  a  boat  that  was 
sent  ashore  with  a  flag  of  truce  at  Hango  Head. 
In  August,  1854,  he  was  moved  into  the  Hastings, 
one  of  the  74-gnn  ships  which  had  been  converted 
into  an  auxiliary  screw  vessel  of  60  guns.  In 
May,  1856,  he  was  appointed  to  the  Centurion, 
which  he  commanded  in  the  Mediterranean  for 
three  years.  In  1861  he  was  appointed  superin- 
tendent at  Chatham  Dockyard,  an  office  which  he 
held  till  his  promotion  to  rear-admiral  in  1863.  In 
1865-66  he  was  Junior  Lord  of  the  Admiralty,  and 
from  1868  to  1870  he  was  superintendent  of  Malta 
Dockyard.  In  1870  he  was  promoted  to  be  vice- 
admiral,  and  in  September  of  that  year  was  appoint- 
ed to  the  command  of  the  North  America  and  West 
Indies  Stations,  which  he  held  for  tiie  usual  term  of 
three  years.  In  1871  he  was  nominated  a  C.B. 
In  1875  he  was  appointed  president  of  the  Royal 
Naval  College,  which  had  lately  been  reconstituted 
at  Greenwich,  and  after  three  years  he  was  moved 
from  it  to  be  Commander-in-Chief  at  Portsmouth, 
an  oflftce  which  he  was  still  holding  in  November, 
1879,  when,  having  attained  the  limit  of  age,  65. 
he  was  put  on  the  retired  list. 

Fantod.    A  colloquialism  for  eccentric  officers. 

Fardase.    Dunnage. 

Farragnt  U.S.  torpedo-boat  destroyer,  1898, 
Displacement,  273  tons ;  armament,  6  6-pdr.  ; 
torpedo  tubes,  2  i8-in. ;  Hp..  5,600=31  kts.; 
coal.  44  tons. 

FaRagnt»  David  Olasooe  (1801-70).  First  admiral 
of  the  U.S.  Navy  (b.  Knoxville,  Tennessee).  Served 
with  distinction  in  the  war  with  Great  Britain,  181 2, 
in  the  Essex,  which  vessel  was  afterwards  cap- 
tured by  the  Phcehe,  at  the  battle  of  Valparaiso 
Bay,  1 8 14.  During  the  American  Civil  War  he 
joined  the  North,  and  was  instrumental  in  bringing 
about  the  surrender  of  New  Orleans,  1862.  and 
Mobile.  1864.     See  "  Life."  by  Captain  Mahan.  1892. 

Fashion  pieces.  The  hindmost  timbers  of  a 
ship  terminating  the  breadth,  and  forming  the 
shape  of  the  stem. 

Fast.  A  rope  or  chain  by  which  a  vessel  is 
secured  to  a  wharl 

Fastnet  Ugbthonie,  situated  upon  the  Fastnet 
Rock,  off  the  south-west  coast  of  Ireland,  was 
commenced  in  the  year  1889.  the  previous  structure 
completed  in  1854  having  become  considerably 
undermined. 

Fathom.     A  measure  of  six  feet. 


FAUCON 


212 


FELLOWES 


Fanoon.    Ft-ench    torpedo    cruiser.     (Toulon, 
1888.) 

Length  216ft.    Beam  29ft.     Draught  isJft. 
IMsplacement  1,311  tons.     Complement  134. 
Guns.  Armour. 

5—3-9  in.  "  Steel." 

I — 2*5  in.  I J  in.  Deck  amidships. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
5  Above  water. 
Coal  150  tons. 

Fknoonneail.  French  torpedo-boat  destroyer. 
(Normand,  1901.)  Length,  183  ft. ;  beam,  20  ft. ; 
draught,  10  it.  ;  displacement,  300  tons ;  comple- 
ment, 62 ;  armament,  i  9-pdr.,  6  3-pdr.,  2  tubes ; 
twin  screw  ;   Hp.,  5,000=27  kts. ;  coal,  84  tons. 

Favant.  Netherlands  gun-vessel,  Indian  Navy 
(1898).     Displacement,  500  tons. 

Favourite.  On  April  29,  1854,  this  vessel  collided 
with  the  American  barque  Hesp0r  off  the  Start,  in 
the  Channel,  on  her  way  from  Bremen  to  Baltimore, 
and  immediately  went  down  ;  201  lives  were  lost. 

Fawkes*  Vioe-Admiral  Sir  Wilmot  Hawkeeworth, 
K.C.V.O.  (b.  December,  1846).  Entered  Navy, 
i860;  lieutenant,  1867;  conunander,  1880; 
captain.  1886 ;  commander  of  Royal  Yacht  Osborne, 
1884-86;  H.M.S.  Raleigh,  1886-90;  Mercury, 
1893-96 ;  Terrible,  1896 ;  Canopus,  1 899-1 900. 
Naval  adviser  to  the  Inspector-General  of  Fortifica- 
tions ;  private  secretary  to  the  First  Lord  of  the 
Admiralty,  1897-99  and  1900-02 ;  rear-admiral 
commanding  cruiser  squadron,  1902-04 ;  vice- 
admiral,  1905. 

Fawn*  British  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  ( Jarrow, 
1897.)  Length,  215  ft. ;  beam.  20  ft. ;  draught, 
6i  ft. ;  displacement,  325  tons  ;  complement.  60  ; 
armament  i  12-pdr.,  5  6-pdr..  2  tubes ;  twin  screw  ; 
Hp.,  6,581  =  30  kts.  ;  coal,  91  tons. 

Fay.  To  fit;  planks  when  lying  with  no  per- 
ceptible space  between  them  are  said  to  fay  to  the 
timbers. 

F«  C.  and  S.  Warranted  free  of  capture  and 
seizure,  etc.  In  marine  insurance  this  clause 
limiting  the  indemnity  means  that,  unless  specially 
arranged  for,  the  underwriter  is  not  liable  where  the 
particular  thing  happens  which  he  is  warranted  free 
from.  "  Capture  "  and  "  Seizure  "  have  not  sole 
reference  to  the  actions  of  belligerents  ;  both  words 
together  cover  every  act  of  taking  forcible  possession 
either  by  a  lawful  authority  or  by  an  overpowering 
force.  (Cory  v.  Burr,  5  Asp.  Mar.  L.C.  113  ; 
Johnston  v.  Hogg,  5  Asp.  Mar.  L.C  52.)  The 
words  "  all  consequences  of  hostilities  "  are  to  be 
confined  to  occurrences  which  are  the  immediate 
result  of  hostilities.  (lonides  v.  Universal  Marine 
Co.,  I  Mar.  L.C.  o.s.  353  ;  8  L.T.  Rep.  N.s.  705  ; 
14  C.B.  N.s.  259.)  Refer  to  War  Clause ;  also 
Warranties. 


F.D.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Fleetwood.  England. 

F J«.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Folkestone,  England. 

Feather.  Said  of  a  ship  when  moving  rapidly 
through  the  water  she  leaves  a  foanung  ripple. 
As  applied  to  rowing  the  horizontal  adjustment 
of  an  oar  as  it  rises  from  the  water. 

Feafhar  edge.  A  term  for  planks  thicker  on  one 
edge  than  the  other. 

Federal  Steam  Navigation  Co.,  Ltd.,  with  a  fleet  of 
eight  steamers,  was  organised  in  1885  by  Mr.  Allan 
Hughes,  and  is  the  outcome  of  the  purchase  of  the 
steamers  and  business  of  Messrs.  Money.  Wigram 
and  Son.  The  fleet  consists  of  large  steamers 
engaged  in  conveying  general  merchandise  to 
Australia  and  New  Zealand,  returning  to  South 
Africa  and  London  with  wool  and  frozen  produce. 
Gross  tonnage,  46,933. 

Fei-ying.    Small  Chinese  cruiser.     (Stettin .  1 89 5 .) 
Displacement  850  tons.    Complement  90. 


Armour^ 
"  Steel." 
2  in.  Gun  shields. 


Guns. 
2 — 4*1  in. 
6—^  pdr. 
2 — I  pdr. 

Torpedo  Tubes, 
3  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.    5,500^22  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 75  ions. 

FeL    Abbreviation  for  Fellow. 

Feld  -  ManihaH  -  Grat  -  Sdhetemetyeff.  Russian 
submarine  (1905).  Length,  77  ft ;  displacement. 
175  tons  ;  speed,  7  kts. 

Felix.  12  guns.  On  January  22,  1807.  this 
vessel  was  lost  near  Santander,  when  79  lives  were 
lost. 


Fellowee»  Admiral  Sir  John*  K.03.»  cr.   1903. 

C.B.,  1895  0>-  1843).  Served  in  Ariel  and  High- 
flyer  on  East  Coast  of  Africa,  in  suppression  of  the 
slave  trade  ;  wounded  in  attack  on  the  native  forts. 
Persian  Gulf ;  mentioned  in  despatches ;  flag- 
captain  of  Minotaur,  flag-ship  of  Vice-Admiral 
Dowe  during  Egyptian  war,  1882  (Egjrptian  medal, 
Khedive's  Bronze  Star,  Medjidie  2nd  Class)  ; 
principal  transport  officer  at  Suakim,  1885  ;  and  was 
specially  mentioned  in  the  despatches  of  the  Com- 
mander-in-Chief, Lord  Wolsdey,  for  the  great 
ability  shown  in  carrying  out  the  duties ;  C.B.  for 
services  rendered  (Suakim.  1885,  clasp.  Khedive's 
Bronze  Star)  ;  A.D.C.  to  the  Queen.  1892-95  ;  Cap- 
tain-Superintendent of  Sheemess][Dockyard.  1894- 
95 ;  umpire  in  Naval  Manceuvres,  1896 ;  Second'^in- 
Command  of  Channel  Fleet.  1897-98;  decorated 
with  Saxe-Emestine  Order  of  the  2nd  Qass.  1898 ; 
K.C.B.  on  His  Majesty's  birthday,  1903  ;  received 
Royal  Humane  Society's  bronze  medal.  January  16. 


FELLOWES 


213 


FIDLER 


1863,  when  a  lieutenant,  for  jumping  into  tbe  a  voyage  in  1576  to  the  southern  ocean  they  came 
water  ofE  Villa  Marca.  Africa,  and  assisting  in  the  in  sight  of  a  continent  which  must  have  been  either 
rescue  of  two  men.  Austealia  or  New  Zealand. 


FeUowes,  Bear- Admiral  Thomas  Hounson  Butler, 
C.B.  (1868).  Entered  Navy,  1845  ;  served  during 
the  Russian  war,  1854-56 ;  lieutenant,  1854 ; 
lieutenant  of  Odin  during  operations  in  the  Gulf  of 
Bothnia,  1854  ;  present  at  the  capture  of  the  forts 
at  Bomarsund,  1854  (Baltic  medal)  ;  present  at 
the  capture  of  KertCh  and  Kinbum  (Crimean  and 
Turkish  medals,  Sebastopol  clasp)  ;  commander, 
1862  ;  as  commander  of  coastguards  repeatedly 
mentioned  for  saving  life  from  shipwrecks ;  four 
times  received  the  high  approval  of  the  Admiralty  ; 
awarded  silver  medal  by  Royal  National  Lifeboat 
Institution  for  going  out  in  the  Penzance  lifeboat 
and  assisting  to  rescue  a  crew  of  eight  men  from  the 
distressed  brig  WilUe  Ridley  oB,  Plymouth ;  com- 
mander commanding  the  Naval  Brigade  through- 
out the  Ab3rssinian  war ;  present  at  the  battle  of 
Arojie  and  capture  of  Magdala,  1868  ;  specially 
mentioned  in  military  despatches,  and  received  the 
high  approval  of  the  Admiralty ;  promoted  captain, 
1 868,  for  services  rendered  (Abyssinian  medal) ; 
rear-admiral.*  1886. 

Felnoca.  A  small  vessel  in  use  in  the  Mediter- 
ranean propelled  by  oars. 

Fender.  An  upright  timber  or  mass  of  old  rope 
stufied  into  a  heavy  open  net  made  of  rope,  placed 
against  the  edge  of  a  pier,  dock  wall,  or  wharf,  to 
prevent  injury  by  the  contact  of  vessels,  drift,  or 
floating  ice. 

Ferguson,  Wilfrid  Henry  (b.  Glasgow,  June  26, 
1858).  Educated  High  School  and  Anderson's 
College,  Edinburgh.  Bronze  medallist  and  winner 
of  Queen's  prize  for  mechanical  engineering  (1886). 
Served  his  apprenticeship  with  Messrs.  John  Elder 
and  Co.,  Glasgow,  and  in  1894  ^^  ofiered,  and 
accepted,  the  position  of  Chief  Draughtsman  to  the 
Fairfield  Engineering  Works,  which  position  he  still 
holds. 

Fecgiuon,  William  Bnsaell  (b.  Whiteinch,  Febru- 
ary 18,  1863).  Educated  Glasgow  Academy, 
Chfton  Bank,  St.  Andrews  and  Glasgow  University. 
In  1880  was  apprenticed  to  the  Clydeholme  Ship- 
yard. In  1888  became  a  director  in  Messrs. 
Barclay,  Curie  and  Co.,  Ltd.,  and  in  1901  became 
managing  director.  Was  connected  with  the 
Lanarkshire  Engineering  Volunteers  for  a  period  of 
eight  years,  having  risen  to  the  rank  of  captain,  and 
obtained  a  certificate  for  tactics.  Member  of  the 
Institution  of  Shipbuilders  and  Engineers. 

Fnnandei,  Joan  (i  538-1602).  Spanish  naviga- 
tor. During  one  of  his  voyages  in  1563  he  dis* 
covered  the  two  islands  which  now  bear  his  name 
gB  the  Chilian  coast.  In  1574  he  discovered  the 
islands  of  St  Felix  and  St.  Ambrose,  and  his 
companions  who  survived  him  afiirmed  that  during 


Femtower.  British  steamer.  Foundered  near 
Saigon,  August  26;  1886  ;   50  lives  lost. 

Ferret.  British  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Birken- 
head. 1893.)  Length,  194  ft.  ;  beam,  19  ft.  ; 
draught,  5  ft.  ;  displacement,  280  tons  ;  comple- 
ment, 50;  armament,  i  12-pdr.,  3  6-pdr.,  3  tubes  ; 
twin  screw  ;  Hp.,  4,310  =  27  kts. ;  coal,  70  tons. 

Ferroly  Battle  of.     See  Calder,  Sir  Robert. 

Ferry.  A  passage  across  a  river  or  narrow  neck 
of  the  sea  by  boat. 

Ferry-boats.  Licensed  vessels  for  conveying 
passengers  across  a  river  or  narrow  neck  of  the  sea. 

Fervent  British  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Pais- 
ley, 1895.)  Length,  200  ft. ;  beam,  19  ft. ;  draught, 
7  ft. ;  displacement,  270  tona ;  complement,  so  ; 
armament,  i  12-pdr.,  5  6-pdr.,  2  tubes  ;  twin  screw  ; 
Hp.,  3,800^27  kts.  ;  coal,  70  tons. 

Fstoh.    To  reach. 

Fetch  way.  To  move  by  the  vessel's  motion 
through  being  unsecure. 

S^fh-i-BolencL    Turkish  battleship  (1870).     Re- 
constructed Ansaldo,  Genoa,  1904. 
Length  3  3 1  ft.    Beam  5  9ft.   Maximum  draught  2  7ft. 
Displacement  9,120  tons.     Complement  600. 
Guns.  A  rmour, 

2— 9'2  in.  "  Iron." 

12 — 6  in.  12  in.  Belt. 

14 — 12  pdr.  12  in.  Battery. 

10 — 6  pdr.  3  in.  Barbettes  (Temi). 

2—3  pdr. 

Twin  screw.     Hp.  1 1 ,000  =16  kts. 

F.g.a.  Foreign  general  average.  Refer  to 
General  Average,  Clauses. 

F.H.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Falmouth,  England. 

Fid.  A  small  conical  pin  of  wood  or  iron  used  to 
open  the  strands  of  a  rope  in  splicing. 

Fididl^Uock.  A  long  block  having  two  sheaves 
of  different  diameters  in  the  same  plane ;  not  in 
parallel  planes  as  in  a  double  block. 

Fidler,  Henry  (b.  November  i,  1847).  After 
serving  his  apprenticeship,,  was  engaged  in  railway 
construction  at  home  and  abroad,  and  in  the  design 
and  construction  of  iron  bridge  and  other  con- 
structional work^  In  1879  he  entered  the  Director 
of  Works  Department,  Admiralty,  and  in  1895  "*^^s 
appointed  head  of  the  technical  staff  of  the  Naval 
Works  Loan  Department,  and  engaged,  under  the 
civil  engineer-in-chief  and  his  deputy,  in  super- 
vising the  design  of  various  national  works  carried 
out  under  the  Naval  Works  Acts.  These  works 
included    the    dockyard    extensions    at    Keyham, 


FIELD 


214 


FIFE 


Gibraltar,  Simons  Bay,  and  Hong  Kong,  and  the 
defensive  harbours  at  Portland  and  Gibraltar. 
The  dockyard  extensions  included  nine  graving 
docks  of  from  450  ft.  to  850  ft.  in  length,  with 
depths  over  the  sills  varying  up  to  35  ft.  below  low 
water  spring  tides  ;  four  wet  docks  or  basins,  with  a 
total  area  of  83  acres ;  wharf  walls  ;  dockyard 
buildings,  destroyer  slips,  naval  magazines  and 
coaling  stations.  The  enclosure  and  defence  of 
harbours  included  breakwaters  or  moles  of  various 
types  of  construction,  both  rubble  mound  and  block 
work,  with  their  lighthouses,  etc.  The  dock 
entrances  also  necessitated  the  design  and  con- 
struction of  18  steel  caissons,  all  of  95  ft.  width  at 
coping,  of  the  sliding  and  ship  types,  and  ranging 
from  45  to  55  ft.  in  height.  In  1900  he  was  ap- 
pointed inspecting  superintending  civil  engineer  of 
naval  loan  works,  and  in  1906  upon  the  amalgama- 
tion of  the  Works  Loan  Department  with  that  of 
the  Director  of  Works,  was  placed  upon  the  retired 
list.  He  is  the  inventor  of  a  special  form  of  tilting 
gear  for  the  deposit  of  sloping  concrete  block  work 
in  breakwaters  and  other  marine  works,  which  has 
been  successfully  employed  at  Gibraltar,  Simons 
Bay,  Hong  Kong,  and  in  Mexico,  Bermuda,  etc. 

Publications  :  The  article  on  "  Dockyard  Exten- 
sions "  in  the  Supplement  to  the  "  Encyclopaedia 
Britannica  "  ;  ''  Notes  on  Construction  in  Mild 
Steel  "  (Longmans).  He  is  also  Editor  of  Riving- 
ton's  "  Notes  on  Building  Construction "  (Long- 
mans). 

Field,  Baar^Admiral  A.  Moiiyn,  F.B.S.  Hydro- 
grapher  of  the  Navy  (b.  June  27,  1855).  Entered 
the  Navy  in  1868,  and  six  years  later  took  three 
first  class  certificates,  and  the  Beaufort  testimonial, 
gaining  thereby  early  promotion  to  the  rank  of 
lieutenant  in  1875.  He  was  promoted  to  com- 
mander in  1889 ;  post-captain.  1895,  ^^^  rear- 
admiral  in  May,  1906.  He  has  served  almost  con- 
tinuously in  H.M.  ships  employed  on  surveys  in 
various  parts  of  the  world,  from  the  year  1876  to 
1904,  when  he  was  appointed  Hydrographer  of  the 
Navy  in  succession  to  the  late  Sir  William  Wharton, 
the  only  breaks  in  his  surveying  work  being  occa- 
sioned by  his  commanding  a  recruiting  party  in 
England  for  a  few  months,  and  studying  durii^  one 
session  at  the  Royal  Naval  Court,  Greenwich,  as 
commander.  He  is  the  author  of  articles  in  the 
loth  edition  of  "  Encyclopaedia  Britannica "  on 
"  Nautical  Surveying,"  "  Sextant,"  and  "  Sound- 
ing," also  of  a  paper  in  Proceedings  of  the  Royal 
Society  (1905)  on  "The  investigations  of  an  area 
of  magnetic  disturbance  in  Loch  Roag,  N.B.,"  and 
a  paper  published  in  the  Royal  Astronomical 
Society's  monthly  notices  on  "A  method  for 
determination  of  time  by  equal  altitudes  of  two 
stars  on  opposite  sides  of  the  meridian." 

Fialdt  Oymf  W«ft  (181 9-92 ) .  American  capitalist. 
Founder  of  the  Atlantic  Cable  (b.  Stockbridge, 
Mass.).     In  1854,  in  connection  with  Peter  Copper 


and  other  capitalists,  he  organised  the  New  York. 
Newfoundland,  and  London  Telegraph  Co.,  and 
began  operations  in  1855  by  lapng  a  submarine 
cable  to  Ireland,  which,  however,  failed  to  work. 
The  same  year  he  organised  the  Atlantic  Telegraph 
Co.,  and  after  repeated  failures  this  company 
laid  a  cable  which  transmitted  messages  success- 
fully, but  only  for  a  short  while.  In  1865  ^^ 
attempt  was  made  with  the  Great  Eastern  to  lay 
another  cable,  but  it  was  not  until  the  following 
year  that  his  long  continued  efforts  were  crowned 
with  complete  success.  Among  his  other  enterprises 
was  the  development  of  the  elevated  railway 
system  in  New  York  City.  In  1891  he  lost  a  great 
bulk  of  his  fortunes  and  died  at  New  York  on 
July  12,  1892. 

Field,  Admiral  Bdwwd,  03.  (1897)-  Educated 
private  school  at  Clifton  ;  Royal  Naval  College. 
Portsmouth ;  entered  R.N..  1845  ;  naval  cadet  oi 
CoHi4s  at  the  action  off  Obligado  with  the  combined 
French  and  English  squadrons  to  open  the  Parana 
River  to  commerce,  1845  ;  landed  with  Naval 
Brigade  at  Colona,  in  the  River  Plate,  opposite 
Buenos  Aires,  1846;  lieutenant.  185 1  ;  commander 
1859 ;  captain,  1869 ;  rear-admiral.  1886 ;  vice- 
admiral.  1892  ;   admiral,  1897  *   when  he  retired. 

Field,  Thomas  Storar.  British  naval  architect. 
Was  articled  in  1876  to  Messrs.  Samuda  Brothers,  of 
Poplar,  and  at  the  expiration  of  his  apprenticeship 
joined  the  firm,  and  had  charge  of  the  completioii. 
equipment  and  trials  of  vessels  they  built,  among 
them  being  the  warships  Kaiser  and  Detttschland 
(German) ;  Starling,  Stork,  Raven,  Triton,  BeXUisle, 
Orion  (British)  ;  Foo-So  (Japanese)  ;  Riachuelo, 
Aquidaban  (Brazilian)  ;  Almirante  Brown  (Argen- 
tine) ;  Majine-Zaffer  (Turkish)  ;  Imperial  Austrian 
Yacht  Albert  Victor ;  Louise  Dagmar,  Mary  Bea- 
trice (S.E.Ry.  Channel  Service).  Member  of  the 
Institution  of  Naval  Architects. 

Fieiamoioa.    Small  Italian  cruiser  (1888). 
Length  290ft.   Beam  46ft.  Maximum  draught  20ft. 
Displacement  3,600  tons.    Complement  308. 
Guns.  A  rmour. 

8— 6  in.  "  Steel." 

5 — 6  pdr.  2  in.  Deck. 

8 — I  pdr.  I  in.  Conning  tower. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
2  Submerged. 
2  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  forced  7,700=  i7'5  kts.    Coal 
normal,  600  tons. 

Approximate  cost  ;£225.ooo. 

Fife,  WOliam  (b.  Fairlie,  1857).  British  naval 
architect.  The  first  craft  designed,  built,  and 
owned  by  him  was  the  Clio  (1876).  whilst  his  first 
notable  success  was  the  Cyprus,  also  designed  and 
built  for  himself  three  years  later,  which  practi> 
cally  won  every  race  she  sailed  in.  This  boat 
was  the  forerunner  of  some  of  the  most  successful 
racing  craft  ever  built,  such  as  the  Neptuns,  to 


FIFE 


215 


FINLAND 


tons,  the  AnnasoiM,  40  tons,  Senta,  72  tons.  Sham- 
rock  III.,  378  tons,  etc.  He  has  designed  practi- 
cally all  the  vessels  built  at  Messrs.  W.  Fife  and 
Son's  3rard  at  Fairlie,  besides  over  100  yachts, 
constructed  all  over  the  world. 

F!fe»  WflUam.  British  naval  architect.  After 
entering  his  father's  yard  at  the  age  of  13, 
he  took  full  charge  when  20  years  old,  and 
carried  on  the  business  single-handed  to  40 
years.  Among  the  famous  cimft  turned  out  from 
the  yard  were  the  SUUa  (1851),  Cyniba  (1852), 
Cynthia  (1856).  Surge  (1858).  Amy  (1859),  Surf, 
and  Fiery  Cross  (1863).  Fiona  and  Torch  (186$), 
Kilmeny  (1866),  Amadine  and  Foxhound  (1870). 
Cuckoo  (1873),  Neva,  Cythera,  and  Bloodhound 
(1874).  Melita  (1876),  Condor  (1878),  and  Moina 
(1881)).  The  Cythera* s  fate  is  one  of  the  countless 
mysteries  of  the  ocean.  She  left  New  York  on  a 
March  afternoon  in  1888,  on  a  voyage  to  the  West 
Indies,  with  a  company  of  14  on  board,  and  from 
that  date  neither  yacht  nor  anyone  that  sailed  on 
her  have  ever  been  seen  or  heard  of. 

life,  WiUiim  (1822-1902).  British  naval  archi- 
tect. After  having  gained  a  reputation  as  a 
builder  of  fishing  craft,  William  Fife  constructed 
in  18 14  the  ^unous  river  steamer  Industry,  the 
sixth  steamer  built  on  the  Qyde.  The  first  yacht 
bnilt  at  the  jrard  was  the  LawUash,  50  tons,  and  the 
most  successful  a  cutter,  tiie  Gleam,  35  tons.  The 
former  was  constructed  for  Mr.  James  Hamilton, 
of  Hohnhead,  the  first  commodore  of  the  Royal 
Northern  Yacht  Club.  She  was  the  first  yacht  to 
make  a  passage  from  the  Clyde  to  the  Mediter- 
ranean. 

KlanlL  Those  forming  on  each  side  of  the 
quarter-deck  the  upper  fence  of  the  bulwaiks. 

Fifla.  A  Scotch  lug-rigged  fishing  vessel  with 
straight  stem  and  stem  posts. 

Figari,  SnuuiiMl  D.  (b.  CaniogU,  Genoa,  Italy, 
May,  1875].  Italian  naval  architect.  In  1890 
took  first-class  certificate  as  a  marine  engineer  at 
the  Naval  Institute,  Genoa,  and  in  1895  ^^ok  the 
degree  of  naval  architect  at  the  Royal  School. 
Served  at  the  Royal  Dockyard,  Spezia,  in  the  con- 
struction department,  until  1897,  when  he  came  to 
England  and  joined  the  firm  of  Messrs.  R.  and  W. 
Hawthorn,  Leslie  and  Co.,  Ltd.  In  1901  he 
became  associated  with  the  Thames  Ironworks 
Shipbuilding  and  Engineering  Co.,  Ltd.,  in  their 
warship  building  department,  and  later,  at  the 
invitation  of  Messrs.  N.  Odero  and  Co.,  Genoa,  left 
England  to  take  a  post  as  chief  in  their  ship- 
building yard. 

FiglUW-hflii,  Ship'g.  A  carved  bust  or  full-length 
figure  over  the  cut-water  of  a  ship ;  the  remains 
of  an  ancient  superstition.  Great  expense  was 
formerly  lavished  on  figure-head  decoration.  In 
1796,  by  order  of  the  Admiralty,  figure-heads 
oeaaed  to  be  used  in  the  British  Navy,  and  the 


custom  has  now  practically  died  out,  only  a  few 
sailing  ships  now  carrying  them. 

Figure-of-eight  knoi  A  knot  made  by  passing 
the  end  over  and  round  the  standing  part,  up  over 
its  own  part,  and  through  the  bight. 

FOiblutier.  French  torpedo-boat  (1899).  dis- 
placement. 1 20 ;  complement.  34 ;  maximum 
draught,  9^  ft. ;  guns,  2  3-pdr. ;  torpedo  tubes, 
2  15-in. ;  twin  screw  ;  Hp.,  2.000=26  kts. ;  coal. 
16  tons. 

FDL  To  brace  the  yards  so  that  the  wind  strikes 
the  after  side  of  the  sails,  and  advances  the  ship  in 
her  course,  after  the  sails  had  been  shivering,  or 
braced  aback. 

Fiud  poft.  Questions  have  sometimes  arisen 
as  to  the  duration  of  risk  when  a  vessel  has  been 
insured  "  to  her  final  port  of  discharge  or  destina- 
tion." 

"  The  final  port  of  discharge  or  destination  means 
the  port  where  the  ship  is  intended  to  and  does  dis- 
charge the  bulk  of  her  cargo ;  and  the  last  port  is, 
not  the  port  where  the  ship  may  have  been  origin- 
ally destined  to  discharge  any  part  of  her  cargo,  but 
the  place  where  she  does  actually  discharge  the 
whole  of  it."  (Preston  v.  Greenwood,  4  Doug. 
28-33.)  ^  marine  policy  until  a  ship  arrives  at  her 
final  port  of  discharge  covers  her  only  until  she 
arrives  at  her  port  of  discharge,  and  does  not  pro- 
tect her  while  she  is  a  seeking  ship  from  island  to 
island.  (Moore  v,  Taylor,  3  L.J.  K.  B.  132.)  "  Last 
port  of  discharge  "  means  "  the  last  practicable 
friendly  port  of  discharge  "  (Browne  v.  Vigne,  12 
East  283).     Refer  to  Cargo. 

Filial  nlliBf  "  in  a  charter-party  means  the  final 
departure  of  a  vessel  ixom  a  port  named,  with  her 
papers  on  board,  and  everything  complete  for  tiie 
purpose,  and  with  the  view  of  proceeding  on  her 
voyage  without  the  intention  of  coming  back, 
though,  without  clearing  the  fiscal  limits  of  the 
port,  she  may  have  been  driven  back  by  stress  of 
weatiier."    (fVice  v.  Livingstone,  9  Q.B.D.  679.) 

The  words  "  final  sailing  "  are  of  importance  in 
connection  with  the  conunencement  of  the  pay- 
ment of  freight,  and  the  commencement  of  under-i 
writer's  risks  under  a  policy  of  marine  insurance. 

Filiisterrti  Battte  of.  See  Cape  Finisterre.  Battle 
of. 

Finland  line  of  Royal  llail  Steamers  maintain  a 

regular  service  between  Hull  and  Finland,  leaving 
Hull  every  Wednesday,  all  the  year  round,  for 
Copenhagen  and  Hango,  and  every  Saturday  for 
Copenhagen  and  Abo.  The  company's  steamers 
are  fitted  out  with  every  modem  luxury,  and  are 
recognised  to  be  the  fastest  and  most  comfortable 
steamers  sailing  to  the  Baltic. 

Fleet. 
Arcturus.  Polaris. 

Aeikfea,  Urania. 


FINN 


216 


FISHER 


Russian  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Yar- 
row, 1906.)  Displacement,  508  tons ;  draught, 
8  ft. ;  complement,  75  ;  armament,  2  12-pdr.,  5 
6-pdr.,  z  tubes  ;   Hp.,  5,200  =  26  kts. 

FinBka  Angfar^s  Aktlebolaget,  with  their  head 
office  in  Helsingfors,  have  a  fleet  of  22  modem 

« 

steamers,  several  of  which  have  a  limited  accommo- 
dation for  passengers,  engaged  in  trading  to  various 
parts  of  Europe. 

Fleet. 

Algol,  Pallux. 

Arcturus,  Paloris. 

Astraea.  Pirius. 

Capella.  Rhea. 

Ceres.  Tamea. 

Juno.  Tor. 

Leo.  . .  UUeaeborg. 

Nofta  Finland,  Urania. 

Oihanna.  Van  Daleeln. 

Orian  Vesta. 

Pallas.  WeUatno. 

Gross  tonnage,  25,590. 

Firant.    French  2nd  class  cruiser.    (Brest,  1893.) 
Length  308ft.   Beam  43ft.  Maximum  draught  22ft. 
Displacement  3,772  tons.     Complement  358. 
Guns.  Armour. 

6— ^'4  in.  3  in.  Deck. 

4' — 4  in.  '2  in.  Sponsons. 

4—3  pdr. 
IT — I  pdr. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
2  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.    9,500a  19  kts.     Coal   maxi- 
mum 587  tons.     Approximate  cost  ^300,000. 

Fire«  In  manne  insurance  the  underwriter  is 
liable  for  loss  by  fire,  however  caused,  except  it  be 
combustion  generated  through  the  inherent  defect  of 
the  thing  insured,  or  in  consequence  of  it  having 
been  shipped  in  a  damaged  state.  If  the  combus- 
tion has  been  caused  by  sea  damage  sustained  by 
the  goods  after  shipment,  it  is  covered  by  the 
policy,  and,  no  matter  how  the  fire  has  been 
caused,  if  it  extends  to  other  goods  which  are 
unconnected  with  the  cause  of  the  disaster,  or  to 
the  ship  herself,  the  underwriter  is  liable. 

Fire  may  arise  from  many  causes- — ^from  lightning, 
from  spontaneous  combustion,  the  negligence  of 
the  master  or  crew,  the  acts  of  enemies,  or  even 
the  burning  of  a  vessel  by  the  municipal  authorities 
from  fear  of  being  infected.  Even  if  the  cause  of 
fire  is  not  known,  the  underwriter  is  liable.    ' 

Fire  is  covered  by  the  policy  from  any  cause 
except  the  vice  propre  of  the  thing'  insured,  or  if 
the  goods  are  shipped  in  a  damaged  state,  or 
otherwise,  so  as  to  be  unfit  for  carriage,  and  thereby, 
without  any  external  accident  (such  as  unusual 
heat  of  the  hold  arising  from  a  leak),  burst  into  a 
flame,  the  underwriter  on  these  particular  goods  is 
not  liable,  though  if  the  fire  spread  to  other  goods 
unconnected  with  the  cause  of  the  fir«,  or  to  the 


ship,  the  underwriter  woukl.  of  course,  be  respon- 
sible. (McArthur  on  the  Contract*  of  Insurance, 
p.  1 14  ;  Amould  on  Insurance,  4th  ed.,  p.  694.) 

In  the  case  of  the  wording  in  the  memorandum 
(q.v.)  the  word  "  burnt  "  refers  only  to  the  vessel. 
Fire  in  the  carga  does  not  rexQOve  the  ol^ection. 
A  beam. scorched  or  a  floor  charred  would  suffice. 

Refer  to  Burnt. 

Firebfand.  H.M.  ship.  Wrecked  on  the  rocks 
ofF  SciUy  Isles,  October  22,  1707,  when  Captain 
Hencock  and  crew  were  lost. 

Firefly.  British  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Thorny- 
croft,  1906.)  Length,  168  ft. ;  beam,  17  ft.  ; 
draught,  6  ft. ;  displacement,  230  tons ;  comple- 
ment, 35 ;  armament,  2  12-pdr.  ,  2  tubes ;  three 
screws  ;  Hp.,  1,700=26  kts. 

Fife  Queen.  British  general  dep6t  ship  (446 
tons).    Launched  1881. 

'Flre-8hipf»  the  use  of  which  is  said  to  date  from 
the  destruction  of  Basilicus  by  the  victorious 
Vegnesic  near  Carthage,  are  now  obsolete  except 
among  the  Chinese.  They  were  usually  vessels 
filled  with  combustible  materials  and  fitted  with 
shearing-hooks  and  grappling-irons  to  hook  and 
set  fire  to  the  enemy's  ships.  Flre^hips  were  used 
with  great  effect  at  the  siege  of  Antwerp,  15S5  ; 
against  the  Spanish  Armada,  1588;  in  1809  by 
Lord  Cochrane  against  the  Fteach  ships  in  Aix 
Roads.  ^ 

Fish.  A  piece  of  wood  convex  on  one  side  and 
concave  on  the  other,  used  to  strengthen  a  weak 
mast  or  yard. 

Fish-Uook.    The  block  of  a  fish-davit. 

Fiflh-tevit  .  A  4ep:^ck  for  hoisting  the  flukes  of 
an  anchor. 

Fisher,  Admiral  Sir  John  ArbQttmotto  Z.C.,  O.O.B. 
(cr.  1902),  0J[.,  A.D.O.  (b.  1841).  Entered  Navy, 
1854 ;  Beaufort  testimonial ;  served  in  th6  Baltic 
during  the  Russian  war  (Baltic  medal),  and  in  the 
Highflyer,  Chesapeake,  and  Furious  during  the 
China  war  ;  topk  part  iA  the  capture  of  Canton  and 
Peiho  forts  (China  medal,  Canton  and  Taku  clasps)  ; 
captain  of  the  Inflexible  at  the  bombardment  of 
Alexandria.  July  11,  1882  ;  landed  in  command  of 
Naval  Brigade  at  Alexandria ;  adapted  and  com- 
manded the  "  Ironclad  Train  "  ;  created  C.B.  for 
services  rendered  (Egyptian  medal,  Alexandria 
clasp,  Khedive's  Bronze  Star.  Osmanieh  3rd  Class) ; 
director  of  Naval  Ordnance  and  Torpedoes.  1886- 
91  ;  A.D.C.  to  the  Queen,  1887-90 ;  Admiral- 
Superintendent  of  Portsmouth  Dockyard.  1891-97  ; 
K.C.B.,  1894  '»  Commander-in-Chief,  North  America 
and  West  Indies,  1897';  acted  as, delegate  and 
naval  expert  at  The  Hague  Peace  Conference, 
1899 ;  Commander»in-Chief,  Mediterranean  Squad- 
ron,  1899 ;  Second  (6ea.  Lord  of  the  Admiralty, 
1902  ;  G.CB.,  t902  ;  Comihander-in-Chief,  Ports- 
mouth, 1903  ;  member  of  Lord  Esher's  Committee, 


FISHERIES 


217 


FISHING 


1904  ;  First  Sea  Lord  of  the  Admiralty,  October, 
1904. 

Fisheries,  Board  of,  Agrionltore  and  Fisheries 
Board.  The  Board  of  Agriculture  and  Fisheries 
Act,  1903,  transferred  to  the  Board  of  Agriculture 
(st^j-led  since  the  commencement  of  this  Act  the 
Board  of  Agriculture  and  Fisheries)  the  powers 
formerly  exercised  by  the  Board  of  Trade  under 
the  Salmon  and  Freshwater  Fisheries  Acts,  1861-92, 
the  Norfolk  and  Suffolk  Fisheries  Acts,  1877  a-^d 
1896,  the  Sea  Fisheries  Regulation  Acts,  1888, 
1891  (Part  11),  and  1894,  and  the  Oyster  Fisheries 
Acts,  1866-84. 

These  powers  include  the  protection  and  pre- 
servation of  inland  and  territorial  water  fisheries, 
and  the  collection  of  returns  and  statistics  relating 
to  fisheries. 

This  Act  does  not  apply  to  Scotland. 

Fishery  Board  of  Scotland,  The,  as  constituted  by 
the  Sea  Fisheries  Regulations  (Scotland)  Act, 
1895,  is  composed  of  seven  members  appointed  by 
the  Crown,  on  the  recommendation  of  the  Secre- 
tary for  Scotland,  who  hold  ofl&ce  for  five  years. 
The  Board  of  British  White  Herring  Fishery, 
under  the  Herring  Fisheries  Act,  1868,  and  the 
Sea  Fisheries  Act,  1875,  ^^^  dissolved,  and  re- 
placed in  1882  by  the  Fishery  Board  of  Scotland, 
w^hose  powers  included  the  supervision  of  fisheries 
and  herring  curing,  the  improvement  of  harbours, 
the  imposition  of  tolls,  royalties,  and  penalties, 
and  the  making  and  enforcement  of  bye-laws  and 
regulations.  The  duties  of  the  Board  briefly  were 
to  "  take  cognisance  of  everything  relating  to  the 
coast  and  deep-sea  fisheries  of  Scotland,  and  take 
such  measures  for  their  improvement  as  the  funds 
under  their  administraMon  and  not  otherwise 
appropriated  admit  of."  The  Act  of  1895  recon- 
stituted and  extended  the  powers  of  the  Fishery 
Board,  and  deals  with  the  estaldishment  of  fishery 
districts  within  the  jurisdiction  of  the  Board. 

Refer  to  Sea  Fisheries,  Fishery  Districts, 

Fishery  districts^  of  which  there  are  53  in  Eng- 
land and  Wales,  and  105  in  Scotland,  are  controlled 
by  local  boards  of  conservators,  who  are  (i)  either 
appointed  by  county  councils,  or  (2)  are  qualified 
by  the  ownership  of  lands  or  fisheries,  or  (3)  are 
representative  members  elected  by  holders  of 
licences.  The  boards  are  formed  for  the  protection 
of  fisheries  and  the  administration  of  the  laws  of 
close  season,  and  have  extensive  powers  under  the 
Salmon  Fisheries  Acts  and  the  Freshwater  Fisheries 
Acts,  including  the  appointment  of  bailiffs,  the 
issuing  of  licences,  the  purchasing  of  daxns  and 
vreirs  for  the  purposes  of  removal,  the  making  and 
enforcing  of  bye-laws,  and  the  prosecution  of 
offenders.     Refer  to  Sea  Fisheries. 

Fiah-fall.    The  tackle  of  a  fish-davit. 

Fish-hodk.  A  barbed,  spiral,  curved  instrument, 
the  sharp  portion  terminating  in  a  straight  barbed 
point  parallel  to  the  shank,  used  for  catching  fish. 


Fiakdng  boats.  (Merchant  Shipping  Act,  1894. 
sections  369-417.)  The  expression  "  fishing  boat  " 
means  a  vesad,  of  whatever  size  and  in  whatever 
way  propelled,  which  is  for  the  time  being  em- 
ployed in  sea  fishing  or  in  the  sea  fishing  service 
for  profit. 

The  tonnage  of  a  fishing  boat  for  the  purpose 
of  this  part  of  the  Act  shall  be  taken  to  be  in  the 
case  of  a  steamer  trawler  her  gross  tonnage,  but  in 
any  other  case  her  register  tonnage. 

I.  Provisions  applying  to  the  whole  fishing  ser- 
vice. 

(i)  All  British  fishing  l>oats.  including  those  used 
otherwise  than  for  profit,  shall  be  lettered  and 
numbered,  and  have  official  papers,  and  shall  for 
that  purpose  be  entered  in  the  fishing  boat  register. 
Unless  so  entered  the  master  or  owner  is  liable  to 
,a  fine  not  exceeding  ;£2o,  and  the  boat  may  be 
detained.  She  is  also  deprived  of  any  privileges 
or  advantages  of  British  fishing  boats,  but  for  the 
purposes  for  liabilities  and  punishment  she  is  re- 
garded as  a  boat  duly  entered.  Orders  in  Council 
may  regulate  and  enforce  the  entry  of  fishing  boats 
and  any  convention  with  a  foreign  country  relative 
to  the  registry,  lettering,  ai^d  numbering  of  fishing 
boats. 

(2)  A  fishing  boat,  whether  used  for  profit  or 
not,  shall  not  proceed  to  sea  unless — 

(a)  If  decked,  she  is  provided  with  boats  accord 
ing  to  her  tonnage  ;  and 

(6)  If  canying  more  than  10  passengers  she  has, 
in  addition  to  other  boats,  two  lifebuoys  and  a 
lifeboat,  or  boat  of  a  buoyant  character. 

For  contravention  of  this  section  the  owner  and 
master  shall,  if  in  default,  be  liable  to  fines  of  /too 
and  £$0  respectively. 

(3)  Discipline. 

(a)  For  desertion  and  absence  without  leave 
refer  to  Desertion. 

(6)  Wilful  disobedience  to  any  lawful  command 
is  punishable  by  imprisonment  for  not  more  than 
four  weeks  and  forfeiture  of  two  days'  wages,  or, 
if  the  offence  is  continued,  by  imprisonment  for 
not  more  than  12  weeks  and  forfeiture  of  six  days' 
wages  for  every  24  hours  of  offence  or  the  expenses 
of  hiring  a  substitute. 

(c)  Assaulting  the  skipper  or  second  hand  is 
punishable  by  imprisonment  for  not  more  than 
12  weeks. 

(d)  Combining  to  disobey  orders,  or  neglect  duty, 
or  impede  navigation  is  punishable  by  imprison- 
ment for  not  more  than  1 2  weeks. 

{e)  Wilful  damage  to  boat  or  stores  is  punishable 
by  not  more  than  12  weeks'  imprisonment  and 
forfeiture  of  a  sum  equal  to  the  amount  of  damage. 

(/)  See  Smuggling. 

{g)  The  skipper  shah  be  liable  for  the  above 
offences  if  he  were  a  seaman. 

(A)  Civil  rights  for  breach  of  contract  are  un- 
affected by  the  above  criminal  provisions. 


FISHING 


218 


FLAG 


(i)  Deserters,  in  addition  to  other  punishments, 
may  be  conveyed  back  to  their  ships. 

(/)  Warrants  for  the  apprehension  of  seamen 
charged  with  the  above  offences  may  be  issued  by 
superintendents  or  officers  of  the  Board  of  Trade. 

(4)  The  skipper  shall,  under  a  penalty  of  j^ao, 
keep  a  record  of  deaths,  injuries,  ill-treatment, 
punishments,  and  every  casualty  to  his  boat. 
The  superintendent  shall  have  all  the  powers  of  a 
Board  of  Trade  inspector  for  inquiring  into  the 
cause  and  particulars  of  death,  injuries,  etc.,  and 
shall  determine  disputes  as  to  wages,  share  of 
profits,  engagement,  service  or  discharge,  and  pro- 
visions supplied.  Where  a  seaman  is  paid  by  a 
share  in  the  catch  the  owner  must,  under  a  penalty 
,  oi  £$,  render  a  detailed  account  in  a  form  approved 
by  the  Board  of  Trade. 

2.  Provisions  applying  to  all  fishing  boats  of 
25  tons  and  upwards.     See  Apprentice. 

3.  Provisions  applying  to  trawlers  of  25  tons 
and  upwards. 

(i)  The  skipper  or  owner  must,  under  a  penalty 
of  £s  for  each  offence,  enter  into  an  agreement 
with  the  crew  in  a  form  approved  by  the  Board  of 
Trade,  containing  certain  particulars  and  condi- 
tions of  service. 

(2)  The  owner  shall,  within  24  hours  of  a  boat's 
departure,  send  to  the  superintendent  a  list  of  her 
crew,  under  a  penalty  not  exceeding  £$, 

(3)  A  full  account  of  wa^es,  showing  all  deduc- 
tions therefrom,  shall  be  delivered  to  each  seaman. 

(4)  On  discharge  or  pa3rment  of  wages  a  certifi- 
cate of  discharge  specifying  the  period  of  service 
shall  be  signed  by  the  skipper  and  delivered  to 
each  seaman. 

(5)  If  a  boat  goes  to  sea  without  a  properly 
certified  skipper  and  second  hand  the  owner  shall 
be  liable  to  a  fine  not  exceeding  £20. 

4.  Lights  and  fog  signals. 

Boats  under  20  tons  net  register  when  under- 
way, but  not  fishing,  are  only  obliged  to  have  ready 
for  use  a  hand  lantern  showing  red  and  green  on 
alternate  sides.  Boats  of  20  tons  net  register  and 
upwards  when  trawling  in  the  sea  off  the  coast  of 
Europe  north  of  Finisterre  carry  two  white  and 
the  ordinary  underway  lights,  or,  if  stationary,  the 
anchor  light  only.  British  fishing  boats  of  20  tons 
and  upwards,  underway  in  the  sea  off  the  coast  of 
Europe  lying  north  of  Finisterre,  with  trawls 
down,  must  carry  ordinary  underway  lights,  or  a 
combination  lantern,  or  a  white  globular  light. 
For  all  British  sailing  fishing  boats  engaged  in 
trawling  in  these  waters  a  white  globular  light  with 
red  pyrotechnic  flares  may  be  substituted. 

In  fog,  mist,  or  falling  snow  a  vessel  trawling 
shall  blow  her  foghorn  and  ring  her  bell  alternately 
at  intervals  of  not  more  than  two  minutes. 

Fishing  Oacetta.  Established  1876.  Published 
weekly  (Friday).  Price  2d.  Address :  St.  Dun- 
stan's  House,  Fetter  Lane,  London,  E.C, 


Fish,  BoyaL     See  Royal  Fish. 

Fish  Trades  Oaaette.  Established  1883.  Pub- 
lished  weekly  (Saturday).  Price  2d.  Address : 
39  Fish  Street  Hill,  London,  E.C. 

Fitob,  John  ( 1 743  -98) .  Builder  of  the  first  steam- 
boat in  America.  In  1786  he  was  successful  in 
forming  a  company  to  work  his  invention,  and 
shortly  afterwards  a  steam  packet  was  launched  on 
the  Delaware,  which  attained  a  speed  of  about 
three  miles  an  hour.  In  1790  a  steamboat  built  by 
him  conveyed  passengers  on  the  Delaware,  but  the 
undertaking  was  a  losing  one,  and  led  to  the  dis- 
solution of  the  company.  In  1793  he  went  to 
France  in  the  hope  of  being  able  to  introduce  his 
invention  into  that  country,  but  met  with  no 
success.  All  his  efforts  resulted  in  commercial 
failure,  and,  reaping  from  his  inventions  nothing 
but  disappointment  and  poverty,  he  committed 
suicide  in  1798. 

FUsroy»  Bolwrt  (1805-65).  English  admiral, 
hydrogiapher,  and  meteorologist.  Commanded  the 
Beagle  (1828-31)  on  her  voyage  of  discovery,  and 
surveyed  the  coasts  of  Patagonia  and  Tierra  del 
Fuego.  He  also  commanded  the  Beagle  during  her 
famous  voyage  round  the  world  (1831-36).  From 
1843-45  he  was  Governor  of  New  Zealand,  but  was 
not  popular.  In  1854  he  was  app(»nted  meteoro- 
logist to  the  Board  of  Trade,  and  in  that  capacity 
initiated  xaajay  valuable  investigations  in  meteoro- 
logy, devising  that  system  of  weather  forecasts 
and  storm  warnings  still  a  featnre  of  modem 
organisations. 

Publications  :  In  conjunction  with  Captain  King 
he  published  in  1839  "  Narrative  of  the  Surveying 
Voyages  of  the  AdtJwUure  and  the  BsagU/' 
"  Weather  Book  "  (1863),  which  is  based  on  in- 
vestigations extending  over  many  years. 

Ff!fe*4ajr  means.  Frequently  employed  on  the 
Continent,  by  which  the  year  is  subdivided  into 
73  pentads,  or  periods  of  five  days  each. 

F.L.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Finsterwald,  Holland. 

Flag.  A  general  name  for  the  distinguishing 
colours  of  any  nation  ;  also  a  certain  banner  by 
which  an  admiral  is  distinguished  from  the  inferior 
ships  of  his  squadron.  The  flags  of  the  British. 
Navy  were  severally  on  a  red,  white,  or  blue  field, 
and  were  displayed  from  the  top  of  the  royal  pole 
of  the  main,  fore,  or  mizzen  mast,  according  to  the 
rank  of  the  admiral.  This  diversity  of  colour  has 
now  been  long  done  away  with.  The  white  field, 
with  the  red  St.  George's  Cross,  and  the  sinister 
upper  corner  occupied  by  the  Union,  is  now  ex- 
clusively used  in  the  British  Navy,  the  blue  being 
assigned  to  the  Reserve  and  the  red  to  the  mer- 
cantile marine.  An  admiral  displays  his  flag  at 
the  main  truck,  a  vice-admiral  at  the  fore,  a  rear- 
admiral  at  the  mizzen.  The  first  British  flag  of 
importance  is  the ^Royal  Standard  of  Great 


FLAG 


3IQ 


FLAVIO 


and  Irdand  hoisted  only  when  the  King  or  Queen 
is  on  board  ;  the  aecond  is  the  Anchor  of  Hope  for 
the  Lord  High  Admiral  or  the  Lords  Commissioners 
ol  the  Admiralty ;  and  the  third  is  the  Union  flag 
for  the  Admiral  of  the  Fleet,  which  is  the  next 
officer  imder  the  Lord  High  Admiral.  The  various 
other  departments  have  each  their  respective  flags 
besides  the  national  flag.  Merchant  ships  are  per- 
mitted to  bear  lesser  flags  on  their  mast,  with  the 
arms  or  design  of  the  firm  to  which  they  belong, 
but  they  "  must  not  resemble  or  be  mistaken  for 
any  of  the  flags  or  signals  used  by  the  Royal 
Navy  "  under  certain  penalties.  When  a  council 
of  war  is  held  at  sea,  if  it  be  on  board  the  admiral's 
ship  the  flag  must  be  hung  on  the  main  shrouds, 
if  on  the  vice-adnural's  on  the  fore  shrouds,  and  if 
the  rear-admiral's  on  the  mizzen  shrouds.  The 
word  flag  is  often  familiarly  used  to  denote  the 
admiral  himself.  A  vessel's  flag  is  evidence  of  her 
national  character,  and,  by  the  Merchant  Shipping 
Act,  1894,  section  74,  must  be  exhibited  by  every 
British  ship  except  fishing  boats  duly  registered 
(i)  on  a  signal  from  one  of  His  Majesty's  ships ; 

(2)  on  entering  and  leaving  a  foreign  port ;  and 

(3)  (if  of  50  tons  gross  tonnage)  on  entering  and 
leaving  a  British  port.  For  default  in  complying 
with  this  section  the  master  shall  be  liable  to  a 
fine  not  exceeding  ;£  100  for  each  offence. 

If  a  person  uses  the  British  flag  and  assumes  the 
British  national  character  on  board  a  ship  owned 
wholly  or  in  part  by  persons  not  qualified  to  own 
a  British  ship  for  the  purpose  of  making  the  ship 
appear  to  be  British,  the  ship  shall  be  liable  to 
forfeiture. 

If  the  master  or  owner  of  a  British  ship  does 
anything  or  permits  anything  to  be  done  with 
intent  to  conceal  her  British  character  or  to  assume 
a  foreign  character,  or  to  deceive  any  person  en- 
titled by  British  law  to  inquire  into  her  character, 
the  ship  shall  be  liable  to  forfeiture,  and  the  master 
shall  be  guilty  of  a  misdemeanour. 

The  red  ensign  is  the  proper  flag  for  all  British 
ships  not  entitled  to  use  the  blue  ensign,  which  is 
confined  to  ships  commanded  by  an  R.N.R.  officer 
and  carrying  10  R.N.R.  men  among  the  crew. 

For  carrying  illegal  colours  by  British  ships  the 
master  or  owner  (if  on  board),  and  every  other 
person  hoisting  the  colours,  shall  for  each  oflence 
incur  a  fine  not  exceeding  ;£ioo,  and  any  officer 
(naval  or  military)  on  full  pay.  or  Customs  officer 
in  His  Majesty's  dominions,  or  any  British  consular 
officer,  may  board  any  ship  on  which  illegal  colours 
are  shown,  and  seize  and  confiscate  them.  Refer 
to  Ensign. 

Flag  aflteeri  in  the  Navy  are  executive  officers 
with  rank  superior  to  that  of  a  captain,  and  when 
actively  employed  hoist  the  flag  instead  of  the 
pennant  as  their  emblem  of  command.  Flag- 
officers  are  appointed  to  the  commands  of  naval 
stations  at  home  and  of  fleets  at  home  and  abroad. 


and  also  to  be  superintendents  of  dockyards  at 
home  and  abroad.  All  British  flag-officers  are 
appointed  by  the  Admiralty  in  pursuance  of  the 
King's  pleasure. 

Flag  ship.    The  ship  carrying  the  Admiral's  flag. 

Fblg«-fi8iiafliBg.    See  Signalling  ,  Semaphore. 

Flagi,  Natknutl.    See  Natk>nal  Flags. 

Flamtag.  French  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Nor- 
mand,  1902.)  Length,  180  ft. ;  beam,  21  ft.  ; 
maximum  draught,  10  ft.  ;  displacement,  300  tons  ; 
complement,  45  ;  guns,  i  9-pdr.,  6  3'pdr.  ;  torpedo 
tubes,  2  15-in.  ;  speed,  27-30  kts. 

Flamme.  French  armoured  gun-boat  (1884). 
Of  little  fighting  value.  Displacement,  1,150 
tons;  draught,  loj  ft. ;  guns  (old),  i  g'^-Sn.,  i  3' 5 -in. ; 
armour,  *'  Compound,"  Q^-in.  Belt ;  speed  (nomi- 
nally), 13  kts. 

Flannery,  8lr  Jmum  Fortesoaa,  K.T.,  cr.  1899, 
Bi.,  1905  (b.  Liverpool,  185 1).  British  marine 
engineer  and  naval  architect.  Served  his  appren- 
ticeship at  the  Britannia  Works,  Birkenhead,  and 
was  a  student  at  the  Liverpool  School  of  Science. 
He  entered  the  service  of  Sir  Edward  Reed  (q.v.) ,  and 
had  charge  of  the  construction  of  the  machinery  of 
many  warships  for  Germany,  Chili,  Japan,  and 
other  foreign  governments.  In  1878  he  com- 
menced practice  on  his  own  account  as  consulting 
engineer  and  naval  architect,  and  is  now  head 
of  the  firm  of  Flannery.  Baggallay  and  Johnson, 
having  branches  in  Liverpool  and  Rotterdam.  He 
has  devoted  special  attention  to  the  construction  of 
tank  steamers  for  carrying  petroleum  in  bulk,  and 
is  consulting  engineer  to  the  leading  steamship 
companies  in  this  business.  He  has  also  given  a 
great  deal  of  time  to  the  construction  of  boilers, 
and  the  development  of  liquid  fuel,  and  a  large 
number  of  vessels  are  fitted  under  his  patented 
system.  He  was  elected  a  member  of  Parliament 
for  the  Shipley  Division  of  Yorkshire  in  1895,  and 
re-elected  in  1900.  Is  a  justice  of  the  peace  for 
Surrey,  Kent,  Essex  and  London,  and  one  of  H.M. 
Lieutenants  for  the  City  of  London.  Member  of 
the  Institutions  of  Naval  Architects,  Civil  Engineers, 
and  Mechanical  Engineers,  and  is  Past  President  of 
the  Institution  of  Marine  Engineers. 

Publications  :  Papers  read  at  the  Transactions  of 
the  Institution  of  Civil  Engineers  and  the  Institu- 
tion of  Naval  Architects. 

Flaia.  A  ship  built  with  her  bow  flanching  out- 
wards to  throw  off  the  bow-seas  is  said  to  be  flare- 
built. 

Flat  aft  When  the  sheets  of  fore-and-aft  sails 
are  taut  to  bring  her  head  to  the  wind. 

Flattan  in.    The  order  to  make  the  sails  flat  aft. 

Flavio  Gioia.    Old  Italian  cruiser  (1881). 
Displacement  3,050  tons.    Complement  280. 


FLAW 


320 


FLOAT 


Guns.  A  rtnour. 

6—47  in.  "  Steel." 

4 — 6  pdr.  i^  in.  Deck. 
8 — I  pdr. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 

2  Above  water. 

Hp.  4,ooo=si2  kts.     Coal  500  tons. 

Flaw  of  wind.  Sudden,  unreliable,  uncertain 
gusts  of  wind. 

Fl9Che.  French  torpedo  gun-boat.  (Havre, 
1885.)  Length,  196  ft. ;  beam,  21  ft. ;  draught, 
6  ft. ;  displacement,  413  tons ;  complement,  63  ; 
guns,  4  8' I -in.,  3  Maxims,  2  torpedo  tubes  ;  Hp.. 
2,000=18  kts.  ;  coal  maximum,  100  tons. 

Fleet.  The  general  name  given  to  a  Royal  Navy, 
also  any  number  of  ships  keeping  in  company. 

Fleet  training.     See  Naval  Training.  - 

Flemish  horse.  An  outer  short  foot-rope  at 
the  yard  arm,  for  sailors  to  stand  on. 

Flensborger  Schiin>aa  OeMllschaft,  Flensburg. 
This  firm,  founded  in  1872,  has  made  rapid  progress, 
and  is  to-day  the  leading  firm  on  the  Schleswig- 
Holstein  coast.  The  yard  covers  an  area  of  44  acres, 
and  gives  employment  to  about  3,000  men.  The 
first  vessel  built,  launched  in  1875,  ^^  ^®  Voris 
Brodersen,  a  vessel  of  195  ft.  in  length,  and  a  net 
tonnage  of  684.  The  first  vessel  built  for  Bremen 
shipowners  was  the  steamer  /.  H.  Niemann^  for 
the  Neptune  Co.  During  the  first  25  years  of  the 
existence  of  the  yard  175  vessels  were  launched, 
with  a  net  tonnage  of  245,504,  and  106,102  I.Hp. 
Almost  all  the  well-known  steamship  lines  in 
Germany  have  placed  orders  with  the  firm  for 
vessels,  notably  the  Hamburg  -  Amerika  Line, 
Kosmos  Line,  German  East  Africa  Line,  German 
Australian  Steamship  Co.,  Hamburg,  South  Ameri- 
can Steamship  Co.,  Hansa  Line,  Argo  Steamship 
Co.,  Roland  Line,  Bremen.  Foreign  companies  are 
represented  by  the  West  India  Co.  and  the  East 
Asiatic  Company  of  Copenhagen,  and  vessels  for 
some  of  the  leading  Norwegian  firms.  A  special 
feature  of  this  yard  is  the  building  of  floating  docks, 
the  first  of  which,  a  dock  of  140  ft.  in  length  with  a 
hfting  capacity  of  2,300  tons,  was  built  in  1892.  A 
similar  one  was  built  in  1897  ^'^^  Copenhagen,  with 
a  lifting  capacity  of  2,900  tons,  and  in  1903  one  for 
the  Hamburg  Reiherstieg,  with  a  lifting  capacity  of 
11,000  tons.  The  dockyard  is  replete  with  the 
latest  modem  machinery ;  there  are  seven  slips 
capable  of  building  ships  up  to  10.000  tons  dead- 
weight capacity,  served  by  electric  and  steam- 
driven  travelling  cranes.  All  the  work  shops  are 
fitted  with  a  complete  installation  of  electrically- 
driven  machinery  and  the  latest  inventions  in 
pneumatic  tools. 

Flensborger  Segel  Olnb.  Established  1890- 
President,  L.  Meyer  ;  Vice-President,  H.  Schuldt » 
Treasurer,  O.  Schmidt ;    Secretary,  J.  H.  Jensen* 


Club  House,  Flensbuig,  Germany.    Entrance  fee. 
10  mark,  annual  subscription,  20  mark. 

Fletdier,  Woodhill  and  Co.,  with  their  head 
offices  in  Manchester,  was  established  in  1893  ^y 
Mr.  H.  A.  Fletcher  and  Captain  T.  J.  Woodhill. 
Their  vessels  trade  from  Manchester  to  France. 
Portugal.  Spain,  Italy,  and  vice  versa. 

Flenret.  Ftench  torpedo-boat  destroyer. 
(Forges  et  Chantiers,  1904.)  Length,  180  ft. ; 
beam,  21  ft.  ;  maximum  draught.  10  ft.  ;  displace- 
ment, 300  tons ;  complement,  45  ;  guns,  i  9-pdr., 
6  3-pdr.  ;  torpedo  tubes,  2  15 -in,  ;  speed  27-30  kts. 

Flenrus.  French  3rd  class  cruiser.  (Cherbourg. 
1893.)  Length,  229  ft. ;  beam,  29  ft. ;  draught, 
15  ft. ;  displacement,  1,289  tons  ;  complement,  179  ; 
guns,  5  3'9-in.,  6  I  '8 -in.,  4  Maxims,  4  torpedo  tubes  ; 
Hp.,  4,000=  17  kts.  ;  coal  maximum.  180  tons. 

Fig.  Lt.  Floating  light.  Abbreviation  adopted 
on  the  charts  issued  by  the  Hydrographic  Office, 
Admiralty. 

Flibllftter.  French  torpedo-boat.  (Normand, 
1894.)  Length,  143  ft.  ;  beam.  16  ft.  ;  draught, 
^  ft.  ;  displacement,  132  tons;  complement,  34; 
armament,  3  3-pdr.,  2  tubes ;  twin  screw ;  Hp.. 
1, 500^23  kts. ;  coal.  16  tons. 

Flinders,  Matthew  (1774-18 14).  English  navi- 
gator and  explorer  (b.  Boston,  Lincolnshire). 
Entered  Royal  Navy,  1789,  and  after  a  voyage  to 
the  Friendly  Islands,  the  West  Indies,  and  serving 
in  the  Bellerophon  during  Lord  Howe's  famous 
battle  of  "  The  Glorious  First  of  June,"  1794,  off 
Ushant.  he  went  in  1795  as  midshipman  in  the 
Reliance  to  New  South  Wales,  where  he  did  much 
valuable  surveying,  accurately  laying  down  the 
outline  and  bearings  of  the  Australian  coast  In 
1798  he  was  commissioned  to  proceed  in  the  sloop 
Norfolk  to  prove  conclusively  that  Van  Diemen's 
Land  was  an  island  by  circumnavigating  it.  He 
is  credited  with  having  first  suggested  the  name 
Australia  for  the  island  continent.  In  1801,  in 
the  Investigator  he  circumnavigated  Australia  and 
charted  the  Gulf  of  Carpentaria.  On  his  way  home 
as  a  passenger  on  H.M.S*  Porpoise,  he  was  wrecked 
on  a  coral  reef  about  800  miles  from  Port  Jackson. 
Reaching  Mauritius  he  was  seized  by  the  French 
Government,  and  held  a  prisoner  until  18 10.  He 
devoted  the  remainder  of  his  life  in  preparing  his 
"  Voyage  to  Terra  Australis,"  two  volumes,  with  a 
folio  volume  of  maps.  The  very  day,  July  19,  1S14. 
on  which  his  work  was  published  he  died  at  the 
early  age  of  40.  See  Thynne's  "  M.  Flinders  " 
(1896). 

Flirt.  British  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (J arrow, 
1897.)  Length,  215  ft.;  beam,  20  ft.;  draught. 
6i  ft.  ;  displacement,  325  tons ;  complement.  60  ; 
armament,  i  12-pdr.,  5  6-pdr.,  2  tubes;  twin 
screw;   Hp.,  6,581  =  30  kts. ;   coal,  91  tons. 

Float.  The  act  or  state  of  a  person  or  thing 
resting  on  the  surface  of  the  water. 


FLOATING 


221 


FLOWING 


Floating  battery.  Formerly  a  heavily  armed 
and  armoured  vessel,  intended  for  bombarding 
fortresses,  and  not  sea-going.  The  British  and 
French,  by  floating  batteries,  brought  about  the 
fall  of  Kinbum  in  1855.  Fvery  modem  battleship 
is  now  a  floating  battery  to  a  great  extent. 

noattng  dookB.    See  Docks. 

Floatbig  pcdioy.    See  Policy. 

Flogginlr.  (In  the  Navy.)  Corporal  punishment 
may  stiQ  be  administered  to  Naval  seamen  or 
marines,  but  only  in  case  of  mutiny  to  petty 
officers,  and  never  to  officers.  The  limit  of  the 
number  of  lashes  allowed  by  law  is  48,  but  the 
Lords  of  the  Admiralty,  who  must  sanction  the 
sentence,  have  directed  that  the  number  of  lashes 
shall  not  exceed  25,  and  recommend  that  flogging 
be  not  included  in  any  sentence.  Flogging  is 
deemed  equal  in  degree  to  imprisonment,  but  must 
not  accompany  penal  servitude,  and  does  not  carry 
forfeitures  with  it.  At  the  present  time  (1908) 
the  system  of  flogging  in  both  Army  and  Navy  is 
suspended. 

Refer  to  Naval  Discipline  Act. 

Flobr,  J^iuAice  (b.  Hamburg,  June  4,  1855). 
Marine  engineer.  After  serving  his  apprenticeship 
and  finishing  his  technical  education,  he  served 
for  two  years  as  engineer  with  the  Hamburg- 
Amerika  line,  and  the  Hamburg-Sout^-Amenka 
Line,  and  in  February,  1878,  he  entered  the  services 
of  the  Stettiner  Maschinenbau  Actien-Gesellschaf t 
(Vulkan),  and  worked  as  leading  fitter,  and  latterly 
in  the  drawing  office.  He  left  Stettin  in  1880,  and 
became  draughtsman  to  Messrs.  Robert  Steel  and 
Co.,  Greenock.  In  October,  1883,  he  rejoined 
the  firm  of  Stettiner  Maschinenbau  Actien-Gesell- 
schaft  (Vulkan),  in  the  engineering  department,  and 
remained  with  them  until  March,  1897,  when  he 
went  to  Genoa  to  take  charge  of  the  engine  works 
of  Messrs.  Odero  in  their  two  shipyards  in  Genoa 
and  Sestri  Ponente.  In  August,  1898,  he  returned 
once  again  to  the  Vulkan  Co.,  as  director  of  the 
engineering  department,  and  since  then  all  their 
important  deliveries  in  the  shape  of  machinery 
for  war-vessels,  express  steamers,  and  merchant 
vessels  have  been  executed  under  his  direction. 

Flood.     An  inundation  caused  by  heavy  rain- 
fall or  the  overflow  of  a  river. 

Floor.    The  bottom  of  a  vessel  on  each  side  of  the 
keelson. 

Hofa.     British   2nd   class  cruiser.     (Pembroke, 

1893.) 

Length  320ft.    Beam  49ft.   Maximum  draught  21ft. 

Displacement  4,360  tons.     Complement  318. 

Guns.  Armour. 

2—6  in.  "  Steel." 

8 — ^4*7  in.  2  in.  Deck. 

8 — 6  pdr.  3  in.  Conning  tower. 

1—3  pdr. 


Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
4  Above  water. 

Twin  screw.  Hp.  natural  7.000=18  kts., 
forced  9,000=5 19*5  kts.  Coal  maximum  1,000 
tons.     Approximate  cost  ;£2  50,000. 

This  ship-name  was  introduced  into  the  Navy  in 
1 76 1,  when  the  Vesiale  vras  captured  from  the 
French  and  re-named  Flora.  It  is  also  associated 
with  the  capture  of  the  American  Fox,  1777; 
capture  of  the  French  Nymphe,  1780;  capture 
of  the  Dutch  Castor,  1781  ;  Rodney's  victory  over 
De  Grasse,  1782  ;   Warren's  frigate  action,  1794* 

Floree.  Netherland  gun-boat.  (Amsterdam, 
1888.)  Length,  176  ft.  ;  beam,  25  ft. ;  draught, 
I  ij-  ft. ;  displacement,  541  tons  ;  complement,  82  ; 
armament,  3  4*7-in.,  i  2'9-in.,  2  i'4-in. ;  Hp., 
650=11^  kts. ;  coal,  75  tons. 

Floriano.  Brazilian  coast  service  battleship.  (La 
Seyne,  1898.) 

Length  268ft.    Beam  48ft.    Maximum  draught  15  ft. 
Displacement  3,162  tons.     Complement  200. 
Guns.  A  rmour. 

2 — 9*2  in.  "  Harvey-nickel." 

4 — ^4*7  in.  *         3  in.  Belt  amidships. 

2 — 12  pdr.  8  in.  Turrets. 

4 — 6  pdr.  5  in.  Conning  tower. 

4 — I  pdr. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
2  Submerged. 
Twin   screw.     Hp.    3,400=  14  kts.     Coal    maxi- 
mum 246  tons. 

Florida.     U.S.  monitor.     (Elizabeth  Port,  1901). 
Length  252ft.  Beam  50ft.  Maximum  draught  13ft. 
Displacement  2,755  tons.     Complement  130. 
Guns.  Armour. 

2 — I2in.,  4ocal.         *' Krupp." 
4 — ^4  in.  II  in.  Belt  amidships. 

3 — 6  pdr.  11  in.  Barbettes. 

4 — I  pdr.  8  in.  Conning  tower. 

2  Colts. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
2  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.    2,400=12  kts.     Coal   maxi- 
mum 400  tons. 

Florida,  State  oL  Glasgow  steamer.  Sunk  by 
collision  with  the  barque  Ponema  in  mid  ocean, 
April  18,  1884  ;   123  lives  lost. 

Florio  Bahattino.  See  Navigazione  Getierale 
Italiana. 

Flotilla.     A  fleet  of  small  vessels. 

FlotBam  means  such  portions  of  a  wreck  of  a 
vessel  or  cargo  as  continue  floating.  Refer  to 
Wreck. 

Flotten  Verein.  A  German  non-party  organisa- 
tion formed  in  1897  to  carry  through  the  German 
naval  programme  of  that  time.  This  organisation 
is  on  the  lines  of  the  British  Navy  League. 

Flowing  sheet.  The  position  of  sheets  of  the 
principal  sails  when  eased  aft  to  the  wind. 


FLUKE 


222 


FOO 


Fluke*  The  broad  holding  part  of  an  anchor 
which  penetrates  the  ground. 

Finsh.     Anything  of  fair  surface. 

Flnili-deckad.    Without  poop  or  forecastle. 

Fly.  A  compass  card  having  the  points  or 
rhumbs,  32  in  number,  marked  upon  it.  The 
angle  of  the  ship's  course  with  the  magnified 
meridian  is  shown  by  a  line  called  the  lubbers  line. 
As  applied  to  a  flag  the  length  from  the  stafi  to 
the  outer  edge. 

Flying  Dntehnuui.  A  famous  marine  spectre- 
ship  formerly  supposed  to  haunt  the  Cape  of  Good 
Hope.  The  tradition  of  seamen  was  that  a  Dutch 
skipper  named  Van  Straaten,  irritated  with  a  foul 
wind,  swore  that  he  would  beat  into  Table  Bay  in 
spite  of  God  or  man.  and  that  foundering  with  the 
wicked  oath  on  his  lips  he  has  ever  since  been 
working  off  and  on  near  the  Cape.  There  are 
kindred  legends  of  a  lost  Spanish  galleon  en- 
countered on  the  line,  and  of  a  phantom  schooner 
in  the  North  Sea.  The  term  is  now  extended  to 
false  reports  of  vessels  seen.  Wagner's  opera,  "  Der 
Fliegende  HSUander,"  Fitzball's  drama.  "The 
Flying  Dutchman,"  and  Marryat's  novel,  *'  The 
Phantom  Ship."  are  all  founded  on  this  tradition. 

Flying  Fish.  British  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Jar- 
row,  1897.)  Length,  215  ft.  ;  beam,  20  ft.  ;  draught. 
6 J  ft. ;  displacement,  325  tons  ;  complement,  60  ; 
armament,  i  12-pdr.,  5  6-pdr.,  2  tubes  ;  twin  screw  ; 
Hp.,  6,581  =  30  kts.  ;  coal,  91  tons. 

Flying-Jib.     A  sail  set  upon  a  flying- jibboom. 

Flying-jibboom.  A  spar  which  is  pointed  through 
the  iron  at  the  jibboom  end.  This  lies  beside  it. 
and  the  heel  steps  into  the  bowsprit  cap. 

Flying-Jib  stay.  The  stay  on  which  the  flying- 
jib  is  set.     Refer  to  Stay. 

Flying  sail.  A  Ught  saU  set  aloft  for  light 
weather,  which  is  not  furled  or  stowed  aloft. 

Flying  S^aid.  (Ommastrephes  sagittatus.)  The 
name  given  by  sailors  to  the  cuttle. 

Fms.  Fathoms.  Abbreviation  adopted  on  the 
charts  issued  by  the  Hydrographic  Office.  Ad- 
miralty. 

F.N.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  Ashing  boats 
registered  at  Frederikshavn,  Denmark. 

FoanL  British  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Chis- 
wick.  1896.)  Length.  210  ft.  ;  beam.  19  ft.  ; 
draught.  7  ft.  ;  displacement,  275  tons  ;  comple- 
ment, 58  ;  armament,  i  12-pdr.,  5  6-pdr.,  2  tubes  ; 
twin  screw  ;  Hp.,  5, 800^30  kts. ;  coal.  80  tons. 

F.cb.    Abbreviation  for  free  on  board. 

F.o.b.  Delivered  free  on  board  (f.o.b.)  means 
that  goods  bought  which  are  to  be  sent  by  sea  are 
put  on  board  at  the  seller's  expense.  The  property 
in  goods  delivered  f.o.b.  does  not  pass  to  nor  is 
at  the  risk  of  the  purchaser  until  shipment.  The 
freight  and  insurance  are  paid  by  the  purchaser. 
Refer  to  Stoppage  in  transitu,  C.f.i. 


Fo'c's'le.  For  forecastle.  A  short  upper  deck 
forward,  above  the  main  deck  ;  in  small  vessels  the 
quarters  for  the  crew  down  forward  ;  sometimes 
also  forepeak. 

Fog.     A  mist  at  sea. 

Fog-bow.     White  rainbow  seen  on  a  thick  fog. 

Fog  signals.  Maritime.  In  the  old  days,  when 
ships  depended  solely  upon  the  wind  as  a  means 
of  progression,  the  need  of  special  regulations  for 
signalling  in  thick  weather  was  not  greatly  felt, 
and  the  primitive  customs  in  vogue,  such  as  tiie 
ringing  of  bells  or  hammering  on  the  anchor  stock, 
were,  no  doubt,  adequate  for  the  prevention  of 
collisions.  But  towards  the  middle  of  the  nine- 
teenth century  the  introduction  of  steam  power 
and  the  vast  increase  in  British  shipping  about  this 
time  rendered  necessary  some  definite  and  univer- 
sally understood  rules  for  signalling  in  foggy 
weather,  and  in  1858  the  Admiralty  first  sanctioned 
the  use  of  a  horn  to  indicate  the  starboard  tack, 
and  a  bell  the  port  tack  ;  and  in  1863  steamers  were 
ordered  to  use  a  steam  whistle  in  fog,  and  sailing 
ships  a  foghorn,  whilst  ships  at  anchor  rang  their 
bells  at  stated  intervals.  During  that  year,  and 
since  then,  the  Sovereign  has  (under  powers  which 
were  first  conferred  by  the  Merchant  Shipping  Act. 
1862.  and  which  have  been  continued  in  subse- 
quent Acts  until  the  present  day)  promulgated,  by 
Orders  in  Council,  various  sets  of  collision  regula- 
tions, including  signals  to  be  used  in  fog;  but  it 
was  not  until  1896  that  the  present  code  of  regula- 
tions, the  result  of  the  International  Marine  Con- 
gress of  1890.  came  into  force. 

See  Article  15  of  the  Regulations  for  the  Preven- 
tion of  Collisions  at  Sea,  1896. 

On  or  near  the  coasts  of  the  United  Kingdom 
pilotage  authorities  maintain  a  system  of  sound 
signals,  to  be  used  when  lights  are  obscured,  and 
these  take  the  form  of  guns,  rockets,  sirens,  whistles, 
horns,  trumpets,  bells,  gongs,  or  explosive  signals. 
On  certain  shoals,  or  to  mark  the  entrance  to  cer- 
tain channels  bell-buoys  or  Courtenay  whistling 
buoys  are  placed,  which  sound  automatically  by 
the  action  of  the  waves.  Refer  to  Collisions,  Regu- 
lations for  the  Prevention  of,  at  Sea. 

Fdhn.  A  warm,  dry  wind  descending  from  the 
mountains,  most  frequent  in  Alpine  valleys,  and 
elsewhere,  in  mountainous  districts.  It  owes  its 
dryness  to  the  circumstance  that  the  air  is  de- 
scending from  a  mountain  ridge,  and  is  warmed  by 
compression  in  its  descent. 

Folding  boat     See  Collapsible  boat. 

Folke.  Swedish  armoured  gun -boat.  Displace- 
ment, 460  tons. 

Foo-obing.     Chinese  armoured  cruiser  (1893). 

Length  253ft.     Beam  36ft.     Draught   i8ft. 

Displacement  2,500  tons. 


FOOT 


223 


FOREIGN 


Guns. 

Armour. 

3     5  in- 

"  Steel." 

2 — I  pdr. 

4  in.  Deck  amidships. 

4  Maxims. 

4  in.  Gun  shields. 

Hp.  2,400=  16  kts. 

Foot.  The  lower  end  of  a  mast  or  sail ;  also  the 
measure  of  12  inches,  or  one-sixth  of  a  fathom. 

Foote,  Sir  Edwmrd  JamM  (1767*1^33)-  English 
vice-admiral  (b.  Bishopsboume).  Was  present  at 
the  battles  of  Dominica.  1782  ;  St.  Vincent,  1797. 
and  commanded  the  Seahorse  in  the  Bay  of  Naples 
in  June.  1799,  where  he  signed  the  treaty,  which 
was  afterwards  annulled  by  Nelscm.  For  details 
oi  his  controversy  with  Nelson  see  "  Captain  Foote 's 
Vindication  "  (1807).  T.  B.  Badham  in  "  English 
Historical  Review  "  (1898),  A.  T.  Mahan  in  "  Eng- 
lish Historical  Review"  (1899),  and  "Life  of 
Nelson  "  (2nd  ed.).  Badham 's  "  Nelson  at  Naples  " 
(1900),  Mahan  in  "  English  Historical  Review  *' 
(1900),  Laughton's  "  Nelson's  Letters  and  De- 
spatches "  (1886).  "  Life  of  Nelson  "  (1895). 

Foote.     U.S.     torpedo-boat     (1895).     Displace- 
ment,  143  tons  ;  guns.  3  i-pdr. ;  torpedo  tubes, 
3  1 8 -in.  ;  maximum  speed,  24  kts. 

Fooi-topM.  Those  under  the  yards  and  jib- 
booms  for  men  to  stand  on. 

Fool-ton  is  the  unit  of  energy  one  ton  avoir- 
dupois raises  one  foot  high. 

lor.  Foraminifera.  Abbreviation  adopted  on 
the  charts  issued  by  the  Hydrographic  Office, 
Admiralty,  denoting  the  quality  of  the  ocean's 
bottom. 

Fomnlnifsra.  An  order  of  animals  belonging 
to  the  sub-kingdom  Protozoa  and  the  class  Rhizo- 
poda.  The  body  is  contained  within  a  calcareous 
test,  or  shell.  Foraminifera  are  always  of  small 
size,  and  often,  indeed,  microscopic.  With  the 
exception  of  Gromia.  which  occurs  both  in  fresh 
and  salt  water,  they  are  exclusively  marine.  Some- 
times their  shells  constitute  sea  sand. 

Forbftn.  French  torpedo-boat  (1898).  Displace- 
ment, 140  tons ;  complement,  34 ;  maximum 
draught,  7i  ft.  ;  guns,  2  3-pdr.  ;  torpedo  tubes, 
2  15-in.  ;  twin  screw;  Hp.,  3,200  =  31  kts.;  coal, 
15  tons. 

Forbei.  Commander  William  Balfonr.  Entered 
Navy,  1859;  lieutenant,  1870;  lieutenant  of  Hart 
during  the  operations  in  the  Lingie  and  Tukat 
rivers,  against  Malays,  in  the  Straits  of  Malacca, 
1874  (Perak  medal  and  clasp)  ;  received  the  Albert 
medal,  second  class,  as  a  mark  of  royal  favour  for 
gallantry  in  saving  life  at  sea,  March,  1871. 

Extract  from  the  '*  Gazette  "  :  "On  the  night  of 
September  17,  1870,  while  H.M.S.  Rapid  was  pro- 
ceeding from  Tarragona  to  Gibraltar,  a  boy  fell 
from  the  main  jrard-arm,  and  in  his  fall  struck  his 
head  against  the  gunwale  of  one  of  the  boats,  and 
was  thereby  rendered   insensible.     Sub-Lieutenant 


W.  B.  Forbes  at  once,  in  the  dark,  jumped  over- 
board and  seized  him,  and  persisted  in  keeping  him 
up,  at  imminent  risk  of  his  own  life,  for  when  the 
ship's  boat  which  was  lowered  to  take  them  up 
reached  them  Sub-Lieutenant  W.  B.  Forbes  was 
quite  exhausted,  and,  with  the  boy,  was  under 
water.  Had  the  boat  arrived  a  minute  later  both 
would  have  been  drowned." 

For  this  gallant  deed  he  also  received  the  silver 
medal  of  the  Royal  Humane  Society.  He  retired 
with  the  rank  of  commander,  1888. 

ForUn.  French  3rd  class  cruiser.  (Rochefort, 
1890.) 

Length  312ft.     Beam  30ft.     Draught  i6ft. 
Displacement  1,935  tons.     Complement  190. 
Guns.  Armour, 

4— 5*5  in.  "Steel." 

8  q.f.  i^  in.  Deck  amidships. 

Torpedo  Tidies. 

Hp.  5,700=20  kts.    Coal  200  tons. 

Fon-and-aft.  From  head  to  stem  throughout 
the  ship's  length. 

For»*aad«atk  llg.  All  sails  not  set  to  yards  ; 
jibe,  stay  sails,  and  gaff  sails. 

For^and-att  saili.    See  Fore-and-aft  rig. 

Fore-braoei.  Ropes  applied  to  the  fore  yard- 
arms  to  change  the  position  of  the  mainsail  occa- 
sionally. 

Fofaoaafla.  The  forward  part  of  a  vessel  under 
the  deck  where  the  seamen  live. 

Foreoaffle,  Toy-sallani  A  short  upper  deck 
forward. 

Fore-ohaini,  Broad  and  thick  planks  projecting 
horizontally  from  the  ship's  outside,  to  which  they 
are  fayed  and  bolted  abreast  of  and  somewhat 
behind  the  foremast. 

Foeeleoi,  or  gripa,  is  the  foremost  piece  of  the 
keel,  or  a  timber  which  terminates  the  keel  at  the 
forward  extremity,  and  forms  a  rest  for  the  stems 
lower  end.  It  is  connected  by  a  scarf  to  the 
extremity  of  the  keel  and  the  other  end,  which, 
incurvated  upwards  into  a  sort  of  knee,  is  attached 
to  the  lower  end  ol  the  stem.  Also  an  imaginary 
line  of  the  ship's  course  or  direction. 

Foreign-going  ihips  include  every  ship  employed 
in  trading  or  going  between  some  place  in  the 
United  Kingdom  and  some  place  beyond  the  limits 
of  the  United  Kingdom,  the  Channel  Islands  and 
Isle  of  Man,  and  the  continent  of  Europe  between 
the  River  Elbe  and  Brest  inclusive. 

■ 

Ships  engaged  in  the  whale,  seal,  walrus,  or  New- 
foundland cod  fisheries,  with  the  exception  of  those 
engaged  in  the  cod  fisheries  which  belong  to  ports 
in  Canada  or  Newfoundland,  are  deemed  foreign- 
going  ships,  and  not  fishing  boats. 

Refer  to  Crew,  Passenger  Boats,  Shipmate,  Log- 
book, Apprentice,  Merchant  Shipping  Act. 


FOREIGN 


224 


FORE 


porti.  British  ships  in  foreign  ports  are 
deemed  to  be  **  parts  of  Great  Britain,"  and  all 
offences  against  property  or  person  committed  by 
master,  mate,  or  apprentices  of  British  ships  in 
foreign  ports,  whether  committed  afloat  or  ashore, 
and  any  crime  committed  by  any  person  on  board 
a  British  ship  anywhere,  are  within  Admiralty 
jurisdiction.  By  the  Admiralty  Court  Act,  t86i, 
"  the  High  Court  of  Admiralty  shall  have  juris- 
diction to  decide  all  claim  in  the  nature  of  damage," 
including  damage  by  collision  between  British  or 
foreign  ships  in  foreign  inland  waters.  The  docu- 
ments of  every  British  ship  not  carrying  pas- 
sengers must  be  delivered  up  to  the  Customs  or 
Consular  officers  if  she  remains  48  hours  in  a 
foreign  or  colonial  port.  (Merchant  Shipping  Act, 
1894,  section  257.)  By  the  Act  of  1861,  Admiralty 
jurisdiction  extends  to  any  claims  for  necessaries 
supplied  to  any  ship,  whether  British  or  foreign, 
in  any  British  or  foreign  port. 

Foreign  seamaii«  A,  serving  on  a  British  ship  is 
in  the  same  position  and  subject  to  the  same  rights 
and  liabilities  as  a  British  seaman. 

A  foreign  seaman  on  a  foreign  ship  is  subject 
to  the  law  of  the  flag  he  serves  under,  though  in  a 
British  port  his  position  may  be  affocted  by  Eng- 
lish law — e.g.,  he  has  the  right  to  have  the  ship 
arrested  to  enforce  a  claim  for  wages.  Foreign 
seamen  deserting  from  foreign  ships  in  British 
ports  may  be  arrested  and  given  up. 

A  foreign  seaman  or  apprentice  discharged  or 
left  behind  abroad,  or  shipwrecked  from  any 
British  ship,  and  being  in  distress,  is  assisted  and 
provided  with  a  passage  home,  all  expenses  being 
a  charge  upon  the  ship  to  which  he  belonged. 
Refer  to  Merchant  Shipping  Act. 

Foreign  ahipi  are,  to  a  great  extent,  regarded  in 
the  same  legal  aspect  as  British  ships.  The  regula- 
tions for  the  prevention  of  collisions  {q.v,)  apply  to 
all  foreign  ships  in  British  waters,  and  to  most 
foreign  ships  anywhere.  A  foreign  ship  in  British 
waters  may  be  inspected  to^see  she  is  properly 
provided  with  lights  and  fog-signals,  13  subject  to 
the  same  penalties  as  a  British  ship  for  offences 
as  to  deck  cargo,  load  lines,  draught  and  the 
carriage  of  dangerous  goods  (^.t;.),  and  may  be 
detained  if  overloaded  or  undermanned.  A  foreign 
ship,  injuring  the  property  of  a  British  subject, 
or  subject  to  a  claim  for  salvage  or  wages,  may  be 
arrested  if  found  within  the  jurisdiction.  A  for- 
eign ship  becoming  a  British  ship  (q.v.)  must  be 
registered  by  the  name  she  previously  bore,  unless 
specially  permitted  by  the  Board  of  Trade  to 
change  the  name. 

Refer  to  Limitation  of  Liability,  Territorial 
Waters,  Crimp,  Boilers,  Accident,  Loadline,  Pas- 
senger Boats,  Merchant  Shipping  Act,  Possession 
of  Ship,  Damage,  Collisions  at  Sea. 

VteeL     Russian  submarine  (1905).     Speed,  9  kts. 


Foie-lJfti.  The  ropes  which  reach  from  the  fore- 
mast head  to  the  yard-arms  to  steady  and  suspend 
the  ends.  Their  use  is  to  keep  the  yard  in  equili- 
brium, or  raise  one  of  its  extremities  higher  than 
the  other  if  necessary,  but  particularly  to  support 
the  weight  when  a  number  of  men  are  employed 
on  it  furling  or  reefing  the  sail. 

Fore  lower  topfafl-bnuwu  Ropes  applied  to  the 
fore  lower  topsail-yard-arms  to  change  the  position 
of  the  mainsail  occasionally. 

Fore  lower  topnil-lifts.  Ropes  which  reach  from 
the  fore-mast  to  the  lower  yard-arms  of  the  lower 
topsails  to  steady  and  suspend  the  ends.  Their 
use  is  to  keep  the  yard  in  equilibrium,  but  parti* 
cularly  to  support  the  weight  when  a  nutnber  of 
men  are  employed  on  it  furling  or  reefing  the  sail. 

Fore  lower  topsails.  The  lower  topsails  of  the 
fore-mast.     Refer  to  Topsail. 

Fore  lower  topeail-yard.  The  lower  topsail  yard 
on  the  fore-mast.     Refer  to  Topsail,  also  Yard. 

Fore-mast.    The  forward  lower  mast  in  all  vessels. 

Fore*4liasi-head.  The  upper  part  of  the  fore-mast 
immediately  below  the  top-mast. 

Forenede  Dampskibs  Mskab.  See  United  Steam- 
ship Co. 

Fore  peak.  The  contracted  part  of  the  vessel 
forward,  close  to  the  bow  under  the  lower  deck. 

Fore  reach.  To  shoot  ahead  or  pass  another 
vessel  when  on  the  wind. 

Fore-royaL  The  name  of  a  light  sail  on  the  fore- 
mast, spread  immediately  next  above  the  topgallant 
sail,  to  whose  yard-arms  the  lower  comers  of  it  are 
attached ;  it  is  never  used  but  in  fine  weather. 

Fore  royal-back  stays.  The  stays  which  lead 
down  to  the  vessel's  side  from  the  fore-royal. 
Refer  to  Stay. 

Fore  royal-braces.  Ropes  applied  to  the  fore 
royal-yard-arms  to  change  the  position  of  the  main- 
sail occasionally. 

Fore  royal-masi  The  royal-mast  on  the  fore- 
mast.    Refer  to  Royal-mast. 

Fore  royal-ftay.  l^he  royal-stay  on  the  fore- 
mast.    Refer  to  Stay. 

Fore  royal-stndding-iaiL  A  studding-sail  set  on 
the  fore-royal. 

Fore  royal-stadding-saH  boom.  A  spar  rigged  out 
on  the  fore  royal-boom  for  the  purpose  of  setting  a 
studding-sail.     Refer  to  Studding-sail. 

Fore  royal-itadding-Mil-Bheet  Ropes  or  chains 
fastened  to  one  or  both  of  the  lower  comers  of  the 
fore  royal-studding-sail  to  extend  and  retain  the 
clue  down  in  its  place.     Refer  to  Sheet 

Fore  royal-studdlng-sail-taok.  The  ropes  to  con- 
fine the  weather  lower  comers  of  the  fore  royal- 
studding-sail  when  the  wind  crosses  a  ship's  course 
obliquely. 


FORE 


225 


FORE 


Fon  iQyal-ftadding-nil-yBrd.  The  yard  on  the 
fore-royal  on  which  the  studding-sail  is  set.  Refer 
to  Yard. 

Fore  royal-yard.  The  fourth  yard  above  the 
deck  on  the  fore-mast  on  which  the  royal  is  set. 
Refer  to  Yard. 

Forwniiiisr.  African  mail  steamer.  Struck  on  a 
sunken  rock  off  St.  Lorenzo,  Madeira,  and  went 
down  October  25,   1854 ;    201  lives  lost. 

Foresail.  In  square-rigged  vessels  the  lowest 
squaresail  on  the  fore-mast;  in  lug-rigged  vessels 
the  principal  sail  on  the  fore-mast;  in  a  cutter, 
ketch,  or  dandy  the  name  is  given  to  the  staysail, 
which  is  of  second  importance  to  the  mainsail  and 
is  set  on  the  fore-stay  to  the  stem-head. 

Foreshore  is  the  shore  of  the  sea  or  its  estuaries 
which  lies  between  the  ordinary  high  water  and  low 
water  (q.v.)  marks.  The  title  to  foreshore  is  prima 
facie  in  the  Crown,  but  this  may  be  rebutted  by 
evidence  (i)  that  it«has  been  given  to  a  subject  by 
express  grant,  0.^.,  by  parcel  of  a  manor  or  parish, 
or  (2)  from  which  a  grant  may  be  presumed,  e,g.,  of 
prescription,  or  ancient  grant  in  general  terms, 
explained  by  evidence  of  modem  user  or  acts  of 
ownership,  such  as  enclosing  and  embanking 
against  the  sea. 

The  rights  of  the  Crown  or  grantee  of  the  fore- 
shore are  subject  to  the  public  rights  of  navigation 
and  fishery  (unless  the  grant  of  a  several  fishery 
has,  prior  to  Magna  Charta,  been  acquired  by  an 
individual),  and  of  passage  over  the  foreshore  for 
these  purposes.     The  public  rights  of  navigation 
include  those  of  anchoring  or  fixing  moorings,  and 
of  landing  goods,  but  not  of  bathing  or  taking  shells 
or  seaweed.     The  public  rights  of  fishery  include 
the  taking  of  floating  fish,   but  not  oysters  or 
mussels.     There  is  no  public  right  to  take  sand  or 
shingle,    except   by   prescription.     The   owner   of 
lands  adjoining  the  foreshore  has  free  access  to  and 
egress  from  the  sea,  and  the  rights  of  beaching 
and  hauling  up  boats.     When  the  property  in  the 
foreshore  is  vested  in  the  Crown,  the  public  have 
the  right  to  walk  on  it,  but  no  right  to  trespass  on 
adjoining  lands  to  get  there.     It  is  the  duty  of  the 
Crown  to  protect  the  Realm  from  the  inroads  of  the 
sea,  and  persons  who  suffer  loss  owing  to  neglect 
to  keep  barriers  in   proper  repair  have  a  right  of 
action  against  the  Crown.     On  the  other  hand,  a 
private  individual  "  although  he  is  not  bound  to 
keep  the  sea  out,  must  not  do  any  act  which  will  let 
the  sea  in  "  ;    but  the  liability  to  keep  certain 
property  (e.g.,  a  sea  wall)  in  repair  may  be  imposed 
on    an    individual    by   prescription.     In    case    of 
accretion  from  the  sea,  if  gradual  and  imperceptible 
in  progress,  the  new  formed  land  accrues  to  the 
orvmer  of  the  adjoining  soil ;   but  if  sudden  then  it 
belongs  to  the  Crown.     Similarly,  where  the  sea 
encroaches  gradually,  the  land  so  lost  belongs  to  the 
Crown ;    bnt  in  the  case  of  sudden  encroachment 


it  still  remains  in  its  original  owner,  provided  land- 
marks exist  by  which  it  may  be  identified. 

For^-shronds.  The  shrouds  or  lower  and  upper 
standing  rigging  of  the  fore-mast.  Refer  to  Shrouds. 

Fofesiffht.    British  scout.     (Fairfield,  1904.) 
Length  360ft.  Beam  38ift.  Maximum  draught  13ft. 
Displacement  2,545  tons.     Complement  268. 
Guns,  Armour, 

10 — 12  pdr.  ij  in.  Deck. 

8  Pompoms. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
2  Submerged. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  17,000  =  25  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 380  tons.     Approximate  cost  ;£275,ooo. 

This  ship-name  is  associated  with  the  defeat  of 
the  Spanish  Armada,  1588  ;  battle  off  the  North 
Foreland,  1653  ;  Blake's  action  at  Porto  Farina, 
1665  ;  St.  James's  fight,  1666. 

Fore-sksrsaiL  A  small  light  sail  above  the  royal 
on  the  fore-mast. 

Fore  skysall-backstays.  The  stays  which  are 
led  down  to  the  vessel's  side  from  the  fore  sky- 
sail.     Refer  to  Stay. 

Fore  skysail-liraoes.  Ropes  applied  to  the  fore 
skysail-yardarms  to  change  the  position  of  the 
mainsail  occasionally. 

Fore  skysafl-mast.  The  skysail-mast  on  the  fore- 
mast.    Refer  to  Skysail-mast. 

Fore  skysail-stay.  The  stay  which  supports  the 
pole  or  upper  portion  of  the  royal-mast  on  the  fore- 
mast.    Refer  to  Stay. 

FoKe  skysail-srard.  The  y^xd  on  the  fore-mast 
above  the  royal-yard,  on  which  the  skysail  is  set. 
Refer  to  Yard. 

Fore-stay  is  that  which  reaches  from  the  fore- 
mast-head towards  the  bowsprit  end.  Refer  to 
Stay. 

Fore  top.  The  top  on  the  fore-mast.  Refer  to 
Top. 

Fore  topgallant-back  stays.  The  stays  which  are 
led  down  to  the  vessel's  side  from  the  fore-topgallant. 
Refer  to  Stay. 

Fore  topgallant-mast.  The  topgallant-mast  on 
the  fore-mast.     Refer  to  Topgallant-mast. 

Fare  topgaUant-MiL  The  third  sail  above  the 
deck  on  the  fore-mast.  Set  above  the  topsail  yards 
in  the  same  manner  as  the  topsails  above  the  lower 
yards. 

Fore  topgallant-shroiids  are  topgallant  shrouds  on 
the  fore-mast  which  extend  to  the  cross-trees,  where, 
passing  through  holes  in  the  ends  they  continue 
over  the  futtock-staves  to  the  topmast  rigging,  and 
descending  almost  to  the  top,  are  set  up  by  laniards 
passing  through  thimbles,  instead  of  dead-eyes. 

Fore  topgallant-stay.  The  topgallant-stay  on 
the  fore-mastf 

I 


FORE 


226 


FORMIDABLE 


Fore  topgallant  stoddingBail-boom.  A  spar  rigged 
out  on  the  fore  topgallant  for  the  purpose  of  setting 
out  a  studdingsail.     Refer  to  Studdingsail. 

Fore  topflrallant  Btnddingsail-haUiards.  The  tackle 
employed  to  lower  or  hoist  the  studdingsails  on  the 
fore-topgallant. 

Fore  topgallant  stnddingsafls.  See  Fore  topmast- 
studdingsail. 

Fore  topgallant  gtnddingBail-sheet  Ropes  or 
chains  fastened  to  one  or  both  of  the  corners  of  the 
fore  topgallant  studdingsail  to  extend  and  retain  the 
clue  down  in  its  place.     Refer  to  Sheet. 

Fore  topgallant  staddlngeail-taok.  The  ropes  to 
confine  the  weather  lower  corners  of  the  fore  top- 
gallant studdingsail  when  the  wind  crosses  a  ship's 
course  obliquely. 

Fore  topgallant  stnddingsail-yard.  The  yard  on 
which  the  fore  topgallant  studdingsail  is  set.  Refer 
to  Studdingsail. 

Fore'^topgallant-yard.  The  yard  on  the  fore-mast 
next  above  the  topmast.     Refer  to  Yard. 

Fore  topmast.  The  topmast  on  the  fore-mast. 
Refer  to  Mast ;   Topmast. 

Fore  topmast-back  stays.     The  stays  which  are 
led  down  to  the  vessel's  side  from  the  fore-mast. 
Refer  to  Stay. 

Fore  topmast-head.  The  upper  part  of  the 
second  division  of  the  fore-mast  above  the  deck. 

Fore  topmast-shronds.  Topmast-shrouds  on 
the  fore-mast,  extended  from  the  topmast  head  to 
the  edges  of  the  tops,  set  up  to  the  futtock  dead- 
eyes. 

Fore  topmast-stay  is  that  which  comes  to  the  end 
of  the  bowsprit,  a  little  beyond  the  fore-stay  on 
which  the  fore  topmast-staysail  runs  on  hanks. 
Refer  to  Stay. 

Fore  topmasi-staysaiL  A  triangular  sail  hoisted 
upon  a  stay  on  the  fore  topmast. 

Fore  topmast-stoddingsail.  A  sail  set  outside 
the  topsails  and  topgallant-sails  on  the  fore-mast. 
They  have  yards  at  the  head,  and  are  spread  at  'the 
foot  by  booms,  which  slide  out  on  the  extremities 
to  the  lower  and  topsail  yards,  and  their  heads  or 
yards  are  hoisted  up  to  the  topsail  and  tc^gallant- 
yardarms. 

Fore  topmast  studdingsail-boom.  The  spar  rigged 
out  for  the  purpose  of  setting  the  fore  topmast- 
studdingsail.     Refer  to  Studdingsail. 

Fore  topmast  staddingsail-halliards.  The  tackle 
employed  to  lower  or  hoist  the  fore  topmast- 
studdingsail. 

Fore  topmast  stoddingsail-sheet.  Ropes  or  chains 
fastened  to  one  or  both  of  the  lower  comers  of  the 
fore  topmast-studdingsail  to  extend  and  retain 
the  clue  down  in  its  place.     Refer  to  Sheet. 


Fore  topmast  stoddingsail-'taok.  The  ropes  to  con- 
fine the  weather  lower  comers  of  the  fore  topmast- 
studdingsail  when  the  wind  crosses  a  ship's  course 
obliquely. 

Fore  topmast  stnddingsail-yard.  The  yard  on 
which  the  fore  topmast-studdingsail  is  set.  Refer 
to  Studdingsail. 

For^tniok.  The  truck  on  the  fore-mast.  Refer 
to  Truck. 

Fore  upper-tops^  The  upper  topsail  on  the 
fore -mast.     Refer  to  Topsail. 

Fore  upper  topsaiI-l»aoes.  Ropes  applied  to  the 
fore  upper  topsail  yardanns  to  change  the  position 
of  the  mainsail  occasionally. 

Fore  apper  topsafl-srard.  The  upper  topsail  yard 
on  the  fore-mast.     Refer  to  Topsail,  also  Yard. 

Fore  yards*  The  yards  on  the  fore-mast.  Refer 
<o  Yard. 

Forfarshire.  On  September  6,  1838,  this  vessel 
was  wrecked  on  her  passage  from  Hull  to  Dundee, 
when  38  out  of  53  persons  perished.  The  Outer- 
Fame  lighthouse  keeper.  James  Darling,  and  his 
daughter  Grace  (q.v.)  rescued  15  persons. 

Forge  ahead.  The  vessel  moving  slightly  ahead 
when  hove  to. 

Fork-beam.  Half  beams  used  to  support  the 
deck  at  hatchways.  , 

Forked  lightning.  The  branched  or  sinuous 
flashes  of  lightning. 

Formidable.  British  ist  class  battleship.  (Ports- 
mouth, 1898.) 

Length  430ft.   Beam  75  ft.   Maximum  draught  29ft. 
Displacement  1 5,000  tons.     Complement  780. 
Guns,  Armour, 

4 — 12  in.,  40  cal.       "  Krupp." 
1 2 — 6  in.  9  in.  Belt  amidships. 

16—12  pdr.  12  in.  Barbettes. 

6 — 3  pdr.  12  in.  Conning  tower. 

2  Maxims. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
4  Submerged. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.   15,0005=18  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 2,200  tons.     Approximate  cost  ;£i, 000,000. 

This  ship-name  was  introduced  into  the  Navy  in 
1759,  by  the  capture  of  the  French  Formidable  at 
Quiberon  Bay.  It  is  also  associated  with  Keppel's 
action  against  D'Orvilliers  off  Brest,  1778 ;  Rodney's 
action  with  De  Grasse,  1782. 

Formidable.  French  2nd  class  battleship  (1885). 
Reconstructed  1901. 

Length  321ft.   Beam  69ft.  Maximum  draught  29ft. 
Displacement  1 2, 1 50  tons.    Complement  62 5 . 
Guns,  Armour, 

2— IO-8  in.  "  Steel." 

4^-6'4  in.  16  in.  Belt  amidships. 

8 — 5*5  in.  16  in.  Barbettes. 

18 — 3  pdr.  12  in.  Big  gun  shi^ds. 


FORREST 


227 


FOX 


Torpedo  Tubes  (177  in.). 
6  Above  water. 
Twin     screw.      Hp.     natural     5,000=14    kts., 
forced  9,700=16  kts.      Coal  maximum  800  tons. 

Fofresti  Thomas  (i  729-1802).  English  navigator. 
Entered  the  East  India  Co.'s  service  in  1749,  and 
commanded  an  exploring  party  to  New  Guinea  on 
behalf  of  this  Company  in  1774.  In  1779  he  pub- 
lished his  account  of  his  "  Voyage  to  New  Guinea 
and  the  Malaccas."  He  also  wrote  "  From  Bengal 
to  Quedah  '*  (1783),  "  Voyage  from  Calcutta  to -the 
Mergui  Archipelago  "  (1792),  and  **  Treatise  on  the 
Monsoon  in  East  India  "  (1782). 

Forte.     British    2nd    class    cruiser.     (Chatham, 

1893.) 

Length  320ft.   Beam  49ft.   Maximum  draught  21ft. 

Displacement  4,360  tons.     Complement  318. 

Guns.  A  rmour. 

2-^  in.  "  Steel." 

8 — 4 '7  in.  2  in.  Deck. 

8 — 6  pdr.  3  in.  Conning  tower. 

1—3  pdr. 

Torpedo  Tt$bes  (18  in.). 

4  Above  water. 

Twin     screw.      Hp.    natural     7,000=18     kts., 

forced  9,000=  19"  5  kts.      Coal  maximum  1,000  tons. 

Approximate  cost  ;f 2 50,000. 

FortesciM-Flannery,  Sir  James.  See  Flannery, 
Sir  James  Fortescue-. 

Forth.  British  2nd  class  cruiser  (4,050  tons, 
1 6*8  kts.).     Launched  1886. 

Forth  and  Clyde  Canal*  completed  in  1791,  with  a 
length  of  nearly  40  miles,  extends  from  Grange- 
mouth on  the  east  to  Bawling,  Dumbartonshire,  on 
the  west,  and  connects  the  Firths  of  Forth  and 
Clyde,  thus  dividing  Scotland  at  its  narrowest  part. 
It  is  supplied  with  water  by  the  Hillend  reservoir. 
It  was  on  this  canal  in  1789  that  the  first  attempt 
of  using  steam  power  on  canals  was  made. 

Forth  Corinthian  Tacht  dab.  Headquarters, 
Granton.  Established  1881.  Club  house,  13  St. 
Andrews  Street,  Edinburgh.  This  club  was  formed 
to  encourage  amateur  sailing,  part  of  its  constitu- 
tion being  that  no  paid  hands  are  allowed  in  any 
race  upon  yachts  under  10  tons,  Thames  measure- 
ment. Burgee :  Blue,  gold  shield,  lion  in  centre. 
Commodore,  W.  T.  Surry ;  Vice-Commodore,  R. 
Pay  ton ;  Rear-Commodore,  J.  Hampton ;  Honorary 
Treasurer,  David  W.  Johnson.   Annual  subscription, 

£1   15. 

Forth  Sailing  Club,  Royal.  See  Royal  Forth 
Sailing  Club. 

Forward.     British  scout.     (Fairfield,  1904.) 
Length  360ft.  Beam  ^Silt,  Maximum  draught  13ft. 
Displacement  2,545  tons.    Complement  268. 
Guns.  A  rmour, 

10 — 12  pdr.  I J  in.  Deck. 

8  Pompoms. 


Torpedo  Tubes. 
2  Submerged. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  17,000=25  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 380  tons.     Approximate  cost  ;£275,ooo. 

Forward.    The  fore  part  of  the  ship. 

Forwarding  daiuie.    See  Clauses. 

Forwood  Bros,  and  Co.  See  Morocco,  Canary 
Island  and  Madeira  Line. 

Foiher.     A  weight  of  lead  equalling  19^  cwts. 

Foodre.  French  torpedo  depot  ship.  (Bor- 
deaux, 1895.) 

Length  374ft.   Beam  52ft.  Maximum  draught  25ft. 
Displacement  6,086  tons.     Complement  410. 

Armour, 

"  Steel." 

3}  in.  Deck. 

8  Torpedo  boats. 

4  Torpedo  launches. 

Twin  screw.     Hp.  natural  8,000=17  kts.,  forced 

1 1,400=  19*9  kts.     Coal  maximum  1,000  tons. 

Approximate  cost  ;£4 10,000. 

FooL  As  opposed  to  clear,  implying  entangle- 
ment. 

Fool  hawse.  When  a  ship  with  two  anchors  out 
by  swinging  crosses  her  cables  round  each  other. 

Foorcant.    A  four-stranded  rope. 

F.O.W*  (First  open  water.)  The  letters  f.o.w.  are 
inserted  in  charter-parties  with  reference  to  vessels 
trading  to  ports  in  the  Baltic,  to  mean  "  imme- 
diately after  the  ice  breaks  up." 

Fowey  Taoht  Club.  Established  1894.  Flag : 
Red  ensign.  Burgee  :  Red,  black  shield  in  centre. 
Commodore,  E,  A.  Atkinson ;  Vice-Commodore, 
C.  P.  Johnson  ;  Rear-Commodore,  A.  T.  Quiller- 
Couch  ;  Honorary  Treasurer,  A.  H.  Hern  ;  Honorary 
Secretary,  H.  D.  Phelps.  Entrance  fee,  £1  is.  ; 
annual  subscription,  £$  35.  ;  annual  subscription 
(non-residents),  £i  is. 

Fowler,  Sir  Jdm  (1817-98).  English  civil  en- 
gineer. Constructed,  in  partnership  with  Sir 
Benjamin  Baker,  the  Forth  Bridge,  1883-90,  for 
which  he  received  a  baronetcy.  See  '*  Life  "  by 
T.  Mackay  (1900). 

Fox.  A  fastening  made  by  twisting  rope  yams 
together  and  rubbing  it  with  tarred  canvas. 

Fox.  U.S.  torpedo-boat  (1898).  Displacement, 
no  tons ;  guns,  3  i-pdr.  ;  torpedo  tubes,  3  i8-in.  ; 
maximum  speed,  23  kts. 

Fox.     British    2nd   class   cruiser.     (Portsmouth, 

1893.) 

Length  320ft.   Beam  49ft.   Maximum  draught  21ft. 

Displacement  4.360  tons.     Complement  318. 
Guns.  Armour. 

2— 6  in.  "Steel."  . 

8 — 4*7  in.  2  in.  Deck. 

8 — 6  pdr.  3  in.  Conning  tower. 

1—3  pdr. 

I  2 


FOX 


228 


FRAUD 


Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
4  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  natural  7,000=18  kts.,  forced 
9,000  SI  1 9' 5  kts.     Coal  maximum  1,000  tons. 
Approximate  cost  ;£2  50,000. 

Fox,  Edwin  Marghall  (b.  Boston,  July  12,  1852). 
Was  originally  intended  for  the  law,  and  entered 
the  Columbia  Law  College,  from  which  he  graduated, 
and  was  called  to  the  New  York  Bar  in  1878. 
While  a  law  student  he  was  engaged  in  literary 
work,  and  was  on  the  staff  of  the  "  New  York 
Herald,"  during  which  time  he  paid  much  atten- 
tion to  scientific  matters.  He  was  the  first  to 
bring  Edison  and  his  various  inventions  before  the 
notice  of  the  pubUc,  and  in  1890  became  interested 
in  the  armour  plate  invented  by  that  distinguished 
and  well-known  marine  inventor,  Mr.  Hayward 
Augustus  Harvey  (q.v.).  In  1890  he  came  to 
Europe  for  the  purpose  of  presenting  the  advan- 
tages of  the  Harvey  armour  plate  to  the  various 
governments.  His  success  was  immediate,  as 
within  two  years  he  succeeded  in  procuring  its 
adoption  by  the  British,  French,  Russian,  and 
Austrian  Governments.  To  carry  out  the  work 
he  formed  three  companies,  known  respectively  as 
the  Harvey  Steel  Co.  of  Great  Britain,  the  Soci6t6 
des  Proc^des  Harvey,  which  took  over  the  rights, 
for  France,  and  the  Harvey  Continental  Steam  Co., 
which  acquired  them  for  the  Continent.  For  many 
years  he  has  been  a  prominent  member  for  the 
American  Society  in  London,  and  was  in  1905 
elected  its  chairman.  Member  of  the  Iron  and 
Steel  Institute  and  the  Institution  of  Naval  Archi- 
tects.   . 

Fox,  Luke.     See  Arctic  Exploration. 

Fozhonnd.  18  guns.  On  August  31,  1809,  this 
vessel  foundered  on  her  passage  from  Halifax, 
when  the  crew  perished* 

Foyle.     British  torpedo-boat  destroyer.    (Laird, 
1903.)     Length,  225  ft. ;  beam,  23  ft. ;  draught, 
10  ft. ;  displacement,  550  ;  complement,  70  ;  arma- 
ment,  I    i2-pdr.,  5  6-pdr.,  2  tubes;  twin  screw; 
Hp.,  7,000=25  kts. ;  coal,  120  tons. 

F.p.a.  Abbreviation  for  Free  Particular  Average. 
Refer  to  Particular  Average. 

F.R.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Franeker,  Holland. 

F.B.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Fraserburgh.  Scotland. 

Ft.     Abbreviation  for  French. 

Framu  The  three-masted  wooden  schooner, 
specially  built  for  Nansen's  arctic  expedition  in 
1892.  Her  outside  planking  .is  very  thick,  and 
varies  from  24  in.  up  to  28  in.  She  has  auxiliary 
engines  working  a  screw  propeller. 

Frame.  The  frame  of  a  vessel  consists  of  the 
keel,  stem,  stem -posts,  and  ribs. 


French  submarine.  (Cherbourg,  1 90 1 .) 
Length,  118  ft.  ;  beam,  9}  ft. ;  draught,  9  ft. ;  dis- 
placement, 146  tons ;  complement,  9 ;  Hp.,  250= 
8  kts. 

Francesco  Fermoio.     Italian  armoured  cruiser. 
(Venice,  1902.) 

Length  344ft.   Beam  59ft.   Maximum  draught  25  ft. 
Displacement  7,400  tons.     Complement  517. 
Gtins.  Armour. 

I — 10  in.,  45  cal.       "  Temi." 
2 — 8  in.  6  in.  Belt  amidships. 

14 — 6  in.  6  in.  Barbettes. 

10 — 12  pdr.  6  in.  Conning  tower. 

6 — 3  pdr. 
2 — I  pdr. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
4  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  13,500=20  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 1,200  tons.     Approximate  cost  ;£6oo,ooo. 

Franoefco  Morosini.    I  taUan  battleship  ( 1 88  5 ) . 
Length  328ft.   Beam  65ft.  Maximum  draught  30ft. 
Displacement  11,200  tons.     Complement  526. 
Guns.  Armour. 

4 —  1 7  in.  "  Compound. ' ' 

2 — 6  in.  18  in.  Belt  amidships. 

4 — ^4*7  in.  18  in.  Redoubt. 

2 — 12  pdr.  18  in.  Conning  tower. 

10 — 6  pdr. 
17 — I  pdr. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
2  Submerged. 
I  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  natural  7,500=15  kts.,  forced 
10,000=  1 6* 5  kts.     Coal  normal  850  tons. 
Approximate  cost  ;f  780,000. 

Franoi8<llie.    French     torpedo-boat     destroyer. 
(Normand,  1902.)     Length,  180  ft. ;  beam,  21  ft. ; 
maximum  draught,  10  ft. ;  displacement,  300  tons  ; 
complement,  45  ;  guns,  i  9-pdr.,  6  3-pdr.  ;  torpedo 
tubes,  2  15-in. ;  speed,  27-30  kts. 

Fhuikliiit  Sir  John.    See  Arctic  Exploration. 

Frapping.     Crossing   and   drawing   together   the 
several  parts  oi  a  tackle. 

FraucL  In  marine  insurance  fraudulent  dealing 
at  any  stage  of  the  transaction  is  fatal  to  the 
rights  of  the  party  responsible  for  it.  (Roberts  w. 
Fonnereau,  Park  on  Insurance,  p.  196  ;  Amould  on 
Insurance,  4th  ed..  p.  482.)  No  return  of  premium 
is  due  in  the  case  ot  fraud.  (Rivaz  v.  Gerussi. 
4  Asp.  Mar.  L.C..  ^77.)  A  valuation  when  in 
serted  in  the  policy  is  conclusive  for  the  purposes 
of  the  contract,  and  cannot  be  disputed  except  in 
case  of  fraud.  (Barker  v.  Janson,  L.R.  3  C.P.,  303.) 
"  If  the  plaintiffs  intended  from  the  beginning 
to  cheat  the  underwriters,  the  assignees  can  re- 
cover nothing.  The  fraud  entirely  vitiates  the 
contract."  (Sir  J.  Mansfield  in  Naigh  v  De  La 
Cour,  3  Camp,  319.) 


FRAUENLOB 


239 


FREIGHT 


Fhuieiilob.  German  armoured  cruiser.  (Weser, 
1902.) 

Length  328  ft.   Beam  40ft.   Maximum  draught  17ft. 
Displacement  2,715  tons.     Complement  259. 
Guns.  Armour. 

10 — ^4*1  in.  "  Krupp/* 

10 — 1  pdr.  2  in.  Deck. 

4  Machine.  4  in.  Conning  tower. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
2  Submerged. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.   8,000  =  21   kts.     Coal   maxi- 
mum 700  tons. 

Rreoda.  Italian  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Schi- 
chau.  1899.)  Displacement,  320  tons ;  maximum 
draught,  S\  ft. ;  armament,  i  12 -pdr.,  5  6-pdr. ; 
tubes,  2  i8-in. ;  Hp.,  6,000=30  kts. ;  coal,  80  tons. 

Free,  Thomas  (b.  London,  March  9,  1857). 
entered  sea  service  in  1873,  ^^^  from  1886-89 
commanded  Royal  Mail  and  other  steamers  in  all 
parts  of  the  world.  In  1899  he  joined  Messrs. 
Iluddart  Parker  and  Co.,  Ltd.,  as  marine  super- 
intendent of  their  AustraUan  line  of  steamers ;  is 
a  lieutenant  in  the  Royal  Naval  Reserve,  Fellow 
of  the  Royal  Meteorological  Society,  Younger 
Brother,  Trinity  House,  a  Liveryman  of  the 
Joiners'  Company  and  holder  of  Lloyd's  medal  for 
meritorious  service.  Associate  of  the  Institution  of 
Naval  Architects. 

Fne  All  Average  Cflaiue.    See  Clauses,  F.a.a. 

Free  alongside.    See  Brought  Alongside. 

Freeboard.    That  part  of  the  vessel  above  water. 

Free  freight.  Where  a  bill  of  lading  expresses 
that  goods  are  to  be  carried  freight  free,  or  at  a 
nominal  rate,  the  holder  of  the  bill  is  entitled  to 
have  possession  of  them  upon  payment  of  what 
is  reserved,  and  cannot  be  called  upon  to  pay 
more.  A  mortgagee,  taking  possession  of  a  ship 
after  goods  have  been  shipped  freight  free,  cannot 
claim  more  freight  than  the  contract  stipulates 
for,  and  a  purchaser  of  the  ship  takes  her  subject 
to  the  existing  contracts.  Where  goods  were 
shipped  freight  free  in  a  vessel  belonging  to  the 
shipper,  and  during  the  voyage  the  shipper  became 
bankrupt,  it  was  held  that  the  assignees  of  the 
bills  of  lading  for  value  were  entitled  to  delivery  of 
the  goods  as  against  the  trustees  in  bankruptcy. 
(Mercantile  and  Exchange  Bank  v;  Gladstone, 
18  L.T.,  N.S.,  641.) 

Free  from  average.    See  Average. 

Free  of  expense  to  ship.  By  the  clause  in  a 
charter-party  "  cargo  to  be  brought  to  and  taken 
from  alongside  free  of  expense  to  ship,"  the  liability 
for  loading  and  discharging  rests  upon  the  charterer, 
and  not  the  shipowner.  If  no  time  is  fixed  for  the 
completion  of  the  work,  it  must  be  done  within  a 
reasonable  time,  and  "  the  whole  obligation  .  .  . 
upon  the  charterer  is  to  do  his  best  to  procure 
appliances  that  are  customarily  used  at  this  port 


for  the  purpose  "  of  discharging  or  loading.     Refer 
to  Demurrage. 

Free  Partioiilar  Aveirage  Glause.  See  Clauses, 
F.p.a. 

Free  port..  A  free  port  is  one  at  which  ships  of 
all  nations  may  load  and  discharge  without  pay- 
ment of  Customs  duties  and  commercial  charges, 
except  harbour  dues.  The  objects  of  such  immunity 
were  to  attract  trade  and  facilitate  the  interchange 
and  distribution  of  goods  destined  for  distant 
markets,  but  the  utility  of  such  ports  has  been 
almost  destroyed  by  high  protective  duties  and 
the  bonded*  warehouse  (q-v.)  system.  At  the 
beginning  of  the  last  century  about  30  free  ports 
existed  in  various  parts  of  the  world,  but  the 
number  has  gradually  diminished,  and  at  the 
present  time  the  principal  remaining  ports  of  this 
character  are  Hamburg,  Hong  Kong,  Singapore, 
Copenhagen,  New  Orleans,  and,  to  a  limited  extent, 
the  coaling  stations  of  Aden,  Gibraltar,  and  St. 
Helena. 

The  Treaty  Ports  of  China  are  said  to  be  "  free 
and  open,"  which  only  means  that  they  are  open 
to  foreign  trade,  and  that  vessels  of  any  nationality 
may  freely  resort  there. 

Free  taHiiig.    Sailing  with  a  fair  wind. 

Freezing-point.  The  temperature  at  which  water 
freezes  or  ice  melts — viz.,  32*  Fahrenheit,  and 
o®  Centigrade. 

Freight  is  a  term  used  for  (a)  money  payable  for 
the  carriage  of  goods  under  a  bill  of  lading  (generally 
called  "  bill  of  lading  freight ") ;  or  (b)  money 
payable  for  the  hire  of  a  vessel  under  a  charter 
party  (generally  called  "  chartered  freight ") ; 
(c)  suras  paid  in  advance  in  both  these  cases.  If 
the  freight  is  payable  at  destination  no  part  of  it 
by  English  law  is  earned  by  anything  short  of  the 
performance  of  the  contract — 1.0.,  delivery  at 
destination.  Should  the  completion  of  the  voyage 
become  impossible,  no  freight  is  due  to  the  ship- 
owner unless  he  forward  the  goods,  nor  is  freight 
payable  where  goods  have  been  destroyed  or  sold 
at  an  intermediate  port,  even  for  their  benefit. 
Where  goods  are  damaged  freight  is  due,  though 
the  consignee  has  a  claim  against  the  shipowner 
for  such  damage,  except  in  the  case  of  actual  or 
constructive  loss.  Where  freight  is  only  payable 
on  delivery,  and  the  owner  of  goods  voluntarily 
accepts  them  at  an  intermediate  port,  he  is  liable 
for  freight  pro  rata  itineris.  Where  freight  is  paid 
in  advance  it  cannot  be  recovered  if  goods  are  lost : 
but  in  the  case  of  freight  to  be  paid  "  in  advance 
if  required,"  and  the  money  is  not,  in  fact,  paid, 
the  shipowner  cannot  require  payment  if  goods 
are  lost.  A  shipowner  has  a  Uen  on  goods  for  their 
freight,  and  may  detain  them  until  payment.  The 
law  of  other  countries  differs  in  this  respect.  To 
make  freight  a  total  loss  the  disability  must  extend 
to  the  entire  freight  covered  by  the  policy.    (Allison 


FREIGHT 


230 


FREMANTLE 


V.  Bristol  Marine  Co.,  L.R.  i  App.  Cas.  209.)  See 
McArthur  on  the  Contract  of  Marine  Insuzaace, 
p.  84,  and  Gow  on  Marine  Insurance,  p.  160,  where 
this  subject  is  fully  dealt  with. 

Passage  money  should  be  insured  as  such,  and 
not  included  in  freight.  (Denoon  v.  Home  and 
Colonial  Co.,  L.R.  7  C.P.  341.) 

Chartered  freight  is  one  of  the  most  difficult  sub- 
jects of  marine  insurance.  To  entitle  the  assured 
on  a  policy  on  chartered  freight  to  claim  for  loss 
of  time  resulting  from  an  accident  **  caused  by 
perils  of  the  sea,"  the  loss  of  time  must  have  been 
such  as  to  cause  a  loss  of  hire  during  the  currency 
of  the  policy.  (Hough  v.  Head,  Court  of  Appeal, 
54  L.J-,  Q.B.  294 ;  affirmed  55  D.J.,  Q.B.  43  C.A. ; 
Inman  v.  Bischoff,  House  of  Lords,  6  Q.B.D. 
648  ;  7  App.  Cas.  670 ;  Mersey  Shipping  Co.  v. 
Thames  and  Mersey  Co.,  L.R.  1893,  P.D.  109 ; 
Dedouin  Co.  v.  Bradford,  Court  of  Appeal,  1893, 
10  Times  L.R.  70.) 

When  a  vessel  is  chartered  on  time  the  ship- 
owner is  evidently  exposed  to  loss  by  perils  of  the 
sea,  etc.,  of  the  hire  for  the  period  of  the  charter. 
If  the  hire  is  paid  month  by  month  the  amount  of 
risk  is  reduced  month  by  month  by  the  amount 
of  the  monthly  hire.  In  time  charters  this  monthly 
method  of  payment  is  now  so  usual  that  a  special 
clause,  called  the  Diminishing  Clause  (q.v.),  is 
usually  inserted  in  the  policy  reducing  the  amount 
of  risk  monthly  as  payment  of  freight  is  made. 
But  freight  is  also  insured  "  chartered,  or  as  if 
chartered,  on  board  or  not  on  board  " — that  is,  a 
sum  is  insured  on  freight  for  a  certain  time,  whether 
the  vessel  is  under  engagement  or  not,  with  cargo 
or  not,  and  whether  or  not  freight  has  been  paid. 
Sometimes  the  words  "  full  interest  admitted  "  are 
added,  but  this  addition  makes  the  policies  non- 
legal,  and  what  are  called  "  honour  policies  "  (9*v-)- 

There  is  an  important  case  bearing  on  construc- 
tive total  loss  of  freight  from  delay.  The  Spirit  of 
the  Dawn,  Liverpool  to  Newport,  to  load  thence  a 
cargo  of  rails,  got  ashore  in  Carnarvon  Bay.  So 
long  a  time  was  taken  in  getting  her  afloat  again 
and  repaired  that  the  charterers  threw  up  the 
charter  and  engaged  another  vessel  to  take  the 
cargo  of  rails,  which  were  wanted  at  San  Francisco 
for  a  railway.  A  claim  was  consequently  made 
for  a  total  loss  on  freight,  and  in  the  case,  Jackson 
V.  Union  Marine  Insurance  Co.,  the  jury  found  that 
the  delay  was  such  as  put  an  end  commercially  to 
the  intended  venture ;  that  there  had,  in  fact, 
been  a  constructive  total  loss  of  freight,  and  that 
the  company  was  liable.  In  the  charter  of  the 
Spirit  of  the  Daum  there  was  no  cancelling  date, 
so  that  the  charterer  had  not  by  the  contract  of 
affreightment  the  option  of  accepting  or  declining 
the  services  of  the  ship  had  she  arrived  at  Newport 
after  that  date.  One  result  of  this  decision  was 
the  adoption  of  this  clause,  "  Warranted  free  from 
all  claim  for  loss  of  freight  consequent  on  deten* 
tion,  whether  arising  from  '  perils  of  the  sea  or 


otherwise,'  "  which  is  now  usually  inserted  in  all 
policies  on  freight.  (See  Gow  on  Marine  Insurance, 
p.  166 ;  also  Jackson  v.  Union  Marine,  L.R.  8, 
C.P.  125.)  It  is  not  to  be  inferred  from  this  case 
that  underwriters  on  freight  are  liable  for  a  loss 
resulting  from  delay  through  perils  of  the  seats, 
where  the  proximate  cause  of  the  loss  in  the  opera- 
tion of  a  special  clause  in  the  contract  of  affreight- 
ment, such  as  "  cancelling  option,"  for  it  has  been 
debided  otherwise  in  the  case  of  the  Inman  Steam- 
ship Co.  v.  Bischoff,  4  Asp.  Mar.  L.C.  419,  and  the 
Mercantile  Marine  Co.  v.  Tyser,  ibid,,  5,  p.  6. 
(McArthur  on  the  Contract  of  Insurance,  p.  145,  n.) 
Suppose  the  charter  of  the  Spirit  of  the  Dawn  had 
contained  the  cancelling  clause  the  company  might 
have  pleaded  that  the  Cancelling  Clause  was  some- 
thing which  ought  not  to  affect  the  company,  as 
the  underwriter  of  the  company  was  ignorant  of 
its  existence  when  he  accepted  the  risk.  This, 
however,  would  not  avail,  since  one  who  insures 
chartered  freight  has  notice  of  a  charter-party,  and 
might  have  learned  its  terms  had  he  inquired. 
(Allison  V.  Bristol  Marine,  i  App.  Cas.  209.)  The 
loss  is  occasioned  not  so  much  by  the  Cancelling 
Clause,  as  such,  as  the  frustration  in  a  commercial 
sense  of  the  purposes  of  the  voyage.  (Lowndes 
on  the  Law  of  Marine  Insurance,  p.  126.)  Refer 
to  Free  Freight,  He  or  They  Paying  Freight. 

Freight  Contiiigenoy  Claiue.    See  Clauses. 

FJralgbt,  Dead.    See  Dead  Freight. 

FMtas  LiBe»  owned  and  managed  by  A«  C  de 
Freitas  and  Co.,  Hamburg,  have  a  fleet  of  six 
steamers,  which  maintain  services  at  scheduled 
times  from  Hamburg  and  Rotterdam  via  New- 
castle, to  Algiers,  Trieste,  Venice,  Fiume,  Ancona, 
and  Smyrna,  and  vice  versa. 

Fleet. 

Bagdad.  Lusitania.  San  Miguel. 

Byzanx,  Pergamon.  Venezia. 

Fremantle,  Admiral  Hon.  Sir  Edmund  Robert, 
G.O.B.  (cr.  1899).  K.O.B.  (cr.  1889),  C.M.O.,  F.B.0.8. 
(b.  London,  June  15,  1836).  Educated  Cheam 
School,  Surrey ;  entered  the  Navy,  1849 ;  mid. 
of  the  Spartan  during  Burmese  war,  1852-53 
(Burmese  medal) ;  lieutenant,  1857  ;  commander. 
1861  ;  served  during  New  Zealand  war,  1864-66  ; 
captain,  1867  ;  served  on  shore  during  Ashantee 
war,  1873-74,  and  was  severely  wounded  in  the 
arm  whilst  superintending  the  artillery  during  the 
skirmish  (Ashantee  medal,  Coomassie  clasp) ;  C.B.. 
C.M.G.,  1874 ;  A.D.C.  to  the  Queen,  1881-85  ; 
Royal  Humane  Society's  silver,  bronze,  and  gold 
(Stanhope)  medals ;  first  award  for  saving  the  life 
of  a  first-class  boy  in  Plymouth  Sound,  1877  ; 
second  award  (Stanhope  gold  medal  and  Shipwreck 
Society's  medal)  for  jumping  overboard  from  the 
Invincible  while  she  was  steaming  eight  knots  and 
saving  the  life  of  a  man  who  had  fallen  overboard* 
1880 ;  rear-admiral,  1885 ;  Second-in-Command, 
Channel  Squadron,  1886-87 ;  Conmiander-in-Chief, 


FRENCH 


231 


FRIES  LAND 


East  Indies  Station.  1888-91  ;  K.C.B.,  1889 ;  vice- 
admiral,  1890 ;  for  services  rendered  while  in  com- 
mand of  the  British  fleet  on  tile  occasion  of  the 
blockade  of  the  coast  of  the  Sultan  of  Zasaibar  he 
received  the  Royal  Order  of  the  Crown,  ist  class, 
from  His  Majesty  the  German  Emperor,  King  of 
Prussia,  and  the  Order  of  the  Bnlliant  Star,  ist  class, 
from  the  Sultan  of  Zanzibar  ;  when  Commander-in- 
Chief  on  the  East  Indies  Station  landed  with  Naval 
Brigade,  which  he  commanded  in  person  for  the 
expedition  against  the  Sultan  of  Vitu  (Vitu,  1890, 
clasp) ;  Commander-in-Chief,  China  Station,  during 
Chinese  and  Japanese  war,  1892-95  ;  admiral,  1896, 
and  Commander-in-Chief,  Devonport,  1896-99 ; 
G.C.B.,  1899  :  retired,  1901.  . 

Publications  :  **  The  Navy  as  I  Have  Known 
It,"  Lives  of  Hawke  and  Boscawen  in  "From 
Howard  to  Nelson,"  Prize  essay  on  naval  tactics 
(gold  medal),  Royal  United  Service  Institution 
(1880).  writer  in  magazines  on  naval  subjects. 

French  fake.  Method  of  coiling  a  rope  by 
running  it  backwards  and  forwards  in  parallel 
bands  so  that  it  may  run  easily  and  freely. 

Freshen  the  nip.  To  slacken  a  cable  or  rope  in 
order  to  relieve  stress  and  friction. 

Freya.     German  protected  cruiser  (1897). 
Length  344ft.   Beam  57ft.  Maximum  draught  23ft. 
Displacement  5.880  tons.     Complement  465. 
Guns.  Armour, 

2—^-2  in.  "  Krupp." 

8 — 6  in.  4  in.  Deck. 

10 — 1 5i  pdr.  4  in.  Turrets. 

10 — I  pdr.  4  in.  Casemates. 

4  Machine.  8  in.  Conning  tower. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
2  Submerged  (i  in  bow). 
Three  screws.     Hp.  10,500=3x9  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 1,000  tons.     Approximate  cost  ^£500,000. 

Freyeinet,  Louis  Claude  Desaulses  de  (1779-1842). 
French  navigator.  Entered  the  French  Navy  in 
1793,  and  after  taking  part  in  several  engagements 
against  the  English,  he  joined  an  expedition  sent  out 
under  Captain  Bourdin  in  the  Naturalist  and 
Geographe  to  explore  the  south  and  south-west 
coast  of  Australia.  In  18 17  he  commanded  the 
Urania,  in  which  Arago,  Gaudicbaud,  and  Pellion 
went  to  Rio  de  Janeiro  to  take  a  series  of  pendulum 
measurements.  For  three  years  he  cruised  about 
visiting  Australia,  Mariaxme,  Sandwich  and  other 
Pacific  islands.  South  America,  and  many  other 
places,  returning  to  France  with  a  fine  collection 
in  all  departments  of  natural  history,  and  notes  and 
drawings,  which  form  an  important  contribution  to 
a  knowledge  of  the  countries  visited.  He  published 
the  result  of  this  voyage  with  the  titie  of  "  Voyage 
Atonr  du  Monde."  He  also  completed  Peron's 
account  of  Bourdin 's  expedition. 

Fria&t.    French  cruiser.     (Brest,  1894.) 
Length  308ft.    Beam  43ft.  Maximum  draught  22ft. 
Displacement  3,772  tons.    Complement  358. 


Artnour. 
3  in.  Deck. 
2  in.  Sponsons. 


Guns. 

6—^*4  in. 

4 — 4  in. 

4—3  pdr. 

II — I  pdr. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
2  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.   9.500=19  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 5.878  tons. 

Mok,  Henry  Edgeworih  (b.  Baltimore).  Served 
apprenticeship  with  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Rail- 
way Co.  In  1897  he  came  to  England  and  joined 
Messra.  Harkmd  and  Wolfi  in  the  shipbuilding 
department.  Returning  to  the  United  States  in 
1 90 1,  he  accepted  the  position  of  superintendent 
of  construction  with  the  Maryland  Steel  Co..  and 
subsequentiy.  in  1904,  joined  the  Fore  River 
Shipbuilding  Co.,  of  Quincy,  Mass.  He  has  been 
connected  with  the  construction  of  a  varied  class  of 
steamers,  including  tugs,  river  steamers,  oil  cargo 
steamers,  freight  and  passenger  steamers,  for  the 
North  Atlantic  trade ;  battleships,  cruisers,  and 
torpedo-boat  destroyers  for  the  American  Navy. 
Associate  member  of  the  Institution  of  Naval  Archi- 
tects, member  of  Society  of  Naval  Architects  and 
Marine  Engineers,  also  member  of  Society  of  Arts, 
and  Fellow  of  Royal  Meteorological  Society  of 
London. 

Friedrioh  der  Groese.  (Stettin.  1896.)  German 
subsidised  cruiser.  Norddeutscher  Lloyd.  Dimen- 
sions, 520x58x35  ft;  gross  tonnage,  10,694; 
I.Hp.,  7,100. 

Medrieh  Kerl.  German  armoured  cruiser. 
(Blohm,  1902.) 

Length  394it.   Beam  65ft.   Maximum  draught  26ft. 
Displacement  9,050  tons.     Complement  557. 
Guns.  Armour. 

4— ^-a  in.  "  Krupp." 

10 — 6  in.  4  in.  Belt. 

10 — 15J  pdr.  6  in.  Turrets. 

10— I  pdr.  6  in.  Conning  tower. 

4  Maxims. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 

1  Submerged  bow. 

2  Submerged  broadside. 

I  Above  water  stem  armoured. 
Three  screws.     Hp.  18,500=1 21  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 1,500  tons.     Approximate  cost  ^£900,000. 

FrJeriand.  Netherlands  armoured  cruiser.  (Rot- 
terdam, 1888.) 

Length   307ft     Beam   49ft.     Draught    i8ft 
Displacement  3,847  tons.     Complement  333. 
Guns.  Armour. 

2r— 5-9in.  "Steel." 

6 — ^4*7  in.  2  in.  Deck  amidships. 

4 — 2 "9  in. 
8 — 1*4  in. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 

4  Above  water. 

Hp.  1 0,000  =s  19  kts.     Coal  400  tons. 


FRIGATE 


232 


FROZEN 


FMgata.  Originally  a  Mediterranean  vessel  pro- 
pelled by  sails  and  oars.  Subsequently  a  warship, 
something  between  a  sloop,  brig  and  a  ship  of  the 
line.  They  were  usually  employed  as  cruisers  or 
scouts. 

FMgatoon.  A  Venetian  vessel  carrying  only 
main  mast,  jigger  and  mizzen-mast  and  bowsprit. 

Frith.  On  August  13,  1809,  this  vessel  was 
wrecked  in  the  Firth  of  Dornoch  ;  40  lives  lost. 

nrifhJoL    German  coast  service  battleship  ( 1 89 1 ) . 
Length  254ft.   Beam  49ft.  Maximum  draught  i8ft. 
Displacement  4,15b  tons.     Complement  297. 
Guns.  A  ffnour. 

Z—9'A  in.  "  Compound." 

10—5*5  in.  9  in.  Belt. 

6 — I  pdr.  8  in.  Barbettes. 

4  Machine.  7  in.  Conning  tower. 

Torpedo  Tubes, 
3  Submerged  bow  and  broadside. 
I  Above  water  stem. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  5,100=  15*5  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 580  tons. 

FrithjoL     Norwegian  torpedo  gun-boat.   (1895). 
Displacement  1,380  tons.     Complement  154. 

Guns. 

2 — 4*7  in. 

4 — 12  pdr. 

4 — I  pdr. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (14  in.). 

1  Submerged  bow. 

2  Above  water. 

Twin  screw.  Hp.  3,000=15  kts.  Coal  maxi- 
mum 160  tons. 

Frobisher,  fiUr  Kartin  (1535-94)-  English  navi- 
gator (b.  Yorkshire).  In  1554  he  went  with  a 
small  fleet  of  merchant  ships  to  Guinea,  under 
Admiral  John  Xxxk.  As  early  as  1560  Frobisher 
had  conceived  the  idea  of  discovering  a  north-west 
passage  to  Cathay.  After  15  years  of  continued 
disappointment  he  was  eventually — mainly  by  the 
help  of  the  Earl  of  Warwick — ^put  in  command  of 
two  tiny  barques,  Gabriel  and  Michael.  On  June  7 
he  left  Blackwall  and  sailed  northwards  to  the  Shet- 
land Islands.  After  passing  Greenland,  the  Gabriel 
reached  the  coast  of  Labrador  on  July  28.  Some 
davs  later  Hall's  Island  at  the  mouth  of  Frobisher 
Bay  was  reached  and  landing  effected,  fie  re- 
turned home  in  September  with  an  account  of 
the  discovery  of  ore  which  was  noised  abroad  as 
being  really  a  lump  of  gold  ore.  In  x  578  he  started 
with  the  Royal  ship  Aid,  and  the  two  ships  of  his 
former  voyage,  financed  by  the  Cathay  Co.,  with  a 
charter  from  the  Crown  giving  the  company  sole 
right  with  regard  to  the  supposed  gold  ore.  Arriving 
once  more  at  Hall's  Island  he  collected  a  great 
quantity  of  this  black  earth,  and  solemnly  took 
possession  of  the  country  round  in  the  Queen's 
name.  The  return  was  begun  on  August  22,  and  he 
landed  at  Milford  Haven  on  September  20.     This 


ended  what  was  little  better  than  a  fiasco.  The  ore 
seems  to  have  been  not  worth  smelting,  and  it  is 
difficult  to  say  how  the  rumour  arose  that  it  was 
gold.  It  is  sometimes  said  that  Frobisher  was  a 
party  to  the  deception  in  order  to  obtain  means  to 
carry  out  the  great  idea  of  his  life.  In  1585  he 
sailed  with  Sir  Francis  Drake  on  the  profitable 
expedition  to  the  West  Indies,  and  no  doubt  shared 
largely  in  the  booty  brought  home.  In  1588  he 
did  such  excellent  work  in  the  Triumph  against  the 
Spanish  Armada  that  he  was  rewarded  with  the 
honour  of  a  knighthood.  He  commanded  a  squad- 
ron two  years  later  off  the  Spanish  coast,  and  in 
1 594  he  went  to  the  aid  of  Henry  IV.  .of  France.  In 
November  of  that  year,  while  taking  part  in  the 
siege  of  Crozan,  near  Brest,  he  received  a  wound  in 
the  hip  from  which  he  died  at  Plymouth  on 
November  22.  His  body  was  brought  to  London, 
and  buried  at  St.  Giles's,  Cripplegate. 

See  Jones'  "Life  of  Frobisher"  (1878),  the 
Hakluyt  Society's  "  Three  Voyages  of  Frobisher," 
Campbell's  *'  Lives  of  Admirals."  Refer  to  Arctic 
Exploration. 

ftom.     See  At  and  From. 

Fronde.  French  torpedo  -  boat  destroyer. 
(Normand,  1902.)  Length,  180  ft. ;  beam,  21  ft.  ; 
maximum  draught,  10  ft.  ;  displacement,  300  tons  ; 
complement,  45  ;  guns,  i  9-pdr.,  6  3 -pdr ;  torpedo 
tubes,  2  15-in. ;   speed,  27-30  kts. 

Frost  lamp.  An  oil  lamp  used  in  lighthouses,  and 
placed  beneath  the  oil  tube  of  an  Argand  lamp  to 
keep  the  oil  in  flowing  condition  in  cold  weather. 

Fronde,  William  (1810-79).  English  engineer 
and  mathematician  (b.  Devonshire).  Spent  a  great 
part  of  his  life  in  scientific  researches,  notably 
in  connection  with  the  behaviour  of  ships,  their 
rolling,  resistance,  and  propulsion.  His  last  work 
was  the  construction  of  a  dynamometer  for  deter- 
mining the  power  of  marine  engines. 

F^oeen  meaii  The  development  of  the  frozen 
meat  trade,  which  began  with  an  experimental 
shipment  in  a  sailing  vessel  in  1880,  has  been  enor- 
mous. Over  400  steamers  are  now  fitted  with 
refrigerating  plant  for  meat  cargo,  many  of  the 
installations  being  of  a  capacity  of  200,000  cubic  ft. 
of  insulated  space,  while  some  now  in  progress  will 
provide  400,000  cubic  ft.  of  cooled  space  in  one 
vessel,  with  a  carrying  capacity  of  100,000  carcases. 
The  total  refrigerating  carrying  capacity  of  the 
steamers  running  between  New  Zealand  and  the 
United  Kingdom  is  stated  to  be  8,622,400  carcases, 
but  the  steamers  have  not  carried  regularly  their 
full  capacity.  A  similar  advance  in  the  shipment 
from  the  United  States  and  Argentina  has  also  taken 
place.     Recent  shipments  from  Chile  are  reported. 

The  total  output  of  the  various  freezing  works 
in  all  parts  of  the  world  during  1907  is  estimated 
at  over  400,000  tons,  pf  which  five-sixths  found  a 


FRYKHOLM 


233 


FULMINANT 


market  in  the  United  Kingdom.  The  total  quantity 
represents  the  amomit  of  freight  which  the  ship- 
owners were  called  upon  to  find. 

The  insurance  of  so  large  and  perishable  an 
interest  has  liad  much  attention,  and  the  present 
special  tariff  and  clauses  are  the  result  of  much 
attention  and  conference,  and  practicaJly  cover 
every  risk  to  the  meat.     Refer  to  Clauses. 

Rcykholm*  Johan  Liid?ig  (b.  Elgar,  June  20, 
1837  ;  d.  Stockholm,  September  5,  1904).  Educated 
Military  School,  Stockholm,  and  in  1857  was  ap- 
pointed lieutenant  in  the  Royal  Danish  Navy. 
After  having  served  in  the  Navy  he  took  three  years' 
leave,  and  joined  the  Mercantile  Marine,  and  gained 
experience  in  seamanship.  He  returned  to  the 
Navy,  and  in  1862  was  selected  to  study  naval 
architecture ;  was  promoted  Ueutenant  in  the 
Naval  Artillery  Department,  and  in  1867,  having 
successfully  passed  his  examination  as  constructor, 
was  appointed  to  the  constructive  engineering 
stafi.  In  1873  he  "was  appointed  Professor  in 
the  Navigation  School  at  Stockholm,  and  retired 
from  active  sea  life  with  the  rank  of  captain. 
In  1876  he  went,  on  behalf  of  the  Swedish 
Government,  to  the  works  of  Messrs.  White- 
head and  Co.,  Fiume,  to  study,  and  on  several 
occasions  he  superintended  ships  building  under 
contract  for  the  Swedish  Navy.  In  1882  he  was 
promoted  to  director  in  the  marine  engineering  staff, 
which  position  he  held  until  1888,  when  he  retired. 
In  1887  he  ^<LS  appointed  to  the  Pilotage  Branch  of 
the  Board  of  Admiralty,  and  he  was  inspector  of 
passenger  ships  in  Stockholm.  He  was  a  knight  of 
the  order  of  Gustavus  Wasa,  Knight  of  the  Order 
of  the  Royal  North  Star,  and  the  Russian  Order  of 
St.  Stanislaws.  Member  of  the  Institution  of  Naval 
Architects  in  London,  and  of  several  Swedish 
organisations. 

Publication  :  "  Treatise  on  the  Steam  Engine," 
-which  is  still  in  use,  and  prescribed  for  study  at 
the  Royal  Naval  School,  and  the  Navigation  Schools 
in  Sweden. 

F.S.  Flagstaff.  Abbreviation  adopted  on  the 
charts  issued  by  the  Hydrographic  Office,  Admi- 
ralty. 

Ft.     Abbreviation  for  feet. 

Ft.  Feet  or  foot.  Abbreviation  adopted  on 
the  charts  issued  by  the  Hydrographic  Office, 
Admiralty. 

FabnkL  Japanese  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Yar- 
row. 1905.)  Displacement,  380  tons  ;  complement, 
55  ;  maximum  draught,  9  ft. ;  armament,  i  12-pdr., 
5  6-pdr. ;  tubes,  2  i8-in. ;  Hp.,  6,000  =  31  kts. ;  coal, 
95  tons. 

Fuel  is  the  name  applied  to  all  substances 
that  may  be  employed  for  the  production  of  heat 
by  combustion  with  atmospheric  air  or  oxygen. 
These  substances  have  purely  organic  or  vegetable 
origin,  and  may  be  classified  as  follows :    Natural 


fuels — ^Wood,  peat,  lignite,  bituminous  coals,  an- 
thracite. Liquid  and  gaseous  fuels,  manufactured 
by  the  distillation  of  natural  fuels,  as  follows — 
Petroleum  and  petroleum  refuse,  tar  and  tar  refuse, 
coal  gas,  producer  gas,  water  gas  and  oil  gas. 

Wood,  air  dried,  contains  about  23%  of  moisture, 
and  40%  of  carbon. 

Peat,  about  20%  of  moisture  and  60%  of  carbon. 

Anthracite  coal,  almost  entirely  free  carbon. 

Bituminous  coals,  about  91  %  carbon. 

Coking  and  furnace  coals,  about  90%  carbon. 

Gas  coal,  about  83%  carbon. 

Non-coking,  long  flame  coals,  about  78%  carbon. 

Lignite,  from  65-70%  of  carbon. 

Petroleum,  crude,  about  8s%  of  carbon. 

See  *'  Fuel  and  Refractory  Materials  "  (Sexton, 
1897),  "Fuel  and  its  AppUcation "  (Mills  and 
Rowan,  1S89). 

Fii)l  Japanese  ist  class  battleship.  (Thames 
Ironworks,  1896.) 

Length  4ia|t.   Beam  73ft.   Maximum  draught  29ft. 
Displacement  12,300  tons.     Complement  600. 
Guns,  Armour. 

4 — 12  in.,  40  cal.       "  Harvey." 
10 — 6  in.  18  in.  Belt  amidships. 

16 — 12  pdr.  14  in.  Barbettes. 

4 — 2j  pdr.  6  in.  Turrets. 

14  in.  Conning  tower. 
Torpedo  Tubes    (18  in.). 
4  Submerged. 
I  Above  water  bow. 
Twin  screw.      Hp.  forced  13,690=18  kts.     Coal 
maximum  1,300  tons. 

FUgnrites.  SiUcious  tubes  of  various  sizes, 
vitrified  internally  by  lightning  striking  the  grotmd 
and  fusing  the  sand. 

Fall  and  by.  Sailing  close  to  the  wind  with  sails 
full. 

Follerton,  Admiral  Sir  John  Reginald  Thomas. 
Q.C.V.O.,  1901  ;  K.C.V.Om  1899  (b.  1840).  Entered 
Navy,  1853 ;  lieutenant,  1861  ;  lieutenant  of 
Bombay  when  that  vessel  took  fire  and  blew  up  off 
Monte  Video,  1864,  when  97  officers  and  men 
perished ;  commander,  1872 ;  captain,  1878 ; 
presented  by  Her  late  Majesty  Queen  Victoria 
with  a  diamond  ring  for  his  gallant  conduct  on  the 
occasion  of  the  collision  between  the  Royal  Yacht 
and  the  Mistletoe,  in  the  Solent,  1885  ;  commanded 
the  late  Queen's  yacht,  Victoria  and  Albert,  from 
1884,  smd  reappointed  to  command  on  becoming 
rear-admiral  in  1893  I  C.B.  (Civil),  1896 ;  C.V.O., 
1896 ;  Order  of  St.  Anne  of  the  ist  Class,  1896 ; 
K.C.V.O.,  1899 ;  vice-admiral,  1899 »  ^ad  the 
honour  to  be  in  command  of  the  Royal  Yacht  when 
the  remains  of  Queen  Victoria  were  conveyed  from 
Osborne  to  Portsmouth,  1901  ;  and  acted  as  sup- 
porter of  the  Royal  coffin ;  G.C.V.O.,  1901  ; 
admiral,  1904 ;   retired,  1905. 

Fnlnunaat  Old  French  monitor  (1879).  Now  used 
for  local  defence  and  as  a  torpedo  base. 


FULMINE 


234 


FURNESS 


Fnlmine.  Italian  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (An- 
saldo,  1898.)  Displacement,  298  tons ;  maximum 
draught,  9  ft. ;  armament,  $  6-pdr. ;  tubes,  3  i8-in. ; 
Hp.,  4,800=28  kts. 

FnlmiEuki.  (Formerly  Ssilny,)  Japanese  tor- 
pedo-boat destroyer.  Captured  from  the  Russians 
during  the  Russo-Japanese  war.  Length,  185  ft.  ; 
beam,  21  f t.  ;  draught,  7^  ft.  ;  displacement,  324 
tons;  complement,  60;  armament,  i  12-pdr., 
5  3-pdr.,  2  tubes  ;  twin  screw  ;  Hp.,  5,600=26  kts.  ; 
coal,  150  tons. 

Fulton.  U.S.  submarine  (1901).  Length,  63  ft. ; 
beam,  ii|  ft.;  displacement,  120  tons;  comple- 
ment, 50;   Hp.,  1,600=8  kts. 

Fulton.  French  gun-boat.  Displacement,  900 
tons. 

Fulton,  Robert  (1765-18 15).  American  engineer 
and  mechanic  (b.  Pennsylvania).  Conceived  the 
idea  of  propelling  vessels  by  steam,  and  in  1797  he 
went  to  Paris,  and  it  was  there  that  he  first  suc- 
ceeded, after  repeated  trials,  in  propelling  a  boat 
through  the  water  by  the  aid  of  steam.  In  1806 
he  returned  to  America  and  there  met  with  more 
decided  success,  as  in  the  following  year  he 
launched  a  vessel  which  travelled  by  steam  from 
New  York  to  Albany,  a  distance  of  150  miles  in  32 
hours.  This  was  the  begininng  of  successful  steam 
navigation.  In  18 14  he  constructed  the  first 
United  States  war  steamer,  and  was  subsequently 
employed  by  the  American  Government  in  making 
canals.  He  devoted  some  time,  and  made  many 
important  experiments,  on  submarine  explosives, 
and  was  engaged  upon  an  improvement  of  his 
submarine  torpedo  when  he  died. 

Fnmigate.  To  purify  infected  air  by  means  of 
burning. 

Funeral  Honours.    See  Naval  Ceremonies. 

Funnel.  A  metal  tube  used  for  carrying  off 
smoke. 

Funny.  A  small  light,  narrow  pleasure  boat, 
used  for  sculling. 

Furieux.  French  coast  service  battleship  (1883). 
Reconstructed  1905. 

Length  249ft.    Beam  58ft.    Maximum  draught  25ft. 
Displacement  6,000  tons.     Complement  250. 
Guns.  Armour. 

2 — 9*4  in.  "  Compound. " 

4 — 9  pdr.  19  in.  Belt  amidships. 

8 — 3  pdr.  9  in.  Turrets. 

10  in.  Conning  tower. 
Torpedo  Tubes, 
2  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.,   5,000=  13' 5  kts.     Coal  nor- 
mal 300  tons. 

FurioUB.  British  2nd  class  cruiser.  (Devonport, 
1896.) 

Length  320ft.   Beam  57ft.  Maximum  draught  24ft. 
Displacement  5.750  tons.    Complement  480. 


Guns.  Armour. 

10—6  in.  2  in.  Belt  bow. 

8 — 12  pdr.  3  in.  Deck. 

I — 12  pdr.,  8  cwt.     9  in.  Conning  tower. 
3—3  pdr. 
2  Maxims. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
2  Submerged. 

I  Above  water  stern.       f 
Twin  screw.     Hp.   10,000=19  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 1,175  tons.    Approximate  cost  £300,000. 

FmtL    To  roll  up  square  sails. 

Fumen,  Sir  Ohriitopher,  K.B.,  M.P.,  /.P.,  DX.  (b. 

West  Hartlepool,  April  23,  1852).  Educated 
privately,  and  in  1869  he  entered  the  firm  of  which 
he  is  the  head. at  the  present  time.  In  1870  he 
was  instrumental  in  working  a  fleet  of  American 
schooners  for  bringing  produce  from  the  United 
States  to  the  Tyne,  and  it  is  perhaps  due  to  the 
employment  of  this  fleet,  which  was  gradually 
replaced  by  steam,  that  he  in  1875  decided  to  start 
in  the  steamship  business.  He^was  the  first  to 
build  cattle  steamers  to  carry  live  cattle  and  frozen 
cargoes  from  the  United  States  and  Canada  to  the 
North  of  England.  On  his  return  from  a  ^osit  to 
America  he  founded  the  celebrated  Fumess  Line  of 
steamers,  and  undertook  the  management  of 
them.  On  the  retirement  of  Mr.  Edward  Withy, 
of  the  firm  of  Messrs.  Edward  Withy  and  Co., 
Hartlepool,  he  acquired  Mr.  Withy's  interest  in  the 
business,  and  amalgamated  it  a  few  years  later 
with  his  own  firm,  under  the  name  of  Messrs. 
Fumess,  Withy,  and  Co.,  Ltd.,  of  which  he  is  the 
head.  In  1895  ^^  received  the  honour  of  knight- 
hood from  her  late  Majesty  Queen  Victoria,  in 
recognition  of  his  efforts  on  behalf  of  those  great 
industrial  enterprises  which  have  given  this  country 
such  a  prominent  place  in  the  commercial  world, 
and  also  in  recognition  of  his  generosity  in  giving 
;(20,ooo  towards  founding  the  "  Fumess  Aged 
Seamen's  Pensions  "  for  seamen  of  the  port  of 
Hartlepool. 

Fumeei  Railway  Co.  own  a  fleet  of  three  excellent 
paddle  wheel  steamers  and  one  screw  steamer, 
which  maintain  regular  services  at  scheduled  times 
between  Barrow-in-Furness  and  Fleetwood. 

Fleet. 
Fumess.  Lady  Margaret. 

Lady  Evelyn.  Walney. 

Fumess,  Withy  and  Co.,  Ltd.,  with  their  head 
office  in  West  Hartlepool,  have  a  fleet  of  25  modem 
cargo  steamers,  some  of  which  have  excellent 
accommodation  for  passengers.  The  company 
was  founded  by  Sir  Christopher  Fumess,  who 
was  subsequently  joined  by  Mr.  Edward  Withy, 
when  the  business  of  the  firm  was  increased,  and  the 
yard  which  at  present  holds  such  a  prominent 
position  for  the  building,  engineering  and  fitting 
out  of  vessels  was  started. 


FURNITURE 


235 


GAIDAMAK 


FlBBT. 

Albiana. 

Evangeline. 

Runo. 

Almeriana. 

Faradav, 

St.  John  City. 

Annapolis. 

Florence. 

Sicily. 

Collingwood, 

Gloriana. 

Syracusa. 

Cynthiana. 

London  City. 

Tabasco. 

Dakome. 

Mariana. 

Tampico. 

Dalionhall. 

Ohio. 

Ulunda. 

Durango. 

Peruviana. 
Queen  Wilhelmina. 

Venango. 

Fnmitiixe.      Every  article  with  which  a  ship  is 
fitted  out. 

Font    Bismarok.    German     armoured     cruiser. 
(Kiel,  1897.) 

Length  410ft.   Beam  65  ft.   Maximum  draught  27ft. 
Displacement  10,700  tons.     Complement  529. 
Guns.  Armour, 

4 — 9 '4  in.  "  Krupp." 

12 — 6  in.  8  in.  Belt. 

10 — 15^  pdr.  8  in.  Barbettes. 

10 — I  pdr.  8  in.  Turrets. 

8  in.  Conning  tower. 
Torpedo  Tubes. 
5  Submerged  bow  and  broadside. 
1  Above  water  stem. 
Three  screws.     Hp.  13,600=19  kts.     Coal  mai^- 
mum  1,200  tons.     Approximate  cost  ;f 900,000. 

Fiiry.    Ship.     See  Arctic  Exploration. 

Fnste.     French  armoured  gun-boat.     (L'Orient, 
1886.) 

Length  165  ft.    Beam  32ft.    Draught  loft. 
Displacement  1,124  tons.     Complement  84. 


Guns. 
I — 9*4  in. 
1—3-5  in. 
4  Maxims. 


Armour. 
"  Compound." 
4  in.  Deck  amidships. 
4  in.  Gun  shields. 
Torpedo  Tubes. 
I  Above  water. 
Hp.   1,500=13  kts.     Coal  120  tons. 


Fnshima.     Japanese     gun-boat. 
1900.)     Of  little  fighting  value. 


(Yokosuka, 


FnflO.    Old  Japanese  battleship  (1877). 
Displacement  3,800  tons. 
Guns.  Armour. 

2 — 6  in.  *'  Iron." 

4 — 4*7  in.  9  in.  Belt  amidships. 

1 1 — 3  pdr.  8  in.  Battery. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
3  Above  water. 
Of  small  fighting  value.     Used  for  purposes  of 
coast  defence. 

Fattock-shroilds.  Short  pieces  of  chain  or  rope 
securing  the  lower  dead-eyes  and  futtock-plates  of 
top  mast  rigging  to  lower  mast  forming  ladders, 
whereby  the  sailors  climb  over  the  top-brim. 

F.T.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Fowey,  England. 


fJFNL    Danish  cruiaer.     (Copenhagen,  1884.) 

Length  236ft.     Beam  45  ft.     Draught  i8ft. 

Displacement  2,555  tons.    Complement  407. 

Guns.  Armour. 

18—5-9  in.  "  Steel." 

8  Maxin:is.  i^  in.  Deck. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 

2  Above  water. 

Hp.  2,700  =  13  kts.     Coal  300  tons. 

Fylgia.     Swedish  armoured  cruiser  (1905). 
Length  379ft.     Beam  49ft.     Mean  draught  i6ft 
Displacement  4,060  tons.     Complement  322. 
Guns,  Armour. 

8 — 6  in.,  45  cal.         "  Krupp." 
14 — 6  pdr.  4  in.  Belt. 

5  in.  Turrets. 
4  in.  Conning  tower. 
Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
2  Submerged. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  12,000=21*5  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 900  tons. 


O.  Distinguishing  letter  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Galway,  Ireland. 

Q.  Distinguishing  letter  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Gravelines,  France. 

O.  Gulf.  Abbreviation  adopted  on  the  charts 
issued  by  the  Hydrographic  Office,  Admiralty. 

g.  Gravel.  Abbreviation  adopted  on  the  charts 
issued  by  the  Hydrographic  Office,  Admiralty,  de- 
noting the  quality  of  the  ocean's  bottom. 

O.A.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Gaasterland,  Holland. 

Chtbbiano.  Italian  torpedo-boat.  (Spezia,  1906.) 
Length,  165  ft. ;  befim,  17  ft. ;  draught,  7  ft.  ; 
displacement,  200  tons ;  armament,  3  3 -pdr., 
3  tubes;  twin  screw;  Hp.,  3,000  =  25  kts.;  coal, 
40  tons.  * 

ChtltfieL  A  small  vessel  of  25  tons,  in  which 
Frobisher  {q.v.)  undertook  his  first  expedition  for 
the  discovery  of  a  shorter  route  to  India  by  the 
north-west.     Refer  to  Arctic  Exploration. 

Qidily.  British  coastal  torpedo-boat  destroyer. 
(Chiswick,  1906.)  Length,  168  ft. ;  beam,  lyi  ft. ; 
draught,  6  ft. ;  armament.  2  12 -pdr.,  3  tubes ; 
speed.  26  kts. 

Oaalio  Steamshiiig,  Ltd.  See  Cairns.  Noble 
and  Co. 

Gflfl.  A  spar  used  to  extend  the  heads  of  sails 
not  set  on  sta3rs. 

GalMSa.  A  lateen-rigged,  cargo-carrying  boat 
of  the  Nile. 

Gaidamak.  See  Shihinami.  Torpedo  gun-boat. 
(Schichau,  1893.) 


GALA 


236 


GAMBIER 


Gala.  British  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Yarrow, 
1905.)  Length,  222  ft.  :  beam,  23^  ft. :  draught, 
9j  ft. ;  displacement,  600  tons ;  complement,  72  ; 
armament,  i  12-pdr.,  5  6-pdr.,  2  tubes  ;  twin  screw  ; 
Hp.,  7,500=25  kts.  ;  coal,  126  tons. 

Gale.  A  wind  or  current  of  air,  having  a  velocity 
of  over  30  miles  an  hour  stronger  than  a  breeze, 
but  less  violent  than  a  tempest. 

Galilee.     French  avisos.     (Rochefort,  1897.) 
Length  330ft.    Beam  34ft.   Maximunr  draught  19ft. 
Displacement  2,350  tons.     Complement  248. 
Guns.  A  rmour. 

4 — 5*5  in.,  45  cal.        "  Steel." 
2 — 4  in.  i\  in.  Deck. 

8 — 3  pdr.  2  in.  Gun  shields. 

4  in.  Conning  tower. 
Torpedo  Tubes. 
2  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.   7,000=20  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 380  tons.     Approximate  cost  ;f 200.000. 

Galilei.  Italian  despatch-boat.  (Venice,  1885.) 
Length,  230  ft.  ;  beam,  26  ft.  ;  draught,  8i  ft. ; 
displacement,  886  tons ;  complement,  109 ;  arma- 
ment, 4  4*7-in.,  2  2'2-in.,  2  i'4-in.,  2  tubes;  Hp., 
1,390=15  kts.  ;  coal,  200  tons. 

Gallant.    The  name  applied  to  a  top-sail. 

Galleon.  A  large  ship  of  commerce  used  by  the 
Spaniards  in  South  America. 

Galley.  A  flat-built  vessel  used  in  the  Mediter- 
ranean propelled  by  sails  and  oars. 

Galley  Head  Light,  established  1878,  is  situated 
south-west  of  Clonakilty  Bay^  Co.  Cork,  and  is  a 
six  or  seven  flash  light  every  60  seconds  ;  dura- 
tion of  flash,  four  seconds  ;  candle-power  maximum, 
120,000;  burner,  Wigham's  28  to  108  jets;  illu- 
minant,  gas. 

Galliot  (Galiot.)  A  small  galley  designed  only 
for  chase,  generally  canying  one  mast,  with  16  or 
20  oars  ;  used  in  the  Dutch  merchant  service. 

Gallows  bitis.  Cross  pieces  on  small  boats  at 
the  hatchways  for  stowing  away  booms  and  spars. 

Gals.     Abbreviation  for  gallons. 

Galvanising,  which  came  into  general  use  shortly' 
before  1840,  as  applied  to  iron,  is  the  process  for 
coating  iron  with  zinc  to  protect  it  from  rusting. 
The  process  of  galvanising  is  cleansing  the  iron 
with  acid  and  scouring  with  sand,  when  it  is  dipped 
in  a  bath  of  molten  zinc  covered  ^vith  ammoDhim 
chloride  to  act  as  a  flux. 

Ctelveston.    U.S.  3rd  class  cruiser  (1903)- 
Length  292ft.   Beam  44ft.  Maximum  draught  17ft. 
Displacement  3,200  tons.     Complement  293. 
Guns.  A  rmour. 

10 — 5  in.  *'  Harvey-nickel.** 

8 — 6  pdr.  2  in.  Deck. 

2 — I  pdr. 
2  Colts. 


Twin  screw.  Hp.  4,500=16*5  kts.  Coal  maxi- 
mum 700  tons. 

Galway  Yacht  Clab,  RoyaL  See  Ro3ral  Galway 
Yacht  Club. 

Gama,  Vasoo  da  (1469-1524)  (b.  Portugal).  Was 
the  pioneer  of  European  commerce  and  Empire  in 
the  Far  East.  In  1497  King  Joao  appointed  him 
for  the  supreme  command  of  an  expedition  to 
explore  the  East  of  Africa.  The  fleet,  consisting 
of  four  vessels  specially  built  for  this  mission, 
sailed  down  the  Tagus,  July,  1497,  and  four  months 
later  cast  anchor  in  St.  Helena  Bay.  Continuing 
the  voyage  to  South  Africa,  they  rounded  the  Cape 
in  safety,  and  in  the  beginning  of  the  next  year 
reached  Melinda.  Thence  steering  eastward  under 
the  direction  of  a  pilot  obtained  from  English 
merchants  at  that  port,  he  reached  Calicut,  India, 
May,  1498.  He  returned  to  Portugal  the  follow- 
ing year,  and  in  1502  ventured  on  a  second  voyage, 
and  founded  the  colonies  of  Mozambique  and  Sofala 
on  the  east  coast  of  Africa.  Soon  after  his  return 
he  retired,  and  for  20  years  took  no  part  in  public 
affairs.  In  1524  he  was  by  King  Joao  III.  created 
Count  of  Vidigueira,  and  nominated  Viceroy  of 
India.  This  high  position  he  was  not  destined  to 
hold  for  long,  as  on  the  Christmas  Eve  following 
his  arrival  he  died  after  a  short  illness,  and  was 
buried  in  the  Franciscan  monastery.  Cochin.  In 
1538  his  body  was  exhumed  and  conveyed  to 
Portugal,  and  entombed  in  the  town  of  Vidigueira. 
The  important  discoveries  of  Vasco  da  Gama 
raised  Portugal  to  one  of  the  foremost  places  among 
the  nations  of  Europe,  and  hastened  the  colonisa- 
tion and  civilisation  of  the  East  by  opening  its 
commerce  to  the  great  Western  powers.  An 
account  of  his  voyages  was  written  by  a  companion, 
Alvaro  Velho,  in  1838.  See  a  journal  of  "  The 
Voyages  of  Vasco  da  Gama  "  (Hakluyt  Society, 
1869).  Towle's  *'  Vasco  da  Gama,"  Cooley's  "  His- 
tory of  Maritime  Discovery.'* 

(himbetta.     Ship.     See  Leon  Gambetta. 

Gambier»  Lord  James  (1756-1833).  English  ad- 
miral (b.  at  the  Bahamas).  Entered  the  Navy  in 
1767  as  midshipman  on  board  the  Yarmouth,  and 
his  fanuly  interests  obtained  for  him  rapid  pro- 
motion. He  was  raised  in  1778  to  the  rank  of 
post-captain,  and  appointed  to  the  Raleigh.  He 
was  at  the  relief  of  Jersey,  1779,  and  took  part  in 
the  capture  of  Charlestown,  1780.  At  the  Peace 
of  1783  he  was  placed  on  half -pay,  but  on  the  out- 
break of  the  war  of  the  French  Revolution  he  was 
appointed  to  command  the  Defence  under  Lord 
Howe,  and  in  her  he  had  an  honourable  share  in 
the  action  oflf  Ushant  at  the  battie  of  "  The  Glorious 
First  of  June."  In  1807  he  commanded  the  fleet 
which  blockaded  and  bombarded  Copenhagen,  and 
forced  the  surrender  of  the  Danish  Navy,  con- 
sisting of  19  ships  of  the  line,  besides  frigates, 
sloops,  gun-boats,  and  naval  stores.  This  service 
was   considered   by   the   Government   worthy    of 


GAM  BIER 


237 


GARNIER 


Special  acknowledgment,  and  he  received  the 
thanks  of  both  Houses  of  Parliament,  and  was 
rewarded  with  a  peerage.  Two  years  later  he,  in 
supreme  commsmd  in  the  Channel,  with  Lord 
Cochrane  nominally  under  his  orders,  destroyed  the 
French  fleet  in  the  Basque  Roads.  It  was  said  ia 
this  action  that  he  failed  to  act  as  vigorously  as 
he  might  have  done,  and  on  his  return  to  England 
was  court-martialled,  but  "  most  honourably 
acquitted."  In  1830  he  became  Admiral  of  the 
Fleet.  He  was  not  popular  with  many  of  his  naval 
contemporaries.  His  predilection  was  for  a  life 
on  shore,  and  he  utilised  his  family  interests  to 
such  an  extent  that  he  remained  for  nearly  half 
the  time  during  the  Great  War  a  member  of  the 
Admiralty.  He  was  a  man  of  earnest,  almost 
morbid,  religious  principles,  and  of  undoubted 
courage,  but  had  neither  the  genius  nor  the  strength 
of  mind  fitted  for  high  command  or  high  office. 

Gambier.  Screw  steamer.  Sunk  by  collision 
with  the  Easby  in  Port  Philip  Bay,  August  28, 
189 1 ;  21  lives  lost. 

Chunmoiiing.  A  strong  lashing  used  to  secure 
the  bowsprit  to  the  head  knee. 

Oangboard.  A  plank  with  cleats  or  steps  nailed 
to  it  for  people  to  walk  on. 

Ganges.  British  training-ship  for  boys  (3,594 
tons). 

Gangway.  The  narrow  deck  leading  from  quarter 
deck  to  the  forecastle  ;  the  entrance  to  a  ship. 

Gapb  Canal  oL  An  important  French  irrigation 
channel,  which  connects  the  Drac  and  Durance 
rivers.  Its  total  length  is  445  miles.  The  work 
was  commenced  in  1864.  In  1880  irrigation  began 
to  be  applied,  and  in  1888  the  work  was  com- 
pleted. 

Garboacd.  A  name  given  to  the  first  plank 
fastened  to  the  keel  of  a  ship. 

C(arcia»  Diego  (b.  Dimante,  Argentina,  August  29, 
1867).  Educated  Argentine  Naval  School.  In 
1888  he  entered  the  Navy,  and  was  closely  con- 
nected with  the  construction,  armament,  and  equip- 
ment of  all  ships  built  in  Europe  for  the  Argentine 
Navy  from  1891  to  1901.  Is  at  the  head  of  the 
Torpedo  Submarine  defence  of  the  Ministry  of 
Marine  at  Buenos  Aires. 

Gaidner*  Lard  Alan  (i 742-1809).  English  ad- 
miral (b.  Staffordshire).  When  in  command  of 
the  Maidstone  captured  after  a  severe  action  the 
French  Lion,  17 7S ;  commanded  the  SuUan  in 
Byron's  action  ofi  Grenada,  1779 ;  in  1782,  in  the 
Duke,  took  part  in  Rodney's  victory  off  Les 
Saintes  ;  was  present  at  Howe's  victory,  the  battle 
of  "  The  Glorious  First  of  June,"  1794 ;  he  took 
part  in  Bridport's  action  off  L'Orient,  1795. 

Gaidner,  Lord  Alan  Hyde  (1770-1815).  English 
vice-admiral.    Commanded  the  Hero  under  Calder 


in  the  action  off  Fcrrol,  1805,  and  in  the  same  year 
took  part  in  Strachan's  action  off  Cape  Ortega! . 

Garfdrth,  Vice-Admiral  Edmund  St.  John,  O.B. 

(1887).  Entered  Navy,  1849 ;  took  part  in  the 
Baltic  campaign,  1854  ;  Crimea,  1854-55  ;  present 
at  the  operations  against  Kinbum  and  Kertch, 
and  blockade  of  Sebastopol  (Baltic,  Crimean,  and 
Turkish  medals,  Sebastopol  clasp)  ;  lieutenant, 
1855  ;  in  Pelorus,  1857,  served  in  the  Naval 
Brigade,  Bum^ese  frontier ;  subsequently  in  New 
Zealand  (New  Zealand  medal) ;  commander,  1857  ; 
commanded  H.M.S.  gun-vessel  Penguin,  East  Coast 
of  Africa,  1867  ;  conveyed  the  late  Dr.  Livingstone 
on  his  last  expedition  to  the  coast  of  Africa,  1866  ; 
Inspecting  Commander,  Coast  Guards,  Hastings, 
1870-73  ;  presented  with  silver  telescope  from  the 
German  Emperor  for  rescuing  passengers  in 
German  emigrant  ship,  run  on  shore  at  Hastings, 
1872 ;  commanded  Philomel  in  East  Indies,  1873- 
76 ;  commanded  expedition  against  forts  at  Mas- 
naah  (Gulf  of  Oman),  1874  ;  served  in  Malay  cam- 
paign, 1875-76  ;  captain,  1876  ;  commanded  Naval 
Brigade  attached  to  Larut  Field.  Force  (Perak 
medal)  ;  captain  of  Eclipse  during  Egyptian  war, 
1882  (Egyptian  medal,  Khedive's  Bronze  Star, 
Osmanieh,  3rd  Class) ;  C.B.,  1887,  on  the  occasion 
of  the  celebration  of  the  completion  of  the  fiftieth 
year  of  Her  Majesty's  reign ;  captain's  good  ser- 
vice pension,  1889-90 ;  rear-admiral,  1891  ;  vice- 
admiral,  1903. 

GaribaMi.     Argentine    armoured    cruiser.     (An- 
saldo,  1895.)     Purchased  from  Italy. 
Length  328ft.  Beam  59}ft.  Maximum  draught  25ft. 
Guns.  Armour. 

6 — 47  in.  "  Harvey." 

2 — 10  in.  6  in.  Belt  amidships. 

10 — 6  in.  6  in.  Bulkheads. 

10—6  pdr.  6  in.  Barbettes. ' 

10 — I  pdr.  6  in.  Conning  tower. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
4  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  natural  8 ,600  =18*5  kts. ,  forced 
13,000=20  kts.     Coal  maximum  1,000  tons. 

Cost  ;£75o,ooo. 

Garland.  A  collar  of  ropes  to  prevent  the 
shrouds  from  chafing. 

Gamefc.  A  purchase  fixed  to  the  main-stay  used 
for  hoisting  cargo. 

Gamier,  Harie  Joseph  FranQois  ( 1 8  39-73)  •  French 
naval  officer  and  explorer.  Commanded  the  ex- 
pedition to  Cochin  China,  1860-62 ;  a  member  of 
the  expedition  through  Tibet,  1866-68,  penetrating 
to  Tali-fu,  the  capital  of  Yun-nan,  and  success- 
fully returning  to  Shanghai ;  served  in  the  defence 
of  Paris,  1870-71,  and,  returning  to  the  East,  met 
his  death  at  Hanoi.  His  chief  work  "  The  Voyage 
d 'exploration  en  Indo-Chine  effectu6  pendant  les 
annto "  (1866).  See  M.  Fran9ois  Gamier,  by 
Petit,  1885. 


GARRY 


238 


GENERAL 


Garry.  British  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Yar- 
row, 1905.)  Length,  222  ft. ;  beam,  23^  ft.  ; 
draught,  9}  ft.  ;  displacement,  600  tons;  comple- 
ment, 72  :  armament,  i  12-pdr.,  5  6-pdr,,  2  tubes ; 
twin  screw  ;  Hp.,  7,500=25  kts.  ;  coal,  126  ton.s. 

Oarstang,  Walter,  M.A.,  F.R.8.  (b.  Blackburn, 
Lancashire,  1868).  Educated  Blackburn  Grammar 
School  and  Jesus  College,  Cambridge.  I-ate  Fellow 
and  Lecturer  of  Lincoln  College,  Oxford  ;  assistant- 
director  of  Marine  Biological  Association,  1889-90  ; 
naturalist  to  Marine  Biological  Association,  1892- 
94  ;  delegate  of  H.M.  Government  to  International 
Conference  on  Exploration  of  the  Sea,  1901  ; 
scientific  adviser  to  British  Commissioners,  Copen- 
hagen, 1902-03,  and  Hamburg,  1904;  convener  of 
the  committee  on  Trawling  Investigations  under 
the  International  Council ;  naturalist  in  charge  of 
Sea  Fishery  Investigation  under  the  Marine 
Biological  Association  of  the  United  Kingdom  {q,vX 

Publications :  Numerous  memoirs  on  marine 
biology  and  sea  fishery'. 

Gaskets.  Platted  ropes  to  secure  the  furled  sails 
to  the  yards. 

Gatt.  Term  used  on  the  Flemish  coast  to  indi- 
cate a  channel. 

Ghuilois.  French  ist  class  battleship.  (Brest, 
1896.) 

Length  387ft.   Beam  67ft.   Maximum  draught  28ft. 
Displacement  1 1 ,260  tons.     Complement  63 1 . 
Guns.  Armour. 

4 — 12  in.  "  Harvey-nickel." 

10 — 5 '5  in.  14  in.  Belt  amidships. 

8 — 4  in.  13  in.  Turrets. 

20 — 3  pdr.  12  in.  Conning  tower. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (i  7*7  in.). 
4  Submerged. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.   14,500=18  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 1,100  tons.     Cost  ;J 1, 1 00, 000. 

Gauntlet.  A  name  applied  to  a  rope  round  the 
ship  to  the  lower  yardarms  for  drying  scrubbed 
hammocks. 

Gaoss.     Ship.     See  Antarctic  Exploration. 

Chtfelle.  German  armoured  cruiser.  (Krupp, 
1898.) 

Length  328ft.   Beam  39ft.   Maximum  draught  17ft. 
Displacement  2,650  tons.     Complement  249. 
Guns.  Armour. 

10 — 4' I  in.  "  Krupp." 

14 — I  pdr.  2  in.  Deck. 

4  Machine.  3  in.  Conning  tower. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 

1  Submerged  bow. 

2  Submerged  broadside. 

Twin  screw.  Hp.  8,500=21  kts.  Coal  maxi- 
mum 560  tons. 

G.D.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Gravendeel,  Holland. 


G.E.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Goole,  England. 

Gear.  A  name  for  the  rigging  of  any  particular 
spar  or  sail. 

Geflon.    German  armoured  cruiser  (1893). 
Length  334ft.   Beam  42ft.   Maximum  draught  22ft. 
Displacement  3,770  tons.     Complement  302. 
Guns.  Armour. 

10— 4*1  in.  "Steel." 

6 — 4  pdr."  I J  in.  Deck. 

8  Machine. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
2  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  forced  9,000  =  20  kts.     Coai 
maximum  750  tons. 

Geier.  German  3rd  class  cruiser.  (Wilhelms- 
haven,  1896.) 

Length  249ft.     Beam  35ft.     Draught  is^ft. 
Displacement  1,597  tons.     Complement  165. 
Guns.  Armour. 

8—4-1  in.  •'  Steel." 

7  Maxims.  3  in.  Deck  amidships. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
2  Above  water. 

Hp.    2,960=  16  kts.     Coal  300  tons. 

« 

Oeiser.     Danish  small  cruiser  (1892). 
Length  257ft.    Beam  27ft.   Maximum  draught  13ft. 
Displacement  1,290  tons.     Complement  155. 
Guns.  Armour. 

2—4*7  in.  "  Steel." 

4 — 6  pdr.  I J  in.  Deck. 

6 — I  pdr.  4  in.  Conning  tower. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
4  Above  water,  bow,  stem  and  broadside. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  natural  2,400=:  16  kts.,  forced 
3,000=  17  kts.     Coal  maximum  125  tons. 

Geiser.  German  steamer.  Lost  in  collision  with 
the  steamer  Thingralla,  off  Sable  Island,  North 
Atiantic,  August  14,  1888  ;  105  lives  Lost. 

Gelderland.    Dutch  cruiser  (1899). 
Length  311ft.   Beam  48ft.   Maximum  draught  x8ft. 
Displacement  3.950  tons. 
Guns.  A  rmour. 

2—6  in.  "  Steel  "  and  "  Harvey." 

6— 4'7  in.  2  in.  Deck. 

4 — 12  pdr.  6  in.  Gun  shields. 

8 — I  pdr.  4  in.  Conning  tower. 

4  Machine. 

Torpedo  Tubes, 
3  Above  water. 
I  Submeii^ed  bow. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  10,000=20  kts.    Coal  maxi- 
mum 970  tons. 

General  AdmiraL  Russian  armoured  cruiser. 
(St.  Petersburg,  1875.) 

Length  285  ft.    Beam  49ft.    Draught  21ft. 
Displacement  4,725  tons.    Complement  312. 


GENERAL 


239 


GENERAL 


Owns,  Armour, 

6— «  in.  "  Steel." 

2 — 6  in.  6  in.  Belt  amidships. 

10  q.i 

Torpedo  Tubes, 

4  Above  water. 

Hp.  4»4723si4  kts.     Coal  1,000  tons. 

General  Admiral  Oral  Aprakain.  See  Okinoshima. 
Russian  coast  service  battleship.  Captured  by  the 
Japanese  at  the  battle  of  Tsushima,  May  27-29, 
1905. 

General  Alvada.  U.S.  gun-boat  (1,300  tons). 
Captured  from  the  Spaniards  during  the  Spanish 
American  war.     Of  little  fighting  value. 

GeiMral  Averaga  may  be  explained  as  a  contribu- 
tion to  defray  the  cost  of  all  loss  or  a  sacrifice 
deUbermtely,  judiciously,  and  voluntarHy  made  for 
the  ben^t  of  a^l  the  interests  involved ;  and»  as 
all  benefit  by  it,  all  share  its  cost.  (Birkley  v. 
Ptesgrove,  i  East  228.) 

Such  losses  as  jettison  {g.v.)  of  cargo  to  prevent  a 
ship  foundering,  or  cutting  away  of  masts  to  right  a 
sh^  on  her  beam  ends,  or  towing  a  disabled  vessel 
into  a  place  of  safety,  might  be  given  as  illustration 
of  General  Average. 

The  sacrifices  or  expenditure  must  be  extra- 
ordinary  in  kind;  if  it  is  only  extraordinary  in 
degree  it  is  not  General  Average. 

A  General  Average  musi  arise  from  some  inien- 
Hanoi  act  performed  to  save  all  interests  concerned, 
the  act  being,  as  a  rule,  the  only  alternative  of 
saving  what  is  at  risk.  It  is  an  intentional  act  on 
the  part  of  man — a  deliberate  sacrifice  to  meet 
the  crisis,  as  distinguished  from,  say,  the  natural 
elements. 

The  sacrifice  or  expenditure  must  result  from 
what  the  captain  does  for  all — ^not  as  agent  for  the 
shipowners  only.  If  the  motive  is  the  latter  alone, 
it  is  not  General  Average.  The  owner  has  given 
him  charge  o^  the  ship,  with  authority  to  use,  on 
his  behalf,  everything  belonging  to  her  for  its  own 
proper  work  under  whatever  emergencies,  and  to 
whatever  extent,  the  carrying  out  of  his  contract 
may  require ;  he  has  placed  under  his  command  a 
crew  whose  services  are  to  be  employed  in  that  work ; 
however  protracted  the  voyage  may  prove,  and,  as 
the  ship  must  at  first  be  and  then  be  kept  sea- 
worthy, the  owner  under  his  contract  impliedly 
authorises  the  master  to  incur  expense  in  making 
needful  repairs.  In  all  this  the  captain  is  merely 
acting  as  agent  for  the  owner. 

If  in  a  storm,  the  ship  on  her  beam  ends  and 
going  over,  the  master  jettisons  cargo  to  right  her, 
ifuU  is  a  General  Average  act.  If,  instead  of  this, 
the  sea  washed  out  cargo,  or  snapped  asunder  the 
masts  and  rigging,  this  loss,  no  matter  who  gained 
by  it,  would  not  be  General  Average — ^it  would  fall 
akme^om  the  interests  carried  away  or  sacrificed. 

Hire  of  extra  hands  to  pump  a  ship  alter  spring- 
ing a  leak  is  allowed  in  General  Average  both  in 


England  and  America,  but  the  escpense  of  hiring 
extra  hands  in  the  room  of  those  who  have  deserted 
is  not  allowed,  nor  are  gratuities  promised  to  seamen 
in  order  to  encourage  them  to  do  their  duty,  for 
such  promise  is  in  law  entirely  void. 

Ransom  to  an  enemy  is  now  prohibited  in  this 
country  by  positive  law ;  this  extends,  however,  only 
to  enemies,  not  to  pirates  or  plunderers.  It  is 
pretty  certain  that  any  money  paid  to  them  by  the 
captains  in  order  to  induce  them  to  liberate  the 
ship  and  the  rest  of  the  cargo  would  be  General 
Average. 

If  goods  be  vcduntarily  and  without  fraud  given 
up  to  pirates  by  way  of  composition,  it  is  a  loss 
claimable  under  General  Average.  If.  however, 
they  are  forcibly  taken  and  plundered,  it  is  not 
claimable  as  General  Average. 

When  in  the  course  of  a  voyage,  in  order  to^save 
a  ship  from  foundering,  to  float  her  after  stranding, 
or  enable  her  to  make  a  port  of  distress,  part  of  the 
cargo  is  put  into  boats  and  lighters,  and  lost  before 
reaching  the  shore,  such  loss  is  claimable  under 
General  Average. 

If  cables  are  cut  or  anchors  abandoned  in  order  to 
avoid  a  peril  involving  a  Total  Loss,  as  for  the  pur- 
pose of  putting  to  sea  in  order  to  avoid  a  lee  shore  in 
a  gale  of  wind,  it  is  a  General  Average  loss.  If 
they  are  cut  simply  to  enable  the  ship  to  pursue 
her  voyage,  and  not  because  of  peril,  it  is  not 
General  Average. 

But,  in  case  of  unforeseen  danger  which  sweeps  all 
ordinary  rules  before  it,  this  limited  authority 
passes  into  the  larger  discretion  possessed  by  the 
captain  as  agent  on  behalf  of  all.  He  may  then, 
in  case  of  need,  consign  to  destruction  this  or  that 
portion  of  the  property  in  order  to  preserve  the 
remainder,  or  he  may  engage  salvors,  and  incur 
an  expenditure  extraordinary  in  its  nature  and 
unlimited  in  its  amount,  or  at  the  utmost  limited 
only  by  the  value  of  the  entire  property.  This  he 
may  do,  if  by  that  means  the  property  can  be 
brought  into  safety. 

Still,  this  agency  of  his  is  strictly  limited  to  that 
which  first  called  it  into  being,  viz.,  the  necessity 
of  removing  an  unforeseen  danger  or  loss,  and  the 
expense  resulting  from  what  is  done  under  such 
forced  agency  on  behalf  of  all  must  be  borne  pro- 
portionately by  all  in  common. 

To  maintain  a  salvage  claim  for  General  Average 
the  operation  must  be  for  the  benefit  of  all  the 
interests. 

A  ship  ran  ashore  in  Malahide  Bay.  In  order 
to  get  her  ofE,  the  entire  cargo  was  discharged; 
and  afterwards,  by  a  s^arate  operation,  con- 
siderable escpense  was  incurred  in  floating  her  off, 
and  towing  her  to  Liverpool  for  repairs.  The 
Court  of  Queen's  Bench  held  that  this  latter  ex- 
pense was  not  General  Average,  but  a  Particular 
Average  on  ship  alone. 

In  like  manner  it  was  held  that  when  a  ship  with 
her  cargo  on  board  had  been  driven  on  shore  at 


GENERAL 


240 


GENERAL 


Calcutta  by  a  cyclone,  and,  after  her  cargo  and 
rigging  had  been  unshipped,  the  vessel  herself  was 
dug  out  at  an  expense  of  ^£2,300,  this  expense  was 
not  recoverable  as  General  Average,  the  cargo 
having  been  in  safety  before  it  was  incurred. 

Where,  however,  all  that  is  done  towards  salving 
the  ship  is  one  continuous  operation,  commenced, 
carried  on,  and  completed  for  the  purpose  of  saving 
both  ship  and  cargo,  it  has  been  held  that  the  cargo 
contributes  to  the  entire  expense,  although  part 
may  have  been  incurred  after  its  discharge. 

All  that  is  ultimately  saved  out  of  the  venture, 
ship,  freight,  and  cargo  contributes  to^make  good 
the  General  Average  Loss,  provided  it  was  actually 
at  risk  at  the  time  the  General  Average  took  place. 

Goods  landed  before  a  jettison  do  not  contribute 

to  that  jettison,  because  they  were  not  exposed  to 

.the  risk  and  were  not  saved  by  it.     Nor  for  the 

same  reason  do  goods  taken  .on  board  after  the 

jettison. 

For  purposes  of  Assessment  the  property  sacri- 
ficed for  the  general  benefit  is  regarded  as  though 
it  had  never  been  lost,  but  actually  were  a  portion 
of  the  cargo  on  which  the  contribution  is  assessed. 
Its  supposed  value  is  assumed,  and  in  proportion 
to  that  amount  it  pays  its  full  share  of  the  loss. 

Money  paid  for  wages  and  provisions  for  the  crew 
during  the  delay  at  port  of  refuge  is  not  claimable 
either  as  General  Average  or  Particular  Average. 
It  falls  entirely  on  the  shipowner,  because  he  is 
bound  by  his  contract,  and  as  part  of  the  considera- 
tion for  freight,  to  keep  a  competent  crew  on  board 
from  the  commencement  to  the  end  of  the  voyage. 
In  one  English  case,  indeed,  when  a  ship  "  put  in  " 
to  refit  in  consequence  of  a  Particular  Average  loss, 
and  the  crew  were  discharged  immediately  on  her 
entering  the  port  in  distress,  but  afterwards  hired  by 
the  master  to  work  at  the  repairs,  not  as  sailors, 
but  as  labourers,  it  was  held  that  their  wages  and 
provisions  during  the  delay  in  refitting  might  be 
brought  into  General  Average.    The  weight  of  this 
authority  is,  however,  not  great.     It  has  never 
been  followed.     There  is  nothing  in  the  fact  of 
putting  into  a  port  in  distress  to  discharge  the 
owners'  contract  of  affreightment,  and  while  that 
remains  entire,  the  obligation  imposed  of  keeping 
and   paying   a   competent   crew    throughout   the 
voyage  is  not  released.     Such  expenses  are,  how- 
ever, admitted  as  General  Average  in  the  United 
States,  and  also  by  the  French  Code,  provided  the 
loss  to  be  repaired  is  General  Average,  and  the  ship 
is   freighted   by   the    month.     Continental   Codes 
generally  admit  them  also,  although,  perhaps,  there 
is  hardly  any  point  even  in  the  perplexed  doctrine 
of  General  Average  in  which  there  is  greater  diversi- 
ty in  positive  laws. 

The  Court  of  Appeal  has  decided  that  the  ex- 
penses of  warehousing  and  reloading  goods  neces- 
sarily discharged  at  a  port  of  refuge  to  permit  the 
canying  on  of  repairs,  pilotage,  and  other  necessary 
outward    expenses  are,  equally  with  the   inward 


charges  and  cost  of  discharge,  recoverable  as 
General  Average.  (Attwood  v.  Seller,  L.R.  4 
Q.B.D.  342  ;    5  Q.B.D.  286.) 

But  in  the  case  of  a  vessel  which  put  back  leaky 
to  her  port  ofjTdeparture  for  the  common  safety, 
the  House  of  Lords  held  that  when  a  vessel  puts  in 
to  repair  such  injury  as  this,  in  the  nature  of 
a  Particular  Average,  the  cost  of  reloading  the  cargo 
is  not  recoverable  in  general  average,  but  forms  a 
particular  charge  on  freight.  (Svendsen  v.  Wall- 
see,  L.R.  10  App.  Cas.  404.) 

Values  made  good, — Goods,  as  a  rule,  ought  to 
be  contributed  for  on  the  same  value  at  which  they 
would  have  contributed.  In  most  cases  that  is  the 
net  value  they  would  have  sold  for  at  their  port  of 
destination,  deducting  freight,  duty,  and  landing 
charges,  unless  the  cause  of  the  General  Average 
contribution  be  so  near  the  outset  of  the  voyage 
that  the  adjustment  is  made  at  the  port  of  departure. 
In  that  case,  their  value  is  naturally  assumed  to  be 
their  cost  price,  including  shipping  charges,  but 
not  premiums  of  insurance.  But  if  the  ship  does  not 
reach  its  destination,  and  the  adjustment  is  settled 
at  an  intermediate  port,  the  loss  to  be  made  good  is 
their  net  value  there. 

In  other  words,  the  amount  of  damage  done  in 
and  by  the  act  of  jettison  is  to  be  estimated  for  the 
purposes  of  adjustment  by  deducting  their  net  pro- 
ceeds, as  damaged,  from  what  would  have  been 
their  net  proceeds  if  sound. 

Damage  done  to  goods  or  merchandise  by  water 
which  unavoidably  goes  down  a  ship's  hatchway 
or  other  place  opened  to  jettison  cargo  during  a 
gale  is  now  allowed  in  General  Average,  as  is  also 
damage  from  same  cause  to  cargo  broken  or  chafed 
by  derangement  of  stowage. 

Damage  done  to  ship  or  cargo  by  water  or  other- 
wise in  extinguishing  a  fire  on  board  the  ship  is 
allowed  in  General  Average,  but  no  compensation 
is  made  in  General  Average  for  damage  done  by 
water  to  packages  which  have  been  on  fire. 

If  the  freight  has  been  absolutely  prepaid,  then 
the  advantage  is  transferred  from  the  owner  of  the 
ship  to  the  owner  of  the  goods.  The  value  of  the 
goods  is  increased  by  the  amount  of  freight  paid  on 
them.  In  such  a  case  the  shipowner  does  not 
contribute  in  respect  of  the  freight,  the  freight  is  not 
deducted  from  the  market  value  of  the  goods,  when 
that  is  the  basis  of  contribution,  and  if  the  goods 
contribute  on  their  invoice  cost  the  advance  freight 
must  be  added  to  it.  The  York-Antwerp  Rule 
reads  :  "In  every  case  in  which  a  sacrifice  of  cargo 
is  made  good  as  General  Average,  the  loss  of  freight 
(if  any)  which  is  caused  by  the  loss  of  cargo  shall 
be  likewise  made  good." 

Cargo  contributes  on  its  net  market  value  at  the 
date  of  delivery,  or  at  the  time  and  place  which 
form  the  basis  of  adjustment,  deducting  therefrom 
such  expenses  as  the  merchant  must  incur  in  the 
event  of  delivery,  and  will  escape  from  in  the  event 
of  Total  Loss — that  is  the  discount,  freight,  landing 


GENERAL 


241 


GENERAL 


tnd  warehousing  charges  and  brokerage.  In  other 
▼ords,  they  are  allowed  for  as  if  they  had  not  been 
sacrificed  (York- Antwerp  Rule).  The  cost  of 
marine  insurance  is  not  to  be  deducted.  Sales 
afloat  are  disregarded,  as  being  speculations  which 
cannot  affect  third  parties.  If  the  cargo  is  damaged, 
it  contributes  on  its  damaged  value  only. 

Sailors'  wages  do  not  contribute. 

Provisions  put  on  board  by  the  shipowner  are 
covered  under  "  Ship,"  and  consequently  contri- 
bute under  that  head ;  or,  if  for  passengers,  then 
under  "  Passage  Money  "  or  "  Freight  "  ;  but  if 
the  provisions  are  put  on  board  a  chartered  vessel 
by  the  shipper.  General  Average  is  usually  assessed 
on  what  remains  unconsumed  at  the  end  of  the 
voyage. 

Wearing  apparel,  jewels,  etc.,  if  attached  to  the 
person  do  not  contribute,  nor  does  ordinary 
passenger's  baggage. 

Gold  and  silver,  jewels,  precious  stones,  etc., 
contribute  if  not  carried  on  the  person  or  forming 
part  of  the  wearing  appareL 

Bank  notes,  being  not  so  much  property  as 
evidence  of  property,  Phillips  thinks  ought  not  to 
contribute.  Weskitt  and  Amould,  on  the  other 
hand,  think  they  should. 

The  clause  **  To  pay  general  average  according 
to  foreign  statement  if  so  made  up,"  or  words  to 
that  effect,  are  now  usually  inserted  in  policies.  By 
this  clause  the  underwriter  agrees  to  pay  on  an 
adjustment  made  abroad,  and  according  to  the 
general  average  thereat.  (Harris  v,  Scaramanger, 
L.T.  Rep.  V.  26,  p.  801  ;  Greer  v.  Poole,  4,  Asp. 
Mar.  L.C.  300.  See  Lowndes  on  "General 
Average "  where  the  differences  in  foreign  and 
English  law  are  given  in  detail.) 

General  Baiiaedano.  Chilian  cruiser.  (Elswick, 
1898.)  Length,  240  ft. ;  beam,  46  ft. ;  mean 
draught,  18  ft. ;  displacement,  2,330  tons ;  com- 
plement, 302 ;  armament,  4  4'7-in.,  2  12-pdr.,  2 
6-pdr.,  2  Maxims ;  Hp.,  1,500=13  kts. ;  coal,  200 
tons.     This  vessel  is  now  used  as  a  training  ship. 

General  Belgiano.  Argentine  armoured  cruiser. 
(Leghorn,  1897.) 

Length  328ft.  Beam  59ft.  Maximum  draught  26ft. 
Displacement  7,000  tons.    Complement  500. 


Guns, 
2 — 10  in. 

14 — 6  in, 
2 — 12  pdr. 

10 — 6  pdr. 

12 — I  pdr. 


Armour, 
"  Temi." 

6  in.  Belt  amidships. 
6  in.  Barbettes. 
6  in.  Conning  tower. 


Torpedo  Tubes. 
4  Above  water. 


Twin  screw.     Hp.  13,000=20  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 1,000  tons. 

General  Claiuee.    See  Clauses. 

General  Ckmeba*    Spanish  gun-boat.      (Ferrol, 
18S4.)    Length,  157  f t. ;  beam,  25I  ft. ;   draught, 


8^  ft. ;  displacement,  515  tons  ;  complement,  93  ; 
armament,  3  4'7-in.,  2  q.f.,  i  tube ;  Hp.,  600= 
1 1  kts. ;  coal,  80  tons. 

General  Grant  In  May,  1866,  this  vessel,  on  a 
voyage  from  Melbourne  to  London,  was  wrecked  off 
the  Auckland  Isles,  when  87  perished. 

General  linaies.    Spanish  cruiser  (1903). 
Length  246ft.   Beam  35ft.  Maximum  draught  16ft. 
Displacement  1,713  tons.     Complement  213. 
Guns.  Armour, 

2—5-5  in-  "  Steel." 

4 — 4  in.  1 J  in.  Deck. 

6 — 6  pdr. 
4 — I  pdr. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.   6,793  =  20  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 260  tons. 

General  San  ifn^Hw  Argentine  armoured  cruiser. 
(Leghorn,  1896.) 

Length  328ft.    Beam  60ft.    Maximum  draught  24ft. 
Displacement  3,723  tons.    Complement  500. 
Guns.  Armour. 

4 — 8  in.  "  Harvey  steel." 

10—6  in.  6  in.  Deck  amidships. 

6 — 4*7  in.  6  in.  Bulkheads. 

12 — 2*2  in.  6  in.  Barbettes. 

« 

6  in.  Turrets, 
Torpedo  Tubes. 
4  Submerged. 
Hp.  13,000  =  19  kts.     Coal  1,100  tons. 

General  Ship.  Where  separate  contracts,  usually 
by  Bill  of  Lading  {q.v.),  have  been  entered  into 
between  a  master  or  shipowner  and  each  shipper,  for 
the  conveyance  of  his  goods  to  the  ship's  port  of 
destination,  the  ship  carrying  such  goods  is  called  a 
general  ship,  as  opposed  to  a  chartered  ship — i.e.,  a 
ship  let  to  one  or  more  persons  under  a  contract  of 
affreightment  {q.v.). 

Ctoneral  fflooom.  On  June  15,  1904,  this  vessel 
caught  fire  while  carrying  a  large  number  of  excur- 
sionists on  the  Hudson  River,  U.S.A.,  when  over 
1,000  persons  perished.  Captain  William  Van 
Schaick,  who  was  in  command,  was  convicted  of 
partial  responsibility  for  the  disaster,  and  sentenced 
to  10  years'  imprisonment  on  January  8,  1906. 

General  Steam  Navigation  Co.,  Ltd.  Established 
in  1824,  incorporated  by  Act  of  ParUament.  1834, 
and  incorporated  under  the  Companies  Acts  (1862- 
1900)  in  1902,  is  essentially  a  London  institution, 
believed  to  be  the  oldest  steamship  company  in  the 
world,  and  the  pioneer  of  steam  shipping  on  the 
Thames.  The  first  steamer  was  launched  in  1821, 
and  in  1832  the  Monarch,  a  vessel  of  1,200  tons, 
was  considered  a  gigantic  steamboat.  Besides  the 
East  Coast  services  to  Scotland,  Continental 
trades  are  served  between  Hamburg  in  the  North 
and  Bordeaux  in  the  South  ;  other  lines  extending 
to  the  Mediterranean,  Adriatic,  Levant,  and  Black 
Sea.    They  also  run  a  well-known  service  of  summer 


GENUINE 


242 


G.H. 


passenger  steamers   between   London,   Southend, 
Margate,  Ramsgate,  and  Yarmouth. 

Genuine  intereet  See  Honour  Policy ;  also 
Interest. 

George  Canning.  Hamburg  and  New  York 
packet.  On  January  i.  1855,  this  vessel  was  lost 
near  the  mouth  of  the  Elbe,  when  96  people  perished. 

Georgia.  U.S.  ist  class  battleship.  (Bath  Iron- 
works, 1904.) 

Length  435ft.    Beam  76ft.    Maximum  draught  26ft. 
Displacement  1 5 , 320  tons.     Complement  703. 
Guns.  Armour, 

4 — 12  in.,  40  cal.        "  Krupp  "  and 
8—8  in.  "  Harvey-nickel. " 

12 — 6  in.  II  in.  Belt  amidships. 

X  2 — 1 4  pdr.  I  o  in.  Turrets. 

12 — 3  pdr.  10  in.  Barbettes. 

4 — I  pdr.  9  in.  Conning  tower. 

8  Colts. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
4  Submerged. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  19,000=19  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 1,900  tons.    Cost  jf 1, 300,000. 

Georgi  Pobedondseti.  Russian  battleship,  Black 
Sea.     (Sebastopol,  1896.) 

Length  320ft.    Beam  69ft.    Draught  zS^it, 
Displacement  10,280  tons.     Complement  500. 
Guns.  Armour, 

6 — 12  in.  "  Harvey  steel." 

7 — 6  in.  16  in.  Belt  amidships. 

8 — 3*9  in.  12  in.  Barbettes. 

6  Maxims.  12  in.  Turrets. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
7  Above  water. 
Hp.  13,500=16  kts.     Coal  700  tons. 

Ger.     Abbreviation  lor  German. 

Gerda.  Swedish  armoured  gun -boat.  Displace- 
ment, 460  tons. 

Gerlaohe,  Oaptaitt  de.     See  Antarctic  Exploration. 

German-Australian  Steamship  Co.,  Hamburg 
(Deutsch-Australische  Dampfschiifs-Gesellschaft) , 
was  founded  in  1888,  and  incorporated  in  September 
of  that  year.  The  capital  was  about  ;f2oo,ooo,  in 
shares  of  ^^50,  and  about  ;f  100,000  debentures. 
Seven  new  steamers  were  ordered  for  a  regular 
service  between  Hamburg,  Antweip  and  Australia 
(Adelaide,  Melbourne  and  Sydney),  with  a  capacity 
of  3,600/4,000  tons  d.w.,  and  a  speed  of  10  to  10^ 
kts.  The  service  was  started  in  July,  1889.  with 
the  steamer  Eiberfeld» 

The  fleet  has  been  gradoally  increased,  and  at  the 
present  moment  comprises  29  steamers,  of  130,500 
registered  tons,  with  an  average  speed  of  about 
12  kts.; 

'  After  having  in  the  first  years  limited  the  trade  to 
Australia,  it  was  extended  in  the  course  of  time  to 
South  Africa  (Cape  Colony),  and  Netherland  Indies, 
and  home  via  the  Straits  and  British  India,  the 


eastern  and  western  ports  of  Australia  being  served 
by  separate  lines.  There  are  three  regular  lines 
maintained  at  present,  vu,  : 

Line  z. — ^From  Hamburg,  Rotterdam  and  Ant- 
werp (every  four  weeks)  to  Cape  Town,  Algoa  Bay, 
Melbourne,  Sydney,  Brisbane  and  homewards  from 
Australia,  via  Colombo,  to  Antwerp  and  Hamburg. 

Line  2. — From  Hamburg,  Rotterdam  and  Ant- 
werp (every  three  weeks)  to  East  London,  Fre- 
mantle,  Adelaide.  Batavia,  Sa  ma  rang,  Sourabaya 
and  homewards,  via  Malabar  Coast  to  Marseilles, 
Amsterdam  and  Hambnrg. 

Line  3. — ^Fxom  Hamburg,  Antwerp  and  Lisbon 
(every  four  weeks)  to  Cape  Town,  Algoa  Bay,  Mel- 
bourne, Sydney,  Townsville,  Macassar,  Sourabaya, 
Tjilatjap  and  Padang,  and  homewards  to  Marseilles, 
Amsterdam  and  Hamburg. 

From  Norwegian  and  Swedish  ports  a  service  is 
maintained  as  inducement  offers,  but  not  at  fixed 
dates. 

German  Bast  Afriea  line.  See  Deutsche  Ost 
Afrika  Linie. 

Ctormania.  Mail  packet.  On  December  21, 
1872,  this  vessel  was  wrecked  off  La  Rochelle,  when 
24  persons  perished. 

Germania.  Dr.  Petermann,  of  Gotha,  at  his 
own  risk  and  expense,  fitted  out  this  vessel,  com- 
manded by  Captain  Koldewey,  and  sailed  from 
Bergen,  May,  1868.  Her  cruise  extended  to  Hin- 
lopen  Strait,  in  Spitzbergen.  Refer  to  Arctic 
Exploration. 

Gernuui  Lnperial  Teehi  (Anb.  See  KaiserUcher 
Yacht  Qub. 

German  Levante  Steamship  Ck>.  See  Deutsche 
Levante  Line. 

German  Ooean.    See  North  Sea. 

German  Steamship  Co.,  of  Galatea,  which  is 
partly  a  Government  concern,  have  a  fleet  of 
64  steamers,  about  47,000  gross  tons,  which  main- 
tain sailings  from  Constantinople  to  the  Asiatic 
coast  of  the  Black  Sea,  and  also  to  the  Syrian 
coast. 

Gerrits,  Dirk.    See  Antarctic  Exploration. 

Gertsog  EdinbodrskL  Russian  armoured  cruiser. 
(St.  Petersburg,  1877.) 

Length  285  ft.   Beam  49ft.   Maximum  draught  21ft. 
Displacement  5,000  tons.     Complement  500. 

Guns.  Armour. 

4—8  in.  "  Steel." 

5 — 6  in.  6  in.  Belt  amidships. 

12  q.f.  6  in.  Big  gun  shields. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
2  Above  water. 
[Hp.  5,200=15  kts.     Coal  1,000  tons. 

G.G.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Geertruidenberg,  Holland. 

G.H.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Grangemouth,  Scotland. 


GHARAWA 


243 


GILCHRIST 


OhaiAwa.    Small  Zan2ibar  oiitrigged  boat. 

Gib.    A  forelock. 

Qibraltar.  British  ist  class  cruiser.  (Glasgow. 
1892.) 

Length  360ft.  Beam  60ft.  Maximum  draught  26ft. 
Displacement  7,700  tons.     Complement  540. 
Guns,  Armour. 

2^9*2  in.  "  Steel." 

10 — 6  in.  5  in.  Deck. 

12 — 5  pdr.  12  in.  Conning  tower. 

5—3  pdr- 
2  Maxims. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 

2  Submerged. 

Twin  screw.  Hp.  natural  10,000=18*5  *^*^'' 
forced  12,000=19*5  kts.  Coal  maximum,  1,250 
tons.     Approximate  cost  ;£43o,ooo. 

This  ship-name  is  associated  with  Boscawen's 
action  of!  Lagos,  1759 ;  capture  of  Spanish  prize, 
Fenix,  which  was  renamed  Gibraltar,  1780  ;  Hughes 
against  De  Su£Fren  off  Cuddalore,  1783  ;  the  battle 
of  "  The  Glorious  First  of  June,"  1794  ;  Hotham's 
action  off  Hydres.  1795 ;  attack  on  French  in 
Basque  Roads,  1809. 

Gibraltar  Taoht  dab.  Established  1837.  Flag  : 
Blue  ensign  with  castle.  Burgee :  White,  blue 
cross,  castle  in  centre.  Commodore,  Rear-Admiral 
Sir  Edward  Chichester ;  Vice-Commodore,  G.  O. 
Spratt ;  Rear>Commodore,  Captain  D.  Ketchen  ; 
Honorary  Secretary  and  Treasurer,  H.  S.  Snook. 
Annual  subscription,  los. 

Gibson,  Joseph  Hamflton.  Marine  engineer. 
Served  apprenticeship  with  Messrs.  Laird  Brothers ; 
obtained  a  Whitworth  Exhibitioner  in  1892,  taking 
honours  in  machine  construction,  steam,  and  geo- 
metry, and  in  the  following  year  obtained  the 
Whitworth  medal ;  was  for  four  years  lecturer  on 
engineering  at  the  Liverpool  School  of  Science  and 
the  Birkenhead  Municipal  Technical  Qasses ;  in 
1889  was  appointed  chief  draughtsman  in  the 
engineer's  drawing  office  of  Messrs.  Cammell,  Laird 
and  Co.,  Birkenhead  ;  he  is  associated  with  various 
improvements  in  modem  marine  engine  practice, 
notably  the  "  FlexiUe  Seated  Stop  and  Equili- 
brium Valves  "  for  large  power  and  high  steam 
pressure ;  is  the  inventor  of  a  system  of  machine 
cutting  bevU  and  worm  glass ;  member  of  the 
Institution  of  the  North-East  Coast  of  Engineers 
and  Shipbuilders. 

Gibson,  Georga,  and  Ck>.,  with  their  head  office 
in  Leith,  began  running  ships  between  Leith  and 
Hotterdam  towards  the  end  of  the  eighteenth  cen- 
tury. For  50  years  or  more  the  service  was  carried 
on  by  schooners,  and  it  was  not  imtil  1850  that  the 
firm  ventured  on  building  their  first  steamer,  the 
JSalmoral,  since  which  time  larger,  more  powerful, 
faster,  and  better  equipped  steamers  have  been 
added  from  time  to  time  to  meet  the  requirements 
of  the  trade.  The  fleet  now  consists  of  14  modern 
cargo  and  passenger  steamers,  one  of  which,  the 


Durward,  holds  the  record  between  Rotterdam 
and  Leith,  made  in  June,  1904.  the  time  t)eing 
25  hours.  The  company  maintain  regular  services 
between  Leith  and  Rotterdam,  Amsterdam,  Har- 
lingen,  Antwerp ;  Ghent,  Temeuzen,  Dunkirk. 
Calais  ;  Dundee  and  Rotterdam  ;  Grangemouth  and 
Antwerp ;  and  also  from  Middlesbrough,  Newcastle, 
and  other  North  of  England  ports  as  required. 

Fleet. 

A  mulet.  Mascotte.  Peveril, 

Astrologer.  Melrose.  Quentin. 

Durward.  Nigel.  Ronan. 

Eildon.  Osborne.  Talisman. 

Heriot.  Windsor. 

Gross  tonnage.  18,200. 

Gier.     Netherlands    gun-vessel,     Indian    Navy. 
Of  no  fighting  value. 


Giflard,  Vice-Admiral  George  Angostos,  C.M.G. 

(b.  1849).  Educated  at  sea.  Entered  Navy,  1862  ; 
served  in  Arctic  Expedition,  1875-76  (Arctic  medal)  ; 
lieutenant  of  Penelope  during  Egyptian  war,  1882  ; 
(Egyptian  medal,  Khedive's  Bronze  Star)  ;  com- 
modore, 2nd  class,  in  command  of  Newfoundland 
Fisheries,  1899 ;  C.M.G.,  1902,  for  services  on 
Newfoundland  Station. 

rope.     A  rope  for  boats  at  the  guest-warp 


boom. 

Gig.     A  light,  narrow,  clinker-built  ship's  boat. 

Gilbert*  0.  Hunphrey  (b.  Nottingham,  May  26, 
1865).  Engineer-in-Chief  of  the  Chilian  Navy. 
Served  his  apprenticeship  at  Rouen,  France,  and 
in  1886  gained  a  senior  Whitworth  scholarship 
and  Admiralty  scholarship  in  marine  engineering 
at  the  Royal  Naval  School,  Greenwich.  Served  at 
sea  for  two  years,  and  then  in  the  drawing  offices 
of  Thornycroft's  and  Maudslay's,  and  was  instru- 
mental in  arranging  the  agency  of  the  Belleville 
Boiler,  taken  over  by  the  latter  firm.  While  at 
St.  Denis  he  made  a  special  study  of  the  practical 
construction  and  working  of  this  boiler  prior  to  its 
introduction  in  the  British  Navy.  In  1895  was 
appointed  Engineer-in-Chief  of  the  Chilian  Navy, 
assuming  at  a  later  date  the  additional  direction  of 
the  naval  construction  branch.  Member  of  the 
Institutions  of  Naval  Architects,  Civil  Engineers, 
and  Mechanical  Engineers. 

Gilehrist,  James  (b.  Glasgow,  February  16,  1847). 
Served  his  apprenticeship  with  Messrs.  Barclay, 
Curie  and  Co.,  and  in  1868  was  appointed  their 
head  draughtsman,  which  post  he  held  until  1876, 
when  he  was  made  manager  of  the  engineering 
department.  In  1880,  shortly  after  the  death  of 
Mr.  Robert  Curie,  he  became  a  partner  in  the 
business,  and  in  1900,  on  the  death  of  Sir  Andrew 
Maclean,  he  was  appointed  its  chairman.  He  has 
been  president  of  the  Institution  of  Engineers  and 
Shipbuilders  in  Scotland,  and  for  11  years  repre- 
sented this  institution  on  Lloyd's  Technical  Com- 


GILDER 


244 


GLASGOW 


mittee.  Member  of  the  Trades  House  of  Glasgow, 
the  Merchants'  House  of  Glasgow,  the  Chamber  of 
Commerce  of  Glasgow,  and  also  of  the  Institution  of 
Naval  Architects'. 

Gilder,  William  Henry  (1838-1900).  American 
Arctic  explorer  (b.  Philadelphia).  In  1878  he 
accompanied  Schwatka  in  his  search  for  Sir  John 
Franklin,  and  subsequently  took  part  in  the  search 
for  the  De  Long  expedition,  1881. 

Publications :  "  Schwatka 's  Search  '*  (1881),  "  Ice 
Pack  and  Tundra  "  (1883). 

GMUies,  CapteilL     See  Arctic  Exploration. 

Gillmor,  Horatio  Gonzalo  (b.  Menominee,  U.S.A., 
1870).  Naval  Constructor,  U.S.  Navy.  Entered 
the  United  States  Naval  Academy  in  1887,  and 
graduated  in  189 1.  In  the  autumn  of  that  year  he 
was  sent  by  the  United  States  Navy  Department 
to  study  naval  architecture  at  the  Royal  Naval 
College,  Greenwich,  and  after  completing  a  three 
years'  course  received  a  first-dass  professional 
certificate.  In  1894  ^®  ^^^  appointed  assistant 
Naval  Constructor  in  the  Navy  Yard,  New  York, 
and  in  1895  went  to  sea  on  the  flagship  New  York 
with  the  North  Atlantic  Fleet.  In  1896  was  ap- 
pointed surveyor  for  torpedo-vessels  building  at 
the  works  of  Messrs.  Herreshofi  Manufacturing  Co.. 
and  in  1900  came  to  England  as  surveyor  to  the 
cruiser  Albany,  which  was  being  constructed  at  the 
works  of  Sir  W.  G.  Armstrong,  Whitworth  and  Co., 
at  Newcastle.  He  returned  to  America  in  1900, 
and  is  engaged  as  surveyor  for  vessels  building  for 
the  United  States  Navy. 

Gimlwls.  A  joint  for  securing  free  motion  in 
suspension ;  used  for  suspending  a  compass,  lamp, 
or  chronometer,  so  that  it  may  always  attain  an 
equal  position  or  be  in  equilibrium. 

Gin.    See  Gyn. 

Giovamiii  BaOBan.  Small  Italian  cruiser.  (Els- 
wick,  1883.) 

Length  278ft.   Beam  42ft.  Maximum  draught  19ft. 
Displacement  3,330  tons.     Complement  295. 

Guns,  Armour. 

6—6  in.  "  Steel." 

4 — 6  pdr,  i^  in.  Deck. 

8 — I  pdr.  2  in.  Conning  tower. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
I  Submerged  bow. 
3  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  6,550=17*5  kts.     Coal  normal 
600  tons.     Cost  ;^225,ooo. 

Qipgy.  British  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Fair- 
field, 1897.)  Length,  227  ft. ;  beam,  22  ft.  ; 
draught,  9  ft. ;  displacement,  300  tons ;  comple- 
ment, 60 ;  armament,  i  12-pdr.,  5  6-pdr.,  2  tubes ; 
twin  screw  ;  Hp.,  6,000=30  kts.  ;  coal,  80  tons. 

GMrdle.     Planking  over  the  wales  or  bends. 


Gizd-linei.  Ropes  by  which  the  threads  are 
triced  up  on  a  mast. 

CHrefoL  Roumanian  gun-boat  (1880).  For  use 
on  the  Danube.  Displacement,  about  100  tons ; 
armament,  2  6-pdr.,  i  i-pdr. ;  speed,  about  10  kts. 

Girt.  The  situation  of  a  ship  when  prevented 
from  swinging  to  the  wind  or  tide  by  being  moored 
taut. 

Giuseppe  GaribaldL  Italian  armoured  cruiser. 
(Sestri  Ponente,  1901.) 

Length  334it.     Beam  60ft.     Draught  23^ft. 
Displacement  7,294  tons.    Complement  540. 

Guns.  Armour. 

I— 10  in.  "  Harvey  Sted." 

2 — 8  in.  6  in.  Belt  amidships. 

14—^  in.  6  in.  Barbettes. 

10—2*9  in.  6  in.  Turrets. 

6 — I '8  in. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 

4  Submerged. 

Hp.  14,7008=20  kts.     Coal  1,200  tons. 

G.K.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Greenock,  Scotland. 

gL  Globigerina.  Abbreviation  adopted  on  the 
charts  issued  by  the  Hydrographic  Office,  Ad- 
miralty, denoting  the  quality  of  the  ocean's  bottom. 

Gladiator.  British  2nd  class  cruiser.  (Ports- 
mouth, 1896.) 

Length  320ft.   Beam  57ft.  Maximum  draught  24ft. 
Displacement  5,750  tons.    Complement  480. 
Guns,  Armour. 

10—6  in.  2  in.  Belt  bow. 

8 — 12  pdr.  3  in.  Deck. 

I — 12  pdr.,  8  cvrt.     9  in.  Conning  tower. 
3—3  pdr. 
2  Maxims. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
2  Submerged. 
I  Above  water  stem. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.   10,000^19  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 1. 1 75  tons.     Approximate  cost  ^300,000. 

Glaive.  French  torpedo-boat  destrojrer.  Length, 
190  ft ;  beam,  21  ft. ;  draught,  9}  ft. ;  displace- 
ment, 431  tons ;  complement,  48 ;  guns,  i  9-pdr.. 
6  3-pdr. ;  torpedo  tubes,  2  i77-in. ;  speed,  37- 
30  kts. 

Glasgow  and  Highland   Royal  Kail  Bteamen, 

belonging  to  Messrs.  David  MacBrayne  and  Sons, 
established  about  60  years  ago,  comprise  a  fleet  of 
30  steamers,  which  maintain  passenger,  mail,  and 
cargo  service  from  Glasgow,  Greenock,  Oban,  Bella- 
chuUsh,  Pt.  William,  Pt.  Augustus,  Inverness, 
Mallaig,  and  Kyle  to  Loch  Alsh,  and  to  practically 
the  whole  seaboard  of  the  western  highlands  of 
Scotland. 

Glasgow  and  Bontii-Westam  Bailway  Oo.,  Ud^ 

own  an  excellent  fleet  of  1 1  paddle-wheel  steamers. 


GLASGOW 


245 


GLASGOW 


the  latest  addition,  the  Atalania,  having  turbine 
engioes.  A  service  is  maintained  all  the  year 
round  between  Glasgow,  Greenock,  and  Dunoon, 
Rothesay,  Kyles  of  Bate,  Lochgoilhead,  and  Holy 
Loch,  and  in  summer  between  Glasgow  and  Arran, 
Ayr,  Stranraer,  Arrochar.  A  service  all  the  year 
round  between  Ardrossan,  Brodick,  Lamlash,  King's 
Cross,  and  Whiting  Bay.  A  service  from  April  i 
to  September  30  between  Fairlie  and  Millport, 
KOchattan  Bay  and  Rothesay. 

Fleet. 

Atalanta.  Jupiisr,  Minerva. 

Glen  Rosa,  Maro.  Neptune. 

Glen  Sannox.  Mercury.  Viceroy. 

Juno.  Vulcan. 

Glasgow,  Dablin  and  LondondBRy  Steam  Packet 
Co.,  Ltd.,  with  their  head  offices  in  Glasgow,  have 
a  fleet  of  10  first-class  steamers,  which  carry  pas- 
sengers and  cargo  at  regular  intervals  from  Glasgow 
and  Greenock  to  Dublin,  Londonderry,  Coleraine, 
Sligo  Bay,  Ballina,  and  Westport.  During  the 
summer  season  the  company  runs  a  daylight  service 
from  Glasgow  to  Ardrossan  and  Portrush.  They 
also  maintain  services  between  Heysham  and 
Dublin,  and  Heysham  and  Londonderry,  and  a 
service  from  Liverpool  to  Lame  and  Westport. 

Fleet. 
Azalea,  Daisy,  Olive. 

Brier.  Elm.  Rose. 

Cedar.  Fern.  Thistle. 

Lily, 

Glasgow,  Port  oL  At  the  present  day  the  Clyde 
navigation  consists  of  18^  miles  of  river  trans- 
formed into  a  great  navigable  highway.  Within 
the  harbour  there  are  three  tidal  docks,  providing, 
with  the  riverside  quays,  over  SJ  miles  of  berthage. 

Although  as  early  as  the  middle  of  the  sixteenth 
century  the  citizens  of  the  riverside  burghs  made 
some  attempts  to  deepen  the  fords,  and  50  years 
later  the  municipality  began  to  improve  the  river, 
it  was  practically  still  in  a  state  of  nature  in  1755. 
Thfc-e  were  then  in  the  5  J  miles  between  Glasgow 
and  Renfrew  12  shoals,  one  having  only  15  in. 
at  low  water,  and  four  only  18  in.  each ;  but, 
carrying  out  an  Act  obtained  in  1770  authorising 
deepening  to  at  least  7  ft.  at  low  water,  Golborne, 
of  Chester,  who  had  previously  reported,  got  a 
contract  in  1772  from  the  municipality  to  deepen 
the  Dumbuck  Ford  to  at  least  6  ft.,  and  actually 
accomplished  a  depth  of  7  ft.  This,  on  a  visit 
made  by  him  in  1781,  was  found  to  have  become 
14  ft.  through  the  increased  scour  of  the  river, 
produced  by  the  contraction  of  the  stream  by 
jetties. 

The  next  step  towards  further  deepening  was 
taken  under  the  Act  of  1809,  authorising  at  least 
9  ft.  at  low  water,  and  the  third  advance  was 
authorised  by  the  Act  of  1825,  sanctioning  at  least 
13  ft.  at  low  water. 


The  next  Act  dealing  with  the  improvement  of 
the  river  was  that  of  1840,  authorising  the  deepen- 
ing of  the  harbour  and  river  throughout  to  at  least 
17  ft.  at  neap  tides,  and  laying  down  lines  for 
further  widening. 

The  most  serious  natural  obstacle  in  the  later 
deepening  of  the  river  was  the  Elderslie  Rock, 
discovered  in  1854  by  the  grounding  of  a  vessel. 
The  rock,  which  was  found  at  a  depth  of  8  ft. 
below  low  water,  and  extended  across  the  river 
and  along  it  nearly  1,000  ft.,  was,  after  years  of 
labour,  and  at  a  total  cost  of  ;£7o,ooo,  removed  by 
1886  to  a  depth  of  20  ft.  below  low  water. 

With  the  advantages  of  progressively  improving 
dredging  appliances,  and  the  introduction  40  years 
ago  of  steam  hopper  barges,  the  deepening  has 
gone  on  continuously  till  at  present  a  waterway 
has  been  formed,  affording  a  navigable  channel 
deepened  almost  throughout  to  22^  ft.  at  low 
water,  giving,  with  the  tidal  range  of  about  11  ft.. 
33I  ft.  at  high  water. 

The  magnitude  of  the  work  of  bringing  the  river 
to  its  present  condition — ^practically  a  great  artificial 
waterway — and  the  result  accomplished  will  be 
realised  when  it  is  stated  that  during  the  last 
56  years  over  58,000,000  cubic  yards  of  material, 
including  that  excavated  in  the  construction  of  the 
docks,  have  been  dredged ;  that  the  bed  of  the 
river  has  been  lowered  from  Glasgow  to  Dumbuck 
Ford  between  24  and  29  ft.,  and  is  now  practically 
level ;  and  that  a  vessel  drawing  27^  ft.  has  come 
up  to  Glasgow  on  one  tide. 

Of  the  existing  three  tidal  docks  the  earliest, 
Kingston  Dock,  was  opened  in  1867,  and  has 
five  acres  of  water  space,  with  830  lineal  yards  of 
quayage  ;  the  next.  Queen's  Dock,  opened  partially 
in  1877,  and  wholly  in  1880,  has  a  water  area  of 
about  34  acres,  with  over  3,300  lineal  yards  of 
quayage;  and  the  last.  Princes  Dock,  partially 
opened  in  1892,  and  wholly  in  1900,  has  a  water 
area  of  35  acres,  with  3,737  lineal  yards  of  quayage. 

In  1792  the  quayuge  of  the  harbour  of  Glasgow 
was  only  382  yards  in  length,  and  the  water  area 
four  acres.  In  1840  the  quayage  was  1,937  yards 
in  length,  and  the  water  area  23  acres.  In  1869 
the  quayage  was  5,604  lineal  yards,  or  324  yards 
more  than  three  miles,  and  the  water  area  76  acres. 
In  1887  the  quayuge  was  six  miles  in  length,  and 
the  water  area  154  acres.  To-day  the  quayage  is 
15,115  yards,  or  fully  8J-  miles  in  length,  7,263 
yards  thereof  being  on  the  north  and  7,343  yards 
on  the  south  side  of  the  river.  The  area  of  the 
existing  quayage  is  546,581  square  yards,  or  about 
113  acres. 

The  harbour  is  provided  with  three  graving 
docks,  side  by  side,  on  the  south  bank  of  the  river. 
Two  enter  oft  the  harbour,  and  the  third  is  entered 
from  Princes  Dock.  The  first  was  opened  in  1875, 
the  second  in  1886,  and  the  third  in  1898.  The 
leading  dimensions  of  the  docks  are  as  follows  : 


GLASGOW 


246 


GLOIRE 


Dock 
No.  1. 

Dock 
No.  2. 

Dock 
No.  3. 

Length  of  Floor    

Width  of  Bntrance  at  top 
Depth  of  water  on  sill  at  Hi«h 
Water  Springs          

ft.   in. 

551      0 

72      0 

22    10 

ft.    in. 

575      0 

87      0 

22    10 

ft.   In. 

880     0 

83      0 

26     6 

A  new  dock  is  in  course  of  construction  at  Qyde- 
bank,  about  six  miles  from  Glasgow  Bridge,  for 
the  accommodation  mainly  of  the  coal  and  ore 
trades,  with  the  object  of  relieving  the  harbour, 
and  setting  the  mineral  quays  there  free  for  general 
traffic.  The  dock,  which  will  be  connected  with 
the  Caledonian  and  North  British  Railways,  will 
have  17  acres  of  water  area,  with  1,800  lineal 
yards  of  quayage. 

Qyde  navigation  is,  and  has  been  since  1858, 
administered  by  an  incorporated  body  of  35  statu- 
tory trustees,  who  give  their  services  gratuitously, 
consisting  of : 

The  Lord  Provost  of  Glasgow  {ex  officio). 

Nine  Town  Councillors  of  Glasgow. 

Fifteen  members  representative  of  the  shipping, 
mercantile,  and  trading  interests  of  Glasgow. 

The  trust  is  possessed  of  riverside  lands  pur- 
chased from  time  to  time,  and  held  in  reserve  for 
dock  and  wharf  extension,  there  being  on  the 
south  side  134  acres  at  Shieldhall  and  Shiels,  and 
on  the  north  side  21  acres  at  Merklands,  near  the 
harbour.  The  trust,  which  is  not  worked  for 
profit,  has  done  immense  service  in  furthering  the 
developments  of  the  commercial  and  industrial 
interests  of  the  City  of  Glasgow  and  West  of  Scot- 
land. The  trustees  provide  the  waterway  and 
harbour,  and  receive  in  return  the  dues  on  vessels 
and  goods. 

Glasgow  Salvage  Ajiooiatioii  is  intimately  con- 
nected with  the  Association  of  Underwriters  £uid 
Insurance  Brokers  in  Glasgow  (q.v.),  which  from 
its  earliest  records  in  the  beginning  of  the  nine- 
teenth century  appears  to  have  had  a  department 
for  looking  after  any  wrecked  and  damaged  pro- 
perty in  which  its  underwriters  happened  to  be 
interested.  In  1857  a  special  committee  was  ap- 
X>ointed  for  attending  to  salvage  work,  entitled 
"  The  Glasgow  Underwriters  Conunittee  for  the 
Protection  of  Commercial  Interests  as  Respects 
Wrecked  and  Damaged  Property."  Similar  com- 
mittees had  been  instituted  in  London  and  Liver- 
pool a  short  time  before  that  date.  This  com- 
mittee existed  until  1885,  when  it  was  incorporated 
under  the  title  of  "  The  Glasgow  Association  for 
the  Protection  of  Commercial  Interests  as  Respects 
Wrecked  and  Damaged  Property/'  and  in  1895 
the  name  was  altered  to  "  The  Glasgow  Salvage 
Association." 

The  association  is  managed  by  a  committee,  and 
has  a  stafi  of  experienced  surveyors  and  wreck 
agents.  The  objects  of  the  association  are  to  pro- 
tect the  interests  of  owners  and  underwriters  by 
promoting  despatch  and  economy  in  the  salvage  of 


ships  and  their  cargoes,  and  by  otherwise  minimisjng 
loss  and  damage  arising  from  maritime  casualties. 

Glaaons.  A  genus  of  Nudibranchiate  Gastero- 
pods,  of  which  there  are  seven  known  species.  It 
is  often  found  floating  on  seaweed  in  the  Atlantic 
and  Pacific.  The  upper  parts  arc  of  a  brilliant  red 
colour,  the  lower  ones  pearly  white. 

Glaied  irost.  The  coating  of  ice  produced  either 
by  a  frost  setting  in  after  a  partial  thaw  or  by  nun 
falling  during  hard  frost  and  congealing  as  it  falls. 

Gleaner.     British  torpedo  gun-boat  (1890). 
Length  230ft.   Beam  27ft.  Maximum  draught  12ft. 
Displacement  735  tons.    Complement  90. 

Guns. 

2 — 4*7  in. 

4—3  pdr. 

Torpedo  Tubes, 

5—14  in. 

3 — 18  in. 

Twin  screw.     Coal  maximum  160  tons.     Speed 

17  kts. 

Gleiohen,  Oonnt,  Prinoe  Victor  of  Hohenlohe- 
Langenbnrg  (1833-91).  German  admiral.  Served 
in  the  Crimean  war  and  before  Sebastopol,  1854-56  ; 
in  the  Chinese  war,  1857  ;  devoted  himself  on  his 
retirement  from  active  sea  service  to  sculpture. 
A  statue  of  Alfred  the  Great  erected  at  Wantage. 
1877,  is  his  best-known  work. 

Glen  Line,  established  about  30  years  ago,  main- 
tain regular  services  at  scheduled  times  from 
London  to  the  Straits,  China,  and  Japan.  This 
line,  belonging  to  Messrs.  MacGregor,  Gow  and  Co.. 
is  one  of  the  most  important  of  the  few  lines  now 
owned  privately,  and  steamers  have  now  super- 
seded the  famous  tea-clippers  from  China. 

Fleet. 

Glenearn,  Glenlochy.  Glenroy. 

Glenesk.  Glenlogan.  Glenstrae, 

Glenfarg,  Glenturrei, 

Gross  tonnage,  40,000  tons. 

Glint.  Norwegian  torpedo-boat.  (Christiania, 
1903.)  Length,  iix  ft.;  beam,  14  ft ;  draught, 
6^  ft.;  displacement,  65  tons;  armament,  2  1*4  in.. 
2  tubes  ;  Hp.,  650  =  19  kts. 

Gldmlar  li^tning.    See  BaU  lightning. 

OlOire.  French  ist  class  cruiser.  (L'Orient. 
1900.) 

Length  460ft.     Beam  63ft.  Maximum  draught  26ft. 
Displacement  10,000  tons. 
Guns,  A  rmouK 

2 — y'6  in.,  40  cal.      "  Krupp." 
8^-6*4  in.  6}  in.  Belt  amidships. 

6 — 4  in.  8  in.  Turrets. 

18 — 3  pdr.  8  in.  Conning  tower. 

2 — 9  pdr.  Boat  guns. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (17*7  in.). 
2  Submerged. 
2  Above  water. 
I  Above  water  stem. 


GLOOM 


247 


GOLD 


Three  screws.  Hp.  20,500=21  kts.  Coal  mazi- 
mum  1,590  tons.    Approximate  cost  ;£875,ooo. 

Oloom.  The  darkness  occasioned  by  a  dense 
pall  of  cloud. 

Glorieiiz.  74  guns.  On  October  5,  1782,  this 
vessel  was  lost  in  the  West  Indies. 

CHory.  Coloured  rings  seen  round  the  shadow 
of  an  observer,  projected  on  to  a  cloud  or  fog  lying 
below  him ;  also  called  "  Anthelion." 

CHory.    British  ist  class  battleship.  (Laird,  1899.) 
Length  418ft.  Beam  74ft.  Maximum  draught  26ft. 
Displacement  12.950  tons.     Complement  750. 
Guns,  Armour. 

4 — 12  in.,  35  cal.       "  Harvey-nickel." 
12 — 6  in.  6  in.  Belt  amidships. 

10 — 12  pdr.  12  in.  Barbettes. 

6 — 3  pdr.  12  in.  Conning  tower. 

2  Maxims. 

Torpedo  Tubss  (18  in.). 
4  Submerged. 
Twinscrcw.     Hp.  13,500=18*25  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 2.300  tons.    Approximate  cost  ^^qoo.ooo. 

This  ship-name  was  introduced  into  the  Navy  by 
the  capture  of  the  French  Gloire  by  Anson,  oft  Cape 
Finisterre,  1747  ;  and  is  associated  with  the  battle 
of  "  The  Glorious  First  of  June,"  1794 ;  Calder's 
action  off  Ferrol,  1805. 

CHo?er,  Sir  JohQ,  K«T.»  JJB.  (cr.  1900).    Senior 
partner  in  the  firm  of  Glover  Brothers,  shipowners, 
London    (b.    1829).     Chairman  of  the  Mercantile 
Steamship    Co.,    Ltd. ;     an    ex-President    of    the 
Chamber   of  Shipping  of  the   United   Kingdom ; 
three  times  Chairman  of  the  General  Shipowners' 
Society  ;    member  of  the  Council  of  the  Shipping 
Federation,  Ltd.     In  1899  he  was  elected  to  the 
important  office  of  Chairman  of  Lloyd's  Register  of 
British  and  Foreign  Shipping,  the  Premier  Classifica- 
tion Society  of  the  world,  a  position  he  holds  at  the 
present  time.     He  has  rendered  conspicuous  and 
useful  public  services  in  many  capacities,  and  is 
regarded   as  an  authority  on  matters  pertaining 
to  the  shipping  industry  of  the  country.     He  gave 
evidence  by  request  before  the  Royal  Commission 
which  sat  in  1874  on  the  subject  of  unseaworthy 
ships,  and  the  Committee  of  the  House  of  Commons 
on  the  Grain  Acts.    He  was  nominated  by  Govern- 
ment to  serve  as  a  member  of  the  Royal  Conmiission 
of  1880  on  the  tonnage  laws,  whose  deliberations 
resulted  in  the  passing  of  much  useful  legislation 
on  the  subject.    He  was  a  member  of  the  Com- 
mittee for  Consolidating  the  Laws  on  Marine  In- 
surance.  'which  sat  under  Lord  Herschell  and  Sir 
Robert  Reid,  M.P. ;  he  also  served  on  the  Depart- 
mental Committee  appointed  by  the  Board  of  Trade 
to  consider  the  Mercantile  Marine  Fund   (Light 
Dues),  and  on  the  Committee  which,  in  1898-99, 
under  the  Chairmanship  of  the  late  Lord  St.  HeUer 
(then  Sir  Francis  Jeune),  investigated  the  subject 
of  North  Atlantic  Load  Lines,  whose  recommenda- 


tions,were  unanimous,  and  have  since  become  law. 
He  took  a  leading  part  in  the  Suez  Canal  controversy, 
which  secured  the  rejection  of  the  Childers  Agree- 
ment, and  was  afterwards  one  of  a  small  committee 
which  negotiated  directly  with  Messrs.  de  Lessen, 
the  agreement  under  which  the  afiairs  of  the  Canal 
have  since  been  regulated.  As  a  result  the  dues 
were  reduced,  the  number  of  British  directors  in- 
creased from  three  to  10,  and  the  management  has 
been  so  improved  that  steamers  pass  through  the 
Canal  in  less  than  half  the  time  formerly  occupied. 
He  has  been  a  member  of  the  Council  of  the  Royal 
Statistical  Society  for  upwards  of  30  years,  during 
which  time  he  has  made  many  valuable  contribu- 
tions to  its  Journal  on  Statistics  afiecting  the 
Shipping  Industry. 

Glow-wonn.  British  coastal  torpedo-boat  de- 
stroyer. (Thomycioft,  1906.)  Length,  168  ft. ; 
beam,  ly^  ft. ;  draught,  6  ft. ;  displacement  230 
tons ;  complement,  35 ;  armament,  2  12-pdr., 
2  tubes  ;  3  screws  ;  Hp.,  3,700=26  kts. 

01llt.  A  piece  of  wood  or  iron  which  keeps  a  knot 
from  closing. 

G.M.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Genemuiden.  Holland. 

Q.H.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at'Granton.  Edinburgh,  Scotland. 

gn«  Green.  Abbreviation  adopted  on  the  charts 
issued  by  the  Hydrographic  Office.  Admiralty, 
denoting  the  quality  of  the  ocean's  bottom. 

Gnat.  British  coastal  torpedo-boat  destroyer. 
(Thomycroft,  1906.)  Length,  158  ft.  ;  beam.  17^ 
ft. ;  draught,  6  ft. ;  displacement,  230  tons ; 
complement,  35  ;  armament.  2  12-pdr.,  2  tubes  ; 
Hp..  3,700=26  kts. 

Gnome*  French  submarine.  (Rochefort,  1901.) 
Length,  135  f t. ;  beam,  9^  ft. ;  draught,  9^  ft.  ; 
displacement,  185  tons ;  complement,  9 ;  Hp., 
300=9  kts. 

G,0.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Goedereede,  Holland. 

Go  abont    Tacking  ship. 

G.O.B.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing 
boats  registered  at  Goes,  Holland. 

Goito.     Italian  torpedo  gun-boat  (1887). 
Displacement  860  tons.  Complement  105. 
Guns,  Armour. 

6—6  pdr.  "  Steel." 

i^  in.  Deck. 
Torpedo  Tubes, 
3  Above  water. 
Three    screws.       Hp.    natural    1,900=17    kts., 
forced  3,600=20  kts.     Coal  maximum  130  tons. 
Approximate  cost  ;£7o,ooo. 

GoUflnch.  British  surveying  vessel  (805  tons, 
13  kts.).     Launched  1889. 

Gold  Imm*    See  Uniform,  Naval. 


GOLDSBOROUGH 


248 


GOOSE 


Ckddsborough.  U.S.  torpedo-boat  destroyer. 
(Portland,  1902.)  Length,  194  ft. ;  beam,  20  ft.  ; 
draught,  5  ft. ;  displacement,  247  tons  ;  comple- 
ment, 49  ;  armament,  4  6-pdr.,  2  tubes ;  twin 
screw;   Hp.,  5,880=30  kts. ;   coal,  130  tons. 

Goliath.  British  ist  class  battleship.  (Chatham, 
1898.) 

Length  418ft.   Beam  74ft.  Maximum  draught  26ft. 
Displacement  12,950  tons.     Complement  750. 
Guns.  Armour. 

4 — 12  in.,  35  cal.       *'  Harvey-nickel." 
12 — 6  in.  6  in.  Belt  amidships. 

10 — 12  pdr.  12  in.  Barbettes. 

6 — 3  pdr.  12  in.  Conning  tower. 

2  Maxims. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
4  Submerged. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  1 3,500=  18*25  ^^-     ^oal  maxi- 
mum 2,300  tons.     Approximate  cost  ^^900,000. 

Oolovnin,  Vasily  Uikhailovioh.  Russian  vice- 
admiral  (b.  Gulynki,  1776).  Educated  Cronstadt 
Naval  School.  From  1801  to  1806  served  as  a 
volunteer  in  the  English  Navy.  In  1807  he  was 
commissioned  by  the  Russian  Admiralty  to  survey 
the  coast  of  Kamchatka,  and  that  of  North- Western 
America,  including  the  Kurile  Islands.  In  18 10, 
whilst  attempting  to  survey  the  coast  of  the  Island 
of  Kunishir,  he  was  seized  by  the  Japanese,  and 
retained  by  them  as  a  prisoner  ior  three  years.  He 
returned  to  Russia  and  wrote  his  "  Narrative  of  my 
Capture  in  Japan."  In  18 17  the  Russian  Govern- 
ment planned  another  expedition  which  had  for  its 
object  the  circumnavigation  of  the  globe  by  a 
Russian  ship,  and  he  was  appointed  to  command. 
He  started  from  St.  Petersburg,  18 17,  sailed  round 
Cape  Horn,  and  arrived  at  Kamchatka,  returning 
to  Europe  by  way  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  and 
landed  at  St.  Petersburg,  September  17,  18 19.  He 
died  J  uly ,  1 8  3 1 .  The  record  of  his  successful  voyage 
was  pubUshed  at  St.  Petersburg  in  1822. 

Gtomyastchi.  Russian  torpedo-boat  destroyer. 
(Nevsky,  1902.)  Length,  196  ft. ;  beam,  18  ft.  ; 
draught,  ii^^  ft. ;  displacement,  350  tons;  arma- 
ment, I  i2-pdr.,  5  3-pdr.,  3  tubes ;  Hp.,  6,000= 
27  kts. 

€k)ndola.  A  light  boat  used  on  the  canals  of 
Venice,  rising  at  each  end  to  a  sharp  point,  painted 
black,  under  Government  regulations. 

Good  and  Sons,  J.    See  Finland  Steamship  Co. 

Goodenoagh,  James  Graham  (1830-75).  British 
naval  officer  (b.  Stoke  Hill,  Surrey).  Served  in  the 
Baltic,  1854-56 ;  in  China,  1857,  and  was  present 
at  the  capture  of  Canton,  and  at  Fatshan  Creek,  and 
distinguished  himself  at  the  capture  of  the  Taku 
forts  in  1858.  He  was  killed  by  a  poisoned  arrow 
at  Santa  Cruz.  See  Markham's  "  Commodore 
J.  G.  Goodenough  "  (1876). 

Gk>odenoilgh  Medal,  founded  in  1880  in  memory 
of  Commodore  Goodenough,  is  a  gold  medal  awarded 


annually  to  the  best  examination  in  gunnery  passed 
by  any  naval  sub-lieutenant. 

Goodgeons.  Metallic  eyes  bolted  to  the  stern- 
posts  on  which  the  rudder  is  hung  ;  in  each  there  is 
a  hole  to  receive  a  corresponding  pintle  bolted  on  to 
the  back  of  the  rudder,  which  this  turns  from  side  to 
side  as  on  an  axis. 

Good  Hope  British  ist  class  cruiser.  (Fair- 
field, X901.) 

Length  500ft.   Beam  71ft.   Maximum  draught  28ft. 
Displacement  14,100  tons.    Complement  900. 
Guns.  Armour, 

2 — 9'2  in.,  45  cal.      "  Knipp." 
16—6  in.  6  in.  Belt  amidships. 

14 — 12  pdr.  6  in.  Barbettes. 

\  3 — 3  pdr.  12  in.  Conning  tower. 

2  Maxims. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
2  Submerged. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  30,000  =  23*5  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 2,500  tons.     Approximate  cost  ;£990,ooo. 

Good  News.  A  yacht  of  1 50  tons,  the  first  vessel 
that  ever  approached  the  Antarctic  circle,  and  one 
of  a  fleet  which  sailed  from  Rotterdam  under  the 
command  of  Jacob  Mahu,  1 598.  She  was  separated 
from  the  rest  of  the  fleet  in  the  Straits  of  Magellan, 
and  was  carried  south,  recording  the  discovery  of 
high  land  in  64**  S. ;  she  was  eventually  captured  by 
the  Spaniards.     Refer  to  Antarctic  Exploration. 

Goodrich  Line,  owned  and  managed  by  the 
Goodrich  Transportation  Co.  of  Chicago,  have  a 
fleet  of  nine  steamers,  which  maintain  regular 
services  through  the  great  lakes.  The  steamers 
are  all  modem  up-to-date  vessels,  and  have  accom- 
modation for  a  large  number  of  passengers. 

Fleet. 
Carolina.  Georgia. 

Chicago.  Indiana. 

Christopher  Columbus.  Iowa. 

City  of  Racine.  Sheboygan. 

Virginia. 

Goodwill  Sands.  Sand  banks  on  the  east  of  Kent, 
about  10  miles  in  length  from  N.  to  S.,  and  between 
six  and  seven  miles  from  the  coast.  At  high  water 
this  bank  is  covered  to  a  depth  of  about  16  ft.  ;  at 
low  water  a  considerable  portion  is  above  the  sea  ; 
in  some  places  from  3^  to  5  ft.  They  form  the 
natural  breakwater,  sheltering  from  the  easterly 
gales  the  Downs,  a  fine  anchorage  about  eight  miles 
long  and  six  miles  wide,  between  the  shore  and  the 
Goodwin  Sands  lightships.  Numerous  buoys,  fog- 
signals  and  warning  guns  warn  vessels  approaching 
too  closely. 

Gooee-neok.  A  swinging  boom.  The  curved 
iron  supporting  a  studdingsail  boom. 

€k>oie-wings.  The  situation  of  a  course  exposed 
to  the  wind  when  the  bunt  lines  and  lee-clue  are 
hauled  up  and  the  weather-clue  down. 


GORDON 


249 


GOSSAMER 


Gordon,  Sir  James  Alexander  (1782' 1869). 
British  admiral  (b.  Aberdeenshire).  In  1795  he 
was  present  in  the  action  off  L'Orient,  and  took  an 
active  part  at  the  battles  of  Cape  St.  Vincent  and 
the  Nile,  1798.  Commanded  the  Active  in  Hoste's 
action  off  Lissa,  181 1.  and  the  Adriatic ,  at  the 
capture  of  the  Pomone,  He  became  admiral  in 
1854.  and  Admiral  of  the  Fleet,  1868. 

Gordon,  Admiral  William  Everard  Alphon80»  C.B, 

Entered  Navy,  1830  ;  employed  on  shore  in  Jamaica 
during  the  insurrection,  1832  ;  mate  of  Cambridge  at 
blockade  of  Alexandria.  1841  ;  commanded  boats  of 
Inflexible  in  suppressing  the  rebellion  at  Wanganui, 
New  Zealand,  1847  *  ^^^  ^^^^  ^^  destruction  of 
piratical  junks.  Hong  Kong,  1848  ;  served  during 
Kafi&r  war,  1852-53  ;  commander  of  Sanspareil  at 
the  bombardment  of  Sebastopol,  1854 ;  (Crimean 
and  Turkish  medals,  Sebastopol  clasp,  Knight  of 
the  Legion  of  Honour,  5th  Class  Medjidie) ;  captain, 
i860;  rear-admiral,  1876;  vice-admiral,  x88i  ; 
admiral,  1887,  when  he  retired  ;   C.B.,  1896, 

Gordon-Stables,  William,  M.D.,  CM.  Retired 
sturgeon  Royal  Navy.  Novelist,  journalist,  natural- 
ist, member  of  Humanitarian  Society,  vice-president 
S.P.K.A. ;  wandering  secretary  to  Birds  Protection 
Society,  etc.  Bom  in  Banfiishire,  N.B ,  May  21, 
1840  Studied  at  University  three  years,  and 
four  years  at  medicine,  same  University;  served 
nine  years  in  Royal  Navy ;  invalided  on  half-pay  ; 
two  years  in  merchant  service ;  two  cruises  to 
Arctic  regions.  Travelled  much — America,  Africa, 
Indian  Ocean,  India,  etc. 

Publications  :  About  136  books  in  all,  with  serial 
novels,  nature  and  science  columns,  etc.  Among 
them  "  The  Cruise  of  the  Snow-bird,"  "  Leaves 
from  the  Log  of  a  Gentleman  Gips}' ,"  "  From  Pole 
to  Pole,"  *'  In  the  Dashing  Days  of  Old,"  "  Every 
Inch  a  Sailor, '  "  To  Greenland  and  the  Pole,"  "  A 
Millionaire's  Grave,"  "  Our  Humble  Friends  and 
Fellow  Mortals  "  (3  vols.),  "  In  the  Land  of  the 
Lion  and  the  Ostrich  "  (1897),  "  A  Girl  from  the 
States,"  "Courage,  True  Hearts,"  "The  Pirates' 
Gold,"  "  Frank  Hardinge,"  "  Story  of  the  Days  of 
Alfred-  the  Great,"  "  Annie  o'  the  Banks  o*  Dee," 
"  Travel  Nor'ward  and  West  with  the  Wandering 
Caravan  "  (1898),  and  many  boys'  books  ;  "  Popu- 
lar Medicine  and  Hygiene,"  "  For  Honour,  not 
Honours,"  "  Tea,  the  Drink  of  Pleasure  and  of 
Health,"  "Travels  by  the  Fureside."  "Health  upon 
Wheels,"  "Rota  Vitae,"  "Cycling  for  Health,"  etc. 

Gordon  Steam  Shipping  Oo^  Ltd.,  with  their  head 
ofifice  in  London,  have  a  fleet  of  18  modem  cargo 
vessels  engaged  in  trading  to  the  East  and  Far  East 
and  various  ports  of  the  world  as  inducement  offers. 
This  company  also  manage  the  Unison  Steam- 
shipping  Co.,  Ltd.,  with  a  fleet  of  two  steamers. 

Flbet. 
Gordon  Steamshipping  Co.,  Ltd. 

Amy.  Ashbrooke.  Augusta. 

AnnandaU.  Atbara,  D^rgai. 


Khartoum, 

Sybil. 

Kurrachee. 

Victoria 

Recta 

Violet, 

Sobraon. 

Wally, 

Armour, 
"  Steel." 
7  in.  Belt  amidships. 


Ella. 
Ingram, 
Kairos. 
Kaiy, 

Unison  Steamshipping  Co.,  Ltd. 
Kariba,  Karma. 

Gross  tonnage,  41,036. 

Gore.  An  angular  piece  of  planking  used  in  a 
ship's  frame ;  also  a  triangular  piece  of  canvas  sewed 
into  a  sail  to  widen  it  at  any  part. 

Gorge.     The  groove  ot  score  of  a  pulley. 

Gorm.  Danish  coast  defence  turret  ship.  (Copen- 
hagen, 1873.) 

Length  231ft.     Beam  40ft.     Draught  14ft. 
Displacement  2,304  tons.     Complement  158. 
Guns, 
2 — 10  in. 
3--3-4  in. 
4  Maxims. 

Hp.  1 ,670  =  1 2  kts.     Coal  115  tons. 

Goiohen,  George  Joaohim,  Lord  (b.  August  i&, 
183 1  ;  d.  February  7,  1907).  Educated  Rugby  and 
Oriel  College,  where  he  took  a  first  class  in  the  flnal 
classical  school.  In  1863  he  entered  Parliament 
as  member  for  the  City  of  London,  and  eight  years 
later  he  became  First  Lord  of  the  Admiralty,  a  post 
which  he  held  until  the  dissolution  in  1874.  He 
represented  East  Edinburgh  in  Parliament  in  1885 
and  later  St.  George's,  Hanover  Square,  and  it  was 
while  representing  this  constituency  that  he 
entered  upon  a  brilliant  term  of  office  as  Chancellor 
of  the  Exchequer.  The  great  outstanding  feature 
of  his  tenure  of  the  Chancellorship  was  the  extra- 
ordinary success  that  attended  his  scheme  for  the 
reduction  of  the  interest  of  the  National  Debt.  His 
next  period  of  political  activity  is  embraced  in  the 
last  Ave  years  he  passed  in  the  House  of  Commons, 
during  which  he  was  First  Lord  of  the  Admiralty 
for  the  second  time  (1895).  I^^  ^i*  sense,  indeed,  he 
became  the  father  of  our  modem  Navy.  He  in- 
creased the  personnel  of  the  Navy  from  88,000  to 
1 14,000  ;  he  developed  and  fortified  the  dockyards, 
not  only  at  home,  but  abroad  ;  he  enormously 
enlarged  the  Naval  Reserve,  and  strengthened 
the  naval  arrangements  for  home  defence,  and 
brought  the  whole  service  up  to  a  high  standard 
of  efficiency.  The  year  1900  brought  his  active 
political  life  to  a  close,  and  the  rest  and  ease  of  the 
House  of  Lords  followed.  In  the  last  month  of  that 
year  he  was  raised  to  the  peerage  as  Viscount 
Goschen.  He  died  of  heart  failure  at  his  residence 
at  Seacox  Heath,  Hawkhurst,  February  7,  1907, 
at  the  age  of  y6. 

Gossamer.     British  torpedo  gun-boat  (i8qo). 

Length  230ft.   Beam  27ft.  Maximum  draught  1 2ft. 

Displacement  735  tons.    Complement  90. 

Guns.. 
2 — ^4*7  in. 
4—3  pdr. 


g5ta 


250 


GRAFTON 


Torpedo  Tubes. 
5 — 14  in. 
3 — 18  in. 
Twin  screw.     Coal  maximum  160  tons.     Speed 
i^kts. 

CKSta.    Swedish  battieship.    (Lindholmen,  1891.) 
Reconstructed  1901. 

Length  254ft.   Beam  48ft.  Maximum  draught  17ft. 
Displacement  3,300  tons.     Complement  237. 
Guns,  A  rmour, 

I— 8'2  in.  '/  Creusot." 

7 — 6  in.  1 1  in.  Belt. 

1 1 — 6  pdr.  10  in.  Conning  tower. 

2 — I  pdr.  7  in.  Fore  turrets. 

5  in.  Secondary  turrets. 
Torpedo  Tubes, 
I  Submerged  bow. 
Twin   screw.      Hp.   4,650=15  kts.      Coal  maxi- 
mum 300  tons. 

Gdteborgs  Taehtklubb.  Established,  1901.  Com- 
modore, Henrik  Pripp ;  Vice-Commodore,  Consul 
C.  O.  Wijk;  Secretary,  Harald  Wapler,  Kristine- 
lundsgatan  5,  Gothenburg.  Entrance  fee.  100 
kroner ;   annual  subscription,  100  kroner. 

Godia  Line,  owned  and  managed  by  Messrs. 
Jonsson  Stemhagen  and  Co.,  of  G5thcnburg,  have  a 
fleet  of  first-class  steamers,  carrying  passengers  and 
cargo  from  Gothenburg,  Antwerp,  Rotterdam, 
Havre,  and  Rouen,  and  vice  versa,  A  service  is 
maintained  once  a  week  between  Gdthenburg,  Ant- 
werp, Rouen  and  Rotterdam,  and  every  fortnight 
from  Gothenburg  to  Rouen  and  Havre. 

Odihenbarg  Yacht  CQab.  RoyaL  See  Royal 
Gothenburg  Yacht  Club. 

Gothie  (1893).  British  subsidised  merchant  ship. 
White  Star  Line  (q,v.).  Dimensions,  490x53x33 
ft. ;  gross  tonnage,  7,755  ;  passenger  accommoda- 
tion, 250;  Hp.,  5,000=15  kts. 

Oongh,  Admiral  Frederiek  Wflliam.  O.B.,  1875 
(b.  1824).  Educated  Brussels ;  entered  Navy, 
1838  ;  ipate  of  President  at  Cape  of  Good  Hope  ; 
served  in  Kaffir  war,  1846 ;  in  command  of  party  of 
bluejackets,  field  piece,  and  rocket  tube ;  received 
official  thanks  of  the  Government  and  Commander- 
in-Chief  (Kaffir  medal) ;  in  galley  of  Cleopatra 
captured  an  armed  slaver  in  the  Mozambique 
Channel.  Senior  lieutenant  of  H.M.S.  London  at 
bombardment  of  Sebastopol,  1854,  subsequently 
served  for  nine  months  in  trenches  before  Sebasto- 
pol  in  command  of  150  men,  was  wounded,  and 
promoted  to  the  rank  of  Commander  for  distin- 
guished service  (Crimean,  Turkish  and  Sardinian 
medals,  Sebastopol  clasp  ;  Knight  of  the  Legion  of 
Honour  and  5  th  Class  Medjidie) ;  received  promotion 
to  captain  for  zeal  during  six  years'  service  in 
command  of  Hastings  division  of  coastguards. 
Emigration  officer  and  nautical  surveyor,  Liverpool, 
1864-79 ;  has  been  five  times  gazetted  for  dis- 
tinguished service. 


Gonxook  Taoht  Clliib.  Established  1894.  Commo- 
dore, D.  McPherson  ;  Vice-Commodore,  J.  Qark 
Neill ;  Rear-Commodore,  R.  M.  Mann  ;  Treasurer, 
J.  Mclnglis';  Secretary,  W.  B.  Stevenson,  112  Bath 
Street,  Glasgow.  Entrance  fee,  £1  is,\  annual 
subscription.  £1  is, 

gov.    Abbreviation  for  government. 

Govamolo.  Italian  gun -boat.  (Venice,  1896.) 
Length,  185  ft. ;  beam,  34  ft.  ;  draught,  14  ft.  ; 
displacement.  1,235  ^^ns  ;  complement,  131  ;  arma- 
ment, 4  4*7-in.,  2  i*4-in.,  2  Maxims;  Hp.,  x,ioo  = 
13  kts. ;  coal,  200  tons. 

Governor  Fennar.  From  Liverpool  for  America- 
was  run  down  off  Holyhead  by  the  steamer  Notting- 
ham, of  Dublin,  February  19,  184X. 

€tow,  HarriMm  and  Co.,  with  their  head  office  in 
Glasgow,  have  a  fleet  of  13  modem  cargo  steamers 
engaged  in  the  carriage  of  freight  to  various  parts  of 
the  world.  This  firm  is  the  outcome  of  the  amalga- 
mation of  Allan  C.  Gow  and  Co.  and  P.  H.  Dixon 
and  Harrison. 

Flebt. 
Arroyo,  Vennachar. 

Rosneath,  Vermont. 

Valdivia.  Vienna. 

Valetta,  Vimeita. 

Vancouver.  Virginia^ 

Venetia.  Vittoria. 

Volga. 

GJL  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Gloucester,  England. 

Gr.,  Gm.  Green  (near  a  buoy  or  light). 
Abbreviation  adopted  on  the  charts  issued  by  the 
Hydrographic  Office,  Admiralty. 

Gr.    Abbreviation  for  Greek. 

G.H.A.     Distinguishing    letters    on    sea    fishing 

boats  r^;istered  at  Grauw.  Holland. 

Graah,  Captain.    See  Arctic  Exploration. 

Gradient.  The  difference  in  pressure,  tempera- 
ture or  other  meteorological  element  per  unit  of 
distance. 

Graft  Ornamenting  a  rope  with  weavings  of 
fine  yam. 

Grafton.     British  armoured  cruiser  (1892). 
Length  360ft.   Beam  6oft.   Maximum  draught  26ft. 
Complement  540.     Displacement  7.350  tons. 
Guns,  Armour. 

2 — 9*2  in..  30  cal.      "  Steel." 
10—^  in.,  40  cal.  5  in.  Deck. 

12 — 6  pdr.  7  in.  Big  gun  shields. 

5 — 3  pdr.  6  in.  Casemates. 

2  Maxims.  13  in.  Conning  tower. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
2  Submerged. 
Twin    screw.     Hp.    natural    10,000=18*5    kts.. 
forced    12,000=19*5    kts.     Coal    maximum    1,350 
tons.     Approximate  cost  ;£430,ooow 


GRAHAM 


251 


GRAMPUS 


Qfahaou  Gvnenl  Sir  JaiiiM»  K«O.B^  cr.  1902  (b. 

Malta).  Royal  Marines,  retired.  Served  in  Baltic 
Expedition,  1854-551  including  the  destruction  of 
telegraph  stations  (medal) ;  served  in  H.M.S. 
Agamemnon  when  engaged  in  laying  Atlantic  Tele- 
graph Cable ;  H.M.S.  Black  Prince  when  towing 
floati]^  dock  to  Bermuda  ;  commanded  a  battalion 
of  marines  during  the  campaign  in  Egjrpt,  1882  ; 
present  at  the  seizure  of  the  Suez  Canal  during 
insurrection  under  Arabi  Pasha  (mentioned  in 
despatches.  *'  London  Gazette/'  September  2  and 
November  2,  1882) ;  present  at  the  actions  of  Tel- 
el-Mahuta,  Mahsemah,  Kassassin,  and  Xel-el-Kebir 
(medal,  Tel-el-Kebir  clasp,  Khedive's  Star,  and 
Osmanieb,  4th  Class). 

Grahain,  KaranlB  oi,  Jamei,  D.L.  (b.  1878). 
Eldest  son  of  Duke  of  Montrose.  Educated  Eton  ; 
served  as  an  apprentice  in « the  ship  Hesperus  and 
as  a  volunteer  for  two  years  in  H.M.S.  Volage, 
naval  training  squadron.  In  1899  went  as  navi- 
gating officer  in  Lord  Brassey's  yacht  the  Sunbeam 
on  her  voyage  home  from  Australia  ;  in  1900  served 
in  the  South  African  war  with  the  Naval  Brigade 
landed  from  H.M.S.  Doris ;  commander  of  the 
Clyde  Division,  Royal  Naval  Volunteer  Reserve ; 
is  a  member  of  the  Admiralty  Volunteer  Com- 
mittee for  administering  this  force ;  holds  a  yacht 
master's  certificate.  Associate  meml)er  of  the 
Institution  of  Naval  Architects,  of  the  Merchants' 
Cuild.  and  also  of  the  Scottish  Ship  Masters' 
Society. 

Publications :  Has  published  numerous  articles 
in  technical  and  other  magazines. 

Onham,  Sir  James  B.  G.    See  Admiralty. 

Qrabam.  Sir  William*  O.G.B.,  cr.  1902,  K.C.B^  cr. 
1887  (b.  1825).  British  admiral.  Entered  Royal 
Na\'y,  1842;  ?er\ed  in  H.M.S.  IVaierwiich,  Decem- 
ber, 1 85 1,  and  was  engaged  in  the  first  attack  on 
Lagos;  also  present  at  the  second  and  successful 
attack  on  Lagos  ;  was  gazetted  June,  1854,  for  ser- 
vices in  the  Gulf  of  Bothnia  when  serving  in  H.M.S. 
Leopard,  and  again  in  February,  1885,  for  ser- 
vices rendered  against  Kertch  (Baltic,  Crimean  and 
Turkish  medals,  Scbastopol  clasp);  promoted  to 
the  rank  of  commander  for  services  rendered  in 
China  War,  1857-58  (China  medal.  Canton  clasp) ; 
commanded  the  J mmt/rtaliiy,  1871-72;  Resistance, 
1S74;  Britannia,  1874-77;  Admiral  Superintendent 
Malta  Dockyard,  1881-85 ;  Lgrd  Commissioner  of 
the  Admiralty  and  Controller  of  the  Navy,  18S5  ; 
President  of  the  Royal  Naval  College,  Greenwich, 
1888-91  ;  retired,  1891. 

Gltin  eaigo*  In  order  to  secure  stabiUty  the 
Merchant  Shipping  Act,  1894  (sections  452-456), 
makes  special  regulations  for  every  ship  carrying 
com,  rice,  paddy,  pulse,  seeds,  nuts,  or  nut  kernels, 
which  amount  to  more  than  one-third  of  such  ship's 
registered  tonnage.  For  failure  to  take  necessary 
and  reasonable  precautions  against  shifting  the 
master  or  agent  may  be  fined  ;{3oo.     Where  a 


British  grain  ship  is  bound  from  a  Mediterranean 
or  Black  Sea  port  to  ports  outside  the  Straits  of 
Gibraltar,  or  where  a  British  ship  is  laden  with 
grain  in  North  America,  the  following  special 
precautions  are  enforced,  unless  the  vessel  be 
loaded  or  built  in  a  manner  approved  by  the  Board 
of  Trade. 

1.  No  grain  in  bulk  shall  be  carried  between 
decks,  except  such  as  is  necessary  for  feeding  the 
cargo  in  the  hold,  and  is  carried  in  proper  feeders. 

2.  Where  grain  is  carried  in  bulk  in  any  hold,  and 
proper  provision  for  filling  the  same  with  feeders 
is  not  made,  not  less  than  one-quarter  of  the  grain 
in  such  hold  shall  be  in  bags  supported  on  platforms 
laid  on  the  grain  in  bulk.  This  section  does  not 
apply  to  : 

(a)  Oats  or  cotton  seed  ; 

(b)  Sailing  ships  of  less  than  400  tons,  not 
engaged  in  American  trade  ; 

(c)  Ships  laden  in  the  Mediterranean  or  Black 
Sea,  if  divided  into  compartments  and  fitted  with 
longitudinal  bulkheads  or  shifting  boards,  and  if 
not  carrying  more  than  one-fourth  of  Ihe  grain 
cargo,  and  more  than  1,500  quarters  in  any  one 
compartment,  provided  each  division  of  the  lower 
hold  is  fitted  with  proper  feeders ; 

(d)  Ships  in  which  the  grain  does  not  exceed  one- 
half  of  the  whole  cargo,  and  the  rest  of  the  cargo 
consists  of  cotton,  wool,  flax,  barrels  or  sacks  of 
flour,  or  other  suitable  cargo  so  stowed  as  to  pre- 
vent the  grain  in  any  compartment  from  shifting. 

3.  Where  grain  is  carried  in  the  hold  or  between 
decks,  whether  in  bags  or  bulk,  the  hold  or  space 
between  decks  shall  be  divided  by  a  longitudinal 
bulkhead  or  sufficient  shifting  boards  which  extend 
from  deck  to  deck  or  from  deck  to  keelson  and  are 
properly  secured,  and  if  the  grain  is  in  bulk  are 
fitted  grain-tight  with  proper  fillings  between  the 
beams. 

4.  In  loading  the  grain  shall  be  properly  stowed, 
trimmed  and  secured.  Before  leaving,  or  within 
48  hours  after  leaving,  her  final  port,  the  master  of 
every  grain  ship  sailing  from  ports  in  the  seas  or 
country  mentioned  above  shaU  deliver  notice  of  her 
draught,  the  grain  carried,  and  its  quantity,  the 
mode  of  storage,  and  precautions  taken  against 
shifting  to  the  British  consular  officer,  or,  if  in  a 
British  port,  to  the  chief  Customs  officer,  who  shall 
forward  it  to  the  Board  of  Trade  as  soon  as  practic- 
able. 

Grain  daiue.     See  Clauses. 

Orampus.  U.S.  submarine.  (San  Francisco, 
1902.).  Length,  63  ft.;  beam,  11  ft.;  displace- 
ment, 120  tons  ;  complement,  5  ;  torpedo  tubes,  i  ; 
Hp.,  160  =  8  kts.  above,  7  below. 

Orampns.  A  cetacean  (Phocaena  Orca),  Closely 
akin  to  a  porpoise,  but  much  larger,  being  some- 
times 20  ft.  long.  It  is  black  above  water,  and 
white  below. 


GRAND 


252 


GRAVELL 


Grand  Bank.  The  name  given  to  the  submerged 
plateau,  which  has  an  area  of  some  500,000  square 
miles,  and  a  depth  of  from  10  to  160  fathoms, 
extending  S.E.  from  the  coast  of  Newfoundland. 
The  bank  gives  employment  to  some  100,000 
fishermen  (British,  American,  and  French). 

Grand  CanaL    See  Yun-ho. 

Grand  Dnke  Alexis.  Russian  auxiliary  cruiser. 
(Hebbum,  1890.)  Length,  284  ft. ;  beam.  37  ft. ; 
draught,  15  ft  ;  displacement,  2,350  tons;  Hp., 
3,500=16  kts. 

Grand    Duke    Constantine.     Russian    auxiliary 
cruiser.    (Hebbum,  1891.)   Length,  284  ft. ;  beam, 
37  ft. ;   draught.  15  ft.  ;   displacement,  2,400  tons; 
Hp.,  3,500=  16  kts. 

C(ranny.  A  name  applied  to  a  knot  in  which  the 
second  tie  is  across,  differing  from  a  reef  knot  in 
which  the  end  and  outer  part  are  in  line. 

Grant,  Admiral  John  Frederick  George.  Entered 
Navy,  1848  ;  served  as  midshipman  and  mate  of 
Highflyer  during  the  whole  of  the  Crimean  war, 
and  was  present  and  assisted  in  the  following 
operations:  Bombardment  of  Odessa.  1854;  cap- 
ture and  destruction  of  Redoubt  Kaleh,  1854 ; 
bombardment  of  Sebastopol,  1854  ;  towing  the 
Vengeance  into  action  ;  destruction  of  the  Martello 
Towers  at  Djimiteia.  1854 ;  bombardment  of 
Soujuk  Kaleh.  1855  ;  capture  of  Kertch,  1855  ; 
night  attack  on  Sebastopol.  1855.  and  final  capture 
of  that  place  in  September.  1855  (Crimean  and 
Turkish  medals.  Sebastopol  clasp)  ;  as  lieutenant 
was  present  at  the  capture  of  Taku  forts.  China. 
i860  (Chinese  medal) ;  engaged  in  various  opera- 
tions against  the  rebels  in  China.  1862  ;  second 
in  command  of  the  siege  guns  at  the  capture  of 
Kahding  ;  twice  gazetted  for  services  during  these 
operations ;  commander.  1867 ;  commanded  the 
Midge  in  suppressing  piracy  in  the  Straits  of 
Malacca ;  specially  mentioned  in  despatches  for 
these  services,  and  received  the  thanks  of  his 
Commander-in-Chief  and  the  Lords  Commissioners 
of  the  Admiralty ;  captain.  1875  ;  commanded 
troop  ship  Malabar,  1879-81  ;  captain  superinten- 
dent of  Bermuda  dockyard.  1884-87  ;  received  the 
thanks  of  American  Government  for  saving  the 
Marseille  from  destruction  when  her  cargo  was 
on  fire ;  rear-admiral,  1890 ;  vice-admiral,  1897  I 
admiral.  1902  ;  has  been  employed  since  1876  by 
the  Home  Department  as  nautical  assessor  to  the 
House  of  Lords. 

Grants  to  shipping  companies.  These  annual 
subsidies  by  the  Government  are  paid  either  for 
(i)  the  carriage  of  mails  ;  (2)  the  encouragement  of 
trade  ;  or  (3)  the  maintenance  of  national  defence, 
and  the  right  to  obtain  mercantile  vessels  in  time 
of  war. 

(i)  A  sum  of  ;£9o6,5oo  for  the  carriage  of  mails 
is  annually  paid  by  the  Government  to  various 
steamship  companies,  of  which  the  Peninsular  and 


Oriental  Co.  are  by  far  the  most  largely  subsidised 

(;£33o.ooo)- 

(2)  As    the   outcome   of   the   recommendations 

made  by  the  West  India  Royal  Commission  (1896- 
97),  ;£40,ooo  is  annually  paid  to  Elder.  Dempster 
and  Co.  to  encourage  the  fruit  trade  from  Jamaica. 

(3)  In  1901  a  sum  of  £77,^11  was  paid  to  seven 
steamship  companies  for  the  right  to  call  on 
18  steameis.  The  whole  subject  was  thoroughly 
considered  and  reported  on  by  a  Select  Committee 
of  the  House  of  Commons  in  1902,  when  opinion 
was  expressed  that,  for  purposes  of  national  de- 
fence, (a)  the  principle  of  subsidies  by  the  Ad- 
miralty is  only  justified  for  obtaining  a  limited 
number  of  vessels  of  the  highest  speed  and  greatest 
coal  endurance,  built  according  to  Admiralty  re- 
quirements ;  and  (b)  Admiralty  subsidies  are  use- 
less merely  ais  retaining  fees. 

In  1903  the  British  Government  agreed  to  lead 
the  Cunard  Steamship  Co..  Ltd..  of  Liverpool, 
;£2.6oo.ooo.  at  an  interest  of  2|%,  and  also  to 
subsidise  the  company  to  the  extent  of  ;£i  50.000 
per  annum,  on  condition  they  built  two  lai^e 
steamers  of  high  speed  for  the  Atlantic  trade,  and 
to  hold  their  fleet  at  the  Government's  disposal 
for  20  years,  the  two  vessels  built  being  the 
Lusilania  and  Mauritania. 

Refer  to  Cunard  Steamship  Co..  Ltd. 

GrapneL  A  small  anchor  with  four  palmed 
claws  at  one  end  and  a  ring  at  the  other. 

€(rappler.  Burnt  near  Bute  Inlet.  Vancouver 
Island,  May  3,  1883  ;  70  lives  lost. 

Grasshopper.     British  coastal   torpedo-boat  de- 
stroyer.    (Thomycroft,    1906.)     Length,    168   ft, 
beam,  17J  ft. ;  draught,  9  ft. ;  displacement.  230 
complement,  35  ;  armament.  2  12-pdr..  2  tubes 
3  screws  ;  Hp..  3,700=26  kts. 

((ratings.  Open  woodwork  used  for  covering 
hatchways. 

GranpeL     (German.)     Soft  hail. 

Grave,  Graving  dock.  A  dry  dock  used  for  the 
inspection  and  repairing  of  ships. 

€(ravell,  John  (b.  Trieste,  May,  1855).  Educated 
Armenian  College  and  Royal  School  at  Gorz. 
Served  apprenticeship  to  shipbuilding  at  St.  Andrea 
and  Rocco,  and  to  complete  his  practical  educa- 
tion and  gain  wider  experience  he  came  to  Eng- 
land, and  was  for  some  time  connected  with  ship- 
building and  engineering  works  on  the  Thames. 
After  going  to  sea  for  a  term  he  returned  to  Italy, 
on  behalf  of  Messrs.  John  Gwynne  and  Co..  to 
assist  in  the  erection  of  large  centrifugal  pumps  at 
Codigon.  In  1881  he  joined  the  Bureau  Veritas 
as  assistant  to  the  head  technical  office  at  Brussels, 
and  subsequently  to  Liverpool  as  shipwright  sur- 
veyor. After  being  at  this  port  a  few  months  he 
came  to  London,  and  in  December,  1882.  'was 
transferred  to  Newcastle-on-Tyne  as  chief  surveyor. 
While   in   Newcastle   he   superintended   the  con- 


GRAVES 


253 


GREAT 


stmction  of  several  new  types  of  vessels,  the  most 
prominent  being  oil-tank  and  turret  steamers. 
The  ice-breakers  Ermack,  Baikal,  Sampo,  and 
others  were  built  for  the  Russian  Government 
under  his  superintendence.  He  was  for  many 
years  vice-president  of  the  North-East  Coast  In- 
stitution of  Engineers  and  Shipbuilders,  represent- 
ing it  for  10  years  on  the  council  of  the  Durham 
College  of  Science,  and  it  was  during  his  term  of 
office  that  the  Chair  of  Naval  Architecture  and 
Engineering  was  established.  In  1894  ^^  received 
the  Order  of  Chevalier  from  the  King  of  Portugal, 
and  in  1895  '^^'^^^  appointed  chief  representative  of 
the  Bureau  Veritas  in  the  United  Kingdom. 

Oraves*  Sir  Thomas  (1747-1814).  British  ad- 
miral. Commanded  the  Bedford  in  the  action  in 
Chesapeake  Bay,  1781,  and  the  battle  of  St.  Kitts, 
1782.  In  1 801  he  served  in  the  expedition  to  the 
Baltic  as  third  in  command  under  Hyde  Parker 
ajid  Nelson.  In  1805  he  was  engaged  in  blockading 
the  French  coast,  more  particularly  the  Rochefort 
Squadron,  which,  however,  escaped  in  spite  of  his 
vigilance.  In  18 12  he  reached  the  rank  of  admiral 
and  retired. 

Gnkveiend  SaiUng  Glob.  Established  1894-  Cap- 
tain, F.  Flower  ;  Honorary  Treasurer  and  Secretary, 
E.  J.  Sandham,  15  Park  Road,  Gravesend,  Kent. 
Entrance  fee,  10s,  6d. ;  annual  subscription,  105.  6d, 

Gra?iiia.  Spanish  coasting  steamer.  Wrecked 
off  the  Philippine  Islands,  May  22,  1895  '>  '^  ^^^^ 
lost. 

Graystroke.  Hartlepool  steamer.  Wrecked  out- 
side Cuxhaven,  1892  ;  24  Uves  lost. 

grd.  Ground.  Abbreviation  adopted  on  the 
charts  issued  by  the  Hydrographic  Office,  Ad- 
miralty, denoting  the  quality  of  the  ocean's  bottom. 


passage  to  Hamburg  is  about  30  hours,  and  to 
Antwerp  about  20  hours. 


Fleet. 


Great  Banes  lighthoue.  Designed  by  Mr. 
Douglas.  Situated  six  miles  from  the  nearest  land 
off  the  coast  of  Ceylon  ;  illuminant,  oil. 

Great  Britain.  This  vessel  was  the  first  iron 
screw  steamer,  and  pioneer  of  the  modem  Atlantic 
liners,  and  was  built  in  1845.  Her  length  over  all 
was  322  feet,  with  a  gross  tonnage  of  3,270,  and  a 
Hp.  of  i,Soo. 

Great  Central  Railway  Oo/s  Steamships,  consist- 
ing of  16  fine  steamers  of  the  most  modern  con- 
struction, maintain  a  regular  service  from  Grimsby 
to  Hamburg.  A  steamer  leaves  Grimsby  for  Ham- 
burg daily  ;  every  Monday,  Wednesday,  and  Satur- 
day for  Antwerp,  returning  from  Antwerp  every 
Tuesday,  Thursday,  and  Saturday.  A  steamer 
leaves  for  Rotterdam  every  Wednesday  and  Satur- 
day, returning  from  Rotterdam  every  Tuesday  and 
Saturday.  The  steamers  on  this  run  are  the  two 
turbines  MaryUbone  and  Miningham,  The  sea 
passage  occupies  only  about  1 5  hours.    The  average 


Ashton, 

Chester, 

City  of  Bradford, 

City  of  Leeds. 

Leicester, 

Lincoln. 

Lutterworth. 

Marylebone. 


Miningham. 

Northenden. 

Nottingham. 

Oldham, 

Retford. 

Sheffield. 

Slaveley. 

Wrexham. 


Great  Cirde  Bailing.    See  Navigation. 

Great  Eastern.  A  paddle  and  iron  screw  mer- 
chant steamer,  679  ft.  long,  82  ft.  broad,  with  a 
tonnage  of  18,915,  launched  1854,  when  she  was 
by  far  the  largest  vessel  in  existence.  She  was 
designed  by  I.  K.  Brunei  andJScott  Russell,  and 
built  on  the  Thames.  Her  paddle  engines  gave 
1,170  Hp.,  and  her  screw  engines  about  1,000  Hp. 
The  highest  attained  by  her  on  any  voyage  was 
14  kts.,  and  her  greatest  day's  run  333  kts.  She 
did  not  prove  a  successful  speculation,  and  after 
being  used  as  a  cable-laying  ship  she  was  wrecked, 
1885,  when  about  to  be  broken  up. 

Great  Eastern  Baiiwaj  Co.,  with  a  fine  fleet  of 
twin-screw  steamers,  maintain  a  service,  carrying 
passengers  from  Harwich  via  the  Hook  of  Holland 
and  also  via  Antwerp,  to  all  ports  of  the  Continent. 
A  boat  leaves  Harwich  daily  about  10  p.m.,  and 
arrives  at  Hook  of  Holland  about  5  a.m.,  returning 
from  Hook  of  Holland  about  11.20  p.m.  A  boat 
leaves  Harwich  about  10  p.m.  every  week-day, 
and  arrives  at  Antwerp  about  8.30  a.m.,  returning 
from  Antwerp  about  7  p.m. 


Fleet. 

A  msterdam. 

Cambridge. 

Dresden 

Brussels, 

Chelmsford. 
Colchester. 

Vienna. 

Great  Queensland.  On  August  5,  1876,  this 
vessel  sailed  for  Melbourne  with  a  cargo  of  gun- 
powder. She  is  supposed  to  have  exploded  near 
Finisterre,  as  pieces  of  her  wreck  were  found  there. 
Her  passengers  and  crew  numbered  569. 

Great  Western  Railway  Oo.  own  a  fleet  of 
21  steamers,  three  of  which  have  triple-screw 
turbine  engines,  and  are  used  for  the  new  service 
between  Fishguard  and  Rosslare.  Fishguard  Har- 
bour is  only  54  nautical  miles  from  the  harbour  of 
Rosslare,  Ireland,  and  the  steamers,  which  main- 
tain a  speed  of  22  kts.,  cover  the  distance  in  well 
under  three  hours.  This  route  thus  affords  the 
shortest  sea  passage  to  Ireland.  An  express  ser- 
vice of  steamboats  is  also  maintained  from  Wey- 
mouth, to  and  from  the  Channel  Islands,  daily 
during  the  summer  months,  and  tri-weekly  in  the 
winter.  Another  service  sailing  daily  (Sundays 
excepted)  from  Fishguard  to  and  from  Waterford. 


GREAT 


254 


GROMMET 


Antelope. 

Cheshire. 

Dolphin. 

Gazelle. 

Great  Southern. 

Great  Western. 

Ibex. 

Lynx. 

Manxman. 

Melmore. 


Fleet. 

Palmerston, 
Pembroke. 
Reindeer. 
Roebuck. 

Sir  Francis  Drake. 
Sir  Richard  Grenville. 
Smeaion. 
St.  David. 
St.  Davids. 
St.  George. 
St.  Patrick. 


Great  Tarmonth  Tacht  Clab»  Yarmouth.  Estab- 
lished 1883.  Burgee  :  Red  and  blue,  with  semi- 
lion,  passant  with  fish's  tail.  Flag :  Red  ensign. 
Honorary  Secretary,  G.  H.  L.  Blake.  Annual  sub- 
scription, 55. 

Gfeen  Fly.  British  coastal  torpedo-boat  de- 
stroyer. (Thomycroft.  1906.)  Length,  168  ft.  ; 
beam,  17^  ft. ;  draught,  6  ft. ;  displacement, 
230  tons ;  complement,  35  ;  armament,  2  12-pdr., 
2  tubes  ;  3  screws ;  Hp.,  3,700=26  kts. 

Green  ray.  A  flash  of  greenish-blue  light  seen, 
when  the  sun's  disc  appears  or  disappears,  in  a 
sunrise  or  sunset  on  a  clear  horizon. 

Greenshields,  Cowie  and  Co.  See  Knight  Steam- 
ship Co. 

Greenwich  Royal  Naval  CoUeffe.  See  Naval 
Education. 

Greig.  Russian  coast  defence  ship  (1870).  Of 
no  fighting  value. 

Grenade.  French  armoured  gun-boat  (1884). 
Of  little  fighting  value.  Displacement,  1,150  tons  ; 
draught,  10}  ft.  ;  guns  (old),  i  9*4-in.,  i  3 '5 -in.  ; 
armour,  "  Compound,"  gj-in.  belt ;  speed  (nomin- 
ally), 13  kts. 

Grenadier.  French  torpedo-boat  (1893).  dis- 
placement, 129  tons;  complement,  26;  maximum 
draught,  8i  ft.  ;  guns,  2  3-pdr. ;  torpedo  tubes, 
2  is-in.  ;  twin  screw;  Hp.,  1,400  =  25  kts.;  coal, 
16  tons. 

Grenfell,  Sir  Harry  Tremenheere  (1845-1906)* 
British  admiral.  Entered  the  R.N.,  1858,  and  was 
made  a  Ueu tenant  in  March,  1866.  Promoted 
1876,  and  commanded  the  Cockatrice  during  the 
Egyptian  war,  1882  (Egyptian  medal  and  Khedive's 
Bronze  Star).  In  i892^he  invented  the  night  sights 
for  ordnance.  During  the  operations  in  Crete, 
1896-97,  he  commanded  the  Royal  Sovereign,  and 
for  his  services  on  this  occasion  received  C.M.G. 
In  March,  1900,  he  was  raised  to  flag  rank,  and  in 
September,  1901,  hoisted  his  flag  in  the  Barfleur 
as  second  in  command  on  the  China  Station. 
After  a  period  of  two  years  on  that  station  he  re- 
turned to  England,  and  in  October,  1904,  was 
appointed  second  in  command  in  the  Mediterranean, 
with  his  flag  in  the  Venerable.     In  February,  1905, 


he  became  a  vice-admiral,  and  in  June  of  the  same 
year  was  made  a  K.C.B. 

Grteil.     (French.)     Soft  hail. 

Greyhoond.  British  torpedo-boat  destroyer. 
(Hawthorn,  1900.)  Length,  210  ft. ;  beam,  21  f t. ; 
draught,  8i  ft.;  displacement,  316  tons;  comple- 
ment, 60 ;  armament,  i  i2-pdr.,  5  6-pdr.,  2  tubes ; 
twin  screw;  Hp.,  6,000=30  kts.;  coal,  90  tons. 
This  ship-name  is  associated  with  Blake's  action 
with  Tromp  ofl  Dover,  1652  ;  battle  of  the  Kentish 
Knock,  1652  ;  battle  ofl  Portland,  1653  *  Barfleur 
and  La  Hogue,  1692  ;  Rodney  agadnst  De  Guichen, 
1780. 

CMd-iron.  A  stage  of  soUd  timber  for  receiving 
a  ship  in  order  that  her  bottom  may  be  examined. 

Griffon.  British  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Bir- 
kenhead, 1896.)  Length,  2x0  ft. ;  beam,  20  ft.  ; 
draught,  5}  ft. ;  displacement,  300  tons ;  com- 
plement, 58 ;  armament,  i  i2-pdr..  5  6-pdr..  2  tubes ; 
twin  screw;  Hp.,  6,000=30  kts. ;  coal,  80  tons. 

Grip.    To  hold. 

Gripe.  A  projecting  piece  added  to  the  forefoot 
for  the  express  purpose  of  making  a  vessel  hold  a 
better  wind  by  creating  more  lateral  renstance  at 
the  fore  part.     Refer  to  Forefoot. 

Griper.  This  vessel,  commanded  by  Lieutenant 
Edward  Parry,  sailed  in  181 9  on  a  voyage  of  dis- 
covery to  the  polar  regions.  R$ler  to  Arctic  Ex- 
ploration. 

Griping.  Coming  up  into  the  wind  while  sailing 
close-hauled. 

Grivitaa.  Roumanian  composite  gun-boat.  Dis- 
placement, no  tons. 

G.B.O.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing 
boats  registered  at  Groningen,  Holland. 

Grog.    Spirits  and  water  mixed. 

Groloos,  L  (b.  Choisy-le-Roi,  May  7,  1849).  In 
1867  entered  the  technical  school,  and  subsequently 
joined  the  corps  of  Marine  Engineers  ;  from  1869-72 
.  was  a  student  at  the  £cole  d 'Application  du  G^nie 
Maritime;  went  on  active  service  in  1872,  and 
served  at  Toulon,  Indre,  and  Brest  with  the 
Mediterranean  Fleet ;  in  1882  entered  the  service 
of  the  General  Transatlantic  Co.  as  assistant  - 
engineer,  and  in  1902  became  engineer-in-chief  to 
that  company  ;  was  in  1889  made  a  Chevalier  of 
the  Legion  of  Honour ;  member  of  the  French 
Maritime  Technique  Association  and  the  Institution 
of  Naval  Architects. 

Gromiashtchi.  Russian  torpedo-boat  destroyer. 
(St.  Petersburg,  1904.)  Length,  196  ft. ;  beam, 
18  ft.  ;  draught,  iij  ft. ;  displacement,  350  tons  ; 
complement,  53;  armament,  i  12-pdr.,  5  3-p<lr., 
3  tubes ;  Hp.,  6,000=27  kts.  ;  coal,  50  tons. 

Gronunet    A  rope  ring. 


GROMOBOI 


255 


GUERNSEY 


GromoboL  Russian  armoured  cruiser.  (Baltic 
Works,  1899.) 

Length  472ft.  Beam  68ft.  .Maximum  draught  29ft. 
Displacement  12,367  tons.    Complement  800. 
Guns.  Armour, 

4 — 8  in.  "  Harvey-nickel." 

16—6  in.  6  in.  Belt  amidships. 

20—12  pdr.  6  in.  Casemates. 

i6~3  pdr.  10  in.  Conning  tower. 

8 — I  pdr. 

Torpedo  Tubes, 
2  Submerged. 
2  Above  water. 
Three  screws.     Hp.  18,000^30  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 2,500  tons.     Approximate  cost  ^900,000. 

Qrondeiir.  French  torpedo-boat  (1890).  Dis- 
placement, 133  tons;  complement,  27;  maximum 
draught,  5  ;  guns,  2  3-pdr. ;  torpedo  tubes,  2  1 5 -in. ; 
Hp.,  1,750=24  kts. ;  coal,  20  tons. 

QrondilL  French  submarine.  (Toulon,  1903.) 
Length,  77  ft. ;  beam,  7}  ft. ;  draught,  8  ft. ;  dis- 
placement, 68  tons ;  complement,  5  ;  Hp.,  60=3 
8  kts. 

Qropsnnd.  Danish  gun-boat.  200  tons.  Of  no 
fighting  value. 

GroniL    Russian  submarine  ( 1 905) .    Speed ,  9  kts. 

Grosfltt  Knrfunt.  German  ironclad.  Sunk  by 
collision  with  the  Konig  Wilhelm,  May  31,  1878  ; 
300  Uves  lost. 

GfOimdage.  Money  paid  for  permission  to 
anchor. 

Choundiag  danse.    See  Clauses. 

Cferoinid  iwelL  A  heavy  swell  often  in  fine 
weather  preceding  a  gale. 

Qfonnd  tackle.  Ropes  and  tackle  connected 
with  the  anchors  and  mooring  apparatus. 

Chow.  A  term  applied  to  the  cable  when  it  is 
being  hauled  in. 

QfOfne.  A  frame  of  woodwork  constructed 
across  a  beach  bet^-een  high  and  low  water  to 
break  and  check  the  action  of  the  waves. 

Gfosbstehsr.    Russian  gun-boat  (1890). 
Length  223ft.   Beam  41ft.  Maximum  draught  14ft. 
Displacement  1,500  tons.     Complement  120. 
Guns,  Armour, 

I — 9  in.  "  Compound." 

1 — 6  in.  5  in.  Belt. 

16  Small  q.f.  i  in.  Deck. 

3^  in.  Bulkhead. 
Torpedo  Tubes. 
I  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.   2,000^=15   kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 1 30  tons. 

QromL  Russian  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (St. 
Petersburg,  1904.)  Length,  196  ft, ;  beam.  18  ft.  ; 
draught,  it|  ft.;  displacement,  350  tons;  arma- 


ment, I   i2-pdr.,  5  3-pdr.,  2  tubes ;  Hp.,  6,000= 
27  kts. 

GroBOVoL  Russian  torpedo-boat  destroyer. 
(Havre,  1900.)  Length,  186  ft.  ;  beam,  20  ft.  ; 
draught,  10  ft.  ;  displacement,  300  tons  ;  arma- 
ment, I  1 2 -pdr.,  5  3-pdr.,  2  tubes;  twin  screw; 
Hp.,  5,000=25  kts.  ;  coal,  80  tons. 

Orubbe,  Admiral  Sir  W.  J.  H.  See  Hunt-Grubbe, 
Admiral  Sir  W.  J. 

Gnimmet.     See  Grommet. 

0.8.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Gasselte,  Holland. 

O.T.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Grafhorst,  Holland. 

Ot.,  CM.  Great.  Abbreviation  adopted  on  the 
charts  issued  by  the  Hydrographic  Office.  Ad- 
miralty. 

G.U.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Guernsey,  England. 

Onarantee  o!  underwriters.  The  large  marine 
insurance  companies  publish  annual  reports  giving 
their  financial  position.  Each  underwriter  at 
Lloyd's  deposits  with  the  committee  at  least  ^5.000 
in  securities  as  caution  money  to  meet  ultimate 
liabilities.  The  total  amount  of  these  deposits,  as 
given  by  the  secretary  in  March,  1906,  was 
;i3. 500,000.  Of  course,  each  underwriter  is  re- 
sponsible for  his  name  on  policies  to  the  assured 
for  all  claims  arising  therein  in  the  course  of  busi- 
ness, the  caution  money  being  held  in  reserve  in 
case  of  need.  The  solvency  of  underwriters  can 
be,  and  is,  guaranteed  on  policies  for  a  nominal 
consideration.     Refer  to  Clause. 

Onarantee  of  Underwriters  Claose.    See  Clauses. 

Chiardia  Karina  Contrerra.  Chilian  torpedo-boat. 
(Yarrow,  1898.)  Displacement,  140  tons ;  maxi- 
mum draught,  7I  ft. ;  armament,  3  3-pdr. ;  tubes, 
3  14-in.  :  Hp.,  2,200=27  kts. ;  coal,  40  tons. 

Qnardia  Marina  Biqiielnie.  Chilian  torpedo-boat 
destroyer.  (Laird,  1896.)  Length,  210  ft. ;  beam, 
2ii  ft. ;  draught,  5 J  ft. ;  displacement,  300  tons  ; 
complement,  65;  armament,  i  12-pdr.,  5  6-pdr., 
2  tubes;  twin  screw;  Hp.,  6,000=30  kts. ;  coal,  90 
tons. 

Oadgeons.  The  metal  braces  with  eyes,  bolted 
upon  the  stem-post,  for  the  pintles  of  the  rudder 
to  work  in,  as  upon  hinges ;  also  the  notches  made 
in  the  carrick-bitts  for  receiving  the  metal  bushes 
wherein  the  spindle  of  a  windlass  works. 

Gnepe.  French  submarine.  (Cherbourg,  igo6,) 
Displacement,  44  tons. 

Onemaey  Yaeht  Olnb.  Established  1890.  Burgee  : 
White,  with  yellow  border  and  shield  in  centre. 
Commodore,  C.  B.  Gardner ;  Vice-Commodore 
T.  Martel ;  Honorary  Treasurer,  W.  Dupuy ; 
Honorary  Secretary,  I.  C.  Ozaunc.  Entrance  fee, 
I  OS. ;  annual  subscription,  105. 


GUESS 


256 


GUN 


€hiee8-warp.    Rope  stretched  gaunt  for  hauling. 

Gneydon.     French  ist  class  cruiser.     (L'Orient, 

1899.) 

Length  460ft.   Beam  63ft.   Maximum  draught  24ft. 
Displacement  9, 5 1 7  tons.     Complement  612. 
Guns.  Armour, 

2 — 7*6  in.  "  Harvey -nickel." 

8^-6*4  in.  6}  in.  Belt  amidships. 

4 — 4  in.  8  in.  Turrets. 

16 — 3  pdr.  6  in.  Conning  tower. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (17*7  in.). 
2  Submerged. 
Three  screws.     Hp.  19,600=21  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 1,600  tons.     Approximate  cost  ;£875.ooo. 

Gnichen.    French  2nd  class  cruiser.    (St.  Nazaire, 
1898.) 

Length  436ft.   Beam  55ft.   Maximum  draught  27ft. 
Displacement  8.227  tons.     Complement  620. 
Guns.  Armour. 

2 — 6'4  in.,  45  cal.      "  Harveyed." 
6 — 5*5  in.  2}  in.  Deck. 


10 — 3  pdr. 
5 — I  pdr. 


Three  screws, 
mum  2.000  tons. 


i^  in.  Casemates. 
6J-  in.  Conning  tower. 
Torpedo  Tubes. 
2  Above  water. 

Hp.  24,000=23  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
Approximate  cost  ;f 65 0.000. 

Onion  Line.     See  Cunard  Line. 

Onldborginnd.  Danish  gun-boat.  Displacement 
200  tons  ;  Hp.,  300. 

Chilf  Line,  LtcL»  with  their  head  office  in  London, 
have  a  fleet  of  four  modem  cargo  steamers  engaged 
in  the  cargo  trade  to  various  ports  in  Europe. 

Fleet. 
Gulf  of  Ancud.  Rapallo. 

Gulf  of  Venice.  Sicily. 

Gross  tonnage,  12,690. 

Gnlf  ol  Aden,  Steamer.  Foundered  on  her  way 
from  Liverpool  to  Valparaiso,  May  12,  1890 ; 
73  lives  lost. 

Chilf  Transport  Line,  owned  and  managed  by 
Messrs.  J.  H.  Welsford  and  Co.,  Liverpool,  was 
registered  as  a  company  in  1902  to  take  over  the 
business  established  by  Mr.  J.  H.  Welsford  in  1887. 
The  line  comprises  a  fleet  of  seven  modem  cargo 
steamers,  which  maintain  a  regular  service  from 
Liverpool  to  New  Orleans  and  Galveston,  and  also 
trade  to  all  parts  of  the  world,  carrying  cargo  as 
inducement  offers.  The  company  have  branch 
offices  at  Galveston  and  Houston,  U.S.A.,  and 
agencies  in  all  the  principal  American  ports. 

Fleet. 

Ikbal.  Industry.  Irada. 

Indore,  Inkula.  Irak, 

Inkum, 

Onn.     See  Guns. 

Oonboat.     See  Navies. 

Gunner,  NavaL    See  Warrant  Officer. 


Gnnnery  sohooli.  Naval.  See  Naval  Establish- 
ments. 

Gnn  praottce,  HavaL  The  Admiralty  issue  as  a 
Blue-book  the  report  of  the  directors  of  naval 
ordnance  on  the  result  of  the  battle  practice 
carried  out  by  ships  of  the  fleet  each  year.  In 
circulating  the  report  for  1906  their  lordships  note 
with  extreme  satisfaction  the  very  marked  im- 
provements made,  in  spite  of  considerable  increase 
in  range,  over  the  result  obtained  in  1905. 

The  following  is  an  abstract  of  the  results  of  all 
the  firings. 


•c 

« 

7P. 

BAri'LE   PRACTICE. 

HEAVY  GUNLAYERS' 
TEST. 

u 

•2 

0 

Sqaadron. 

6 

0  « 

.  C 

0  9 

Fleet  or 
Squadron. 

e 
Z 

li 

n 

1 

2nd  Cruiser  ... 

92 

2647 

2nd  Cruiser  ... 

6 

86 

98741 

2 

Ohina  Fleet  ... 

3 

72 

2506 

Mediterranean 

11 

137 

i93*539 

3 

Atlantic  Fleet 

9 

140 

233  2 

3rd  Cruiser    ... 

5 

60 

90*890 

4 

East  Indies   ... 

3 

29 

203*6 

Atlantic 

'11 

156 

88*557 

5 

Mediterranean 

8 

113 

2030 

1st  Cruiser     ... 

•  6 

68 

86*648 

6 

Cape  of  Good 
Hope     

4 

39 

180*8 

China      

6 

84 

82*228 

7 

Channel  Fleet 

20 

306 

1460 

channel 

21 

288 

72*266 

8 

1st  Cruiser     ... 

4 

48 

140*1 

Tenders.  &c. ... 

4 

12 

71*096 

9 

3rd  Cruiser    ... 

4 

56 

922 

3ape  of  Good 
Hope     

4 

39 

64*441 

10 

Australia 

4 

50 

78*7 

^.A.  and  W.I. 

2 

16 

62*019 

11 

Australia 

9 

SN) 

58*507 

12 

^""^^  i  1905 

67 

945 

East  Indies  ... 
TOUI  W^ 

4 

37 

56*728 

1817 

89 

1073 

80*065 

68 

957 

98*4 

100 

1096 

68'28 

LIGHT  QUICK-FIRING 

GUNLAYERS 

•   TEST 

• 

12-Ponnders. 

6  and  3  Pounders. 

c 

^  .Is 

0 

u 

Fleet  or 

•s  •? 

u 

Fleeter 

0 

Squadron. 

•a 

o.b 
Z 

Squadron. 

0. 

Ztf] 

oDU 
Z 

91 

1 

Atlantic 

8 

113 

4*566 

Atlantic 

9 

5*634 

2 

2nd  Cruiser  ... 

4 

44 

4*215 

3rd  Cruiser  ... 

4 

31 

5*455 

3 

3rd  Cruiser   ... 

3 

34 

4107 

Cape  of  Good 

Hope     

4 

47 

3*596 

4 

China      

4 

46 

4*055 

Mediterranean 

10 

60 

3509 

5 

Mediterranean 

9 

129 

3*569 

1st  Cruiser    ... 

6 

113 

3*447 

6 

Australia 

3 

34 

3  016 

Znd  Cruiiier  ... 

4 

12 

2*818 

7 

1st  Cruiser    ... 

1 

14 

2*805 

East  Indies   ... 

6 

44 

2*554 

8 

Channel 

22 

271 

2*661 

N.A.  and  West 
Indies   

1 

10 

2*509 

9 

East  Indies    ... 

1 

9 

2*303 

Channel 

23    166 

2*458 

10 

China      

8 

37 

2*447 

11 

Fenders  ...    ... 

4 

16 

2*182 

12 

Tot^l  ^1506 

55 

694 

Australia 

TOUJ  {}»8J 

5     42 

2*136 

3*417 

84  669 

3*358 

^**'**  1 1905     47 

538 

2*12 

85   580 

1*97 

DESTROYERS*    BATTLE    PRACTICE. 


Order  of 
Merit. 

Flotilla. 

No.  of 
Ships. 

No.  of 
Men 

Firing. 

Points 
per  Man. 

1 
2 
3 

Mediterranean 

x^mna  ...    .».     ...    ... 

Channel     

Total          ■(  1906... 
lotai     ...^1505... 

12 

6 

34 

72 
36 

204 

70173 
52*351 
22*604 

52 
57 

312 
342 

37014 
1909 

In  the  gun-layers'  tests  the  captain  of  the  gr^n. 
or  the  gun-aimer,  is  called  upon  to  demonstrate 
his  capacity  for  hitting  the  mark,  and  the  magnifi- 
cent markmanship  of  the  British  gun-layers  is 
sh(7Wo  in  several  of  the  returns.    The  result  of  tli^ 


GUNROOM 


257 


GUNS 


1906  battle  practice  shows  not  only  that  advance 
has  been  made,  but  that  it  has  far  exceeded  the 
advances  which  have  been  made  in  other  competi- 
tions. The  practice  is  carried  out  at  a  distance 
of  from  four  to  five  miles,  with  ships  steaming  at  a 
speed  of  15  kts.,  the  aiming  being  done  entirely  by 
means  of  instruments  in  the  control  positions.  In 
the  battle  practice  for  1905  the  average  points  were 
98*4,  whereas  in  1906  they  were  181*7,  or  nearly 
double. 

In  order  of  merit  for  the  squadrons  the  Second 
Cruiser  Squadron  stand  first,  with  the  best  ship  of 
the  squadron  Drake,  the  flagship  of  Prince  Louis 
of  Battenberg.  The  ships  on  the  China  Station, 
under  Vice- Admiral  Sir  Arthur  Moore,  come  next, 
this  fleet  having  come  up  from  fifth  place.  The 
King  Alfred  is  the  best  ship  in  the  squadron,  of 
which  she  is  flagship.  The  Atlantic  Fleet  takes 
the  third  place  in  order  of  merit,  with  the  Britannia 
dLS  first  ship  of  the  squadron.  It  will  be  noticed 
that  the  Drake  and  her  sister-ships,  which  come 
first,  mount  nothing  heavier  than  the  9'2-in.  guns  ; 
and  this  gun  has  given  excellent  results  throughout 
the  firing. 

For  this  purpose  targets,  generally  floating  ones, 
are  used.  The  special  regulations  for  long-distance 
target  practice  are  these :  The  target  is  50  ft.  long 
by  25  ft.  high,  having  a  mast  35  ft.  high.  Each 
ship  is  to  make  two  runs  on  a  straight  course, 
opening  fire  at  6,000  yards,  one  run  for  each  broad- 
side. The  ship  is  to  steam  12  kts.,  and  fire  is  to 
be  continued  for  four  minutes  during  each  run. 
All  heavy  guns  that  will  bear  are  to  fire  on  each 
run.  One  ship  is  to  mark  for  the  other,  and  only 
actual  hits  to  be  recorded. 

Chmroom.  A  name  applied  to  the  mess  to  which 
the  junior  officers — i.e.,  sub-lieutenants,  midship- 
men, cadets — belong. 

Oans,  NavaL  The  earliest  record  of  cannon 
being  used  at  sea  were  those  made  of  hoop-iron 
bars,  intended  for  firing  stone  balls,  in  vogue  about 
1350.  For  about  two  centuries  little  was  done  to 
bring  the  cannon  into  more  practical  use,  and 
although  in  1500  a  large  English  ship,  the  Henry 
Grace  a'  Dieu,  carried  some  heavy  guns,  it  was  not 
until  161 2  that  we  learn  of  the  ships  in  the  Navy 
carrying  guns  to  any  extent.  In  1677  the  first 
approach  to  the  regular  establishment  of  guns  for 
ships  of  various  classes  was  decided  upon,  and  the 
following  table  gives  the  guns  carried  by  the 
various  rates  : 


Fitst  rates 
Second  latcft 
Third  rates 


42-prs. 


26 


32-prt. 


26 
26 


18-prt. 


28 
26 


12-prs. 


26 


Sakers 


44 
36 
14 


3-prs. 


2 
2 

4 


Total 


100 
90 
70 


The  gun  most  in  favour  at  the  close  of  the 
eighteenth  and  at  the  opening  of  the  nineteenth 
centuries  was  the  cast-iron,  smooth-bore  muzzle- 
loader,   first   the   32-pdr.   and   later   the   68-pdr. 


Carronades  were  used  for  "  smashing  "  rather  than 
for  penetrating  the  skin  or  structure  of  ships. 
Although  the  68-pdr.  was  improved  by  a  lining  of 
wrought  iron  being  inserted  in  the  bore,  whereby 
the  energy  at  1,000  yards  range  was  increased 
from  290  to  60O  foot-tons,  little  progress  was  made 
until  after  the  Crimean  war,  when  chemists  under- 
took the  investigation  of  the  action  of  explosives, 
and  metallurgists  sought  to  produce  stronger 
metals. 

The  general  ide^  was  that  the  more  violent  the 
explasion  the  greater  would  be  the  velocity  of  the 
projectile.  Under  such  conditions  short  weapons 
naturally  found  favour  ;  and,  indeed,  with  the  light 
spherical,  ill-fitting  projectile  there  was  little  advan- 
tage to  be  gained  by  lengthening  the  bore.  With 
the  introduction  of  the  rifted  cannon  much  heavier 
and  better  fitting  shot  became  possible,  and  it  was 
then  realised  that  it  was  not  the  explosion  that  was 
wanted,  but  a  continuous  pressure  acting  on  the 
base  of  a  shot  for  a  relatively  considerable  period. 

Gunmakers  had  meanwhile  improved  the  strength 
of  the  weapon  by  a  recognition  of  the  fact  that 
wrought  iron  was  twice  as  strong  in  the  direction 
of  the  fibre  as  across  it ;  and  thus  in  the  sixties 
they  began  to  coil  a  central  tube,  surrounding  it  by 
hoops,  welded  or  shrunk  on.  The  bore  was  rifled 
to  give  the  shot  that  rotator}'  motion  which  pre- 
vents irregularity  in  flight,  and  conduces  to  accuracy 
of  fire  at  long  range.  The  smooth-bore  gun  was 
effective  up  to  only  1,000  yards  range,  as  com- 
pared to  the  6.000  yards  and  7,000  yards  for  the 
modem  weapons. 

Breech-loading  was  first  introduced  into  the 
Navy  in  1859  with  the  *'  Rifled  Ordnance  Arm- 
strong" gun,  invented  by  I/>rd  Armstrong  (^.i».), 
founder  of  the  Elswick  works,  but  was  dis- 
carded because  the  details  for  closing  the  breech 
had  proved  defective,  which  defect,  however, 
was  caused  by  carelessness  in  not  closing  this  part 
of  the  gun  properly,  and  it  was  not  until  1880 
that  they  were  reintroduced  into  the  Service. 
Various  improvements  gradually  increased  the 
power  of  the  gun.  The  length  and  weight  had 
enormously  grown,  but  the  increase  in  energy  up 
till  the  eighties  was  not  commensurate  with  the 
augmentation  of  the  weight  of  the  projectile  and 
charge. 

The  advance  from  the  38-ton  gun  of  1870  to  the 
iioj-ton  gun  of  1887  involved  the  multiplying  by 
five  of  the  charge  of  powder,  which  quadrupled 
the  energy  of  the  gun,  but  the  carrying  power  of 
the  shot  was  still  deficient.  The  velocity  had  in- 
creased in  20  years  from  1,600  to  2,000  ft.  per 
second.  At  the  trial  against  a  specially  prepared 
target  a  gun  of  this  weight  and  calibre  drove  an 
armour-piercing  projectile  through  20  in.  of  com- 
pound armour,  8  in.  of  iron,  20  ft.  of  oak,  5  ft.  of 
granite,  and  11  ft,  of  concrete.  O^The  cost  of  the 
charge  was.  roughly  speaking,  £80  for  powder  and 
projectile,  and  ;£i5o%  of  the  price  of  the  gun. 

K 


GUN 


258 


H 


which  cost  approximately,  without  mounting,  about 
;f 1 5,000.  Towards  the  end  of  the  nineteenth  cen- 
tury the  practice  of  winding  the  tubes  of  heavy 
guns  with  steel  wire  to  give  increased  resistance 
was  introduced,  especially  in  weapons  for  use  in 
the  British  Navy.  In  the  manufacture  of  these 
guns  round  the  inner  tube  there  is  coiled  something 
like  120  miles  of  wire,  which  itself  has  a  breaking 
strain  of  between  90  and  no  tons  per  square  in., 
and  is  put  under  a  tension  of  from  54  tons  per 
square  in.  of  the  inner  ^ires,  and  32  tons  per 
square  in.  of  the  outer  wires,  so  that  the  ultimate 
resistance  of  strain  consequent  upon  the  firing  of 
the  gun  is  enormously  increased.  Velocities  of 
2,600  ft.  per  second  are  thus  realised,  and  even 
more  is  quite  feasible,  so  that  the  penetration  of 
wrought  iron  at  1,000  yards  range  has  now  been 
increased  to  42  in. 

If  we  compare  the  12-in.  gun  to-day  with  the 
weapon  of  the  same  calibre  of  20  years  ago,  when 
there  was  no  widened  chamber  for  the  explosive, 
when  prismatic  powder  of  low  expansive  power 
was  used^  we  find  that  the  penetration  of  wrought 
iron  at  1,000  yards  range  has  been  doubled  and 
the  possible  effective  range  multiplied  fivefold. 
There  has  also  been  an  enormous  gain  in  quicker 
fire  by  improved  breech  mechanism,  and  efficient 
hydraulic  and  electric  mountings,  whereby  the  gun 
and  all  its  loading,  elevating,  and  training  machinery 
is  rotated. 

Onn  tackle.  A  tackle  composed  of  a  rope  rove 
through  two  single  blocks,  the  standing  part  being 
made  fast  to  the  strop  of  one  of  the  blocks. 

Gnnter's  Lme  is  a  logarithmic  scale  of  propor- 
tionals, named  after  its  inventor,  Edmund  Guntcr, 
wherein  the  distance  between  each  division  is 
equal  to  the  number  of  mean  proportionals  con- 
tained between  the  two  terms,  in  such  parts  as  the 
distance  between  one  and  10  is  10,000,  etc. 

Onn  wale.  The  horizontal  plank  fitted  along  and 
covering  or  binding  the  heads  of  the  timbers  and 
so  forming  the  top  of  the  boat's  side. 

Giusets.  An  angle  iron  or  bracket  used  to 
stiffen  the  angle  of  a  structure. 

Onstave  Zede.  French  submarine.  (Toulon, 
1893.)  Length,  159  ft.;  beam,  12  ft.;  draught, 
12  ft.;  displacement,  226  tons;  complement,  9; 
Hp.,  220=10  kts. 

Oustavo  Sampaio.  Brazilian  torpedo  gun-boat. 
(Elswick,  1896.) 

Displacement  500  tons.     Complement  95. 

Guns. 
2—3-5  in. 
4—3  Pdr. 
Torpedo  Tubes. 
3  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.   2,300=18   kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 1 50  tons. 


Ontter^ledge.  Crossbars  laid  along  a  hatchway 
enabling  them  better  to  sustain  a  weight. 

Ony,  Ideatenant  Rasil  John  Douglas,  R.H.,  V.C. 

As  mid.  of  the  Barficur  was  awarded  the  V.C.  for 
great  coolness  and  bravery  at  the  attack  on  Tientsin. 
July,  1900. 
Extract  from  the  "Gazette,"  January  i,  1901: 
"  On  July  13,  1900.  during  the  attack  on  Tientsin 
city,  a  very  heavy  cross-fire  was  brought  to  bear 
on  the  Naval  Brigade,  and  there  were  several 
casualties.  Among  those  who  fell  was  an  A.B., 
I.  McCarthy,  shot  about  50  yards  short  of  cover. 
Mr.  Guy  stopped  with  him  and,  after  seeing  what 
the  injury  was,  attempted  to  lift  him  up  and  carry 
him  in,  but  was  not  strong  enough  ;  so,  after  binding 
up  the  wound,  Mr.  Guy  ran  to  get  assistance.  In 
the  meantime  the  remainder  of  the  company  had 
passed  in  under  cover,  and  the  entire  fire  from  the 
city  was  concentrated  on  Mr.  Guy  and  McCarthy. 
Shortly  after  Mr.  Guy  had  got  in  under  cover  the 
stretchers  came  up.  Again  Mr.  Guy  dashed  out 
and  assisted  in  placing  McCarthy  on  the  stretcher 
and  carrying  him  in.  The  wounded  man  was. 
however,  shot  dead  just  as  he  was  being  carried 
into  safety.  During  the  whole  time  a  very  heavy 
fire  was  brought  to  bear  upon  Mr.  Guy,  and  the 
ground  around  him  was  absolutely  ploughed  up." 

He  was  mentioned  in  Vice- Admiral  Seymour's 
despatches,  and  promoted  lieutenant 

Guys.  A  rope  used  to  keep  spars  or  other 
weighty  bodies  from  swinging  against  ship's  side. 

G.W.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Glasgow.  Scotland. 

Owin.  U.S.  torpedo-boat.  (Bristol,  1897.) 
Length,  99 J  ft.  ;  beam,  12J  ft.  ;  draught,  3 J  ft.  ; 
displacement,  46  tons ;  armament,  i  i-pdr., 
2  2-pdr. ;  Hp.,  850  =  21  kts.  ;  coal,  8  tons. 

O.T.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Grimsby,  England. 

gy.  Gray.  Abbreviation  adopted  on  the  charts 
issued  by  the  Hydrographic  Office,  Admiralty, 
denoting  the  quality  of  the  ocean's  bottom. 

Gybe.  Allowing  when  nearly  before  the  wind 
the  fore-and-aft  sail  to  shift  from  one  side  to  the 
other. 

Gynmote.  French  submarine.  (Mourillon,  1888.) 
Length,  56  ft.  ;  beam,  6  ft.  ;  draught,  6  ft. ;  dis- 
placement, 39  tons ;  complement,  4 ;  Hp.,  55  = 
6  kts. 

Gyn.  A  three-legged  machine  fitted  with  a 
windlass,  heaving  in  the  fall  from  a  purchase- 
block  at  the  summit,  much  used  for  driving  piles. 


H.     Distinguishing  letter  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Havre,  France. 

H.     Distinguishing  letter  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Heyst,  Belgium. 


H 


259 


HAGG 


H.  Distinguishing  letter  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Helsingor,  Denmark. 

H.  Distinguishing  letter  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Hull,  England. 

H*.  Hour.  Abbreviation  adopted  on  the  charts 
issued  by  the  Hydrographic  Office,  Admiralty. 

h.  Hard.  Abbreviation  adopted  on  the  charts 
issued  by  the  Hydrographic  Office,  Admiralty, 
denoting  the  quality  of  the  ocean's  bottom. 

H.A.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Harlingen,  Holland. 

Haack,  Carl  BudoU  Otto  (b.  in  Wolgast,  Prussia, 
October  17,  1833).  Civil  engineer.  After  three 
years  of  practical  work  in  wood  shipbuilding  he 
went  to  the  shipbuilding  school  at  Grabow,  near 
Stettin.  In  1856  he  joined  the  firm  of  Fruchtenicht 
and  Brak,  Bredow,  as  engineer,  and  in  1857,  when 
this  firm  was  converted  into  a  joint  stock  company, 
under  the  name  of  the  Stettiner  Vulcan  Machine 
Building  Co.,  his  services  were  retained,  and  he 
subsequently  became  a  director.  Many  vessels  were 
constructed  under  his  directions,  including  warships, 
torpedo-boats,  and  mail  steamers  of  every  kind  and 
si2e  for  England  and  abroad.  After  leaving 
Vulcan  in  1887,  he  went  to  Berlin,  and  began  to 
practise  as  a  civil  engineer.  In  1898,  by  order  of 
the  Secretary  of  State,  he  aided  at  the  trials  which 
were  then  being  made  at  the  newly  built  Dortmund- 
Ems  Canal,  of  which  the  scientific  work  was  under 
his  care.  Has  published  several  works  on  ship- 
building, and  contributed  papers  to  the  Institution 
of  German  Engineers. 

Haai.  Netherlands  coast  defence  monitor  (1870). 
Displacement,  2,000  tons.     Of  no  fighting  value. 

^ftKft"ft.  Spanish  torpedo-boat.  (Chiswick, 
1887.)  Length,  127  ft. ;  beam,  12J  ft.  ;  draught, 
6  ft. ;  displacement,  59  tons  ;  armament,  i  machine, 
2  tubes  ;   Hp.,  730=21  kts. 

Habioht.  German  gun-boat.  (Elbing,  1880.) 
Length,  174  ft. ;  beam,  29 J  ft. ;  draught,  iij  ft.  ; 
displacement,  848  tons  ;  complement,  1 30  ;  arma- 
ment, 5  4'9-in.,  5  Maxims;  Hp.,  600=12  kts.; 
coal,  100  tons. 

Hababnrg.  Austro-Hungarian  battleship.  (Tri- 
este, 1900.) 

Length  354ft.    Beam  65ft.   Maximum  draught  25ft. 
Displacement  8,340  tons. 
Guns.  Armour. 

3 — 9*4  in.,  40  cal.      '*  Krupp." 
12 — 6  in.  8  in.  Belt  amidships. 

8  in.  Barbettes. 
8  in.  Turrets. 
8  in.  Conning  tower. 
Torpedo  Tubes* {iS  in.).   . 
2  Submerged. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  11,900=18*5  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
znam  840  tons.     Approximate  cost  ;£65o,ooo. 

Hache.     French  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Toulon, 


10 — 12  pdr. 
16  Maxims 


1906.)  Length,  190  ft.  ;  beam,  21  ft.  ;  draught, 
loj-  ft.  ;  displacement,  335  tons  ;  complement,  62  ; 
armament,  i  9-pdr.,  6  3 -pdr.,  2  tubes  ;  twin  screw, 
Hp.,  6,000=28  kts. 

Haddington,  Earl  of.    See  Admiralty. 

Hadfield,  Bobert  Abbot.  Managing  director  of 
Hadfield's  Steel  Foundry  Co.,  Ltd.,  the  largest 
makers  of  projectiles  in  the  world.  He  is  the 
inventor  of  "  Era  *'  manganese  steel,  and  was  the 
first  to  make  a  non-magnetic  steel,  a  product  never 
known  before,  i.e.,  it  was  unknown  that  an  alloy  of 
iron  could  be  made  possessing  entirely  opposite 
qualities  to  those  usually  ascribed  to  metal.  He  is 
an  expert  metallurgist,  and  has  been  awarded  the 
Bessemer  medal  by  the  Iron  and  Steel  Institute ; 
the  Howard  prize,  and  a  premium  of  65  guineas  ; 
the  George  Stephenson  gold  medal  and  premium  ; 
the  Telford  gold  medal  and  premium  by  the  Institu- 
tion of  Civil  Engineers,  and  on  two  separate  occa- 
sions gold  medals  by  the  French  Society  d'Encour- 
agement'  pour  I'lndustrie  Nationale,  and  the  John 
Scott  medal  and  premium  by  the  American  Franklin 
Institute.  President  of  the  Iron  and  Steel  Institute, 
Past  President  of  the  Sheffield  Metallurgical 
Society  ;  member  of  Council  of  the  Institution  of 
Civil  Engineers,  member  of  the  Institution  of 
Mechanical  Engineers,  American  Institute  of  Mining 
Engineers,  French  Soci6te  d 'Encouragement  pour 
I'lndustrie  Nationale,  German  Verein  der  Eisen- 
huttenleute. 

Publications  :  Many  papers  read  before  the  Iron 
and  Steel  Institute  ;  Institution  of  Civil  Engineers, 
and  other  scientific  bodies  ;  and  has  published, 
in  conjunction  with  De  Gibbins,  "  The  Shorter 
Working  Day." 

Hagen.     German  coast  service  battleship  (1893). 
Length  254ft.   Beam  49ft.   Maximum  draught  i8ft. 
Displacement  4, 1 50  tons.     Complement  297. 
Guns.  Armour. 

3 — 9'4  in.  "  Nickel -steel." 

10 — i5i  pdr.  9  in.  Belt. 

6 — I  pdr.  8  in.  Barbettes. 

4  Machine  7  in.  Conning  tower. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
3  Submerged  bow  and  broadside. 
I  Above  water  stem. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  5,100=15^  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 580  tons. 

EU^»  Baar-Admiral  Jacob  (b.  Gotland,  1839). 
Educated  at  Visby ;  entered  the  Naval  College  at 
Stockholm,  1858 ;  sub-lieutenant,  1863  >  served 
in  ships  in  the  Baltic,  Mediterranean,  Atlantic,  West 
Coast  of  Africa  and  North  America ;  surveyed  a 
considerable  part  of  the  East  Coast  of  Sweden  ; 
projected  and  carried  out  many  important  schemes 
for  the  safe  navigation  of  warships  in  the  Swedish 
Archipelago,  1873-84  ;  created  Knight  of  the  North 
Star  for  services  rendered,  1889 ;  director  of  the 
Naval  College,  1890-95  (Commander  of  the  Royal 

K  2 


HAI 


260 


HALL 


Danish  Dannebrog  Order  and  the  Prussian  Kron 
Order,  and  Rother  Adler  Order)  ;  superintendent 
of  the  Royal  Dockyard  at  Stockholm,  1896-99 
(Russian  St.  Stanislaws  Order,  with  Star) ;  Com- 
mander-in-Chief of  the  Stockholm  squadron,  1896  ; 
appointed  to  rear-admiral,  1899  ;  member  of  several 
naval  committees  (Commander  of  the  Royal 
Swedish  Order  of  the  Sword,  1st  Class) ;  superin- 
tendent of  the  Royal  Dockyard  at  Karlskrona,  1899 ; 
Commander-in-Chief  of  the  coast  squadron,  1900 
(gold  medal  for  valour)  ;  Commander-in-Chief  of 
the  Royal  Naval  station  at  Karlskrona;  left  the 
active  service,  1904.  Marine  painter  and  etcher  ; 
restored,  on  account  of  his  archaeological  studies, 
several  old  models  of  ships  for  the  Exhibition  at 
Stockholm,  1897. 

Hai.  Norwegian  torpedo-boat.  (Elbing,  1898.) 
Length,  128  ft.  ;  beam,  16  ft.  ;  draught,  6^  ft.  ; 
displacement,  84  tons;  armament,  2  r4-in.  q.f., 
2  tubes;   Hp.,  1,1 00  =  24 J  kts. 

Hai-cbi.    Chinese  cruiser.     (Elswick,  1898.) 
Length  396ft.     Beam  46ft.     Mean  draught  17ft. 
Displacement  4,300  tons.     Complement  450. 
Guns.  Armour. 

2—8  in.  "  Harvey." 

10 — 47  in.  5  in.  Deck. 

12 — 3  pdr.  6  in.  Conning  tower. 

3—1  pdr. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
5  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  forced   17,000=24  kts.     Coal 
maximum  1,000  tons. 

HaiL  Frozen  rain.  Large  hailstones  sometimes 
consist  of  alternate  deposits  of  hoar-frost  and  ice. 

^ft^^'"g  boats.     See  Naval  Ceremonies. 

Hai<4]ien.    Chinese    cruiser.     (Stettin,    1898.) 

Length  328ft.   Beam  41ft.   Maximum  draught  1 6ft. 

Displacement  3,000  tons.     Complement  244. 

Guns.  A  rmour. 

3—6  in.  •'  Steel." 

8 — 4'  I  in.  2 J  in.  Deck  amidships. 

6 — I  pdr.  2  in.  Big  gun  shields. 

i^  in.  Conning  tower. 
Torpedo  Tubes  (14  in.). 

1  Submerged  bow. 

2  Above  water. 

Twin  screw.  Hp.  7,500=19*5  kts.  Coal  maxi- 
mum 500  tons. 

Hai-shew.     Chinese  cruiser.     (Stettin,  1897.) 
Length  328ft.   Beam  41ft.   Maximum  draught  i6ft. 
Displacement  3,000  tons.     Complement  244. 
Guns,  Armour, 

3— 6  in.  "Steel." 

8 — 4*1  in.  2^  in.  Deck  amidships. 

6 — 1  pdr.  2  in.  Big  gun  shields. 

i^  in.  Conning  tower. 
Torpedo  Tubes  (14  in.). 

1  Submerged  bow. 

2  Above  water. 


Twin  screw.  Hp.  7,500=19*5  kts.  Coal  maxi- 
mum 500  tons. 

Hai-ynng.    Chinese  cruiser.     (Stettin,  1897.) 
Length  328ft.   Beam  41ft.  Maximum  draught  i6ft. 
Displacement  3,000  tons.     Complement  244. 
Guns,  Armour. 

3—6  in.  "  Steel." 

8 — 4'  I  in.  2^  in.  Deck  amidships. 

6—1  pdr.  2  in.  Big  gun  shields. 

j^  in.  Conning  tower. 
Torpedo  Tubes  (14  in*). 

1  Submerged  bow. 

2  Above  water. 

Twin  screw.  Hp.  7,500=19*5  kts.  Coal  maxi- 
mum 500  tons. 

Hai-yun-tan,  Battle  ot  In  1895  the  Chinese 
fleet  under  Admiral  Ting,  during  the  war  between 
China  and  Japan,  was  surprised  off  the  Yalu  by  the 
Japanese  Fleet  under  Vice- Admiral  Ito.  The 
Japanese  victory  was  complete. 

Hajen.  Swedish  submarine.  (Stockholm.  1904.) 
Length,  71  ft.  ;  beam,  12  ft. ;  draught,  9}  ft.  ; 
displacement,  107  tons ;  complement,  6 ;  arma- 
ment, I  i8-in.  tube;   Hp.,  200  =  7  kts. 

HaJen.  Danish  torpedo-boat.  (Copenhagen, 
1896.)  Length,  154  ft.;  beam,  15  ft.;  draught. 
7|  ft.  ;  displacement,  142  tons ;  armament,  i 
4*7-in.,  I  I -pdr.,  3  tubes  ;  twin  screw  ;  Hp..  2,300  = 
22*9  kts. 

Hake'f  teeth.  A  phrase  applied  to  some  part  of 
the  deep  soundings  in  the  English  Channel. 

H. A.L.  Distingu ishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Halsteren,  Holland. 

• 

Halcyon.     British  torpedo  gun-boat  (1894). 
Length  250ft.   Beam  30ft.   Maximum  draught  13ft. 
Displacement  1,070  tons.     Complement  120. 

Guns. 
2 — 4*7  in. 
4—3  pdr. 
Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
5  Above  water. 
Twin    screw.      Hp.    natural    2,500  =  17    kts., 
forced  3,500=18*5  kts.      Coal  maximum  160  tons. 
This  ship-name  was  first  introduced  into  the  Navy 
in  1779,  and  is  associated  with  the  bombardment  of 
Copenhagen,  1807. 

Hall,  Banl  (1788-1844).  British  naval  officer  and 
explorer.  Educated  at  the  High  School  of  Edin- 
burgh, and  entered  the  Navy  in  1802.  In  1816  he 
commanded  the  sloop  Lyra,  which  accompanied 
Lord  Amherst's  embassy  to  China,  and  in  this  vessel 
he  performed  the  cruise  v/hich  he  describes  in  his 
most  inteiesting  work,  "  An  Account  of  the  Voyage 
of  Discovery  to  the  West  Coast  of  Korea  and  the 
Great  Loo-choo  Islands  in  the  Japan  Sea  "  (18 18). 
In  1820  he  published  extracts  from  "  A  Journal 
written  on  the  coasts  of  Chili,  Peru  and  Mexico." 
His    other    works    include     *'  Travels   in   North 


HALL 


261 


HAMBURG 


America"  (1829),  "Spain  and  the  Seat  of  War  in 
Spain  "  (1837).  "  Fragments  of  Voyages  and  Travels  " 
(9  vols.,  1831-40).  His  last  work,  a  collection  of 
sketches  and  tales  under  the  name  of  "  Patchwork  " 
(1841),  was  published  just  before  he  was  seized  with 
insanity.  He  died  in  Haslar  Hospital,  Portsmouth, 
September  11,  1844. 

Hall,  Charles  Francis  (182 1 -71).  American 
Arctic  explorer  (b.  Rochester.  U.S.A.).  In  1859 
he  volunteered  to  the  American  Geographical 
Society  to  "  go  in  search  of  the  bones  of  Franklin," 
and  sailed  in  a  whaler  commanded  by  Captain 
Buddington,  who  had  picked  up  the  English  search 
ship  Resolute,  in  May,  i860.  Wlien  ice  bound  he 
took  up  his  abode  with  the  Eskimo,  liviag  with  them 
for  two  years,  adopting  their  habits,  and  acquiiing 
their  language  ;  travelling  about  with  them  in  the 
region  to  the  north  of  Hudson's  Bay,  where  he 
acquired  much  valuable  information.  He  published 
an  account  of  his  experiences  in  1864  under  the 
title  of  "  Arctic  Researches  and  Life  among  the 
Esquimaux. "  In  1 864  he  made  a  second  expedition , 
and  was  successful  in  obtaining  definite  and  re- 
liable news  of  the  fate  of  two-thirds  of  Franklin's 
party.  The  expedition  which  brought  him  most 
prominently  into  notice  was  fitted  out  in  1871,  at 
the  expense  of  the  United  States  Government,  with 
the  object  of  reaching  the  supposed  open  Polar  sea, 
and  if  possible  the  North  Pole.  On  July  29,  1871, 
the  Polaris  left  New  York,  and  after  making  a  re- 
markably rapid  passage  by  Davis  Straits  and  Smith 
Sound,  reached  the  latitude  82**  16'  N.,  the  highest 
latitude  reached  at  that  time  of  which  there  was 
any  authentic  report.  He  died  shortly  afterwards, 
after  a  short  illness,  at  Polaris  Bay.  An  official 
"  Narrative  of  the  Second  Arctic  Exploration " 
was  published  by  the  United  States  Government 
in  1879.     Refer  to  Arctic  Exploration. 


^Hall,  Frederic  Hills  (b.  1875).  After  serving  four 
years  as  sub-lieutenant  engineer  in  Royal  Navy, 
became  assistant  to  Lloyd's  Surveyor  in  Marseilles, 
subsequently  acting  as  superintendent  engineer  to 
various  shipping  companies.  ,Was  appointed 
Lloyd's  Surveyor,  but  did  not  take  up  appointment, 
later  commencing  business  as  consulting  engineer 
and  surveyor  in  Newcastle-on-Tyne.  Associate 
member  of  the  Institution  of  Naval  Architects  ; 
member  of  the  North-East  Coast  IiLstitution  of 
Shipbuilders  and  Engineers. 

HallelNtfde.  French  torpedo-boat  destroyer. 
(Normand,  1902.)  Length,  180  ft. ;  beam,  21  ft.  ; 
maximum  draught,  10  ft. ;  displacement,  300  tons  ; 
complement,  45  ;  guns,  i  9-pdr.,  6  3-pdr.  ;  torpedo 
tubes,  2  15-in.  ;   speed,  27-30  kts. 

Hillittrds.  Tackle  employed  exclusively  for 
hoisting  and  lowering  sails. 

Halliday,  Brevet-llajor  Lewis  Stratford  ToUe- 
mache,  V.O.,  B.M.LX  (b.   1870).    Served  during 


Boxer  Rebellion  at  the  siege  of  the  European 
Legations,  Peking,  1900  (China  Medal,  Legation 
clasp) ;  awarded  the  V.C.  for  services  rendered  on 
June  24,  1900. 

Extract  from  the  "  Gazette,"  January  t,  1 901  : 
"  On  June  24.  the  enemy,  consisting  of  Boxers 
and  Imperial  troops,  made  a  fierce  attack  on  the 
west  wall  of  the  British  legation,  setting  fire  to  the 
west  gate  of  the  south  stable  quarters,  and  taking 
cover  in  the  buildings  which  adjoined  the  wall. 
The  fire,  which  spread  to  part  of  the  stables,  and 
through  which  and  the  smoke  a  galling  fire  was  kept 
up  by  the  Imperial  troops,  was  with  difficulty 
extinguished,  and,  as  the  presence  of  the  enemy  in 
the  adjoining  buildings  was  of  grave  danger  to  the 
Legation,  a  sortie  was  organised  to  drive  them  out. 
A  hole  was  made  in  the  Legation  wall,  and  Captain 
Halliday,  in  command  of  20  marines,  led  the  way 
into  the  buildings,  and  almost  immediately  engaged 
a  party  of  the  enemy.  Before  he  could  use  his 
revolver,  however,  he  was  shot  through  the  left 
shoulder  at  point  blank  range,  the  bullet  fracturing 
the  shoulder  and  carrying  away  part  of  the  lung. 
Notwithstanding  the  extremely  severe  nature  of 
his  wound.  Captain  Halliday  killed  three  of  his 
assailants,  and,  telling  his  men  to  '  carry  on  and 
not  mind  him,'  walked  back  unaided  to  the  hospital, 
refusing  escort  and  aid,  so  as  not  to  diminish  the 
number  of  men  engaged  in  the  sortie." 

HaU  line,  established  about  40  years  ago,  was 
acquired  by  Mr.  J.  K.  EUerman,  chairman  of  the 
Leyland  Line,  and  subsequently  taken  over  by,  and 
now  forms  part  of,  the  EUerman  Lines,  Ltd.  A 
regular  service  of  passenger  and  cargo  steamers 
between  Liverpool  and  Bombay  and  Kurrachee 
is  maintained,  in  conjunction  with  the  Harrison 
and  Clan  Lines  from  Glasgow  and  Liverpool  to 
South  and  East  African  ports. 

Hall  Line,  Cardiff.     See  Cardiff  Hall  Line. 

Hall's  Line*  owned  by  Messrs.  John  Hall,  junr, 
and  Co.,  maintain  regular  saiUngs  from  London  for 
Lisbon,  Gibraltar,  Malaga,  and  Cadiz,  calling  at 
Faro,  Portsimao,  Setubal  and  Havre  on  the  home- 
ward journey. 

Fleet. 
Britannia.  Lusitania. 

Iberia,  Malaga. 

Lisbon.  Peninsula. 

Halo.  Large  circle  of  coloured  light  surrounding 
the  sun  or  moon,  commonly  of  about  44°  in  diameter. 

Halyards.    See  Halliards. 

Hambrough.  A  name  given  to  small  lines  used  for 
lashings,  etc. 

Hamburg.  German  armoured  cruiser.  (Vulcan, 
Stettin,  1903.) 

Length  341ft.  Beam  40ft.  Maximum  draught  i6^ft. 
Displacement  3,200  tons.    Complement  280. 


•^ 


HAMBURG 


262 


HAMBURG 


Guns.  Armour. 

10 — ^4*1  in.  "  Krupp." 

10— 1*4  in.  2  in.  Deck. 

4  Maxims.  4  in.  Conning  tower. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
2  Submerged. 
Twin  -screw.     Hp.    11,000=23  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 800  tons. 


'  HambuiK-Amerika  Linie.  In  the  spring  of  1847,  a 
number  of  the  most  respected  merchants  of  Ham- 
burg gathered  together  to  discuss  ways  and  means 
of  raising  funds  for  establishing  a  regular  line  of 
ships  between  Europe  and  America.  The  views 
of  these  merchants  were  very  modest.  They  pro- 
posed to  start  the  company  with  a  capital  of  ;i22,5oo, 
divided  into  60  shares  of  £^7$  each.  The  shares 
were  taken  up  by  about  41  shareholders,  the  greatest 
number  of  shares  subscribed  for  by  any  one  indi- 
vidual being  four. 

The  company  commenced  with  four  small  sailing 
ships,  three  of  which  were  built  in  Germany  and  one 
in  England.  The  names  of  the  first  three  ships 
were  DetUschland,  Rhein,  and  Amerika,  and  these 
ships  cpst  on  the  average  about  i^,ooo  each.  The 
Deutschland  was  the  largest  of  the  four  vessels,  being 
capable  of  accommodating  about  200  emigrants 
and  about  20  cabin  passengers ;  her  carrying 
capacity  was  717  tons. 

In  1853,  five  more  sailing  vessels  were  added,  the 
total  carrying  capacity  being  4,000  tons,  and  each 
accommodating  some  200  passengers.  In  1856  the 
first  screw  steamer  in  the  company's  service  left 
Hamburg  ;  this  was  the  Borussia,  a  vessel  of  2,349 
tons,  constructed  on  the  Clyde.  From  this  time 
when  the  company  abandoned  sailing  ships  and 
took  to  steam,  its  great  prosperity  may  be  said  to 
have  dated.  In  1857  it  absorbed  the  old  Eagle  Co., 
of  Hamburg,  which  had  previously  been  its  rival, 
and  then  began  to  run  boats  to  Central  and  South 
America,  and  later  to  China,  Japan,  and  the  Straits 
Settlements. 

Nearly  three  quarters  of  a  century  has  elapsed 
since  the  first  steamer  crossed  from  Europe  to 
America,  and  from  that  time  down  to  the  present 
the  history  of  the  North  Atlantic  Steamship  enter- 
prise has  been  one  of  great  and  continuous  import- 
ance. Thanks  to  the  magnificent  performances 
of  the  ocean  greyhound  Deutschland,  a  vessel  of 
16,502  tons,  built  in  Germany,  with  engines  of 
37,800  Hp.,  the  Hambnrg-Amerika  Line  held  for 
many  years  the  blue  ribbon  of  the  North  Atlantic. 
In  September,  1900,  the  Deutschland  went  from 
Sandy  Hook  to  Plymouth  in  the  record  time  of 
5  days,  7  hours,  38  minutes,  the  entire  distance  of 
2,982  miles  being  traversed  at  an  average  speed 
of  23*36  kts.,  545  kts.  being  the  longest  day's 
run.  Since  then  the  Deutschland  has  attained  an 
average  speed  of  23*51  kts.  east-bound,  and  23*24 
kts.  west-bound,  and  covered  607  kts.  in  one  day. 
The  Amerika,  built  by  Messrs.  Harland  and  Wolflf, 


Belfast,  and  the  Kaiserin  Auguste  Victoria,  built 
by  the  Vulcan  Engineering  and  Sliipbuilding  Co., 
Stettin,  are  the  last  vessels  built  by  the  company, 
and  are  unrivalled.  They  contain  the  latest 
modem  improvements,  and  prove  the  unwearied 
and  successful  efiorts  of  the  management  of  this 
line  to  add  to  the  comfort  and  convenience  of  their 
patrons.  The  feature  that  distinguishes  these  two 
vessels  from  all  other  Atlantic  liners  is  that  for  the 
first  time  in  the  history  of  ocean  enterprise  there 
is  on  board  a  restaurant  d  la  carte,  under  the 
management  of  the  Carlton  Hotel  Co.  The  Europa, 
which  is  now  being  built  for  this  company  by  Messrs. 
Harland  and  Wolff,  of  Belfast,  will  be,  when  com- 
pleted, the  largest  passenger  steamer  in  the  world. 
In  this,  as  in  all  the  later  additions  to  the  Hamburg- 
Amerika  fleet,  the  policy  of  not  sacrificing  the 
comfort  of  passengers  to  high  speed  will  be  adhered 
to.  The  vessel  will  have  a  sea  speed  of  from  20  to  2 1 
kts.,  and  her  appointments  will,  if  such  is  possible, 
eclipse  those  of  the  Amerika  and  Kaiserin  Auguste 
Victoria.  \ 

In  March,  1907,  eight  steamers  of  the  Woer- 
marm  Line  were  acquired  by  purchase  for 
the  commencement  of  business  to  Western  South 
Africa,  and  with  the  purchase  of  these  steamers 
the  tonnage  of  the  Hamburg-Amcrika  Line  is  in- 
creased by  30,757  gross  register  tons,  giving  the 
company  a  total  tonnage  of  957,250  gross  register 
tons. 

Like  most  new  enterprises,  the  Hamburg- 
Amerika  Line  had  to  meet  many  trials  and  dis- 
appointments ;  but,  despite  all  difficulties,  it  has 
grown  and  prospered  year  by  year,  until  to-day 
it  is  the  greatest  of  all  the  great  steamship  com- 
panies in  the  world.  The  extraordinary  progress 
of  Hamburg  as  a  seaport  during  the  last  30  years  of 
the  nineteenth  century  may  be  due  in  no  small 
measure  to  the  enterprise  of  this  Une,  which  to- 
day owns  a  fleet  of  363  vessels,  159  of  which 
are  large  ocean  steamers,  and  maintains  50 
services  to  all  parts  of  the  world.  The  routes  of 
the  weekly  twin-screw  steamers,  carrying  the 
American  and  European  mails,  are :  Hamburg. 
Southampton,  Cherbourg,  and  New  York,  returning 
via  Plymouth  and  Cherbourg.  Other  services  leave 
Hamburg  every  Sunday  for  New  York,  via  Bou- 
logne-sur-Mer,  and  Southampton  or  Plymouth  ;  in 
addition  to  which  there  are  regular  services  from 
Hamburg  to  Montreal,  Halifax,  Portland.  Boston. 
Philadelphia,  Baltimore,  New  Orleans,  Galveston, 
West  Indies,  North,  Central  and  South  Brazil, 
River  Plate,  Panama,  Mexico,  Venezuela,  Colombia, 
and  West  Coast  of  South  America  ;  Stettin  to 
New  York ;  Genoa  to  River  Plate  ;  New  York 
to  China  and  Japan;  New  York  to  Levant.  A 
service  via  Bremen  to  Togo  and  Dahomey,  via 
Rotterdam  to  Sierra  Leone,  the  Ivory  and  Gold 
Coast,  via  Antwerp  to  the  Congo  and  Angola.  A 
fast  mail  and  passenger  service  outwards  via  Dover 
and  Boulogne,  homewards  via  Southampton  and 


HAMBURG 


263 


HAMILLA 


Boulogne  to  Cameron,  and  one  via  ILomh  to  German 
South-West  Africa.     A  service  via  Rotterdam  to 
Lagos  and  Forcados,  via  Rotterdam  to  Senegal, 
Siberia   and    the    Ivory    Coast,    via   Antwerp    to 
Madeira,  Senegal,  Gambia,  Casamance,  and  French 
Guinea,  and  via  Rotterdam  to  Lagos  and  the  Oil 
River.    A  service  is  also  maintained  between  Cape 
Town    and    Swakopmund.      This    company    also 
manages  the  passenger  business  of  the  Uni^n  Line 
to  New  York,  the  Hamburg-South  American  Steam- 
ship Co.  to  Brazil  and  the    Argentine  Republic. 
The  Mediterranean  service  is  being  extended  and 
improved.      The  famous  Union  liner  Scoit  has  been 
purchased  for  the  run  between  Naples  and  Egypt 
in  connection  with  the  service  to  Berlin.     In  1902  a 
new   passenger   service   on    the    Riviera   between 
Genoa.   San   Remo,  Monte  Carlo,   and   Nice  was 
inaugurated. 

Fleet. 

Abessinia.  Dacia, 

A  cilia,  Dania. 

Admiral  von  Tirpitz,  DetUschland, 

Albano.  Dortmund. 

A  Ibingia .  Elruria, 

Alesia,  FUrst  Bismarck. 

Alexandria.  Galida, 

A  llegha  ny.  Georgia. 

A  llemannia*  Gouverneur  Jaeschke. 

Altai,  Graecia. 

Altenburg.  Graf  W alder  see. 

Ambria.  Granada, 

A  merika,  Habsburg. 

Anchoria.  Hamburg. 

Andalusia.  Hellas. 

A  ntonina.  Hispania . 

Arabia,  Hoangho. 

A  ragonia.  Hoerde. 

A  rcadia.  Hohenstaufen. 

Armenia.  Illyria. 

A  rtemisia.  I  stria. 

Assyria.  Ithaka. 

Bcuienia.  Kaiserin  Auguste 

Barcelona.  Victoria. 

Batavia.  Karlsruhe. 

Bavaria.  Karthago. 

Belgravia.  Kdnig  Friedrich 

Berlin.  August. 

Bethania.  Kowloon. 

BlOcher.  Kronprinxessin 

Bolivia,  Cecilie, 

Bosnia.  La  Plata. 

Boston.  Liberia. 

Brasilia.  Loongmoon. 

Brisgavia.  Lydia. 

Bulgaria.  Lyeemoon. 

C.  Ferd.  Laeisx.  Macedonia. 

Calabria.  Mannheim. 

Caledonia.  Mecklenburg. 

Cheruskia.  Meteor. 

Chrisiiania,  MoUke, 

Coftstantia.  Nassovia, 


Naupiia. 

Saxonia. 

Navarra. 

Scandia. 

Nicaria. 

Schaumburg. 

Nicomedia, 

Schwarzburg, 

Numantia. 

Scotia. 

Oceana. 

Segovia. 

Pallanxa. 

Senegambia. 

Parihia. 

Sevilla, 

Patagonia, 

Sibiria. 

Patricia. 

Sicilia. 

Peiho. 

Silesia. 

Pennsylvania. 

Silvia. 

Pisa. 

Sithonia. 

Polynesia. 

Slavonia. 

Pontos. 

Sparta. 

Poseidon. 

Spezia. 

Prdsident. 

St.  Croix. 

Pretoria, 

St.  Jean. 

Pring  Adalbert. 

St.  Thomas. 

Prinz  August  Wilhelm.  Staatssekretdr  Kraetke. 

Prinz  Eitel  Friedrich.  Suevia. 

Prinz  Joachim.  Syria. 

Prinz  Oskar.  Teutonia. 

Prinz  Sigismund.  Thessalia. 

Rapallo.  Thuringia. 

Rhaetia,  Troja. 

Rhenania.  Tsintau. 

Rugia.  Valdivia. 

Salamanca.  Vandalia. 

Sambia.  Venetia. 

Sardinia.  Virginia. 

Samia,  Virgo, 

Savoia.  Westphalia. 

II  building. 
Gross  tonnage,  957,250. 

Hamburger  Yftcfat  Olab.  Established  1892.  Com- 
modore :  C.  Volckmann ;  Vice-Commodore,  F. 
Duderstadt ;  Rear-Commodores,  H.  Leitner,  F. 
Kisser ;  Treasurer,  Dr.  C.  M.  Josephson  ;  Secretary, 
P.  Fritsche,  Club  House,  Schleussenbrucke  8,  Ham- 
burg. Entrance  fee,  mark  10 ;  annual  subscription, 
mark  25. 

Hambnrg-Soath   American  Steamship  Ck>.    See 

Hamburg-Amerika  Line. 

Hamidieh*    Turkish  central  battery  ship  (1893). 
Length  292ft.     Beam  56ft.     Draught  25ft. 
Displacement  8,700  tons. 
Guns.  Armour. 

lo— io'2  in.  "  Steel." 

2— 6' 6  in.  19  in.  Deck  amidships. 

6 — I  pdr. '  5  in.  Barbettes. 

5  in.  Turrets. 
Torpedo  Tubes. 
2. 
Hp.  4,500=:  13  kts.     Coal  600  tons. 

ITi^mni^^  BtofaelL  This  ship  was  lost  on  the 
Lenconna  Rock,  near  Shanghai,  with  a  valuable 
cargo  and  specie,  amounting  to  £50,000,  on  board. 
Diver  Ridyard  succeeded  in  recovering  £^0,000  of 
the  lost  specie  at  a  depth  of  about  160  ft. 


HAMILTON 


264 


HANDY 


Hamilton.  On  November  15.  1842,  this  vessel 
was  lost  on  the  Gunfleet  Sands,  near  Harwich, 
when  all  hands  were  lost. 

Hamilton,  Bight  Hon.  Lord  George,  0.C.SX, 
cr.  1903,  M.P.  (b.  December,  1845).  Third  son 
of  first  Duke  of  Abercom.  Educated  Harrow. 
First  Lord  of  the  Admiralty,  1885-86,  1 886-1 902. 
During  his  tenure  of  office  wide  and  general  reforms 
were  introduced  into  the  naval  service  and  Ad- 
miralty system,  which  has  since  been  the  founda- 
tion of  the  modern  re-otganisation  of  the  Navy. 
The  dockyards  were  completely  re-adapted  and  re- 
organised ;  the  custody  of  all  stores  for  the  Navy 
was  transferred  from  the  new  office  to  the  Ad- 
miralty, and  a  completely  new  scheme  for  the 
active  mobilisation  of  the  Navy  was  introduced. 
In  1889  he  carried  through  Parliament  the  Naval 
Defence  Act  by  which  70  ships  of  war,  costing  with 
their  ordnance  and  stores  ;f 2 1 ,000,000,  were  built 
and  ready  for  commission  within  five  years.  He 
also  helped  the  Imperial  Defence  Act,  under  which 
Australia  and  New  Zealand  contributed  towards 
half  the  cost  of  building  and  maintaining  a  special 
squadron  to  be  located  in  Australian  waters. 

Hamilton,  Admiral  Sir  Richard  Vesey,  O.CJi., 

cr.  1895  (^*  1829).  Educated  Royal  Naval 
School.  Entered  Navy,  1843  I  lieutenant,  185 1  ; 
served  in  Arctic  Expedition,  1850-51,  and  in  search 
of  Sir  John  Franklin,  1853-54  ;  led  a  sledge  party 
J  09  miles  ;  first  lieutenant  of  Desperate  in  Bcdtic 
during  Russian  war  (Baltic  medal)  ;  lieutenant  com- 
manding the  Haughty  at  the  destruction  of  Fatshan 
flotilla,  1857  (China  medal,  Fatshan  clasp,  men- 
tioned in  despatches)  ;  promoted  commander  for 
services  ;  captain,  1862  ;  Superintendent  of  Pem- 
broke Dockyard,  1875-77  ;  Senior  Naval  Lord  of 
the  Admiralty,  1889-91  ;  Commander-in-Chief, 
China,  1885-87 ;  K.C.B.  on  the  occasion  of  the 
celebration  of  the  completion  of  the  50th  year  of 
Her  Majesty's  reign ;  president  of  Royal  Naval 
College,  Greenwich,  1891-94  ;  Flag- Officer's  Good 
Service  Pension,  1895  ;  G.C.B.  on  the  Queen's 
birthday,  1895.     Refer  to  Arctic  Exploration. 

Publications :  "  Royal  Naval  Handbooks," 
"  Naval  Administration,"  "  Letters  of  Sir  Thomas 
Byam  Martin." 

Hamilton,    Rear-Admiral    William    Des    Vobox 

(b.  1852).  Entered  Navy,  1866  ;  lieutenant,  1874  ; 
served  as  sub-lieutenant  in  Vulture  on  East  Africa 
Station  ;  specially  promoted  to  lieutenant  for  ser- 
vices in  connection  with  the  suppression  of  the  slave 
trade ;  lieutenant  of  Active  during  Kaffir  war, 
1877-78  ;  landed  with  Naval  Brigade  ;  present  at 
the  action  at  Quintana  ;  mentioned  in  despatches  ; 
served  with  Naval  Brigade  during  Zulu  war,  1879  ; 
present  at  the  battle  of  Inyezane ;  mentioned  in 
despatches  (Zulu  medal  and  clasp)  ;  lieutenant  of 
Alexandra ;  present  at  the  bombardment  of  Alex- 
andria  ;  landed  with  Naval  Brigade  on  the  occupa- 
tion of  Alexandria,  and  served  with  Naval  Brigade 


during  the  occupation  of  Port  Said  (Egyptian 
medal.  Alexandria  clasp,  Khedive's  Bronze  Star) ; 
employed  in  assisting  in  the  supervision  of  ships 
building  by  contract  under  Naval  Defence  Act, 
1889 ;  flag-captain,  North  American  Station,  1892- 
95 ;  commanded  H.M.S.  Grafton  and  Hawke, 
1895-96 ;  Ramillies,  1896 ;  Chief  of  Staff,  Mediter- 
ranean Station,  1896-99 ;  A.D.C.  to  H.Ml  King 
Edward  VII.  on  the  occasion  of  his  coronation, 
1902. 

Hamilton  Yaoht  Clab»  Royal.  See  Royal  Hamil- 
ton Yacht  Club. 

Hammock.  A  swinging  bed  made  of  canvas, 
swung  between  decks,  used  now  only  in  the  Navy. 

Hamond,  Sir  Graham  Eden  ( 1 779- 1 862) .  English 
admiral  (b.  London).  Was  in  Lord  Howe's  flag- 
ship at  the  battle  of  "  The  Glorious  First  of  June," 
1794;  was  present  at  the  battle  of  Copenhagen. 
1 801  ;  in  1847  ^^  ^^^  promoted  admiral,  and  in 
1862  Admiral  of  the  Fleet. 

Hamper  Equipment  and  gear  about  the  deck 
of  a  vessel. 

Hampshire.     British  ist  class  cruiser.     (Elswick, 

1903-) 

Length  450ft.   Beam  68ft.   Maximum  draught  25ft. 

Displacement  10,700  tons.     Complement  655. 
Guns.  A  rmour, 

4 — 7'5  in.  "  Krupp." 

6—6  in.  6  in.  Belt  amidships. 

2 — 12  pdr.  6  in.  Barbettes. 

22 — 3  pdr.  12  in.  Conning  tower. 

2  Maxims. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
2  Submerged. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  2 1,000 =22 J  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 1,800  tons.     Approximate  cost  ;f8 50,000. 

This  ship-name  is  associated  with  Blake's  action 
off  Portland,  1655  ;  redaction  of  Havana,  1762. 

Hampshire.  Steamer.  Sunk  off  St.  Ives,  Corn- 
wall, November  18,  1893  '»  22  lives  lost. 

Hampshire  Telegraph  and  Naval  Chronicle.  Esta- 
blished 1799.  Published  weekly  (Saturday).  Price 
2d.     Address:  149  Fleet  Street,  London,  E.C. 

Hampton  Roads,  Battle  ot  During  the  American 
Civil  War,  1862,  the  Confederates  converted  the 
wooden  frigate  Merrintac  into  an  ironclad,  and  re- 
named her  the  Virginia.  At  the  same  time  the 
North  built  the  turret  ship  Monitor.  These  vessels 
met  on  March  9,  1862,  in  Hampton  Roads,  and 
fought  an  indecisive  action. 

Hand  over  hand.  Hauling  rapidly  one  hand  after 
the  other. 

Handsomely.    Signifies  leisurely,  with  care. 

Handy.  British  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Fair- 
field, 1895.)  Length.  200  ft. ;  beam,  19  f t.  ; 
draught,  7  ft. ;  displacement,  270  tons ;  comple- 
ment, 50;  armament  i  12-pdr.,  5  6-pdr.,  2  tubes; 
twin  screw ;  Hp.,  3,800=27  kts. ;  coal,  70  tons. 


HANDY 


265 


HAN  SCO  M 


Handy  biUy.    A  small  axe. 

Handy  Sbipping  Guide.  Established  1887.  Pub- 
lished weekly  (Saturday).  Price  6d.  Address : 
4  Bevis  Marks,  London,  E.C. 

Hang.    To  hold  fast  without  belaying. 

Han-Hak-Sakro.  Siamese  gun-boat  (140  tons). 
Armament,  i  4-in.,  b.l.  all  small ;  speed,  about 
7  kts. 

Hanks,    Skeins  of  line  or  twine. 

HannibaL    British  ist  class  battleship.     (Pem- 
broke, 1895.) 
Length  413ft.   Beam  75ft.  Maximum  draught  30ft. 

Emplacement  14,900  tons.    Complement  757. 


Aftnour. 
"  Harvey." 
9  in.  Belt  amidships. 
14  in.  Barbettes. 
14  in.  Cpnning  tower. 


Guns. 
4 — 12  in.,  35  cal. 
12 — 6  in. 
16 — 12  pdr. 
12 — 3  pdr. 
2 — 1 2  pdr.  Boat  guns. 
2  Maxims. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
4  Submerged. 
I  Above  water  stem. 
Twin    screw.     Hp.    natural    10,000=1 6' 5    kts., 
forced    12,000=17*5    kts.     Coal    maximum    2,000 
tons.     Approximate  cost  ;f  1,000,000. 

This  ship-name  was  first  introduced  into  the 
Navy  in  1652.  and  is  associated  with  the  battle  ofi 
the  North  Foreland,  1653  ;  Algeciras,  1801. 

Hannover.  German  battleship.  (Wilhelmshaven, 
1905.) 

Length  398ft.     Beam  74ft.     Draught  24ift. 
Displacement  13,200  tons.     Complement  600. 


Guns. 

4 — II  in. 
14 — 6*7  in. 
12 — 3*4  in. 
12 — 1*4  in. 


f« 


Armour. 
Krupp." 
gi  in.  Belt  amidships. 
10  in.  Barbettes, 
lo  in.  Turrets. 
6  in.  Conning  tower. 
Torpedo  Tubes. 
5  Submerged. 
I  Above  water. 
Hp.  16,000=18  kts.     Coal  1,800  tons. 
Approximate  cost  ;^2, 2 00,000. 

German  protected  cruiser  (1898). 
Length  344ft.   Beam  57ft.  Maximum  draught  23ft. 
Displacement  5,880  tons.     Complement  465. 


Guns.     ^ 
2 — 8*2  in. 
8 — 6  in. 

10 — I5ipdr. 

10 — I  pdr. 

4  Machine. 


Three  screws, 
mum  1 ,000  tons. 


Armour. 

•'  Krupp." 

4  in.  Deck. 

4  in.  Turrets. 

4  in.  Casemates. 

8  in.  Conning  tower. 
Torpedo  Tubes. 
2  Submerged. 

(i  in  bow.) 
Hp.  10,500=19  kts.    Coal  maxi- 
Appioximatc  cost  ;^5oo,ooo. 


Hanaa  Line.  (Deutschen-Dampfschiff-fahrts- 
Gesellschaft  "  Hansa.")  Established  at  Bremen  in 
1880,  and  maintains  a  regular  service  of  fast  cargo 
steamers  from  Bremen,  Hamburg,  and  Antwerp, 
via  Middlesbrough  and  London,  to  Bombay  and 
Kurrachee,  Colombo,  Madras,  Calcutta,  and  Ran- 
goon ;  a  fortnightly  service  between  Bremen, 
Antwerp,  and  the  River  Plate ;  and  a  line  has  also 
been  established  from  New  York  to  Calcutta  via 
the  South  African  ports. 

Fleet. 

Arensburg.  Neubau  RoUnfels. 

A  rgenfels.  Neuenfels. 

Axenfels.  Ochenfels. 

Bdrenfels.  Rabenfels. 

Crostafels.  Reichenfels. 

Drachenfels.  Rheinfels. 

Ebernburg.  Rudelsburg, 

Ehrenfels,  Scharzfels. 

Ghazipur.  Schdnfels. 

Goldenfels.  Schwarzenfels. 

Gutenfels.  Soneck. 

Heimburg.  Sonnenburg. 

Hohenfels.  Siahleck. 

Jamalpur.  Steingerger. 

Kybfels.         '  Stolzenfels. 

Lichtenfels.  Tannenfels. 

Liebenfels.  Trautenfels. 

Marienfels.  Trifels. 

Marksburg.  Warthurg. 

Minneburg.  Wartenfels. 

Mirzapur.  Weissenfels. 

Moltkefels.  Werdenfels. 

Neidenfels.  Wildenfels. 

Neubau  Braunfels,  Wolfsburg. 

Gross  tonnage,  209,000. 
Hansoom,  Oharles  Bidgley  (b.  Portsmouth,  U.S.A.. 
June  6,  1850).  American  naval  architect.  Served 
apprenticeship  in  Portsmouth  Navy  Yard,  and  on 
completing  his  time  was  appointed  to  duties  con- 
nected with  the  building  of  iron  sloops-of-war  and 
monitors  which  were  being  constructed  on  behalf 
of  the  American  Navy  at  Roach's,  Cramp's,  and 
Harlan  and  Hollingsworth's  shipyards.  He  has 
served  at  all  the  Navy  yards  on  the  Atlantic  Coast, 
and  from  1882-90  was  chief  draughtsman  of  the 
Advisory  Board,  and  expert  assistant  to  the  Chief 
Naval  Constructor  at  Washington.  In  1890  he 
accepted  the  position  of  general  superintendent  of 
the  Bath  Ironworks,  which  position  he  held  until 
1900.  During  this  time  war  and  merchant  vessels 
of  various  types  were  designed  and  built  by  him, 
and  also  some  of  the  largest  and  finest  steam 
yachts  in  America.  In  1900  he  established  the 
Eastern  Shipbuilding  Co.,  N^w  Xx)ndon,  and  became 
president  and  general  manager.  He  has  been  con- 
nected with  the  construction  and  design  of  many 
passenger  and  cargo  ships,  notably  the  Minnesota 
and  Dakota,  for  the  Great  Northern  Steamship  Co., 
the  largest  vessels  ever  built  on  the  American 
continent. 


HANSEATISCHE 


266 


HARBOURS 


Member  of  the  Society  of  Naval  Architects  and 
Marine  Engineers,  and  of  the  British  Institution  of 
Naval  Architects. 

Hanseatische  Steamship  Co.,  with  their  head 
offices  in  Lubeck,  maintain  a  service  every  Thurs- 
day and  Sunday  for  St.  Petersburg,  returning  every 
Wednesday  and  Saturday. 

Fleet. 
Elbe.  Newa.  Zar. 

Trave. 

Haiuen,  C.  K.  See  Dannebrog  Steamship  Co., 
Steamship  Co.  of  1896,  Neptune  Steamship  Co., 
and  Havet  Steamship  Co. 

Hapsal.  Russian  torpedo-boat.  (Putilofif,  1891.) 
Length,  126  ft. ;  beam,  13  ft.  ;  draught,  8}  ft.  ; 
displacement,  81  tons;  complement,  13;  arma- 
ment, 2  i-pdr.,,  2  tubes;  Hp.,  1,100=21  kts. ; 
coal,  16  tons. 

Harald  Haarfagre.  Norwegian  coast  service 
battleship.     (Elswick,  1897.) 

Length  279ft.   Beam  48ft.  Maximum  draught  19ft. 
Displacement  3,400  tons.     Complement  220. 
Guns.  Armour. 

2—8  in.  "  Harvey." 

6 — 4'2  in.  7  in.  Belt  amidships. 

6 — 12  pdr.  8  in.  Turrets. 

6 — I  pdr.  6  in.  Conning  tower. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
2  Submerged. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  3,700=17*2  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 500  tons. 

Harboiin  include  harbours  properly  so  called, 
whether  natural  or  artificial,  estuaries,  navigable 
rivers,  piers,  jetties,  and  other  works  in  or  at 
which  ships  can  obtain  shelter  or  ship  or  unship 
goods  or  passengers.  The  ownership  and  manage- 
ment of  harbours  are  vested  in  Boards  or  Com- 
missioners, under  the  control  of  the  Board  of  Trade, 
and  are  the  subject  of  special  Acts  of  Parliament, 
supplemented  by  provisions  of  the  Harbour  Docks 
and  Piers  Clauses  Act,  1847. 

The  authority  owning  or  managing  a  harbour 
generally  has  power  to  levy  harbour  dues,  and  to 
make  bye-laws  and  regulations  for  the  movement 
of  ships,  their  governance  whilst  in  harbour,  the 
loading  and  unloading,  landing,  warehousing, 
stowing,  depositing,  and  removing  of  goods,  etc., 
and  may  enforce  special  laws  of  navigation  to  the 
exclusion  of  the  Regulations  for  the  Prevention  of 
Collisions  at  Sea  (q.v.).  A  harbour  authority  is  re- 
sponsible to  ships  using  the  harbour  for  the  negli- 
gence of  its  servants,  if  acting  within  the  scope  of 
their  employment,  and  for  the  proper  condition  of 
the  harbour,  and  must  remove  obstructions,  and, 
with  this  object,  may  raise,  remove,  or  destroy  any 
wreckage  which  is  likely  to  cause  obstruction.  On 
the  other  hand,  the  owner  of  every  vessel  or  float 
of  timber  shall  be  answerable  to  the  harbour 
authorities  for  any  damage  done  by  his  vessel  or 


float  to  the  harbour  works,  unless  at  the  time  of 
such  damage  the  vessel  was  in  charge  of  a  com- 
pulsory pilot. 

All  harbours  may  be  classed  either  as  havens  for 
the  protection  of  ships  from  storms  or  as  ports 
suited  for  commercial  purposes.  Harbours  may 
be  divided  into  two  classes — natural  and  artificial. 
Natural  harbours  are  those  protected  from  storms 
by  the  configuration  of  the  coastline,  and  their 
utility  as  such  depends  on  the  depth  of  water  in 
the  protected  area,  the  size,  width,  and  shape  of  the 
entrance.  The  bay  of  Rio  de  Janeiro,  surrounded 
as  it  is  by  high  mountains,  and  having  an  entrance 
rather  less  than  a  mile  in  width,  is  one  of  the 
largest  natural  harbours  in  the  world.  Sydney 
Harbour,  N.S.W.,  possibly  ranks  only  second  to 
Rio  de  Janeiro.  For  facility  of  entrance  and  com- 
plete shelter  Milford  Haven,  in  Wales,  is  un- 
equalled. 

Artificial  harbours  are  those  which  depend  upon 
breakwaters  for  their  safety,  and  consist  of  one  or 
more  breakwaters  so  arranged  as  to  form  a  safe 
roadstead,  which  shall  be  easily  accessible  to  the 
largest  vessels  in  all  states  of  the  weather  and  tides. 
One  of  the  largest  purely  artificial  harbours  in  the 
world  is  that  one  now  being  constructed  by  the 
British  Government  at  Dover. 

Deep  water  and  tidal  harbours  for  commercial 
purposes  are  usually  an  arrangement  of  piers  or 
breakwaters,  or  both,  which  enclose  a  sheet  of  water 
enabling  vessels  to  moor  at  the  quay  wall  or  wharf 
which  form  the  inner  side  of  the  piers.  In  places 
where  the  coastline  lies  open  to  the  very  heavy  sea 
it  is  often  necessary  to  make  a  double  or  compound 
harbour. 

Breakwaters  differ  from  piers  in  their  not  being 
necessarily  adapted  for  commercial  purposes. 
Their  object  is  to  tranquillise  those  portions  of  the 
sea  which  they  cover,  and  which  thus  becomes  a 
sheltered  anchorage.  Breakwaters  may  be  divided 
into  two  classes  :  (i)  Vertical,  or  nearly  vertical, 
structures  of  built  masonry,  for  arresting  the  on- 
shore progress  of  the  waves,  and  for  either  re- 
flecting them  seawards  or  deflecting  them  laterally  ; 
(2)  composite  breakwaters,  partly  sloping  and 
partly  vertical,  and  act  by  causing  the  waves  to 
break,  and  also  by  partially  reflecting  them  sea- 
ward or  deflecting  them  laterally.  The  breakwater 
at  Aberdeen  and  the  Dover  Admiralty  Pier  are 
examples  of  the  first  class.  In  the  Plymouth 
breakwater,  the  slopes  of  which  are  faced  with 
heavy  stone  pitching  down  to  l.w^.o.s.t.,  that  on 
the  sea  side  having  an  inclination  of  i  in  5,  and 
that  on  the  harbour  side  i  in  i|-,  is  ah  example 
of  the  second  class.  Cherbourg,  which  slopes  from 
low  water  to  high  water,  above  which  level  there 
is  a  vertical  barrier  raising  at  12}  ft.  above  high 
water,  is  an  example  of  the  third  class. 

See  '•  The  Design  and  Construction  of  Har- 
bours "  (1886),  Stevenson ;  **  Harbours,  Break- 
waters, and  Docks  "  (2  vols.,  1885),  L.  F.  Vemoa 


HARD 


267 


HARKESS 


Harcourt ;   "  Principles  and  Practice  of  Harbour 
Construction  "  (1885).  Shield  ;  "  Tides  and  Waves  " 

(Airy's). 

Hard-a-lee.    The  position  of  helm  as  opposed  to 
hard-a-weather  and  hard-up. 

Hard-a-weaiher.    The  position  of  the  helm  as 
opposed  to  hard-a-lee. 

Hard-down.    See  Hard-a-lee. 

Harding,    Israel,     V.C.    Gunner     H.M.     Navy. 
Served  in  the  Cressy,  1854-55,  in  the  Baltic  during 
liussian  war  (Baltic  medal)  ;  gunner  of  Gladiator, 
1871 ;  received  medal  from  the  Princess  Imperial 
Regent  of  Brazil  for  services  rendered  at  Rio  de 
Janeiro ;     gunner    of     Victor    Emmanuel    during 
Ashantee  campaign  (Ashantee  medal)  ;  gunner  of 
Alexandra,  present  at  the  bombardment  of   Alex- 
andria, 1882,  where  he  obtained  a  V.C. 
Extract  from  the  "  Gazette  "  : 
"  At   about    nine   o'clock    on    the    morning   of 
July  J  I,  1882,  whilst  the  Alexandra  was  engaging 
the  forts   at  Alexandria,   a   lo-in.   spherical  shell 
passed  through  the  ship's  side  and  lodged  on  the 
main  deck.     Mr.  Harding,  hearing  the  shout  that 
'There  is  a  live  shell   just  above  the  hatchway,' 
rushed  up  the  ladder  from  below,  and,  observing 
that  the  fuse  was  burning,  took  some  water  from 
a  tub  standing  near,  and  threw  it  over  the  pro- 
jectile.    He  then  picked  up  the  shell  and  put  it 
into  the  tub." 

For  this  service  he  was  promoted  to  chief  gunner 
(Egyptian  medal,  Alexandria  clasp,  Khedive's 
Bronze  Star). 

Hard-up.  The  position  of  the  helm  as  opposed 
to  hard-down. 

Hardy.  British  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Sun- 
derland, 1895.)  Length,  196  ft.  ;  beam,  19  ft.  ; 
draught,  5  ft. ;  displacement,  245  tons ;  comple- 
ment, 50  ;  armament,  i  12-pdr.,  5  5-pdr.,  2  tubes  ; 
twin  screw  ;  Hp.,  4,200  =  26  kts.  ;  coal,  70  tons. 

Hardy,     Sir    Thomas    Hasterman    (1769-1839). 
British  vice-admiral ;  a  native  of  Dorsetshire,  and 
one  of  the  three  famous  Dorset  captains  at  the 
battle  of  Trafalgar.     Educated  at  Crewkeme  and 
Milton  Abbas.     Entered  the  Navy  in   1781,  and 
was  pronioted  lieutenant  of  the  Meleager,   1793, 
and  three  years  later,  when  Nelson  (q.v.)  hoisted 
his  flag  on  the  La  Minerve,  of  which  ship  Hardy 
had   been    appointed  lieutenant  in  the  preceding 
August,    began  the  inseparable  friendship  which 
lasted   until   the  death  of  the  hero  of  Trafalgar. 
He  took  aji  active  part  in  all  Nelson's  principal 
naval  engagements,  St.  Vincent,  the  Nile,  Copen- 
hagen,   and    was  flag-captain   in   the    Victory   at 
Trafalgar.     Nelson  regarded  him  not  merely  as  a 
right-hand  man,  but  made  him  the  recipient  of  his 
most  intimate  ccxifidence,  and  died  in  his  arms  in 
the  cockpit   of  the    Victory,  his  last  words  being 
"  God  bless  you.  Hardy."    In  a  letter  written  to 
his  brother-in-law,  Mr.  Manfield,  when  on  board  the 


Victory,  four  days  after  the  battle  of  Trafalgar,  he 
said  :  "  We  have,  on  the  21st  inst.,  obtained  a 
most  glorious  victory  over  the  combined  fleets,  but 
which  has  cost  the  country  a  life  that  no  money 
can  replace,  and  one  for  whose  death  I  shall  ever 
mourn  ;  our  dear  and  ever-to-be  lamented  lord  fell 
in  action."  When  he  returned  to  England  after 
Trafalgar  he  rendered  invaluable  service  to  his 
country  both  on  the  North  and  South  America 
Stations,  and  it  is  said  that  his  tact  and  prudence 
alone  saved  England  from  a  third  war  with  the 
United  States.  In  1830,  when  Lord  de  Grey 
formed  his  first  Cabinet,  William  IV.  only  accepted 
the  nomination  of  Sir  James  Graham  (whose  name 
he  declared  he  had  never  heard  of)  to  the  post  of 
First  Lord  of  the*  Admiralty,  on  the  understanding 
that  Hardy,  whom  he  knew  well,  and  of  whose 
ability  and  prudence  he  entertained  the  highest 
opinion,  should  be  First  Sea  Lord.  On  the  22nd 
anniversary  of  Trafalgar  he  struck  his  flag,  and 
was  appointed  Governor  of  Greenwich  Hospital. 
He  died  on  September  26,  1839,  having  served  the 
State  under  no  fewer  than  four  Sovereigns,  includ- 
ing her  late  Majesty  Queen  Victoria. 

Harfleur,  Battle  of.  In  14 16  the  British  Fleet, 
under  John,  Duke  of  Bedford,  defeated  the  French, 
who  were  investing  Havre. 

Harkess,  W.,  and  Son,  Ltd.,  Middlesbrough-on- 
Tees.  The  foundation  of  this  business  under- 
taking was  laid  in  the  year  1853,  when  the  late 
Mr.  William  Harkess,  father  of  the  present  chair- 
man, acquired  the  site  of  the  present  shipyard,  and 
commenced  the  building  of  small  coasting  and  other 
wooden  vessels.  Up  to  that  period  he  had  been 
connected  with  shipbuilding  in  the  Sunderland  dis- 
trict, of  which  town  he  was  a  native,  and  in  trans- 
ferring his  enterprise  to  the  Tees  he  became  one  of 
the  pioneers  of  shipbuilding  upon  that  river.  For 
some  years  the  work  of  the  yard  was  restricted  to 
river  craft  and  small  coasting  vessels,  of  which  a 
very  large  number  were  turned  out,  but  during  the 
sixties  these  were  superseded  by  larger  composite 
vessels,  including  full-rigged  ships  and  "  clippers  " 
of  handsome  proportions  and  with  fast  sailing 
powers.  The  transition  to  iron  screw  steamers 
took  place  towards  the  latter  end  of  the  sixties, 
and  for  the  next  twenty  years  the  firm — ^now 
styled  W.  Harkess  and  Son — ^recorded  a  steady 
output  of  iron,  steam,  and  sailing  vessels,  which, 
combined  with  an  extensive  amount  of  repair 
work,  kept  the  establishment  in  constant  employ- 
ment. In  the  year  1888  the  firm  laid  down  its 
first  steel  vessel,  a  steamer  of  some  1,100  tons, 
for  foreign  owners,  and  in  the  ensuing  period  to 
1903  built  some  forty  odd  steel  vessels  of  varying 
sizes  and  designs.  In  this  latter  year  the  son  of 
the  original  founder,  being  then  the  sole  proprietor, 
converted  his  business  into  a  private  limited  com- 
pany, of  which  he  became  chairman  and  joint 
managing  director  with  Mr«  Robert  Mitchell.    Con* 


HARL 


268 


HARLAN D 


tinuiiig  the  connection  of  the  late  firm,  and  adapting 
the  yard  to  the  modern  requirements  of  the  trade, 
the  directors  have  been  able  to  undertake  a  steadily 
increasing  volume  of  orders  up  to  the  present  day. 
The  yard  contains  three  building  berths,  capable 
of  turning  out  some  10,000  register  tons  per  annum. 
The  size  of  vessels  is  limited  to  300  ft.  in  length, 
but  inside  of  this  the  company  build  vessels  of 
very  varying  construction  and  design.  Amongst 
the  special  work  turned  out  in  recent  years  may  be 
mentioned  the  Pactusoff,  built  and  equipped  to 
the  order  of  the  Russian  Government  for  hydro- 
graphical  and  survey  work  in  the  Kara  and  White 
Seas  ;  a  run  of  six  sister  vessels  of  the  double 
raised  deck  type,  carrying  some  2,100  tons  dead- 
weight, and  very  large  cubical  capacity  in  holds  ;  the 
Masterful,  a  13-kt.  passenger  and  cargo  vessel, 
engaged  on  the  Liverpool  to  London  trade,  and 
being  the  largest  vessel  exclusively  engaged  in  the 
coasting  trade  of  Great  Britain.  The  company  are 
at  present  building  their  fifth  vessel  for  the  owners 
of  the  Masterful  (Messrs.  F.  H.  Powell  and  Co.,  of 
Liverpool),  and  have  just  completed  two  12-kt. 
mail  and  passenger  boats  for  Messrs.  Elder,  Demp- 
ster and  Co.'s  West  African  branch  coast  trade. 
In  addition  to  building  the  company  undertakes 
a  fair  amount  of  repairing  work,  using  the  Com- 
missioners' Dry  Dock  when  necessary  for  this 
purpose,  and  having  a  floating  dock  of  its  own  for 
vessels  of  smaller  tonnage.  Although  restricted 
as  to  length  of  building  berths  at  present,  the 
directors  have  under  consideration  a  scheme  of 
ejttension  t>f  their  premises,  which,  in  conjunction 
with  the  gradual  electrification  of  the  plant  now  in 
progress,  promises  to  afiord  a  wider  field  for  their 
energies  in  the  near  future.  g| 

The  company's  returns  for  last  year  were  : 
Taamdor^,  Copenhagen  .         ..        1,981  tons. 
Orland,  Sandefjord         . .  . .        2,452     ,, 

i*"aiW«/,  Liverpool        ..  ..        1,398     „ 

Harl.     Thick  rolling  fogs  from  the  sea. 

Harland  and  Wolil,  Ltd.,  Belfast.  Shipbuilding  in 
Belfa.st  as  a  progressive  industry  is  of  comparatively 
recent  growth,  and  yet  there  is  probably  no  commer- 
tial  centre  more  prominently  identified  with  the 
trade  to-day  than  the  port  from  which  have  emana- 
ted so  many  of  the  largest  vessels  in  the  world. 

The  firm  of  Harland  and  Wolff  was  founded  in 
1859,  when  Sir  Edward  (then  Mr.)  Harland,  who 
had  taken  over  a  small  shipyard  from  Messrs.  Robert 
Hickson  and  Co.,  was  joined  by  Mr.  G.  W.  Wolff  as 
a  partner.  The  euphonious  name  of  Harland  and 
Wolff  has  been  retained  ever  since,  but,  needless  to 
say,  other  names  have  been  largely  associated  with 
the  progress  and  success  of  the  firm — notably,  the 
Right  Hon.  Lord  Pirrie  (the  present  chairman), 
and  the  general  manager,  Mr.  A.  M.  Carlisle.  From 
100  hands  at  the  commencement,  the  number  of 
employees  of  the  establishment  has  increased, 
until  in  busv  times  it  now  exceeds  12,000.  with  a 


weekly  wages  bill  of  over  ;f2o,ooo,  and  the  firm 
held  until  last  year  the  record  for  the  amount  of 
tonnage  turned  out  in  one  year  at  one  yard,  having 
in  1903  launched  eight  vessels,  aggregating  110,463 
Board  of  Trade  gross  register  tons  and  100,400 
I.Hp. ;  this  production  was  remarkable  not  only 
for  the  total  tonnage,  but  the  enormous  average 
size  of  the  vessels  constructed,  viz.,  13,800  tons, 
one  of  them  being  the  White  Star  liner  Baltic 
(23,876  tons).  It  is  worthy  of  notice,  moreover, 
that  this  huge  tonnage  represents  merely  the  normal 
capacity  of  the  works  in  busy  times,  Messrs.  Har- 
land and  Wolff  having  previously  during  the  last 
10  years  frequently  produced  between  80,000  and 
100,000  tons  annually.  The  following  list  shows 
that  in  no  less  than  seven  years  out  of  the  last  10 
their  tonnage  output  has  exceeded  80,000  tons : 


^ 

No.  of 

Board  of  Trade 

I.Hp. 

1 

Vessels. 

Gross  Tonnage. 
81.316 

1896 

1 

12 

61.324 

1897 

10 

84,240 

45.850 

1899 

...' 

7 

82.634 

66.150 

1901 

...1 

7 

92.206 

76.000 

1903 

1 

7 

110.463 

100.400 

1905 

....1 

9 

ft5.287 

72.031 

1906 

•  •  • 

11 

63.238 

96.700 

The  following  figures  giving  the  tonnage  output  in 
quinquennial  periods  since  1862  will  serve  to  illus- 
trate the  progressive  character  of  the  concern  : 


Period. 

Vessels  Built. 

Gross  Tons. 

1859-1862  (3  years)     

13 

16.162 

1862-1867 

38 

32.805 

1867-1872 

31 

47.a46 

1872-1877 

32 

39.496 

1877-1882 

37 

81.318 

1882-1887 

52 

129.090 

1887-1892 

58 

259.981 

1892-1897 

57 

354.757 

1897-1902 

33 

414.477 

1902-1906  (4  years)     

33 

310.830 

*KlsP*l3^W»««       •■•       •■•       •■•       ••■ 

384 

1.686,162 

These  figures  speak  more  eloquently  than  any 
words  could  do  as  to  the  development  of  the  industry 
canied  on  by  this  firm  in  Belfast,  a  development  the 
more  remarkable  when  it  is  remembered  that  all 
the  materials — coal,  iron,  etc. — have  to  be  imported. 

The  class  of  work  turned  out  by  Harland  and 
Wolff  has  always  been  of  a  superior  kind,  and.  so 
many  of  their  vessels  being  full -powered  passenger 
steamers,  the  tonnage  figures  by  no  means  exagge- 
rate the  immense  volume  of  work  performed,   the 
larger  vessels   especially,   with    their   large    deck 
erections  and  luxurious  appointments,  as  also  tlieir 
powerful  machinery,  representing  a  value  greatly 
exceeding  that  of  the  more  ordinary  class  of  tonnage. 
Possibly  the  best  illustration  of  the  class  of  iwork 
turned  out  and  the  specialisation  of  large    vessels 
may  be  conveyed  by  reference  to  the  last  five  vessels 
constructed  for  the  White  Star  Line,  and  the  two 
latest    vessels    for    the    Hamburg-Amerika.     Ijne 


HARLAN D 


269 


HARLAND 


and    the    Holland-Amerika    Line.     The    leading 
particulars  of  these  vessels  are  as  follows  : 


Lentftb 
Overall 

Breadth 

ft.   in. 

ft. 

Oceanic    ... 

70S    6 

68 

CelHc 

700    0 

75 

Cnfrt'c 

700    0 

75 

BalHc 

725    9 

75 

Adriatic   ... 

725    9 

75 

Amerika   ... 

696    0 

74 

Nieuw 

Amsierdam 

616    0 

68 

1 

Gross 

Dis. 

Depth 

Ton- 

place- 

I.Hp. 

nage 

ment 

1 
ft.    in. 

49    6  1 

17.274 

31.590 

28.000 

49    0  i 

20.904 

37,870 

12.600 

49    0  1 

21.035 

38.020 

12.600 

49    0 

23.876 

40.740 

12.600 

49    0  . 

25.000 

41.000 

16.000 

53    0 

22.724 

42.200 

15.000 

48    0      16.913  I  31.150 


9.400 


These  vessels,  most  of  them  with  nine  decks,  and 
accommodation  for  between  two  and  three  thousand 
passengers,  besides?  a  crew  of  four  or  five  hundred, 
are  amongst  the  most  notable  productions  of  the 
firm  during  recent  years. 

One  of  the  most  epoch-making  vessels  ever  con- 
structed   by    Harland    and    Wolff    was    the    first 
Oceanic,  the  pioneer  of  the  White  Star  Line,  which 
was  built  in  1870,  and  was  a  great  advance  on  the 
general  practice  in  passenger  steamers  at  that  time. 
She  was  not  only  a  notable  vessel  from  a  naval 
architect's  point  of  view,  as  regards  her  general 
design   and   construction,   being  of  much  greater 
relative  length  in  proportion  to  beam  than  had 
previously  been  ventured  on,  but  in  this  vessel  what 
may  be  called  the  first  real  attempt  to  ensure  the 
comparative  comfort  of  ocean  voyagers  was  made 
by    the    introduction    of    the   saloon    and    cabins 
amidships.     The    principle    of    catering    for    the 
comfort  of  passengers  has  of  course  been  greatly 
developed  since  that  time,  and  that  the  encourage- 
ment given  to  ocean  travel  by  the  introduction  of 
this  principle  has  had  enormous  influence  on  the 
mercantile  marine  is  evidenced  by  the  wonderful 
development  in  passenger  traffic  that  we  witness 
to-day   on  every  ocean  route.     It  may  be  men- 
tioned incidentally  that  this  vessel,  as  did  also  the 
Britannic  and  Germanic,  built  for  the  same  line,  ran 
for  a  quarter  of  a  century  in  the  line  with  great  suc- 
cess, and'  undoubtedly  had  a  large  share  in  building 
up  the  reputation  of  both  the  owners  and  builders 
alike. 

It  is  interesting  to  notice  that  Messrs.  Harland 
and  Wolfi['s  identification  with  shipbuilding  has 
been  practically  coincident  with  the  general 
adoption  of  iron  and  steel  as  the  material  for  ship- 
building, and  they  have  certainly  been  not  the 
least  able  exponents  of  the  capabilities  of  this  great 
industry,  and  have  thus  played  an  important  part 
in  maintaining  the  supremacy  of  British  ship- 
building. 

As  is  well  known,  Messrs.  Harland  and  Wolfi's 
connection  with  the  White  Star  Line  has  been 
uniqae,  practically  the  entire  fleet  having  been  built 
by  them.  They  have  also  built  for  most  of  the 
other  principal  British  and  foreign  steamship 
companies,  including  the  Hamburg- Amerika  Line, 
the  Holland-Amerika  Line,  the  P.  and  O.  Co., 
the  Pacific  S.N.  Co.,  the  Union-Castle  Line,  the 


Leyland  Line,  the  Dominion  Line,  the  Bibby  Line, 
the  Atlantic  Transport  Line,  the  Royal  Mail  Steam 
Packet  Co..  and  the  British  India  S.N.  Co.,  the 
vessels  for  these  lines  being  all  ocean  steamers. 
They  have,  however,  also  built  some  of  the  most 
notable  types  of  cross-channel  steamers  for  the 
Dublin-Holyhead  and  the  Belfast-Liverpool  routes. 

They  have  for  the  most  part  confined  their  atten- 
tion to  work  for  the  mercantile  marine,  but  occa- 
sionally have  built  a  few  Government  vessels,  in- 
cluding some  gun-boats  ;  and  recently  built  the 
Admiralty  yacht  Enchantress,  Messrs.  Harland 
and  Wolff  have  also  constructed  the  machinery 
for  some  of  the  latest  and  largest  vessels  in  the 
British  Navy,  including  the  first-class  battleships 
H.M.S.  Hannibal,  Queen,  Kinq  Edward  VII.,  and 
ffibernia,  and  they  have  in  hand  at  present 
the  machinery  for  the  first-class  cruiser  H.M.S. 
Minotaur,  of  27,000  I.Hp. 

An  interesting  feature  of  Harland  and  Wolff's 
work  has  been  the  many  important  heavy  repairs 
and  reconstruction  undertakings,  including  during 
recent  years  the  China,  after  the  vessel  had  been  on 
the  rocks  at  Pcrim  for  several  months,  the  vessel's 
bottom  having  to  be  entirely  reconstructed.  The 
work  of  docking  this  vessel  for  repairs  was  in  itself 
a  great  engineering  feat,  and  the  same  may  be 
said  of  the  Philadelphia  (ex  Paris)  which  had  run 
on  to  the  dreaded  Manacle  Rocks.  The  Paris 
was  made  practically  a  new  vessel,  with  an  im- 
proved formation  of  the  stern  and  entirely  new 
engines  aod  boilers  were  put  into  her,  and  as  the 
Philadelphia  she  has  been  very  successful  in  the 
American  Line  ever  since.  The  famous  Scot,  of 
the  Union  Line,  was  cut  in  two  in  dock,  and  length- 
ened by  building  over  50  ft.  into  the  midship  body, 
a  similar  operation  being  performed  with  the 
Hamburg- Amerika  liner  Auguste  Victoria. 

The  White  Star  liner  Suevic,  which  went  ashore 
on  the  Stag  Rocks,  was  cut  in  half  by  means  of 
dynamite  charges  by  the  salvors,  the  after  portion 
being  towed  into  Southampton.  A  new  fore- 
part was  built  by  Messrs.  Harland  and  Wolff,  and 
towed  from  Belfast  to  Southampton,  where  the 
joining  of  the  two  portions  was  satisfactorily  com- 
pleted— a  brilliant  finale  to  possibly  the  greatest 
salvage  feat  of  modem  times.    '1'T^ 

It  may  be  mentioned  that  during  the  South 
African  war  over  20  vessels  of  Harland  and  Wolff's 
build,  aggregating  150,000  tons,  all  twin-screw 
vessels,  and  therefore  of  the  most  useful  type,  were 
employed  in  the  transport  service. 

The  works  have  been  greatly  extended  during 
recent  years,  and  now  cover  an  area  of  about  80 
acres.  The  latest  development  within  the  wcMrks 
has  been  the  complete  electrification  of  the  plant, 
the  electric  generating  station  being  one  of  the 
largest  private  stations  in  the  country. 

Lately  Messrs.  Harland  and  Wolff,  Ltd.,  have 
acquired  a  piece  of  land  at  Southampton  for  the 
purpose  of  erecting  repairing  shops  and  necessary 


HARMAN 


270 


HARROWAY 


berths  for  carrying  out  heavy  repairs,  and,  if 
necessary,  reconstruction  undertakings. 

Harman,  Sir  7ohn.  British  admiral.  Com- 
manded the  Welcome  in  the  first  Dutch  war,  1653  ; 
severely  wounded  at  the  second  battle  off  the  North 
Foreland,  1666 ;  defeated  the  combined  F*rench 
and  Dutch  fleets  at  Martinique.  1667.  In  the  third 
Dutch  war  was  present  at  Sole  Bay,  1672,  and  in 
the  actions  of  Schoonevcld.     He  died  1673. 

Harmattan  The  hot  cast  wind  blowing  from  the 
interior  of  Guinea  to  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  prevailing 
on  the  West  Coast  of  Africa,  generally  in  December, 
January,  and  February,  blowing  for  a  period  con- 
tinuing from  one  to  1 5  days.  Coming  off  the  desert 
it  is  dry,  though  always  accompanied  by  haze,  and 
is  laden  with  clouds  of  reddish  dust,  suspended  in 
the  atmosphere,  and  obscuring  the  sun.  This 
wind  is  opposed  to  the  sea  breeze,  which  would 
otherwise  blow  fresh  from  the  west  on  to  the  land. 

Harmony.  On  February  27,  1862,  this  vessel  was 
lost  with  all  hands  off  Plymouth. 

Harness  hitch.  A  species  of  knot  by  which  a 
rope  is  bent  to  a  spar. 

Harpings.  The  fore  parts  of  the  wales  which 
surround  the  bow  of  a  ship  to  strengthen  her. 

Harpon.  French  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Nor- 
mand,  1902.)  Length,  180  ft. ;  beam,  21  ft.  ; 
maximum  draught,  10  ft.  ;  displacement,  300  tons  ; 
complement,  45  ;  guns,  i  9-pdr.,  6  3-pdr.  ;  torpedo 
tubes,  2  1 5 -in.  ;  speed,  27-30  kts. 

Harpoon.  A  spear  with  barbed  points,  used  in 
whale  fishery. 

Harpooner.  Transport.  Lost  near  Newfound- 
land, November  10,  1816  ;   200  lives  lost. 

Harrier.    British  torpedo  gun-boat  (1894). 
Length  250ft.   Beam  30ft.   Maximum  draught  13ft. 
Displacement  1,070  tons.     Complement  120. 

Guns. 
2 — 4*7  in. 
4—3  pdr. 
Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
.    5  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  natural  2,500=17  kts.,  forced 
3,500=  1 8-* 5  kts.     Coal  maximum  160  tons. 

Harris,  Admiral  Sir  Robert  Hastings,  K.O.M.G., 

cr.  1898  (b.  1843).  President  of  Royal  Naval 
College,  Greenwich ;  entered  Navy,  1856 ;  lieu- 
tenant, 1863  ;  commander,  1870 ;  captain,  1879  ; 
rear-admiral,  1895  *  inspector-captain  of  training 
ships,  1890-93  ;  commander  commanding  training 
squadron,  1893-95  ;  Second-in-Command  Mediter- 
ranean squadron,  1896-98 ;  Commander-in-Chief 
Cape  of  Good  Hope  and  West  Coast  of  Africa 
Station,  1898,  during  the  war  with  the  Boers,  1899- 
1900  (South  Africa  medal)  ;  K.C.B.  for  services 
during  the  war ;  rear-admiral  in  Mediterranean 
fleet,  1896-98  ;  represented  Great  Britain  in  the 
Council  of  Admirals,    1897-98   during  the  pacifi- 


cation of  Crete,  and  received  K.C.M.G.  for  these 
services  ;    vice-admiral,  1901  ;    admiral,  1904. 

Publications  :  *'  Revision  of  Alston's  Seaman- 
ship," "  Maritime  Power  and  its  Probable  Appli- 
cation in  War." 

Hairiion,  Alfred  (b.  Sunderland,  February  14, 
1856).  Marine  engineer.  After  serving  his  appren- 
ticeship with  the  North-Eastern  Marine  Engineering 
Co.  he  was  appointed  draughtsman,  and  later  left 
to  go  to  sea  as  one  of  their  guarantee  engineers. 
When  the  North-Eastern  Marine  Engineering  Co. 
decided  to  build  engineering  works  at  Wallsend, 
he  was  appointed  to  take  charge  of  the  new  ma- 
chinery during  construction,  and  on  the  completion 
of  these  works  he  was  appointed  chief  draughtsman, 
which  position  he  held  until  1887.  At  that  time 
the  late  Sir  William  Allan  (^.v.),  who  was  managing 
director  of  the  North-Eastern  Marine  Engineering 
Co.,  started  the  Scotia  Engine  Works,  Sunderland, 
and  he  was  appointed  works  manager,  and  later, 
when  it  became  a  limited  company  in  1894,  ^^^  one 
of  its  first  directors.  In  1900  this  company 
amalgamated  with  the  firms  of  Thomas  Richardson 
and  Sons,  Hartlepool,  and  Fumess,  Westgarth  and 
Co.,  Middlesbrough,  the  new  company  being 
registered  as  Messrs.  Richardsons,  Westgarth  and 
Co.,  and  he  became  local  director  and  manager  of 
the  Scotia  Engine  Works.  He  was  for  some  30 
years  connected  with  the  late  Sir  William  Allan, 
and  still  continues  the  eight-hours  day,  so  success- 
fully inaugurated  in  1892  at  the  Scotia  Engine 
Works. 

Member  of  the  Institution  of  Naval  Architects, 
of  the  Council  of  the  North -East  Coast  Institution 
of  Engineers  and  Shipbuilders,  lay  member  of  the 
Sunderland  Corporation  Museum.  Library,  and 
Art  Gallery. 

Harrison  Line  was  established  in  1830,  and  is 
managed  by  Messrs.  Thos.  and  Jas.  Harrison,  of 
Liverpool.  This  company  maintains  regular  sailings 
from  Liverpool  to  Calcutta,  New  Orleans,  Galveston. 
Brazil,  West  Indies  and  South  of  France  ;  also 
joint  sailings  by  the  Ellcrman-Harrison  Line 
between  Glasgow  and  Liverpool  to  South  and  East 
Africa.     Gross  tonnage,  194,323. 

Harroway,  George  Kitofaell  (b.  Blyth,  March  16, 
1868).  Served  apprenticeship  at  Blyth  and  a 
period  at  sea.  Joined  the  firm  of  Messrs.  Wigham 
Richardson  and  Co.,  Walker,  and  was  appointed 
chief  of  their  designing  department.  In  1897 
joined  the  firm  of  Sir  Raylton  Dixon  and  Co.,  and 
became  manager;  has  made  a  special  study  of 
designing  of  self-trimming  bulk-carrying  steamers 
having  large  clear  holds  and  ample  water  ballast 
for  hght  voyages,  part  of  the  water  being  carried  at 
the  upper  part  of  the  vessel  making  her  easy  in  ak 
sea-way.  These  vessels  have  given  the  greatest 
satisfaction,  and  are  built  on  the  Harroway  and 
Dixon  patent  cantilever  frame  principle. 


HART 


271 


HASWELL 


Hart.  British  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Fair- 
field, 1895.)  Length,  185  ft. ;  beam,  19  ft. ;  draught, 
7  ft. ;  displacement,  260  tons ;  complement, 
50;  armament,  i  12-pdr.,  5  6-pdr.,  2  tubes;  twin 
screw ;  Hp.,  4,010=27  kts. ;  coal,  70  tons. 

HarOapoQl'i  Daily  Shippiiig  Uat  Established 
1875.  Published  daily  (morning).  Price  6s,  per 
quarter.     Address :  The  Hartlepools,  Durham. 

Hartley,  J.,  and  Oo.  See  British  and  Irish  Steam 
Packet  Co. 

Hartnofl,  Allied  Emett  Northoott  (b.  Exeter,  1870) . 
Served  his  apprenticeship  on  the  Thames,  and  has 
been  employed  in  the  drawing  offices  of  various 
firms  in  the  United  Kingdom,  devoting  his  special 
attention  to  the  designing  of  warships,  both  British 
and  foreign.     He  has  also  spent  some  time  design- 
ing yachts,  and  was  connected  with  a  celebrated 
yacht-building  firm  in  the  South  of  England.     In 
1900  he  was  appointed  superintendent  to  Messrs. 
Cox  and  King,  and  among  some  of  the  craft  that 
have  been  executed  by  him  are  the  Amelia  for 
H.M.  the  King  of  Portugal,  Rovenska  for  the  Arch- 
Duchess  Marie  Theresa  of  Austria,  Banshee  for  the 
late  Colonel  H.  L.  B.  McCalmont,  and  Lorena,  the 
first  ocean j^^turbine  yacht  built.     Member  of  the 
Institution  of  Naval  Architects. 
Publication  :   "  The  British  Navy." 

Hamkase.  Japanese  torpedo-boat  destroyer. 
(Kobe,  1906.)  Length,  220  ft.  ;  beam,  20 J  ft., 
draught,  9^  ft.  ;  displacement,  374  tons ;  arma- 
ment, I  12  pdr.,  5  6-pdr.,  2  tubes ;  twin  screw  ; 
Hp.,  6,000  =  29  kts. 

Harvey,  Sir  Thomas  (1775-1841).  British  naval 
officer.  Served  in  the  Ramillies  under  Lord  Howe 
in  the  battle  of  "  The  Glorious  First  of  Jime  "  ; 
as  a  lieutenant  in  the  Prince  ^f  Wales  in  Brid- 
port's  action  off  L'Orient,  1795  ;  conmianded  the 
Pelican  at  the  reduction  of  Trinidad,  1797.  In 
1807  he  took  part  in  the  passage  of  the  Dardanelles. 
He  was  promoted  vice-admiral  in  1837,  and  was 
made  Commander-in-Chief  on  the  North  American 
Station. 

Harwich.  70  guns.  On  September  i,  169T,  this 
vessel  was  wrecked  on  Mount  Edgcumbe,  when  the 
crew  perished. 

Harwich,  Battle  oL  In  1666  a  naval  engagement 
took  place  between  the  Dutch  and  British  fleets  ; 
the  contest  lasted  four  days,  and  was  indecisive,  the 
Dutch  losing  15  ships,  the  British  nine. 

Harwich  Yacht  Club,  BoyaL  See  Royal  Harwich 
Yacht  Club. 

Harwood.  Brig.  Lost  in  collision  with  the 
steamer  Trident,  near  the  Mouse  light,  off  the  Nore, 
October  5,  i853- 

t^  H.A.8.     iDistingnishing    letters    on    sea    fishing 
boats  registered  at  Hassclt,  Holland. 


Hashidate.     Old  Japanese  cruiser.   (Japan,  1891.) 
Length  295ft.   Beam  50ft.  Maximum  draught  21ft. 
Displacement  4,277  tons.     Complement  360. 
Guns.  Armour. 

I— 1 2-6  in.  "Steel." 

1 1 — 4*7  in.  i^^  in.  Deck. 

5 — 12  pdr.  12  in.  Barbettes. 

1 1 — 3  pdr.  12  in.  Conning  tower. 

2  Machine. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
4  Above  water  bow  and  stem. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  5,400=16*7  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 405  tond. 

Wftahiisftfcft  Japanese  torpedo-boat.  (Kawaski, 
1902.)  length,  147  ft.  ;  beam,  16  ft. ;  draught, 
8  ft.;  displacement,  150  tons;  complement,  26; 
armament,  1  6-pdr.,  2  3  pdr.,  2  tubes  ;  twin  screw  ; 
Hp.,  4,200=27  kts.  ;  coal,  30  tons. 

Hasp.  A  semi-circular  clamp  used  to  secure 
the  bowsprit  to  the  bows. 

Hastiiigs,  Admiral  Alexander  Plantagenet,  C.B. 

(b.  India,  1843).  Educated  Elm  Grove,  Ealing. 
H.M.S.  Britannia)  entered  R.N.,  1858;  lieutenant, 
1865;  commander,  1870;  captain,  1878;  flag 
captain  of  Euryalus  during  Egyptian  war,  1882  ; 
C.B.  for  services  rendered  (Egyptian  medal.  Khe- 
dive's Bronze  Star)  ;  served  during  naval  and  mili- 
tary operations  in  Soudan,  18S4 ;  commanded  naval 
brigade  landed  for  protection  of  Suakim,  1884 ; 
acted  as  Governor  of  Musawwa,  1884  (Suakim  clasp); 
captain  of  Royal  Naval  College,  Greenwich,  1885-89; 
rear-admiral,  1894 ;  vice-admiial,  1900 ;  admiral, 
1904. 

Hasty.  British  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Poplar, 
1895.)  Length,  190  ft. ;  beam,  18  ft. ;  draught, 
si  ft. ;  displacement,  250  tons ;  complement,  45  ; 
armament,  i  12-pdr.,  5  6-pdr.;  twin  screw;  Hp., 
3,250=26  kts. ;  coal.  60  tons. 

HasweU,  Charles  H.  (b.  New  York,  May  22,  1809). 
Civil  and  mechanical  engineer.  At  the  age  of  19  he 
entered  the  employment  of  Mr.  James  Allaine, 
then  the  largest  manufacturer  of  steam  engines  and 
boilers  in  America,  and  six  years  later  was  asked 
by  the  Commissioners  of  the  United  States  Navy 
to  present  designs  for  the  engines  and  boilers  of  the 
steam  frigate  Fulton,  then  on  the  stocks.  On 
learning  what  was  to  be  required  of  her  he  recom- 
mended that  she  should  be  lengthened  20  ft.  ; 
this,  however,  the  authorities  did  not  agree  to  at 
the  time,  and  it  was  not  until  1852  that  they  realised 
their  mistake,  and  lengthened  her  some  30  ft.  In 
1843  the  Act  of  Organisation  of  Engineer  Corps  was 
altered  at  his  suggestion,  and  he  was  appointed 
by  the  President  as  Engineer-in-Chief.  He  was 
superseded  in  185 1  for  p>olitical  reasons,  and  owing 
to  ill-health,  and  being  detailed  for  sea  service,  he 
was  compelled  to  resign.  He  left  the  service,  and 
returned  to  New  York,  and  started  practice  as  a 
civil  and  marine  engineer.     From  1855-59  he  was 


HATCH 


272 


HAWKE 


a  member  of  the  Board  of  Councilmen  of  New  York 
City,  and  in  1888  elected  President.  During  his 
professional  career  he  has  designed  and  superin- 
tended the  construction  of  yachts,  cutters,  and 
many  steamers,  the  bulkhead  of  Hart's  Island,  and 
one  on  the  Haarlem  River.  He  was  a  trustee  of  the 
New  York  and  Brooklyn  bridge  during  its  con- 
struction. Member  of  the  American  Society  of 
Civil  Engineers,  member  of  the  Institution  of 
Naval  Architects  (England  and  the  United  States). 

Hatch.    A  half  door. 

Hatoh-boat.  A  half-decked  boat  with  hatches 
for  covering  in  all  or  portions  of  the  open  part 
formerly  much  used  in  the  lower  Thames. 

Hate.  Japanese  torpedo-boat.  (Kure,  1903.) 
Length,  147  ft.  ;  beam,  16  ft.  ;  draught,  8  ft.  ; 
displacement,  150  tons ;  complement,  26 ;  arma- 
ment, I  6-pdr.,  2  3-pdr.,  3  tubes  ;  twin  screw  ;  Hp., 
4,600=27  kts.  ;  coal,  30  tons. 

Hatsaharn.  Japanese  torpedo-boat  destroyer. 
(Kobe,  1906.)  Length,  220  ft.  ;  beam,  20J  ft.  ; 
draught.  9^  ft. ;  displacement,  374  tons  ;  armament 
I  i2-pdr.,  5  6-pdr.,  2  tubes;  twin  screw;  Hp., 
6,600=29  kts. 

Hatsiue.  Japanese  battleship.  On  May  15, 
1904,  this  vessel  came  in  contact  with  a  mine  which 
injured  her  steering  gear,  and  30  minutes  after- 
wards, a  second  mine  exploding  under  her,  she 
foundered  in  32  fathoms  of  water.  Of  her  crew, 
795,  only  300,  including  Rear- Admiral  Nashiba, 
whose  flag  she  carried,  and  Captain  Nakao  were 
saved. 

Hatsushlma.  Japanese  torpedo-boat  destroyer. 
(Yokosuka,  1906.)  Length,  220  ft.  ;  beam,  20}  ft.  ; 
draught,  9J  ft.  ;  displacement,  374  tons ;  arma- 
ment, I  i2-pdr.,  5  6-pdr.,  2  tubes ;  twin  screw  ; 
Hp.,  6,000=29  kts. 

Hatsuyuki.  Japanese  torpedo-boat  destroyer. 
(Yokosuka,  1905.)  Length,  ?20  ft. ;  beam,  20J  ft.  ; 
draught,  9}  ft.  ;  displacement,  374  tons  ;  arma- 
ment, I  i2-pdr.,  5  6-pdr.,  2  tubes;  twin  screw; 
Hp.,  6,000=29  kts. 

Haughty.  British  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Sun- 
derland, 1895.)  Length,  196  ft.  ;  beam,  J 9  f t.  ; 
draught,  5  ft.  ;  displacement,  265  tons  ;  comple- 
ment, 50  ;  armament,  i  12-pdr.,  5  6-pdr.,  2  tubes  ; 
twin  screw ;   Hp.,  4,000=27  kts.  ;   coal,  60  tons. 

Haughty.  British  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  Run 
into  by  a  cargo  steamer  in  Harwich  Harbour,  and 
bad  to  be  beached. 

Haul  on  board.  The  order  for  hauling  down  the 
main  tack. 

Haul  up.     Sailing  from  towards  the  wind. 

Haunch.    A  sudden  fall  or  break. 

Havelock  Line»  with  their  head  office  in  Sunder- 
land, maintain  a  service  from  London  for  Scar- 
borough and  Sunderland,  and  vice  versa.    A  steamer 


leaves  London  every  Wednesday,  returning  every 
Saturday. 

Fleet. 
John  Havelock, 

Haven.     A  safe  refuge  ;   a  small  harbour. 

Havet  Steamsbip  Go.,  Ltd.,  owned  and  managed 
by  C.  K.  Hansen,  Copenhagen,  has  a  steamer 
engaged  in  the  North  Sea  cargo  trade.     . 

Fleet. 

Fyen, 

Gross  tonnage,  1,850. 

Havik.  Netherlands  gun- vessel,  Indian  Navy. 
Displacement.   438   tons. 

Havk.  Norwegian  torpedo-boat.  (Christiania, 
1903.)  Length,  iii  ft. ;  beam,  14 J  ft. ;  draught,  6^ 
ft.;  displacement,  65  tons;  armament,  2  1'4-in., 
2  tubes  ;   Hp.,  650=  19  kts. 

Havock.  British  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Pop- 
lar, 1893.)  Length,  180  ft. ;  beam,  18  ft. ;  draught, 
si  ft. ;  displacement,  240  tons  ;  complement,  43  ; 
armament,  i  12-pdr.,  3  6-pdr.,  3  tubes  ;  twin  screw  ; 
Kp-.  3,500  =  26  kts.  ;  coal,  57  tons. 

Havomen.  Danish  torpedo-boat.  (Copenhagen, 
1896.)  Length,  154  ft.;  beam,  15  ft.;  draught. 
7}  ft. ;  displacement,  142  tons  ;  armament,  i  4*7-in. 
I  i-pdr.,  3  tubes;  twin  screw;  Hp.,  2,300=22*9 
kts. 

Hawke.     British   ist  class  cruiser.      (Chatham, 

1891.) 

Length  360ft.    Beam  60ft.  Maximum  draught  26ft. 
Displacement  7,350  tons.     Complement  540. 
Guns,  A  rmour. 

2 — 9*2  in. 
10 — 6  in. 
12 — 6  pdr.  12  in.  Conning  tower. 

5—3  pdr. 
2  Maxims. 

Torpedo  Tabes  (18  in.). 
2  Submerged. 
Twin    screw.     Hp.    natural    10,000=18*5    kts., 
forced    12,0003519*5    kts.     Coal    maximum    1,250 
tons.     Approximate  cost  ;£4 30,000. 

Hawke,  Lewd  Edward  (1705-1781).  English 
admiral  (b.  London).  Entered  the  Navy  at  an 
early  age,  and  in  1733  was  promoted  commander  of 
the  Wolf.  He  first  distinguished  himself  in. the 
action  off  Toulon  in  1744,  when  he  broke  from  the 
line  of  battle  in  order  to  engage  the  Poder,  and 
although  he  succeeded  in  causing  her  to  strike  her 
colours,  he  was  dismissed  from  the  service  for  a 
breach  of  discipline.  He  was,  however,  almost 
immediately  restored  by  the  King's  commands,  and 
in  1747  was  promoted  to  the  rank  of  rear-admiral, 
and  gained  a  victory  over  the  French  off  Finis- 
terre.  In  1756  he  succeeded  Admiral  Byng  as 
commander  of  the  fleet  in  the  Mediterranean.  The 
battle  which  brought  him  his  chief  fame  was  gained 
ill  1759*  when  he  attacked  the  French  Fleet  under 


"  Steel." 
5  in.  Deck. 


HAWKINS 


273 


HAWTHORN 


Admiral  Conflans,  ofl  Belleisle  (Quiberon  Bay),  when 
more  than  half  the  French  were  either  disabled, 
captured,  or  driven  on  shore.  For  this  b^lliant 
victory,  one  of  the  most  daring  and  successful 
actions  on  record,  gained  with  the  loss  of  only  two 
vessels,  he  received  the  thanks  of  the  House  of 
Commons,  and  a  pension  of  ;£2,ooo  per  annum.  In 
1765  he  was  appointed  vice-admiral  of  Great 
Britain,  and  First  Lord  of  the  Admiralty.  In  1776 
he  was  raised  to  the  peerage  with  the  title  of  Baron 
Hawke  of  Towton.     He  died  October  17,  1781. 

Hawkins,  Sir  John.    See  Hawkyns. 

Hawkshaw,    Sir   John    (1811-91).    English   en- 
gineer (b.   Yorkshire).     Was  engaged  as  engineer 
at  the   Liverpool   Docks,   and   subsequently  had 
charge  of  the  railway  and  navigation  works  of  the 
Manchester  Barry  and  Bolton  Canal  Co.     In  1845 
he  became  chief  engineer  to  the  Manchester  and 
Leeds  Railway,  and  subsequently  to  its  successors, 
the  Lancashire  and  Yorkshire  Railway.     In  London 
he  was  responsible  for  Charing  Cross  and  Cannon 
Street   Railways,   together  with  the  two  bridges 
which  carry  them  over  the  Thames.     In  1862  he 
became  engineer  to  the  Amsterdam  Ship  Canal, 
and  in  the  following  year  was  chosen  to  make  the 
inquiry  as  to  the  practicability  of  the  Suez  Canal, 
as  the  scheme  at  that  time  was  in  very  bad  odour, 
and  the  Khedive  had  determined  to  stop  the  work 
if  expert  opinion  was  unfavourable.     His  report, 
however,    was    entirely    favourable,    and    M.    de 
Lesseps  was  able  to  say  at  the  great  opening  cere- 
mony of  the  Suez  Canal  that  "  to  Hawkshaw  he 
owed  the  canal."     He  had  a  wide  experience  in 
the  constructions  of  harbours  and  docks,  among 
others   being  Holyhead   Harbour,   Penarth  Dock, 
the  Albert  Dock  at  Hull,  the  South  Dock  of  the 
East  and  West  India  Docks  in  London.     He  was 
also  engineer  of  the  Severn  Tunnel,  which,  owing 
to  the  difficulties  encountered  in  its  construction, 
ranks    as    one   of   the    most    notable    engineering 
undertakings  in  the  nineteenth  century.     He  died 
in  London,  June  2,  1891. 

Hawkyns,  Sir  John  {1532*95)  (b.  Plymouth). 
Was  the  first  Englishman  to  engage  in  the  slave 
traffic.  He  made  three  voyages  to  tlie  West 
Indies,  the  first  in  1562,  the  second  in  1564,  and 
the  third,  made  in  company  with  Drake,  1567.  On 
his  third  voyage  he  was  attacked  by  the  Spanish 
authorities  at  Sanjuan  de  Ulloa,  and  escaped  with 
only  two  of  his  ships.  In  the  expedition  against 
the  Armada,  1588,  he  was  appointed  vice-admiral, 
and  hoisted  his  flag  on  board  the  Victory.  Two 
years  later,  in  company  with  Sir  Martin  Frobisher 
(q.v,)  he  intercepted  the  Plate  Fleet  oft  the  coast 
of  Portugal.  In  1 595  he  undertook  his  last  expedi- 
tion to  the  West  Indies  with  Sir  Francis  Drake, 
and  died  ofE  Puerto  Rico,  November  12,  1595. 
He  was  the  first  to  use  chain -pumps  and  fighting 
netting  for  ships. 


Hawse*  A  cross.  When  the  ship  swings  half- 
round. 

Hawse,  An  elbow.  When  the  ship  svdngs  once 
round. 

Hawse,  A  round  torn.  When  the  ship  swings 
twice  round. 

Hawse-holes.  Cylindrical  holes  through  the 
bows  of  a  ship  through  which  the  cables  pass. 

Hawse,  In  the  hawse.    In  a  space  close  ahead. 

Hawse^  Open.  When  the  Unes  of  the  cable  run 
clear  of  each  other. 

Hawse-pipe.    Metal  lining  for  the  hawse-holes. 

Hawse  ping.  Large  pieces  of  wood,  used  for 
plugging  the  hawse-pipe. 

Hawser.  A  heavy  rope  or  steel  wire  used  for 
moving  ships. 

Hawthorn,  Leslie  and  Co.,  Lid.,  B.  and  W., 

Newcastle-on-Tyne,  was^formed  in  1885  by  the 
combination  of  the  engine  works  of  Messrs.  R.  and 
W.  Hawthorn,  of  Newcastle,  with  the  shipyard 
established  at  Hebburn  in  1853  by  Mr.  Andrew 
Leslie.  The  size  and  output  of  the  works  have, 
of  course,  very  largely  increased  since  that  date,  and 
now  cover  about  50  acres,  with  a  river  frontage  of 
4,570  ft.  Messrs.  Hawthorn,  Leslie  and  Co.  enjoy 
a  world-wide  reputation  for  the  excellence  of  their 
ships,  marine  engines,  and  locomotives. 

The  engine  works,  which  are  situated  on  the 
river  frontage  at  St.  Peter's,  have  a  capacity  for 
reciprocating  machinery  of  about  100,000  I.Hp. 
per  annum,  and  large  extensions  have  recently  been 
made  to  the  buildings  at  this  department,  and  new 
plant  installed  for  the  construction  of  turbine 
machinery.  The  engine  works  have  in  recent 
years  been  almost  fully  engaged  on  warship  work 
for  the  British  and  foreign  Governments,  and  have 
engined  every  type  of  warship,  including  battle- 
ships, cruisers,  destroyers,  and  most  recently  the 
new  type  of  scout — the  Adventure  and  Attentive. 
At  present  the  engine  works  are  constructing  tur- 
bine machinery  for  H.M.S.  Temeraire  which  will 
develop  23,500  Hp. 

The  shipyard  at  Hebburn  has  constructed  a 
large  number  of  destroyers,  and,  apart  from  their 
achievements  in  mercantile  work,  have  obtained 
some  notable  successes  with  this  class  of  vessel 
both  in  speed  and  economy  in  coal  consumption, 
having  built  the  fastest  destroyer  ever  constructed, 
and  obtained  the  unique  result  of  3 1  kts.  per  ton  of 
coal  consumed.  It  will  also  be  seen  on  reference 
to  the  Admiralty  returns  that  the  six  destroyers 
of  the  Derwent  type  built  by  R.  and  W.  Hawthorn, 
Leslie  and  Co.  satisfied  the  Admiralty,  and  were 
taken  over  after  fewer  trials  than  the  other  vessels 
of  tliis  class.  There  is  at  present  under  construc- 
tion one  33-kt.  destroyer  (turbine)  and  two  first- 
class    torpedo-boats    (turbine).     The    shipbuilding 


HAWTHORN 


274 


HAY 


department  has  a  frontage  of  over  1,500  ft.,  and 
comprises  seven  berths  for  building  vessels  up  to 
700  ft.  in  length,  and  a  dry  dock  450  ft.  in  length, 
where,  in  addition  to  efficient  ship  repairing,  some 
specially  difficult  shipbuilding  contracts  in  the  way 
of  lengthening  and  altering  ships  have  been  carried 
out.  There  is  a  large  forge  at  the  Hebbum  Yard 
which  turns  out  a  large  quantity  of  forgings,  such 
as  stem  frames,  rudder  frames,  shaftings,  etc. 
The  wood-working  shop  at  the  shipyard  is  worthy 
of  special  notice,  as  it  may  claim  to  be  amongst 
the  best  equipped  shops  in  the  kingdom,  and  it 
has  turned  out  some  of  the  finest  work  for  pas- 
senger accommodation. 

The  422  ships  on  the  books  of  the  firm  include 
a  large  number  trading  to  Australia  and  New 
Zealand  in  the  passenger  and  frozen  meat  trade. 
South  and  North  America,  South  Africa,  China 
and  Japan,  Canadian  Lakes,  as  well  as  for  the 
principal  Russian  and  South  American  merchant 
fleets,  and  include  vessels  for  Alfred  Holt  and  Co., 
Russian  Steam  Navigation  Co.,  Wm.  Milbum  and 
Co.,  Tumbull,  Martin  and  Co.,  New  Zealand 
Shipping  Co.,  Ltd.,  Shaw,  Savill  and  Albion  Co., 
Ltd.,  British  India  Steam  Navigation  Co.,  Ltd., 
Booth  Steamship  Co.,  Adelaide  Steamship  Co., 
Swedish  South  African  Line.  Lloyd  Braziliero 
Federal  Steam  Navigation  Co.,  Fred.  Leyland  and 
Co.  (1900),  Ltd.,  and  numerous  other  prominent 
shipowners. 

At  the  inauguration  of  the  Russian  Volunteer 
Fleet  by  some  patriotic  Moscow  merchants,  the 
first  vessel  was  placed  with  Messrs.  Hawthorn, 
Leslie  and  Co.  This  vessel  was  to  be  of  high  speed, 
and  though  used  for  passenger  and  cargo  service 
in  time  of  peace  it  was  to  be  adaptable  in  time  of 
war  as  a  transport  and  auxiliary  cruiser.  These 
requirements  were  fully  met,  with  the  result  that 
the  construction  of  nearly  all  the  high-speed 
vessels  of  this  powerful  organisation  have  been 
entrusted  to  the  Hebburn  Shipyard.  Probably 
the  most  famous  of  these  R.V.F.  vessels  is  the 
Smolensk,  which,  by  her  "piratical"  exploits 
during  the  recent  Russo-Japanese  war,  attracted 
a  good  deal  of  attention,  and  showed  the  practical 
utility  of  this  type  of  vessel  in  modem  warfare. 

Messrs.  Hawthorn,  Leslie  and  Co.,  Ltd.,  are  well 
known  as  the  designers  and  builders  of  the  first 
turbine -propelled  vessel  for  actual  service — the 
T.B.D.  Viper,  which,  by  attaining  the  speed  of 
nearly  37  kts.,  proved  herself  the  fastest  vessel 
ever  built.  It  is  unfortunate  that  the  career  of 
the  Viper  was  so  suddenly  cut  short  by  stranding 
on  one  of  the  Channel  Islands  in  a  fog  during  some 
naval  manoeuvres,  but  her  efficiency  and  capabilities 
had  been  proved  to  the  Admiralty,  and  two  other 
turbine  destroyers,  the  Velox  and  the  Eden,  both 
built  at  Hebbum,  have  been  added  to  the  British 
Navy  since  her  loss,  and  the  firm  is  now  engaged 
in  the  constmction  of  a  similar  vessel  to  steam  at 
a  speed  of  33  kts. 


The  firm  is  as  famous  for  its  locomotives  as  for 
ships  and  marine  engines,  and  at  one  time  they  and 
Messrs.  Stephenson  were  two  of  the  principal  firms 
in  the  country  for  su|)plying  main  line  locomotives 
to  our  great  railway  companies.  At  the  present 
time,  however,  as  most  of  the  British  railway 
companies  construct  their  engines  in  their  own 
shops,  Messrs.  Hawthorn,  Leshe's  output  has  been 
diverted  to  colonial  railways,  to  tank  engines  for 
coUieries,  and  locomotive  cranes  for  contractors' 
works.  Records  and  present  orders  show  that  the 
firm's  productions  are  highly  appreciated  all  over  the 
world. 

Hay,  Admiral  of  the  Flaet  The  Bight  Hon. 
Lord  John,  O.O.B.  (1886).  British  admiral  (b. 
Geneva.  1827).  Entered  Navy,  1839 ;  served  in 
the  China  war.  1842  ;  captain  of  the  Wasp  and 
Tribune  in  Black  Sea ;  served  in  the  Naval 
Brigade  in  the  Crimea.  1855  (Crimean  and  Turkish 
medals,  Sebastopol  clasp.  Knight  of  the  Legion 
of  Honour,  and  Medjidie,  4th  Class)  ;  captain 
of  Odin  in  China  war.  1859-60 ;  commanded  a 
squadron  of  gun-boats  at  the  capture  of  Peiho 
forts  (China  medal,  Taku  clasp) ;  Lord  of  the 
Admiralty,  1866.  1868,  1871.  1880.  and  13S3 : 
second-in-command.  Channel  Squadron.  1875  ; 
Commander-in-Chief,  Mediterranean  Fleet.  1883*86. 
during  the  war  in  Soudan  (Egyptian  medal. 
Khedive's  Bronze  Star,  decorated  by  the  Sultan 
with  the  Grand  Cordon  of  the  Medjidie),  1883  ; 
First  Sea  Lord  of  the  Admiralty.  1886 ;  Com- 
mander-in-Chief, 1887  ;  Admiral  of  the  Fleet,  188S. 

Hay,  Admiral  The  Bight  Hon.  Sir  John  Charlei 
Dalrymple,  8rd  Bart.,  cr.  1798.  O.C.B.,  F.B.&, 
D.C.L.,  D.O.  (b.  1 82 1).  Educated  Rugby.  Entered 
Navy,  1834 ;  served  in  first  Kaffir  war ;  landed 
with  the  seamen  and  marines  for  the  defence  of 
Port  Elizabeth  and  Algoa  Bay ;  served  on  West 
Coast  of  Africa  in  suppression  of  slave  trade ; 
served  in  Benbow  during  operations  on  coast  of 
Syria ;  served  at  bombardment  of  Beyrout,  and 
present  at  capture  of  St.  Jean  d'Acre.  1840  (Turkish 
medals,  clasp  for  St.  Jean  d'Acre)  ;  took  part  as 
flag-lieutenant  to  Sir  T.  Cochrane  in  operations  at 
Maluda  Bay.  and  on  the  coast  of  Borneo,  1846 ; 
commander.  1846 ;  commander  of  Columbine,  and 
senior  officer  at  destruction  of  Chinese  piratical 
fleets  in  Bias  Bay  eind  Tonkin  River,  1849;  pro- 
moted captain  for  services  rendered,  1850  ;  captain 
of  Hannibal ;  present  at  capture  of  Kertch  and 
Kinburn,  and  at  siege  and  fall  of  Sebastopol 
(Crimean  and  Turkish  medals.  Sebastopol  clasp. 
Medjidie,  4th  Class) ;  member  of  Royal  Conunission 
at  Greenwich  Hospital.  1859-60 ;  chairman  of  Iron 
Plate  Committee.  1861-64 ;  rear-admiral.  1866 ; 
Lord  of  the  Admiralty.  1866-68 ;  vice-admiral. 
1873  ;  admiral.  1878. 

Publications :    "  Suppression   of    Piracy   in     the 
China  Seas,"  "  Leaves  of  My  Log-book." 


HAYABUSA 


275 


HEBE 


Hayabnsa.  Japanese  torpedo-boat.  (Normand, 
1898.)  Length.  147  ft. ;  beam,  16  it.  ;  draught. 
8  ft;  displacement,  150  tons;  complement,  26; 
armament,  i  6-pdr.,  3  3-pdr.,  2  tubes  ;  Hp.,  4,200  = 
^o  kts, ;  coal,  30  tons. 

Hayakase.  Japanese  torpedo-boat  destroyer. 
(Osaka,  1906.)  Length,  220  ft.  ;  beam,  20 J  ft.  ; 
draught,  gj  ft. ;  displacement,  374  tons ;  arma- 
ment, I  i2-pdr,,  5  6-pdr.,  2  tubes  ;  twin  screw  ; 
Hp.,  6,000=29  kts. 

Hayashida,  Ninshiro  (b.  Nagasaki,  September, 
1873).  Japanese  mechanical  engineer.  Educated 
Tokio  Higher  Technical  College,  and  graduated  iu 
189$,  and  was  then  appointed  as  an  assistant- 
engineer  in  the  Mitsu  Bishi  Dockyards  and  En- 
gineering Works,  and  is  at  present  engaged  in  that 
yard  in  the  mechanical  testing  laboratory.  Is  a 
professor  in  mechanics  at  the  Tokio  Higher  Technical 
Coltege,  and  an  inventor  of  three  or  four  patents 
on  engineering  apparatus. 

HayatorL  Japanese  torpedo-boat  destroyer. 
(Yarrow,  1901.)  Displacement,  306  tons ;  com- 
plement. 5  5  ;  maximum  draught.  8^  ft.  ;  armament, 
I  i2-pdr.,  5  6-pdr.  ;  tubes,  2  18 -in.  ;  Hp.,  6,000= 
31  kts. ;  coal,  95  tons. 

Hayes,  Isaac  Israel  (1837-81).  American  Arctic 
explorer  (b.  Pennsylvania).  Served  under  Du  Cane 
in  the  second  Grinnell  expedition,  1853-55.  Author 
of  "  An  Arctic  Boat  Journey  "  (i860),  "  The  Open 
Polar  Seas  "  (1867),  "  The  Land  of  Desolation  " 
(1872). 


Hayter,  Harrison  (1825).  English  engineer.  Was 
associated  with  Sir  John  Hawkshaw  {q.v.)  in  most 
of  his  work,  among  the  most  important  of  which 
is  Charing  Cross  and  Cannon  Street  bridges  and 
stations,  Holyhead  Harbour,  Amsterdam  Ship 
Canal,  the  Severn  Tunnel,  and  the  Buenos  Aires 
Docks. 


British  torpedo  gun-boat  (1894). 
Length  250ft.   Beam  30ft.   Maximum  draught  13ft. 
Displacement  1,070  tons.     Complement  120. 

Guns. 

2*— 4*7  in. 

4—3  pdr. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 

5  Above  water. 

Twin  screw.     Hp.  natural  2,500=17  kts.,  forced 

3.500=18*5  kts.     Coal  maximum  160  tons. 

Haze.  Vapour  slightly  less  dense  than  a  fog, 
sometimes  produced  by  the  presence  of  dust 
particles. 

JB.  B.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Het  Bildt,  Holland. 

H.  C  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Cuxhaven,  Germany. 

H.  D.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Helder,  Holland. 


H.  D.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Hardinxveld,  Holland. 

Hd.  Head.  Abbreviation  adopted  on  the  charts 
issued  by  the  Hydrographic  Office.  Admiralty. 

H.  E.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Penzance.  England. 

Head-sails.  The  name  for  all  sails  set  on  the 
foremast  bowsprit,  jib,  and  flying  jibboom. 

Head  sea.  When  a  ship  sails  head  on  to  the 
sea. 

Headway.     Forging  ahead. 

Heard,  Captain.     See  Antarctic  Exploration. 

Heame,  Samael.     See  Arctic  Exploration. 

Heart.  A  large  block  of  wood  furnished  with 
one  hole  in  the  middle  grooved  only  for  one  rope. 

Hearty.  Special  service  vessel,  North  Sea  Fish- 
eries (1,300  tons). 

Heath,    Admiral    Sir    Leopold    Oeorge,    K.C.B. 

(b.  18 1 7).  Educated  Royal  Naval  College,  Ports- 
mouth. Gained  first  medal,  1831,  and  prize  com- 
mission as  lieutenant,  1840 ;  commander,  1847 ; 
commander  of  Niger  ;  present  at  attack  of  Lagos, 
1850 ;  captain.  1854 ;  present  in  Niger  and  Sans- 
pareil  during  the  Crimean  war  ;  principal  agent  of 
transports  at  Balaclava ;  promotion  for  services 
rendered  (Crimean  and  Turkish  medals,  Sebastopol 
clasp,  Medjidie,  4th  Class) ;  C.B.,  1855  ;  commodore 
of  Octavia  commanding  East  Indian  Squadron 
during  Abyssinian  war,  1868  ;  received  the  thanks 
of  Parliament  for  services  rendered ;  K.C.B. 
(Abyssinian  medal)  ;  rear-admiral,  1871  ;  vice- 
admiral.  1877  ;  admiral.  1884. 

Heave  down.     To  careen  for  repair. 

Heave  in  stays.  To  come  up  to  the  wind  for 
tacking. 

Heave  short.  To  heave  in  the  cable  until  the 
vessel  is  nearly  over  her  anchor. 

Heave  the  lead.  Taking  soundings  with  the 
hand  lead-line.     Refer  to  Lead. 

Heave  the  log.  To  determine  the  ship's  speed 
by  the  log-line  over  the  stern.     Refer  io  Log. 

Hebbing.  An  old  name  applied  to  the  taking  of 
fish  on  the  Thames  below  London  Bridge  at  ebbing 
water. 

Hebe.     British  torpedo  gun-boat  (1892). 
Length  230ft.  Beam  27ft.  Maximum  draught  I2jft. 
Displacement  810  tons.     Complement  85. 
,  Guns. 

2 — 47  in. 

4—3  pdr. 
Torpedo  Tubes. 


Twin   screw. 
160  tons. 


5- 

3- 
Speed 


■14  m. 
-18  in. 
17   kts. 


Coal   maximum. 


HECLA 


276 


HEMY 


Hecla.     Ship.     See  Arctic  Exploration. 

Heda.     British  torpedo  depot  ship  (6,400  tons, 

13  kts.).     Launched  1878. 

HeeL  The  lower  end  of  the  stem-post  which  is 
connected  to  the  ship's  keel ;  the  lower  end  of  any 
boom,  bowsprit,  or  mast. 

Heel  chain.  A  chain  or  rope  from  bowsprit  cap 
to  keep  the  jibboom  out. 

Heeling  error.  The  effect  produced  on  the  com- 
pass by  the  heeling  of  an  iron  or  composite  ship, 
the  angle  increasing  with  the  amount  of  heel. 

Heel,  To.  To  list  or  lie  over  or  incline  at  an 
angle  from  the  perpendicular,  as  when  a  vessel 
lies  over  to  the  wind. 

Heemskerck,  Jacob  van.     See  Arctic  Exploration. 

Heibet  Nnma.  Turkish  torpedo  cruiser.  (Tur- 
key, 1893.)  Length,  226  ft.  ;  beam,  37  ft.  ;  draught, 
14    ft.;    displacement,     1,960    tons;    armament, 

r 

3  5'9-in.,  6  4'7-in.,  6  q.f.,  2  tubes;  Hp.,  2,500  = 

14  kts. 

Height.     Any  ground  above  the  common  level. 

Efeiligerlee.  Netherlands  coast  defence  monitor. 
Displacement »  2,000  tons. 

Hwmdftlr  Norwegian  gun-boat.  (Christ  iania. 
1893.)  Length,  167  ft.  ;  beam.  27  ft. ;  draught, 
12  ft.  ;  displacement,  620  tons;  complement,  62; 
armament,  4  2'5-in.  ;  Hp.,  700=12  kts.;  coal, 
93  tons. 

Heimdal.     Danish  small  cruiser  (1894). 
Length  257ft.   Beam  27ft.   Maximum  draught  13ft. 
Displacement  1,290  tons.     Complement  155. 
Guns.  A  rmour. 

2—47  in.  "  Steel." 

li  in.  Deck. 
4  in.  Conning  tower. 
Torpedo  Tubes. 
4  Above  water  bow,  stem,  and  broadside. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  natural  2,400=16  kts.,  forced 
3,000=17  kts.     Coal  maximum  125  tons. 

Heimdall.  German  coast  service  battleship 
(1892). 

Length  254ft.    Beam  49ft.    Maximum  draught  i8ft. 
Displacement  4,150  tons.     Complement  297. 
GuHS,  Armour. 

3—9.4  in.  "  Compound." 

10 — isi  pdr.  9  in.  Belt. 

6 — I  pdr.  8  in.  Barbettes. 

4  Machine.  7  in.  Conning  tower. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
3  Submerged  bow  and  broadside. 
I  Above  water  stem. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  5,100=  15J  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 580  tons. 

Heiyein.  Japanese  coast  defence  battleship. 
This  vessel  was  sunk  by  coming  in  contact  with 
the  submarine  mine  during  the  Russo-Japanese 
war. 


4 — 6  pdr. 
6 — I  pdr. 


Hekla.     Danish  small  cruiser  (1890). 
Length  233ft.  Beam  33ft.  Maximum  draught  13ft 
Displacement  1,290  tons^     Complement  155. 
Guns.  Armour. 

2—6  in.  "  Steel." 

4 — 6  pdr.  li  in.  Deck. 

6 — 1  pdr.  4  in.  Conning  tower. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
I  Submerged  bow. 
4  Above  water. 
Bow,  stern,  and  broadside. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  forced  3, 000 » 17*5  kts.     Coal 
maximum  123  tons. 

Hela.     German  torpedo  gun-boat  (1895). 
Length  328ft.   Beam  36ft.   Maximum  draught  i6ft. 
Displacement  2,040  tons.     Complement  178. 
Guns.  A  rmour. 

4^1 5i  pdr.  "Steel." 

6 — 6  pdr.  I  in.  Deck.  , 

2  Machine.  i  in.  Conning  tower. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 

1  Submerged  bow. 

2  Above  water. 

Twin  screw.     Hp.   6.000  =  22   kts.     Coal   maxi- 
mum 330  tons. 

Helena.     U.S.  gun-boat.     (Newport  News,  1896.) 
Length  250ft.     Beam  40ft.     Draught  loft. 
Displacement  1.392  tons.     Complement  256. 
Gufis.  Armour. 

8—4  in.  "  Steel." 

4— -6  in.  i  in.  Deck  amidships. 

4 — I  pdr.  2  Big  gun  shields. 

Hp.  1 ,988  =15  kts.     Coal  300  tons. 

Helgoland.     Danish   battleship    (1878).     Recon- 
structed 1896. 

Length  257ft.   Beam  59ft.  Maximum  draught  21ft 
Displacement  5.370  tons.     Complement  350. 
Guns.  A  rmour. 

I — 12  in.  "  Iron." 

4 — io*2  in.  12  in.  Belt. 

5 — 47  in.  10  in.  Battery. 

10  Machine.  10  in.  Turrets. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
4  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  4,000=12  kts.     Coal  norma 
214  tons. 

Helm.    The  wheel  used  for  moving  the  rudder. 

Helmport.     Putting  the  rudder  to  starboard. 

Helm's  a-lee.     Putting  the  mdder  on  the  weather 

side  of  the  stern-posts. 

WaimgniiMi,  The  seaman  who  guides  the  ship  by 
the  helm. 

Helm-wind.  A  violent,  cold,  easterly  wind  Mow- 
ing down  the  western  slope  of  Crossfell,  Cumber- 
land. 

Hemy,  Charles  Napier.  English  marine  painter 
(b.  Newcastle-on-Tyne,  1841).  Among  his  best- 
known  works  arc  "  Pilchards,"  in  the  Tate  Gallery, 


HENDERSON 


277 


HENRI 


London  ;  "  Homeward/'  at  Birmingham  ;  "  Home- 
wind,"  in  Australia;  and  "Birds  of  Prey,"  1901, 
Leeds. 

Hendenon,     Frank     Hannam,     Bear-Adiiiiral» 

0.1LO.  (b.  June  2,  1850).  Entered  Navy,  1862  ; 
sub-lieutenant  of  Vulture,  specially  promoted  to 
lieutenant  for  capture  of  slave  dhow  with  180  slaves 
off  coast  of  Arabia  ;  lieutenant  of  Active,  specially 
employed  in  transport  and  beach  duties  during 
Ashantee  war,  1874  (Ashantee  medal)  ;  senior 
officer  on  Eclipse  during  Egyptian  war,  1882 
(Egyptian  medal,  Khedive's  Bronze  Star)  ;  com- 
mander commanding  Racoon  on  East  Coast  of 
Africa,  1891-94,  in  suppression  of  slave  trade, 
making  several  captures ;  commanded  mixed  force 
on  an  expedition  to  the  Lamu  forest  country,  East 
Coast  of  Africa,  taking  several  fortified  villages 
and  posts  ;  received  Royal  Humane  Society's  bronze 
medal,  February  27,  1870,  for  jumping  overboard 
at  sea  in  latitude  16*'  30'  S.,  longitude  75''  10'  W., 
and  saving  the  life  of  C.  Barlow,  boatswain's  mate 
of  H.M.S.  Phoebe  ;  captain  of  Fox,  and  a  senior 
officer  on  West  Coast  of  Africa  during  Sierra  Leone 
rebellion,  1898,  twice  mentioned  in  despatches, 
decorated  C.M.G.  for  these  services  ;  commanded 
battleship  Goliath  in  China  until  paying  ofi  in 
1903  ;  captain  of  dockyard  and  King's  Harbour- 
master at  Chatham  until  his  retirement,  June, 
1905. 

i    Henderson,   James  Bladock,   D.Sc.01asgow    (b. 
Glasgow,  March   5,    187 1).     Professor  of  Applied 
Mechanics  at  the  Royal  Naval  College,  Greenwich. 
Educated   Whitehall   High   School   and  at  Allan 
Glens.     Entered  Glasgow  University  in  1887,  and 
g^raduated  in  engineering  (with  highest  honours), 
mathematics,  and  natural  philosophy,   1892.     He 
was  awarded  an  Exhibition  Scholarship,  and  was 
engaged  in  research  work  under  the  direction  of 
the  late  Lord  Kelvin.     He  studied  in  Berlin,  under 
Helmlioltz  Plzmck  and  Du  Bois,  after  which  he  was 
appointed    lecturer  and  demonstrator  of    physics 
and  electrical  engineering  at  the  Yorkshire  College, 
J^eeds.     From    1901-05    he   held    the   position   of 
lecturer  and  senior  demonstrator  in  electrical  en- 
gineering at  the  new  James  Watt  Electrical  En- 
gineering Laboratories.  Glasgow  University.     Mem- 
ber ol  the  Institution  of  Electrical  Engineers. 

Publications  :  Numerous  scientific  papers  pub- 
lished in  the  Transactions  of  the  Royal  Societies, 
philosophical  magazines  and  Weidemann's  Annalen, 
etc. 

Henderson,  Vice- Admiral  Reginald  Friend  Hannam 

(b.  1846).  Entered  Navy,  i860  ;  lieutenant,  1869  ; 
commander,  1881  ;  commander  of  Invincible  at  the 
bombardment  of  Alexandria,  1882  ;  landed  with 
Naval  Brigade,  and  commanded  auinoured  train  at 
Alexandria  throughout  the  Egyptian  war ;  men- 
tioned in  despatches  (Egyptian  medal,  Alexandria 
clasp,  Khedive's  Bronze  Star,  Medjidie,  3rd  Class)  ; 
captain,  1887  ;  rear-admiral,  1901  :  principal  of  Sir 


Edward  Grey's  committee  appointed  to  inquire 
into  the  question  of  naval  reserves ;  Admiral- 
Superintendent  of  Portsmouth  Dockyard,  1902 ; 
admiral  commanding  Coastguards  and  Reserves, 
1905. 

Henderson,  Vice-Admiral  William  Hannam  (b. 

June  20,  1845).  Entered  the  Navy  in  1859,  and 
was  promoted  sub-lieutenant  in  1864  ;  lieutenant, 
1866 ;  commander,  1879 ;  captain,  1886 ;  rear- 
admiral.  1899  ;  and  vice-admiral,  1904  ;  served  in 
the  Witer  expedition  in  1890 ;  from  1898 -1900  he 
commanded  the  squadron-  at  Jamaica,  and  was  a 
member  of  the  Legislature  and  Privy  Council  of 
that  island  ;  in  1902  he  returned  to  England,  and 
was  appointed  Admiral -Superintendent  of  the 
Devonport  Dockyards. 

Henderson,  P.,  and  Co.,  with  their  head  office  in 
Glasgow,  have  a  fleet  of  10  steamers  sailing  at 
regular  intervals  between  Glasgow,  Liverpool,  and 
Rangoon  direct,  via  Suez  Canal,  and  vice  versa. 
They  are  specially  built  for  the  Eastern  passenger 
and  cargo  trade,  and  are  fitted  with  all  the  latest 
improvements.  The  passenger  accommodation  is 
situated  on  deck  amidships. 

Fleet. 

A  marapoora.  Burma,  P^g^- 

A  rracan.  Irrawaddy.  Rangoon. 

Ava.  Mandalay.  Tenasserim. 

Martaban. 

Heneage,  Admiral  Sir  Algernon  Charles  Fiesofa^, 
O.C.B.,  cr.  1902,  K.C.B.,  cr.  1892  (b.  1834). 
Entered  Navy,  1846 ;  served  in  Hastings  during 
operations  in  Burmah  (Burmah  medal)  ;  served  as 
lieutenant  in  the  St.  Jean  d'Acre  during  Russian 
war,  1854 ;  present  at  the  capture  of  Bomarsund  ; 
served  Black  Sea,  1855  (Baltic,  Crimean  and 
Turkish  medals,  Sebastopol  clasp) ;  Captain's  Good 
Service  Pension,  1881-84 ;  Second-in-Command, 
Channel  Squadron,  1885-86 ;  Commander-in-Chief, 
Pacific  Station,  1887-90 ;  Commander-in-Chief  at 
the  Nore,  1892-94  ;  silver  medal,  Royal  Humane 
Society,  for  jumping  overboard,  February  12,  1861, 
when  in  command  of  the  H.M.S.  Falcon,  into  the 
river  Gambia,  Sierra  Leone,  and  saving  the  life  of 
a  boy  who  had  fallen  into  the  harbour. 

Henley  Sailing  Cinb.  Established  1896.  Com- 
modore, Fred.  C.  Hunter  ;  Vice-Commodore,  W.  H. 
Weldon  ;  Rear-Commodore,  W.  Wallington  ;  Honor- 
ary Treasurer  and  Secretary',  W.  H.  Weldon, 
C.V.O.,  College  of  Arms,  Queen  Victoria  Street, 
London,  E.C.     Annual  subscription,  £1  los. 

Henri  IV.  French  coast  defence  battleship. 
(Cherbourg,  1899.) 

Length  350ft.   Beam  73ft.   Maximum  draught  25ft. 
Displacement  8,948  tons.     Complement  460. 
Guns.  A  rmour. 

2 — io*8  in.,  4S  cal.    "  Harvey-nickel." 
7 — 5 '5  in.  II  in.  Belt  amidships. 

12 — 3  pdr.  10  in.  Turrets. 

2 — I  pdr.  8  in.  Conning  tower. 


1 


HE 


278 


HERRmC 


Torpedo  Tubas  (17*7  in.). 
2  Submerged. 
Three  screws.    Hp.  1 1,500=  17*5  kts.    Coal  maxi- 
mum 1 ,  1 00  tons.     Approximate  cos^  £^  1 0,000. 

"He  or  they  paying  freight."  These  words, 
frequently  found  in  bills  of  lading,  constitute  a 
condition  that  the  consignee  is  liable  for  the  pay- 
ment of  freight  in  order  to  obtain  delivery.  The 
demanding  and  taking  of  goods  from  a  ship  by  a 
purchaser  or  assignee  of  a  bill  of  lading  is  evidence 
of  a  new  contract  and  promise  to  pay  by  him,  and 
he  is  liable  for  the  amount  to  the  shipowner. 

If,  however,  the  consignee  or  assignee  accepts 
goods  merely  as  agent  for  the  real  owners,  he  can- 
not be  liable  for  freight. 

''  It  is  now  well  settled  that  the  usual  clause  in 
bills  of  lading  engaging  the  master  to  deliver  goods 
to  the  consignees  or  assignees.  '  he  or  they  paying 
freight,'  is  introduced  for  the  benefit  of  the  master 
only,  and  does  not  cast  upon  him  the  duty  of 
obtaining  at  his  peril  the  freight  from  the  con- 
signees at  the  time  of  the  delivery."  He  may 
therefore  deliver  the  goods,  and  he  or  the  ship- 
#  owner  recover  the  amount  from  the  consignee.  If 
the  latter  refuse  to  pay  the  shipowner  can  look  to 
the  shipper  for  the  payment  of  freight  due. 

Herooles.  British  3rd  class  battleship  (8,680 
tons,  1 46  kts.).     Launched  1868. 

I 

Herooles,  Pillars  of.  The  name  given  to  the  two 
rocks  which  form  the  entrance  to  the  Mediterranean 
Sea  (Calpe),  the  rock  of  Gibraltar  and  Abyla 
(Ceuta). 

Herdman,  William  Abbott,  D.So.,  F.B.S.,  P.L.S. 

(b.  Edinburgh,  1855).  Educated  Edinburgh 
Academy  and  University.  Graduated,  1879  ;  assis- 
tant to  Sir  Wyville  Thompson  in  Challenger  Ex- 
pedition office ;  president  of  Zoological  Section, 
British  Association,  1895  •  general  secretary,  British 
Association,  1903  ;  was  instrumental  with  others  in 
establishing  the  marine  biological  station  at  Port 
Erin,  Isle  of  Man,  and  at  the  Sea-Fish  Hatchery  at 
Piel,  near  Barrow  ;  is  honorary  director  of  scientific 
work  of  the  Lancaster  Sea  Fishery  Committee ; 
was  sent  to  Ceylon,  1901-02,  to  investigate  and 
report  to  the  Government  on  the  pearl  oyster 
fisheries ;  professor  of  natural  history.  University 
of  Liverpool,  since  1888. 

Publications :  ''  Report  on  the  Tunicata  Col- 
lected during  the  Voyage  of  the  Challenger  "  (1882- 
89),  '*  The  Invertebrate  Fauna  of  the  Firth  of 
Forth,"  "  The  Fauna  of  Liverpool  Bay  "  (1896- 
1900),  '*  Oysters  and  Disease  "  (1896-99),  "  Phylo- 
genctic  Classification  of  Animals,  Fishes,  and 
Fisheries  of  the  Irish  Sea  "  (1902),  "  Report  to  the 
Government  on  the  Ceylon  Pearl  Oyster  Fisheries," 
Royal  Society  (1902-03). 

Herluf  TroUe.    Danish  coast  service  battleship 

(1899). 

Length  272ft.   Beam  49ft.   Maximum  draught  i6ft. 

Displacement  3,470  tons.     Complement  250. 


Guns. 
2—9*4  ill' 
4 — 6  in. 
10 — 6  pdr. 
4—1  pdr. 


Armour. 
"  Krupp." 
7  in.  Belt  amidships. 
7  in.  Turrets. 
7  in.  Conning  tower. 


5  Machine. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 

3  Submerged. 

Hp.  4,200=  i6's  kts. 

Hermann.  Steamer  belonging  to  the  Argo 
Steamship  Co.,  of  Bremen.  Sunk  in  collision  with 
a  four-masted  vessel,  name  unknown,  near  the 
E^st  Goodwins,  October  30,  1906  ;  23  lives  lost. 

Hermaphrodite  brig.  A  vessel  with  a  brig's  fore- 
mast and  a  schooner's  main  mast. 

Hermes.  British  2nd  class  cruiser.  (Fairfield, 
1898.) 

Length  350ft.   Beam  54ft.   Maximum  draught  23ft. 
Displacement  5,600  tons.     Complement  450. 
Guns.  A  rmour. 

II — 6  in.  3  in.  Deck. 

8 — 12  pdr.  6  in.  Conning  tower. 

I — 12  pdr.,  8  cwt. 
6 — 3  pdr. 
2  Maxims. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
2  Submerged. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.   10,000  =  20  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 1,100  tons.     Approximate  cost  ;f  300,000. 

Hermione.  British  2nd  class  cruiser.  (Devon- 
port,  1893-) 

Length  320ft.  Beam  49ft.  Maximum  draught  21ft. 
Displacement  4,360  tons.     Complement  318. 
Gutts.  Armour. 

2—6  in.  "  Steel." 

8 — 47  in.  2  in.  Deck. 

8 — 6  pdr.  3  in.  Conning  tower. 

I — 3  pdr. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
4  Above  water.    " 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  natural  7,000=18  kts.,  forced 
9,000=19*5  kts.    Coal  maximum  1,000  tons. 
Approximate  cost  ^£250,000. 

Hero.  On  December  24,  18 11,  this  vessel,  with 
the  St.  George  (98  guns)  and  the  Defence  (74  guns), 
stranded  on  the  coast  of  Jutland  ;  2,000  lives  lost. 

Heron.     A  large  bird  which  feeds  on  fish. 

HerreBboff,  Nathaniel  Greene.  American  yacht 
designer  (b.  Rhode  Island,  1848).  Designed  the 
Vigilant,  Defender,  Columbia,  and  Reliance,  winners 
of  the  international  yacht  races  for  the  America 
Cup.  He  has  also  designed  numerous  vessels, 
including  torpedo  boats  for  the  Americail  Govern- 
ment. 

Herring  fishery.  One  of  the  most  important  oi 
the  fishing  industries,  and  probably  one  of  the 
oldest,  in  so  much  that  it  can  be  traced  back 
from  the  landing  of  Cedric   (one  of  the  Saxon 


HERTHA 


279 


HIBARI 


adventurers  aboat  495  a.d.).     Important  fisheries 
are  to  be  found  all  over  the  North  Sea,  in  the 
North  Atlantic  as  far  south  as  latitude  37®  N., 
both  the  American  and  European  coasts,  in  the 
Norwegian  Sea,  the  White  Sea,  and  the  Sea  of 
Japan.     Probably    the    m6ist   important    fisheries 
are  round  the  British  Isles,  and  the  fishing  grounds 
along  the  east  coast  from  the  Shetlands  to  Norfolk 
are  fished  by  British,  Dutch,  German,  French,  and 
Belgian    fishermen   during   the    months    June   to 
December.     The  Yarmouth  fishery  was  evidently 
recognised  as  being  well  established  in  11 08,  as  in 
that  year  Henry  I.  agreed  to  take  as  an  annual 
payment  for  the  privilege  of  Yarmouth  being  a 
burgh   10  milliers  of  herrings.     To-day  the  Yar- 
mouth  drift-boats  are  the  largest  used  for  this 
kind  of  fishing  on  any  part  of  our  coasts.     They 
are  deck  vessels  of  about  36  tons,  some  of  them 
being  52  ft.  on  the  keel,  with  17  ft.  beam,  and 
7  ft.  depth  of  hold.     The  herring  season  on  the 
Scotch  coast  is  one  of  the  greatest  harvests  of 
Scotland.     Drift  fishing  is  the  method  by  which 
most  of  the  Scotch  herrings  are  taken,  and  fishing 
is  carried  on  almost  all  the  year  round  with  more 
or  less  importance,  the  principal  winter  or  spring 
fishing  being  o£E  Ayrshire,  in   the  Firth  of  Forth 
and  the  Moray  Firth.    The  fishing  season  begins  in 
May  at  the  Hebrides,  at  the  Shetlands  in  May  and 
June,  and  continuing  along  the  east  coast  until  the 
end   of   September.     See   "  Herring  and   Herring 
Fishery."  Caux,   1882  ;  "  The  Herring,"  MitcheU, 
1864.     J^efer  to  Royal  National  Lifeboat  Institu- 
tion. 

Herfha.     German  protected  cruiser  (1897). 
Length  344ft.   Beam  57ft.  Maximum  draught  23ft. 
Displacement  5,880  tons.     Complement  463. 

Guns,  Armour, 

2—8-2  in.  "  Krupp." 

8 — 6  in.  4  in.  Deck. 

10 — I  si  pdr.  4  in.  Turrets. 

10— I  pdr.  4  in.  Casemates. 

4  Machine.  8  in.  Conning  tower. 

Torpedo  Tubes, 
2  Submerged  (i  in  bow). 
Three  screws.     Hp.  10,500=19  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 1,000  tons.     Approximate  cost  ^f  5 00,000. 

HertoiT  Btendflk.    Dutch  battleship  (1903). 
Length  313ft.   Beam  48ft.  Maximum  draught  1 8ft. 
Displacement  4.950  tons.     Complement  320. 

Guns.  Armour, 

2 — 9*4  in.,  40  cal.  "  Krupp." 

4 — 6  in.  6  in.  Belt  amidships. 

8 — 12  pdr.  10  in.  Barbettes. 

2 — I  pdr.  10  in.  Conning  tower. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
2  Submerged. 
I  Above  water  bow. 
Twin   screw.     Hp.    5,300=16  kts.    Coal   maxi- 
mum 680  tons. 


Herts,  Heinrich  Bodolf  (1857-94).  German 
ph3rsicist  (b.  Hamburg).  Wireless  telegraphy  is 
the  practical  development  of  the  experimental  facts 
established  by  Hertz,  and  gives  to  the  Hertzian 
waves  an  added  importance.  His  discoveries  rank 
in  importance  with  those  of  Faraday's,  the  dis- 
coverer of  the  induction  of  currents.  All  his 
important  writings  have  been  translated  into 
EngUsh  by  D.  E.  Jones.  "  Electric  Waves " 
(1893),  (2^d  ^'»  1900),  "  Miscellaneous  Papers  " 
(1896),  "  Principles  of  Mechanics "  (1899).  See 
Oliver  Lodge's  "  Hertz  and  his  Works"  (1895). 

Hesfen.    German  ist  class  battleship.     (Krupp, 

1903.) 

Length  430ft.     Beam  72ft.     Mean  draught  26ft. 
Displacement  13,200  tons.     Complement  691. 

Guns,  Armour. 

4 — 1 1  in.  "  Krupp." 
14 — 67  in.  9  in.  Belt.  ' 

12 — 24  pdr.  II  in.  Barbettes. 

12 — I  pdr.  II  in.  Turrets. 

8  Machine.  1 2  in.  Conning  tower. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
5  Submerged  bow  and  broadside. 
I  above  water  stern. 
Three  screws.     Hp.  16,000=18  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 1,600  tons.     Approximate  cost  ;f  1,1 60,000. 

Hezt,  Bear- Admiral  Sir  John,  K.OXE.,  cr.  1897- 
Entered  Navy,  1857  ;  lieutenant,  1865  ;  led  boat 
expedition  at  Elmina  when  lieutenant  of  Decoy 
(specially  mentioned  for  services  rendered  and 
promoted  to  commander) ;  landed  with  boat's 
crews  and  destroyed  the  native  town  of  Bootey 
(mentioned  in  despatches,  Ashantee  medal)  ; 
served  during  Egyptian  war  (Egyptian  medal, 
Khedive's  Bronze  Star,  Medjidie,  3rd  Class) ;  direc- 
tor of  marine  under  Government'  of  India,  and 
member  of  Bombay  Port  Trust,  1883.  This  ap- 
pointment was  renewed  for  another  five  years  in 
March,  1887,  and  again  renewed  for  a  period  of 
five  years  in  1892  ;  served  during  Burmah  annexa- 
tion war,  1885-86 ;  CLE.,  1889 ;  K.C.LE.,  1897  ; 
received  thanks  of  the  Government  of  India  for  the 
valuable  services  rendered  by  him  to  the  State 
during  his  tenure  of  the  appointment  of  director 
of  the  Royal  Indian  Marine. 

H.F.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Finkenwarder,  Hamburg,  Germany. 

BLG.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Hijorring,  Denmark. 

H.H.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Hamburg,  Germany. 

H.H.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Harwich,  England. 

HX  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Hindeloopen,  Holland. 

Hibari.  Japanese  torpedo-boat.  (Kure,  i903-) 
Length,  147  ft. ;    beam,  16  ft. ;    draught,  8  ft. ; 


HIBERNIA 


280 


H I  MALAYA 


displacement,  150  tons ;  complement,  26 ;  aima- 
ment,  i  6-pdr.,  2  3-pdr.,  3  tubes  ;  twin  screw  ;  Hp., 
4,200=27  kts. ;  coal,  30  tons. 


British  ist  class  battleship.    (Devon- 
port,  1904.) 

Length  45 3ft.     Beam  ySit.     Mean  draught  26ft. 
Displacement  16,350  tons.     Complement  277. 
Guns.  Armour. 

4 — 12  in.  "  Krupp." 

4 — 9*2  in.  9  in.  Belt  amidships. 

10 — 6  in.  12  in.  Barbettes. 

14 — 12  pdr.  12  in.  Conning  tower. 

14—3  pdr. 
2  Maxims. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
4  Submerged  broadside. 
I  Submerged  stern. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  i8,ooo=i8'5  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 2,000  tons.     Approximate  cost  ;^i, 500,000. 

Hibernia.  On  February  15,  1833,  this  vessel  was 
burnt  in  W.  long.  22**,  S.  lat.  4**,  when  150  persons 
(out  of  232)  perished. 

Hibiki.  Japanese  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Yoko- 
suka,  1906.)  Length,  220  ft.  ;  beam,  20J  ft.  ; 
draught,  9 J  ft.  ;  displacement,  374  tons  ;  arma- 
ment, I  1 2 -pdr.,  5  6-pdr.,  2  tubes  ;  twin  screw  ; 
Hp.,  6,000  =  29  kts. 

Hides.     Sec  Memorandum. 

Higgfl,  William  Berry  (b.  January  14,  1863). 
Served  his  apprenticeship  with  Messrs.  Edwards  and 
Symes  on  the  Thames,  and  after  obtaining  thorough 
and  practical  experience  in  all  branches  of  ship- 
building and  engineering  was  appointed  to  their 
drawing  ofhce.  In  1890  he  was  appointed  chief 
draughtsman  to  this  firm,  and  in  1893  ^^^  appointed 
superintending  engineer  and  constructor  of  shipping 
for  H.M.  War  Department,  which  position  he  held 
until  1899.  During  this  time  he  was  closely  con- 
nected with  the  design  and  inspection  of  steamships 
and  submarine  mining  vessels.  On  being  offered 
the  management  of  Messrs.  Vosper  and  Co,,  of 
Portsmouth,  he  resigned  and  joined  this  firm. 
During  his  career  he  has  had  directly  under  his 
supervision  the  construction  of  something  like  300 
vessels.  Member  of  the  Institution  of  Naval  Archi- 
tects. 

High  Court  of  Admiralty.  See  Admiralty  High 
Court. 

Highflyer.  British  2nd  class  cruiser.  (Fairfield, 
1898.) 

Length  350ft.   Beam  54ft.   Maximum  draught  22ft. 
Displacement  5,600  tons.     Complement  450. 

Guns.  Armour. 

II — 6  in.  3  in.  Deck. 

8 — 12  pdr.  6  in.  Conning  tower. 

I — 12  pdr.,  8  cwt. 
6 — 3  pdr. 
2  Maxims. 


Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
2  Submerged. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.   10,000=20  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 1,100  tons.     Approximate  cost  ;£30o,ooo. 

Highland  Taeht  CSlab,  BoyaL  See  Royal  High- 
land Yacht  Qtib. 

High-pressore  system.     See   Anticyclone. 

EUgh  seas.  The  term  means  the  open  sea.  or  that 
which  is  common  to  all  nations.  Refer  to  Terri- 
torial Waters. 

Highton*  Franois  William  (b.  Ilchester,  Novem- 
ber 8,  1861).  Engineer-commander  Ro3ral  Navy. 
Educated  Marlborough  College.  From  1883-86  he 
took  a  special  course  of  marine  engineering  at  the 
Royal  Naval  College,  Greenwich,  and  in  1895  ^^ 
appointed  assistant  to  the  chief  engineer  of  Ports- 
mouth and  Chatham  Dockyards.  In  1899  he  was 
promoted  to  first  assistant  to  the  chief  engineer  at 
the  Devonport  Dockyard,  and  later  served  as 
engineer-commander  on  H.M.S.  Implacable.  In 
1905  he  received  the  appointment  of  first  assistant 
to  the  chief  engineer  at  Portsmouth  Dockyard. 

Member  of  the  Institution  of  Naval  Architects. 

Hike.    A  colloquialism  for  going  away. 

Hilda.  L.  and  S.-W.  Railway  Co.'s  steamer, 
bound  for  St.  Malo,  wrecked  off  Jardine  Lighthouse, 
three  miles  from  St.  Malo,  on  November  18,  1905; 
only  five  passengers  and  one  of  the  crew  saved  ; 
99  lives  lost.  At  the  wreck  inquiry,  when  the  asses- 
sors were  Captain  Ronaldson,  Commarider  Cabome, 
R.N.R.,  and  Rear- Admiral  Churchill,  it  was  decided 
that  the  vessel  had  the  necessary  number  of  com- 
passes on  board,  and  that  they  were  in  good  order, 
that  she  had  proper  and  sufficient  Admiralty 
charts,  sailing  directions  and  tide  tables,  that  when 
she  left  Southampton  she  was  in  good  seaworthy 
condition  as  regards  hull  and  equipments,  and  was 
supplied  with  the  requisite  boats  and  life-saving 
appliances.  The  cause  of  the  stranding  and  loss 
of  the  vessel  will  never  be  definitely  known.  It 
was  shown  that  no  blame  could  be  attached  to  Mr. 
William  Gregory,  the  master. 

Hildebrand.     German    coast    service    battleship 

(1892). 

Length  254ft.   Beam  49ft.   Maximum  draught  iSft^ 
Displacement  4,1 50  tons.     Complement  297. 
Guns.  Armour, 

3—9-4  in.  "  Nickel-steel." 

10— 15J  pdr.  9  in.  Belt. 

6 — I  pdr.  8  in.  Barbettes. 

4  Machine.  7  in.  Conning  tower. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
3  Submerged  bow  and  broadside. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  5,ioo3si5^  kts.     Coal^maxi- 
mum  580  tons. 

Himalaya.  British  subsidised  merchant  ship 
(1892).  P.  and  O.  Co.  {q.v.).  Dimensions,  465  x 
52X34i  ft.;  gross  tonnage,  6,898;  passenger 
accommodation,  409  ;   Hp.,  7,600=17  kts. 


HINDOSTAN 


281 


HOCKADAY 


Hindostan.  On  January  11,  1803,  this  vessel 
went  to  pieces  on  the  Culvers. 

Hindiutan.  British  ist  class  battleship.  (Clyde- 
bank, 1903.) 

Length  453  ft.     Beam  78ft.     Mean  draught  26ft. 
Displacement  16,350  tons.     Complement  Tjf. 
Guns.  Armour. 

4 — 12  in.  "  Krupp." 

4 — 9*2  in.  9  in.  Belt  amidships. 

10 — 6  in.  12  in.  Barbettes. 

14 — 12  pdr.  12  in.  Conning  tower. 

14—3  pdr. 
2  Maxims. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
4  Submerged  broadside. 
I  Submerged  stem. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  18,000=  18*5  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 2,000  tons.     Approximate  cost  ;^i, 500,000. 

Hine  BrotherSy  Maryport.     See  Holme  Line. 

Hitch.  A  species  of  knot  by  which  ropes  are 
connected. 

ntcher.     An  obsolete  term  for  a  boat  hook. 

Hi-sring.  Chinese  cruiser  (1897).  Length,  253 
ft.  ;  beam,  36  ft.  ;  draught,  18  ft.  ;  displacement, 
2,165  tons  ;  armament,  2  8-in.,  8  4'7-in.,  4  Maxims, 
I  tube  ;  Hp.,  2,400  =  21  kts. 

Himi.  Formerly  Retvizan  (q.v.).  Japanese  ist 
class  battleship.     (Philadelphia,  1902.) 

Length   374ft.      Beam   72ft.      Draught   25ft. 
Displacement  12,700  tons.     Complement  672. 
Guf^,  Armour. 

4 — 12  in.  *'  Krupp." 

1 2 — 6  in.  9  in.  Belt  amidships. 

20—3  pdr.  9  in.  Barbettes. 

6 — I  pdr.  10  in.  Turrets. 

10  in.  Conning  tower. 
Torpedo  Tubes, 
4  Submerged. 
I  Above  water. 
Hp.  16,000=:  18  kts.     Coal  maximum  2,000  tons. 

Hjnlhaminar,  Carl  Adam.  Rear-admiral  in  the 
Swedish  Navy  (b.  1846).  Cadet,  1861  ;  sub- 
lientenant,  1865  ;  served  in  the  Greek  Navy,  1882  ; 
director  of  naval  ordnance  in  Stockholm,  1891-97  ; 
commanded  the  Gunnery  School,  1895-96  ;  director 
of  the  Naval  War  College  in  Stockholm,  1898 -1901. 
superintendent  of  Karlskrona  Dockyard,  1901-04  ; 
Commander-in-Chief  in  Karlskrona  since  1904 ; 
rear-admiral  in  the  Home  Squadron,  18 98 -1900  ; 
commanded  the  Stockholm  Squadron,  1902  ; 
I>^6qu6  Technique  at  The  Hague  Peace  Conference, 

1899. 

E.K.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Harderwijk,  Holland. 

fix.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Noordwal,  Holland. 

H.L.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Hartlepool  West,  England. 


EDeiad.     Swedish     torpedo-boat.  (Normand, 

1905.)  Length,  125  ft.  ;  beam,  15  ft.  ;  draught,  6^ 
ft.  ;  displacement,  96  tons ;  complement,  18  ; 
armament,  2  1'5-in.,  2  machines,  2  tubes;  Hp., 
1,900=25  kts. 

H.M.S.     Abbreviation  for  His  Majesty's  Ship. 

BLN.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Hoorn,  Holland. 

H.O.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Hoogeveen,  Holland. 

H.O.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Honflcur,  France. 

Ho.  House.  Abbreviation  adopted  on  the 
charts  issued  'by  the  Hydrographic  Office,  Admi- 
ralty. 

Hoar-frosi     Frozen  dew. 

Hobblor.     A  name  given  to  an  unhcensed  pilot. 

Hoohe.  French  ist  class  battleship.  (L'Orient, 
1886.)     Reconstructed  1899. 

Length  347ft.   Beam  65ft.   Maximum  draught  29ft. 
Displacement  1 1 ,000  tons.     Complement  611. 
Guns.  Armour. 

2—13*4  in.,  26  cal.    *'  Steel." 
2 — lo'S  in.  18  in.  Belt  amidships. 

12 — 5*5  in.  16  in.  Barbettes. 

4 — 9  pdr.  16  in.  Turrets. 

12 — 3  pdr. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (17' 7  in.). 
4  Above  water. 
I  Above  water  stem. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.   11,300=16  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 800  tons.    Approximate  first  cost  ;f7oo,ooo. 

Hochd.  French  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  Length, 
190  ft.  ;  beam,  21  ft.  ;  draught,  9J  ft.  ;  displace- 
ment, 431  tons ;  complement,  48  ;  guns,  i  9-pdr., 
6  3-pdr.  ;  torpedo  tubes,  2  177-in.  ;  speed,  27  = 
30  kts. 

Hockaday,  William  Thomas  (b.  East  Stonehouse, 
Devon,  June  13,  1858).  British  naval  architect. 
Educated  Plymouth  High  School,  and  after  serving 
five  years  of  his  apprenticeship  in  the  Royal  Dock- 
yard, Devonport,  obtained  by  competition  an 
Admiralty  scholarship  for  a  three  years'  course  at 
the  Royal  Naval  College,  Greenwich,  where  in  1880 
he  gained  his  professional  diploma  as  naval  archi- 
tect ;  he  served  at  H.M.  Dockyard,  Devonport, 
from  1880-83  as  draughtsman  on  special  duties 
assigned  to  Admiralty  students  on  leaving  R.N. 
College ;  was  appointed  assistant  constructor  on 
the  formation  of  the  Royal  Corps  of  Naval  Con- 
structors in  1883,  and  employed  in  the  Constructive 
Department  of  the  Admiralty  from  1883-89,  under 
Sir  N.  Bamaby  (^.v.)  and  Sir  William  White  (q.v.). 
From  1889  to  1891  he  assisted  on  the  Admiralty, 
overseeing  duties  at  the  Thames  Iron  Works  in  the 
construction  of  H.M.S.  Blenheim,  Grafton,  and 
Theseus,  and  on  the  reorganisation  of  the  drawing 
staff  held  the  appointment  from  1891  to  1899    of 


HODGE 


282 


HOLDFAST 


assistant  constructor  in  charge  of  the  drawing 
office  constructive  department,  H.M.  Dockyard, 
Devonport.  Held  the  position  of  constructor, 
H.M.  Dockyard,  Portsmouth,  18 99- 1902,  and  of 
chief  constructor,  H.M.  Dockyard,  Bermuda,  1902, 
to  early  in  1905,  when,  on  the  reduction  of  the  Naval 
Establishment  at  Bermuda,  he  became  temporary 
additional  chief  constructor,  H.M.  Dockyard, 
Portsmouth,  which  position  he  now  holds. 

Hodge,  Rowland  Frederick  William  (b.  Sunder- 
land, September  15,  1859).  Served  his  apprentice- 
ship at  the  yard  of  Messrs.  Schlesinger,  Davis  and 
Co.,  and  at  the  Fairfield  Shipbuilding  and  Engineer- 
ing Co.,  Ltd.,  and  in  1889  was  appointed  general 
manager  to  Messrs.  Swan,  Hunter,  Lfd.,  Wallsend. 
In  1898  lie  founded  the  Northumberland  Ship- 
building Co.,  Ltd.  (q.v.),  and  became  managing 
director  and  principal  owner.  This  establishment 
has,  from  a  small  beginning,  become  one  of  the 
most  prominent  and  important  yards  on  the  North 
Coast,  the  output  being  something  like  40,000  tons 
of  shipping  annually.  He  has  made  a  speciality 
in  the  building  of  large  cargo  steamers,  and  particu- 
larly those  of  a  type  with  a  dead  weight  capacity  of 
7,000  tons.  Member  of  the  Institution  of  Naval 
Architects,  and  of  the  North-East  Coast  Institution 
of  Engineers  and  Shipbuilders. 

H.O.E.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing 
boats  registered  at  Hoedekcnskerkc,  Holland. 

Hog.  A  flat  scrubbing  broom  to  scrape  a  ship's 
bottom  under  water. 

Hogarth,  H.,  and  Sons.     See  Baron  Line. 

Hogged.  Applied  to  a  vessel  when  the  ends  of 
the  deck  droop  lower  than  the  midship  part. 

Hoggie  or  Hog  boat.  An  old  fore-and-aft  rigged 
clinker  fishing  boat  of  great  beam,  used  at  Brighton 
in  the  last  century.  Probably  connected  with  heck 
boat,  an  old  term  for  a  pink,  but  also  used  for  a 
clinker-built  boat  with  covered  foresheets.  Pro- 
bably of  Dutch  origin. 

Hogland.  Russian  torpedo-boat  (Ishora,  1894.) 
Length,  128  ft.  ;  beam,  16  f t. ;  draught,  6J  ft.  ; 
displacement,  85  tons;  complement,  13;  arma- 
ment, 2  i-pdr.,  2  tubes ;  Hp.,  1,200=22  kts.;  coal, 
17  tons. 

Hogae.     British  I  st  class  cruiser.   (Vickers,  1900.) 
Length  454ft.   Beam  69ft.   Maximum  draught  28ft. 
Displacement  12,000  tons.     Complement  700. 
Guns,  Armour. 

2 — 9*2  in.,  45  cal.      "  Krupp." 
12 — 6  in.  6  in.  Belt  amidships. 

12 — 12  pdr.  6  in.  Barbettes. 

2 — 12  pdr.,  8  cwt.      12  in.  Conning  tower. 
3—3  pdr. 
2  Maxims. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.), 
a  Submerged. 


Twin  screw.     Hp.  2 1,000  ==21  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum  1,600  tons.     Approximate  cost  ;£8oo,ooo. 

Hoist.     Perpendicular  height  of  a  flag  or  sail  as 
opposed  to  the  fly. 

H.O.K.     Distinguishing    letters    on    sea    fishing 
boats  registered  at  Hoek,  Holland. 

Htfkt  Ohristoffer  Wilhelm  (b.  Sweden,  Decem- 
ber 12,  1858).  Swedish  naval  architect.  Educated 
Strengnas  College,  Sweden,  and  in  1877  entered 
the  Royal  Engineering  College,  Stockholm,  to 
obtain  scientific  training  as  a  mechanical  engineer. 
In  1880  he  joined  Messrs.  W.  Lindberg's  works  at 
Stockholm,  and  in  1882,  after  having  obtained 
two  years'  practical  experience  in  completing 
marine  engines,  went  to  Paris  to  study  naval 
architecture  at  the  £cole  d 'Application  du  G6nie 
Maritime.  In  1884  he  came  to  Dumbarton,  and 
spent  a  year  at  Messrs.  W.  Denny  and  Brothers' 
yard,  and  in  1885  joined  Sir  James  Lang  and  Sons, 
Ltd.,  as  a  naval  architect.  In  July,  1901,  he  em- 
barked in  business  on  his  own  account  as  a  naval 
architect  and  consulting  engineer  at  Stockholm, 
and  in  1902  was  appointed  legal  surveyor  for  the 
City  of  Stockholm,  and  a  director  and  principal 
manager  of  W.  Lindberg's  Verkstads  and  Varfsktie- 
bolag.  He  is  the  inventor  of  a  trunk-deck  type  of 
steamer,  which  is  now  being  used  in  England  and 
Germany,  and  has  invented  a  water-tube  boiler, 
four  of  which  have  recently  been  built  in  Sweden. 
Member  of  the  North-East  Coast  Institution  of 
Engineers  and  Shipbuilders,  and  was  the  first  gold 
medallist  of  that  institution.  In  1904  formed  a 
Swedish  Institution  of  Naval  Architects,  and 
became  its  president.  Meml>er  of  the  Institution 
of  Engineers  and  Shipbuilders  in  Scotland,  of  the 
Institution  of  Naval  Architects,  of  the  Institution 
of  Civil  Engineers,  and  of  the  Council  of  the  Swedish 
Institution  of  Civil  Engineers. 

Publications  :  Scientific  papers  on  shipbuilding, 
published  in  the  Transactions  of  the  North-East 
Coast  Institution  of  Engineers  and  Shipbuilders, 
and  on  "  The  Unsinkability  of  Cargo  Carrying 
Vessels,"  first  paper,  1890,  second  paper,  1891  ; 
"  Speed  and  Power  of  Ships  "  (1894),  Institution 
of  Naval  Architects ;  "A  Rapid  Method  of 
Stability  "  (1892)  ;  "  An  Approximate  Curve  of 
Stability  "  (1893)  ;  "  Trunk-deck  Steamer  Oscar//." 
(1892)  ;  and  numerous  articles  in  technical  papers 
in  England,  Germany,  and  Sweden. 

Hold.    The  whole  interior  cavity  of  a  ship. 

Holdfast  Bay  Yacht  Olab,  Australia.  Established 
1883.  Flag :  Blue  ensign,  white  cross  in  comer. 
Burgee  :  Blue  and  red,  with  white  cross.  Com- 
modore, H.  F.  D.  Munton ;  Vice-Commodore, 
F.  Luxmoore ;  Rear-Commodore,  Dr.  R.  St  Mark 
Dawes ;  Honorary  Treasurer,  F.  A.  Smith ;  Honorary 
Secretary,  A.  Le  Rey  Boucaut.  Annual  subscrip- 
tion, £1  15. 


HOLLAND 


283 


HOLZAPFEL 


Holland.    Dutch  cruiser  (1896). 
Length  305ft.   Beam  48ft.   Maximum  draught  i8ft. 
Displacement  3,900  tons. 
Guns.     ^  Armour. 

2—6  in.     '  "  Steel  "  and  "  Harvey." 

6 — 4*7  in.  2  in.  Deck. 

4 — 12  pdr.  6  in.  Gun  shields. 

8 — I  pdr.  4  in.  Conning  tower. 

4  Machine. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
4  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.   10,000=20  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 970  tons. 

Holland.  U.S.  submarine.  (Elizabeth  Port, 
1896.)  Length,  54  ft.  ;  beam,  10  ft. ;  displacement, 
74  tons  ;  complement,  5  ;  torpedo  tubes,  i  ;  Hp., 
150  =  8  kts. 

Holland,  Vioe-Admiral  Swinton  Colthnnt  (b. 
1844).  Entered  Navy,  1857 ;  lieutenant,  1865  ; 
commander,  1878  ;  captain,  1884 ;  commodore  of 
the  second  class,  and  naval  officer  in  charge  of 
Hong  Kong,  1896 ;  Admiral  Superintendent  Chat- 
ham Dockyards,  1899  ;  vice-admiral,  1903.  Is  the 
inventor  of  a  signalling  lamp  for  flashing  use  in 
small  craft  and  torpedo-boats,  which  can  be  used 
either  for  oil  or  electricity.  Received  the  £$0  prize 
for  steam  and  naval  architecture  at  Royal  Naval 
College,  1885. 

Holland- America  Line,  with  the  head  offices  in 
Rotterdam,  have  a  fleet  of  six  large  twin-screw 
steamers,  of  which  the  Nieuw  Amsterdam,  a  vessel 
of  17,000  tons,  heads  the  list.  A  regular  service  is 
maintained  from  Rotterdam  to  New  York,  and 
vice  versa.  Special  attention  is  paid  to  passenger 
accommodation,  which  is  replete  with  every  luxury. 

Fleet. 
Amsteldyk.  Rotterdam, 

Nieuw  Amsterdam.  Ryndam. 

Noordam.  Sloterdyh. 

Potsdam.  Soestdyk. 

Statendam. 
Gross  tonnage  108,502. 

Holland  Steanudiip  Co.,  with  their  head  offices  in 
Amsterdam,  have  a  fleet  of  nine  steamers,  which 
maintain  a  service  between  London  and  Amster- 
dam, and  Hull  and  Amsterdam.  A  steamer  leaves 
London  every  Wednesday  *  and  Saturday  for 
Amsterdam,  and  vice  versa ;  one  every  Tuesday, 
Wednesday,  and  Saturday  from  Hull  for  Amster^ 
dam,  and  vice  versa. 

Fleet. 
Atnstelstroom,  Rynstroom. 

Eemstroom.  Schelderstroom. 

Maasstroom.  Veghtstroom. 

Propatria.  Ystroom. 

Zaanstroom. 
Gross  tonnage,  10,000. 


Holme  Line,  owned  and  managed  by  Messrs. 
Hine  Brothers,  of  Maryport,  have  a  fleet  of  five 
modem  cargo  steamers  and  three  sailing  ships, 
which  maintain  frequent  sailings  from  West 
Cumberland  ports  to  the  Continent,  Baltic,  Canada, 
and  the  United  States.  All  the  vessels  in  this 
fleet  have  accommodation  for  a  limited  number  of 
passengers. 

Fleet, 

Steamers. 

Abbey  Holme.  Greta  Holme. 

Forest  Holme.  Isel  Holme. 

Nether  Holme. 

Sailing  Ships. 

Castle  Holme.  Eden  Holme. 

Myrtle  Holme. 

Gross  tonnage,  15,660. 

Holms,  Archibald  Campbell  (b.  Glasgow,  Novem- 
ber 26,  1 861).  Educated  Glasgow  High  School, 
University,  and  at  Amiens.  Served  his  appren- 
ticeship on  the  Clyde  with  Messrs.  Barclay,  Curie 
and  Co.,  Ltd.,  and  later  joined  the  firm  of  the 
Fairfield  Shipbuilding  and  Engineering  Co.,  Ltd. 
During  this  time  he  pursued  his  studies  at  the 
Technical  College,  Glasgow,  winning  several  medals 
from  the  science  and  art  department  at  South 
Kensington,  and  at  the  Glasgow  University  under 
Professor  Elgar.  In  1888  he  went  to  Barrow  and 
joined  the  Naval  Construction  and  Armaments 
Co.,  Ltd.,  and  from  there  to  Messrs.  Palmer's  Ship- 
building and  Iron  Co.,  Ltd.  In  1890  he  joined  the 
surveying  staff  of  Lloyd's  Registry  of  British  and 
Foreign  Shipping. 

Member  of  the  Institution  of  Naval  Architects. 

Publication  :  "  Practical  ShipbuUding  "  ;  a 
treatise  on  the  Structural  Building  and  Modem 
Design  of  Steel  Vessels. 

Holeom.  Applied  to  a  ship  that  rides  without 
rolling  or  pitching. 

Holt  and  Co.,  Alfred.    See  Ocean  Steamship  Co. 

Holyhead.  London  and  North- Western  Railway 
cattle  steamer.  Sunk  by  collision  with  the  Ger- 
man barque  Alhambra  between  Dublin  and  Holy- 
head, October  31,  1883  ;  15  lives  lost. 

Holy  Loch  Sailing  Club.  Established  1888. 
Commodore,  D.  T.  Cassils ;  Vice-Commodore,  Sir 
William  Corry,  Bart. ;  Treasurer  and  Secretary, 
R.  M.  Mann,  21  Glassford  Street,  Glasgow.  En- 
trance fee,  105.  6d.  ;  annual  subscription,  105.  6d. 

Holy-stone  or  HoUy-stone.  A  piece  of  sand- 
stone used  for  scrubbing  decks ;  so  called  from 
being  originally  obtained  by  plundering  church- 
yards of  their  tombstones. 

Holzapfel,  Max  (b.  Brake,  Germany,  April  3, 
1861).  In  1879  he  came  to  England  and  entered 
the  office  of  Messrs.  A.  C.  Holzapfel.  Towards  the 
and  of  188 1  he  embarked  in  business  with  his  two 


HOME 


284 


HOOD 


brothers  as  manufacturers  of  anti-corrosive  and 
anti-fouling  composition  under  the  style  of  M. 
Holzapfel  and  Co.  In  1890  the  business  was 
formed  into  a  limited  company,  and  he  became 
chairman. 

Home.  When  the  sails  are  properly  lodged  to 
the  yards ;  the  anchor  is  said  to  come  home  when 
it  drags  through  the  ground. 

H.  0.  N.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing 
boats  registered  at  Hontenisse,  Holland. 

Hon.     Abbreviation  for  honorary. 

Hong  Kong.  Steamer.  Wrecked  on  a  sunken 
rock  near  Aden.  February  22,  1875. 

Hong  Kong,  Canton  and  Macao  St6amlK)at  Co., 
Ltd.,  with  their  head  office  in  Hong  Kong,  have  a 
fleet  of  10  modem  steamers,  four  of  which  are  en- 
gaged on  the  Hong  Kong  and  Canton  Line.  The 
steamers  depart  from  Hong  Kong  for  Canton 
carrying  His  Majesty's  mails  daily  at  8  a.m.  and 
5.30  p.m.,  and  vice  versa,  A  service  is  maintained 
from  Hong  Kong  to  Macao  daily,  and  vice  versa. 
A  service  is  maintained  three  times  a  week  between 
Canton  and  Macao ;  steamers  leave  Canton  every 
Tuesday,  Thursday,  and  Saturday  for  Macao,  re- 
turning every  Monday,  Wednesday,  and  Friday. 
A  joint  service  is  maintained  with  the  China 
Navigation  Co.,  Ltd.,  and  the  Indo-China  Steam 
Navigation  Co.,  Ltd.,  between  Canton  and  Wuchow. 
Three  steamers  are  on  this  run,  and  departures 
from  Canton  and  Wuchow  take  place  about  five 
times  a  week. 

Fleet. 

Honam. 

Kinshan. 

Lungshan. 

Nanning. 
Gross  tonnage,  16,000. 


Fatshan. 
Hankow. 
Heungshan. 


Powan, 
Sainam. 
Tak  Hing. 


Hong  Kong  Ham.  Japanese  Government  liner. 
(1898).  Dimensions,  431x50x29  ft.;  gross  ton- 
nage, 6,196  ;  Hp.,  10,000=:  17  kts. 

Hong  Kong  Yacht  Clnb,  BoyaL  See  Royal  Hong 
Kong  Yacht  Club. 

Honner,  Joseph  (b.  Clonmel,  October  31,  1859). 
Conunander  Royal  Navy.  After  passing  through 
the  Royal  Naval  College,  Greenwich,  and  obtaining 
three  first-class  certificates,  he  was  specially  pro- 
moted to  the  rank  of  lieutenant  on  board  the 
Excellent  at  Portsmouth,  and  obtained  a  first-class 
certificate,  and  in  1884  he  was  selected  by  the 
Admiralty  to  take  an  advanced  course  of  chemistry 
and  higher  mathematics  at  the  Royal  Naval  College. 
In  1885  he  served  as  junior  staff-officer  at  the 
Gunnery  School,  Portsmouth,  and  in  1886  was 
appointed  gunnery-lieutenant  on  H.M.S.  Minotaur, 
flagship  of  the  Channel  Squadron.     When  H.R.H. 


the  Duke  of  Edinburgh  was  appointed  Commander- 
in-Chief  of  the  Mediterranean  Squadron,  he  was 
selected  as  gunnery-lieutenant  of  his  flagship,  the 
Alexandra,  where  he  served  from  1886-89.  In 
1892  he  was  appointed  to  the  important  position 
of  assistant-secretary  of  the  Ordnance  Committee, 
and  took  an  active  part  in  the  introduction  of 
smokeless  powder  (Cordite).  In  1896  he  was  ap- 
pointed commander  of  H.M.S.  Dolphin,  this  vessel 
being  occupied  in  maintaining  order  in  the  Island 
of  Crete  during  the  revolution.  In  1895  ^^  obtained 
the  gold  medal  and  Gascoigne  prize  (Royal  United 
Service  Institution)  for  an  essay  on  the  best  means 
of  manning  the  Navy.  In  this  essay  he  advocated 
many  reforms,  practically  all  of  which  have  been 
adopted  by  the  Admiralty,  particularly  that  of 
introducing  a  short  service  for  a  portion  of  the 
naval  seamen  which  will  form  a  well-trained  reserve 
and  provide  good  seamen  for  the  mercantile  marine. 
In  1897  b^  joined  the  firm  of  Sir  W.  G.  Armstrong. 
Whitworth  and  Co.,  Ltd.,  at  their  Ordnance  Works, 
Elswick. 

Associate  member  of  the  Institution  of  Naval 
Architects. 

Publications  :  Gold  medal  prize  essay  and  various 
papers  on  technical  subjects,  published  in  the 
Transactions  of  the  Royal  United  Service  Institu- 
tion. 

Honour  of  the  flag.     See  Naval  Ceremonies. 

Honour  Policies  Clause.    See  Clauses. 

Honour  Polioy.  In  marine  insurance  there  must 
be  some  bona  fide  interest  to  insure,  and  the  in- 
surer must  have  an  interest  as  owner  or  agent  in 
insuring  it.  Any  policy  bearing  the  words  "  Policy 
proof  of  interest,"  *'  Free  from  all  average,  and 
without  benefit  of  salvage,"  "  Interest  or  no 
interest,"  is,  on  the  face  of  it,  illegal,  and  cannot 
be  taken  into  a  court  of  law.  Such  documents  are 
termed  "  honour  policies,"  and  though,  to  the 
honour  of  underwriters  it  must  be  said,  that  a 
loss  upon  one  of  them  is  very  rarely  questioned, 
still  it  is  well  to  be  quite  clear  that  it  can  be  dis- 
puted, and  that  there  is  no  legal  remedy.  (De 
Mattos  V.  North,  L.R.  3  Ex.  185.) 

A  policy  worded  "  On  five  tierces  cofiee  at  ^£27 
per  tierce  poUcy  to  be  deemed  sufficient  proof  of 
interest  "  was  held  void  under  the  statute,  **  the 
object  of  which,"  said  the  learned  Judge,  **  was  to 
prevent  insurances  in  which  the  policy  was  to  be 
the  proof  not  of  the  amount,  but  of  the  existence 
of  the  interest."  And  in  another  similarly  worded 
case  on  cotton,  where  the  interest  really  existed, 
and  could  be  proved,  the  policy  was  held  to  be 
void  for  the  same  reason. 

Hood.     British  ist  class  battleship.     (Chatbam, 
1891.) 

Length  380ft.   Beam  75ft.   Maximum  draught  31ft, 
Displacement  14,200  tons.     Complement  654. 


HOOD 


285 


HOPE 


Guns. 
4—13-5  in. 
10—6  in. 
10 — 6pdr. 
12 — 3  pdr. 


Armour, 
"  Compound." 
18  in.  Belt  amidships. 
17  in.  Turrets. 
14  in.  Conning  tower. 


2  Maxims. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
2  Submerged. 
I  Above  water  stem. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  natural  9,0003:15  kts.,  forced 
13,000=  17*5  kts.     Coal  maximum  1,450  tons. 
Approximate  cost  ;£92o,ooo. 


Hood. 

hatch. 


A  covering  for  the  skylight  of  companion- 


Hood,  Alexander  (1758-98).  British  naval  officer. 
Served  under  Captain  James  Cook  in  the  Resolution, 
1772-2$.  When  in  command  of  the  Mars,  forming 
part  of  Bridport's  Channel  Fleet,  he  was  mortally 
wounded,  1798.     Refer  to  Arctic  Exploration. 

Hood,   Arthur   WiUiam   Aoland,    Baron   (1824- 
1901).      English  admiral   (b.  Somerset).     Entered 
the  Navy  at  the  age  of  12,  and  saw  active  ser- 
vice  on    the   ndrth-east  coast  of   Spain,  and   on 
the  coast  of  Syria.     In  1845  ^^  went  out  to  the 
Cape  as  gunnery  mate  of  the  President,  the  flag- 
ship of  Rear-Admiral  Dacre.     At  the  outbreak  of 
the  Russian  war  he  saw  much  fighting,  and  was 
promoted    to   commander    in    recognition    of   his 
services  with  the  Naval  Brigade  before  Sebastopol 
(Baltic,  Crimean,  and  Turkish  medals,  Sebastopol 
clasp).     He   was  present  and   took  part  in   the 
destruction  of  the  junks  at  Fatshan  Creek,  1857, 
and  the  capture  of  Canton  (China  medal,  Fatshan 
and  Canton  clasps).    From  1862  to  1866  he  was 
on  the  North  American  Station,  and  on  his  return 
to  England  was  appointed  to  the  command  of  the 
Excellent,  and  made  governor  of  the  Royal  Naval 
College    of    Portsmouth,    and    three    years    later 
Director   of   Naval  Ordnance.     From    1877-79  he 
was    Junior    Lord   of   the   Admiralty,    and    from 
1880-82    he   commanded   the   Channel   Fleet.     In 
June,    1885,  he  was  appointed  First  Sea  Lord  of 
the  Admiralty.     He  was  made  K.C.B.,  September, 
1889,   And   ^  February,   1892,  was  raised  to  the 
peerage  as  Lord  Hood  of  Avalon.      He  retired  in 
1889^  stnd  died  on  November  15,  1901. 

Hood,  Sir  Samoel,  Firet  Vuoonnt  (1724-1816). 
English  admiral  (b.  Somersetshire.  Entering  the 
Navy  at  16  years  of  age,  he  quickly  obtained  pro- 
motion, becoming  lieutenant  in  1746;  commander, 
1754.  As  a  lieutenant  he  took  part  in  Anson's 
action  off  Cape  Finisterre,  and  as  commander  in 
the  action  ofi  Louisburg.  In  1757  he  attacked  and 
captured  the  French  ship  Aquilon,  and  in  1759  he 
repeated  tlie  achievement,  capturing  the  Beliona. 
In  1780  he  was  promoted  to  the  rank  of  rear- 
admiral,  and  served  with  Sir  George  Rodney  in  the 
West  Indies,  where  he  displayed  great  ability  in 


the  action  off  Martinique,  1781,  and  in  the  follow- 
ing year  repulsed  Compe  de  Grasse  at  St.  Kitts, 
and  later,  when  serving  as  Second-in-Command 
under  Rodney,  he  took  part  in  the  total  defeat  of 
the  French  Fleet  off  Dominica.  For  his  services 
he  was  created  a  Peer  of  Ireland,  with  the  title  of 
Baron  Hood  of  Catherington.  In  1788  he  became 
a  Lord  of  the  Admiralty.  On  the  outbreak  of  war 
with  France  in  1793  he  was  appointed  to  the  com- 
mand of  the  fleet  in  the  Mediterranean,  and  gained 
possession  of  Toulon  and  of  the  French  Fleet  which 
lay  in  that  port,  and  effected  the  reduction  of 
Corsica.  In  1794  he  reached  the  rank  of  admiral, 
and  two  years  later  was  appointed  Governor  of 
Greenwich  Hospital,  and  raised  to  the  English 
peerage,  with  the  title  of  Viscount  Hood  of  Whitley. 
Many  of  his  professional  papers  were  printed  in 
1895  by  t^e  Navy  Records  Society  (^.t;.). 

Hook.  A  strengthening  frame  conforming  to 
the  inner  shape  of  the  vessel  supporting  the  for- 
ward ends  of  the  deck. . 

Hooker.  A  small  coast  vessel  generally  used  by 
pilots. 

Hooker,  Sir  Joseph  Dalton,  C.B.,  1869.  O.C.SJ., 
cr.  1897,  K.C.SX,  cr.  1877,  ILD.,  D.C.L.,  LL.D., 
F.B.8.,  F.R.O.S.  Retired  surgeon,  R.N.  (b.  Hales- 
worth,  18 1 7).  Educated  high  school ;  University 
of  Glasgow.  Surgeon  and  naturalist  H.M.S« 
Erebus  in  Antarctic  expedition  under  Sir  James 
Ross,  1839-43  ;  visited  as  a  naturalist  the  Himalaya 
Mountains,  Eastern  Bengal,  the  Khasia  Mountains, 
etc.,  1847-51  ;  Syria  and  Palestine,  i860 ;  Morocco, 
1871  ;  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  California,  1877  > 
assistant  director  Royal  Gardens,  Kew,  1855-65  ; 
director,  1865-85  ;  president  Royal  Society,  1872- 
77  ;  decorated  with  the  Prussian  Order  Pour  le 
Merite. 

Publications  :  "  Botany  of  the  Antarctic  Expedi- 
tion,"  "Handbook  of  the  New  Zealand  Flora," 

Himalayan  Journal,"  *'  Students'  British  Flora," 

The  Rhododendrons  of  Sikkim,  Himalayas, 
Morocco,  and  the  Great  Atlas"  (with  J.  Ball, 
F.R.S.),  ••  The  Flora  of  British  India." 

Hoope.  The  square  iron  bindings  of  the  anchor 
stock. 

Hope.    A  small  bay. 

Hope,  Linton  (b.  Macclesfield,  April  19,  1863). 
Before  taking  up  the  profession  of  a  naval  architect 
he  was  trained  at  Brighton  as  art  master  of  the 
Science  and  Art  Department,  and  was  for  some 
years  the  headmaster  of  the  Worthing  School  of 
Science  and  Art.  During  this  period  he  spent  a 
considerable  time  studying  yacht  building  among 
the  soutli  coast  yards.  In  1888  he  went  to  South 
Africa,  and  in  1890  had  command  of  a  small  ex- 
pedition to  Matabeleland  and  Mashonaland.  On 
his  return  to  England  in  1892  he  took  up  designing 
as  a  profession,  and  his  first  notable  success  was 


it 


it 


HOPKINS 


286 


HORSE 


that  of  the  Sorceress,  built  in  1894.  This  boat  was 
a  radical  departure  from  any  of  the  existing  types, 
being  the  first  true  skimming  dish  raced  in  this 
country.  In  1895  ^^  designed  the  Lotus,  and  in 
1896  his  third  boat,  the  Kismit,  was  practically 
invincible,  making  the  remarkable  record  of 
40  firsts,  four  seconds,  and  one  third  prize  in  a 
total  of  45  starts,  and  winning  nearly  three  times 
her  own  value  in  prizes.  His  small-raters  have 
been  designed  for  all  parts  of  the  world,  and  have 
been  almost  invariably  successful.  His  present 
work  consists  largely  in  designing  motor-boats,  his 
first  racing  motor-boat,  Napier  I.,  winning  the 
British  International  Cup  in  1903.  Since  then  he 
has  designed  a  large  number  of  other  successful 
motor-boats  and  yachts,  the  most  notable  of  which 
are  the  50-ton  auxiliary  schooner  Mollihawh,  and 
the  40-ft.  French  racing  boat  Legru  Hotchkiss, 
which  in  the  autumn  of  1905  attained  a  speed  of 
29'86  kts.,  which  is  the  fastest  speed  ever  attained 
by  a  motor-boat. 

Member  of  the  Institution  of  Naval  Architects. 

Publications  :  "  Small  Yacht  Construction,"  and 
numerous  articles  on  the  designing  and  construction 
of  motor-boats. 

Hopkuui.  U.S.  torpedo-boat  destroyer  (1900). 
Displacement,  408  tons  ;  complement,  64 ;  g^ns, 
2  14-pdr.,  5  6-pdr.  ;  torpedo  tubes,  2  18-in.,  amid- 
ships and  aft ;  Hp.,  7,200  =  29  kts.  ;  coal,  150  tons. 

Hopkins,  Admirftl  Sir  John  Ommanney,  G.C.B., 

1899,  K.C.B.,  1892  (b.  1834),  Educated  Marl- 
borough College.  Entered  R.N.,  1848  ;  served  in 
the  Sans  Pareil,  Britannia,  and  London  during 
Crimean  war,  1854-55,  and  at  Sebastopol  (Crimean 
and  Turkish  medals,  Sebastopol  clasp)  ;  was  private 
secretary  to  First  Lord  of  the  Admiralty,  Earl  of 
Northbrook  (q.v.),  1881-83  ;  Director  of  Naval 
Ordnance,  1883-86  ;  Superintendent  of  Portsmouth 
Dockyard,  1886-88  ;  Naval  Lord  of  the  Admiralty 
and  Controller  of  the  Navy,  1888-91  ;  Commander- 
in-Chief  of  the  North  American  and  West  Indian 
Station,  1892-95  ;  on  Mediterranean  Station,  1896- 
99  ;  retired,  1899  \  was  controller  (with  Sir  William 
White  (^.t;.)  as  assistant-controller)  when  the  pro- 
gramme instituted  by  Lord  George  Hamilton  (q.v.) 
was  entered  on  ;  in  1901  was  awarded  good  service 
pension  of  ;£3oo  a  year. 

Hopkinson,  Erelyn  Somerset*  B.A.  (b.  London, 
July  10,  1875).  Educated  Blundell  School,  Tiver- 
ton, and  Exeter  College,  Oxford.  Started  business 
as  a  partner  in  the  Solent  Yacht  Agency,  Cowes, 
with  Mr.  Basil  Grant,  and  has  been  connected  with 
yachts  and  yachting  as  designer,  builder,  and  owner 
ever  since. 

Associate  member  of  the  Institution  of  Naval 
Architects. 

Horixon.  The  visible  horizon  is  that  which  is 
seen  while  the  eye  is  elevated  above  the  surface, 
and   the  sensible  is  that  which  is  seen  when  the 


eye  is  on  a  level  with  the  water.  The  depression 
of  the  former  below  the  latter  is  called  the  dip  of 
the  visible  horizon. 

Horn.    The  arm  of  a  cleat. 

Hornby,  Sir  Geoffrey  Thomas  Phii^  (1825-95). 
British  admiral;  At  the  age  of  1 2  he  went  to  sea 
in  the  flagship  of  Sir  Robert  Stockford.  afterwards 
serving  in  the  flagship  of  Rear  Admiral  Percy  at 
the  Cape.  In  1858  he  was  sent  out  to  China  to 
take  command  of  the  Tribune,  subsequently  com- 
manding the  Neptune.  In  1870  he  commanded 
the  Channel  Fleet,  and  was  for  two  years  a  Junior 
Lord  ot  the  Admiralty.  In  1887  he  went  out  as 
Commander-in-Chief  in  the  Mediterranean,  where 
his  tact  and  the  determination  with  which  he 
conducted  the  foreign  relations  with-  Russia  at  the 
time  of  her  advance  on  Constantinople  enhanced 
his  reputation  and  won  for  lum  a  K.C.B.,  and  he 
was  recognised  as  perhaps  the  most  able  com- 
mander on  the  active  list  of  the  Navy.  On  hauling 
down  his  flag  he  was  decorated  G.C.B.,  and  in  1888 
promoted  Admiral  of  the  Fleet.  Was  appointed 
on  the  staff  of  the  German  Emperor  during  his 
visits  to  England  in  1889-90.  He  died  March  3, 
1895. 

Hornet.  British  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Poplar, 
1893.)  Length,  180  ft.  ;  beam,  18  ft.  ;  draught, 
5 J  ft.;  displacement,  240  tons;  complement,  43; 
armament,  i  12-pdr.,  3  6-pdr.,  3  tubes  ;  twin  sc.cw  ; 
Hp.,  3,500  =  26  kts.  ;  coal,  57  tons. 

Homidpe.  Formerly  the  name  of  a  musical 
instrument,  which,  having  become  obsolete,  has 
been  appropriated  for  a  jig-like  dance,  common 
among  sailors. 

Horse.  A  foot-rope  under  the  yard  for  sailors 
to  tread  on  when  reefing,  loosing,  or  furling  sails. 

Horse-power  is  the  name  given  to  the  unit  in 
terms  of  which  engineers  measure  the  power  of 
steam-engines,  water-wheels,  and  other  prime 
movers.  It  is  defined  to  be  the  rate  at  which  an 
engine  works  when  it  does  33,000  foot  pounds  of 
work  per  minute,  a  foot  pound  being  the  amount 
of  work  necessary  to  raise  a  one-pound  weight  a 
foot  high.  The  amount  of  work  is  independent  of 
the  time  it  takes,  but  the  shorter  the  time  in  which 
the  work  is  done  the  greater  the  power.  The 
I.Hp.  of  a  steam-engine,  or  the  total  power  the 
piston  exerts,  is  found  by  measuring  the  amount 
of  effective  pressure  per  square  inch  of  piston 
throughout  the  stroke  by  means  of  the  indicator 
diagram  and  multiplying  it  by  the  total  area  of 
tlie  piston  to  get  the  total  force.  The  product  of 
this  quantity  into  the  length  of  the  stroke  gives 
the  work  done,  and  this,  if  multiplied  by  the  number 
of  strokes  per  minute,  and  multiplied  by  33,000, 
gives  tlie  Hp.  The  brake  Hp.  is  that  which  a 
motor  can  effect  in  doing  outside  work,  and  in  the 
case  of  steam-engines  is  less  than  the  I.Hp. 


HORSLEY 


287 


HOUSTON 


Horsley  Line,  Lfd^  owned  and  managed  by 
Messrs.  George  Horsley  and  Sons,  West  Hartlepool, 
has  a  fleet  of  12  modem  cargo  steamers  carrying 
cargo  to  various  ports  of  the  world  as  inducement 
offers. 

Fleet. 

Beucliff.  Eastwood.  Meridian, 

Chicklade.  Greenbank.  Rockcliff. 

ClaremofU.  Horsley  Selina. 

Dalmally.  Huntcliff.  Serbury, 

Wnfirfnp^  gir  Anthony  HQoy  (i 828-1901).  British 
admiral.  Present  at  the  capture  of  Canton  and 
the  Taku  forts,  1857  ;  served  as  rear-admiral  in 
the  Egyptian  war.  1882,  and  was  in  command  at 
the  seizure  of  the  Suez  Canal ;  Commander-in-Chief 
of  Mediterranean  Station,  1889-91  ;  three  times 
Lord  of  the  Admiralty. 

Hospitals^  Haval,  are  establishments  under  the 
Admiralty  for  the  treatment  of  sick  and  disabled 
officers  and  men  of  the  Royal  Navy  and  Royal 
Marines.  The  British  na>^l  hospitals  are  :  Haslar, 
Plymouth,  Yarmouth,  Haulbowline,  Chatham ; 
also  at  Sydney,  Trincomalee,  Colombo,  Yokohama, 
Cape  of  Good  Hope,  Hong  Kong,  Esquimalt, 
Malta,  Bermuda,  Halifax,  Gibraltar,  Jamaica.  It 
is  at  Haslar  that  the  sick-berth  staff  receive  their 
training  before  going  afloat,  and  practical  training 
is  there  provided  for  surgeons  entering  the  Royal 
Navy.     Refer  to  Naval  Establishments. 

Hoft  Ken.  An  ancient  fraternity  at  Newcastle 
who  inaugurated  the  sea-coal  trade. 

Hotham,    Admiral  of    flie    Fleet    Sir    Charles 
Rederick,    0.C3.,    cr.    1902,    K.O.B.,    cr.    1895. 
O.C.V.O.,  cr.  1 90 1  (b.  1843).     Served  New  Zealand, 
1 860-64  ;  as  lieutenant  led  party  at  several  attacks 
on  the  rebel  redoubt  at  Rangarira,  and  was  in 
charge  of  a  detachment  party  detailed  to  escort  an 
ofilicer  across  some  mud  flats  in  rear  of  enemy's 
position.     Mentioned  in  despatches  (New  Zealand 
medal ;   wounded).     Flag  officer  in  the  Alexandra 
to   Commander-in-Chief  at  the  bombardment  of 
Alexandria,  July  11,  1882  (Egyptian  medal,  Alexan- 
dria  clasp  and   the   Khedive's   Bronze  Star.   Os- 
zna.nieh,  3rd  Class).      Created  C.B.  in  recognition 
of    distinguished   service ;     A.D.C.   to  the  Queen, 
1 886-88  ;   member  of  the  Royal  Commission  on  the 
system  of  purchase  and  contract  for  the  Navy.  1886 ; 
Lord    of   the    Adn^ralty,    1889 1     Commander-in- 
CHief,    Pacific   Station,    1890-92 ;     Commander-in- 
Cliief  at  the  Nore,  1897-99  ;    Commander-in-Chief 
at     Portsmouth,    1899-1903 ;     created    K.C.B.    on 
Her  Majesty's  birthday,  1895,  ^nd  G.C.V.O.,  Novom- 
Her  9,  1902  ;  Admiral  of  the  Fleet,  1903. 

Hofhanu  William,  Lord.  British  admiral  (1736- 
1813)-  Served  under  Howey,  1778,  and  pre- 
sent: at  the  battle  of  Martinique,  1780.  In  1795 
foiigr^^  ^^  successful  actions  against  the  French 
ofi  O<^noa  and  Hydres,  for  which  he  was  promoted 
to  full  admiral. 


Hotspur.  British  port  guard  ship  (4,010  tons, 
11*25  kts.).     Launched  1870. 

Hoolder  Line.  Messrs.  Houlder  Bros,  and  Co., 
Ltd.,  with  which  is  incorporated  the  Oswestry 
Steamship  Co.  and  the  Empire  Steamship  Co. 
(being  made  a  public  company  in  1898),  was 
established  in  1849  by  the  late  Mr.  Edwin  Houlder. 
In  the  old  days  of  clippers  this  firm  was  con- 
sidered in  the  front  rank  as  leading  loaders  from 
London  to  the  Australian  Colonies,  and  to-day  the 
Grange  fleet  of  modem  steamers  for  passengers 
and  cargo  are  well  to  the  fore.  Regular  steam- 
ship services  for  passengers  and  cargo  are  main- 
tained between  England  and  Australia  and  New 
Zealand,  River  Plate  and  South  Africa,  Australia, 
New  Zealand  and  South  Africa.  This  company  is 
the  pioneer  of  the  frozen  meat  trade  from  Australia 
and  the  River  Plate,  and  special  steamers  have  been 
added  from  time  to  time  to  meet  the  requirements 
of  this  branch  of  cargo.  The  steamers  which  run 
from  the  South  and  East  African  ports  are  specially 
adapted  for  bulky  and  heavy  cargo.  The  Royston 
Grange  ran  out  from  the  United  Kingdom  to  the 
River  Plate  in  a  few  hours  over  21  days. 

Fleet. 

Beacon  Grange.  Oswestry  Grange. 

Elstree  Grange.  Ovingdean  Grange. 

Everton  Grange.  Rippingham  Grange. 

Drayton  Grange.  Royston  Grange. 

Haversham  Grange.  Southern  Cross. 

Hornby  Grange.  Thorpe  Grange. 

Langton  Grange.  Urmston  Grange. 

Gross  tonnage,  62.50$. 

Hounding.  That  portion  of  the  mast  between 
the  deck  and  the  top  of  the  hounds. 

HoondB.  Projections  at  the  mast-head  sup- 
porting the  trestle-trees. 

House  flag.  A  name  given  to  a  particular  flag  of 
special  design,  used  to  denote  the  company  to  which 
the  vessel  belongs. 

Housing.  The  part  of  a  mast  below  the  upper 
deck. 

Houston  lane  was  formed  in  1883  by  Mr.  R.  P. 
Houston,  M.P.,  senior  partner  of  the  firm  of  Messrs. 
R.  P.  Houston  and  Co.,  Liverpool,  and  consists  of 
a  fleet  of  steamers  of  which  the  Hyacinthus, 
Hypathia,  Hydraspes,  steamers  of  14^  kts.  speed, 
and  of  5,756  tons  gross  register,  head  the  list ;  in 
addition  to  which  the  line  owns  a  considerable 
quantity  of  harbour  craft.  Regular  and  frequent 
services  of  freight  steamers  are  maintained  to  and 
from  Glasgow  and  Liverpool  to  the  River  Plate 
and  South  Africa,  also  from  the  Continent,  Middles- 
brough and  London  to  South  Africa ;  New  York 
to  River  Plate  and  South  Africa ;  Galveston  to 
Liverpool  and  Continental  ports ;  Leith,  Man- 
chester and  Liverpool  to  Hamburg,  and  vice  v^rsa. 


HOVELLERS 


288 


HOWARD 


pLEteT. 


Halizones. 

Harmodius. 

Harmonides. 

Jieliades. 

Hellenes. 

Hellopes. 

Herminius. 

Hermione. 

Hesione. 

Hcspe  fides. 

Hilarius. 

Hippomenes. 


Homereus. 

Honorius. 

Horalius. 

Hortensius. 

Hostilius. 

Hyacinthus. 

Hyades. 

Hyanthes. 

Hydraspes. 

Hylas. 

Hypathia. 

Hyperia. 


Gross  tonnage,  98,865. 

Hovellen.  A  Cinque  Port  term  for  pilots ;  also 
applied  to  beach  combers. 

Hove  to.    To  stop. 

Hovgaard«  Cleorge  William  (b.  Aarhus,  Denmark, 
November  28,  1857).  Commander  of  the  Danish 
Navy.  Graduated  Naval  Academy,  1879,  and 
nominated  sub-lieutenant ;  promoted  lieutenant, 
1882  ;  commander,  1897.  In  1883  took  a  course  in 
naval  architecture  at  the  Royal  Naval  College, 
Greenwich,  and  in  1886  was  appointed  on  the 
technical  staflf  of  the  Royal  Dockyard,  Copenhagen. 
In  1895  ^e  joined  Messrs.  Burmeister  and  Wain, 
Copenhagen,  and  became  director  of  their  shipbuild- 
ing department,  during  which  time  the  Imperial 
Russian  yacht  Standant  was  built.  He  was 
appointed  Professor  of  Naval  Architecture  at  the 
Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technology,  the  estab- 
lishment for  training  naval  constructors  for  the 
United  States  Navy.  Is  a  Knight  of  the  Danish 
Dennebrog,  and  several  foreign  orders. 

Publications  :  "  Submarine  boats  "  (1887),  ^^^ 
several  papers  published  in  the  Transactions  of  the 
Institution  of  Naval  Architects  and  the  American 
Society  of  Naval  Architects  and  Marine  Engineers ; 
numerous  articles  on  military  and  technical  subjects 
in  Tidsskrift  for  Sovasm,  Copenhagen. 

Howaldiswerke,  Kiel.  Energy  and  technical  skill 
has  made  in  little  more  than  a  quarter  of  a  century 
the  Howaldt  Works  one  of  the  largest  in  Ger- 
many, and  illustrates  a  page  in  the  history  of  the 
German  iron  ship  and  marine  engine  building. 
Beginning  in  a  small  way  in  1877  with  a  vessel 
96  ft.  in  length,  181  register  tons,  and  120  Hp., 
the  size,  tonnage,  and  speed  were  gradually  in- 
creased. In  1 88 1  the  Diogenes  and  Socrates  were 
built  for  the  Peruvian  and  American  Navies,  and 
a  cargo  vessel  in  the  following  year  of  258  ft.  in 
length,  1 ,840  register  tons,  and  660  Hp.  Work  for 
this  yard  came  rapidly,  and  in  1883,  after  only 
having  been  established  six  years,  they  launched 
their  looth  ship,  and  from  a  small  beginning  of 
25  to  30  men,  the  number  of  employees  rose  to 
700  in  January,  1881,  and  1,200  in  1883.  Between 
1881  and  1884,  83  ships  were  built,  with  a  displace- 
ment of  80,807  tons,  included  in  the  number  being 
the  American  cruisers  Diogenes  and  Topeka,  the 


Peruvian  cruiser  Socrates  (now  Linia),  and  the 
Nan  Ting  and  Nan  Schuin  for  the  Chinese  Govern- 
ment. In  1889  the  concern  was  formed  into  a 
joint  stock  company,  and  further  developments 
were  immediately  commenced.  At  the  opening  of 
the  works  in  1876  the  yard  covered  an  area  of 
about  528  square  yards,  and  they  had  about  five 
acres  of  adjoining  land.  In  1886  the  yard  covered 
4}  acres,  and  they  had  acquired  38  acres  of  land. 
Ten  years  later  the  yard  was  increased  to  five 
acres  and  50  acres  of  land  acquired,  and  to-day 
the  works  cover  nearly  nine  acres  and  the  sur- 
rounding land  about  180  acres,  which,  should  the 
necessity  arise,  would  enable  the  works  to  be 
enlarged  to  double  their  size.  In  August.  1897, 
they  launched  their  300th  ship.  Since  the  estab- 
lishment of  the  works,  433  ships  of  all  kinds  have 
been  built,  which  include  fast  cruisers  for  the 
German  and  foreign  navies,  training  and  transport 
ships  for  the  Russian  Navy,  small  coast  steamers, 
and  some  of  the  largest  gcean  mail  and  passenger 
steamers  for  the  Atlantic,  steam  yachts  and 
torpedo-boats,  floating  docks,  floating  cranes, 
dredgers,  harbour  trafhc  boats,  pinnaces — in  fact, 
nothing  is  too  large  or  too  small  for  this  magnificent 
yard.  In  1901-02  the  Gauss  was  constructed  at 
this  yard  for  the  German  South  Polar  expedition. 
The  vessel  was  168  ft.  in  length,  39  ft.  beam,  and 
was  constructed  entirely  of  wood.  A  whole  town 
has  been  created  round  the  works,  and  the  care  of 
the  comfort  of  their  workmen  studied,  as  is  evidenced 
by  the  magnificent  model  dwellings,  lodging  houses, 
club,  library,  reading-room,  and  meeting-hall  pro- 
vided for  their  use. 

The  works  are  replete  with  the  latest  modem 
electrically-driven  plant,  engine  shops,  boiler  shops, 
smelting  and  casting  foundries,  carpenters'  work- 
shops are  installed  with  the  latest  modem  German, 
English,  and  American  machinery,  which  enables 
the  work  turned  out  to  be  of  the  highest  class, 
and  the  name  Howaldt  is  now,  and  always  has  been, 
synonymous  with  the  highest  quality. 

Howard  Smith  Line,  owned  and  managed  by 
Messrs.  Howard  Smith  and  Co.,  Ltd.,  with  their 
head  offices  in  Melbourne,  possess  a  fleet  of  18 
steamers,  carrying  passengers  and  cargo  from 
Melbourne  to  all  ports  of  the  Australasian  Colonies. 
The  vessels  maintain  regular  services  at  scheduled 
times  from  Melbourne  for  Sydney,  Newcastle, 
Brisbane,  Maryborough,  Rockhampton.  Mackay. 
Townsville,  and  Cairns ;  from  Melbourne  to 
Adelaide,  Wallaboo,  Pt.  Pine,  and  Pt.  Augusta  ; 
from  Melbourne  to  Albany,  Fremantle,  and  Perth. 

Fleet. 

Age.  Chillagoe.  Konoowarra. 

Barrabool.  Dawn.  Lass  o'Gotvrie, 

Bombala.  Derwent.  I^ura. 

Boveric.  Edina.  Peregrine. 

Buninigong.  Ena.  Time. 

Buruiah,  Gabo,  Tyrian. 


HOWE 


289 


HOZIER 


Howa.  British  ist  class  battleship  (1886).  Dis- 
placement, 10,300  tons;  Hp.,  11,500=16  kts. 
Stranded  on  Pereiro  Reef  at  the  entrance  to  Ferrol. 
Sx>ain,  November  2,  1892.  I^ojections  of  the  rock 
on  -which  she  stranded  entered  through  her  double 
bottom,  and  had  to  be  blasted  away  by  small  charges 
of  dynamite  before  she  could  be  salved.  She  was 
floated  by  the  Neptune  Salvage  Co.,  of  Stockholm, 
and  is  still  in  the  British  Navy  at  the  present  time, 
but  of  little  fighting  value — ^practically  obsolete. 

Howe,  Bichaid  Howe,  Earl  (1725-1799).  English 
admiral.  Educated  Eton.  At  the  age  of  14 
entered  the  Navy  as  midshipman  on  board  the 
Severn.  In  his  20th  year  he  was  made  a  lieutenant, 
and  shortly  after  was  appointed  to  the  command 
of  a  sloop  of  war  the  Baltimore,  in  which  with  the  aid 
of  the  Greyhound,  frigate,  commanded  by  Captain 
Noel,  he  distinguished  himself  by  defeating  two 
French  vessels  greatly  superior  to  his  own,  which 
were  carrying  supplies  and  reinforcements  to  the 
Pretender.  In  1755  he  vias  appointed  in  command 
of  the  Dunkirk,  and  joined  the  squadron  of  Admiral 
Boscawen  bound  for  America.  In  the  course  of 
the  voyage  he  took  a  prominent  part  in  capturing 
two  French  men-of-war,  the  Alcydc  and  Lys,  and 
was  with  the  expedition  to  Basque  Road  in  1757, 
and  present  at  the  battle  of  Quiberon  Bay,  1759- 
In  1782  he  was  appointed  to  command  the  Channel 
Fleet,  and  ordered  to  proceed  to  the  relief  of  Gib- 
raltar, then  besieged  by  the  combined  land  and 
sea  forces  of  France  and  Spain,  which  he  ably 
effected,  compelling  the  united  fleets,  which 
numbered  44  sail,  to  retreat  to  Cadir.  In  July,  1787, 
he  was  made  an  Admiral  of  the  white,  and  raised 
to  an  earldom.  On  the  commencement  of  the  wai 
with  France  after  the  revolution,  he  was  appointed 
Commander-in-Chief  of  the  Channel  Squadron,  and 
on  June  i,  1794,  gained  a  great  victory  over  the 
French  fleet  off  Ushant,  known  as  the  battle  of 
"  The  Glorious  First  of  June."  In  1796  he  was 
made  Admiral  of  the  Fleet,  and  died  under  a  violent 
attack  of  gout,  August  5,  1799. 

See  "life,"  by  Barrow.  1837. 

Howell,    Joseph    Bennett     (b.    Swansea,    Feb- 
ruary 19,   1818,  d.  November  4,  1904).     When  a 
young   man  he    went    to    Newcastle   and    joined 
Messrs.    Naylor,  Vickers,    and    Co.,   now  Messrs. 
Vickers,  Sons  and  Maxim.     He  resigned  that  posi- 
tion and  embarked  in  business  on  his  own  account, 
and  speedily  gained  a  wide  reputation  for  improve- 
ments  in  the  manufacture  of  steel.    At  the  Exhibi- 
tion of  1862  he  received  the  annual  medal  awarded 
for  excellent  quality  of  cast  steel,  and  was  the  first  to 
make  steel  ingots  of  heavy  weight,  and  manufacture 
crucible  mild  cast  steel.     He  originated  the  applica- 
tion of  such  steel  for  constructive  purposes  which 
ivas  called  Homogeneous  metal,  and  the  first  boiler 
made  of  steel,  and  the  first  steel  boat  was  constructed 
of  this  metal.     This  boat,  the  Ma  Robert,  was  built 
t>y  Messrs.  Laird's,  of  Birkenhead,  for  the  use  of 


Dr.  Livingstone  on  the  Zambesi  River,  Central 
Africa.  He  was  the  first  to  apply  mild  steel  to  the 
manufacture  of  locomotive  boiler  tubes.  In  1868 
he  founded  the  Brook  Steel  and  File  Works,  Shef- 
field, which  owing  to  the  enormous  success  of  mild 
steel  tubes  for  boilers  necessitated  the  establish- 
ment of  a  separate  department  for  the  manufacture 
of  these  tubes,  and  a  company  was  formed  to  under- 
take this  at  Wincobank.  Subsequently  the  two 
companies  were  amalgamated,  and  he  was  chairman 
until  his  death,  at  the  age  of  86,  which  took  place  at 
Leamington.  Was  a  member  of  the  Institution 
of  Mechanical  Engineers,  of  the  Society  of  Arts,  and 
of  the  Institution  of  Naval  Architects. 

Howell,  Walter  J.,  O.B.,  cr.  1901,  K.C.B.,  cr.  1907 
(b.  1854).  Marine  Secretary  to  the  Board  of 
Trade.  Educated  Loughborough  ;  King's  College, 
London,  and  in  France.  Called  to  the  Bar,  Inner 
Temple,  1886,  and  entered  the  Board  of  Trade  by 
open  competition  in  1873.  Was  private  secretary 
to  Sir  Henry  Calcroft,  when  he  was  Permanent 
Secretary  to  the  Board,  and  to  Sir  Michael  Hicks- 
Beach  when  he  was  President  (1892).  Was  pro- 
moted to  be  chief  of  the  Marine  Department  in 
1899.  In  1 90 1  H.M.  the  King  conferred  upon  him 
a  Companionship  of  the  Order  of  the  Bath.  Has 
on  several  occasions  given  evidence  before  Parlia- 
mentary  Committees  on  matters  relating^to 
shipping. 

Howker.     See  Hooker. 

Howth  Bally  Light,  situated  in  Dublin  Bay, 
established  1902,  is  a  single  flash  light  every  half 
minute ;  duration  of  flash,  2^  seconds ;  candle- 
power,  200,000  ;  burner,  Wigham's  28  to  108  jets  ; 
illuminant,  gas. 

Howth  Sailing  dab.  Established  1895.  Commo- 
dore, W.  Herbert  Boyd  ;  Honorary  Treasurer  and 
Secretary,  J.  Stuttard,  Island  View,  Howth,  Co. 
Dublin.    Annual  subscription,  105. 

Hoy.  To  call  a  man  ;  a  small  vessel  rigged  as  a 
sloop  employed  for  running  short  distances  on  the 
sea  coast. 

Hoylake  Sailing  dab,  Cheshire.  Established 
1888.  Burgee  :  Red,  yellow  liver  in  centre.  Com- 
modore, John  Ballardie  ;  Vice  -  Commodore,  T. 
Harbridge  Jones ;  Rear-Commodore,  J.  Ingram 
Thompson  ;  Honorary  Treasurer,  G.  W.  Robins ; 
Honorary  Secretary,  W.  J.  Pope.  Entrance  fee, 
£1  15. ;  annual  subscription,  £1  is. 

Holier,  Colonel  Sir  Henry  Montagn,  K.C.B.,  cr. 

1903  (i 842-1 907).  Educated  Rugby,  Edinburgh 
Academy,  and  Royal  Military  Academy,  Woolwich. 
He  received  his  commission  in  the  Royal  Artillery 
when  quite  young,  and  shortly  afterwards  was 
ordered  to  Peking.  Served  in  the  China  campaign 
with  the  Royal  Artillery,  and  was  present  at  the 
capture  of  the  Taku  forts,  and  the  action  near 
Tang  Chow,  for  which  he  received  medal  with  two 
clasps.     On  the  conclusion  of  the  war  he  returned 

L 


H.P. 


290 


HUGHES 


to  this  country  and  was  transferred  to  the  2nd  Life 
Guards  as  lieutenant.     In  1861  he  entered  the  Staff 
College,  at  the  head  of  the  list,  and  two  years  later 
passed  out  with  the  highest  honours.     In  1864  he 
took  part  in  the  campaign  between  Germany  and 
Denmark,  and  was  appointed  to  the  Topographical 
Stafi  of  the  War  Office.     He  served  as  war  corre- 
spondent for  the  "Times"  durinjg  the  war  of  1866 
between  Prussia  and  Austria,  and  when  peace  was 
established    he   was   appointed    secretary   to    the 
Commission   on  forming  a  Reserve  for  the  Army, 
and  afterwards  served  as  Assistant  Boundary  Com- 
missioner under  the  Royal  Act  of  1867.      During 
the  latter  portion  of  that  year  he  acted  as  Assistant 
Military   Secretary   to   Lord   Napier  of  Magdala, 
Commander-in-Chief    of    the    British    expedition 
sent  to  Abyssinia,  for  which  he  received  a  medal, 
and  was  shortly  afterwards  promoted  to  a  captaincy 
in  the  3rd  Dragoon  Guards.     In  1870  he  received 
an  appointment  as  Controller  at  Aldershot, .  with 
the  honorary  rank  of  lieutenant-colonel,  but  on  the 
outbreak  of  the  Franco-German  war  was  selected 
assistant  Military  Attach^  at  the  headquarters  of  the 
German  Army.     At  the  conclusion  of  the  war  he 
was  re-appointed  to  the  War  Office  Staff,  and  in 
1874  he  received  the  appointment  of  Secretary  of 
Lloyd's,   and   thereupon   was  removed   from   the 
active  list.     As  Secretary  of  Lloyd's  he  developed 
and  introduced  many  reforms  which  have  been  of 
considerable    benefit    to  that  gigantic  institution 
and  the  insurance  of  the  world  at  large.     He  retired 
from  Lloyd's  in   October,    1906,   after   32   years' 
service.     He  stood  high  in  the  Masonic  world,  and 
was  senior  Grand  Deacon  of  England  ;   member  Of 
the  Grand  Lodge  of  Scotland  ;   Pa^t  Master  of  the 
Ubique  Lodge,  and  a  member  of  the  Westminster 
Quaystone  and  Household  Brigade  Lodges,  and  one 
of  the  founders  of  the  Lutine  Lodge. 

Publications  :  Is  an  author  of  no  little  repute  on 
military  topics,  his  works  including ."  The  Seven 
Weeks'  War,"  "  Invasion  of  England,"  *'  British 
Expedition  to  Abyssinia,"  "  Breed  of  Horses  for 
Military  Purposes,"  "  Life  of  Turenne." 

H.P.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Hoofdplaat,  Holland. 

Hp.     Abbreviation  for  horse-power. 

H.R.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Herkingen,  Holland. 

Hr.  Harbour.  Abbreviation  adopted  on  the 
charts  issued  by  the  Hydrographic  Office,  Admi- 
ralty. 

H.S.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Haamstede.  Holland. 

H.S.  Horizontal  stripes.  (Near  a  buoy.)  Ab- 
breviation adopted  on  the  charts  issued  by  the 
Hydrographic  Office,  Admiralty. 

H.T.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
^  registered  at  Hccnvlict,  Holland. 


Hoaioar.  Old  Chilian  battleship.  Of  little 
fighting  value.  Displacement,  1,800  tons;  arma- 
ment, 2  old  (8-in.)  b.l.  Armstrong  guns. 

Huddart,  Parker  and  Co.,  with  their  head  offices 
in  Melbourne,  have  a  fleet  of  excellent  passenger 
and  cargo  steamers  sailing  between  Melbourne  and 
New  Zealand,  and  Melbourne  and  round  the 
Australian  coast.  A  service  is  maintained  from 
Melbourne  every  Thursday  for  Geelong,  Sydney ; 
and  a  monthly  service  from  Sydney  to  Melbourne, 
Adelaide,  FTemantle  and  Ger^dton ;  a  service 
at  scheduled  times  from  Melbourne  for  the  Gipps- 
land  Lakes  ;  one  between  Sydney  and  Hobart ;  one 
from  Melbourne  to  Hobart,  Dunedin,  Lyttelton, 
Wellington,  Napier,  Gisbome,  Auckland  and  Syd- 
ney. The  turbine  steamer  Loongana  leaves  Mel- 
bourne every  Monday,  Wednesday,  and  Friday, 
for  Launceston,  returning  Tuesdays,  Thursdays, 
and  Saturdays. 

HodflCm,  Henry.  English  navigator,  of  whose 
early  personal  history  nothing  is  known.  He  was 
employed  by  the  Muscovy  Co.  to  endeavour  to 
discover  the  North-East  and  North-West  Passages. 
with  the  object  of  finding  a  passage  to  China  other 
and  shorter  than  thai  by  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope. 
In  his  first  voyage,  1607,  in  the  Hopewell,  he  got  as 
far  as  82°  N.  lat.,  and,  being  convinced  there  was 
no  passage,  returned  to  England.  His  second 
voyage,  1608,  was  u;;^uccessful,  and  his  company, 
being  satisfied  that  the  passage  could  not  be  accom- 
plished, directed  all  its  energies  to  trading  with 
Spitzbergen.  In  1609.  on  behalf  of  the  Dutch 
East  India  Co.»  ]ie  made  a  voyage  to  America,  and 
explored  the  Hudson  River.  On  his  last  voyage, 
1 610,  he  sailed  in  the  Discovery,  a  vessel  of  70  tons, 
and  discovered  the  great  bay  that  bears  his  name. 
After  wintering  in  the  southern  extremity  of  the 
bay,  his  crew  mutinied,  and  set  him,  his  son,  and 
seven  of  his  men  adrift  in  a  small  boat,  and  he  was 
never  seen  again.  The  Discovery  was  finally  brought 
to  London,  and  in  161 2  was  again  fitted  out,  and 
commanded  by  Sir  Thomas  Butler  on  a  similar 
expedition.  See  "  Henry  Hudson,  the  Navigator.'* 
Hakluyt  Society,  i860.  Refer  to  Arctic  Explora- 
tion. 

Hug.     To  sail  as  near  as  possible. 

Hmrlies,  Thoiiias  WillianL  British  naval  archi- 
tect (b.  London,  June  5,  1853).  Educated 
privately.  Served  apprenticeship  in  the  marine 
engineering  works  and  shipyards  on  the  Thames. 
In  1874  joined  the  Peruvian  Navy,  and  was 
appointed  to  the  monitor  Huascar  as  senior 
engineer  in  1879.  On  October  8  of  that  year  he 
was  taken  prisoner  in  the  action  against  the  Chilian 
Navy,  but  waa  exchanged  in  December,  and  retam- 
ing  to  Peru  was  promoted  chief  engineer,  and 
received  a  gold  medal  voted  by  Congress.  In 
1881,  the  Navy  of  Peru  having  completely  disap- 
peared in  the  struggle  with  Chili,  with  the  full  con* 


HULK 


291 


HUMIDITY 


sent  of  the  Peruvian  authorities  he  joined  the 
Argentine  Navy,  and  went  to  Fiume  with  the 
torpedo  division  for  experience  at  Messrs.  White- 
head's factory.  In  1383  he  was  appointed  inspector 
of  war-vessels  then  building  for  the  Argentine 
Navy  Commission  in  Europe,  and  in  1685  technical 
adviser  to  the  Argentine  Legation  in  London. 
Member  of  the  Institution  of  Naval  Architects 
and  the  Institution  of  Mechanical  Engineers. 

Hoik.   A  vessel  condemned  as  unfit,  unseaworthy. 

HaU.  The  ship's  body,  independent  of  masts* 
yards,  sails,  rigging,  and  other  furniture. 

HnlL  U.S.  torpedo-boat  destroyer  (1900).  Dis- 
placement, 408  tons ;  complement,  64 ;  guns, 
2  14-pdr.,  5  6-pdr.  ;  torpedo  tubes.  2  i8-in., 
amidships  and  aft;  Hp.,  7,200=29  kts.  ;  coal, 
150  tons. 

HnU,  Commander  Thomas  A.»  B.N.,  F.B.O.S. 

Inspector  of  Admiralty  charts  to  the  Mercantile 
Marine.  Went  with  the  party  in  search  of  Sir  John 
Franklin,  1848-54 ;  employed  on  the  survey  of 
Palestine,  Corfu,  Tunis,  and  Sicily,  1860-66  ;  on 
the  compilation  of  the  Admiralty  wind  and  current 
charts  of  the  world,  1866-72  ;  superintendent  of  the 
Admiralty  charts,  1872-79. 

Publications  :  "  Practical  Nautical  Surveying 
and  Handicraft  of  Navigation,"  *'  Pilot's  Handbook 
of  the  English  Channel,"  Raper's  "  Practice  of  Navi- 
gation and  Nautical  Astronomy." 

Hull  and  Netherlaad  Steamsldp  Co.»  Ltd.*  with 
their  head  offices  in  Hull,  maintain  a  service  of 
steamers  every  Monday,  Wednesday  and  Saturday 
from  Hull  to  Rotterdam,  returning  from  Rotterdam 
every  Tuesday,  Wednesday,  and  Saturday.  A 
service  is  maintained  from  Hull  to  Amsterdam 
every  Monday,  Wednesday,  and  Saturday,  returning 
from  Amsterdam  every  Tuesday,  Wednesday,  and 
Saturday.  A  service,  from  Hull  to  HarUngen  every 
Wednesday  and  Saturday,  returning  from  Har- 
Ungen every  Saturday  aind  Wednesday.  All  the 
vessels  of  the  fleet  are  modern  up-to-date  steamers, 
and  the  services  are  designed  for  both  passengers 
and  cargo. 

Fleet. 
Eemsiroom.  Rynsiroom, 

Jervaulx  Abbey,  Seagull. 

Kirkham  Abbey,  Swallow, 

Minister  Tak.  Swan, 

Pfof.  Buys,  Swift, 

Rievaulx  Abbey.  Whitby  Abbey. 

Zaanstroom. 

HnD-down.  When  only  the  vessel's  masts  and 
sails  can  be  seen  on  the  horizon. 

Hulls.  In  marine  insurance  a  policy  on  "  Ship  " 
includes  not  only  the  hull  or  body  of  the  ship,  but 
xiiaterials  and  outfit,  and  it  has  been  expressly 
decided  that  provisions  for  the  crew  are  included  in 
tlie    word    "  furniture."     (Brough    w,    Whitmore, 


Marshall  on  Insurance,  2nd  ed.,  p.  723.)  In  the 
case  of  steamers  it  will  cover  machinery,  boilers, 
coals  and  engine  stores,  the  provisions  of  the  crew 
and  "  all  the  appurtenances  necessary,  suitable,  or 
usual  to  a  vessel  of  such  description  for  the 
purpose  of  navigation  on  a  voyage  such  as  that 
described."  (Philhps  on  Insurance,  s.  463.)  In 
the  case  of  a  Greenland  whaler,  however,  it  has  been 
held  that  the  fishing  tackle  and  stores,  such  as 
harpoons,  lances,  etc.,  for  catching  the  whales  and 
seals,  as  well  as  the  casks,  cisterns,  etc.,  for  receiving 
the  oil  and  blubber,  were  not  covered  by  a  general 
policy  on  the  ship,  as  it  was  the  custom  to  insure 
such  articles  on  express  terms.  (Hoskins  v.  Peters- 
gill,  3  Dougl.,  222.)  Similarly  passengers'  stores, 
fittings  for  the  carriage  of  passengers  or  Uve  stock, 
refrigerating  machinery,  grain  platforms,  temporary 
ballast,  dunnage  wood,  are  treated  as  external  to  the 
ship,  but  the  permanent  fittings  necessary  on  a 
vessel  regulaily  engaged  in  a  particular  trade  are 
identified  with  the  ship.     (McArthur  on  Insurance, 

P-  93.) 

The  voyage  risks  on  hulls  terminates  24  hours 

after  the  vessel  has  been  anchored  in  good  safety 
at  her  destination,  but  "  and  for  30  days  after- 
wards "  is  generally  added,  particularly  in  a  foreign 
port.  There  30  days  are  reckoned  from  the  expiry 
of  the  24  hours,  but  if  so  reckoned,  the  policy  will 
require  an  additional  stamp,  as  the  ordinary 
stamp  covers  only  30  days. 

Hnmaiie   Sooiety,    Bosral.     See    Royal    Humane 
Society. 

Humber.      British     store     ship     (1,640     tons)# 
Launched  1878, 

Hamber  keel.     A  clinker  built  craft  in  use  on  the 
Humber. 


Humber  SaiUiig  dab.  Established  1897.  Com- 
modore, A.  E.  Pearson ;  Vice-Commodore,  C.  W. 
Day ;  Rear-Commodore,  R.  Leggott ;  Treasurer, 
W.  A.  Austii^ ;  Secretary,  A.  A.  Walker,  97  Argyle 
Street,  HuU.  Entrance  fee,  los.  64, ;  annual  sub- 
scription, 105.  6d, 

Humber  Yawl  Club,  an  offshoot  of  the  East  Coast 
section  of  the  Royal  Canoe  Club,  was  established 
in  1889  by  enthusiastic  small  boat  sailors,  and 
exists  mainly  for  the  promotion  of  cruising,  sailing, 
and  the  designing  of  small  yachts.  The  club  is 
divided  into  three  sections — namely.  River  Humber, 
River  Hull,  and  Hornsea  Mere — with  the  head- 
quarters at  Hornsea  Mere. 

A  club  year-book  is  published  annually  con- 
taining a  record  of  the  members'  cruises,  together 
with  descriptions  of  local  craft  and  local  waters. 
The  members  do  not  confine  their  cruising  to 
British  waters,  but  many  have  undertaken  in  small 
yachts  trips  to  Sweden,  Denmark,  North  Germany, 
Holland,  Belgium,  and  France. 

Humidity.     See  Relative  Humidity. 

l2 


HUMMEL 


292 


HURRY 


Guns. 
I — 12  in. 
2—3-3  in- 
2  Maxims. 


HummeL  German  armoured  gun-boat.  (Bre- 
men, 1 88 1.) 

Length  143ft.     Beam  36ft.     Draught  loj^ft. 
Displacement  1,091  tons.     Complement  y6. 

Armour. 
"  Steel." 

8  in.  Belt  amidships. 
8  in.  Gun  shields. 
Torpedo  Tubes. 
2  Above  water. 
Hp.  759=  10  kts.     Coal  40  tons. 

Hungarian.  Mail  steamer.  On  her  maiden 
voyage  wrecked  off  the  coast  of  Nova  Scotia, 
February  20,  i860  ;  205  persons  perished. 

Hunt,  BSdmnnd  (b.  Manchester,  January  22, 
1829  ;  d.  December  2,  1904).  Educated  Manchester 
Grammar  School,  and  on  leaving  school  went  to 
Bahia,  Brazil.  On  his  return  to  this  country  he 
entered  the  office  of  a  patent  agency,  and  remained 
there  until  1857,  when  he  embarked  in  business  on 
his  own  account,  which  is  still  carried  on  under 
the  title  of  Messrs.  Edmund  Hunt  and  Co.  He 
was  one  of  the  original  members  of  the  Institution 
of  Engineers  and  Shipbuilders  in  Scotland,  founded 
in  1857  by  Professor  Rankine.  It  may.be  noted 
that  of  those  who  founded  the  institution  47  years 
ago  only  two  now  remain  on  the  list  of  members. 
He  was  also  a  member  of  the  Royal  Philosophical 
Society  of  Glasgow,  and  was  greatly  interested  in 
colour  vision,  and  in  1897  published  a  book  on  the 
subject.  He  was  a  great  mathematician,  and  his 
mathematical  work  led  him  into  friendship  with 
the  late  Professor  Rankine  and  Sir  Henry  Bessemer. 
He  retired  from  active  business  in  1900,  and  died 
at  Whitehall,  Bothwell,  in  his  76th  year. 

Hunter,  George  Barton  (b.  Sunderland,  Decem- 
ber 19,  1845).  Shipbuilder.  Served  his  appren- 
ticeship with  Messrs.  W.  Pile  Hay  and  Co.,  Sunder- 
land, and  acted  at  an  early  age  as  manager  of  their 
yard.  He  then  joined  Messrs.  R.  Napier  and 
Sons,  and  remained  with  them  about  two  years, 
returning  to  Sunderland  as  manager  to  Messrs. 
W.  Pile  Hay  and  Co.  in  1871.  In  1874  he  joined 
Mr.  S.  P.  Austin,  and  founded  the  business  of 
S.  P.  Austin  and  Sons,  Ltd.,  and  in  1880,  after  the 
death  of  Mr.  C.  S.  Swan,  he  came  to  the  Tyne, 
becoming  chief  partner  in  the  firm  of  Messrs. 
C.  S.  Swan  and  Hunter,  Wallsend.  In  1895  ^^ 
firm  became  a  limited  liability  company,  and  in 
1903  amalgamated  with  Messrs.  Wigham,  Richard- 
son and  Co.,  and  arranged  to  take  over  the  ship 
and  engine  repairing  business  of  the  Tyne  Pontoon 
and  Dry  Docks  Co.  He  acts  as  managing  director 
of  this  huge  concern,  the  largest  of  its  kind  in  the 
world,  and  also  is  a  director  of  the  Wallsend  Slip- 
way and  Engineering  Co.  In  1876  he  introduced 
the  combination  of  transverse  framing  with  cellular 
arrangement  of  floors  and  keelsons  for  carrying 
water  ballast  in  the  double  bottom  of  steamships. 


now  almost  invariably  used.  He  was  also  re- 
sponsible for  the  adoption  and  design  of  great 
covered  shipbuilding  sheds  with  roof  electric  cranes 
at  the  Wallsend  shipyard.  Member  of  the  Council 
of  the  Institution  of  Naval  Architects,  and  a 
member  of  the  Technical  Committee  of  Lloyd's 
Register,  representing  the  Institution  of  Naval 
Architects  on  that  committee. 

Honter,  John  (1738-1821).  British  admiral  (b. 
Scotland).  Served  at  the  capture  of  Quebec,  1759  ; 
Bogger  Bank,  1781  ;  Gibraltar,  1782.  In  1788  he, 
with  Admiral  Philip,  helped  to  establish  the  colony 
of  New  South  Wales,  of  which  colony  he  was 
Governor  from  1795-1800. 

Hunter.  British  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Fair- 
field, 1895.)  Length,  200  ft.  ;  beam,  19  ft.  ; 
draught,  6^^  ft.  ;  displacement,  260  tons ;  comple- 
ment, 45  ;  armament,  i  i2-pdi'.,  5  6-pdr.,  2  tubes ; 
twin  screw  ;  Hp.,  4,000=27  kts. ;  coal,  60  tons. 

Hnni-Gfabbe,  Admiral  Sir  Walter  James,  O.C.B., 

cr.  1899,  K.O.B.,  cr.  1882  (b.  1833).  Entered 
Navy,  1845  »  served  as  lieutenant  of  Scourge  on 
West  Coast  of  Africa  at  the  bombardment  of 
Pessie  and  Labadie  ;  took  part  in  the  defence  of 
Christiansborg  Castle,  October,  1854 ;  appointed 
to  command  H.M.S.  Teazer  on  West  Coast  of 
Africa,  1855,  and  served  in  her  for  the  suppression 
of  the  slave  trade ;  received  the  thanks  of  the 
Liberian  Republic  for  services  rendered  during 
insurrection ;  senior  lieutenant  of  Arrogant  during 
operations  on  the  River  Gambia,  1861  ;  was  pre- 
sent at  the  capture  of  the  stockaded  town  of  Saba ; 
mentioned  in  despatches,  and  promoted  to  com- 
mander ;  commanded  Jaseur  for  suppression  of 
the  slave  trade  on  West  Coast  of  Africa,  1863-66  ; 
promoted  to  captain,  and  appointed  in  chaige  of 
the  Island  of  Ascension ;  commanded  Tamar, 
1872-75  ;  commanded  Naval  Brigade  during  latter 
part  of  the  Ashantee  war ;  present  at  the  capture 
of  Borborrassie,  at  the  battles  of  Amoaful  and 
Ordahsu,  and  capture  of  the  Coomassie ;  mentioned 
in  despatches  (Ashantee  medal,  Coomassie  clasp)  ; 
as  captain  of  SuUan  was  senior  captain  of  the 
Mediterranean'  Fleet,  and  commanded  the  Off 
Shore  Squadron  in  the  attack  of  the  northern 
division  of  the  forts  of  Alexandria,  1882  ;  K.C.B. 
for  services  rendered  ;  had  charge  of  the  transports 
and  their  convoy  in  the  feint  at  Aboukir;  em- 
ployed watching  the  enemy's  coast  between 
Damietta  and  Aboukir  until  close  of  campaign 
(Egyptian  medal,  Alexandria  clasp,  Khedive's 
Bronze  Star) ;  Commander-in-Chief  on  Cape  of 
Good  Hope  and  West  Coast  of  Africa  Stations, 
1885-88  ;  Admiral-Superintendent,  Devonport  Dock- 
yard, 1888-91  ;  president  of  the  Royal  Naval 
College,  Greenwich,  1894-97 ;  G.C.B.  on  Her 
Majesty's  birthday,  1899. 

Hurricane.    See  Typhoon. 

Horry.    A  wharf  from  which  coals  are  shipped. 


HURTLE 


293 


HYDROGRAPHY 


Hnrfle.    Being  propelled  by  swell  or  wind. 

Hnnisaine.  Japanese  torpedo-boat  destroyer. 
(Yokosuka,  1902.)  Length,  220  ft. ;  beam,  20}  ft. ; 
draught.  9}  ft. ;  displacement,  374  tons ;  armament, 
I  i2-pdr.,  s  6-pdr.,  2  tubes ;  twin  screw ;  Hp., 
6,000  as  29  kts. 

Husband.  The  agent  appointed  by  owners  to 
act  on  their  behalf. 


\    British  torpedo  gun-boat  (1894). 
Length  250ft.   Beam  30ft.  Maximum  draught  13ft. 
Displacement  1,070  tons.     Complement  120. 

Guns, 
2 — ^4*7  in. 

4—3  Pdr. 
Torpfido  Tubes  (18  in.). 
5  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  natural  2,500=17  kts.,  forced 
3,5oobi8*5  kts.     Coal  maximum  160  tons. 

Hoflttr.  Austro-Hungarian  torpedo-boat  de- 
stroyer. (Yarrow,  1905.)  Length,  219  ft.  ;  beam, 
30^  ft. ;  displacement,  384  tons  ;  complement,  64 ; 
armament,  i  2-pdr.,  7  3-pdr.,  2  tubes  ,*  twin  screw ; 
Hp.,  6,000=28  kts. 

H.V.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Hellevoetsluis.  Holland. 

HvaL  Norwegian  torpedo-boat.  (Elbing,  1896.) 
Length,  128  ft. ;  beam,  16  ft. ;  draught,  6}  ft. ; 
displacement,  84  tons;  armament,  2  i'4-ii^*i  q*^** 
2  tubes  ;  Hp.,  1,100=24^  kts. 

Hvalor-baad.  A  Norwegian  fore-and-aft  rigged 
boat,  stem  and  stem  alike,  but  with  little  sheer 
and  great  beam,  used  on  the  south  coasts. 

Hvalroifen.  Danish  toipedo-boat.  (Thornycroft, 
1884.)  Length,  114  ft. ;  beam,  12^  f t. ;  draught, 
6i  ft. ;  displacement,  64  tons ;  complement,  14 ; 
armament,  2  i-pdr.,  i  machine,  2  tubes;  Hp., 
660=3 18  kts. ;  coal,  10  tons. 

Hvas.  Norwegian  torpedo-boat  (1898).  Length, 
III  ft. ;  beam,  40^  ft. ;  draught,  6  ft. ;  displace- 
ment, 65  tons  ;  armament,  2  1'4-in.,  2  tubes ;  Hp., 
650=19  kts. 

AV.H.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing 
boats  registered  at  Hook  of  Holland,  Holland. 

BLVJi.  Distinguishing  letters,  on  sea  fishing 
boats  registered  at  Hoogvliet,  Holland. 

H.W.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Hoogland,  Holland. 

H.W.  High  water.  Abbreviation  adopted  on 
tbe  charts  issued  by  the  Hydrographic  Office, 
Admiralty. 

H.W.F.  and  0.  High  water  full  and  change. 
Abbreviation  adopted  on  the  charts  issued  by  the 
Hydrographic  Office,  Admiralty. 

BEnudnth.  British  2nd  class  cruiser.  (London 
a.xid  Glasgow,  1898.) 


Length  350ft.   Beam  54ft.  Maximum  draught  22ft. 
Displacement  5,600  tons.     Complement  450. 
Guns.  Armour. 

1 1 — 6  in.  3  in.  Deck. 

8 — 12  pdr.  6  in.  Conning  tower. 

I — 12  pdr.,  8  cwt. 
6 — 3  pdr. 
2  Maxims. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
2  Submerged. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.   10,000=20  kts.     Coal  maxi-» 
mum  1, 1 00  tons.     Approximate  cost  ;£3oo,ooo. 

Hynna.  British  3rd  class  gun-boat  (254  tons). 
Launched  1873. 

Hydnu  Greek  battleship  (1889).  Reconstructed 
La  Seyne,  1900. 

Length  331ft.   Beam  52ft   Maximum  draught  24ft. 
Displacement  5,000  tons.     Complement  440. 
Guns.  Armour. 

2 — io*8  in.  "  Creusot  steel." 

5 — 6  in.  12  in.  Belt. 

I — 4  in.  1 3  in.  Battery. 

8 — 9  pdr.  12  in.  Barbettes. 

4 — 4  pdr.        *  12  in.  Conning  tower. 

12 — I  pdr. 

Torpedo  Tubes, 

1  Above  water  bow. 

2  Above  water  broadside. 

Twin  screw.  Hp.  6,700=17  kts.  Coal  maxi- 
mum 600  tons. 

Hydra.  Netherlands  torpedo-boat.  (Yarrow, 
1800.)  Length,  130  ft.  ;  beam,  13^  ft.  ;  draught, 
6  ft. ;  displacement,  77  tons ;  complement,  18  ; 
armament,  2  i-pdr.,  3  tubes  ;  Hp.,  1,200  =  24  kts. 

Hydraolio  maohineryv  the  use  of  which  can  be 
traced  back  to  an  early  date,  includes  all  machinery 
actuated  by  water  and  used  for  the  generation, 
stowage,  transmission,  and  application  of  power. 
Lord  Armstrong  (q.v.)  was  the  pioneer  of  the  later 
day  application  of  hydraulic  power,  his  first 
triumph  being  the  hydraulic  crane.  Hydraulic 
machinery  is  now  largely  used  in  dock  and  quay 
cranes,  warehouse  cranes,  factory  cranes,  cranes 
for  steel  works,  lifts,  balances,  canal  lifts,  engines, 
punching  machines,  rivetters,  planes,  forging  presses, 
plate-benders,  flanging  presses,  brakes,  and 
machinery  on  board  ship. 

Hydrography.  A  name  applied  to  the  science  of 
marine  survejring,  and  sometimes  applied  to  the 
surveying  of  lakes  and  rivers.  It  is  conducted  for 
the  purpose  of  making  maps  and  charts  of  navigable 
waters,  marking  depths  of  the  sea,  currents,  tides, 
rocks,  and  all  information  necessary  to  a  navigator. 
It  is  one  of  the  most  important  functions  of  the 
Navy  in  times  of  peace,  and  a  special  office  con- 
stituted in  1795  places  at  the  head  of  the  work 
the  hydrographer  to  the  Admiralty.  There  are 
special  ships  detailed  for  the  work,  over  and  above 
the  observations  and  reports  made  by  vessels  of 


HYDROMETER 


294 


IDAHO 


the  waters  in  which  they  find  themselves.  In  1868 
H.M.S.  Lightning  conducted  extensive  operations 
in  deep-sea  sounding,  and  from  1869-70  H.M.S. 
Porcupine  was  engaged  on  the  same  work.  The 
famous  Challenger  Expedition  (^.t^.),  1872-76, 
rendered  magnificent  service  to  scientific  progress. 
The  hydrographer  to  the  Admiralty  has  under  his 
supervision  charts,  tide  tables,  and  light  lists  for 
various  parts  of  the  world,  and  controls  the  scientific 
vote  of  the  Navy  estimate  for  observations,  surveys, 
charts,  and  chronometers. 

Hydrometer  is  an  apparatus  for  measuring  the 
density  of  bodies,  generally  of  fluids,  but  some 
forms  of  the  instrument  are  adapted  to  the  deter- 
mination of  the  density  of  solids.  The  marine 
hydrometer  as  supplied  by  the  British  Government 
to  the  Royal  Navy  and  the  merchant  marine  are 
glass  instruments,  and  generally  serve  to  indicate 
specific  gra\nties  from  I'ooo  to  1*040.  They  are 
usually  employed  for  taking  observations  of  the 
density  of  sea  water,  and  before  being  used  are 
compared  with  the  standard  instrument  and  their 
errors  determined.  The  salinometer  is  a  hydro- 
meter intended  to  indicate  the  strength  of  the  brine 
in  marine  boilers  in  which  salt  water  is  employed. 

Hydrostatics.  That  department  of  science  which 
treats  of  the  conditions  of  equilibrium  in  liquids. 
For  a  liquid  to  remain  at  rest  in  any  vessel  its 
surface  must  be  everywhere  at  right  angles  to  the 
forces  which  act  upon  the  molecules  of  the  liquid, 
and  every  molecule  of  the  mass  of  the  liquid  must 
be  subject  in  every  direction  to  equal  and  contrary 
pressure.  If  two  or  more  liquids  be  placed  in  the 
same  vessel  they  will  arrange  themselves  according 
to  their  relative  densities,  after  which  the  equili- 
brium will  be  stable.  Pascal's  law  is  that  pressure, 
existing  anywhere  upon  the  mass  of  liquid,  is 
transmitted  undiminished  in  all  directions,  and 
acts  with  the  same  force  on  all  equal  surfaces,  and 
in  a  direction  at  right  angles  to  those  surfaces. 

Hyetometry.  The  determination  of  the  amount 
of  water  condensed  out  of  the  atmosphere  in  the 
form  of  rain,  hail,  or  snow. 

Hygrograph.    A  self-recording  hygrometer. 

Hj^ometer.  An  instrument  for  measuring  the 
humidity  of  the  air. 

Hygrometty.  The  determination  of  the  amount 
of  water  present  in  the  air  in  a  vaporous  form. 

Hypsometer.  A  thermometer  for  measuring  alti- 
tudes by  the  lowering  of  the  boiling-point  of  water 
consequent  upon  the  reduction  of  atmospheric 
pressure  at  high  altitudes. 

Hythe  Taoht  Clabt  Southampton.  Established 
1894  at  Hythe,  Southampton.  Races  once  a  month 
during  the  summer  for  the  Solent  classes,  with 
occasional  races  for  cruisers.  Burgee :  Blue,  red 
saitire.    Commodore,  The  Lord  Montagu  of  Beau* 


lieu ;  Vice-Commodore,  L.  Roberts  West ;  Rear- 
Commodore,  T.  M.  Lord ;  Honorary  Secretary  and 
Treasurer,  Captain  R.  T.  Dixon.  Entrance  fee, 
£2  25. ;  annual  subscription,  £2  25.  ;  annual  sub- 
scription (ladies),  £1  is. 

H.Z.     Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Huizen,  Holland. 


L  Distinguishing  letter  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Isigny,  France. 

Lf  Id.  Island.  Abbreviations  adopted  on  the 
charts  issued  by  the  Hydrographic  Office,  Ad- 
miralty. 

ibia.    Abbreviation  for,  the  same. 

IbakL  Japanese  ist  class  armoured  cruiser. 
(Kure,  1906.) 

Displacement  16,000  tons. 
Guns,  Armour. 

4 — 12  in.  "  Krupp." 

8 — 8  in.  7  in.  Belt  amidships. 

14 — 4*7  in.  7  in.  Barbettes. 

7  in.  Conning  tower. 
Torpedo  Tubes. 
4  Submerged. 
1  Above  water. 

loams.  British  sloop  (970  tons,  12*2  kts.). 
Launched  1885. 

Iceberg.  An  insulated  mountain  of  ice,  whether 
on  Arctic  land  or  floating  in  the  sea.  They  often 
attain  huge  proportions,  and  in  some  cases  have 
been  known  to  be  aground  in  120  fathoms  of  water, 
rising  to  a  height  of  120  ft.  above  it.  Huge  moun- 
tains of  ice  are  frequently  encountered  by  Atlantic 
liners  in  the  north  Atlantic  Ocean. 

I06-breaker.  A  vessel  provided  with  means  of 
breaking  the  ice,  for  opening  and  keeping  open  a 
channel  for  ships. 

loe  Clause.     See  Clauses. 

loe  sailing.    See  Yacht. 

lohlhyology.    The  science  of  fishes. 

LD.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Isafjordr,  Denmark. 

Idaho.    U.S.     ist    class    battleship.     (Cramp's, 

1905.) 
Length  375ft.    Beam  77ft.    Mean  draught  24ft. 

Displacement  13,000  tons. 

Guns.  Armour. 

4 — 12  in.,  45  cal.  "  Krupp." 

8 — 8  in.  9  in.  Belt  amidships. 

8 — 7  in.  12  in.  Turrets. 

ao-~i4  pdr.  9  in.  Conning  tower. 

12 — 3  pdr. 

8 — I  pdr. 

2  Field  guns. 


IDJEN 


295 


IKOMA 


Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
2  Submerged. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.,  10,000=17  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 1,750  tons.    Approximate  cost  £<goo,ooo, 

Ujen.  Netherlands  torpedo-boat.  (Amsterdam, 
1889.)  Length,  128  ft. ;  beam,  13  f t. ;  draught, 
6J  ft. ;  displacement,  90  tons;  armament,  2  i-pdr., 
3  tubes  ;    Hp.,  840 =20 J  kts. 

Ule,  Geofge.  British  naval  architect  (b.  London, 
January  8,  1863).  Served  his  apprenticeship  to 
shipbuilding  with  Messrs.  R.  and  H.  Green,  of 
Blackwall,  eventually  becoming  their  chief  draughts- 
man. Since  1890  has  acted  as  technical  adviser 
as  regards  naval  architecture  to  the  Commissioner 
of  Irish  Lights.  Member  of  the  Institution  of  Naval 
Architects. 

IdleOL  The  name  applied  to  seamen  who,  being 
liable  to  constant  day  duty,  are  not  required  to 
keep  a  night  watch. 

Minini.     Japanese  protected  cruiser.     Purchased 
from  Chili,  1898.     Reconstructed  1901. 
Length  270ft.  Beam  40ft.  Maximum  draught  i8^ft. 
Displacement  3,000  tons.    Complement  300. 
Guns,  Armour, 

2—6  in.  "  Steel." 

6 — 47  in.  I  in.  Deck. 

I — 6  pdr. 
6 — 3  pdr. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.   6,000=  i8   kts.     Coal   maxi- 
mum 600  tons. 

Idzomo.  Japanese  armoured  cruiser.  (Elswick, 
1899.) 

Length  400ft.  Beam  68ft.   Maximum  draught  24ft. 
Displacement  9,800  tons.     Complement  483. 
Guns,  Armour, 

4— S  in.  "  Krupp." 

14 — 6  in.  7  in.  Belt  amidships. 

12 — 12  pdr.  6  in.  Turrets.    •  ■    -^ 

8 — 2\  pdr.  14  in.  Conning  tower. 

4  Small. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
4  Submerged. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  14,500=20*75  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 1,400  tons. 

LB.     Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Irvine,  Scotland. 

la.     Abbreviation  for  that  is. 

I6iia.     French  1st  class  battleship.     (Brest,  1898.) 
Length  400ft.   Beam  68ft.   Maximum  draught  27ft. 
Displacement  12  100  tons.     Complement  630. 
Guns.  Armour, 

4 — 12  in.  "  Harvey." 

8 — 6 '4  in.  1 3  in.  Belt  amidships. 

8 — 4  in.  12  in.  Turrets. 

24 — 3  pdr.  12  in.  Conning  tower. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (177  in.). 
2  Submerged. 
2  Above  water. 


Three  screws.  Hp.  15,500=18  kts.  Coal  maxi- 
mum 1,100  tons.     Approximate  cost  ;f  1,300,000. 

An  appalling  disaster  occurred  on  board  this 
vessel  on  March  12,  1907,  in  the  dock  at  Toulon. 
The  compressed  air-chamber  in  a  torpedo  ex- 
ploded, which  caused  the  powder-magazine  in  the 
stem  battery  to  blow  up  ;  105  lives  lost. 

levstafl.  Russian  battleship.  Black  Sea.  (Nico- 
laieff,  1904.) 

Length  371ft.   Beam  72ft.   Maximum  draught  28ft. 
Displacement  12,600  tons.     Complement  731. 
Guns,  Armour, 

4 — 12  in.,  40  cal.       "  Krupp." 
16 — 6  in.  9  in.  Belt  amidships. 

14 — 12  pdr.  12  in.  Turrets. 

6 — 3  pdr.  10  in.  Conning  tower. 

6 — I  pdr. 

Torpedo  Tubes, 

1  Submerged  bow. 

2  Submerged  broadside. 
I  Above  water  stern. 

Twin  screw.  Hp.  io,6oo=i8  kts.  Coal  normal 
670  tons.     Approximate  cost  £1 ,000,000. 

Ignoraiioe.  If  a  loss  happens  through  the  ignor- 
ance of  the  master  of  a  ship,  it  is  not  considered  as 
a  "  peril  of  the  sea  " ;  consequently  the  assurers 
are  not  liable.  Nor  is  his  ignorance  of  Admiralty 
law  admissible  as  an  excuse. 

IgnAioniL  Brazilian  torpedo-boat.  (Thorny- 
croft,  1901.)  Length,  150  ft.  ;  beam,  14^  ft. ; 
draught,  5  ft.  ;  displacement,  1 50  tons  ;  comple- 
ment, 27  ;  armament,  2  q.f.,  4  tubes  ;  twin  screw ; 
Hp.,  1,550  =  27  kts.  ;  coal,  22  tons. 

LH.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Ipswich,  England. 

Ikadsaohi.  Japanese  torpedo-boat  destroyer. 
(Yarrow,  1899.)  Displacement,  306  tons  ;  comple- 
ment, 55  ;  maximum  draught,  8^  ft. ;  armament, 
I  i2-pdr.,  5  6-pdr.  ;  tubes,  2  i8-in.  ;  Hp.,  6,000= 
31  kts. ;  coal,  95  tons. 

Iki,  formerly  Nickolai  I,  (q.v.).     Japanese  coast 
defence  battleship.     (St.  Petersburg,  1889.) 
Length  326ft.   Beam  67ft.   Maximum  draught  27ft. 
Displacement  9,900  tons.     Complement  600. 
Guns.  Armour, 

2 — 12  in.  "  Compound." 

12—6  in.  14  in.  Belt  amidships. 

16 — 3  pdr.  12  in.  Barbettes. 

4 — I  pdr.  6  in.  Conning  tower. 

Torpedo  Tubes, 
6  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.   8,000=15   kts.     Coal   maxi- 
mum 1,000  tons. 

Ikoma.     Japanese    ist  class  armoured   cruiser. 
(Kure,  1906.) 

Displacement  16,000  tons. 


I.L. 


296 


IMPERIAL 


Guns. 

Armour, 

4 — 12  in. 

*'  Krupp." 

8— Bin. 

7  in.  Belt  amidships 

14 — 47  in. 

7  in.  Barbettes. 

7  in.  Conning  tower. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 

4  Submerged. 

I  Above  water. 

I.L.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Ilpendam,  Holland. 

nderton  Steaouhip  Co.    See  Steel,  Young  and  Co. 

De  de  Batz  Light,  situated  off  Cape  Finisterre, 
established  in  1902,  is  a  four-flash  light  every 
25  seconds  ;  duration  of  flash,  one-fifth  second  ; 
candle-power,  250,000  maximum ;  burner,  mantle 
55  mm.  diameter;  illuminant,  incandescent,  petro- 
leum vapour. 

He  Vierge  Light,  established  in  1902,  situated  off 
Finisterre,  on  the  coast  of  Spain,  is  a  single  flash 
light  every  five  seconds  ;  duration  of  light,  one- 
fifth  second  ;  candle-power,  600,000  maximum  ; 
burner,  mantle  55  mm.  diameter ;  illuminant, 
incandescent  petroleum  vapour. 

Blawarra  and  South  Coast  Steam  Navigation  Co., 
Ltd.,  have  a  fleet  of  six  steamers  which  maintain 
services  from  Sydney  to  WoUongong,  Kiama. 
Shoalhaven,  and  Nowra  every  Tuesday  and  Friday ; 
to  Ulladulla,  Batcman's  Bay,  Clyde  River,  and 
Nellingen,  Mondays  send  Fridays ;  to  Bermagui, 
Tathra,  and  Eden,  Mondays  and  Thursdays;  to 
Momya  and  Naroom  every  Tuesday. 

Fleet. 

Allowrie.  Eden. 

Beg  a.  Illawarra. 

Commonderry.  Peterborough. 

nUnois.    U.S.    I  St  class  battleship.      (Newport 
News,  1898.) 
Length  368ft.    Beam  72ft.    Mean  draught  23ft. 
Displacement  11.565  tons.     Complement  490.*^ 


Guns. 
4—13  in.,  35cal. 
14 — 6  in. 
6 — 6  pdr. 
4 — I  pdr. 
4  Colts. 


Armour. 
"  Harvey-nickd." 
16  in.  Belt  amidships. 
16  in.  Turrets. 
10  in.  Conning  tower. 


2  Field  guns,  3  in. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
4  Above  water  (armoured). 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  forced  10,000=16  kts.     Coal 
maximum  1.450  tons. 

Approximate  cost  ;£95 0,000. 

niostrions.    British  1st  class  battleship.     (Chat- 
ham, 1896.) 
Length,  413ft.  Beam  75ft.  Maximum  draught  30ft. 

Displacement  14,900  tons.     Complement  757. 


Armour. 
"  Harvey." 
9  in.  Belt  amidships. 
14  in.  Barbettes. 
14  in.  Conning  tower. 


Guns. 

4 — 12  in.,  35  cal. 
12 — 6  in. 
16 — 12  pdr. 
12 — 3  pdr. 

2 — 12  pdr..  Boat  guns. 

2  Maxims. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
4  Submerged. 
I  Above  water  stem. 
Twin    screw.      Hp.    natural    10,000=  16*5   kts., 
forced     12,000=17*5  kts.     Coal    maximum    2,000 
tons.     Approximate  cost  £1 ,000,000. 

This  ship -name  is  associated  with  Hood's  occupa- 
tion of  Toulon,  1793  ;  Hotham's  action  off  Genoa, 
I79S- 

Immenion.  The  moment  when  an  eclipse  begins, 
or  when  a  planet  enters  into  a  dark  shadow. 

Imogene.  British  special  service  vessel  (460  tons). 
Launched  1882. 

Imperator  Alekiandr  IL    Old  Russian  battleship 
(1887).     Reconstructed,  rearmonred,  1904. 
Length  326ft.   Beam  67ft.   Maximum  draught  27ft. 
Displacement  9,900  tons. 


Guns. 

Armour. 

2 — 12  in. 

"  Compound." 

12—^  in. 

14  in.  Belt  amidships. 

16 — 3  pdr. 

12  in.  Barbettes. 

4 — I  pdr. 

6  in.  Conning  tower. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 

6  Above  water. 

Twin  screw. 

Hp. 

8,000=  1 5 '9  kts.     Coal  maxi 

mum  1,200  tons 

> 

Imperator  Aleksandr  IIL  Russian  ist  class 
battleship.  (Baltic,  1901.)  Sunk  by  the  Japanese 
at  the  battle  of  Tsushima,  May  27-29,  1905. 

Impeiator  Hikolai  L  See  Iki.  Old  Russian 
battleship  (1889).  Captured  by  the  Japanese  at 
the  battle  of  Tsushima,  May  27-29,  1905. 

Imperator  PaveL  Russian  ist  class  battleship, 
(St.  Petersburg,  1905.) 

Length  425ft.    Beam  78ft.    Mean  draught  27ft. 
Displacement  16,630  tons. 


Guns. 
4 — 12  in.,  40  cal. 
12 — 8  in. 
20 — 12  pdr. 
20 — 3  pdr. 


<f 


Armour. 
Krupp." 

1 1  in.  Belt  amidships. 

12  in.  Turrets. 
12  in.  Conning  tower. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 


2  Submerged. 
2  Above  water  bow  and  stem. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.   17,600=18  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 3,000  tons.     Approximate  cost  jj  1,500,000. 

Imperial  Direet  West  India  Hail  Service  Oo.,  UAn 

managed  by  Messrs.  Elder,  Dempster  and  Co., 
Liverpool,  was  incorporated  in  February,  i9oi»  four 
steamers  having  been  specially  built  for  the  trade ; 


IMPERIEUSE 


297 


INDEPENDENCIA 


the  Port  Henderson  and  Port  Antonio  were  subse- 
quently added  to  the  fleet.  They  are  subsidised 
for  the  carriage  of  H.M.  mails,  and  specially  fitted 
out  for  the  conveyance  of  fruit,  more  particularly 
bananas.  Regular  sailings  are  maintained  from 
Avonmouth  every  alternate  Saturday  for  Kingston 
(Jamaica),  and  one  of  the  steamers  leaves  Kingston 
every  alternate  Thursday  for  Bristc^. 

Flsbt. 

Port  Antonio,  Port  Maria. 

Port  Henderson.  Port  Morane. 

Port  Kingston.  Port  Royal. 

Gross  tonnage  25,152. 

Imperiaiue.  British  ist  class  cruiser  (8^00 
tons,  16*7  kts.).    Launched  1883. 

Impetaeiix.  74  guns.  On  August  24,  1792,  this 
vessel  was  destroyed  by  fire  at  Portsmouth. 

Implacable.  British  ist  class  battleship.  (Devon- 
port.  1899.) 

Length  430ft.   Beam  75ft.  Maximum  draught  29ft. 
Displacement  15,000  tons.     Complement  780. 
Guns,  Armour. 

4 — 13  in.,  40  cal.       •'  Krupp." 
12^-6  in.  9  in.  Belt  amidships. 

16 — 12  pdr.  12  in.  Barbettes. 

6 — 3  pdr.  12  in.  Conning  tower. 

2  Maxims. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (j8  in.). 
4  Submerged. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.   15,000=18  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 2,200  tons.     Approximate  cost  ;£  1,000,000. 

This  ship-name  was  first  introduced  into  the 
Navy  in  1778,  and  a  vessel  of  this  name  captured 
the  Sevolod,  1808. 

Imglied  wananties.    See  Warranties. 

Impregnable.  98  guns.  On  October  19,  1799, 
this  vessel  was  wrecked  between  Langstone  and 
Chichester. 

Impregnable.  British  training  ship  for  boys 
(^t557  tons).    Launched  i860. 

Impreennent    See  Navy. 

Inuie,  William  (1837-1906).  One  of  the  founders 
of  the  White  Star  Line  {q.v.). 

In.  The  state  of  any  sails  in  a  ship  when  they 
axe  furled  or  stowed,  in  opposition  to  out,  which 
implies  that  they  are  set  or  extended  to  assist  the 
slup's  course. 

m.    Abbreviation  for  inches. 

IJI.A.  Abbreviation  for  Institution  of  Naval 
Axchitects. 

Tn^wfinft  Japanese  torpedo-boat  destroyer. 
(Yarrow,  1889.)  Length,  220  ft. ;  beam,  20)-  ft.  ; 
<lra.ught,  gi  ft;  displacement,  311  tons;  com- 
plement, 55 ;  armament,  1 12-pdr.,  5  6-pdr.,  2  tubes ; 
twin  screw  ;  Hp.,  6,000=31  kts. ;  coal,  95  tons. 


In  board.    Anywhere  within  the  ship. 

Inch.    The  smallest  lineal  measure  to  which  a 
name  is  given ;  it  has  many  subdivisions. 

Indination  compaes.    See  Compass. 

Indefatigable.     British  2nd  class  cruiser  (1891). 
Length  300ft.   Beam  43ft.  Maximum  draught  i8ft. 
Displacement  3,400  tons.     Complement  273. 
Guns.  Armour. 

2—6  in.  "  Steel." 

6 — ^4*7  in.  2  in.  Deck. 

8—6  pdr.  3  in.  Conning  tower. 

I — 3  pdr. 
4  Machines. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (14  in.). 
4  Above  water. 
Twin    screw.     Hp.    natural    7,000=*  i8'$    kts., 
forced  9,000^:20  kts.    Coal  maximum  535  tons. 
Approximate  cost  ;^2oo,ooo. 
This  ship-name  was  first  introduced  into   the 
Navy  in  1784,  and  is  associated  with  the  capture 
of  the  Spanish  treasure  frigates,   1804;    and  the 
attack  on  the  French  at  Basque  Roads,  1809. 

Indemnity  Mntmd  Marine  Asforanoe  COm  Ltd. 

Established  1824,  at  which  time  13,453  shares  of 
;£ioo  each  were  subscribed,  and  £$  135.  6d.  per  share 
paid.  This  has  gradually  been  increased  until 
entirely  out  of  profits  £$0  per  share  has  been  paid 
up.  In  1 88 1  ;£2oi,ooo  capital  was  returned  to  the 
shareholders,  and  the  number  of  shares  altered  to 
67,000  of  ;£20  each,  with  £j  paid  up,  and  in  1886  a 
further  sum  of  ;£268,ooo  capital  was  returned  to  the 
shareholders,  the  shares  again  altered  to  £1$ 
each  and  the  company  registered  under  the  Com- 
panies Act,  1862,  with  a  capital  of  ;£  1,000,000  in 
67,000  shares  of  £1$  each,  with  ;f2oi,ooo,  £$  per 
share  paid  up.  During  the  last  five  years  the 
amount  paid  by  way  of  dividends  has  been  125. 
per  share  per  annum,  free  of  income-tax,  and  a 
reserve  fund  of  ;£329,ooo  has  been  built  up. 

The  directors  of  the  company  are :  Spencer  H. 
Curtis  (chairman),  Charles  D.  Rose,  M.P.  (deputy 
chairman),  Rt.  Hon.  Lord  Aldenham,  Henry  Bern- 
hard  Brandt,  Herbert  Brooks,  Alexander  H. 
Goschen,  Edward  Charles  Grenfell,  Cyril  Gumey, 
Robert  K.  Hodgson,  Frederick  Huth  Jackson, 
William  John  le  Lacheur,  William  Meyer,  Lewis  A. 
Wallace,  junr.,  Henry  Haslam  (underwriter). 
Offices,  I,  Old  Broad  Street,  London,  E.C. 

Independence.  On  February  16,  1853,  this  vessel 
was  wrecked  on  the  coast  of  Lower  California  ;  she 
afterwards  took  fire,  and  140  persons  were  either 
drowned  or  burnt  to  death. 

Independeneia.  Argentine  battleship.  (Laird, 
1891.) 

Length  230ft.    Beam  44ft.    Mean  draught  13ft. 
Displacement  2,336  tons.     Complement,  225. 


INDEX 


298 


INDOMITABLE 


Guns.  Armour. 

2 — 9*4  in.  *'  Compound." 

4 — 4'7  in.  8  in.  Belt  amidships. 

4 — 3  pdr.  8  in.  Barbettes. 

2 — I  pdr.  4  in.  Conning  tower. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 

2  Above  water. 

Twin  screw.  Hp.  natural  2,100=13*2  kts., 
forced  2,780=14*2  kts.     Coal  maximum  340  tons. 

Index.  The  flat  bar  which  carries  the  scale  and 
index-glass  of  a  quadrant,  octant,  quintant,  or 
sextant. 

Index  error.  The  error  made  in  laying  ofi  the 
scale  of  an  instrument. 

Index-glass.  A  plane  speculum,  or  mirror  of 
quick-silvered  glass,  which  moves  with  the  index, 
and  is  designed  to  reflect  the  image  of  the  sun 
or  other  object  upon  the  horizon  glass,  whence  it 
is  again  reflected  to  the  eye  of  the  observer. 

India.  British  subsidised  merchant  ship  (1896). 
P.  and  O.  Co.  {q.v.).  Dimensions,  500  x  54X  33  ft.  ; 
gross  tonnage,  7,900  ;  passenger  accommodation, 
467  ;  Hp.,  9,400=18  kts. 

India.  British  armoured-plated  giiardfihip  of 
reserve,  flagship  of  the  Admiral-Superintendent, 
Devonport  Dockyard  (6,270  tons) .     Launched  1 87 1 . 

India,  Australia  Steamship  Ck>.  See  Currie  and 
Co. 

Indian.  Mail  steamer.  Wrecked  ofl  the  coast 
of  Newfoundland.  November  21,  1859;  27.  Uvea 
lost. 

Indiana.  U.S.  ist  class  battleship.  (Cramp, 
1898.) 

Length  358ft.  Beam  69ft.  Maximum  draught  28ft. 
Displacement  10.288  tons.     Complement  470. 
Guns.  Armour. 

4 — 13  in.  **  Harvey.* 

8 — 8  in.  t8  in.  Belt  amidships. 

4 — 6  in.  17  in.  Barbettes. 

20 — 6  pdr.  10  in.  Conning  tower. 

6 — I  pdr. 
4  Colts. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  m.). 

3  Above  water. 

Twin  screw.  Hp.  natural  8,000=15  kts.,  forced 
9  i;cx>ssi7  kts.     Coal  maximum  1,800  tons. 

Indian  Ocean.  This  designation  is  given  to  that 
oceanic  division  of  the  globe  bounded  on  the  north 
by  India  and  Persia,  on  the  west  by  £urop>e  and 
Africa  and  the  meridian  passing  southwards  from 
Cape  Agulhas,  and  on  the  east  by  Farther  India, 
the  Sunda  Islands,  the  west  and  south  Australia 
and  the  meridian  passing  through  South  Cape  in 
Tasmania.  In  the  north  it  is  divided  into  two 
basins  by  the  Peninsular  of  India — viz.,  the  Arabian 
Sea  on  the  west  and  the  Bay  of  Bengal  on  the 
east.    It  has  really  no  deflnite  southern  limit,  but 


it  is  considered  to  terminate  at  the  parallel  about 
(40®  S.)  which  stretches  between  the  southern-most 
points  of  the  African  and  Australian  continents, 
near  which,  about  midway  between  these  two 
extremes,  lie  the  volcanic  islands  of  St.  Paul  and 
Amsterdam.  It  attains  its  greatest  breadth,  more 
than  6,000  miles,  between  the  south  points  oi 
Africa  and  Australia.  Murray  gives  the  total  area 
reckoning  to  40°  S.,  and  including  the  Red  Sea 
and  Persian  Gulf,  as  17,320,550  English  square 
miles,  equivalent  to  13,042,000  geographical  square 
miles.  This  ocean  receives  few  large  rivers,  the 
chief  being  the  Zambesi,  Indus,  Ganges,  Brah- 
maputra, and  the  Irawaddy.  Murray  estimates 
the  total  land  area  draining  to  the  Indian  Ocean  at 
5,050,000  geographical  square  miles. 

It  has  the  uniform  average  depth  of  from  2,200 
to  2,300  fathoms,  except  three  small  depressions, 
which  sink  below  the  3,000  fathom  Une.  These  arc 
Wliarton  Deep,  which  covers  an  area  of  about 
50,000  miles,  Maclear  Deep,  and  the  long,  narrow 
Jeffreys  Deep  off  the  south  of  Australia. 

Large  portions  of  the  bed  still  remain  unex- 
plored, but  a  fair  knowledge  of  its  general  form  has 
been  gained  from  the  soundings  of  H.M.S.  Chal- 
lenger {q.v.\,  German  Gazelle  Expedition,  and 
various  cable  ships,  and  in  1898  information  was 
greatly  added  to  by  the  German  Valdivia  Expedi- 
tion. The  greatest  depth  recorded  is  3,232  fathoms 
by  the  Valdivia.  The  mean  temperature  of  the 
surface  water  is  over  80**  F.  in  aU  parts  N.  of  13**  S., 
but  from  that  line  it  gradually  decreases  as  the 
Arctic  regions  are  approached.  Below  2,000 
fathoms  the  temperature  is  fairly  uniform,  ranging 
between  35*  and  37®  F.  The  warmest  surface 
water  is  found  in  the  Arabian  Sea,  and  along  the 
belt  from  West  Australia  to  South  Africa.  North 
of  the  equator  the  surface  circulation  is  under  the 
control  of  the  monsoons,  and  changes  with  them. 
During  the  northern  summer  the  south-west  mon- 
soon sets  up  a  strong  northerly  drift. 

In  the  Arabian  Sea  along  the  line  of  13^  S.  a 
strong  current  of  warm  water  flows  west  towards 
Madagascar,  which  south  of  Cape  Corrientes  becomes 
the  Agulhas  Current,  one  of  the  most  powerful 
stream  currents  of  the  globe.  South  of  30^  S. 
reaction  currents,  or  "  back  drifts/'  move  in  the 
opposite  direction  along  the  flanks  of  the  Agiilhas 
currents.  These  "  back  drifts  "  arc  of  great  im- 
portance to  navigation. 

The  principal  islands  in  the  Indian  Ocean 
are  Madagascar,  Mauritius,  Reunion,  Rodriguex, 
Socotra,  Ceylon,  and  the  archipelagoes  of  the 
Andamans,  Nicobars,  Maldives,  and  Laccadivcs. 

Indian  sommer.  Fine  weather  for  a  few  days 
about  September  30  in  North  America. 

Indomitable.  British  armoured  cruiser.  (Fair* 
field,  1907.) 

Length  530  ft.    Beam  78ift. 
Displacement  17,250  tond. 


INDOMPTABLE 


299 


INGLIS 


Guns.  Armour. 

8—12  in.  "  Krupp." 

iS — 3*5  in.  12  in.  Belt  amidships. 

12  in.  Barbettes. 
Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
4  Submerged  broadside. 
I  Submerged  stem. 
Turbine.     Hp.     40,000=25    kts.     Approximate 
coal  maximum  2,400  tons. 

Approximate  cost  j^  1.744,000. 

Indompiable.    French   coast   service   battleship 
(1883).     Reconstructed  1901. 
Length  294ft.  Beam  59ft.  Maximum  draught  25  ft. 
Displacement  7,000  tons.    Complement  381. 
Guns.  A  rmour. 

2 — io'8  in.,  45  cal.    "  Compoand." 
6 — 4  in.  19  in.  Belt  amidships. 

10 — 3  pdr.  10  in.  Turrets. 

1 2  in.  Conning  tower. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  6,000=314*5  kts.    Coal  maxi- 
mum 800  tons. 

Indra  Line,  Ltd.,  with  their  head  offices  in  Liver- 
pool, have  a  fleet  of  steamers  which  operate  between 
New  York  and  the  Far  East,  and  in  the  Colonial 
trade  from  London.  The  company  has  only  been 
formed  a  short  time,  and  at  present  owns  modem 
cargo-carrying  vessels. 

Fleet. 

Indra.  Indralema.  Indrasamha. 

Indradevi.  Indramayo.         Indravelli. 

Indraghiri.  Indrani.  Indrawadi. 

Indrapura. 

Indraught.  A  peculiar  flowing  of  the  ocean 
towards  any  contracting  part  of  coast  or  coasts, 
such  as  that  which  sets  from  the  Atlantic  into  the 
Straits  of  Gibraltar  and  on  other  coasts  of  Europe 
and  Africa.  It  usually  applies  to  a  strong  current, 
apt  to  cause  a  sort  of  vortex. 

Indu.  P.  and  O.  Co.'s  steamer.  Wrecked  off 
the  coast  of  Ceylon,  November  8,  1884. 

Infanta  Isabel.  Spanish  sloop.  (Cadiz,  1887.) 
Length,  211  ft. ;  beam,  32  ft.  :  draught,  12}  ft.  ; 
displacement,  1,1x2  tons  ;  complement,  130  ;  arma- 
ment, 4  4*7  in.,  2  2*7-in.,  3  q.f.,  2  tubes;  Hp., 
1 ,500=  14  kts.  ;  coal.  220  tons. 

Infemet.     French  avisos.     (Bordeaux,  1899.) 
Length  312ft.     Beam  39ft.     Mean  draught  16ft. 
Displacement  3,460  tons.    Complement  234. 
Guns,  Armour. 

2 — 5 '5  in.,  45  cal.  "  Hard  steel." 

4 — 4  in.  i^  in.  Deck. 

8— 3P<Sr. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
3  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.    Hp.   8,500=21   kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 480  tons.    Approximate  cost  j^a  10,000. 

Ingeniere   Hyatt    Chilian   torpedo-boat.     (Yar- 
Torw.    1898.)     Displacement,    140  tons ;   maximum 


draught,    7 J    ft.  ;    armament,    3    3 -pdr. ;    tubes, 
3  14-in.  ;  Hp.,  2,200  =  27  kts.  ;  coal,  40  tons. 

Ingeniere  MntOla.  Chilian  torpedo-boat.  (Yar- 
row, 1898.)  Displacement,  140  tons ;  ma-rimiMw 
draught,  7 J  ft.  ;  armament,  3  3-pdr. ;  tubes,  3  14-in. ; 
Hp.,  2,200=27  kts. ;  coal,  40  tons. 

Inglifl,  A.  and  J.,  Ltd.,  Glasgow.  The  firm  of 
A.  and  J.  Inglis  was  founded  in  1847,  when  Anthony 
Inglis  was  joined  by  his  brother  John  in  the  en- 
gineering premises  at  Warroch  Street,  still  occupied 
by  the  firm.  Their  first  important  contract  was 
obtained  in  1850,  when  they  received  the  order  for 
the  engines  and  boilers  of  the  paddle-tug  Clyde, 
belonging  to  the  Clyde  Navigation  trustees.  This 
machinery,  after  ^y  years*  constant  service,  is  still 
in  daily  use.  In  1862  ground  was  acquired  at 
the  confluence  of  the  Kelvin  and  the  Clyde,  and 
the  establishment  of  Pointhouse  Ship  Yard  was 
conunenced. 

Messrs.  Inglis  have  always  aimed  at  producing 
quality  rather  than  quantity,  and  have  confined 
their  attention  almost  entirely  to  passenger  steamers 
and  yachts.  Of  other  t3rpes  perhaps  the  most 
interesting  are  the  train  transfer  steamers  con- 
structed by  them.  The  last  of  these,  intended  to 
carry  trains  for  a  journey  of  oyer  50  miles  on  the 
River  Plate,  was  completed  in  1907.  They  have 
also  built  several  oil-tank  steamers  for  the  Anglo- 
American  Oil  Co.  Of  passenger  steamers  they  have 
built  over  50  for  the  British  India  Co.  and  com- 
panies connected  with  it.  Many  of  the  cross- 
Channel  steamers  engaged  in  the  Irish  trade  have 
come  from  Pointhouse.  Recently  Messrs.  Inglis 
supplied  quite  a  fleet  of  coasting  steamers  to  New- 
foundland. Their  paddle  steamers  are  well  known 
on  the  River  Clyde,  the  River  Plate,  and  the 
Chinese  rivers.  They  have  built  a  large  number 
of  yachts,  both  steam  and  sailing,  and  were  recently 
selected  by  an  Admiralty  committee  to  build  a 
turbine  yacht  for  H.M.  the  King. 

An  interesting « undertaking  in  the  way  of  recon- 
struction was  the  conversion  by  Messrs.  Inglis  of 
the  Khedive's  Mahroussa,  a  paddle  yacht  built  in 
1866.  into  a  modern  vessel  equipped  with  turbine 
machinery. 

Inglis,  John  (b.  Glasgow,  July  16,  1842).  LL.D. 
(Glasgow  University).  Educated  Glasgow  Schools 
(Various)  and  at  Glasgow  University.  Pupil  of  the 
late  Professor  Thomson  (Lord  Kelvin)  {q.v.)  in  class- 
room and  laboratory  ;  also  of  the  late  Professor 
Rankine.  Served  apprenticeship  as  marine  en- 
gineer in  the  works  of  Messrs.  A.  and  J.  Inglis, 
Glasgow,  and  since  1888  has  been  senior  partner 
of  the  firm.  Pointhouse  Shipbuilding  Yard  was 
opened  in  1862,  and  is  mostly  employed  in  the  con- 
struction of  high-class  passenger  steamers,  yachts, 
etc.  A  steam  yacht  of  2,500  tons  is  at  present 
being  built  there  for  the  service  of  H.M.  King 
Edward  VII.  Is  a  director  of  the  North-British 
Railway  Co.,  and  of  the  Merchants'  House,  Glasgow. 


IN 


300 


INSTITUTION 


A  trustee  of  the  Clyde  Navigation  and  of  Clyde 
Lighthouses ;  a  J. P.  of  the  county  of  the  City  of 
Glasgow.  In  1893  ^c  Khedive  of  Egypt  con- 
ferred on  him  insignia  of  a  commander  of  the 
Imperial  Order  of  the  Osmanieh. 

In  irons.  When  a  vessel  will  not  obey  her  helm 
owing  to  the  sails  being  badly  placed. 

Inland  Conveyance  Clause.    See  Clauses. 

Inland  Risk  danse.    See  Clauses. 

Inland  sea.  Implies  a  very  large  gulf  surrounded 
by  land,  except  at  the  communication  with  the 
ocean,  such  as  the  Baltic,  Red,  and  Mediterranean 
Seas,  the  Inland  Sea  of  Japan,  etc. 

Inman  Line,  founded  in  1857  by  Mr.  William 
Inman,  who  formerly  managed  the  fleet  of  sailing 
vessels  trading  between  Liverpool  and  Phila- 
delphia, owned  by  Richardson  Brothers,  of  Liver- 
pool, afterwards  Richardson,  Spence  and  Co.  The 
company  was  purchased  by  a  group  of  United 
States  capitalists,  and  forms  part  of  what  is  now 
known  as  the  American  Line  (^.v.). 

Inman,  William  (1825-81).  Founder  of  the  Inman 
Line  of  steamers  {q.v.). 

LN.8.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Inverness,  Scotland. 

Inschener  Mechanik  Anastossow.  Russian  tor- 
pedo-boat destroyer.  (Havre,  1900.)  Length, 
186  ft.  ;  beam,  20  ft.  ;  draught,  10  ft.  ;  displace- 
ment, 300  tons ;  armament,  i  12-pdr.,  $  3-pdr., 
2  tubes;  twin  screw;  Hp.,  5,000=25  kts. ;  coal, 
80  tons. 

Insohener  Mechanik  Dmitriew.  Russian  torpedo- 
boat  destroyer  (1906).  Length,  185  ft. ;  beam, 
21  ft.  ;  draught,  7I  ft.  ;  displacement,  324  tons ; 
complement,  60;  armament,  i  x2-pdr.,  5  3-pdr., 
2  tubes ;  twin  screw ;  Hp.,  5,600=26  kts. ;  coal, 
xoo  tons. 

Inschener  Mechanik  Swerow.  Russian  torpedo- 
boat  destroyer  (1906).  Length,'  185  ft.  ;  beam, 
21  it.;  draught,  7 J  ft.;  displacement,  324  tons; 
complement,  60;  armament,  i  12-pdr.,  5  3-pdr., 
2  tubes;  twin  screw;  Hp.,  5,600=26  kts.;  coal, 
100  tons. 

Insolation.    Solar  radiation. 
Insolent    British  3rd  class  gun-boat.    Launched 
1881. 

Inspection  of  ships.  (Merchant  Shipping  Act, 
1894,  sections  728-730,  724-726,  202-206.) 

The  inspection  of  ships  is  carried  out  by  in- 
spectors appointed  by  the  Board  of  Trade,  who 
report : 

(i)  On  the  nature  and  causes  of  any  accident 
or  damage  caused  or  sustained  by  any  ship ; 
(2)  whether  the  provisions  of  this  Act  or  any 
regulations  made  thereunder  have  been  complied 
with  ;  or  (3)  whether  a  steamship  and  her  machinery 
are  in  proper  condition. 


An  inspector  may  board  any  ship,  inspect  her 
machinery,  boats,  equipment,  and  papers,  examine 
witnesses  on  oath,  and  require  the  production  of  all 
documents  and  books  for  the  purposes  of  his  re- 
port. Any  person  refusing  to  attend  as  a  witness, 
or  to  produce  any  document  in  his  possession,  or 
obstructing  an  inspector  in  the  execution  of  his 
duty,  shall  be  liable  to  a  fine  not  exceeding  j^io. 

Shipwright  and  engineer  surveyors  are  also  ap- 
pointed to  examine  the  hull,  machinery,  boats, 
equipment  and  officer's  certificates,  crew  accom- 
modation and  ventilation,  and  may  require  a  ship 
to  be  docked  for  the  purpose  of  surveying  her  hull. 

A  medical  inspector  is  appointed  by  the  local 
marine  board  for  each  port  (or  where  there  is  no 
such  board  then  by  the  Board  of  Trade) ,  and  paid  out 
of  the  Mercantile  Marine  Fund.  His  duties  are  to 
visit  and  inspect  medicines,  anti-scorbutics,  and 
medical  stores  before  a  vessel  is  allowed  to  leave. 
If  in  the  opinion  of  the  medical  inspector  the 
articles  inspected  are  deficient  in  quantity  or 
quality,  he  shall  give  notice  to  the  chief  officer  of 
the  Customs,  who  shall  detain  the  vessel  until 
defects  are  remedied. 

If  a  ship  proceeds  to  sea  before  released  by  a 
competent  authority,  her  master,  owner,  or  other 
person  who  sends  the  ship  to  sea,  if  privy  to  the 
offence,  shall  be  Uable  to  a  fine  not  exceeding 

;£lOO. 

A  medical  inspector  shall,  on  application,  ex- 
amine any  seaman  applying  for  employment  in 
any  ship,  and  give  to  the  superintendent  a  report 
stating  whether  the  seaman  is  in  a  fit  state  for 
duty. 

Refer  to  Merchant  Shipping  Act,  Passenger  Boats 
(for  emigration  officers). 

Inst.    Abbreviation  for  instant  present  month. 

Institute  Bnilders'  Clauses  (1906).    See  Clauses. 

Institate  Builders'  Collision  danse.    See  Causes. 

Institute  Builders'  Protection  and  Indenudtj 
Clause.     See  Clauses. 

Institute  Time  Clauses  (1906).    See  Clauses. 

Institute  Voyage  Glauses.    See  Clauses. 

Institution  of  Naval  Architects.  The  Institution 
of  Naval  Architects  was  founded  at  a  meeting 
held  on  January  16,  i860,  at  the  Society  of  Arts. 
Mr.  H.  Chatfield  in  the  chair.  At  this  meeting 
were  present  a  number  of  prominent  naval  archi- 
tects and  shipbuilders,  among  whom  may  be  men- 
tioned Messrs.  John  Scott  Russell,  John  Penn. 
£.  J.  Reed,  John  Grantham,  Oliver  Lang.  F.  K. 
Barnes,  Nathaniel  Bamaby,  and  the  Rev.  Joseph 
Woolley,  who  had  been  principal  of  the  School  ol 
Mathematics  and  Naval  Construction  at  Ports- 
mouth. 

The  professed  objects  of  the  institution  were  to 
promote  the  improvement  of  ships — first,  by 
bringing  together  the  results  of  the  experience  of 


INSTITUTION 


301 


INSTITUTION 


naval  architects,  shipbuilders,  marine  engineers, 
naval  officers,  yachtsmen,  and  others,  and  em- 
bodying this  experience  in  the  printed  Transactions 
of  the  institution  ;  secondly,  by  the  carrying  out  of 
experimental  and  other  inquiries  relating  to  the 
science  of  shipbuilding;  and,  thirdly,  by  the  ex- 
amination of  new  inventions  and  the  investigation 
of  professional  questions. 

The  first  president  of  the  institution  was  Sir 
John  Pakington  (afterwards  Lord  Hampton),  who 
for  20  years  presided  over  the  meetings  and  guided 
the  destinies  of  the  society.  He  was  succeeded  in 
1880  by  the  Earl  of  Ravensworth,  who  in  turn  was 
followed  by  Lord  Brassey  in  1893,  ^Y  ^®  ^^^  ^^ 
Hopetoun  in  1896,  and  by  the  Earl  of  Glasgow  in 
1901. 

The  secretarial  duties  were  undertaken  for  the 
first  few  years  by  Sir  Edward  (then  Mr.)  Reed, 
who  hiad  taken  an  active  part  in  establishing  the 
institution.  He  was  followed  in  1873  by  Mr. 
Merrifield,  who  acted  as  honorary  secretary  for  a 
period  of  10  years ;  while  Mr.  (now  Sir  George) 
Holmes  subsequently  held  office  as  secretary  for  a 
period  of  over  20  years.  The  present  secretary, 
Mr.  R.  W.  Dana,  was  appointed  in  1901.  To  their 
zeal  and  devotion  much  of  the  success  of  the 
institution  may  be  ascribed. 

The  institution  at  first  consisted  of  members 
and  associates  only,  and  membership  was  restricted 
to  professional  naval  architects  and  shipbuilders, 
but  was  soon  extended  so  as  to  include  marine 
engineers  as  well.  An  intermediate  class  of 
membership,  termed  "  associate  members,"  was 
formed  in  1899,  and  a  few  years  later  a  student 
class  was  added  to  enable  younger  men  to  enjoy 
most  of  the  advantages  of  membership  at  reduced 
fees.  The  numbers  now  on  the  books  are  :  Honor- 
ary members,  12;  members,  1,097;  associate 
members,    118;    associates,   476;    students,   93 — 

total,  1,796- 

The  institution  comprises  among  its  members 
a  large  number  of  distinguished  naval  architects  and 
shipbuilders  of  all  nationalities.  Until  the  year 
1888  there  existed  outside  Great  Britain  no  society 
devoted  purely  to  naval  architecture,  but  in  that 
year  the  Association  Technique  Maritime  was 
founded  in  Paris,  while  in  1893  the  Society  of 
Naval  Architects  and  Marine  Engineers  sprang 
into  existence  in  New  York,  followed  in  1899  by 
the  Schiffbautechnische  Gesellschaft  in  Berlin.  All 
these  societies  are  modelled  upon  the  English 
institution,  and  they  contribute  largely  to  promote 
the  scientific  study  of  naval  architecture  throughout 

the  iv'orld. 

The  meetings  of  the  institution  are  held  annually 
in  London,  shortly  before  Easter,  in  the  Hall  of  the 
Society  of  Arts,  while  numerous  summer  meetings 
have  during  the  past  30  years  been  held  at  the  prin- 
cipal shipbuilding  centres  of  the  United  Kingdom, 
and  also  abroad  in  Paris,  Berlin,  Hamburg  and  Bor- 
deaux,     lo     1897    sm    International    Congress    of 


Naval  Architects  was  held  in  London  under  the 
auspices  of  the  institution  ;  His  Majesty  the  King, 
(then  Prince  of  Wales)  opened  the  proceedings  at 
the  Imperial  Institute.  South  Kensington.  Dele- 
gates attended  on  behalf  of  the  various  maritime 
governments,  and  the  congress  was  successful  in 
bringing  together  a  large  number  of  British  and 
foreign  naval  architects  and  shipbtilders. 

The  Transactions  of  the  institution  form  a 
collection  of  (at  present)  some  50  quarto  volumes, 
containing  papers  and  reports  of  discussion  on  all 
subjects  relating  to  the  theory  and  practice  of 
naval  architecture  during  the  past  half  century. 
The  classic  researches  of  Froude  into  the  rolling 
of  ships  and  the  theory  of  ship  resistance,  Rankine's 
investigations  of  these  and  other  problems,  the 
numerous  and  valuable  contributions  by  Scott 
Russell,  Sir  Nathaniel  Bamaby,  Sir  Edward  Reed, 
Sir  William  White,  Sir  John  Durston,  Sir  PhUip 
Watts,  Mr.  William  John,  Dr.  Elgar,  Mr.  Martell, 
Professor  Biles — to  mention  only  a  few  of  the  dis- 
tinguished names  that  occur — ^wiU  be  found  in  the 
pages  of  the  Transactions. 

The  library,  which  was  started  by  gifts  of  books 
from  the  late  Mr.  Samuel  Read,  Mr.  T.  J.  Ditchbum, 
and  others,  now  contains  all  the  principal  modem 
works  and  periodicals  relating  to  naval  architecture, 
besides  a  number  of  the  early  and  rarer  books  of 
historic  interest  to  the  student  of  this  subject. 

A  gold  medal  and  premium  are  offered  annually 
by  the  Council  for  papers  of  exceptional  merit 
contributed  by  members  outside  the  governing 
body. 

Scholarships  in  naval  architecture  of  the  annual 
value  of  ;f  50  and  tenable  for  three  years  are  also 
administered  by  the  Council  of  the  institution,  who 
base  their  award  on  the  results  of  the  Board  of 
Education's  examinations  in  the  prescribed  sub- 
jects. 

From  the  earliest  years  of  its  formation,  the 
institution,  through  its  Council,  has  taken  an 
active  part  in  matters  relating  to  the  education 
and  training  of  naval  architects.  It  was  in  conse- 
quence of  such  action  that  a  school  of  naval  archi- 
tecture was  established  at  South  Kensington  in 
1864,  there  having  been  none  in  existence  in  this 
country  since  the  closing  of  the  School  of  Mathe- 
matics and  Naval  Construction  at  Portsmouth 
in  1853.  '^b®  school  at  South  Kensington  was 
placed  under  the  direction  of  Mr.  Merrifield  (the 
honorary  secretary  of  the  institution)  as  Principal, 
while  Dr.  WooUey  was  appointed  Director  of 
Studies  by  the  Admiralty.  The  school  fully  justi- 
fied its  existence  from  the  start,  and  continued  to 
receive  the  care  and  attention  of  the  Council  of  the 
institution,  to  which  it  owed  its  existence.  It 
was  finally  transferred  to  Greenwich,  where  it 
was  merged  into  the  more  comprehensive  estab- 
lishment of  the  Royal  Naval  College.  The  fine 
collection  of  ship  models  at  South  Kensington, 
which  had  been  transferred  there  from  Somerset 


i 


I 


INSTITUTION 


302 


INTERMITTENT 


House  at  the  time  the  School  of  Naval  Architecture 
was  established,  still  remains  to  recall  the  fact. 

The  Institution  of  Naval  Architects  also  exercises 
influence  through  its  representatives  upon  various 
public  bodies,  such  as  the  Technical  Sub-Committee 
of  Lloyd's  Register,  the  Advisory  Committee  to  the 
Board  of  Trade,  the  National  Physical  Laboratory 
at  Bushey,  the  Engineering  Standards  Committee, 
the  Courts  of  Liverpool  and  Sheffield  Universities, 
and  upon  the  Governing  Body  of  the  Imperial  Col- 
lege of  Science  and  Technology  at  South  Kensing- 
ton ;  while  the  various  departmental  and  other 
Committees  that  are  frequently  appointed  by 
Government  to  inquire  into  matters  relating  to 
shipbuilding  or  marine  engineering  usually  include 
members  of  the  institution  among  their  numbers. 
Of  late  years  the  conditions  attaching  to  election 
as  member  have  been  made  more  rigorous  in  order 
to  raise  the  standard  of  qualifications  for  full 
membership,  five  years'  previous  occupation  of 
a  position  of  primary  responsibility  being  now 
required  of  candidates,  in  addition  to  the  existing 
qualifications*regarding  education  and  training. 

The  offices  and  library  of  the  institution  have 
for  the  past  30  years  been  situated  at  5  Adolphi 
Terrace,  London,  W.C.,  the  rooms  deriving  an 
historical  interest  from  the  fact  that  Garrick,  the 
famous  actor,  and  Mrs.  Garrick  occupied  them  for 
almost  as  long  a  period  as  the  Institution  of  Naval 
Architects. 

Institatioii  0!  Naval  Architects,  Swedish,  founded 
in  the  autumn  of  1904,  works  very  much  on  the 
same  lines  as  the  Institution  of  Naval  Architects. 
London.  The  institution  has  about  120  members, 
and,  practically  speaking,  every  prominent  Swedish 
shipbuilder  and  marine  engineer  belongs  to  the 
institution.  Meetings  are  held  twice  a  year  at 
Stockholm,  in  the  hall  of  the  Swedish  Institution  of 
Civil  Engineers,  when  technical  papers  connected 
with  shipbuilding  and  marine  engineering  are  read 
and  discussed. 

Iniiirable  interest.    Sea  Interest. 

Insurance.  See  Marine  Insurance,  Life  Assur- 
ance. 

Insurance  guarantees.  See  Guarantee  of  Under- 
writers. 

Insurer.    See  Insurable  Interest. 

Intense  cold,  Unconsciousness  from.  See  Ap- 
parently Dead,  Methods  of  restoring  the. 

Intensity  of  light  The  degree  of  brightness  of 
a  planet  or  comet,  expressed  as  a  number  varying 
with  the  distance  of  the  body  from  the  sun  and 
earth. 

Interest.  In  marine  insurance  what  is  an  in- 
surable interest  ?  Primarily,  ownership  ;  secondly, 
a  substantial  concern  in  its  preservation.  Some- 
one who  is  to  have  benefit  from  its  existence,  or 
prejudice  from  its  loss  (cx-alien  enemies).    Shippers, 


consignees,  agents,  have  an  insurable  interest  in 
property  on  which  they  possess  a  valid  claim  for 
advances,  etc.  ;  the  assignee  of  a  bill  of  lading  in 
respect  of  moneys  due  to  him ;  the  mortgagee  of 
the  ship  ;  a  trustee  in  the  property,  and  the  under- 
writer in  respect  of  his  risk.  (McArthur  on  Insur- 
ance, p.  95.)  Each  part  owner  of  the  ship  has  the 
right  to  insure  his  share  as  principal ;  if  the  manag- 
ing owner  insures  the  whole  he  insures  co-owner's 
shares  as  agent.  (French  v.  Backhouse,  5  Burr.) 
As  with  cargo,  if  tvvo  persons  have  insured  the  ship, 
and  each  to  its  full  value,  the  total  recovery  can 
only  be  for  one  value.  A  freight  actually  con- 
tracted for  under  a  bargain  that  can  be  enforced 
at  law  is  an  insurable  interest ;  a  future  freight  not 
thus  secured  is  not. 

The  one  rule  upon  which  English  law  insists  is 
that  to  constitute  an  insurable  interest  in  freight 
there  must  exist  some  legally  enforceable  bargain 
or  contract.     (Patrick  v.  Eames,  3  Camp.  441.) 

Profit  can  be  insured  if  a  reasonable  expectation 
of  such  interest  can  be  shown,  or  a  legal  interest 
in  the  arrival  of  the  venture.  (Amould,  4th  ed., 
PP-  36*  37.  65.)  Refer  to  Honour  Policies  and 
Bottomry. 

I 

A  mortgagee  has  an  insurable  interest  in  a  ship 
up  to  the  amount  he  has  advanced  upon  it  as 
security  unless  the  excess  of  this  amount  is  on 
account  of  the  mortgagor.  The  position  of  the 
latter  is  different ;  he  is  entitled  to  insure  the  ship 
for  her  full  value  ;  for  although  in  case  of  her  loss 
the  security  of  the  mortgagee  is  gone,  the  mort- 
gagor is  still  liable  for  the  debt.  (Amould,  p.  307, 
citing  Alls  ton  v.  Campbell.)  See  Gow  on  Marine 
Insurance,  p.  83. 

The  payer  of  advances  for  expenses  at  and  from 
a  port  of  refuge  to  destination  of  a  ship  compelled 
to  put  in  from  accident  has  an  insurable  interest 
thereon. 

The  lender  of  money  on  bottomry  {q.v.)  or  re- 
spondentia {g.v.)  has  an  insurable  interest  thereon, 
but  the  interest  must  be  specifically  named  in  the 
policy.  (Glover  v.  Black,  3  Burr,  1,394;  Park  on 
Insurance,  p.  301.) 

Passage  money  is  an  insurable  interest. 

Seamen's  wages  (except  the  master's  or  his  com- 
mission) and  slaves  cannot  legally  be  insured. 

The  word  "  goods  "  does  not  cover  bonds  or 
titles,  fodder,  live-stock,  spare  outfit  of  ship,  or 
effects.  All  these  interests  must  be  specifically 
named  in  the  policy. 

Interest  policy.     See  Policy. 

Interinsular  services  of  the  Canary  Islands.    See 

Elder,  Dempster  and  Co. 

Intermittent  light.  One  of  the  lights  exhibited  in 
lighthouses  under  the  catoptric  system.  This  light 
bursts  suddenly  into  view,  remains  steady  a  sKort 
time,  and  is  then  eclipsed  for  half  a  minute. 


INTERNATIONAL 


3<^3 


INVINCIBLE 


Intemational  code  ol  lignals.  i.  The  new  inter- 
national  code  of  signals,  which  came  into  force  in 
1 90 1,  consists  of  26  flags  (two  burgees,  five  pen- 
nants, and  19  square  flags),  representing  the  letters 
of  the  alphabet,  besides  an  "  answering  pennant," 
or  "  code  flag." 

A  on^-fiag  signal  is  a  towage  or  special  message. 

A  two'fi&g  signal  is  urgent  or  important  matter. 

A  three-^g  signal  includes  compass  money, 
weights  and  measures,  fractions  and  decimals, 
auxiliary  phrases,  general  vocabulary,  divisions  of 
time,  barometer  and  thermometer,  and  numerical 
table. 

A  /our-flag  signal  refers  to  geography,  spelling, 
and  names  of  ships. 

2.  Distant  signals  (used  when  the  condition  of 
the  atmosphere  renders  it  impossible  to  distin- 
guish the  colours  of  flags)  include  cones,  balls, 
drums,  square  flags,  pennants,  and  whefts  (any 
flag  tied  in  the  centre). 

3.  Semaphore  signals. 

4.  The  Morse  code  may  be  used  at  night  or  in 
thick  weather,  either  by  long  and  short  flashes  of 
light,  or  by  long  and  short  Uasts  on  the  whistle 
or  siren. 

Refer  to  Collisions,  Regulations  for  the  Preven- 
tion of,  at  Sea  (Article  31),  Telegraphy  and  Sema- 
phore Signals. 

Intsmatioiial  law.  (i)  Public.  "The  law  of 
nations  is  that  collection  of  usages  which  civilised 
States  have  agreed  to  observe  in  their  dealings 
with  one  another.  Treaties  and  Acts  of  States  are 
but  evidence  of  the  agreement  of  nations,  and  do 
not,  in  this  country  at  least,  per  se,  bind  the 
tribunals.  Neither,  certainly,  does  a  consensus  of 
jurists  ;  but  it  is  evidence  of  the  agreement  of 
nations  on  international  points ;  and  on  such 
points  when  they  arise  the  English  Courts  give 
effect  as  part  of  English  law  to  such  agreements." 

Wheaton  attributes  international  law '  to  the 
following  sources :  Text  writers  of  authority  as 
witnesses  of  usage,  treaties  of  peace,  alliance  and 
commerce,  ordinances  of  particular  States  pre- 
scribing rules  for  the  conduct  of  their  commis- 
sioned cruisers  and  prize  tribunals,  adjudications  of 
international  tribunals,  written  opinions  of  official 
jurists  given  confidentially  to  their  governments 
and  the  history  of  wars,  negotiations,  treaties,  and 
other  transactions  relating  to  the  pubUc  intercourse 
of  nations. 

(2)  Private  international  law  is  that  branch  of 
municipal  law  which  determines  before  the  Court 
of  what  nation  and  by  what  law  a  particular  action 
shall  be  tried.  Questions  as  to  whether  a  person 
owes  allegiance  to  a  particular  State  where  he  is 
domiciled,  and  whether  his  status,  property  rights, 
and  duties  are  governed  by  the  le»  fori,  the  lex 
loci,  or  the  lex  domicilii  are  subject  to  private 
intematioaal  law. 


Internatioiial  Meroantik  Karine  Oo.  See  Ameri- 
can Line. 

Internatioiial  Havigation  Oo.    See  American  Line. 

IntertropioaL  The  space  included  between  the 
tropics  on  each  side  of  the  equator,  making  a  zone 
of  nearly  47 '. 

In  the  wind.    Head  to  wind,  sails  flapping. 

Intcndoation,  UnocnseioasnesB  from.  See  Appa- 
rently Dead,  Methods  of  Restoring  the. 

Intrepid.    Ship.    See  Arctic  Exploration. 

Inverclyde,  Baron  (Sir  John  Burns)  (1821-1901). 
Educated  Glasgow  University,  and  subsequently 
became  associated  with  the  Cunard  Steamship  Co., 
of  which  his  father  was  one  of  the  founders. 
Became  head  of  this  company  on  the  retirement  of 
the  original  partners. 

Publications :  "  The  Adaptation  of  Merchant 
Steamships  for  War  Purposes,"  "  Something  about 
the  Cunard  Line,"  "  A  Wild  Night,"  and  "  Glimpses 
of  Glasgow  Low  Life." 

Invarolyde»  2nd  Baron  (George  Arbuthnot  Burns) 
(1861-1905).  Son  of  ist  Baron  Inverdyde,  whom 
he  succeeded  as  chairman  of  the  Cunard  Steam- 
ship  Co.  Served  for  some  time  as  Lord  Dean  of 
Guild  of  the  City  of  Glasgow. 

Inver  Steamship  Ck).,  managed  by  Messrs.  T.  B. 
Royden,'  of  Liverpool,  have  a  fleet  of  two  modern 
cargo  steamers.  These  vessels  are  not  in  any 
particular  trade,  but  carry  cargo  to  and  from 
various  ports  of  the  world  as  inducement  offers. 

Fleet. 
Inveresk,  Inverdyde. 

Inversion  of  temperature.  A  warmer  stratum  of 
air  above  a  colder  one. 

Investigator.  In  1849,  this  vessel,  commanded  by 
M'Clure,  sailed  from  England  in  search  of  Sir  John 
Franklin  {q.v.).     Refer  to  Arctic  Exploration. 

Invieta.  Turbine  steamer  belonging  to  the  S.-E. 
and  C.  Railway  Co.,  built  Dumbarton,  1905.  Has 
a  gross  tonnage  of  1,680,  Hp.  9,000,  and  sea  speed 
of  22  kts.,  and  holds  the  recorc^  between  Dover  and 
Calais.  This  vessel  is  usually  used  by  Royalty 
when  crossing  the  Channel. 

Invincible.  74  guns.  On  March  16,  1801,  this 
vessel  was  wrecked  near  Yarmouth,  when  Captain 
John  Rennie  and  the  crew,  except  126  hands, 
perished. 

Invinoibto.  British  armoured  cruiser.  (Elswick^ 
1907.) 

Length  5  30ft.     Beam  78^ ft 
Displacement  17,250  tons. 
Guns.  Armour, 

8—12  in.  "  Krupp." 

18 — 3*5  in.  12  in.  Belt  amidships. 

12  in.  Barbettes. 


INVOICE 


304 


IRONCLAD 


Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 

4  Submerged  broadside. 

I  Submerged  stem. 

Turbine.     Hp.  40,000=25  kts. 

Approximate  cost  ;f  1,7  5 0,000. 

In?oioe.  A  document  enumerating  goods  sold 
from  A  to  B.  Where  the  goods  are  exported  by  A 
to  be  sold  on  his  own  account  the  document  is  a 
specification,  and  not,  strictly  speaking,  an  invoice' 

loann  Zlatoiut  Russian  battleship.  Black  Sea. 
(Nicolaieff,  1905.) 

Length  371ft.   Beam  72ft.   Maximum  draught  28ft. 
Displacement  12,600  tons.     Complement  731. 
Guns.  Armour. 

4 — 12  in.,  40  cal.        "  Krupp." 
16 — 6  in.  9  in.  Belt  amidships. 

14 — 12  pdr.  12  in.  Turrets. 

6 — 3  pdr.  10  in.  Conning  tower. 

6 — I  pdr. 

Torpedo  Tubes, 

1  Submerged  bow. 

2  Submerged  broadside. 
I  Above  water  stem. 

Twin  screw.  Hp.  10,600=18  kts.  Coal  normal 
670  tons.     Approximate  cost  ;{x, 000,000. 

Ion.  Any  minute  material  particle  which  carries 
an  electrical  charge. 

Xonian  Sea.  Situated  to  the  south  ol  the  Adriatic, 
and  in  reality  that  part  of  the  Mediterranean  which 
lies  between  Italy  and  Greece. 

Iowa.    U.S.  battleship.  (Cramp's,  1896.) 
Length  360ft.   Beam  72ft.  Maximum  draught  28ft. 
Displacement  1 1.4 10  tons.     Complement  486. 
Guns.  Armour. 

4 — 12  in.  "  Harvey." 

8 — 8  in.  14  in.  Belt  amidships. 

4 — 4  in.  14  in.  Turrets. 

22 — 6  pdr.  10  in.  Conning  tower. 

4 — I  pdr. 
4  Colts. 
2  Field  guns,  3  in. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
3  Above  water. 
Twin    screw.      Hp.     forced     11,000=16*5     kts. 
Coal  maximum  1,780  tons. 

Approximate  cost  ;£  1,000, 000. 

Iphigenia.    British  2nd  class  cruiser  (1891). 
Length  300ft.   Beam  43ft.  Maximum  draught  i8ft. 
Displacement  3,400  tons.     Complement  273. 
Guns.  Armour, 

2—6  in.  "  Steel." 

6 — 4*7  in.  2  in.  Deck. 

8 — 6  pdr.  3  in.  Conning  tower. 

1—3  pdr. 
4  Machine. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (14  in.). 
4  Above  water. 


Twin    screw.     Hp.    natural     7,000  =  1 8*5    kts., 
forced  9,000=20  kts.     Coal  maximum  535  tons. 
Approximate  cost  ;£2oo,ooo. 

This  ship-name  was  first  introduced  into  the 
Navy  in  1780,  and  is  associated  with  the  capture 
of  the  French  Inconstante,  1793  ;  and  the  capture 
of  Bourbon,  18 10. 

IqoitOB  Stoanuhip  Co.*  Ltd.    See  Booth  Line. 

Irene.     Obsolete  German  cruiser  (1888). 
Length  334ft.   Beam  42ft.  Maximum  draught  22ft. 
Displacement  4,300  tons.     Complement  365. 
Guns.  Armour, 

4—6  in.  "  Steel." 

8 — 4*1  in.  3  in.  Deck. 

6 — 4  pdr.  3  in.  Conning  tower. 

8  Machine. 

Torpedo  Tubes, 

1  Submerged  bow. 

2  Above  water. 

Twin  screw.  Hp.  8,000=18  kts.  Coal  maxi- 
mum 750  tons. 

Iride.     Italian  torpedo  gun-boat  (1891). 
Displacement  650  tons.     Complement  118. 

Guns,  Armour. 

1—47  in.  "  Steel." 

6 — 6  pdr.  i^  in.  Deck. 

3 — I  pdr. 

Torpedo  Tubes, 
6  Above  water. 
Twin  3crew.    Hp.  4,100=19*5  kts.    Coal  maxi- 
mum 180  tons. 

Irideeeent  'donds.  The  under-snrface  of  cirrus 
or  cirro-cumulus  clouds  illuminated  with  rings  or 
patches  of  iridescent  colours. 

Ids.  British  steamer.  Sunk  o£f  Cape  Villano, 
November  8,  X883  ;  35  lives  lost. 

Irish  pennants.  Fag  ends  of  rope  hanging  on 
the  rigging. 

Irish  8ea»  connected  with  the  Atlantic  on  the 
soath  by  St.  George's  Channel,  on  the  north  by 
St.  Patrick's  or  North  Channel,  is  the  sea  which 
lies  between  England  and  Ireland.  It  is  com- 
paratively speaking  shallow,  the  maxiTmim  depth 
being  about  850  ft.  in  St.  Patrick's  Channel.  There 
is  a  great  difference  in  the  height  of  the  tide  on  the 
different  sides,  the  tide  on  the  east  side  being  con- 
siderably greater  than  that  on  the  west. 

Irish  Shipowners  Co.,  Ltd.    See  Lord  Line. 

Irish  Tacht  Clab,  BoyaL  See  Royal  Irish  Yacht 
Qub. 

Iron-boond*  Applied  to  the  coast  where  the 
shores  are  composed  of  rocks  which  rise  perpendicu- 
larly from  the  sea,  and  have  no  anchorage  near 
them. 

ironehUL  A  name  generally  applied  to  all  armoured 
vessels.  Originally  used  in  1855,  when  a  system  of 
plating  ships  with  iron  was  first  tried  on  some  of 


IRONS 


305 


ISAAC 


the  French  floating  batteries.  The  French  Gloire 
was  the  first  ironclad  to  be  built,  but  was  quickly 
followed  by  the  English  armoured  vessels  of  the 
old  Warrior  class. 

Iroiu.  A  ship  is  said  to  be  in  irons  when,  by 
mismanagement,  she  is  permitted  to  come  up  to 
the  wind  and  loose  her  way.  Also  the  tools  used  by 
caulkers  for  driving  oakum  into  the  seams. 

Iron-sick.  The  condition  of  a  vessel  when  the 
iron  work  becomes  loose  in  the  timbers  from  corro- 
sion. 

lEOD-work  is  the  general  name  for  all  pieces  of 
iron  used  in  the  construction  and  equipment  of 
ships. 

Irrawaddy  Flotilla  Co.,  Ltd.,  have  a  fleet  con- 
sisting of  119  steamers  and  launches,  8  tugs,  107 
flats  and  barges,  and  131  cargo  boats.  A  service  is 
maintained  by  the  large  express  steamers  from 
Rangoon  to  Mandalay,  and  the  rest  of  the  fleet 
maintain  services  at  scheduled  times  on  the  rivers 
in  Burmah,  principally  on  the  Irawaddy. 

Icranitible.  British  ist  class  battleship.  (Chat- 
ham, 1898.) 

Len^^  430ft.   Beam  75ft.  Maximum  draught  29ft. 
Displacement  15.000  tons.     Complement  780. 
Guns.  Armour, 

4 — 12  in.,  40  cal.        "  Krupp." 
12 — 6  in.  9  in.  Belt  amidships. 

16 — 12  pdr.  12  in.  Barbettes. 

6 — 3  pdr.  12  in.  Conning  tower. 

2  Maxims. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
4  Submerged. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  15,000s  18  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mam  2,200  tons.     Approximate  cost  ;£i  ,000,000. 

This  ship-name  is  associated  with  the  capture 
of  Martinique,  1794;  Bridport's  action  off  I. 
Groix,  1795 ;  St.  Vincent,  1797. 

Inigatum  is  the  systematic  application  of  water 
to  land  in  order  to  promote  vegetation.     In  Egypt 
the  art  of  irrigation  can  be  txaced  back  to  a  very 
early  period,  and  some  very  tangible  remains,  still 
extant,  of  ancient  irrigation  works  may  be  found 
in  many  countries  of  Europe  and  Asia,  and  in  some 
parts   of  Northern  Africa.     In  India  the  Ganges 
canal  ivith  its  many  tributaries,  serving  Cawnpore, 
Aligarli,  Etawah,  and  other  places,  bounded  by  the 
Ganges  on  the  north  and  the  Jumna  on  the  south, 
affords    an  excellent  example  of  what  irrigation 
can  do  for  a  large  tract  of  country  which  is  almost 
without  rain.     In  France  irrigation  has  met  with  in- 
creasing^  favour   of   late   years.     Since    X875    the 
Government  has  offered  prizes  for  the  best  examples 
of  irrigated  farms.     In  Belgium,  irrigation  is  exten- 
sively  practised  in  the  district  of  La  Campaign, 
where  the  whole  process  is  carried  out  in  the  most 
methodical  way,  and  under  strict  government  super- 
vision.     The  enormous  dam  built  for  the  purpose 


of  accumulating  the  Nile  waters  at  Assouan,  and 
forming  an  extensive  lake,  will  irrigate  and  bring 
under  cultivation  considerable  tracts  of  land,  and 
also  have  a  beneficial  effect  on  the  climate  of  Lower 
Egypt. 

See  Wilcox  "  Egyptian  Irrigation  "  (2nd  ed.  1899), 
King's  **  Irrigation  and  Drainage  "  (1899),  Buckley's 
"Irrigation  Works  in  India"  (1905),  Wilson's 
"  Manual  of  Irrigation  "  (1893). 

Irvine,  Admiral  Sir  Qwxg^  Oaafldd  D'Arey-, 
K.O.B.,  cr.  1902.  Entered  Navy,  1845  ;  served  as 
midshipman  in  the  boats  of  the  Alarm,  in  an  expe- 
dition composed  of  the  boats  of  the  Alarm,  Vixen 
and  Daring,  up  the  river  St.  Juan  Le  Nigaragua ; 
was  present  at  the  storming  and  taking  of  the  forts 
at  Serapagni;  present  at  the  taking  of  the  forts 
at  Truxillo ;  served  in  the  Hastings  and  Pilot  in 
China ;  mate  in  the  Megaera  in  the  Black  Sea 
during  Russian  war,  1854 ;  promoted  Ueutenant, 
1854  (Crimean  and  Turkish  medals,  Sebastopol 
clash)  ;  lieutenant  of  Centaur  in  the  Baltic  during 
the  year  1855  (Baltic  medal)  ;  senior  Ueutenant  of 
Dom  escorted  H.R.H.  Prince  of  Wales  during  his 
tour  in  the  East,  1862  ;  commander,  1863  ;  cap- 
tain. 1867 ;  commanded  the  Hotspur  in  Besika 
Bay,  and  up  the  Dardanelles,  during  the  Turco- 
Russian  war,  1878  ;  commanded  the  Penelope  at 
the  bombardment  of  Alexandria,  1882  ;  C.B.  for 
services  (Egyptian  medal,  Khedive's  Bronze  Star)  ; 
captain's  good  service  pension,  1881-85 ;  rear- 
admiral,  1885  ;  rear-admiral  Second-in-Command 
Channel  Squadron,  1888-89;  Second-in-Command 
of  ''  B  "  fleet  engaged  in  the  naval  manoeuvres, 
1889  ;  vice-admiral,  1891  ;  admiral,  1897  •  retired, 
1897. 

Is.  Islands.  Abbreviation  adopted  on  the 
charts  issued  by  the  Hydrographic  Office,  Admi- 
ralty. 

IsaaOy  Percy  Lewis  (b.  Liverpool,  March  22, 1845). 
British  naval  architect.  After  serving  an  appren- 
ticeship of  Ave  years  to  iron  and  steel  ship- 
building, he  joined  Messrs.  George  Forrester  and  Co., 
Liverpool,  and  m  1867  planned  and  supervised 
a  large  amount  of  work  to  the  Great  Eastern,  in 
preparing  her  to  carry  2,000  flrst-class  passengers 
from  New  York  to  Havre,  for  the  Paris  Exhibition. 
In  187 1  he  went  to  America  for  Messrs.  Palmer's 
on  special  work,  and  on  return  was  appointed 
a  manager  of  that  firm.  In  Z874  he  came  to  London 
to  practise  as  consulting  naval  architect,  and  in  .1879 
became  technical  adviser  to  several  of  the  leading 
marine  engineering  companies.  Since  1888  he  has 
been  superintendent  engineer  of  the  Eastern 
Telegraph  Co.,  Ltd.,  and  consulting  engineer  to  that 
company's  associated  submarine  telegraph  com- 
panies. Has  given  special  attention  to  the  subject 
of  watertight  doors  and  has  patented  two.  Member 
of  the  Institution  of  Naval  Architects. 

Publications  :  "  Historical  Notes  on  Shipping," 
"  Unseaworthy  Ships,"  "  Lloyd's  Register,"  "  The 


1 


ISABEL 


306 


ISLY 


Repair  of  Steel  Vessels,"  "  Our  Cruisers  and  the 
Far  East." 

Inbein.  Spanish  sloop.  (Cadiz.  1887.)  Length, 
21 X  ft. ;  beam,  32  ft. ;  draught,  X2j^  ft.  ;  displace- 
ment, 1,112  tons;  complement,  130;  armament, 
4  47-in.,  2  27-in.,  3  q.f.,  2  tubes ;  Hp.,  1,500= 
14  kts. ;  coal,  220  tons. 

Isabella.  This  vessel,  together  with  the  Alex- 
andett  commanded  by  Captain  John  Ross  and 
Lieutenant  Edward  Parry,  sailed  from  England, 
April,  1 8 18,  following  in  the  wake  of  Baffin's 
voyage  of  x6i6.  The  chief  feature  of  this  voyage 
was  that  the  explorers  were  able  to  corroborate 
Baffin's  discoveries.     Refer  to  Arctic  Exploration. 

Isabnormal  lines.  Lines  drawn  through  places 
having  the  same  anomaly,  e.g.,  the  same  difference 
between  the  actual  mean  temperatures  and  the 
theoretical  mean  temperatures  for  places  in  a  given 
latitude. 

Iseliii,  Charles  Oliver.  American  yachtsman 
(b.  1854).  Was  promoter  of  the  syndicate  in  X895, 
which  won  the  America  Cup  with  the  cutter 
Defender  (q.v.),  against  Lord  Dunraven's  Valkyrie 
III,  In  October,  1899,  was  joint  owner  with  J. 
Pierpont  Morgan  of  the  Columbia,  which  defeated 
Sir  Thomas  Lipton's  Shamrock  I.,  and  again  in  1901 
with  the  same  vessel  defeated  Shamrock  II.  He 
was  also  part  owner  of  the  Reliance,  which  won  the 
Cup  contest  in  1903  against  Shamrock  III.  Refer 
to  America  Cup. 

Isis.  British  2nd  class  cruiser.  (London  and 
Glasgow,  1896.) 

Length  364ft.  Beam  54ft.  Maximum  draught  23ft. 
Displacement  5,600  tons.     Complement  450. 
Guns.  Armour, 

1 1 — 6  in.  "  Harvey." 

8 — 12  pdr.  2^  in.  Deck. 

I — 12  pdr.,  8  cwt.       6  in.  Conning  tower. 

7—3  pdr. 
2  Maxims. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
2  Submerged. 
I  Above  water  stern. 
Twin    screw.      Hp.    natural    8,000  s«s  i8'5    kts., 
forced  9,600=  19*5  kts.    Coal  maximum  1,076  tons. 
This  ship-name  is  associated  with  the  bombard- 
ment of  Havana,  1759  ;  capture  of  the  Oriflamme, 
1761 ;    Hughes  against  De  Sufiren  in  East  Indies, 
X 782-83  ;     Hood's   occupation   of   Toulon,    1793  ; 
Camperdown,  1797  ;  Copenhagen,  1801. 

Iskoassny.  Russian  torpedo-boat.  (La  Seyne, 
X905.)  Length,  185  ft. ;  beam,  21  ft.  ;  draught, 
7}  ft.  ;  displacement,  324  tons  ;  complement,  60  ; 
armament,  i  12-pdr.,  5  3-pdr.,  2  Maxims,  2  tubes ; 
twin  screw  ;   Hp.,  5,600  =  26  kts.  ;  coal,  xoo  tons. 

Isla  de  Caba.  U.S.  gun-vessel.  (Elswick,  1888.) 
Captured  from  Spain  at  the  battle  of  Manila,  May  i , 
1898.  Length,  192  ft.  ;  beam,  30  ft. ;  draught, 
12^  ft.;    displacement,  1,125  tons;    complement, 


x6o ;  guns,  6  3-in.,  4  6-in.,  4  Maxims ;  armour, 
"Steel,"  2 J  in.  deck  amidships;  Hp..  2,627= 
16  kts. ;  coal,  160  tons. 

Isla  de  Lnion.  U.S.  gun-vessel.  (Elswick,  x888.) 
Captured  from  Spain  at  the  battle  of  Manila. 
May  I,  1898.  Length,  192  ft;  beam,  30  ft.; 
draught,  12}  ft.;  displacement,  1,125  tons;  com- 
plement, 160;  guns,  4  4-in.,  4  6-pdr.,  4  Maxims; 
armour,  "  Steel,"  2 J  in.  deck  amidships ;  Hp., 
2,6278=  16  kts. ;   coal,  160  tons. 

Island.  Generally  speaking  applied  to  any  land 
surrounded  by  water,  as  distinguished  from  main 
land  or  water ;  properly  speaking,  it  should  only 
apply  to  smaller  portions  of  land.  Their  materials 
and  form  are  various,  as  is  their  origin,  some  having 
evidently  been  upheaved  by  volcanic  eruption, 
others  are  the  result  of  accretion,  and  still  more 
revealing  by  their  strata  that  they  were  formerly 
attached  to  a  neighbouring  land.  The  whole  con- 
tinuous land  of  the  Old  World  forms  one  island, 
and  the  New  World  another,  while  the  canals 
across  the  isthmus  of  Suez  and  Panama  would 
make  each  into  two.  Australia.  Madagascar. 
Borneo,  and  Britain  are  among  the  larger  examples 
of  islands. 

Island  of  ice.  A  name  given  to  a  great  quantity 
of  ice  collected  into  one  solid  mass  and  floating  on 
the  sea.  They  are  often  met  with  on  the  coasts 
of  Spitzbergen,  and  of  great  danger  to  the  ships 
employed  in  the  Greenland  seal  and  whale  fisheries. 

Uand  SallJBg  Clab»  Cowes.  Established  1889. 
Burgee :  Red,  castle  in  centre.  Commodore, 
Captain  J.  Orr-Ewing ;  Vice-commodore,  G.  H. 
Harrison  ;  Rear-Commodore,  F.  T.  Mew  ;  Honor 
ary  Treasurer,  P.  L.  Guiton ;  Secretary,  T.  W.  B. 
Faulkner.  Entrance  fee,  £1  X5. ;  annual  sub- 
scription, £1  IS. 

Isle  of  Man  Steam  Packet  Co.,  Ltd.,  with  their  head 

ofiices  at  Douglas,  Isle  of  Man,  maintain  a  service 
with  their  fleet  of  12  vessels  between  Liverpool  and 
Douglas,  Isle  of  Man ;  Fleetwood  and  Douglas, 
Isle  of  Man;  from  Douglas  to  Dublin,  Belfast, 
Glasgow  and  North  Wales ;  and  Blackpoc^  and 
Liverpool. 

Fleet. 
Douglas.  Mona's  fsle. 

Elian  Vannin,  Mona's  Queen. 

Empress  Queen,  Prince  of  Wales, 

Fenella,  Queen  Victoria, 

King  Orry,  Tynwald, 

Mona.  Viking, 

Isle  of  Kay  Ligh&onse,  Firth  of  Forth,  estab- 
lished 1886,  is  a  four-flash  light  every  30  seconds  ; 
duration  of  flash,  two-fifth  seconds  ;  candle-power 
not  determined  ;   illnminant,  electricity. 

Isly.    Old  French  cruiser  (1891). 
Length  346ft.   Beam  45ft.   Maximum  draught  23lt. 
Displacement  4,200  tons.    Complement  407. 


ISM  AY 


307 


ITSUKUSHIMA 


Guns. 
4 — 6'4  in. 
6—5*5  in- 
2 — 9  pdr. 
8 — 3  pdr. 
10 — I  pdr. 


Twin    screw, 
fighting  value. 


ArmouK 
4  in.  Deck. 
4  in.  Gun  shields. 


Torpedo  Tubes. 
4  Above  water. 
Hp.    8,000  =  19    kts. 


Of    small 


Ismay,  James  Brace  (b.  Liverpool,  1862).  Presi- 
dent and  Managing  Director  of  the  International 
Mercantile  Marine  Co.  Educated  Harrow,  and  on 
leaving  school  entered  the  office  of  Messrs.  Ismay, 
Imrie  and  Co.  (White  Star  Line).  After  serving 
some  time  in  Liverpool,  he  went  to  New  York  as 
agent  of  the  company,  and  on  his  return  to  Liver- 
pool in  1 89 1  became  a  partner  in  the  firm,  and  on 
the  death  of  his  father,  in  November,  1899,  became 
chairman  of  the  White  Star  Line,  which  now  owns 
31  steamers,  aggregating  over  360,000  tons.  He  is  a 
director  of  many  leading  public  companies  in  Eng- 
land, among  which  may  be  mentioned  the  L.  and 
N.-W.  Ry.,  the  Liverpcfol,  London,  and  Globe  Insur- 
ance Co.,  and  the  Sea  Insurance  Co.  He  carried  to 
a  successful  issue  the  negotiations  with  Mr.  J.  Pier- 
pont  Morgan,  by  which  the  White  Star  Line  was, 
in  1902,  incorporated  in  the  International  Mercan- 
tile Marine  Co.,  and  in  1904.  on  the  rotircmcnt  oJE 
Mr.  C.  A.  Griscom  from  the  Presidency,  he  was 
unanimously  elected  to  fill  his  place. 

Ismay,  Thomas  Henry  (1837-99).  British  ship- 
owner (b.  Maryport).  One  of  the  founders  of  the 
White  Star  Line  (q.v.). 

ItolMtfS.  Lines  on  maps  showing  equal  atmo- 
spheric pressure. 

Isobrontal  lines.  Lines  on  maps  showing  equal 
times  or  hours  of  thunderstorms. 

Isohels.  Lines  on  maps  showing  equal  amounts 
of  bright  sunshine. 

Isohyets.  Lines  on  maps  showing  equal  amounts 
of  rainfall, 

Isonephs.  Lines  on  maps  showing  equal  amounts 
of  cloudiness. 

Isotherms.  Lines  on  maps  showing  equal 
temperatures. 

Ispolnilelni.  Russian  torpedo-boat.  (La  Scyne, 
1905.)  Length,  185  ft.  ;  beam,  21  ft.  ;  draught, 
7}  ft.  ;  displacement,  324  tons  ;  complement,  60  ; 
armament,  i  12-pdr.,  5  3-pdr.,  2  Maxims,  2  tubes  ; 
twin  screw  ;   Hp.,  5,600=26  kts.  ;  coal,  100  tons. 

Isihmas.  A  narrow  strip  or  neck  of  land  con- 
necting  a  peninsular  to  its  continent,  two  islands 
-together,  or  two?pemiisulars,^without  reference  to 
size. 

Ital.     Abbreviation  for  Italian. 


Italia.  Italian  battleship  (1880).  Reconstructed 
1904. 

Length  400ft.   Beam  75ft.   Maximum  draught  33ft. 
Displacement  15,654  tons.     Complement  675. 
Guns.  Armour. 

4 — 100  ton.  "  Compound." 

8— -old  6  in.  3  in.  Deck. 

4 — old  4*7  in.  19  in.  Redoubt. 

12 — 6  pdr. 
22 — I  pdr. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
4  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  11,900=17*5  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 3,000  tons.     Approximate  cost  ;£i, 200,000. 

Italian.  Merchant  steamer.  Struck  on  a  rock 
near  Cape  Finisterre,  March,  1869  ;  26  Uves  lost. 

Italia  Steam  Navigation  Co.  (Royal  Italian  Mail 
Service),  with  their  head  offices  in  Genoa,  have  a 
fleet  of  four  first-class  twin-screw  steamers,  which 
maintain  a  service  from  Genoa  to  South  American 
ports.  A  steamer  sails  every  Saturday  from  Genoa 
to  Monte  Video,  and  Buenos  Aires,  calling  at 
Santos. 

Fleet. 

Cologne.  Siena. 

Ravenna,  Toscana. 

Itchen.  British  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Laird, 
1903.)  Length,  225  ft.  ;  beam,  23  ft.  ;  draught, 
210  ft.;  displacement,  550  tons;  complement,  70; 
armament,  i  12-pdr.,  5  j6-pdr.,  2  tubes  ;  twin  screw  ; 
Hp.,  7,000=25  kts.  ;   coal,  130  tons. 

Ito,  Admind  ^Tlseonnt  Toko  (b.  Satsuma  Pro- 
vince, 1843).  Chief  of  General  Naval  Staff. 
Educated  Tokyo  Kaisei  College  ;  entered  Imperial 
Japanese  Navy.  r868  ;  commander,  1872  ;  com- 
manded A  dzuma,  Nasshin,  Fuso,  and  Hiyei  in  suc- 
cession. Took  part  in  ciAal  war  of  1877  ;  promoted 
captain,  1882  ;  brought  the  Naniwa  home  from 
England,  1885  ;  rear-admiral,  commander  of 
standing  squadron ;  vice-admiral  and  chief  of 
Yokosuka  naval  station,  1892  ;  fought  the  battle 
of  Yalu  with  all  the  combined  squadrons  under 
command.  1894  ;  chief  of  naval  general  staff,  1895  ! 
created  viscount,  and  presented  with  a  First 
Order  of  the  Rising  Sun,  and  Second  Order  of  Golden 
Kite  for  services  in  the  war.  Promoted  full 
admiral  in  1898. 

Itsnkoshima.     Old  Japanese  cruiser.    (La  Sejme, 
1889.) 
Length  295  ft.    Beam  50ft.  Maximum  draught  21ft. 

Displacement  4,277   tons.     Complement   360. 


Guns. 

I — 12'6  in. 
II — 4*7  in. 

5— 1 2  pdr. 
11—3  pdr. 

2  Machine. 


Armour. 
"  Steel." 
1}  in.  Deck. 
12  in.  Barbettes. 
12  in.  Conning  tower. 


IVER 


308 


JACK 


Torpedo  Tubes, 
4  Above  water  bow  and  stem. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  5,400=16*7  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 405  tons. 

Iver  Hvitfeldi  Danish  battleship  (1886).  Burned 
in  1904  and  refitted. 

Length  242ft.  Beam  49ft.  Maximum  draught  20ft. 
Displacement  3.290  tons.     Complement  298. 
Guns,  Armour, 

2 — io*2  in.  "  Compound." 

4 — 47  in.  1 1  in.  Belt. 

12 — 3  pdr.  8  in.  Barbettes. 

6  in.  Conning  tower. 
Torpedo  Tubes. 
4  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  5,000=  15*5  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 250  tons. 

Ivernia.  British  subsidised  merchant  ship 
(1900).  Cunard  Line  {q,v,),  Liverpool,  New  York. 
Dimensions,  581  x  64  X  38  ft. ;  gross  tonnage,  14,058 
Hp.,  io,ooossi6  kts. 

LW.    Abbreviation  for  Isle  of  Wight. 


Japanese  gun- vessel.  (Yokosuka,  1883.) 
Length.  147  ft.;  beam,  25  ft. ;  draught,  11  ft.; 
displacement,  700  tons ;  complement,  115;  arma- 
ment, I  5*9  in.,  2  4'7-in.  ;  Hp.,  700S310  kts.  ;  coal, 
100  tons. 

IwamL    Formerly  Orel,  Japanese  ist  class  battle- 
ship.    (Galemii  Ostrofi,  1902.)     Captured  by  the 
Japanese  from  the  Russians  at  the  battle  of  Tsu- 
shima. May  27-29,  1905. 
Length  276ft.    Beam  76ft.    Mean  draught  26ft. 
Displacement  1 3 , 5 00  tons.     Complement  750. 
Guns,  Armour. 

4 — 12  in.  "  Krupp." 

12 — 6  in.  10  in.  Belt  amidships. 

20 — 3  in.  1 1  in.  Turrets. 

20 — 3  pdr.  10  in.  Conning  tower. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
2  Submerged  broadside. 
I  Above  water  stem. 
I  Above  water  bow. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  16,500=18  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 1,250. 

Iwate.     Japanese  armoured  cruiser.      (Elswick, 
1900.) 

Length  400ft.  Beam  68ft.  Maximum  draught  24ft. 
Displacement  9,800  tons.     Complement  483. 
Guns,  Armour. 

4—8  in.  "  Kmpp." 

14 — 6  in.  7  in.  Belt  amidships. 

12 — 12  pdr.  6  in.  Turrets. 

8 — 2 J  pdr.  14  in.  Conning  tower. 

4  Small. 

Torpedo  Tubes, 
4  Submerged. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  14,500=2075  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 1,400  tons. 


Lnunnid.  Small  Russian  cmiser  (1803).  Sunk  by 
the  Japanese  at  the  battle  of  Tsushima,  May  27-29, 
1905. 


J.  Distinguishing  letter  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Jersey,  England. 

Jack.  A  cross  trees.  The  name  given  to  a  small 
flag,  the  union  without  the  fly. 

Jack,  John  William  (b.  Manchester.  June  7, 1859). 
Educated  Glasgow.  Served  apprenticeship  with 
Messrs.  Robert  Napier  and  Sons,  when  that  firm 
were  the  only  builders  of  warships  on  the  Qyde. 
After  studying  naval  architecture  at  Glasgow 
University,  he  became  chief  draughtsman,  and 
designed  several  vessels,  notably  the  Aberdeen, 
pioneer  of  steam  in  the  old  clipper  line  hailing  from 
the  port  from  which  she  derived  her  name,  and 
fitted  with  the.  first  set  of  triple  expansion  engines. 
Later  the  H.M.S.  Ophir  (Orient  Line),  chosen  for  her 
sea-going  qualities  for  H.R.H.  the  Prince  of  Wales' 
tonr  round  the  world.  In  1895  ^^  joined  Earle's 
Shipbuilding  Co.,  Hull,  and  in  1897  ^^  appointed 
naval  architect  and  manager  of  Messrs.  Day, 
Summers  and  Co..  where  he  has  designed  and 
carried  through  work  for  nearly  all  the  principal 
shipping  companies  in  the  kingdom. 

Jaok»  William  Charles  (b.  Portsoy.  N.B.,  Novem- 
l>^  9.  1857).  Consulting  engineer.  Hong  Kong. 
Served  his  apprenticeship  as  a  marine  engineer  at 
Messrs.  George  Clark's,  Sunderland.  Went  to  sea 
as  junior  engineer,  1879,  and  obtained  chief  engin- 
eer's certificate  in  1882.  Appointed  Ing6nieur  en 
Chef  of  the  Service  Subventionne  des  Correspon- 
dances  Fluviales,  Tonkin,  in  1887,  which  post  he 
held  for  1 1  years,  building  the  fleet  of  river  steamers 
for  the  above  service,  which  included  the  light 
draught  stern  wheel  steamer  Yunnan,  the  first 
steam  vessel  to  successfully  navigate  the  Red  River 
and  reach  the  Chinese  frontier  through  Tonkin,  1890. 
In  recognition  of  this  he  received  the  decoration 
of  Officer  of  the  Order  of  the  Imperial  Dragon  of 
Annam.  In  1898  he  joined  the  Hong  Kong  and 
Whampoa  Dock  Co.  as  superintendent  engineer, 
and  as  their  representative  contracted  with  Admiral 
Dewey  for  the  salvage  of  the  sunken  Spanish  war- 
vessels  in  Manila  Bay,  three  of  which  were  success- 
fully floated  and  refitted  in  Hong  Kong,  for  tiie 
U.S.  Navy.  From  1 901  to  1 903  assistant  manager  to 
the  above  dock  company's  Kowloon  establishment, 
during  which  time  he  conducted  several  salvage 
operations.  He  published  an  important  paper 
read  before  the  Institution  of  -^Engineers  and  Ship- 
builders of  Hong  Kong,  comparing  the  relative 
cost  of  shipbuilding  in  that  port  and  at  home. 
Elected  president  of  that  institute  in  1904.  Estab- 
lished himself ^as  consulting  engineer  in  1903,  and 
in  April,  1905,  contracted  with  Admiral  Bayle  to 
refloat  the  French  cruiser  SuUy,  stranded  on  the 
Tonkin    coast,    an    operation   entailing   the   long 


JACKET 


309 


JANE 


and  arduous  work  of  cutting  away  the  rocks  from 
underneath  the  vessel  whilst  lying  in  a  most 
exposed  position.  Member  of  the  Institution  of 
Naval  Architects. 

Jacket.    A  casing  of  a  steam  chimney  when  it 
passes  through  the  deck. 

Jackman,  Charles.    See  Arctic  Exploration. 

Jackson,  Vke  Admiral  Sir  Thomas  Stnrges, 
K.O.V.O.  (b.  1842).  Entered  the  Navy.  1856 ; 
midshipman  of  Calcutta,  served  at  the  capture  of 
the  Peiho  forts,  1858,  and  as  A.D.C.  to  Captain 
W.  K.  Hall,  in  every  expedition  in  the  operations 
against  China  (China  medal,  Taku  dasp) ;  lieu- 
tenant, 1864;  commander,  1873;  captain,  1881  ; 
commodore  of  second  class  and  naval  officer  in 
charge  at  Jamaica  ;  captain's  good  service  pension, 
1893-96 ;  rear  admiral,  1896 ;  admiral  superin- 
tendent of  Devonport  Dockyard,  1899  \  made 
K.CV.O.  on  the  occasion  of  the  Royal  visit  to 
Devonport  for  the  launch  of  H.M.S.  Queen,  for 
laying  down  the  keel  of  H.M.S.  King  Edward  VII., 
and  laying  down  the  foundation  stone  of  the 
Britannia  Naval  College. 

Publications :  Editor  of  two  volumes  dealing 
with  the  logs  of  vessels  of  the  time  of  Nelson, 
engaged  in  the  great  fights  of  1794- 1805,  published 
by  the  Navy  Records  Society. 

Jack-stay.  A  rope  stay  taut,  to  which  others  are 
made  fast. 

Jaoobs,  William  Wymark  (b.  London,  September 
8,  1863).     Son  of  William  Jacobs,  who  was  manager 
of  South  Devon  Wharf,  Wapping,  E.,  and  it  is 
possible  that  a  residence  for  many  years  at  the  old 
wharf  house  gave  him  the  means  of  acquiring  the 
insight  into  the  lives  of  seamen  which  characterises 
his   "works.     After  leaving  school  he  entered  the 
Post  Office,  and  spent  some  years  in  the  Savings 
Bank    Department,   during  which  time  he  wrote 
several   short  stories,  and  published  "  Many  Car- 
goes."     He  left  the  Civil  Service  in  1899,  and  has 
since  devoted  himself  to  writing. 

Among  his  best-known  works  are :  "  Many  Car- 
goes "  (1896),  "Skipper's  Wooing"  (1897),  "Sea 
Urchins  "  (1898).  "Master  of  Craft "  (1900),  " Light 
Freights  "  (1901).  "  At  Sunwich  Port "  (1902),  "  The 
Lady  of  the  Barge  "  (1902),  "Odd  Craft"  (1903). 

Jacob's  ladctor.  A  short  rope  ladder  with 
wooden  steps  used  for  ascending  the  rigging. 

Jacob  van  Haemikarek.    Dutch  battleship  (1905). 
Length  331ft.  Beam  48ft.  Maximum  draught  i8ft. 
Displacement  5,300  tons.    Complement  344. 
Guns.  Armour. 

2 — 9 "4  in-f  40  cal.        "  Krupp." 
S—S  in.  6  in.  Belt  amidships. 

8 — 12  pdr.  10  in.  Barbettes. 

4 — I  pdr.  10  in,  Cgnning  tower. 


Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
2  Submerged. 
I  Above  water  bow. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  6,500=*  16  kts. 

JaffO.     Italian  torpedo-boat.     (Elbing,  1906.) 

Jaguar.  German  gun-boat.  (Danzig,  1899.) 
Length,  203  ft. ;  beam,  29J  ft.  ;  draught,  ii  ft.  ; 
displacement,  900  tons ;  complement,  121  ;  arma- 
ment, 8  3'4-M^-.  6  i'4-in.,  2  Maxims ;  Hp.,  i3,ooo=r 
13  kts.  ;  coal,  164  tons. 

Jakob  Bagge.  Swedish  torpedo  gun-boat.  (Malmo, 
1899.)  Length,  222  ft.  ;  beam,  27  ft.  ;  draught, 
loj  ft ;  displacement,  787  tons  ;  complement,  100  ; 
armament,  2  47-in.,  4  2*2-in.,  i  tube ;  Hp.,  3,970= 
195  kts. 

Jamaica  Taoht  Clab»  BoyaL  See  Royal  Jamaica 
Yacht  Club. 

Jamei,  Matthew  Ooulson  (b.  Gateshead,  July  4, 
1857).  British  naval  architect.  Apprenticed  to 
the  late  Mr.  Charles  Mitchell  Walker.  Became 
draughtsman  to  Messrs.  Wigham  Richardson  and 
Co.,  and  later  joined  the  firm  of  Messrs.  Robert 
Stevenson  and  Co.,  Hebburn,  as  chief  draughts- 
man. In  1892  he  was  appointed  naval  architect 
and  inspecting  shipbuilder  for  the  Prince  Line  of 
steamers,  and  designed  and  superintended  the  con- 
struction of  many  of  the  principal  steamers  of  that 
fleet.  In  1899  he  became  managing  director  of  the 
Mercantile  Dry  Dock  Co.,  J  arrow.  Is  chairman 
of  the  North-East  Coast  Dock  Owners  and  Ship 
Repairers'  Association,  and  a  member  of  Council 
of  the  North-East  Coast  Institution  of  Engineers 
and  Shipbuilders.  Was  awarded  the  gold  ship- 
building medal  of  that  institution  for  his  paper  on 
tonnage  measurement.  Has  a  Queen's  medal  in 
naval  architecture,  and  was  for  some  years  lec- 
turer on  that  subject  at  the  Rutherford  and  Wall- 
send  Athensum.  Member  of  Institution  of  Naval 
Architects. 

Publications  :  "  Tonnage  Measurement,"  "  The 
Stiffening  of  Collision  Bulkheads,"  "Structural 
Details  of  Model  Ships."  "  Passenger  Accommoda- 
tion in  Steamships." 

James,  William.  Naval  historian.  Wrote  "  Naval 
History  of  Great  Britain  from  1793- 1820,"  which 
was  published  in  1824,  and  was  an  accurate  and 
valuable  work.     He  died  1827. 

James  Orossfleld.  Iron  ship.  Wrecked  off  Lang- 
ness,  Isle  of  Wight,  January  5,  1867 ;  all  on  board 
were  lost. 

Jane.  In  February,  1823,  Mr.  Weddell,  R.N.,  in 
command  of  this  sailing  vessel,  penetrated  as  far 
south  as  74°  15'  S.     Refer  to  Antarctic  Exploration. 

Jane»  Fred  T.  Naval  author,  artist,  novelist 
(b.  August  6,  1865).  Educated  Exeter  School. 
Contested  Portsmouth,  1906. 


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310 


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Principal  publications :  "  Fighting  Ships," 
"  Naval  Annual  "  (plans,  photographs,  details,  and 
special  identification  for  the  warships  and  prin- 
cipal merchant  liners  of  the  world,  published 
yearly),  "Heresies  of  Sea  Power"  (1907),  "The 
Naval  War  Game,"  "  The  Imperial  Russian  Navy  " 
(1905),  "The  Imperial  Japanese  Navy"  (1905). 
Novels:  "Blake  and  the  Rattlesnake"  (1894), 
"The  Port  Guard  Ship"  (1900),  contributor  to 
several'  reviews  and  magazines,  special  naval 
correspondent  "  Daily  Chronicle,"  "  Daily  Dis- 
patch," Manchester,  "  Engineer,"  "  Scientific  Ameri- 
can," special  naval  artist  "  Illustrated  London 
News." 

Janet  Boyd.  Barque.  Lost  in  a  storm  off  Mar- 
gate, January  20,  1855  ;  28  lives  lost. 

Jangar.  A  kind  of  pontoon  constructed  of  two 
boats  with  a  platform  laid  across,  used  by  natives 
in  the  East  and  Far  East  to  convey  horses,  cattle, 
etc.,  across  rivers. 

Jan  Hayen.  In  1863  Captain  Karlsen,  when  in 
command  of  this  vessel,  circumnavigated  the  Spitz- 
bcrgen  group  for  the  first  time. 

Janus.  British  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Jar- 
row,  1895.)  Length,  200  ft.  ;  beam,  19  ft.  ;  draught, 
6|  ft.  :  displacement,  252  tons ;  complement,  50  ; 
armament,  i  2-pdr.,  5  6-pdr.,  2  tubes ;  twin  screw  ; 
Hp.,  3,789=27  kts.  ;  coal,  60  tons. 

Japan.  Pacific  mail  steamer  from  Yokohama,  took 
fire  off  Hong  Kong,  December  17,  1874,  and  was 
lost. 

Japan,  Battle  of  Sea  of.  Admiral  Togo's  report 
of  the  battle  of  the  Sea  of  Japan,  as  published 
by  the  Imperial  Naval  Headquarter  staff : 

By  the  help  of  Heaven  our  united  squadron 
fought  with  the  enemy's  Second  and  Third  Squad- 
rons on  May  27  and  28,  and  succeeded  in  almost 
annihilating  him. 

When  the  enemy's  fleet  first  appeared  in  the 
south  seas  our  squadrons,  in  obedience  to  Imperial 
command,  adopted  the  strategy  of  awaiting  him 
and  striking  at  him  in  our  home  waters.  We 
therefore  concentrated  our  strength  at  the  Korean 
Straits,  and  there  abode  his  coming  north.  After 
touching  for  a  time  on  the  coast  of  Annam,  he 
gradually  moved  northward,  and  some  days  before 
the  time  when  he  should  arrive  in  our  waters 
several  of  our  guard -ships  were  distributed  on 
watch  in  a  south-easterly  direction,  according  to 
plan,  while  the  fighting  squadrons  made  ready  for 
battle,  each  anchoring  at  its  base  so  as  to  be  ready 
to  set  out  immediatelv. 

Thus  it  fell  out  that  on  the  27th,  at  5  a.m.,  the 
southern  guard-ship  Shinano  Maru  reported  by  wire- 
less telegraphy  :  "  Enemy's  fleet  sighted  in  No.  203 
section.  He  seems  to  be  steering  for  the  east 
channel." 

The  whole  crews  of  our  fleet  leaped  to  their 
posts.    The    ships    weighed    at    once,    and    each 


squadron,  proceeding  in  order  to  its  appointed 
place,  made  its  dispositions  to  receive  the  enemy. 
At  7  a.m.  the  guard-ship  on  the  left  wing  of  the 
inner  line,  the  Izumi,  reported :  "  The  enemy's 
ships  are  in  sight.  He  has  already  reached  a  point 
25  nautical  miles  to  the  north-west  of  Ukujima ; 
he  is  advancing  north-east."  The  Togo  (Captain 
Togo  Masamichi)  section,  the  Dewa  section,  and 
the  cruiser  squadron  (which  was  under  the  direct 
command  of  Vice-Admiral  Kataoka)  came  into 
touch  with  the  enemy  from  10  to  11  a.m.,  between 
Iki  and  Tsushima,  and  thereafter  as  far  as  the 
neighbourhood  of  Okinoshima  these  ships,  though 
fired  on  from  time  to  time  by  the  enemy,  success- 
fully kept  in  constant  touch  with  him,  and  con- 
veyed by  telegraph  accurate  and  frequent  reports 
of  his  state.  Thus,  though  a  heavy  fog  covered 
the  sea,  making  it  impossible  to  observe  anything 
at  a  distance  of  over  five  miles,  all  the  conditions 
of  the  enemy  were  as  clear  to  us,  who  were  30  or 
40  miles  distant,  as  though  they  had  been  under 
our  .very  eyea.  Long  before  we  came  in  sight  of  him 
we  knew  that  his  fighting  force  comprised  the 
Second  and  Third  Baltic  Squadrons,  that  he  had 
seven  special  service  ships  with  him,  that  he  was 
marshalled  in  two  columns  line  ahead,  that  his 
strongest  vessels  were  at  the  head  of  the  right 
column,  that  his  special  service  craft  followed  in 
the  rear,  that  his  speed  was  about  12  kts.,  and  that 
he  was  still  advancing  to  the  north-cast. 

Therefore  I  was  enabled  to  adopt  the  strategy 
of  directing  my  main  strength,  at  about  2  p.m., 
towards  Okinoshima,  with  the  object  of  attacking 
the  head  of  his  left  column.  The  main  squadron. 
tlie  armoured  cruiser  squadron,  the  Uriu  section, 
and  the  various  destroyer  sections  at  noon  reached 
a  point  about  10  nautical  miles  north  of  Okino- 
shima, whence,  with  the  object  of  attacking  the 
enemy's  left  column,  they  steered  west,  and  at 
about  1.30  p.m.  the  Dewa  section,  the  cruiser 
squadron,  and  the  Togo  (Captain)  section  still 
keeping  touch  with  the  enemy,  arrived  one  after 
the  other  and  joined  forces.  At  1.45  p.m.  we 
sighted  the  enemy  for  the  first  time  at  a  distance 
of  several  miles  south  on  our  port  bow.  As  had 
been  expected,  his  right  column  was  headed  by 
four  battleships  of  the  Borodino  type,  his  left  by 
the  Oslyabya,  the  Sissoi  Veliky,  the  Navarin.  and 
the  Nakhimoff,  after  which  came  the  Nikolai  /. 
and  the  three  coast  defence  vessels,  forming  another 
squadron.  The  Jemchug  and  the  Izumrud  were 
between  the  two  columns,  and  seemed  to  be  acting 
as  forward  scouts.  In  the  rear,  obscured  by  the  fog, 
we  indistinctly  made  out  the  Oleg  and  the  Aurora, 
with  other  second-  and  third-class  cruisers,  forming 
a  squadron  ;  while  the  Dmitri  Donskoi,  the  Vladimir 
Monomakh,  and  the  special  service  steamers  were 
advancing  in  column  line  ahead,  extending  to  a 
distance  of  several  miles. 

I  now  ordered  the  whole  fleet  to  go  into  action, 
and  at  1.55  p.m.  I  ran  up  this  signal  for  all  the 


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ships  in  sight :  "  The  fate  oi  the  Empire  depends 
upon  this  event.     Let  every  man  do  his  utmost." 

Shortly  afterwards  the  main  squadron  headed 
south-west,  and  made  as  though  it  would  cross  the 
enemy's  course  at  right  angles  ;  but  at  five  minutes 
past  two  o'clock  the  squadron  suddenly  turned 
east,  and  bore  down  on  the  head  of  the  enemy's 
colunm  in  a  diagonal  direction.  The  armoured 
cruiser  squadron  followed  in  the  rear  of  the  main 
squadron,  the  whole  forming  single  column  Une 
ahead.  The  Dewa  section,  the  Uriu  section,  the 
cruiser  squadron,  and  the  Togo  (Captain)  section, 
in  accordance  with  the  previously  arranged  plan  of 
action,  steered  south  to  attack  the  rear  of  the 
enemy's  column.  Such,  at  the  beginning  of  the 
battle,  were  the  dispositions  on  both  sides. 

Fight  of  the  Main  Squadron. 

The  head  of  the  enemy's  column,  when  our  main 
squadron  bore  down  on  it,  changed  its.  course  a 
little  to  starboard,  and  at  eight  minutes  past  two 
o'clock  he  opened  fire.  We  did  not  reply  for  some 
time,  but  when  we  came  within  6,000  metres' 
range  we  concentrated  a  heavy  fire  on  two  of  his 
battleships.  This  seemed  to  force  him  more  than 
ever  to  the  south-east,  and  his  two  columns  simul- 
taneously changed  their  course  by  degrees  to  the 
east,  thus  falling  into  irregular  columns  line  ahead, 
and  moving  parallel  to  us.  The  Oslyabya,  which 
headed  the  left  column,  was  soon  heavily  injured, 
burst  into  a  strong  conflagration,  and  left  the 
fighting  line.  The  whole  of  the  armoured  cruiser 
squadroi^  was  now  steaming  behind  the  main 
squadron  in  line,  and,  the  fire  of  both  squadrons 
becoming  more  and  more  effective  as  the  range 
decreased,  the  flagship  Kniax  Suvaroff  and  the 
Imperaior  Alexander  HI,,  which  was  the  second 
in  the  line,  burst  heavily  into  flames,  and  left  the 
fighting  line,  so  that  the  enemy's  order  becao^e 
more  deranged.  Several  of  the  ships  following  also 
took  fire,  and  the  smoke,  carried  by  the  westerly 
wind,  quickly  swept  over  the  face  of  the  sea,  coan- 
bining  with  the  fog  to  envelop  the  enemy's  fleet, 
so  that  our  principal  fighting  squadrons  ceased 
firing  for  a  time. 

On  our  side  also  the  ships  had  suffered  more  or 
less.  The  Asama  had  been  struck  by  three  shells 
in  the  stem  near  the  water-line,  her  steering-gear 
had  been  injured,  and  she  was  leaking  badly,  so 
that  she  had  to  leave  the  fighting  line ;  but  she 
I>erformed  temporary  repairs,  and  was  very  soon 
able  to  resume  her  place. 

Such  was  the  state  of  the  main  fighting  forces  on 
each  side  at  2.45  p.m.  Already  the  result  of  the 
battle  had  been  decided  in  this  interval. 

Thereafter  our  main  squadron,  forcing  the 
enemy  in  a  southerly  direction,  fired  on  him  in  a 
leisurely  manner  w^henever  his  ships  could  be  dis- 
cerned through  the  smoke  and  fog,  and  at  3  p.m. 
we  were  in  front  of  his  line,  and  shaped  a  nearly 
south-easterly  course.     But  the  enemy  now  sud- 


denly headed  north,  and  seemed  about  to  pass 
northward  by  the  rear  of  our  line.  Therefore  our 
main  squadron  at  once  went  about  to  port,  and, 
with'  the  Nisshin  leading,  steered  to  the  north- 
west. The  armoured  cruiser  squadron  also,  follow- 
ing in  the  main  squadron's  wake,  changed  front, 
and  thereafter  again  forced  the  enemy  southward, 
firing  on  him  heavily.  At  3.7  p.m.  the  Jemchug 
came  up  to  the  rear  of  the  armoured  cruiser 
squadron,  but  was  severely  injured  by  our  fire. 
The  Oslyabya  also,  which  had  already  been  put  out 
of  action,  sank  at  ten  minutes  past  three  o'clock, 
and  the  Kniax  Suvaroff,  which  had  been  isolated, 
was  injured  more  and  more.  She  lost  one  of  her 
masts  and  two  smoke-stacks,  and  the  whole  ship, 
being  enveloped  in  flame  and  smoke,  became  un- 
manageable, and  her  crew  fell  into  confusion.  The 
enemy's  other  vessels,  suffering  heavily,  changed 
their  course  again  to  the  east.  The  main  squadron 
now  altered  its  direction  16  points  to  starboard, 
and,  the  armoured  cruiser  squadron  following,  they 
pursued  the  retreating  enemy,  pouring  a  con- 
stantly heavier  fire  on  him,  and  discharging  tor- 
pedoes also  whenever  occasion  offered.  Until 
4.45  p.m.  there  was  no  special  change  in  the  condi- 
tion of  the  principal  fight.  The  enemy  was  con- 
stantly pressed  south,  and  the  firing  continued. 

What  deserves  to  be  specially  recounted  here  is 
the  conduct  of  the  destroyer  Chihaya  and  of  the 
Hirose  destroyer  section  at  3.40  p.m.,  as  well  as 
that  of  the  Suzuki  destroyer  section  at  4.45  p.m. 
These  bravely  fired  torpedoes  at  the .  flagship 
Stwaroff,  The  result  was  not  clear  in  the  case  of 
the  first-named  boats,  but  a  torpedo  discharged  by 
the  last-named  section  hit  tlie  Suvaroff  astern  on 
the  port  side,  and  after  a  time  she  was  seen  to  list 
some  10  degrees.  In  those  two  attacks  the 
Shiranui,  of  the  Hirose  section,  and  the  Asashio, 
of  the  Suzuki  section,  being  each  hit  once  by 
shells  from  ships  in  the  neighbourhood,  fell  into 
some  danger,  but  both  happily  escaped. 

At  4.40  p.m.  the  enemy  apparently  abandoned 
the  attempt  to  seek  an  avenue  of  escape  north- 
ward, for  he  headed  south,  and  seemed  inclined  to 
fly  in  that  direction.  Accordingly,  our  chief  fight- 
ing force,  with  the  armoured  cruiser  squadron  in 
advance,  went  in  pursuit,  but  lost  him  after  a  time 
in  the  smoke  and  fog.  Steaming  south  for  about 
eight  miles,  we  fired  leisurely  on  a  second-class 
cruiser  oi  the  enemy's  and  some  special  service 
steamers  which  we  passed  on  our  starboard,  and 
at  5.30  p.m.  our  main  squadron  turned  northward 
again  in  search  of  the  enemy's  principal  force, 
while  the  armoured  cruiser  squadron,  proceeding 
to  the  south-west,  attacked  the  enemy's  cruisers. 
Thereafter  until  nightfall  these  two  squadrons 
followed  different  routes,  and  did  not  again  sight 
each  other.  ^,t 

At  ,5.40  p.m.  the  main  squadron  fired  once  upon 
the  enemy's  special  service  steamer  Ural,  which 
was  near  by  on  the  port  side,  and  at  once  sank  her ; 


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then,  as  the  squadron  was  steaming  north  in  search 
of  the  enemy,  it  sighted  on  the  port  bow  the 
remaining  ships  of  his  principal  force,  six  in  number, 
flying  in  a  cluster  to  the  north-east.  Approaching 
at  once,  it  steamed  parallel  to  these,  and  then 
renewed  the  flght,  gradually  emerging  ahead  of 
them  and  bearing  down  on  their  front.  The  enemy 
had  steered  north-east  at  first,  but  his  course  was 
gradually  deflected  to  the  west,  and  he  finally 
pushed  north -west.  This  fight  on  parallel  lines 
continued  from  6  p.m.  to  nightfall.  The  enemy 
suffered  so  heavily  that  his  fire  was  much  reduced, 
whereas  our  deliberate  practice  told  more  and 
more.  A  battleship  of  the  Alexander  III.  type 
quickly  left  the  fighting  line,  and  fell  to  the  rear, 
and  a  vessel  like  the  Borodino,  which  led  the 
column,  took  fire  at  6.40  p.m.,  and  at  7.23  suddenly 
became  enveloped  in  smoke,  and  sank  in  an  instant, 
the  flame<3  having  probably  reached  her  magazine. 
Further,  the  ships  of  the  armoured  cruiser  squadron, 
which  were  then  in  the  south  pursuing  the  enemy's 
cruiser  squadron  northward,  saw  at  7.7  p.m.  a  ship 
like  the  Borodino,  with  a  heavy  list,  and  in  an 
unmanageable  condition,  come  to  the  side  of  the 
Nakhimoff,  where  she  turned  over  and  went  to  the 
bottom.  It  was  subsequently  ascertained  from 
the  prisoners  that  this  was  the  Alexander  III., 
and  that  the  vessel  which  the  main  squadron  saw 
sink  was  the  Borodino. 

It  was  now  getting  dusk,  axid  our  destroyer 
sections  and  torpedo  sections  gradually  closed  in 
on  the  enemy  from  the  east,  north,  and  south, 
their  preparations  for  attack  having  been  already 
made.  Therefore  the  main  squadron  ceased  by 
degrees  to  x>ress  the  enemy,  and  at  7.28  p.m.,  when 
the  sun  was  setting,  drew  ofi  to  the  east.  I  then 
ordered  the  Tatsuta  to  carry  orders  to  the  fleet 
that  it  should  proceed  northward,  and  rendezvous 
on  the  following  morning  at  the  Ulneung  Islands. 

This  ended  the  battle  during  daylight  on  the 
27th. 

Fight  of  the  Dswa,  Uriu,  and  Togo  (Captain) 
Sections  and  of  the  Cruiser  Squadron. 

At  2  p.m.,  when  the  order  to  open  the  fight  was 
given,  the  Dewa,  Uriu,  and  Togo  sections,  and  the 
cruiser  squadron,  separating  from  the  main 
squadron,  steamed  back  south,  keeping  the  enemy 
on  the  port  bow.  In  pursuance  of  the  strategical 
plan  already  laid  down,  they  proceeded  to  menace 
the  vessels  forming  the  enemy's  rear — namely,  the 
special  service  steamers  and  the  cruisers  Oleg, 
Aurora,  Svietlana,  Almaz,  Dmitri  Donshoi,  and 
Vladimir  Monomakh.  The  Dewa  and  Uriu  sec- 
tions, working  together  in  line,  reached  the  enemy's 
cruiser  squadron,  and,  steaming  in  a  direction 
opposite  to  his  course,  engaged  him,  gradually 
passing  round  his  rear,  and  emerging  on  his  star- 
board, where  the  attack  was  renewed  on  parallel 
courses ;  then,  taking  advantage  of  their  superior 
speed,  these  sections  changed  front  at  their  own 


convenience,  sometimes  engaging  the  enemy  on 
the  port  side,  sometimes  on  the  starboard.  After 
30  minutes  of  this  fighting  the  enemy's  rear  section 
gradually  fell  into  disorder,  his  special  service 
steamers  and  warships  scattering  and  losing  their 
objective.  At  a  little  after  3  p.m.  a  vessel  like  the 
Aurora  left  the  enemy's  rank  and  approached  our 
ships,  but,  being  severely  injured  by  our  heavy 
fire,  she  fell  back.  Again,  at  3.40  p.m.,  three  of 
the  enemy's  destroyers  sallied  out  to  attack  us, 
but  were  repulsed  without  accomplishing  anything. 

The  result  of  this  combined  attack  by  the  Dewa 
and  Uriu  sections  was  that  by  4  o'clock  there  had 
been  a  marked  development  of  the  situation,  the 
enemy's  rear  sections  being  thrown  completely  into 
disorder.  Ships  in  this  quarter  had  fallen  oat  of 
their  formation ;  aU  seemed  to  have  suffered  more 
or  less  injury,  and  some  were  seen  to  have  become 
unmanageable. 

The  Uriu  section,  at  about  4.20  p.m.,  seeing  one 
of  the  enemy's  special  service  steamers  (probably 
the  Anjier),  a  three-master  with  two  smoke-stacks, 
which  had  become  isolated,  at  once  bore  down  on 
her  and  sank  her.  This  section  also  fired  heavily 
on  another  special  service  steamer,  a  four-master 
with  one  funnel  (probably  the  litis),  and  nearly 
sank  her. 

About  this  time  our  cruiser  squadron  and  the 
Togo  section  arriving  on  the  scene,  joined  forces 
with  the  Dewa  and  Uriu  sections,  and,  all  working 
together,  pursued  and  attacked  the  enemy's  dis- 
ordered cruiser  squadron  and  specied  service 
steamers.  While  this  was  in  progress,  four  of  the 
enemy's  warships  (perhaps  the  coast  defence 
vessels),  which  had  been  forced  back  by  our  main 
squadrons,  came  steaming  south,  and  joined  his 
cruiser  squadron.  Thus  the  Uriu  section  and  our 
cruiser  squadron  became  heavily  engaged  with 
these  for  a  time  at  short  range,  and  all  suffered 
more  or  less,  but  fortunately  their  injuries  were 
not  serious. 

Previously  to  this  the  Kasagi,  flagship  of  the 
Dewa  section,  had  been  hit  in  her  port  bunker 
below  the  water-line.  As  she  made  water,  it 
became  necessary  for  her  to  proceed  to  a  place 
where  the  sea  was  calm  in  order  to  effect  temporary 
repairs.  Rear-Admiral  Dewa  himself  took  away 
the  Kasagi  and  Chitose  for  that  purpose,  and  the 
remaining  ships  of  his  section  passed  under  the 
conmiand  of  Rear- Admiral  Uriu.  At  6  p.m.  the 
Kasagi  reached  Aburaya  Bay,  and  Rear-Admiial 
Dewa,  transferring  his  flag  to  the  Chitose,  steauied 
out  during  the  night,  but  the  Kasagi* s  repairs  re- 
quired so  much  time  that  she  was  not  able  to  take 
part  in  the  pursuit  the  following  day.  The  flag- 
ship Taniwa,  of  the  Uriu  section,  also  received  a 
shell  below  the  water-line  astern,  and  at  about 
5.10  p.m.  she  had  to  leave  the  fighting  line  and 
effect  temporary  repairs. 

Alike  in  the  north  and  in  the  south^the^enemy's 
whole  fleet  was  now  in  disorder,  and  had  fallen  into 


JAPAN 


313 


JAPAN 


a  pitiably  broken  condition.  Therefore  at  5 . 30  p.m. 
our  armoured  cruiser  squadron  sei>arated  from  the 
main  squadron,  and,  steaming  south,  attacked  the 
enemy's  cruiser  squadron.  At  the  same  time  the 
enemy,  forming  a  group,  all  fled  north,  pursued  by 
the  Uriu  section,  the  cruiser  squadron,  and  the  Togo 
section.  On  the  way  the  enemy's  battleship  Kniaz 
Suvaroff,  which  had  been  left  behind  unmanage- 
able, as  well  as  his  repair  ship  Kamchatka,  were 
sighted,  and  the  cruiser  squadron,  with  the  Togo 
section,  at  once  proceeded  to  destroy  them.  At 
7.10  p.m.  the  Kamchaiha  was  sunkj  and  then  the 
Fujimoto  torpedo  section,  which  accompanied  the 
cruiser  squadron,  steamed  out  and  attacked  the 
Suvaroff,  She  made  her  last  resistance  with  a 
small  gun  astern,  but  was  finally  struck  by  two  of 
our  torpedoes,  and  went  down.  This  was  at 
7.20  p.m.  Very  shortly  afterwards  our  ships  in 
this  part  of  the  field  received  orders  to  rendezvous 
at  the  Ulneung  Islands,  and  subsequently  we 
ceased  fighting,  and  steamed  to  the  north-east. 

Fight  of  thb  Destroyer  and  Torpedo 

Sections. 

The  fight  during  the  night  of  the  27th  began 
immediately  after  the  battle  during  the  day  had 
ceased.  It  was  a  vehement  and  most  resolute 
attack  by  the  various  destroyer  and  torpedo  sec- 
tions. 

From  the  morning  of  this  day  a  strong  south- 
west wind  had  raised  a  sea  so  high  that  the  handling 
of  small  craft  became  very  difficult.  Perceiving 
this.  I  caused  the  torpedo  section  which  accom- 
panied my  own  squadron  to  take  refuge  in  Miura 
Bay  before  the  day  fighting  commenced.  Towards 
evening  the  wind  lost  some  of  its  force,  but  the 
sea  remained  very  high,  and  the  state  of  affairs 
was  very  unfavourable  for  night  operations  by  our 
torpedo  craft.  Nevertheless,  our  destroyer  sec- 
tions and  torpedo  sections,  fearing  to  lose  this 
unique  occasion  for  combined  action,  all  stood  out 
before  sunset,  regardless  of  the  state  of  the  weather, 
and,  each  vying  with  the  other  to  take  the  lead, 
approached  the  enemy.  The  Fujimoto  destroyer 
section  steaming  from  the  north,  the  Yajima  de- 
stroyer section,  and  the  Kawase  torpedo  section 
from  the  north-east,  bore  down  on  the  enemy's 
main  squadron,  while  the  rear  of  the  same  squadron 
was  approached  by  the  Yoshijima  destroyer  sec- 
tion from  the  east  and  the  Hirose  destroyer  section 
from  the  south-east.  The  Fukuda,  Otaki,  Aoyama, 
and  Kawada  torpedo  sections,  coming  from  the 
south,  pursued  the  detached  vessels  of  the  enemy's 
main  squadron,  as  well  as  the  group  of  cruisers  on 
a  parallel  line  in  his  left  rear.  Thus  as  night  fell 
these  torpedo  craft  closed  in  on  him  from  three 
sides.  Alarmed  apparently  by  this  onset,  the 
enemy  at  sunset  steered  off  to  the  south-west,  and 
seems  to  have  then  changed  his  course  again  to 
the  east.  At  8.15  p.m.  the  night  battle  was  com- 
jxienced  by  the    Yajima  destroyer  attacking  the 


head  of  the  enemy's  main  squadron,  whereafter 
the  various  sections  of  torpedo  craft  swarmed  about 
him  from  every  direction,  and  until  11  p.m.  kept 
up  a  continuous  attack  at  close  quarters.  From 
nightfall  the  enemy  made  a  desperate  resistance  by 
the  aid  of  search-lights  and  the  flashing  of  guns, 
but  the  onset  overcame  him,  he  lost  his  formation, 
and  fell  into  confusion,  his  vessels  scattering  in  all 
directions  to  avoid  our  onslaught.  The  torpedo 
sections  pursuing,  a  pell-mell  contest  ensued,  in 
the  course  of  which  the  battleship  Sissoi  Veliky 
and  the  armoured  cruisers  Admiral  Nakhimoff  and 
Vladimir  Monomahh,  three  ships  at  least,  were 
struck  by  torpedoes,  put  out  of  action,  and  rendered 
unmanageable.  On  our  side  No.  69  of  the  Fukuda 
torpedo  section,  No.  34  of  the  Aoyama  section,  and 
No.  35  of  the  Kawada  sections  were  all  sunk  by 
the  enemy's  shells  during  the  action,  while  the 
destroyers  Harusame,  AkcUsuki,  Ihaxuchi,  and 
Yugiri,  as  well  as  the  torpedo  boats  Sagi,  No.  68, 
and  No.  33,  suffered  more  or  less  from  gun-fire  pr 
from  collisions,  being  temporarily  put  out  of 
action.  The  casualties  also  were  comparatively 
numerous,  especially  in  the  Fukuda,  Aoyama,  and 
Kawada  sections.  The  crews  of  the  three  torpedo 
boats  which  sank  were  taken  off  by  their  consorts, 
the  Kari,  No.  31,  and  No.  61. 

According  to  statements  subsequently  made  by 
prisoners,  the  torpedo  attack  that  night  was  in- 
describably fierce.  The  torpedo  craft  steamed  in 
so  rapidly  and  so  close  that  it  was  impossible  to 
deal  with  them,  and  they  came  to  such  short  range 
that  the  warships'  guns  could  not  be  depressed 
sufficiently  to  aim  at  them. 

In  addition  to  the  above  the  Suzuki  destroyer 
section  and  other  torpedo  sections  proceeded  in 
other  directions  the  same  night  to  search  for  the 
enemy.  On  the  38th,  at  2  a.m.,  the  Suzuki  section 
sighted  two  ships  steaming  north  at  a  distance  of 
some  27  miles  east-north-east  of  Karasaki.  The 
section  immediately  gave  chase,  and  sank  one  of 
the  ships.  Subsequent  statements  by  prisoners 
rescued  from  her  showed  her  to  be  the  battleship 
Navarin,  and  that  she  was  struck  by  two  torpedoes 
on  each  side,  after  which  she  sank  in  a  few  minutes. 
The  other  torpedo  sections  searched  in  various 
directions  all  night,  but  accomplished  nothing.       Ji 

The  Fight  on  May  28. 

At  dawn  on  May  28  the  fog  which  had  prevailed 
since  the  previous  day  lifted.  The  main  squadron 
and  the  armoured  cruiser  squadron  had  already 
reached  a  point  some  20  miles  south  of  the  Ulneung 
Islands,  and  the  other  sections,  as  well  as  the  various 
torpedo  craft  which  had  been  engaged  in  the 
attack  during  the  night,  gradually  and  by  different 
routes  drew  up  towards  the  rendezvous.  At 
5.20  a.m.,  when  I  was  about  to  form  the  armoured 
cruiser  squadron  into  a  search  cordon  from  east 
to  west  for  the  purpose  of  cutting  the  enemy's 
line  of  retreat,  the  cruiBer  squadron,  which  was 


JAPAN 


3H 


JAPAN 


advancing  northward,  being  then  about  60  miles 
astern,  signalled  that  it  had  sighted  the  enemy 
eastward,  and  that  several  columns  of  smoke  were 
observable.  Shortly  afterwards  this  squadron  ap- 
proached the  enemy  and  reported  that  his  force 
consisted  of  four  battleships — two  of  these  were 
subsequently  found  to  be  coast  defence  vessels — 
and  two  cruisers,  and  that  it  was  advancing  north. 
Without  further  inquiry  it  became  clear  that  these 
ships  formed  the  chief  body  of  the  enemy's  remain- 
ing force.  Therefore  our  main  squadron  and 
armoured  cruiser  squadron  put  about,  and,  gradu- 
ally heading  east,  barred  the  enemy's  line  of 
advance,  while  the  Togo  and  Uriu  sections,  joining 
the  cruiser  squadron,  contained  him  in  rear,  so 
that  by  10.30  a.m.,  at  a  point  some  18  miles  south 
of  Takeshima  (the  Liancourt  Rocks),  the  enemy 
was  completely  enveloped.  His  force  consisted  of 
the  battleships  Orel  and  Nikolai  /.,  the  coast  de- 
fence ships  Admiral  Apraxine  and  Admiral  Seniavin, 
and  the  cruiser  Izumrud,  five  ships  in  all.  Another 
cruiser  was  seen  far  southward,  but  she  passed  out 
of  sight.  Not  only  had  these  remnants  of  the 
enemy's  fleet  already  sustained  heavy  injuries,  but 
also  they  were,  of  course,  incapable  of  resisting  our 
superior  force.  Therefore  soon  after  our  main 
squadron  and  armoured  cruiser  squadron  had 
opened  fire  on  them,  Rear-Admiral  Nebogatoff, 
who  commanded  the  enemy's  ships,  signalled  his 
desire  to  surrender  with  the  force  under  him.  I 
accepted  his  surrender,  and  as  a  special  measure 
allowed  the  officers  to  retain  their  swords.  But 
the  cruiser  Ixummd,  previously  to  this  surrender, 
had  fled  southward  at  full  ^peed,  and.  breaking 
through  Togo's  section,  had  then  steamed  east. 
Just  then  the  Chitose,  which,  on  her  way  back  from 
Aburaya  Bay,  had  sunk  one  of  the  enemy's  de- 
stroyers en  route,  reached  the  scene,  and,  im- 
mediately changing  her  course,  gave  chase  to  the 
Izumrud,  but  failed  to  overtake  her,  and  she 
escaped  north. 

Previously  to  this  the  Uriu  section,  while  on  its 
way  north,  at  7  a.m.  sighted  one  of  the  enemy's 
ships  in  the  west.  Thereupon  the  Otowa  and  the 
Niitaka,  under  the  command  of  Captain  Arima, 
of  the  former  cruiser,  were  detached  to  destroy  her. 
At  9  a.m.  they  drew  up  to  her,  and  found  that  she 
was  the  Svietlana,  accompanied  by  a  destroyer. 
Pushing  closer,  they  opened  fire,  and,  after  about 
an  hour's  engagement,  sank  the  Svietlana  at 
1 1.6  a.m.  off  Chyukpyong  Bay.  The  Niitetka, 
accompanied  by  the  destroyer  Murahumo,  which 
had  just  arrived,  continued  the  pursuit  of  the 
enemy's  destroyer  Buistri,  and  at  11.50  a.m.  drove 
it  ashore  and  destroyed  it  in  an  unnamed  bay  some 
five  miles  north  of  Chyukpyong  Bay.  The  sur- 
vivors of  these  two  vessels  were  all  rescued  by  our 
special  service  steamers  America  Maru  and  Kasuga 
Maru. 

The  main  part  of  our  combined  squadron  which 
had  received  the  enemy's  surrender  were  still  near 


the  place  of  the  surrender,  and  were  engaged  in 
dealing  with  the  four  captured  ships,  when,  at 
3  p.m.,  the  enemy's  vessel  Admiral  Oushahoff  was 
sighted  approaching  from  the  south.  A  detachment 
consisting  of  the  Iwate  and  the  Yakumo,  were  im- 
mediately sent  after  her,  and  at  a  little  after 
8  p.m.  they  overtook  her.  as  she  steamed  south. 
They  summoned  her  to  surrender,  but  for  reply 
she  opened  fire,  and  there  was  nothing  for  it  but 
to  attack  her.  She  was  finally  sunk,  and  her  sur- 
vivors, over  300,  were  rescued. 

At  3.30  p.m.  the  destroyers  Saganami  and  Kagero 
sighted  two  destroyers  of  the  enemy  escaping  east, 
and  then  at  a  point  some  40  miles  south-west  of 
Ulneung  Islands.  These  were  pursued  at  full 
speed  to  the  north-west,  and,  being  overtaken  at 
4.45  p.m..  an  action  commenced.  The  rear-most 
of  the  two  destroyers  then  ran  up  a  white  fiag  in 
token  of  surrender,  whereupon  the  Satanami  im- 
mediately took  possession  of  her.  She  was  found 
to  be  the  Biedvi,  with  Vice- Admiral  Rozhdest- 
vensky  and  his  staff  on  board.  These,  with  her 
crew,  were  made  prisoners.  The  Kagero  mean- 
while continued  the  chase  of  the  other  destroyer 
up  to  half -past  six,  but  she  finally  escaped  north. 

At  5  p.m.  the  Uriu  section  and  the  Yajima  de- 
stroyer section,  which  were  searching  for  the  enemy 
in  a  westerly  direction,  sighted  the  battleship 
Dmitri  Donskoi  steaming  north,  and  went  in  pur- 
suit. Just  as  the  Russian  vessel  had  reached  a 
point  some  30  miles  south  of  the  Ulneung  Islands, 
the  Otowa  and  the  Niitaka,  with  the  destroyers 
Asagiri,  Skirakumo,  and  Fubuki,  which  were 
coming  back  from  Chjrukpyong  Bay,  bore  down 
on  her  from  the  west  and  opened  fire,  so  that  she 
was  brought  between  a  cross  cannonade  from  these 
and  the  Uriu  section.  This  heavy  fire  from  both 
sides  was  kept  up  until  after  sunset,  by  which  time 
she  was  almost  shattered,  but  still  afloat.  During 
the  night  she  passed  out  of  sight.  So  soon  as  the 
cruisers  had  ceased  firing  on  her  the  Fubuki  and 
the  Yajima  destroyer  section  attacked  her,  but  the 
result  was  uncertain.  On  the  following  morning, 
however,  she  was  seen  drifting  near  the  south-east 
coast  of  the  Ulneung  Islands,  where  she  finally 
sank.  Her  survivors,  who  had  landed  on  the 
islands,  were  taken  off  by  the  Kasuga  and  the 
Fubuki. 

While  the  greater  part  of  the  combined  squadrons 
were  thus  busily  engaged  in  the  north  dealing  with 
the  results  of  the  pursuit,  there  were  in  the  south 
also  some  considerable  captures  of  ships  remaining 
at  the  scene  of  the  action.  Thus  the  special  ser- 
vice steamers  Shinano  Maru,  Tainan  Maru,  aod 
Yawata  Maru,  which  had  set  out  eariy  on  the 
morning  of  the  28th  charged  with  the  duty  of 
searching  the  place  of  the  engagement,  sighted  the 
Sissoi  Veliky  at  a  point  some  30  miles  north-ea3t 
of  Karasaki.  She  had  been  struck  by  torpedoes 
the  night  before,  and  was  now  on  the  point  of 
sinking.    They  made   preparations  for  capturing 


JAPAN 


315 


JAUREGUIBERRY 


her,  and  took  off  her  crew.     She  went  down,  how- 
ever, at  1 1.6  a.m.     Again,  at  5.30  a.m.,  the  de- 
stroyer Shiranui  and  the  special  service  steamer 
Sado  Maru  found  the  Admiral    Nakhimoff  in  a 
sinking  condition  some  five  miles  east  of  Kotozaki, 
in  Tsushima.     Thereafter  they  sighted  the  Vladimir 
Monomakh  approaching  the  same  neighbourhood 
with  a  heavy  list.     The  Sado  Maru  took  measures 
for  capturing  both  these  ships,  but  they  were  so 
greatly  shattered,  and  were  making  water  so  fast, 
that  they  sunk  in  succession  at  about  10  a.m.,  after 
their  crews   had    been   removed.     Just   then   the 
enemy's  destroyer  Gromky  came  to  the  same  neigh- 
bourhood,  and  suddenly  steamed  off  northward. 
The  destroyer  Shiranui  went  in  pursuit,  and  about 
11.30  a.m.   attacked  her,   No.   63,  a  unit  of  the 
torpedo-boat  sections,  co-operating  in  the  attack. 
The  enemy's   fire  having   been   silenced,    the   de- 
stroyer was  captured   and   her  crew   were   made 
prisoners,  but  her  injuries  were  so  severe  that  she 
sank  at  12.43  P*™*     ^^  addition  to  the  above,  the 
gun-boats  and  special  service  steamers  of  our  fleet, 
searching  the  coasts  in  the  neighbourhood  after 
the  battle,  picked  up  not  a  few  of  the  crews  of  the 
sunken  ships.     Including  the  crews  of  the  cap- 
tured vessels,  the  prisoners  aggregated  about  6,000. 
The  above  are  the  results  of  the  battle,  which 
continued  from  the  afternoon  of  the  27th  till  the 
afternoon  of  the  26th.     Subsequently,  a  part  of 
the  fleet  conducted  a  search  far  southwards,  but 
not  a  sign  was  se^i  of  any  of  the  enemy's  ships. 
About  38  of  his  vessels  had  attempted  to  pass  the 
Sea  oi  Japan,  and  of  these  the  ships  that  I  believe 
to  have  escaped  destriiction  or  capture  at  our  hands 
were   lixnited   to  a  few  cruisers,   destroyers,   and 
special  service  steamers.     Our  own  losses  in  the 
two   days'    fight  were  only  three   torpedo-boats. 
M>me  others  of  our  vessels  sustained  more  or  less 
injury,  but  not  even  one  of  them  is  incapacitated 
for  future  service.     Our  casualties  throughout  the 
whole    fleet   were    116   killed   and    538   wounded, 
officers  being  included. 

There  vras  no  great  difference  in  the  strengths  of 

the  opposing  forces  in  this  action,  and  I  consider 

that  the  enemy's  officers  and  men  fought  with  the 

utmost  energy  and  intrepidity  on  behalf  of  their 

country.      If,  nevertheless,  our  combined  squadrons 

won    the    victory,   and   achieved   the  remarkable 

success    recorded   above,   it  was   because   of   the 

virtues  of  liis  Majesty  the  Emperor,  not  owing  to 

any  human   prowess.     It  cannot  but  be  believed 

that  the  small  number  of  our  casualties  was  due 

to  the   protection  of  the  spirits  of  the  Imperial 

ancestors.      £ven  our  officers  and  men,  who  fought 

so  valiantly   and  so  stoutly,  seeing  these  results, 

found  no  language  to  express  their  astonishment. 

COMPARATIVB  STATEMENT — ^ThE   EnEMY's  ShIPS 

AND  THEIR   FaTE. 


the  Oslydbya,  the  Sissoi  Vdiky,  and  the  Navarin) 
and  two  were  captured  (the  Orel  and  the  Nikolai  I.). 

II.  Cruisers,  nine,  whereof  four  were  sunk  (the 
Admiral  Nakhimoff,  the  Dmitri  Donskoi,  the 
Vladimir  Monomakh,  and  the  Svieilana),  three  fled 
to  Manila  and  were  interned  (the  Aurora,  the 
Oleg,  and  the  Jemchug),  one  escaped  to  Vladi- 
vostock  (the  Almaz),  and  one  became  a  wreck  in 
Vladimir  Bay  (the  Ixumrud), 

III.  Coast  defence  ships,  three,  whereof  one  was 
sunk  (the  Admiral  Oushakoff)  and  two  were  cap- 
tured (the  Admiral  Apraxine  and  the  Admiral 
Seniavin). 

IV.  Destroyers,  nine,  whereof  four  were  sunk 
(the  Buini,  the  Buistri,  the  Gromky,  and  one  other), 
one  captured  (the  Byedovi),  one  went  down  on 
account  of  her  injuries  when  attempting  to  reach 
Shanghai  (the  Blestyaschtchi) ,  one  fled  to  Shanghai 
and  was  disarmed  (the  Bodri),  one  escaped  to 
Vladivostock  (the  Bravi),  and  the  fate  of  one  is 
unknown. 

V.  Auxiliary  cruiser,  one,  which  was  sunk  (the 
Ural). 

VI.  Special  service  steamers,  six,  whereof  four 
were  sunk  (the  Kamchatka,  the  litis,  the  Anastney, 
and  the  Russi)  and  two  fled  to  Shanghai,  where 
they  were  interned  (the  Kovea  and  the  Sveri). 

VII.  Hospital  ships,  two,  which  were  both  seized, 
one  (the  Kastroma)  being  subsequently  released, 
and  the  other  (the  Orel)  made  prize  of  war. 

Recapitulation. 

Thirty-eight  Ships. 

Twenty  sunk. 

Six  captured. 

Two  went  to  the  bottom  or  were  shattered  while 
escaping. 

Six  disarmed  and  interned  after  flight  to  neutral 
ports. 

One  fate  unknown. 

One  released  after  capture. 

Two  escaped. 

Japanese  Mail  Steamship  Co.  See  Nippon  Yusen 
Kaisha. 

Japan  Sea.    See  Sea  of  Japan. 

Jason.     British  torpedo  gun -boat  (1892). 
Length  230ft.  Beam  27ft.  Maximum  draught  I2ift. 
Displacement  810  tons.     Complement  85. 

Guns. 
2—47  in. 

4 — 3  Pdr.  < 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
S — 14  in. 
3 — 18  in. 
Twin  screw.     Speed  17  kts.     Coal  maximum  160 
tons. 


X.  Sattlesbips,  eight,  whereof  six  were  sunk  (the         JamegQibeny.     French  ist  class  battleship.     (La 
Kniaz  Sttvaroff,  the  Alexander  III.,  the  Borodino,      Seyne,  1893.) 


JAUREGUIBERRY 


316 


JEBSEN 


Length  364ft.  Beam  72ft.  Maximum  draught  29ft. 
{^Displacement  11,900  tons.     Complement  607. 
Guns.  Armour. 

2 — 12  in.  "  Creusot  steel." 

2 — xo'8  in.  18  in.  Belt  amidships. 

8 — 5*5  in.  15  in.  Turrets. 

4 — 9  pdr.  9  in.  Conning  tower. 

16 — 3  pdr. 

Torpedo  Tubes  {177  in.). 
2  Submerged. 

4  Above  water  (2  bow,  2  stem). 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  14,300=1 7*8  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 1,100  tons.     Approximate  cost  £1,000,000. 

Jaoregniberry,  Jean  Bernard  (1815-87).  French 
admiral  (b.  Bayonne).  Entered  the  Navy,  183 1, 
and  after  serving  in  the  Crimea  war  and  in  China 
was  promoted  admiral,  1869.  During  the  Franco- 
German  war  he  was  repeatedly  mentioned  in  de- 
spatches for  his  brilliant  and  skilful  handling  of 
the  troops  at  Orleans  and  Le  Mans.  He  was 
Minister  of  Marine,  1879-80  and  1882-83.  Was 
made  a  commander  of  the  Legion  of  Honour,  1861, 
Grand  Ofl&cer,  1870,  and  Grand  Cross,  1879.  He 
died  at  Paris,  October  21,  1887. 

Java.  23  guns.  On  February  x,  1807,  this 
vessel  foundered  near  the  Island  of  Rodriguez,  East 
Indies. 

Java  Sea,  or  Sunda  Sea,  Ues  between  Java  and 
Borneo,  and  reaches  from  Sumatra  on  the  west  to 
the  Celebes  on  the  east.  It  has  an  area  of  about 
360,000  square  miles,  with  a  mean  depth  of  about 
85  fathoms.  The  prevailing  direction  of  the  wind 
during  one  half  of  the  year,  from  April  to  October, 
is  S.E. ;  during  the  other  half  of  the  year  a  N.W. 
or  W.  wind  blows.  The  former  period  is  known 
as  the  dry  season  or  east  monsoon ;  the  latter  as 
the  rainy  season  or  west  monsoon.  The  streams 
flowing  into  the  Sea  of  Java  are  both  in  length  of 
course  and  volume  of  water  more  important  than 
those  which  fall  into  the  Indian  Ocean.  The 
largest  and  most  important  of  the  rivers  is  the 
Bengarwen,  or  River  of  Solo.  Except  for  the  last 
three  months  of  the  dry  season  it  is  navigable  for 
large  boats,  and  during  the  whole  year  for  small 
ones. 

Javelaine.  French  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Nor- 
mand,  1902.)  Length,  180  ft. ;  beam,  21  ft. ; 
maximum  draught,  xo  ft. ;  displacement,  300  tons  ; 
complement,  45  ;  guns,  x  9-pdr.,  6  3-pdr. ;  torpedo 
tubes,  2  x5-in. ;  speed,  27-30  kts. 

Jaw.  The  inner,  hollow,  semi-circular  end  of  a 
gaff  or  boom  which  presses  against  the  mast.  The 
points  of  the  jaw  are  called  horns. 

Jaw-rope.  A  rope  to  confine  the  jaws  of  a  gaff 
to  prevent  it  coming  off  the  mast. 

Jean  Bart.     Old  French  cruiser  (1889). 
Length  346ft.   Beam  45ft.  Maximum  draught  23ft. 
Displacement  4,200  tons.     Complement  407. 


Guns.  Armour. 

4 — 6'4  in.  4  in.  Deck. 

6 — 5*5  in.  4  in.  Gun  shields. 

2 — 9  pdr. 
8— 3  pdr. 
xo — X  pdr. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
4  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  8,000=  X9  kts.     Small  fighting 
value. 

Jeanne  d' Are.    French  ist  class  cruiser.    (Toulon, 
X899.) 

Length  47Sft.   Beam  69ft.  Maximum  draught  27ft. 
Displacement  1 1 ,270  tons.     Complement  626. 
Guns.  Armour. 

2 — j'6  in.,  45  cal.      "  Harvey  model." 
14 — 5*5  in.  6  in.  Belt  amidships. 

12 — 3  pdr.  8  in.  Turrets. 

8 — I  pdr.  6  in.  Conning  tower. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
2  Submerged. 
Three  screws.     Hp.  28,500=23  kts.    Coal  maxi- 
mum 2,xoo  tons.     Approximate  cost  jf 900,000. 

Jeanneite.  This  vessel,  formerly  Pandora,  was 
purchased  by  Mr.  Gordon  Bexmett,  of  New  York, 
from  Sir  Allen  Young,  and  sailed  from  San  Fran- 
cisco on  July  8,  1879,  commanded  by  Lieutenant 
de  Long,  of  the  United  States  Navy,  and  was  last 
seen  steaixiing  towards  WrangeU  Land  on  Sep> 
tember  3.  The  Jeanneite  was  provisioned  for  three 
years,  but  as  nothing  had  been  heard  of  her  up  to 
i88x  two  steamers  were  sent  up  Baring  Strait  in 
search.  Eventually  the  bodies  of  de  Long  and 
two  of  his  crew  were  found  on  March  23,  X883,  >^^ 
it  subsequently  transpired  that  the  Jeannetts, 
having  been  beset  in  heavy  pack-ice  for  22  months, 
was  crushed  and  sunk  on  June  12,  x88x,  in  latitade 
77"  15' N. 

Jears,  Jeers.  A  purchase  for  swaying  up  the 
mainsail,  foresail,  and  mizzen. 

Jebba.  3,813  tons.  Elder,  Dempster  West  African 
mail  and  passenger  steamer.  Went  ashore  near 
Bolt  Tail,  on  the  Devon  coast,  March  18,  X907,  and 
became  a  total  wreck  ;  no  hves  loet. 

Jebsen  Line,  with  which  is  amalgamated  the 
Diederichsen  Jebsen  Line,  and  H.  Diederichsen,  of 
Kiel,  have  a  fleet  of  3X  modem  steamers  engaged 
in  cargo  and  passenger  service  on  the  various 
coasts  of  Europe. 

Fleet. 

Amigo.  Germania. 

Apenrade.  HeUne. 

Carl  Diederichsen.  Holstein. 

Clara  Jebsen.  Jacob  Diederichsen. 

Ellerbeh.  Johann. 

Euhn.  Kaisberg. 

Eva.  Lauschan. 

Forstech.  Marie. 

Gaarden.  Mathilda. 


JED 


317 


JETTISON 


Flbbt  {continued) 


Michael  Jebsen, 

Neumuhlen. 

Ploen. 

Poschan. 

Schleswig. 

Signal. 


Syfang. 

Taimoschan, 

Thea. 

Triumph. 

Vorwacrts. 

Wih. 


Zano. 


Jed.  Biitiah  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Chiswick, 
1904.)  Length,  222  ft.  ;  beam,  23  ft.  ;  draught, 
9^  ft. ;  displacement,  640  tons ;  complement,  70 ; 
armament,  i  12-pdr.,  5  6-pdr.,  2  tubes ;  twin 
screw ;  Hp.,  7,500=25  kts. ;  coal,  95  tons. 

Jeen  answer  the  same  purpose  to  the  mainsail, 
foresail,  and  mizzen  as  haUiards  do  to  all  inferior 
sails.  Also  a  term  given  to  strong  tackle  by 
which  the  lower  yards  are  hoisted  up  along  the 
mast,  or  lowered  down  ;  the  former  operation  is 
called  swaying  and  the  latter  sirihing. 

Jellicoe,  Captain  John  Bnsbworfh*  OJi.*  [1900 
(b.  December,  1859).  Educated  Rottingdean. 
entered  Navy,  1872 ;  lieutenant  of  Agincourt 
during  Egyptian  war  (Egyptian  medal,  Khedive's 
Bronze  Star) ;  Board  of  Trade  silver  medal,  May, 
1886,  in  recognition  of  services  rendered  as  com- 
mander of  the  gig  manned  by  volunteers  to  rescue 
the  crew  of  a  steamer  stranded  on  a  sandbank  near 
Gibraltar,  with  heavy  seas  breaking  over  her ; 
assistant  to  director  of  Naval  Ordnance  Committee ; 
wrecked  in  H.M.S.  Victoria  {g.v.) ;  present  with 
Admiral  Sir  E.  H.  Seymour's  expedition  to  relieve 
the  Legation  at  Peking,  July,  1900 ;  C.B.  for  ser- 
vices rendered  during  this  expedition ;  appointed 
to  superintend  the  building  by  contract  of  ships  of 
war,  1902  ;  decorated  by  the  German  Emperor 
with  the  second  class  of  the  Red  Eagle  with  crossed 
swords,  1902 ;  naval  assistant  to  Controller  of 
Navy  ;  Director  of  Naval  Ordnance  and  Torpedoes, 
1905. 

Jelly-fish.     A  common  name  for  the  Medusse 
soft  gelatinous  marine  animals  belonging    to  the 
Acalephae  class. 

Jemmappes.    French    coast    service    battleship. 
(St.  Nazaire,  1892.) 

length  284ft.   Beam  57ft.  Maximum  draught  24ft. 
Displacement  6,487  tons.    Complement  334. 
Guns.  Armour. 

2 — 13*4  in.,  40  cal.      "  Creusot." 
4 — 4  in.  18  in.  Belt  amidships. 

6 — 3  pdr.  15  in.  Turrets. 

8 — I  pdr.  12  in.  Conning  tower. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (177  in.). 
2  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.   8,400=17  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
miim  630  tons.    Approximate  cost  ;£5  50,000. 

Jemtehng.  Small  Russian  cruiser.  Escaped  from 
tlie  Japanese  at  the  battle  of  Tsushima,  and  was 
irttemed  to  the  end  of  the  war. 


Length  345ft.     Beam  49ft.     Mean  draught  i6ft. 
Displacement  3,050  tons.     Complement  334. 
Guns.  Armour. 

6—47  in.  "  Krupp." 

6 — 3  pdr.  2  in.  Deck. 

2 — I  pdr.  3  in.  Conning  tower. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
I  Above  water  stem. 
4  Above  water  broadside. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.   19,000=24  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 600  tons. 

JenUngB,  Vioe-Admina  Baldwin  (b.  1846).  En- 
tered Navy,  1859  ;  Ueutenant,  1867  ;  commander, 
1877;  captain,  1882;  commanded  Inflexible  at  the 
bombardment  of  Alexandria  during  Egjrptian  war 
(Egyptian  medal,  Alexandria  clasp,  Khedive's 
Bronze  Star) ;  member  of  the  Ordnance  Committee. 
1884-87  and  1890-93;  captain's  good  service  pen- 
sion, 1894-97  ;  rear-admiral,  1897  i  vice-admiral, 
1902. 

Jenldnfl  and  CPo.    See  Shire  Line. 

Jeiiie  Logan.  East  Indiaman.  Wrecked  on  the 
Cornish  coast,  January  16,  1843  !  o^any  lives  lost. 

Jetsam.    See  Jettison ;  also  Wreck. 

Jettison.  In  marine  insurance  this  risk  (formerly 
called  jetsam)  is  the  throwing  overboard  a  part  of 
the  cargo,  or  any  article  on  board  of  a  ship,  or  the 
cutting  or  casting  away  of  masts,  spars,  rigging, 
sails,  or  other  furniture,  for  the  purpose  of  Ughten- 
ing  or  relieving  the  ship  in  case  of  necessity  or 
emergency.  (PhiUips,  4tfa  ed.,  p.  1,278.)  When  a 
jettison  is  made  to  save  the  ship  and  cargo  from  a 
common  danger,  the  value  of  the  property  sacrificed 
is  made  good  to  the  owner  in  General  Average. 
The  assured  may,  however,  elect  to  claim  direct 
upon  his  underwriters  for  the  insured  value  of  the 
jettisoned  property  without  waiting  for  the  adjust- 
ment of  the  General  Average.  (Dickinson  v. 
Jardine,  L.R.  3  C.P.  639.)  In  this  case  the  under- 
writers would  receive  the  settlement  in  General 
Average.  When  goods  are  jettisoned  the  freight 
is  jettisoned  with  them,  and  is  likewise  recoverable 
in  General  Average. 

This  applies  only  to  cargo  under  deck.  Cargo 
caiTied  on  deck  is  not  allowed  in  General  Average 
except  a  deckload  is  customary  in  the  particular 
trade,  and  in  the  case  of  coasting  vessels. 

Goods  which  have  been  jettisoned  remain  the 
property  of  their  original  owners,  and  can  be 
claimed  by  them  on  payment  of  salvage  and  ex- 
penses if  recovered.  (Amould,  4th  ed.,  p.  770.) 
Cargo  carried  in  a  deckhouse  is,  so  far  as  jettison 
is  concerned,  treated  as  if  on  deck.  (Dixon  v. 
Royal  Exchange  Shipping  Co.)  But  the  addition 
in  the  policy  of  the  words  "  in  and  over  all,"  or 
some  similar  clause,  suffices  to  render  the  under- 
writers liable  to  pay  for  or  contribute  to  the  loss 
in  the  event  of  the  jettison. 


JETTISON 


318 


JONES 


There  are  several  exceptions  to  this  liability — 
e.g.,  goods  jettisoned  because  of  their  inherent 
vice  (Taylor  v.  Dunbar,  L.R.  4  C.P.  206),  or  carried 
in  notoriously  insecure  places. 

Jettison  GUnse.    See  Clauses. 

Jetty.  A  construction  of  wood  or  stone  pro- 
jecting into  the  sea,  serving  as  a  wharf  for  landing 
shipping  or  to  protect  a  harbour. 

Jewel-block.  Attachments  to  eye-bolts  on  yards 
where  studding-sails  are  hoisted  to  carry  such  sails 
to  the  extreme  end  of  the  yards. 

Jew's  harp. 

anchor-ring. 


Flbet. 


shackle  joining  cable-chain  to 


Jib.  A  large  triangular  sail  extending  from  the 
outer  end  of  jibboom  towards  the  fore  top-mast 
head.  This  sail  is  of  great  command  with  any 
side  wind,  and  useful  in  turning  head  leeward. 
In  cutters  and  sloops  it  is  on  the  bowsprit,  and 
extends  towards  the  lower  mast-head. 

Jibboom.  A  spar  forming  a  continuation  of  the 
bowsprit  forward  to  extend  the  jibs.  It  is  fitted 
to  the  bowsprit  by  a  cap  and  saddle,  much  as  a 
top-mast  is  set  on  a  lower-mast,  and,  like  it,  can 
be  reefed  in  or  it  can  be  topped  up  out  of  the  way 
in  harbour. 

Jib-stay.  The  stay  bn  which  the  jib  is  set. 
Refer  to  Stay. 

Jib-topsaiL  A  light  sail  set  on  the  topmost  stay 
of  a  fore-and-aft  rigged  vessel. 

Jigger.  A  small  useful  tackle  with  double  and 
single  block,  used  to  confine  cable  when  it  is 
heaved  on  board. 

John.  Emigrant  vessel.  Struck  on  the  Man- 
nacle  Rocks,  May  i,  1855  ;  ^^^  lives  lost. 

John  Dory.  The  colour  of  a  fish,  from  which  it 
derives  its  name. 

John  Ericsson.  Swedish  coast  defence  battleship 
(1865).  Partially  modernised  in  1898.  Displace- 
ment, 1,500  tons.     Of  Uttle  fighting  value. 

Johnnie.  A  name  given  by  whalers  to  a  species  of 
penguin  found  at  the  Kerguelen  Islands. 

'  John  BntMge.  Steamer  from  Liverpool  to 
New  York.  Collided  with  an  ice-berg,  October  20, 
1856,  and  went  down ;  many  lives  lost. 

Johnston  lane  was  founded  by  Messrs.  W.  M. 
Johnston  and  Co.,  Liverpool,  for  the  purpose  of 
trading  in  the  Mediterranean,  Black  Sea,  Danube, 
and  American  trade,  and  maintain  regular  sailings 
from  Liverpool,  London,  and  Antwerp.  Their 
fleet,  comprising  20  steamers,  contains  some  of  the 
finest  freight  and  live-stock  carriers  in  existence. 


A  rranmore. 

Barnesmore. 

Blairmore. 

Cranmore. ' 

Dromore. 

Edenmore. 

Fenmore. 

Foylemore, 

Gofsemore. 

Heaihmove. 


Incemore. 

Kilmore. 

Lochmore. 

Oakmore, 

Quernmore. 

Rowanmore. 

Sagamore. 

Templefnore. 

Ulstermore. 

Vedamore. 


Gross  tonnage,  79,000. 

Join.     To  become  a  member  of  a  ship's  company. 

Joint  Captors.     See  Actual  Capture. 

Jolly.  The  familiar  name  of  a  soldier  when 
afloat. 

Jolly-boat.  A  clinker-built  boat  from  16  to  20  ft. 
'long,  used  for  the  general  miscellaneous  work  of  a 
ship. 

Jones,  Sir  Alfred  Lewis,  K.0.1I.G.,  cr.  1901,  J.P. 
Hon.  Fellow  of  Jesus  College,  Oxford  (b.  Carmar- 
thenshire, 1845).  Senior  partner  in  the  firm  of 
Messrs.  Elder,  Dempster  and  Co.  Educated  Liver- 
pool College.  Chairman  of  the  British-African 
Steam  Navigation  Co.,  Ltd.;  Elder,  Dempster 
Shipping,  Ltd.,  Imperial  Direct  West  Indian  Mail 
Service,  and  the  Bank  of  British  West  Africa,  Ltd. 
President  of  the  Liverpool  Chamber  of  Commerce, 
president  of  the  Liverpool  Ship  Owners'  Association. 
Consul  for  Congo  Free  State  in  Liverpool,  and 
founder  of  the  Liverpool  School  of  Tropical  Medicine 

He  was  decorated  in  recognition  of  services  to 
West  African  Colonies,  and  to  Jamaica. 

Jones,  John  Paol  (1747 -1792)  (b.  Kirkcudbright, 
Scotland).  Went  to  sea  at  the  age  of  12  as  an 
apprentice,  and  during  his  voyaging  visited  America 
several  times.  In  1773  ^^  settled  in  Virginia,  and 
two  years  later,  when  the  American  war  broke  out. 
he  obtained  a  commission  in  the  American  Navy. 
Cruising  round  the  British  coasts,  1777-78,  he 
captured  the  Drake,  and  in  the  following  year  the 
Serapis,  which  exploit  raised  his  fame  to  its  acme. 
In  1782  he  joined  the  French  Navy,  and  was 
decorated  by  Louis  XVI.  with  the  Military  Order 
of  Merit,  and  presented  with  a  gold  hilted  sword. 
He  saw  service  with  the  Russian  Navy,  in  which  he 
held  the  rank  of  rear-admiral,  and  was  present  at 
the  battle  of  Liman.  He  died  in  Paris,  July  18. 
1792.  The  actual  burial  place  was  unknown  until 
^90$,  when,  after  a  search  extending  over  six  years, 
his  remains  were  discovered  in  St.  Louis  cemetery, 
and  were  conveyed  to  the  United  States  by  a 
squadron  of  the  U.S.  Navy,  specially  sent  over  for 
the  purpose.  See  Sherbum's  "  Life  of  Paul  Jones," 
"  Memoirs  of  Paul  Jones "  {i  vols.,  Edinburgh. 
1830),  Sand's  "  Life  of  Paul  Jones  "  (1830). 

Jones»  W.  and  C.  T.,  with  their  head  office  in 
Cardiff,  have  a  fleet  of  ii  modem  cargo  steamers. 


JORGE 


319 


JUNO 


which  trade  to  various  parts  of  the  world  as  induce- 
ment offers.  All  these  steamers  were  built  at 
South  Shields  by  Messrs.  John  Readhead  and  Sons, 
and  each  have  passenger  accommodation  for  two 
to  four  persons. 

Fleet. 
Afonwen.  Frederick  Knight. 

Blodwen.  Groeswen, 

Charles  T.  Jones,  Haulwen. 

Derwen.  Ilwen, 

Enidwen,  Margaret  Jones. 

Millicent  Knight, 

JfXtgB.  Argentine  torpedo-boat.  (Yarrow,  1890.) 
length,  150  ft.  ;  displacement,  85  tons  ;  2  tubes  ; 
speed  about  24  kts. 

Josephine  Willis.  Packet  ship.  Lost  in  collision 
with  the  screw  steamer  Mangerton  in  the  Channel. 
February  3,  1856  ;  70  lives  lost. 

Jonffroy  d'Abbans,  Claade  Fran^oiB,  Maranis  de 

(1751-18 32).  French  inventor.  Was  the  first  to 
produce  a  boat,  the  motive  power  of  which  was  sup- 
plied by  steam.  The  first  of  his  invention  was 
dated  1776,  but  it  was  not  until  1783  that  he  pro- 
duced a  vessel  propelled  by  paddles.  He  was, 
bowever,  unsuccessful  in  floating  his  invention,  and, 
being  unable  to  finance  it  himself,  he  was  com- 
pelled to  give  way  to  Fulton  (q.v.),  who  produced 
bis  first  steamboat  in  1803. 

Jaanita.  This  vessel  was  wrecked  through  col- 
lision with  the  American  vessel  Joseph  Fish. 
March  16,  1861  ;   many  lives  lost. 

Judge  Advocate  of  the  Fleet,  The,  is  the  chief 
legal  adviser  of  the  Admiralty  in  matters  connected 
with  the  administration  of  naval    military  law  in 
the   Navy.      His  office  includes  that  of  Admiralty 
Advocate    (q.v.).     The    Judge    Advocate    may   be 
appointed  by  the  Admiralty  to  act  at  courts-martial, 
•where  he  advises  on  questions  of  law  and  procedure, 
summons  witnesses,   administers   the  oath   to   all 
Mritnesses,  and  to  every  member  of  the  Court,  and 
may  examine  or  cross-examine,  and  finally  delivers 
tbe  judgment  of  the  Court.     He  must  transmit  to 
tbe  Commander-in-Chief  or  senior  officer  as  soon  as 
possible  either  the  original  proceedings  or  a  com- 
plete   and    authenticated    copy    thereof,    and    the 
original  sentence  of  every  court-martial  attended  by 
bixn.     In  most  courts-martial   tbe  duties  of  the 
Judge  Advocate  are  performed  by  a  deputy  ap- 
pointed   by    the    Admiralty,    the    Commander-in- 
Cbief,  or  the  President  of  the  Court. 

Allies  Ferry.    French   ist  cl^s  cruiser.      (Cher- 
l>ourg,  1903.) 
X-ength  476ft.    Beam  71ft.    Mean  draught  26ft. 
JI>isplacement  12,416  tons.     Complement  710. 
Guns.  A  rmour. 

4 — 7'6  in.,  45  cal.       "  Krupp." 
16 — 6*4  in.  6f  in.  Belt  amidships. 

24 — 3  pdr.  8  in.  Turrets. 

8  in.  Conning  tower. 


Torpedo  Tubes  (17*7  in.). 

2  Submerged. 

3  Above  water. 

Three  screws.     Hp.  27,500=22  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 2,100  tons.     Approximate  cost  ;f  1,1 5 0,000. 

Jules  Michelei.     French   ist  class  cruiser.      (L' 
Orient,  1905.) 
Length  5 15ft.    Beam  72ft.    Mean  draught  27ft. 
Displacement  13,644  tons.     Complement  750. 
Guns.  Armour, 

4 — 7*6  in.,  45  cal.       "  Krupp." 
12 — 6*4  in.  6f  in.  Belt  amidships. 

24 — 3  pdr.  8  in.  Turrets. 

1 2  in.  Conning  tower. 
Torpedo  Tubes  (177  in.). 
2  Submerged. 
2  Above  water. 
Three    screws.       Hp.    38,000=23*5   kts.      Coal 
maximum  2.300  tons. 

Approximate  cost  £1 ,250,000. 

Juliana.  East  Indiaman.  On  December  26, 
1 82 1,  this  vessel  was  lost  on  the  Kentish  Knock, 
when  40  persons  were  drowned. 

Julian  Ordonea.  Spanish  torpedo-boat  destroyer. 
(Chiswick.  1885.)  Length,  117  ft.  ;  beam,  12  ft.  ; 
draught,  6  ft.  ;  displacement,  65  tons  ;  armament, 
2  I -in.  Nord.,  2  tubes ;   Hp.,  660=20  kts. 

Jumper.  A  short  duck  coat  worn  to  preserve 
the  clothing. 

Jump  joint.  A  term  used  when  the  plates  of  an 
iron  vessel  are  flush. 

Junior  Army  and  Navy  Club.  Established  1869. 
Membership,  2,500.  Entrance  fee,  5  guineas; 
annual  subscription,  6  guineas.  Address  :  10  St. 
James's  Street,  London,  S.W. 

Junior  United  Service  Club.  Established  1827. 
Membership,  2,000.  Entrance  fee,  40  guineas; 
annual  subscription,  8  guineas.  Address :  St. 
James's  Square,  London,  S.W. 

Junk.  A  vessel  propelled  by  sail  and  used  for 
carrying  cargo  by  the  Chinese  ;  also  name  applied 
to  pieces  of  old  cable  used  for  making  swabs,  mats, 
etc. 

Juno.     British  2nd  class  cruiser.     (Barrow,  1895.) 
Length  364  ft.   Beam  54ft.  Maximum  draught  23ft. 
Displacement  5,600  tons.     Complement  450. 
Guns,  Armour. 

II — 6  in.  "  Harvey." 

8 — 12  pdr.  2 J  in.  Deck. 

I — 12  pdr.,  8  cwt.     6  in.  Conning  tower. 

7—3  pdr. 
2  Maxims. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.), 
2  Submerged. 
I  Above  water  stern. 
Twin     screw.     Hp.     natural     8,000=18*5     kts., 
forced  9,600=  1 9' 5  kts.     Coal  maximum  1,076  tons. 


JUPITER 


320 


KAISER 


Jupiter.    British    ist    class    battleship.    (Clyde- 
bank, 1895.) 

Length  413ft.   Beam  75ft.  Maximum  draught  30ft. 
Displacement  14,900  tons.     Complement  757. 
Guns.  Armour. 

4 — 12  in.,  35  cal.        "  Harvey." 
12 — 6  in.  9  in.  Belt  amidships. 

16 — 12  pdr.  14  in.  Barbettes. 

12 — 3  pdr.  14  in.  Conning  tower. 

2 — 12  pdr.  Boat  guns. 
2  Maxims. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
4  Submerged. 
I  Above  water  stem. 
Twin    screw.     Hp.    natural    10,000=1 6"  5    kts., 
forced    12,000=1 7*5    kts.     Coal    maximum    2,000 
tons.     Approximate  cost  £1 ,000,000. 

Jnrien  de  la  Gravid.    French  ist  class  cruiser. 
(L'Orient,  1899.) 

Length  440ft.    Beam  48ft.    Mean  draught  22ft. 
Displacement  5,68$  tons.     Complement  511. 
Guns.  Armour. 

8 — 6*4  in. ,  45  cal.       "  Harvey-nickel." 


■3  pdr. 


Three  screws, 
mum  900  tons. 


3  in.  Deck. 

6i  in.  Conning  tower. 
Torpedo  Tubes. 
2  Above  water. 

Hp.  17,000^=23  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
Approximate  cost  ;£476,ooo. 


Jury-mast.  A  temporary  substitute  for  a  mast, 
erected  in  a  ship  in  the  place  of  one  which  has  been 
carried  away  in  a  gale,  battle,  etc. 


Jnry-mdder. 

rudder. 


A    temporary    substitute    for    a 


Jnry-yard.    A  temporary  substitute  for  a  yard. 

Justice.     French  ist  class  battleship.     (La  Seyne, 

1905.) 

Length  452ft.   Beam  79ft.   Maximum  draught  27ft. 

Displacement  14,865  tons.     Complement  793. 
Guns.  A  rmour. 

4 — 12  in.,  50  cal.       "  Krupp." 
10 — 7*6  in.  II  in.  Belt  amidships. 

8 — 4  in.  13  in.  Main  Turrets. 

24 — 3  pdr.  1 3  in.  Conning  tower. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (1904). 

2  Submerged. 

3  Above  water. 

Three  screws.     Hp.  18,000=18  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 1,850  tons.     Approximate  cost  ;ii, 425,000. 


K.     Distinguishing  letter  on   sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Copenhagen,  Denmark. 

K.     Distinguishing  letter  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Kirkwall,  Scotland. 

Kabyle.    French  torpedo-boat.    (LaSeyne,  1891.) 
Length,  144  ft. ;  beam,  14J  ft. ;  draught,  7 J  ft. ; 


displacement,  128  tons ;  complement,  27  ;  arma- 
ment, 3  3-pdr.,  2  tubes ;  Hp.,  1,100=21  kts. ;  coal, 
18  tons. 

Kagero.  Japanese  torpedo-boat  destroyer. 
(Thomycroft,  1899.)  Displacement,  275  tons; 
complement,  54 ;  armament,  i  12-pdr.,  5  6-pdr. ; 
tubes,  2  i8-in. ;  Hp.,  5,400=30  kts. ;  coal,  81  tons. 

KagoaL     Russian    cruiser.    Black    Sea.     (Nico- 
laieff,  1903.) 
Length  436ft.     Beam  54ft.    Mean  draught  20ft 
Displacement  6,750  tons.    Complement  573. 
Guns.  Armour. 

12 — 6  in.,  45  cal.         "  Compound." 
12 — 12  pdr.  3  in.  Deck. 

6 — 3  pdr.  5  in.  Turrets. 

2  Field  guns.  5  in.  Conning  tower. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
2  Submerged. 

2  Above  water  bow  and  stem. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  19,500=23  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 1,100  tons. 

Kaiman.  Austro-Hungarian  torpedo-boat.  (Yar- 
row, 1905.)  Length,  179  ft.  ;  beam,  18  ft.  ;  draught, 
8}  ft. ;  displacement,  197  tons ;  complement,  2$ ; 
armament,  4  3 -pdr.,  3  tubes  ;  Hp.,  3,000  =  26  kts. 

Kainone.  Japanese  torpedo-boat.  (Kure,  1903.) 
Length,  147  ft. ;  beam,  16  ft. ;  draught,  8  ft ; 
displacement,  150  tons;  complement,  26;  arma- 
ment, I  6-pdr.,  2  3-pdr.,  2  tubes ;  Hp.,  4,200= 
30  kts. ;  coal,  30  tons. 

Kaiser  Barbaroesa.  German  ist  class  battleship. 
(Schichau,  1900.) 

Length  384ft.   Beam  65ft.   Maximum  draught  27ft 
Displacement  11,150  tons.     Complement  660. 
Guns.  Armour. 

4— -9*4  in.  "  Krupp." 

18 — 6  in.  12  in.  Belt. 

12 — I5i  pdr.  10  in.  Barbettes. 

12 — I  pdr.  10  in.  Turrets. 

8  Machine.  10  in.  Conning  tower. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
5  Submerged  bow  and  broadside. 
I  Above  water  stern. 
Three  screws.     Hp.  14,000=18  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 1,500  tons.     Approximate  cost  ^£962. 500. 

Kaiser^Ftani-JoseL     Anstro-Hungarian     cruiser 

(1889). 
Length  321ft.     Beam  49ft.     Mean  draught  19ft. 
Displacement  4,060  tons.     Complement  367. 
Guns.  Armour. 

2 — 9 '4  in.,  35' cal.      "Steel." 
6 — 6  in.  2  in.  Deck. 

5 — 3  pdr.  4  in.  Barbettes. 

10 — I  pdr.  4  in.  Conning  tower. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (17' 7  in.). 
4  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  natural  6,400=18  kts.,  forced 
9,000=  19  kts.    Coal  maximum  600  tons. 


KAISER 


321 


KAISER 


Kaiaer  Friadrich  m.    German  ist  class  battle- 
ship.    (Wilhelmshaven,  1896.) 
Length  384ft.  Beam  65ft.  Maximum  draught  27ft. 
Displacement  11,150  tons.     Complement  660. 
Guns.  A  rmour, 

4 — 9*4  in.  "  Krupp." 

iS— 6  in.  12  in.  Belt. 

1 2 — 1 5|  pdr.  I  o  in.  Barbettes. 

12 — I  pdr.  10  in.  Turrets. 

8  Machine.  10  in.  Conning  tower. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
5  Submerged  bow  and  broadside. 
I  Above  water  stem. 
Three  screws.    Hp.  14,000  s:  18  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 1,050  tons.     Approximate  cost  ;^962,5oo. 

Kaiserin   Augusta.    German   protected   cruiser. 
(Krupp,  1892.) 

Length  338ft.   Beam  49ft.   Maximum  draught  26ft. 

Displacement  6,300  tons.     Complement  436. 

Guns.  Armour. 

12 — 6  in.  "  Krupp." 

8 — 15^  pdr.  3  J  in.  Deck. 

8  Machine. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
1  Submerged  bow. 
4  Above  water  broadside. 
Three     screws.     Hp.     12,000=20*7     kts.     Coal 
maximum  900  tons. 

Kaiserin-EIisabeth.       Austro-Hungarian    cruiser 
(1890). 
Length  321ft.     Beam  49ft.     Mean  draught  19ft. 
Displacement  4,060  tons.     Complement  367. 


Guns. 
2 — 9-4  in.,  35  cal. 
6—6  in. 

5—3  pdr. 
10 — I  pdr. 


A  rmour. 
"  Steel." 
2  in.  Deck. 
4  in.  Barbettes. 
4  in.  Conning  tower. 
Torpedo  Tubes  (17*7  in.). 
4  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  natural  6,400=18  kts.,  forced 
9,000=  19  kts.     Coal  maximum  600  tons. 

KaiMrin-ond-Konlgin-lIaria-Therefiia.      Austro- 
Hungarian  armoured  cruiser.     (San  Rocco,  1893.) 
length  374ft.     Beam  52ft.     Mean  draught  21  ft. 
I>isplacementj5,2oo  tons.     Compleinent  420. 
Guns.  Armour. 

2 — 9*4  in.,  35  cal.      "  Steel." 
8 — 6  in.  4  in.  Belt  amidships. 

18 — 3  pdr.  4  in.  Barbettes. 

2  Machine.  4  in.  Bulkheads. 

4  in.  Conning  tower. 
Torpedo  Tubes  (17*7  in.). 
4  Above  water. 
Xivin  screw.     Hp.  natural  5,880=17  kts.,  forced 
9,000= 1 9' 3  kts.     Coal  maximum  740  tons. 


Karl  VL     Austro-Hungarian  armoured 
cruiser.     (San  Rocco,  1898.) 
I^ength  367ft.     Beam  56ft.     Mean  draught  22ft. 
JZHspIacement  6,325  tons.    Complement  450, 


Guns.  Armour. 

2 — 9*4  in.,  40  cal.  "  Harvey-nickel." 

8 — 6  in.  8  in.  Belt  amidships. 

1 8 — 3  pdr.  8  in.  Barbettes. 

2  Machine  guns.  3  in.  Double  casemates. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (177  in.). 
2  Above  water.   • 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  1 2,000 «=  20  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 830  tons.    Approximate  cost  ;f429,ooo. 

Kaiser  Karl  dor  Grosse.    German  ist  class  battle- 
ship.    (Blohm  and  Voss,  1899.) 
Length  384ft.   Beam  65ft.  Maximum  draught  27ft. 
Displacement  11,150  tons.     Complement  660. 
Guns.  Armour. 

4 — 9*4  in.  "  Krupp." 

1 8 — 6'  in.  12  in.  Belt. 

12 — 15  J  pdr.  10  in.  Barbettes. 

12 — I  pdr.  10  in.  Turrets. 

8  Machine.  10  in.  Conning  tower. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
5  Submerged  bow  and  broadside. 
I  Above  water  stem. 
Three  screws.     Hp.  14,000=18  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 1,500  tons. 

Kaiserlicher  Taoht  (Anb.  (German  Imperial 
Yacht  Club.)  Established  1887.  Conmiodore,  H.M. 
the  German  Emperor  and  King  of  Prussia ;  Vice- 
Commodore,  H.R.H.  Prince  Henry  of  Prussia ; 
President,  His  Excellency  Vice- Admiral  von  Amim  ; 
Honorary  Treasurer,  P.  von  Schiller-Buckhagen  ; 
Honorary  Secretary,  Captain  C.  G.  Samow,  Club 
House,  Kiel,  Germany.  Entrance  fee,  100  mark  ; 
annual  subscription,  40  mark. 

Kaiser  Wilhelm  n.  German  ist  class  battleship. 
(Wilhelmshaven,  1897.) 

Length  384ft.   Beam  65ft.   Maximum  draught  27ft. 
Displacement  11,150  tons.     Complement  660. 
Guns.  Armour. 

4 — 9*4  in.  "  Krupp." 

18 — 6  in.  12  in.  Belt. 

1 2 —  1 5i  pdr.  I  o  in.  Barbettes. 

12 — I  pdr.  10  in.  Turrets. 

8  Machine.  10  in.  Conning  tower. 

Torpedo  Tubes, 
5  Submerged  bow  and  broadside. 
I  Above  water  stern. 
Three  screws.     Hp.  14,000=18  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 1,500  tons.     Approximate  cost  ;£962,5oo. 

Kaiwr  WiUielm  n,  Gennan  subsidised  merchant 
ship  (1902).  Norddeutscher  Lloyd  (^.v.).  Dimen- 
sions, 706x72  X  40  ft. ;  gross  tonnage,  19,361  ;  Hp., 
40,000  =  23  kts. 

Kaiaer  Wilhahn  Oanal,  sometimes  called  North 
Sea  and  Baltic  Cafial,  was  constructed  by  the 
German  Government.  It  was  commenced  in  June, 
1887,  and  opened  in  June,  1895,  sind  cost  about 
;£8,ooo,ooo  (of  which  ;£2, 5  50,000  was  paid  by 
Russia).  It  begins  at  the  River  Elbe,  near  Bruns- 
bijttel,    and    then,    traversing    the    Kuden   Lake, 

M 


KAISER 


322 


KAPITAN 


passes  south  of  Rendsburg  and  the  lower  Eider 
into  the  harbour  of  Kiel  Bay.  It  is  61  miles  long, 
with  a  bottom  width  of  72  ft.,  surface  breadth, 
219  ft. ;  depth,  29)^  ft.  The  passage  occupies  from 
eight  to  10  hours,  and  the  saving  is  200  miles  on 
the  Kattegat  passage.  It  was  mainly  designed  for 
strategic  reasons,  the  width  and  depth  allowing 
large  ironclads  to  pass  through  the  German  terri- 
tory of  Holstein,  from  the  Baltic  to  the  North  Sea, 
without  the  dangers  and  delay  of  the  long  voyage 
round  Jutland.  In  the  Naval  Budget  of  1908  it 
was  decided  by  Germany  to  spend  ;^i  1,150,000  for 
the  widening  of  this  canal,  so  that  it  shall  be 
navigable  for  18,000  and  19,000  ton  battleships  and 
cruisers. 

Kaiser  Wilhelm  der  Oroise.  German  ist  class 
battleship.     (Krupp,  1899.) 

Length  384ft.  Beam  65ft.  Maximum  draught  27ft. 
Displacement  11,150  tons.     Complement  660. 
Guns.  Armour. 

4 — 9*4  "■*•  "  Krupp." 

18 — 6  in.  12  in.  Belt. 

12 — i5i  pdr.  10  in.  Barbettes. 

12 — I  pdr.  10  in.  Turrets. 

8  Machine.  10  in.  Conning  tower. 

Torpedo  Tubes, 
5  Submerged  bow  and  broadside. 
1  Above  water  stem. 
Three  screws.     Hp.  14,000=18  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 1,500  tons.     Approximate  cost  ;£962,5oo. 

Kaiser  Wilhelm  der  Clrosse.  German  subsidised 
merchant  ship  (1891).  Norddeutscher  Lloyd  {q.v.). 
Dimensions,  648  X  66  x  39  ft.  ;  gross  tonnage, 
14.349  ;  Hp.,  28,000=22  kts. 

Kale.  British  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Yar- 
row, 1904.)  Length,  222  ft. ;  beam,  23^^  f t. ; 
draught,  9I  ft. ;  displacement,  600  tons ;  comple- 
ment, 72 ;  armament,  i  12-pdr.,  5  6-pdr.,  2  tubes ; 
twin  screw  ;  Hp.,  7,500=25  kts. ;  coal,  126  tons. 

Kamone.  Japanese  torpedo-boat.  (Kure,  1904.) 
Length,  147  ft.  ;  beam,  16  ft. ;  draught,  8  ft. ; 
displacement.  1 50  tons ;  complement,  26 ;  arma- 
ment, I  6-pdr.,  2  3 -pdr.,  2  tubes ;  twin  screw  ; 
Hp.,  4.200=27  kts.  ;  coal,  30  tons. 

Kamsin.  A  south-westerly  wind  which  blows 
over*Egypt  in  March  and  April,  generally  not  more 
than  three  successive  days  at  a  time.  Its  name 
signifies  a  wind  of  50  days,  not  as  blowing  for  such 
a  period,  but  because  it  only  occurs  during  50  days 
of  March  and  April. 

Kane,  Vice- Admiral  Henry  Coey,  OJB.,  1891 
(b.  1843).  Entered  Navy,  1858  ;  lieutenant,  1864  ; 
commander,  1877  I  commander  of  Northufkberland 
when  Channel  Squadron  went  to  Egypt,  1882 ;  com 
manded  landing  party  at  the  occupation  of  Ismalia  ; 
commanded  Canal  Guard  from  Ismalia  to  Kantara  ; 
took  part  in  the  night  march  of  September  13,  the 
battle  of  Tel-el-Kebir,  and  the  advance  of  the  troops 
to  Zigazig  ;    commander  of  Alexandra,  flagship  of 


Admiral  Sir  B.  Seymour  ;  promoted  to  captain 
for  services  in  Egypt ;  mentioned  in  despatches 
(Egyptian  medal,  Khedive's  Bronze  Star)  ;  member 
of  the  Committee  for  Revising  the  Gunnery  Manual 
of  the  Fleet,  1879  ;  commanded  Calliope  at  Apia, 
Samoa.  March  16  and  17,  1889.  when  through  his 
pluck  and  seamanship  he  saved  his  vessel  from 
wreck  in  the  terrible  hurricane  which  caused  the 
total  loss  of  four  foreign  men-of-war  out  of  seven, 
the  stranding  of  two  others,  and  the  loss  of  1 30  lives. 
The  Lords  of  the  Admiralty  expressed  themselves 
as  follows  : 

"  Captain  Kane  showed,  in  their  lordships' 
opinion,  both  nerve  and  decision  in  determining  to 
steam  to  sea  in  the  teeth  of  a  hurricane,  which 
destroyed  all  the  vessels  which  remained  at  the 
anchorage  he  left  ,*  and  in  conveying  to  him  the 
thanks  of  the  Admiralty,  my  Lords  desire  to  express 
their  thorough  approval  of  his  skilful  seamanship, 
and  of  the  measures  taken  by  him  throughout  to 
secure  the  safety  of  his  ship.  The  conduct  of  all 
concerned  was  highly  commendable,  and  my 
Lords  are  of  opinion  that  great  credit  is  due  to  the 
officer  commandng  for  the  example  he  set.  and  the 
confidence  he  instilled  into  those  under  his  orders." 

C.B.  on  Her  Majesty's  birthday,  1891  ;  director 
of  Naval  Ordnance,  1894-97  ;  rear-admiral,  1897  I 
captain's  good  service  pension,  1894-97 ;  vice- 
admiral,  1903. 

Kangaroo.  British  torpedo-boat  destroyer. 
(Jarrow,  1901,)  Length,  215  ft. ;  beam,  20  ft.  ; 
draught,  6^  ft. ;  displacement,  335  tons ;  comple- 
ment, 62  ;  armament,  i  12-pdr.,  5  6-pdr.,  2  tubes  ; 
twin  screw  ;   Hp.,  6,500=30  kts. ;  coal.  91  tons. 

Kansas.  U.S.  ist  class  battleship.  (Camden. 
1905.) 

Length  450ft.   Beam  76ft.   Maximum  draught  27ft. 
Displacement  16,000  tons.     Complement  916. 
Guns,  Armour, 

4 — 12  in.,  45  cal.       "  Krupp." 


8—8  in. 
12 — 7  in. 
20 — 14  pdr. 
12 — 3  pdr. 


9  in.  Belt  amidships. 
10  in.  Barbettes. 
12  in.  Turrets. 

9  in.  Conning  tower. 


14  Small  q.f. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (21  in.). 
4  Submerged. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.    16,500=18  kts.     Coal   majci- 
mum  2,350  tons.     Approximate  cost  ;£i, 500.000. 

Kapella.  Swedish  toipedo-boat.  (Karlskrona. 
1903.)  Length,  128  ft. ;  beam,  15)  ft. ;  draught, 
7  ft.;  displacement,  92  tons;  complement.  18; 
armament,  2  i"5  q.f.,  2  tubes;  Hp.,  1,250=23  kts.; 
coal,  17  tons. 

Kapitan-lorossowsky.  Russian  torpedo-boat  de- 
stroyer (1906).  Length,  185  ft. ;  beam.  21  ft. ; 
draught.  7^  ft.  ;  displacement.  324  tons  ;  comple- 
ment, 60  ;  armament,  r  12-pdr..  5  3-pdr.,  2  tubes ; 
twin  screw ;  Hp.,  5,600=26  kts. ;  coal,  100  tons. 


KAPITAN 


323 


KATORI 


Kapitan-Lieateiuttt  KMUiky.    Russian  torpedo 
gun-boat.  Black  Sea  (1890]. 

Length  190ft.    Beam  24ft.    Maximum  draught  9ft. 
Displacement  411  tons.    Complement  61. 

Guns, 
6 — 3pdr. 
3 — I  pdr. 
Torpedo  Tubes, 
2  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.   3^00=21   kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 90  tons. 


Saken.    Russian    torpedo    gun-boat. 
Black  Sea  (1889). 

Length  210ft.   Beam  24ft.  Maximum  draught  i  ift* 
Displacement  600  tons.     Complement  120. 

Guns.  Armour, 

4 — 3  pdr.  }  in.  Deck  amidships. 

2 — I  pdr. 
4  Machine. 

Torpedo  Tubes, 

4  Above  water. 

Twin  screw.     Hp.  3,4008=518*5  kts. 

Kapnnda.  Emigrant  ship  of  Australia,  foundered 
after  collision  with  Ada  Melmore,  off  Brazil,  March 
29,  1887  :   298  lives  lost. 


Japanese  torpedo-boat.  (Kure,  1903.) 
Len^,  147  ft. ;  beam,  16  ft.  ;  draught,  8  ft. ; 
displacement,  150  tons;  complement,  26;  arma- 
ment, I  6-pdr.,  2  3-pdr.,  2  tubes  ;  twin  screw  ;  Hp., 
4,200=27  kts. ;  coal,  30  tons. 


Japanese  armoured  cruiser.     (Cramp's, 
1898.) 

Length  405ft.   Beam  48ft.  Maximum  draught  25ft. 
Displacement  4.760  tons.    Complement  405. 
Guns.  Armour, 

2—8  in.  "  Steel." 

10 — ^4*7  in.  4^  in.  Deck. 

12 — 12  pdr. 
6 — 2 J  pdr. 

Torpedo  Tubes, 
4  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  15,000=22'$  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 1,000  tons. 

Kaianets*  Russian  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Yar- 
row, 1906.)  Displacement,  508  tons ;  draught,  8  ft.  ; 
complement,  75  ;  armament,  2  12-pdr.,  5  6-pdr., 
2  tubes  ;   Hp.,  5,200=26  kts. 


Japanese  torpedo-boat.  (Normand, 
1899.)  Length,  147  ft. ;  beam,  16  ft. ;  draught,  8  ft.; 
displacement,  150  tons;  complement,  26;  arma- 
ment, 1  6-pdr.,  2  3-pdr.,  2  tubes ;  twin  screw ; 
Hp.,  4,200=  30  kts. ;  coal,  30  tons. 


Japanese  ist  class  battleship.     (Els- 
wick,  1905.) 

Length  455ft     Beam  78ft.     Mean  draught  27ft. 
Displacement  16,400  tons. 


Guns,  Armour, 

4 — 12  in.,  45  cal.       "  Krupp." 
4 — 10  in.,  45  cal.       9  in.  Belt  amidships. 
12 — 6  in.  9  in.  Turrets. 

3 — 3  pdr.  9  in.  Conning  tower. 

12 — 12  pdr. 
6  Pompoms. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
5  Submerged. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  16,000=  i8'5  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 2,000  tons. 

Kassatka.     Russian    submarine   (1905).     Speed, 

9  kts. 

Katnca.     Japanese    armoured    cruiser.     (Sestri 
Ponente,  1902.)     Purchased  from  Argentina. 
Length  357ft.  Beam  61  ft.  Maximum  draught  25ft. 
Displacement  7,700  tons.     Complement  525. 

Guns.  Armour, 

I — 10  in.,  45  cal.       *'  Temi." 
2 — 8  in.  6  in.  Belt  amidships. 

14 — 6  in.  5  in.  Turrets. 

10—12  pdr.  5  in.  Conning  tower. 

2  Maxims. 
2  Field  guns. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
4  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  13,500=20  kts.    Coal  maxi- 
mum 1,100  tons.    Approximate  cost  ;£76o,ooo. 

gf^iy^fnl,  Japanese  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Yar- 
row, 1 90 1.)  Displacement,  306  tons;  complement, 
55  ;  maximum  draught.  8)  ft. ;  armament,  i  12-pdr., 
5  6-pdr.  ;  tubes,  2  i8-in.  ;  Hp.,  6,000=31  kts.  ; 
coal,  95  tons. 

Kat.  A  wooden  vessel  in  use  on  the  northern 
coast  of  Creat  Britain. 

Kata.  Russian  submarine  ( 1 906) .  Length ,  5 o  f t. ; 
beam,    14    ft.;    displacement,    120   tons;    speed, 

10  kts. 

Kaiahdln.    U.S.  ram.    (Bath.  1896.) 
Length  250ft.     Beam  43ift. 
Complement  97. 
Guns.  Armour. 

4 — 6  pdr.  "  Harvey  steel." 

6  in.  Belt  amidships. 
18  in.  Bulkheads. 
Hp.  5,014=  16  kts.     Coal  200  tons. 

KatoiL     Japanese  xst  class  battleship.    (Vickers, 
1905.) 
Length  455ft.     Beam  78ft.     Mean  draught  27ft. 
Displacement  16,400  tons. 

Guns.  Armour. 

4 — 12  in.,  45  cal.  "  Krupp." 

4 — 10  in.,  45  cal.  9  in.  Belt  amidships. 

12 — 6  in.  9  in.  Turrets. 

12 — 12  pdr.  9  in.  Conning  tower. 

3—3  pdr. 
6  Pompoms. 

M  2 


KATSURAKI 


324 


KELVIN 


Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
5  Submerged. 
Twin  screw.     Speed  18*5  kts.    Coal  maximum 
2,000  tons. 

Katsoraki.  Japanese  cruiser.  (Yokosuka,  1887.) 
Length,  206  ft.  ;  beam,  36  ft.  ;  draught,  15  ft.  ; 
displacement,  i  ,476  tons  ;  complement,  242  ;  arma- 
ment, 2  6-in.,  5  4*7  in.,  2  Maxims,  2  tubes ;  Hp., 
1,600=13  kts. 

Kauri  Pine.  (Dammar a  ustralis.)  ^ht  most 
valuable  tree  of  New  Zealand,  growing  only  in  the 
northern  island.  It  attains  a  height  of  from 
130  to  170  ft.,  and  a  diameter  of  from  5  to  12  ft. 
It  has  a  straight-grained  wood,  and  is  unrivalled 
for  making  ship  masts,  deck  boards,  etc. 

Kayak.  A  long,  narrow-decked  skin  canoe  used 
by  Eskimos.  The  average  measurement  is : 
Length,  17^  ft. ;  breadth,  2  ft.  ;  girth,  4  ft.  8  in., 
with  a  weight  of  about  60  lbs.  The  western 
Eskimos  give  the  name  of  Bidarka  to  the  boats  of 
this  description  used  by  them. 

Kazarsky.  Russian  torpedo  gun-boat.  (Elbing, 
1890.)  Length,  190  ft.  ;  beam,  24  ft. ;  draught, 
8}  ft. ;  displacement,  400  tons ;  complement,  60  ; 
armament,  9  i '8  in.,  2  tubes;  Hp.,  3,500=23  kts. ; 
coal,  90  tons. 

K.B.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Krabbendijke.  Holland. 

K.D.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Kattendijke,  Holland. 

K.E.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Kerkwerve,  Holland. 

Keanage.    U.S.  ist  class  battleship.     (Newport 
News,  1898.) 
Length  376ft.     Beam  72ft.     Mean  draught  23ft. 
Displacement  11,500  tons.     Complement  520. 
Guns,  Armour. 

4 — 13  in.  "  Harvey-nickel." 

4 — 8  in.  16  in.  Belt  amidships. 

14 — 5  in.  15  in.  Turrets. 

20 — 6  pdr.  10  in.  Conning  tower. 

4 — I  pdr. 
4  Colts. 
2  Field  guns  (3  in.). 

Torpedo  Tubes  {18  in.). 
4  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.   10,500=16  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 1,210  tons.     Approximate  cost  ^900,000. 

Keokle.  An  old  rope  round  a  hemp  cable  to 
protect  it  from  chafing. 

Kedge.     See  Kedge  anchor. 

Kedga  anchor.  A  small  anchor  used  to  keep  a 
ship  steady  and  clear  of  her  bow  anchor  while  she 
rides  in  harbour,  particularly  at  the  turn  of  the 
tide.  A  kedge  anchor  is  also  used  to  warp  a  ship 
from  one  part  of  a  harbour  to  another. 


Kedginff*  The  operation  of  tide  work  in  a  narrow 
channel  or  river  by  kedge  hauling. 

KmL  •  The  lowest^and  principal  timber  of  a  ship 
runningj[^its  whole  length  fore-and-aft  supporting 
the  frame. 

Keeler.  One  who  assists  in  the  management 
of  boats  or  barges. 

Keeltaailling.  A  severe  punishment  formerly 
inflicted  for  various  ofiences,  especially  in  the 
Dutch  Navy.  The  culprit  was  suspended  by  a 
rope  attached  to  his  back  from  one  four-yard-arm, 
with  a  weight  upon  his  legs,  and  having  another 
rope  fastened  to  him  leading  under  the  ship's 
bottom  and  through  a  block  at  its  opposite  yard- 
arm.  He  was  then  let  fall  into  the  sea,  when, 
passing  under  the  ship's  bottom,  he  was  hoisted 
up  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  vessel  to  the  other 
yard-arm. 

Keeling.  A  large  codfish ;  applied  to  a  vessel 
rolling  on  her  keel. 

Keelson.  An  internal  keel  of  wood  on  top  of  the 
keel. 

Keep  away.    Steer  away  from  the  wind. 

Keep  her  fnlL  Instructions  to  the  helmsmen  to 
keep  all  sails  drawing. 

Keep  to  the  wind.    See  Keep  your  luff. 

Keep  your  luff.  Ai^  order  to  the  helmsmen  to 
keep  the  ship  close  to  the  wind. 

KefaL  Russian  submarine  (1905).  Length. 
77  ft.  ;  displacement,  175  tons ;  speed,  7  kts. 

Kelds.  The  still  parts  of  a  river  having  an  oily 
smoothness,  while  the  rest  of  the  water  is  ruffied. 

Kellagh.  A  name  applied  to  a  grapnel  or  small 
anchor. 

Kelp.  The  ashes  produced  by  the  combustion  of 
various  marine  alge,  used  in  obtaining  iodine, 
soda.  etc. 

Kelpie.  The  name  of  an  evil  spirit  said  to  haunt 
ferries  at  night,  especially  in  storms. 

Kelter.    Well-rigged  ships. 

Kelvin,  William  Thomson, '  Baron  Kelvin  of 
Largs,  1824-1907  (b.  Belfast).  Educated  Glasgow, 
and  at  the  age  of  21  graduated  from  Peterhouse. 
Cambridge,  as  Second  Wrangler  and  first  Smith's 
Prizeman.  His  success  immediately  earned  him  a 
fellowship  of  his  college,  and  in  the  following  year, 
after  spending  a  short  time  in  Regnault's  Labora- 
tory in  Paris,  he  returned  to  succeed  Dr.  Meikle- 
ham  in  the  Chair  of  Natural  Philosophy  at  Glasgow. 
The  rest  of  Lord  Kelvin's  life  is  chiefly  a  record  of 
strenuous  and  successful  scientific  work,  which 
obtained  early  recognition. 

Among  his  inventions,  first  place  must  be  given 
to  navigational  apparatus,  and  the  sailor  has  to 
thank  Lord  Kelvin  for  several  valuable  inventioas 
in  connection  with  the  art  of  navigation.     Tbe 


KELVIN 


325 


KENNEBECCASIS 


most  important  of  these  is  the  improvement  of  the 

mariners'  compass.     He  saw  that  a  steady  compass 

was  to  be  obtained  on  the  same  principle  as  a 

steady  ship  ;  that  to  secure  accurate  indications 

the  fractional  error  must  be  reduced  as  much  as 

possible :  that  a  large  magnetic  moment  tended  to 

nnsteadiness  at  sea,  and  also  rendered  difficult  the 

correction  of  the  quadrantal  error.     He  employed 

a  short  needle  of  small  magnetic  moment,  directive 

force  being  gained  by  delicacy  of  adjustment,  and 

this  admitted   the   compass   error   in   iron   ships 

being  rectified  without  the  use  of  inconveniently 

large  magnets  and  masses  of  iron.     His  compass  is 

constructed  having  a  card  some  17  times  lighter 

than  that  of  the  old  pattern,  and  admitting  of  a 

complete   correction   of   tlie   quadrantal   error  by 

Airy's     method.       He    also    invented     improved 

methods  of  suspension  to  prevent  disturbances  by 

shock  or  vibration,  and  devised  a  procedure  for 

correcting   the   compass   error   without   sights   of 

heavenly  bodies  by  the  compass  marks  on  shore. 

His  instrument  is  now  adopted  on  all  well-found 

ships  of  the  merchant  marine ;  and  in  the  Navy  is 

the  service  compass  for  all  vessels  except  boats, 

torpedo-boats,  and  torpedo-boat  destroyers. 

For  deep  sea  surveying  he  invented  an  appliance 
that  has  proved  of  great  value  to  sailors.  His 
sounding  machine  consists  essentially  of  many 
fathoms  of  galvanised  pianoforte  wire  wound  on  a 
drum  provided  with  a  suitable  brake.  With  this 
machine  soundings  can  be  taken  every  quarter  of 
an  hour  if  desired  with  ease  and  accuracy,  in  any 
depth  up  to  100  fathoms,  from  ships  going  at  any 
ordinary  speed,  without  stopping  or  rounding-to. 

It  was  in  connection  with  submarine  telegraphy 
that  some  of  his  most  valuable  inventions  were 
produced.     In  spite  of  the  fact  that  so  distin- 
guished a  man  as  the  late  Sir  George  Airy  declared 
that  not  only  was  it  a  mechanical  impossibihty  to 
lay  a  cable  across  the  Atiantic,  but  that,  even  if 
the  feat  were  accomplished,  no  electric  signalling 
could  be  carried  on.  Lord  Kelvin  was  a  firm  believer 
in  the  practicability  of  trans-oceanic  telegraphy. 
He  became  a  director  of  the  AUantic  Telegraph 
Co.,  and  took  an  active  and  personal  part  in  the 
operations    which    culminated    in    the    successful 
laying  of   the  short-lived  cable  of   1858.     He  in- 
vented tlxe  mirror  galvanometer  for  the  receiving 
of  messages,  and  later,  in  1867,  made  an  immense 
improvement  in  receiving  apparatus  by  inventing 
the  siphon  recorder,  which  is  not  only  more  speedy 
than  the  mirror  instrument,  but  has  the  additional 
advantage    of  giving  a  permanent  record  of  the 
message  in  ink. 

Some  of  his  finest  work  is  to  be  found  in  the 
electric  measuring  instruments,  a  subject  in  which 
his  kno'wledge  acnd  authority  were  unrivalled. 
The  need  for  accurate  instruments  in  his  studies 
on  atmospheric  electricity  caused  him  to  take  up 
the  matter,  and  in  his  quadrant,  portable,  and 
absolute  electrometers  he  has  produced  for  the  use 


of  electricians  three  beautiful  instruments  of  exact 
research. 

As  an  inventor  ^e  had  nothing  in  common  with 
that  frequent  class  of  patentees  who  are  brimming 
over  with  ideas,  crude,  almost  worthless,  and  only 
in  occasional  instances  capable  of  being  worked 
up  into  something  valuable.  Invention  with  him 
was  a  reasoned  process  leading  to  a  definitely 
conceived  end.  Of  the  scores  of  patents  he  took 
out  few  have  not  been  found  to  be  of  practicable 
and  commercial  value. 

The  Royal  Society  made  him  one  of  their  number 
in  1851,  and,  after  conferring  on  him  successively 
a  Royal  and  a  Copley  medal,  accorded  him  in 
1890  the  highest  honour  at  their  disposal  by 
choosing  him  to  be  their  president.  He  received 
many  honorary  degrees,  among  them  being  D.C.L. 
(Oxford),  LL.D.  (Cambridge,  Dublin,  and  Edin- 
burgh, together  with  many  foreign  academical  dis- 
tinctions. He  was  knighted  in  1886  for  the  pro- 
minent part  he  took  in  the  laying  of  the  Atlantic 
cable,  and  in  1892  was  created  a  peer.  He  received 
the  Order  of  Merit  on  its  institution  in  1902. 

He  resigned  his  Glasgow  professorship  after 
53  years'  service  in  1899,  and  in  1904  was  unani- 
mously chosen  Chancellor  in  succession  to  the 
Earl  of  Stair.  He  was  a  director  of  several  manu- 
facturing companies,  and  his  name  formed  part  of 
the  style  of  the  Glasgow  firm  which  manufactures 
his  compass  and  measuring  instruments.  He  was 
president  of  the  Institution  of  Electrical  Engineers 
for  1907,  though  he  did  not  live  to  deliver  his 
inaugural  address. 

Publications  :  Some  idea  may  be  obtained  of  the 
amount  of  his  scientific  work  from  the  fact  that, 
according  to  the  Royal  Society's  catalogue  of 
scientific  papers  down  to  the  year  1883,  he  had 
published  262  memoirs  under  his  name,  not  in- 
.  eluding  papers  published  jointly  with  other  men. 
In  conjunction  with  Professor  Tate  he  wrote  **  A 
Treatise  on  Natural  Philosophy,"  which  long  ago 
became  a  standard  text-book.  Was  author  of  the 
articles  on  "  Heat "  and  "  Elasticity "  in  the 
"  Encyclopaedia  Britannica." 

Kempenfelt,  Richard  (1718-82).  British  rear- 
admiral.  In  1 78 1  he  distinguished  himself  in 
attacking  a  French  convoy  escorted  by  a  powerful 
fleet,  which  he  completely  routed,  and  captured 
several  of  the  merchant  ships.  In  1782  when  the 
Royal  George  capsized  oS  Spithead,  he  was  on 
board,  and  perished.  He  was  the  inventor  of  a 
system  of  signalling  which,  on  being  improved  by 
Lord  Howe,  was  adopted  by  the  Admiralty. 

Kenuitoek.    An  obsolete  term  for  capstan. 

Kenmore  Oastle.  Castle  Line  steamer.  Wrecked 
in  the  Bay  of  Biscay,  February  i,  1883  ;  30  lives 
lost. 

Kennebeccasifl  Taoht  Glab,  RoyaL  See  Royal 
Kennebeccasis  Yacht  Club. 


KENNEDY 


326 


KENT 


Kennedy,  Alexander  Bladde  William,  LL.D., 
F.B.8.  (b.  Stepney,  March  17,  1847).  Professor  of 
Engineering,  University  College,  London.  Received 
preliminary  education  City  of  London  School  and 
Royal  College  of  Mines  under  Professor  Willis  and 
Dr.  Percy.  Served  apprenticeship  on  the  Thames 
to  Messrs.  J.  and  W.  Dudgeon,  and  when  only 
21  was  appointed  leading  draughtsman  in  the 
engineering  works  of  Messrs.  Palmer's,  J  arrow. 
In  1 87 1  he  joined  the  firm  of  Messrs.  T.  M.  Tennant 
and  Co.,  of  Leith,  as  cliief  draughtsman,  and  in 
1874  was  appointed  Profes.sor  of  Engineering  at 
University  College,  London,  holding  this  chair 
(which  he  resigned  in  1889)  for  15  years.  In  1890 
he  was  closely  connected  in  his  work  as  a  con- 
sulting engineer  with  the  development  of  electrical 
engineering  in  this  country.  He  schemed  the  whole 
system  and  works  of  the  Westminster  Electric 
Supply  Corporation,  and  has  designed  and  carried 
out  electric  lighting  and  power  stations  in  Glasgow, 
Edinburgh,  Aberdeen,  Sunderland,  Carlisle,  Chester, 
York,  West  Hartlepool,  Grimsby,  Kirkcaldy, 
Rotherham,  Darlington,  Croydon,  and  Manchester. 
On  the  death  of  the  late  Mr.  Greathead,  he  became 
joint  engineer  for  the  Waterloo  and  City  Railway, 
the  second  tube  railway  opened  in  London.  As  con- 
sulting electrical  engineer  to  the  Great  Western  Rail- 
way he  prepared  the  plans  for  the  work  of  electri- 
fication of  the  Great  Western,  Hammersmith  and 
City  Railways.  In  1900  he  was  appointed  by  Lord 
Goschen  a  member  of  the  Belleville  Boiler  Com- 
mittee, and,  in  conjunction  with  the  other  members, 
carried  out  the  trials  on  the  Hyacinth  and  Minerva 
wliich  finally  settled  the  question  of  the  Belleville 
Boiler.  The  conunittee  have  since  carried  out 
similar  trials  on  the  Sheldrake,  Seagull,  Espiegle, 
Fantome,  Medea,  and  Medusa  (which  they  have 
re'boilered),  and  also  on  the  Hermes,  When  the 
Boiler  Committee's  work  was  finished  he  was  ap-  . 
pointed  President  of  the  Admiralty  Committee  on 
Machinery  Design.  When  chairman  of  the  Marine 
Engine  Research  Committee  he  strongly  advocated 
the  necessity  of  carrying  out  complete  engine  and 
boiler  trials  at  sea,  separating  the  boiler  results 
from  those  of  the  engines,  and  eventually  suc- 
ceeded in  obtaining  permission  to  carry  out  such 
trials  on  three  steamers  and  devise  the  necessary 
apparatus.  At  that  time  this  method  of  making 
trials  was  scornfully  received,  but  it  is  now  univer- 
sally recognised  as  a  proper  method,  and  has  been 
adopted  in  the  Royal  Navy,  and  later  by  the 
Boiler  Committee  of  the  Admiralty.  Member 
Institution  of  Civil  Engineers,  past-president  Insti- 
tution of  Mechanical  Engineers,  and  has  also  been 
made  honorary  life  member  of  it.  Became  a 
member  of  the  Council  of  the  Institution  of  Civil 
Engineers,  1893,  and  is  now  the  senior  president. 
He  is  also  a  member  of  the  Institutions  of  Naval 
Architects,  Electrical  Engineers,  and  the  Physical 
Society  of  London,  etc. 

Publications  :  In  1876  he  translated  "  Reuleaux's 


Theoretische  Kinematik,"  under  the  title  of 
"  Kinematics  of  Machinery  "  ;  in  1886  "  Mechanics 
of  Machinery  "  ;  numerous  papers  published  in  the 
transactions  of  the  leading  technical  societies  of 
Great  Britain. 

Kennedy,  Admiral  Sir  William  Robert,  K.C.B., 

cr.  1897  (b.  1838).  Educated  Cheam,  Dr.  Maiden's, 
Brighton.  Entered  Navy,  1851  ;  lieutenant,  1857; 
served  in  Rodney  during  Crimean  war  ;  present  at 
bombardment  of  Sebastopol,  and  served  in  Naval 
Brigade ;  present  in  Sphinx  at  bombardment  of 
Kinbum  (Crimean  and  Turkish  medals,  Sebastopol 
clasp)  ;  served  China,  1856-59  ;  at  Fatshan  Creek ; 
storming  of  Canton  and  capture  of  Peiho  forts 
(China  medal,  Fatshan  and  Canton  clasps)  ;  first 
lieutenant  of  Wasp  on  Mozambique  Station  ;  re- 
ceived Royal  Humane  Society's  silver  medal  for 
saving  the  life  of  John  Sier,  A.B.,  who  had  fallen 
.overboard  from  H.M.S.  Wasp  at  sea  ;  flag-lieutenant 
to  the  Board  of  Admiralty  at  the  naval  review  on 
the^ occasion  of  the  Sultan's  visit  to  England ; 
commander,  1867  ;  commanded  Vestal  on  North 
American  Station ;  Reindeer  on  Pacific  Coast, 
1871-74 ;  captain,  1874 ;  received  promotion  for 
services  rendered  during  the  revolutions  in  Peru 
and  Mexico ;  received  approval  of  the  Admiralty 
and  Foreign  Office  ;  received  thanks  of  the  German 
Government  for  saving  the  lives  of  the  captain  and 
crew  of  the  German  barque  Anita  \  commissioned 
the  Druid  for  special  services  on  Newfoundland 
fisheries,  1879-81  ;  senior  officer  south-east  coast 
of  America,  1885-88 ;  rear-admiral,  1889 ;  com- 
mander-in-Chief, East  Indian  Station,  1892-95  ; 
Commander-in-Chief  at  the  Nore,  1901-02  ;  K.C.B,, 
June  22,  1897,  on  the  commemoration  of  Her 
Majesty's  Diamond  Jubilee. 

Publications :  "  Sporting  Sketches  in  South 
America  "  (1892),  *'  Sporting  Adventures  in  the 
Pacific."  "  Sport  travel  in  Newfoundland,"  "  Hur- 
rah for  the  Life  of  a  Sailor,"  "  Sport  in  the  Navy 
and  Naval  Yams  "  (1902). 

Kennedy,  Captain.    See  Arctic  Exploration. 

Kennery  Uand  Llffht»  situated  at  the  entrance 
of  Bombay  Harbour,  established  1904,  is  a  two- 
flash  light  every  10  seconds ;  duration  of  flash, 
one-fifth  second  ;  candle-power,  250,000  maximum  : 
burner,  mantle  70  mm.  diameter ;  illuminant,  in- 
candescent petroleum  vapour. 

Kennet.  British  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Chis- 
wick,  1 904*)  Length,  222  ft. ;  beam,  23  ft. ; 
draught,  9^  ft. ;  displacement,  640  tons ;  comple- 
ment, 70;  armament,  i  12-pdr.,  5  6-pdr.,  2  tubes; 
twin  screw ;  Hp..  7,500=25  kts. ;  coal,  95  tons. 

Kennets.    Large  cleats. 

» 

Kent     British   1st  class  cruiser.     (Portsmouth, 
1901.) 
Length  440ft.     Beam  66ft.     Mean  draught  24tt. 
Displacement  9,800  tons.    Complement  678. 


KENTISH 


327 


KEY 


Guns,  Armour, 

14 — 6  in.,  45  cal.         "  Krupp." 
8 — 12  pdr.  4  in.  Beit  amidships. 

2 — 12  pdr.,  8  cwt.     5  in.  Barbettes. 
3 — 3  pdr.  10  in.  Conning  tower. 

8  Pompoms. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (i3  in.). 
2  Submerged. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  22,000  =  23  kts.    Coal  maxi- 
mum 1,600  tons.     Approximate  cost  £77$, 000, 

This  ship-name  is  as^'ociated  with  the  battle  off 
Lowestoft,  1665  **  St.  James's  fight,  1666;  Barfieur 
and  La  Hogue,  1693  •'  Vigo  Bay,  1702  ;  capture  of 
the  Superbe,  1710 ;  battle  of  Cape  Passaro,  1718  ; 
siege  of  Gibraltar,  1727  ;  capture  of  the  Princess, 
1740;  Hawke's  victory  oflF  Ushant,  1747;  capture 
of  Calcutta,  1757. 

Kentish  Knock,  Battle  of,  was  fought  off  the 
North  Foreland  on  September  28,  1652,  between 
two  Dutch  fleets  under  De  Witt  and  De  Ruyter, 
and  the  English  fleets  under  Blake  and  Pann. 
The  Dutch  were  defeated. 

Kentledge.     Pigs  of  iron  for  permanent  ballast. 

Kentucky.    U.S.  ist  class  battleship.    (Newport 
News,  1898.) 
Length  376ft.     Beam  72ft.    Mean  draught  23ft. 
Displacement  11,500  tons.     Complement  520. 
Guns,  Armour. 

4 — 13  in.  •*  Harvey-nickel." 

4 — 8  in.  16  in.  Belt  apiidships. 

14 — 5  in.  15  in.  Turrets. 

20 — 6  pdr.  10  in.  Conning  tower. 

4 — I  pdr. 
4  Colts. 
2  Field  guns  (3  in.). 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
4  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  10,500=  16  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 1,210  tons.     Approximate  cost  ;^900,ooo. 

Keppel,  Angiuias  Viseoont  (1725-86).  English 
admiral.  Was  in  command  of  the  Valiant  at  the 
battle  oi  Quiberon  Bay,  1759.  In  1778  an  action 
was  fought  ofi  Brest  in  which,  as  commander,  his 
action  was  criticised  by  Sir  Hugh  PaUiser,  his 
second-in-command,  and  caused  somewhat  of  a 
scandal.  Both  ofiicers,  however,  were  acquitted 
at  the  court-martial.  In  1782  he  was  raised  to 
the  peerage  and  made  First  Lord  of  the  Admiralty. 

Keppel,  Hon.  Sir  Henry  (i  809-1 904).  Admiral  of 
the  Fleet,  1875  ;  greatly  distinguished  himself  in 
the  China  war,  1841-42,  and  in  the  Straits  Settle- 
ments, 1844 ;  was  present  at  Fatshan  Creek,  1857, 
-where  he  commanded  the  naval  forces,  receiving 
O.C.B.  for  distinguished  service ;  commanded  the 
Naval  Brigade  in  Crimean  war ;  from  1867-70  he 
vras  in  command  on  the  China  Station. 

Publications ;  "  Voyage  of  the  Miranda/'  "  A 
Sailor's  Life  under  Four  Sovereigns,"  ''  Expedition 


to  Borneo  "  (1846),  "  A  Visit  to  the  Indian  Archi- 
pelago "  (1853). 

Kerf.     The  slit  or  channel  made  by  a  saw  in 
dividing  timbers. 

Kergnelen,  Yves  J.     See  Antarctic  Exploration. 

Kerr,  Admiral  of  the  Fleet  Lord  Walter  Talbot, 

O.C.B.,  cr.  1902,  K.C.B.,  cr.  1896  (b.  Scotland, 
September  28.  1839).  Educated  Radley  College. 
Entered  Navy,  1853,  ^^^  served  as  naval  cadet  in 
Neptune  and  Cornwallis  in  the  Baltic  expedition, 
^854-55  (Baltic  medal)  ;  as  mid.  of  the  Shannon, 
Naval  Brigade,  he  served  through  the  Indian 
Mutiny,  and  was  present  at  the  siege  and  capture 
of  Lucknow  (Indian  medal.  Relief  of  Lucknow  and 
Lucknow  clasp)  ;  promoted  captain,  1872  ;  private 
secretary  to  the  First  Lord  of  the  Admiralty, 
1885-89 ;  A.D.C.  to  the  Queen,  1887  ;  promoted 
rear-admiral,  1889,  and  was  Second-in-Command, 
Mediterranean  Squadron,  1890-92  ;  Junior  Sea  Lord 
of  the  Admiralty,  1892,  and  Second  Lord  of  the 
Admiralty,  1894-95  '»  commanded  the  Channel  Fleet. 
1895-97  ;  Senior  Naval  Lord  of  the  Admiralty. 
1 899- 1 904;  promoted  admiral,  1900;  decorated 
G.C.B.,  1902,  and  promoted  Admiral  of  the  Fleet 
in  recognition  of  his  distinguished  services  in  1904. 

Kersaini  French  gun-boat.  (Rochefort,  1S98.) 
Length,  226  ft.  ;  beam,  34^  ft.  ;  draught,  15  ft.  ; 
displacement,  1,223  tons;  complement,  no; 
armament,  i  5*5  in.,  5  39  in.,  7  1*4  in. ;  Hp., 
2  200=15  J'ts.  ;  coal,  200  tons. 

Kersey.  A  coarse-ribbed  cloth  made  of  wool, 
with  an  oil  finish,  which  is  used  by  seamen. 

Kervel.     See  Carvel. 

Kestrel.  British  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Clyde- 
bank. 1901.)  Length,  218  ft.;  beam,  20  ft.; 
draught,  5 J  ft.  ;  displacement.  300  tons  ;  comple- 
ment, 60  ;  armament,  i  12-pdr.,  5  6-pdr.,  2  tubes ; 
twin  screw  ;  Hp.,  6,000=30  kts.  ;  coal,  80  tons. 

Ketch.  Small  sailing  vessels  equipped  with  two 
masts — viz.,  main  and  mizzen  masts. 

Kettle  bottom.  Applied  to  a  ship  with  a  flat 
floor. 

Kevels.     Large  cleats. 

Key.    See  Quay. 

Key.  A  term  specially  used  in  the  West  Indies, 
indicating  small  insular  spots  with  scant  vegetation, 
and  often  applied  to  small  coral  shoals. 

Key,  Sir  Astley  Cooper  (1821-88).  English  ad- 
miral (b.  London).  Entered  the  Navy,  1833,  and 
distinguished  himself  on  the  South  American 
Station,  1844-46,  in  the  Baltic  during  the  Crimean 
war,  1855,  and  China,  1857,  for  which  he  received 
a  C.B.  ;  served  Calcutta  during  the  Mutiny,  1857  ; 
in  i860  he  was  appointed  a  member  of  the  Royal 
Commission  on  National  Defence,  and  in  1863 
captain  of  H.M.S.  Excellent  and  superintendent  of 
the  Royal  Naval  College ;  between  1869  and  1872 


K.H. 


328 


KING 


he  held  the  office  of  Superintendent  Portsmouth 
Dockyard,  Superintendent  Malta  Dockyard,  and 
Second-in-Command  in  Mediterranean ;  in  1872  he 
was  appointed  president  of  the  Royal  Naval 
College  at  Greenwich,  which  was  organised  by  him  ; 
in  1873  he  was  decorated  K.C.B.  and  made  a  vice- 
admiral  ;  in  1878  he  became  admiral,  and  was  a 
Lord  of  the  Admiralty  from  1879-85. 

K.H.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Kolhom  (Barsingerhom),  Holland. 

Kbanuin.  Hot,  dry  wind  of  Egypt,  supposed  to 
last  for  50  days  at  a  time. 

Khedivial  Mail  Line,  with  their  head  office  at 
Alexandria,  have  a  fleet  of  13  steamers  under  mail 
contract  with  the  Turkish,  Greek,  and  Egyptian 
Governments.  A  service  is  maintained  every 
Wednesday  from  Alexandria  for  Piraeus,  Smyrna, 
Mitylene,  and  Constantinople,  returning  on  Satur- 
days ;  a  service  every  Saturday  from  Alexandria 
for  Port  Said,  Jaffa,  Caiffa,  Beyrout,  Tripoli, 
Messina,  and  Alexandretta,  returning  every  Wed- 
nesday ;  a  service  from  Suez  every  Wednesday  for 
Suakim  and  Pt.  Sudan  ;  one  every  Monday  for 
Jedda,  Suakim,  Massowah,  Hodeidah,  and  Aden. 

Fleet. 

Assouan.  Jsmailia.  Menxeleh. 

Dakahlien.  Keneh.  Minish. 

El  Kahira.  Kosseiz.  Prince  Abbas, 

Fayoum.  Mahallah.  Rahmanieh. 

Mariout. 

Khedivial  Tacht  Club.  Established  1902.  Patron, 
H.H.  the  Khedive  of  Egypt ;  Commodore,  H.H. 
Prince  Aziz  Pacha  Hassan  ;  Vice-Commodore,  Rear- 
Admiral  Sir  Richard  Massie  Blomfield  ;  Honorary 
Treasurer  and  Secretary,  A.  Grafton,  Port  Office, 
Arsenal,  Alexandria,  Egypt.  Entrance  fee,  £3 ; 
annual  subscription,  £2. 

Khivinets.  Russian  gun-boat.  (St.  Petersburg, 
1904.)  Length,  230  ft. ;  beam,  36  ft.  ;  draught, 
loj  ft.  ;  displacement,  1,340  tons ;  complement, 
200 ;  armament,  2  8-in.,  8  3 -in.,  4  Maxims ;  Hp., 
1,400=13  kts. 

Khrabry.     Russian  gun-boat  (1895). 
Length  223ft.   Beam  41ft.  Maximum  draught  14ft. 
Displacement  1,500  tons.     Complement  135. 
Guns.  Artnouf, 

2—8  in.  "  Harvey." 

I — 6  in.  5  in.  Belt. 

10  Small  q.f.  3^  in.  Bulkheads. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
I  Above  water  bow. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.   forced   2,640=16  kts.     Coal 
maximum  1 30  tons. 

Kid.  A  compartment  in  small  vessels  where  the 
catch  is  thrown. 

Kiel  and  Konsor  Line  was  established  in  1880, 
and  maintains  a  daily  service  to  and  from  Konsor 
in  connection  with  trains  to  and  from  Hamburg, 


and  from  and  to  Copenhagen,  and  from  there  in 
connection  with  trains  to  Malmd,  Stockholm,  Fin- 
land, Helsingborg,  Gdthenburg,  Christiania ;  a  ser- 
vice to  Sonderburg  every  Wednesday,  Friday,  and 
Sunday  in  summer,  and  every  Tuesday.  Thursday, 
and  Saturday  in  winter ;  to  Kappeln  every  day  in 
summer,  and  every  Tuesday,  Thursday,  and  Satur- 
day in  winter  ;  a  service  to  Heiligenhafen,  Fehmam, 
Dahme,  Kellenhusen,  Gromitz,  Travemunde,  and 
Liibeck. 

Kien  Nang.     Chinese  torpedo  gun-boat  (1902). 
Displacement  871   tons. 
Guns.  Armour, 

I — 4  in.  I  in.  Belt  amidships. 

3 — 9  pdr.  I  in.  Deck  amidships. 

6 — I  pdr. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 

2  Above  water. 

Twin  screw.     Hp,  7,000=23  kts. 

Kien- Wei.    Chinese  torpedo  gun-boat  (1901). 
Displacement  871  tons. 
Guns.  Armour. 

I — 4  in.  I  in.  Belt  amidships. 

3 — 9  pdr.  •  I  in.  Deck  amidships. 

6—1  pdr. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 

2  Above  water. 

Twin  screw.     Hp.  7,000=23  kts. 

Ejgyo.  Austro-Hungarian  torpedo-boat.  (Yar- 
row, 1899.)  Length,  152  ft.;  beam,  15^  ft.; 
draught,  7}'ft.  ;  displacement,  133  tons;  arma- 
ment, 2  3-pdr.,  3  tubes;  Hp.,  2,000  =  24  kts. ;  coal, 
30  tons. 

Kiji.  Japanese  torpedo-boat.  (Kure,  1903-) 
Length,  147  ft. ;  beam,  16  ft.  ;  draught,  8  ft, ; 
displacement,  150  tons  ;  complement,  26  ;  arma- 
ment, I  6-pdr.,  2  3-pdr.,  2  tubes  ;  twin  screw ;  Hp., 
4,200=27  kts. ;  coal,  30  tons. 

Killick.    A  small  anchor. 

King.  Argentine  torpedo-boat.  (Yarrow,  1890.) 
Length,  150  ft.  ;  displacement,  85  tons  ;  2  tubes ; 
speed  about  24  kts. 

King  Alfred.  British  ist  class  cruiser.  (Clyde- 
bank, 1 90 1.) 

Length  529ft.   Beam  71ft.   Maximum  draught  28ft 
Displacement  14,100  tons.     Complement  900. 
Guns.  Armour. 

2 — 9*2  in.,  45  cal.       "  Krupp." 
16—6  in.  6  in.  Belt  amidships. 

14 — 12  pdr.  6  in.  Barbettes. 

3 — 3  pdr.  1 2  in.  Conning  tow^r. 

2  Maxims. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
2  Submerged. 
Twin   screw.     Hp.    30,000  =  23  kts.   Coal    maxi- 
mum 2,500  tons.     Approximate  cost  ;£i,ooo,ooo. 

King   Ghing.    Chinese   cruiser    (1888).      Length, 
250  ft.  ;   beam,  36  ft.  ;   draught,  20  ft.  ;    displace- 


KING 


329 


KIRBY 


ment,  2,100  tons  ;  complement,  300 ;  armament,  3 
7-in.,  7  4-pdr.,  6  Maxims,  2  tubes;  Hp.,  2,400  = 
14  kts. ;  coal,  360  tons. 

King    Edward.     British     ist    class    battleship. 
(Dcvonport,  1903.) 

Length  453ft.      Beam  78ft.      Mean  draught  26ft. 
Displacement  16,350  tons.     Complement  tjt. 
Guns,  Armour. 

4 — 12  in.  "  Krupp." 

4 — 9*2  in.  9  in.  Belt  amidships. 

10 — 6  in.  12  in.  Barbettes. 

14 — 12  pdr.  12  in.  Conning  tower. 

14—3  pdr. 
2  Maxims. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
4  Submerged  broadside. 
I  Submerged  stern. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  18,000=  185  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 2,000  tons.     Approximate  cost  ;£i, 500,000. 

This  vessel  holds  the  world's  record  for  coaling 
from  a  collier  at  sea  without  outside  labour.  She 
took  on  board  950  tons  in  3  hours  20  minutes,  or  an 
average  rate  of  285  tons  per  hour. 

King  George.  Packet,  bound  for  Dublin,  lost  on 
the  Hoyle  Bank,  September  21,  1806  ;  125  of  the 
passengers  and  crew  were  drowned. 

King,  JTames  Foster  (b.  Erskine,  1862).     Educated 

Glasgow  High  School.     Served  his  apprenticeship 

with  Messrs.     Russell  and  Co.,  GlaLSgow,  and  after 

gaining  knowledge  in  drawing  office  work,  he  secured 

admission  to  the  yard  of  Messrs.  John  Reid  and  Co. 

as  an  apprentice  fitter.     From  there  he  went  to 

Earle's  yard  at  Hull,  and  subsequently  to  Messrs. 

Harland  and  Wolff,  Belfast,  and  during  the  latter 

part  of    a  seven  years'  service  there   he  was  in 

charge  of  the  White  Star  drawing  office,  when  the 

Majestic  and  Teutonic  were  being  built.     In  1890 

he  was  appointed  leading  surveyor  to  the  British 

Corporation  Registry,  under  Professor  Jenkins,  and 

in  1904  chief  surveyor. 

King,  Dr.  Richard.    See  Arctic  Exploration. 

King's  Begnlations,  The,  are  orders  and  instruc- 
tions issued  under  the  sign  manual  of  the  Sovereign 
for  the  governance  of  His  Majesty's  naval  and 
military  forces.  They  carry  out  and  supplement 
the  statutory  provisions  already  existing. 

I.  The  King's  Regulations  and  Admiralty  In- 
structioiis  are  issued  by  the  Lords  of  the  Admi- 
ralty, and  directed  to  flag  officers,  captains,  com- 
manders and  officers  commanding  His  Majesty's 
ships  with  the  following  notice  :  "  We  do  hereby 
require  and  direct  you  to  observe  and  obey  the 
same,  and  to  take  care  that  the  several  officers  and 
others  under  your  command  also  pay  the  most 
strict  attention  and  obedience  thereto." 

The  subjects  dealt  with  include :  (i)  Classifi- 
cation, Armament,  and  Complement.  (2)  Cere- 
monies and  Distinctions.  (3)  Rank  and  Command. 
(4)   Appointment    and    Examination    of    Officers. 


(5)  Distinctions,    qualifications,   and    promotions. 

(6)  Instruction  of  seamen  and  boys.  (7)  Instruc- 
tions, conduct,  and  duties  of  Officers  of  each  rank. 
(8)  Discipline  and  Naval  Courts.  (9)  Ships,  their 
preservation,  repairs,  and  equipment.  (10)  Special 
branches  of  the  Service,  including  Marines.  (11)  Pay, 
allowances,  expenses  and  pensions.  (12)  Victualling 
and  stores;  and  (13)  Convoys,  quarantine  and 
salvage. 

2.  The  King's  Regulations  and  Orders  for  the 
Army. 

The  orders  of  the  Sovereign  affecting  any  funda- 
mental matter  of  agreement  between  the  Sovereign 
and  a  soldier  are  commumcated  by  Royal  Warrants, 
which  are  signed  by  the  Under-Secretary  of  State  for 
War,  and  reproduced  in  detail  in  Army  Circulars. 
These  circulars  supplement,  and  are  incorporated  in 
the  Revised  Army  Regulations. 

Orders  connected  with  the  personnel  of  the  Army 
were  published  by  the  Commander-in-Chief  in 
pamphlets  called  "  General  Orders,"  but,  upon  the 
abolition  of  that  office,  his  duties  passed  to  the 
Army  Council,  of  which  the  Inspector  General  of 
the  Forces  is  the  head. 

By  the  Reserve  Forces  Act,  1882,  regulations  for 
the  Army  Reserve  and  Militia  Reserve,  and  for 
the  Militia,  under  the  Militia  Act  of  that  year,  are 
made  by  the  Secretary  of  State  for  War.  The 
Volunteers  and  Yeomanry  are  regulated  by  the 
Volunteers  Acts,  1863-97.  The  King's  Regulatioos 
and  Orders  for  the  Army  deal  with  the  rights,  duties, 
and  liabilities  of  His  Majesty's  land  forces  in  much 
the  same  way  that  Admiralty  Instructions  afiect 
our  naval  forces. 

Kiiigiton*  William  Henry  GilM  (1814*80).  English 
novelist,  among  whose  best  known  works  are 
"Peter  the  Whaler"  (1851),  "The  Three  Mid- 
shipmen "  (1862). 

Kink.     A  knotty  twist  in  a  rope. 

Kinsha.  British  river  steamer  on  the  Yang-tse, 
China. 

Eioge  Bay,  Battle  in.  A  Dano-Dutch  fleet,  under 
Niels  and  ComeUus  Tromp,  defeated  the  Swedes  on 
July  nth,  1677.  In  17 10  another  action  was 
fought  here  between  the  Danes  and  the  Swedes.  - 

Kippage.     An  obsolete  term  for  equipage. 

Kirby,  Frank  E.  (b.  Cleveland,  U.S.A.,  }uly  x, 
1849).  American  naval  architect.  In  1876  he 
was  appointed  draughtsman  at  the  Allaire  Works, 
New  York,  and  in  1881  established  the  first  pro- 
minent shipyard  for  building  iron  and  steel  ships  on 
the  Great  Lakes.  In  1888  he  designed  and  built  the 
steamer  St,  Ignace,  the  first  steamer  fitted  with  a 
screw  propeller  in  the  bow  for  working  through 
pack  ice.  This  design  has  since  been  extensively 
adopted  in  the  United  States  and  Russia  for  ferry 
steamers.  In  1898  he  was  appointed  consulting 
engineer,  Qnartermasters'  Department,  U.S.  Army, 


KISARAGI 


330 


KLEIN 


for  constructing  and  refitting  transports  for  service 
during  the  Spanish-American  war. 

KisaragL  Japanese  torpedo-boat  destroyer. 
(Yokosuka,  1905.)  Length.  220  ft.  ;  beam,  20J  ft. ; 
draught,  9J^  ft. ;  displacement,  374  tons ;  arma- 
ment, I  i2-pdr.,  5  6-pdr.,  2  tubes  ;  twin  screw  ; 
Hp.,  6,000=29  kts. 

Kit.     A  small  bucket  used  for  baling  out  boats. 


ite.     British    3rd   class    gun-boat    (254   tons). 
Launched  187 1. 

Kite.  The  form  most  used  in  meteorology  is  the 
Hargreave  or  box-kite,  and  it  is  employed  for 
raising  a  meteorograph  to  obtain  a  record  of  the 
conditions  prevailing  in  the  upper  regions  of  the 
atmosphere. 

Kjeok.  Norwegian  torpedo-boat.  (Christiania, 
1903.)  Length,  1 1 1  ft. ;  beam,  14^  ft. ;  draught,  6^  ft. ; 
displacement,  65  tons;  armament,  2  i'4-in.,  2 
tubes  ;  Hp.,  650=  19  kts. 


Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Koudekerke,  Holland. 

K.Ii.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Klundert,  Holland. 

Klado,  Nicholas  Lawrentieviteh  (b.  1861).  Ex- 
Captain  in  the  Russian  Navy  from  which  he  was 
dismissed  in  May,  1905,  on  account  of  his  writings 
regarding  the  Russo-Japanese  war.  During  the 
earlier  stages  of  the  war  he  was  Chief-of-Staff  to 
Admiral  Skrydlof  at  Vladivostock,  and  subsequently 
with  Vice- Admiral  Rozhdestvensky  at  the  time  of  the 
North  Sea  incident,  Dogger  Bank  {q>v.),  1904.  He 
is  regarded  as  one  of  the  greatest  living  authorities 
on  naval  tactics,  and  has  written  two  standard 
works  on  the  subject. 

Klawitter,  J.  W.  The  name  of  Klawitter  has  been 
well  known  in  German  shipbuilding  since  the 
beginning  of  the  18th  century.  In  the  early  days, 
when  shipbuilding  was  looked  upon  as  a  profession, 
it  was  not  necessary  to  have  a  permanent  place  of 
work,  the  shipbuilder  being  merely  the  working 
hand  of  the  shipowner.  It  was,  therefore,  not  until 
1804  that  John  William  Klawitter,  son  of  John  Jacob 
Klawitter,  began  to  build  his  own  docks  and  ship- 
yards on  the  site  which  they  occupied  until  1875, 
when  they  were  removed  to  the  present  site.  The 
original  yard  was  still  used  for  smaller  work  until 
it  was  destroyed  by  fire  in  1905.  Most  of  the  boats  of 
the  early  days  built  by  this  firm  were  constructed 
of  wood,  of  various  sizes,  and  were  in  such  demand 
that  from  four  to  six  were  always  kept  in  readiness 
for  immediate  delivery.  It  is  due  to  John  William 
Klawitter  that  iron  shipbuilding  was  first  intro- 
duced into  Germany.  The  first  iron  ship  was 
built  in  1841,  and  the  first  iron  mail  boat  in  1855. 
So  satisfied  was  he  with  the  result  of  his  iron  vessels, 
that  he  built  many  on  his  own  account,  one  of 


which  ran  for  many  years  between  Danzig  and 
London,  and  several  others  were  sold  to  English 
shipowners. 

In  1875  owing  to  the  enormous  increase  in  sixe 
and  length  of  iron  ships,  it  became  necessary  for 
the  firm  to  increase  their  plant  and  machinery,  and 
remove  to  larger  premises.     This  had  been  antici- 
pated, and  some  10  years  previously  land  had  been 
acquired  on  the  Polish  Hook.     In  1886  foundries 
were   constructed,    and    two    years    later   a    new 
machine  shop,   which Jwas   followed   in    1890  by 
boiler   works.     This   firm  ^  has    built    many    vast 
iron    sailing    ships,    from    the    Oliver,    Ottomin, 
Marie,  Ida  (1850-60),  to  the  Atlantic  in  1892.    Of 
the  steamers  built  here,  mention  must  be  made 
of  the  NifM  Kawkas  and  Chamidj,  vessels  built  for 
the  transport  of  petroleum ;   of  the  river  steamers 
and  tugs  the  Stad,  with  a  speed  of  12  knots,  built 
for    the    Hamburg-Amerika  Line,  and  such  well- 
known   river   boats   as   the    Nix,   Oberan,    Grille, 
Titania,  Diana,  Lacks,  Forelle,  Amor,  Sirene,  Elfe, 
Juno.     Special  attention  has  been  given  in  this  yard 
to  the  designing  and  construction  of  ice-breakers, 
the  first  one  to  be  built,  the  Ossa  in  1884,  which  was 
at  that  time  the  largest  of  its  kind  in  existence.    In 
1904,  the  ice-breaker  Dardenga  was  designed  and 
constructed,  a  vessel  which  has  been  used  with  very 
great  success.     Many  boats  used  on  the  Dnieper 
have  been  built  in  these  yards,  these  vessels  requir- 
ing special  construction,  and  to  be  of  light  draught, 
owing  to  the  shallowness  of  the  river.     In  1904  two 
large  dredgers,  the  Galveston  and  Texas,  of  1,800 
tons  and  1,600  Hp.,  were  constructed  for  America, 
and  rank  to-day  among  the  best  of  this  class  of 
ship.     All  machinery  and  boilers  necessary  for  the 
ships  are  built  in  the  yards,  which  are  equipped 
with  the  latest  machinery,  electric  and  pneumatic 
tools,  and  in  fact  everything  necessary  to  ensure 
the  most  modem  and  efficient  work. 

Ktober.      French  ist  class  cruiser.     (Bordeaux, 
1902.) 

Length  426ft.    Beam  58ft.    Mean  draught  24ft. 
Displacement  7,700  tons.     Complement  20. 
Guns.  A  rmour. 

8—6-4  in.  "  Krupp." 

4 — 4  in.  4  in.  Belt  amidships. 

10 — 2  pdr.  4  in.  Turrets. 

6  in.  Conning  tower. 
Torpedo  Tubes  (177  in.). 
2  Above  water. 
Three  screws.     Hp.  17,000  =  21  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 1,200  tons.     Approximate  cost  ;£7 50,000. 

Ktoui,  Captain  Davide  Antonio  (b.  Svanda, 
Hungary,  1856).  Educated  Piarist  College,  and  at 
the  Lyceum  in  Kis-kun-Halas,  and  the  Naval  Ship- 
building Academy  in  Trieste,  Served  an  appren- 
ticeship at  sea ;  obtained  a  master  mariner's 
certificate,  and  in  1886  joined  the  China  Service  on  a 
government  transport,  remaining  until  1892,  when 
he  returned  to  Fiume.    He  joined  the  Adzia  Co. 


KLINTBERG 


331 


KOMET 


as  marine  superintendent,  and  has  under  his  charge 
33  steamers  belonging  to  this  company. 

KUntberg,  Aogiut  Frediik  RJalmar  (b.  1835). 
Admiral  Swedish  Navy.  Entered  the  Navy,  1853  ; 
served  ^n  the  English  Navy  (Australian  Station 
and  Channel  Squadron),  1863-65  ;  present  at  the 
Gute  Pkh,  1864  (mentioned  in  despatches,  New 
Zealand  medal) ;  rear-admiral,  1894  ;  vice-admiral, 
1900 ;  admiral,  1903 ;  decorated  with  medal  in 
commemoration  of  Queen  Victoria's  Diamond 
Jubilee,  1897  >  Grand  Cross  of  the  Order  of  the 
Sword,  1900 ;  Knight  of  the  Seraphim,  1903 ; 
passed  to  the  Auxiliary  Service  list,  1903. 

KJX,  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Kruiningen,  Holland. 

Kn.  Knots.  Abbreviation  adopted  on  the 
charts  issued  by  the  Hydrographic  Office,  Admi- 
ralty. 

Knaptcm  HalL  Steamer.  Sunk  through  collision 
with  the  Loch  FytiB,  October  15,  1877;  many  lives 
lost. 

Knees.     Angular  supports  of  iron  or  wood. 

Knias  Potemkiii  Pavritohesky.    Russian  battle- 
ship. Black  Sea.     (Nicolaieff,  1900.) 
Length  371ft.   Beam  72ft.   Maximum  draught  28ft. 
Displacement  12,600  tons.     Complement  731. 
Guns.  Armour, 

4 — I2in.,  40ca].        "  Krupp." 
16 — 6  in.  9  in.  Belt  amidships. 

14 — 12  pdr.  12  in.  Turrets. 

6 — 3  pdr.  10  in.  Conning  tower. 

6- — I  pdr. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 

1  Submerged  bow. 

2  Submerged  broadside. 
I  Above  water  stern. 

Twin  screw.  Hp.  10,600=18  kts.  Coal  normal 
670  tons.     Approximate  cost  £1 ,000,000. 

KnJaz  SuTarofl.  Russian  ist  class  battleship. 
(Baltic,  1902.)  Sunk  by  the  Japanese  at  the  battle 
of  Tsushima,  May  27-29,  1905. 

KEiightt  Explorer.    See  Arctic  Exploration. 

Knighiheads.  Large  oak  timbers  to  support  the 
bowsprit. 

Knight  Steamship  Co.,  Ltd.,  was  formed  in  Sep- 
tember, 1886,  to  incorporate  several  steamers 
managed  by  Messrs.  Greenshields,  Cowie  and  Cx).,  of 
Liverpool,  each  steamer  having  previously  been  a 
separate  company.  The  fleet  at  present  consists  of 
six  high  class  cargo  steamers,  ranging  from  7,000  to 
about  12,000  tons  dead  weight,  with  a  speed  of  from 
10  to  12  kts.  These  boats  are  not  engaged  in  any 
particular  trade,  but  carry  cargo  to  and  from  all 
parts  of  the  world  as  inducement  offers. 

Fleet, 

Knight  Bachelor.  Knight  of  the  Garter. 

Knight  Errant.  Knight  of  the  Thistle. 

Knight  of  St.  George.  Knight  Templar. 


Knitfle-fltuil.  A  line  made  by  twisting  two  or 
three  rope  yams  together. 

Knot.     A  geographical  mile. 

Knot  (in  cordage).  The  interlacement  of  a  rope 
or  cord  so  as  to  attach  one  part  of  it  to  another  rope 
or  to  any  other  object.  The  kinds  of  knots  diflfer 
in  size  and  shape  and  name  according  to  the  use 
in  which  they  are  designed. 

Knowles,  Vioe-Admiral  Charles  George  Frederick, 

4th  Baronet,  cr.  1765  (b.  1832).  Entered  Navy, 
1845  ."  lieutenant,  1853  ;  lieutenant  of  Fox  during 
latter  part  of  Burmese  war,  1852-53  (Burmese 
medal)  ;  commanded  Investigator  in  the  Niger 
Expedition,  1854 ;  received  the  thanks  of  the 
Admiralty  for  the  salvage  of  the  Ardent  when 
stranded  on  the  West  Coast  of  Africa,  also  for  his 
services  on  the  coast  of  Cuba  during  the  insurrec- 
tion, and  the  thanks  of  the  Colonial  Office  for 
services  to  the  Newfoundland  fisheries  while  in 
command  of  Lapwing ;  commander,  1865  ;  cap- 
tain, 1872 ;  captain's  good  service  pension,  1886-87 ; 
rear-admiral,  1889  ;    vice-admiral,  1894. 

K.0*  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Koog-aan-de-Zaan,  Holland. 

Koefa,  Henry,  Lubeck.  This  yard,  founded  in 
1882  by  Henry  Koch,  is  of  great  importance  to 
Liibeck  shipowners.  It  covers  an  area  of  about 
20  acres,  with  a  water  frontage  of  nearly  three- 
quarters  of  a  mile,  and  employs  about  800  workmen. 
There  are  four  building  berths  on  which,  from 
1898  to  the  end  of  1905,  about  83,000  net  register 
tons  of  cargo  vessels  were  built.  In  1905  seven 
steamers  with  a  loading  capacity  of  17,000  tons 
and  machinery  of  10,750  I.Hp.  were  completed. 
This  output  was  further  increased  in  1906.  Many 
small  vessels  for  the  Norddeutscher  Lloyd  have 
been  constructed  at  this  yard,  notably  the  Darvel, 
Marudu,  Borneo,  and  Kwong-Eng,  built  for  the 
Chinese  coast  trade.  Engines  for  all  the  vessels 
constructed  are  built  in  the  engine  shops,  which 
aggregate  about  75,000  I.Hp.  The  workshops  are 
fitted  with  the  latest  and  most  up-to-date  ma- 
chinery for  executing  repair  work.  The  yard 
possesses  two  floating  docks  with  a  capacity  of 
1,200  tons,  and  during  1906  were  used  by  94 
vessels. 

Koetei.  Netherlands  gun-boat,  Indian  Navy. 
(Amsterdam,  1899.)  Length,  179ft.  ;  beam,  31  ft.; 
draught,  11 J  ft.;  displacement,  228  tons;  com- 
plement, 97;  armament,  3  4'7-in.,  4i'4-in. ;  Hp., 
1,412=13  kts.  ;  coal,  120  tons. 

Koff.  A  large  Dutch  coasting  trader,  fitted  with 
two  masts. 

Komet.  Austzo-Hungarian  torpedo  gun-boat. 
(Schichau,  1888.)     Practically  of  no  fighting  value. 

Komet.  Swedish  torpedo-boat.  (Elbing,  1896.) 
length,  128  ft.  ;  beam,  15I  ft.  ;  draught,  7  ft.  ; 
displacement,    92    tons;   complement.    16;    arma- 


KONDRATENKO 


332 


KOROS 


ment,  2  1'9-in.  q.f.,  2  tubes ;  Hp.,  1,056=23  kts. ; 
coal,  17  tons. 

-  Kondraienko.  Russian  torpedo-boat  destroyer 
(1906).  Displacement,  625  tons  ;  complement,  100  ; 
armament,  2  12-pdr.,  5"  6-pdr., 'ij  .tubes ;  Hp., 
6,800=28  kts. 

KongeUg^Dansk  Taeht  Olnb.  Established  1866. 
Patron,  H.R.H.  Crown  Prince  Frederik  ;  Honorary 
President,  H.R.H.  Prince  Waldemar ;  Commodore, 
F.  C.  Tuxen ;  Vice-Commodore,  Alfred  Benzon ; 
Secretary,  F.  F.  Goldberg,  16  Nybroagde.  Copen- 
hagen, K.  Entrance  fee,  6  and  4  kroner ;  annual 
subscription.  24,  20,  and  8  kroner. 

Kongelig  Norsk  Sejlforeniiig.  Established  1883. 
Commodore,  Admiral  F.  Borresen  ;  Vice-Commo- 
dore, Captain  H.  Lovenskiold ;  Treasurer  and 
Secretary,  Waldemar  Kallevig,  Christiania.  En- 
trance fee,  5  kroner  ;  annual  subscription,  12  kroner. 

Kongelig  Tachtklnb,  Christiania.  Established 
1878.  Patron,  H.R.H.  the  Crown  Prince  Gustav; 
President,  C.  Wisbech  ;  Vice-President,  Alfred  W.  G. 
Larsen  ;  Secretary  and  Treasurer,  R.  P.  Mailing, 
Club  House.  Christiania.  Entrance  fee,  5  kroner  ; 
annual  subscription,  10  kroner. 

KongL  SvenBka  SegelsfiUskapet  (Royal  Swedish). 
Established  1832.  Patron,  H.M.  the  King  of 
Sweden  ;  Commodore,  Admiral  F.  W.  Lennman  ; 
Vice-Commodore,  Friherre  N.  von  Hopken  ;  Trea- 
surer, F.  A.  Backstrom ;  Secretary,  Count  H. 
Hamilton,  Kongl.  Svenska  Segelsallskapet,  Stock- 
holm. Entrance  fee,  5  kroner ;  annual  subscrip- 
tion, 15  kroner. 

Koningin  Begentes.    Dutch  battleship  (1900). 

Length  312ft.   Beam  48ft.   Maximum  draught  i8ft. 

Displacement  4,950  tons.     Complement  320. 

Guns.  A  rmour. 

2 — 9*4  in.,  40  cal.        "  Krupp." 

4 — 6  in.  6  in.  Belt  amidships. 


8 — 12  pdr. 
2 — I  pdr. 


10  in.  Barbettes. 
10  in.  Conning  tower. 
Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
2  Submerged. 
I  Above  water  bow. 
Twin   screw.     Hp.    5,300=16  kts.     Coal   maxi- 
mum 680  tons. 

Koningin  Wilhelmina  der  Nederlanden.     Dutch 
battleship  (1892). 

Sheathed  and  coppered. 

Length  328ft.     Beam  49ft.     Draught  21ft. 

Displacement  4,600  tons. 


Guns, 
I — II  in. 
1—8*2  in. 
2—6*8  in. 
4 — 12  pdr. 
6 — 1  pdr. 


A  rmour. 
"  Steel." 
3  in.  Deck. 

1 1  in.  Big  gun  turrets. 
1 1  m.  Conning  tower. 


Torpedo  Tubes. 
4  Above  water. 


Twin  screw.  Hp.  5,900=17  kts.  Coal  maxi- 
mum 450  tons. 

KoninkUjke  Kadne  Taoht  Clab,  with  their  head- 
quarters at  Helder,  Holland,  was  established  in 
1899.  Commodore.  Captain  W.  Romer ;  Vipe- 
Commodore,  Captain  A.  L.  Boelen ;  Treasurer, 
Baron  J.  F.  van  Heeckeren  van  Walien  ;  Secretary. 
J.  B.  M«  den  Bosch.  Entrance  fee,  5  guilders; 
annual  subscription,  10  guilders. 

Koninklijke  Nederlandsohe  Stoomboot  Haat- 
schappij.     See  Royal  Nederland  Steam.ship  Co. 

Koninklijke  Paketvaart  MaatBChappii,  with  the 
London  agency  managed  by  Messrs.  Keller,  WaJlis 
and  Co.,  have  a  fleet  of  47  modern  steamers  en- 
gaged in  passenger  and  cargo  traffic. 

Fleet. 

Alting.  Ogan. 

Band.  Ogan  II. 

Bantam.  Pahud. 

Borneo.  Reael. 

Both.  Reyniersz. 

Brouwer.  ReynsL 

Camphuys.  Rochussen. 

Coen.  Speelman. 

De  Carpentier.  Swaerdecroon. 

De  Eereus.  Tasman. 

De  Klerk.  Valentijn. 

De  Kock.  Van  den  Bosch. 

Duymaer  van  Twist.  Van  der  Capellan. 

G.  G.  Daendels.  Van  der  Lijn. 

G.  G*s  Jacob.  Van  der  Parra. 

Houtman.  Van  Diemen. 

Janssens.  Van  Goens. 

Japara.  Van  Hogendorp. 

Kapoeas.  Van  Outhoom. 

Laurens  Pit.  Van  Riebeech. 

Mossel.  Van  Riemsdijh. 

Maetsuycker.  Van  Swoll. 

Merkus.  Van  Tmhoff. 

Negara. 

Koninklijke  Roei  en  Zeilvereeniging  *'  De  Maas." 

Established  185 1.  Honorary  President,  G.  van 
der  Pot ;  President,  L.  M.  A.  Hoffman ;  Honorary 
Treasurer,  J.  J.  Havclaar ;  Honorary  Secretary, 
A.  A.  Sweerts  de  Landas,  Mauri tsweg  47,  Rotter- 
dam.    Annual  subscription,  15  florins. 

Korea.  U.S.  subsidised  merchant  ship  (1901). 
Pacific  Mail  Co.  {q.v.).  Dimensions,  550x63  X 
40  ft.;  gross  tonnage,  11,280;  passenger  accom* 
modation,  1,483  ;  Hp.,  18.000=18  kts. 

Korieits.  Russian  armoured  sloop.  On  Feb- 
ruary 9,  1904,  this  vessel  was  blown  up  by  the 
Russians  in  Chemulpho  Harbour  to  prevent  her 
from  falling  into  the  hands  of  the  Japanese. 

Koroi.  Austro-Hungarian  river  monitor.  (Buda- 
pest, 1893.) 

Length  117ft.     Beam  29ift.     Draught  4ft. 
Displacement  437  tons.     Complement  jy. 


KORRIGAN 


333 


KRONSHLOT 


Guns,  Armour, 

2 — 4y  in.  "  Harvey  steel." 

2 — 2 '8  in.  2  in.  Belt  amidships. 

2  Maxims.  3  in.  Gun  shields. 

Hp.  i,25o=sio  kts. 

Kofxigan.  Ftench  submarine.  (Rochefort,  1901.) 
Length,  135  ft. ;  beam,  9  ft ;  draught,  9  ft. ;  dis- 
placement, 185  tons ;  complement,  9 ;  Hp.,  180 «s 

8  kts. 

Kortenaar.    Netherlands  coast  defence  battleship. 
Length  282ft.     Beam  47ft.     Draught  17ft. 
Displacement  3.464  tons.     Complement  260. 

Guns.  Armour. 

3— 8'2  in.  "  Harvey  steel." 

2 — 5*9  in.  6  in.  Belt  amidships. 

6 — 2'9  in.  9 J  in.  Big  gun  shields. 

8 — 1*4  in. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 

3  Above  water. 

Hp.  4,650=  16  kts.     Coal  ^80  tons. 

Kosmos  line  (Deutsche  Dampfschiflahrts-Gesell- 
schaft  "  Kosmos  "),  with  the  head  offices  in  Ham- 
burg, have  a  fleet  of  29  steamers,  ranging  from 
4,000  to  7,500  tons,  specially  fitted  for  the  convey- 
ance of  passengers  and  cargo.  A  four-weekly  ser- 
vice is  maintained,  from  Hamburg  and  Antwerp 
via  London,  direct  to  the  West  Coast  of  Central 
and  South  America,  via  the  Straits  of  Magellan. 
The  steamers  of  the  company  also  trade  to  various 
parts  of  the  globe  carrying  cargo. 

Fleet. 

AbydoA  Hermonthis.  Radames, 

Anuisj^.  Jtauri.  Ramases. 

AmfnoM.  Luxor,  Sais, 

Anub^.  Memphis,  Serapis, 

Assumn,  Menes,  Sesosiris, 

D&fuhrah,  Mera,  Seios, 

Edf^  Negada.  Tanis, 

Elkm.  Neko.  Thehen, 

Esna,  Osiris.  Uarda. 

Hathor.  Pentaur. 

Gross  tonnage,  155 ,000. 

Kotla.  Russian  torpedo-boat.  (Abo,  1891.) 
Length,  152  ft.  ;  beam,  13  ft.  ;  draught,  8 J  ft.  ; 
displacement,  100  tons ;  armament,  2  i-pdr., 
2  tubes  ;  Hp.,  1,000=19  kts. ;  coal,  20  tons. 

Kotaelme,  Otto  von  (1787-1846).  Russian  navi- 
gator (b.  Revel).  Educated  St.  Petersburg  School 
of  Cadets.  Accompanied  Krusenstem  on  his 
voyage  round  the  world,  1803-06.  In  181 5  he  was 
given  coounand  of  the  Ruric,  and  set  out  on  July  30 
to  find  a  passage  across  the  antarctic  ocean,  and 
explore  the  less  known  parts  of  the  Sputh  Seas. 
Daxing  this  voyage  he  discovered  various  islands 
and  groups,  among  the  best  known  being  the 
Kmsenstem  group,  KulusofF,  and  Suwaroff  islands. 
After  making  Kamchatka  and  New  Archangel,  he 
proceeded  northward,  discovering  and  naming 
Kotzebue   Gulf,  to  the  south-east  of  the  Baring 


Strait,  and  Krusenstem  Cape.  In  1821  he  pub< 
lished  **  A  Voyage  of  Discovery  into  the  South  Sea 
and^Baring '  Straits,"  which  was  translated  into 
English,  and  "  A  New  Voyage  Round  the  World  " 
in  1823-26,  translated  1830.  ^Refer  to  Arctic  Explo- 
ration. 

Konbanets.  Russian  gun  -  boat.  (Sebastopol, 
1889.)  Length,  210  ft. ;  beam,  35  it. ;  draught. 
II  ft. ;  displacement,  1,224  tons  ;  complement,  161  ; 
armament,  2  8-in.,  i  6-in.,  7  q.f.,  2  tubes ;  Hp., 
1.500=13  kts. ;  coal,  250  tons. 

KJ^.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Kampen,  Holland. 

K«B.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Korsdr,  Denmark. 

Kffakatan*  Netherlands  torpedo-boat.  (Amster- 
dam, 1887.)  Length,  128  ft. ;  beam,  13  it  ; 
draught,  6  ft. ;  displacement,  90  tons ;  armament, 
2  i-pdr.,  3  tubes;  Hp.,  750=19  kts. 

^*1^^f*t.  A  fictitious  sea  monster,  supposed  to 
exist  on  the  coasts  of  Norway. 

Kreel.  A  framework  of  timber  for  the  catching 
of  fish,  particularly  salmon. 

Krenneb.    The  small  cringle  for  bowline  bridles. 

Krepky.  Russian  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (La 
Seyne,  1905.)  Length,  185  f t.  ;  beam,  21  ft.  ; 
draught,  7^  ft. ;  displacement,  324  tons ;  comple- 
ment, 60  ;  armament,  i  12-pdr.,  5  3-pdr.,  2  Maxims, 
2  tubes ;  twin  screw  ;  Hp.,  5,600=26  kts. ;  coal, 
100  tons. 

Krokodil.  Netherlands  coast  defence  monitor 
(1878).     Of  small  fighting  value. 

Kronpciiui  BSnhenog  Rudolph.  Old  Anstro- 
Hungarian  bal^eship  (1887). 

Length  295ft.  Beam  62ft.  Maximum  draught  26ft. 
Displacement  6,900  tons.     Complement  492. 
Guns,  Armour. 

3— ri  2  in.  "  Compound. ' ' 

6— •4*7  in.  12  in.  Belt. 

15 — 3  pdr.  10  in.  Bulkheads. 

10  in,  Barbettes. 
12  in.  Conning  tower. 
Torpedo  Tubes, 
4  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  natural  5,130=15  kts.,  forced 
6,500=116  kts.    Coal  maximum  650  tons. 

&onprini6grin    Enhenogin    Stephanie.      Old 

Austro-Hungarian  battleship.  Of  no  practical 
fighting  value,  and  at  present  used  for  harbour 
service  only. 

Kronprins  Wilhehn.  German  subsidised  mer- 
chant ship  (1901).  Norddeutscher  Lloyd  {q.v.). 
Dimensions,  663  X  66  x  39  ft.  ;  gross  tonnage, 
14,908  ;  Hp.,  33,000=23  kts. 

Kronshlot  Russian  toxpedo-boat.  (Ishora,  1891.) 
Length,   152  ft.;  beam,  13  ft;  draught,  8^  ft.; 


KRUPP 


334 


KRUSENSTERN 


displacement,     loo    tons ;    armament,    2    i-pdr., 
2  tubes  ;    Hp.,  1,000=19  kts. 

Krap^  Alfred  (1812-87).  German  inventor. 
Founder  of  the  celebrated  steel  works  and  gun 
factory  at  Essen,  in  Prussia.  For  many  years  he 
confined  himself  to  casting  steel  blocks,  and  it 
-was  not  until  1841  that  his  invention,  the  spoon 
roller,  brought  in  sufficient  money  to  enable  him 
to  perfect  his  scheme.  In  1847  he  made  his  first 
cannon  of  steel,  a  3-pdr.,  and  at  the  great  exhibi- 
tion of  185 1  in  London  he  exhibited  a  6-pdr.,  made 
entirely  of  cast  steel,  and  also  a  solid  flawless  ingot 
weighing  2,000  pounds.  When  the  Bessemer  pro- 
cess of  steel  manufacture  was  introduced  in  Eng- 
land he  saw  the  advantages  and  at  once  adopted 
the  invention.  In  1880  a  steel  breech -loading  gun 
of  100  tons  was  forged  at  Essen,  which  was  at  that 
time  the  largest  ever  cast.  At  the  time  of  his 
death,  July  14,  1887,  he  employed  45,000  men, 
and,  including  those  in  works  at  Annen,  Kiel,  and 
Magdeburg,  his  rule  extended  over  some  75,000 
workihen. 

Krappy  Fried  (Actien  -  Gesellschaft  Germania- 
Werft).  Among  the  shipyards  that  have  added 
to  the  fame  of  the  German*  shipbuilding  industry 
the  Germania  Dockyard  takes  first  place.  This 
great  undertaking  had  its  commencement  in  a 
small  way,  and  was  started  by  Mr.  F.  A  Egells, 
of  Berlin,  in  1822.  The  establishment  was  then 
limited  to  the  building  of  small  engines.  In  1871 
the  firm  was  incorporated  as  a  joint  stock  com- 
pany, under  the  name  of  Markisch-Schlesiscjiie 
Maschinenbau.  In  1879  a  yard  called  Nord- 
deutscher  wharves  was  bought  at  Gaarden,  near 
Kiel,  and  was  subsequently  amalgamated  in  1892 
with  the  other  works.  In  1896  the  firm  oi  Fried 
Krupp,  at  Essen,  which  was  well  known  for  its 
building  of  warships,  rented  the  Germania  Yard 
for  a  period  of  years,  with  the  option  of  altering 
the  works  to  suit  their  requirements.  In  1902  the 
yard  was  sold  to  the  firm  of  Krupp,  and  has  been 
known  since  as  Fried  Krupp  (Actien-Gesellschaft 
Germania- Wer ft).  By  means  of  a  large  expenditure 
on  plant  and  machinery  the  firm  of  Krupp  have 
brought  this  dockyard  up  to  date,  and  it  takes 
rank  as  one  of  the  finest  in  the  world.  The  old 
Germania  shipyard  (on  whose  berths  the  ships 
Siegfried,  Worth,  Kaiser  Wilhelm  der  Grosse,  Zah- 
ringen,  and  Brunswick  were  built  for  the  German 
Navy,  also  a  large  number  of  smaller  cruisers, 
torpedo-boat  destroyers,  and  torpedo-boats  for 
the  German  and  other  navies)  was  found  not 
sufficiently  large,  owing  to  the  increased  size  of 
vessels,  and  consequently  a  new  dockyard  and 
engineering  works  were  built  at  Gaarden.  The  old 
wharf  had  a  frontage  of  about  1,200  ft.  and  an 
area  of  14  acres,  and  is  now  used  for  the  building 
of  small  vessels.  The  new  dockyard,  which  lies 
opposite  the  old  harbour,  has  a  water  frontage  of 
nearly  half  a  mile,  and  an  area  of  about  50  acres, 


of  which  194  acres  are  covered  by  workshops.  It 
has  the  advantage  of  being  practically  at  the  en- 
trance of  the  Kaiser  Wilhelm  Canal,  and  close  to 
the  terminus  of  the  Kiel  and  Hamburg  Railway. 
There  are  seven  large  building  berths,  and  one 
still  under  construction.  They  vary  in  length  from 
360  to  nearly  700  ft.,  with  a  width  of  from  72  to 
no  ft.  On  these  berths  ships  up  to  750  ft.  in 
length  can  be  built.  Of  the  seven  large  berths 
four  are  covered,  being  the  first  covered  berths 
built  in  Germany.  Every  berth  has  two  electri- 
cally driven  cranes  capable  of  lifting  any  weights 
necessary  in  the  construction  of  vessels.  The 
workshops  are  fitted  with  the  latest  modem  appli- 
ances— scissors,  rollers,  presses,  bending-presses, 
and  lock  presses,  all  worked  by  electricity.  The 
iron  foundry  is  furnished  with  two  large  ovens, 
sixteen  round  fires,  and  five  double  ovens,  electric 
and  steam  hammers,  and  cranes  with  a  capacity  of 
from  three  to  10  tons. 

This  yard  has  built  many  vessels  for  tlie  German 
and  other  navies,  and  also  numerous  passenger 
and  cargo  steamers  for  the  Hamburg-Amerika  and 
Norddeutscher  Lloyd,  among  which  may  be  men- 
tioned the  Borussia,  of  13,000  tons,  and  the  Kron- 
prinzessin  Cecilie,  19,200  tons.  Many  steam  yachts 
have  been  designed  and  constructed  from  time  to 
time,  notably  the  Imperial  yacht  Hohenzollem, 
now  called  Kaiser  Adler.  Many  sets  of  engines 
have  been  constructed  for  vessels  built  in  other 
yards,  among  others  the  engines  for  the  Borden, 
5,700  Hp.,  Bayem,  5,760  Hp.,  Kaiser  Wilhelm  II., 
13,000  Hp.,  Freya,  ro,ooo  Hp.,  Arcona,  2,400  Hp., 
Alexandrine,  2,600  Hp.,  for  the  German  Navy, 
several  torpedo-boats  for  the  Spanish  Navy,  and 
some  gun-boats  for  Russia.  i 

Knuenstem,  Adam  John  (1770- 1846).  Rusisian 
admiral  (b.  Esthonia).  Entered  the  Navy,  1785, 
and  served  as  midshipman  in  the  war  a(^ainst 
Sweden.  Visited  America,  India,  and  China  in 
the  English  Fleet,  1793-99.  One  of  the  first  to 
point  out  the  advantages  to  be  obtained  for  Russia 
by  direct  communication  with  China  by  'way  of 
Cape  Horn  and  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  and  with 
the  idea  of  carrying  out  this  project  he  was  en- 
trusted by  Alexander  I.  with  the  command  of  a 
scientific  and  commercial  expedition.  Leaving 
Cronstadt  in  August,  1803,  he  proceeded  by  Cape 
Horn  and  Sandwich  Islands  to  Japan.  Returning 
to  Europe  by  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  he  reached 
Cronstadt  August,  t8o6,  and  was  the  first  Russian 
to  circumnavigate  the  world.  On  his  promotion 
to  admiral  he  became  director  of  the  Russian  Naval 
School,  and  did  much  to  improve  the  education  of 
cadets ;  and  in  many  ways  the  Russian  Navy  is 
indebted  to  his  enlightened  exertions.  He  died  at 
Revel,  August  24,  1846.  In  18 10  he  published  his 
"  Vojrage  Round  the  World,"  English  translation. 
181 3.  A  work  of  permanent  value  is  his  "  Tales 
of  the  Pacific  Ocean  "  (1824-35).     See  Memoirs  by 


KTS. 


335 


LA 


his  daughter,  Madame  Bemhardi,  txanslated  by  Sir 
John  Rock,  1856. 

Xis.    Abbreviation  for  knots. 

K.n.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Kuinre,  Holland. 

Kaban.  Russian  Government  liner  (1889). 
Length,  461  ft. ;  beam,  55  ft. ;  draught,  24  ft.  ; 
gross  tonnage,  8,479  ;   Hp.,  12,000=18*5  kts. 

Knrfont  Friedrioh  Wilhdin.  German  ist  class 
battleship  (1891). 

Length  380ft.   Beam  64ft   Maximum  draught  26ft. 
Displacement  10,060  tons.     Complement  $68. 
Guns.  Armour, 

4 — II  in.,  40  cal.         **  Compound." 
2 — II  in,,  35  cal.         15  in.  Belt. 
8 — ^4*1  in.  12  in.  Barbettes. 

8— tI5J^  pdr.  5  in.  Turrets. 

2 — I  pdr.  12  in.  Conning  tower. 

4  Machine. 

Torpedo  Tubes, 
2  Submerged. 
I  Above  water  stem. 
Twin  screw.    Hp.  forced  10,000=17  kts.    Coal 
maximum  1,050  tons.    Approximate  cost  ^£7  50,000. 

Kvik.  Norwegian  torpedo-boat.  (Christlania, 
1903.)  Length,  11 1  ft.;  beam,  14J  ft.;  draught, 
6 J  ft.  ;  displacement,  65  tons  ;  armament,  2  1'4-in., 
2  tubes  ;  Hp.,  650=19  kts. 

K,W.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Katwijk,  Holland. 

KwarteL  Netherlands  gun-vessel,  Indian  Navy 
(1898).     Of  no  fighting  value. 

K,T.  iDistinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Kirkcaldy,  Scotland. 


L.  Distinguishing  letter  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  limerick,  Ireland. 

L.  Distinguishing  letter  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Lemvig,  Denmark. 

li.  I^aJce,  loch,  lough.  Abbreviation  adopted 
on  the  charts  issued  by  the  Hydrographic  Office, 
Admiralty. 

L.A.  Distinguisliing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Llanelly.  England. 

L»A.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
r^[istered  at  Altenwerder,  Germany. 

Ls  Blanche.  32  guns.  In  October,  1780,  this 
vessel  -was  lost  in  a  storm  in  the  West  Indies. 

Labour.  To  move  heavily  and  slowly ;  to  pitch 
and  roU. 

Xa  Brataane*  French  subsidised  merchant  ship 
(1885).  Compagnie  G^tode  Transatlantiqne  (^.v.)- 
Pimfinaiona,  495  X  52  X  34  ft. ;  gross  toimage,  7,395  ; 
Hp.,  8,oposi7  kts. 


La  OttDfihe  Light,  established  1901,  is  a  two« 
flash  light  every  10  seconds ;  duration  of  flash,  one- 
tenth  second  ;  estimated  candle-power,  15,000,000; 
illuminant,  electricity. 

La  Ohamvagne.  French  subsidised  merchant 
ship  (1885).  Compagnie  G^n^rale  Transatlaatigue 
iq.v.).  Dimensions,  495x52x34  ft.;  gross  ton- 
nage, 7,395  ;  Hp.,  8,000=17  kts. 

Laohine  is  an  island  eight  miles  south-west  of 
Montreal,  on  the  Lake  of  St.  Louis,  at  the  head  of 
the  Lachine  Rapids.  The  name  Lachine  is  said  to 
have  been  given  to  the  place  in  derision  of  certain 
early  expk>rers.  who  started  for  China  by  way  of 
the  St.  Lawrence,  only  getting  as  far  as  the  site 
of  the  present  town. 

Lachine  Oanal,  which  connects  Montreal  and 
Lachine,  and  was  constructed  to  avoid  the  rapids, 
is  the  main  highway  of  commerce  between  the  two 
places. 

Laehine  Bapids.  Situated  just  below  the  town 
of  Lachine,  eight  miles  south-west  of  Montreal'. 
These  rapids  supply  electrical  power  for  Montreal. 

LaeingB.     Small  lines  used  for  securing  sails. 

La  Coabre  Light,  Bay  of  Biscay,  established  1895, 
is  a  two-flash  light  every  10  seconds;  duration  of 
flash,  one-tenth  second  ;  candle-power,  estimated 
at  10,000,000  ;  illuminant,  electricity. 

Laden  in  bulk.    Cargo  lying  loose  on  the  hold. 

La  D6t6rmin6e.  On  March  26,  1803,  this  vessel 
was  lost  in  Jersey  Roads,  when  many  were  drowned. 

Ladies'  ladder.     Shrouds  rattled  too  closely. 

Lading.    See  Bill  of  Lading. 

Lady  Elgin.  American  steamer.  Sunk  through 
collision  with  the  schooner  Augusta  on  Lake 
Michigan,  September  8,  i860.  Out  of  385  persons 
287  were  lost. 

Lady  Franklin.  In  1850  this  brig,  together  with 
the  Sophia,  under  Captain  Austin,  sailed  by  way 
of  the  Barrow  Strait  in  search  of  Sir  John  Franklin 
(q.v.)t  and  discovered  Franklin's  winter  quarters  of 
1845-46  at  Beechy  Island.  Refer  to  Arctic  Ex- 
ploration. 

Lady  Hobari.  Packet.  Wrecked  on  an  island  of 
ice  on  a  voyage  to  Australia,  June  28,  1803. 

Lady  Monro.  Wrecked  on  a  voyage  from  Cal- 
cutta to  Sydney,  January  9,  1834 ;  80  lives  lost. 

Lady  Nugent.  Troopship.  Foundered  in  a  hurri- 
cane in  the  Indian  Ocean,  May  10,  1854,  when 
350  of  the  Madras  Light  Infantry,  officers,  and 
crew  perished. 

Lady  Sheirbrooke.  From  Londonderry  to  Quebec^ 
lost  near  Cape  Ray,  August  19,  1831 ;  273  liyes 
lost. 

La  Franee.  in  collision  with  the  Sud  America 
Q&  the  Canary  Islands,  September  13,  1888  ; 
87  lives  lost. 


LAGAN 


336 


LAING 


iMgBXL  A  term  applied  to  goods  which  are 
sunk  in  the  sea  having  a  cork  or  buoy  attached 
so  that  they  may  be  recovered.     Refer  to  Wreck. 

La  Oasooigne.  French  subsidised  merchant  ship 
(1885).  Compagnie  G6n6rale  Transatlantique  (q.v.). 
Dimensions,  495  x  52  X  34  ft. ;  gross  tonnage,  7.395  ; 
Hp.,  8,000=17  kts. 

Laggen.  Canal  men  who  pass  the  boats  through 
tunxiels  and  under  bridges. 

Lagging.  The  non-conducting  jacket  or  clothing 
of  a  steam  boiler  or  cylinder  to  prevent  radiation 
of  heat. 

LagOl,  Battle  of.  On  August  18,  1759,  the 
British  fleet,  under  Admiral  Boscawen,  defeated 
the  French,  under  Admiral  de  la  Clue.  The 
Ceniaur  and  Modesie  were  captured,  and  the  Rs- 
doubtable  and  Ocean  run  on  shore  and  burnt.  The 
remainder  of  the  fleet  got  into  Cadiz. 

La  Hire.    French  avisos  (1898). 
Length  256ft.   Beam  28ft.  Maximum  draught  13ft. 
Displacement  900  tons.    Complement  128. 

Guns. 
6 — 9  pdr. 
6 — 3  pdr. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  6,400=23  kts.     Coal  normal 
137  tons. 

Laid  up.  A  dismantled  vessel  moored  in  har- 
bour, dock,  or  beached. 

Laingy  Andrew  (b.  Devonport,  1856).  Educated 
Glasgow,  receiving  scientific  training  at  the  Ander- 
son College  under  Professor  Rowden.  Served  his 
apprenticeship  with  Messrs.  Hogg  and  Walker,  of 
Glasgow,  and  in  1877  joined  the  designing  stafi  of 
Messrs.  John  Elder  and  Co.  In  1881  he  became 
chief  draughtsman,  and  in  1887  was  given  com- 
plete control  of  the  Fairfield  Engine  Works,  and 
became  a  director  of  the  company.  During  his 
control  he  was  responsible  for  the  design  and 
msmufacture  of  machinery  for  vessels  aggregating 
1,250,000  tons  I.Hp.  Notable  examples  of  his 
work  at  the  Fairfield  works  are  the  Alaska  (which 
was  the  first  vessel  termed  an  ocean  greyhound). 
For  the  Cunard  Line  he  designed  and  built  the 
Umbria,  Eiruria,  Campania,  Lucania,  the  two  last- 
named  vessels  being  at  the  time  they  were  built 
the  highest  powered  steamers  in  existence.  In 
1896  he  became  general  manager,  and  afterwards 
a  director  of  the  Wallsend  Slipway  and  Engineering 
Co.,  Ltd.,  and  the  work  he  carried  out  comprises 
machinery  for  cargo,  mail  and  passenger  steamers, 
ice-breakers,  dredgers,  and  war-vessels.  He  was 
a  member  of  the  committee  appointed  by  the 
Cunard  Co.  to  consider  the  question  of  turbines  for 
their  new  express  steamers,  and  obtained  a  con- 
tract for  the  construction  of  machinery  to  his 
design  for  one  of  these  steamers,  the  I.Hp.  being 
70,000,  the  greatest  power  ever  placed  into  one 
vessel. 


Member  of  the  Institution  of  Civil  Engineers,  of 
the  Institution  of  Naval  Architects,  of  the  Institu- 
tion of  Engineers  and  Shipbuilders  in  Scotland,  of 
the  American  Society  of  Naval  Engineers,  and  the 
North-East  Coast  Institution  of  Engineers  and 
Shipbuilders. 

Laing  and  Sons,  Sir  James,  Sunderland.  This 
famous  Sunderland  shipbuilding  yard  was  founded 
in  1793  by  Philip  Laing  and  his  elder  brother 
John. 

Their  yard  was  on  the  Monkswearmouth  shore, 
and  just  by  Monkswearmouth  Bridge  they  opened 
a  graving  dock  in  1804.  The  partnership  between 
the  brothers  lasted  for  a  quarter  of  a  century,  and 
was  dissolved  in  18 18,  when  the  remaining  partner, 
Mr.  Philip  Laing,  bought  the  property  on  which 
the  present  yard  stands. 

To-day,  to  be  quite  accurate,  there  are  three 
yards — the  Upper,  Lower  or  Middle,  and  the  New 
Yard,  while  on  the  other  bank  of  the  river  is  the 
Comhill  Graving  Dock.  The  shipyard  covers 
17  acres,  a  very  considerable  area,  and  difEers 
greatly  from  the  appearance  presented  in  the  old 
times,  when  wooden  ships  were  the  order  of  the 
day.  In  the  early  days  there  was  provision  at 
the  most  for  but  two  shipbuilding  berths,  and 
these  could  not  accommodate  craft  of  a  greater 
length  than  200  ft.  To-day  the  yard  is  capable  of 
building  at  one  and  the  same  time  four  steamers 
650  ft.  in  length,  and  two  somewhat  shorter.  The 
six  berths  possess  an  output  capacity  of  something 
like  40,000  to  50,000  tons  per  annum. 

In  the  Upper  Yard  are  the  stores  and  machine 
sheds,  a  large  iron  and  brass  foundry,  copper- 
smith's shop,  pattern  shop,  fitting  and  machine 
shops,  three  brass  finishing  shops,  and  offices. 
Besides  this  there  is  a  separate  department  for 
moulding  and  casting  bronze  propellers  from  a 
special  mixture,  where  propellers  22  ft.  in  diameter 
and  10  tons  in  weight  can  be  turned  out. 

The  Lower  or  Middle  Yard  contains  the  firm's 
spacious  offices,  drawing  offices,  mould  loft,  model 
department,  technical  and  cost  departments,  blade- 
smiths'  shops,  machine  sheds,  two  building  berths, 
respectively  300  ft.  and  470  ft.  in  length. 

The  New  Yard  has  two  building  berths  of  650  ft. 
each,  a  large  machine  shed  in  two  bays,  measuring 
250  ft.  by  120  ft.,  installed  with  a  complete  outfit 
of  the  largest  machines  for  steel  shipbuildLin^ 
extant.  The  whole  of  the  machinery,  as  well  as 
that  in  the  Middle  Yard,  is  electrically  driven. 
The  power-house  contains  a  range  of  three  larige 
marine  type  boilers,  and  a  powerful  set  of  com- 
pound inverted  engines  of  300  I.Hp..  driving  t^wo 
large  multi-polar  dynamos,  each  of  150  electrical 

Hp. 

The  first  ship  built  was  the  Horta,  with  a  tonnage 
of  248.  She  was  followed  by  the  Caledoni^M.^  a 
vessel  of  no  ft.  in  length  and  440  tons,  whicli  at 
that  time  was  a  large  vessel,  and  the  K$nt^ 


LAIRD 


337 


LAKE 


markable  for  being  the  first  ship  built  in  Sunder- 
land to  be  fitted  with  chain  cables. 

In  1843  the  management  was  handed  over  to 
the  present  head  of  the  firm.  Sir  James  Laing. 
The  first  vessel  constructed  by  him  was  the  A  gin- 
court,  and  this  vessel  is  remarkable  for  being  the 
first  vessel  constructed  of  teak.  In  the  year  1846 
the  Philip  Laing  was  launched.  She  conveyed  to 
New  Zealand  a  batch  of  emigrants  from  Glasgow, 
and  this  was  the  first  party  to  be  landed  at  Dunedin. 
In  1847  the  Camperdown,  140  ft.  long,  was  built, 
and  in  the  following  year  the  Meldon,  149  ft.,  was 
launched.  This  latter  vessel  made  the  voyage  via 
the  Cape  to  Calcutta  in  90  days,  which  was  reckoned 
a  "  crack  "  voyage  in  those  times.  She  was  fol- 
lowed in  1863  by  the  Dunbar  {q.v.),  a  ship  of  over 
200  ft.  in  length.  In  1855  was  launched  the  ship 
La  Hogtte,  221  ft.  long,  the  biggest  vessel  ever 
built  in  the  North  of  England  up  to  that  time. 
In  1866  the  last  wooden  ship  built  at  the  yard  was 
launched.  This  was  the  Paramatta,  a  vessel  of 
230  ft.  in  length. 

Realising  that  the  end  of  the  days  of  wooden 
ships  was  now  drawing  nigh,  the  yard  commenced 
the  building  of  iron  vessels,  and  in  1853  launched 
the  first  iron  vessel  ever  built  on  the  Wear.  This 
was  the  Amity,  whose  length  was  167  ft.,  and  a  year 
later  came  the  Vulture,  a  steamer  which  is  still 
afloat. 

Of  composite  vessels  the  firm  have  built  a  great 
number,    the    best    example    being    perhaps    the 
Torrens,  a  fine  full-rigged  ship,  which  made  the 
'passage    from   London   to  Adelaide   in  64   days. 
Coming  to  more  modem  times  we  find  the  firm 
engaged  upon  their  628th  vessel,  and  included  in 
the  number  have  been  all  sorts  and  conditions  of 
craft,  from  the  little  wooden  vessels  of  the  past 
century,  already  referred  to,  to  liners  for  such  world- 
renowned  companies  as  the  P.  and  O.,  the  Royal 
Mail,  Union,  West  Indian  Pacific,  British  India, 
British  and  Colonial,  Leyland,  Bucknall,  Bullard 
King,    Beaver    Line,    Royden,    Groso's    (Havre), 
Hogan   (N.Y.),  Toyo  Kisen  Kaisha,  etc.     One  of 
the  firm's  specialities  is  the  building  of  oil  ships, 
of    which    they    have    constructed    a    very   large 
number.     The  Tuscorora,  for  the  Anglo-American 
Oil  Co.,  was,  when  she  was  launched,  the  largest 
vessel  of  this  description  afloat,  and  was  capable 
of  carrying  no  fewer  than  2,100,000  gallons  of  oil. 
In    addition    to  paying   special   attention   to   oil 
carriers  they  are  builders  also  of  a  patent  descrip- 
tion of  steamers  known  as  the  "  Trunk  "  type, 
two  of  which,  of  7,400  tons  displacement,  they  con- 
structed for  the  Hamburg-Amerika  Line. 

Laird  and  Oo.»  Birkenhead.     See  Cammell,  Laird 
and  Co.,  Ltd. 

lAird  line*     See  Glasgow,  Dublin  and  London- 
derry Steaxn  Packet  Co.,  Ltd. 


Laire.  Portuguese  gun-boat  (1884).  Displace- 
ment, 560  tons ;  guns,  i  6-in.  b.l.,  2  4-in. ;  nominal 
speed,  10  kts. 

Lake.  A  lake  is  a  basin  of  water  not  in  com- 
munication with  the  sea.  The  lake  waters  may  be 
divided  into  three  :  (i)  Fresh  water  ;  (2)  brackish ; 
and  (3)  salt  lakes.  Of  the  fresh  water  lakes  those 
of  North  America  collectively  form  the  greatest 
extent  of  fresn  water  in  the  world.  A  group  of 
immense  fresh  water  lakes  is  found  in  Central 
Africa  —  Victoria  Nyanza  and  Albert  Nyanza, 
whose  overflow  waters  go  to  form  the  Nile,  Lake 
Tanganyika  at  the  source  of  the  Congo,  and  Lake 
Nyassa,  on  a  tributary  of  the  Zambesi.  The  salt 
lakes,  in  which  Asia  abounds,  are  at  the  mouth  of 
large  rivers,  as  the  Caspian,  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Volga,  and  the  Aralc  at  the  mouth  of  the  Oxus. 
These  are  examples  of  moderately  salt  non-saturated 
waters.  The  salinity  of  the  water  is  greatest  in 
lakes  with  no  outlet,  in  rainless  regions,  notably 
the  Dead  Sea  and  great  salt  lakes  of  America. 
The  yearly  rise  and  fall  of  these  lakes,  owing  to  the 
fact  of  their  not  having  any  overflow,  is  often 
considerable.  In  the  rainy  season  the  Dead  Sea 
stands  10  or  12  ft.  higher  than  in  the  dry  season. 
The  dimensions  of  some  of  the  principal  lakes  are 
as  follows  : 


Length. 

Breadth. 

Depth 

(max.) 

(max.) 

miles. 

miles. 

ft. 

Superior ... 

350 

100 

978 

Michigan 

320 

80 

840 

Erie 

220 

48 

204 

Baikal     ... 

330 

40 

4.080 

Balkash  ... 

280 

25 

238 

Caspian  ... 

600 

50 

3.eoo 

Tanganyika 

330 

40 

1.000 

Titicaea  ... 

90 

30 

924 

Kokonor ... 

91 

42 

870 

Dead  Sea 

45 

10 

1.308 

Como     ... 

4< 

25 

1.356 

Geneva  ... 

4S 

87 

1.09a 

Constance 

3S 

8 

394 

Ness 

23 

1*3 

774 

LooLond ... 

20 

4 

630 

St.  Clair ... 

18 

22 

20 

Lake,  Admiral  Atwell  Peregrine  tfacLeod   (b. 

1842).  Educated  private  schools.  Entered  the 
Navy,  1855  ;  as  midshipman  of  the  Niger  took  part 
in  the  attack  and  capture  of  the  River  forts. 
Canton  River,  1856,  the  assault  of  Canton,  and  the 
destruction  of  the  Chinese  fleet;  took  part  in 
Sybille  in  the  operations  against  Canton  in  the 
following  year  (China  medal.  Canton  clasp)  ;  lieu- 
tenant, 1863  ;  commander,  1875  ;  captain,  1881  ; 
captain  of  the  Royal  Naval  College,  Greenwich, 
1889-92 ;  captain  senior  naval  officer,  Gibraltar. 
1892  ;  rear-admiral,  1896;  umpire  at  naval  manoeu- 
vres, 1896 ;  senior  officer  on  the  coast  of  Ireland, 
1898-1901  ;  retired,  1902. 

Lake*   Simon   (b.   Pleasantville,   N.J.,.'  U.S.A. 
September  4,   1866).  '  Engineer.    Came  first  pro- 
minently into  pubhc  notice  in  iS93>  wben  in  com- 
petition with  other  designers  he  submitted  plans 


LAKS 


338 


LANCASTER 


for  a  submarine  torpedo-boat  to  the  Navy  Depart- 
ment of  the  United  States.  Although  highly  com- 
mended, his  plans,  because  of  certain  informalities, 
were  not  accepted,  but,  satisfied  as  to  the  soundness 
of  the  working  principles  involved,  he  secured 
sufficient  private  capital  to  begin  constructional 
work.  From  1895  to  1898  he  was  continually 
engaged  in  submarine  work,  and  his  original 
Argonaut,  a  thoroughly  practical  commercial  sub- 
marine, was  the  outcome.  Since  then  he  has  built 
the  Protector,  a  strictly  naval  submarine,  and  five 
others  of  the  same  type,  and  now  has  a  number  of 
much  larger  submarines  imder  construction  for 
foreign  powers.  All  of  the  boats  built  by  him  have 
fulfilled  expectations,  and  have  proved  themselves 
sound  in  working  principles,  safe  in  performance, 
and  unique  in  their  radical  departure  from  other 
submarines. 

Laks.  Norwegian  torpedo-boat.  (Christiania, 
1900.)  Length,  128  ft.;  beam,  is^ft. ;  draught, 
6f  ft. ;  displacement,  84  tons ;  armament,  2 
i"4-"1m  2  tubes  ;   Hp.,  1,100  =  23  kts. 

Lalaade.     French  3rd  class  cruiser.     (Bordeaux, 

1900.) 

Length  3ixft.     Beam  31ft.     Draught  14ft. 
Displacement  1,968  tons.     Complement  190. 
Guns,  Armour. 

4—5-5  in.  "  Steel." 

8  q.f.  i^  in.  Deck. 

4  Maxims. 

Torpedo  Tubes, 

5  Above  water. 

Hp.  600=22  kts.     Coal  200  tons. 

La  Lorraine.  French  subsidised  merchant  ship 
(1900).  Compagnie  G6n6rale  Transatlantique  {q,v.). 
Dimensions,  563x60x35  ft.;  gross  tonnage, 
11,869  ;   Hp.,  20,000  ai 20  kts. 

Lamb's  wool  sky*    White  masses  of  cloud. 

Lambton,  Bear^Admiral  the  Hoil  Hedworih,  03., 
0*y.O.,cr.  1901  (b.  July  5,1856).  Entered  Navy,  1870, 
and  was  flag-lieutenant  to  the  Commander-in-Chief 
in  Alexandra  at  the  bombardment  of  Alexandria. 
Present  at  the  battle  of  Tel-eKKebir,  and  through 
the  Egyptian  war  (Egyptian  medal,  Alexandria  and 
Tel-el-Kebir  clasps,  Khedive's  Bronze  Star,  Medjidie 
3rd  Class) ;  private  secretary  to  the  First  Lord  of 
the  Admiralty,  1894-97  ;  captain  of  Powerful  dur- 
ing South  African  war,  1899- 1900 ;  landed  Naval 
Brigade  for  defence  of  Ladysmith,  taking  12-pdr. 
and  4'7-in.  q.f.  guns ;  commanded  Naval  Brigade 
during  defence  of  Ladysmith,  and  received  C.B. 
for  services  rendered. 

Sir  George  White,  in  his  despatch  ("  London 
Gazette,"  February  8,  1901),  says: 

"  The  Naval  Brigade  reached  Ladysmith  in  the 
nick  of  time,  when  it  became  evident  that  1  was  not 
strong  enottgh^to  meet  the  enemy  in  the  open  field. 
He  brought  with  him  two  4'7-in.  and  4  12-pdr.  guns, 
which  proYed  to  be  the  only  ordnance  in  my  posses- 


sion capable  of  equalling  in  range  the  enemy's 
heavy  guns.  Though  the  ammunition  available 
was  very  limited.  Captain  Lambton  so  economised 
it,  that  it  lasted  out  to  the  end  of  the  siege,  and 
under  his  direction  the  naval  guns  succeeded  in 
keeping  at  a  distance  the  enemy's  siege  guns,  a 
service  which  was  of  the  upmost  importance." 

Captain  of  the  Victoria  and  Albert,  and  commo- 
dore in  command  of  His  Majesty's  yacht,  1901 ; 
A.D.C.  to  King  Edward  VII.  on  the  occasion  of  his 
coronation  ;  appointed  Grand  Officer  of  the  Order 
of  St.  Maurice  by  King  Victor  Emmanuel  on  the 
occasion  of  the  visit  of  H.M.  King  Edward  VII.  to 
Rome,  April,  1903  ;  Commander  of  the  Legion^of 
Honour,  May,  1903  ;  Second-in-Command  of  the 
Channel  Fleet,  1903  ;  rear-admiral  in  command  of 
the  third  squadron  of  the  Mediterranean  Fleet, 
1905. 

T^mtwf^ff  flooAs.  A  term  used  to  denote  a  wet 
period  about  the  first  week  in  August. 

Lamogan.     Netherlands  torpedo-boat.     (Amster- 
dam,   1890.)     Length,    104  ft. ;     beam,    30^^  ft. ; 
draught,  5  ft.  ;   displacement,  50  tons  ;   armament. 
2  i-pdr.,  2  tubes;    Hp.,  790  =  20  kts. 

Lampo.  Italian  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Schi- 
chau,  1899.)  Displacement,  320  tons ;  mazimimi 
draught,  8^  ft.;  armament,  i  12-pdr.,  5  6-pdr.; 
tubes,  2  i8-in. ;  Hp.,  6,0003=30  kts.  ;  coal,  80  tons. 

Lamport  and  Holt  lane.  Established  in  1865  as 
the  Liverpool,  Bristol  and  River  Plate  Steam 
Navigation  Co.,  Ltd.  The  first  managers  were  the 
late  Mr.  William  James  Lamport  and  Mr.  George 
Holt.  This  company  maintains  regular  sailings 
from  Glasgow,  Liverpool,  London,  Antwerp,  HavTC, 
and  New  York  to  Pemambuco,  Bahia,  Rio  de 
Janeiro,  Santos,  Monte  Video,  Buenos  Aires  and 
Rosario,  also  to  the  Ports  of  Chili,  Peru  and 
Ecuador  on  the  west  coast  of  South  America,  and  a 
line  from  New  York  to  Manchester. 

Fleet. 
Calderon.  Rasbum.  Terence, 

Camoeus.  Raphael.  Thespis. 

Canning.  Rembrandt.  Titian. 

Canora.  Romney,  Tintoretto. 

Cavour.  Rosetti.  Veronise 

Cervantes,  Sallust,  Velasquez, 

Horace.  Virgil. 

Gross  tonnage,  121,000. 

Lamps,  Li^thonae.    See  Lighthouses. 

La  Navarre.  French  subsidised  merchant  ship 
(1892).  Compagnie  Gte^rale  Transatlantique  {q-v.}. 
Dimensions,  471  X  50  x  36  ft. ;  gross  tonnage,  6.648  ; 
Hp.,  8,000=17  kts. 

Lanoaster.  British  ist  class  cruiser.  (Elswick, 
1902.) 

Length  440ft.    Beam  66ft    Mean^draught  24ft. 
Displacement  9,800  tons.    Complement  678. 


LANCASTER 


339 


LARBOARD 


*  Guns.  Armour. 

14 — 6  in.,  45  cal.         "  Knipp." 
8 — 12  pdr.  4  in.  Belt  amidships. 

2 — 12  pdr.,  8  cwt.        5  in.  Barbettes. 
3 — 3  pdr.  10  in.  Conning  tower. 

8  Pompoms. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
2  Submerged. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.,  22,000  =  23  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 1,600  tons.      Approximate  cost  ;f 775, 000. 

This  ship-name,  introduced  into  the  Na\-y  at  the. 
beginning  of  the  eighteenth  century,  i.s  associated 
with  the  bat*Je  of  Camperdcwn,  1797,  and  the 
Ojierations  in  the  River  Plate,  1807. 

Lanoutar  Sound.  The  channel  connecting  Baf- 
fin's Bay  and  Barrow  Strait,  discovered  by  Baffin 
(^.v.),  1616. 

Lance.  French  torpedo  gun -boat.  (Havre,  1^87.^ 
length,  197  ft.  ;  beam,  21 J  ft.  ;  draught,  6  ft.  ; 
displacement,  395  tons  ;  complement,  6$  ;  arma- 
ment. 4  i'8-in.,  3  Maxims,  2  tubes;  Hp.,  2,000  = 
18  kts.  ;  coal,  100  tons. 

Lanoier.      French     torpedo-boat    (iSo3)-      ^^^ 
placement,  129  tons  ;   complement  26 ;  maximum 
draught.  8^  ft. ;   guns.  2  .^-pdi   ,   torpedo  tubes,  2 
15-in.  ;    twm  screw;    Hp ,   1,400=25  kts.*    coal, 
16  tons. 

Land  breezes.    See  Breezes. 
T^watitll     Making  the  land. 

Landlocked.  Protected  by  beine  surrounded  by 
land. 

Landmark.  Any  object  serving  to  guide  seamen 
into  port. 

L.  and  N.-WJt.  Abbreviation  for  London  and 
North -Western  Railway. 

L.  and  8.-W.  Abbreviation  for  London  and 
South-Wcstem. 

Landyard.     A  rope  for  tightening. 

Langland's  Line»  with  their  head  offices  in  Glasgow, 
maintain  a  service  of  passenger  and  cargo  steamers 
between  Liverpool  and  the  West  Highlands  and 
Kast  Coast  of  Scotland,  calling  at  Oban,  Stor noway, 
Stromncss,  Aberdeen,  Lcith  and  Dundee.  Also  a 
service  round  Great  Britain,  without  change  of 
steamer,  calling  at  Oban.  Inverness,  Aberdeen, 
Newcastle,  Hull,  Southampton.  Plymouth,  Fal- 
mouth. 

Fleet. 

Princess  Alberta.  Princes  Maude. 

Princess  Beairtce.  Princess  Victoria. 

Ijangley,  Rear-Admiral  Gerald  Charles  (b.  1848). 

Entered  Navy,  186 1  ;  lieutenant,  1S72  ;  gunnery 
lieutenant  of  Carysfort  during  Eg5rptian  war,  1882  ; 
landed  at  occupation  of  Ismalia  until  relieved  by 
troops  ;    in  charge  of  boats  with  9-pdr.  on  Fresh 


Water  Canal  at  Tel-el-Mahuta  ;  landed  as  adjutant 
of  Naval  Brigade  ;  present  at  the  battle  of  Tel-el- 
Kebir  and  advance  on  Zagazig ;  mentioned  in 
despatches  (Egyptian  medal,  Tel-el-Kebir  clasp. 
Khedive's  Bronze  Star)  ;  promoted  commander  for 
services  ;  British  Naval  Attach6  at  Washington 
1890-93  ;    good  service  pension,  March,  1900. 

Langaedoc  Oaaal*  designed  by  Riquet,  waa  started 
towards  the  end  of  the  seventeenth  century,  to 
connect  the  Bay  of  Biscay  and  the  Mediterranean. 
It  is  148  miles  in  length,  and  the  summit  level  Is 
600  ft.  above  the  sea,  while  the  works  on  its  line 
embrace  upwards  of  100  locks  and  50  aqueducts. 
The  canal  was  finished  in  1681. 

La  Kormandie.  French  subsidised  merchant 
ship  (1882).  Compagnie  G6n6rale  Transatlantique 
(q..v.)*  Dimensions,  459x49x34  ft.;  gross  ton- 
nage. 6,283  ;    Hp.,  7,000=16  kts. 

La  Peroiue,  Jean  FranQois  de  Galanp,  Comte  de 

(1741-88).  French  navigator.  Entered  French 
Navy,  and  at  the  age  of  18  was  wounded,  and  made 
prisoner  on  board  the  Formidable,  captured  from 
the  French  by  Admiral  Hawke  during  the  war 
with  England.  In  18^2  he  was  placed  in  command 
of  an  expedition  fitted  out  by  the  French  Govern- 
ment for  the  purpose  of  endeavouring  to  discover 
the  North-West  Passage,  and  sailed  from  Brest, 
August  I,  1785,  in  the  Boussole,  with  his  chief 
assistant  De  Langle  in  command  of  the  Astrolade. 
After  rounding  Cape  Horn  and  eieploring  the  coasts 
of  Cahfomia,  visiting  the  Sandwich  Islands.  Macao 
and  the  Philippines,  they  made  some  important 
discoveries  between  China  and  Kamchatka.  They 
discovered  Sanger  Strait  and  La  Perouse  Strait, 
which  proved  that  Saghalin  and  Yezo  were  each 
an  independent  island.  In  December,  1787,  De 
Langle.  Lamonon,  the  naturalist,  and  10  of  the 
creyr  of  the  Astrolade  were  massacred  on  one  of  the 
Navigator  Islands.  La  Perouse  reached  Botany 
Bay  in  safety,  and  finding  the  British  already  in 
possession  he  sailed  for  France.  The  fate  of  his 
expedition  was  unknown  until  1825.  when  Captain 
Dillon  found  the  remains  of  what  must  have  been 
the  Boussole  and  Astrolade  on  the  reefs  of  Oceania 
Vanikoro,  an  island  to  the  north  of  the  New 
Hebrides.  ^See  Miletmureau.  *'  Voyage  de  La 
Perouse  Atour  du  Mond,"  Dillon's  "  Narrative  of 
a  Voyage  in  the  South  Seas  "  (1829). 

La  Plata«  Steamer.  Foundered  in  a  gale  in  the 
Bay  of  Biscay,  November  26,  1874  ;  60  lives  lost. 

Lapwing.  British  ist  class  gun-boat  (805  tons, 
13  kts.).     Launched  1889. 

L'Aftaitaine.  French  subsidised  merchant  ship 
(1890).  Compagnie  Gen^rale  Transatlantique  {q.v.). 
Dimensions,  520  X  57  X  34'^ft. ;  gross  tonnage.  8.810 ; 
Hp.,  i6,ooo=si8  kts. 

Larboard.  An  obsolete  name  for  the  left  side 
of  a  ship,  now  calli'd  port. 


LARGE 


340 


LATONA 


Large*  In  sailing  going  with  a  free  wind  when 
studding  sails  are  drawing. 

Largi  Yaoht  Olab,  Royal.  See  Royal  Largs 
Yacht  Club. 

Lame  and  Stranraer  Steamship  Joint  Committee, 

with  their  head  office  in  Belfast,  maintain  a  regular 
service  between  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  v»a  Lame 
and  Stranraer.  The  company's  steamers  carry  the 
Royal^Mail,  and  the  cross-channel  route  taken  by 
them  IS  the  shortest  and  most  comfortable,  the 
open  sea  passage  only  occupjdng  70  minutes.  The 
R.M.S.  Princess  Maude  was  the  first  turbine  steamer 
to  run  to  Ireland. 

Fleet. 

Princess  Maude.  Princess  May. 

Princess  Victoria. 

Larrinaga  Line,  owned  and  managed  by  Messrs. 
Larrinaga,  of  Liverpool,  have  a  fleet  of  13  mail, 
passenger  and  cargo  steamers  trading  between 
Liverpool  and  the  Island  of  Cuba. 

Fleet. 

Anselma  de  Larrinaga.      Miguel  de  Larrinaga. 

Asuncion  de  Larrinaga.    Niceto. 

Bernilla.  Pilar  de  Larrinaga. 

Domingo  de  Larrinaga.     Ramon  de  Larrinaga. 

Maria  de  Larrinaga.  Saturnina. 

Mercedes  de  Larrinaga.     Teles  for  a. 
Teodoro  de  Larrinaga. 

iMttj*  A  local  name  for  a  dense  sea-fog  at 
Teignmouth,  Devon. 

La  Salle,  Ben6  Robert  Oavelier,  Siear  de  (1643-87). 
French  explorer  in  North  America  (b.  Rouen). 
Became  a  settler  in  Canada  when  23  years  of  age, 
and  in  1669  sought  to  reach  China  by  way  of  the 
Ohio.  He  explored  the  great  lakes,  the  Ohio,  and 
Mississippi  rivers,  and  took  x^ossession  of  their 
shores  in  the  name  of  France.  He  obtained  grants 
from  the  French  Government ;  rebuilt  Fort  Fronte- 
nac,  and  established  a  post  above  Niagara  Falls. 
He  was  finally  assassinated  near  the  Trinity  River, 
March  19,  1687. 

La  Savoie.  French  subsidised  merchant  ship 
(1900).  Compagnie  G6n6rale  Transatlantique  (q.v.). 
Dimensions,  563x60x35  ft.;  gross  tonnage, 
11,869  ;   Hp.,  20,000  =  20  kts. 

Lascar.     The  native  sailor  in  the  East  Indies. 


To  bind  with  rope  or  line. 

Laiher.    A  rope  binding  a  gun  to  rings  at  the 
cheek  of  a  port-hole. 

Laskets.    Small  lines  hoop-shaped  on  the  bonnets 
of  a  sail,  securing  them  to  the  courses. 

laiking.     Sailing  large,  or  with  about  45°  abaft 
the  beam. 


Line,  with  the  head  offices  in  Moscow, 
have  a  fleet  of  excellent  passenger  and  cargo  steam- 
ers trading  between  London  and  St.  Petersburg. 
A  steamer  leaves  I^ndon  every  Saturday  for  St. 


Petersburg,  via  Kiel  Canal,  returning  every  Tuesday 
from  St.  Petersburg,  calling  at  Windau.  On  this 
line  passengers  are  carried  between  London  and 
Brunsbuttel  or  Holtenau,  at  the  east  and  west 
entrances  of  the  Kiel  Canal. 

Lastage.  Commercial  term  for  general  loading 
of  a  ship. 

Lat.    Abbreviation  for  latitude. 

Lat.  Latitude.  Abbreviation  adopted  on  the 
charts  issued  by  the  Hydrographic  Office,  Admi- 
ralty. 

Latoh.     An  obsolete  term  for  cross-bow. 

Lateen  saiL  A  long  triangular  sail  used  in  the 
East  and  Far  East. 

Latitude.  In  wide  terms  the  extent  of  the  earth 
from  one  pole  to  another ;  but  strictly  it  is  the 
distance  of  any  place  from  the  equator,  measured 
in  degrees,  minutes,  and  seconds,  the  equator  being 
represented  by  o.  Geographical  latitude  is  either 
northern  or  southern,  according  as  the  place  spoken 
of  is  on  this  or  that  side  of  the  equator. 

Geocentric  is  the  angular  distance  of  a  place  from 
the  equator,  as  corrected  for  the  oblateness  of  the 
earth's  form  ;  in  other  words,  it  is  the  geographical 
latitude  diminished  by  the  angle  of  the  vertical.  In 
a  degree  of  latitude  there  are  60  minutes,  each 
possessing  the  value  of  a  nautical  mile.  A  mile  at 
sea,  therefore,  in  its  exact  length  is  the  same  as  a 
minute  of  latitude.  The  simplest  method  of  finding 
the  latitude  at  sea  is  that  known  as  the  meridian 
altitude  method.  By  day  the  observation  consists 
of  finding  the  distance  of  the  zenith  from  the  sun 
when  it  is  on  the  meridian,  and  applying  to  that  the 
distance  of  the  sun  from  the  celestial  equator, 
termed  its  declination.  The  quickest  method  of 
determining  latitude  is  from  the  stars.  They  are 
more  constant  and  declination  is  almost  absent,  the 
few  variations  which  exist  being  noted  in  the 
Nautical  Almanac.  A  simple  method  at  night  in 
the  Northern  Hemisphere  is  to  observe  the  altitade 
of  the  Pole  Star  at  any  time  ;  this  altitude  on  cor- 
rection for  index  error,  dip,  and  refraction  gives 
the  approximate  latitude,  and  on  applying  to  this 
the  correction  from  any  Pole  Star  table,  the  true 
latitude  is  found.  See  "  Nautical  Almanac," 
Roper's     "  Practice     of     Navigation,"     Martin's 

Navigation  and  Nautical  Astronomy."    Inman's 

Nautical  Tables."  Bowditch's  "Useful  Tables.' 
Gill's  "Text  Book  on  Navigation."  Norie's 
"  Epitome  of  Practical  Navigation." 

Latona.    British  2nd  class  cruiser  (1890). 
Length  300ft.   Beam  43ft.  Maximum  draught  i8ft. 
Displacement  3,400  tons.     Complement  273. 
Guns.  A  rmour. 

2—6  in.  "  Steel." 

6 — 4y  in.  2  in.  Deck. 

S—6  pdr.  3  in.  Conning  tower. 

I — 3  pdr. 
4  Machine. 


<i 


If 


LATORRE 


341 


LA 


Torpedo  Tubes  (14  in.). 
4  Above  water. 
Twin    screw.     Hp.    natoral    7,000=  i8'5     kts.. 
forced  9,000=20  kts.     Coal  maxixmim  535  tons. 
Approximate  cost  ^£200,000. 
This  ship-name  was  first  introduced  into  the 
Navy  in  178 1,  and  is  associated  with  Hyde  Parker 
on  the  Dogger  Bank,  1781  ;   Lord  Howe's  relief  of 
Gibraltar,   1782  ;    battle  of  "  The  Glorious  First 
of  June,"  1794  ;   reduction  of  Cura9ao,  1807. 

Latontt.  Joan  Job^  (b.  Santiago  de  ChUi,  March  25, 
1846).      Rear-admiral,     Chilian      Navy     (retired). 
Served  his  apprenticeship  at  Naval  School,  Val- 
paraiso, and  in   1861   joined  the  Navy.     During 
the  Spanish-Chilian  war  (1865),  he  was  on  board  the 
sloop  Esmeralda,  which  played  such  a  prominent 
part  in  the  capture  of  the  Spanish  sloop  Covadonga, 
During  the  war  between  Chili  and  the  allied  fleet 
of  Peru  and  BoUvia  in  1879,  he  was  in  command 
of  the  sloop  Niaga  Marree,  and  was  nearly  rammed 
by  the  monitor  Huascar.  On  October  8,  1879,  when 
in  command  of  the  ironclad  Almirante  Cochrane,  he 
had  the  satisfaction  of  capturing  the  Huascar  after 
an  engagement  of  about  an  hour  and  a  half.     On 
the  conclusion  of  the  war,  1884,  he  was  promoted 
rear-admiral,  and  came  to  Europe  in  connection 
with   the  repairs   of   the  ironclads  Cochrane  and 
Blanco,  and  had  charge  of  the  construction  of  some 
ironclads,    cruisers    and    torpedo-boat    destroyers 
for  the  Chilian  Navy.     On  his  return  to  Chili,  he 
retired   from  active  service,   and  was  selected  a 
Senator,  and  in  1898  was  appointed  Minister  for 
Foreign  Affairs.     During  his  term  of  ofiice  in  this 
capacity,  he  was  instrumental  in  bringing  about 
a  treaty  with  Chili  and  the  Argentine  Republic, 
to  submit  to  the  arbitration  of  H.M.   King  Ed- 
ward VII.  on  the  boundary  controversy. 

Latooche    Tr6ville.     French    2nd    class    cruiser. 
(Havre,  1892.) 

Length  361ft.    Beam  46ft.    Maximum  draught  20ft. 
Displacement  4,750  tons.     Complement  370. 
Guns.  Armour. 

2 — 7*6  in.,  45'cal.         "  Creusot  steel." 
6 — 5*5  in.  4  in.  Belt  amidships. 

6 — 9  pdr.  4  in.  Turrets. 

4 — 3  pdr.  4  in.  Conning  tower. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (177  in.). 
4  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  8,300=1 8*5  kts.    Coal  normal 
406  tons.     Approximate  cost  ;£35o,ooo. 

I«a  Touaine.  French  subsidised  merchant 
cruiser  (1890).  Compagnie  G6n6rale  Transatlan- 
tique  {q.v,).  Length,  520  ft. ;  beam,  56  It.  ; 
draught.  34^  ft. ;  displacement,  9,132  tons  ;  arma- 
ment, 7  S'S  in.,  I  q.f.  ;  Hp.,  13,000=18  kts. 

Ia  Tribune.  36  guns.  On  November  16,  1797, 
this  vessel  was  lost  ofi[  Halifax,  when  300  people 
perisKed. 


Laoghtoiit  Bk  John  Eaox^  Kt.»  cr.  1907  (b.  Liver- 
pool, 1830).  Educated  Royal  Institution  School 
Liverpool,  Caius  ..  College,  Cambridge;  'nava 
instructor  on  Royal  George  during  the  Russian 
war  in  the  Baltic,  1854-55  (Baltic  medal) ;  in 
Calcutta  (flag)  during  the  China  war,  1856-59 ;  on 
shore  at  the  capture  of  Canton  and  the  Taku  forts, 
1858  ;  engaged  in  the  destruction  of  the  Fatshan 
flotilla,  1857  (China  medal,  Canton,  Taku  forts, 
1858,  and  Fatshan  clasps)  ;  mathematical  and 
naval  instructor.  Royal  Naval  College,  Portsmouth, 
1866-73 1  lecturer  on  meteorology,  1873-85  ; 
lecturer  on  naval  war,  1876 ;  president  Royal 
Meteorological  Society,  1882-84  ;  Honorary  Fellow 
of  Gonville  and  Caius  College,  Cambridge  ;  Honor- 
ary D.Litt.,  Oxford,  1904;  secretary  of  Navy 
Records  Society  since  1893  '*  Professor  of  Modern 
History,  King's  College,  London,  since  1885. 

Publications :  "  Physical  Geography  in  its 
Relation  to  the  Prevailing  Winds  and  Currents  " 
(1870),  "A  Treatise  on  Nautical  Surveying " 
(1872),  "Studies  in  Naval  History"  (1887). 
"  Nelson  (English  Men  of  Action)  "  1895,  "  Nelson 
and  his  Companions  in  Arms  "  (1896),  "  Memoirs 
of  the  Life  and  Correspondence  of  Henry  Reeve, 
C.B..  D.C.L."  (1898),  •'  Sea  Fights  and  Adventures  " 
(1901),  edited  Letters  and  Despatches  of  Lord 
Nelson  (1886),  "  Memoirs  relating  to  the  Lord 
Torrington  (Camden  Society)  "  (1889).  "  Defeat 
of  the  Spanish  Armada  "  (Navy  Records  Society) 
(1894),  "  From  Howard  to  Nelson  (12  Sailors)  '* 
(1899).  A  frequent  contributor  to  the  "  Edin- 
burgh Review,"  contributor  to  the  "  Dictionary  of 
National  Biography." 

T^^^fiffh,  The  largest  boat  belonging  to  a  ship  of 
war,  being  from  30  to  40  ft.  long,  of  carvel  build, 
and  is  used  only  for  service  which  cannot  be  per- 
formed by  smaller  boats. 

LanreL  28  guns.  In  October,  1780,  this  vessel 
was  lost  in  a  storm  in  the  West  Indies. 

La  Velooe  (Navigazione  Italiana  a  Vapore),  with 
the  head  office  at  Genoa,  have  a  fleet  of  13  modem 
steamers,  which  maintain  regular  services  from 
Genoa  to  South  American  ports,  from  Genoa  to 
Brazil,  from  Genoa  to  New  York,  and  from  Genoa 
to  Central  America.  A  fortnightly  service  is 
maintained  trom  Genoa  to  Buenos  Aires,  caUing  at 
Barcelona,  Las  Palmas,  Teneriffe,  and'Monte  Video. 
A  monthly  service  from  Genoa  to  Naples,  Teneriffe. 
Rio  de  Janeiro,  and  Santos.  A  fortnightly  service 
from  Genoa  to  Naples  and  New  York,  and  a  monthly 
service  from  Genoa  to  Marseilles,  New  York, 
Barcelona,  Tenerifie,  Trinidad,  La  Gnaira,  Puerto 
Cabello,  Curasao,  P.  Columbia,  P.  Limon,  and 
Colon. 

Flbbt. 
Argentina,  Cittd  di  Milano, 

Brasile.  Cittd  di  Napoli, 

Centro  America.  Cittd  di  Torino. 

Cittd  di  Genova.  Europa. 


LAVOISIER 


342 


LAWLEY 


Fleet  (cotUinued), 
Italia.  Savoia. 

Nord  America*  Venezuela. 

Washington, 
Gross  tonnage.  63,000. 

Lavoisier.     French  avisos.     (Rochefort,  1897.) 
Length  330ft.    Beam  34ft.   Maximum  draught  19ft. 
Displacement  2,350  tons.     Complement  248. 
Guns.  A  rmour. 

4 — 5'5  in.,  45  cal.         "  Steel." 
2 — 4  in.  I -J  in.  Deck. 

8 — 3  pdr.  2  in.  Gun  shields. 

4  in.  Conning  tower. 
Torpedo  Tubes. 
2  Above  water. 
Twin   screw.     Hp.    7,000  =  20   kts.     Coal   maxi- 
mum 380  tons.    Approximate  cost  ;f20o,ooo. 

Lawful  trade  means  a  trade  in  which  a  ship  is 
employed  by  her  owners,  and  not  any  unlawful 
commerce  in  which  the  captain  may  barratrously 
engage  without  their  concurrence.  Where  a  vessel 
was  insured  against  loss  "  in  any  lawful  trade," 
including  loss  by  barratry  of  her  master,  and  he, 
without  his  owner's  knowledge,  was  guilty  of 
smuggling,  whereby  the  ship  was  forfeited,  her 
owners  were  able  to  recover  against  the  under- 
writers.    (Havelock  v.  HanciU,  3  T.  Rep.  227.) 

But  if  an  owner,  without  actual  connivance, 
has  been  grossly  negligent  in  not  repressing  acts 
of  smuggling,  he  shall  not  recover  for  the  loss 
occasioned  by  such  acts.  "  It  is  the  duty  of  the 
assured  to  put  down  these  repeated  acts  of  smug- 
gling for  which  the  ship  has  been  seized  no  less 
than  three  times  ;  and  by  his  neglecting  to  do  so, 
and  allowing  the  risk  to  be  so  monstrously  en- 
hanced, the  underwriters  are  discharged."  (Pipon 
V.  Cope,  I  Camp.  434.) 

Lawley  and  Son  Corporation,  George,  Boston, 
U.S.A.  This  w^ell-known  enterprise  was  founded 
by  George  Lawley,  an  English  shipbuilder,  who 
went  to  America  in  185 1  and  settled  in  East 
Boston,  where  he  found  employment  at  his  trade 
with  some  of  the  well-known  builders,  among 
whom  were  Donald  McKay  and  Paul  Curtis,  whose 
work  enabled  them  to  bear  the  palm  for  ship- 
building in  the  days  when  American  clipper  ships 
stood  at  the  head  of  commerce  carriers. 

In  1866  he  moved  from  East  Boston  to  Scituate, 
Mass.,  where  he  went  into  the  boat  building  busi- 
ness on  a  small  scale,  with  his  son,  George  F.,  as 
assistant.  In  those  days  an  order  for  a  20  ft.  cat- 
boat  was  of  such  magnitude  as  to  cause  the  con- 
tractors to  feel  that  business  was  very  good,  and 
that  their  facilities  were  taxed.  They  built  many 
good  boats  in  Scituate,  and  although  in  rather  an 
out-of-the-way  place  they  established  considerable 
reputation. 

In  1874,  at  the  earnest  solicitation  of  several 
influential  members  of  the  Boston  Yacht  Club, 
they  were  induced   to  leave  Scituate  and  carry 


their  business  to  South  Boston,  where  they  esta- 
blished their  shops  on  the  property  of  the  Boston 
Yacht  Clnb.  Their  business  continned  to  grow 
through  the  patronage  of  this  influential  club,  and 
they  built  many  good-sized  yachts  at  this  place. 

In  1883  ^^-  George  Lawley,  realising  that  their 
accommodations  were  limited  at  the  Boston  Yacht 
Club,  while  the  demand  for  larger  3rachts  was  in- 
creasing, looked  about  to  find  a  location  more 
suited  to  their  requirements,  and  after  considerable 
trouble  managed  to  secure  a  large  tract  of  land  on 
the  north  and  harbour  side  of  South  Boston,  where 
the  business  is  now  located.  This  property  con- 
tains upwards  of  three  acres  of  upland,  and  more 
than  four  acres  of  flats.  To  this  locality  they 
moved  their  shops  from  the  Boston  Yacht  Qub, 
and  with  increased  accommodation  were  able  to 
undertake  much  larger  contracts,  amongst  the 
earliest  being  the  renowned  cup  defenders  Puritan 
and  Mayflower,  and  the  schooner  yachts  Merlin, 
Sachem,  and  Marguerite. 

With  the  introduction  of  steel  in  combination 
with  wood  in  the  structure  of  vessels — known  as 
composite  construction — came  the  desire  to  be 
able  to  produce  on  the  grounds  the  necessary  steel 
work  for  this  purpose.  There  was  also  an  in- 
creasing demand  for  wholly  steel  construction  for 
hulls.  In  order  to  accomplish  this  it  seemed 
desirable  to  increase  the  working  capital  to  cover 
the  expense  of  new^  shops,  and  in  1890  the  Lawleys 
associated  with  them  Mr.  Thomas  Hibbard,  who 
looked  after  the  construction  of  the  new  steel 
shops.  The  business  was  then  incorporated,  with 
a  capital  of  100,000  dollars.  Mr.  George  Lawley. 
founder  of  the  business,  practically  retired  from 
active  participation  in  the  enterprise.  Mr.  Geor^ 
F.  Lawley  was  elected  president  of  the  corporation. 

At  about  this  time  Edward  Burgess,  the  great 
naval  architect  and  yacht  designer,  was  in  his 
glory.  With  commendable  judgment  Mr.  Burgess 
availed  himself  of  the  experience  of  all  tried 
mechanics  whose  work  might  enter  into  his  pro- 
ductions,  which  course  undoubtedly  largely  con- 
tributed to  his  success.  Coming  into  contact  with 
the  Lawleys,  he  soon  found  that  their  experience 
was  invaluable  in  making  a  success  of  his  boats, 
and  therefore  ordered  of  them  many  of  the  fast 
yachts  which  originated  on  his  designing  board. 
In  this  way  Mr.  Burgess  became  a  great  factor  in 
building  up  the  concern,  and  his  early  death  ^-as 
for  a  time  quite  a  setback  to  the  business.  The 
Boston  designers  who  have  followed  Mr.  Burgess 
in  his  work  have  helped  to  keep  this  establishment 
at  the  front  of  yacht  building,  and  with  their 
friendly  co-operation  have  aided  the  company^  to 
turn  out  many  creditable  boats. 

From  the  time  of  the  incorporation  there  has 
been  a  steady  progress  in  equipment  of  plant  and 
product.  Many  buildings  have  been  pat  up.  In 
1898  their  machine  shop  was  built  and  thoroughly 
equipped  with  first-class  and  high-grade  tools,  so 


LAWRENCE 


343 


LEAD 


that  they  are  at  present  able  to  turn  out  first-class, 
high-speed  machinery  for  steam  yachts. 
|]]|[About  this  time  they  contracted  with  the  U.S. 
Government  to  build  two  torpedo-boats,  Blahely 
and  De  Long,  and  when  turned  over  to  the  Govern- 
ment, after  their  successful  trials,  they  represented 
a  quality  of  workmanship  of  the  highest  grade. 

Realising  the  possibility  of  enlargement  in  the 
future,  in  1903  the  corporation  bought  from  the 
City  of  Boston  their  property  joining  the  original 
yard,  so  that  now  they  have  over  34  acres  avail- 
able for  the  purpose  of  their  business. 

At  the  present  time  the  corporation  employs 
from  200  to  400  hands,  the  majority  of  whom  are 
highly-skilled  mechanics.  Their  work  covers  a 
number  of  trades — machinists,  ship  carpenters,  ship 
joiners,  steel  shipbuilders,  blacksmiths,  riggers, 
caulkers,  painters,  plumbers,  tinsmiths,  brass- 
workers,  electricians,  and,  in  fact,  most  of  the 
prominent  departments  of  mechanical  work. 

The  corporation  has  won  for  itself  a  reputation 
for  building  substantial  and  durable  work.  It  has 
been  their  aim  to  avoid  building  too  Ught  or  flimsy 
structures  for  the  sake  of  gaixiing  speed  in  their 
boats. 

Among  their  products  may  be  mentioned  the 
schooners  Alcaea,  Ingotnar,  Oonas,  Idler,  Latona, 
Endymion ;  the  sloops  Jubilee,  Weetamoe,  Way- 
ward, KaUmah,  Independence;  the  steam  yachts 
Alcedo,  Aquilo,  SoHUa,  Thetis,  Kaleda,  Carmina, 
Calumet,  A  nana.  Visitor,  Cigarette,  Kehtoh,  and 
Halawa ;  the  three-masted  auxiliary  schocmer 
Alcyone ;  the  motor  launches  Zeeland,  Elhhorn, 
Tonopah,  Glenda,  and  Hupa.  In  all  they  have 
built  over  800  yachts  of  some  size,  besides  number- 
less small  launches  and  tenders. 

Lawrence.  U.S.  torpedo-boat  destroyer  (1889). 
Displacement,  400  tons ;  armament,  i  X4-pdr., 
7  6-pdr.  ;  torpedo  tubes,  2  i8-in. ;  Hp.,  8,400= 
Bokts. 

Laws  of  OlteoiL  The  laws,  constitutions,  and 
judgments  of  jOl^ron,  modelled  upon  the  Book  of 
the  Consulate^of  the  Sea  (^.v.),  are  a  collection  of 
ancient  marine  customs  written  in  old  French, 
and  bearing  the  name  of  the  island  whose  inhabi- 
tants are  said  to  have  drawn  them  up.  An  old 
copy  of  these  laws  is  to  be  found  in  the  Black 
Book  of  Admiralty  (^.v.).  They  relate  to  the 
rights  and  duties  of  shipowners  and  mariners, 
marine  contracts,  pilotage,  port  and  Customs  laws, 
and  losses  at  sea,  and  were  for  several  centuries 
adopted  by  all  European  nations  as  the  foundation 
of  maritime  law,  and  were  introduced  into  Eng- 
land towards  the  close  of  the  twelfth  century. 
Copies  of  the  Rolls  of  016ron  exist  in  the  archives 
of  the  City  of  London  and  in  the  Guildhall  of 
Bristc^. 

JMWWOn^  Thomas  W.    Seven-masted  sailing  ship. 
From  Philadelphia  to  London,  wrecked  during  a 


gale  on  the  rocks  of  the  Scilly  Isles,  December  14, 
1907  ;  17  Uves  lost.  The  Thomas  W»  Lawson  was 
a  remarkable  vessel ;  she  was  the  world's  largest 
sailing  ship,  steel  built,  403  ft.  long,  and  50  ft. 
wide.  Each  of  her  seven  masts  was  105  ft.  high 
and  her  total  spread  of  canvas  was  43,000  square  ft. 
She  was  built  in  1902  at  a  cost  of  ;£5  0,000. 

Lax,  George  Albert  Served  his  apprenticeship 
in  the  yard  of  the  Sunderland  Shipbuilding  Co., 
Ltd.,  and  in  1886  was  appointed  chief  draughts- 
man to  Messrs.  Boolds,  Sharer  and  Co.,  Sunder- 
land. In  1896  he  entered  the  firm  of  Messrs.  Arm- 
strong, Mitchell  and  Co.,  Ltd.,  and  in  1897  ^^^ 
appointed  their  chief  draughtsman.  He  is  a 
Queen's  medallist  in  naval  architecture,  and  for 
some  years  conducted  classes  for  the  study  of  that 
subject  in  Sunderland  and  South  Shields. 

Member  of  the  Institution  of  Naval  Architects. 

Laxham.  English  steamer.  Sunk  by  collision 
with  the  Gijon,  Cuban  steamer,  ofiE  Cape  Finisterre, 
July  21,  1884  ;  130  lives  lost. 

Lay  days.  Days  allowed  by  charter  for  loading 
or  unloading  ships. 

Lay  to.    To  heave  to. 

lAiy-gny.  A  small  fine-weather  tackle  to  pre- 
vent the  spanker  boom  from  swinging. 

L3.  Lifeboat.  Abbreviation  adopted  on  the 
charts  issued  by  the  Hydrographic  Office,  Ad- 
miralty. 

L.»  B.  and  S.O.  Abbreviation  for  London,  Brighton 
and  South  Coast. 

L.E.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Lemsterland,  Holland. 

Lead.  The  direction  in  which  running  ropes 
come  down  to  the  deck. 

Lead.  A  cylinder  of  lead,  used  when  ascertain- 
ing the  depth  of  water;  usually  made  14  or  28 
pounds  weight,  attached  to  a  leading  line  with 
nine  marks  and  1 1  deeps. 

At  2  fathoms  the  mark  is  leather,  with  two  ends. 
3  „  „  leather,  with  three  ends. 

5  ».  ».  white  rag. 

7  .,  i>  red  rag. 

10  „  „  leather,  with  one  hole 

in  it. 
13  M  n  blue  rag. 

15  »»  ..  white  rag, 

17  ..  ..  red  rag. 

20  „  „  piece  of  cord,  with  two 

knots. 
The  deep-sea  lead  line  is  marked  in  the  same  way 
up  to  20  fathoms,  and  then  a  cord  with  three 
knots  indicates  30  fathoms,  an^additional  knot  for 
every  10  fathoms,  and  at  every  five  fathoms  a 
piece  of  cord  with  a  single  knot. 


LEAGUE 


344 


LEE 


6 

6i 

6J 

61 

7 

When  sounding  with  the  hand  lead — 
5  fathoms  is  termed  by  the  mark  five. 

by  the  deep  six. 
and  a  quarter  six. 
and  a  half  six. 
quarter  less  seven, 
by  the  mark  seven. 

League.  A  measure  of  length  consisting  of  three 
nautical  miles,  equal  to  3.041  fathoms  ;  much  used 
in  estimating  sea  distances. 

Leak.  Applied  to  a  vessel  when  taking  in  water 
through  her  hole. 

Leakage  and  Breakage  Clause  is  one  that  is  often 
inserted  in  bills  of  lading  or  charter  parties  for 
the  protection  of  the  shipowner.  The  effect  of  the 
clause  is  this — that  the  shipper  is  called  upon  to 
prove  that  any  damage  arising  from  leakage  and 
breakage  was  actually  caused  by,  or  through,  the 
negligence  of  the  shipowner's  servants  or  agents 
in  handling  or  stowing  the  cargo. 

Lean  bow.  A  thin,  narrow  bow  as  opposed  to  a 
bold  bow. 

Leander.  British  2nd  class  cruiser  (4,300  tons, 
i6'6  kts.).     Launched  1882. 

Leather.    To  beat  or  thrash. 

Leave  to  calL  In  marine  insurance  the  leave  to 
call  clause  reads :  ''  And  it  shall  be  lawful  for  the 
said  ship  in  this  voyage  to  proceed  and  sail  to 
and  touch  and  stay  at  any  ports  or  places  what- 
soever, without  prejudice  to  this  insurance."  At 
first  sight  it  would  appear  from  this  that  the  vessel 
might  call  anywhere  on  the  globe.  That  is,  how- 
ever, very  far  from  being  the  true  meaning  of  the 
clause.  Unless  there  is  an  express  clause  per- 
mitting a  deviation,  the  vessel  must  proceed  direct 
from  her  port  of  departure  to  the  port  of  destina- 
tion without  diverging.  If  it  is  the  established 
usage  of  the  trade  to  call  at  any  intermediate  port, 
or  ports,  the  vessel  may  call,  but  not  otherwise, 
without  express  stipulation.  Refer  to  Voyage, 
Deviation. 

Leave  to  Call  Olaiue.    See  Clauses. 

Leeky,  Lieutenant  Hamilton  Sterling.  Entered 
Navy,  1892  ;  lieutenant  of  Thrush  and  Widgeon 
during  the  Boer  war,  and  served  on  both  vessels 
in  the  Delagoa  Bay  blockade  (South  African 
medal) ;  received  the  Albert  medal,  second  class, 
1 90 1,  as  a  mark  of  Royal  favour  for  gallantry  in 
saving  life  at  sea,  for  saving  the  Uves  of  two  men. 

Extract  from  the  "  Gazette  '* : 

**  On  August  25,  1900,  H.M.S.  Widgeon  anchored 
in  Kosi  Bay,  50  miles  south  of  Delagoa  Bay,  in 
order  to  land  stores  and  troops.  The  work  of  dis- 
embarkation was  carried  out  by  surf -boats  manned 
by  Malays,  under  the  superintendence  of  Sab- 
Lieutenant  Lecky,  who  had  been  sent  on  shore 
ioT  the  purpose.  Heavy  breakers  in  lines  of  three 
to  five,  according  to  the  tide,  rolling  in  about 


50  yards  apart,  made  the  work  very  risky.  One 
boat  loaded  with  stores  and  with  Second  Lieu- 
tenant^Amold  Gray,  Thomycroft's  [Mounted  In- 
fantry, Trooper  [Frederick  Trethowen,  Steinacker's 
Horse,  and  Private  J.  H.  Forbes,  Thomycroft's 
Mounted  Infantry,  on  board,  capsized  about  300 
yards  from  the  shore.  The  five  Malays  forming 
the  boat's  crew  and  Private  Forbes,  by  dint  of 
hard  swimming,  with  the  assistance  of  the  boat's 
oars,  managed  to  reach  the  land  after  severe 
buffeting  from  the  heavy  seas.  Lieutenant  Gray 
was  unable  to  swim,  but  with  Trooper  Trethowen 
clung  to  the  boat,  which  drifted  slowly,  keel  up- 
wards, in  a  northeriy  direction,  almost  parallel 
with  the  shore,  carried  by  the  set  of  a  strong 
current.  Huge  breakers  continually  swept  over 
the  boat,  and  the  men  had  great  difficulty  in  re- 
taining their  hold.  Sharks  were  observed  near  the 
boat  both  before  and  after  the  accident.  The 
boat  was  now  about  150  yards  from  the  shore. 
Sub-Lieutenant  Lecky,  seeing  the  critical  position 
the  two  men  were  in,  tore  off  his  clothes,  and, 
plunging  into  the  surf,  endeavoured  to  swim  to 
their  assistance.  He  was  twice  thrown  back  on 
the  beach  by  the  heavy  seas,  but  afterwards  suc- 
ceeded in  bringing  first  Lieutenant  Gray  and  then 
the  other  safely  to  shore.  The  rescued  men  were 
quite  unconscious,  having  been  nearly  30  minutes 
in  the  water.  Sub-Lieutenant  Lecky  and  his  ser- 
vant. Private  Botting,  R.M.L.I.,  then  applied  the 
usual  methods  for  restoring  animation,  and  both 
men  eventually  recovered  consciousness — ^Licu- 
tenant  Gray  after  a  lapse  of  two  and  a  half  hours." 
Lieutenant  Lecky  was  also  awarded  for  this 
brave  deed  Lloyd's  honorary  silver  medal  and  the 
silver  medal  of  the  Royal  Humane  Society. 

Leda.    British  torpedo  gun-boat  (1892). 
Length  230ft.  Beam  27ft.  Maximum  draught  I2}ft. 
Displacement  810  tons.    Complement  8  5 . 

Guns. 
2 — 4y  in. 
2—3  pdr. 
Torpedo  Tubes. 
5 — 14  in. 
3 — 18  in. 
Twin  screw.     Coal  maximum  160  tons.     Speeil 
17  kts. 

Lee,  Frederick  Richard  (1799-1879)-  British  sea- 
scape painter  (b.  Barnstaple).  Among  his  best 
known  works  are :  "  The  Coast  of  Cornwall  at 
Land's  End,"  "  Plymouth  Breakwater."  Four  of 
his  pictures  are  in  the  National  Gallery,  and  other 
examples  of  his  work  in  the  South  Kensington 
Museum. 

Lee*    British  torpedo-boat  destroyer.     (Sunder- 
land,   1899.)     Length,    2x0    ft. ;    beam,    19    ft. ; 
draught,  y^  ft.  ;  displacement,  283  tons ;  comple 
ment,  58  ;  armament,  i  12-pdr.,  5  6-pdr.,  2  tnbes; 
twin  screw  ;  Hp.,  5,400^30  kts. ;  coal,  80  tons. 


LEE 


345 


LEITH 


Lee.  The  side  opposite  from  which  the  wind  is 
blowing. 

Leeboard.  Wooden  or  iron  wings  fixed  to  a 
stout  bolt  at  the  fore-end  to  the  side  of  flat- 
bottomed  vessels.  When  the  after-end  is  lowered 
the  leeboard  stands  up  and  down  in  the  water, 
making  the  draught  greater,  and  by  its  flat  side 
tending  to  decrease  leeway  or  drift  to  leeward. 

Leech.  The  lee  side  of  all  sails  on  either  side  of 
a  square  sail. 

Leech-tines.  Ropes  fastened  to  the  leeches 
servinR  to  truss  sails  up  to  the  yards. 

Lee-lnreh.    A  heavy  roll  to  leeward. 

Lee  shore.  A  shore  which  is  unsheltered  and 
open,  which  the  wind  blows  directly  upon. 

Lee  side.    All  that  side  farthest  from  the  wind. 

Lee,  Under  the.  When  a  ship  is  protected  by 
land  from  wind  and  weather. 

Leeward  or  Leward.    On  the  lee  side. 

Leeway  is  an  angle  between  the  ship's  course  by 
compass  and  the  direction  which  she  makes  through 
the  water,  as  shown  by  her  wake. 

Legality  is  an  implied  "warranty  in  marine  insur- 
ance. 

Every  insurance  must  be  within  legal  lines. 

No  smuggling  ventures  can  be  legally  insured, 
nor  slaves. 

No  insurance  of  enemy's  property  in  war ;  no 
contraband  of  war. 

No  insurance  infringing  navigation  laws. 

"  Where  a  voyage  is  illegal,"  says  C.  J.  Tindal, 
"an  insurance  upon  it  is  invalid,  for  it  would  be 
singular  if  the  original  contract,  being  invalid  and 
incapable  of  being  enforced,  a  collateral  contract 
should  be."     (Redmond  v.  Smith,  7  M.  and  G.  457.) 

L6ger.     French  avisos  (1891). 
Length  197ft.   Beam  23ft.  Maximum  draught  12ft. 
Displacement  444  tons.     Complement  So. 

Guns. 
I — 9  pdr. 

3—3  pdr. 
Torpedo  Tubes. 
3  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  2,200=  18  5  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 130  tons. 

Legfaom,  BatUe  of.  On  March  4,  1653.  a  naval 
battle  with  the  Dutch  was  fought  in  the  Roads. 

Legki.  Russian  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (La 
Seyne.  1905.)  Length,  185  ft. ;  beam,  21  ft. ; 
draught,  yi  ft. ;  displacement,  324  tons  ;  comple- 
ment, 60  ;  armament,  i  12-pdr.,  5  3-pdr.,  2  Maxims, 
2  tubes;  twin  screw;  Hp.,  5,600=26  kts.;  coal, 
100  tons. 

Leg-of^iniltton.  A  three-cornered  fore-and-aft 
sail  with  its  lufi  laced  to  a  mast ;  very  handy  and 
safe,  particularly  for  a  mizsen. 


Legs.  Spars  used  in  cutters  and  yachts  to  keep 
them  upright  when  on  the  ground. 

Leipiig.  German  armoured  cruiser.  (Weser, 
Bremen,  1905.) 

Length  341ft.     Beam  40ft.     Draught  i6}ft. 
Displacement  3.200  tons.     Complement  280. 
Guns.  Armour. 

TO — ^4*1  in.  **  Krupp." 

10 — I '4  in.  2  in.  Deck. 

4  Maxims.  4  in.  Conning  tower. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
2  Submerged. 
Twin    screw.     Hp.    11,000=23    kts.     Coal    800 
tons. 

Leitenant  Borakoff.  Russian  torpedo-boat  de- 
stroyer (1906).  Length,  185  f t. ;  beam,  21  ft.  ; 
draught,  7^  ft. ;  displacement,  324  tons ;  comple- 
ment. 60;  armament,  i  12-pdr.,  5  3-pdr.,  2  tubes; 
twin  screw*;  Hp.,  5,600=26  kts.  ;  coal,  100  tons. 

Leitenant  Jliin.  Russian  torpedo-boat  destroyer 
(1906).  Length,  185  ft. ;  beam,  21  f t ;  draught, 
7i  ft. ;  displacement,  324  tons ;  complement,  60 ; 
armament,  i  12-pdr.,  5  3-pdr.,  2  tubes;  twin 
screw  ;  Hp.,  5,6ooss26  kts. ;  coal,  100  tons. 

Leitenant  Blalejelf.  Russian  torpedo-boat  de- 
stroyer. (Havre,  1900.)  Length,  186  ft. ;  beam, 
20  ft.  ;  draught,  10  ft.  ;  displacement.  300  tons  ; 
armament,  i  12-pdr.,  5  3-pdr.,  2  tubes;  twin 
screw ;  Hp.,  5,000  =  25  kts.  ;  coal,  80  tons. 

Leitenant  Sergelefl.  Russian  torpedo-boat  de- 
stroyer (1906).  Length,  185  ft.  ;  beam,  21  ft. ; 
draught,  7^  ft.  ;  displacement,  324  tons ;  comple-* 
ment,  60 ;  armament,  i  12-pdr.,  5  3-pdr.,  2  tubes ; 
twin  screw  ;  Hp.,  5,600=26  kts. ;  coal,  100  tons. 

Leitha.  Austro-Hungarian  river  monitor.  (Buda- 
pest, 1872.) 

Length  i66ft.     Beam  27jft.     Draught  3}ft. 
Displacement  305  tons.     Complement  57. 


Guns. 
I — ^4*7  in. 
3  Maxims. 


Armour. 
"  Steel." 

1  in.  Deck  amidships. 

2  in.  Gun  shields. 
Hp.  700=8  kts.     Coal  60  tons. 

Leifh,  Hnll  and  Hambnrg  Steam  Packet  Co.. 
Ltd.,  have  a  fleet  of  12  steamers,  which  maintain 
regular  services  from  Leith  every  Thursday  for 
Christiansand,  returning  every  Friday ;  from  Leith 
to  Copenhagen  every  Thursday,  returning  every 
Thursday  ;  from  Leith  to  Hamburg  every  Wednes- 
day and  Saturday,  returning  every  Monday  and 
Friday. 

Fleet. 

Berlin,  Coblenz.  Thorsa. 

Bernicia.  Geneva,  Vienna. 

Breslau,  Prague,  Warsaw, 

Britannia.  Rona.  Weimar. 

Leitli,  Port  of.  The  history  of  the  port  of  Leith 
practically  commences  in  the  year  1329,  when  a 


LEITH 


346 


LEITH 


Royal  Charter  was  granted  to  the  City  of  Edin- 
burgh, who  controlled  the  harbour  from  that  date 
until  1838,  when  the  undertaking  was  vested  in  a 
body  of  commissioners,  of  which  there  are  now 
15  elected  by  the  municipalities  of  Edinburgh  and 
Leith  and  the  various  trading  bodies  there. 

It  was  only,  however,  at  the  beginning  of  last 
century  that  the  port  of  Leith  began  to  develop, 
and  it  is  just  100  years  since  the  first  wet  dock  was 
opened  for  traffic.  Before  that  time  the  port  con- 
sisted of  about  one  mile  of  quayage  along  the 
Water  of  Leith,  a  tributary  of  the  Firth  of  Forth, 
which  was  dry  at  low  water,  and  at  high  water 
there  would  be  about  14  ft.  depth  of  water. 

There  are  now  six  wet  docks  at  Leith,  the  first 
three  being  built  to  the  west  of  the  harbour  and 
the  latter  three  docks  to  the  east  of  it.  The  docks 
on  the  east  side  of  the  harbour  are  connected  with 
those  on  the  west  side  by  a  hydraulic  swing  bridge 
with  a  120  ft.  clear  span,  which,  at  the  time  of  its 
construction  in  1874,  was  the  largest  of  its  kind  in 
the  kingdom. 

The  dates  of  the  opening  of  the  docks,  with  their 
respective  areas,  are  as  follows  : 
East  Old  Dock.         Opened  1806.     Area,    5  acres. 
West  Old  Dock.        Opened  18 17.     Area,    5  acres. 
Victoria  Dock.  Opened  1852.     Area,    5  acres. 

Albert  Dock.  Opened  1865.     Area,  it  acres. 

Edinburgh  Dock.      Opened  1881.     Area,  17  acres. 
Imperial  Dock.         Opened  1902.     Area,  20  acres. 

These  docks  are  all  well  equipped  with  sheds, 
cranes  (hand,  steam,  hydraulic,  and  electric,  vary- 
ing from  i^  to  65  tons  capacity),  five  coal  hoists, 
grain  elevator,  and  warehouses,  etc. 

There  are  seven  graving  docks,  varying  in  length 
from  165  ft.  to  382  ft.,  with  width  of  entrances  of 
from  31  ft.  to  60  ft.,  and  with  depths  on  the  sills 
of  from  I  oj  ft.  to  23  ft.  at  ordinary  high  water. 

The  entrance  channel  to  the  docks  is  protected 
by  two  stone  bulwarks,  each  3,000  ft.  long,  faced 
with  timber  piling,  with  gangways  on  the  top. 

The  chief  object  of  construction  during  the  last 
few  years  has  been  the  Imperial  Dock,  opened  in 
1902.  Before  this  dock  could  be  built  an  area  of 
about  80  acres  had  to  be  reclaimed  from  the  sea, 
which  was  done  by  the  construction  of  a  huge  sea 
wall  commenced  in  1893  ^uid  completed  in  1896. 
This  wall  is  about  4,500  ft.  long,  30  ft.  wide  at  the 
base,  and  9  ft.  wide  at  the  top.  It  is  composed  of 
a  mound  of  hand -packed  rubble  stone,  faced  on 
the  sea  side  with  large  concrete  blocks  6  ft.  long 
and  4  ft.  wide.  It  is  founded  between  a  double 
row  of  sheet  piling,  and  is  backed  with  clay  puddle 
up  to  high  water  line,  a  concrete  parapet  being 
carried  up  to  15  ft.  above  high  water  ordinary 
spring  tides.  After  the  sea  was  excluded  from  the 
reclaimed  area,  the  construction  of  the  dock  itself 
was  proceeded  with.  The  dock  is  1,900  ft.  long 
and  550  ft.  wide  for  a  length  of  1,100  ft.,  and 
280  ft.  wide  for  the  remaining  800  ft.,  and  has  a 
depth  of  40  ft.     It  is  so  planned  that  there  are 


two  entrances — one  from  the  harbour  and  the  other 
from  the  Albert  Dock — thus  providing  a  second 
means  of  entrance  to  all  the  docks  on  the  east  side 
of  the  harbour.  The  entrances  to  the  Imperial 
Dock  are  through  locks  constructed,  like  the  dock 
walls,  of  solid  masonry.  The  main  lock  leading 
from  the  harbour  is  350  ft.  long  and  70  ft.  wide, 
with  a  depth  of  38  ft.  from  coping  to  sill,  and  giving 
a  depth  of  water  at  high  water  of  ordinary  spring 
tides  of  30  ft.  In  this  lock  there  are  two  pairs  of 
steel  and  iron  gates  constructed  on  the  flotation 
principle,  which  are  opened  and  closed  by  direct 
acting  hydraulic  pistons.  Each  pair  of  gates  weigh 
about  292  tons.  The  lock  leading  to  the  Albert 
Dock  is  350  ft.  long,  60  ft.  wide,  and  33  ft.  deep. 
A  swing  bridge  132 J  ft,  long,  carr>dng  two  lines  of 
rails,  roadway,  and  footpaths,  spans  this  entrance 
lock,  and  similar  bridges  span  the  passages  between 
the  Albert  Dock  and  the  Edinburgh  and  Imperial 
Docks. 

The  Imperial  Dock  has  not  yet  been  fully 
equipped,  but  there  are  at  present  two  single-storey 
sheds,  each  400  ft.  long  and  120  ft.  wide,  with 
double  lines  of  rails  in  front  and  back,  and  six 
hydrauUc  cargo  cranes,  one  coal  hoist  with  a  lift 
of  50  ft.,  and  another  with  a  lift  of  60  ft.,  each 
capable  of  dealing  with  30-ton  loads.  In  the 
north-west  comer  of  this  dock  a  graving  dock  is 
to  be  buUt  which  will  be  550  ft.  long,  with  an 
entrance  70  ft.  wide. 

For  the  landing  of  goods  from  vessels  there  are 
large  numbers  of  hydraulic  movable  cargo  cranes 
all  over  the  docks,  and  for  their  protection  there 
are  sheds  varying  in  width  from  60  ft.  to  120  ft., 
and  covering  in  the  aggregate  nearly  600,000 
square  feet. 

The  quays  extend  to  about  250  acres,  and  there 
are  over  22  miles  of  railwa3rs.  exclusive  of  the  sidings 
of  the  railway  companies. 

The  lighting  of  the  docks  is  accomplished  by 
about  150  electric  arc  lamps  and  about  450  gas 
lamps,  the  principal  sheds  being  lighted  by  high 
pressure  incandescent  lamps. 

The  water  supply  is  obtained  by  arrangement 
with  the  Edinburgh  and  District  Water  Trust. 
There  are  about  seven  miles  of  water  mains  all 
over  the  docks,  and  the  aggregate  quantity  of 
water  used  is  about  60,000,000  gallons  a  year. 

The  total  expenditure  on  the  works  up  to  the 
present  time  is  about  ^£2, 2 50,000.  The  existing 
debt  is  about  ;£8oo,ooo. 

The  number  of  vessels  which  arrived  at  the  port 
last  year  was  6,842,  with  a  total  net  register  ton- 
nage of  2,321,041. 

The  total  imports  and  exports  last  year  "were 
over  3,700,000  tons,  of  which  about  two-thirds 
arrived  at  or  were  despatched  direct  from  the 
ship's  side  in  railway  waggons,  rails  being  laid  on 
every  quay  in  direct  communication  with  the 
Caledonian  and  North  British  Railways,  thus 
aflording  rapid  and  efficient  means  of  transit  to  all 


LEITH 


347 


LEPANTO 


the  industrial  centres.  Goods  imported  and  ex- 
ported are  of  great  number  and  variety,  there  being 
upwards  of  250  classified  articles,  and  a  large 
number  imclassified. 

The  rates  on  vessels  vary  from  2d.  per  register 
ton  on  all  coasting  vessels  to  sd.  for  Continental, 
7d.  for  Baltic,  and  lod.  for  American  and  eastern 
vessels ;  but  there  are  important  concessions  in  all 
cases  after  two  or  three  voyages  of  a  vessel  in  any 
one  year,  and  all  vessels  pay  only  2d»  per  r^^ister 
ton  after  eight  voyages  in  a  year.  The  rates  on 
goods  vary  from  2d,  per  ton  on  coal  to  Sd.  per  ton 
on  grain,  flour,  timber,  sugar,  hemp,  flax,  etc. 

Shipbuilding  at  Jj&th.  was  inaugurated  by 
James  IV.,  who  formed  a  dockyard,  and  in  1511 
ordered  the  building  of  the  Great  Michael,  a  war- 
vessel  240  ft.  long,  36  ft.  beam,  and  which  "  within 
the  walls  "  was  10  ft.  thick,  with  massive  sides  of 
oak.  The  building  of  this  vessel  is  said  to  have 
"  wasted  all  the  woods  in  Fife  (except  Falkland 
wood),  besides  timber  that  came  from  Norway." 
This  vessel  "  had  300  mariners,  six  score  gunners, 
100  men  of  war,  besides  captains,  skippers,  and 
quartermasters."  The  Great  Michael  was  after- 
wards sold  or  presented  to  Louis  XIII. 

The  patent  slip  for  the  repair  of  vessels  was 
invented  by  Messrs.  Morton  and  Co.,  of  Leith,  a 
firm  still  in  existence;  and  Messrs.  Menzies  and 
Co.,  who,  in  i837,^built  the  renowned  Sirius,  the 
pioneer  of  Atlantic  steam  navigation,  have  occupied 
premises  at  the  harbour  for  over  100  years.  There 
are  several  other  shipbuilding  and  repairing  yards, 
including  Messrs.  Hawthorn  and  Co.,  Messrs.  Cran 
and  Co.,  and  Messrs.  Ramage  and  Ferguson,  who 
have  acquired  distinction  as  the  builders  of  some 
of  the  finest  steam  yachts  afloat. 

Leifh,  Rotterdam  and  Antwerp  Shipping  Oc,  with 
a  fleet  of  14  steamers,  carry  passengers  and  cargo 
twice  a  week  from  Leith  to  Rotterdam,  and  from 
Leith  to  Antwerp.  There  are  also  regular  sailings 
from  Leith  to  Amsterdam,  Harlingen,  Ghent,  Dun- 
kirk, and  Calais ;  also  from  Dundee  and  Rotter- 
dam, and  from  Grangemouth  to  Antwerp. 

Fleet. 

Abbosford.  Heriot.  Peveril. 

A  fHuUt,  Mascotte,  Quentin. 

Astrologer,  Nigel.  Ronan. 

Durward.  Osborne.  Talisman. 

Eildon,  Windsor. 

Lemkeiy  C.  R.  L.  (b.  Minden,  May  2.  1853). 
Educated  at  the  Gymnasium,  Minden,  and  served 
an  apprenticeship  to  engineering  in  that  town.  In 
1873  he  joined  the  firm  of  Messrs.  Schafer  and 
Bndenburg  at  their  head  works  in  Germany,  and 
subsequently  came  to  Manchester  and  joined  this 
firm  there.  In  1882  he  was  appointed  their  repre- 
sentative in  Scotland  and  Ireland,  which  position 
he  still  holds.  At  the  invitation  of  the  Institution 
of  Engineers  and  Shipbuilders  he  in  1894  '^ad  a 
paper   on  the  construction  and   use  of  pressure 


gauges,  which  was  printed  and  published  in  the 
Transactions. 

Member  of  the  Institution  of  Engineers  and 
Shipbuilders  in  Scotland,  associate  member  of  the 
Institution  of  Mechanical  Eqgineers. 

Lena.  Russian  Government  liner  (1895).  Length* 
493  ft.  ;  beam,  54  ft.  ;  draught.  ^^4  ft.  ;  displace- 
ment, 10,25$  tons;  Hp.,  13,150=18  kts. 

Length  is  the  longest  measurement  of  any  object 
or  extent  of  any  body  from  end  to  end  ;  as  distin- 
guished firom  depth,  thickness,  breadth,  or  width. 

T^ennman,  Fredrik  Wilhelm  (b.  1840).  Rear- 
admiral,  Swedish  Navy.  Entered]  Navy,  1854  ; 
promoted  lieutenant,  i860  ;  served  as  lieutenant 
and  captain  on  several  expeditions  in  the  Baltic, 
North  Sea,  North  and  South  Atlantic,  Mediter- 
ranean ;  commander  of  the  2nd  Division  of  the 
Naval  Squadron,  1893  \  commander  of  naval 
forces  at  Karlskrona,  1893-97 ;  Commander-in- 
Chief,  Naval  Station,  Stockholm,  1897 -1903 ; 
passed  to  the  Auxiliary  Service  List,  1903  ;  decora- 
ted R.S.O.,  1894  ;  K.S.O.,  2nd  Class,  1895  ;  K.S.O. 
1st  Class,  1898.  Honorary  member  of  the  Royal 
Naval  Academy ;  member  of  the  Royal  Academy 
of  War  Sciences. 

Lton     Gambeita.     French     ist     class     cruiser. 
(Brest,  1901.) 
Length  476ft     Beam  71ft.     Mean  draught  26ft. 
Displacement  12,416  tons.     Complement  710. 
Guns,  Armour. 

4 — 7*6  in.,  45  cal.       "  Krupp." 
16—6*4  ii^-  6}  in.  Belt  amidships. 

24 — 3  pdr.  8  in.  Turrets. 

8  in.  Conning  tower. 
Torpedo  Tubes  (17*7  in.). 

2  Submerged. 

3  Above  water. 

Three  screws.  Hp.  27,500=22  kts.  Coal  maxi- 
mum 2,100  tons.     Approximate  cost  ;£i,  150,000. 

LeoiMUrd.  British  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Bar- 
row, 1897.)  Length,  210  f t. ;  beam,  20  ft.  ; 
draught,  5^  ft. ;  displacement,  300  tons  ;  comple- 
ment, 60 ;  armament,  i  12 -pdr.,  5  6-pdr.,  2  tubes  ; 
twin  screw  ;   Hp.,  6,000=30  kts« ;   coal,  80  tons. 

Leopard.  Austro-Hungarian  3rd  class  cruiser. 
(Elswick,  1888.)  Length,  224  ft. ;  beam,  34  ft. ; 
draught,  14  ft. ;  displacement,  1,506  tons ;  com- 
plement, 186;  armament,  2  4'7-in.,  10  i'8  in., 
4  tubes  ;  Hp.,  6,000=  18  kts. ;  coal,  250  tons. 

Lepanto*  Italian  battleship  (1883).  Recon- 
structed 1904. 

Length  400ft.   Beam  75ft.   Maximum  draught  33ft. 
Displacement  15,900  tons.     Complement  700. 
Guns.  Armour. 

4 — 100  ton.  "  Compound." 

8 — Old  6  in,  3  in.  Deck. 

4 — Old  4'7  in.  19  in.  Redoubt. 

12 — 6  pdr. 
34—1  pdr. 


LEPANTO 


348 


LEYLAND 


Torpedo  Tubes, 
4  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  16,000=18*5  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 3,000  tons.     Approximate  cost  £1.200.000. 

Lepanto.    Spanish  cruiser  (1892). 
Length  328ft.   Beam  50ft.   Maximum  draught  24ft. 
Displacement  4,826  tons.     Complement  420. 
Guns.  Armour. 

4— 6'4in.  "Steel.    " 

6 — ^4*7  in.  4i  in.  Deck. 

6 — 6  pdr.  3  in.  Shields. 

6 — I  pdr. 
2  Machine. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
2  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  forced  11,500= 20*5  kts.     Coal 
maximum,  1,433  tons. 

Lepanto,  Battle  of.  On  October  7,  1571,  Don 
John  of  Austria,  commanding  the  allied  fleets  of 
Austria,  Italy,  and  Spain,  encountered  the  Turkish 
fleet  under  Ali  Pasha,  which  he  completely  de* 
stroyed. 

Leste.  Hot,  dry,  dust-bearing  wind  of  Madeira. 
It  blows  from  between  north-east  and  south-east. 

Letters  of  Margae.    See  Privateer. 

Letatshi.  Russian  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Nor- 
mand,  1905.)  Length,  185  ft.  ;  beam,  21  ft.  ; 
draught,  7^  ft. ;  displacement,  324  tons  ;  comple- 
ment, 60;  armament,  i  X2-pdr.,  5  3-pdr.,  2  Maxims, 
2  tubes  ;  twin  screw  ;  Hp.,  5,600=26  kts.  ;  coal, 
100  tons. 

Levant,  The,  derived  from  the  Greek,  meaning 
"sunrise,"  is  the  name  applied  to  the  east  end  of 
the  Mediterranean  and  the  adjoining  countries. 
The  name  was  first  applied  by  the  Italians  to  the 
Mediterranean  Sea  and  those  regions  adjoining  it 
to  the  east  of  Italy. 

Levanter.  The  strong,  raw,  easterly  wind  of  the 
Mediterranean. 

Leveohe.    The  Spanish  name  for  the  Sirocco. 

Leven.  British  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Fair- 
field, 190 1.)  Length,  218  ft. ;  beam,  20  ft. ;  draught, 
5i  ft.  ;  displacement,  300  tons ;  complement, 
58 ;  armament,  i  12-pdr.,  5  6-pdr.,  2  tubes ; 
twin  screw  ;   Hp.,  6,000=30  kts. ;  coal,  80  tons. 

Leviathan.  British  xst  class  cruiser.  (Vickers, 
1901.) 

Length  529ft.   Beam  71ft.  Maximum  draught  28ft. 
Displacement  14,100  tons.     Complement  900. 
Guns.  Armour. 

2 — 9*2  in.,  45  cal.       "  Krupp." 
.    x6— 6  in.  6  in.  Belt  amidships. 

14 — 12  pdr.  6  in.  Barbettes. 

3 — 3  pdr.  12  in.  Coiming  tower. 

2  Maxims. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
2  Submerged. 


Twin  screw.     Hp.  30,000=23  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 2,500  tons.     Approximate  cost  ;£  1,000,000. 

This  name  dates  in  the  Navy  from  1790,  and  is 
associated    with    Hood's    occupation    of    Toulon. 

1793  ;   the  battle  of  "  The  Glorious  First  of  June," 

1794  ;   capture  of  Minorca,  1798  ;   Trafalgar,  1805. 

L^vrier.    French  avisos  (1891). 
Length  197ft.   Beam  23ft.   Maximum  draught  12ft. 
Displacement  444  tons.     Complement  80. 

Guns. 
1 — 9  pdr 

3—3  pdr. 
Torpedo  Tubes. 
3  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  2.200=18*5  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 1 30  tons. 

Leyland,  Christopher  John  (b.  September  17. 
1849].  In  1862  entered  the  Royal  Navy,  and 
latterly  assisted  the  Hon.  C.  A.  Parsons  in  the 
construction  of  the  Turbinia.  In  1897  went  to 
Spithead,  and  was  in  charge  of  this  vessel,  which 
was  exhibited  at  the  Paris  Exhibition  in  1900. 
Is  a  director  of  the  Parsons'  Marine  Steam  Turbine 
Co.,  Ltd.,  and  chairman  of  Parsons'  Foreign  Patents 
Co.,  Ltd. 

Leyland    Line.       This    old    shipping    business, 
founded  by  F.  R.  Leyland,  was  converted  into  a 
public  company  in  1892,  with  a  capital  of  ;£2, 800,000. 
Since   1895,   when  a  new  passenger  service   was 
established    between    Liverpool    and    the    United 
States  of  America,  it  has  increased  to  such  an  extent 
that  the  building  of  large  vessels  became  necessary. 
In  1900  the  company  was  reformed  with  a  capital 
of  £2,800,000,  and  acquired  by  purchase  the  West 
India  and  Pacific  Steamship  Co..  an  old-established 
concern  consisting  of  22  steamers,   with  a  gross 
tonnage  of  111,000  tons.     The  company  now  owns 
a  fleet  of  45  steamers,  with  an  aggregate  tonnage 
of   255,000   tons,    and   maintain   regular   services 
from  Liverpool  to  Boston  every  Saturday,  and  to 
New  Orleans  every  four  weeks.     A  monthly  service 
to  St.  Thomas,  a  service  twice  a  month  to  Puerto 
Colombia,  Colon  and  Kingston,  every  three  weeks 
to  Tampico.   Vera  Cruz,   and   Progreso,   twice    a 
month  to  Barbadoes,  Trinidad,  La  Guaira,  Puerto 
Cabello,  Cura9ao.  and  Carthagena.  Special  attention 
has  been  paid  to  the  cotton  trade,  and  the  steamers 
of  the  company  engaged  in  it  have  the  largest  cotton 
carrying  capacity  of  any  entering  the  port  of  New 
Orleans. 

Fleet. 

Albanian.  Barbadian. 

Alexandrian.  Belgian. 

Almerian.  Bohemian. 

Anglian.  Bostonian. 

Antillian.  Caledonian. 

A  rmenian.  Calif omian . 

Asian.  Cambrian. 

A  tlantian .  Canadian. 


LEYTE 


349 


LIEUTENANT 


Flbbt  {conHnuetO. 

Cesirian.  Lancastrian, 

Colonian.  Louisianian. 

Columbian,  Mexican, 

Cuban,  Nicaraguan, 

Darien,  Oxonian. 

Devonian,  Philadelphian. 

Etonian,  Tampican, 

Floridian.  Texan, 

Georgian.  Victorian. 

Iberian,  Virginian, 

Indian,  WiUiam  Cliff, 

Jamaican,  Winifredian, 

KingsUmian*  Yucatan, 
Gross  tonnage,  239,000. 

Leyto.  United  States  gun-boat.  Captured  from 
Spain  during  the  Spanish- American'^  war,  at  the 
battle  oi  Manila,  May  i,  1898.  Of  little  fighting 
value. 

Ii.F.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Finkenwarder  (Luneburg),  Germany. 

L.H.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  La  Hogue,  France. 

UBL  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Leith,  Scotland. 

L,l.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Littlehampton,  England. 

UabilitiflB  (legal)  are  obligations  enforceable 
at  law  arising  from  either  (i)  contract;  (2)  quasi- 
contract,  i,e,,  a  contract  implied  in  law  and  founded 
on  (a)  a  record — e.g.,  a  judgment — (6)  a  statutory 
duty — e,g,,  compulsory  pilotage— or  (c)  the  doctrine 
that  no  one  shall  enrich  himself  unjustly  at  another's 
expense — e,g.,  the  liability  of  infants  for  necessaries ; 
(3)  tort,  i.e.,  a  civil  wrong  not  arising  out  of  con- 
tract ;  or  (4)  quasi-tort,  i,e,,  a  term  used  by  certain 
text-book  writers  for  convenience  of  classification, 
under  which  head  is  included  cases  in  which  third 
parties,  themselves  innocent  of  any  wrongful  act 
or  omission,  are  nevertheless  held  liable  for  such 
acts  when  committed  by  their  servants  in  the 
course  of  their  employment. 

Liabilities  may  be  joint  or  several,  or  joint  and 
severaL 

In  Canirad. — ^Where  the  liability  be  joinit  each 
defendant  is  personally  responsible  for  the  whole 
liability,  but  all  defendants  may  be  sued.  Where 
the  liability  is  joint  a^  several  one  or  more  may  be 
sued,  and  judgment  against  one,  if  unsatisfied,  is  no 
bar  to  an  action  against  the  others.  Where  the 
liability  is  several,  any  or  all  the  parties  may  be 
joined  as  co-defendants,  or,  if  dead,  their  executors 
or  administrators.  One  defendant  who  pays  the 
whole  or  more  than  his  share  can  claim  contribu- 
tion from  the  others. 

In  Tort, — Joint  tortfeasors  are  jointly  and 
severally  liable  for  the  whole,  and  some  or  all  may  be 
sued,  but  judgment  against  one,  even  if  unsatisfied, 
is  a  bar  to  a  subsequent  action  for  the  same  tort. 


Between  joint  tortfeasors  there  is  no  contribution 
as  a  rule. 

Refer  to  Limitation  of  Liability,  Employers' 
Liability. 

Liakhofl.     Explorer.     See  Arctic  Exploration. 

liberal.  Portuguese  gun- vessel.  (Birkenhead, 
1886.)  Length,  140  ft.  ;  beam,  25^  ft.  ;  draught, 
10^  ft. ;  displacement,  580  tons  ;  complement,  zoo  ; 
armament,  i  6-in.,  3  4-in.,  2  Maxims ;  Hp., 
880=11  kts. ;  coal,  90  tons. 

Liberia.  British  and  African  Steamship  Co.'s 
vessel,  in  collision  with  the  steamer  Barton,  off  the 
Scilly  Isles  ;  both  vessels  sank  and  not  a  soul  was 
saved. 


Argentine  battleship.     (Laird,   1890.) 
length  230ft.    Beam  44ft.    Mean  draught  13ft. 
Displacement  2,336  tons.     Complement  225. 
Guns,  Armour, 

2 — 9*4  in,  "  Compound." 

4 — 4*7  in.  8  in.  Belt  amidships. 

4 — 3  pdr.  8  in.  Barbettes. 

2 — I  pdr.  4  in.  Conning  tower. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
2  Above  water. 
Twin    screw.     Hp.    natural    2,100=13*2    kts., 
forced  2,780=14*2  kts.     Coal  maximum  340  tons. 

Libert^.  French  ist  class  battleship.  (St. 
Nazaire,  1904.) 

Length  452ft.   Beam  79ft.   Maximum  draught  27ft. 
Displacement  14,865  tons.     Complement  793. 
Guf^.  A  rmour, 

4 — 12  in.,  50  cal.       "  Krupp." 
10 — 7'6  in.  II  in.  Belt  amidships. 

8 — 4  in.  1 3  in.  Main  turrets. 

24 — 3  pdr.  1 3  in.  Conning  tower. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (1904). 

2  Submerged. 

3  Above  water. 

Three  screws.  Hp.  18,000=18  kts.  Coal  maxi- 
mum 1,850  tons.     Approximate  cost  £1.425,000. 

liberty*    Permission  to  leave  the  ship. 

Libratioii.  An  apparent  irregularity  of  the 
moon's  motion,  which  makes  her  appear  to  librate 
about  her  axis  in  such  a  manner  that  parts  of  her 
eastern  and  western  limbs  become  visible  and 
invisible  alternately. 

IdOhfldd.  50  guns.  On  November  29,  1758, 
this  vessel  was  lost  on  the  coast  of  Baxbary,  when 
130  of  the  crew  perished. 

lieatenant,  in  the  Navy,  is  the  rank  that  a  mid- 
shipman, if  he  is  19  years  of  age  and  has  completed 
the  prescribed  service  —  passed  a  satisfactory 
examination  at  the  Royal  Naval  College  in  gunnery, 
navigation,  seamanship,  torpedo  practice — attains, 
provided  he  secures  a  first-class  in  the  subjects  of 
his  examination.  A  lieutenant  may  be  promoted 
after  four  years'  service  to  commander  for  dis- 
tinguished services.     The  chief  duty  of  a  lieutenant 


LIEUTENANT 


350 


LIGHTS 


is  that  of  officer  of  the  watch,  in  which  capacity  he 
is  responsible  for  the  safety  of  the  ship.  Refer  to 
King's  Regulations  for  the  Navy  ;  Naval  Education. 

lieatenant    Ilyin.    Russian    torpedo    gun-boat. 
Black  Sea  (1886). 

Length  227ft.   Beam  24ft.   Maximum  draught  11  ft. 
Displacement  600  tons.     Complement  109. 
Guns,  A  rmour. 

7—3  pdr. .  "  Steel." 

10  Machine.  }  in.  Deck. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
7  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.   forced   3,550  =  20  kts.     Coal 
normal  97  tons. 

Life  assurance  "  is  a  contract  by  which  the  in- 
surer, in  return  for  a  lump  sum  or  a  periodical  pay- 
ment, undertakes  to  pay  to  the  person  for  whose 
.benefit  the  insurance  is  effected,  or  to  his  executors, 
administrators  or  assigns,  a  certain  sum  of  money 
or  an  indemnity  on  the  happening  of  a  given  event, 
or  on  the  death  of  the  person  whose  life  is  insured." 
There  is  no  legal  limit  to  which  a  person  may  insure 
his  own  life,  but  a  person  insuring  the  life  of  another 
must  not  only  have  an  insurable  interest  in  that 
person's  life,  but  can  recover  no  sum  greater  than 
the  value  of  the  interest  which  he  possesses  in  the 
life  of  the  insured  at  the  time  of  effecting  the  in- 
surance. 

Life-belt.  See  Royal  National  Lifeboat  Insti- 
tution. 

Lifeboat.  See  Royal  National  Lifeboat  Insti- 
tution. 

Lifeboat  Journal.  Established  1852.  Published 
quarterly.  Price  $d.  and  is.  Address  :  14  John 
Street,  Adelphi,  London,  W.C. 

Lif^bnoy.  A  buoy  or  float  which  is  thrown 
overboard  to  sustain  a  person  in  the  water  until 
assistance  arrives. 

Lifegnard.  Steamer.  Left  Newcastle,  December 
20,  1862,  and  was  never  heard  of  again.  She  was 
supposed  to  have  foundered  off  Flamborough 
Head. 

Life-lines.  Lines  used  in  bad  weather,  stretched 
along  the  deck  to  prevent  seamen  being  washed 
overboard. 

Life  saving  apparatus.  See  Royal  National 
Lifeboat  Institution. 

Liifey.  British  torpedo-bost  destroyer  (Birken- 
head, 1904.)  Length,  222  ft. ;  beam,  23 J  ft. ; 
draught,  9^  ft. ;  displacement,  600  tons ;  comple- 
ment, 72  ;  armament,  i  12 -pdr.,  5  6-pdr.,  2  tubes; 
twin  screw  ;  Hp.,  7.500=25  kts.  ;  coal,  126  tons. 

Lift.  Applied  when  the  wind  catches  the  sails 
on  the  leeches  and  causes  them  to  ruffle. 

Lighter.  A  large  open  flat-bottom  boat  used  in 
conveying  cargo  to  ships. 


Lighterage.    The  expense  of  a  lighter  or  barge. 

Lighterman.    A  man  employed  in  a  lighter. 

Lighthonse.  There  are  in  the  United  Kingdom 
three  general  lighthouse  authorities,  vi>.,  the 
Trinity  House,  the  Commissioners  of  the  Northern 
Lights,  and  the  Commissioners  of  the  Irish  Lights. 
The  two  last  general  authorities  have  the  same 
powers  within  their  districts  as  the  Trinity 
House,  except  that  they  must  first  submit  their 
schemes  to  the  Trinity  House,  which  reports 
thereon  to  the  Board  of  Trade.  A  general  light- 
house authority  has  power  to  erect,  alter,  add  to. 
or  remove  any  lighthouse,  and  to  vary  its  character 
or  the  mode  of  exhibiting  lights  ;  to  erect  or  remove 
any  buoy  or  beacon ;  to  purchase  land  necessary 
for  the  exercise  of  its  powers ;  the  maintenance  of 
its  works,  or  the  residence  of  light-keepers. 

Light  dues  are  levied  on  ships  with  respect  to  the 
voyages  made  or  by  way  of  periodical  payments, 
and  not  with  respect  to  the  lights  which  a  ship 
passes  or  derives  benefit  from ;  and  are  collected 
by  persons  appointed  by  a  general  authority,  which 
remits  to  His  Majesty's  Paymaster-General  all  dues 
coming  into  its  hands,  for  the  purpose  of  being 
carried  to  the  General  Lighthouse  Fund. 

The  persons  liable  to  pay  light  dues  are  (i)  the 
owner  or  master,  or  (2)  such  consignee  or  agents  as 
have  paid,  or  made  themselves  liable  to  pay,  any 
other  charge  on  account  of  the  ship  in  the  port  of 
her  arrival  or  discharge. 

Local  lighthouse  authorities  may  own  and 
manage  lighthouses,  etc.,  and  collect  dues  which  go 
towards  the  construction,  improvement,  and 
upkeep  of  such  lighthouses,  etc.,  but  they  cannot 
make  variations,  alterations,  or  additions  without 
the  consent  of  the  general  authority.  They  may. 
however,  it  they  think  fit,  sell  or  surrender  any 
lighthouse,  etc.,  to  the  general  authority  within 
whose  area  it  is  situated,  and  the  purchase  money 
shall  be  paid  out  of  the  General  Lighthouse  Fund. 

Each  general  lighthouse  authority  shall  account 
to  the  Board  of  Trade  for  its  receipts  from  dues,  and 
for  its  expenses,  which  are  paid  out  of  the  General 
Lighthouse  Fund. 

Lightning.  British  torpedo  -  boat  destroyer. 
(Jarrow,  1895.)  Length,  200  ft.  ;  t>eam,  19  ft.  ; 
draught  6j-  ft. ;  displacement  252  tons ;  comple- 
ment, 50  ;  armament,  i  i2-pdr.,  5  6-pdr.,  2  tubes  ; 
twin  screw  ;   Hp.,  3.7893:27  kts. ;  coal,  60  tons. 

Lightning.  Disruptive  discharge  of  electricity 
during  thunderstorms. 

Lightning  conductor.  A  mode  of  protection 
against  lightning. 

Idghts.  In  the  Navy  all  the  seamen's  lights  are 
extinguished  at  8  p.m.,  the  officers'  at  10  p.m.. 
unless  otherwise  ordered  by  the  commanding 
officer. 


LIGHTSHIP 


351 


LINK 


Lightship.  A  vessel  moored  in  the  vicini^  of 
dangerous  shoals  or  headland,  carrying  aloft  a 
warning  light,  varying  in  character,  so  as  to  afford 
an  indication  of  position  to  passing  vessels.  The 
first  British  lightship  was  fitted  out  by  Robert 
Hamblin,  and  placed  on  the  Nore  sand  in  1731  ; 
five  years  later  David  Avery  caused  one  to  be 
placed  to  mark  the  Dudgeon  Shoal.  The  oldest 
Goodwin  lightship  dates  from  1795.  Lightships 
are  under  the  supervision  of  Trinity  House. 

Lignria.    Small  Italian  cruiser.    (Ansaldo,  1893.) 
Length  262ft.   Beam  39ft.  Maximum  draught  17ft. 
Displacement  2,280  tons.    Complement  246. 
Guns.  Armour  4 

2—6  in.  "  Steel." 

8 — 4' 7  in.  1  in.  Deck. 

8 — 6pdr. 
8 — I  pdr. 

Torpedo  TtUfes. 
3  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.,  7,500=18*5  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 500  tons.     Approximate  cost  ;£20o,ooo. 

lihoi.  Russian  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Nor- 
mand,  1905.)  Length,  185  ft.  ;  beam,  21  ft.  ; 
draught,  7i  ft. ;  displacement,  324  tons ;  com- 
plement, 60;  armament,  i  12-pdr.,  5  3-pdr., 
2  Maxims,  2  tubes  ;  twin  screw ;  Hp.,  5,600  = 
26  kts.  ;  coal,  too  tons. 

LilliehSdk,  Hjalmar  Hugo  (b.  Sweden,  March  13, 
1845).  Director  of  naval  construction,  Royal 
Swedish  Navy.  After  having  finished  a  course 
of  technical  training  at  the  Royal  High  School  of 
Technology  at  Stockholm,  he,  in  1865,  came  to 
London,  and  served  two  years'  apprenticeship  with 
Messrs.  Maudslay,  Sons  and  Field.  In  1872  he 
joined  a  shipbuilding  firm  in  Sweden,  and  in  1887 
joined  the  Swedish  Navy  as  assistant  constructor. 
In  1889  was  appointed  chief  constructor,  and  in 
1898  director  of  naval  construction,  and  from  that 
time  has  been  responsible  for  the  design  of  all 
ships  built  for  the  Swedish  Navy.  Member  of 
Home  and  Foreign  Scientific  and  Technical 
Societies. 

Publications :  Numerous  papers  in  Swedish 
naval  journals  on  technical  subjects. 

Lilly.  H.M.  gun-boat.  Wrecked  on  the  rocks 
off  Point  Armour,  Labrador  coast,  October  4,  1889  ; 
seven  lives  lost. 

Lima.  American  barque.  Wrecked  off  Cape 
Barfleur,  February  6,  i860  ;    100  lives  lost. 

Limbers.  A  passage  on  each  side  of  the  keelson 
for  bilge-water. 

Limitatioii  of  Liability  (Merchant  Shipping  Act, 
1894). 

I.  The  o^mcr  of  a  British  sea-going  ship  is  not 
liable  (without  his  actual  fault  or  privity)  for  loss  or 
damage  caused  by  fire  to  any  goods  on  board,  or 
for  loss  or  damage,  however  caused,  to  gold,  silver, 


or  jewels,  unless  their  value  has  been  declared 
at  the  time  of  shipment. 

2.  A  shipowner,  British  or  foreign,  is  not  liable 
(without  actual  fault  or  privity)  to  damages 
beyond  £1$  per  ton  of  a  steamer's  gross  tonnage 
(without  deduction  for  engine  space  or  uncertified 
crew  space),  or  of  a  sailing  ship's  registered  tonnage, 
in  respect  of  loss  of  life  or  personal  injury,  with  or 
without  loss  of  or  damage  to  goods,  nor  to  damage 
beyond  £S  per  ton  in  respect  of  loss  of  or  damage 
to  vessel,  goods,  etc.,  with  or  without  loss  of  life  or 
injury. 

(a)  Where  loss  of  life  or  personal  injury  is  caused 
to  any  person  carried  in  the  ship. 

(6)  Where  loss  or  damage  is  caused  to  goods  on 
board  (passenger's  luggage  included). 

(c)  Where  loss  of  life  or  personal  injury  is  caused 
to  any  person  carried  in  any  other  ship  by  the 
negligent  navigation  of  the  ship. 

(d)  Where  loss  or  damage  is  caused  to  any  other 
ship  by  negligent  navigation  of  the  ship. 

By  the  Merchant  Shipping  Act,  1900,  limitation 
of  liability  is  extended  to  all  cases  where  loss  or 
damage  is  caused  by  negligent  navigation,  to 
property  or  rights  on  land  or  sea,  fixed  or  movable. 

A  dock,  canal,  or  harbour  authority  or  conser- 
vancy, causing  loss  or  damage  to  any  vessel  or  her 
cargo,  shall  not  be  liable  for  such  loss  or  damage 
beyond  £S  per  ton  of  the  largest  registered  British 
ship  which,  at  the  time  of  such  loss  or  damage,  is, 
or  within  a  period  of  five  years  previous  thereto 
has  been,  within  the  area  over  which  such  authority 
or  conservancy  has  control. 

A  Trinity  House  pilot  shall  not  be  liable  for 
damage  due  to  his  negligence  beyond  the  penalty 
of  the  bond  executed  by  him  when  Ucensed. 

Limpopo.  Portuguese  gun-boat  (189 1).  Dis- 
placement, 320  tons  ;  speed,  1 1  kts. 

Linoh  pin.    An  iron  pin. 

Lindbeok,  Johannes  (b.  Hemosand,  August  30, 
1873).  Swedish  naval  architect.  Educated  Stock- 
holm College,  and  in  1896  entered  T^cole  d' Appli- 
cation du  G6nie  Maritime,  graduating  in  1898. 
In  1899  went  to  the  United  States,  and  on  his 
return  in  1900  entered  the  service  of  the  Royal 
Swedish  Navy  as  assistant  constructor,  and  was 
promoted  naval  constructor  in  1902. 

Lindenov.     Explorer.     See  Arctic  Exploration. 

Lindonnen.  Old  Danish  monitor.  Of  no 
fighting  value. 

Line.     A  running  cord  or  rope. 

Line  squalls.  The  line  of  squalls  which  are 
associated  with  the  trough  of  a  cyclone  or  V- 
depression. 

Link.  A  northern  name  for  the  windings  of  a 
river.  Also  for  flat  sands  on  the  seashore  and 
lowlands  overflowing  at  spring  tides. 


LINNARD 


352 


LIVERPOOL 


Linnard*  Joseph  Haniiltoii  (b.  Bolivia,  Pennsyl- 
vania. U.S.A.,  September  27,  i860).  Naval  con- 
structor, U.S.  Navy.  Entered  U.S.  Naval  Academy 
as  cadet-midsbipman,  1877  ;  after  graduating  and 
serving  two  years  at  sea,  was  appointed  assist- 
ant naval  constructor,  U.S.  Navy,  1883,  and 
sent  to  France  for  a  course  of  study.  Graduated 
from  r^cole  d'Application  du  G6nie  Maritime, 
1887 :  has  been  actively  engaged  in  work  as 
naval  constructor  since  that  date  in  various  navy 
yards,  and  superintending  the  construction  of  war- 
vessels  in  private  yards  for  the  U.S.  Navy. 

Linois.    French  avisos.    (La  Seyne,  1894.) 
Length  330ft.   Beam  34ft.   Maximum  draught  19ft. 
Displacement  2,350  tons.     Complement  248. 
Guns.  A  rmour. 

4 — 5*5  in.,  45  cal.        "  Steel." 
2 — 4  in.  I J  in.  Deck. 

8 — 3  pdr.  2  in.  Gun  shields. 

"4  in.  Conning  tower. 
Torpedo  Tubes. 
2  Above  water. 
Twin   screw.     Hp.   7,000  =  20  kts.     Coal   maxi- 
mum 380  tons.     Approximate  cost  ;f2oo,ooo. 

lion.  French  gun-vessel  (470  tons).  Of  no 
fighting  value. 

Lion  Line,  owned  and  managed  by  Messrs. 
Weddel,  Turner  and  Co.,  with  their  head  office  in 
London,  have  a  fleet  of  eight  steamers,  from  6,000  to 
7,000  tons  dead  weight,  of  the  tramp  order,  trading 
between  Australia  and  the  East,  notably  India, 
Philippines,  Java,  etc.  The  steamers  are  mostly 
run  in  fulfilment  of  contracts  entered  into  by  the 
owners,  who  are  extensive  coal  shippers  from  New 
South  Wales,  and  who  are  extensive  coal  shippers 
from  New  South  Wales,  and  who  were  the  pioneers 
of  the  hard -wood  trade  between  Tasmania,  Queens- 
land, New  South  Wales  and  India,  where  large 
quantities  of  jarrah  and  karri  are  used  for  railway 
purposes.  Sailings  are  also  maintained  direct  from 
Calcutta ^to  the  Argentine,  in  competition  with  the 
route  through  the  Canal  to  Liverpool,  thereby 
obviating  the  necessity  of  transhipping  there  for 
the  River  Plate. 

Lipper.  A  name  applied  to  the  spray  from 
small  waves  breaking  against  the  ship's  side. 

Llpton,  Sir  Thomas  Johnston  (b.  Glasgow). 
British  merchant.  Is  a  very  keen  yachtsman,  and 
has  made  three  unsuccessful  attempts  with  Sham- 
rock I.,  Shamrock  II.,  and  Shamrock  III.  to  win 
the  America  Cup,  a  national  yachting  trophy,  from 
the  New  York  Yacht  Club  (q.v.), 

Lishman,  John  J.  (b.  Newcastle,  1841).  Served 
apprenticeship  with  Messrs.  T.  and  W.  Smith, 
North  Shields,  and  after  a  period  at  sea  was  ap- 
pointed marine  superintendent  to  Messrs.  John 
Hall  and  Co.,  which  position  he  held  for  over  20 
years,  subsequently  resigning  to  take  up  an  ap- 
pointment   as    surveyor    for    the    Germanischer 


Lloyd.  Tyne  District,  and  remained  as  their  sur 
veyor  until  1903,  when  he  retired. 

Lissa*  Battte  of.  In  1866  the  first  action  between 
a  squadron  of  ironclads  was  fought  here.  The 
Austrian  fleet,  though  inferior,  succeeded  in  sinking 
two  Italian  ironclads. 

List.    To  incline  to  wind  side. 

List^  Lloyd's.    See  Lloyd's. 

Little  Western  Steamship  Co.,  owned  and  managed 
by  Messrs.  George  Bazeley  and  Sons,  Penzance, 
have  a  fleet  of  four  steamers  engaged  in  passenger 
and  cargo  trade  between  London  and  Bristol, 
Dartmouth,  Torquay,  Plymouth  and  Penzance. 
Steamers  leave  London  for  Bristol  every  Wednes- 
day and  Saturday ;  for  Torquay  and  Penzance 
every  Saturday ;  for  Dartmouth  and  Newport 
every  Wednesday ;  Torquay  for  Penzance  and 
Bristol  every  Monday ;  from  Penzance  to  Bristol 
every  Wednesday ;  from  Bristol  to  London  every 
Saturday  and  Monday ;  Penzance,  Plymouth,  and 
Torquay  every  Saturday  ;  and  a  fortnightly  service 
from  Newport  to  London,  or  more  frequently  as 
cargo  offers. 

Flebt. 

Clock.  Gervase. 

Coath,  Mercutio. 

Littoral  deposits  are  such  as  are  accumulating  in 
shallow  water  round  the  edge  of  a  coast  or  sea- 
board. The  name  is  often  used  as  synonjrmous 
with  shallow  water  beds. 


British  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Qyde- 
bank,  1901.)  Length,  218  ft. ;  beam,  20  ft : 
draught,  5^  ft.  ;  displacement,  300  tons ;  comple- 
ment, 58  ;  armament,  i  i2*pdr.,  5  6-pdr..  2  tubes; 
twin  screw ;  Hp.,  6,000=30  kts.  ;  coal,  80  tons. 

Liverpool  and  Boston  Line  of  Steamships,  owned 
and  managed  by  Messrs.  George  Warren  and  Co.. 
Liverpool,  comprise  a  fleet  of  five  largej^modem 
cargo  steamers  trading  between  Liverpool  and  the 
United  States  of  America.  These  vessels  do  not 
have  any  passenger  accommodation. 

Fleet. 

Iowa.  Michigan.  Sachem. 

Kansas.  Sagamore. 

Liverpool  Average  Agreement  See  Liverpool 
Average  Bond. 

Liverpool  Average  Bond. 

An  Agreement  made  this 
day  of  190 

Between 

(a)  Here  insert   being   the    (a)  of   the 

Master.  Owner.    _^.  **       „        ,       „    .   .^ 

or  Agent,  as  the  Ship  or  Vessel  called  the 

case  may  be.  ^^    ^j^^    ^^^^   ^^^^    ^^    ^^^    several 

persons  whose  names  or  firms  are 
set  and  subscribed  hereto,  being 
respectively  Owners  or  Consignees  of 
Cargo  on  board   the  said   Ship,  or 


LIVERPOOL 


353 


LIVERPOOL 


their    Agents,    of    the   second    part 
(hereinafter  called  the  Consignees). 

Whereas,    the    said    Ship    lately 
arrived  in  the  Port  of 
on  a  voyage  from  and 

it  is  alleged  that  during  such  voyage 
sacrifices  were  made  and /or  expendi- 
ture  incurred    which    may   form    a 
charge  on  the  cargo*  or  some  part 
thereof,    or    be    the    subject    of    a 
general  average  contribution,  but  the 
same  cannot  be  immediately  ascer- 
tained, and  in  the  meantime  it  is 
desirable  that  the  cargo  should  be 
delivered  ;    Now  therefore  these  pre- 
settts  witness,  and  the  said  parties 
hereto  of  the  first  part  on  their  own 
part,  and   (if  Agents)  on  behalf  of 
the  Owners  and  Master  of  the  said 
vessel,  in  consideration  of  the  agree- 
ment of  the  Consignees  hereinafter 
contained,    hereby    agree   with   the 
respective  consignees,  that  they  will 
deliver   to   them  respectively   their 
respective    consignments,    on    pay- 
ment   of    the    freight    payable    on 
deUvery,  if  any,  and  on  making  a 
reasonable   deposit   as   security   for 
General    Average,    Salvage    and/or 
particular  or  other  charges  as  here- 
inafter provided,  if  required,  and  the 
said  Consignees  in  consideration  of 
the  said  agreement  of  the  parties 
hereto  of  the  first  part  for  themselves 
severally  and  respectively,  and  not 
the  one  for  the  other  of  them,  hereby 
agree  with  the  parties  hereto  of  the 
first  part,  that  they  will  pay  to  the 
parties  entitled  thereto  the  proper 
and    respective   proportion    of    any 
General    Average,    Salvage    and /or 
particular  or  other  charges,  which 
may  be  payable  upon  their  respective 
consignments,    or    for    which    the 
Shippers  or  Owners  of  such  consign- 
ment   may    be    liable    in    respect 
thereof.     And   it   is   hereby   agreed 
that  the  Adjustment  shall  be  made 

(6)  Here  insert    v.„ 
Member  or  A»-    "Y 

sociate,   as    the    being  (b)  of  the 

case  may  be.  ^   \  i 

Association    of    Average    Adjusters, 

who  shall  send  to  each  of  the  parties 
hereto  a  copy  of  adjust- 

ment on  the  date  thereof.  And  the 
said  Consignees  further  promise  and 
agree  forthwith  to  furnish  to  the 
said  adjuster  a  correct  account  of 
the  particulars  and  values  of  the 
goods  laden  on  board  and/or  de- 
livered from  the  said  Ship  and 
owned  by  or  consigned  to  them  re- 


spectively, and  such  other  informa- 
tion as  may  be  required  in  order 
that  any  such  General  Average  and 
other  charges  may  be  adjusted  in  the 
usual  manner. 

And  whereas,  at  the  request  of  the 
parties  hereto  of  the  first  part,  the 
Consignees  or  some  of  them  (herein- 
after called  the  Depositors)  have  re- 
spectively deposited,  or  agreed  to 
deposit,  on  account  of  such  General 
Average,  Salvage  and /or  particular 
or  other  charges,  in  the 

Bank  in   tlie 

joint  names  of 

nominated  on  behalf  of  the  parties 
of  the  first  part,  and 

nominated  on  behalf  of 
such  Depositors  (hereinafter  called 
the  Trustees),  the  sums  which  have 
been  mutuaUy  agreed  upon  or  have 
been  or  are  about  to  be  fixed  by  the 
said  Ad j  uster.  Now  it  is  hereby  further 
agreed,  that  the  deposits  so  made 
shall  be  held  as  security  for  and  upon 
trust  for  the  payment  to  the  parties 
entitled  thereto  of  the  General 
Average,  Salvage  and/or  Particular 
or  other  charges  payable  by  the 
depositors,  and  subject  thereto  upon 
trust  for  the  said  depositors  respec- 
tively. And  it  is  further  agreed  and 
declared  as  follows  : 

I.  That  the  Trustees  may  make 
advances  to,  or  payments  on  behalf 
of  any  of  the  parties  hereto  out  of 
the  said  deposits  of  such  sums  in 
respect  of  any  disbursements  made, 
or  about  to  be  made,  or  losses  sus- 
tained by  or  on  behalf  of  those 
parties  respectively,  or  by  those 
whom  they  represent,  as  the  adjuster 
may  certify  to  be  wholly  or  in  part 
chargeable  against  the  Depositors, 
or  some  of  them,  after  taking  into 
account  any  sums  which  may  be 
payable  to  them.  That  the  Trustees 
may  at  any  time  return  to  any  De- 
positor such  portion  of  his  deposit 
as  the  Adjuster  may  certify  to  be  in 
excess  of  the  amount  reasonably  re- 
quired from  him  as  security. 

II.  That  upon  the  expiration  of 
14  clear  days  from  the  date  of  issue 
of  the  Adjustment,  the  Trustees  shall 
distribute  and  pay  the  deposits  re- 
maining in  their  hands  in  accord- 
ance with  the  said  adjustments, 
unless  they  (or  one  of  them)  shall  in 
the  meantime  have  been  served  by 
one  or  more  of  the  parties  hereto 

N 


LIVERPOOL 


354 


LIVERPOOL 


with  notice  in  writing  that  he  or 
they  object  to  the  Adjustment  and 
require  them  (the  Trustees)  to  retain 
the  deposits,  or  some  part  thereof, 
in  their  hands,  pending  the  settle- 
ment of  such  objection. 

III.  That  the  party  or  parties 
giving  such  notice  shall  at  the  same 
time  furnish  the  Trustees  with  par- 
ticulars of  the  items  objected  to  and 
the  grounds  of  the  objection. 

IV.  Thai  if  when  such  notice  and 
particulars  shall  have  been  duly 
given  to  the  Trustees,  they  may  only 
pay  over  and  distribute  the  balance 
in  accordance  with  the  Adjustment 
at  the  expiration  of  the  aforesaid 
period  of  14  days,  if  and  in  so  far 
as  the  same  shall  not  be  affected  by 
the  objection,  and  shall  retain  in 
their  hands  so  much  of  the  deposits 
as  in  their  judgment  may  be  affected 
by  the  objection. 

V.  That  at  the  expiration  of  a 
further  period  of  thirty  clear  days 
(from  the  expiration  of  the  afore- 
mentioned period  of  14  days),  unless 
legal  proceedings  shall  have  been 
served  upon  the  Trustees  (or  one  of 
them),  or  unless  they  shall  be 
satisfied  that  further  delay  is  desir- 
able for  the  purpose  of  arriving  at  a 
settlement,  the  Trustees  may  (with- 
out prejudice  to  any  question  or 
dispute  as  to  the  Adjustment)  pay 
over  the  moneys  retained  in  their 
hands  to  the  parties  who  shall  ap- 
pear by  the  adjustment  to  be  en- 
titled thereto. 

VI.  That  all  payments  made  by 
the  Trustees,  whether  as  advances, 
payments,  or  returns,  before  the 
issue  of  the  Adjustment,  or  by  way 
of  distribution  and  settlement,  in 
whole  or  in  part,  of  the  deposits  in 
accordance  with  the  Adjustment, 
after  the  same  shall  have  been  issued 
or  otherwise  under  this  agreement, 
shall,  if  made  with  due  care,  dis- 
charge the  Trustees  from  all  liability 
in  respect  of  the  amounts  so  paid, 
but  shall  not  be  otherwise  final, 
and  that  any  such  payment  shall  be 
wholly  without  prejudice  to  any 
objection  or  question  which  may  be 
raised  with  respect  to  the  Adjust- 
ment. 

As  witness  the  hands  of  the  Parties  : 

Liverpool  Brasil  and  River  Plate  Steam  Naviga- 
tion Co,    Ses  Lamport  and  Holt  Steamship  Line. 


Liverpool  Registry  of  Iron  Veesels.  Now  incor- 
porated with  Lloyd's  Register  of  British  and 
Foreign  Shipping  {q.v.). 


Liverpool  Underwriters'  Association  was  formed 
at  a  public  meeting  of  merchants,  marine  insurance 
brokers  and  underwriters  held  on  January  8,  1802, 
at  the  Exchange  Coffee  Room.  Exchange  Alley, 
Liverpool.     The  objects  of  the  association  are  : 

To  procure  and  furnish  to  the  members  of  the 
association  and  others  intelligence  and  information 
with  respect  to  shipping  and  shipping  matters,  or 
other  matters  which  are.  or  may  be,  of  interest  to 
underwriters. 

To  promote  or  oppose  legislative  and  other 
measures  affecting  the  interests  of  underwriters, 
and  for  those  purposes  to  petition  Parliament,  and 
take  such  other  steps  and  proceedings  as  may  be 
deemed  expedient. 

To  become  a  member  of,  or  to  subscribe  to,  any 
other  association,  whether  incorporated  or  not, 
having  objects  altogether  or  in  part  similar  to 
those  of  this  association,  or  having  for  its  object, 
or  one  of  its  objects,  the  saving  of  life  or  property 
at  sea. 

To  investigate  by  all  lawful  means  frauds  prac- 
tised or  attempted  or  intended  to  be  practised 
with  respect  to  vessels  or  their  cargoes  or  freight, 
or  in  relation  to  any  marine  insurance  thereon,  or 
the  wrongfully  converting  or  disposing  of.  or  dealing 
with,  derelict  property,  and  to  take  or  facilitate 
proceeding!s  for  the  punishment  of  persons  guilty 
of  or  concerned  in  such  frauds  or  wrongful  acts. 

To  do  all  such  other  lawful  things  as  are  inci- 
dental or  conducive  to  the  attainment  of  the  above- 
mentioned  objects,  or  any  of  them,  and  generally 
to  protect  and  advance  the  interests  of  under- 
writers. 

Prior  to  the  year  i860,  when  the  business  of 
underwriting  in  Liverpool  first  began  to  be  trans- 
ferred to  joint  stock  companies,  by  whom  it  is 
now  almost  exclusively  practised  in  that  city,  it 
was  the  custom  for  marine  insurance  to  be  trans- 
acted by  brokers,  each  acting  for  a  list  of  under- 
writers, whose  names  they  were  authorised  to  sub- 
scribe to  marine  policies  for  limited  amounts  of, 
say,  from  ;fioo  to  ;j5oo  each.     Many,  if  not  most, 
of  these  underwriters  were  engaged  in  their  own 
occupations  as  merchants,  shipowners,  etc..   and 
their  only  part  in  the  insurances  to  which  thdr 
names  were  subscribed,  or  underwritten,  was  to 
pay  or  receive  the  balances  due  from  time  to  time 
on  the  account,  the  active  management  of    the 
business  being  in  the  hands  of  brokers,  whose 
operations  were  not  confined,  like  most  of    the 
brokers  of  the  present  day.  to  placing  of  risks  on 
commission,  but  who  more  closely  resembled  the 
underwriter  of  a  marine  insurance  company  at  the 
present  time. 

The  first  joint  stock  company  formed  in  Liver- 
pool for  marine  insurance  was  the  "  Thames  and 


LI  VON  IAN 


355 


LLOYD'S 


Mersey."  in  the  year  i860,  which  was  followed  in 
1863  by  the  "British  and  Foreign"  and  the 
"  Union,"  these  in  turn  to  be  followed  some  years 
later  by  the  "  Maritime  "  and  the  "  Sea." 

The  five  companies  above  referred  to,  together 
with  the  "  Standard."  established  in  1872.  and  the 
"Reliance,"  which  was  established  shortly  after, 
are  the  Liverpool  companies  doing  business  to-day. 
and  the  representatives  of  these  companies, 
together  with  those  of  the  Alliance  Co.,  of  London, 
and  the  underwriting  firm  of  Binning  and  Co., 
constitute  the  present  committee  of  the  associa- 
tion. 

The  scope  of  the  association's  operations  has 
never  been  wider  than  at  present.  The  records 
from  the  earliest  times  show  that  its  attention  has 
not  been  confined  to  its  own  immediate  interests, 
but  that  it  has  always  been  ready  to  support  any 
movement  having  for  its  object  the  advancement 
of  commercial  and  often  philanthropic  interests, 
and  that  tendency  has  extended  rather  than  con- 
tracted as  the  association  has  progressed. 

There  is  probably  no  important  Act  of  Parlia- 
ment affecting  commerce  passed  during  the  last 
100  years  that  has  not  received  the  attention  of 
this  association,  together  with  many  which  have 
not  reached  the  Statute  Book,  and  its  records 
show  that  harbour,  lighthouse,  and  port  improve- 
ments, both  at  home  and  abroad,  have  all  been 
helped  forward  at  various  times. 


Yacht  Clnb.  Established  1895.  Com- 
modore, Consul  A.  Wolfschmidt ;  Vice-Commo- 
dore, Victor  H.  Veith  ;  Treasurer,  C.  G.  Damberg  ; 
Secretary,  Nic.  Taube.  Riga,  Russia.  Entrance 
fee,  5  roubles ;  annual  subscription,  20  roubles. 

Lisard.  A  lanyard  with  iron  thimbles  spliced 
into  it. 

LilftEvU  Battle  cL  Fought  June  12.  1625.  at  the 
commencement  of  the  first  Dutch  war.  Sir  George 
Ayscue,  in  charge  of  a  British  squadron,  overtook 
the  Dutch,  outward  bound  East  Indian  fleet  of 
40  merchantmen,  and  captured  six. 

Liantrd  Head  is  the  most  southerly  point  of  Great 
Britain,  on  the  south  coast  of  Cornwall,  16  miles 
south-west  of  Falmouth.  Outward  bound  vessels 
are  signalled  from  here.  There  are  two  fine  light- 
houses on  this  point,  and  the  undercliff  siren  fog- 
signal  is  said  to  be  one  of  the  most  powerful  of  its 
kind  at  present  in  use. 


I>istinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Lerwick,  Shetland,  Scotland. 

I^IT^      Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Liibeck,  Germany. 

Ti,T^     X>istinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Liverpool.  England. 

LlQjrd,  Admiral  Rodney  Madaine,  C.B^  cr.  1892 
(b.  1 841).      Entered  Navy,  1854  ;  served  in  Terma- 


gant, Baltic,  1854,  Nankin,  China,  1854-59  ;  present 
at  all  operations  in  the  south,  including  the  first 
assault  on  Canton,  1856 ;  capture  of  Bogue  forts, 
1856,  and  for  three  months  stationed  in  North 
Wuntong  fort  during  the  blockade  of  the  river ; 
midshipman  of  pinnace  in  action  at  Fatshan, 
1857  ;  in  charge  of  boat  that  rescued  Lieutenant 
Pim  and  party  from  an  attack  by  Chinese  on  a 
town  near  Blenheim  Reach,  and  the  following  day 
present  at  the  capture  and  destruction  of  that 
town,  1857 ;  served  in  Naval  Brigade  at  taking  of 
Canton,  1857  ;  present  at  the  capture  of  Sunon ; 
mentioned  in  despatches  (China  medal,  Fatshan 
and  Canton  clasp) ;  senior  lieutenant  of  Perseus, 
landed  with  a  party  of  men  to  occupy  the  King's 
settlement  in  Pelew  Island,  1867  ;  in  command  of 
Janus,  1867 ;  commander  of  Bounder,  1867-70, 
landed  near  Swatow  with  expeditionary  forces 
under  Commander  Oliver  Jones,  1869  ;  mentioned 
in  despatches ;  captured  five  piratical  junks  at 
Gowtow  Island,  Gulf  of  Tonquin,  1869 ;  received 
special  thanks  of  Hong  Kong  Government ;  pro- 
moted commander  ;  commander  of  Bullfinch,  1874- 
78 ;  stationed  at  New  Orleans  during  election 
disturbances ;  senior  officer  on  the  coast  of 
U.S.  of  Colombia  during  revolution,  1875  ;  re- 
ceived thanks  of  United  States  Government  for 
services  rendered  to  Armida  Hull,  lost  on  Abuco 
Reef,  1877  ;  captain  of  Briton,  1884-87  ;  present 
during  operations  in  East  Soudan.  1884  (Egyptian 
medal,  Khedive's  Bronze  Star)  ;  senior  officer  on 
East  Coast  of  Africa,  1886 ;  received  Royal  Humane 
Society's  bronze  medal  for  jumping  overboard  at 
Messina  and  rescuing  a  l>oy  who  had  fallen  into  the 
harbour ;  received  thanks  of  French  Government 
for  assistance  rendered  on  occasion  of  the  wreck 
of  the  French  transport  Aveyron  near  Cape  Guarda- 
fni,  1884 ;  commodore  second  class  and  naval 
officer  in  charge  at  Jamaica ;  captain's  good  ser- 
vice pension,  1891-94 ;  C.B.  on  Her  Majesty's 
birthday,  1892 ;  Superintendent  of  Malta  Dock- 
yard, 1 897- 1 900  ;  commander  Mediterranean 
Squadron,  1899 ;  promoted  vice-admiral,  1900 ; 
appointed  member  of  the  Board  of  Trade  com- 
mittee to  inquire  into  the  condition  of  the  mer- 
cantile marine,  particularly  as  regards  manning 
and  victualling ;  appointed  assessor  for  appeal  in 
the  House  of  Lords,  1902-03. 

Lloyd's  is  an  association  of  marine  underwriters 
in  the  City  of  London,  and  derived  its  name  from 
a  coffee  house  kept  by  Mr.  Edward  Lloyd  in  Tower 
Street  during  the  seventeenth  century,  where 
underwriters  met  to  transact  business.  In  1692 
Lloyd's  coffee  house  was  removed  from  Tower 
Street  to  Lombard  Street ;  and  in  1774  Lloyd's 
left  the  coffee  house  in  Lombard  Street  for  pre- 
mises in  the  Royal  Exchange,  where  it  has  since 
remained.  In  18 10  Parliament  appointed  a  com- 
mittee to  inquire  into  the  affairs  of  this  institution. 
From  the  inquiry  Lloyd's  emerged  with  credit,  and 

n2 


LLOYD'S 


356 


LLOYD'S 


has  since  continued  to  assist  in  the  promotion  of 
every  measure  which  might  aid  in  the  preservation 
of  life  at  sea,  the  prevention  of  fraud  in  connection 
with  marine  insurance,  and  the  rapid  collection 
and  distribution  of  maritime  intelligence.  In  187 1 
Lloyd's  was  incorporated  by  Act  of  Parliament, 
but  does  not,  as  an  incorporation,  undertake  insur- 
ance business.  This  is  conducted  solely  by  its 
members  on  their  own  account ;  in  fact,  Lloyd's  is 
the  great  market  for  insurance.  Candidates  for 
election  are  required  to  satisfy  the  committee  as 
to  their  means,  and  deposit  a  sum  of  not  less  than 
£S»ooo  in  the  names  of  trustees  as  additional 
security  for  liabiUties  incurred  on  account  of  marina 
and  transport  risks.  It  will  thus  be  seen  that  the 
SLggregate  amount  placed  at  the  disposal  of  the 
committee  of  Lloyd's  is  very  large,  but  in  no  way 
represents  the  total  capital  possessed  by  the  under- 
writing members.  The  business  of  Lloyd's  as  an 
incorporation,  and  of  the  committee  as  its  execu- 
tive, is  to  conduct  the  affairs  of  Lloyd's  in  its 
corporate  capacity,  and  to  guard  as  trustees  the 
corporate  funds  and  property.  Lloyd's  is  an  im- 
mense organisation  for  the  collection  and  distri- 
bution of  marine  intelUgence,  which  is  published 
daily  in  "  Lloyd's  List "  (q.v.).  The  intelligence 
department  has  developed  continually  under  the 
influence  of  steam  and  electricity,  and  keeps  pace 
with  the  opening  of  new  ports  and  the  increased 
means  of  communication.  In  this  connection 
the  value  of  Lloyd's  signal  stations  (q.v.)  is 
very  great,  not  only  to  underwriters,  but  also  to 
merchants  and  shipowners,  as  it  is  frequentiy  an 
advantage  that  a  vessel  should  be  intercepted  ofi 
the  coast  and  ordered  to  its  port  of  destination. 
Vessels  arriving  ofi  outlying  signal  stations  often 
bring  important  intelligence  as  to  derelicts  and 
wrecks  passed  on  their  voyage,  as  well  as  informa- 
tion of  vessels  in  distress,  and  overdue  vessels 
arriving  on  long  voyages  are  reported  at  these 
stations.  Scarcely  any  vessel  to  ports  in  the 
United  Kingdom  arrives  at  her  terminal  port  with- 
out first  being  reported  from  one  of  Lloyd's  signal 
stations.  The  corporation  of  Lloyd's  now  holds  a 
similar  position  with  regard  to  signal  stations,  to 
that  occupied  by  the  Corporation  of  Trinity  House 
with  regard  to  hghthouses. 

Various  works  are  published  by  the  corporation 
for  the  benefit  of  the  mercantile  community — e.g., 
"  Lloyd's  List "  (^.1;.),  "  Lloyd's  Weekly  Shipping 
Index  "  (q.v.),  *'  Lloyd's  Confidential  Index  "  (q.v.), 
**  Lloyd's  Calendar  "  (q.v.),  and  "  Lloyd's  Index  of 
House  Flags  and  Funnels  "  (q.v.). 

At  Lloyd's  is  maintained  a  captain's  register 
showing  the  services  of  every  master  in  the  mer- 
cantile marine,  and  much  confidential  information 
of  great  value  to  underwriters  is  collected  in  the 
secretary's  office  for  the  benefit  of  members  and 
subscribers  of  the  corporation. 

Lloyd's  also  maintains  an  inquiry  office,  where 
the  relations  of  crew  or  passengers  may  obtain. 


without  cost,  information  concerning  the  move- 
ments of  vessels  in  which  they  are  interested. 

The  medal  of  the  society  is  presented  by  the 
corporation  of  Lloyd's  as  an  honorary  acknow- 
ledgment to  those  who  have  by  extraordinary 
exertion  contributed  to  the  saving  of  life  at  sea ; 
and  the  medal  for  meritorious  services  is  granted 
to  officers  and  others  who,  by  extraordinary  exer- 
tion, have  contributed  to  the  preservation  of  vessels 
and  cargoes. 

Lloyd's  Average  Bond. 

An  Agreement  made  this 
day    of  19 

Between  Master    of 

the  ship  or  vessel  called  the 
and  the  several  persons  whose  names 
or  firms  are  set  and  subscribed  here- 
to, being  respectively  consignees 
of  cargo  on  board  the  said  ship  of  the 
other    part. 

Whereas  the  said  ship  lately  arrived 
in  the  Port  of  on  a 

voyage  from  and  it 

is  alleged  that  during  such  voyage 
she  met  with  bad  weather  and  sus- 
tained damage  and  loss  and  that 
sacrifices  were  made  and  expenditure 
incurred  which  may  form  a  charge  on 
the  cargo  or  some  part  thereof  or  be 
the  subject  of  a  salvage  and  I  or  a 
general  average  contribution,  but  the 
same  cannot  be  immediately  ascer- 
tained, and  in  the  meantime  it  is  de- 
sirable that  the  cargo  shall  be  de> 
livered  ; 

Now  therefore  these  presents  witness 
and  the  said  Master  on  his  own  behalf 
and  on  behalf  of  his  owners  in  con- 
sidei'ation  of  the  agreement  of  the 
parties  hereto   of   the  second  part 
hereinafter  contained,  hereby  agrees 
with  the  respective   parties  hereto 
of    the   second  part    that    he   will 
deUver    to   them   respectively  their 
respective    consignments    on     pay- 
ment   of    the    freight    payable    on 
delivery,  if  any,  and  the  said  parties 
hereto  of  the  second  part  in  con- 
sideration  of    the    said    Agreement 
of   the   said   Master   for  themselves 
severally  and  respectively,  and  not 
the  one  for  the  other  of  them,  hereby 
agree  with  the  said  Master  that  they 
will  pay  to  the  said  Master  or   the 
owner  of  the  said  ship  the  proper  a.n<l 
respective  proportion  of  any  Sal'vu§e 
and/or  general  average  and/or   par- 
ticular andjor  other  charges   which 
may     be     chargeable     upon     their 
respective  consignment,  or  to  which 


LLOYD'S 


357 


LLOYD'S 


This  addition 
to  be  made  to 
the  Agreement 
in  those  cases 
which  justify 
the  Shipowners 
in  asking  for  a 
deposit. 


This  addition 
to  be  made  when 
t^  ifiierim  pay- 
menc  may  have 
to  be  made  by 
Che  Trustees. 


the  Shippers  or  Owners  of  such  con- 
signments may  be  liable  to  contribute 
in  respect  of  such  damage,  loss  or 
sacrifice  or  expenditure,  and  the 
said  parties  hereto  of  the  second  part 
further  promise  and  agree  forthwith 
to  furnish  to  the  Captain  or  Owner  of 
the  ship  a  correct  account  and  par- 
ticulars of  the  value  of  the  goods 
delivered  to  them  respectively,  in 
order  that  any  Salvage  andjor  general 
average  andjor  particular  andlor 
other  charges  may  be  ascertained  and 
adjusted  in  the  usual  manner. 

And  whereas  at  the  request  of  the 
owner  of  the  said  ship  the  parties 
hereto  of  the  second  part  have 
respectively  deposited  or  agreed  to 
deposit  in  the  Bank  of 
in  the  joint  names  of 
nominated  on  behalf  of  the  ship- 
owners and 

nomination  on  behalf  of  such  deposi- 
tors the  sum  of  £  per  cent,  on 
the  amount  of  the  estimated  value  of 
their  respective  interests.  Now  it  is 
hereby  further  agreed  that  the  sum  so 
deposited  by  the  said  parties  respec- 
tively shall  be  held  in  security  for 
)smd  upon  trust  for  the  payment  to 
the  parties  entitled  thereto,  of  the 
Salvage  and/or  general  average  andjor 
particular  and/  or  other  charges 
payable  by  the  said  parties  hereto  of 
the  second  part  respectively  as  afore- 
said, the  subject  thereto  upon  trust 
for  the  said  depositors  respectively. 

Provided  always  that  the  said  Trus- 
tees may  from  time  to  time,  pending 
the  preparation  of  the  usual  state- 
ment, pay  to  the  said  parties  of  the 
first  part  in  respect  of  the  amounts 
which  may  ultimately  be  found  due 
from  the  said  depositors  respectively 
and  pay  or  refund  to  the  parties  hereto 
of  the  second  part,  or  any  of  them 
in  respect  of  the  amounts  which  may 
ultimately  be  found  due  to  them, 
such  sum  out  of  the  said  deposits  as 
may  from  time  to  time  be  certified 
by  the  Adjuster  or  Adjusters  who 
may  be  employed  to  adjust  the  said 
Salvage  andjor  general  average  andj 
or  particular  andjor  other  charges 
to  be  a  proper  sum  or  proper  sums  to 
be  advanced  by  the  said  Trustees  on 
account  of  the  said  amounts. 

And  it  is  hereby  declared  and 
agreed  thac  any  payment  or  payments 
on  account  which  shall  be  made  by 
the  said  Trustees  imder  or  in  accord- 


ance with  the  statement  or  in  pur- 
suance of  any  certificate  to  be  made 
or  given  by  the  said  Adjusters  as 
aforesaid  shall  discharge  such  Trus- 
tees from  all  liability  in  respect  of  the 
amounts  as  paid  ;  and  it  shall  not  be 
necessary  for  them  to  inquire  into 
the  correctness  of  the  statement  or 
certificate. 

Provided  always  that  the  deposit 
so  to  be  made  as  aforesaid  shall  be 
treated  as  payment  made  without  pre- 
judice and  without  admitting  liability 
in  respect  of  the  said  alleged  Salvage 
andjcr  general  average  andjor  par- 
ticular andjor  other  charges,  and  as 
though  the  same  had  been  made  by 
the  depositors  respectively  for  the 
purpose  only  of  obtaining  delivery  of 
their  goods  ;  and  m.  like  manner  all 
amounts  returned  by  the  Trustees  to 
the  depositors  shall  be  received  by 
the  latter  respectively  without  pre 
judice  to  any  claim  which  the  Master 
or  Owners  oi  the  said  ship  may  have 
against  them  respectively.  And  no- 
thing herein  contained  shall  consti- 
tute the  said  Adjuster  or  Adjusters, 
an  arbitrator  or  arbitrators,  or  render 
his  or  their  Certificate  or  Statement 
binding  upon  any  of  the  parties. 

In  witness 

UoyA*n  Bottomry  Bond.    The  following  is  the 
form  of  Lloyd's  Bottomry  Bond : 

Know  ajx  Men  by  thbsb  Presents 
that  I 

Master  of  the  Ship 
of  the  Port  of 

oi  the  burthen  of  tons  or 

thereabouts,    am    held    and    firmly 
bound  unto 
of 

in  the  sum  of 

sterling  British  money,  to  be  repaid 
to  the  said  his 

agent,  attorney,  executors,  adminis- 
trators, or  assigns,  for  which  payment 
I  bind  myself,  my  heirs,  executors, 
and  administrators,  and  also  bind  and 
hypothecate  the  said  ship  and  the 
freight  to  become  due  in  respect  of 
the  voyage  after-mentioned,  and  the 
cargo  laden  or  to  be  laden  on  the  said 
voyage  firmly  by  these  Presents 
sealed  with  my  seal. 

Dated  this  day  of 

190 

Whereas     the     said     ship     lately 
arrived  at 
in  distress,  having  sustained  damages 


This  recital 
should  be  varied 
according  to  the 

facts. 


LLOYD'S 


358 


LLOYD'S 


in    the   course    of   a    voyage    from 

to 
laden  with 

and  being  in  want  of  repairs,  supplies, 
and  provisions  to  enable  her  to  con- 
tinue her  said  voyage  :  And  whereas 
the  said  being 

without  funds  or  credit  at 
and  urgently  requiring  the  sum  of 

to  pay  for 
the  said  repairs,  supplies,  and  pro- 
visions, and  to  discharge  the  lawful 
and  necessary  disbursements  of  the 
ship  at  and  to  release  her 

from  her  liabilities,  and  to  enable 
her  to  continue  her  voyage,  and 
having  first  duly  communicated  or 
attempted  to  communicate  with  the 
owners  of  the  said  ship  and  of  the 
said  cargo  with  a  view  to  obtain 
funds  from  them,  was  compelled  to 
apply  for  a  loan  upon  bottomry  of 
his  ship,  her  cargo  and  freight.  And 
whereas  the  said 

who  is  hereinafter  called  the  said 
lender,  proposed  and  agreed  to 
advance  upon  such  security  the  said 
sum  of  at  a  mari- 

time premium  of  per 

cent,  for  the  said  voyage,  and  the 
said  being  unable 

to  procure  such  advance  in  any 
quarter  on  more  advantageous  terms, 
accepted  the  said  proposal  [with  the 
intervention  and  approval  of  the 
proper  authorities  at  ] 

and  agreed  so  far  as  he  lawfully  could 
or  might  that  the  said  security  should 
have  priority  over  all  other  claims  on 
the  said  ship,  freight,  and  goods, 
whether  by  himself  or  any  other 
person.  And  whereas  the  said  lender 
has  duly  advanced  the  said  sum  in 
pursuance  of  the  said  agreement. 
Now  the  condition  of  the  above  obliga- 
tion is  such  that  if  the  said 

do  with  the 
said  ship  and  cargo  duly  prosecute 
the  said  voyage  without  unnecessary 
delay   or  deviation   and   do  within 

days  after  the  arrival 
of  the  said  ship  or  cargo  at 
and  before  commencing  to  discharge 
or  deliver  her  cargo  there,  pay  or 
cause  to  be  paid  to  the  said  lender  or 
to  his  order  or  assigns  the  said  sum 
of  together  with  mari- 

time premium  thereon  at  the  rate 
aforesaid,  making  in  all  the  sum 
of  such  pay- 

ment to  be  made  at  the  exchange  of 


for 
every  British  pound  sterling  or  if 
the  said  ship  with  the  said  cargo  shall 
duly  prosecute  her  said  voyage 
without  unnecessary  delay  or  devia- 
tion, and  shall  be  by  perils  of  the  sea 
lost  in  the  course  of  such  voyage,  then 
this  obligation  shall  be  null  and  void 
and  the  said  shall 

be  released  from  all  liability  in  re- 
spect of  the  said  sum  of 

Provided  always,  and  it  is  hereby 
agreed  and  declared  that  if  the  said 
ship  shall  by  perils  of  the  sea  as 
aforesaid  be  lost  or  so  much  damaged 
as  to  be  unable  to  complete  her  said 
voyage,  then  if  any  part  of  the  said 
ship  or  cargo  or  of  the  said  freight 
shall  be  saved  or  earned,  the  above 
security,  so  far  as  regards  the  pro- 
perty saved  or  freight  earned  shall 
remain  in  force,  and  the  said  lender 
or  his  assigns  shall  be  at  liberty 
forthwith  to  enforce  the  same  against 
such  property  and  freight.  Pro- 
vided also,  and  the  said  loan  is  made 
on  the  express  condition,  that  the 
said  lender  doth  not  accept  or  take 
upon  himself  any  risk  or  liability 
on  the  said  voyage  except  such  as  is 
hereby  expressly  mentioned,  and 
shall  not  be  liable  to  contribute  to  or 
make  good  any  general  or  particular 
average  loss  or  expenditure  or  other 
chaiges  of  a  like  nature  which  may 
happen  to  or  be  sustained  by  or 
incurred  in  respect  of  the  said  ship 
or  her  cargo  or  freight  upon  the  said 
voyage  or  in  consequence  of  perils 
of  the  sea  or  otherwise. 

Signed,  sealed  and  delivered  by  the 
said 
in  the  presence  of 


Lloyd's  llarine  Insiinuioe  Pdioy. 


This  policy  is 
issued  in  the 
Form  printed 
and  supplied  by 
the  Government 
previous  to  1st 
Angast,  1887. 


Be  it  Known  that 


as  well  in  own  name,  as  for 

and  in  the  name  and  names  of  all  and 
every  other  person  or  persons  to 
whom  the  same  doth,  may.  or  shall 
appertain,  in  part  or  in  all,  doth 
make  assurance  and  cause 

and  them  and  every  of  them  to 
be  insured,  lost,  or  not  lost  at  and 
from 

Any  person 
not  an  Under- 
writing Member 
of  Lloyd's  sub- 
scribing this  upon  any  kind  of  goods  and  mercliaii- 
policy,    or   any     ,.  ,       ,  ., 

person  uttering   dises,    and    also    upon    the 


LLOYD'S 


359 


LLOYD'S 


^•»»™«  >^  Ml  T*c^®»  Apparel,  Ordnance,  Muni- 
be  liable  to  be  tion.  Artillery,  Boat  and  other 
against  *  *undCT  Furniture,  of  and  in  the  good  Ship  or 

Sm.      51      of  Vessel  called  the 
Lloyd  8  Act. 


S.G. 


whereof  is  Master,  under  God,  for 
this  present  Vo)^ge 

or  whosoever  else  shall  go  for  Master 

^  in  the  said  Ship,  or  by  whatsoever 

"Ti: — ~ *  other   Name   or    Names    the   same 

Printed         at 

Lloyd's.    Royal   Ship,  or  the  Master  thereof,  is  or 
Excbanffe.  ^j^^j  ^  named  or  called,  beginning 

the  Adventure  upon  the  said  Goods 
and  Merchandises  from  the  loading 
thereof  aboard  the  said  Ship 
upon  the  said  Ship,  etc., 

and  shall  so 
(^o,  continue    and    endure,    during    her 

Abode  there,  upon  the  said  Ship,  etc.; 
and  further,  until  the  said  Ship,  with 
all  her  Ordnance,  Tackle,  Apparel, 
etc.,  and  Goods  and  Merchandises 
whatsoever,    shall    be    arrived    at 

upon  the  said 
Ship,  etc.,  until  she  hath  moored  at 
Anchor  Twenty-four  Hours  in  good 
Safety,    and   upon   the   Goods   and 
Merchandises  until  the  same  be  there 
discharged  and  safely  landed  ;    and . 
it  shall  be  lawful  for  the  said  Ship, 
etc.,  in  this  Vojrage  to  proceed  and 
sail  to  and  touch  and  stay  at  any 
Ports  or  Places  whatsoever 
without  Prejudice  to  this  Insurance. 
The    said    Ship,    etc..    Goods    and 
Merchandises,  etc.,  for  so  much  as 
concerns  the  Assured  by  Agreement 
between  the  Assured  and  Assurers  in 
this  Policy,  are  and  shall  be  valued 
at 
Touching  the  Adventures  and  Perils    which  we 
the  Assurers  are  contented  to  bear  and  do  take  upon 
us  in  this  Voyage,  they  are,  of  the  Seas,  Men-of-War, 
Fire,  Enemies,  Pirates,  Rovers,  Thieves,  Jettisons, 
Letters    of    Mart    and    Countermart,    Surprisals, 
Takings  at  Sea.   Arrests,  Restraints  and  Detain- 
ments of  all  Kings,  Princes  and  People,  of  what 
Nation,  Condition  or  Quality  soever,  Barratry  of 
the  Master  and  Mariners,  and  of  all  other  Perils, 
Losses,  and  Misfortunes  that  have  or  shall  come  to 
the  Hurt,  Detriment,  or  Damage  of  the  said  Goods 
and  Merchandises  and  Ship,  etc.,  or  any  part  there- 
of ;  and  in  case  of  any  Loss  or  Misfortune,  it  shall  be 
lawinl  to  the  Assured,  their  Factors,  Servants,  and 
Assigns,  to  sue,  labour,  and  travel  for,  in  and  about 
the  Defence,  Safeguard  and  Recovery  of  the  said 
Goods   and   Merchandises  and   Ship,  etc.,  or  any 
Part  thereof,  without  Prejudice  to  this  Insurance ; 
to  the  Charges  whereof  we,  the  Assurers,  will  con- 
tribute, each  one  according  to  the  Rate  and  Quantity 
of   his  sum  herein  assured.     And  it  is  especially 


declared  and  agreed  that  no  acts  of  the  Insurer  or 
Insured  in  recovering,  saving,  or  preserving  the 
property  insured,  shall  be  considered  as  a  waiver  or 
acceptance  of  abandonment.  And  it  is  agreed  by 
us.  the  Insurers,  that  this  Writing  or  Policy  of 
Assurance  shall  be  of  as  much  Force  and  Effect  as 
the  surest  Writing  or  Policy  of  Assurance  heretofore 
made  in  Lombard  Street,  or  in  the  Royal  Exchange, 
or  elsewhere  in  London. 

And  so  we  the  Assurers  are  contented,  and  do 
hereby  promise  and  bind  ourselves,  each  one  for 
his  own  Part,  our  Heirs,  Executors,  and  Goods,  to 
the  Assured,  their  Executors,  Administrators,  and 
Assigns,  for  the  true  Performance  of  the  Premises, 
confessing  ourselves  paid  the  Consideration  due 
unto  us  for  this  Assurance  by  the  Assured 

at  and  after  the  Rate  of 

In  Witness  whereof,  we  the  Assurers  have 
Subscribed  our  Names  and  Sums  assured  in 

N.B. — Com,  Fish,  Salt,  Fruit,  Flour,  and  Seed 
are  warranted  free  from  Average,  unless  general, 
or  the  Ship  be  stranded ;  Sugar,  Tobacco,  Hemp, 
Flax,  Hides,  and  Skins  are  warranted  free  from 
Average  under  Five  Pounds  per  Cent.  ;  and  all 
other  Goods,  also  the  Ship  and  Freight,  are  war- 
ranted free  from  Average  under  Three  Pounds  per 
Cent.,  unless  general,  or  the  Ship  be  stranded. 

Lloyd's  Begister  of  British  and  Foreign  Shipping. 

Established  1834,  by  the  amalgamation  of  **  The 
Register  of  Shipping  "  (founded  1760)  with  "  The 
New  Register  Book  of  Shipping  "  (founded  1799). 

The  Society  of  Lloyd's  Register  was  founded' 
72  years  ago  with  the  primary  object  of  providing 
a  satisfactory  and  well -recognised  classification  of 
vessds  of  all  types  and  of  all  nationalities.  It 
replaced  two  registers  of  shipping  which  had  pre- 
viously been  in  Great  Britain,  one  managed  by 
underwriters  and  the  other  by  shipowners.  An 
institute  which  should  combine  the  diverse  interests 
of  these  two  sections  became  a  necessity  of  marine 
business,  and  by  the  voluntary  action  of  the 
shipping  community  itself  Lloyd's  Register  has 
been  called  into  existence. 

To  secure  the  confidence  of  all  sections  the 
administration  of  the  society  was  vested  in  a  com 
mittee  representing  underwriters,  merchants,  and 
shipowners  in  equal  proportions.  The  committee 
at  the  present  time  consists  of  59  members,  elected 
by  shipowners'  societies,  chambers  of  commerce, 
and  underwriters'  associations  at  important  shipping 
centres.  In  technical  matters,  affecting  the  rules 
for  the  construction  of  ships  and  machinery,  the 
committee  has  the  advantage  of  the  co-operation 
of  a  special  body  of  representatives  of  shipbuilders 
and  engineers.  It  will  be  seen  that  in  tiie  adminis- 
tration of  Lloyd's  Register  all  sections  of  the 
shipping  community  are  adequately  represented. 

It  is  a  distinctive  characteristic  of  the  society 
that  it  is  in  no  sense  carried  on  with  any  purpose 
of  pecuniary  profit.     The  funds  are  devoted,  under 


1 


LLOYD'S 


360 


LLOYDS 


the  committee's  direction,  exclusively  to  the  main- 
tenance of  the  operations  of  the  society ;  and, 
just  as  the  inception  of  the  society  was  due  to  a 
public  need,  it  has  still  no  other  raison  d'Hre  than 
public  advantage. 

The  functions  of  Lloyd's  Register  may  be  briefly 
described  as  follows : 

(i)  The  inspection  during  construction,  and 
afterwards,  of  merchant  vessels,  yachts,  etc.,  with 
a  view  to  the  assignment  and  maintenance  of 
classification. 

(2)  The  publication  of  a  register  book,  an  inter- 
national yacht  register,  and  a  register  of  American 
and  Canadian  yacht  rules  for  the  construction  of 
ships  and  machinery,  etc. 

(3)  The  holding  of  special  surveys  in  cases  of 
damage  (whether  to  classed  or  unclassed  vessels) 
at  the  request  or  with  the  consent  of  the  owners  or 
their  representatives,  to  ascertain  the  extent  of 
damage  and  to  recommend  repairs. 

(4)  The  supervision  of  the  testing  of  anchors 
and  chains  under  the  provision  of  the  Chains, 
Cables,  and  Anchors  Act. 

(5)  The  supervision  of  the  testing,  at  the  manu- 
factories, of  the  steel  intended  for  the  use  in  the 
construction  of  ships  and  boilers ;  also  of  the 
testing  of  large  ship  and  engine  forgings  and 
castings,  and  the  survey  of  refrigerating  machinery. 

(6)  The  fixing  of  maximum  load-lines  for  vessels 
of  all  types  (whether  classed  or  unclassed)  under 
the  Merchant  Shipping  Act,  1894. 

The  various  functions  of  the  society  are  carried 
out  under  the  direction  of  the  committee  by  a 
staff  of  competent  and  trustworthy  ship  and 
engineer  surveyors  in  all  parts  of  the  world.  The 
surveyors  stationed  in  the  United  Kingdom,  as 
well  as  a  large  number  who  are  stationed  abroad, 
are  salaried  officers  of  the  society,  and  devote  the 
whole  of  their  time  to  the  society's  duties,  while 
those  surveyors  who  are  not  thus  exclusively  em- 
ployed by  the  society  are  not  allowed  to  hold  any 
appointment  which  can  interfere  with  their  im- 
partiality. 

The  following  statistics  are  probably  the  best 
evidences  of  the  success  with  which  the  society's 
functions  have  been  discharged,  and  of  the  con- 
fidence which  the  society  has  secured  among  the 
shipping  community  at  home  and  abroad. 

6,611  British  vessels  of  over  12,000,000  tons; 
3,133  foreign  vessels,  of  nearly  6,250,000  tons; 
9,744  vessels,  of  18,250,000  tons  are  at  present 
classed  by  Lloyd's  Register. 

During  1905,  643  new  vessels,  of  1,332,827  tons, 
were  classed  by  Lloyd's  Register.  Of  these,  149,  of 
350,444  tons,  had  been  built  for  foreign  owners. 

The  publications  of  the  society  are  as  follows  : 

**  Lloyd's  Register  Book,"  issued  annually  in 
July,  which  contains  the  names,  classes,  and  de- 
tailed particulars  of  vessels  classed  by  Lloyd's 
Register  and  the  late  Underwriters'  Registry  for 
Iron  Vessels ;  and,  in  addition,  as  far  as  possible. 


particulars  of  every  sea-going  vessel  in  the  world 
of  100  tons  and  upwards. 

"Lloyd's  Register  of  Yachts,"  issued  annually 
in  May,  containing  the  names,  classes,  and  de- 
tailed particulars  of  yachts  classed  by  the  society ; 
and,  as  far  as  possible,  the  names,  dimensions, 
etc.,  of  all  British  and  foreign  yachts,  together 
with  a  list  of  yacht  clubs,  owners,  and  illustrated 
list  of  racing  flags,  etc 

"  Lloyd's  Register  of  American  Yachts,"  which 
contain  similar  information  relating  to  American 
and  Canadian  yachts,  etc. 

Ths  Rules  for  the  Building  and  Classifica- 
tion OF  Ships  and  Yachts,  Report  for 
Masting.  Statistical  Returns. 

The  class  or  character  assigned  by  the  com- 
mittee in  the  Registry  Book  is  expressed  by 
technical  letters  thus  : 

The  highest  class  for  iron  or  steel  vessels  is 
100  A.i. 

In  the  case  of  steamers  this  class  declines  to 
95  A. I.,  90  A. I.,  and  even  to  80  A.i.  Iron  ships 
below  100  A.I.  are  classed  /i\.i.  or  *yA.i.,  the  latter 
showing  that  the  ship  so  claissed  has  been  con- 
structed with  thicker  plates  than  those  of  /d\.i. ; 
while  vessels  built  according  to  the  rules  in  force 
between  1854  and  1879  are  classed  thus  :  j^.i., 
/^,i,  /^.i.  For  wooden  vessels  the  class  is  A.i.. 
and  a  period  of  years  is  alwa3rs  given.  If  not 
renewed  for  the  A.i.  class  after  the  original  period 
has  expired,  the  vessel  gets  the  A.i.  (in  red) 
assigned  for  a  further  period. 

The  classification  of  ships  in  Germany  is  done 
after  the  classification  and  building  rules  set  out 
in  the  regulations  of  the  Germanischen  Lloyd. 
The  class  certificate  is  usually  made  out  by  the 
directors,  but  occasionally,  in  special  cases,  through 
an  agent,  by  their  direct  orders.  For  the  classifica- 
tion of  iron  and  steel  ships  the  association  has  the 
class  sign  of  the  letter  A  with  figures  which  indi- 
cate the  period  of  years.  These  class  signs  have 
special  class  numbers  (100,  95,  90,  85,  80),  which 
indicate  the  grade  of  strength  of  the  ship. 

The  class  is  expressed  as  follows  : 

100 /J^,  95^,  9o>J\.,  854^,  8o/}v,  75/^,  70^,  In 
addition  to  these  class  signs  there  is  the  sign  iK 
for  small  coast  vessels  voyaging  along  the  coast 
and  to  the  islands  of  the  North  Sea  from  Cape 
Gris  Nez  up  to  the  Agger  Channel,  including 
Heligoland,  in  Kattegat,  and  the  coast  of  the 
Ost  Sea ;  2K  for  vessels  voyaging  between  all 
harbours  of  Europe,  and  in  the  Mediterranean  and 
Black  Sea. 

Ships  for  the  Atlantic  or  Indian  Ocean  must  have 
at  least  100  net  register  tons,  and  be  classed  9o>^ 

1.  Ships  which  have  been  built  according  to  the 
regulations  and  under  their  supervision  have  the 
sign  5f. 

2.  Vessels  which  are  not  strictly  built  after  the 
building  regulations  of  the  Germanischen  Lloyd 
are   classified    and   registered   according   to    their 


LLOYD'S 


361 


LLOYD'S 


strength.  Ships  particularly  constructed  for 
travelling  through  ice  have  in  their  certificate  and 
register  the  sign  of  E. 

New  building  regulations  are  published  annually. 


that 


Lloyd's  BMpondentia  Bond.     The  following  is 
the  form  of  Lloyd's  Respondentia  Bond  : 

Know  all  Mbn  by  these  Presents 

(the  Master  of  the  originaK 
Ship  or  other  person  hav-  A 
ing  charge  of  the  Cargo  J 
and  intending  to  forward  it^ 
of 

am  held  and  firmly  bound  unto  (the 
lender) 
of 

in  the  sum  of 

sterling  British  money,  to  be  repaid 
to  the  said 

his  agent,  attorney,  executors,  ad- 
ministrators, or  assigns,  for  which 
payment  I  bind  myself,  my  heirs, 
executors,  and  administrators,  and 
also  bind  and  hypothecate  the  cargo 
of  laden  or  to  be  laden 

on  board  the  ship    (  ^  ) 

for  the  voyage  aforementioned  firmly 
by  these  presents. 

Sealed  with  my  seal     Dated  this 
day  of  190 

IFA^rftw  the  Ship     (      ^^""^      ) 

lately  arrived  at  in 

distress  in  the  course  of  a  voyage 
from  to 

with  the  above-named  cargo,  and 
the  said  vessel  being  found  incapable 
of  carrying  on   the  said  cargo  the 

/"  the  Master  of  the  original  N 
said  f    Ship  or  other  person  hav-   \ 

Ving  charge  of  the  Cargo  >/ 

determined  in  the 

interest  of  all  parties  concerned  to 

forward  the  said  cargo  to  its  destina- 

tion  in  the  ship     (    ^"^^^  ) 

And  whereas  in  order  that  the  said 
cargo  might  be  so  forwarded  it  be- 
came necessary  to  provide  funds  to 
meet  the  expenses  of  discharging, 
warehousing  and  reshipping  the  said 
cargo  and  other  necessary  dis- 
bursements on  account  of  the  said 
cargo  (a) 


This  recital 
should  be  varied 
according  to  the 
facts. 


(tf)  And/' or  to 
discbartfe  cer- 
tain liabilities  in 
ie»I>ffrt  of  which 
the  said  Cargo 
was  9ot>Ject  to 
Jieos  skod  to 
arzest  axwi  sale." 


And  whereas  the  said 
being     without     funds     or     credit 
at 

and    urgently    requiring    the    sum 
of 


for  the  said  purposes,  and  having 
first  duly  communicated  with  or 
attempted  to  communicate  with  the 
owners  of  the  said  cargo  with  a  view 
to  obtain  funds  from  them,  was  com- 
pelled to  apply  for  a  loan  upon 
respondentia :  And  whereas  the 
said  who  is 

hereinafter  called  the  said  lender 
proposed  and  agreed  to  advance 
upon  such  security  the  said  sum 
of  at  a 

maritime  premium  of 
per  cent,  for  the  said  voyage,  and 
the  said 

being  unable  to  procure  such  ad- 
vance on  more  advantageous  terms 
accepted  the  said  proposal  [with  the 
intervention  and  approval  of  the 
proper  authorities  at  ] 

and  agreed  so  far  as  he  lawfully 
could  or  might  that  the  said  security 
should  have  priority  over  all  other 
claims  upon  the  said  cargo,  whether 
by  himself  or  any  other  person. 
And  whereas  the  said  lender  has  duly 
advanced  the  said  sum  in  pursuance 
of  the  said  agreement :  Now  the 
condition  of  the  above  obligation 'is 
such  that  if  the  said 
do  use  his  best  endeavours  to  for- 
ward or  bring  the  said  cargo  to  its 
destination  without  unnecessaxy  de- 
lay   or    deviation,    and    do    within 

days  after  the 
arrival  of  the  said  cargo  at 
and  before  the  discharge  or  delivery 
of  the  said  cargo  shall  be  commenced 
well  and  trhly  pay  or  cause  to  be 
paid  to  the  said  lender  or  to  his 
order  or  assigns  the  said   sum  of 

together 
with  the  maritime  premium  thereon 
at  the  rate  aforesaid,  making  in 
all  the  sum  of  such 

payment  to  be  made  at  the  exchange 
of  for 

every  British  pound  sterling,  or  if 
the  said  cargo  shall  be  duly  dis- 
patched and  forwarded  on  the  said 
voyage  without  unnecessary  delay  or 
deviation,  and  the  said  cargo  shall 
by  perils  of  the  sea  be  lost  in  the 
course  of  such  voyage.  Then  the 
above-written  obligation  shall  be 
null  and  void  and  the  said 

shall  be  released 
from  all  liability  in  respect  of  the 
said  sum  of 

Provided  always  and  it  is  hereby 
agreed  and  declared  that  if  the  said 


LLOYD'S 


362 


LLOYD'S 


cargo  shall  in  the  course  of  the  said 
voyage  by  perils  of  the  sea  as  afore- 
said be  lost  or  so  much  damaged  as 
that  it  cannot  be  carried  to  its  said 
destination,  then  if  any  part  thereof 
shall  be  saved  the  above  security,  so 
far  as  regards  the  property  saved, 
shall  remain  in  force,  and  the  said 
lender  or  his  assigns  shall  be  at 
liberty  forthwith  to  enforce  the  same 
against  such  property  :  Provided 
also,  and  the  said  loan  is  made  upon 
the  express  condition,  that  the  said 
lender  does  not  accept  or  take  upon 
himself  any  risk  or  liability  on  the 
said  voyage  except  such  as  is  hereby 
expressly  mentioned,  and  shall  not 
be  liable  to  contribute  to  or  make 
good  any  general  or  particular 
average  loss  or  expenditure  or  other 
charges  of  a  like  nature  which  may 
happen  to  or  be  sustained  by  or 
incurred  in  respect  of  the  said  cargo 
or  the  said  ship  upon  the  said  voyage 
in  consequence  of  perils  of  the  sea  or 
otherwise. 

Signed,  sealed  and  delivered  by  the 
said 

the  presence  of 

Lloyd's  Signal  Stations.  The  Society  of  Lloyd's, 
incorporated  by  Act  of  the  British  Parliament  and 
the  Royal .  Assent  of  Her  late  Majesty  Queen 
Victoria,  has,  with  the  sanction  of  Parliament, 
the  control  and  working  of  signal  stations  in  Great 
Britain  and  Ireland,  and  in  various  places  abroad. 
Many  foreign  governments  have  also  recognised 
the  advantage  of  reports  from  signal  stations  and 
semaphores  being  imiversally  collected  and  for- 
warded on  identical  conditions.  These  have 
arranged  that  reports  from  or  to  their  semaphores 
can  be  obtained  or  forwarded  through  Lloyd's. 

Thus  one  universal  system  of  receiving  and  trans- 
mitting reports  extends  over  a  wide  area.  The 
organisation  of  signal  stations  is  made  favourable 
for  shipowners  and  merchants,  and  the  commerce  of 
the  world  in  general.  If,  for  instance,  a  shipowner, 
charterer,  or  consignee,  wishes  to  transmit  an  order 
to  any  vessel,  at  any  point  where  she  may  appear, 
one  communication  to  Lloyd's  is  sufficient  to  ensure 
the  message  being  given  at  any  or  all  of  these 
stations.  The  charges  for  forwarding  information 
from  or  transmitting  advices  by  means  of  signal 
stations  are  moderate.  Shipowners,  charterers, 
merchants,  or  consignees  can  obtain  telegraphic 
intelhgence  with  regard  to  any  vessel  in  which 
they  may  be  interested,  or  postal  ad\'ices  if  so 
preferred,  or  can  transmit  orders  to  such  vessels,  by 
communication  with  Lloyd's. 

Harbour  and  dock  authorities,  chambers  of 
commerce,  exchange  and   such  institutions  that 


may  reqmre  a  large  number  of  reports,  can  arrange 
with  IJoyd's  for  receiving  full  and  regular  advices 
from  Lloyd's  Signal  Stations  on  moderate  terms. 
When  a  number  of  reports  are  taken,  a  substantial 
reduction  is  made  in  the  fees.  Shipowners  or  othen 
who  wish  to  be  supplied  with  reports  of  veaseb 
from  any  Signal  Stations  are  requested  to  com- 
municate with  the  Secretary  of  Lloyd's,  London, 
E.G. 

The  following  is  a  list  of  signal  stations  from 
which  reports  can  be  obtained,  or  through  which 
orders  for  vessels  can  be  transmitted  : 

Unffed  Kingdom. 

Southend. 

Deal.     (Temporarily  suspended.) 
♦Dover. 

Sandgate. 

Dungeness. 

Beachy  Head. 
♦No-Man's  Fort  (Spithead). 

St.  Catherine's  Point  (I.W.). 

Needles  (I.W.). 

Portland  Bill. 

Brixham.     (Temporarily  suspended.) 
♦Prawle  Point. 
♦The  Lizard. 

Penzance. 

Scilly  Islands. 

Lundy  Island. 

Barry  Island. 

Mumbles  Head.     (Orders  can  be  delivered  from 
the  Mumbles  Pier.) 

St.  Ann's  Head  (Milford  Haven). 

Roche's  Point  (Queenstown),  co.  Cork  (Ireland). 
♦Old  Head  of  Kinsale,  ca  Cork  (Ireland). 
♦Fastnet.    Wireless  telegraphy — Marconi  system. 
♦Brow  Head,  co.  Cork   (Ireland).     Wireless  tele- 
graphy— ^Marconi  system. 

Tory  Island,  co.  Donegal  (Ireland). 
♦Inishtrahull   (Island   of).    Wireless   telegraphy — 
Marconi  system. 

Malin    Head,    co.    Donegal    (Ireland).    Wireless 
telegraphy — ^Marconi  system. 

Rathlin  Island.     (Temporarily  suspended.) 

Torr  Head. 

Lamlash.     (Temporarily  suspended.) 

Kildonan.     (Mouth  of  the  Clyde.) 

Stomoway. 

Butt  of  Lewis  (Hebrides). 

Dunnet  Head  (Pentland  Firth). 

Peterhead.     (Temporarily  suspended.) 

St.  Abb's  Head. 

Tynemouth. 

River    Tees     (South    Gare    Breakwater).     (Tem- 
porarily suspended.) 

Flamborough  Head. 

Spurn  Head. 

Aldeburgh. 

Abroad. 

Faerder.  ^^ 

Oxo, 


LLOYD'S 


363 


LLOYD'S 


Abroad  (continued). 

Vinga  (Gothenburg).  This  Station  is  the  property 
of,  and  is  managed  by,  the  Government  of 
H.M.  the  King  of  Sweden. 

Helsingborg. 

Krasnaj a  Gorka  (Gulf  of  Finland] .  Vessels  passing 
the  Naval  Signal  Station  at  Krasnaj  a  Gorka, 
which  hoist  their  signal  letters  and  National 
Ensign  on  passing,  will  be  reported  to  Lloyd's 
Agent  at  Cronstadt  by  telegraph,  and  the 
information  will  be  forwarded  to  Lloyd's, 
London,  for  publication  and  for  communi- 
cation to  the  owners  of  the  vessel  if  so  desired. 
Captains  of  vessels  are  requested  to  observe 
that  in  order  that  their  signals  should  be 
correctly  read,  tlie  flags  used  should  be  large 
and  clean. 

I  These    Stations    are    the 


Cape  Bon  (Tunis). 


I  property  of  the  Govern- 
ment of  H.M.  the  King 
of  Denmark. 


Fomaes. 

Hammershuus. 

Hantsholm. 

Hirtshals. 

Skagen. 

Elsinore.     (J.  Theodor  Lund,  Reporter.) 

Heligoland. 

Holtenau  (Baltic  entrance  to  Kaiser  Wilhelm 
Canal).  Messrs.  Sartori  and  Berger,  Ship 
Agents  and  Reporters. 

Bninsbuttelkoog  (Elbe  entrance  to  Kaiser  Wil- 
helm Canal).  Messrs.  Sartori  and  Berger, 
Ship  Agents  and  Reporters. 

Cuxhaven.     (Government  Station.) 

Rothesand.  )  Weser.    (Government  Sta- 

Hoheweg.  )      tions.) 

Hoek  van  Holland  (entrance  to  Waterway  to 
Rotterdam).  G.  Dirkzwager,  Ship  Agent  and 
Reporter. 

Flushing. 

Heyst  (Bruges  Port  de  Mcr). 

/These  Stations  are  the 
property  of  the  Govern- 
ment of  the  French 
Republic. 

I  These    Stations    are    the 
property  of  the  Govern- 
ment of  H.M.  the  King 
of  Spain. 
( Upper  Signal  Station. 
\  Lloyd's     Signal     Station, 
I     Windmill  HiU. 
Pbmegues  (Marseilles). \  These    Stations    are    the 
Cape  Corse  (Corsica).    I     property  of  the  Govern- 
Cape    Pertusato   (Cor-f     ment    of    the    French 

sica).  )      Republic. 

Malta  (Palace  Tower,  Valetta). 
Capo  Testa  (Straits  of  \ 
Bonifacio). 


Grisnez 
Ushant  Creach. 


Cape  Finisterre. 
Tarifa. 


Gibraltar. 


Capo  d'Armi  (Straits 
of  Messina). 

Forte  Spuria  (Straits 
of  Messina). 

Pantellaria  L 


These  Stations  are  the 
property  of  the  Govern- 
ment of  H.M.  the  King 
of  Italy. 


( 


St.  Michael's. 


■Cape  Colony. 


This  Station  is  the  pro- 
perty of  the  Government 
of  the  French  Republic. 
Zea  Island  (Greece).     The     Zea     Coaling     Co., 

Reporters. 
Dardanelles. 
Kertch.     (Temporarily  suspended.) 

Kom-el-Nadura.  )  . . 

yi  r  Alexandna. 

Port  Sidd.     Wireless  telegraphy — ^Marconi  system. 

Suez   (Port  Tewfik).     Wireless  telegraphy — ^Mar- 
coni system. 
♦Perim. 

Aden. 

Cape  Spartel. 

Teneriffe. 

Ponta  Ferraria. 

Ponta  do  Amel. 

Capellinhos  Point  (Fayal). 

Las  Palmas  (Grand  Canary). 

Ascension. 

St.  Helena. 

Cape  Point. 

Cape  I'Agulhas. 

Cape  St.  Francis. 

Cape  Reciff. 

Cape  Hermes. 

Bluff  (Port  Natal.). 

Fort  San  Sebastian  (Mozambique). 

Flat  Island.  \ 

Butte  Aux  Sables.         I  _      .^ 

Butte  Aux  Papayes.     f 

Port  Louis  Mountain.  ) 
*Point  de  Galle  (Neptune  Bastion).  Night  watch 
is  kept  at  this  Station,  and  any  vessel  showing 
the  night  signals  of  her  line  can  be  reported. 
As  a  special  signal  for  vessels  passing  Point  de 
Galle  during  the  night  a  red  lamp  aft,  in 
addition  to  the  ordinary  night  signal,  should 
be  shown  by  vessels  wishing  to  indicate  that 
they  are  calling  at  Colombo. 

False  Point  (Bay  of  Bengal). 

Saugor  Island  (River  Hooghly). 

Sandheads  (River  Hooghly).     Lloyd's  Agents  at 
Calcutta  have  facilities  for  delivering  orders. 

Diamond  Island  (Burmah). 

Mount  Faber  (Singapore). 

Fort  Canning. 

Anjer  (Sunda  Straits).    Messrs.  Sem  and  Co.,  Ship 
Agents  and  Reporters. 

Sabang  Bay.     Pulo  Weh  (N.  Sumatra). 
•Rottnest      Island      (Western      Australia).     This 
Station  is  the  pilot  Signal  Station  for  the  Port 
of  Fremantle,  and  is  controlled  by  the  Fre- 
mantle' Harbour  Trust. 

'^These    Stations    are    the 


*Breaksea  Island. 
♦Cape  Leeuwin. 
♦Cape  Naturaliste. 
♦Point  Moore. 


are 

property  of  the  Govern- 
ment of  Western  Aus- 
tralia, and  are  controlled 
by  the  Harbour  and 
Light  Department 


LLOYD'S 


364 


LOADING 


Cape  Borda. 

Cape  Willoughby. 

Cape  Jervis. 

Cape  Northumberland. 


Abroad  (cotUinuect). 

These  Stations  are  the 
property  of  the  Govern- 
ment and  are  controlled 
by  the  Marine  Board  of 
South  Australia. 


These  Stations  are  the 
property  of  the  Govern- 
ment oi  Victoria.  Aus- 
tralia. 


These  Stations  are  the 
property  of  the  Govern- 
ment of  Tasmania. 


Cape  Nelson.  \ 

Cape  Otway. 

Point  Lonsdale. 

Cape  Schanck.  V 

Wilson's  Promontory. 

Gabo  Island. 

Queensclifi. 

Table  Cape.  \ 

Mersey  Blufi. 

Low  Head. 

Eddystone  Point  >- 

Cape  Sorell. 

Cape  Wickham  King. 

Curry  Harbour  Island. 

Goode  Island  (Torres  Straits). 

Cape       Maria 

Diemen. 
Farewell  Spit. 
Nugget  Point. 

Norfolk  Island. 
Honolulu. 

Point   Curaumilla 

(Valparaiso). 
Point        Tumbes  These    Stations   are    the  pro- 

(Talcahuano).  V    perty  of  the  Government  of 
Cape     Dungeness       the  Republic  of  Chile. 

(Straits       of 

Magellan). 

Fernando  Noronha  (Brazil). 
Barbadoes  (Needham's  Point). 

/This   Station  is  the  pro- 


Van  \ 


New  Zealand. 


Cuba    (Morro     Castle, 
Havana). 


perty   of    the    Military 
Government     of      the 
Island  of  Cuba. 
Turk's  Island. 
Bermuda. 
Whitehead  (N.S.). 
Cape  Race  (Newfoundland). 
Belle  Isle  (Canada). 

The  following  Signal  Stations  are  maintained  by 
the  Government  of  Canada.  Orders  forwarded  to 
Lloyd's  can  be  transmitted  to  vessels  by  means  of 
these  Signal  Stations  on  the  same  conditions  as 
through  Lloyd's  Signal  Stations.  Vessels  signalling 
to  these  Signal  Stations  will  be  reported  to  Lloyd's 
in  the  same  manner  as  if  signalled  from  Lloyd's 
Signal  Stations  : 
Cape  Ray  (Newfoundland). 

St.  Paul's  Island.  )  ^       ^    ^ 

^        ex  T  \        ^PC  Breton. 

Cape  St.  Lawrence.)     ]      '^ 

Cape  Rosier. 

Fame  Point.  \  Canada. 

Cape  Magdalen. 


Heath  Point. 
South  Point. 
South-West  Pomt. 
West  Point. 


r  Anticosti. 


Night  Signalling. — At  the  Stations  marked  • 
arrangements  have  been  made  to  take  night 
signals. 

The  signal  to  call  the  attention  of  a  passing 
vessel  at  night  is  a  series  of  continuous  short  flashes 
made  by  a  flashing  lamp.  The  signal  to  intimate 
that  a  vessel's  signals  have  been  seen  and  recog- 
nised is  a  series  of  long-short  flashes  repeated  as 
often  as  may  be  necessary,  followed  by  a  red  flare 
light  of  30  seconds  duration.  If  the  signal  shown 
has  not  been  understood,  the  lamp  is  kept  dark 
until  the  vessel  repeats  her  signals. 

Lloyd's    Weekly    Shipping    Index.  EsUblished 

1880.     Published    weekly    (Friday).  Price    from 

£4    45.    per    annum.     Address :    54  Gracechurch 
Street,  London,  E.C. 

L.M.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Landsmeer,  Holland. 

L.If.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Lokken,  Denmark. 

L.N.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Lynn,  Norfolk,  England. 

L.0*  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  London,  England. 

Loading.  The  shipowner's  duties  are  to  provide 
a  ship  which  is  seaworthy  and  reasonably  fit  to 
carry  a  reasonable  cargo.  He  must  have  her  ready 
for  loading  at  the  place  and  time  agreed  npon  in 
the  contract,  and  inform  the  charterer  or  his  agent 
that  she  is  ready  to  receive  cargo.  The  ship- 
owner's responsibility  begins  upon  delivery  of  the 
goods  alongside  the  ship  to  his  duly  authorised 
agent  and  a  mate's  receipt  given  for  them.  He 
provides  the  means  of  getting  the  cargo  on  board, 
and  must  see  to  its  proper  stowage  by  his  servants, 
unless  the  stowage  is  done  by  the  charterer's 
stevedore,  who  is  in  no  way  an  agent  or  servant 
of  the  master,  or  unless  the  charterer  has  seen  and 
taken  no  objection  to  the  mode  of  stowage. 

The  charterer  or  shipper  is  bound  to  have  the 
cargo  ready  at  the  usual  storing  place  or  in  the 
wharf,  and  will  be  liable  for  the  detention  of  the 
ship  beyond  the  time  agreed  upon  owing  to  his 
neglect  to  have  it  ready,  subject  to  any  exceptions 
{e.g.,  strikes),  introduced  into  the  charter-party. 
Unless  the  contract  is  illegal,  the  impossibility  of 
providing  a  cargo  owing  to  circumstances  unfore- 
seen at  the  time  of  contracting  will  not  excuse  the 
charterer.  Where  he  agrees  to  load  a  full  and 
complete  cargo,  the  charterer  is  bound  to  load  as 
much  as  the  ship  can  safely  carry,  and  if  during 
the  course  of  loading  a  portion  of  the  cargo  is  de- 
stroyed, he  is  not  exonerated  from  his  obligation 
to  load  a  full  cargo ;  but  once  the  loading  is  com- 
pleted his  obligations  are  discharged. 


LOAD 


365 


LOK 


Refer  to  Brought  Alongside,  Cabin,  Charter- 
party,  Dangerous  Goods,  Deck  Cargo,  Demurrage, 
F.o.b. 

Loud-line.  The  line  of  flotation  of  a  ship  when 
she  baa  a  whole  cargo. 

Load-line.  The  Merchant  Shipping  Act,  1894 
(sections  438-445),  requires  every  British  ship,  with 
the  exception  of  coasters  (q*v.)  under  80  tons, 
fishing  boats  and  yachts  (^.t;.),  to  be  conspicuously 
marked  on  each  side  amidships  by  a  circular  disc 
12  ins.  in  diameter,  with  a  horizontal  line  18  ins. 
in  length  drawn  through  its  centre,  at  such  a  level 
as  may  be  approved  by  the  Board  of  Trade,  indi- 
cating the  maximum  load-line  in  salt  water. 

A  ship  with  load-line  submerged  is  deemed  un- 
safe, and  shall  not  put  to  sea  until  the  defect  has 
been  remedied.  For  ofiences  relating  to  load-lines 
the  owner. or  master  is  liable  to  a  fine  of  ;£ioo. 
A  foreign  ship  (9. v.)  loading  at  a  port  in  the  United 
Kingdom  may  be  detained  if  unsafe,  and  her 
master  punished  for  proceeding  to  sea  after  notice 
of  detention. 

Refer  to  Merchant  Shipping  Act. 

Loblolly.    An  obsolete  name  for  gruel. 

Local  attraction.  The  error  caused  by  some 
disturbing  force  outside  the  ship,  and  belonging 
entirely  to  the  locality  at  which  a  ship  maybe — 
as  mooring-posts,  or  chains,  dock-cranes,  another 
iron  vessel  alongside,  volcanic  or  magnetic  influ- 
ences, etc. 

Local  Marine  Board.    See  Merchant  Shipping. 

Loch.     Gaelic  for  lake. 

Loohaam.  On  November  28,  1873.  ^^^  vessel 
was  lost  in  collision  with  the  Ville  de  Havre,  a 
French  Atlantic  mail  steamer. 

Look.  A  name  applied  to  any  works  made  to 
confine  or  raise  water  of  a  river. 

Looker.     A  store  room. 

Lockle,   John   (b.  Glasgow.  February  2,   1853). 
Marine     engineer.     Educated    West    of    Scotland 
Technical    College,   Glasgow,   Glasgow  University, 
Edinburg^h    University.     Was    awarded    a    Whit- 
worth    scholarship  and  medal  in    1873,   and  was 
assistant    to   the   late    Professor   Archer  in    1874 
at    Edinburgh.      Served   his  apprenticeship  as   a 
mechanical   engineer  with  Messrs.   John  Norman 
and  Sons,   Glasgow.     First  Principsil  of  the  Leith 
Science  College  and  lecturer  on  engineering  1875-90. 
In  1889  he  founded  "  The  Steamship,"  a  scientific 
journal   of    marine  engineering,   shipbuilding,  and 
shipping.      He  has  an  extensive  practice  as  a  con- 
sulting engineer,  chiefly  on  the  Continent*  and  has 
published  a  number  of  works  relating  to  marine 
engineering  and  mathematical  science. 

Vice-president  of  the  Institution  of  Marine 
engineers,  of  the  Institution  of  Engineers  and 
Shipbuilders  in  Scotland,  and  a  Fellow  of  the 
Royal  Scottish  Society  of  Arts. 


Locnst.  British  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Bir- 
kenhead, 1896.)  Length,  210  ft.  ;  beam,  21  ft.  ; 
draught,  5^  ft. ;  displacement,  300  tons  ;  comple- 
ment, 58  ;  armament,  i  12-pdr.,  5  6-pdr.,  2  tubes  ; 
twin  screw  ;  Hp.,  6,000=30  kts.  ;  coal,  80  tons. 

Lodemanage  meant  the  hire  of  a  pilot,  pilotage, 
or  seamanship.  The  Court  of  Lodemanage,  which 
was  a  branch  of  the  Cinque  Port  Admiralty  Court 
(q.v.),  originally  had  authority  to  regulate  pilotage 
and  pilots'  wages  at  certain  ports,  but  its  jurisdic- 
tion was  transferred  in  1853  to  the  Trinity  House 
(q.v.). 

Lodestone.  A  mineral,  magnetic  oxide  of  iron, 
which  constitutes  a  natural  magnet. 


knees.     Those  fixed  horizontally  in  the 
ship's  frame. 

Lodsbaad.     Norwegian  pilot-boat. 

Log.  An  apparatus  for  ascertaining  the  rate  of 
a  ship's  motion.  Its  common  form  consists  of  a 
triangular  piece  of  wood  attached  to  a  cord,  termed 
a  log-line.  This  line  is  used  in  conjunction  with 
a  sand-glass. 

The  length  of  a  knot  bears  the  same  proportion 
to  a  nautical  mile  as  the  number  of  seconds  run  by 
the  glass  does  to  the  number  of  seconds  in  an  hour. 

Log-book.  I.  The  master  of  every  British  ship 
(except  certain  small  vessels)  must  keep  an  official 
log-book,  supplied  by  the  Board  of  Trade,  in  which 
certain  specified  matters  must  be  entered  as  soon 
as  possible  after  its  occurrence.  An  entry,  if  not 
made  on  the  same  day  as  the  occurrence  to  which 
it  relates,  shall  be  made  and  dated  so  as  to  show 
the  date  of  the  occurrence  and  of  the  entry  re- 
specting it.  Each  entry  must  be  signed  by  the 
master,  mate,  and  some  member  of  the  crew,  and 
is  admissible  as  evidence  in  a  court  of  law  if  made 
in  a  manner  provided  by  this  Act.  For  failure  to 
keep  a  log-book  in  the  manner  required  the  master 
is  liable  to  a  fine  not  exceeding  £$.  A  person  who 
mutilates,  destroys,  or  renders  illegible  any  entry-, 
or  wilfully  makes,  or  procures  to  be  made,  any 
false  entry,  shall  be  guilty  of  a  misdemeanour.  The 
official  log-books  of  every  foreign-going  ship  (q.v.) 
shall  be  delivered  to  the  superintendent  on  arrival 
at  the  final  port  of  destination  in  the  United 
Kingdom,  or  upon  discharge  of  the  crew,  whichever 
happens  first. 

2.  An  ordinary  log-book  is  also  kept  by  the 
master  for  the  benefit  of  his  owners,  in  which 
every  important  incident  of  a  voyage  is  entered'. 
In  steamships  the  chief  engineer  keeps  a  log-book 
recording  the  movements  of  the  engines  and 
details  connected  with  his  department. 

3.  Scrap-logs  are  notes  of  certain  details  made 
at  the  time  of  their  occurrence,  and  subsequently 
entered  in  the  ship's  or  engineer's  logs. 

^k»  Uichael.    See  Arctic  Exploration. 


LOKE 


366 


V 


Loke.  Old  Swedish  monitor  (15,000  tons).  Of 
no  fighting  value. 

Lorn.     Russian  submarine  (1905).     Speed,  9  kts. 

LomlNtfdIa.  Small  Italian  cruiser.  (Castella- 
mare,  1890.) 

Length  262ft.   Beam  39ft.   Maximum  draught  17ft. 
Displacement  2,280  tons.     Complement  246^ 
Guns.  Armour. 

2—6  in.  *'  Steel." 

8 — 4' 7  in.  I  in.  Deck. 

8— 6pdr. 
8 — I  pdr. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
3  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  7,500=  18*5  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 500  tons.     Approximate  cost  ;i20o,ooo. 

Lombok.  Netherlands  gun- vessel.  Indian  Navy. 
(Amsterdam,  1892.)  Length,  176  ft.  ;  beam,  27  ft.  ; 
draught,  11  ft.  ;  displacement,  591  tons  ;  comple- 
ment, 84 ;  armament,  3  47  in.,  i  2*9-in.,  2  3-pdr.  ; 
Hp.,  990=12  kts. ;  coal,  55  tons. 

LondoiL     British    ist  class   battleship.     (Ports- 
mouth, 1899.) 
Length  430ft.   Beam  75ft.   Maximum  draught  29ft. 

Displacement  15,000  tons.     Complement  750. 

Guns.  Armour. 

4 — 12  in.,  40  cal.       "  Krupp." 
1 2 — 6  in.  9  in.  Belt  amidships. 

16 — 12  pdr.  12  in.  Barbettes. 

6 — 3  pdr.  12  in.  Conning  tower. 

2  Maxims. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
4  Submerged. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  15,000=18  kts.    Coal  maxi- 
mum 2 , 1 00  tons.     Approximate  cost  £  1 ,000,000. 

This  ship-name  was  first  introduced  into  the 
Navy  in  1650.  and  is  associated  with  the  battle 
off  North  Foreland,  1653  ;  Lowestoft,  1665  ;  St. 
James's  fight,  1666 ;  Sole  Bay,  1672  ;  Barfieur  and 
La  Hogue,  1692  ;  Graves's  action  off  the  Chesa- 
peake, 1781 ;  Bridport's  action,  1795  ;  Copenhagen, 
1801  ;  capture  of  the  Marengo,  1806 ;  Sebastopol, 
1854. 

London.  Steamer.  On  January  11,  1866,  this 
vessel  foundered  in  the  Bay  of  Biscay  on  her  way 
to  Melbourne.  About  220  persons  perished,  in- 
cluding Captain  Martin,  Dr.  Woolley,  principal  of 
the  University  of  Sydney.  G.  V.  Brooke,  the 
tragedian. 

InMiflon  mid  Edinburgh  Shipping  Clo«»  with  the 
head  ofi&ce  at  Leith,  and  the  London  office,  Hermi- 
tage Steam  Wharf,  Wapping.  E..  have  a  fleet  of 
10  modem  first-class  steamers,  which  maintain  a 
service  every  Tuesday,  Wednesday,  and  Saturday 
from  London  to  Leith,  returning  from  Leith  every 
Wednesday,  Friday,  and  Saturday.  The  boats  are 
well  fitted,  and  provide  excellent  accommodation 
for  passengers  wishing  to  make  the  journey  from 
London  to  Leith  by  sea. 


LONDON 

Flbbt. 

Dale. 

Fiona, 

Moma. 

Farrative. 

lona. 

Nirmpkm, 

Fingal. 

Marmion. 
Matima. 

Starleyhead. 

London  and  India  Dockf  Co.  See  London. 
Port  of. 

London  and  Kirkoaldy  Shipping  Co.,  with  the 
head  offices  in  Kirkcaldy,  have  a  fleet  of  three 
steamers,  which  maintain  two  sailings  weekly  from 
Kirkcaldy  to  London,  and  vice  versa.  The  steamers 
have  accommodation  for  a  few  cabin  passengers. 

Fleet. 

Abden.  AbbotshalL  Kirkcaldy. 

London  and  North- Western  Bailwajr  Ck>.  possess 

a  fleet  of  17  steamers,  expressly  built  for  passenger 
and  cargo  service  between  Holyhead  and  Dublin, 
and  Holyhead  and  Greenock.  Regular  service  is 
maintained  in  conjunction  with  their  boat-trains, 
which  run  from  Euston  to  the  Admiralty  Kcr, 
Holyhead.  They  have  also  one  steamer,  the 
Greenore,  on  the  Carlingford  Lough  service. 

Fleet.  ^ 

Anglesey.  Greenore. 

Anglia.  Hibemia. 

Cambria.  Olga. 

Connemard.  Rosstrevor. 

Dredger,  Pick-Me-Up.  Scotia, 

Duchess  of  Sutherland.  Slieve. 

Edith.  Slievemore. 

Galtee  More.  Snowdon. 

South  Stack. 

London  and  Paris  Steamship  Co.,  which  is  amal- 
gamated with  the  Anglo- Algerian  Steamship  Co., 
managed  by  Messrs.  Frank  C.  S trick  and  Co.,  Ltd., 
of  London,  have  a  fleet  of  two  cargo  steamers. 

Fleet. 

Havre.  Paris, 

Gross  tonnage.  3.253. 

London  and  Fromdal  and  Karine  and  General 
Insoranoe  Co.  Incorporated  i860,  and  registered 
as  a  limited  company.  i38o.  Capital,  ^i. 000.000. 
which,  prior  to  1897,  was  divided  into  shares  of 
;£20  each,  with  £2  paid.  In  June,  1897,  these  were 
subdivided  into  shares  of  ;(io  each,  having  £1  paid 
up.    The  reserve  fund  amounts  to  ;£85,ooo. 

The  directors  of  the  company  are  :  F.  W.  Lonau 
(chairman).  J.  L.  Daniel  (deputy-chairman).  J.  W. 
Arbuthnot,  P.  R.  Chalmers.  F.  S.  Isaac,  W.  M. 
Strachan,  R.  Ward.  O.  Wetherhead  (underwriter), 
H.  E.  Secretan.  Secretary,  H.  S.  B.  Cooley. 
Offices.  2  Royal  Exchange,  London.  E.G. 

London  and  Sonth-Westem  BailwaF  fftoaMm. 

under  contract  for  the  conveyance  of  the  Royal 
Mail,  comprise  a  fleet  of  20  express  twin-ecrew 
steamers,  fitted  with  every  convenience  for  the  oon- 
veyance  of  passengers.  A  daily  service  is  main- 
tained from  Southampton  to  Havre  in  con { unction 
with   the  boat   trains  from   London,  and    is   the 


I 

o 

I 


Q 
Z 

s 

u 

OS 


Q 

z 


o 

z 


z 

a: 


LONDON 


367 


London 


cheapest  night  route,  the  actual  open  sea  passage 
being  only  five  hour&,  A  daily  Royal  Mail  route 
(Sundays  excepted)  is  maintained  to  the  Channel 
Islands ;  sailings  every  Tuesday,  Thursday,  and 
Saturday,  from  Southampton  for  Cherbourg, 
leaving  Cherbourg  every  Monday,  Wednesday,  and 
Friday ;  and  a  tri-weekly  service  from  South- 
ampton to  St.  Malo,  and  vice  versa.  The 
summer  service  on  this  route  is  performed  by  the 
twin  screw  steamers  Vera  and  Princess  Ena,  and 
the  open  sea  passage  has  been  reduced  to  about 
eight  hours. 


Flebt. 


Ada, 

Alberta. 

Alma, 

Bertha, 

Carrier. 

Charbour^. 

Columbia, 


Flbet, 
Ella. 

Frederica. 
Guernsey. 
Honfleur, 
Laura, 
Lydia, 


Lyminglon. 

Maria. 

Princess  Ena. 

South  Western, 

Solent. 

Vera. 

Victoria. 


London  Annrance  Corporation.  Incorporated 
by  Royal  Charter,  1720.  Authorised  capital, 
;£2,ooo,ooo,  of  which  £,S96,sso  has  been  subscribed, 
and  ;^448,275  paid  up.  The  dividend  paid  is  20%, 
amounting  to  505.  per  share,  free  of  income-tax, 
with  a  reserve  fund  in  the  Marine  Department  of 
over  ^£300,000. 

The  directors  of  the  company  are :  Governor, 
Charles  G.  Arbuthnot ;  Sub-Governor,  Alfred  C. 
Cole  ;  Deputy-Governor,  Frederic  Lubbock  ;  Otto 
August  Benecke,  Robert  Henry  Benson,  William 
Thomas  Brand,  Arthur  Henry  Brandt,  C.  Algernon 
Campbell,  Sir  Clinton  E.  Dawkins,  K.C.B.,  John 
Dennistoun,  Howard  Gilliat,  Henry  Goschen, 
Charles  S.  S.  Guthrie,  George  W.  Henderson,  Henry 
J.  B.  Kendall,  Curtis  W.  Lampson,  Greville  H. 
Palmer,  Selwyn  R.  Pryor,  George  Rolfes,  John  M. 
Ryrie,  George  W.  Tallents,  Lewis  A.  Wallace. 
Underwriter,  S.  K.  Davis.  Secretary,  A.  A. 
Denton.  Offices,  7  Royal  Exchange,  London, 
E.C. 

London,  Brighton  and  Sonth  Coast  Railway  Co. 

have  a  fleet  of  16  steamers,  which  maintain  services 
from  Newhaven  to  Dieppe,  and  Newhaven  to 
Havre,  in  conjunction  with  two  express  railway 
services  daily. 

Fleet. 

Cherborg. 

Dieppe. 

France, 

Italia. 

Lyon. 

Manche, 


Arundel. 

Brest. 

Brighton, 

Caen. 

Calrados 


Paris, 

Portsmouth, 

Sussex, 

Tamise, 

Trouville, 


London  ConniiF  Ooonoil  have  a  specially  built 
fleet  of  30  steamboats,  and  maintain  a  popular 
service  on  the  Thames  at  a  15  minutes'  interval 
during  the  summer.  The  boats  run  between 
Hammersmith  and  Greenwich,  and  call  at  25 
intermediate  piers  on  the  joomey. 


AUeyn, 

Ben  Jonson, 

Boydell. 

Brunei. 

Carlyle. 

Caxton. 

Charles  Lamb. 

Chaucer. 

Christopher  Wren. 

Colechurch. 

Earl  Godwin, 

Edmund  Ironside. 

Fitzailwin. 

Francis  Drake. 

Gibbon. 


Gresham, 

King  Alfred, 

Marlowe. 

Morris, 

Olaf, 

Pepys. 

PurcelL 

Raleigh. 

Rennie. 

Shakespeare, 

Sloane. 

Thomas  More, 

Turner. 

Vanbrugh, 

Whittington. 


London  Customs  Bills  of  Entry.  Established 
1803.  Published  daily  "  A  "  and  "  B  "  (evening). 
Price  705.  each  per  annum.  Address :  Custom 
House,  Thames  Street,  London,  E.C. 

Iiondoa  fog.  The  dry,  gloomy,  irritating  fog 
peculiar  to  London  and  other  large  towns,  aggra- 
vated by  smoke. 

London  Karine  Steamshipping  Co.  See  Marie 
Elsie  Steamship  Co. 

London*  Port  oL  For  Customs  purposes  the 
Port  of  London  extends  from  London  Bridge  to  an 
imaginary  line  drawn  from  Havengore  Creek,  in 
the  county  of  Essex,  to  Warden  Point,  in  the  Isle 
of  Sheppey.  For  all  practical  purposes,  however, 
Gravesend  may  be  taken  as  the  eastern  boundary 
of  the  port. 

About  one-half  of  the  shipping  coming  up  the 
Thames  discharges  in  the  river  itself,  either  at 
moorings  in  the  stream  or  at  one  of  the  320  wharves 
which  line  the  river ;  the  other  half  discharging 
in  the  docks. 

The  chief  authority  over  the  river  is  the  Thames 
Conservancy,  who  maintain  the  channels  by 
dredging,  govern  and  regulate  the  navigation, 
remove  wrecks,  and  control  the  making  of  piers, 
embankments,  and  other  works  abutting  on  the 
river.  The  Trinity  House  Corporation  light  and 
buoy  the  river,  and  license  and  regulate  pilots. 
The  Watermen's  Company  license  the  lightermen 
who  navigate  the  river. 

The  Thames  Conservancy  are  seeking  powers  to 
deepen  the  river,  but  even  in  its  present  conditions 
the  Thames  is  a  superior  approach  to  the  Port  of 
London  than  is  the  Elbe  to  Hamburg,  the  Maas  to 
Rotterdam,  the  Scheldt  to  Antwerp,  or  the  Weser  to 
Bremen;  27  ft.  of  water  is  the  most  a  vessel  can 
rely  on,  at  an  ordinary  tide,  in  going  up  the  Elbe, 
and  large  vessels  going  up  to  Hamburg  have  to 
lighten  their  cargoes  at  Brunshausen,  25  miles  below 
the  city.  Rotterdam  is  but  a  little  better  than 
Hamburg,  in  that  27^ft.  of^water  is  more  frequently 
available  in  the  Maas  than  in  the  Elbe.  Vessels 
for  Bremen  can  never  hope  at  the  very  best  for 


LONDON 


368 


LONDON 


more  than  26  ft.  in  the  Weser.  Antwerp  has  a 
slightly  deeper  approach,  but  the  sandbanks  and 
tortuous  windings  of  the  Scheldt  make  the  channel 
difficult.  None  of  these  rivers  are  equal  to  the 
Thames,  where  up  to  Tilbury  there  is  a  maximum 
depth  of  43  ft.,  and  up  to  the  Albert  Dock  of  37  ft. 

Omitting  a  few  small  docks  belonging  to  the 
railway  companies,  and  to  the  Regent  Canal  Co., 
there  are  three  systems  of  docks  in  the  Port  of 
London,  viz,,  those  worked  by — 

(i)  The  London  and  India  Docks  Co. 

(2)  The  Millwall  Dock  Co. 

(3)  The  Surrey  Commercial  Dock  Co.,  who  own 
all  the  docks  on  the  south  side  of  the  river. 

The  St.  Katharine  Docks,  owned  by  the  London 
and  India  Dock  Co.,  immediately  adjoin  the  Tower 
Bridge,  and  have  an  area  of  23  acres,  viz.,  13  acres 
of  land  and  10  of  water.  They  are  only  accessible  to 
steamers  of  moderate  size,  such  as  those  used  in 
the  coasting  and  Continental  trades. 

The  London  Docks,  owned  by  the  London  and 
India  Docks  Co.,  occupy  100  acres,  40  of  which 
are  water.  By  means  of  pumps  the  water  in  these 
docks  is  maintained  at  a  level  of  about  3  ft.  6  in. 
above  Trinity  high-water  mark. 

From  east  to  west  the  premises  are  nearly  a  mile 
in  length.  The  storage  capacity  of  the  warehouses 
and  the  vaults  is  of  vast  extent.  There  is  a  floor 
area  of  3,000,000  sq.  ft.,  with  storing  accommoda- 
tion for  about  170,000  tons.  In  the  vaults  there  is 
room  for  105,000  pipes  of  wine. 

The  West  India  Docks,  owned  by  the  London 
and  India  Docks  Co.,  are  situated  on  the  northern 
part  of  the  Isle  of  Dogs,  Poplar.  The  premises  are 
244  acres  in  extent,  105  being  water,  and  consist 
of  three  peirallel  sets  of  docks,  each  about  half  a 
mile  in  length,  viz.,  the  West  India  Import  Dock, 
the  West  India  Export  Dock,  and  the  South  India 
Dock,  with  four  adjoining  basins.  There  is  exten- 
sive  warehousing  accommodation,  there  being 
storage  for  195,000  tons  of  goods. 

The  East  India  Docks,  the  property  of  the 
London  and  India  Docks  Co.,  consist  of  an  import 
and  export  dock,  and  a  basin,  the  entrance  to  which 
is  by  a  lock  31  ft.  deep.  They  are  situated  about 
half  a  mile  eastward  of  the  West  India  Docks,  and 
are  principally  used  by  sailing  ships  and  tlie  fine 
steamers  of  the  Union-Castle  Line  trading  to  the 
Cape. 

The  Royal  Victoria  and  Albert  Docks,  owned  by 
the  London  and  India  Docks  Co.,  extend  with  the 
respective  basins  from  Blackwall  to  GaUions  Reach, 
a  distance  of  three  miles.  The  water  in  these  docks 
is  maintained  at  high-water  level  by  four  centri- 
fugal pnmping  engines  of  640  I.Hp.,  capable  of 
throwing  7,500,000  gallons  per  hour.  There  is  a 
water  area  of  183  acres,  with  quays  providing 
berths  for  60  vessels  of  the  largest  size,  besides 
quay  accommodation  for  numerous  smaller  vessels. 
The  sheds  and  warehouses  in  these  docks  cover  an 
area  of  over  3,100,000  sq.  ft.     There  are  263  travel- 


ling and  fixed  cranes  for  the  discharge  and  loading  of 
goods  ;  two  floating  cranes,  one  capable  of  lifting 
50  tons  and  the  other  30  tons  ;  eight  steam  togs 
are  provided  for  the  transport  of  vessels  in  the 
docks,  of  which  six  are  fitted  with  steam  fire 
engines,  for  use  in  case  of  fire. 

On  the  soutil  side  of  the  Royal  Albert  Docks  are 
two  dry  docks,  410  ft.  and  410  ft.  in  length  respec- 
tively, with  pumping  engines  of  300  I.Hp. 

The  Tilbury  Docks,  the  property  of  the  London 
and  India  Docks  Co.,  consist  of  a  main  dock  with 
three  branch  docks,  connected  with  a  tidal  basin  17^ 
acres  in  extent,  by  means  of  a  lock  700  ft.  long  and 
80  ft.  wide,  with  three  pairs  of  gates.  The  main 
dock  is  z, 800 ft.  long  by  600  ft.  wide;  each  branch 
dock  is  1,600  ft.  long,  the  width  of  the  centre  dock 
being  300  ft.,  while  each  of  the  other  two  has  an 
average  width  of  250  ft.  The  total  water  area  in 
the  main  and  branch  docks  is  54  acres. 

The  depth  in  the  basin  at  high  water  spring  tides 
is  45  ft.,  and  there  is  never  less  than  26  ft.  at  the 
lowest  tides.  In  the  main  and  branch  docks  the 
depth  of  water  at  spring  tides  is  28  ft. 

The  dry  docks  are  the  largest  in  the  Port ;  there 
are  two  sets,  each  capable  of  being  used  either  as  a 
single  dock  of  850  ft.  in  length,  or  as  separate 
dry  docks  of  varying  lengths.  The  dry  docks  are 
enclosed  and  divided  by  six  caissons.  The  empty- 
ing of  the  larger  pair,  by  pumping  out  12,000,000 
gallons  of  water,  can  be  done  in  an  hour  and  a 
quarter. 

The  Millwall  Docks,  owned  by  the  Millwall  Dock 
Co.,  are  situated  on  the  southern  part  of  the  Isle  of 
Dogs,  Poplar.  The  premises  are'  2 33 J  acres  in 
extent,  35^  acres  being  water,  consisting  of  an 
outer  and  an  inne;*  dock,  the  Glengall  Road  Draw- 
bridge dividing  the  two  docks.  The  entrance  lock 
is  450  ft.  in  length  by  80  ft.  wide,  and  there  is  28  ft.  of 
water  over  the  sill  at  Trinity  High  Water.  There 
is  a  dry  dock,  entered  from  the  wet  dock,  the  former 
being  450  ft.  by  65  ft. 

A  new  granary,  capable  of  holding  130,000  qrs. 
of  grain,  with  .the  most  modem  equipment  for  dis- 
charging and  handling ;  also  a  new  timber  dep6t, 
with  sheds,  have  recently  been  erected,  at  a  total 
cost  of  about  ;£2oo,ooo.  There  is  also  very  exten- 
sive warehousing  accommodation  for  general  goods. 

There  are  50  miles  of  railway  siding  in  the  dock, 
and  every  berth  is  connected  with  lines  communi- 
cating with  the  various  railway  systems  of  the 
country. 

With  the  exception  of  the  south  dock,  which  has 
its  own  separate  entrance  from  the  river,  the 
whole  of  the  Surrey  Commercial  Docks  can  be 
served  by  the  Greenland  Lock.  This  lock  is  550  fL 
long,  and  80  ft.  in  width.  It  has  a  depth  of  water 
of  33  ft.  3  in.  at  ordinary  spring  tides,  and  38  ft.  3  isu 
at  ordinary  neaps.  The  largest  steamers  afloat  can 
be  passed  through  this  lock,  subject  to  the  deptii 
above  mentioned,  as  in  cases  when  the  lengfth  of 
vessels  to  be  docked  exceeds  550  ft.,  the  water  in 


LONDON 


369 


LORD 


the  docks  is  levelled  with  the  tide  of  the  day,  and 
vessels  entering  in  on  that  tide  would  be  passed 
into  the  docks  direct  without  any  locking. 

A  ccommodation. 
Area  of  water  in  locks  and  docks.   104  acres. 
Area  of  water  in  timber  ponds,  62  acres. 
Area  of  water  in  canal,  24^  acres. 
Dock  quayage,  about  6^  miles. 
The  docks  are  in  dose  proximity  to  and  are 
served  by  the  London,  Brighton  and  South  Coast 
Railway,  which  is  connected  with   the  principal 
railway  S3rstems  in  England. 

The  area  of  the  sheds  for  the  accommodation  of 
timber  and  other  purposes  is  54  acres. 

The  grain  and  other  warehouses  have  a  storage 
capacity  of  about  50,000  tons. 

The  cool  and  cold  air  storage  space  is  about 
2,000,000  cubic  ft. 
The  bonded  shed  capacity  is  1,500  tons. 
The  elevating  capacity  of  the  machinery  for  the 
discharge  of  grain  ex  ship  is  equal  to  900  tons  per 
hour.  These  include  a  floating  pneumatic  grain 
elevator,  designed  for  the  discharge  of  grain  from 
the  largest  class  of  vessel  at  the  rate  of  200  tons 
per  hour,  and  also  fotir  portable  bucket  grain 
elevators  electrically  driven,  and  each  capable  of 
lifting  100  tons  per  hour. 

The  grain  warehouses  are  capable  of  accommo- 
dating a  quarter  of  a  million  quarters  of  grain. 

The  timber  yards  for  the  accommodation  of 
goods  piled  in  the  open  and  also  under  cover  have 
an  area  of  152  acres. 

The  area  of  the  ponds  for  floated  timber  is  62 
acres. 

The  capacity  for  the  discharge  of  timber  is  7,000 
standards  per  day. 

The  dock  quays  and  sheds  are  equipped  with  the 
following  cranes  and  overhead  travellers : 

6  electric  cranes  and  travellers  with  a  lifting 
capacity  of  30  cwt. 

47  hydraulic  cranes  and  travellers  with  a  lifting 
capacity  ranging  from  26  cwt.  to  7  tons. 

27  hand  cranes  and  travellers  with  a  lifting  ca- 
pacity ranging  from  20  cwt.  to  10  tons. 

2  steam  cranes  and  travellers  with  a  lifting 
capacity  of  two  tons. 

Surrey  Canal, 
The  system  also  includes  the  Grand  Surrey 
Canal,  ^hich  is  connected  with  and  extends  inland 
from  the  south  end  of  the  docks  for  about  four 
miles  to  Camberwell  and  Peckham,  and  serves  the 
nnmerous  wharves  and  factories  which  are  situated 
along  its  banks  in  those  neighbourhoods. 

London  Sailing  Olnb,  Hammersmith.  Established 
1872.  Burgee :  Blue,  yellow'  dolphin  in  centre. 
Commodore,  G.  Terrell ;  Vice-Commodore,  J.  W. 
Leuchars  ;  Rear-Commodore,  Howard  C.  Adams  ; 
Honorary  Treasurer,  A.  Weisbcrg ;  Honorary 
Secretary,  Frank  Varley.  Entrance  fee,  £2 ; 
annual  Sfubscription,  £2  25. 


London  Welsh  Steamship  Oo.,  managed  by  Messrs. 
Temple,  Thomson  and  Clark,  London,  maintain  a 
regular  weekly  service  of  fast  steamers  from  London 
(MiUwall  Wharf)  to  Cardiff,  Swansea,  and  Llanelly, 
taking  goods  at  through  rates  for  other  ports,  and 
inland  towns  of  South  Wales. 

Fleet. 
Girdleness,  Gladiator. 

London  Taoht  Olab,  BoyaL  See  Royal  London 
Yacht  Club. 

Long.  Longitude.  Abbreviation  adopted  on 
the  charts  issued  by  the  Hydrographic^Office, 
Admiralty. 

Long  boat.  The  largest  boat  carried  on  a  ship ; 
furnished  with  spars  and  sails,  and  usually  stowed 
between  fore  and  main  mast. 

Longitude  is  an  arc  of  the  equator,  or  any  parallel 
of  latitude  contained  between  the  meridian  of  a  place 
and  that  of  Greenwich,  or  any  other  first  meridian. 
These  aros  being  similar  are  expressed  by  the 
same  number  of  degrees  and  miles,  though  the 
absolute  distance  on  the  earth's  surface  decreases 
as  the  latitude  increases.  The  determination  of  the 
longitude  of  any  place  is  effected  by  arriving  at  the 
time  of  the  place,  the  longitude  of  which  is  desired 
to  be  ascertained,  and  the  time  of  the  first  meridian, 
which  on  being  reduced  to  degrees  affords  the 
longitude.  East  longitude  extends  180  degrees  to 
the  right,  when  looking  north  ;  west  longitude,  as 
many  to  the  left  of  the  first  meridian. 

Long-lines.  Used  in  deep-sea  Une  fishing  for 
such  fish  as  cod,  halibut,  etc. 

Longshore.    A  word  used  for  a  long  shore. 

LooL  The  after  part  of  a  ship's  bow,  where  the 
planks  curve  as  they  approach  the  stem. 

Look-oat.  A  name  applied  to  the  man  stationed 
on  the  forecastle  head  or  foremast  to  watch  for  any 
dangerous  object  lying  near  a  ship's  track,  or  any 
strange  vessel  heaving  in  sight. 

Loom*    The  handle  of  an  oar. 

Loose  sails.    Sails  falling  free  for  drying  purposes. 

Lord,  William  Robert  (b.  Chepstow,  April  24, 
1841).  Served  his  apprenticeship  at  sea,  and  in 
1 87 1  obtained  a  master's  certificate  and  command 
in  the  service  of  Messrs.  Dent  and  Co.,  Newcastle  ; 
after  26  years  of  active  sea  service,  he  retired  in 
1897,  and  was  appointed  district  secretary  of  the 
Shipping  Federation  for  the  Tyne  and  Blyth  ports. 
Is  nautical  assessor  of  the  Admiralty  Division  of  the 
County  Court  of  Newcastle-on-Tyne,  and  secretary 
for  the '  North  of  England  Steamship  Owners' 
Association. 

PubUcations  :  "  Reminiscences  of  a  Sailor  " ;  and 
numerous  contributions  to  magazines. 

Lord  Line,  managed  by  the  Irish  Shipowners 
Co.,  Ltd.,  Thomas  Dixon  and  Sons,  Belfast,  have 
a  fleet  of   10  modem  steamers,  which  maintain 


LORD 


370 


LOUGtt 


regular  sailings  between  Ireland  and  U.S.A.,  and 
the^Continent,  U.S.A.  The^Irish  Shipowners  Co., 
Ltd.,  was  incorporated  in  1883,  with  an  authorised 
capital  of  £400,000,  and  up  to  the  present  on  the 
ordinary  shares  only  £2  has  been  called  up.  A 
service  is  maintained  twice  a  month  from  Baltimore 
to  Belfast  and  vice  versa  ;  from  Baltimore  to  Dublin, 
and  vice  versa.  A  monthly  service  from  Baltimore 
to  Cardiff,  and  vice  versa  ,  a  monthly  service  from 
Galveston  to  Rotterdam  and  vice  versa,  and  services 
from  Montreal  and  Quebec  to  Cardiff,  during  the 
season.  The  company  also  charter  their  steamers 
for  other  business  when  inducement  offers. 

Fleet. 

Lord  A  ntrim.  Lord  Iveagh. 

Lord  Charlemont.  Lord  Lansdowne. 

Lord  Downshire,  Lord  Londonderry. 

Lord  Dufferin.  Lord  Ormonde. 

Lord  Erne.  Lord  Roberts, 

Gross  tonnage,  59,000. 

Lord  Melville.  Transport.  Lost  near  Kinsale* 
January  31,  18 16,  when  200  of  the  82nd  Regiment 
perished. 

Lord  Nelion*  British  ist  class  battleship* 
(Palmer,  1907.) 

Length  410ft.    Beam  79ft.    Mean  draught  27ft. 
Displacement  16,600  tons.     Complement  865. 
Guns.  Armour. 

4 — 12  in.  •*  Krupp." 

10— 9*2  in.  12  in.  Belt  amidships. 

18 — 3*5  in.  14  in.  Barbettes. 

6 — 3  pdr.  12  in.  Conning  tower. 

6  Pompoms. 
2  Maxims. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.  04  M). 
4  Submerged  broadside. 
I  Submeiged  stem. 
Twin  screw.    Hp.  20,000=18*5  kts.    Coal  maxi- 
mum 2,000  tons.    Approximate  cost  ;£  1,5 00,000. 

Lord  Warden  of  the  Cinane  Porti.  A  magistrate 
who  has  the  jurisdiction  of  the  Cinque  Ports. 

Lord  William  Bentinek.  On  June  17,  1840,  this 
vessel  was  lost  near  Bombay,  when  58  recruits, 
20  officers,  and  seven  passengers  perished. 

L'Orient,  Battle  ot  Off  this  port  in  June,  17951 
the  British  under  Lord  Bridport  defeated  the 
French  under  Villaret-Joyeuse. 

Lorn  Oorinthian  Taoht  Olnb.  .  Established  1899. 
Commodore,  George  A.  Clark  Hutchinson ;  Vice- 
Commodore,  Dr.  J.  G.  C.  Scott ;  Rear-Commodore, 
Kenneth  Macrae  ;  Honorary  Treasurer  and  Secre- 
tary, James  Cunningham,  Club  House,  Esplanade, 
Oban.  Entrance  fee,  los.  6d. ;  annual  sub- 
scription, 105.  6d. 

LofOi.    Russian  submarine  (1905).     Speed,  9  kts. 

Lou.  In  the  law  of  marine  insurance,  "  losses 
which  arise  from  the  various  perils  insured  against 
may  be  either  total  or  partial — total,  when  the 


subject  matter  of  insurance  is  wholly  destroyed  or 
injured  to  such  an  extent  as  to  justify  the  owner 
in  abandoning  to  the  ixisurer ;  and  partial  when 
the  thing  insured  is  only  partially  damaged,  or 
where,  in  the  case  of  an  insurance  on  goods,  the 
owner  of  them  is  called  upon  to  contribute  to  the 
general  average  (g.v.).  Total  losses  may  be  divided 
into  actual  and  constructive  total  losses.  Actual 
total  losses  arise  where  the  ship  or  cargo  is  totally 
lost  or  annihilated,  or  where  they  are  placed  by  one 
of  the  perils  insured  against  in  such  a  position  that 
it  is  wholly  out  of  the  power  of  the  assured  to  pro- 
cure their  arrival.  "  Losses  are  constructively 
total  when  the  subject  matter  of  insurance,  though 
stillju  existence,  is  either  lost  to^the  owners  or 
beneficially  lost  to  them,  and  notice  of  abandon- 
ment has  been  given  to  the  imderwriters."  Refer 
to  Total  loss.  Constructive  total  loss,  Partial  loss. 
Particular  average,  Limitation  of  liability.  Passen- 
gers, Wreck,  Affreightment. 

LogMi  not  oonced  by  a  poUoy*    See  Policy. 

Loft  daj  18  the  day  which  is  lost  in  circum- 
navigating the  globe  to  the  westward,  by  making 
each  day  a  little  more  than  24  hours  long. 

Lost  or  not  lost.  Owing  to  the  time  occupied  in 
getting  news  from  distant  places,  or  other  cause, 
property  is  exposed  to  risk  and  possible  loss,  before 
any  marine  insurance  has  been  effected  to  protect  it. 
These  words  in  the  policy  is  to  cover  this  con- 
tingency. (Marshall  on  Insurance,  2nd  ed.,  p.  332.) 
This  clause  appears  only  in  English  and  American 
policies,  but  it  is  permitted  in  the  commercial  codes 
of  some  Continental  countries. 

T^tfiringfn,    German  ist  class  battleship.   (Schi- 
chau,  1904.) 
Length  430ft.    Beam  72ft.    Mean  draught  26ft. 
Displacement  13,200  tons.    Complement  691. 
Guns,  Armour, 

4 — II  in.  "  Krupp." 

14 — 6' 7  in.  9  in.  Belt. 

12 — 24  pdr.  1 1  in.  Barbettes. 

12 — I  pdr.  II  in.  Turrets. 

8  Machine.  12  in.  Conning  tower. 

Torpedo  Tubes, 
5  Submerged  bow  and  broadside. 
I  Above  water  stem. 
Three  screws.    Hp.  16,000=18  kts.    Coal  maxi- 
mum 1,600  tons.    Approximate  cost  j(  1,160,000. 

Lotos.  Merchantman.  Wrecked  in  Chale  Bay, 
October  19,  1862 ;  only  two  saved. 

Looava.  French  torpedo-boat  (1893).  Displace- 
ment, 129  tons;  complement,  26;  maximum 
draught,  8^  ft. ;  guns,  2  3-pdr. ;  torpedo  tubes» 
2  15-in.  ;  twin  screw ;  Hp.,  1,400  =  25  kts.;  coal, 
16  tons. 

Lough  Decg  Yaofat  Glab»  co.  Tipperary.  This 
club  was  originally  formed  in  1836.  R^^attas  were 
held  by  it  at  Dromineer,  Portumna  and  Mount 
Shannon,  one  of  the  earliest  commodores   being 


LOUGH 


371 


L.T. 


Viscount  Avonmore.  of  Belleisle,  Portumna.  Having 
passed  through  various  vicissitudes,  of  which  no 
authentic  records  remain,  in  the  year  1883  it  was 
decided  to  reorganise  the  club,  and  a  meeting  of  the 
members  with  that  object  was  held  at  Hazel  Point, 
Dromineer«  on  June  19.  The  rules  of  the  club,  as 
approved  of  by  the  members  present,  were  ordered 
to  be  published.  The  commodore,  Viscount 
Avonmore,  having  died.  Captain  Basset  Holmes 
was  appointed  in  his  stead,  with  Captain  T.  S.  W. 
Bernard,  vice.  It  was  also  decided  that  the  sailing 
rules  of  the  club  should  be  those  of  the  Y.R.A..  and 
the  old  system  of  starting  from  moorings  be  aban- 
doned, and  fl3dng  starts  instituted.  Regattas  have 
been  held  annually  since  the  reorganisation  of 
the  club,  extending  from  three  to  four  days  each. 
At  a  meeting  of  the  council  of  the  Y.R.A..  held  on 
April  5,  1895,  ^^  ^^  Royal  London  Yacht  Club, 
2  Savile  Row,  the  Lough  Derg  Yacht  Club  was 
accepted  as  a  recognised  yacht  dub.  Flag :  British 
red  ensign.  Burgee :  Red,  with  yellow  sprig  of 
shamrock  on  the  fly.  Commodore,  Major  T.  S. 
Wellesley  Bernard  ;  Vice-Commodore,  Lord  Dunal- 
ley ;  Honorary  Secretary  and  Treasurer,  S.  G.  J. 
Parker  Hutchinson.  Entrance  fee,  £i  ;  annual 
subscription,  ;(i. 

Lovli  Erne  Yaoht  dab.  Established  1837. 
Flag :  Blue  ensign.  Burgee :  White,  with  blue 
cross,  castle  in  centre.  Commodore,  The  Earl  of 
Erne ;  Vice-Commodore,  The  Earl  of  Lanesborough ; 
Honorary  Secretary  and  Treasurer,  Captain  S. 
Saunderson.    Annual  subscription,  £1  is. 

Lough  Neagh  Yacht  Olnb.  Established  1897. 
Commodore.  Lord  O'Neill ;  Vice-Commodore,  Vis- 
count Massereene  and  Ferrard  ;  Rear-Commodore, 
Major  Arthur  Pakenham ;  Honorary  Treasurer, 
D.  Redmond  ;  Honorary  Secretary,  W.  T.  Cowan, 
Dunadry,  co.  Antrim.     Annual  subscription,  los, 

Lonisiaiuu  U.S.  ist  class  battleship.  (Newport 
News,  1904.) 

Length  456ft.  Beam  76ft.  Maximum  draught  27ft. 
Displacement  16,000  tons.    Complement  916. 
Guns.  Armour, 

4 — 12  in.,  45  cal.       "  Krupp." 
8 — 8  in.  ij  in.  Belt  amidships. 

12 — 7  in.  12  in.  Turrets. 

20—14  pdr.  9  in.  Conning  tower. 

1 2 — 3  pdr. 
14  Small. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 

4  Submerged. 

Twin  screw.    Coal  maximum  2,200  tons. 

Approximate  cost  ;£  1,300,000. 

Loatre.  French  submarine.  (Rochefbrt,  1903.) 
Length,  77  it. ;  beam,  7^  ft. ;  draught,  8  ft. ;  dis- 
placement. 68  tons;  complement,  9;  Hp.,  60= 
8kt8. 

Lorakili,  Latlltf  DanM  (b.  Wolverhampton, 
March  29,  1869).     Engineer.     In  1880  entered  the 


yard  of  Messrs.  W.  M.  Cramp  and  Sons,  Phila- 
delphia, and  in  1886  joined  the  drawing  office  stafE 
and  became  chief  draughtsman.  In  October,  1900, 
he  resigned  his  appointment  and  joined  the  New 
York  Shipbuilding  Co.  as  chief  engineer.  Is  the 
original  inventor  of  machinery  for  attaching  pipes  to 
flanges,  and  was  awarded  the  highest  honours  and 
a  gold  medal  by  the  Committee  of  Science  and 
Arts  for  this  invention,  which  involves  15  U.S. 
patents,  and  33  foreign  ones,  and  has  revolution- 
ised this  particular  industry  in  America.  Is  an 
authority  on  oil  fuel  for  steamships,  and  has  many 
patents  on  this  system  known  as  the  "  Lassoe 
Lovekin  System,"  which  at  the  present  time  is 
fitted  to  16  large  steamships. 

Publications :  Contributed  a  paper  to  the 
Institution  of  Naval  Architects  and  Marine  Engin- 
eers on  "  Balancing  Valve  Gears." 

Lo?kL  Russian  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Nor- 
mand,  1905.)  Length.  185  ft. ;  beam,  21  ft.  ; 
draught,  7^  ft.  ;  displacement,  324  tons  ;  com- 
plement, 60;  armament,  i  12-pdr.,  5  3-pdr., 
2  Maxims.  2  tubes ;  twin  screw ;  Hp.,  5,600 ^ 
26  kts. ;   coal,  100  tons. 

Lower.  A  name  applied  when  the  atmosphere 
becomes  cloudy.  Also  to  ease  down  gradually 
any  weighty  body  suspended  by  tackle  or  ropes, 
which,  being  slackened,  allows  it  to  descend  slowly 
or  quickly  as  the  occasion  requires. 

Lower-staddingsaiL  A  fine  weather  sail  set 
outside  the  square  sails. 

Lower  ftoddingsai^haUiards.  Tackle  employed 
to  lower  or  hoist  the  lower-studdingsail. 

Lower  staddingsail-sheet.  Ropes  or  chains  fas- 
tened to  one  or  both  of  the  lower  comers  of  the 
lower-studdingsail  to  extend  and  retain  the  clue 
down  in  its  place.     Refer  to  Sheet. 

Lower  stnddingsail-yard.  The  spar  to  which  the 
head  of  the  lower-studdingsail  is  extended.  Refer 
to  Yard,  also  Studdingsail. 

Low-pressure  system.    See  Cyclone. 

Low-water  mark  is  the  point  reached  by  the  tide 
at  the  bottom  of  an  ordinary  or  neap  ebb, 
taking  the  average  of  the  medium  tides  in  each 
quarter  of  a  lunar  revolution.    Refer  to  Foreshore. 

L.P.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Loppersum,  Holland. 

LJR.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Lancaster,  England. 

L.S.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Leens,  Holland. 

L.8.S.  Life  saving  station.  Abbreviation  adopted 
on  the  charts  issued  by  the  Hydrographic  Office, 
Admiralty. 

L.T.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Lowestoft,  England. 


LT. 


372 


LUFTI 


Lt.  Light.  Abbreviation  adopted  on  the  charts 
issued  by  the  Hydrographic  Office,  Admiralty. 

Lt.  alt.  Light  alternating.  Abbreviation  adopted 
on  the  charts  issued  by  the  Hydrographic  Office, 
Admiralty. 

Ltd.    Abbreviation  for  limited. 

Lt.  f.  Light  fixed.  Abbreviation  adopted  on 
the  charts  issued  by  the  Hydrographic  Office, 
Admiralty. 

Lt.  f.  fl.  Light  fixed  and  flashing.  Abbreviation 
adopted  on  the  charts  issued  by  the  Hydrographic 
Office,  Admiralty. 

Lt.  fl.  Light  flashing.  Abbreviation  adopted 
on  the  charts  issued  by  the  Hydrographic  Office, 
Admiralty. 

Lt  grp.  fl.  Light  group  flashing.  Abbreviation 
adopted  on  the  charts  issued  by  the  Hydrographic 
Office,  Admiralty. 

Lt  grp.  000.  Light  group  occulting.  Abbrevia- 
tion adopted  on  the  charts  issued  by  the  Hydro- 
graphic  Office,  Admiralty. 

Lt  000.  Light  occulting.  Abbreviation  adopted 
on  the  charts  issued  by  the  Hydrographic  Office, 
Admiralty. 

Lt  rev.  Light  revolving.  Abbreviation  adopted 
on  the  charts  Issued  by  the  Hydrographic  Office. 
Admhalty. 

Laard,  Admiral  Sir  William  Oamhamt  K.C.B., 

cr.  1897  (b.  April,  1820).  Educated  Royal  Naval 
College,  Portsmouth  Entered  Navy,  1833  ;  pro- 
moted for  services  in  China  at  the  stormmg  of 
Fort  Tycockton.  1841  ;  actively  engaged  in  sur- 
veying Fangoon  River ;  honourably  mentioned  for 
scr\'ices  at  the  capture  oi  Rangoon  and  Ihc  destiuc- 
tion  of  Remmendine  (China  and  Burmese  medals, 
Pegu  clasp)  ;  captain  of  Conqueror,  superintended 
the  landing  of  storming  parties  in  Straits  of  Shimono- 
seki.  1864  ;  chairman  of  committee  appointed  to 
inquiie  into  the  bursting  of  the  Thunderer's  gun, 
1879 ;  member  of  the  committee  on  the  subject  of 
explosions  of  gas  in  roal  bunkers,  1881  ;  super- 
intendent of  Malta  Dockyard,  1878-79  ;  president 
of  Roj'al  Naval  College,  1882-85  ;  an  officer  of  the 
Legion  of  Honour. 

Lubber  A  term  applied  to  a  man  unskilled  in 
seamanship. 

Lubber's  hole.  A  space  between  the  head  of 
lower  mast  and  edge  of  the  top.  used  by  timid 
climbers  instead  of  by  way  of  tuttock  shrouds. 

Liibecker  Yacht  Club,  with  their  headquarters  at 
Liibeck,  Germany,  was  established  in  1S98.  Com- 
modore, F.  Kwers  ,-  \  ice-Commodore,  H.  Behnke  ; 
Rear-Commodores.  R.  Piehl  and  C.  Behn  ;  Trea- 
surer J.  H.  Fehling ;  Secretary.  P.  L.  Strack. 
Entrance  fee.  20  marks ;  annual  subscription, 
2o  marks. 


Laotnia.  British  subsidised  merchant  ship 
(1893).  Cunard  Ijne  {q,v.)»  (Liverpool  and  New 
York.)  Dimensions,  620x65  x  3 7i  ft. ;  gross  ton- 
nage, 12,950;  Hp.,  30,000=! 2 1  kts. 

Lacas,  Bear-Admiral  Charles  Davia,  V.C.  fh  1845). 
Served  in  Burmese  war.  1852-53  ;  present  at  the 
capture  of  Rangoon,  Dalla,  Pegu,  Prome ;  served 
in  the  Baltic,  1854-55  (Baltic  medal)  ;  was  the  first 
recipient  of  the  V.C.  in  the  Nav^-,  which  he  obtained 
for  gallantry  m  throwing  overboard  a  live  shell 
from  the  Hecla  at  the  attack  of  the  batteries  at 
Bomarsund,  June  21,  1854. 

Extract    from    the    "  Gazette,"    February    24, 

1857: 
Captain    Hall    writes :    "  With    regard    to    Mr. 

Lucas,  I  have  the  pleasure  to  report  a  remarkable 
incident  of  coolness  and  presence  of  mind  in  action, 
he  having  taken  up  and  thrown  overboard  a  live 
shell  thrown  on  board  the  Hticla  by  the  enemy 
while  the  fuse  was  burning."  Captain  Hall  re- 
ceived in  reply  to  this  letter  from  Sir  Charles 
Napier,  June  22,  1854,  as  follows  :  *'  Their  lordships 
will  observe  in  Captain  Hall's  letter  the  great 
courage  of  Mr.  C.  D.  Lncas  in  taking  up  a  live 
shell  and  throwing  it  overboard,  and  I  trust  their 
lordships  will  mark  their  sense  oi  it  by  promoting 
him." 

Promoted  lieutenant,  June,  1854,  for  this  ser- 
vice ;  commander,  1862 ;  captain,  1867 ;  rear- 
admiral,  1885,  when  he  retired. 

LnellS.  German  gun-boat  (Danzig,  1890O 
Length,  203  ft. ;  beam,  2<)I-  ft. ;  draught,  1 1  ft. ; 
displacement,  881  tons;  complement,  121  ;  arma- 
ment, 8  3'4-in.,  6  1'4-in.,  2  Maxims;  Hp.»  1,300s 
I3'5  kts. ;  coal,  165  tons. 

Lndion.  French  submarine.  (Cherbourg.  1903.) 
Length,  yj  ft. ;  beam,  7^  ft. ;  draught,  8  ft. ;  dis- 
placement, 68  tons;  complement,  5;  Hp..  60 » 
8  kts. 

Laebeck.  German  armoured  cruiser.  (Vulkan, 
Stettin,  1904.) 

Length  341ft.  Beam  40ft.  Maximum  draught  16^  ft. 
Displacement  3,200  tons.     Complement  280. 
Guns.  Armour. 

10 — ^4*1  in.  •*  Krujip." 

10 — 1*4  in.  2  in.  Deck. 

4  Maixims.  4  in.  Conning  tower. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
2  Submerged. 
Turbine.     Hp.  1 1,000  cs  23  kts.     Coal  maximum, 
800  tons. 

Loft.  The  fore  leech  or  edge  of  a  sail.  An  order 
to  bring  the  ship's  head  more  to  windward. 

Luff-tackle.  A  temporary  tackle  with  double 
and  single  block. 

Laffti  Hamayoim.  Turkish  gun- vessel.  (Turkey, 
1894.)  Length.  210  ft. ;  beam,  35  ft. ;  draus^ht, 
14  ft. ;  di^lacement,  1,313  tons ;  armament,  4  6-in. . 
6  4'7-in.,  6  q.f.,  2  tubes  ;  Hp.,  2.8003*13  kts. 


LUG 


373 


LYONS 


Lug.  Probably  the  origin  of  the  word  '*  log." 
An  old  term  for  a  perch  or  rod  used  in  land  measur- 
ing, containing  16)  ft. 

Lugger.  A  small  vessel  having  two  or  three 
masts  with  four-cornered  cut  sails,  set  fore  and  aft. 

Log-saiL  A  powerful  form  of  fore-and-aft  sail 
hoisted  on  a  yard  which  is  slung  from  one-quarter 
to  one-third  of  its  length  forward  of  the  mast. 
The  end  of  the  halliard  is  usually  fastened  to  an 
iron  hoop  or  traveller,  which  keeps  the  yard  to 
the  mast.  The  sail  is  set  taut  up  on  its  lu£f>rope, 
which  is  swayed  up  so  as  to  stand  rigid.  It  is 
much  used  by  fishermen  as  being  simple  and 
involving  but  little  rigging. 

Lnipaard.  Netherlands  coast  defence  monitor 
(1878).     Of  no  fighting  value. 

Lmnber  iron.  A  forked  crutch  or  stanchion  fixed 
upright  in  the  gunwale  to  hold  oars,  spars,  or  sails 
when  not  in  use. 

Lamley,  Gascoigne  (b.  Gateshead,  October  29, 
1873).  Marine  engineer.  Educated  Rutherford 
College,  and  Durham  College  of  Science.  Served 
apprenticeship  with  Messrs.  Black,  Hawthorn  and 
Co.,  and  joined  the  staff  of  the  Hon.  C.  A.  Parsons, 
Newcastle,  there  gaining  experience  in  steam  tur- 
bines. After  serving  two  years  at  sea  he  joined 
the  staff  of  Robert  Eccles,  and  was  engaged  in 
surveys  and  repairs  to  petroleum  steamers.  In 
July,  1898,  joined  the  service  of  the  Niger  Coast 
Protectorate  (Southern  Nigeria)  as  assistant  en- 
gineer in  Marine  Department,  and  in  1901  was 
appointed  superintendent  engineer. 

Lmnpar.     Labourers  employed  in  working  cargo. 

Lnna.  American  emigrant  vessel.  Went  on  the 
rocks  off  Cape  Barfleur,  February  19,  i860,  and 
became  a  total  wreck  ;  100  lives  lost. 

Lunar  halo.    See  Halo. 

Lnnar  rainbow.    See  Rainbow. 

Land   Line.    William  Lund  commenced  as  an 

owner  of  sailing  ships  in  1871,  and  with  the  opening 

of  the  Suez  Canal  he  changed  to  steam,  and  started 

in    1880  his  Blue  Anchor  Line  of  passenger  and 

cargo  steamers  from  London  to  and  from  Adelaide, 

Melbourne,  and  Sydney.     This  was  the  first  regular 

direct   steam  cargo  service  between  England  and 

the    Australasian   colonies ;   since   which   time,   to 

keep  pace  with  the  increasing  trade,  he  has  built 

large    and   fast  vessels,   the  Geelong   (twin  screw, 

7.954  tons)  heading  the  list  and  holding  the  record 

from  London  to  Adelaide  via  the  Cape — 36)-  days. 

The    steamers  carry   H.M.    mails  between   South 

Africa    and    Australia,    and    also   have    excellent 

passenger  accommodation. 

Fleet. 
CofnmonweaUh,        Narrung.  Wakool, 

Geelong.  Wilcannia. 

Gross  tonnage,  36,000^ 


'  Landy  Uaad  Light*  situated  on  the  south-west 
of  Lundy  Island,  in  the  Bristol  Channel,  established 
1897,  is  a  two-flash  light  every  20  seconds ;  dura* 
tion  of  flash,  two-thirds  of  a  second  ;  candle-power, 
maximum,  121,000;  burner,  5  wick  (1894);  ill"- 
minant,  oil. 

LardL     A  heavy  roll. 

Lusitania.  British  subsidised  merchant  ship 
(1906).'^  Cunard  Line  (^.v.).  (Liverpool,  New  York.) 
Gross  tonnage,  40  000  ;  Hp.,  75,000= 24J  kts. 

Lnssin.  Austro-Hungarian  gun-boat.  (Trieste, 
1885.) 

Length  200ft.     Beam  26^ft.     Draught  i2\it. 
Displacement  995  tons.     Complement  1 54. 

Guns»  Armour, 

2 — 5*9  in.  I J  in.  Deck. 

7  Maxims. 

Hp.  1,830=  14  kts.     Coal  200  tons. 

Latine,  H.M.S.  32  guns.  In  October,  1799,  this 
vessel,  a  French  ship  captured  by  Admiral  Duncan, 
was  wrecked  off  Vlieland,  on  the  coast  of  Holland  ; 
all  on  board  perished. 

Latke,  Obtain.    See  Arctic  Exploration. 

L.W.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Leeu warden,  Holland. 

L.W.  Low  water.  Abbreviation  adopted  on 
the  charts  issued  by  the  Hydrographic  Office, 
Admiralty. 

L.Y.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Londonderry,  Ireland. 

Ly-ee-Hoon.  Australasian  Steam  Navigation 
Co.'s  steamer.  Wrecked  off  Green  Cape,  between 
Melbourne  and  Sydney,  March  30,  1886 ;  76  persons 
drowned. 

Lynx.  British  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Birken- 
head, 1894.)  Length,  194  ft.  ;  beam,  19  ft.  ; 
draught,  5  ft. ;  displacement,  280  tons  ;  comple- 
ment, 50 ;  armament,  i  12-pdr.,  3  6-pdr.,  3  tubes  ; 
twin  screw  ;  Hp.,  4,000  =  27  kts.  ;  coal,  70  tons. 

Ljma.  French  submarine  (1902).  Length,  77  ft. ; 
beam,  7 J  ft.  ;  draught,  8  ft. ;  displacement,  68  tons  ; 
complement,  5  ;  Hp.,  60=8  kts. 

LyonB,  Sir  Algemoii«  O.C.B.,  cr.  1897.  Admiral 
of  the  Fleet,  1897  (b.  1833).  Entered  Navy,  1847  \ 
served  in  Black  Sea  through  Russian  war,  1854-55  ; 
commanded  the  boats  of  the  Firebrand  after  the 
fall  of  his  captain  in  the  destruction  of  Russian 
works  on  the  Danube  ;  mentioned  in  despatches ; 
present  at  the  bombardment  of  Sebastopol,  1854  ; 
flag-lieutenant  to  Commander-in-Chief  in  the  Black 
Sea ;  assisted  in  the  capture  of  Kertch  and  Kin- 
bum  (Crimean  and  Turkish  medals,  and  Medjidie, 
5  th  Class,  Sebastopol  clasp)  ;  commanded  the  Racer 
on  North  American  Station  during  Civil  war, 
1861-62 ;  Commander-in-Chief,  Pacific  Station, 
1881-84;  Commander-in-Chief,  North  American 
and  West  Indian  Station,  1 886-88  ;  Commander-in- 


LYONS 


374 


MACCOLL 


Chief,  Devonport,  1893-96 ;  first  and  principal 
naval  A.D.C.  to  the  late  Queen.  1895  >  G.C.B., 
June  22/  1897,  on  the  commemoration  of  her  late 
Majesty's  Diamond  Jubilee. 

Lyons,  Edmnnd,  Lord  (i 790-1858).  British  ad- 
miral (b.  Christchurch).  Served  with  distinction 
in  the  East  Indies,  where  in  18 10  he  won  promotion 
by  his  bravery.  Commanded  the  Blonde  at  the 
blockade  of  Navarino.  At  the  beginning  of  the 
war  with  Russia,  1854,  he  was  appointed  Second- 
in -Command  of  the  British  Fleet  in  the  Black  Sea. 
His  principal  achievements  in  battle  were  the  sup- 
port he  rendered  to  the  French  at  Alma  in  attacking 
the  left  flank  of  the  Russians  with  his  guns,  and 
the  bold  part  he  took  with  his  ship,  the  Agamemnon, 
in  the  bombardment  of  the  forts  of  Sebastopol. 
In  1855,  ^^  ^^^  conclusion  of  the  war,  he  was  pro- 
moted vice-admiral,  and  in  1856  raised  to  the 
peerage  vdth  the  title  of  Lord  Lyons  of  Christchurch. 
He  died  1858. 

Lytham  Taoht  Olab.  Established  1890.  Burgee  : 
Red,  windmill  in  centre.  Commodore,  S.  Ander- 
ton ;  Vice-Commodore,  C.  J.  Whittaker ;  Rear- 
Commodore,  W.  R.  Ballantyne  ;  Honorary  Secre- 
tary, A.  L.  Poole.  Entrance  fee,  £2  2s.  ;  annual 
subscription,  £2  2s, 


ML  Distinguishing  letter  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Marstal,  Denmark. 

H.  Distinguishing  letter  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Milford,  England. 

m.     Abbreviation  for  mile. 

m.  Miles  (near  a  light).  Abbreviation  adopted 
on  the  charts  issued  by  the  Hydrographic  Office, 
Admiralty. 

m.  Mud.  Abbreviation  adopted  on  the  charts 
issued  by  the  Hydrographic  Office,  Admiralty,  de- 
noting the  quality  of  the  ocean's  bottom. 

M.A«  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Maassluis.  Holland. 

McBain*  George*  has  a  fleet  of  nine  steamers, 
seven  of  which  trade  regularly  between  the  oil- 
fields. Langkat,  Sumatra  and  China  ports.  Manila, 
Java,  Siam,  and  two  others  trading  on  the  Yang-tse 
River. 

Fleet. 

Fuhwo.  Pelayo.  Stettin. 

Guorna.  Siak.  Sual. 

Nord,  Siam.  W.  Cores  de  Vries, 


KaoBrajme  and  Soni,  David.  See  Glasgow  and 
Highland  Royal  Mail  steamers. 

MoCttntoek,  Kr  Francis  Leopold,  K.O.B.  (1819- 
1907).  British  admiral  and  Arctic  explorer. 
Entered  the  Navy  at  the  age  of  12,  and  spent 
15  years  on  foreign  service.  In  1848  he  gained 
his  first  experience  in  Arctic  travel,  in  an  expedition 


headed  by  H.M.S.  Enterprise,  despatched  by  the 
Admiralty  to  get,  if  possible,  some  definite  informa- 
tion concerning  the  fate  of  Sir  John  Franklin.    In 
his  second  expedition  in   1850  on  H.M.S.  Assist- 
ance he  found  some  traces  of  the  lost  explorers. 
In  1852  he  returned  to  the  Arctic  in  command  of 
H.M.S.    Intrepid,  and  was  away  for  two  years, 
and  distinguished  himself  by  a  long  sledge  jonmey 
of  over  800  miles,   when  he  found  and  rescued 
Captain  M'Qure  and  his  companions,   who  had 
been   missing   for  three  years.     In    1857,   having 
been  promoted  to  the  rank  of  captain,  he  took 
command  of  the  expedition  fitted  out  by  Lady 
Franklin,  and  in  the   ship  Fox  succeeded  in  dis- 
covering on  the  shore  of  King  William  Land  a 
record  of  the  death  of  Sir  John  Franklin,  and  the 
mystery  which  had  so  long  enshrouded  the  fate  of 
the  cruise  of  H.M.S.  Erebus  and  Terror.  In  1859  he 
received  a  knighthood  for  his  services  in  connec- 
tion with  Arctic  exploration,  and  was  given  the 
freedom  of  the  City  of  London,  a  grant  of  public 
money,  and  the  gold  medal  of  the  Royal  Geo- 
graphical Society  (Arctic  medal).     From    1868-71 
he  was  naval  A.D.C.  to  the  late  Queen.     Com- 
mander-in-Chief, North  American  and  West  India 
Station,    1879-82.      In    1884    he    retired    as   full 
admiral,  and  became  an  Elder  Brother  of  Trinity 
House.     In  1887  he  was  awarded  a  special  pension 
for  his  services,  and  created  K.C.B.  on  her  late 
Majesty's   birthday,    1891.     Refer   to    Arctic   Ex- 
ploration. 

Publication  :  "  A  Narrative  of  the  Discovery  ol 
the  Fate  of  Sir  John  Franklin  "  (i860). 

M'dore,  Sir  Robert  John  le  Menirior  (1807-73). 
Discoverer  of  the  North -West  Passage  (b.  Janu- 
ary 28,  1807).  Gained  his  first  Arctic  exploration 
experience  under  Captain  Black  in  the  Terror,  and 
was  first  lieutenant  on  the  Enterprise  during  the 
Franklin  search,  1848-49.  In  1850  he  was  placed 
in  command  of  an  expedition,  and  after  four  years 
succeeded  in  passing  from  ocean  to  ocean  to  the 
north  of  the  American  continent,  thus  accom- 
plishing the  North- West  Passage.  On  his  return  he 
was  knighted,  and  received  gold  medals  from  the 
English  and  French  Geographical  Societies.  Be- 
tween 1856-61  he  rendered  great  service  in  the 
Chinese  war,  and  was  conspicuous  at  the  storming 
of  Canton.  He  was  created  C.B.  in  1859,  and, 
having  attained  the  rank  of  vice-admiral,  he  re- 
tired. He  died  in  London,  October  17,  1873. 
Refer  to  Arctic  Exploration  ;  see  Admiral  Osborne's 
"  The  Discovery  of  a  North-West  Passage." 

llacCk)]!,  Hugo.  Marine  engineer.  Educated 
Glasgow  High  School.  In  1876  was  apprenticed 
to  the  engineering  works  of  Messrs.  R.  Napier  and 
Sons,  and  passed  through  the  workshops  of  tbe 
several  departments,  subsequently  entering  the 
drawing  office.  During  this  time  he  attended 
engineering  classes  conducted  by  Professor  Rowden. 
Anderson's  College,  Glasgow.    After  a  short  service 


MACDERMOTT 


375 


McKECHNIE 


at  sea  he  joined  Messrs.  Harlaad  and  Wolfi,  Belfast, 
subsequently  going  to  Spain  to  act  as  technical 
manager  to  the  engineering  works  of  Messrs. 
Portilla  White  and  Co.  While  there  he  designed 
and  superintended  the  construction  of  machinery 
for  several  vessels  for  the  Spanish  Navy.  In  1896 
he  commenced  business  in  Sunderland,  and  is  now 
managing  director  of  the  Wreath  Quay  Engineering 
Works. 

Member  of  the  Institution  of  Naval  Architects, 
of  the  Institution  of  Engineers  and  Shipbuilders 
in  Scotland,  of  the  North-East  Coast  Institution  of 
Engineers  and  Shipbuilders. 

MaeDermott,  PiofoMor  Ctoorge  Robert  Campbell. 

British  and  American  naval  architect  (b.  Glasgow, 
October  2,  i860).  Educated  public  schools  and 
Technical  Academy,  Glasgow.  In  1897  entered 
the  firm  of  Messrs.  George  and  James  Thomson 
(now  John  Brown  and  Co.,  Ltd.),  where  he  served 
in  various  capacities,  taking  a  prominent  part  in 
the  design  and  construction  of  some  80  vessels, 
mercantile  and  naval.  In  1889  he  joined  the 
Southampton  Naval  Works  as  naval  architect.  In 
189Z  he  accepted  the  chair  of  Professor  of  Naval 
Architecture  at  Cornell  University,  U.S.A.  During 
his  residence  in  the  United  States  he  has  designed 
several  notable  vessels,  and  served  on  important 
committees  and  arbitration  boards  relative  to 
maritime  interests  of  a  commercial  character. 

Member  of  the  Technical^  Committee^of  the 
United  States  Standard  Registration^Association, 
of  the  Institution  of  Naval  Architects,  of  the 
Society  of  Naval  Architects  and  Marine  Engineers 
(New  York),  and  of  the  Mechanical  Society  of 
Naval  Engineers  (Washington). 

Publications  :  "  Screw  Propellers  "  and  several 
papers  published  in  the  Transactions  of  technical 
societies  both  in  Great  Britain  and  the  United 
States. 

Kacdonoiigh.  U.  S.  torpedo-boat  destroyer  ( 1 900) . 
Displacement,  400  tons ;  armament,  i  14-pdr. ; 
7  6-pdr. ;  torpedo  tubes,  2  i8-in. ;  Hp.,  8,400= 
30  kts. 

KaoDoagall,  Dtlgeld  (b.  Greenock,  1840).  After 
serving  his  apprenticeship  he  became  manager  in 
a  large  shipping  business,  and  was  at  the  early 
age  of  22  a  registered  shipowner.  In  1872  he 
interested  himself  in  deck  loading,  and  his  sugges- 
tions on  this  matter  were  adopted  by  the  Canadian 
Government  in  the  Deck  Loading  Act  of  1873.  In 
1887  he  successfully  introduced  steam  to  displace 
manual  labour  at  the  harbours  at  Greenock,  and 
became  hon.  manager  of  the  company  to  carry  out 
the  work.  In  1880  he  introduced  the  i^st  cargo 
steamer  to  run  between  this  country  and  Australia. 
in  1S83  was  elected  a  member  of  Lloyd's  Register 
Conmiittee,  and  has  been  re-elected  on  four  different 
occasions. 

•    He  is  a  director  and^past-president  of  the  Clyde 
Steamers  Association,  and,  as  such,  was  one  of  the 


leaders  in  the  Chamberlain  controversy,  and  a 
witness  before  the  Royal  Commission  on  Shipping, 
1885. 

Macedonia.  British  subsidised  merchant  ship 
(1903).  P.  and  O.  Co.  (9. v.).  Dimensions.  465  x 
52x34^  ft.;  gross  tonnage,  6,898;  passenger 
accommodation,  554 ;  Hp.,  7,600=17  kts. 

MeGeoch,  Laachlan  Alexander  Mackey  (b.  Land- 
bank,  June  30,  1870).  Educated  Glasgow  High 
School,  gaining  the  city  medal,  and  afterwards  at 
the  Glasgow  Technical  College.  Served  his  ap- 
prenticeship in  Glasgow,  and  spent  some  time  in 
business  in  London,  and  from  there  went  to  Bir- 
mingham. He  has  specially  devoted  his  time  to 
improving  the  lighting  of  vessels  by  electricity, 
and  is  director  of  Messrs.  William  McGeoch  and 
Co.,  Ltd.,  of  Glasgow. 

Is  an  Associate  of  the  Institution  of  Naval 
Architects. 

McQregor,  Oow  and  Ck>.    See  Glen  Line. 

Maehias.    U.S.  gun-boat.     (Bath,  1893) 
Length  204ft.     Beam  32ft.     Draught  I4ift. 
Displacement  1,177  tons.     Complement  151. 
Guns,  Armour. 

8—4  in.  "  Steel." 

4 — 6  in.  i  in.  Deck. 

2 — I  pdr. 
2  Maxims. 
Hp.  2,046=15^  kts.     Coal  292  tons. 

lEaeUne  glUUL    See  Guns. 

nachinery  Clanse.    See  Clauses. 

Uaolver  Line»  direct  ^  River  Plate  .  steamers, 
maintain  a  regular  service  to  and  from  Liverpool 
and  the  River  Plate.  These  steamers  have  accom- 
modation for  a  limited  number  of  passengers,  and 
special  attention  is  given  to  the  shipping  of  pedigree 
live-stock.  The  average  passage  to  Monte  Video 
is  about  24  days. 

Flsbt. 

Araby.  Brittany ,  Normandy. 

Barbary.  Burgundy,  Tartary. 

Lombardy, 

MftKeehnie,  Jamei.  Marine  engineer.  Served 
his  apprenticeship  in  Glasgow,  and  there  studied 
under  Professor  Thorn  and  Professor  George  Forbes 
at  the  Glasgow  Mechanics  Institute.  He  became 
associated  with  Messis.  George  and  James  Thom- 
son, and  was  one  of  their  principal  assistants.  In 
this  capacity  he  was  associated  with  the  design 
and  construction  of  the  machinery  for  many  of  the 
early  greyhounds  for  the  Atlantic,  including  the 
America »  New  York,  and  Paris,  and  with  machinery 
for  warships  for  Russia,  Spain,  and  Japan.  In 
1889  he  went  to  Bilbao  as  engineering  manager  to 
Don  Jose  Martinez  de  las  Rivas,  and  there  de- 
signed and  built  the  machinery  for  three  armoured 
cruisers  for  the  Spanish  Government.  For  this 
work  he  was  decorated  with  the  Grand  Cross  and 


McKEE 


376 


MACLEAN 


Star  as  Knight-Commander  of  the  Ancient  Royal 
Order  of  the  Isabella  Catolica,  the  highest  naval 
order  in  Spain.  Returning  to  England  in  1895  ^^ 
became  engineering  manager  to  the  Naval  Con- 
struction Works  at  Barrow,  and  when  these  were 
acquired  in  1897  by  Messrs.  Vickers,  Sons  and 
Maxim  he  was  made  a  director  of  the  company. 
He  has  been  closely  connected  in  designing 
machinery  for  some  of  the  best  known  warships, 
including  the  Niobe,  Amphitrite,  Vengeance,  Hogue, 
Euryalus,  King  Alfred,  Dominion,  30-kt.  de- 
stroyers, 25-kt.  scouts,  and  the  21-kt.  battleship 
Triumph.  He  also  desigjned  and  constructed  the 
engines  for  the  Japanese  Mikasa  {q.v.). 

Publications :  Several  memoirs  on  engineering 
subjects. 

HcKee.  U.S.  torpedo-boat.  (Philadelphia,  1898.) 
Length,  99  ft. ;  beam,  12  ft.  ;  draught,  4^  ft.  ; 
displacement,  65  tons;  armament,  2  i-pdr., 
2  tubes  ;  Hp.,  850=19  kts. 

Mackenzie.  U.S.  torpedo-boat  (1898).  Length, 
99  ft. ;  beam,  i2f  ft.  ;  draught,  4}  ft. ;  displace- 
ment, 65  tons ;  armament,  i  i-pdr.,  2  tubes ;  Hp., 
850=20  kts. ;  coal,  15  tons. 

Mackenzie,  Alexander.     See  Arctic  Exploration. 

Mackerel  sky.  Cirro-cumulus  clouds.  Refer  to 
Clouds. 

Mackie,  William  ArbacUe.  British  naval  archi- 
tect (b.  Kilmarnock,  November  13,  1845).  Educated 
Kilmarnock  Academy,  Anderson  College,  Glasgow. 
In  1864  was  apprenticed  with  Messrs.  Charles 
Connell  and  Co.,  Glasgow,  and  remained  with  that 
firm  for  ten  years,  during  which  time  he  assisted 
in  the  design  and  construction  of  many  of  the 
China  tea  clippers.  In  1874  was  appointed  naval 
architect  to  Messrs.  Alexander  Stevensons  and 
Sons,  where  he  gained  considerable  experience  in 
the  construction  of  steamships.  In  1888  he  com- 
menced business  on  his  own  account  at  the  Govan 
Shipbuilding  Yard,  Glasgow,  and  since  then  has 
designed  and  constructed  some  335  vessels  of 
various  descriptions — sailing  ships,  cargo  and  pas- 
senger steamers,  and  a  number  of  steam  fishery 
vessels,  to  the  design  and  construction  of  which  he 
has  devoted  considerable  attention. 

Member  of  the  Institution  of  Naval  Architects, 
of  the  Institution  of  Engineers  and  Shipbuilders  in 
Scotland,  of  the  West  of  Scotland  Iron  and  Steel 
Institute. 

Maokrow,  Qeorge  Colby.  Naval  architect 
(1830-1907).  Served  his  apprenticeship  with 
Messrs.  Ditcbbum  and  Mare,  Orchard  Yard, 
Blackwall,  which]  company  in  1857  was  recon- 
structed and  named  the  Thames  Ironworks 
and  Shipbuilding  Co.,  and  later,  with  the 
extension  of  premises,  construction  of  marine 
engineering  shops  and  dry  docks,  the  Thames  Iron- 
works, Shipbuilding,  Engineering,  and  Dry  Dock 
Co.,  which  again  was  changed  in  1899  to  the  pre- 


sent title,  the  Thames  Ironworks  Shipbuilding 
and  Engineering  Co.  During  his  early  connection 
with  this  company  many  famous  vessels  were 
built,  notably  the  Heron  in  1843,  ^^  paddle- 
wheel  sloops  for  the  Spanish  Government,  the 
Francisco  d'Asis  and  the  Isabella  Segunda.  At 
the  outbreak  of  the  Crimean  war  18  wooden  de- 
spatch vessels  and  gun-boats  were  built,  and  also 
the  Meteor  and  Thunder,  wooden  armour-plated 
batteries,  which  played  such  an  important  part  in 
the  destruction  of  the  Kinbum  forts ;  the  Hima- 
laya, originally  built  for  the  Peninsular  and  Oriental 
Steam  Navigation  Co.,  and  sold  to  the  Admiralty 
in  1853  ;  the  Warrior,  the  first  sea-going  armour 
clad  the  world  had  ever  s6en.  Among  the  notable 
vessels  designed  and  constructed  under  his  super- 
vision may  be  mentioned  the  Nyanza,  built  for 
the  Peninsular  and  Oriental  Co.,  1864  ;  the  Izzeddin, 
a  paddle  yacht  built  for  the  late  Sultan  of  Turkey ; 
the  Spanish  armour  clad  Vittoria,  for  many  years 
the  flagship  of  the  Spanish  Navy,  1865  ;  the  King 
George,  for  the  Hellenic  Government,  1867 ;  an 
armour  clad  frigate  constructed  for  the  Turkish 
Government,  but  bought  by  the  Prussian  Govern- 
ment and  named  Wilhelm  /.,  1868 ;  the  Vasco  da 
Gama,  a  small  armour  clad  of  2,500  tons,  having  a 
complete  armour  belt,  1874 ;  the  Spanish  cruisers 
Gravina  and  Velasco,  1881  ;  the  battleships  Fuji 
and  Shikishima  for  the  Japanese  Government, 
vessels  which  played  such  a  prominent  part  in  the 
Russo-Japanese  war ;  the  xo  London  County 
Council  paddle-wheel  steamers  for  service  on  the 
River  Thames.  During  his  connection  with  the 
company,  which  extended  for  a  period  of  62  years, 
there  has  been  constructed  864  vessels  of  wood, 
iron,  and  steel,  having  a  total  displacement  of 
some  500,000  tons.  Eighty-five  of  these  have  been 
constructed  for  the  British  Admiralty,  having  a 
total  displacement  tonnage  of  178,583  ;  90  vessels 
for  foreign  governments,  with  a  total  displacement 
tonnage  of  123,596;  and  689  vessels  of  various 
kinds  for  the  mercantile  marine,  having  a  dis- 
placement tonnage  of  about  200,000  tons.  Of 
these  there  has  been  217  paddle  vessels,  259  screvr 
vessels,  the  remainder  being  either  sailing  or  non- 
self-propelling  vessels.  He  was  one  of  the  earliest 
members  of  the  Institution  of  Naval  Architects, 
and  has  read  papers  and  contributed  to  their  dis« 
cussions  from  time  to  time.  He  was  decorated 
with  many  foreign  orders.  In  1867  His  Majesty 
King  George  of  Greece  presented  him  with  the 
Hellenic  Order  of  the  Redeemer ;  his  late  Majesty 
King  Luiz  I.  of  Portugal  presented  him  with  the 
Portuguese  Order  of  Knighthood  ;  his  late  Majesty 
King  Alfonso  XII.  presented  him  with  the  Order 
of  Naval  Merit,  second  class,  and  at  the  corona- 
tion of  the  present  King  Alfonso  XIII.  he  was 
decorated  with  the  Order  of  Naval  Merit,  3rd 
Class. 

Maclean,  Magnos,  M.A.,  D.Sc.,  F.R.S.B.    Pro- 
fessor of  Electrical  Engineering  at  the  Glasgow  and 


MACLEAR 


377 


MAGELLIC 


West  of  Scotland  Technical  College  (b.  Skye, 
November,  i8S7).  Educated  Colbost  General 
Assembly  School ;  Normal  School ;  and  Glasgow 
University.  In  1884  was  elected  chief  official 
assistant  and  lecturer  of  natural  philosophy  by  the 
late  Lord  Kelvin,  and  in  1892  was  appointed  by  the 
University  Court,  lecturer  on  physics  to  students. 
On  the  chair  of  Electrical  Engineering,  Technical 
College,  falling  vacant  in  1899,  he  was  chosen  as  the 
most  eUgible  for  the  post.  He  h^  contributed, 
with  the  late  Lord  Kelvin  and  others,  original  inves- 
tigations to  learned  men,  and  was  the  first  Celtic 
lecturer  under  the  Kelly  MaccuUum  foundation  at 
the  University.  In  1903  he  accompanied  the  Mosely 
Education  Commission  to  the  United  States,  and 
contributed  a  report  and  various  Press  articles  on 
the  subject.  Member  of  the  Institution  of  Electri- 
cal Engineers. 

Publications :  Lectures  published  under  the 
titles  "  The  Lecturer  of  the  Celts,"  "  The  Lecturer 
of  the  Highlands"  (1903),  "Physical  Units 
Exercises  and  Natural  Philosophy,"  "  Exercised  in 
Electrical  Engineering,"  and  many  articles  in  the 
"  PhUosophical  Magazine,"  "  Nature,"  "  Elec- 
trician," and  other  technical  journals.  Was 
editor  of  that  important  work,  "  Modem  Electric 
Practices,"  which  contains  contributions  from 
leading  experts  on  most  of  the  phases  of  the  subject. 

Kadear,    John    Pearce.    British    admiral    (b. 
Cape  Town,  1838).     Joined  H.M.S.  Castor  as  naval 
cadet,    185 1,  and  saw  service  in  the  Kaffir  war. 
Served  as  midshipman  in  the  Algiers  in  Baltic  and 
Black  Sea,   1854-56  (Baltic,  Turkish  and  Crimean 
medals,     Sebastopol    clasp).     Served    in    Cyclops 
in    the    Red    Sea,  during  the  outbreak  at  Jedda, 
1858  ;     lieutenant   in   Sphinx   during   China   war, 
1860-62  ;    present   at   the   capture  of   Taku  forts 
(medal  and  Taku  clasp).  First  lieutenant  oiOctavia 
during    Abyssinian    war,    1868.     Commanded   the 
Challenger    in    her    scientific    voyage    round    the 
world.  1879-82,  and  the  Flying  Fish,  1882-87,  when 
doing     survey     service.     Promoted     rear-admiral, 
1 89 1,  -when  he  retired.     Rejer  to  Challenger  Expedi- 
tion. 

Hacleod,  Vice-Admiral  Angos  (b.  1847).  Entered 
Navy,  i860;  Ueu tenant,  1868;  served  in  Naval 
Brigade,  Gold  Coast,  1874  ;  commanded  a  company 
of  marines  at  Amoaful,  1875  ;  wounded,  mentioned 
in  despatches  ;  present  at  Ardasu  and  Coomassie, 
1874  ;  naval  prize  agent  at  looting  of  King's  palace 
(Ashantee  medal,  Coomassie  clasp) ;  present  at 
action  between  small-arm  party  of  H.M.S.  Barra- 
cotUa  and  natives  of  Samoa,  1876 ;  commander, 
1881  ;  specially  mentioned  to  Admiralty  and 
thanked  by  Commander-in-Chief  of  station,  when 
in  Algerine,  on  West  Coast  of  Africa,  for  the  "  very 
able  and  judicious  manner  in  which  orders  were 
carded  out,  and  for  valuable  reports  made,"  during 
Franco-Portuguese  complications  ;  captain,  1888  ; 
senior  naval  officer  in  Gulf  of  Siam,  1893  I   Director 


of  Naval  Ordnance  and  Torpedoes  ;  rear-admiral, 
1901  ;  senior  officer  on  the  coast  of  Ireland  and 
deputy  to  the  Admiral  Commanding  Coastguards 
and  Reserves  for  Coastguard  duty  in  Ireland. 
Admiral  Macleod  had  the  honour  of  receiving  the 
following  message  from  His  Majesty,  after  the  visit 
of  the  King  and  Queen  to  Ireland  in  May,  1904  : 
"  On  leaving  Ireland,  the  King  wishes  to  express 
to  the  senior  officer  on  the  coast  of  Ireland,  and  the 
officers  and  men  under  his  command,  his  high 
appreciation  of  all  the  naval  arrangements  which 
were  made  in  connection  with  his  visit.  He  was 
much  struck  with  the  presence  of  the  men-of-war 
off  Waterford  City,  and  noted  with  satisfaction  the 
smart  appearance  of  the  men  of  the  Royal  Navy 
and  the  Royal  Naval  Reserve,  forming  the  guards 
of  honour,  and  lining  the  streets."    C.V.O,,  1904. 

naCQaarie  Light,  situated  on  the  South  Head, 
at  the  entrance  to  Sydney  Harbour,  New  South 
Wales,  established  in  1883,  ^  ^  single-flash  Ught 
every  minute ;  duration  of  flash,  eight  seconds  ; 
the  candIe>power  is  undetermined ;  illuminant, 
electricity. 

Mad.  A  term  appUed  when  the  compass  needle 
has  been  injured. 

Hade.    A  seaman's  term  for  promotion. 

Bfaelstrom.  A  celebrated  whirlpool  near  the 
island  of  Moskoe,  off  the  coast  of  Norway.  It  is 
especially  dangerous  in  winter,  when  it  rages 
furiously.     Refer  to  Whirlpool. 

BlagC.  Magnetic.  Abbreviation  adopted  on 
the  charts  issued  by  the  Hydrographic  Office, 
Admiralty. 

Magdalena.  British  subsidised  merchant  ship 
(1886).  Royal  MaU  Co.  (q.v,)»  Dimensions  421  X 
50  X  33  ft. ;  gross  tonnage,  5,360 ;  passenger  accom- 
modation, 441  ;    Hp.,  5,600=17  kts. 

Magellan.  French  subsidised  merchant  ship 
(1897).  Messageries  Maritimes  (q.v.).  Dimensions, 
445  X  50 X  36  ft.  ;  gross  tonnage,  6,253  ;  Hp.,  7,200 
=  18  kts. 

Magellan,  Ferdinand  (1470-1521).  Portuguese 
navigator  and  explorer.  Was  the  first  to  circum- 
navigate the  globe.  Distinguished  himself  in  the 
Indies  and  America,  15 10-12.  In  1519,  aided  by 
Charles  V.,  he  crossed  the  Atlantic  to  Brazil,  and 
discovered  the  straits  called  by  his  name.  He  then 
crossed  and  named  the  Pacific,  reached  the  Philip- 
pine Islands,  and  met  his  death  at  the  hands  of  the 
natives.  See  '*  First  Voyage  round  the  World," 
by  Magellan  (Haklu3rt  Society,  1874)  ;  Guillemard's 
"Magellan  and  Pacific"  (1891). 

Magellic  donds.  A  popular  term  for  the  Nebi- 
cula,  or  the  great,  cloudy-looking  spots  in  the 
southern  heavens,  which  consists  of  vast  numbers 
of  nebula;  and  clusters  of  stars. 


MAGENTA 


378 


MAHUT 


"  steel." 

18  in.  Belt  amidships. 


Kagenta.    French  2nd  class  battleship.   (Toulon, 
1890.) 
Length  347ft.   Beam  65ft.   Maximum  draught  29ft. 

Displacement  10,900  tons.     Complement  640. 

Guns,  Armour. 

4 — 13*4  in- 
17—5-5  in. 
16 — 3  pdr.  14  in.  Barbettes. 

14  in.  Conning  tower. 
Torpedo  Tubes  (177  in.). 
4  Above  water  broadside. 
I  Above  water  stem. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.   12,000=16  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 800  tons.     Approximate  cost  ;£76o,ooo. 

Magioienne.  36  guns.  On  August  23,  18 10,  this 
vessel  was  wrecked  when  advancing  to  attack  the 
French,  off  Isle  of  France. 

Magne.  Swedish  torpedo  -  boat  destroyer. 
(Thomycroft,  1905.)  Length,  216  f t. ;  beam. 
20  ft.  ;  draught,  7  ft. ;  displacement,  350  tons  ; 
complement,  59  ;  armament,  i  12 -pdr.,  5  6-pdr., 
2  tubes  ;  twin  screw ;  .Hp.,  7,400=30  kts.  ;  coal, 
96  tons. 

Kagnat.  British  special  service  vessel  (430  tons). 
Launched  1883. 

Kagnet.  Austro-Hungarian  gun-boat.  (Schi- 
chau,  1896.) 

Displacement   510  tons. 
Guns,  A  rmour. 

6 — 3  pdr.  }  in.  Amidships. 

Torpedo  Tubes, 
3  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  5,000=26  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 105  tons. 

llagiietio  oonne  is  the  compass  course  corrected 
for  deviation  and  leeway. 

Magnifloeni.    British  ist  class  battleship.    (Chat- 
ham, 1895.) 
Length  413ft.     Beam  75  ft.  Maximum  draught  30ft. 

Displacement  14,900  tons.     Complement  757. 

Guns,  Armour. 

4 — I2in.,  35cal.        "Harvey." 
12— -6  in.  9  in.  Belt  amidships. 

16 — 12  pdr.  14  in.  Barbettes. 

12 — 3  pdr.  14  in.  Conning  tower. 

2 — 12  pdr.  Boat  guns. 
2  Maxims. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
4  Submerged. 
I  Above  water  stem. 
Twin    screw.     Hp.    natural    10,000=1 6' 5    kts., 
forced  1 2 ,000  =17*5  kts.     Coal  maximum  2 ,000  tons. 
Approximate  cost  ;f  1,000,000. 
This  ship-name  has  been  used  in  the  Navy  since 
1766,  and  is  associated   with   Byron's  action  off 
Grenada,  1779  ;   Rodney's  action  with  De  Guichen, 
1780  ;   Rodney's  action  with  De  Grasse,  1782. 


llagz.  Magazine.  Abbreviation  adopted  on  the 
charts  issued  by  the  Hydiographic  Office, 
Admiralty. 

Hahan*  Alfred  Thayer.  Captain  U.S.  Navy 
(retired).  American  naval  writer  (b.  Westpoint. 
New  York,  U.S.A.,  1840).  Educated  U.S.  Naval 
Academy.  Oxford,  D.C.L.  1894 ;  Cambridge, 
LL.D.  1894 ;  Harvard  (U.S.A.),  LL.D.  1895 ; 
Yale  (U.S.A.),  LL.D.  1897;  M'Gill  University, 
Montreal,  and  Columbia,  N.Y.  City,  LL.D.  1900. 
Entered  Navy,  1856 ;  lieutenant,  1861  ;  lieutenant 
commander,  1865  ;  commander,  1872 ;  captain. 
1885  ;  served  throughout  the  Civil  War ;  served 
in  the  South  Atlantic,  Pacific,  Asiatic  and  European 
Squadrons ;  president  of  the  Naval  War  College, 
1886 ;  in  command  of  U.S.S.  Chicago,  1S93,  Euro- 
pean Squadron;  Delegate  to  Peace  Conference  at 
The  Hague,  1899.  His  writings  on  naval  history 
traditions  and  power  have  won  him  a  world-wide 
recognition  as  an  expert  on  maritime  questions. 

His  principal  works  are  :  "  The  Gulf  and  Inland 
Waters  "  (1883),  "  Influence  of  Sea  Power  upon 
History  "  (1890),  "  Influence  of  Sea  Po¥rer  upon 
French  Revolution  and  Empire  "  (1892),  "  Life  of 
Admiral  Farragut "  (1892),  "Life  of  Nelson" 
(1897),  "The  embodiment  of  the  Sea  Power  of 
Great  Britain"  (second  title),  "The  Interest  of  the 
United  States  in  Sea  Power  "  (1897),  "  Lessons  of 
the  War  with  Spain  "  (1899),  "  A  Short  History  of 
the  South  African  War  "  (1900),  and  "  The  Problem 
of  Asia  **  (1900)  ,  "  Types  of  Naval  Officers  "  (1901), 
"  Retrospect  and  Prospect  "  (1902),  "  Sea  Power  in 
its  Relation  to  the  War  of  1812  "  (1905). 

Hahon,  Edward  Elphinstone,  C.B.,  1892.  Deputy 
Inspector  General  of  Hospitals  and  Fleets  (b.  185 1). 
Entered  Navy,  1878,  and  served  as  surgeon  in  the 
Boadicea  during  Zulu  war,  1879  (Zulu  medal) ; 
surgeon  of  the  Flora,  and  landed  with  Naval 
Brigade ;  present  at  the  action  of  Laing's  Nek, 
Boer  war,  1881  (mentioned  in  despatches) ;  pro- 
moted to  staff  surgeon  for  gallant  conduct ;  served 
with  Royal  Marines  in  Egypt,  1882,  and  was  present 
at  the  action  of  Mallaha  Junction,  Tel-el-Mahuta. 
Mahsameh,  Kassassin,  Tel-el>Kebir,  and  at  the 
occupation  of  Tyro  and  Aboukir  forts  (Egyptian 
medal,  Tel-el-Kebir  clasp,  Khedive's  Bronze  Star, 
Osmanieh,  4th  Class)  ;  surgeon  of  the  BacckanU ; 
served  with  Naval  Brigade  in  Burmah,  1855-57 
(Indian  medal,  Burmah  clasp) ;  C.B.  on  Her 
Majesty's  birthday,  1892. 

Mahn-Cbakri.  Siamese  protected  cruiser.  Length. 
290  ft. ;  beam.  39  ft. ;  displacement,  2,500  tons ; 
armament,  4  7-in.  q.f.,  10  6-pdr. ;  speed,  16  kts. 

Maho,  Jacob.     See  Antarctic  Exploration. 

Mahat-Bajakamar.  Siamese  gun-boat  (1887). 
Displacement,  500  tons ;  armament,  3  4*7  b.L. 
4  machine,  i  tube  ;  Hp.,  8oo=about  11  kts. 


MAI  DA 


379 


MAIN 


*       ■     ^Wirt 


Xaida.  Siamese  gun-boat.  Displacement,  300 
tons;  armament,  i  47  in.  b.l.,  2  machine  ;  nominal 
speed,  II  kts. 

MaJL  The  name  applied  to  a  number  of  rings 
interwoven  net-wise^  and  used  for  rubbing  off  the 
loose  hemp  from  white  cordage  after  it  is  made. 

Main.    Figuratively  speaking,  the  ocean. 

Haln-braCM.  Ropes  applied  to  the  main  yard* 
arms  to  change  the  position  of  the  mainsail  occasion- 
aUy. 

Hain-oliaizuL  Broad  and  thick  planks  projecting 
horizontally  from  the  ship's  outside,  to  which  they 
are  fayed  and  bolted,  abreast  of  and  somewhat 
behind  the  mainmast. 


U.S.  1st  class  battleship.  (Cramp's,  1901.) 
Length  394ft.    Beam  72ft.    Mean  draught  24it. 
Displacement  12,585  tons.     Complement  5$i. 
Guns.  Armour. 

4 — 12  in.  "  Krupp." 

16—6  in.  II  in.  Belt  amidships. 

6—14  pdr.  12  in.  Turrets.  • 

8 — ^4  pdr.  10  in.  Conning  tower. 

6 — I  pdr. 
2  Colts. 
4  Machine. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (i8  in.). 
2  Submerged. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  16,000=18  kts.    Coal  maxi- 
mum 2,000  tons. 

A  battleship  of  this  name,  belonging  to  the 
United  States  Government,  was  destroyed  in 
Havana  Harbour,  February  15,  1898,  as  a  result  of 
an  explosion,  when  253  officers  and  men  lost  their 
lives. 

Hain-Uftm  The  ropes  which  reach  from  the 
main-mast  head  to  the  yardarms  to  steady  and 
suspend  the  ends.  Their  use  is  to  keep  the  yard 
in  equilibrium,  or  raise  one  of  its  extremities  higher 
than  the  other  if  necessary,  but  particularly  to 
support  the  weight  when  a  number  of  men  are  em- 
ployed on  it  furling  or  reefing  the  sail. 

■•ill  loww  topMiil-brftoes.  Ropes  applied  to 
the  main  lower  topsaii-yardarms  to  change  the 
position  of  the  mainsail  occasionally. 

lUa  lower  iopfall-lifte.  Ropes  which  reach 
from  the  main-mast  to  the  lower  yardarms  of  the 
lower  topsails  to  steady  and  suspend  the  ends. 
Their  use  is  to  keep  the  yard  in  equilibrium,  but 
particularly  to  support  the  weight  when  a  number 
of  men  are  employed  on  it  furling  or  reefing  the  sail. 

Kain  lower  topeails.  The  lower  topsails  on  the 
main-mast.     Refer  to  Topsail. 

Kain  lower  topsail-yard.  The  lower  top -sail 
yard  on  the  main -mast.  Refer  to  Topsail,  also 
Yard. 

Haiii'-iiiast.    The  largest  mast  in  the  ship. 


Main  masi-head.  The  upper  part  of  the  main- 
mast immediately  below  the  top-mast. 

llain^royaL  The  name  of  a  light  sail  on  the 
main-mast,  spread  immediately  next  above  the 
top-gallant  sail,  to  whose  yardarms  the  lower 
comers  of  it  are  attached  ;  it  is  never  used  but  in 
fine  weather. 

Main  royal-baok-stays.  The  stays  which  lead 
down  to  the  vessel's  side  from  the  main-royal. 
Refer  to  Stay. 

Hain  royal-braces.  Ropes  applied  to  the  main 
royal-yardarms  to  change  the  position  of  the  main- 
sail occasionally. 

Main  royal-mast.  The  royal-mast  on  the  main- 
mast.    Refer  to  Royal-mast. 

Main  royal-stay.  The  royal  stay  on  the  main- 
roast.     Refer  to  Stay. 

Main  royal-staysaiL  A  light  sail  set  on  a  stay 
on  the  main-mast  immediately  next  above  the 
topgallant-sail. 

Main  royal  staysail-sheet  The  ropes  or  chains 
fastened  to  one  or  both  of  the  lower  corners  of  the 
main  royal-staysail  to  extend  and  retain  the  clew 
down  in  its  place.     Refer  to  Sheet. 

Main  royal-stnddingsaiL  A  studdingsail  set  on 
the  main-royal. 

Main  royal  staddingsail-boom.  A  spar  rigged 
out  on  the  main-royzil  for  the  purpose  of  setting 
a  studdingsail.     Refer  to  Studdingsail. 

Main  royal  stnddingsail-sheet  Ropes  or  chains 
fastened  to  one  or  both  of  the  lower  comers  of  the 
main  royal-studdingsail  to  extend  and  retain  the 
clew  down  in  its  place.     Refer  to  Sheet. 

Main  royal  studdingsail-iaek.  Ropes  to  confine 
the  weather  lower  comers  of  the  main  royal- 
studdingsail,  when  the  wind  crosses  a  ship's 
course  obliquely. 

Main  rogral  studdingsait-yard.  The  yard  on  the 
main  royal  on  which  the  studdingsail  is  set.  Refer 
to  Studdingsail. 

Main  royal-yard.  The  fourth  yard  above  the 
deck  on  the  main-mast,  on  which  the  royal  is  set. 
Refer  to  Yard. 

Mainsail.    The  principal  sail  on  the  main-mast. 

Main-shronda.  The  shrouds  or  lower  and  upper 
standing  rigging  of  the  main-mast.  Refer  to 
Shrouds. 

Main-skysaiL  A  small  light  sail  above  the  royal 
on  the  main-mast. 

Main  skysail-back-stays.  Stays  which  are  led 
down  to  the  vessel's  side  from  the  main-skysail. 
Refer  to  Stay. 

Main  skysail-braces.  Ropes  applied  to  the  main 
skysail-yardarm  to  change  the  position  of  the 
mainsail  occasionally. 


MAIN 


380 


MAJESTIC 


Kain  skyBail-masi  The  skysail-mast  on  the 
main-mast.     Refer  to  Skysail-mast. 

Main  skysail-stay.  The  stay  \\'hich  supports 
the  pole  or  upper  portion  of  the  royal-mast  on  the 
main-mast.     Refer  to  Stay. 

Uain  skysail-yard.  The  yard  on  the  main-mast 
above  the  royal-yard,  on  which  the  skysail  is  set. 
Refer  to  Yard. 


is  that  which  extends  to  the  ship's  stem. 
Refet  to  Stay. 

Main-top.  The  top  on  the  main-mast.  Refer  to 
Top. 

Main  topgallanWbaok  stays.  The  stays  which 
are  led  down  to  the  vessel's  side  from  the  main 
topgallant.     Refer  to  Stay. 

Main  topgallant-braces.  Ropes  applied  to  the  main 
topgallant-yardarms  to  change  the  position  of  the 
main-sail  occasionally. 

Main  topgallant-mast  The  topgallant-mast  on 
the  main-mast.     Refer  to  Topgallant-mast. 

Main  topgallant-sail.  The  third  sail  above  the 
deck  on  the  main-mast.  Set  above  the  topsail-yards 
in  the  same  manner  as  the  topsails  above  the  lower 
yards. 

Main  topgallan^shronds  are  topgallant  shrouds 
on  the  main-mast  which  extend  to  the  cross-trees, 
where,  passing  through  holes  in  the  ends,  they  con- 
tinue over  the  futtock-staves  to  the  topmast 
rigging,  and  descending  almost  to  the  top  are  set 
up  by  laniards,  passing  through  thimbles,  instead 
of  dead-eyes. 

Main  topgallant-stay.  The  topgallant-stay  on 
the  main-mast     Refer  to  Stay. 

Main  topgallant  -  staysail.  A  triangular  sail 
hoisted  upon  a  stay  on  the  main-topgallant 

Main  topgallant  stnddingsail-boom.  A  spar 
rigged  out  on  the  main-topgallant  for  the  purpose 
of  setting  the  studdingsail.     Refer  to  Studdingsail. 

Main  topgallant  stoddingsail-halliards.  The 
tackle  employed  to  lower  or  hoist  the  studding- 
sails  on  the  fore-topgallant. 

Main  topgallant-stoddingsails.  See  Main  top- 
mast-studdingsail. 

Main  tcmallant  stoddingsafl-taek.  Ropes  to 
confine  the  weather  lower  comers  of  the  main 
topgallant-studdingsail,  when  the  wind  crosses  a 
ship's  course  obliquely. 

Main  topgallant  stnddingsail-yard.  The  yard  on 
the  main  topgallant  on  which  the  studdingsail  is 
set     Refer  to  Studdingsail. 

Main  topgallant-yard.  The  yard  on  the  main- 
mast next  above  the  top-mast.     Refer  to  Yard. 

Main  topmast  The  topmast  on  the  main- 
mast.    Refer  to  Mast,  Topmast 


Main  topmast-lMU)k  stays.  The  stays  which  are 
led  down  to  the  vessel's  side  from  the  main-mast 
Refer  to  Stay. 

Main  topmast-head.  The  upper  part  of  the 
second  division  of  the  main-mast  above  the  deck. 

Main  topmast-shronds.  Topmast-shrouds  on  the 
main-mast,  extended  from  the  topmast-head  to  the 
edges  of  the  tops,  set  up  to  the  futtock  dead-eyes. 

Main  topmast-stay  is  attached  to  the  hounds 
of  the  fore-mast,  or  comes  on  deck.     Refer  to  Stay. 

Main  topmas^tuddingsail.  A  sail  set  outside  the 
topsails  and  topgallant-sails  on  the  main -mast 
They  have  yards  at  the  head,  and  are  spread  at  the 
foot  by  booms,  which  slide  out  on  the  extremities  to 
the  lower  and  topsail  yards,  and  their  heads  or 
yards  are  hoisted  up  to  the  topsail  and  topgallant- 
yardarms. 

Main  topmast  stnddingsail-boom.  The  spar 
rigged  out  on  the  main  topmast  for  the  purpose  of 
setting  out  a  studdingsail.     Refer  to  Studdingsail. 

Main  topmast  stoddingsail-halliards.  The  tackle 
employed  to  lower  or  hoist  the  main  topmast- 
studdingsail* 

Main  topmast  staddingsail-sheet  Ropes  or 
chains  fastened  to  one  or  both  of  the  lower  comers 
of  the  main  topmast-studdingsail,  to  extend  and 
retain  the  clew  down  in  its  place.     Refer  to  Sheet 

Main  topmast  stoddingsail-tack.  The  ropes  to 
confine  the  weather  lower  comers  of  the  main 
topmast-studdingsail,  when  the  wind  crosses  a 
ship's  course  obUquely. 


in  topmast  stnddingsail-yard.  The  yard  on 
which  the  main  topmast-studdingsail  is  set.  Refer 
to  Studdingsail. 

Main-track.  The  truck  on  the  main-mast 
Refer  to  Truck. 

Main  trysail-gafl.  The  gafi  on  which  the  main 
trysail  is  extended. 

Main  upper  topsaiL  The  upper  topsail  oa  the 
main-mast     Refer  to  Topsail. 

Main  npper  topsail-braces.  Ropes  applied  to  the 
main  upper-topsail-yardarms  to  change  the  position 
of  the  mainsail  occasionally. 

Main  npper-topsail-yard.  The  upper  topsail 
yard  on  the  main-mast.  Refer  to  Topsail,  also 
Yard. 

Main  yards.  The  yards  on  the  main-mast 
Refer  to  Yard. 

Majestic.  British  subsidised  merchant  ship 
(1900).  White  Star  Line  {q.v.).  Liverpool  and 
New  York.  Dimensions,  582  x  57^X39  ft ;  gross 
tonnage,  10,147  ;  passenger  accommodation,  1,060; 
Hp.,  16,000=19  kts. 


MAJESTIC 


381 


MANAIRA 


Hajettio.    British  ist  class  battleship.     (Ports- 
mouth, 1895.) 

Leagth  413ft.    Beam  75ft.  Maximum  draught  30ft. 
Displacement  14,900  tons.     Complement  757. 
Guns,  Armour. 

4 — 12  in.,  35  cal.        "  Harvey." 
12 — 6  in.  9  in.  Belt  amidships. 

16 — 12  pdr.  14  in.  Barbettes. 

12 — 3  pdr.  14  in.  Conning  tower. 

2 — 12  pdr.  Boat  guns. 
2  Maxims. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (i3  in.). 
4  Submerged. 
I  Above  water  stem. 
Twin    screw.     Hp.    natural    10,000=16*5    kts., 
forced    12,000=17*5    kts.     Coal    maximum    2,000 
tons.    Approximate  cost  ;£i, 000,000. 

This  ship-name  was  introduced  into  the  Navy  in 
1783,  and  is  associated  with  the  battle  of  "  The 
Glorious  First  of  June,"  1794  ;   the  Nile,  1798. 

*^lTlHm.  Japanese  torpedo-boat  destroyer. 
(Yokosuka,  1906.)  Length,  220  ft.  ;  beam,  2o(  ft.  ; 
draught,  g^  ft. ;  displacement.  374  tons ;  arma- 
ment, I  i2-pdr.,  5  6-pdr.,  2  tubes ;  twin  screw ; 
Hp.,  6,000=29  kts. 

Kakaroff  ( 1 849- 1 904) .     Russian  admiral  (b.  Nico- 

laiefi).     Served  during  the  Russo-Turkish  war  of 

1877,  with  torpedo  flotilla,  and  was  successful  in 

sinking  several  of  the  Turkish  warships.     In  1894 

he  was  appointed  to  command  the  Baltic  Fleet, 

and  four  years  later  was  made  Commander-in-^hief 

at  Cnonstadt  naval  station.     In   1904,  when  war 

broke  out  between  Russia  and  Japan,  he  was  given 

supreme  command  of  the  Russian  fleet  in  the  Far 

East.     During  an  action  outside  Port  Arthur  the 

Petropavlovsk   (^.v.),  his  flagship,  when  returning 

to  harbour,  struck  a  submarine  mine  and  foundered, 

and  he  perished  with  the  ship.     He  was  a  man  of 

untiring  energy,  and  undoubtedly  the  best  Russian 

naval  coxninander  of  the  day.     He  designed  the 

ice-breaker    Yermah,  and  the  collision  mats  used 

by  nearly  all  the  navies. 

MalEe  fUtSL    To  set  sail. 

Hake  water.     Signifies  the  act  of  a  ship  leaking. 

MakikoiiiO.  Japanese  torpedo  gun-boat.  (£lb- 
ing,  1892.)  Length  192^  ft.  ;  beam,  24  ft. ;  draught, 
7i  it,  ;  displacement,  400  tons ;  complement,  87  ; 
armament,  2  i'8-in.,  7  1'4-in.,  3  Maxims,  3  tubes  ; 
Hp.,  5,600 s=  22  kts. ;  coal,  900  tons. 

llakjan.  Netherlands  torpedo-boat.  Length, 
104  ft.  ;  beam,  13J  ft. ;  draught,  5  ft. ;  displace- 
ment, 50  tons;  armament,  2  i-pdr.,  2  tubes; 
Hp.,  790=7  kts. 

HakmeL  Russian  submarine  (1906).  Length, 
50  ft. ;  beam,  14  ft.  ;  displacement,  120  tons ; 
speed,  10  kts. 

ifnlalrn-  I^on  ship.  On  a  voyage  to  China 
wrecked  off  Point-de-Galle,  Ceylon,  May  32,  i860  ; 


no  lives  lost.     Treasure  to  the  value  of  ;£2  50,000 
recovered  by  divers. 

Malaga,  Battle  of.  On  July  23.  1704,  an  in- 
decisive action  was  fought  off  the  town  of  Malaga 
between  the  Anglo-Dutch  Fleet  and  the  Franco- 
Spanish  Fleet. 

Kalar  Panshi.  A  country  boat  of  the  Indian 
rivers. 

Mal-de-mer.  French.  A  term  used  for  nausea 
caused  by  the  movement  of  a  vessel  at  sea. 

Halieieff.  Russian  torpedo-boat  destroyer  (1906). 
Length,  185  f t. ;  beam,  21  ft. ;  draught,  7^  ft.  ; 
displacement,  324  tons  ;  complement,  60 ;  arma- 
ment, I  i2-pdr.,  5  3-pdr.,  2  Maxims,  2  tubes; 
twin  screw  ;  Hp.,  5,600  =  26  kts.  ;  coal,  100  tons. 

Mallard.  British  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Chis- 
wick,  1896.)  Length,  210  ft.  ;  beam,  19  ft.  ; 
draught,  7  ft.  ;  displacement,  275  tons ;  comple- 
ment, 60;  armament,  i  12-pdr.,  5  6-pdr.,  2  tubes; 
twin  screw ;  Hp.,  5,800=330  kts. ;  coal,  80  tons. 

MaUeny.  Liverpool  steamer.  Struck  on  the 
Tuskar  Reef,  Bristol  Channel,  and  went  down, 
October  15,  1886  ;  all  hands  lost. 

Mallory  Line,  with  their  head  offices  in  New 
York,  have  a  fleet  of  11  modem  steamers,  which 
maintain  sailings  at  scheduled  times  from  New 
York  for  Galveston,  Key  West,  connecting  at  Key 
West  for  Havana  (Cuba).  A  service  is  maintained 
from  New  York  for  Mobile,  with  connections  for 
Pensacola  and  Ne^  Orleans,  and  one  from  New 
York  for  Brunswick,  with  connections  for  Fer- 
nandiha  and  Jacksonville. 

Fleet. 

Alamo.  Denver.  Rio  Gtande. 

Colorado.  Lampassas.  Sabine. 

Comal.  Nueces.  San  Jacinlo. 

Concho.  San  Marcos. 

Malmo  Segels&llBkap.  Established  1876.  Com- 
modore, Captain  E.  H.  von  Haeten ;  Vice-Commo- 
dore, Axel  Berling ;  Rear-Commodore,  Karl  Soder- 
qvist ;  Treasurer  and  Secretary,  S.  A.  F.  Netzen, 
Malmo,  Sweden.  Entrance  fee,  1 5  kroner  ;  annual 
subscription,  10  and  5  kroner. 

Man.  A  name  frequently  applied  to  a  ship,  as 
man-of-war,  merchantman.  East  or  West  Indiaman. 

ManadBlini.  Japanese  torpedo-boat.  (Normand, 
1899.)  Length,  147  ft. ;  beam,  16  f t. ;  draught, 
8  ft.;  displacement,  150  tons;  complement,  26; 
armament,  i  6-pdr.,  2  3-pdr.,  2  tubes ;  twin  screw  ; 
Hp.,  4,200=30  kts. ;  coal,  30  tons. 

Manaira,  Ouiieppe  (b.  Alexandria,  Italy,  Decem- 
ber 21,  1854).  Italian  naval  architect.  In  1875 
was  appointed  naval  architect  to  the  Italian  Royal 
Navy,  which  post  he  held  till  1884,  when  he  became 
director  of  the  shipbuilding  department  of  Messrs. 
£.  Cravus,  Genoa.  In  1890  he  was  made  managing 
director  of  the  shipbuilding  yard  at  Pertusola,  the 


MANCHE 


382 


MANLIGHTEN 


property  of  Lord  Brassey,  K.C.B.  {q.v,).  In  1897 
he  founded  a  shipbuilding  yard,  and  this  in  1899 
he  formed  into  a  limited  company,  under  the  name 
of  "  Cantire  Navale  d'Muggiano."  This  firm  has 
the  largest  shipbuilding  yard  in  Italy,  and  has  on 
several  occasions  built  cargo  steamers  for  English 
firms. 

Is  a  member  of  the  Institution  of  Naval  Archi- 
tects. 

Mancha.  French  avisos  transport.  Of  little 
fighting  value.  Guns,  4  5' 5 -in.,  4  12-pdr. ;  speed 
(nominally),  11  kts. 

Haadhetter.  Steamer  from  Hull  to  Hamburg. 
Lost  ofi  the  Vogel  Sands,  near  Cuxhaven,  June  16, 
1844  ;  30  lives  lost. 

llaiiohester  Linen,  LtcL  This  company  was 
formed  in  1898  by  Sir  Christopher  Fumess,  M.P. 
(^.t;.),  for  the  purpose  of  working  modem  cargo- 
carrying  steamers  from  the  port  of  Manchester. 
A  frequent  service  of  steamers  is  maintained 
between  Canada,  Philadelphia,  New  Orleans,  and 
the  River  Plate  ports.  Steamers  for  Canada  are 
despatched  every  fortnight,  calling  at  Quebec  and 
Montreal  during  the  summer,  and  HaUlax  and  St. 
John's,  N.B.,  during  the  winter.  The  Philadelphia 
direct  service  is  maintained  at  intervals  of  three 
weeks.  The  New  Orleans  service  is  maintained  at 
intervals  of  four  or  five  weeks,  and  the  vessels 
take  cargo  via  that  port  for  the  Southern  States, 
Mexico,  Pacific  Coast,  and  Central  America.  The 
River  Plate  service  is  a  fortnightly  one,  and  is 
operated  jointly  by  Messrs.  Frederick  Leyland  and 
Co.,  known  as  the  Manchester-River  Plate  Line 
(Manchester  Liners,  Ltd.,  and  Frederick  Leyland 
and  Co.,  Ltd.,  joint  service). 

Fleet. 
Manchester  City,  Manchester  Mariner. 

Manchester  Commerce.        Manchester  Merchant, 
Manchester  Corporation,     Manchester  Miller, 
Manchester  Engineer,         Manchester  Port. 
Manchester  Exchange,        Manchester  Shipper, 
Manchester  Importer,  Manchester  Spinner, 

Manchester  Inventor.  Manchester  Trader. 

Gross  tonnage,  61.510. 

Xanohester  Ship  Canal  was  begun  in  1887, 
opened  for  trafi&c  on  January  i,  1894,  and  takes 
rank  with  the  great  works  for  which  the  nineteenth 
century  was  so  conspicuous.  It  starts  at  Kastham, 
on  the  left  bank  of  the  Mersey  estuary,  about  four 
miles  above  Birkenhead,  and  ends  at  the  Man- 
chester Docks.  The  total  length  of  the  canal  is 
35^  miles,  the  average  width  at  water  level  being 
172  ft.  from  Eastham  to  Barton,  and  230  ft.  from 
Barton  to  Manchester  Docks,  and  the  minimum 
depth,  when  complete,  28  ft.»  with  a  minimum 
width  at  bottom  of  120  ft.  from  Eastham  to  Barton, 
and  170  ft.  from  Barton  to  Manchester  Docks. 
There  are  several  locks  throughout  the  canal,  the 
principal  being  at  Eastham,  which  is  600  ft.  by 


80  ft.,  while  those  at  Lachford,  Irlam,  Barton,  and 
Mode  Wheel  measure  each  600  ft.  by  65  ft.  The 
canal  is  crossed  by  two  high  level  road  bridges, 
four  high  level  railway  bridges,  and  by  seven 
swing  road  bridges,  and,  in  addition,  by  an  aqueduct 
at  Barton,  which  is  one  of  the  chief  features  of  the 
canal,  and  carries  the  Bridgwater  Canal  over  the 
main  channel.  This  has  taken  the  place  of 
Brindley's  famous  aqueduct,  which  did  the  same 
thing  literally  without  a  break  for  more  than  12s 
years.  The  new  structure  covers  two  spans  of 
90  ft.  each,  working  from  a  central  pivot,  the  total 
weight  being  1,450  tons.  The  total  fall  from  the 
level  of  water  in  Manchester  Docks  to  the  ordinary 
level  of  canal  at  Eastham  is  60}  ft.  There  is 
extensive  dock  accommodation  at  Manchester, 
Salford,  Warrington,  and  elsewhere.  In  July,  1905* 
King  Edward  VII.  opened  the  new  dock  at  Man- 
chester, the  area  of  which  is  15^  acres,  with  a 
depth  of  28  ft. 

llanohllzia»  owned  by  the  Pacific  Mail  Steamship 
Co.,  struck  a  reef  ofi  Rabbit  Island,  1907.  She  was 
15  miles  out  of  her  usual  course,  and  the  theory 
advanced  for  the  disaster  was  that,  owing  to  the 
Chilian  earthquakes,  unusual  tidal  phenomena  and 
currents  were  experienced  near  the  coast  of  the 
Sandwich  Islands. 

Blandavi.  Portuguese  gun-boat  (1879).  Dis- 
placement, 460  tons ;  armament,  2  6-in.  b.l., 
2  3|-in.  b.l.  ;  nominal  speed,  10  kts. 

Hangar.  A  small  enclosure  to  catch  the  water 
which  comes  through  the  hawse-holes. 

M^fijrinf  French  torpedo-boat  (1896).  I^s- 
placement,  129  tons ;  complement,  34  ;  maximum 
draught,  7  ;  guns,  3  3-pdr. ;  torpedo  tubes,  2  15-in. ; 
Hp.,  2,100=27  kts. ;  coal,  17  tons. 

llaoifett*  A«  is  an  official  inventory  of  a  ship's 
cargo,  specifying  the  name  and  tonnage  of  the 
vessel,  the  names  of  the  shipper  and  consignee, 
the  marks  or  numbers  of  the  goods,  the  ports  of 
loading  and  discharging,  the  list  of  stores,  and  the 
passengers  and  crew.  It  is  signed  by  the  master 
at  port  of  lading,  and  delivered  to  the  Customs 
officials  at  port  of  discharge. 

The  penalty  for  delivering  an  incomplete  or  in- 
accurate manifest  does  not  exceed  £$. 

Manilla.     A  rope  made  by  the  Philippinos  of 

Manilla  hemp  which  does  not  rot  and  is  not  neces- 
sary to  tar. 

Manilla.  Frigate.  On  January  28,  181 2,  this 
vessel  was  lost  on  the  Haak  Sand,  when  12  persons 
perished. 

Manlighten.  Swedish  coast  service  battleship. 
(Kockum,  1904.) 

Length  287ft.   Beam  49ft.  Maximum  draugbt  16ft. 
Displacement  3,650  tons.    Complement  350. 


MANN 


383 


MARCONI 


Guns. 

ArmouK 

2—8*2  in. 

"  Krupp." 

6 — 6  in. 

7  in.  Belt  amidships. 

10—3  pdr. 

7  in.  Turrets. 

2 — I  pdr. 

8  in.  Conning  tower. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 

2 

Submerged. 

Twin  screw. 

Hp. 

6.500=17  kts.     Coal  normal 

360  tons. 

Hum,  Vie»-Adiiiiral  William  Frederick  Stanley. 

Entered  Navy,  1859 ;  served  in  Gordon  in  sup- 
pression of  the  slave  trade  on  the  East  Coast  of 
Africa;  lieutenant,  1867;  lieutenant  of  Amethyst 
during  the  Ashantee  war ;  served  with  Naval 
Brigade,  and  present  at  the  capture  of  Borborassi, 
action  of  Amoaful,  and  capture  of  Bekwa  ;  present 
at  the  action  on  crossing  the  Ordah,  and  occupa- 
tion of  Coomassie ;  mentioned  in  despatches 
(Ashantee  medal,  Coomassie  clasp)  ;  senior  lieu- 
tenant of  Osborne  during  the  Prince  of  Wales's 
visit  to  India ;  commander,  1876 ;  commander  of 
Beacon  during  Egyptian  war,  1882  (Egyptian 
medal,  Khedive's  Bronze  Star) ;  captain,  i88s  ;  in 
command  of  naval  forces  in  the  colony  of  Vict9ria, 
1889-92;  rear-admiral,  1899;  vice-admiral,  1904; 
chairman  of  the  Committee  of  Management  Ship- 
wrecked Mariners'  Society,  1903. 


A  rope  over  the  ship's  side  used  for 
climbing  on  board. 


yards.    An  order  for  manning  the  yards  for 
the  purpose  of  saluting. 

Karanhao.     Brazilian  river  gun-boat.     (Rio  de 
Janeiro,  1890.) 

Length  137ft.     Beam  34ft.     Draught  6ift. 
Displacement  463  tons. 
Guns.  AVmouy. 

2 — 4"7  in.  "  Harvey  steel." 

I — 2*5  in.  5  in.  Belt  amidships. 

5  Maxims.  6  in.  Gun  shields. 

Hp.  700=12  kts. 

MarUehead.    U.S.  3rd  class  cruiser  (1892). 
Lengfth  257ft.   Beam  37ft.   Maximum  draught  i6ft. 
I>isplacement  2,000  tons.     Complement  250. 
Guns.  Armour. 

^—S  in.  '*  Steel." 

6—6  pdr.  I  in.  Deck. 

2 — 1  pdr.  2  in.  Conning  tower. 

2  Catlings. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
4  Above  water. 
Tijvin  screw.     Hp.    5,400=17   kts.     Coal  maxi- 
muxn  4.35  tons. 


French    2nd    class    battleship.      (La 
Seyne,   1887.)     Reconstructed  1903. 
X^cngtfi  347ft.   Beam  65ft.   Maximum  draught  29ft. 
^displacement  10,900  tons.     Complement  640. 


Guns.  Armour. 

4 — 13'4  ii^M  30  cal.    "  Steel." 
15 — 5*5  in.  17  in.  Belt  amidships. 

16 — 3  pdr.  14  in.  Barbettes. 

14  in.  Conning  tower. 
Torpedo  Tubes  (17*7  in.). 
4  Above  water  broadside. 
I  Above  water  stem. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.   12,000=16  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 800  tons. 

Approximate  original  cost  ;£76o,oob. 

MaroHio  Dias.  Brazilian  torpedo-boat.  (Thorny- 
croft,  1891.)  Length,  150  ft.  ;  beam,  14^  ft.  ; 
draught.  5  ft. ;  displacement,  1 50  tons ;  comple- 
ment, 27  ;  armament,  2  q.f.,  4  tubes  ;  twin  screw ; 
Mp-.  1.550=27  kts. ;  coal,  22  tons. 

]Iarooili«  Guglielmo.  Electrical  engineer  and  in- 
ventor of  the  "  Marconi "  system  of  wireless  tele- 
graphy (b.  Bologna,  April  25,  1874).  Educated, 
Leghorn,  under  Professor  Rosa,  and  Bologna 
University.  Carried  out  his  first  experiments  near 
Bologna  in  1895,  ^^^  P^^  these  to  practical  test  in 
England  in  1896.  In  1897  ^^  established  wireless 
communication  between  Penarth  and  Weston,  and 
such  was  his  success  that  the  Italian  Minister  of 
Marine  at  once  had  experiments  made  at  Spezia. 
In  1899  he  established  connection  by  the  same 
means  between  England  (South  Foreland  Light- 
house) and  France  (Wimereux,  near  Boulogne),  a 
distance  of  30  miles  across  the  English  Channel, 
and  kept  up  communication  in  all  weathers ;  in 

1 90 1  between  Poldhu  (Cornwall)  and  St.  Johns 
(Newfoundland),   a   distance   of   2,200   miles.     In 

1902  he  submitted  to  the  Czar  and  the  King  of 
Italy  messages  received  from  Cornwall  by  his 
system  on  board  the  Italian  cruiser  Carlo  Alberto 
during  her  voyage  from  England  to  Russia.  In 
December,  1902,  he  established  wireless  telegraphic 
communication  between  Canada  (Cape  Breton) 
and  England,  the  first  message  inaugurating  the 
system  being  transmitted  from  the  Governor- 
General  of  Canada  to  King  Edward  VII.,  and  a 
few  we^s  later  a  message  inaugurating  wireless 
connection  between  America  (Cape  Cod,  Mass.)  and 
Cornwall  was  transmitted  from  the  President 
of  the  United  States  to  the  King  of  England.  His 
system  is  now  extensively  used  by  Lloyd's  and  the 
principal  shipping  companies  in  England  and 
abroad,  and  in  the  British,  Italian,  and  other 
navies.  In  1904  he  entered  into  an  agreement  with 
the  British  Telegraph  Department  for  the 'trans- 
mission of  commercial  messages  by  his  S3rstcm, 
and  during  the  same  year  the  first  ocean  daily 
newspaper  was  published  on  the  ships  of  the 
Cunard  Line.  An  account  of  the  development  of 
his  system  was  given  by  him  in  an  article  pub- 
lished in  the  "  Fortnightly  Review,"  June,  1902. 
Decorated  by  the  Czar  with  the  Order  of  St.  Anne  ; 
created  by  the  King  of  Italy  Commander  of  the 
Order  of  St.  Maurice  and  St.  Lazarus  and  Grand 


MARCO 


384 


MARINE 


Cross  of  the  Order  of  the  Crown  of  Italy,  1902, 
and  in  1905  Chevalier  of  the  Civil  Order  of  Savoy  ; 
also  Hon.  D.Sc  (Oxford),  Hon.  LL.D.  (Glasgow). 

Marco  Polo.  Italian  belted  cruiser.  (Castella- 
mare,  1892.) 

Length  327ft.  Beam  48ft.  Maximum  draught  21ft. 
Displacement  4,583  tons.     Complement  394. 
Guns,  Armour, 

6—6  in.  "  Steel." 

10— 4*7  in.  4  in.  Belt. 

9 — 6  pdr.  4  in.  Bulkheads. 

4 — I  pdr. 
2  Machine. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
4  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  forced  10,600=19  kts.     Coal 
maximum  600  tons.     Approximate  cost  ;£40o,ooo. 

Mares'  iails.  Long,  wispy,  cirrus  clouds.  Refer 
to  Clouds. 

Maria.    Ship.    Refer  to  Charles, 

Maria  P.  Italian  emigrant  steamer  to  Brazil. 
Sunk  in  collision  with  the  Ortigia,  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Gulf  of  Spezia,  July  21,  1895  I  148  lives  lost. 


Maria  Pia.  Obsolete  Italian  battleship.  Of  no 
fighting  value.  Now  used  as  torpedo  dep6t  in 
harbour. 

Marie  ELde  Steamship  Co.  Formed  in  1895,  ^ith 
a  capital  of  ;^26,ooo.  Beginning  with  the  Marie 
Elsie,  they  now  own,  in  conjunction  with  the 
London  Marine  Steamship  Co.,  Ltd.,  four  modem 
cargo  vessels,  and  since  1898  have  paid  a  steady 
dividend  of  10%.  These  boats  are  not  engaged  in 
any  particular  trade,  but  carry  cargo  to  and  from 
all  parts  of  the  world  as  inducement  offers. 

Fleet. 
lolanthe.  Marie  Suzanne, 

Marie  Elsie,  Rodanthe, 

Marietta.  U.S.  gun-boat.  (San  Francisco,  1897.) 
Length,  174  ft. ;  beam,  34  ft. ;  draught,  13^  ft.  ; 
displacement,  1,000  tons  ;  complement,  140  ;  arma- 
ment, 4  6-in.,  6  4-in.,  4  6-pdr.,  2  i-pdr.,  i  Maxim ; 
Hp.,  1,054=13  kts. ;  coal,  240  tons. 

Marine  Biological  Association  of  the  United 
Kingdom  owes  its  existence  to  a  combination  of 
scientific  naturalists  and  of  gentlemen  interested 
in  the  great  sea  fisheries  of  the  United  Kingdom. 
The  aim  of  the  association  is  to  afford  to  those 
interested  every  opportunity  to  extend  their  know- 
ledge in  both  these  directions ;  in  other  words,  to 
aid  at  the  same  time  both  science  and  industry. 
Its  affairs  are  conducted  by  a  representative 
council,  without  any  charge  upon  its  funds,  so 
that  the  whole  of  the  subscriptions  and  donations 
received  are  devoted  absolutely  to  the  support  of 
the  laboratory  and  to  the  prosecution  of  researches 
by  aid  of  its  appliances. 

The    laboratory   at    Plymouth   was   opened   on 


June  30,  1888,  the  building  and  fittings  having 
cost  some  ;£i  2,000.  Since  that  time  investigations, 
practical  and  scientific,  have  been  constantly 
pursued.  The  permanent  scientific  staff  of  the 
association  consists  of  a  director  of  the  laboratory, 
a  naturalist  in  charge  of  fishery  investigations,  and 
an  assistant  to  the  director,  principally  occupied 
in  the  collection,  identification,  and  preservation  of 
marine  animals.  In  addition  to  the  permanent 
scientific  staff,  naturalists  from  England  and  from 
abroad  come  to  the  laboratory  to  carry  on  their 
own  independent  researches,  paying  a  small  rent 
for  the  use  of  a  working  table  and  other  appliances, 
and  they  have  made  valuable  additions  to  zoological 
and  botanical  science. 

The  declared  object  of  the  founders  of  the 
Marine  Biological  Association  was  to  promote  re- 
searches  leading  to  the  improvement  of  soological 
and  botanical  science,  and  to  an  increase  of  knoiw- 
ledge  as  regards  the  food,  life  conditions,  and  batsits 
of  British  food-fishes  and  molluscs. 

The  practical  investigation  upon  matters  directly 
connected  with  sea  fishing  carried  out  by  the 
association  covers  a  large  field,  and  embrace  a 
variety  of  subjects,  among  which  the  following 
may  be  mentioned :  (i)  The  reproduction  and 
development  of  fishes,  the  determination  of  the 
characters  of  egg,  larva,  and  young  at  all  stages  of 
growth,  with  experiments  on  the  rearing  of  fishes 
in  captivity,  and  on  their  rate  of  growth  in  con- 
finement and  in  the  sea ;  (2)  the  size  at  which 
maturity  is  reached  in  different  species,  the  varia- 
tions which  this  relation  undergoes  in  different 
localities,  the  characteristics  of  local  races  of  fish  ; 
(3)  the  food  supply  and  sense  organs  of  fishes, 
with  experiments  on  their  methods  of  feeding,  and 
on  the  manufacture  and  employments  of  artificial 
baits  ;  (4)  the  distribution  of  flat  fishes  at  different 
stages  of  growth,  their  migration,  the  destruction 
of  immature  fish  on  particular  grounds,  or  by 
particular  methods  of  fishing ;  (5)  the  natural  his- 
tory of  migratory  pelagic  fishes,  including  the 
pilchard,  anchovy,  and  mackerel,  with  reference  to 
their  reproduction,  racial  peculiarities,  and  the 
extent  and  direction  of  their  migrations ;  (6)  the 
relation  between  the  distribution,  seasonal  mi^ra* 
tions,  and  varying  abundance  of  fishes  and  the 
physical  conditions  of  the  sea. 

Elaborate  investigations  were  made  from  1892 
to  1895  by  the  of&cers  of  the  association^  working 
from  Grimsby  and  Lowestoft  as  centres,  in  regaird 
to  the  destruction  of  immature  fish  in  the  North 
Sea.  These  investigations  had  special  reference  to 
the  proposed  closure  of  certain  fishing  grounds  and 
to  the  proposal  to  prohibit  the  sale  of  fish  below 
a  certain  size. 

The  association  is  recognised  by  H.M.  Govern* 
ment  as  occupying  for  England  the  position  in 
regard  to  fishery  investigations  which  in  Scotland 
is  discharged  by  the  Fishery  Board  of  Scotland 


MARINE 


385 


MARINE 


Publications  of  the  association :  The  result 
obtained  by  work  in  the  laboratory  are  partly 
published  in  the  Journal  of  the.  Marine  Biological 
Association,  but,  in  addition,  more  than  100  papers, 
containing  original  contributions  to  science,  have 
appeared  in  the  Transactions  of  learned  societies 
and  in  scientific  periodicals.  One  or  two  numbers 
of  the  Journal  appear  each  year,  and  six  volumes, 
each  comprising  four  numbers,  have  now  been 
issued.  A  monograph  on  the  common  sole,  by 
Mr.  J.  T.  Cunningham,  has  been  published  by  the 
association  ;  and  Messrs.  Macmillan  and  Co.  have 
published  for  the  association  a  work  on  the  "  Natural 
History  of  the  Marketable  Marine  Fishes  of  the 
British  Islands,"  also  by  Mr.  Cunningham. 

Marine  Engineer.  Established  1878.  Published 
monthly.  Price  6d,  Address :  3  Amen  Comer, 
London,  E.C. 

Harine  insoranoe  is  a  contract  whereby  one 
party,  for  a  stipulated  sum,  undertakes  to  in- 
demnify the  other  against  loss  arising  from  certain 
sea  perils  or  sea  risks  to  which  his  ship,  mer- 
chandise, or  other  interest  may  be  exposed  during 
a  certain  voyage  or  a  certain  period  of  time.  The 
man  who  takes  this  risk  upon  himself  is  called  the 
underwriter,  or  insurer,  and  the  fixed  payment  is 
called  the  premium,  and  is  generally  quoted  as  so 
much  "  per  cent."  The  protected  party  is  called 
the  insured,  or  assured,  the  thing  covered  by 
insurance,  the  subject,  and  the  substantial  concern 
which  the  assured  has,  in  the  preservation  of  the 
subject,  his  interest.  The  legal  instrument  by 
which  the  contract  is  made  and  reduced  to  form 
is  called  the  policy. 

The  law  of  marine  insurance  rests  upon  the 
fundamental  principle  that  the  policy  is,  both  in 
its  nature  and  extent,  a  contract  of  indemnity. 

The  origin  of  marine  insurance  is  lost  in  obscurity. 
It  is  gathered  that  it  must  have  been  practised 
between  900  and  700  B.C.  in  the  period  of  Rhodian 
prosperity,  but  there  is  no  direct  evidence.  The 
earliest  evidence  of  its  existence  is  about  1000  a.d. 
The  ordinary  form  of  policy,  generally  called 
"  Lloyd's  Policy,"  is  reputed  to  be  identical  with 
the  form  used  by  the  Lombards,  who  are  generally 
credited  with  introducing  marine  insurance  into 
England.  The  earliest  English  policy  is  dated 
161 3,  and  is  very  similar  to  Lloyd's  {q.v»).  See 
Martin's  "  History  of  Lloyd's  "  ;  also  Marshall  on 
Insurance,  p.  10,  Duer  on  Insurance,  Vol.  I.,  p.  29, 
and  Pardessus  on  Insurance. 

The  law  of  marine  insurance  was  unknown  for  a 
long  time  after  the  introduction  of  insurance  con- 
tracts, as  disputes  were  settled  by  the  arbitration 
of  mercantile  men.  The  first  law  case  to  be  found 
in  any  book  appears  in  the  year  1589,  and  is  re- 
ported in  6  Coke,  Rep*.  476.  The  foundation  of  our 
own  laiv  of  insurance  was  laid  by  Lord  Mansfield 
in  1756.      (Marshall  on  Insurance,  p.  29.) 

There  is  a  somewhat  prevalent  idea  in  the  minds 


of  many  people  that  marine  insurance  or  under- 
writing is  simply  a  species  of  gambling — that  it  is, 
in  fact,  a  man  taking  a  risk  on  the  chance  (on  the 
"  toss-up ")  of  the  vessel  arriving.  Nothing, 
perhaps,  could  be  more  erroneous.  Take  any 
particular  trade  in  which  ships  are  engaged,  and 
any  underwriter  can  tell  what  percentage  of  losses 
by  sea  perils  there  has  been  in  it  for  any  year,  or 
series  of  years,  what  premium  must  be  received  to 
make  a  profit,  and  what  class  or  character  of  ship 
will  pay. 

There  are  many  elements  to  consider,  but  the 
fundamental  one  on  which  the  business  rests  is 
that  of  average.  Take  an  example.  By  an  iron 
ship  from  San  Francisco  to  Liverpool,  with  grain, 
we  could  insure  cargo  at,  say,  355.  to  405.  per  cent, 
all  the  year  round.  By  an  iron  ship  from  New 
York  to  Liverpool,  with  grain,  the  rates  would  be 
in,  say,  June,  205.,  in  December,  405.,  and  yet  the 
former  is  a  voyage  of  15,000  miles,  against  3,000 
in  the  latter.  Why  is  this  ?  Simply  because  the 
average  of  losses  is  greater  in  the  one  case  than  in 
the  other. 

The  merchant  or  insurer  really  pays  the  loss 
himself.  What  is  the  premium  his  underwriter 
asks  from  him  ?  Simply  the  percentage  of  loss  in 
that  particular  trade,  plus  a  fair  profit.  If  the 
merchant  insures  regularly  year  by  year,  in  time 
he  pa3rs  (by  yearly  instalments  called  premium)  a 
total  loss,  but  it  is  spread  over  a  number  of  ven- 
tures. If  any  venture  proves  to  be  a  loss,  he  is 
indemnified  at  once,  but  his  loss  goes  only  to  make 
up  the  percentage  the  underwriter  calculated  upon. 

Marine  Insurance  Co.,  Ltd.  Established  by  deed 
of  settlement,  July  30,  1836.  Registered  as  a 
limited  company,  January  i,  188 1.  Authorised 
capital,  40,000  shares  of  £2^  each.  On  each  £4.  10s. 
has  been  paid,  making  a  capital  of  ;£i 80,000. 
Since  1895,  *  di\'idend  of  £2  per  share,  free  of 
income-tax,  has  been  paid  annually,  and  a  reserve 
fund  built  up  of  ^^67 5, 000. 

The  directors  of  the  company  are  Colonel  Robert 
Baring,  Edward  Beer,  Major-General  Sir  Owen  Tudor 
Bume,  G.C.I. E.,  K.C.S.I.,  Thomas  du  Buisson,  F.  C. 
K.  Fleischmann,  Frederick  Green,  Lord  Hillingdon, 
Robert  Miller,  Harry  Mosenthal,  Owen  Philipps, 
F.  A.  White,  Robert  Williamson.  Manager, 
R.  B.  Lemon.  Secretary,  H.  G.  R.  Maughan. 
Offices,  20  Old  Broad  Street,  London,  E.C. 

Marine  Kotor  Newi.  Established  1901.  Pub- 
lished monthly.  Price  $d.  Address  :  143  Strand, 
London,  W.C. 

Kariner.  Established  1880.  Published  month- 
ly. Price  6d.  Address  :  i  Arundel  Street,  London, 
W.C. 

Kariner.  A  man  who  obtains  his  living  on  the 
sea. 

Marine  salvage.  See  Maritime  Salvage  Salvage 
Loss. 


MARINES 


386 


MARINE 


MaiineSt  NavaL    See  Naval  Education. 

Marine  loap.  A  preparation  made  with  cocoa- 
nut  oil,  which  is  not  insoluble  in  a  strong  solution  of 
salt ;  hence  it  forms  a  lather  and  can  be  used  for 
washing  with  sea-water.  Cocoanut  soap  is  little 
prepared  by  itself,  but  it  forms  a  principal  ingre- 
dient in  compound  soaps  meant  to  imitate  curd 
and  yellow  soaps. 

Harine  Society  owes  its  origin  to  the  necessities 
of  the  British  Navy  during  the  French  wars  of  the 
eighteenth  century.  In  the  year  1756,  on  the  out- 
break of  war  between  England  and  France,  England 
experienced  great  difficulty  in  raising  seamen  to 
man  the  ships  of  the  Royal  Navy.  Money  bounties 
were  accordingly  offered  to  seamen  volunteering  to 
serve,  and  impressment  was  resorted  to  in  order 
to  secure  those  who  would  not  volunteer. 

It  was  at  this  time  that  Mr.  Jonas  Hanway,  a 
well-known  merchant  and  philanthropist,  stirred 
up  public  feeling  in  the  City  of  London,  and  induced 
a  number  of  merchants  and  other  gentlemen 
meeting  at  the  "  King's  Arms  "  tavern,  Comhill, 
to  start  a  society  for  encouraging  landsmen  to 
volunteer  for  service  in  the  Fleet.  Operations  in 
clothing  men  were  commenced  on  June  22,  1756, 
the  procedure  being  for  volunteers  to  attend  before 
the  committee  and  those  approved  of  by  one  of 
the  Naval  Regulating  Captains,  who  also  attended, 
were  duly  fitted  out. 

In  July  of  that  year  Mr.  Fielding,  a  blind  magis- 
trate, requested  that  some  boys  he  had  collected 
to  send  to  H.M.S.  St.  George  might  be  clothed  in  like 
manner,  which  was  consented  to,  and  the  society 
then  took  over  from  Mr.  Fielding,  a  plan  which  had 
been  some  short  time  on  trial  for  sending  boys  as 
servants  on  board  the  King's  ships.  The  plan  of 
clothing  the  boys  evolved  special  arrangements — 
the  landsmen  volunteers  were  looked  after  by  the 
naval  authorities  and  were  merely  clothed  ;  the 
boys,  on  the  other  hand,  required  to  be  housed  and 
fed  until  such  a  time  they  were  ready  to  be  sent 
to  the  ships  of  the  Fleet.  In  this  way  the  society 
started  the  reformatory  system  by  taking  up 
neglected  and  outcast  boys  and  sending  them  to 
sea,  endeavouring  to  reform  them. 

In  1763.  Mr.  William  Hickes,  an  English  merchant 
residing  in  Hamburg,  bequeathed  to  the  society  the 
sum  of  j{22,ooo.  The  will  was  contested,  and  the 
society  had  to  suspend  its  operations  and  devote 
all  the  funds  in  hand  to  litigation.  In  May,  1769, 
the  High  Court  of  Chancery  made  a  decree  in  favour 
of  the  society,  which  received  ;Ji 7,000  in  3% 
stock,  and  became  once  more  free  to  resume  its 
former  operations.  The  Marine  Society,  from 
its  institution,  was  a  conspicuous  success.  Boys 
and  men  were  fitted  out  for  the  Royal  Navy  in 
large  numbers,  and  so  important  did  this  work 
become  that  in  the  year  1772  it  was  incorporated 
by  Act  of  Parliament. 

In  the  year  1786  a  proposition  originating  with 


Alderman  Brook  Watson,  M.P.,  was  adopted  by 
the  society.  A  merchant  vessel  named  the  BeaUy 
was  purchased  and  fitted  up  as  a  training  ship, 
being  the  ^rst  training  ship  in  the  world,  and  for 
about  70  years  the  only  training  ship  in  this 
country.  This  vessel  having  become  decayed  and 
worn  out  in  1799,  application  was  made  to  the 
Admiralty  for  the  loan  of  a  Government  ship.  The 
request  was  complied  with,  and  from  that  time  the 
Lords  Commissioners,  in  order  to  promote  the  views 
of  the  Marine  Society,  have  accommodated  them 
with  one  of  His  Majesty's  ships  as  a  training  vessel 
for  boys.  The  Warspite,  a  noble  two-decker, 
formerly  the  Conqueror,  is  now  the  ship  lent  to  the 
society. 

In  1850,  in  order  to  meet  the  demands  of  the 
sea  services,  the  society  were  compelled  to  alter 
their  conditions,  and  since  that  time  they  accepted 
only  boys  of  strictly  good  character  and  physique, 
special  reformatory  ships  having  been  started  for 
lads  of  bad  character.  Those  eligible  for  admission 
to  the  Warspiie  are  poor  boys  of  good  character, 
anxious  to  make  a  sea  life  their  profession.  This 
embraces  all  classes,  from  the  absolutely  destitute 
to  those  whose  parents  are  serving  in  subordinate 
positions  with  small •  incomes  and  large  families. 
Every  candidate  accepted  is  apprenticed  to  the 
society  for  two  years,  of  which  12  to  15  months  may 
be  spent  on  board  the  Warspiie  or  a  sea-going 
training  ship,  the  remainder  in  a  sea-going  vessel  at 
the  ordinary  rate  of  wages. 

On  June  25,  1906,  the  society  celebrated  the 
150th  year  of  its  existence,  and  despatched  from 
London  the  first  British  mercantile  sea-going 
training  ship  for  forecastle  hands,  to  celebrate  this 
event.  The  vessel,  the  Port  Jackson,  a  four-masted 
sailing  ship  of  2,132  tons,  structurally  altered  to 
accommodate  the  boys,  and  commanded  by  Cap- 
tain George  Ward,  left  London  at  the  end  of  June, 
1 906.  The  100  boys  on  board  were  under  the  direct 
supervision  of  four  seamen-instructors,  one  of  whom, 
Mr.  Glyn,  was  the  chief  signalling  instructor  on  the 
WarspUe.  The  voyage  was  a  complete  success,  a 
slight  mishap  occurring  on  the  outward  voyage 
going  down  channel,  in  which  the  discipline  of  the 
boys  was  tested  and  not  found  wanting. 

The  society  has  two  endowments:  (i)  the  Hickes 
Trust,  a  sum  of  / 17,000  bequeathed  by  Mr.  William 
Hickes,  of  Hamburg,  which  is  in  time  of  war  to  be 
appropriated  for  clothing  and  fitting  out  boys  for 
sea ;  in  time  of  peace  to  be  divided  between  ap- 
prenticing girls  to  useful  trades,  such  as  millinery, 
dressmaking,  etc.,  and  fitting  out  boys  for  sea  ; 
(2)  the  Hawkins  Trust,  whereby  Mr.  Isaac  Hawkins. 
a  chemist  of  the  City  of  London,  handed  over  to  the 
Marine  Society,  in  1783,  the  sum  of  ;(x  0,000.  of 
which  the  income  was  to  be  appropriated  in  annual 
grants  of  ;£io  each  to  necessitous  widows  of  com- 
missioned officers  of  the  Royal  Navy.  This  sum 
has  been  added  to  from  time  to  time,  and  now 
produces  an  income  of  ^^70  per  annum,  which  is 


MARITANA 


387 


MARKHAM 


expended  in  donations  oi  £10  each  to  43  widows 
in  reduced  circumstances  of  captains,  commanders, 
and  lieutenants  in  the  Royal  Navy,  the  balance 
passing  to  a  reserve  fund. 

The  new  branch  of  work  which  the  society  has 
recently  undertaken  is  for  the  assistance  of  unem- 
ployed men  of  the  Royal  Navy  no  longer  on  the 
active  list  but  serving  their  time  in  the  Reserve. 
Short  service  has  for  many  years  past  been  associated 
with  the  Army,  but  has  only  recently  been  intro- 
duced into  the  Royal  Navy.  Until  1 901,  it  was  the 
general  rule  for  men  to  join  the  Royal  Navy  for  12 
years*  service  on  the  active  list,  but  in  that  year 
short  service  was  introduced,  and  recruits  joined 
for  five  years  on  the  active  liist,  and  seven  years  in 
the  Reserve.  On  completing  their  five  years' 
active  service,  men  are  discharged  to  the  shore, 
and  receive  a  small  retainer  whilst  on  the  reserve 
list. 

The  society  accordingly  placed  at  the  disposal 
of  the  Admiralty  the  use  of  their  shipping  agents 
for  finding  berths  in  merchant  ships  for  those  men 
of  the  Fleet  Reserve  who  desired  to  go  to  sea. 

The  result  so  far  has  been  most  satisfactory.  Up 
to  March,  1907.  250  men  of  the  Royal  Fleet  or 
Naval  Reserve  had  been  shipped  in  vessels  of  the 
mercantile  maiine  through  the  society's  agency. 
When  the  arrangement  is  better  known  amongst 
shipowners  on  the  one  hand,  and  Fleet  Reserve  men 
on  the  other,  the  number  of  shipments  should 
greatly  increase.  There  is  a  good  demand  from 
the  men  for  employment  at  sea,  and  shipowners 
who  have  given  them  a  trial  have  in  general 
reported  favourably  upon  them. 

The  society  is  but  little  known  now  as  compared 
to  what  it  was  in  days  gone  by,  but  with  the 
new  departure  of  periodically  sending  out  to  the 
Colonies  a  sea*going  training  ship,  it  is  hoped  that 
before  very  long  it  will  rise  to  the  same  height  in 
pubUc  estimation  as  heretofore. 

Maritaaa.  Steamer,  of  Sunderland.  Sunk  by 
collision  with  the  Esmeralda,  of  Glasgow,  ofi  the 
French  coast.  May  13,  1835;   11  lives  lost. 

Karitime  Law,  according  to  Lord  Mansfield,  is 
that  body  of  principles  of  law  and  usages  "  dealing 
with  the  rights  and  liabilities  of  shipowners  and 
merchants  whose  goods  they  carry";  such  law  is 
not  the  particular  law  of  a  country,  but  the  general 
law  of  nations.  In  Great  Britain  the  Admiralty 
Courts  administer  the  law  of  England,  and  not  the 
general  maritime  law  of  nations,  although  certain 
principles  of  this  general  law  are  adopted  into 
the  English  maritime  law,  e,g,,  the  contract  of 
bottomry  {q.v.),  and  the  liability  of  a  shipowner  for 
damage  caused  by  the  negligence  of  his  servants 
on  the  high  seas. 

Refer  to  Navigation  Laws,  Visit  and  Search,  Con- 
traband of  War,  Blockade. 

Xariiime  lieii»  A»  is  a  debt  or  claim  privileged  to 
be  paid  out  of  the  res  (i.e.,  ship,  cargo  or  freight). 


It  arises  in  cases  of  damage  by  collision,  claims 
for  salvage,  seamen's  wages,  master's  wages  and 
disbursements,  bottomry,  and  pilotage. 

A  maritime  lien  differs  from  other  liens  in  that 
the  right  exists  independent  of  possession,  and  the 
property  can  be  followed  even  in  the  case  of  a 
bona  fide  sale  without  notice  ;  but  in  the  case  of  a 
lien  on  cargo,  only  so  long  as  it  remains  the  property 
of  the  owner  who  incurred  the  debt.  The  lien 
does  not  depend  solely  upon  contract,  but  arises 
from  services  rendered,  and  can  be  enforced  only 
by  application  to  the  Court.  The  possessor  of  a 
lien  may  sue  either  in  rem  or  in  personam,  though 
in  certain  cases,  e.g.,  where  property  has  been  sold 
to  a  purchaser  without  notice,  the  creditor  loses  his 
personal  cause.  The  extinguishment  of  a  maritime 
lien  may  be  effected  by  payment,  bail,  the  taking 
of  security,  sale  by  the  Court,  total  loss  of  the  res, 
or  the  want  of  due  diligence  on  part  of  the  creditor. 
Refer  to  Arrest  of  ship. 

Maritime  salvaso.  A  salvage  service  is  the 
rescuing  of  life  or  property  from  the  perils  of  the 
sea.  To  establish  a  claim  for  salvage  services  the 
claimant  must  voluntarily  save,  or  assist  in  saving, 
some  property  which  has  been  in  danger.  If  no 
property  is  saved,  then  nothing  is  left  out  of  which 
to  satisfy  the  claim,  but  the  Board  of  Trade  may 
award  life-salvors  out  of  the  Mercantile  Marine 
Fund  where  the  services  are  rendered  wholly  or  in 
part  within  British  waters,  or  where  life  is  saved 
from  a  British  ship  elsewhere.  In  estimating  the 
amount  of  the  award  the  Court  takes  into  considera- 
tion the  value  of  the  property  saved  {i.e.,  when 
first  brought  into  a  place  of  safety),  the  perils  from 
which  it  was  saved,  the  risk  run  by  the  salvors,  the 
value  and  risk  to  salving  property,  and  the  loss  and 
expense  incurred  in  the  services.  Never  more 
than  a  moiety  will  be  given,  and  wilful  misconduct 
on  the  part  of  the  salvors  may  disentitle  them 
wholly  or  in  part  to  remuneration. 

A  sailor  can  enforce  his  rights  by  arrest  of  a  ship 
in  virtue  of  his  maritime  lien  (q.v.)  on  the  salved 
property,  and  may  proceed  either  in  rem  or  in 
personam. 

In  cases  where  tlie  amount  of  remuneration  has 
been  agreed  upon,  the  agreement  must  be  equitable 
and  strictly  proved,  in  which  case  the  onus  rests 
on  persons  trying  to  set  it  aside. 

All  benefited  interests  contribute  proportionately, 
except  personal  effects.  Refer  to  Apportionment, 
Tug  and  Tow,  General  Average,  Particular  Average. 

Mariveles.  U.S.  gun-boat.  Captured  from  Spain 
during  the  Spaniah-American  war,  at  the  battle  of 
Manila,  May  i,  1897.     Of  little  fighting  value. 

Markham,    Admiral    Sir    Albert    Hastings    (b. 

November  nth,  1841).  Educated  Eastman's  Royal 
Naval  Academy,  Southsea,  from  which  he  entered 
the  Royal  Navy  in  1856.  Served  as  midshipman 
and  lieutenant  on  the  China  Station  for  eight  years, 
where   he  gained   his   first  war  experience.     Was 

o  2 


MARKHAM 


388 


MARQUES 


actively  employed  in  the  operations  around  Canton, 
i860,  and  was  present  in  the  Impirieuse,  at  the 
capture  of  the  Taku  forts,  ultimately  taking  part  in 
the  fall  of  Peking  and  the  suppression  of  the  Taeping 
Rebellion  (China  medal,  Taku  clasp).     Promoted 
lieutenant,  1862,  and  transferred  to  the  Mediter- 
ranean  Station,   where   he   served   on   board   the 
flagship   Victoria,   the   last  three-decker  that  was 
ever  commissioned.     For  services  rendered  on  the 
Australian  Station  in  the  suppression  of  the  **  labour 
traffic  "  in  the  South   Pacific  Islands  he  received 
an  expression  of  approval  from  the  Admiralty  and 
was  promoted  to  the  rank  of  commander,   1872. 
While  serving  on  board  the  Sultan  in  1874,  he  was 
selected  as  commander  of  the  Alert,  which  was 
commissioned,    together   with   the    Discovery,    for 
North    Polar    exploration.     On    this    expedition, 
whilst  in  charge  of  the  northern  division  of  sledges, 
he  had  the  honour  of  planting  the  Union  Jack  in 
latitude  83®  20'  26^  on  the  Frozen  Sea,  the  most 
northerly   position   which   had   up   to   that   time 
ever  been  reached  by  living  man.     For  this  achieve- 
ment he  was  awarded  the  Arctic  medal,  promoted 
to  the  rank  of  captain,  1876,  and  presented  with  a 
valuable  gold  watch  by  the  Royal  Geographical 
Society.     From   1879  to   1882  he  served  as  flag 
captain  to  Admiral  StirUng,  Commander-in-Chief 
on  the  Pacific  Station,  and  on  his  return  to  England 
was  appointed  in  command  of  the  Naval  Torpedo 
School    at    Portsmouth.     In    1891,    he    attained 
flag  rank  and  in  the  following  year  was  appointed 
Second-in-Command  of  the  Mediterranean  Squadron 
flying  his  flag  on  board  the  Trafalgar,  holding  the 
post  for  the  full  term  of  two  years.     It  was  while 
he  was  flying  his  flag  temporarily  in  the  Camper- 
down  that  the  unfortunate  event  happened  which 
had  a  damaging  effect  on  his  after  career.     The 
ramming  of  the  flagship    Victoria   (q^v.),  by  the 
Camperdown,  on  June  22,  1893.     ^^  ^^  while  the 
Fleet  was  manoeuvring  off  Tripoli  on  the  coast  of 
Syria,  and  obeying  the  orders  in  evolutions  of  Sir 
George  Tryon,   that  the  disaster  occurred  which 
resulted  in  260  officers  and  men  being  drowned.     In 
the  court-martial  that  was  convened  to  investigate 
the  circumstances  of  the  accident,  he  was  honour- 
ably acquitted  of  all  blame,  a&  it  was  proved  on 
receipt  of  the   ordering  signal,    he   asked   for  a 
repetition,  which  came  with  the  prompt  inquiry 
from  his  chief,  "  Do  you  intend  to  obey  my  orders  ? 
What  are  you  waiting  f  or  ?  "    The  order  was  carried 
out,  but  through  some  slight  failure  of  the  Victoria 
to  describe  the  exact  curve  decided  upon,  she  was 
struck  and  sank  within  eight  minutes.     Attaining 
the  rank  of  vice-admiral  in  1897,  he  was  in  1901 
given  the  command  at  the  Nore,  which  he  held  till 
1904;  was  promoted  admiral,  1903,  and  created  a 
K.C.B.  for  meritorious  services.     He  retired  1906. 
Refer  to  Arctic  Exploration. 

Publications  :  "  The  Cruise  of  the  Rosario  " 
(1873).  "  A  Whaling  Cruise  to  Baffin's  Bay  "  (1874). 
"The   Great    Frozen   Sea"    (1877).    "Northward 


Ho  I  "  (1878).  "  A  Polar  Reconnaissance  "  (1880), 
"  Life  of  John  Davies.  the  Navigator "  (1882). 
"  Life  of  Sir  John  FrankUn,  and  the  North- West 
Passage  "  (1890),  "  Life  of  Lord  Anson." 

Mftrkham,  Sir  Clements  Robert,  K.C.B.,  cr.  1896 
(b.  Stillingfleet,  1830).  Educated  Cheam,  West- 
minster School.  Entered  Navy,  1844;  served  in 
the  Arctic  Expedition,  1850-51  ;  left  Navy  1852; 
travelled  in  Peru,  1852-54  ;  introduced  the  cultiva- 
tion of  chinchona  trees  from  Peru  into  British 
India,  1859-62 ;  geographer  to  the  Abyssinian 
Expedition ;  secretary  to  the  Royal  Geographical 
Society,  1863-88  ;  secretary  to  the  Hakluyt  Society, 
1858-87;  assistant  secretary  in  the  India  Office. 
1867-77. 

Publications  :  "  Life  of  the  Great  Lord  Fair- 
fax," "The  Fighting  Veres,"  "History  of  Peru," 
"  Threshold  of  the  Unknown  Region,"  "  Memoir  of 
the  Indian  Surveys,"  "  History  of  Persia,"  "  His- 
tory of  the  Abyssinian  Expedition,"  "  Missions  to 
Tibet,"  "  Lives  of  Columbus,  John  Davis,  and  Major 
Rennell,"  "Travels  in  Peru  and  India,"  "OUanta: 
an  Inca  Drama,  translated  from  the  Quinchua." 
"  The  Paladins  of  Edwin  the  Great,  and  other  works" 
(1896) ;  edited  22  volumes  for  the  Hakluyt  Society, 
two  for  the  Navy  Records  Society,  one  for  the 
Roxburghe  Club.     Refer  to  Arctic  Exploration. 

llarkf.     Indications  on  the  hand  lead  line. 

Marl.  To  secure  anything  by  succession  of  half- 
hitches. 

Mainline.    See  Line. 

Marling.  White  line  for  securing  sails  to  bolt 
rope. 

Mf^yiiwg  fpike.  A  pointed  iron  pin  used  to  separ- 
ate the  strands  of  a  rope  when  splicing. 

Blarmora.  British  subsidised  merchant  ship  (1904). 
P.  and  O.  Co.  (q^v,).  Dimensions,  530x60x34  It,  ; 
gross  tonnage,  10,510;  passenger  accommodation, 
554;    Hp.,  io,5oo»i8  kts. 

HarooiL  A  light  of  that  colour  used  for  sig- 
nalling. 

Ilaroa.  Austro-Hungarian  river  monitor.  (Buda- 
pest, 1872.) 

Length  i66ft.     Beam  27^11.     Draught  3)ft. 
Displacement  305  tons.     Complement  57. 
Guns,  Armour, 

1—47  in.  "  Steel." 

3  Maxims.  i  in.  Deck  amidships. 

2  in.  Gun  shields. 
Hp.  700  s=  8  kts.     Coal  60  tons. 

Marqaes  de  la  Victoria.  Spanish  torpedo  gun- 
boat (1897). 

Displacement  830  tons.     Complement  89. 
Guns,  A  rmour. 


2 — 4  m. 
4—3  pdr. 
2  Gatlings. 


i< 


Steel." 


6  in.  Conning  tower. 


MARQUES 


389 


MARTELLO 


Torpedo  Tubes. 

1  Submerged  bow. 

2  Above  water. 

Twin     screw.     Hp.,     natural     2,500=17     kts., 
forced  3,500=  195  kts.     Coal  normal  120  tons. 

KaKftaM  de  HoUns.    Spanish  torpedo  gun-boat 
(1892). 

Displacement  570  tons.     Complement  80. 
Guns,  Armour, 

9—47  "1.  "  Steel." 

4 — 6  pdr.  I  in.  Deck  amidships. 

I  Machine. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  2.600=19*20  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 130  tons. 

Iburry.    The  act  of  joining  the  ends  of  two  ropes 
for  spUcing. 

lEanyat»  Fredsriok  (1792- 1848).    English  nove- 
list and  writer  of  tales  of  nautical  adventure  (b. 
Westminster,  1792).     Entered  the  Navy  at  the  age 
of  14  and  saw  service  under  Lord  Cochrane  in  the 
famous  Jmp^ieuse  and  during  two  and  a  half  years' 
service  in  this  vessel  he  witnessed  more  than  50 
engagements.     He    commanded    with    distinction 
in  the  Burmese  war  of  1824-25,  and  five  years  later, 
settling  in  Hammersmith,  took  to  literature.     His 
first  production  was   "  Frank   Mildmay ;   or,   the 
Naval  Officer,"  and  his  second,  published  shortly 
after,   "  The  King's  Own,"  the  latter  a  vast  im- 
provement in  point  of  construction  upon  "  Frank 
Mildmay."  Among  his  other  works  are  "  Newton 
Forster,"    "Peter     Simple."    "Jacob     Faithful," 
"  The  Pacha  of  many  Tales,"  "  Japhet  in  Search 
of   a   Father,"    "Mr.   Midshipman   Easy,"    "The 
Pirate  and  the  Three  Cutters,"  "  Snarley-Yow;  or, 
the    Dog-Fiend"   (1837),   "The    Phantom  Ship" 
(1839),     "  Masterman    Ready "    (1841),    "  Joseph 
Rushbrook,"    "  Percival    Keene "    (1842),    "Mon- 
sieur Violet"  (1842),  "The  Settlers  in  Canada" 
(1843),     "The    Privateer's    Man"    (1844),    "The 
Mission;  or.  Scenes  in  Africa  "  (1845),  "  The  Little 
Savage  "  (1847).    He  also  edited  the  "Metropolitan 
Magazine,"  between  1832-36.     He  died  1848. 


British  ist  class  battleship.   (Laird,  1896.) 
Length  413ft.   Beam  75ft.  Maximum  draught  30ft* 
Displacement  14,900  tons.     Complement  757. 


Guns. 

4 — 12  in.,  35  cal. 
12 — 6  in. 
16 — 12  pdr. 
12 — 3  pdr. 

2 — 12  pdr.  Boat  guns. 


Armour, 
"  Harvey." 
9  in.  Belt  amid^iips. 
14  in.  Barbettes. 
14  in.  Conning  tower. 


2  Maxims. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
4  Submerged. 
I  Above  water  stern. 
Twin    screw.     Hp.    natural    10,000=16*5    kts., 
forced  12,000=  17*5  kts.   Coal  maximum  2,000  tons. 
Approximate  cost  ;£  1,000, 000. 
This  ship-name  came  into  use  in  the  Navy  with  the 


capture  of  the  French  Mars  by  Nottingham,  1746, 
and  is  associated  with  Quiberon  Bay,  1759  ;  Com- 
wallis's  retreat,  1791  ;  the  capture  of  L' HercuU, 
1798  ;  Trafalgar,  1805  ;  bombardment  of  Copen- 
hagen, 1807. 

Han.  Waterford  steamer.  Struck  on  a  rock 
near  Milford  Haven,  April,  1862  ;   50  lives  lost. 

KanefllalM.  French  ist  class  cruiser.  (Brest, 
1900.) 

Length  460ft.   Beam  63ft.   Maximum  draught  26ft. 
Displacement  10,000  tons. 
Guns.  Armour, 

2 — 7*6  in.40  cal.         "  Krupp." 
8 — 6'4  in.  6J  in.  Belt  amidships. 

6—4  in.  8  in.  Turrets. 

1 8 — 3  pdr.  8  in.  Conning  tower. 

2 — 9  pdr.  Boat  guns. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (177  in.). 
2  Submerged. 
2  Above  water, 
I  Above  water  stern. 
Three  screws.     Hp.  20,500=21  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 1,590  tons.     Approximate  cost  ^£875,000. 

Marshal  Deodoro.  Brazilian  coast  defence  turret 
ship.   (La  Seyne,  1897.) 

Length  267ft.     Beam  48ft.     Draught  1 3^f t. 
Displacement  3,112  tons.      Complement  200. 
Guns.  Armour. 

2—9*4  in.  "  Harvey  Steel." 

2 — 5 '9  in.  13  in.  Belt  amidships. ' 

4 — ^4*7  in.  li  in.  Deck. 

4—6  pdr.  8  in.  Gun  shields. 

2 — I  pdr.  3  in.  Turrets. 

Torpedo  Tubes, 
2  Submerged. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  3.400=  15  kts.     Coal  236  tons. 

M|t«ihf^l  Sloriaao.  Brazilian  coast  defence  turret 
ship.    (La  Seyne,  1897.) 

Length  267ft.     Beam  48ft.     Draught  1 3 Jft. 
Displacement  3,112  tons.     Complement  200. 

Gufhs,  Armour, 

2 — 9*4  in.  "  Harvey  Steel." 

2 — 5 '9  in.  13  in.  Belt  amidships. 

2 — 4*7  in.  I J  in.  Deck. 

4 — 6  pdr.  8  in.  Gun  shields. 

2 — I  pdr.  3  in.  Turrets. 

Torpedo   Tubes, 
2  Submerged. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  3,400=15  kts.     Coal  236  tons. 

ifftgaliftll,  Screw  steamer.  Collided  with  the 
barque  Woodhouse,  in  the  North  Sea,  November  28, 
1853,  and  went  down  ;    48  lives  lost. 

Mart,  Letters  oL     See  Privateer. 

Kartello  towers,  built  towards  the  end  of  the 
eighteenth  century  along  the  English  coast  from 
Beachy  Head  to  Hythe.  The  name  is  derived 
from  a  tower  on  Cape  Martello,  in  Capraja,  near 
Corsica,  which  resisted  an  attack  made  by  Hood  in 

1794. 


MARTENS 


390 


MARYLAND 


Martona,  E^redariok.    See  Arctic  Exploration. 

Karten  Ttomp.  Netherlands  turret  battleship. 
(Amsterdam,  1904.) 

Length  316ft.     Beam  45ift.     Draught  22ft. 
Displacement  5,211  tons.     Complement  444. 
Guns.  Armour. 

2 — 9*4  in.  "  Harvey-nickel." 

4 — 5*9  in.  6  in.  Belt  amidships. 

10 — 2*9  in.  10  in.  Barbettes. 

4 — I '4  in.  10  in.  Turrets. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
2  Submerged. 
I  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  6,377=  16  kts.     Coal  680  tons. 

Martin,  Edward  Pritohard  (b.  Dowlais,  1844). 
Was  appointed  deputy  general  manager  of  the 
Dowlais  Iron  Co.  in  1869,  and  in  1870,  general 
manager  of  the  Governor  and  Company  of  Copper 
Miners  in  England.  In  1874  he  became  general 
manager  of  the  Blaenavon  Co.'s  works,  where, 
under  his  auspices  the  Thomas  and  Gilchrist  de- 
phosphorising process  was  worked  out  by  the  two 
inventors,  Thomas  and  Gilchrist,  and  for  his  assist- 
ance in  working  out  the  discovery  he  was  awarded 
the  Bessemer  medal.  He  is  a  director  of  Messrs. 
Guest,  Keen,  and  Nettlefolds,  Ltd.,  The  Orconera 
Iron  Ore  Co.,  Ltd.,  The  Rhymney  Railway  Co. 
He  is  past-President  of  the  Iron  and  Steel  Institute, 
and  also  of  the  South  Wales  Institute  of  Mining 
Engineers,  President  of  the  Institution  of  Mechani- 
cal Engineers,  past-President  of  the  Monmouth- 
shire and  South  Wales  Coal  Owners'  Association, 
and  a  member  of  the  late  Sliding  scale  Committee, 
now  the  Board  of  Conciliation  for  the  trade  of 
Monmouthshire  and  South  Wales.  He  is  J. P.  for 
the  counties  of  Monmouth  and  Glamorgan,  and  was 
High  Sheriff  of  Monmouth  in  1903.  He  received 
the  Diamond  Jubilee  Medal  in  1897  from  H.M.  Queen 
Victoria,  and  in  1899  was  created  Commander  of 
the  Second  Class  of  the  Royal  Order  of  Wasa,  by  the 
King  of  Sweden  and  Norway. 

Martin,  Oeorge  Peter,  C.B.,  1902  (b.  1823). 
Entered  R.N.,  1840 ;  employed  in  the  expedition 
on  the  River  San  Juan  de  Nicaragua,  and  captured 
Fort  Serapique,  1848  ;  mentioned  in  despatches  ; 
secretary  to  the  Commander-in-Chief,  East  Indies 
and  Pacific  ;  present  at  the  bombardment  of  Petro- 
polovsk,  1852  (medal  and  clasp)  ;  Fleet  Paymaster 
in  the  Royal  Yacht,  1867-75  \  Deputy  Judge 
Advocate  of  H.M.  Fleet,  1875-1902  :  created  C.B., 
June  26,  1902. 

Martin,  Sir  George  (1765-1847).  British  admiral. 
Fought  in  Keppel's  action  off  Ushant,  1778,  and 
with  Byron  off  Grenada,  1778,  and  was  with 
Rodney  in  the  three  actions  fought  in  1780.  Was 
present  at  the  battle  of  Cape  St.  Vincent,  1779, 
and  at  the  capture  of  the  Genereut  in  1800,  and 
took  part  in  the  blockade  of  Malta.  In  182 1  he 
became  an  admiral,  and  Admiral  of  the  Fleet,  1846. 


Martin*  Sir  Thomas  Byam  (i 773-1854).  British 
admiral.  In  1808  he  served  in  the  Baltic,  and 
fought  an  action  with  the  Russian  ship  Sewolod. 
In  1830  he  was  promoted  admiral,  and  1839 
Admiral  of  the  Fleet.  See  "  Letters,"  edited  by 
Sir  R.  V.  Hamilton,  1898. 

Martin,  Sir  William  Fanahawe  (1801-95).  Bntish 
admiral.  Entered  Navy,  181 3,  when  promotion 
was  rapid,  and  was  made  a  lieutenant  in  1820; 
promoted  to  be  commander  of  the  sloop  Fly, 
1823,  and  a  captain,  1824.  From  1849-52  he 
was  commodore  and  commander  in  the  Channel 
Squadron,  and  in  1853,  ^^  being  promoted  rear- 
admiral,  he  was  made  superintendent  of  Ports- 
mouth Dockyard,  which  position  he  held  for  four 
years.  In  1858  he  became  vice-admiral,  and  in  the 
following  year  was  appointed  Commander-in-Chief 
in  the  Mediterranean.  His  memory  will  deservedly 
live  as  the  one  who  laid  the  foundation  of  the 
magnifieent  discipline  and  organisation  of  the  Navy 
to-day.  He  became  admiral  in  1863,  and  his  last 
appointment  was  the  command  at  Plymouth, 
1866-69.     He  retired  1870. 

Martin    Alonao    Pinsaon.    Spanish    gun-boat. 
(Fcrrol,    1893.)     Length,    190  ft.  ;   beam,    23   ft. : 
draught.  loj  ft. ;  displacement,  562  tons ;  comple- 
ment, 80 ;  armament,  2  47  in.,  2  2'2-in.,  i  Maxim, 
2  tubes  ;  Hp.,  2,600  =  12  kts. ;  coal,  100  tons. 

Martingale-goy.  A  rope  or  chain  extending 
downwards  to  the  jibboom  end  to  a  kind  of  short 
gaff-shaped  spar,  fixed  perpendicularly  under  the 
cap  of  the  bowsprit.  Its  use  is  to  guy  the  jibboom 
down  in  the  same  manner  as  the  bobstays  retain 
the  bowsprit.  The  spar  is  usually  termed  "  dolphin 
striker  "  (q.v.). 

Martino,  Commendatore  Ednardo  de.  Marine 
painter  (b.  Meter,  near  Naples).  Served  in  the 
Italian  Navy  till  1876,  when  he  came  to  England 
and  established  himself  as  a  marine  painter,  and 
subsequently  became  marine  painter  in  ordinary 
to  Queen  Victoria.  Among  his  many  works  is  a 
series  of  four  pictures  of  the  battle  of  Trafalgar. 

MariMtt.    The  leech-lines  of  a  sail. 

Mary.  70  guns.  On  November  26,  1703,  this 
vessel  was  lost  on  the  Goodwin  Sands. 

Maryland.  U.S.  ist  class  cruiser.  (Newport 
News,  1903.) 

Length  502ft.  Beam  70ft.  Maximum  draught  27it. 
Displacement  13.400  tons.    Complement  822. 
Guns.  Armour, 

4 — ^8  in..  45  cal.         **  Krupp." 
14 — 6  in.  6  in.  Belt  amidships. 

18 — 14  pdr.  6  in.  Turrets. 

12 — 3  pdr.  9  in.  Conning  tower. 

8 — I  pdr. 
8  Colts. 
2  Field  guns,  3  in. 


MARYLAND 


391 


MATSUSHIMA 


Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
2  Submerged. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  23,000^:22  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 2,000  tons.     Approximate  cost  ;f  1,200,000. 

Maryland  Steel  Co.  The  marine  department  of 
the  Maryland  Steel  Co.  is  located  on  the  Patapsco 
River,  about  seven  miles  below  the  City  of  Balti- 
more, Md.,  at  the  town  of  Sparrow's  Point. 

It  was  established  in  1890,  and  has  from  that 
time  to  the  present  built  82  vessels,  of  a  total  gross 
tonnage  of  120,000,  ranging  from  torpedo-boat 
destroyers  to  ocean-going  steamships.  This  in- 
cludes tug-boats,  side  wheel  and  propeller  steam- 
boats, dredges,  barges,  yachts,  car  floats,  ferry- 
boats, and  ocean  steamers  up  to  12,000  tons  dead 
weight.  In  addition  to  these,  another  branch  of 
the  Maryland  Steel  Co.,  situated  alongside  the 
marine  department,  has  built  two  of  the  largest 
floating  dry  docks  ever  constructed — viz.,  "  The 
Algiers  Dock  and  the  Dock  at  Cavite,  Philippine 
Islands." 

The  plant  is  equipped  to  finish  vessels  complete, 
excepting  only  the  outfits.  It  has  its  own  machine 
and  boiler  shops,  foundry,  forge  shop,  and  copper 
and  pipe  shops.  The  number  of  men  employed 
will  range  from  1,200  to  1,800. 

Mary  Rose.  60  guns.  On  July  20,  1545,  this 
vessel  was  upset  in  a  squall  between  Portsmouth 
and  Spithead ;  all  on  board  perished. 

Maaoiit  George  Frederick.  Mechanical  engineer 
and  naval  architect.  Educated  Osborne  House 
Academy  and  Durham  University.  Served  ap- 
prenticeship with  Messrs.  Black,  Hawthorn  and 
Co.,  and  was  subsequently  connected  with  Messrs. 
Edward  Withy  and  Co.,  and  Raylton  Dixon  and 
Co.  Served  some  years  at  sea  in  the  employment 
of  a  well-known  steamship  company,  and  was  prin- 
cipal marine  draughtsman  to  Messrs.  Fawcett, 
Preston  and  Co.  In  t  889  he  was  appointed  marine 
superintendent  of  the  Bedouin  Steam  Navigation 
Co.,  Ltd.,  and  started  a  private  practice  as  naval 
architect,  engineer,  and  surveyor  at  Liverpool. 
He  invented  and  patented  in  1889  'tween-deck 
water  ballast  tanks,  which  have  proved  very 
successful. 

Publications  :  Several  papers  read  and  published 
in  the  Transactions  of  technical  societies. 

HassabL     Portuguese    gun-boat     (1886).      Dis 
placement,  276  tons  ;  nominal  speed,  1 1  kts. 

Uagsaohusetts.  U.S.  ist  class  battleship.  (Cramp, 

1893.) 
'Length  358ft.   Beam  69ft.   Maximum  draught  28ft. 

Displacement  10,288  tons.     Complement  470. 


Guns. 

Armour. 

4 — 13  in. 

"  Harvey." 

8 — 8  in. 

18  in.  Belt  amidships 

4 — 6  in. 

17  in.  Barbettes. 

20 — 6  pdr. 

10  in.  Conning  tower. 

6 — I  pdr. 

4  Cdts. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
3  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  natural  8,000=15  kts.,  forced 
9,500=17  kts.     Coal  maximum  1,800  tons. 

Maiwena.    French  ist  class  battleship.    (St.  Na- 
Zaire,  1895.) 
Length  384ft.  Beam  66ft.  Maximum  draught  27ft. 

Displacement  11,924  tons.     Complement  617. 

Guns,  Armour, 

2 — 12  in.,  40  caJ.  "  Harvey." 

2 — 10*8  in.  18  in.  Belt  amidships. 

8 — s's  in.  16  in.  Turrets. 

8 — 4  in.  14  in.  Conning  tower. 
12 — 3  pdr. 
2 — 9  pdr.  Boat. 

Torpedo  Tufjes  (17*7  in.). 

2  Submerged. 

3  Above  water. 

Three  scrgws.  Hp.  13,500=18  kts.  Coal  maxi- 
mum 800  tons.     Approximate  cost  ;£i,  100,000. 

Massne.  French  torpedo-boat  destroyer.   Length, 
190  ft. ;  beam,  21  ft.  ;  draught,  9}  ft.  ;  displace- 
ment, 43 1  tons ;  complement,  48  ;  guns,  i  9-pdr. 
6  3-pdr.  ;  torpedo  tubes,  2  17-in.  ;  speed,  27-30  kts. 

Blast.  A  long  cylindrical  piece  of  timber  or  steel 
rising  perpendicularly  from  the  keel  of  a  ship  for 
attaching  rigging,  yards  and  sails. 

Master.    A  colloquialism  for  captain. 

Masthead.  The  portion  of  the  mast  above  where 
the  shrouds  or  main  rigging  are  secured  to  the 
truck  or  cap. 

Mastiff.  Gun -brig.  On  January  19,  1800,  this 
vessel  was  lost  on  the  Cockle  Sands. 

Mastiff.  British  3rd  class  gun-boat  (254  tons). 
Launched  1871.     Of  little  fighting  value. 

Matador.  Netherlands  coast  defence  monitoi 
(1878).     Of  little  fighting  value. 

Matanun.  Netherlands  gun-boat,  Indian  Navy. 
(Amsterdam,  1897.)  Length,  179  ft. ;  beam,  31  ft. ; 
draught,  12  f t.  ;  displacement,  797  tons;  comple- 
ment, 05  ;  armament,  3  47-in.,  2  3-in.,  2  i'4-in.  ; 
Hp.,  1,100-- 13  kts. ;  coal,  113  tons. 

Mate.  The  officer  who  commands  in  absence  of 
the  captain. 

Matsokase.  Japanese  torpedo-boat  destroyer. 
(Nagasaki,  1906.)  Length, 2 20  It.  ;  beam,  20 J  ft.  ; 
draught,  9J  ft.  ;  displacement,  374  tons  ;  armament, 
I  1 2 -pdr.,  5  6-pdr.,  2  tubes ;  twin  screw ;  Hp., 
6,000=29  kts. 

Matsnshima.  Old  Japanese  cruiser.  (La  Seyne, 
1890.) 

Length  295ft.   Beam  50ft.  Maximum  draught  21ft. 
Displacement  4,277  tons.     Complement  360. 


MATTHEW 


392 


MEAN 


Gufts. 
I — 12'6  in. 
12 — 47  in. 
6 — 12  pdr. 
4—3  pdr. 


^  rniotir. 
"  Steel." 
I  Jt  in.  Deck. 
12  in.  Baxbettes. 
12  in.  Conning  tower. 


6 — I  pdr. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
4  Above  water,  bow,  stem,  and  quarter. 
Twin    screw.     Hp.    natural    3,400=157    kts., 
forced  5.400=16*7  kts.     Coal  maximum  405  tons. 

Matthew  Walker.  A  knot  used  on  the  end  of 
the  laniards  where  dead-eyes  are  employed,  so 
named  after  the  originator. 

MaoL  A  heavy  hammer,  double-headed,  used 
by  riggers. 

Matuetania.  British  subsidised  merchant  ship 
(1906).  Cunard  Line  (q.v.).  (Liverpool,  New  York.) 
Gross  tonnage,  40,000  ;  Hp.,  75,000= 24J  kts. 

Maury,  Matthew  Fontaine  (1806-73).  American 
naval  officer  and  hydrographer  (b.  Virginia).  In 
1825  entered  the  American  Navy  as  midshipman, 
and  during  a  cruise  of  four  years  in  the  Vincennes 
he  circumnavigated  the  globe.  In  1836,  on  being 
promoted  to  lieutenant,  he  was  gazetted  astronomer 
to  an  exploring  expedition.  Having  met  with  a 
serious  accident,  w^hich  resulted  m  permanent  lame- 
ness and  unfitted  him  for  active  service,  he  was 
appointed  Keeper  of  Naval  Charts  and  Instru- 
ments at  Washington,  1842.  He  instigated  the 
taking  of  systematic  observations  at  sea,  and 
through  him  the  International  Congress  at  Brussels, 
1853,  ^vas  brought  about  which  has  proved  such 
a  boon  to  navigation.  One  result  of  this  confer- 
ence was  that  the  British  Board  of  Trade  estab- 
lished a  meteorological  department,  adopting 
Maury's  model  log-book.  In  1868  he  became  pro- 
fessor at  the  I^xington  Military  College,  Virginia, 
where  he  died  on  February  i,  1873. 

Publications :  "A  Treatise  on  Navigation." 
"  Atlantic  Wind  and  Current  Chart  "  (1845). 
*'  Physical  Geography  of  the  Sea  "  (1856),  "  Let- 
ters Concerning  Lines  of  Steamers  Crossing  the 
Atlantic"  (1854),  'Physical  Geography"  (1864). 
"  Manual  of  Geography  "  (1871).  Setf  "  Life,"  by 
his  daughter  (1887). 

MaTOOmeen.    British  schooner  yacht.     (Malta.) 

Maxim,  Sir  Hiram  Stevens,  Kt,  cr.  1901 ,  C.E.,  M.E. 
Member  of  the  firm  of  Vickers,  Sons  and  Maxim 
(b.  Maine,  U.S.A.,  1840).  Invented  the  automatic 
system  of  firearms.  Has  conducted  extensive  ex- 
periments with  a  view  of  ascertaining  how  much 
power  was  required  to  perform  artificial  flight. 
After  many  preliminary  experiments  on  air  re- 
actions, he  tested  in  1894  a  very  large  flying- 
machine,  a  marvel  of  ingenuity  and  mechanical 
skill,  carrying  three  men.     It  consisted  of  a  com- 


bination of  aeroplanes  driven  by  two  screw  pro- 
pellers, which  were  rotated  by  a  compound  engine 
of  53  Hp.  The  apparatus  gathered  its  speed  on  a 
railway  track,  and  demonstrated  that  it  could  lift 
much  more  than  its  own  weight,  but  the  pounds 
sustained  per  Hp.  were  less  than  was  expected. 

Publications :  Many  papers  published  in  the 
Transactions  of  the  various  scientific  institutions 
with  which  he  was  connected. 

May,  Bear-Admiral  Sir  William  Henry,  K.C.y.O. 

(b.  1849).  Entered  Navy,  1863  ;  served  in  Arctic 
Expedition,  1875-76  (Arctic  medal)  ;  commander, 
1881  ;  when  in  command  of  the  Imperieuse  in 
China  in  1888  was  authorised  by  the  Admiralty  to 
annex  Christmas  Island  ;  naval  attach^,  1891-93  ; 
assistant  director  of  torpedoes,  1893-95  ;  Chief  of 
Staff,  Mediterranean  Station.  1895-96 ;  M.V,0., 
1897  '>  ill  command  of  naval  contingent  in  London 
Jubilee  Procession,  1897 1  ^^  attendance  on  the 
German  Emperor  during  his  visit  to  England, 
1899  (Order  of  Red  Eagle,  2nd  Class)  ;  Lord  Com- 
missioner of  the  Admiralty  and  Controller  of  the 
Navy,  1901  ;  appointed  to  command  -  Atlantic 
Fleet,  and  hoisted  his  flag  on  H.M.S.  Kin^  Ed- 
ward VII.,  1905  ;  is  the  inventor  of  a  device  for 
discharging  torpedoes  from  on  board  ship. 

Maya.  Japanese  gun-boat.  (Yokosuka,  1887.) 
Length,  154  ft. :  beam,  27  ft.  ;  draught,  10  ft.  ; 
displacement,  615  tons;  complement,  113;  arma- 
ment, I  8'2-in.,  I  4*7-in..  2  Maxims  ;  Hp.,  700= 
13  kts.  ;  coal,  60  tons. 

Mayflower.  In  1620.  102  Separatists  from  the 
Church  of  England  sailed  from  England  in  this 
vessel  and  landed  at  Plymouth,  in  the  south- 
eastern part  of  the  present  State  of  Massachusetts, 
December  21,  1620,  and  began  colonisation. 

Mayflower,  Voyage  of  the.    See  Pilgrim  Fathei^. 

Mayfly.  British  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Yar- 
row, 1906.)  Length,  168  f t. ;  beam,  17J  ft,  ; 
draught,  6  ft.  ;  displacement,  230  tons  ;  comple- 
ment, 35  ;  armament,  2  i2-pdr.,  2  tubes  ;  3  screws  ; 
Hp.,  3,700=26  kts. 

M/D.     Months  after  date. 
» 

M.D;  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Middelhamis,  Holland. 

M.E.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Medemblik,  Plolland. 

M.E.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  tx>ats 
registered  at  Montrose,  Scotland. 

Mean.  The  arithmetical  average  or  mean  is  the 
sum  of  all  the  values  forming  the  series  of  figures 
under  consideration  divided  by  their  number. 
Average  is  the  term  used  for  results  extending  over 
a  long  period — e.g.,  a  day,  month,  or  year. 


MEASURED 


393 


M ELL AN BY 


Heasored  mile  is  the  distance,  one  geographical 
mile,  nautical  mile,  or  Admiralty  knot  equal  to 
2,026  yards,  over  which  a  vessel  is  run  on  a  trial 
trip  before  being  taken  over  by  the  owner  from 
the  builder  to  ascertain  if  the  necessary  speed, 
according  to  original  specification,  has  been  com- 
plied with. 

Measurement  of  vessels.    See  Tonnage. 

Meat  (Amerioan)  Clause.    See  Clauses. 

Mecklenburg.    German     ist    class    battleship. 
(Vulkan  Co.,  1901.) 

Length  416ft.   Beam  67ft.   Maximum  draught  28ft. 
Displacement  11,830  tons.     Complement  650. 
Guns.  Armour. 

4 — 9'4  in.  "  Krupp." 

18 — 6  in.  9  in.  Belt. 

1 2 —  1 5  J  pdr,  I  o  in.  Barbettes. 

12 — I  pdr.  10  in.  Turrets. 

8  Machine.  10  in.  Conning  tower. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
5  Submerged  bow  and  broadside. 
I  Above  water  stern. 
Three  screws.     Hp.  15,000=18  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 1,500  tons.     Approximate  cost  ;^ 1, 100,000. 

MeoUenbiirgisdher  Taoht  dub.  Established 
1899.  Commodore,  H.R.H.  The  Grand  Duke 
Friedrich  Franz  von  Mecklenburg ;  Vice-Commo- 
dore, H.H.  The  Duke  Johann  Albrecht  zu  Mecklen- 
burg ;  Rear-Commodore,  G.  Boldt ;  Treasurer, 
H.  Gottschall ;  Secretary,  Dr.  F.  Moucke,  Club 
House,  Rostock,  Germany.  Entrance  fee,  mark  10  ; 
annual  subscription,  mark  20. 

Madals,  NavaL    See  Naval  Medals. 

Medio.  British  subsidised  merchant  ship  (X89S). 
White  Star  Line  {q.v,).  Dimensions,  520X63X 
39  ft.;  gross  tonnage,  11,985;  passenger  accom- 
modation, 328 ;  Hp.,  4,500=15  kts. 

Medical  offioers,  Kaval.    See  Naval  Education. 

Medina.  British  3rd  class  gun-boat  (363  tons). 
Launched  1876. 

Medjidieh.    Turkish  cruiser  (1903). 
Length  330ft.   Beam  42ft.   Maximum  draught  i6ft. 
Displacement  3,277  tons.     Complement  302.   • 
Guns.  Armour. 

2—6  in.  "  Steel." 

6—4  in.  2  in.  Deck. 

2 — 3  pdr. 
2 — I  pdr. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
3  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  forced  12,000=22  kts.     Coal 
maximum  600  tons. 

Mednsa.  German  armoured  cruiser.  (Weser, 
1900.) 

Length  328ft.  Beam  39ft.  Maximum  draught  17ft. 
Displacement  2,650  tons.    Complement  249. 


Guns. 
10 — ^4*1  in. 
14 — I  pdr. 
4  Machine. 


Armour. 
"  Krupp." 

2  in.  Deck. 

3  in  Conning  tower. 


Torpedo  Tubes. 
2  Submerged. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.   8,500=21   kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 560  tons. 

MMgse.  French  submarine.  (Rochcfort,  1903.) 
Length,  yy  ft. ;  beam,  7J  ft ;  draught,  8  ft. ;  dis- 
placement, 68  tons;  complement,  5;  Hp.,  60  = 
8  kts. 

Medway.  British  3rd  class  gun-boat  (363  tons). 
Launched  1876. 

Medway  Tacht  Olnb,  Rochester.  Established 
1 880.  Flag  :  Red  ensign.  Burgee  :  Red,  white 
horse  in  centre.  Commodore,  W.  J.  Goldsmith ; 
Vice-Commodore,  J.  E.  Castle  ;  Rear-Commodore, 
Morton  W.  Smith ;  Honorary  Treasurer  and  Secre- 
tary, E.  J.  Goldsmith.  Entrance  fee,  105.  6d.  ; 
annual  subscription,  los.  6d. 

Melan^OS.     British  2nd  class  crvuser  (1890). 
Length  300ft.   Beam  43ft.   Maximum  draught  i8ft. 
Displacement  3,400  tons.     Complement  273. 
Guns.  Armour. 

2—6  in.  "  Steel." 

6 — 4*7  in.  2  in.  Deck. 

8 — 6  pdr.  3  in.  Conning  tower. 

I — 3  pdr. 
4  Machine. 

Torpedo  Tubes  {14  in.). 
4  Above  water. 
Twin    screw.     Hp.     natural     7,000  =  18.5     kts., 
forced  9,000=20  kts.     Coal  maximum  535  tons. 
Approximate  cost  ;£2oo,ooo. 


Melbourne  Steamship  Go.,  Ltd..  with  their  head 

offices  in  Melbourne,  have  a  fleet  of  three  passenger 
steamers  and  two  large  cargo  boats,  which  main- 
tain a  regular  fortnightly  service  from  Sydney  to 
Melbourne.  Albany,  and  Fremantle ;  from  Mel- 
bourne to  Albany  and  Fremantle ;  from  Adelaide 
to  Albany,  Fremantle,  and  vice  versa. 

Fleet. 
Hobart,  Perth.  Sydney. 

Melbye»  Daniel  Hermann  (1818-75).  Danish 
marine  painter  (b.  Copenhagen).  Among  his  best 
known  works  are  "  The  Eddystone  "  and  **  The 
Seafight,"  in  Copenhagen. 

Mellanby,  Alexander  Lawson*  D.Sc.  (b.  1871). 
Professor  of  engineering.  Educated  Central  Marine 
Engine  Works.  West  Hartlepoc^,  under  the  late 
Mr.  Thomas  Mudd.  In  1892  entered  the  Durham 
College  of  Science,  and  three  years  later  passed  out 
B.Sc,  with  honours,  and  awarded  a  research 
scholarship.  In  1895-96  studied  at  the  Macgill 
University,  Montreal,  and  obtained  there  a  degree 


MELVILLE 


394 


MERCANTILE 


of  M.Sc.  In  1897  b^  ^^^  appointed  chief  technical 
assistant  to  Messrs.  T.  Richardson  and  Sons,  and 
in  1898  appointed  chief  lecturer  in  engineering  at 
the  Manchester  School  of  Technology.  In  June, 
1905,  was  admitted  to  the  degree  of  D.Sc.  in  the 
University  of  Durham.  Appointed  to  the  Pro- 
fessorship of  Engineering  at  the  Glasgow  and  West 
of  Scotland  Technical  College,  1905. 

Publications :  Papers  read  before  the  Royal 
Society  of  Canada,  "  The  Relative  Efficiencies  of 
Multiple  Expansion  Engines  "  ;  before  the  North- 
East  Coast  Institution  of  Engineers  and  Ship- 
buildeirs,  *'  The  Effects  of  Different  Arrangements 
of  Crank  Angles  upon  the  Efficiency  of  Quadruple 
Expansion  Engines "  ;  before  the  Manchester 
Association  of  Engineers,  "  The  Relative  Efficiencies 
of  Triple  and  Quadruple  Expansion  Engines "  \ 
before  the  Institution  of^Mechanical  Engineers, 
"  An  Investigation  to  Determine  the  Effects  of 
Steam- Jacketing  upon  the  Efficiency  of  a  Horizontal 
Compound  Steam-Engine." 

Melville,  Herman  (18 19-91).  American  author 
(b.  New  York).  Among  his  best  known  works  are 
••  Typee  "  (1846),  "  Omoo  "  (1847),  "  White 
Jacket"  (1850),  "Moby  Dick"  (1857).  "Voyage 
Round  the  World  "  (i860). 

Memeler  Segel  Verein.  Established  1883.  Com- 
modore, Consul  Skougaard ;  Vice-Commodore, 
Director  Kauffmann  ;  Secretary,  E.  Neiss,  Memel, 
Germany.  Entrance  fee,  mark  15  ;  annual  sub- 
scription, mark  30. 

Memorandam.  In  marine  insurance  policies  ap- 
pears the  following  : 

"  The  Memorandum  :  Corn,  fish,  salt,  fruit,  flour, 
and  seed  are  warranted  free  from  average  unless 
general  or  the  ship  be  stranded.  Sugar,  tobacco, 
hemp,  flax,  hides,  and  skins  are  warranted  free 
from  average  under  five  pounds  per  cent.,  and  all 
other  goods,  also  the  ship  and  freight,  are  war- 
ranted free  from  average  under  three  pounds  per 
cent.,  unless  general  or  the  ship  be  stranded." 
The  extension  "  after  the  ship  be  stranded  "  or 
•'  sunk,  burnt,  or  in  collision  "  has  now  become 
so  general  that  if  not  already  inserted  any  under- 
writer will  insert  it.  To  "  collision  "  is  often  added 
"  the  collision  to  be  of  such  a  nature  as  may  reason- 
ably be  supposed  to  have  caused  or  led  to  the 
damage." 

To  override  the  Memorandum  there  are  special 
clauses  (q.v»)  on  produce  and  goods. 

Under  the  common  memorandum  particular 
average  is  claimable  upon  all  goods  not  specially 
excepted  if  it  amount  to  3%  upon  the  entire  value 
of  each  separate  interest  or  species,  but  not  under 
that  ratio.  To  extend  this  protection  and  take 
in  smaller  claims  than  3%  on  the  entire  interest, 
such  clauses  are  inserted  as  "  to  pay  average  "  on, 


say,  500  bags  rice.  50  bags  coffee,  10  bales  cotton, 
10  chests  tea,  five  bales  wool,  each  bale  of  silk, 
and  so  on.  This  is  of  great  advantage  to  the 
assured,  as  it  enables  liim  to  get  on  the  policy  a 
smaller  claim  than  he  otherwise  would  be  entitled  to. 
"  Com  "  includes  cereals  generally,  and  applies 
to  peas  and  beans  ;  also  malt,  but  not  rice.  (Moody 
V.  Surridge  ;  Mason  v.  Skurry  ;  Scott  v.  Bourdillon.) 
'*  Salt  "  does  not  include  saltpetre  or  chemical 
salts.  (Joumu  v.  Bourdieu.)  "  Fish  "  is  generally 
applied  to  both  salted  and  dried,  as  well  as  to 
fresh  fish,  but  not  to  anchovies.  (Hopkins,  3rd  ed., 
p.  264.)  *'  Flour "  generally  includes  meal  of 
barley,  but  not  sago  flour ;  also  "  hemp  "  and 
"  flax  "  do  not  include  jute.     {Ibid.) 

In  the  United  States  it  has  been  held  that  furs 
are  not  "  hides  "  or  "  skins."  (Phillips,  4th  ed., 
p.  264.) 

By  **  average,  unless  general,"  is  meant  particular 
average.  ^* 

By  "  unless  general  "  it  was  held  by  Lord  Mans- 
field in  Wilson  v.  Smith  that  the  word  unless  here 
means  the  same  as  except,  and  does  not  denote  a 
condition.  The  clause  means  that  except  general 
average  no  loss  resulting  from  sea  damage,  and 
less  than  a  total  loss,  shall  be  paid  unless  general 
average  occur,  in  which  case  partial  loss  resulting 
from  sea  damage  shall  be  paid.  General  average 
is  paid  irrespective  of  percentage,  so  far  as  it  is 
applicable  to  the  policy  value  and  sum  insured. 

The  terms  "  sunk  "  or  *'  burnt  "  do  not  require 
any  special  explanation  ;  but  "  collision  "  must  be 
with  another  ship  or  vessel  unless  otherwise  stated. 
Contact  with  a  pierhead  or  an  iceberg  is  not  a 
collision  within  the  exception.  A  recent  wording 
is  "  burnt  or  on  fire  " — the  outcome  of  the  Glen- 
livet  case  (1893).  which  was  that  a  mere  burning 
was  not  sufficient  to  take  out  the  exception ;  hence 
the  addition.  (9  T.L.R.  360;  10  T.L.R.  97.)  See 
McArthur  on  the  Contract  of  Marine  Insurance, 
p.  182.     liefer  to  Clauses. 

Men  and  bpys.  Naval.  See  Naval  Education, 
Naval  Reserve,  Royal. 

Henehen.    German  armoured  cruiser.     (Weser, 

1904.) 

Length  341ft.  Beam  40ft.  Maximum  draught  i7ift. 
Displacement  3,250  tons.     Complement  280. 
Guns.  Armour. 

10 — 4*1  in.  "  Krupp." 

10 — I  pdr.  2  in.  Deck. 

4  Machine.  4  in.  Conning  tower. 

Torpedo  Tubes, 
2  Submerged. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  11,000=23  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 800  tons. 

HeroantUe  marine  of  the  world.  The  foUowing 
table  gives  particulars  of  the  larger  vessels  in  the 
mercantile  marine  of  the  various  countries  of  the 
world  up  to  the  end  of  1907  : 


MERCANTILE 


395 


MERCHANT 


C*;>'o— <">— > 

Sailing 

Total  Mercan- 

Ol~ 

cvuivts. 

vessels. 

tile  Marine. 

No. 
9.511 

Gross 
tons. 

No. 
2.006 

Net 

tons. 

No. 

11.517 

Tons. 

Great  Britain 

17.001.139 

1.319.529 

18.320.668 

American       

1.577 

3.160.895 

1.981 

1.351.033 

3.558 

4.511.928 

German 

1.713 

3.705.70C 

S81 

404.862 

2.094 

4.110.562 

Norwegian    

1.181 

1.264.002 

980 

654.529 

2.161 

1.918.531 

French    

809 

1.284,361 

674 

477.415 

1.483 

1.761.783 

Italian     

397 

823.325 

710 

396.084 

1.107 

1.219.409 

Japanese 

829 

1.068.747 

6 

3.129 

835 

1.071.876 

Russian 

687 

720.198 

672 

217.713 

1.359 

997.911 

Swedish 

889 

686.517 

649 

191.031 

1.538 

877.548 

Dutch     

455 

776.855 

92 

36.772 

547 

813.627 

Danish    

501 

650.955 

358 

77.635 

859 

728.590 

Spanish 

468 

673.301 

110 

35.448 

578 

708.749 

Austro-Hun^arian . 

312 

677.221 

14 

11.396 

326 

688.619 

vVtvCK           •••        •••        «•■ 

255 

421.743 

156 

44.789 

411 

466.532 

Braxilian. 

283 

191.088 

78 

19.597 

361 

210.685 

BelfSian  

131 

191.597 

2 

1.118 

133 

192.715 

Turkish 

132 

106.929 

170 

38.092 

302 

165.021 

Chilian    

87 

107.727 

63 

48.589 

150 

136.316 

Argentine      

169 

105.916 

74 

27,155 

243 

133.071 

Portuguese    

65 

60.673 

133 

38.363 

198 

101.038 

Chinese 

50 

67.634 

— 

— 

50 

67.634 

Cuban     .'    ... 

51 

60.645 

9 

1.625 

60 

62.270 

Uruguayan    

33 

38.146 

28 

19.301 

61 

57.447 

Mexican 

44 

27.025 

18 

4.021 

62 

31.04^ 

Roumanian   

23 

28.949 

2 

419 

25 

29.368 

Veneznelan   

10 

4.091 

9 

1.282 

19 

5.373 

The  above  figures  do  not  include  the  smaller 
steam,  sailing,  and  fishing  craft.  If  these  are 
included  the  mercantile  marine  of — 

Great  Britain       totals  about  36,000  vessels. 


America 

x\ustria-Hungary 

Italy 

Germany 

Norway 

Japan 

Denmark 

Sweden 

France 

Russia 

Greece 

Turkey 

Holland 

Portugal 


r» 


If 


>» 


n 


tt 


ft 


*. 


f  » 


n 


It 


n 


It 


20,890 

13.000 
10,400 

7.250 
6,700 

5.775 
4,000 

2,900 

2,700 

2.250 

1.050 

1,000 

700 

280 


»* 


tt 


In  the  United  Kingdom  during  1907,  450  vessels 
were  under  construction,  with  an  aggregate  gross 
tonnage  of  1,080,087.  During  1906,  866  vessels, 
with  an  aggregate  gross  tonnage  of  1,828,343,  were 
launched  in  the  United  Kingdom.     Of  these — 


3  were  hullt  for 

27 

..      the  British  Colonies. 

11 

Denmark. 

16 

France. 

26 

Germany. 

3 

Greece. 

22 

Norway. 

65 

Sooth  America. 

665 

the  United  Kingdom. 

48 

.,      other  countries  and  for 

sale  by  buUders. 

The 

Clyde 

claims  271  with  a  gross  tonnage  of  568.670 

•• 

Tyne 

t. 

149 

a.               .•               •• 

385.987 

•• 

H  umber 

.. 

100 

1.               ..               .. 

33.968 

.. 

Wear 

.• 

97 

..               ••               •• 

326.701 

*• 

Tees,  etc. 

•• 

88 

•a                ••                it 

292.460 

Belfast,  etc. 

.. 

24 

ti                ti               •• 

146.231 

«• 

Money 

t. 

17 

a*                aa                aa 

7.371 

Banow,  etc 

. 

.. 

9 

*a                ..                .a 

3.782 

Vessels  launched  al>road  during  1906  total  950, 
with  an  aggregate  gross  tonnage  of  1,091,420.  Of 
these — 


America 

claims 

242  ' 

ivitb 

i  441.087 

Germany 

a. 

205 

.. 

318.230 

Japan 

a. 

107 

aa 

42.489 

Holland  and  Belgium 

claim 

95 

•  a 

72.622 

Norway 

claims 

69 

aa 

60.774 

British  Colonies 

claim 

57 

•  a 

26X)42 

France 

claims 

48 

«a 

35.214 

Italy 

aa 

30 

.. 

30,560 

Austria-Hungary 

a. 

25 

a. 

18.590 

Denmark 

a. 

18 

.. 

24^^12 

Other  Countries 

claim 

54 

aa 

21.100 

The  figures  for  vessels  launched  in  the  United 
Kingdom  and  abroad  do  not  include  ships  built 
for  the  British  aul  other  navies. 

The  world's  output  of  shipbuilding  during  1907 
was  2,778,088  tons,  of  which  2,652,434  were  steam* 
ships  and  125,654  sailing  ships.  Great  Britain 
built  70%  of  this  output. 

The  gross  tonnage  of  vessels  lost  during  1907  was 
794,000,  of  which  488,000  were  steamers  and 
306,000  sailing  ships. 

Mdrehantman.  Wrecked  on  the  Sand  Heads  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Hoogly,  September,  1885  ; 
70  lives  lost. 

Merohants'  and  Minen*  Transport  Co.,  with  the 
head  offices  at  Baltimore,  U.S.A.,  incorporated  in 
1852,  now  owns  17  excellent  steamers.  A  steamer 
leaves  Baltimore  four  times  a  week  for  Newport 
News,  Norfolk,  and  Boston,  and  vice  versa ;  three 
times  weekly  for  Newport  News,  Norfolk,  and 
Providence,  and  vice  versa ;  three  times  weekly  for 
Savannah,  and  vice  versa ;  and  twice  a  week  for 
Philadelphia,  Savannah,  and  vice  versa. 

Fleet. 

Gloucester. 

Howard. 

Itasca. 

Jurwala. 

Kershaw, 


Livingston. 

Merrimack. 

Nantucket, 

New  Orleans. 

Ontario. 

Powhatan. 


Alleghany. 

Berkshire. 

Chatham, 

Dorchester. 

Essex. 

Frederica, 

Mttreluuit  saamaL  See  Seamen,  Able-bodied 
Seamen,  Crew,  Desertion,  Merchant  Shipping  Act, 
Registrar-General  of  Seamen,  Crimp,  Naval  Testa- 
ment, Employers'  Liability,  Advance  Note,  Inspec- 
tion of  Ships. 

Merohant  Service  Ghslld.  The  Imperial  Mer- 
chant Service  Guild  (short  title  The  Merchant 
Service  Guild)  was  founded  in  February  of  the  year 
1893  by  Captain  John  Grant  Moore,  in  response  to 
the  requests  of  a  number  of  deputations  of  captains 
and  oflScers  who  had  waited  upon  him  from  time  to 
time,  and  had  urged  that  though  there  were  already 
existing  five  societies  of  captains  and  ofi&cers,  there 
was  a  grave  necessity  for  one  which  would  be  pre- 
pared to  pursue  a  much  more  progressive  and 
strenuous  policy.  None  but  certificated  captains 
and  officers  are  eligible  for  membership,  and  they 
must  be  of  British  nationality.  Managing  ship- 
owners, nautical  assessors,  naval  officers  and  others 


MERCHANT 


396 


MERCHANT 


who  may  be,  in  some  form  or  other,  connected  with 
shipping  are  debarred  from  membership.  The 
fundamental  principles  of  the  Guild  are  that  it  shall 
be  purely  British,  and  confined  strictly  to  those 
whom  it  represents.  From  the  outset  Captain 
Moore  was  assisted  by  his  son,  Mr.  T.  W.  Moore, 
F.R.G.S.,  both  of  them  at  the  time  working  together 
a  private  business  of  their  own.  For  the  first 
three  or  four  years  the  organising  secretary  and 
founder  and  his  assistant  gave  their  services  in  a 
purely  voluntary  way,  but  there  was  so  much 
apathy  and  cynicism  existing  m  the  profession 
that  for  over  two  years  the  society  was  in  debt 
to  its  secretary  for  advances  made,  and  there 
seemed  very  little  hope  for  future  success.  But 
the  very  strong  efforts  which  were  being  made  by 
the  Guild  in  improving  the  material  interests  of 
the  profession  both  in  the  way  of  representations 
to  the  Board  of  Trade  and  to  shipoi^Ticrs,  and  also 
in  the  direction  of  Parliamentary  work,  began  to 
attract  the  attention  of  the  profession,  and  as 
some  good  results  were  being  shown  in  commanding 
more  recognition  and  consideration  than  captains 
and  officers  had  hitherto  enjoyed,  new  supporters 
began  to  rapidly  come  in,  whilst  the  financial  posi- 
tion also  improved  considerably.  Alter  a  space  of 
five  years  the  business  of  the  Guild  had  grown  so 
heavy  that  it  presented  to  Captain  Moore  and  Mr. 
Moore  one  of  two  alternatives,  viz.,  to  cither  relin- 
quish their  own  private  business  or  transfer  their 
services  to  the  Guild  entirely.  In  deference  to  the 
wishes  of  the  members  the  latter  course  was 
adopted.  In  the  year  1906  Mr.  T.  W.  Moore  was 
appointed  acting  secretary  on  account  of  the  failing 
health  of  the  Secretary,  who  ultimately  resigned 
in  June,  1907,  being  succeeded  by  Mr.  T.  W. 
Moore. 

The  government  of  the  Guild  consists  of  the 
Guild  in  Council,  whilst  certain  duties  are  relegated 
to  committees  known  as  the  Advisory  Committee 
and  the  Finance  and  Law  Committee.  At  the 
time  of  writing  these  lines  the  course  has  been 
approved  of  changing  the  form  of  management, 
and  constituting  an  elected  management  com- 
mittee. This  will  probably  be  adopted  at  the 
forthcoming  annual  meeting. 

The  Guild  now  possesses  over  10,000  members 
who  belong  and  trade  to  aU  parts  of  the  globe,  and 
it  has  representatives  in  nearly  all  seaports  at  home 
and  abroad.  Amongst  its  members  are  the  Right 
Hon.  Lord  Brassey,  G.C.B.,  the  Most  Hon.  the 
Marquis  of  Graham,  C.V.O.,  and  Colonel  Henry 
Proctcr-Beauchamp,  C.B.,  whilst  most  of  the 
leading  members  of  the  merchant  service  are  also 
supporters.  The  chairman  of  the  Guild  in  council 
is  Captain  A.  B.  Toms,  who  is  also  the  representa- 
tive of  the  Guild  on  the  Board  of  Trade  Advisory 
Committee.  The  Chairman  of  the  Finance  and 
Law  Committee  is  Captain  R.  Bljrth,  and  the 
chairman  of  the  Advisory  Committee  is  Captain 
H.  W.  Field.     One  of  the  earliest  subjects  taken  in 


hand  was  the  grievance  of  seafarers  being  practi- 
cally disfranchised,  and,  on  behalf  of  the  Guild  and 
seafarers  generally,  the  matter  has  on  several 
occasions  been  brought  before  the  House  of  Com- 
mons by  Sir  Elliott  Lees,  Bart.,  who  lost  his  seat 
at  the  last  Birkenhead  General  Election,  the  late 
Sir  John  Colomb  and  the  late  Mr.  Gumming  Mac- 
dona,  and  others.  The  necessity  of  continuous 
discharges  for  seamen  was  actively  taken  up.  and 
as  a  result  of  this  action,  assisted  by  the  Right 
Hon.  Lord  Muskerry  in  the  House  of  Lords,  a  Board 
of  Trade  Committee  was  appointed  to  inquire  into 
the  matter,  with  the  result  that  continuous  dis- 
charges were  eventually  brought  into  vogue.  The 
insufficient  baUasting  of  merchant  ships,  whereby 
many  accidents  and  much  loss  of  life  had  arisen, 
afforded  a  subject  of  much  agitation  on  the  part 
of  the  Guild,  and  of  Lord  Muskerry,  who  has  for 
some  years  actively  identified  himself  with  the 
work  of  the  Guild.  After  many  discussions  in 
Parliament  and  elsewhere,  the  Light  Load-line 
Committee  of  the  House  of  Lords  was  appointed. 
Though  the  Committee  did  not  actually  recommend 
a  light  load-line,  they  nevertheless  made  some 
valuable  suggestions,  and  the  result  of  the  agitation 
has  been  that  merchant  vessels  are  now  very  much 
better  ballasted  than  they  were. 

The  elimination  of  aliens  from  the  quarter-deck 
of  British  ships  ;  the  laxity  of  the  law  which  permits 
of  large  vessels  being  navigated  by  uncertificated 
and  irresponsible  men  ;  the  carriage  of  dangerous 
deck-loads  in  the  winter  time  ;  the  improvement 
of  the  pecuniary  conditions  of  captains  and  officers ; 
the  necessity  of  officers  being  provided  with  proper 
accommodation,  and  with  facilities  for  reasonable 
rest  and  relaxation  from  their  constant  duties  ;  the 
evil  of  alien  seamen  in  the  merchant  service ;  the 
absence  of  consideration  on  the  part  of  Govern- 
ment departments,  and  of  others  to  those  chiefly 
responsible  for  the  navigation  of  British  merchant 
ships  ;  the  national  importance  of  the  mercantile 
marine  as  evidenced  by  its  services  in  the  South 
African  war ;  and  innumerable  grievances  of 
individual  members  and  many  other  matters  have 
occupied  the  Guild's  constant  attention  since  its 
inception. 

Information  as  to  the  work  carried  on  is  supplied 
to  the  members  in  the  form  of  the  "  Guild  Gazette/' 
which  is  issued  three  times  a  year,  and  forwarded  to 
all  the  members,  and  to  many  people  on  shore  who 
are  in  sympathy  with  the  cause  of  seafarers. 

The  Reserve  Fund  of  the  Guild  amounts  to  over 
;£25,ooo,  which  is  all  invested  in  the  name  of  trustees 
with  legal  protection.  It  is  by  far  the  largest  and 
most  powerful  organisation  in  the  worid,  is  in 
friendly  touch  with  similar  societies  in  foreign 
maritime  countries.  There  are  other  bodies  wliich 
have  adopted  the  nomenclature  of  the  Guild,  but 
which  work  in  a  purely  local  way,  such,  for  instance, 
as  the  Singapore  Merchant  Service  Guild,  and  the 
Merchant  Service  Guild  of  Australasia  (New  Zealand 


MERCHANT 


397 


MERCHANT 


section  and  Australian  section),  the  Merchant 
Service  Guild  of  Canada,  and  the  Merchant  Service 
Guild  of  Singapore.  Another  body  of  a  very 
simUar  character  which  is  in  close  relation  to  the 
Guild  is  the  Mercantile  Marine  Officers'  Association 
of   Shanghai. 

Merohant    Shipper.    Established    1900.     Pub- 
lished monthly.     Price  105.  per  annum.     Address  : 
3  Chancery  Lane,  London,  W.C. 

Merchant  Shipping.  See  Board  of  Trade,  British 
Ships,  Cargo,  Collisions,  Regulations  for  the  Pre- 
vention of,  Foreign  Ship,  Foreign-going  Ship, 
Limitation  of  Liability,  Merchant  Seamen,  Pas- 
sengers, Passenger  Boats,  Pilot,  Salvage,  Shipping 
Inquiry,  Shipmaster,  Merchant  Shipping  Act. 

Merchant  Shipping  Bill,  1906.  (To  amend  and 
extend  the  provisions  of  the  M.S. A.,  1894.) 


Merchant   Shipping 
Bill,  1906. 
Pari  I.^Safety, 
Section    1 .  —  Sections 
437-443  of  the  Merchant 
Shipping  Act,  1894  (ex- 
cept subsections  (3)  and 
(4}  of  section  440)  shall 
apply     to     all     foreign 
ships  which  are'  within 
any  port  in  the  United 
Kingdom,  without  pre- 
judice— 

(a)  to  the  power  of 
His  Majesty  previously 
{i.e.,  under  section  734 
of  the  M.S.A.  1894)  to 
apply  those  provisions 
to  ships  of  any  foreign 
country,  if  the  Govern- 
ment of  that  country  so 
desire. 

(b)  to  any  direction  of 
His  Majesty  in  Council 
given  under  section  445 
of  the  M.S. A.,  1894,  ^ 
the  case  of  any  foreign 
country  in  which  regu- 
lations in  force  relat- 
ing to  over-loading  and 
improper  loading  are 
equally  effective  with 
the  provisions  of  the 
principal    Act    (M.S. A., 

1894)- 

Section   7.  —  Coasting 

steamships  under  80 
tons  shall  not  be  exempt 
from  loadline  provisions. 
See  supra  M.S. A.,  1894, 
sections  437,  438. 

Sections. — (i)  Section 
440,  shall  apply  to  all 


Merchant   Shipping 
Act,  1894. 

Section  437.  —  Every 
British  ship  (except  ves- 
sels under  80  tons  en- 
gaged in  coasting,  fish- 
ing, yachting,  or  river 
or  inland  navigation) 
shall  be  marked  with 
deck  lines  indicating  the 
position  of  each  deck 
above  the  water. 

Section  438.  —  See 
Loadline. 

Section  440. — (i)  The 
disc  indicating  load  line 
shall  be  marked  before 
a  foreign  going  ship  is 
entered  outwards,  or  as 
soon  as  possible  after- 
wards. 

(2)  The  owner  shall, 
upon  entering  such  ship 
outwards,  insert  in  a 
form  of  entry  a  state- 
ment of  the  distance  be- 
tween the  centre  of  the 
disc  and  each  deck  line 
above  that  centre. 

(3)  The  master  shall 
enter  a  copy  of  the 
statement  in  the  agree- 
ment with  the  crew,  and 
the  superintendent  shall 
not  proceed  with  the  en- 
gagement of  the  crew 
until  this  entry  is  made. 

(4)  The  master  shall 
also  enter  a  copy  of 
the  statement  in  the 
official  log. 

(5)  A  ship  so  marked 


ships,  British  or  foreign, 
whether  the  owner  is 
required  to  enter  the 
ship  outward  or  not,  ex- 
cept subsections  (3)  and 
(4)  shall  not  apply  to- 
foreign  ships  not  re- 
quired to  be  entered  out- 
wards. 

(2)  The  pro\'isions  of 
this  section  as  to  the 
statement  to  be  pre- 
pared by  the  master  (see 
M.S.  A.,  1894,  section 
440,  subsections  3.  3,  4) 
shall  not  take  effect  in 
cases  where  a  certificate 
(section  443,  subsection 
4)  is  required. 

(3)  To  the  words  "  so 
marked  "  (section  440, 
subsection  5)  shall  be 
added  "  or  if  the  mark 
has  been  altered  abroad 
in  accordance  with  regu- 
lations made  by  the 
Board  of  Trade  for  the 
purpose,  marked  with 
the  mark  as  so  altered." 


shall  be  kept  so  marked 
until  her  return  to  a 
port  of  discharge  in  the 
United  Kingdom. 

Section  441.  —  (i) 
Coasters  (over  80  tons) 
shall  be  marked  with 
load  Unes  before  pro- 
ceeding to  sea  from  any 
port. 

A  statement  of  the 
distance  between  the 
centre  of  the  disc  and 
each  deck  line  above 
that  centre  shall  be  de- 
livered to  the  Customs 
officer  at  port  of  regis- 
try. 

(2)  Any  renewal  or 
alteration  of  disc  shall 
be  notified  to  the  Cus- 
toms officer. 

(3)  Penalty  for  failure 
to  notify  shall  not  ex- 
ceed £100  for  each  of- 
fence. 

(4)  Ship  to  be  kept  so 
marked  until  notice  of 
alteration  is  given. 

Section  442. — (a)  The 
owner  or  master  fail- 
ing without  reasonable 
cause  to  have  ship  so 
marked,  or  allow  disc  to 
be  submerged  ;  or  (b) 
any  person  who  con- 
ceals, alters,  or  defaces 
any  marks,  or  allows 
such  alteration,  etc.,  to 
be  made,  shall  be  liable 
to  a  $ne  of  /i  00  for  each 
ofifence. 

Section  443. — (i)  See 
Lloyd's. 

(2)  The  Board  of 
Trade  may  make  regu- 
lations (a)  determining 
lines  and  marks  to  be 
used  to  indicate  maxi- 
mum load  line  under 
different  circumstances 
and  at  different  seasons. 

(b)  As  to  the  mode  of 
marking. 

(c)  As  to  the  mode  of 
application  for,  and  form 
of  certificates  granted 
under  this  section. 

(d)  Requiring  entry  of 
certificates  and  particu- 
lars as  to  draught,  fret- 


MERCHANT 


398 


MERCHANT 


Section  2.  —  Section 
462  of  the  M.S. A.,  1894  • 

(i)  shall  apply  in  the 
case  of  a  ship  which  is 
unsafe  by  reason  of  the 
defective  condition  of 
her  hull,  equipment,  or 
machinery,  and  accord- 
ingly  that  section  shall 
be  construed  as  if  the 
words  *'  by  reason  of  the 
defective  condition  of 
her  hull,  equipment,  or 
machinery,  or "  were 
inserted  before  the 
words  **  by  reason  of  her 
overloading  or  improper 
loading  "  ;  and 

(2)  shall  apply  with 
respect  to  any  foreign 
ships  being  at  any  port 
in  the  United  Kingdom, 
whether  those  ships  take 
on  board  any  cargo  at 
that  port  or  not. 


Section  3. — A  foreign 
ship  laden  with  grain 
which  discharges  any 
part  of  her  cargo  at  any 


board,  etc.,  in  the  ofHcial 
log  book. 

(3)  For  failure  without 
reasonable  cause  to  com- 
ply with  these  regula- 
'tions,  the  offender  is  lia- 
ble to  a  fine  not  exceed- 
ing ;^ioo  for  each  offence. 

Section  462. — Where  a 
foreign  ship  has  taken 
on  board  all  or  part  of 
her  cargo  at  a  port  in  the 
United  Kingdom,  and 
whilst  in  that  port  is  un- 
safe by  reason  of  over- 
loading or  improper 
loading,  the  provisions 
of  this  Act  shall  apply 
to  her  as  if  she  were  a 
British  ship,  with  the 
following  modifications : 

(i )  A  copy  of  the  order 
for  provisional  detention 
shall  be  served  on  the 
consular  officer  of  the 
country  to  which  the 
ship  belongs,  at  or  near- 
est to  the  said  port. 

(2)  The  consular  offi- 
cer may,  at  the  request 
of  the  owner  or  master, 
require  ship  to  be  sur- 
veyed by  person  ap- 
pointed by  the  Board  of 
Trade  and  a  surveyor 
appointed  by  himself. 
Where  the  opinions  of 
the  surveyors  differ  the 
Board  of  Trade  may  act 
as  if  the  requisition  had 
not  been  made,  and  the 
owner  or  master  has  the 
like  appeal  to  a  Court  of 
Survey  touching  the  sur- 
veyor's report  as  in  the 
case  of  a  British  ship. 

(3)  Where  the  Court  of 
Survey  is  appealed  to, 
the  consular  officer,  on 
the  request  of  the  owner 
or  master,  may  appoint 
a  competent  person  to 
be  assessor  in  lieu  of  the 
person  who,  if  the  ship 
were  British,  would  be 
appointed  by  the  Board 
of  Trade. 

Sections  452-456. — 
See  Grain  cargo. 


port  in  the  United  King- 
dom shall  be  subject  to 
the  provisions  of  sec- 
tions 452,  453.  and  456, 
and  also  454  so  far  as 
that  section  provides  for 
the  delivery  of  notice  to 
Customs  officer  in  the 
United  Kingdom,  and 
the  master,  agent,  or 
owner  shall  be  liable 
accordingly. 

Section  10. — For  fail- 
ure to  take  precautions 
against  shifting  the  of- 
fender may  be  prosecu- 
ted summarily,  when  the 
fine    shall    not    exceed 

;flOO. 

Section  4. — Sections 
427-431  of  the  M.S. A., 
1894,  apply  to  all  for- 
eign ships  within  any 
port  of  the  United  King- 
dom. 

Provided  that  His 
Majesty  may  by  Order 
in  Council  direct  that 
those  provisions  shall 
not  apply  to  ships  of  a 
foreign  country  in  which 
provisions  for  life-saving 
appliances  appear  to  be 
effective. 

Section  6. —  Nothing 
in  the  foregoing  provi- 
sions shall  affect  foreign 
ships  not  bound  to  a 
port  in  the  United  King- 
dom which  come  into 
port  for  repairs,  or  under 
stress  of  weather. 

Section  9. — (i)  After 
the  word  •*  whatever  " 
(section  451,  subsection 
3  (a) )  add  *'  or  any 
light  wood  goods  the 
units  of  which  are  of  a 
greater  cubic  capacity 
than  fifteen  cubic  feet." 

(2)  Section  451.  sub- 
section 3  (c)  shall  read 
"  Any  deals,  battens,  or 
other  light  wood  goods, 
the  units  of  which  arc  of 
a  cubic  -capacity  not 
greater  than  fifteen  cu- 
bic feet,  to  a  height  a- 
bove  the  deck,  in  the 
case  of  an  uncovered 
space,  exceeding  that  of 


Sections    427  -  431. — 
See  Boat. 


Section  45 1 . — 3.  Wood 
goods  mean — 

(a)  Any  square,  round, 
wavy,  or  other  timber, 
or  any  pitch  pine,  ma- 
hogany, oak,  teak,  or 
other  heavy  wood  goods 
whatever ;  or  (b)  any 
more  than  five  spare 
spars  or  store  spars, 
whether  or  not  made 
and  finally  prepared  for 
use  ;  or  (c)  any  deals, 
battens  or  other  light 
wood  goods  of  any  de- 
scription to  a  height  ex- 
ceeding three  feet  above 
the  deck. 

See  Deck  cargo. 


MERCHANT 


399 


MERCHANT 


the  main  rail,  bulwark, 
or  plating,  or  one-iourth 
of  the  inside  breadth  of 
the  ship,  or  seven  feet  a- 
bove  the  deck,  which- 
ever height  is  the  least, 
and  in  the  case  of  a 
covered  space  to  a 
height  above  the  deck 
exceeding  the  full  height 
of  that  space." 

Section  12. — The  defi-  Section       267.  —  See 

nition  of  **  passenger  Passenger  boats, 
steamer  "  (M.S. A.,  1894, 
section  267)  shall  include 
every  foreign  steamship 
(whether  originally  ^o- 
ceeding  from  a  port  in 
the  United  Kingdom  or 
from  a  port  out  of  the 
United  Kingdom)  which 
carries  passengers  to  or 
from  any  place,  or  be- 
tween any  places,  in  the 
United    Kingdom. 

Section  13. — For  sec-  Section       268. —    See 

tion  268,  subsection  3  Passengers,  Cabin, 
(b)  and  (c)  of  M.S.A.. 
1894,  shall  be  substitu- 
ted (b)  "  the  fare  con- 
tracted to  be  paid  by 
them  is  in  the  propor- 
tion of  at  least  sixty-five 
shillings  for  every  thou- 
sand miles  of  the  voy- 
age." 

Merchant  Shipping  Bill,  1906. 
Section  11. — ^After  1908  no  seaman  shall  sign  an 
agreement  of  engagement  before  the  superintendent, 
if  he  does  not  possess  a  sufficient  knowledge  of  the 
English  language.  This  section  shall  not  apply  to 
any  British  subject,  lascar,  or  inhabitant  of  a  British 
Protectorate. 

Part  II. — Passenger  and  Emigrant  Ships. 
Section  14. — Passengers  landed  or  embarked  by 
tenders  shall  be  deemed  passengers  carried  from  or 
to  a  place  in  the  United*  Kingdom. 

Section  15. — (i)  A  ship  shall  not  carry  any  passen- 
gers on  more  than  one  deck  below  the  water. 

(2)  The  master,  for  failure  to  comply  with  the 
provision  of  this  secticm,  shall  be  liable  to  a  fine  not 
exceeding  jfsoo. 

Section  16. — The  Board  of  Trade  may  prescribe 
regulations,  scales,  conditions,  and  forms  in  substi- 
tution of  those  contained  in  schedules  10,  11,  X2, 
13,  and  14  (M.S.A.,  1894),  which  relates  to  the 
number  of  persons,  the  accommodation  of  steerage 
passeng^ers,  the  provisions  and  water  for  steerage 
passengers,  the  carriage  of  horses  and  cattle  on 
emigraxLt  ships,  and  the  forms  to  be  used  under 
Part  III.  of  that  Act. 


Section  17. — (i)  Copies  of  the  scale  of  provisions 
to  which  a  steerage  passenger  is  entitled  either 
under  the  M.S.A.,  1894,  or  under  the  Board  of  Trade 
regulations,  shall  be  produced  to  any  steerage  pas- 
senger on  request,  and  be  posted  and  remain  up  in 
at  least  two  places  on  board. 

(2)  The  master,  for  failure  to  produce  scale  of 
provisions,  and  for  each  day  copies  are  not  posted, 
is  liable  to  a  fine  not  exceeding  forty  shillings. 

(3)  For  displacing  or  defacing  a  copy  an  offender 
is  liable  to  a  fine  not  exceeding  forty  shillings. 

Section  t8. — Section  328  of  the  M.S. A.,  1894,  deals 
with  the  return  of  passage  money,  and  compensa- 
tion to  steerage  passengers  when  a  passage  has  not 
been  provided  according  to  contract. 

For  section  328,  subsection  i,  shall  be  substituted 
the  following  clause  :  "  The  steerage  passenger  is 
at  the  place  of  embarkation  before  the  hour  ap- 
pointed in  the  contract,  or,  if  no  hour  is  appointed 
in  the  contract,  before  anv  hour  fixed  for  the 
embarkation,  of  which  he  has  received  not  less 
than  24  hours'  notice." 

Section  19. — (i)  and  (2).  The  Board  of  Trade 
may  make  regulations  and  conditions  for  continuing 
a  master's  bond,  and  may,  on  application  of  the 
owner  of  an  emigrant  ship,  allow  the  master's  bond 
required  by  section  309  of  the  M.S.A.,  1894,  to  be  in 
the  form  of  a  continuing  bond. 

liefer  to  Passenger  boats. 

Part   III. — Seamen's   Food. 

Section  20. — (i)  After  1906  the  master  of  every 
ship,  for  which  an  agreement  with  the  crew  is  re- 
quired, shall  furnish  provisions  on  a  scale  set  out 
in  the  first  schedule  oi  this  Act,  to  every  member  of 
the  crew  who  does  not  furnish  his  own  provisions. 
Every  member  shall  be  deemed  to  have  stipulated 
in  his  agreement  for  provisions  according  to  that 
scale. 

(2)  The  power  of  the  Court  to  modify  or  refuse 
compensation  (M.S.A.,  1894,  section  199)  shall 
extend  to  cases  wheie  a  member,  although  not  sup- 
plied with  provisions  actually  required  by  the 
scale,  has  been  supplied  with  provisions  containing 
the  same  or  greater  amount  of  wholesome  nutriment 
in  their  place. 

(3)  The  scale  of  provisions  may  be  varied  by 
Orders  in  Council. 

(4)  This  section  shall  not  apply  to  lascars  or 
natives  of  India  who  enter  into  agreement  under 
section  125  (M.S. A.,  1894). 

Section  21. — (i)  Any  British  ship  sailing  from 
any  port  in  the  United  Kingdom,  and  for  which  an 
agreement  with  the  crew  is  required,  is  liable  to 
detention  if  an  inspecting  ofiicer  finds  provisions  or 
water  intended  for  the  use  of  the  crew  deficient  in 
quality. 

(2)  The  master,  or  anyone  responsible  for  defec- 
tive condition  of  water  or  provisions,  shall  be  liable 
to  a  fine  not  exceeding  ;£ioo.  f^MWl 

(3)  An  inspecting  officer  shall  be  afforded  every 
facility  for  inspection  by  those  in  charge  of  the 


MERCHANT 


400 


MERCHANT 


provisions.     Penalty    for    obstructing    inspecting 
officer  shall  not  exceed  <£io. 

Section  22. — (i)  After  1908  every  British  foreign- 
going  ship  of  1,000  tons  gross  register,  going  to  sea 
from  any  place  in  the  British  Islands,  shall  carry  a 
duly  certified  cook,  who  can  prove  six  months' 
service  at  sea  in  some  capacity. 

(2)  A  cook  to  be  certified  must  hold  either  a 
Board  of  Trade  certificate  of  competency  in  cooking, 
a  certificate  by  a  school  of  cookery  or  institution 
approved  by  the  fk)ard,  or  a  certificate  of  discharge 
showing  at  least  two  years'  service  as  cook. 

(3)  A  cook  shall  be  rated  in  the  ship's  articles  as 
ship's  cook,  or  cook  and  steward. 

(4)  In  the  case  of  an  emigrant  ship,  the  ship's 
cook  shall  be  in  addition  to  the  cook  required  by 
section  304  of  the  M.S. A.,  1894. 

(5)  The  Board  of  Trade  may,  at  its  discretion, 
dispense  with  the  requirements  of  th'is  section,  if 
satisfied  that  compliance  is  unnecessary. 

(6)  For  failure  to  comply  with  the  provisions 
of  this  section,  the  master  or  owner  shall  be  liable 
to  a  fine  not  exceeding  £2$, 

Prosecutions  shall  only  be  instituted  by  or  with 
the  approval  of  the  Board  of  Trade. 
Part  J  V. — Provisions  for  the  Relief  and  Repatria- 
tion of  Distressed   Seamen,   and   Seamen  left 
behind  abroad. 
Section  23. — (i)  If  a  seaman  belonging  to  a  British 
ship  is  left  abroad,  the  master  shall — 

(a)  Enter  in  the  official  log  the  amount  of  wages 
due,  and  the  effects  left. 

(b)  Furnish  the  Board  of  Trade  at  the  end  of  the 
voyage  with  accounts  and  vouchers  of  effects  and 
wages,  and  of  any  expenses  incurred  by  the  master 
or  owner  due  to  desertion  or  absence  without  leave 
oi  a  seaman. 

(2)  Wages  and  effects,  subject  to  deductions 
made  under  this  section,  shall  be  delivered  to  the 
proper  officer,  who  shall  give  a  receipt  for  them. 

(3)  The  proper  officer  shall  allow  the  master  such 
sum  out  of  wages  or  effects  as  he  thinks  proper  as 
reimbursement  for  expenses  properly  chargeable. 
The  proper  officer  may  require  evidence  as  to  the 
sums  chargeable. 

(4)  Surplus  wages  and  effects  shall  be  remitted 
by  the  proper  officer  as  the  Board  of  Trade  may 
direct. 

(5)  "  Effects  "  include  proceeds  of  sale  of  effects 
by  proper  officer. 

(6)  The  Board  of  Trade  shall  not  be  liable  for 
anything  done  under  this  section,  but  where  legal 
proceedings  are  taken  in  respect  of  wages  and 
effects  dealt  with  under  this  section,  the  Board  shall 
comply  with  any  order  made  by  the  Court  respect- 
ing wages  and  effects  remitted  to  the  Board. 

(7)  Any  sums  remitted  under  this  section  shall 
be  paid  into  the  Exchequer,  and  any  sums  payable 
by  the  Board  under  this  section  shall  be  paid  out  of 
moneys  provided  by  Parliament. 

(8)  For  failure  without  reasonable  cause  to  com- 


ply with  this  section,  the  master  shall  be  liable  to  a 
fine  not  exceeding  ;£2o  for  each  offence,  but  (by  a 
recent  amendment)  the  master  shall  not  be  liable 
where  a  seaman's  effects  are  lost  without  his 
neglect. 

(9)  The  proper  officer  shall  be — 

(i.)  At  a  port  in  the  United  Kingdom,  a  superin- 
tendent. 

(ii.)  At  a  port  in  a  British  Possession,  a  superin- 
tendent or  chief  officer  of  the  Customs. 

(iii.)  At  a  port  elsewhere  the  consulate  officer. 

(10)  This  section  shall  not  apply  where  wages 
due  appear  to  be  less  than  £$.    See  Seamen. 

Section  24. — Refer  to  Seamen,  (i)  Section  191, 
subsection  2,  of  M.S. A.,  1894,  is  extended  to  apply 
to  distressed  foreign  seamen. 

(2)  Section  193  of  M.S.A.,  1894  (relating  to  the 
recovery  of  expenses  incurred  on  account  of  dis- 
tressed seamen),  shall  extend  to  all  expenses  incurred 
under  this  Act,  except — 

(a)  Where  distress  is  due  to  seaman's  desertion  or 
misconduct. 

(b)  Where  seaman  has  been  discharged  at  the 
port  at  which  he  was  shipped,  or  a  neighbouring 
port. 

Section  25  relates  to  the  expenses  of  maintenance 
and  conveyance  of  injured  seamen. 

Section  26  relates  to  seamen  discharged  and  ^eft 
behind  abroad. 

Section  27. — Expenses  incurred  on  account  of 
distressed  seamen  may,  in  the  case  of  loss  or  transfer 
of  the  vessel,  be  recovered  from  the  person  who 
was  the  owner  at  the  time  of  such  loss  or  transfer. 

Section  28. — The  provisions  of  Part  II.  of  the 
M.S. A.,  1894,  which  relate  to  property  of  deceased 
seamen,  shall  be  extended  to  apply  to  seamen  or 
apprentices  of  a  British  ship,  the  voyage  of  which  is 
to  terminate  out  of  the  United  Kingdom. 
.  Section  29  deals  with  the  payment  of  fines  in  the 
case  of  a  seaman  discharged  abroad. 
Part  V. — Miscellaneous. 

Section  30. — ^The  Commissioners  of  Customs  have 
power  to  inquire  into  the  title  of  any  ship  registered 
as  a  British  ship  to  be  so  registered.  Unless  satis- 
factory evidence  of  title  is  given  within  30  days,  the 
ship  is  liable  to  forfeiture. 

Section  31  relates  to  the  deduction  of  spaced  used 
for  the  storage  of  provisions  and  water  ballast  in 
ascertaining  a  ship's  register  tonnage  {q.v.). 

Section  32. — In  a  foreign-going  sailing  ship  of  not 
more  than  200  tons,  the  mate  shall  have  a  certificate 
not  lower  than  that  of  second  mate.  Refer  io 
Shipmate. 

Section  33. — (i)  The  qualifications  for  the  title  of 
Able-bodied  seaman  (q.v.)  are  reduced  by  one  year. 

(2)  A  seaman  making  a  misrepresentation,  for  the 
purpose  of  rating  as  A.B.,  shall  be  liable  to  a  fine 
not  exceeding  £$. 

Section  34. — If  a  master  disrate  a  seaman,  he  shaD 
enter  it  in  the  official  log,  and  furnish  seaman  with  a 
copy  of  the  entry.     There  shall  be  no  reduction  of 


MERCHANTS 


401 


MERZ 


wages  till  after  entry  in  log  and  furnishing  of  copy. 

Section  35. — Where  a  lawfully  engaged  seaman 
has  \vilfully  failed  to  join  his  ship,  the  Board  of 
Trade,  may,  on  report  of  the  superintendent, 
direct  that  his  certificate  of  discharge  be  withheld. 
Section  36  deals  with  the  powers  of  a  Naval  Court 
(section  483,  M.S.A.,  1894)  to  send  home  to  undergo 
sentence  a  person  sentenced  to  imprisonment.  This 
section  may  be  applied  by  Order  in  Council  to  any 
British  possession  the  Legislature  of  which  consents 
to  its  apphcation. 

Section  37  substitutes  ship  surveyor  for  ship- 
wright surveyor. 

(z)  Any  person  appointed  to  be  a  surveyor  of 
ships  under  section  724,  M.S. A.,  1894,  °^y  ^  ^P~ 
pointed  as  a  ship  surveyor,  or  as  an  engineer 
surveyor,  or  as  both. 

(2)  Survey  by  a  ship  surveyor  and  an  oigineer 
surveyor,  required  under  section  272  of  M.S.A.,  1894, 
may  be  made  by  the  same  person. 

Section  38. — (i)  The  master  of  every  ship  carry- 
ing passengers  to  or  from  any  place  in  the  United 
Kingdom  shall  furnish  the  person  appointed  by  the 
Board  of  Trade  with  returns  showing  the  number 
of  passengers  carried  in  each  class. 

(2)  Passengers  shall  furnish  the  master  with  any 
infonnation  necessary  for  such  returns. 

(3)  The  penalty  for  failure  to  make  returns,  or  for 
making  false  returns,  or  for  failure  to  give  informa- 
tion required  shall  not  exceed  ^£20  for  each  offence. 

Section  39. — ^The  Board  of  Trade  may  exempt 
any  ship  from  any  requirement  of  the  Merchant 
Shipping  Acts,  if  satisfied  that  the  requirement  has 
been  substantially  complied  with,  or  that  it  is 
necessary. 

(i)  Hxtends  to  owners  and  hirers  of  lighters  and 
barges  the  provisions  of  the  Merchant  Shipping 
Acts,  1 894-1900,  which  relate  to  the  limitation  of  a 
shipowner's  liability. 

(2)  A  lighter  or  barge  measured  and  registered 
in  accordance  with  the  Thames  Waterman's  and 
Lightermen's  Act  (1893),  s^^^  ^  deemed  measured 
and  registered  in  accordance  with  the  provisions  of 
the  Merchant  Shipping  Acts,  1894- 1900. 

(3)  Section  633  of  the  Merchant  Shipping  Act. 
1894,  v^bich  absolves  a  shipowner  from  liability  for 
loss  or  damage  occasioned  by  the  fault  of  a  com- 
pulsory pilot,  is  repealed. 

Section  40. — (i)  The  Board  of  Trade  may  appoint 
advisory  committees.  (2)  Members  of  such  com- 
mittees shall  be  paid  travelling  expenses  and 
allowances  out  of  money  provided  by  Parliament. 

Mflsrehanig' Marine  Insarance  Oo.»  Ltd*  Registered 
June  12,  187 1,  with  an  authorised  capital  of 
^500,000,  called  up  ;£i 25.000.  in  50.000  shares  of 
;£io  eacli,  £2  105.  paid.  Dividend  paid  12%  per 
cent,  -per  annum.     Reserve  fund,  ;£  150,000. 

Tlie  directors  of  the  company  are  Ralph  Colling- 
wood  FoTster  (Chairman).  Hermann  Wilmot  Uloth 
(deputy  chairman).  James  Brown  Westray.  William 


Lindsay  Alexander,  John  Stewart  Gladstone.  Harry 
Percy  Henty,  H.  A.  McPherson.  •  R.  M.  Stewart. 
Akroyd  Hyslop ;  secretary.  Alfred  Dawson.  Offices  : 
37  ComhiU.  London.  B.C. 

Meridian.  An  imaginary  circle  passing  through 
the  poles  and  zenith,  and  cutting  the  equator  at 
right-angles. 

Mermaid.  British  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Heb- 
bum,  1898.)  Length,  210  ft. ;  beam,  21  ft.; 
draught.  8  ft. ;  displacement.  308  tons  ;  comple- 
ment, 62  ;  armament,  i  12-pdr.,  5  6-pdr.,  2  tubes ; 
twin  screw  ;    Hp.,  6,000=30  kts.  ;   coal,  82  tons. 

Mermaid's  purse.    See  Skate. 

Merrlmae.    Ship.    See  Hampton  Roads.  Battle  of. 

Mersea  Sailing  dab.  Established  1899.  Captain. 
R.  Frost-Smith;  Vice-Captain.  G.  E.  Roberts; 
Honorary  Treasurer,  P.  Moodie  ;  Honorary  Secre- 
tary, John  H.  Smith,  R.N.,  West  Mersea,  Essex. 
Entrance  fee,  5s,  ;    annual  subscription,  55. 

Mersey  Sailing  Clab.  Established  1883,  at  Rock 
Ferry.  Burgee  :  White,  with  a  blue  line.  Commo- 
dore. T.  J.  Walmesley  ;  Vice-Commodore.  T.  Henry 
Wood ;  Captain,  F.  W.  Whiteley ;  Honorary 
Treasurer,  J.  H.  Eglen ;  Honorary  Secretary. 
G.  S.  Mathews.     Annual  subscription,  105.  6d. 

Mers»  Charles  Hesterman  Mers  (b.  Newcastle. 
1874).  Educated  privately,  and  at  Armstrong 
College,  Newcastle  ;  Durham  University.  Served 
his  apprenticeship  with  Messrs.  Robey.  Lincoln. 
After  being  engaged  for  some  time  upon  the 
erection  of  machinery  at  the  Bankside  station 
of  the  City  of  London  Electric  Lighting  Co..  he 
left  to  take  up  the  post  of  resident  engineer  at 
Croydon  Electricity  Works.  Upon  their  comple- 
tion, he  was  appointed  to  the  Cork  Electric  Tram- 
ways and  Lighting  Co..  where  he  supervised  the 
construction  and  organisation  of  that  undertaking, 
to  which  his  firm  subsequently  acted  for  some 
years  as  consulting  engineers.  At  the  end  of  1899 
he  was  appointed  consulting  engineer  to  the  Walker 
and  Wallsend  Union  Gas  Co.»  in  connection  with 
their  power  scheme,  which  afterwards  became 
incorporated  with  that  of  the  Newcastle-an-Tyne 
Electric  Supply  Co..  for  the  design  and  general 
supervision  of  whose  system,  known  as  the  Tyne- 
side  Power  Scheme,  he  has  since  been  responsible. 
This  undertaking,  the  first  in  this  country  to  supply 
cheap  electricity  for  power  and  traction  purposes 
on  a  large  scale,  has  recently  become  affiliated  to 
the  County  of  Durham  Electric  Power  Supply  Co.. 
the  County  of  Durham  Electrical  Power  Distribu- 
tion Co..  and  the  Cleveland  and  Durham  Electrical 
Power  Co..  to  all  of  which  his  firm  are  engineers, 
and  these  companies  are  now  supplying  electricity 
for  all  purposes  throughout  the  counties  of  North- 
umberland, Durham,  and  the  North  of  Yorkshire. 
He  ad\'ised  the  North-Eastem  Railway  Co.  with 
regard  to  the  electrification  of  their  Tynemouth 
lines,  and  the  driving  and  lighting  of  their  work- 


MESDAG 


402 


METEOR 


shops  and  stations  in  the  neighbourhood  of  New- 
castle,  and  the  work  was  carried  out  under  the 
supervision  of  his  firm.  Having  given  evidence 
before  the  Select  Committee  on  Power  Bills  in  1900, 
and  having  subsequently  devoted  considerable 
time  to  and  made  a  special  study  of  the  problem 
of  electric  power  supply  in  London,  he  became 
adviser  to  the  promoters  of  the  Administrative 
County  of  London  and  District  Electric  Power  Bill 
which,  in  the  year  1905,  successfully  passed  the 
Committee  stage  in  the  House  of  Lords  and  House 
of  Commons,  but  failed  to  become  law  through  lack 
of  time  required  to  obtain  third  reading  in  the 
House  of  Commons.  He  has  also  been  appointed 
by  the  Victorian  Government  to  report  upon  the 
proposed  electrification  of  the  suburban  lines  round 
Melbourne. 

Publications :  Various  papers  contributed  to 
learned  societies,  including  one  on  "  Power  Station 
Design,"  read  before  the  Institution  of  Electrical 
Engineers,  and  one  on  the  electrification  of  the 
North-Eastern  Railway,  read  before  the  British 
Association. 

Mesdag,  Hendrik  Willem  (1831-1905).  Dutch 
marine  painter  (b.  Groningen).  In  1869  he  settled  at 
The  Hague,  where  most  of  his  works  are  to  be  seen. 
There  are  also  examples  at  Rotterdam  and  in  the 
Luxemburg,  Paris. 

Mesh.  A  space  or  interstice  between  the  threads 
of  a  net. 

Mes8.  Applied  to  any  company  of  officers  or 
crew  of  a  ship  who  eat,  drink,  and  associate  together. 

Heasageries  Maritlmes,  the  principal  passenger 
steamship  line  in  France,  is  the  outcome  of  a  small 
concern,  formed  for  inland  mail  carriage.  In  1S51 
a  contract  was  entered  into  with  the  French  Govern- 
ment for  the  carrying  of  mails  to  Italy,  Egypt, 
Syria,  Levant  and  Greece,  and  10  years  later  the 
Indian  Mail  contract  was  secured.  This  company 
maintains  a  service  every  38  days  to  Australia  and 
New  Zealand,  via  Aden,  Bombay  and  Colombo, 
transhipping  at  Colomba  for  China ;  a  fortnightly 
service  is  maintained  to  Aden  for  Jibuti,  Colombo, 
Singapore,  Saigon,  China,  and  Japan,  with  monthly 
connections  for  Pondicherry  and  Calcutta,  and 
fortnightly  for  Java  and  the  Tonkin  ports.  They 
also  maintain  a  monthly  service  to  Aden,  Egypt, 
Mah6  (Seychelles),  Madagascar  and  Mauritius, 
connecting  at  Diego  Suarez  for  the  east  and  west 
coast  of  Madagascar ;  a  fortnightly  service  from 
Bordeaux  to  Brazil  and  River  Plate,  with  a  steamer 
once  a  month  for  cargo  only.  Cargo  steamers  are 
run  from  Antwerp  to  the  Far  East  every  two 
months,  and  Marseilles  every  month  to  the  French 
possessions  in  Indo-China. 

Fleet. 

A  dour.  Atlantique. 

A  mcuone,  A  ustf  alien, 

Annam.  Bagdad, 

Armand-Behic,  Bosphare, 


Cachar, 
Caledonien, 
Cao-bang. 
CharetUe, 
Chili. 
Colombo. 
Congo, 
CofdiUere. 
Cofdouan. 
Crimes. 
Danube. 
'Djemnah, 
Dordogne. 
Douro, 
Dumbea, 
Dupieix. 
El'  Kantara. 
Equaieur. 
Ernest-Simons, 
Euphrate. 
Gange. 
Gironde. 
Guadiana. 
Hdiphong. 
Himalaya. 
Iraouaddy. 
Kouang-Si, 
Laos. 
La  Seyne. 
Louqsor. 

Gross 


Magellan. 
Manche. 
Maiapan. 
Medoc, 
Melbourne, 
Memphis. 
Mpanjaha. 
Natal. 
Nera, 
Niger. 
Oceanien. 
Orenoque. 
Oxus. 
Pacifique. 
Persepolis, 
Polynesien. 
Portugal. 
Saghalien. 
Salazie. 
Senegal. 
Sidon. 
Sinai. 
Sydney. 
Tonkin. 
Tourane. 

Ville  de  la  Ciotai. 
Ville  de  Pernambuco. 
Yang'tse. 
Yarra. 
Yunnan. 
tonnage,  512,232. 


the 


Messenger.     A   large   cable-laid   rope   from 
capstan,  used  for  heaving  up  the  anchor. 

Messadiyeh.    Turkish    battleship    (1874).       Re- 
constructed Genoa,  1902, 

Length  331ft.   Beam  59ft.  Maximum  draught  27ft. 
Di^iacement  9,  i  ao  tons.    Complement  600. 
Guns. 
2 — 9'2  in. 


Armour. 
"  Iron." 
12  in.  Belt. 
12  in.  Battery. 
3  in.  Barbettes  (Temi). 


12 — 6  in. 
14 — 12  pdr. 
10 — 6  pdr, 
2 — 3  pdr. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  11, 000  as  16  kts. 

Hetaoentre.  The  point  of  intersection  of  the 
vertical  line  passing  through  the  centre  of  gravity 
of  a  floating  body,  and  a  vertical  line  of  the  centre 
of  gravity  of  the  fluid  displaced.  If  the  metacentre 
is  above  the  centre  of  gravity,  the  position  of  the 
body  is  stable,  if  below  unstable. 

Meteor.  Austro-Hungarian  torpedo  gun-boat 
(Schichau,   X887.) 

Displacement  350  tons.     Complement  49- 


Guns. 

Armour, 

9— 3P<lr- 

i  in.  Amidships. 

Torpedo  Tubes, 

4  Above  water. 

Twin  screw. 

Hp.   2,6ooa2t   kts.     Coal 

mum  120  tons. 

5  s  " 


?l  1 
its 
5 1 5 


METEORE 


403 


MIKADZUKE 


Meteore.  Swedish  torpedo-boat.  (Karlskrona. 
1899.)  Length,  128  ft.  ;  beam,  15J  ft.  :  draught, 
7  ft.  ;  displacement,  92  tons  ;  complement,  18  ; 
armament,  2  r9-in.,  9  q.f.,  2  tubes;  Hp.,  1,330= 
23*8  kts. ;   coal,  18  tons. 

Hetooro.  Italian  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Na< 
pies,  1902.)  Length,  208  ft. ;  beam,  19  ft. ;  draught, 
6i  ft. ;  displacement,  330  tons  ;  complement,  53  ; 
armament,  i  12-pdr.,  5  6-pdr.,  2  tubes  ;  twin  screw ; 
Hp.,  6,,ooo=3o  kts. ;  coal,  60  tons. 

Hefteorogfaph*  An  instrument  for  recording  the 
changes  of  pressure,  temperature,  humidity,  etc., 
on  one  sheet  of  paper. 

Meteorological  Society,  Royal.  See  Royal 
Meteorological  Society. 

Meteorology.     The  science  of  the  atmosphere. 

Menrthe.  French  avisos- transport  (1885).  Of 
little  fighting  value.  Guns,  4  55-in.,  4  9-pdr.  ; 
speed  (nominally),  11  kts. 

M.G.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Middelborg,  Hc^land. 

M.EL  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Middlesbrough,  England. 

Xiantonomoh.    Old  U.S.  monitor  (1883). 
Length  260ft.   Beam  56ft.   Maximum  draught  i6ft. 
Displacement  3.990  tons.     Complement  160. 
Guns,  Armour. 

4 — 10  in.  "  Iron." 

4—6  pdr.  7  in.  Belt  amidships. 

1 1  in.  Turrets. 
1 1  in.  Conning  tower. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.    1,600=12   kts.     Coal   maxi- 
xnum  330  tons. 

MJ.G.E.  Abbreviation  for  member  of  the  In- 
stitution of  Civil  Engineers. 

afft^lnpi,  In  this  vessel  Frobisher  in  1 576  started 
on  a  voyage  of  discovery  to  find  a  shorter  route  to 
India  by  the  North-West  Passage.  Refer  to  Arctic 
Exploration. 

Biiclligail.     U.S.  1st  class  battleship  (1906). 
Displacement  16,000  tons. 
Guns,  Armour, 

4 — 12  in.,  45  cal.       "  Krupp." 
8 — 10  in.  10  in.  Belt  amidships. 

30 — 14  pdr.  10  in.  Turrets. 

10  in.  Conning  tower. 
Torpedo  Tubes  (21  in.). 
4  Submerged. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  20,000  =s  i8'2  kts. 

Hicsro-barograph.  A  very  sensitive  statoscope, 
wliicli  combines  the  recording  of  variations  of 
atmospheric  pressure  upon  a  magnified  scale  with 
th.e  practical  obliteration  of  the  general  surges 
tlirough  the  operation  of  a  small  leak. 

Hteroineter.  An  instrument  generally  applied 
to  telescopes  and  microscopes  for  measuring  small 
auigjxlaLi  distances  with  the  former  or  the  dimen- 
sions of  small  objects  w^ith  the  latter.     The  original 


form  given  to  it  by  its  inventor,  William  Gascoyne, 
1638,  is  substantially  that  still  in  prevalent  use. 
The  modern  Filar  micrometer  is  one  in  which  there 
are  two  webs  crossing  at  right  angles  arranged  on 
sliding  frames,  movable  by  a  fine  screw  with  a 
divided  head,  on  the  common  focal  plan  of  the 
object  glass  and  the  eyeglass. 

Other  well-known  micrometers  are  those  of 
Trough  ton,  Fraunhofer,  Dunsink,  Clarke,  Repsold, 
Lindsay-Gill,  Grubb,  Roemer,  Bouguer,  DoUond, 
Bessel,  Steinheil,  Rochon,  Bond.  See  Lee's  "  The 
Microtomist's  Vade-Mecum "  (1900),  and  Gill's 
'*  Micrometer,"  Encyc.  Brit.,  Vol.  XVI. 

mddendorf.     Explorer.     See  Arctic  Exploration. 

Middleton,  Captain  OhriBtopher.  See  Arctic  Ex- 
ploration. 

Middle  topsail,  or  lower  topsaiL  A  sail  set  in 
some  schooners  on  the  heel  of  the  topmast  between 
top  and  cap  ;  also  used  on  sloops. 

Midi,  Canal  do,  or  Canal  du  Languedoc,  is  that 
waterway  in  the  South  of  France  about  150  miles 
in  length  connecting  the  Mediterranean  with  the 
Garonne. 

IDdland  Raflway  Co.  have  a  fleet  of  eight  large 
steamers,  and  maintain  a  service  between  Eng- 
land and  the  North  of  Ireland  via  Heysham.  By 
the  new  turbine  steamers  Londonderry  and  Manx- 
man daily  services  are  maintained  (Sundays  ex* 
cepted)  between  Heysham  and  Belfast,  leaving 
Heysham  at  11  p.m.,  and  arriving  in  Belfast  about 
5.30  a.m.  There  are  also  sailings  daily;  except 
Sundays,  between  Heysham  and  Londonderry. 

Fleet. 
Antrim.  Duchess  of  Devonshire, 

City  of  Belfast,  Londonderry.    . 

Donegal,  Manxman, 

Duchess  of  Bttccleuch,     Manx  Queen, 

]NM1tl"d  Sailing  dab.  Established  1894.  Com- 
modore, F.  Villiers  Forster ;  Honorary  Treasurer, 
G.  A.  Cox ;  Honorary  Secretary,  L.  B.  Chatwin, 
2  Bennett's  Hill,  Birmingham.  Annual  subscrip- 
tion, 55. 

Midflhipman.  A  naval  cadet  appointed  by  the 
Admiralty  to  attain  a  knowledge  of  steam, 
machinery,  discipline,  the  general  movements  and 
operations  of  a  ship,  and  qualify  him  to  command. 
No  person  can  be  appointed  midshipman  until  he 
has  served  one  year  and  passed  his  examinations ; 
no  lieutenant  without  having  previously  served  six 
years  in  the  Royal  Navy  as  midshipman,  and  having 
passed  two  examinations — one  in  seamanship  and 
one  in  gunnery.     Refer  to  Naval  Education. 

Kid-ships.  The  middle  part  of  the  vessel ;  when 
applied  to  the  helm — ^the  neutral. 

Uignonette.  Yacht.  Sailed  from  Southampton 
to  Australia,  May  19,  1884,  and  when  1,600  miles 
from  the  Cape  foundered  in  a  storm. 

mkadzake.  Japanese  torpedo-boat  destroyer. 
(Nagasaki.  1906.)     Length,  220  ft.  ;  beam,  20 J  ft.  ; 


MIKASA 


404 


MINERVA 


draught,  9^  ft.  ;  displacement,  374  tons ;  arma- 
ment, I  i2-pdr.,  5  6-pdr.,  2  tubes  ,  twin  screw  ; 
Hp.,  6,000  =  29  kts. 

Mikasa.  Japanese  ist  class  battleship.  (Vickers, 
1900.) 

Length  432ft.   Beam  75ft.   Maximum  draught  27ft. 
Displacement  15,200  tons. 
Guns.  A  rmour. 

4 — 12  in.,  40  cal.       "  Krupp." 
14 — 6  in.  9  in.  Belt  amidships. 

20—12  pdr.  14  in.  Barbettes. 

8 — 3  pdr.  10  in.  Turrets. 

4 — 2i  pdr. 
8  Maxims. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
4  Submerged. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.   15,000=18  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 1 .690  tons. 

Milbanke.  Iron  steamer.  Lost  through  collision 
with  the  steamer  Hankow  off  Dungeness,  July  28, 
1874  ;  14  lives  lost. 

Hflbnni,  John  Davidson,  7.P.,  F.B.G.S.  (b.  Blyth, 
August  4,  185 1).  Educated  Percy  Street  Academy, 
Newcastle,  Croft  House.  Brompton,  and  Jena, 
Germany.  In  1887  he  became  partner  in  the  firm 
of  Messrs.  Watts,  Milbum  and  Co.,  afterwards 
Messrs.  W.  M.  Milbum  and  Co.,  who  were  the 
pioneers  of  the  first  steamship  service  to  Australia, 
one  of  their  vessels  having  in  1874  made  a  vo3rage 
from  Pl3anouth  to  Melbourne  via  the  Cape  in 
42  days.  He  is  chairman  of  the  Ashington  Coal 
Co.,  Ltd.,  one  of  the  largest  collieries  in  the  United 
Kingdom,  which  has  played  an  active  part  in  the 
development  of  Blyth.  Is  a  director  of  many 
companies  in  the  North,  and  a  member  of  Lloyd's 
Committee  and  of  the  Blyth  Harbour  Commis- 
sioners. 

Milbnrn  Line,  owned  by  Messrs.  W.  Milbum  and 
Co.,  of  London,  comprises  a  fleet  of  Ave  excellent 
steamers,  and  three  more  of  over  7,000  tons  are 
now  being  built.  These  steamers  are  employed 
principally  in  carriage  of  freight,  and  maintain  a 
monthly  service  from  London  to  Adelaide,  Mel- 
bourne, Sydney,  and  Newcastle. 

Fleet. 
Port  Caroline.  Port  Denison. 

Port  Chalmers.  Port  Stephens, 

Port  Victoria. 
Kile.  A  statute  mile  is  8  furlongs,  80  chains, 
320  rods.  1,760  yards,  5,280  ft,  63,360  ins.  The 
geographical  mile.  Admiralty  measured  mile,  or 
nautical  mile  is  6,080  ft.,  equal  to  1*151  statute 
mile;  60  geographical  miles,  or  69*12  statute  miles 
to  a  degree. 

Miller.  In  sea  phraseology  a  name  applied  to 
an  overdose  of  water  in  the  grog. 

Milne,  Bear-Admiral  Sir  Archibald  Berkeley, 
Bart.,  cr.  1876,  K.C.V.O.,  cr.  1904  (b.  June,  1855). 
Entered  Navy,  1869 ;  Ueutenant  of  Active  during 
the  Old  Colony  and  Zulu  wars,   1878  ;  present  at 


the  capture  of  Uairayo's  stronghold,  1879.  and 
with  No.  3  Column  when  retiring  on  Isandhlwana 
and  Rorkes  Drift ;  present  with  the  Ekowe  Relief 
Column  at  the  battle  bf  Gingihlovo  and  relief  of 
Ekowe,  April,  1879 ;  present  at  the  battle  of 
Ulundi,  wounded,  mentioned  in  naval  and  military 
despatches  (Zulu  medal  and  clasp)  ;  flag-lieutenant 
to  Admiral  Hoskins  in  the  Penelope  during  Egyptian 
war,  1882  (Egyptian  medal,  Khedive's  Bronze 
Star,  Medjidie,  4th  Class)  ;  commander,  1884 : 
commander  in  command  of  Prince  of  Wales's 
Royal  3^cht  Osborne  from  November,  1889,  to 
December,  1891 ;  captain,  1891 ;  and  by  special 
request  of  H.R.H.  the  Prince  of  Wales  he  retained 
his  command  in  the  Roval  yacht ;  commodore  of 
the  second  class,  Portsmouth,  1903 ;  promoted 
rear-admiral,  1904 ;  by  Roj'al  command,  while  com- 
modore in  command  of  the  Roj'al  yachts,  he  became 
an  honorary  naval  A.D.C.  to  His  Majesty  the  King  ; 
K.C.V.O.,  July,  1904 ;  awarded  the  second  class 
Order  of  the  Crown  and  Star  by  H.R.H.  the 
German  Emperor,  January,  1905. 

Milne,  Sir  David  (1763- 1845).  British  admiral 
(b.  Edinburgh).  Was  present  at  the  reliel  of 
Gibraltar,  and  took  part  in  the  capture  of  the 
Santa  Leogadia,  and  in  the  battle  of  SL  Kitts  and 
Les  Saintes,  1782.  He  assisted  in  the  capture  of 
the  Pique,  1795,  Seine,  1798,  and  Vengeance,  1800. 
Was  Second-in-Command  to  Lord  Exmouth  at  the 
bombardment  of  Algiers,  18 16. 

BUUwall  Dock  Go.    See  London,  Port  of. 

Milwaukee.    U.S.  ist  class  cruiser  (1904}. 
Length  423ft.   Beam  65ft.  Maximum  draught  23ft. 
Displacement  9,700  tons.    Complement  564. 
Guns.  Amiour. 

14—6  in.  "  Krupp." 

18 — 14  pdr.  4  in.  Belt  amidships. 

12 — 3  pdr.  4  in.  Battery. 

12 — I  pdr.  5  in.  Conning  tower. 

8  Colts. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
2  Submerged. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  21,000=21*5  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 1,500  tons. 

Min.  Minutes  (near  a  light).  Abbreviation 
adopted  on  the  charts  issued  by  the  Hydrographic 
Office,  Admiralty. 

Mindoro.  U.S.  gun-boat.  Captured  from  Spain 
during  the  Spanish- American  war  at  the  battle  of 
Manila,  May  i,  1898.     Of  no  fighting  value. 

Minerva.     British  2nd  class  cruiser.     (Chatham. 

1895.) 

Length  364ft.  Beam  54ft.  Maximum  draught  23ft. 
Displacement  5.600  tons.    Complement  4.50. 
Guns.  Armour, 

1 1 — 6  in.  "  Harvey." 

8 — 12  pdr.  2  J  in.  Deck. 

I — 12  pdr.,  8  cwt.     6  in.  Conning  tower. 

7—5  P<ir. 
2  Maxims. 


MINERVA 


405 


MISHIMA 


Armour. 
"  Steel." 
i^  in.  Deck. 


Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
2  Submerged. 
I  Above  water  stem. 
Twin    screw.     Hp.    natural    8,oooasi8*5    kts.. 
forced  9.600=  i9'5  kts.     Coal  maximum  1,076  tons, 

llinerva.    Italian  torpedo  gun-boat  (1892). 
Displacement  850  tons.     Complement  118. 
Guns. 

1—47  in- 
6—  6  pdr. 

3—1  pdr. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
6  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  4,100=19*5  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 180  tons. 

JSinBSt  Naval.     See  Submarine  mining. 

Mininrn  Tacht  dab*  London.  Established  1889 
under  the  title  of  the  "  Minima  Sailing  Club,"  and 
on  March  28,  1893,  assumed  the  title  of  Yacht 
Club.  Divisions  of  the  club  exist  at  the  following 
places — viz.  :  Plymouth,  Southampton,  and  Sur- 
biton.  Headquarters  of  the  .Central  Executive, 
I  Water  Lane,  London,  B.C.  Burgee  :  Dark  blue, 
with  a  St.  Andrew's  Cross  in  white,  red  M  in 
centre.  Commodore,  General  Sir  G.  Greaves ; 
Vice-CoQunodore,  Percy  Nisbet ;  Rear-Commodore, 
W.  J.  P.  Peacock ;  Honorary  Treasurer  and  Secre- 
tary, H.  J.  Bartlett.  Entrance  fee,  105.  6d. ;  annual 
subscription.  105.  6d. 

Minisiro    Zentono.    Chilian    protected    cruiser* 
(Elswick,  1896.) 
Length  330ft.     Beam  43ft.    Mean  draught  17ft. 
Displacement  3,600  tons. 
Guns.  A  rmour. 

8—6  in.  "  Harvey." 

10 — 6  pdr.  3  J  in.  Deck. 

4 — I  pdr.  4  in.  Conning  tower. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 

3  Above  water. 

Twin   screw.     Hp.  forced  7,500=20  kts.     Coal 
maximum  1,000  tons. 

XinneapoUs.     U.S.  commerce  destroyer  (1893). 
Length  412ft.   Beam  58ft.  Maximum  draught  26ft. 
Displacement  7,450  tons.     Complement  524. 
Guns.  A  rmour. 

I — 8  in.  "  Harvey." 

2 — 6  in.  4  in.  Deck. 

8 — 4  in.  4  in.  Sponsons. 

1 2 — 6  pdr.  5  in.  Conning  tower. 

4 — I  pdr. 
4  Colts. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 

4  .\bove  water. 

Three  screws.     Hp.  forced  21,5000323  kts.    Coal 
maxitnnin  2,400  tons* 

Hmotaor.    British  armoured  cruiser.     (Fairfield, 
1906.) 
Length  490ft.     Beam  74ft.     Mean  draught  26ft. 
Displacement  14,600  tons.     Complement  755. 


Guns,  Armour. 

4 — 9*2  in.,  50  cal.      "  Krupp." 
10— 7*5  in.  6  in.  Belt  amidships. 

30  Small.  6  in.  Barbettes. 

7  in.  Conning  tower. 
Torpedo  Tubes, 
5  Submerged. 
Hp.    forced    27,000=23    kts.     Coal    Maximum 
2,000  tons.    Approximate  cost  ^1,410,000. 

Kinotaiir.  74  guns.  On  December  22,  18 10, 
this  vessel  was  wrecked  on  the  Haak  Bank,  when 
360  persons  perished. 

Hfnotannu.  Dutch  torpedo-boat.  (Yarrow. 
1903.)  Displacement,  140  tons :  armament,  2  3-pdr. ; 
tubes,  3  14-in.  (two  broadside,  one  stern) ;  speed, 
25  kts. ;  coal,  30  tons. 

Minots  Ledge  Lighthoiue,  which  stands  upon  a 
reef  off  Boston  Harbour,  is  built  of  granite,  and 
occupied  five  years  in  construction,  being  com- 
pleted in  i860. 

Hinto,  Gilbert,  Earl  of.    See  Admiralty. 

Mira.  Swedish  torpedo-boat.  (Karlskrona,  1902.) 
Length,  128  ft.  ;  beam,  15}  ft. ;  draught,  7  ft.  ; 
displacement,  92  tons  ;  complement,  18  ;  armament, 
2  i'5-in.,  2  q.f.,  2  tubes;  Hp.,  1,250=23  kts.; 
coal,  17  tons. 

Mirabeao.  French  ist  class  battleship.  (I^d 
down  Brest,  1906.) 

Length  475ft.  Beam  84ft.  Maximum  draught  27^ft* 
Displacement  18,000  tons.     Complement  680. 
Guns,  Armour, 

4 — 12  in.  "  Krupp." 

12 — 9'4  in.  10  in.  Belt  amidships. 

16—12  pdr.  12  in.  Turrets. 

8 — 3  pdr.  1 3  in.  Conning  tower. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 

2  Submerged. 

3  Above  water. 

Three  screws.  Hp.  22,500=19  kts.  Coal  maxi- 
mum 2,010  tons,     .\pproximate  cost  ;f  1,600,000. 

Kirage.  An  appearance  produced  by  the  suc- 
cessive blending  of  rays  of  light  in  passing  through 
strata  of  air  of  varying  densities. 

Hiroea.  Roumanian  composite  gun-boat  (360 
tons).     Of  no  fighting  value. 

Kishima.  Formerly  Admiral  Seniavine  {q.v.), 
Japanese  coast  defence  battleship.   (St.  Petersburg, 

1894.) 

Length  227ft.  Beam  52ft.  Maximum  draught  i7}ft. 

Displacement  4,200  tons.     Complement  400. 

Guns.  Armour. 

4 — 9  in.  "  Compound." 

4 — ^4*7  in.  10  in.  Belt  amidships^ 

10 — 3  pdr.  3  in.  Deck. 

12 — I  pdr.  8  in.  Turrets. 

8  in.  Conning  tower. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (i8  in.). 

4  Above  water. 

Twin  screw.     Hp.  forced  5,700=  16  kts. 


MISREPRESENTATION 


406 


MIZZEN 


Hisreiireseiitatioil.    See  Representation. 

Miaiing  ship.  In  marine  insurance  proof  of  loss 
is  accepted  on  the  decision  of  the  Committee  of 
Lloyd's,  who  on  the  facts  decide,  and  what  is 
called  '*  post,"  the  ship  at  Lloyd's  as  "  missing." 
On  a  time  policy  the  assured  is  not  bound  to  prove 
that  the  loss  occurred  during  the  currency  of  the 
policy.     (Reid  v.  Standard  Marine,  2  T.L.R.  870.) 

Hissiones.  Argentine  torpedo-boat  destroyer. 
(Yarrow,  1896.)  Displacement,  250  tons  ;  armour, 
I -in.  protection  amidships ;  armament,  i  14-pdr., 
3  6-pdr. :  tubes,  3  i8-in. ;  Hp.,  4,200=27  kts. 

Mississippi.    U.S.  ist  class  battleship.    (Cramp's, 

1905.) 
Length  375ft.     Beam  77ft.     Mean  draught  24ft. 
Displacement  13,000  tons. 
Guns,  Armour, 

4 — 12  in.,  45  cal.       "  Krupp." 
8 — 8  in.  9  in.  Belt  amidships. 

8 — 7  in.  12  in.  Turrets. 

20 — 14  pdr.  9  in.  Conning  tower. 

12 — 3  pdr. 
8 — I  pdr. 
2  Field  guns. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
2  Submerged. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  10,000=17  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 1,750  tons.     Approximate  cost  ;^9oo,ooo. 

Missonri    U.S^  ist  class  battleship.     (Newport 
News,  1 901.) 
Length  394ft.     Beam  72ft.     Mean  draught  24ft. 
Displacement  12,585  tons.     Complement  551. 
Guns.  A  rmour. 

4 — 1 2  in.  "  Krupp." 

16 — 6  in.  II  in.  Belt  amidships. 

6 — 14  pdr.  12  in.  Turrets. 

8 — 4  pdr.  10  in.  Conning  tower. 

6 — I  pdr. 
2  Colts. 

4  Machine.  5 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
2  Submerged. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.   16,000=18  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 2,000  tons. 
Miss  stays*    To  fail  in  the  act  of  tacking. 
Mist.    A   cloud    in    contact    with    the    ground* 
wetting  objects  exposed  to  it. 

Mistletoe.  On  August  18,  1875,  this  yacht  (Mr. 
Hey  wood's)  went  down,  the  result  of  a  collision  in 
the  Solent  with  H.M.  steamer  Alberta.  Mr.  Hey- 
wood  and  others  were  compensated.  Captain 
Welch,  of  the  Alberta,  was  reprimanded. 

Mistral.  French  torpedo-boat  (1901).  Displace- 
ment, 185  tons ;  complement.  18 ;  maximum 
draught,  9  ft. ;  guns,  2  3 -pdr.  ;  torpedo  tubes. 
3  15-in.  ;  armour,  "Steel,"  J-in.  amidships;  twin 
screw  ;  Hp.,  1,200=26  kts.  ;  coal,  25  tons. 

MistraL  A  violent,  cold,  dry,  north-westerly 
wind,  of  similar  origin  to  the  Bora,  which  sweeps 
the  shores  of  the  Gulf  of  Lyons. 


Mitraille.  French  armoured  gun-boat.  (Roche- 
fort,  1888.) 

Length  155ft.     Beam  32ift.     Draught  lo^ft. 
Displacement  1,110  tons.     Complement  84. 

Guns.  Armour. 

I — 9*4  in.  **  Compound." 

I — 3*5  in.  10  in.  Belt  amidships. 

4  Maxims.  4  in.  Barbettes. 

4  in.  Turrets. 
Hp.  1,500=13  kts.     Coal  130  tons. 

Bliyttko.  Japanese  torpedo  gun-boat.  (Japan, 
1897.)  Sunk  Dalny  daring  Russo-Japanese  war; 
raised  and  refitted. 

Displacement  i  ,800  tons.    Complement  220. 

Guns. 
2 — ^4*7  in. 
8—3  pdr. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.   6,130  =  20  kts.     Coal   maxi- 
mum 400  tons. 

Miapah.  Steamer.  Sunk  by  collision  with  some 
unknown  vessel  15  miles  south-west  of  Beachy 
Head,  December  6,  1877 ;   six  lives  lost. 

Misaeii.    The  spanker  or  driver. 

Misaen-chains.  Broad  and  thick  planks  pro- 
jecting horizontally  from  the  ship's  outside,  to 
which  they  are  fayed  and  bolted,  abreast  of.  and 
somewhat  behind,  the  mizzen-mast. 

Miaaen  lower  topsail-braces.  Ropes  applied  to 
the  mizzen  lower  topsail-yardarms  to  change  the 
position  of  the  mainsail  occasionally. 

Miaaen  lower  topsail-lifts.  Ropes  which  reach 
from  the  mizzen-mast  to  the  lower  yardarms  of 
the  lower  topsails  to  steady  and  suspend  the  ends. 
Their  use  is  to  keep  the  yard  in  equilibrium,  but 
particularly  to  support  the  weight  when  a  number 
of  men  are  employed  on  it  furling  or  reefing  the 
sail. 

Miaaen  lower  topsails.  The  lower  topsails  on  the 
mizzen-mast.     Refer  to  Topsail. 

Miaaen  lower  topsail-yard.  The  lower  topsail- 
yard  on  the  mizzen-mast.  Refer  to  Topsail ;  also 
Yard. 

BUaaen-mast  The  smallest  mast,  standing 
between  the  main-mast  and  the  stem. 

Miaaen  mast-head.  The  upper  part  of  the 
mizzen-mast  immediately  below  the  top-mast 

Miaaen-royaL  The  name  of  a  light  sail  on  the 
mizzen-mast,  spread  immediately  next  above  the 
topgallant  sail,  to  whose  yardarms  the  lower 
comers  of  it  are  attached.  It  is  never  used  but  in 
fine  weather. 

Miaaen  royaMMek  stays.  The  stays  which  lead 
down  to  the  vessel's  side  from  the  mizzen-royaL 
Refer  to  Stay. 

Miaaen  royal-braoes.  Ropes  applied  to  the  misses 
Foyal-yardarms  to  change  the  position  of  the  main- 
sail occasionally. 


MIZZEN 


407 


M.K. 


royal-iiiait.    The    royal-mast    on    the 
mizzen-mast.     Refer  to  Royal-mast. 

IDatn  foyal-iteir.  The  xoyal-«tay  on  the  mizzen- 
mast.     Refer  to  Stay. 

WantBL  rosral-itaysail.  A  light  sail  set  on  a  stay 
on  the  mizzen-mast,  immediately  next  above  the 
topgallant-sail. 

Miszen  royal  staysail-sheet  Ropes  or  chains 
fastened  to  one  or  both  of  the  lower  corners  of  the 
mizzen  royal-staysail  to  extend  and  retain  the  clew 
down  in  its  place.     Refer  to  Sheet. 

HizMn  royal-yard.  The  fourth  yard  above  the 
deck  on  the  mizzen-mast,  on  which  the  royal  is  set. 
Refer  to  Yard. 

KiiMil  taiL    The  sail  set  upon  the  mizzen -mast. 

Kineii-flliroilds.  The  shrouds  or  lower  and 
upper  standing  rigging  of  the  mizzen-mast.  Refer 
to  Shrouds. 

MiiieilHikysail.  A  small  light  sail  above  the 
royal  on  the  mizzen-mast. 

lliiien  akysail-braoes.  Ropes  applied  to  the 
mizzen  skysaU-yardarms  to  change  the  position  of 
the  mainsail  occasionally. 

Minon  ikysail-mast.  The  skysail-mast  on  the 
mizzen-mast.     Refer  to  Skysail-mast. 

Mizzen  skysaal-stay.  The  stay  which  supports 
the  pole  or  upper  portion  of  the  royal-mast  on  the 
mizzen-mast.     Refer  to  Stay. 

llizBen  ikysafl-yard.  The  yard  on  the  mizzen- 
mast  above  the  royal-yard,  on  which  the  skysail  is 
set.     Refer  to  Yard, 

Hizzen-staj  is  that  which  is  stretched  to  a  collar 
on  the  main-mast,  immediately  above  the  quarter- 
deck.     Refer  to  Stay. 

Wzzen-ztaysaiL  A  triangular  sail  hoisted  upon 
a  stay  on  the  mizzen-mast. 

Miszen-top.  The  top  on  the  mizzen-mast.  Refer 
to  Top. 

Kizzen  topgallant-liaok  stays.  The  stays  which 
are  led  dcwu  to  the  vessel's  side  from  the  mizzen- 
top-gallant.     Refer  to  Stay. 

Iffizan  iopgallantF-braoes.  Ropes  appUed  to  the 
mizzen  topgallant-yardarms  to  change  the  position 
ol  the  mainsail  occasionally. 

Mia— »■  toKallan^mast.  The  topgallant-mast 
on  the  mizsen-mast.     Refer  to  Topgallant-mast. 

Kfizznn  tovgaDantHNuL  The  third  sail  above  the 
deck  on  the  mizzen-mast.  Set  above  the  topsail- 
yards  in  tlie  same  manner  as  the  topsails  above 
the  lower  yards. 

igi»«M*  topcaUaafr^broiids  are  topgallant-shrouds 
on  iXie  nu2xen-mast  which  extend  to  the  cross- 
trees«  where,  passing  through  holes  in  the  ends, 
they  continue  over  the  futtock-etavee  to  the  top- 
mast rigging^,  and,  descending  almost  to  the  top. 


are  set  up  by  laniards  passing  through  thimUes 
instead  of  dead-eyes. 

maaen  topgallan^tay.  The  topgallant-stay  on 
the  mizzen-mast.     Refer  to  Stay. 

■inen  topgaUan^taysaiL  A  triangular  sail 
hoisted  upon  a  stay  on  the  mizzen  topgallant. 

Wzsen  topgallant  staysail-sheet.  Ropes  or  chains 
fastened  to  one  or  both  of  the  comers  of  the  mizzen 
topgallant-staysail  to  extend  and  retain  the  clew 
down  in  its  place.     Refer  to  Sheet. 

Miaaen  topgaUant-yard.  The  yard  on  the  mizzen- 
mast  next  above  the  top-mast.     Refer  to  Yard. 

HffjK^Ti  top-mast.  The  top-mast  on  the  mizzen- 
mast.     Refer  to  Mast,  Top-mast. 

Hisaen  topmasi-baek-stasrs.  The  stays  which  are 
led  down  to  the  vessel's  side  from  the  mizzen-mast. 
Refer  to  Stay, 

Uzien  topmast-head.  The  u'pper  part  of  the 
second  division  of  the  mizzen-mast  above  the  deck. 

Kiiaen  topmas^shrouds.  Topmast-shrouds  on 
the  mizzen-mast,  extended  from  the  topmast-head 
to  the  edges  of  the  tops,  set  up  to  the  futtock  dead- 
eyes. 

Kizzen  topmast-sfcay  is  that  which  comes  to  the 
hounds  of  the  main-mast.     Refer  to  Stay. 

Miyzen  topmast-staddingsaiL  A  sail  set  outside 
the  topsails  and  topgallant  sails  on  the  mizzen- 
mast.  They  have  yards  at  the  head,  and  are 
spread  at  the  foot  by  booms;  which  slide  out  on 
the  extremities  to  the  lower  and  topsail-yards,  and 
their  heads  or  yards  are  hoisted  up  to  the  topsail 
and  topgallant-yardarms. 

Wiinen-tniok*  The  truck  on  the  mizzen-mast. 
Refer  to  Truck. 

Kizzen  upper  topsail.  The  upper  t(^sail  on  the 
mizzen-mast.     Refer  to  Topsail. 

Kizzen  npper  topsail-liraoes.  Ropes  appUed  to 
the  mizzen  upper  topsail-yardarms  to  change  the 
position  of  the  mainsail  occasionally. 

Kizzen  npper  topsail-yard.  The  upper  topsail- 
yard  on  the  mizzen-mast.  Refer  to  Topsail ;  also 
Yard. 

Kizzen  yards.  The  yards  on  the  mizzen-mast. 
Refer  to  Yard. 

Kjetky.  Russian  torpedo-boat  destroyer  (1906). 
Length,  185  ft. ;  beam,  21  f t. ;  draught,  7^  ft.  ; 
displacement,  324  tons ;  complement,  60 ;  arma- 
ment, I  i2-pdr.,  s  3-pdr.,  2  Maxims,  2  tubes;  twin 
screw;  Hp.,  5,600  =  26  kts;  coal,  100  tons. 

Kjolner.  Old  Norwegian  monitor,  about  2,000 
tons,  carrying  2  47-in.  guns.  Of  little  fighting 
value. 


Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Marken,  Holland. 


M.L. 


408 


MONCRIEFF 


H.L.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Maasland,  Holland. 

M.L.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Mathil,  Scotland. 

H.N.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Maldon,  Essex,  England. 

M.O.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Monnikendam,  Holland. 

Hoocann.  U.S.  submarine.  (Port  Elizabeth. 
1 90 1.)  Length,  63  ft.;  beam,  iij  ft.;  displace- 
ment, 120  tons  ;  complement,  5  ;  torpedo  tubes,  i  ; 
Hp.,  160=8  kts.  above,  7  kts.  below. 

Mock  Sims  and  moons.  Bright  patches  of  light 
seen  at  the  points  where  the  vertical  or  horizontal 
bands  of  light  from  the  sun  or  moon  intersect  a 
halo. 

Mode.  Swedish  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Yarrow 
1902.)  Length,  220  ft. ;  beam,  20^  ft. ;  draught, 
8i  ft.  ;  displacement,  400  tons ;  complement,  55  ; 
armament,  i  12-pdr.,  5  6-pdr.,  2  tubes  ;  twin  screw  ; 
Hp.,  6,800=32  kts. ;  coal,  100  tons. 

Mohawk.  British  ocean-going  torpedo-boat  de- 
stroyer. (White,  1906.)  Length,  250  ft. ;  beam, 
25  ft.  ;  draught,  7^  ft.  ;  displacement,  790  tons ; 
complement,  60;  armament,  3  12-pdr.,  2  tubes.; 
Hp.,  14,000=33  kts. ;  coal,  185  tons. 

This  vessel  actually  obtained  on  her  trial  trip, 
under  the  severest  service  conditions,  a  speed  of 
34*32  kts.,  and  is  the  fastest  destroyer  in  the  world. 

Mohegan.  Atiantic  Transport  Co.'s  steamer. 
Wrecked  on  the  Manacles,  oft  Cornwall.  Captain 
and  106  persons  drowned. 

Moldavia.  British  subsidised  merchant  ship 
(1903)-  P-  SLnd  O.  Co.  iq.v.).  Dimensions,  520  x 
58  X  33  ft. ;  gross  tonnage,  5,900  ;  passenger  accom- 
modation, 514;  Hp.,  10,500=18  kts. 

Mole.  A  long  pier  of  masonry  protecting  the 
entrance  of  a  harbour. 

MdUer,  M.  0.  W.  (b.  Hamburg,  April  19,  1864). 
German  naval  architect.  Served  his  apprentice- 
ship in  Hamburg,  and  after  a  short  period  at  sea 
entered  the  Polytechnic,  and  studied  for  some  time 
engineering  and  physics.  He  then  came  to  Scot- 
land and  joined  the  works  of  Messrs.  Denny  and 
Co.,  Dumbarton,  and  from  there  joined  the  drawing 
ofi&ce  of  Messrs.  John  and  James  Thomson.  In 
1890  he  returned  to  Germany  to  take  up  an  im- 
portant position  with  the  firm  of  Messrs.  Blohm 
and  Sons,  and  nine  months  later  joined  the  Bureau 
Veritas  as  assistant  naval  architect.  After  serving 
for  four  years  was  promoted  to  the  post  of  surveyor 
of  ships  and  engines  at  Bremerhaven.  In  1903  he 
returned  to  Hamburg,  and  started  practice  as  a 
consulting  engineer. 

Molodetsky.  Russian  torpedo-boat  destroyer 
(1906).  Length,  185  ft.  ;  beam,  21  f t. ;  draught, 
7)  ft.  ;  displacement,  324  tons ;  complement,  60  ; 


armament,  i  12-pdr.,  5  3-pdr.,  2  Maxims,  2  tubes; 
twin  screw  ;  Hp.,  5,600=26  kts.  ;  coal,  xoo  tons. 

Monaoot  Prinoe  ot  Albert  Honot^  Ohailes  (b. 

Paris,  1848).  Educated  Paris.  Ruler  of  the  In- 
dependent Principality  of  Monaco,  a  rocky  pen- 
insula and  coast  strip,  with  an  area  of  eight  square 
miles  in  South  Europe,  nine  miles  E.N.E.  of  Nice. 
Is  greatiy  interested  in  scientific  questions,  par- 
ticularly oceanography  studies,  and  has  done  much 
useful  work  in  deep  sea  sounding. 

Monadnook.     U.S.  monitor  (1883). 
Length  260ft.   Beam  56ft.   Maximum  draught  i6ft 
Displacement  3,990  tons.     Complement  163. 
Guns.  Armour, 

4 — 10  in.  "  Iron." 

2 — ^4  in.  9  in.  Belt  amidships. 

2 — 6  pdr.  12  in.  Barbettes. 

2 — 3  pdr.  8  in.  Conning  tower. 

2 — I  pdr. 
2  Machine. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.    3,000=12   kts.     Coal   maxi- 
mum 330  tons. 

Monarch.     Austro-Hungarian  battieship.     (Pola, 

1895.) 

Length  323ft.   Beam  56ft.   Maximum  draught  21ft 

Displacement  5,600  tons.     Complement  469. 
Guns,  Armour. 

4 — 9*4  in.,  35  cal.       '*  Harvey." 
6—6  in.  10  in.  Belt  amidahipft. 

14 — 3  pdr.  8  in.  Bulkheads. 

12  Machine.  10  in.  Barbettes. 

8  in.  Conning  tower. 
Torpedo  Tubes  (17*7  in.). 
4  Above  water. 
Twin    screw.     Hp.    8,500=17  kts.     Coal    maxi- 
mum 500  tons. 

Monaioh.      Pleasure     yacht.     Foundered     near 
Ilfracombe,  August  26,'  1887  *  ^^  lives  lost. 

Monok,  Q«orge»  1st  Duke  of  Albemarie  (1608-70). 

British  general  and  admiral  (b.  Devonshire). 
Became  Admiral  of  the  Fleet  in  1664,  and  beat  the 
Dutch  in  a  running  sea  fight,  which  lasted  for  three 
days,  in  1666. 

MoncriefE,  John  Mitohell  (b.  Newcastle).  After 
mechanical  training  in  engineering  workshops 
became  pupil -assistant  and  finally,  in  1892,  partner 
of  Mr.  J.  Watt  Sandman.  Since  then  has  been 
engaged  on  a  great  variety  of  work,  including  the  con- 
struction of  dry  docks,  dock  gates,  and  machinery, 
pontoon  dock  berths,  river  wharves  and  quays, 
coal  and  salt  shipping  plant,  dredging  plant,  sea 
piers  and  harbour  improvements,  general  shipping 
facilities  and  appliances,  and  railwajrs  for  pEi\^te 
owners.  He  is  a  specialist  in  bridge  and  structural 
engineering  and  in  deep  and  difficult  foondatioiis. 
The  Red  Heugh  Bridge  across  the  River  Tyne 
between  Newcastle  and  Gateshead  (open  August. 
1900),  and  a  number  of  other  bridges,  both  road 
and  railway,  are  from  his  designs. 


MONGOLIA 


409 


MONTANA 


Publications :  Papers  and  contributions  to  the 
Institution  of  Civil  Engineers,  the  American  Society 
of  Civil  Engineers,  the  Royal  Institution  of  British 
Architects,  and  the  article  on  the  "  Strength  of 
Columns  "  in  Engineering. 

Mongolia.  British  subsidised  merchant  ship 
(1903).  P.  and  O.  Co.  {q.v.).  Dimensions,  520  x 
58x33  ft.  ;  gross  tonnage.  5,900  ;  passenger  accom- 
modation, 514;  Hp.,  10,500=18  kts. 

Monitor.  A  shallow-draught,  semi-submerged 
armoured  vessel  with  revolving  turrets  on  deck, 
containing  her  btg  guns,  originally  designed  by 
Ericson,  and  brought  prominently  into  use  during 
the  American  Civil  war,  where  they  proved  of  great 
service  in  sheltered  and  intricate  waters. 

Monkey.  A  machine  used  for  driving  bolts  or 
piles. 

Monk's  seam.  Sewing  the  pieces  of  sails  together 
by  stitching  from  the  centre  of  the  seam. 

Monmoath.     British  ist  class  cruiser.     (London 
and  Glasgow,  1901.) 
Length  440ft.     Beam  66ft.     Mean  draught  24ft. 
Displacement  9,800  tons.     Complement  678. 
Guns.  Armour. 

14 — 6  in.,  45  cal.  "  Krupp." 

8 — 12  pdr.  4  in.  Belt  amidships. 

2 — 12  pdr.,  8  cwt.     5  in.  Barbettes. 
3 — 3  pdr.  10  in.  Conning  tower. 

8  Pompoms. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
2  Submerged. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  22,000=23  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 1,600  tons.     Approximate  cost  ;f 775,000. 

This  ship-name  was  first  used  in  the  Navy  in 
1668^  and  is  associated  with  Barfleur  and  La 
Hogue,  1692  ;  Vigo  Bay,  1702  ;  capture  of  Gibraltar, 
1704  ;  Anson's  victory  off  Finisterre,  1747  ;  Hawke's 
action  ofi  Ushant,  1747  ;  capture  of  the  Foudroyani, 
1758  ;  reduction  of  Belleisle,  1761  ;  Byron's  action 
oQ  Grenada,  1779;  Hughes  against  De  Suffren  in 
the    Dutch    East    Indies,  1782-83 ;    Camperdown, 

1797. 

Monjoon.  Periodical  winds  blowing  from  sea 
to  land  in  summer,  and  from  land  to  sea  in  winter 
caused  by  the  unequal  heating  of  land  and  water. 
The  south-^west,  or  summer  monsoon,  and  the  north- 
east or  -winter  monsoon,  of  India,  China,  and  the 
neighbouring  seas,  are  the  best  known  examples. 

HontafflU     British  ist  class  battleship.     (Devon- 
port,  1901.) 

Length  429ft.   Beam  75ft.   Maximum  draught  27ft. 
Displacement  14.000  tons.     Complement  750. 
Guns.  Aftnour. 

4 — 12  in.  "  Krupp." 

12—6  in.  7  in.  Belt  amidships. 

12 — 12  jKir.  II  in.  Barbettes. 

6 — 3  pdr.  12  in.  Conning  tower. 

2  Maxims. 


Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
4  Submerged. 

Twin  screw.  Hp.  18,000  =  19  kts.  Coal  maxi- 
mum 2,000  tons.     Approximate  cost  ;ii  ,000,000. 

This  vessel  ran  ashore  during  a  dense  fog  at 
Shutter  Point,  on  the  south  end  of  Lundy  Island, 
and  became  a  total  loss.  The  guns  and  as  much 
of  the  armament  as  possible  was  got  off,  and  the 
hull  eventually  sold  by  public  auction.  The 
court-martial  was  held  on  board  the  Victory  at 
Portsmouth,  when  Captain  T.  B.  S.  Adair,  the 
commander,  and  Lieutenant  J.  H.  Dathan,  the 
navigating  officer,  were  on  trial.  The  court,  having 
found  the  charges  against  both  prisoners  proved, 
adjudged  Captain  T.  B.  S.  Adair  to  be  severely 
reprimanded  and  dismissed  H.M.S.  Montagu,  and 
Lieutenant  J.  H.  Dathan  to  be  severely  repri- 
manded, dismissed  H.M.S.  Montagu,  and  to  forfeit 
two  years'  seniority  as  lieutenant  in  His  Majesty's 
fleet. 

This  ship-name  is  associated  with  the  battle  of 
Lowestoft,  1665  ;  Barfleur  and  La  Hogue,  1692  ; 
Gibraltar,  1704;  Cape  Passaro,  1718  ;  attack  on 
Carthagena,  1741  ;  Quiberon  Bay,  1759  ;  capture  of 
Martinique,  1762;  St.  Vincent,  1780;  Rodney's 
action  with  De  Guichen,  1780;  Graves's  action, 
1781  ;  Hood's  action  with  De  Grasse,  1782 ; 
Rodney's  action  with  De  Grasse,  1782  ;  battle  of 
"  The  Glorious  First  of  June,"  1794  ;  Camperdown, 
1797. 

Montagu,  Bear-Admlial  Hon.  Victor  Alexander 

(b.  1841).  Entered  Navy,  1853  ;  served  through 
the  Russian  war,  1854-55  ;  present  at  the  blockade 
of  the  Russian  Fleet  at  Cronstadt  (Baltic  medal)  ; 
at  the  blockade  and  fall  of  Sebastopol ;  at  the 
bombardment  and  capture  of  Kinbum  (Crimean 
and  Turkish  medals,  Sebastopol  clasp,  and  Medjidie, 
5th  Class)  ;  engaged  at  the  ope'rations  in  China. 
1857  ;  present  at  the  destruction  of  the  Fatshan 
flotilla  of  war-junks,  1857  (China  medal,  Fatshan 
and  Canton  clasps)  ;  served  in  Pearl's  brigade  in 
India,  1858  (Indian  medal) ;  specially  mentioned 
at  Thamowlee  and  Puchawas  ;  received  thanks  of 
both  Houses  of  Parliament  as  one  of  Pearl's 
brigade ;  lieutenant,  i860 ;  commodore,  1867  ; 
served  in  Channel  Fleet,  Mediterranean  and  West 
Indian  Stations  ;  was  senior  officer  on  the  coast  of 
Spain  during  Carlist  riots  ;  senior  officer  on  the 
coast  of  Crete  during  revolution  ;  retired  in  1886 
with  the  rank  of  captain  ;  promoted  rear-admiral, 
1892. 

Publication  :  '*  A  Middy's  Recollections  from  1853 
to  i860." 

Montana.    U.S.  ist  class  cruiser  (1905). 
Length  505ft.   Beam  73ft.   Maximum  draught  26ft. 
Displacement  14,500  tons.     Complement  858. 
Guns.  Armour. 

4 — 10  in.,  40  cal.       "  Krupp." 
16—6  in.  5  in.  Belt. 

23 — 14  pdr.  7  in.  Barbettes. 


MONTCALM 


410 


MOONEY 


Guns.  Armour. 

12 — 3  pdr.  9  in.  Turrets. 

2 — I  pdr.  9  in.  Conning  tower. 

2  Machine. 
2  Colts. 
2  Field  guns,  12  pdr. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
4  Submerged. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  23,000*=  22  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 2,000  tons. 

Montcalm.  French  ist  class  cruiser.  (La  Seyne, 
1900.) 

Length  460ft.   Beam  63ft.   Maximum  draught  24ft. 
Displacement  9,5 1 7  tons.     Complement  612. 
Guns.  Armour. 

2 — 7*6  in.  "  Harvey-nickel." 

8 — 6*4  in.  6|^  in.  Belt  amidships. 

4 — 4  in.  8  in.  Turrets. 

16 — 3  pdr.  6  in.  Conning  tower. 

Torpedo  Tubes, 
2  Submerged. 
Three  screws.     Hp.  19,600=21  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 1,600  tons.     Approximate  cost  ;£875,ooo, 

Hontebello.    Italian  torpedo  gun-boat  (1887). 
Displacement  860  tons.     Complement  105. 
Guns.  Armour. 

4— 6  pdr.  "Steel." 

li  in.  Deck. 
Torpedo  Tubes. 
3  Above  water. 
Three  screws.     Hp.  natural  i  ,900  =17  kts. ,  foi  ced 
3,600  =  20  kts.     Coal  maximum  130  tons. 
Approximate  cost  ;£7o,ooo.    ■ 

Monterey.    U.S.  monitor  (1891). 
Length  256ft.   Beam  59ft.  Maximum  draught  17ft. 
Displacement  4,084  tons.    Complement  203. 
Guns.  Armour, 

2 — 12  in.  "  Harvey." 

2 — 10  in.  13  in.  Belt  amidships. 

6—6  pdr.  14  in.  Barbettes. 

4 — I  pdr.  10  in.  Conning  tower. 

2  Colts. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  5,400=1 36  kts.    Coal  normal 
200  tons. 

Montgomerie,    Bear-Admiral   Robert   Archibald 

James,  C.B.,  C.M.G.  (b.  1855).  Entered  Navy,  1869. 
When  sub-lieutenant  received  Royal  Albert  medal, 
second  class,  as  a  mark  of  Royal  favour  for  gallantry 
in  saving  life  at  sea,  for  his  attempt  to  save  the 
life  of  an  A.B.  named  Hocken. 

Extract  from  the  "  Gazette  "  : 

"  At  3.10  on  the  morning  of  April  6,  1877,  the 
ImmortaliU  moving  4-^  kts.  with  the  wind,  the 
look-out  reported  a  man  overboard.  Mr.  Mont- 
gomerie,  who  was  on  the  bridge,  hearing  the  cry, 
jumped  after  Hocken,  got  hold  of  him.  and  towed 
him  to  where  he  supposed  the  Ufebuoy  would  be, 
but,  seeing  no  relief,  he  told  Hocken  to  keep  him- 


self afloat  while  he  took  his  doHies  off.  While  he 
was  in  the  act  of  doing  so  Hocken  caught  hold  of 
him  by  the  legs  and  dragged  him  down  a  considet- 
able  depth.  Mr.  Montgomerie,  however,  suc- 
ceeded in  getting  clear,  and  swam  to  the  surface, 
bringing  the  drowning  man  with  him.  Finding 
that  his  only  chance  of  saving  himself  was  to  leave 
Hocken,  Mr.  Montgomerie  reluctantly  gave  np 
the  hope  of  saving  him,  and  struck  out  for  the  ship, 
and  was  picked  up.  The  latitude  in  which  the 
occurrence  took  place  abounds  with  sharks." 

For  this  gallant  attempt  at  saving  life  he  also 
received  the  Royal  Humane  Society's  silver  medal, 
and,  in  addition,  the  Stanhope  gold  medal.    Lieu- 
tenant,    1878 ;     lieutenant    of    Carysfort    during 
Egyptian  war,  1882  ;  landed  with  Naval  Brigade, 
and  present  at  the  battle  of  Tel-el-Kebir  (Egyptian 
medal,  Tel-el-Kebir  clasp,  Khedive's  Bronze  Star) ; 
lieutenant  of  Inflexible  ;  served  with  Kaval  Brigade ; 
landed  for  services  in  the  Soudan  with  the  Nile 
Expedition  for  the  relief  of  General  Gordon  at 
Khartoum,     1885-86 ;      commanded     an     armed 
picket   boat   on    the    Nile;    served  in   the  Sofia, 
with     Lord     Charles     Beresford.     in     some    of 
the  operations  above  Metemneh ;  naval  transport 
officer  at  Dongola,  1885  ;*mentioned  in  despatches, 
and  spoken  of  as  deserving  of  special  mention  in 
Lord  Wolseley's  despatches,  1885  ;  in  charge  of  all 
armed  steamers  and  superintendent  of  river  trans- 
port on   the   Nile,    1885    (^i^e.    1884-85.   dasp); 
commander,  1887  ;  commander  of  Boadicea,  flag; 
served  in  the  Naval  Brigade  ;    commanded  field 
battery    landed    under    the    command    of   Vice- 
Admiral  Hon.  Sir  E.  R.  Fremantle,  K.C.B.,  C.M.G. ; 
Commander-in-Chief  of  the   East   India  Station, 
with  the  punitive  expedition  against  the  Sultan  of 
Vitu  in  East  Africa,  1S90  ;  mentioned  in  despatches 
(general  Africa  medal,  Vitu,  1890,   clasp) ;    com- 
mander, second  class,  in  charge  of  Newfoundland 
Fisheries.  1902  ;  A.D.C.  to  the  King,  1904. 

Montgomery.    U.S.  3rd  class  cruiser  (1891). 
Length  257ft.   Beam  37ft.   Maximum  draught  i6it. 
Displacement  2,000  tons.     Complement  250. 
Guns.  Armour. 

9—5  in.  "  SteeL" 

6 — 6  pdr.  I  in.  Deck. 

2 — I  pdr.  2  in.  Conning  tower. 

2  Gatlings. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
4  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.    5,400=17  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 435  tons. 

Mooney,  Edgar  Himn  (b.  Merton,  July  12.  1869)- 
British  naval  architect  Studied  naval  constmc- 
tion  on  H.M«S.  Marlborough,  Portsmouth,  1885-86, 
and  the  Royal  Naval  Engineering  College,  Devon- 
port,  1886-96 ;  Probational  Assistant  Constructor 
studying  at  Royal  Naval  College,  Greenwich,  1890. 
and  in  1893  passed  out  with  a  first-class  profes- 
sional certificate.     In  1893  ^®  went  to  sea,  and 


MOON 


411 


MORESBY 


served  on  H.M.S.  Empress  of  India  and  H.M.S. 
Repulse,  and  took  part  in  the  special  rolling  ex- 
periments to  determine  the  magnitude  of  the 
effect  of  bilge  keels  on  the  rolling  of  vessels  of  the 
Royal  Sovereign  class.  In  1895  ^^  left  the  sea, 
and  was  appointed  head  of  the  drawing  office  at 
Chatham  Dockyard,  and  while  there  assisted  in 
designing  the  following  vessels  for  the  Navy : 
Magnificent,  Victorious,  Illustrious,  Goliath,  Irre- 
sistible, Venerable,  Minerva,  Vindictive,  and  Pioneer. 
In  1899  was  appointed  to  the  Devonport  Dock- 
yard, where  he  remained  until  1903,  when  he  was 
promoted  on  the  staff  of  the  Director  of  Naval 
Construction  at  the  Admiralty. 

Hoon  nken  or  moon  laiL  Sail  above  the  sky- 
sails. 

Moonsond.  Russian  torpedo-boat.  (PutilofF, 
1891.)  Length,  126  ft.  ;  beam,  13  ft. ;  draught. 
8i  ft.;  displacement,  81  tons;  complement,  13; 
armament,  2  i-pdr.,  2  tubes  ;  Hp.,  1,100=21  kts. 

Koor»  mooring.  To  secure  a  ship  by  chains  or 
cable. 

Xooro,  Vioe-Admiral  Ur  Arttuir  WOUam,  KO.B., 

CJLO.  (b.  1847).     Entered  Navy,  i860  ;  lieutenant, 
18/0 ;    commander,    1881  ;    commander   of   Orion 
during  Egyptian  war,  1882  ;  present  at  the  occupa- 
tion of  Ismailia ;  present  at  the  battle  of  Tel-el- 
Kebir ;   mentioned  in  despatches  for  his  services 
in   the    Suez   Canal   during  operations   (£g3rptian 
medal,  Tel-el-Kebir  clasp,  Khedive's  Bronse  Star, 
Medjidie«  3rd  Class)  ;  promoted  captain,  1884,  for 
services  rendered  ;  C.M.G.  for  services  rendered  in 
connection  with  the  defence  of  Australia,   1892  ; 
A.D.C.  to  the  Queen,  1895  I  received  Royal  Humane 
Society's  bronze  medal  for  jumping  overboard  from 
H.M.S.  Glasgow  and  saving  the  life  of  H.  Reed,  who 
had  fallen  into  the  sea,  October  7, 1874 ;  C.B.,  1897* 
on    coznxnemoration   of    Her   Majesty's   Diamond 
Jubilee;     Lord  Commissioner  of    the  Admiralty, 
1898  ;    Commander-in-Chief,  Cape  Station,   1901 ; 
vice-admiral,  1904. 

Moore*  Henry  (1831-96).  British  marine  painter 
(b.  York).  Was  elected  A.R.A.  in  1885,  and  R.A. 
1893,  2Lnd  in  1889  gained  the  Grand  Prix  in  Paris 
for  his  picture  **  Clearness  after  Rain."  There  is 
one  example  of  his  work  at  its  best  in  the  Tate 
Gallery  entitled  "  Catspaw  ofi  Land." 

Moore*    lieutenant    See  Antarctic  Exploration 
and  Arctic  Exploration. 

Moorben-     British  shallow  draught  steamer  for 
river  service  (180  tons). 

See  Moor. 


Arranmoor. 

Aviemoor* 

Blahemoor. 

Bleamoor, 

Castlemoor. 

Clodmoor, 

Dunbartnoor. 


Fleet. 
Exmoor. 
Glenmoor. 
Hazelmoor, 
Inchfnoor, 
Jerseymoor, 
Nenmoor. 
Olivemoor, 


Pearlmore, 

Raithmoor, 

Tullochmoor, 

Uskmoor. 

Ventmoor. 

Westmoor, 

Yorkmoor, 


Mooriilir~ewi7eL     A  swivel  with  four  short  legs. 

Moor  I^Uie,  founded  in  1885  by  Messrs.  Walter 
Ronciman  and  Co.,  of  Newcastle-on-Tyne.  The 
fleet,  oompoeed  of  21  modem  built  vessels,  trade  to 
all  parts  of  the  world. 


Gross  tonnage,  74,000. 
Mop.     A  young  whiting. 

Morant,  Admiral  Sir  Oeorge  Digby,  K.C.B.,  or. 

1901  (b.  Dublin,  1837).  Entered  H.M.  Navy,  May, 
1850,  and  served  throughout  the  second  Burmese 
war  on  H.M.S.  Fox  (medal  and  one  clasp),  and  in 
1854  served  on  H.M.S.  Prince  Regent  in  the  Baltic 
(medal) ;  served  in  H.M.S.  Curlew,  1855-56,  in  the 
Crimea  (Crimea  medal,  Sebastopol  and  Sea  of  Azov 
clasp,  Turkish  medal,  and  5th  Order  of  the  Medji- 
die) ;  in  1858  was  promoted  lieutenant  and  served 
in  China  in  H.M.S.  Cormorant  and  Highflyer,  and  was 
on  board  the  former  vessel  when  she  was  sunk  under 
the  batteries  of  Peiho  (medal)  ;  in  1 865  was  in  com- 
mand of  H.M.  gun-boat  Grasshopper  in  China,  sup- 
pressing piracy,  and  in  1866  was  promoted  com- 
mander. In  1867  became  inspecting  commander  of 
Deal  Division  of  the  Coastguards,  and  in  1870  com- 
mander of  H.M.S.  Enterprise  and  Cockatrice  on  the 
Mediterranean  Station,  and  in  1873  was  promoted 
captain.  In  1878  was  appointed  to  command 
Valorous,  and  in  1882  captain  of  H.M.S.  Achilles  of 
the  Channel,  Squadron.  In  1884  commodore  in 
charge  at  Hong  Kong,  and  on  his  return  to  England 
in  1887  appointed  Captain  Superintendent  of 
Pembroke  Dockyard,  which  he  held  until  he  was 
promoted  rear-admiral  in  1889.  In  1890  he  was 
placed  in  charge  of  th^  equipment  of  ships  build- 
ing under  Naval  Defence  Act,  and  in  1892  became 
admiral-superintendent  of  Chatham  Dockyard.  In 
March,  1901,  was  promoted  admiral,  and  retired 
shortly  after. 

Morel,  Ltd.,  with  their  head  office  at  Cardiff,  have 

a  fleet  of  24  modern  steamers,  principally  colliers 

engaged  in  coal  transportation  to  various  parts  of 
the  world. 

Fleet. 

Barry.  Lyndhurst, 

Blaenavon,  Merthyr. 

Collwarid.  Ninian  Stuart. 

Cyfarthfa.  Parana, 

Dowlais,  Panarth, 

Forest.  Pomaron. 

Gardepee.  Pontypridd, 

Gwentland.  Portugalete. 

Hart.  Tredegar. 

Jersey.  Tnherbert. 

Lavernoch.  Wenvoe. 

Lesreanlx.  Westeyate. 

Moresby,  Admiral  John  (b.  1830).  Entered  Navy, 
1842;  lieutenant,  185 1  ;  gunnery  Ueutenant  of 
Thetis ;  commanded  an  expedition  against  various 


1 


MORGAN 


412 


MORTIER 


tribes  of  Vancouver  Island's  Indians,  1853  ;  senior 
lieutenant  of  Driver,  1854 ;  present  at  the  cap- 
ture of  Bomarsund ;  gunnery  lieutenant  of  Hawke 
in  Baltic,  1855'  (Baltic  medal);  commander 
of  Snake  in  China,  1861  ;  in  charge  of  a  force  of 
Chinese  troops  defending  Shanghai  in  an  attack  on 
the  Taepings  ;  actively  employed  against  Chinese 
pirates,  and  captured  or  destroyed  14  piratical 
junks ;  commanded  the  Argus  during  operations 
in  Japan ;  gazetted  and  promoted  for  services  in 
the  action  of  Shimonoseki ;  captain  of  Basilisk  in 
Australia  ;  surveyed  and  explored  the  previously 
unknown  shores  of  S.E.  New  Guinea ;  discovered 
the  finest  harbour  in  New  Guinea,  on  which  Port 
Moresby  now  stands  ;  discovered  a  new  and  shorter 
route  between  eastern  Australia  and  China,  and 
placed  on  the  chart  over  400  miles  of  coast  line, 
more  than  140  islands  (25  of  which  were  inhabited], 
and  many  valuable  harbours,  anchorages,  and  rivers 
which  were  previously  unknown ;  captain's  good 
service  pension,  1880-81  ;  Naval  Assessor  to  the 
Board  of  Trade  ;   admiral,  1893. 

Publications  :  "  Discoveries  and  Surveys  in  New 
Guinea,"  "  A  Cruise  in  Polynesia,  and  Visits  to  the 
Pearl  Shell  Stations  in  Torres  Straits  "  (1876). 

Morgan,  Henry  (b.  Devonport,  January  19,  1833). 
British  naval  architect.  Studied  naval  architecture 
in  Sheemess  Dockyard,  and  in  185 1  was  trans- 
ferred by  competitive  examination  to  the  School  of 
Mathematics  and  Naval  Construction,  Portsmouth. 
On  completing  the  course  there  he  returned  to 
Sheemess,  and  spent  eight  years  passing  through 
the  various  grades  as  a  junior  shipwright  officer.  In 
1862  he  was  sent  to  the  Admiralty,  and  became  pro- 
fessional assistant  to  the  Chief  Constructor  of  the 
Navy.  In  1869  he  was  promoted  to  a  position 
specially  created  for  him,  professional  secretary 
to  the  Chief  Constructor  of  the  Navy,  Sir  Edward 
Reed  (q.v,).  He  was  promoted  Chief  Constructor, 
which  office  he  held  for  20  years,  until  his  retirement 
in  1892.  He  became  a  member  of  the  Institution 
of  Naval  Architects  at  its  formation,  i860.  Was 
elected  a  member  of  Council,  and  later  a  Vice- 
President,  and  for  13  years  held  the  position  of 
treasurer  and  trustee  of  the  institution. 

Morgan,  John  Pierpont  (b.  Hertford,  Conn.,  1837). 
Educated  English  High  School,  Boston.  Has  been 
prominent  in  the  largest  reorganisations  of  railroads 
and  steamship  companies  of  late  years.  The  two 
greatest  commercial  undertakings  associated  with 
his  name  are  the  Steel  Trust  and  the  Atlantic 
Shipping  Trust.  The  former,  which  came  into  exist- 
ence in  190X,  has  a  capital  of  1,43^,000,000  dols. ; 
the  latter,  which  represents  the  great  combination 
for  the  control  of  the  principal  North  Atlantic 
steamship  companies,  British  and  American, 
organised  in  1902,  with  a  total  capital  of  120,000,000 
dols.     See  Atlantic  Shipping  Trust. 

Morgan,  William  Qeorge  (b.  Chatham,  Novem- 
ber 9,    1870).     British  naval  architect.     Entered 


H.M.  service  in  1885.  serving  his  apprenticeship 
with  distinction  in  the  Royal  Yard  at  Chatham.  In 
1894  1^^^  t^^  service  to  join  the  staff  of  the  Thames 
Ironworks  and  Shipbuilding  Co.  In  1900  he  was 
selected  by  the  directors  of  the  Belgian  Company 
Chantiers  Navals,  Anversois,  to  lay  out  and  manage 
their  shipyard  at  Hoboken. 

Morgan  Ck>mbine.    See  International  Mercantile 
Marine. 

Morin,  Oonsiantino  Enrioo  (b.  Genoa.  1841). 
Vice-admiral  Italian  Navy.  Entered  the  Navy, 
1852;  sub-Ueu  tenant,  1859;  Ueutenant.  1 860 ; 
commander,  187 1  ;  captain,  1878  ;  rear-admiral, 
1888  ;  vice-admiral,  1893  »  ^^  25  years'  sea  service, 
the  greater  part  of  which  in  command  of  ships  and 
squadrons  ;  served  in  the  war  for  the  independence 
of  Italy,  i860,  1 861,  1866,  and  was  awarded  a  silver 
medal  for  gallantry  at  the  attack  aqid  surrender  of 
Ancona,  September,  i860.  During  the  Egyptian 
revolution,  1882,  when  in  command  of  the  frigate 
Garibaldi,  he  escorted  many  merchant  ships  through 
the  Suez  Canal,  among  them  being  the  £ng^ 
mail  steamers  from  India  and  AustraUa.  Three 
times  Minister  of  Marine,  and  once  Minister  of 
Foreign  Affairs ;  had  the  honour  of  attending  the 
reception  of  King  Edward  VII.  on  his  official  visit 
to  King  Emanuel  III.,  1903,  and  was  decorated 
with  the  Grand  Cross  of  the  Victorian  Order  ;  Com- 
mander-in-Chief at  Spezia,  1905-06;  passed  to  the 
auxiliary  service  list.  May  5,  1906. 

Moma.  On  February  25,  1855,  ^^us  vessel 
struck  on  rocks  near  the  Isle  of  Man,  when  21  Uves 
were  lost. 

Morocco,  Canary  Uands  and  Madeira  Line,  the 

property  of  the  Mersey  Steamship  Co.,  maintain 
services  every  week  throughout  the  year  from 
London  to  Gibraltar,  the  Morocco  Coast,  Canary 
Islands,  and  Madeira.  The  round  voyage  from 
London  occupies  about  35  days,  and  full  particular 
of  this  most  interesting  voyage  can  be  obtained 
from  Messrs.  Forward  Bxx)s.  and  Co.,  46  St.  Mary 
Axe,  London,  E.C. 

Flset. 
Agadir.  Morocco.  OroUtva, 

Arzila,  Zweena. 

Mocril.  U.S.  torpedo-boat  (1898).  Displacement. 
103  tons;  guns,  3  x-pdr. ;  torpedo  tubes,  3  i8>in.; 
maximum  speed,  23  kts. 

Mone.  French  submarine.  (Cherbourg,  1899-) 
Length,  118  ft. ;  beam,  9  ft. ;  draught,  9  ft ;  dis- 
placement, 144  tons ;  complement,  9 ;  Hp.. 
360=8  kts. 

Mortar  veneL  A  small  vessel  having  a  relatively 
wide  beam  fOr  carrying  mortar  amidships. 

Mortier.  French  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (For;ges 
et  Chantiers,  1904.)  Length,  180  ft.  ;  beam,  21  it. ; 
maximum  draught,  10  ft. ;  displacement,  300  tons  ; 
complement,  45  ;  guns,  1  9-pdr.,  6  3-pdr. ;  torpedo 
tubes,  2  15-in. ;  speed,  27-30  kts. 


MORTON 


413 


MOWAT 


Hortoii,  Dnnoan  A.  (b.  1872).  Educated  High 
School,  Dundee,  and  when  only  17  years  of  age  was 
certificated  to  teach  machine  construction  and 
drawing,  and  at  19  fully  qualified  as  a  teacher  upon 
steam  and  the  steam-engine.  Entering  the  science 
and  art  examination,  practical  and  soUd  geometry, 
practical  and  theoretical  chemistry,  electricity, 
mathematics  and  dynamics,  he  easily  obtained 
first-class  certificates.  Leaving  school,  he  entered 
his  father's  workshops  as  an  apprentice,  and  during 
this  period  attended  the  evening  classes  of  the 
Technical  Institute,  in  connection  with  the  Univer- 
sity College,  Dundee.  He  has  made  a  special  study 
of  turbines  and  their  construction,  and  some  of  the 
most  noteworthy  engines  that  have  been  recently 
completed  have  been  built  under  his  personal  super- 
vision and  from  his  design. 

Morion,  Siehard  Fraser  (b.  Glasgow,  1856). 
Served  apprenticeship  to  marine  engineering  with 
Messrs.  J.  and  G.  Thomson,  and  went  to^sea  as 
junior  engineer,  1879  ;  was  promoted  chief  engineer 
in  the  Ducal  Line  in  1887,  and  on  retiring  from 
active  sea  life  he  became  a  ship  and  engineer  sur- 
veyor to  Lloyd's  Register  of  British  and  Foreign 
Shipping. 

MoaohtBeliny.  Russian  torpedo-boat  destroyer 
(1906).  Length,  185  ft. ;  beam,  21  ft. ;  draught, 
7i  ft.  ;  displacement,  324  tons ;  complement,  60  ; 
armament,  i  12-pdr.,  5  3-pdr.,  2  Maxims,  2  tubes ; 
twin  screw  ;   Hp.,  5,600=26  kts. ;  coal,  100  tons. 

MosQilito  Tacht  dab.  Established  1896.  Com- 
modore, F.  J.  Hall ;  Vice-Commodore,  Hugh  Gunn ; 
Honorary  Treasurer,  W.  B.  White ;  Honorary 
Secretary,  A.  Hills,  i,  Yokohama.  Entrance  fee, 
yen  15  ;    annual  subscription,  yen  10.' 


Une  is  an  old  established  one,  having  main- 
tained a  connection  with  the  Near  East  for  nearly  a 
century,  steam  vessels  taking  the  place  in  1850  of 
the  original  sailing  packets.  The  company  main- 
tain a  "weekly  service  between  Liverpool  and 
Bordeaux,  and  a  monthly  service  to  Gibraltar, 
Malta,  S3rria,  Smyrna,  and  Constantinople.  The 
vessels  are  fitted  with  the  latest  modem  improve- 
ments, and  have  excellent  passenger  accommoda- 
tion. 

Flebt. 
AfHosis.  Menes.  Pkiloe, 

Busiris.  Moeris,  Ramsses. 

Khephien,  Narbanne,  Sabor, 

MoMepthah,  NavarrB,  Sett. 

Pharos, 

M^^r      Gritish   coastal   torpedo-boat   destroyer. 
(Varrow,   1906.)     Length,  168  ft.  ;    beam,  lyi  ft.  ; 
draught,   6  ft.  ,    displacement,  230  tons ;    comple- 
ment, 35  ;    armament,  2  12-pdr.,  2  tubes  :  3  screws  ; 
Hp.,  3,700  =  26  kts. 

Mott&er  Cteey'f  Ohiidcoiis.    The  stormy  petrel. 


MoiilieiH>f-p6arl  osnter  {Maleagrina  Margaritifera) 
produces  the  largest  pearls,  but  is  mainly  valuable 
for  the  shells.  The  fisheries  abound  all  over  the 
northern  coast  of  Australia,  the  Eastern  Archi- 
pelago, Lower  Burmah,  New  Guinea,  and  the  South 
Pacific  Islands.  The  fisheries  of  the  greatest  im- 
portance are  those  of  the  Torres  Strait  and  tlie 
north-west  coast  of  Australia.  The  vessels  used 
are  luggers  of  about  1 1  tons  in  groups  of  six  to  eight 
attended  by  schooners  of  60  to  100  tons.  The  number 
of  boats  employed  in  this  fishery  may  be  taken  for 
about  250  to  300 ;  diving  apparatus  is  now  almost  ex- 
clusively used  in  the  fisheries.  It  is  calculated  that 
the  annual  taking  for  a  single  boat  is  about  seven 
tons,  of  which  five  tons  cover  the  outlay,  and  two 
tons  may  be  reckoned  as  clear  profit.  The  shells 
obtained  are  classified  into  three  qualities — young 
shells,  known  as  "  chicken  shell."  which  are  the 
most  valuable,  and  average  about  4,000  to  the  ton  ; 
"  ordinary  sound  "  quality,  from  600  to  1,200  to  the 
ton ;  and  *'  wormy,"  worm-eaten  and  old,  averag- 
ing about  the  same  number.  The  value  per  ton  has 
a  wide  range,  varying  according  to  the  state  of  the 
home  market,  and  may  be  estimated  at  from  ;^6o 
to  ;£2oo.  It  is  estimated  that  about  3,000  tons  of 
mother-of-pearl  shell  reach  the  London  market 
annually.  The  pearls  taken  in  these  oysters  are 
usually  of  poor  quality,  and  comparatively  valueless, 
being  coarse,  but  occasionally  gems  are  found 
realising  as  much  as  ;£x,ooo,  and  it  is  estimated  on 
the  average  that  each  ton  of  shell  produces  pearl  to 
the  value  of  ;£20. 

Monelte.  French  cruiser-avisos  (1879).  Of  no 
fighting  value. 

Mould.  Flexible  pieces  of  board  used  as  patterns 
in  naval  architecture. 

Moiue,  A  ball  or  knob  raised  on  a  stay  to  pre  vent 
the  running  eye  from  sUpping. 

Mosdaet.  French  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Nor- 
mand,  1902.)  Length,  180  ft. ;  beam,  21  ft.  ;  maxi- 
mum draught,  10  ft. ;  displacement,  300  tons ; 
complement,  45  ;  guns,  i  9-pdr.,  6  3-pdr.,  torpedo 
tubes,  2  15-in.  ;  speed,  27-30  kts. 

Monsqaetaire.  French  torpedo-boat  (1893).  ^^- 
placement,  1 50  tons  ;  complement,  32  ;  maximum 
draught,  6^  ft. ;  guns,  2  3-pdr.  ;  torpedo  tubes,  2 
15-in. ;  Hp.,  2,100=24  kts.  ;  coal,  18  tons. 

Mosqaeton.  French  torpedo  -  boat  destroyer. 
(Normand,  1902.)  Length,  180  ft. ;  beam,  21  ft. ; 
maximum  draught,  10  ft. ;  displacement,  300  tons  ; 
complement,  45  ;  guns,  i  9-pdr.,  6  3-pdr. ;  torpedo 
tubes,  2  is-in. ;   speed,  27-30  kts. 

Mowat,  Kagnas  (b.  Bombay,  November  10,  i875)« 
Educated  Blackheath  School ;  King's  College,  Lon- 
don. Received  his  early  training  in  the  locomotive 
department  of  the  North  British  Railway,  and 
after  serving  his  apprenticeship,  joined  the  staff  on 


MOY 


414 


MUKADEM 


the  construction  of  the  great  Sunderland  Railway 
expansion  to  London.  On  the  completion  of  this 
work  he  went  to  India,  and  joined  the  Indian 
Midland  Railway,  and  had  charge  of  the  Jhansi  and 
Agra  Division  of  open  Una,  and  part  of  the  work  of 
che  Agra-Delhi  line.  In  January,  1902,  he  returned 
to  England,  and  was  appointed  chief  assistant  to 
the  general  manager,  and  engineer  of  the  Millwall 
Docks,  and  in  1905  became  chief  engineer  of  the 
company. 

Moy.  British  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Birken- 
head, 1904.)  Length,  222  ft.  ;  beam,  23^  ft. ; 
draught,  9^  ft.  ;  displacement,  600  tons  ;  comple- 
ment, 72  ;  armament,  i  12-pdr.,  5  6-pdr.,  2  tubes; 
twin  screw  ;   Hp.,  7,500  =  25  kts.  ;  coal,  126  tons. 

M.P.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Meppel,  Holland. 

M.B.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Manchester,  England. 


[.S.A.     Abbreviation    for    Merchant    Shipping 


Act. 


M.T.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Maryport,  England. 

M.T.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Middelfart,  Denmark. 

Mt.  Mountain.  Abbreviation  adopted  on  the 
charts  issued  by  the  Hydrographic  Office,  Admi- 
ralty. 

H.U.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Muiden,  Holland. 

Miicke.  German  armoured  gun-boat.  (Bremen. 
1878.) 

Length  154ft.     Beam  36ft.     Draught  loft. 
Displacement  1,091  tons.     Complement  76. 


Guns. 
I — 12  in. 
2—3*3  ^' 
2  Maxims. 


Armour. 

"  Steel." 

8  in.  Belt  amidships. 

8  in.  Barbettes. 
Torpedo  Tubes. 
2  Above  water. 


Hp.  759=  10  kts.     Coal  140  tons. 

Mndhook  Tacht  Club.  Established  in  1837.  Its 
membership  is  limited  to  40,  while  the  officers  arc 
known  as  admiral,  vice,  and  rear-admiral  respective- 
ly, instead  of,  as  in  the  case  of  other  clubs,  commo- 
dores. The  chief  aim  of  the  founder  of  the  club 
was  to  encourage  and  foster  the  art  of  amateur 
seamanship,  and  one  of  the  club's  principal  rules  has 
always  been  one  providing  that  every  yacht  com- 
peting at  the  annual  regatta  must  be  steered  by  a 
member  of  a  Clyde  yacht  club.  This  rule  was 
religiously  carried  out  until  1893,  when  at  a  regatta 
at  Hunter's  Quay,  to  meet  the  objection  of  Lord 
Dunraven,  the  third  Valkyrie  was  allowed  to  start 
with  her  skipper,  Captain  WilUam  Cranfield,  at  the 


tiller,  although  both  the  Britannia  and  the  Ailsa. 
the  other  competitors  for  the  Muir  Challenge  Cup. 
were  willing  and  prepared  to  carry  out  the  rules 
of  the  club  in  this  particular.  One  of  the  chief 
trophies  of  the  club  is  the  Muir  Memorial  Challenge 
Cup,  in  a  race  for  which  the  ill-starred  second 
Valkyrie  came  to  an  untimely  end.  The  record  of 
the  Britannia  defeating  the  Vigilant,  Valkyrie  III., 
and  Ailsa  in  successive  seasons  forms  another 
memorable  chapter  in  the  club's  history. 

The  flag  of  the  Mudhook  Yacht  Qub  is  the  red 
ensign,  and  the  burgee  is  red  and  black,  horizontal, 
with  a  yellow  anchor  in  the  centre.  The  flag-officers 
are  as  follows  :  Admiral,  James  Lilbum ;  Vice- 
Admiral,  Peter  Donaldson ;  Rear-Admiral,  P.  M. 
Inglis ;  Hon.  Secretary  and  Treasurer,  R.  L.  Scott. 
The  entrance  fee  is  £$>  ^'^^  ^^^  annual  subscription 

MndiMi  or  MngiMi  tig,  A  boat  peculiar  to  the 
Bermuda  Islands,  usually  decked  with  the  exception 
of  a  hatch,  from  2  to  20  tons  burden,  carrying  an 
immense  quantity  of  ballast.  It  is  claimed  to  be 
the  fastest  craft  in  the  world  for  working  to  wind- 
ward in  a  smooth  sea,  and  though  they  may  be  laid 
over  till  they  fill  with  water,  they  do  not  capsize. 
They  carry  a  long  main  and  short  jibboom,  a 
tapering,  raking  mast  steeped  over  the  fore  foot 
unsupported  by  shrouds  or  stays ;  on  it  a  triangular 
jib-headed  mainsail  is  hoisted  to  a  height  of  twice 
and  sometimes  three  times  the  length  of  the  keel. 

Mud  pattens.  Clogs  used  for  crossing  marshy 
land. 

Mnflle.  Packing  with  canvas  or  matting  to 
prevent  noise. 

Mngian  rig.    See  Mudian  rig. 

Moim-i-Zaffer.  Turkish  battleship  (1870).  Re- 
constructed Ansaldo,  Genoa. 

Length  331ft.   Beam  59ft.   Maximum  draught  27ft. 
Displacement  9, 1 20  tons.    Complement  600. 

Guns.  Armour. 

2 — 9'2  in.  "  Iron." 

12 — 6  in.  12  in.  Belt. 

14 — 12  pdr.  12  in.  Battery. 

10 — 6  pdr.  3  in.  Barbettes  (Temi). 
2— -3  pdr. 

Twin  screw.     Hp.  11,000=16  kts. 

Hnkadem-i-HaL   Turkish  battleship  (1870).    Re- 
constructed Ansaldo,  Genoa). 
Length  331ft.   Beam  $9ft.  Maximum  draught  27ft. 
Displacement  9, 1 20  tons.     Complement  600. 

Guns.  Armour. 

2 — 9'2  in.  "  Iron." 

12 — 6  in.  12  in.  Belt. 

14 — 12  pdr.  12  in.  Battery. 
10 — 6  pdr.  3  in.  Barbettes  (Temi.) 

2—3  pdr. 

Twin  screw.     Hp.  x  1,000=  16  kts. 


MUNCHEN 


415 


MURRAY 


Miinchim.     Gennan  armouTed  cruiser.     (Weser, 
Bremen.  1904.) 

length  341ft.     Beam  40ft.     Draught  i6iit. 
Displacement  3,200  tons.     Complement  280. 

Armour, 
Krupp." 
2  in.  Deck. 
4  in.  Conning  tower. 
Torpedo  Tubes. 
2  Submerged, 
screw.     Hp.    11,000=23    kts.     Coal    800 


Fleet. 


Guns. 

10 — 4"  I  in. 
10 — 1'4  in. 
4  Maxims. 


(< 


Twin 
tons. 


Be^iHraranoe  Co.  Organised  April  3, 
1880.  Capital.  ^1,000,000,  of  which  ^(2 50.000  has 
been  paid  up.  Transacts  re-insurance  business  in 
the  following  branches  of  insurance :  accident, 
burglary,  elevator,  fire,  fidelity,  rail,  life,  marine, 
plate  glass,  steam  boiler,  surety,  and  tornado. 
Special  reserve  funds  exclusive  of  capital,  ;£862,5oo  ; 
premium  reserve  funds,  ;£3,o44.579  ;  loss  reserve 
funds,  £756,702. 

The  directors  of  the  company  are  :  Commerzien- 
rath  Wiihelm  von  Finck  (chairman) ;  Geh.  Hdrath 
Dr.  Hermann  von  Pemsel  (deputy  chairman).  J. 
Kaempf  (member  of  the  German  Reichstag), 
Reichsrath  Hugo  Ritter  von  Maffei :  Theodor 
Freiherr  von  Cramer- Klett. 

MnilBOn  Line.     See  Compania  Maritima  Cubana. 

Monster  Yacht  dab,  BoyaL  See  Royal  Munster 
Yacht  Club. 

Mmiti  metaL  An  alloy  of  six  parts  copper,  four 
parts  zinc,  used  for  sheathing  ships. 

HoxakamOb  Japanese  torpedo-boat  destroyer. 
(Thomycroft.  1899.)  Displacement,  275  tons ; 
coiaplement.  54 ;  armament,  i  12-pdr.,  5  6-pdr.  ; 
tubes,  2  i8-in. ;  Hp.,  5,400^30  kts. ;  coal.  8x  tons. 

Mnntfame.  Japanese  torpedo-boat  destroyer. 
(Yarrow,  1901.)  Displacement,  306  tons ;  comple- 
ment. 55  ;  maximum  draught,  SJ  ft.  ;  armament, 
I  i2-pdr..  5  6-pdr. ;  tubes,  2  i8-in. ;  Hp.,  6,000= 
31  iLts.  ;    coal,  95  tons. 

Moraia.  Siamese  gun-boat  (1888).  Displace- 
ment. 580  tons  ;  .  armament,  i  47-in.  b.l.,  4  6-pdr., 
5  machine  ;  nominal  speed,  10  kts. 

MoratOfe.  Argentine  torpedo-boat.  (Thorny- 
croft,  1890.)  Length,  150ft.;  displacement,  no 
tons  ;    3  tubes  ;  speed,  24  kts. 

Marman  Steamship  Co.,  with  their  head  offices  at 
Archangel,  Russia,  have  a  fleet  of  nine  steamers, 
which  maintain  regular  sailings  dudng  the  summer 
months,  from  Archangel  to  Verdoe  ;  one  to  Onega, 
and  one  to  Kandalaksa.     The  Pelchora  service  from 
Archangel  to  Kuja  runs  during  the  season,  calling 
at   Kolgneff  Island.     A  service  to  Mezane  makes 
six  voyages  during  the  season  ;  a  service  from  Arch- 
angel to   Novaya  Zemlya,  two  voyages  during  the 
season.      A  Wednesday  service  is  maintained  from 
Archangel  to  Litra  and  Vardoe, 


Fedor  Tchipoff. 
Korolewa  Olga. 
Lomonosoff. 
Michail  Kasi. 


Nickolai  II. 
Sergij  Witte. 
Trifan. 
V.  K.  Xenia. 


Wladimir. 


Hurray,  Alexander  (b.  Glasgow,  December  19, 
1865).  Served  his  apprenticeship  with  Messrs. 
Russell  and  Co.,  Glasgow,  and,  after  passing  the 
South  Kensington  Science  and  Art  Examination  in 
Naval  Architecture,  went  to  Germany.  Is  outside 
manager  of  several  important  shipyards.  He  took 
an  active  part  in  the  development  of  German  ship- 
building in  Italy.  The  works  of  the  Cantieri 
Navali  Baieni  e  Stavilimento  Meccanici  Siciliani 
Palermo  were  laid  out  and  started  under  his  direc- 
tion. Leaving  Sicily,  he  returned  to  Germany  to 
take  over  the  Bremer  Vulcans  new  shipyard.  He 
has  been  closely  connected  with  the  introduction 
of  travelling  cranes,  pneumatic  tools,  and  many 
other  improvements  in  shipbuilding  yards. 

Murray*  Charles  Walter  (b.  Southampton, 
November  3,  1857).  Served  his  apprenticeship 
with  Messrs.  Day,  Summers  and  Co.,  Southampton » 
and  remained  with  that  firm  five  years  after  com- 
pleting his  apprenticeship.  In  1884  he  joined  the 
engineering  staff  of  the  P.  and  O.  Co.,  in  whose 
service  he  continued  for  nine  years,  occupying  the 
position  of  sea-going  engineer,  engineer-in-charge 
of  the  Hog  Island  (Bombay)  Hydraulic  Dock, 
resident  engineer  at  the  building  of  the  Malacca 
and  Formosa  at  Barrow-in-Furness.  After  leaving 
the  P.  and  O.  Co.,  in  1893,  ^^  built  up  an  exten- 
sive practice  in  Southampton  and  the  South  of 
England  as  a  consulting  engineer  and  naval  archi- 
tect. In  1900  he  accepted  the  appointment  of 
superintendent  engineer  and  manager  of  the  marine 
department  of  Messrs.  Babcock  and  Wilcox,  Ltd., 
which  position  he  still  occupies.  He  is  a  member 
of  the  Institution  of  Marine  Engineers,  of  the 
Institution  of  Naval  Architects,  and  of  the  North- 
East  Coast  Ini>titution  of  Shipbuilders  and  En- 
gineers. 

Murray*  Sir  Digby,  Utb  Bari,  cr.  1628  (b. 
October  31,  1839).  Educated  Rev.  John  Buckland 
and  Royal  Navy.  Holds  extra  master's  certificate. 
Commanded  the  following  saiHng  vessels,  the 
Arzac,  Wanderer,  Belle  of  the  Sea,  Mofussilite, 
British  Admiral,  Houghton  Tower,  and  was  the 
pioneer  captain  of  the  White  Star  Line  of  steam- 
ships. Commanded  successively  the  Oceanic, 
Atlantic,  and  Baltic,  the  Republic,  Adriatic,  and 
the  Celtic.  In  1873  was  appointed  to  the  position 
of  Professional  Member  to  the  Marine  Department 
of  the  Board  of  Trade,  in  which  capacity  he  served 
for  23  years,  and  was  retired  at  his  own  request 
in  1896. 

Publications :  "  Ocean  Currents  and  Atmos- 
pheric Currents,"  *' The  A.B.C.  of  Sumner's 
Method." 


MURRAY 


416 


NAB 


*  Murray,  Sir  John  (b.  Coburg,  Ontario,  Canada, 
March  3,  1841).  Naturalist  and  oceanographer. 
K.C.B.  (cr.  1898),  F.R.S.  (Lond.  and  Edin.), 
LL.D.,  D.Sc,  Ph.D.,  Knight  of  the  Royal  Prussian 
Order  Pour  le  M6rite  (1898).  Educated  public 
school,  London,  Ontario  ;  Victoria  College,  Coburg, 
Ontario  ;  High  School,  Stirling  ;  and  the  University 
of  Edinburgh.  He  visited  Spitzbergen  and  the 
Arctic  regions  as  a  naturalist  on  board  a  whaler  in 
1868.  and  accompanied  H.M.S.  Challenger  as 
member  of  the  civilian  scientific  staff,  under  the 
late  Sir  C.  Wyville  Thomson,  during  her  voyage 
round  the  world,  exploring  the  physical  and 
biological  conditions  of  the  great  ocean  basins 
from  1872  to  1876.  He  was  first  assistant  on  the 
staff  appointed  to  undertake  the  publication  of  the 
scientific  results  of  the  Challenger  expedition  from 
1876  to  1882,  and  in  the  latter  year  he  was 
appointed  director  and  editor  of  the  Challenger 
Reports,  the  final  volumes  of  which  were  pub- 
lished in  1895.  H^  ^ook  part  in  the  scientific 
exploration  of  the  Faroe  Channel  on  board  H.M.S. 
Knight  Errant  in  1880,  and  H.M.S.  Triton  in  1882. 
On  board  his  own  steam  vacht  Medusa  he  made 
physical  and  biological  observations  in  the  salt 
and  fresh  water  lochs  of  Scotland  from  1884  to 
1896.  He  has  travelled  in  nearly  all  parts  of  the 
world.  He  was  scientific  member  of  the  Fishery 
Board  for  Scotland  for  a  few  years,  and  British 
delegate  to  the  International  Hydrographic  Con- 
ference at  Stockholm  in  1899.  Since  1899  he  has 
been  engaged,  first  in  collaboration  with  the  late 
Mr.  F.  P.  PuUar  and  subsequently  with  Mr.  Laurence 
PuUar,  in  a  bathymetrical  survey  of  the  fresh 
water  lochs  of  Scotland,  and  this  work  is  still  in 
progress.  In  recognition  of  his  scientific  labours 
he  has  been  awarded  the  Cuvier  Prize  of  the 
Institut  de  France,  the  Humboldt  medal  of  Gesell- 
schaft  fur  Eerdkunde  zu  Berlin,  the  Royal  medal 
of  the  Royal  Society,  the  Founder's  medal  of  the 
Royal  Geographical  Society,  the  Neill  and  the 
Macdougall -Brisbane  medals  of  the  Royal  Society 
of  Edinburgh,  the  CuUum  medal  of  the  American 
Geographical  Society,  the  Clarke  medal  of  the 
Royal  Society  of  New  South  Wales,  and  the  Lutke 
medal  of  the  Imperial  Russian  Society  of  Geo- 
graphy. He  has  also  been  elected  honorary  and 
corresponding  member  of  a  great  many  British 
and  foreign  scientific  and  learned  societies. 

Publications  :  Editor  of  the  Official  Report  on 
the  scientific  results  of  the  Challenger  expedition, 
published  by  H.M.  Government  in  50  royal  quarto 
volumes ;  author  of  "  A  Summary  of  the  Scientific 
Results  of  the  Challenger  Expedition,"  and  joint- 
author  of  the  "  Narrative  of  the  Cruise  of  the 
Challenger,  and  of  the  Challenger  Report  on  Deep- 
Sea  Deposits  "  ;  author  of  numerous  papers  on 
subjects  connected  with  geography,  oceanography, 
marine  biology,  and  limnology,  published  in  the 
Transactions  and  in  the  Proceedings  of  the  Royal 
Society    of    Edinburgh,    in    the    "  Geographical 


Journal,"  in  the    "  Scottish  Geogzaphical  Maga- 
zine," etc. 

Mnsasha  Ham.  Japanese  mail  steamer.  Foun- 
dered in  Japanese  waters  during  a  heavy  gale, 
September  18,  1890;  all  hands  lost. 

HusashL  Japanese  cruiser.  (Yokosuka,  1887.) 
Length,  206  ft. ;  beam,  36  ft. ;  draught,  15  ft. : 
displacement,  1,476  tons ;  complement,  242  ;  arma- 
ment, 2  6-in.,  5  47-in.,  ^  Maxims,  2  tubes ;  Hp., 
1,600=13  kts. 

Mofoovy  Oo.     See  Cabot,  Sebastian. 

HiismL  (Mytilus  eduUs.)  The  common  edible 
mussel  found  in  great  abundance  round  the  shores 
of  Britain.  They  thrive  best  in  estuarine  waters, 
where  the  rivers  bring  an  abundant  supply  of 
food,  and  in  suitable  localities  form  huge  beds. 
They  have  considerable  commercial  value,  and 
form  an  important  article  of  human  diet,  and  are 
largely  cultivated  on  the  coasts  of  France.  Enor- 
mous numbers  are  also  employed  in  Britain  as 
bait. 

liatte.    To  assemble. 

Hatinies,  Naval.     See  Naval  Mutinies. 

Hosile  VttlOGity  guns.  NavaL  See  Naval  Ord- 
nance. 

ILV.    Abbreviation  for  muzzle-velocity. 

Kyetky.  Russian  torpedo-boat  destroyer  (1906). 
Length,  185  ft.  ;  beam,  21  ft ;  draught,  7}  ft. ; 
displacement.  324  tons ;  complement,  60 ;  arma- 
ment, I  i2-pdr.,  5  3-pdr.,  2  Maxims,  2  tabes ; 
twin  screw  ;  Hp.,  5,6ooas=26  kts.  ;  coal.  100  tons. 

Hyfaie,  Alfred  (b.  Glasgow,  November  20,  1872). 
Educated  Glasgow  High  School  and  Technical 
College.  Served  apprenticeship  with  Messrs.  G.  L. 
Watson  and  Co.,  Glasgow.  In  1890  he  started 
business  in  Glasgow  as  a  naval  architect,  specialising 
yacht  design  and  construction,  and  has  since  de- 
signed many  well-known  racing  jrachts. 

Kynnidon.  British  torpedo  -  boat  destroyer. 
(Jarrow,  1901.)  Length,  215  ft.;  beam,  20  ft.; 
draught,  6^  ft. ;  displacement,  335  tons  ;  cooiple- 
ment,  60 ;  armament,  i  x2-pdr.»  5  6-pdr.,  2  tubes ; 
twin  screw ;  Hp.,  6,500^=30  kts. ;  coal,  91  tons. 


H.  Distinguishing  letter  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Nieuwpoort,  Belgium. 

N.  Distinguishing  letter  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Nakskov,  Denmark. 

H.  Distinguishing  letter  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Newry,  Ireland. 

N.  Abbreviation  for  Nimbus  as  adopted  by  the 
International  Meteorological  Committee  and  used 
in  the  International  Cloud  Atlas. 

N.    Abbreviation  for  North. 

Hab.    A  bolt-toe. 


i 


NABBY 


417 


NAPIER 


VaMiy.    A   Scotch  lug-rigged   boat  with   very 
raking  mast  and  a  jib,  used  on  the  west  coast. 

ITadejdA  Lfaie,  with  the  head  offices  at  St.  Peters- 
burg, have  a  fleet  of  14  steamers  trading  to  ports  on 
the  Caspian  Sea.  Five  distinct  services  are  main- 
tained. A  steamer  leaves  Krasnowodsk  every 
Monday,  Wednesday,  and  Saturday  for  Petrowsk, 
returning  every  Monday,  Thursday,  and  Saturday. 
A  steamer  from  Baku  every  Wednesday  and  Satur- 
day, for  Krasnowodsk,  returning  every  Thursday 
and  Sunday.  A  steamer  every  Tuesday  and 
Friday  from  Petrowsk,  returning  Mondays  and 
Fridays.  A  steamer  from  Baku  every  Friday  for 
Astrabad,  calling  on  the  return  journey  at  Enseli 
and  Astara.  A  steamer  leaves  Baku  every  Monday 
for  Enseli  calling  at  Astara  and  returning  by  way  of 
Meschedeser  and  Astrabad. 

Fleet. 

AUsgar.  Daghesian.  Musch, 

Ant,  Duel.  Pir- Bazar. 

A  trek.  Evelina.  Sang. 

Bantbak.  Merw.  Sewan. 

Batum.  Wan, 

Vadiejda.     Bulgarian  torpedo  gun-boat.      (Bor- 
deaux, 1898.)     Used  as  Royal  yacht. 

Displacement  715  tons. 

Guns. 

2 — 4  in. 

2 — 9  pdr. 

2—3  pdr. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 

2  Above  water. 

Hp.  2,6oo=si7  kts. 

Hadlr.    See  Zenith. 

Nagtt.    A  cargo-boat  used  on  the  Upper  Nile. 

HaCToro.  Calcutta  steamer.  Caught  fire  in 
Kingston  Harbour,  November  9,  1872,  and  went 
down.  The  captain  and  many  of  the  crew  were 
drowned. 

Maiade*  French  submarine.  (Cherbourg,  1902.) 
Length  77  ft.  ;  beam,  7 J  ft.  ;  draught,  8  ft.  ;  dis- 
placement, 68  tons ;  complement,  5  ;  Hp., 
60  =  8  kts. 

Hatas.  British  transport.  Lost  on  the  New- 
foundlajid  coast,  October  23,  1805  ;   340  perished. 

Hails.  The  sharp  narrow  pieces  of  metal  for 
attaching  objects  by  driving  it  into  or  through 
them.  It  differs  from  a  spike  or  a  tack  in  being 
smaller  than  the  former  and  larger  than  the  latter. 
They  are  made  of  copper  or  galvanised  ;  wrought, 
cut,  or  cast;  with  points  flat,  sharp,  spear  or 
clinch  ;  heads  rose,  clasped,  diannmd,  or  counter- 
sunk ;  thickness,  fine,  bastard,  strong ;  and  assorted 
from  i^  pounds  to  40  pounds ;  that  is,  1,000  nails 
of  a  given  size  weigh  so  many  pounds. 

HnUa^  Russian  submarine  (1906).  Length, 
50  ft.  ;  beam,  14  f t. ;  displacement,  120  tons ; 
speed,  10  kts. 


Manudiow.  British  steamer.  Foundered  off 
Cupchi  Point,  January  14,  1892  ;  509  liyes  lost. 

Named  polioy.    See  Policy. 

Hama  of  the  ship.  In  marine  insurance  the  name 
of  the  vessel  should  be  inserted  in  a  policy  whenever 
it  can  be  ascertained,  as  it  is  generally  a  material 
fact  which  is  essential  both  to  the  identification  and 
estimation  of  the  risk. 

It  sometimes  happens  that  the  merchant  is 
ignorant  at  the  time  of  insurance  as  to  the  name 
of  the  vessel  in  which  his  goods  are  to  be  conveyed, 
and  in  such  a  case  it  is  allowable  to  execute  a  policy 
by  "  ship  or  ships,"  steamer  or  steamers,  on  the 
implied  stipulation  that  the  assured  will  communi- 
cate to  the  underwriter  the  name  of  the  vessel  or 
vessels  to  which  the  interest  attaches  so  soon  as  he 
shall  have  ascertained  it  himself.  But  this  mode 
of  insurance  is  only  legitimate  when  the  assured  is 
in  bona  fide  ignorance  of  the  name  of  the  vessel  by 
which  his  goods  are  to  be  conveyed. 

Hamet    Turkish  torpedo  gun-boat  (1890). 

Displacement  900  tons. 

Guns. 

2 — 4  in. 

6 — 3  pdr. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 

3  Above  water. 

Twin  screw.     Hp.  forced  4, 5 00  =  1 9  kts. 

Namiwa.  Japanese  2nd  class  cruiser.  (Elswick, 
1886.) 

Length  300ft.     Beam  46ft.     Draught  i8^ft. 
Displacement  3.700  tons.     Complement  350. 


Guns. 
2 — io'2  in. 
6 — 6  in. 
2—3  pdr. 


Armour. 
"  Steel." 

3  in.  Deck  amidships, 
i^  in.  Big  gun  shields. 
Torpedo  Tubes. 
4  Above  water. 
Hp.  7,250  =18  kts.    Coal  800  tons. 
Namur.     74  guns.     On  April  13,  1749,  this  vessel 
foundered  near  Fort  St.  David,  East  Indies,  when 
all  except  26  persons  perished. 

Nan  Schnin.  Chinese  cruiser.  (Kiel,  1886.) 
Length,  253  f t. ;  beam,  36  ft. ;  draught,  18  ft.  ; 
displacement,  2,16$  tons  ;  complement,  250  ;  arma- 
ment, 2  8 -in.,  8  4'7-in.,  9  Maxims,  i  tube ;  Hp., 
2,400=  14  kts. ;  coal,  600  tons. 

Han     Ting.      Chinese     cruiser.      (Kiel,     1886.) 
Length,  253  ft. ;  beam,  36  ft. ;  draught,   18  ft.  ;. 
displacement,  2,165  tons  ;  complement,  250  ;  arma- 
ment, 2  8-in.,  8  4'7-in..  9  Maxims,   i  tube ;  Hp., 
2,400=  14  kts.  ;  coal,  600  tons. 

Hapier,  Sir  diaries  (i  786-1860).  British  admiral 
(b.  Falkirk).  Entered  the  Navy  in  1800,  and, 
receiving  rapid  promotwn,  went  out  vdth  the  rank 
of  commander  to  the  West  Indies,  where  he  greatly 
distinguished  himself  at  the  battle  of  Martinique, 
1809.    In  this  action  he  fought  three  French  ships 


NAPIER 


418 


NATAL 


of  the  line,  capturing  one,  the  HauipouU,  74  guns, 
of  which  he  was  subsequently  promoted  captain. 
In  1833  he  entered  the  service  of  Dom  Pedro,  of 
Portugal,  and  destroyed  the  Miguelite  Fleet  off 
Cape  St.  Vincent,  for  which  he  was  raised  to  the 
peerage  of  Portugal  as  Count  St.  Vincent.  In 
1840,  when  trouble  broke  out  in  Syria,  he  took  a 
prominent  part  in  the  British  operations,  and  dis- 
tinguished himself  at  the  capture  of  St.  Jean 
d'Acre,  for  which  he  was  made  a  K.C.B.  In  184^ 
he  was  promoted  rear-admiral,  and  commanded 
the  Channel  Fleet  until  1848.  On  the  outbreak  of 
the  Russian  war  he  was  appointed  Commander-in- 
Chief  in  the  Baltic,  where  his  action  in  not  taking 
Cronstadt  was  severely  criticised,  and  on  his 
return  to  England  he  was  not  again  offered  a  com- 
mand.    He  died  November  6,  i860. 

His  publications  include  "  Remarks  on  the  State 
of  the  Navy"  (1851),  "Account  of  the  War  in 
Portugal  "  (1836).  "  The  War  in  Syria  "  (1842). 
See  "  Life."  by  E.  Napier  (1862)  ;  also  the  "  Life 
and  Exploits,"  by  Commodore  Napier  (1841),  and 
"  Life  of  Vice-Admiral  Sir  Charles  Napier  "  (1854). 

Napier,  Henry  Melvill  (b.  Glasgow,  May  2,  1854). 
Educated  High  School  and  Glasgow  University. 
Served  an  apprenticeship  in  Lancefield  Engineering 
Works,  worked  in  the  Caledonian  Railway  Co. 
repairing  shop  at  St.  RoUox,  afterwards  entered 
the  shipbuilding  department  of  Messrs.  Robert 
Napier  and  Sons,  Govan.  In  1877  ^^  joined  the 
firm  of  Messrs.  Napier  Shanks  and  Bell,  and  com- 
menced shipbuilding  at  Yoker,  which  was  continued 
until  1896,  when  the  Clyde  trustees  bought  the 
ground  to  make  a  dock,  subsequently  leasing  it  to 
him  for  a  term  of  years,  when  he,  in  conjunction 
with  Mr.  George  M.  Miller,  formed  the  firm  of 
Messrs.  Napier  and  Miller,  Ltd.  During  a  period 
of  seven  years  the  firm  has  designed  and  constructed 
some  66  vessels,  among  others  10  of  the  London 
County  Council's  Thames  steamers.  In  1906  the 
firm  removed  to  Old  Kilpatrick,  where  a  new  and 
up-to-date  yard  was  laid  out,  and  since  then  many 
vessels  have  been  launched. 

Napoli.     Italian  battleship.    (Castellamare,  1906.) 
Length  475ft.   Beam  73ft.  Maximum  draught  26ft. 
Displacement  12,625  tons. 
Guns.  Armour. 

2 — 12  in,,  40  cal.       "  Temi." 
12 — 8  in,  10  in.  Belt  amidships. 

12 — 12  pdr.  8  in.  Barbettes. 

1 2 — 3  pdr.  10  in.  Conning  tower. 

4  Maxims. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
4  Submerged. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  20,000=22  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 2,800  tons.     Approximate  cost  ;£  1,000,000. 

Harborovgh,  Sir  Jolin  (1651-88).  British  ad- 
miral. Entered  the  Navy  1664,  and  was  promoted 
lieutenant  (1666)  for  conspicuous  bravery  in  the 
action  with  the  Dutch  Fleet  off  the  Downs.     In 


1669  he  was  placed  'in  command  of  an  expedition 
sent  out  to  explore  the  South  Seas.  He  got  as 
far  as  the  Straits  of  Magellan,  but  was  compelled 
to  return  home  in  1671  without  having  accom- 
plished his  purpose.  In  1672,  during  the  second 
Dutch  war,  he  increased  his  reputation  by  con- 
spicuous valour  at  the  battle  of  Sole  Bay,  and  on 
his  return  to  England  was  promoted  rear-admiral 
and  knighted.  In  1680  he  was  appointed  a  com- 
missioner of  the  Navy,  and  held  the  office  until  his 
death,  1688. 

Hares,  OapiaiiL  See  Antarctic  and  Arctic  Ex- 
ploration. 

Nargen.  Russian  torpedo-boat.  (Ishora,  1894.) 
Length,  128  ft.  ;  beam,  16  ft. ;  draught,  6}  ft.  ; 
displacement,  85  tons;  complement,  13;  arma- 
ment. 2  I -pdr.,  2  tubes  ;  Hp.,  1,200=22  kts. 

HarhTalen.  Danish  torpedo-boat.  (Thomycroft, 
1882.)  Length,  137  ft;  beam,  14  ft.;  draught, 
7  ft. ;  displacement,  95  tons ;  complement,  20 ; 
armament,  2  z-pdr.,  4  tubes ;  Hp.,  1,200=22  kts. ; 
coal,  15  tons. 

Narrows.  Any  contracted  part  of  a  navigable 
river. 

Harral.  French  .sea-going  submarine.  (Cher- 
bourg, 1898.)  Length,  m  ft.;  beam,  12  ft.; 
draught,  5^  ft.  ;  displacement,  106  tons  above, 
200  tons  below ;  torpedo  tubes,  4  17 7 -in.  ;  Hp., 
250=12  kts.  above,  8  kts.  below. 

Nashville.  U.S.  gun-vessel.  (Newport  News, 
1897.)  Length,  220  ft.  ;  beam,  38  ft.  ;  draught, 
12  ft. ;  displacement,  1,371  tons  ;  complement,  176; 
armament,  8  4-in.,  4  6-pdr.,  2  i-pdr..  2  Maxims; 
Hp.,  2,500=16  kts.  ;  coal,  400  tons. 

Nassau.  64  guns.  On  October  25,  1799,  this 
vessel  was  lost  on  the  Haak  Bank,  when  100 
perished. 

Nat.     Abbreviation  for  national. 

NataL     British  ist  class  cruiser.     (Vickers.  1905.) 
Length  480ft.   Beam  73ft.  Maximum  draught  27ft. 
Displacement  13,550  tons. 
Guns.  Armour. 

6 — 9*2  in.,  50  cal.      "  ICrupp." 
4 — 7' 5  in.  6  in.  Belt  amidships. 

24 — 3  pdr.  6  in.  Barbettes. 

8  Pompoms.  6  in.  Turrets. 

Maxims.  7  in.  Conning  tower. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
3  Submerged. 
Twinscrew.     Hp.  23,500  =  22*33 kts.     Coalmaxi- 
mum  2,000  tons.     Approximate  cost  ;f  1,1 50,000. 

This  ship^name  was  chosen  on  account  of  the 
colony  of  Natal  contributing  to  the  naval  expenses 
of  the  Mother  Country. 

Natal  Line.  In  the  middle  of  the  last  century 
the  firm  of  BuUard,  King  and  Co.  established  a 
line  of  clippers  between  England  and  Natal,  and 
in  1879  inaugurated  the  present  service  with  the 


NATAL 


419 


NAUTICAL 


Pongola.  Steamers  are  despatched  every  10  days 
from  London  direct  to  Natal,  Delagoa  Bay,  Beira, 
and  East  African  ports,  which  offer  special  facilities 
for  passengers  and  cargo  for  those  ports.  Besides 
a  through  service  at  regular  intervals  between 
South  African  ports  and  China  and  Japan,  another 
fortnightly  one,  under  contract  with  the  NataJ 
Government  from  Cape  Colony  and  Natal  via 
East  African  ports  to  Madras  and  Calcutta,  calling 
at  Ceylon. 

Flbet. 
Congella.  Umhlali.  Umiata, 

Pongola.  Umhloti.  Umyolosu 

Umbilo.  Utnkuii.  Umvoti, 

Umfuli.  Umlojn.  Umzinto. 

Umgeni.  Umsinga,  Urmumbu 

Umtali. 
Gross  tonnage,  40,000. 

Natal  Juihi  Club,  BoyaL  5m  Royal  Natal 
Yacht  Qub. 

National  Defence,  Admiadon  to,  is  granted  only 
to  officers  of  the  Army  or  Navy  when  in  uniform 
without  a  pass,  and  such  officers  are  not  admitted 
to  such  places  as  position-finding  cells,  submarine 
mining  buildings,  torpedo  buildings,  magazines,  or 
storehouses.  No  pass  except  under  very  excep- 
tional circumstances  is  issued  to  anyone  not  a 
British  subject. 

National  Fire  and  Marine  Insurance  Co.  of  New 
Zealand.  .Unlimited  liability.  Incorporated  1873. 
Authorised  capital  ^£2. 000,000,  of  which  105.  per 
share  has  been  paid.  General  reserve  fund, 
;^i  30,000.  Re-insurance  reserve  fund,  ;f5o,ooo. 
Balance  of  profit  and  loss  account  carried  forward, 
;^2 0,000.  Since  the  year  1894  the  company  has 
paid  an  annual  dividend  of  15%.  The  operations 
of  this  company  are  restricted  to  the  Australasian 
Colonies. 

Offices  :  Dunedin,  New  Zealand  ;  9  Gracechurch 
Street,  London,  E.C. 

National  flaga.  Great  Britain,  the  Union  Jack. 
See  Union  Flag. 

United  States,  the  stars  and  stripes,  originally, 
as  decided  by  Congress  on  August  14,  1777,  had  13 
stripes,  alternately  red  and  white,  with  the  Union 
13  stars,  white  in  a  blue  field.  In  1791,  when 
Vermont  and  Kentucky  were  admitted  to  the 
Union,    two  stars   and   two  stripes  were   added, 

subsequent  additions    beiag  made  from    time  to 
time  as  other  States  joined.     In  18 18  it  was  finally 

decided    that  the  stripes  shoul4   always  be  the 

original   13,  and  that  the  stars  should  equal  the 

States  in  number.    The  same  flag  is  used  both  by 

the  navy  and  the  mercantile  marine. 

The  French  flag  is  the  tri-colour — blue,  white  and 

red  in  vertical  bars,  the  blue  being  next  the  staff. 

The  fia^  of  the  mercantile  marine  is  the  same  as 

for  the  navy. 

Tlxe  flag  of  Japan  represents  the  rising  sun — a 

red  disc  in  the  centre  with  alternate  red  and  spread- 


ing rays  on  a  white  field ;   the  same  flag  is  used 
both  by  the  navy  and  by  the  mercantile  marine. 

German  naval  flag  consists  of  a  black,  white- 
edged  cross,  with  a  circle  in  the  centre,  containing 
the  Prussian  black  eagle  on  a  white  ground.  The 
field  of  the  flag  is  white  and  in  the  upper  canton 
next  the  stafl  are  three  bars — black,  white,  and 
red — surmounted  by  the  black  iron  cross.  The 
German  mercantile  marine  flag  is  black,  white,  and 
red,  without  the  cross. 

The  Russian  naval  flag  is  white,  blue,  and  red,  in 
three  equal  horizontal  bars,  except  when  ships 
belong  to  the  Imperial  guard,  then  the  flag  flown  is 
a  blue  diagonal  cross  on  white.  The  flag  of  the 
Russian  mercantile  marine  is  white,  blue,  and  red, 
in  three  equal  horizontal  bars. 

The  Italian  flag  is  green,  white,  and  red,  in  verti- 
cal bars,  bearing  the  arms  of  Savoy  in  the  centre, 
with  a  Royal  crown  above.  The  same  flag  is  used 
both  by  the  navy  and  the  mercantile  marine,  with 
the  exception  that  the  flag  of  the  latter  service 
bears  no  crown  above  the  shield. 

The  Austro-Hungarian  naval  flag  consists  of 
three  bars — ^red,  white,  and  red  and  green  divided 
vertically,  with  two  shields  side  by  side,  one  for 
Austria,  the  other  for  Hungary. 

The  Spanish  flag  is  of  three  horizontal  stripes — 
yellow  between  two  red.  The  yellow  one  bears  a 
Royal  crown ;  the  flag  of  the  mercantile  marine  is  a 
yellow  field  traversed  by  two  horizontal  red  bars. 

The  Portuguese  fiag  is  one-half  blue  and  one-half 
white,  blue  being  next  to  the  stafi,  the  flag  bearing 
the  arms  of  Portugal  and  a  Royal  crown.  The  same 
flag  is  used  both  by  the  navy  and  by  the  mercantile 
marine. 

See  "Flags  of  the  World"  (Huhne,  1897),  "The 
American  Flag "  (1872),  "  Story  of  the  Union 
Jack  "  (Cumberland,  1901),  "  The  National  Flag  " 
(Blomfield),  "  Flags  "  (MacGeorge,  1881),  and  the 
Admiralty  pubUcation  "  Flags  in  use  at  the  Present 
Time." 

Refer  to  Naval  Ceremonies. 

Natter.  Austro  -  Hungarian  torpedo  -  boat  de- 
stroyer. (Yarrow,  1896.)  Length,  150  ft.  ;  beam, 
yoi  ft. ;  draught,  8^  ft. ;  displacement,  152  tons  ; 
complement,  26 ;  armament,  2  3-pdr.,  3  tubes ; 
twin  screw  ;  Hp.,  2,300=26  kts. ;  coal,  30  tons. 

Matter.  German  armoured  gun-boat.  (Bremen. 
1881.) 

Length  154ft.     Beam  73ft.     Draught  25ft. 
Displacement  i. 091  tons.    Complement  76. 
Guns,  Armour. 

2—3-3  '^'  "  Steel." 

I — 12  pdr.  8  in.  Belt  amidships. 

2  Maxims.  8  in.  Big  gun  shields. 

Torpedo  Tubes, 
2  Above  water. 
Hp.  759  =  10  kts.     Coal  140  tons. 

Naatioal  Almanac  The.  first  issued  in  1767,  and 
since  pubUshed  annually  several  years  in  advance, 

p2 


NAUTICAL 


420 


NAVAL 


was  originally  prodnced  under  the  superintendence 
of  the  Royal  Astronomical  Society,  but  since  1834 
has  been  under  the  care  of  the  Admiralty.  It  has  a 
volume  of  tables  and  calculations  for  the  use  of 
navigators  and  astronomers,  the  accuracy  of 
whic^  renders  it  a  principal  book  of  reference  all 
over  the  world. 

Nautical  assessors.  In  all  Admiralty  actions 
involving  questions  of  nautical  skill  and  experience, 
the  Judge  is  assisted,  in  determining  points  of  fact 
and  probability,  by  two  Elder  Brethren  of  the 
Trinity  House,  who  have,  however,  no  voice  in  the 
judgment.  They  also  sit  as  assessors  in  the 
County  and  Division  Courts,  and  assist  the  Court 
of  Appeal  and  House  of  Lords  in  Admiralty  causes. 
Where  the  Court  is  assisted  by  nautical  assessors 
the  evidence  of  experts,  on  questions  of  nautical 
science  or  skill,  will  be  rejected. 

Naatical  day  Is  measured  by  the  apparent 
motion  of  the  sun.  It  begins  with  the  astronomical 
day,  but  it  is  dated  with  the  noon,  on  which  it  ends, 
hence  it  is  34  hours  later  than  the  astronomical 
day,  the  first  12  hours  of  which  are  marked  p.m., 
and  the  last  a.m.  The  log  book  is  generally  k^t 
in  nautical  or  sea  time,  but  it  may  be  kept  in 
common  or  civil  time. 

Rantioal  Hagaaiiie  Established  1832.  Pub- 
lished monthly.  Price  15.  Address :  54  Grace- 
churich  Street,  London,  E.C. 

Nautioal  mfle.     2 ,028  yards  or  i  ,0 1 4  fathoms. 

Naatflus.  East  Indiaman.  On  November  18, 
1803,  this  vessel  was  lost  on  the  Ladrones. 

Naval  and  Military  Clab.  Established  in  1862. 
Open  to  all  members  of  His  Majesty's  Army  and 
Navy  ;  number  of  members  about  2,000  ;  entrance 
fee,  42  guineas ;  annual  subscription,  10  guineas. 
Address  :  94  Piccadilly,  London,  W. 

Naval  and  Military  Review.  Established  1900. 
Published  monthly.  Price  id.  Address  :  3  Arun- 
del Street,  Strand,  London,  W.C. 

Naval  arohitectore.  Construction  or  art  and 
science  of  shipbuilding. 

Naval  Artillery  Voliinteers,  Eoyal.  See  Royal 
Naval  Artillery  Volunteers. 

Naval  oeremonies.  Naval  ceremonies  are  of  two 
kinds — those  prescribed  by  regulation  and  those 
sanctioned  by  the  custom  of  the  sea.  The  former 
include  all  salutes  in  honour  of  superiors,  either  by 
touching  the  cap,  presenting  arms,  dipping  colours, 
manning  ship,  or  firing  a  prescribed  number  of 
guns ;  the  latter  the  form  of  procedure  to  be  followed 
on  such  occasions  as  the  performance  of  Divine 
Service,  funerals,  the  ordering  of  courts-martial, 
the  infliction  of  punishment,  hoisting  the  colours, 
hailing  boats,  and  the  etiquette  of  precedence. 
The  origin  of  saluting  lies'in  the  necessity  of  proving 
to  the  person  saluted  that  the  person  saluting  is 
unarmed,  and  incapable  of  taking  advantage  of 


the  opportunity  for  making  an  attack.     Thus  the 
men  "  present "  arms,  offering  them  or  presenting 
them    to   the   person   saluted.     Officers,    if   with 
drawn  swords,  in  saluting,  drop  the  point  of  the 
weapon  to  the  ground ;  if  unarmed,  exhibit  the 
palm  of  tiie  hand  in  touching  the  cap.  thus  showing 
that  it  contains  no  concealed  weapon.     Similariy, 
in  the  days  when  the  guns  were,  as  a  rule,  loaded, 
salutes  were  fired  with  ball  to  empty  the  piece, 
and  to  salute  with  blank  cartridge  is  comparatively 
a  modem  practice.     Saluting  at  sea  in  early  days 
as  a  mark  of  respect  to  distinguished  personages  of 
their  countries  was  carried  out  by  striking  the  sails 
or  taking  in  the  flags,  and  in  the  old  regulations 
the  custom  was  enforced  by  law.     Thus,  up  to  the 
end  of  the  eighteenth  century  the  following  instruc- 
tion appeared  in  the  regulations  for  the  Navy : 
"  When  any  of  His  Majesty's  ships  shall  meet  with 
any  ship  or  sh^  bdooging  to  any  foreign  Prince 
or  State,  within  His  Majesty's  seas,  which  extend 
to  Cape  Finisterre,  it  is  expected  that  the  said 
foreign  ships  do  strike  their  topsail,  and  take  in 
their  flag,   in  acknowledgment  of  His  Majesty's 
sovereignty  in  those  seas ;  and  if  any  shall  refuse, 
or  offer  to  resist,  it  is  enjoined  to  all  flag-officers 
and  commanders  to  use  their  utmost  endeavours 
to  compel  them  thereto,  and  not  to  suffer  any 
dishonour    to    be    done    to    His    Majesty."     The 
custom  of  "  dipping  the  flag  "  continues,  but,  as 
an  act  of  courtesy  only,  the  men-of-war  do  not 
dip  to  one  another.     Saluting  with  guns  is  also  an 
ancient  practice,  and  Pepys,  in  his  diary,  mentions 
how,  when  the  news  of  the  accession  of  Charles  II. 
was  brought  to  the  fleet.  "  the  general  began  to 
fire  his  guns,  which  he  did  all  that  he  had  in  the 
ship,  and  so  did  the  rest  of  the  commanders,  which 
was  very  gallant,  and  to  hear  the  bullets  go  hissing 
over  our  heads  as  we  were  in  the  boat." 

The  instructions   for  salutes  are   given   in   the 
King's  regulations  for  the  government  of  the  naval 
service,  which  prescribe  that  all  Royal  salutes  are 
to  consist  of  21  guns,  except  in  India,  where  the 
King  and  Emperor  receives  loi  guns,  and  a  special 
table  of  salute  is  established.     In  addition  to  the 
King,  other  members  of  the  Royal  Family  are  to 
be  saluted,  but  Ro^l  salutes  are  not  to  be  re- 
turned.    When  foreign  crowned  heads.  Sovereign 
Princes,  or  Chiefs  of  States  are  saluted,  the  senior 
officer's  ship  present  is  to  display  the  flag  of  the 
nation  of  such  Royal  or  distinguished  personages. 
All  salutes  from  foreign  ships  of  war  are  to  be 
returned  gun  for  gun,  but  by  an  arrangement  with 
the  maritime  powers  the  following  salutes  frotin 
ships  of  war  will  not  be  returned  :  Those  to  Roya 
personages.  Chiefs  of  States  or  members  of  Royal 
families,  whether  on  arrival  at,  or  departure  from, 
a  port,  or  upon  visiting  ships  of  war ;  those   to 
diplomatic,  naval,  military,  or  consular  authorities, 
or  to  governors  or  officers  administering  a  govern- 
ment, whether  on  arrival  at  or  departure  from  a 
port,   or  when   visiting  ships  of  war;  those    to 


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421 


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foreigners  of  high  distinction  on  visiting  ships  of 
war ;  and  those  fired  upon  occasions  of  national 
festivals    or    anniversaries.     The    Admiralty    flag 
does  not  return  salutes  as  a  rule.     When  foreign 
or  Briti^  merchant  ships,  or  any  ships  not  in  the 
Royal  Navy,  salute  his  Majesty's  ships,  the  return 
salute  is  to  be  five  guns  to  a  single  ship,  and  seven 
to  more  than  one  sailing  in  company.    There  are 
certain  fiixed  dates  for  firing  salutes,  as  on  the 
anniversaries  of  the  birth,  accession,  and  corona- 
tion  of  the  reigning  Sovereign,  and  the  birthday 
of  the  consort  of  the  retgning  Sovereign,  but  none 
of  such  salutes  are  returned.     The  salutes  to  be 
fired  in  honour  of  civil,  naval,  and  military  func- 
ti(»iaries  in  their  several  capacities  are  laid  down 
in  a  table,  beginning  with  19  guns  for  the  Lord 
Warden  of  the  Cinque  Ports,  to  be  fired  "  as  has 
heretofore    been    the    practice,"    the    Governor- 
General   of   the   Dominion   of   Canada,   and   the 
.Governor-General  of  the  Coaunonwealth  of  Aus- 
tralia,   Ambassadors    Extraordinary    and    Pleni- 
potentiary, the  Lord  High  Admiral,  or  the  com- 
missioners for  executing  his  office,  the  Commander- 
in-Chief  of  the  Army,  Admirals  of  the  Fleet,  and 
field-marshals  are  entitled  to  the  same  number  of 
guns  on  certain  specified  occasions.     As  a  general 
rule,  no  salutes  are  to  be  fired  between  sunset  and 
sunrise,  and  when  it  may  be  necessary  to  salute  on 
Sundays  care  is  to  be  taken  not  to  do  so  during 
the  celebration  of  Divine  Service  afloat  or  ashore. 
All  salutes  consist  of  an  odd  number  of  guns. 

With  regard  to  the  interchange  of  visits  of  cere- 
mony either  with  officers  of  friendly  foreign  men-of- 
war  or  with  His  Majesty's  diplomatic  representatives 
abroad,  and  the  governors  and  other  administrators 
of    His  Majesty's   colonies  and   possessions,   etc., 
very   detailed  instructions  are  laid  down,  which, 
as  regards  the  first  case,  have  been  agreed  upon 
among  the  maritime  Powers.     As  a  rule,  on  the 
arrival   of   foreign   wai  ships   in   British   ports  an 
officer  is  sent  on  board  the  senior  ship  of  the 
visitors    to    offer    the    "  customary    courtesies." 
Wlien    this   visit   has   been   returned,    the   senior 
ofi&cer  of  the  visiting  ships  calls  upon  the  senior 
naval  officer  present  at  the  port,  if  he  be  his  equal 
in  grade,  and  this  visit  must  be  returned  within 
24  hours  of  it  being  paid.     In  the  case  of  officers 
of  different  grades  the  inferior  will  pay  the  first 
visit.      When  there  is  a  great  difference  between 
the   g^ade  of  the  visiting  officer  and  that  of  the 
officer  in  command  of  the  port,  the  latter  may,  in 
certain   specified  cases,   send  an  officer  of  lower 
grade    to  return  the  visit  of  his  inferior  in  rank. 
In   every  case  His  Majesty's  officers  may  expect 
that  strict  reciprocity  will  be  observed  in  similar 
circumstances  by  foreign  naval  officers  in  respect 
to    these   visits  of  ceremony.     In   regard   to   the 
consular  authorities,  the  first  visit  is  to  be  made 
by  the  officer  who  is  subordinate  in  relative  rank 
to  the  other.     Consuls-general  rank  with,  but  after, 
commodores ;  consuls  with,  but  after,  naval  cap- 


tains of  three  years'  standing,  and  before  all  other 
Such  captains ;  vice-consuls  with,  but  after,  lieu- 
tenants 6f  eight  years'  standing ;  and  consular- 
agents  with,  but  after,  all  other  lieutenants.  The 
expression  "  with,  but  after "  means  that  of  two 
officers  of  precisely  the  same  rank  of  date  and 
commission,  the  consular  officer  will  be  the  junior. 
Governors  of  colonies  always  receive  the  first  visit, 
but  lieutenant-governors  and  administrators  or 
commissioners  pay  the  first  visit,  which  are  always 
to  be  returned  within  24  hours,  and,  when  neces- 
sary, the  naval  officer  is  always  to  provide  a 
suitable  boat  for  the  diplomatic  or  other  officer  to 
pay  his  official  visits  afloat. 

The  use  of  flags  in  connection  with  ceremonies 
is  fully  prescribed  in  the  Regulations,  the  White 
Ensign  ^with  the  red  St.  George's  Cross  and  the 
Union  in  the  upper  canton  being  the  distinguishing 
flag  of  all  His  Majesty's  ships  of  war  in  commission, 
accompanied,  except  in  the  cases  of  vessels  flying 
an  admiral's  flag  or  a  broad  pennant,  by  a  "^  pendant, 
having  a  St.  George's  cross  on  a  white  field  in  the 
part  next  to  the  mast,  with  a  white  fly."  Although 
not  prescribed  in  the  Regulations,  certain  cere- 
monies are  observed  both  at  the  hoisting  of  the 
Ensign  and  at  the  time  it  is  hauled  down,  the 
band  plays,  everyone  in  sight  stands  at  attention, 
and  when  the  flag  comes  down  the  sentinels  fire 
their  small  arms.  Under  certain  conditions  laid 
down  in  the  Regulations,  British  merchant  ships 
are  allowed  to  wear  a  blue  ehsign,  but  as  a  rule,  and 
in  accordance  with  the  Merchant  Shipping  Act,  all 
other  ships  and  vessels  which  belong  to  His  Majesty's 
subjects,  unless  they  have  warrant  from  the 
Admiralty  to  display  other  colours,  are  to  wear  a 
red  ensign  free  from  any  badge  or  distinctive  mark. 
They  may  also  use  the  British  Union  flag,  with  a 
border  of  white  of  one-fifth  of  the  flag,  as  a  pilot 
flag  in  all  parts  of  the  world.  The  73rd  section  Ot 
the  Merchant  Shipping  Act  provides  that  any 
commissioned  officer  on  full  pay  in  the  service  of 
His  Majesty,  or  any  officer  of  Customs,  or  any 
British  consular  officer,  may  board  a  ship  or  boat 
on  which  colours  or  pendants  are  hoisted  contrary 
to  the  terms  of  the  Act,  and  may  take  them  away 
as  forfeit  to  His  Majesty;  moreover,  the  master 
or  the  owner  of  the  ship  or  boat  and  other  persons 
hoisting  the  prohibited  colours  are  liable  to  be  fined 
for  each  offence,  in  a  sum  not  exceeding  five  hundred 
pounds.  Any  man-of-war  in  commission  may 
order  by  signal  any  ship  belonging  to  a  British 
subject  at  any  time  to  hoist  her  proper  national 
colours,  and  in  default  of  obeying  this  order  the 
master  of  the  ship  shall  be  liable  to  a  fine  not  exceed 
ing  one  hundred  pounds. 

The  ceremonial  in  connection  with  the  perform- 
ance of  Divine  Service  is  based  upon  ancient  cus- 
tom, when  it  was  the  usage  of  the  sea  to  sing  hymns 
or  psalms  at  the  changing  of  the  watch.  It  is  an 
instruction  that  Divine  Service  is  to  be  performed 
every  Sunday  on  board  every  ship  of  war,  and  a 


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422 


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sermon  preached,  unless  the  duties  of  the  ship  and 
the  state  of  the  weather  prevent  it.  Permission  to 
be  absent  must  be  formally  obtained  on  the  ground 
of  religious  scruples ;  short  prayers  are  also  to  be 
read  after  morning  quarters  or  divisions.  The 
conduct  of  a  naval  funeral  in  accordance  with 
custom  is  regulated  by  the  senior  officer  present, 
who  fixes  the  strength  and  composition  of  the 
funeral  and  firing  parties.  In  the  case  of  flag  and 
general  ofiicers  minute  guns  are  to  be  fired  whilst 
the  body  is  proceeding  to  the  place  of  interment,  to 
the  number  which  the  officer's  rank  entitled  him 
when  living ;  the  same  number  of  guns  is  to  be 
fired  as  soon  as  the  burial  has  taken  place.  Captains 
or  commanders  of  ships  are  also  entitled  to  a 
certain  number  of  minute  guns,  but  all  other 
officers,  men,  and  boys  of  the  Navy  shall  have 
three  volleys  of  musketry  fired  over  the  grave,  pr 
over  the  body  when  put  into  the  sea.  All  officers 
and  men  when  passing  a  funeral  salute  the  body 
just  as  they  would  salute  their  seniors,  and  when  a 
man-of-war's  boat  passes  a  funeral  party  afloat, 
the  men  in  her  toss  their  oars  if  she  is  pulling,  or 
show  some  corresponding  mark  of  respect  if  she  is 
sailing  or  moving  under  steam. 

There  are  various  ceremonies  connected  with 
boats,  as  when  they  are  passing  the  junior  salutes 
the  senior  according  to  the  latter 's  rank,  either  by 
tossing  oars,  letting  fly  the  sheet,  stopping  the 
engines,  laying  on  the  oars,  or  merely  by  touching 
the  cap.  After  dark  all  boats  approaching  a  ship 
are  hailed,  "  Boat  ahoy  1  "  When  a  flag  officer  is 
in  the  boat  the  reply  is  made  "Flag."  When  the 
boat  carries  the  captain  of  a  ship  the  name  of  that 
ship  is  given  in  reply  to  the  hail.  Commissioned 
officers,  if  they  intend  to  board  the  vessel,  answer, 
"  Aye,  aye  1 "  but  in  every  other  case  the  reply  is 
"  No,  no,"  and  this  whether  the  boat  is  going  to 
the  ship  or  merely  passing. 

The  ceremonies  of  "  dressing  ship  "  and  "  man- 
ning ship  "  are  very  ancient,  and  in  the  very  early 
Regulations  for  the  Navy  it  was  prescribed  that  ves- 
sels when  passing  one  another  were  to  have  a  guard 
on  deck  to  salute.  These  practices  are  still  carried 
out,  conformably,  of  course,  with  the  changes  in 
the  equipment  and  appearance  of  the  ships. 

Among  the  ceremonies  connected  with  the 
procedure  of  courts-martial,  it  is  the  custom  to 
hoist  a  Union  Jack  at  the  peak  while  a  Court  is 
sitting,  and  to  fire  a  gun  on  the  Court's  assembling. 
AU  officers  in  port  who  are  qualified  to  sit  must 
attend.  The  prisoner's  sword,  if  he  have  one,  is 
placed  across  the  table  while  the  Court  is  sitting, 
and  when  he  comes  in  to  hear  sentence  pronounced, 
the  first  intimation  of  whether  it  is  favourable  or 
not  is  accorded  by  the  situation  of  the  hilt,  whether 
it  be  placed  towards  or  away  from  him.  "  All  who 
will  "  may  be  present  at  the  trial.  The  youngest 
officer  in  the  Court  has  to  give  his  vote  first,  the 
determination  of  the  Court  is  settled  by  the  majority 
of  the  votes,  but  all  must  sign,  notwithstanding 


any  difierence  of  opinion  between  them.  As  soon 
as  the  sentence  has  been  decided  upon,  it  is  to  be 
pronounced  in  public.  There  are  other  ceremonies, 
such  as  that  which  is  carried  out  on  "  Crossing  the 
Line,"  and  which  are  fully  prescribed  by  custom, 
but  are  not  to  be  found  in  the  official  Regulations. 

NetbI  <^hf^p1<^faf     See  Naval  Education. 

Naval  College,  BoyaL  See  Greenwich  Royal 
Naval  College. 

Haval  Ckntfte-maitial  are  constituted  under  the 
Naval  Discipline  Acts  (^.v.),  1866  and  1884.  There 
is  no  legal  right  to  demand  a  trial  by  Court»niartial. 
but  in  the  United  Kingdom  the  Admiralty  (q.v.), 
and  on  foreign  stations  the  commanding  officer  by 
virtue  of  a  commission,  have  a  discretionary  power 
of  ordering  Courts-martial.  The  Court,  which  is 
held  on  one  of  His  Majesty's  ships,  must  consist  of 
not  less  than  five  or  more  than  nine  officers,  ranking 
not  lower  than  a  lieutenant  on  full  pay  and  of  ai 
years  of  age,  and  the  president  must  be  senior  or 
equal  in  mnk  to  the  prisoner. 

The  procedure  is  laid  down  by  the  Admiralty 
■  regulations.  Courts-martial  are  subject  to  the 
jurisdiction  of  the  High  Court,  and  proceedings 
against  them  for  exceeding  their  powers,  or  for  un- 
authorised acts,  lie  by  writs  of  prohibition,  c&rtiormri, 
or  habeas  corpus. 

Refer  to  Judge- Advocate  of  the  Fleet. 

Naval  Discipline  Acts.    By  the  Acts  of  1866  and 
1884  sil^  crimes   committed  by   those  subject  to 
these  Acts,  which  could  have  been  dealt  with^by 
the  Commoil  Law  Courts,  as  well  as  special  offences 
against  discipline,  may  now  be  tried  by  Courts- 
martial  {q,v.).    All  persons  borne  on  the  books  of 
any   of   His   Majesty's   commissioned    ships,  and 
forces  on  His  Majesty's  ships,  passengers  ordered 
'to  be  carried,  those  on  the  books  of  hired  trans- 
ports, crews  of  His  Majesty's  ships  wrecked,  lost, 
or  captured,  and  the  Naval  Reserve  {q.v.)  on  ser- 
vice, are  subject  to  naval  discipline.     The  Acts 
relate  to  (i)  offences  committed  in  any  harbour, 
haven,  creek,  or  on  any  lake  or  river  in  or  without 
the    United    Kingdom,    or   anywhere   within    the 
jurisdiction  of  Admiralty,  at  any  place  or  shore 
out  of  the  United   Kingdom,  or  at  any  of  His 
Majesty's  dockyards,  arsenals,  barracks,  hospitals, 
etc.,   or    (2)    misconduct  in   the  presence  of    the 
enemy,  communications  with  the  enemy,  neglect 
of  duty,  mutiny,  insubordination,  desertion   and 
absence   without   leave    (q.v.),    and   miscellaneous 
offences.    The  penalties  include  death,  penal  servi- 
tude,   dismissal   with    disgrace,    imprisonment    or 
flogging  {q.v.),  dismissal  from  the  service,  forfeiture 
of  seniority  as  officer,  dismissal  from  ship,  repri- 
mand, disrating  as  petty  officer,  forfeiture  of  pay, 
bounty,  salvage,  medals,  etc.,  and  minor  punish- 
ments as  inflicted  by  naval  custom. 

Naval  edocatUm.    The  regulations  for  the  entry, 
education,  and  training  of  the  officers  and  men  ofC 


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423 


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the  Navy  are  laid  down  by  the  Admiralty,  and 
from  time  to  time  have  undergone  considerable 
alteration  and  modification.     The  regulations  con- 
cerning the  officers  may  be  divided  into  two  large 
groups — those  which  concern  the  executive  officers, 
and  those  which  have  reference  to  the  Civil  branches. 
Until  1902  the  engineer  officers  of  the  Navy  were 
treated  as  a  Civil  branch,  but  in  December  of  that 
year  it  was  announced  by  Lord  Selbome,  the  First 
Lord  of  the  Admiralty,  in  a  memorandum,  and 
afterwards  by  the  Board  in  a  circular  letter,  that 
all  executive  and  engineer  officers  of  the  Navy  and 
officers  of  the  Royal  Marines  will,  for  the  future, 
enter  the  service  as  naval  cadets  under  identical 
conditions  between  the  ages  of  12  and  13,  and  will 
be  trained  together  until  they  pass  for  the  rank 
of  lieutenant.     After  passing  for  the  rank  of  lieu- 
tenant they  may  be  required  to  serve  either  as 
general  service  officers  or  in  one  of  the  special 
branches,  such  as  engineering,  ginnery,  torpedo, 
navigation,  or  marine  duty.     Entry  is  by  nomina- 
tion and  a  limited  competitive  examination.     It  is 
notified  that,  as  far  as  possible,  officers  selected  fot 
special  service  will  be  allowed  to  choose  the  branch 
in  which  they  will  qualify,  subject  to  the  proviso 
that    all    branches    are    satisfactorily    filled ;    but 
parents  or  guardians  of  candidates  must  give  an 
undertaking  for  them  that  they  are  prepared  to 
serve  in  any  branch.     It  is  essential  for  candidates 
that  they  should  be  of  pure  European  descent,  and 
the  sons  either  of  natural  bom  or  of  naturalised 
British   subjects.     In   doubtful   cases   the   burden 
of  proof  is  thrown  upon  the  parents  or  guardians. 
Applications  for  nominations  should  be  made  to 
the  assistant  private  secretary  to  the  First  Lord, 
and  practically  all  eligible  candidates  who  have 
passed  the  medical  examination  are  summoned  to 
appear  before  an  interviewing  committee,  which 
test  being  satisfied,  the  candidate  must  pass  the 
qualifying  examination  in  the  following  subjects  : 
English,  including  writing  from  dictation,  simple 
composition,   and   reproduction   of   the   gist  of   a 
short  passage  twice  read  aloud  to  the  candidates  ; 
history  and  geography,  with  special  reference  to 
the     British    Empire ;    arithmetic    and    algebra ; 
practical    and    theoretical    geometry :    French    or 
German  and  Latin — all  of  a  very  easy  character. 
Tlie    list  of  successful  candidates  is  published  in 
alphabetical  order.     For  all  cadets  entered  under 
these  regulations  the  course  of  instruction  in  the 
training  establishments  is  a  period  of  four  years, 
of  "which  two  years  are  spent  at  Osborne  and  the 
remainder  at  Dartmouth.     There  are  three  terms 
in     each    year.     Payment    is    required    from    the 
parents  or  guardians  of  each  cadet  while  in  the 
training  estabUshments  as  a  contribution  towards 
the  cost  of  his  education.     This  payment  is  at  the 
rate  of  £7$  per  annum,  to  be  paid  by  instalments 
in  advance  at  the  beginning  of  each  term  ;  but  a 
certain  number  of  cadets,  being  sons  of  officers  of 
the   Navy,  Army,  or  Marines,  or  of  civil  officers 


under  the  Board  of  Admiralty,  are  taken  at  a 
reduced  rate  of  ;f4o  per  annum.  Parents  or  guar- 
dians are  further  required  to  make  a  private  allow- 
ance of  £$0  per  annum  to  cadets  from  the  time 
of  their  leaving  the  training  establishments  until 
they  reach  the  rank  of  acting  sub-lieutenant. 
Moreover,  in  addition  to  the  above  payments  any 
expenses  incurred  by  the  cadet  for  clothing,  books, 
washing,  etc.,  as  well  as  one  shilling  per  week  paid 
as  pocket-money,  are  charged  to  the  parent  or 
guardian.  The  regulations  state  that  it  is  un- 
necessary their  friends  should  give  cadets  any 
money  except  on  jcnning,  or  on  their  return  from 
the  vacations  ;  and,  although  silver  watches  may 
be  used,  gold  watches  and  chains  are  taken  from 
the  cadets  and  placed  in  security  until  they  return 
home.  A  list  of  the  articles  of  clothing,  etc.,  re- 
quired for  a  cadet  while  at  Osborne  and  Dartmouth 
can  be  obtained  from  any  outfitter,  or  from  the 
Admiralty.  Each  cadet  on  joining  or  on  returning 
after  the  vacations  is  required  to  produce  a  health 
certificate,  signed  by  his  parent  or  guardian,  not 
earlier  than  the  day  before  the  cadet's  return,  to 
the  effect  that,  so  far  as  is-  known,  he  has  not  for 
at  least  three  weeks  immediately  preceding  his 
return  been  exposed  to  any  infectious  disease,  or 
entered  any  house  where  such  disease  has  existed. 
It  is  notified  that  the  period  of  training  is  a  time 
of  probation,  and  parents  or  guardians  are  re- 
quired to  sign  a  declaration  on  the  admission  of  a 
cadet  to  the  effect  that  he  shall  be  immediately 
withdrawn  on  the  receipt  of  an  official  request  for 
his  withdrawal.  Reports  of  progress  and  conduct 
are  made  to  the  Admiralty  at  the  e'nd  of  each  year 
of  the  cadet's  study,  and  those  who  fail  to  reach  a 
certain  standard  or  whose  constitution  is  weak, 
or  who  do  not  show  an  aptitude  for  naval  life,  or 
who  are  in  any  way  considered  unsuitable  for  the 
naval  service,  may  be  required  at  any  time  to 
withdraw.  The  outfit  of  every  cadet  must  be  pro- 
vided by  his  parent  or  guardian,  and  no  pay  is 
allowed  to  the  cadets  in  the  training  Establish- 
ments. In  addition  to  the  ordinary  nomination, 
members  of  the  Board  of  Admiralty  and  certain 
naval  officers  are  allowed  the  privilege  of  specially 
recommending  one  candidate  ;  the  Governments  of 
certain  colonies  are  also  allowed  to  recommend 
specially  a  number  of  candidates  annually  from 
among  boys  belonging  to  families  resident  in  the 
colonies  ;  and  three  nominations  are  granted  every 
year  to  the  Conway,  the  training  ship  of  the  mer- 
cantile marine,  under  certain  specified  conditions. 
It  is  advisable  that  all  candidates  should  undergo 
examination  by  some  qualified  medical  practitioner 
before  being  sent  up  for  examination  at  the  Ad- 
miralty, in  order  to  lessen  the  chances  of  dis- 
appointment. A  list  of  the  points  which  dis- 
qualify can  be  obtained  frorti  the  Admiralty. 

The  cadets  on  entry  all  receive  the  same  educa- 
tion and  training  until  they  have  passed  for  sub- 
lieutenant at  the  age  of  ig  to  20.     The  curriculum 


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during  the  shore  tiBining  is  a  wide  and  compre- 
hensive one,  en[}bracing  mechanical  drawing,  mathe- 
matics, seamanship,  navigation,  English  grammar, 
English  literature,  history,  composition,  geography, 
French,  and  Bible  study,  as  well  as  a  thorough 
elementary  instruction  in  physics  and  marine 
engineering,  including  the  use  of  tools  and  machines. 
After  four  years  in  the  training  establishments,  all 
cadets  go  to  sea  as  midshipmen,  and  while  still 
serving  in  that  capacity  continue  their  education 
under  the  engineer,  gunnery,  marine,  navigating, 
and  torpedo  lieutenants,  with  the  general  super- 
vision of  the  captain  of  their  respective  ships.  They 
are  annually  examined  in  the  various  subjects,  and 
at  the  end  of  three  years,  provided  they  pass  the 
final  examination,  become  acting  sub-lieutenants 
and  then  go  to  the  Royal  Naval  College  at  Green- 
wich. There  they  have  a  three  months'  course  in 
navigation,  mathematics,  and  pilotage,  and  then 
go  to  Portsmouth  for  a  six  months'  course  in 
gunnery,  torpedo,  and  engineering.  At  the  end  of 
this  course  they  will  be  examined  and  classed,  and 
on  passing  confirmed  as  sub-lieutenants.  Now  it  is 
that  these  ofiicers  will  be  distributed  between  the 
executive  and  engineer  branches  of  the  Royal  Navy 
and  the  Royal  Marines,  and  as  far  as  possible  they 
will  be  allowed  to  choose  which  branch  of  the  Service 
they  prefer.  Sub-lieutenants  who  specialise  in 
engineering  will  go  to  the  College  at  Keyham  for  a 
course  of  professional  instruction,  and  a  certain 
number  of  the  most  promising  will  be  selected  to 
go  to  Greenwich  for  a  further  special  course,  which 
will  include  an  opportunity  of  studying  at  large 
civil  and  engineering  establishments  and  institu- 
tions. '  Sub-lieutenants  who  specialise  for  the  Royal 
Marines  will  spend  two  years  in  acquiring  military 
training,  a  training  which  will  correspond  very 
closely  to  that  now  received  by  the  young  officers  of 
the  Royal  Marine  Artillery.  All  the  officers  who 
enter  under  the  above  circumstances  and  conditions, 
and  whether  they  specialise  or  not.  will  be  eligible 
for  promotion  to  flag  rank.  They  will  be  available 
for  keeping  watch  at  sea,  and  for  general  executive 
duties  afloat,  and  may,  any  of  them,  aspire  to  the 
command  of  a  ship,  the  control  of  a  fleet,  or  the 
highest  posts  in  the  naval  administration. 

Turning  to  the  civil  branches,  appointments  to 
assistant  clerkships,  the  initial  step  towards  the 
secretarial  and  accountant  branch  is  made  by 
limited  competition,  with  the  exception  of  one 
candidate  nominated  annually,  who  must  be  a  son  of 
an  officer  of  the  Navy  or  Royal  Marines,  who  has 
been  killed  in  action  or  lost  at  sea  on  active  service, 
or  died  from  wounds  received  in  action  or  injuries 
received  on  duty,  or  who  has  performed  long 
and  meritorious  service.  This  candidate  will 
be  required  to  obtain  such  an  aggregate  of 
marks  as  may  satisfy  the  Civil  Service  Com- 
missioners, and  except  as  regards  exemption  from 
the  competitive  examination  is  subject  in  all  re- 
spects to  the  same  regulations  as  the  other  candi- 


dates. No  candidate  will  be  eligible  for  the  June 
examination  in  each  year  who  is  under  17  or  over 
z8  years  of  age  on  the  15th  July  following  examina- 
tion. As  well  as  the  educational  examination, 
candidates  are  required  to  pass  a  medical  examina- 
tion, and  they  must  produce  certificates  of  good 
conduct  from  the  masters  of  schools  at  which  they 
have  been  educated,  a  certificate  of  ability  to  swim, 
and  a  registrar's  certificate  of  birth.  The  parents 
or  guardians  of  assistant  clerks  are  required  to  pay 
half-yearly  in  advance  to  the  Accountant-General, 
to  be  held  to  their  credit,  ;£20  per  year  for  each 
assistant  clerk  from  the  date  of  entry  into  the 
Service  until  he  is  rated  clerk,  which,  provided  he 
can  pass  the  necessary  examination,  may  be  after 
a  year's  service.  They  then  rise  by  promotion 
through  the  grade  of  assistant  paymaster  to  pay- 
master, stafl  paymaster,  fleet  paymaster,  and 
paymaster-in-chief.  From  this  branch  also  the 
secretaries  and  their  stafl  are  selected. 

The  candidate  for  admission  into  the  medical 
department  of  the  Navy  must  not  be  under  21  or 
over  28  years  of  age  on  the  day  of  the  commence- 
ment of  the  competitive  examination.  He  must 
produce  evidence  as  to  the  date  of  his  birth,  and  a 
certificate  of  moral  character.  He  must  be 
registered  under  the  Medical  Act  in  force  as  qualified 
to  practise  medicine  and  surgery  in  Great  Britain 
and  Ireland.  He  must  declare  in  addition  to  bis 
age,  date  and  place  of  birth,  that  he  is  of  pure 
European  descent,  and  the  son  either  of  natural 
bom  British  subjects  or  of  parents  naturalised  in 
the  United  Kingdom.  His  physical  fitness  will  be 
determined  by  a  Board  of  medical  officers,  w^ho  are 
to  certify  that  his  vision  comes  up  to  the  required 
standard.  Information  as  to  the  examination  can 
always  be  obtained  on  application  from  the  Director- 
General  of  the  medical  department  of  the  Admiralty, 
and  the  admission  of  candidates  will  be  determined 
solely  by  the  number  of  marks  gained  in  the  com- 
pulsory subjects,  no  candidate  being  considered 
eligible  who  shall  not  have  obtained  at  least  one- 
third  of  the  maximum  marks  in  each  of  the  com- 
pulsory subjects.  In  cases  of  Colonial  nominations, 
registration  of  professional  qualifications  may  be 
deferred  until  after  the  arrival  in  England  of  a 
candidate  who  has  been  passed  on  a  Colonial  station, 
but  a  commission  as  surgeon  will  not  be  granted 
until  the  certificate  of  the  registrar  of  the  Medical 
Council  has  been  produced  at  the  medical  de- 
partment of  the  Navy.  Successful  candidates 
immediately  after  passing  the  examination  will 
receive  commissions  as  surgeons  in  the  Royal  Navy 
and  will  undergo  a  course  of  practical  instructicMi 
in  naval  hygiene  at  Haslar  Hospital.  Every 
medical  officer  is  also  required  to  imdergo  a  post- 
graduate course  of  three  months'  duration  at  a 
metropolitan  hospital  once  in  every  eight  years. 
and  while  attending  this  course  will  receive  full  pay, 
lodging  and  provision  allowances.  The  examina- 
tion for  promotion  to  the  rank  of  stafi-surgcon 


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includes  an  examination  in  naval  hygiene.  After 
four  years'  full  pay  service  in  the  Royal  Navy, 
medical  officers  are  allowed  to  withdraw  from  the 
Service  with  a  gratuity  of  ;^soo,  on  condition  that 
they  join  the  Reserve  of  Naval  Medical  Officers, 
with  the  liability  of  being  called  out  in  time  of  war 
or  emergency. 

To  render  a  candidate  eligible  for  appointment 
as  a  chaplain  in  the  Royal  Navy  he  must  be  an 
ordained  deacon  and  priest  of  the  Church  of  £ng- 
lahd,  or  admitted  to  the  same  Holy  Orders  by  the 
lawful  authority  of  one  of  the  Churches  within  the 
realms  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland  which  are  in 
communion  with  the  Church  of  England  ;  he  must 
not  hold  any  benefice  with  a  cure  of  souls.  He 
must  produce  satisfactory  testimonials  from  the 
Bishop  of  the  diocese  in  which  he  was  last  licensed 
addressed  to  the  Lords  Commissioners  of  the 
Admiralty ;  his  age  must  not  exceed  30,  or  in 
certain  exceptional  cases  35,  years ;  he  must  have 
been  examined  by  the  Chaplain  of  the  Fleet  and 
reported  by  him  to  be  in  every  respect  a  fit  and 
proper  person  to  serve  as  chaplain  in  His  Majesty's 
naval  service ;  and  he  must  be  pronounced  phy- 
sically fit  for  service  by  the  Medical  Director- 
General  of  the  Navy.  If  he  satisfies  these  require- 
ments, he  will  be  appointed  in  the  first  instance 
for  four  years,  and  he  then  may  be  placed  on  the 
established  list  of  chaplains  if  he  desire  to  remain 
in  the  Navy ;  otherwise  he  will  be  discharged  with 
a  gratuity,  which  may  be  as  much  as  ;£  1,600,  and 
is  graduated  according  to  length  of  service.  Should, 
however,  a  chaplain  accept  a  Hving  while  he  still 
has  less  than  four  years'  full  pay  service  he  will 
be  considered  as  desiring  to  resign,  and  win  not 
be  entitled  to  any  retiring  allowance,  or  to  either 
half  or  retired  pay.  Retirement  will  be  com- 
pulsory at  the  age  of  60,  or  at  any  age  if  a  chaplain 
is  fotind  physically  unfit  for  active  service,  or  has 
not  held  an  appointment  for  three  consecutive 
years. 

Men  and  bo3rs  wishing  to  obtain  information  as 
to  the  Royal  Navy  with  a  view  to  joining  should 
apply  either  by  letter  or  personally  to  any  of  the 
following    officers,    who   will    furnish    the    forms 
necessary  to  be  filled  up,  and  give  exact  directions 
as  to  the  mode  of  joining :  The  station  officer  at 
any  of  the  coastguard  stations ;  the  Royal  Marine 
recruiting  stafi-officers  in  the  principal  towns  ;  the 
captains  of  the  Royal  Naval  barracks  at  the  naval 
ports  ;  the  commanding  officers  of  the  Royal  Naval 
Reserve  drill  ships ;   and  by  letter  only  to  the 
Secretary  of  the  Admiralty,  Whitehall.     Service  in 
the    Royal  Navy  ofiers  great  attractions  to  well- 
behaved  men  and  boys  who  may  wish,  whilst 
seeing   the  world  under  pleasant  conditions,   to 
have  a  chance  of  distinguishing  themselves  by  zeal 
and    gidlBXitry,    It  also  provides  continuous  em- 
ployment at  a  good  rate  of  pay  up  to  the  age  of 
50,    and  to  the  age  of  55  in  certain  ranks  and 
ratingSi    free    rations,    medical    attendance    and 


hospital  treatment,  allowance  towards  outfit,  leave 
of  absence  without  loss  of  pay,  extra  pay  for 
special  services,  life  pensions  at  expiration  of  ser- 
vice, and  employment  in  Civil  Service  after  being 
pensioned.  There  is  no  other  service  which  offers 
such  advantages  as  the  Royal  Navy,  promotion 
being  exceptionally  rapid  in  the  case  of  well- 
conducted  intelligent  men  who  are  determined  to 
get  on.  AH  candidates  before  being  accepted  are 
subjected  to  a  strict  medical  examination  by  naval 
medical  officers,  and  are  required  to  be  free  from 
any  physical  defect  or  disability.  All  candidates 
must  be  able  to  read  and  write  fairly,  as  well  as  to 
satisfy  further  tests  for  special  ratings.  Boys  who 
have  been  in  prisons  or  reformatories  are  not 
received,  and  only  industrial  schoolboys  of  very 
good  character  may  be  entered  by  special  per- 
mission. Seamen  are  eligible  for  advancement  to 
both  warrant  and  commissioned  rank,  and  warrant 
officers  of  exemplary  conduct  who  may  distinguish 
themselves  by  acts  of  gallantry  and  daring  in  the 
Service  are  eligible  to  hold  commissions  in  the 
*fieet  after  undergoing  an  examination  in  such  other 
rank  or  position  as  the  A4niiralty  may  deem  them 
worthy  to  receive  and  competent  to  fill.  Among 
the  ratings  open  in  the  Navy  are  the  following  : 
Signalmen,  engine-fitters,  coppersmiths,  boiler- 
makers,  pattern  moulders,  electricians,  armourers, 
smiths  and  machinists,  carpenters,  coopers,  painters, 
plumbers,  shipwrights,  stokers,  writers,  ship 
stewards,  and  the  sick  berth  staff. 

The  Rojral  Marines  form  a  portion  of  the  naval 
forces  of  the  country ;  their  organisation  is  quite 
distinct  from  that  of  the  Army,  and  service  in  this 
•corps  offers  great  attractions  to  lads  having  a 
liking  for  soldiering  combined  with  service  afloat. 
Growing  lads  from  17  years  of  age  and  active  men 
from  20  to  23  are  eligible  for  the  corps  of  Royal 
Marines  provided  they  can  produce  satisfactory 
records  of  character,  are  strong,  vigorous,  healthy, 
and  able  to  read  and  write  fairly  well.  About  one- 
half  of  the  corps  are  always  serving  afloat,  and  the 
barracks  at  the  divisions  are  most  comfortable  and 
well  found  in  all  respects.  Candidates  may  also 
join  the  Royal  Marines  for  service  in  the  fleet  as 
bandsmen,  who  enjoy  similar  advantages  to  other 
members  of  the  Corps  as  liegards  free  clothing, 
rations,  medical  attendance,  pensions,  and  allot- 
ments of  money  to  relatives  and  friends. 

Refer  to  Naval  Establishments. 

Vftval  Bagiaeeriiig  Ckdlega*  See  Naval  Educa- 
tion. 

Sm(r1  BnliitHMnt  4ot    See  Navy. 

Hatftl  aftabliBluiienti.  When  the  government  of 
the  Navy  was  entrusted  to  a  Lord  High  Admiral 
the  Admiralty  was  merely  the  personal  office  of  this 
official,  and  its  locality  changed  itam  time  to  time, 
the  business  being  conducted  either  at  his  residence 
or  at  that  of  his  secretary.  The  site  occupied  by 
the  present  Admiralty  Office  at  Whitehall  became 


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426 


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connected  with  the  Navy  through  the  medium  of 
George  Villiers,  Duke  of  Buckingham,  who  in  1626, 
being  then  Lord  High  Admiral,  convened  at  his 
residence,  WalUngford  House,  the  Council  of  the 
Sea.  After  Buckingham  was  assassinated  the 
ofhce  of  Lord  High  Admiral  was  put  into  commission 
and  the  meetings  of  the  commissioners  continued 
to  be  held  at  Wallingford  House  until  the  execution 
of  Charles  I.  in  1649.  The  business  of  the  Admi- 
ralty Office  was  afterwards  conducted  in  a  variety 
of  places,  until  in  1695  ^^  ^^  decided  to  remove  the 
office  once  more  to  its  old  quarters  at  Wallingford 
House,  which  was  pulled  down  and  rebuilt  for  the 
purpose.  It  was  not  until  1725  that  the  office  was 
removed  to  that  site.  Many  of  the  departments 
were  still  carried  on  in  other  buildings  for  want  of 
accommodation,  and  although  the  work  of  centraU- 
sation  has  been  facihtated  by  the  erection  of  new 
wings  all  the  departments  are  not  yet  under  the 
same  roof,  and  will  not  be  until  the  completion  of 
extension  now  going  on  in  Spring  Gardens. 

Greenwich  Hospital,  originally  a  Royal  palace, 
was  appropriated  to  the  reception  of  disabled 
seamen  in  the  reign  of  William  III.,  and  a  school 
in  connection  with  the  Hospital  was  founded  in  17 12 
for  the  education  of  the  children  of  the  pensioners. 
There  was,  however,  a  second  school  in  existence, 
entitled  the  Royal  Naval  Asylum,  under  the 
management  of  Lloyd's  Patriotic  Fund,  until  in 
1829  the  fimds  of  this  latter  establishment  were 
handed  over  to  the  Greenwich  Hospital  School, 
which  was  then  divided  into 'an  upper  and  lower 
school,  each  consisting  of  400  boys,  and  a  female 
side  where  200  girls  were  accommodated  in  what  is 
styled  the  Queen's  House.  The  girl's  school  was 
abolished  in  1841,  and  the  distinction  between  the 
lower  and  upper  schools  in  1861.  The  buildings  of 
the  Hospital  were  in  1873  appropriated  to  the  pur- 
poses of  a  Royal  Naval  College,  at  which  officers  of 
the  Navy  attend  certain  specified  courses,  are 
examined,  and  undergo  in  certain  cases  higher 
training  for  the  specialised  grades  of  the  Service.  , 
The  Painted  Hall,  or  picture  gallery,  of  the  Hos- 
pital and  the  Chapel,  with  a  museum,  remain  as 
they  were  before  the  building  was  appropriated  to 
the  uses  of  a  College,  and  in  the  first-named  there  is 
a  most  interesting  collection  of  paintings  repre- 
senting many  of  our  most  celebrated  naval  com- 
manders and  the  actions  they  fought. 

There  are  two  other  colleges  devoted  to  the 
education  and  training  of  naval  officers  on  first 
entry,  Osborne  College,  which  was  formally  opened 
by  King  Edward  on  August  4,  1903,  and  Dartmouth 
College,  the  foundation  stone  of  which  was  laid  by 
King  Edward  on  March  7,  1902,  and  which  was 
first  occupied  by  the  cadets  in  September,  1905. 
The  cadets  are  two  years  at  03bonxe  and  two  years 
at  Dartmouth,  so  that  the  first  batch  to  have  com- 
pleted the  course  went  to  sea  in  September,  1907. 
About  60  acres  of  the  Osborne  estate  are  devoted  to 
the  Royal  Naval  College,  which  is  laid  out  upon  the 


bungalow  system,  the  nucleus  having  been  fur- 
nished by  the  former  Royal  stables.  The  bunga- 
lows are  built  of  short  wooden  frames,  lined  inside 
and  out  with  a  brownish,  compressed,  felt-like 
material  known  as  uralite.  Each  of  the  bungalows 
is  named  after  some  great  naval  commander,  and 
the  fundamental  principle  of  the  system  is  to  im- 
port into  his  shore-going  surroundings  the  sea 
atmosphere  of  the  cadet's  future  career.  Attached  to 
the  College  are  mechanical  workshops  at  Kingston, 
where  the  practical  elements  of  marine  engineering 
are  taught,  and  spacious  playing  fields  where 
the  cadets  are  encouraged  to  take  part  in  healthy 
outdoor  games.  The  sound,  practical  groundwork 
of  training  which  is  laid  at  Osborne  is  developed 
upon  progressive  lines  at  Dartmouth,  where  the 
College,  situated  upon  the  west  bank  of  the  river,  is 
a  magnificent  building.  It  is  fitted  with  all  the 
conveniences  and  appliances  of  modem  science,  and 
is  capable  of  accommodating  from  400  to  500 
cadets.  The  gun  rooms  or  Uving  rooms  and  dormi- 
tories are  named,  as  in  the  case  of  those  at  Osborne, 
after  famous  admirals.  The  cadet's  sea  chest 
stands  at  the  foot  of  the  bed  in  which  he  sleeps,  and 
the  dormitories,  which  are  lofty  and  airy,  are 
lighted  by  electricity.  There  are  bath  rooms, 
diying  rooms,  lavatories  and  fully  equipped 
kitchens ;  indeed,  everything  in  the  way  of  con- 
venience, comfort,  and  hygiene  is  to  be  found  in 
high  degree  at  the  Royal  Naval  College  at  Dart- 
mouth. The  mechanical  instructional  workshops 
are  situated  at  some  little  distance  from  the 
College,  and  here  the  cadets  handle  lathes,  drills, 
vices,  files,  etc.,  under  strict  expert  supervision, 
and  are  taught  to  fashion  bars  of  rough  steel  into 
polished  spindles,  or  to  make  a  joint  that  will 
resist  a  steam  pressure  of  300  pounds  on  a  square 
inch.  There  is  a  splendid  gynmasium,  magnificent 
cricket  and  football  fields,  and  all  the  equipment 
for  teaching  the  handling  of  boats. 

There  is  one  other  shore  establishment  connected 
with  training  the  boys  on  entry  into  the  Navy. 
This  is  at  Shotley,  near  Harwich,  and  has  taken 
the  place  of  the  hulks  in  which  the  newly-raised 
boys  were  previously  trained.  The  buildings,  oi 
which  there  are  a  number,  were  opened  for  the 
accommodation  of  the  boys  in  1904.  They  ace 
fitted  up  most  comfortably,  and  the  equipment  oi 
the  estabUshment  is  most  complete.  Attached  to 
Shotley  School  are  cruisers  in  which  the  boys 
undergo  periodical  training  at  sea  before  being 
drafted  to  the  regularly  commissioned  men-of-war. 

The  naval  dockyards  at  home  are  six  in  number. 
Portsmouth,  which  did  not  possess  a  dry  dock 
until  after  1655,  has  now  an  area  of  upwards  ci 
120  acres.  Its  equipment  has  been  recently  broogbt 
up  to  date,  an  installation  of  electricity  both  for 
lighting  and  power  has  been  made,  new  machinery 
and  workshops  built,  and  fuHher  improvements 
are  still  in  progress.  Plymouth  was  first  estab- 
lished iu  the  year  1689,  and  in  1834  the  name  was 


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427 


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altered  to  Devonport.  To  this  Keyham  has  since 
been  added,  now  making  it  the  largest  of  the  naval 
dockyards.  The  electrification  for  lighting  and 
power  was  started  in  1903  and  completed  in  1907. 
The  new  crane,  which  will  be  tested  with  a  load  of 
340  tons,  will  be  the  largest  in  any  shipbuilding 
yard  in  the  world.  It  is  designed  to  lift  160  tons 
at  a  minimum  radius  of  95  ft.,  and  80  tons  at 
105  ft.,  while  the  extreme  radius  for  loada  of  30 
tons  will  be  128  ft. 

Chatham  yard  was  founded  by  Queen  Elizabeth, 
and  was  continually  being  enlarged  and  improved 
until,  in  the  reign  of  Charles  II.,  it  had  the  largest 
water  frontage  of  any  Government  yard.  Although 
it  has  been  considerably  increased,  much  of  the  land 
enclosed  has  not  been  utilised  for  basins  or  docks. 
This  yard  labours  under  the  disadvantage  of  being 
some  distance  up  the  Medway,  which  hver  is  not 
available  for  the  passage  of  large  modem  vessels  at 
all  times.  Sheemess,  as  an  adjunct  to  Chatham 
originally,  has  now  a  distinct  rdle  of  its  own,  and  is 
regarded  as  the  special  yard  for  repairs  to  de- 
stroyers and  other  small  craft. 

Pembroke  Dockyard,  which  dates  from  18x5, 
is  in  the  main  a  building  yard  only,  while  the 
Alexandra  Dock  at  Haulbowline,  Queenstown,  was 
opened  in  1885. 

Naval  establishments  abroad  are  maintained  at 
Gibraltar,  Malta,  Bombay,  Bermuda,  Hong  Kong, 
Simons  Bay,  and  Sydney,  while  others  at  Trin- 
comalee,  Esquimalt,  Port  Royal,  and  Halifax  are 
in  a  state  of  suspended  animation,  and  could,  if 
necessary,  be  called  into  use  in  time  of  emergency. 
In  addition,  it  is  proposed  at  home  to  construct  a 
dockyard  at  Rosyth  in  the  River  Forth,  and  the 
new  harbour  at  Dover,  over  600  acres  in  area,  will 
be  provided  with  a  small  slip  and  repairing  yard 
for  destroyers  and  submarines. 

At  each  of  the  naval  ports  there  are  naval 
barracks,  in  which  the  men  waiting  appointment  to 
ships  or  re-qualif3ring  are  accommodated.  There 
are  also  gunnery  schools  and  torpedo  schools  at 
each  of  the  ports,  the  principal  of  these  being 
'Whale  Island  for  gunnery,  and  the  Vernon  for 
torpedo,  both  of  which  institutions  are  at  Ports- 
mouth. At  this  port  also  is  situated  the  Naval 
"War  College,  in  the  building  which  was  at  one  time 
the  Naval  Academy,  and  afterwards  a  college  for 
the  reception  of  sub-lieutenants  while  passing  their 
examinations  for  gunnery  at  Whale  Island. 

There  are  victualling  establishments  at  Dept- 
ford,  Gosport,  and  Plymouth,  and  a  small  dep6t, 
capable  in  time  of  need  of  considerable  expansion, 
at  Haulbowline.  The  yard  at  Deptford,  like  those  at 
Oosport  and  Plymouth,  contains  a  bakery  capable 
of  turning  out  very  large  quantities  of  biscuit ; 
Init,  in  addition,  at  this  yard  is  manufactured 
cocoa,  mustard,  pepper,  and  other  stores  for  the 
N'avy,  while  most  of  those  obtained  under  contracts 
are  also  delivered  here. 

Tliere  are  naval  hospitals  at  Chatham,  Plymouth, 


and  Haslar,  near  Gosport,  the  last-named  being  the 
most  important.  The  land  for  the  construction  of 
Haslar  Hospital  was  purchased  in  1745,  its  founda- 
tions were  laid  in  the  next  year,  and  the  building 
completed  16  years  later.  The  hospital  buildings 
occupy  about  seven  acres,  but  the  grounds  extend 
over  95  acres  in  all.  There  are  58  large  wards,  each 
taking  14  patients.  The  lighting  of  the  hospital  is 
by  electricity,  and  the  ventilation  of  the  wards 
is  excellent.  Steam  is  mostly  used  for  cooking. 
Plymouth  Hospital  was  built  on  the  block  system 
between  the  years  1756  and  1764,  and  Chatham 
Hospital  was  built  on  the  pavilion  system,  each 
pavilion  being  in  communication  with  the  other 
through  a  corridor.  The  first  annual  report  on  the 
health  of  the  Navy  was  published  in  1869,  the  total 
number  of  operations  performed  at  Haslar  in  that 
year  was  15.  In  1904  there  were  1,172  operations, 
showing  the  \'ast  change  that  has  occurred  in  recent 
years. 

Haval  expenditure.  Cromwell,  during  his  tenure 
of  office,  spent  a  larger  proportion  of  the  national 
income  On  the  Navy  than  any  previous  ruler,  the 
amount  being  about  ;^  1,1 00,000  for  &  period  ex- 
tending over  two  and  a  half  years.  Before  the 
Seven  Years*  War,  1756,  the  expenditure  averaged 
about  ;f 3, 400,000.  This  was  increased  to  over 
;^5, 000,000  before  the  war  was  over.  In  1764  it 
was  again  reduced  to  about  ;(2, 100.000,  and  re- 
mained between  ;^i, 000,000  and  ;£2,ooo,ooo  until 
1776,  when  it  rose  to  £^,227,000,  and  in  1781  to 
almost  ;f9,ooo,ooo.  In  1784  it  again  dropped  to 
a  little  over  £3,000,000,  and  for  the  next  seven 
years  only  on  two  occasions  exceeded  ;f 3, 000,000. 
In  1793  it  was  ;f3, 900,000,  and  in  four  years  had 
risen  to  jf  13,000,000,  only  to  drop  again  in  1803 
to  ;f  1 0,200,000,  to  be  increased  four*  years  later  to 
nearly  ;f2o,ooo,ooo,  and  in  1814  to  ;^23, 500,000. 

During  the  next  25  years  th^  expenditure  ranged 
between  ;f 5, 000,000  and  ;^7, 500,000.  The  year 
i853'54  saw  an  expenditure  of  ;£7, 200,000,  and  in 
the  following  year  an  expenditure  of  ;f  19,600,000. 
During  the  next  20  years  it  remained  just  below 
;f  1 0,000,000. 

The  following  table  gives  the  expenditure  since  ' 
1881  : 


Year. 

Money. 

1881-82 

;Jio,870,923 

1885-86 

16,193.701 

1890-91 

17.165,083 

1892-93 

14,302,000 

1893-94 

14,048,000 

1894-95 

17,642,000 

1895-96 

19,637.238 

1896-97 

22,271,902 

1897-98 

22,170,000 

1898-99 

23.880,875 

1 899- 1 900 

25,731,220 

1900-01 

29,998,529 

1901-02 

30,981.315 

1902-03 

31.003,977 

I 


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428 


NAVAL 


Year. 
1903-04 
1904-05 
1905-06 
1906-07 


Money. 
3SJ09A77 
36.859.681 
33,151.841 
31,869,500 


Towards  this  expenditure  the  Commonwealth  of 
Australia  contributes  ;(20o,ooo,  India  ;£i04,8oo, 
Cape  Colony  ;£5o,ooo,  New  Zealand  ;£4o,ooo,  Natal 
£3S>ooo. 

Haval  literature.  To  make  anything  like  a  com- 
plete list  of  naval  literature  would  be  an  enormous 
undertaking,  and  impossible  in  a  short  article.  In 
compiling  the  following  list  the  principal  works  on 
history,  biography,  diaries,  journals,  logs  and 
memoirs  of  a  personal  character,  pamphlets,  poetry 
and  fiction,  and  publications  dealing  with  naval 
administration  and  social  life  in  the  Navy  have 
been  collected,  and  are  appended  in  alphabetical 
order  : 

A  Cruising  Voyage  Round  the    Woodes         Rogers 

World 
Admirals  All  . . 
Anson  . . 
A   Sailor's  Life  under  Four 

Sovereigns. 
A  Tar  of  the  Last  War  (Sir    Armstrong  (1855). 

Charles  Richardson). 
At  School  and  at  Sea 


(1718). 
Newbolt  (1896). 
Barrow  (1839). 
K^pel  (1899)* 


Autobiography  of  a  Seaman 
Ben  Bract 
Biographia  Navalis   . . 

jtjiaKe  ••  ••  ••  •• 

jUSmG    •<  ••  ••  «• 

Blake  and  the  Rattlesnake  . . 
Brenton  . . 

Brenton  . .         > .         • . 

Britain's  Naval  Power 
British  Navy  in  the  Present 

Year  of  Grace. 
Broke  . . 

Captain  of  the  Mary  Rose 
Codrington 
CoUingwood    . . 
CoUingwood    . . 
Complete  History  of  the  most 

Remarkable     Transactions 

at  Sea. 

^i^J^mL  ••  ••  ••  •• 

Cruise  of  H.M.S.  CaUiope 
Cruise  of  the  Challenger 
Cruising  in  Many  Waters 
Deane  . .         . . 
De  Ruijter 

Diary  (1660-69) 
Diary  (1675-79) 
Diary  of  a  Chaplam  . . 
jL/raKe  ••  ••  ••  •• 


"  Martello  Towers  " 

(1899). 
DundoBald  (1890). 
Chamier  (1835). 
Chamock   (6  vols., 

1894-98). 
Hannay  (1886). 
Dixon  (1852). 

Jane  (1895)- 
Brenton  (1842). 
Raikes  (1846). 
WUliams  (1894). 
Thompson  (1885). 

Bnghton  (1866). 
Laird  Clowes  (1892) 
Bourchier  (1873). 
CoUingwood  (1828). 
Russel  (1891). 
Josiab        Burchett 
(1720). 

Besant  (1890).  ^ 
Evans  (1891). 
Spry  (1876). 
DorvUle  (1883). 
Deane  (1870). 
Grinnell  -  Milne 

(1896). 
Pepjrs. 

Teonge  (1825), 
Taubman  (17x0). 
Corbett  (18^). 


j^raKe  *••  •« 

Drake  and  the  Tudor  Navy 

Dundonald 

Durham 

English  Seamen  in  the  Six- 
teenth Century. 

Exmouth 

Farragut 

Farragut 

Fragments  of  Voyages  and 
Travels. 

Franklin 

Frank  Mildmay 

Frobisher 

Gambier  . . 

Geschichte  der  K.  Deutschen 
Kriegs-Marine. 

Hawke 

Histoire  de  la  Marine  Fran- 
9aise. 

Histoire  des  Flottes  Militaires 

History   of   the   Confederate 

States  Navy. 
History  of  the  Royal  Navy 
History  of  the  United  States 

Navy. 
Hornby  . .         . .         . , 

X  Aw^Ww      ••  ••  •■  •• 

Influence  of  Sea  Power  upon 

History. 
Influence  of  Sea  Power  upon 

the  French  Revolution  and 

Empire. 
Ironclads  in  Action   . . 

John  Davis     . . 

Journal  of  a  Voyage  Round 

the  World   . . 
Journal  of  H.M.S.  Beagle  in 

1831-36. 
Keith  . . 
Keppel 

La  Marine  Fran9ai9e . . 
Leben  der  Sec-Helden 

Life  of  a  Sailor 

Lives  of  the  British  Admirals 


Logs  of  the  Great  Sea  Fights, 

1794-1805. 
Lord  C.  Paget 
Memoirs  of  De  Forbin 

Memoirs  of  Paul  Jones 
Memoirs    Relating    to    Lord 

Torrisgton  (1683-1705). 
Monk   . . 
Mr.  Midshipman  Easy 


Barrow  (1861). 
Corbett  (1898). 
Fortescue  (1895). 
Murray  (1846). 
Froude  (1893). 

Osier  (1841). 
Mahan  (1892). 
Headley  (1867). 
BaaU    HaU    (1831- 

40).. 
Markham  (1891). 
Marryat  (1829). 
Jones  (1878). 
Chatterton  (1861). 
Tesdorpf  (1889). 

Burrows  (ed.  1904). 
Chevalier   (4  vols., 

1877*99). 
Chabaud  -  Arnault 

(1889). 
Scharf  (1894). 

Nicolas  (1847). 
Maclay     (3     vols.. 

1898-1901). 
Egerton  (1896). 
Barrow  (1838). 
Mahan  (1890). 

Mahan    (2    vols., 
1892). 

•Wilson     (2     vols., 

1896). 
Markham  (1889). 
Byron  (1767). 

Darwin  (ed.  1890). 

Allardyce  (1882). 
Keppel  (1841). 

Loir  (1893). 

Van  den  Bosch 
(1681). 

Chamier  (1832). 

Campbell,  Berken- 
hout,  Yoikc, 

Stevenson  (8 
vols.,  181 2-17). 

Navy  Records  Soc. 

Otway  {1896). 
Taubman  (Eng.  ed., 

1734)- 
Mahan  (1830). 

Pocock  (1889). 

Corbett  (1889). 
Marr>'at  (iS^Sj. 


NAVAL 


429 


NAVAL 


My  Adventures  AHoat 

Napier 

Naval  Accounts  and  Inven- 
tories of  the  Reign  of 
Heniy  VII. 

Naval  Biographical   Diction- 
ary. 

Naval  Biography 

Naval  Chronology  to  1802    . . 

Naval  History  of  England   . . 

Naval     History     of     Great 

Britain,  1783-1822. 
Naval     History     of     Great 

Britain,  1 793-1827. 
Naval   History   of  the  Civil 

War. 
Naval  Sketch  Book  . . 
Naval  Tracts  . . 
Naval  Warfare 
Naval  War  of  18 1 2    .. 

Nederlandsche  Zeewesen 

Nelson 
Nelson 

Nelson 
Nelson 
Nelson 

Our   Navy   for   a   Thousand 

Years. 
PaUiser 
Parker 
Parry  .. 
Penn    . . 
Peter  Simple 
Philip  Beaver 
PUot     . . 

Provo  Wallis 

Raleigh 

Recollections  of  a  Naval  Life 

Recollections  of  My  Sea  Life 

Red  Rover 

Reminiscences  of  a  Midship- 
man's Life  from  1850-56. 
Kobert  Fairfax 
Roderick  Random     . . 
Kodney 

Rodney  

Royal  Naval  Biography 
Sailors'  Letters 
St.  Vincent 
St.  Vincent 
Saumarez 
Sea-drift         • . 


Semmes  (1869). 
Napier  (1S62). 
Navy  Records  Soc. 


O'Byme  (1861). 

Ralfe  (1828). 
Schomberg  (5  vols., 

1803). 
Lediard     (2     vols., 

1735). 
Brenton    (5    vols., 

1823). 
James  and  Chamier 

(6  vols.,  1837). 
.Porter  (1887). 

Glascock  (1826). 
Monson  (1902). 
Colomb  (1899). 
Roosevelt  (4th  ed., 

1889). 
de  Jonghe  (6  vols., 

1833-48). 

Mahan  (1899). 

Beresford  and  Wil- 
son (1898). 

Pettigrew  (1849). 

Laughton  (1895). 

Soutixey  (18 13,  new 
ed.  1904). 

Wilmot  (1904). 

Hunt  (1844). 
Phillimore  (1870). 
Parry  (i86o). 
Penn  (1833). 
Marryat  (1834). 
Smyth  (1829). 
Fenimore      Cooper 

(1823). 
Brighton  (1892). 
Edwards  (1868). 
Scott  (1835). 
Boteler  (1883). 
Fenimore     Cooper 

(1826). 
Sloane    -    Stanley 

(1893). 
Markham  (1885). 

&no]lett  (1748). 
Hannay  (1891). 
Mnndy  (1830). 
Marshall  (1823-37). 
Thompson  (1767). 
Brenton  (1838). 
'  Tucker  (1844). 
Ross  (1838). 
Robinson  (1858). 


Sea  Power  in  its  Relation  to    MaJian    (2    vols.. 


the  War  of  1812. 
Service  Afloat 


Shipwreck 
Sidney  Smith 
Singleton  Fontenoy  . . 
Sketches  from  My  Life 


1905). 
. .  Hobart      Pasha 

(1833). 
..    Falconer  (1762). 

. .     Barrow  (1848). 
. .     Hannay  (1850). 
. .     Hobart      Pasha 
(1886).      . 
State  Papers  Relating  to  the    Navy  Records  Soc. 
Defeat    of    the    Spanish 
Armada. 
Sisoria  Generale  della  marina    Vecchi    (2    vols., 

Militare.  1892). 

Stray  Leaves  from  an  Arctic    Osbom  (1852). 

JouvnaL 
Studies  in  Naval  History     . . 
Sulivan 
Symonds 

The  Adventures  of  a  White- 
head Torpedo. 
The  Battle  of  Port  Said       . .     Anon. 
The  Blockade  of  Brest,  1803-    Navy  Records  Soc. 


Laughton  (1887). 
Sulivan  (1896). 
Sharp  (1858). 
Anon. 


05. 
The  Blue  Pavilions    . . 
The  British  Fleet 
The  Captain's  Yams . . 
The  Cruise  of  the  Cachalot 
The  Cruise  of  the  Midge 


(2  vols.). 

"  0  "  (1903). 

Robinson  (1898). 
Menzie  (1886). 
Bullen  (1898). 
Scott  (1836). 


The  First  Dutch  War,  1652-    Navy  Records  Soc. 

(3  vols.). 

Anon. 

Cupples  (1900). 

Moore  (1868). 

Laird    Clowes    (7 
vols.,  1 897 -1 903). 

Fenimore      Cooper 
(1842). 

Navy  Records  Soc. 

Navy  Records  Soc. 

(3  vols.). 

"An  Old  Quarter- 
master "  (1839). 

Scott  (1836). 

Fitsgerald  (1897). 

Dana,  jun.  (1840). 

M'Leod  (1818). 

Darwin  (1852). 

Narborough  (1669). 

Cook  (ed.  by  Whar- 
ton, 1893). 

Dampier  (ed.  1779). 


54. 
The  Great  Naval  War  of  1887. 
The  Green  Hand 
The  Post  Captain 
The  Royal  Navy 

The  Two  Admirals    . . 

The  War  with  France,  1512-13 
The  War  with  Spain,  1585-88 

Thirty-six   Years  of   a  Sea- 
faring Life. 
Tom  Cringle's  Log     . . 
Tryon  . . 

Two  Years  Before  the  Mast. . 
Voyage  of  H.M.S,  Alceste     . . 
Voyage  of  the  Baagla 
Voyage  to  the  South  Sea 
Voyages  


Voyages 

» 

Naval  manOdnTres,    See  Naval  Training. 

Naval  matinies.  Any  kind  of  rising  against  con- 
stituted authority  may  be  described  as  a  mutiny, 
particularly  those  directed  against  naval  or  military 
authority  ;  or  an  open  and  violent  resistance  to  the 
authority  of  officers.  Mutiny  may  be  the  act  of  an 
individual,  or  the  concerted  actum  of  several.  Any 
attempt  to  excite  opposition  to  lawful  authority. 


NAVAL 


430 


NAVAL 


or  any  act  of  contempt  towards  officers,  or  dis- 
obedience of  commands,  is  mutiny.  Any  conceal- 
ment of  mutinous  acts,  or  the  neglect  to  attempt 
a  suppression  of  them  is  also  declared  to  be  mutiny. 
By  the  Articles  of  War  or  Naval  Discipline  Act, 
it  is  provided  that  any  person  in  the  Navy  who 
makes  or  attempts  to  make,  or  unites  with,  any 
mutiny  or  mutinous  assembly,  or  who  being  wit- 
ness to,  or  present  at,  any  mutiny,  does  not  do  his 
utmost  to  suppress  it ;  or  who,  knowing  of  any 
intended  mutiny  or  mutinous  assembly,  does  not 
immediately  communicate  his  knowledge  to  his 
uperior  or  commanding  officer,  shall  sufier  death, 
or  such  other  punishment  as  a  Court-martial  may 
adjudge. 

Among  the  celebrated  mutinies  in  the  English 
Kavy,  the  earliest  took  place  in  1648,  at  the  time 
of  the  Great  Civil  War.  Parliament  had  at  the 
Hme  obtained  control  of  the  Navy,  and  placed  its 
Administration  in  the  hands  of  a  Committee  of  badi 
Houses,  while  the  principal  fleet  was  commanded  by 
Sir  William  Batten.  But  both  in  1647  ^^d  ^  ^^^ 
year  following,  the  sailors  had  been  much  agitated 
and  their  officers  offended  because  the  whole  effec- 
tive power  of  the  nation  appeared  to  be  wielded  by 
the  new  model  army  and  its  chiefs.  The  seamen,  in 
fact,  did  not  care  to  be  under  the  orders  of  a  com- 
mittee of  soldiers,  and  in  these  circumstances  their 
loyalty  to  the  King  was  marvellously  revived.  A 
knowledge  of  this  dangerous  state  of  affairs  coming 
to  the  ears  of  Parliament,  they  decided  to  put  the 
command  of  the  fleet  into  other  hands.  Batten 
was  removed  from  his  post,  Penn  put  under  arrest, 
and  a  military  officer,  Colonel  Rainsborough,  sent 
down  to  take  command  of  the  fleet  in  May.  The 
result  of  this  measure  was  a  mutiny ;  the  officers 
and  men  of  the  ships  refused  to  obey  his  orders, 
and  put  him  on  shore.  Unquestionably  this  mutiny 
was  partly  political,  and  by  tactful  treatment  the 
defection  was  stopped.  The  Karl  of  Warwick  was 
sent  down  to  take  command  of  the  ships,  and  the 
officers  and  men  whose  loyalty  was  doubtful  werS 
removed,  but  a  number  of  the  vessels,  principally 
those  in  the  Downs,  stood  across  the  North  Sea  to 
Holland,  and  there  put  themselves  under  the  com- 
mand of  the  Prince  of  Wales,  who  took  command 
of  them  in  June.  Presently  this  fleet  stood  over  to 
the  Thames,  and  challenged  Warwick  to  haul  down 
the  Parliamentary  flag,  but  no  engagement  took 
place,  and,  though  the  naval  forces  of  the  Parliament 
were  diminished  by  a  little  and  for  a  time,  several  of 
the  revolting  ships  shortly  after  returned  and  joined 
Warwick's  force,  and  the  Navy  as  a  whole  joined  in 
that  Remonstrance  of  the  soldiers  which  was  pre- 
liminary to  the  trial  of  the  King. 

Another  mutiny,  led  by  the  officers,  was  that 
which  resulted,  indirectly,  in  the  death  of  Admiral 
Benbow.  The  Admiral  was  a  resolute  and  skilful 
officer,  but  a  man  of  rough  manners  and  stem 
temper  i^ch,  together  with  the  circumstance  of 
his  promotion  from  a  different  class  than  the  others, 


had  excited  a  feeling  of  insubordination  and  hostility 
against  him.     In  the  spring  of  1702  he  was  cruising 
with  a  small  force  in  the  West  Indies  when  he  learnt 
that  a  French  squadron  under  Du  Casse  was  operat- 
ing off  Carthagena  for  the  purpose  of  crippling  the 
trade  in  that  quarter.     He  at  once  sailed  in  quest  of 
the  enemy,  and   on   sighting  him  on  August  19, 
made  the  signal  for  battle.     Several  of  tiie  captains 
of  the  ships  of  his  squadron  by  pre-arrangement 
refused  to  support  him,  and,  taking  no  notice  of 
his  orders,  sailed  away.     Benbow,  left  alone  with 
but  one   frigate   under  Captain   George  Walton, 
attacked  the  Frenchmen,  but  was  obliged  in  the 
end  to  abandon  the  unequal  combat,  the  Admiral 
himself  having  his  leg  shattered  by  a  chain  shot. 
In  the  Courts-martial  that  ensued  Kirby  and  Wade 
were  found  guilty,  and  were  shot.  Constable  was 
cashiered,  and  Vincent,  of  the  Falmouth,  who  had 
eventually  come  to  the  assistance  of  his  commander, 
was  sentenced  to  be  suspended,  but  was  ultimately 
pardoned,  in  consideration  of  his  tardy  repentance. 
The    mutiny    of   the    Bounty,    commanded    by 
Lieutenant  William   Bligh,  is  well  known.      This 
vessel,  an  armed  transport  with  a  crew  of  44  officers 
and    men   and   two   gardeners,    left   Spithead   in 
December,  1787,  on  a  voyage  to  the  South  Seas,  for 
the  purpose  of  collecting  bread  fruit  plants  which 
were  to  be  introduced  into  the  West  Indies.     Bligh 
was  a  harsh  and  tyrannical  officer,  who  from  the 
outset  behaved  with  great  violence  and  brutality  to 
his  crew,  a  type,  in  fact,  of  the  worst  kind  of  naval 
officer.     In  October,  1788,  the  Bounty  arrived  at 
Tahiti,  and  Bligh,  who  in  his  own  person  combined 
the  offices  of  captain  and  purser,   became   more 
arbitrary  than  ever.     He  bullied  his  lieutenant, 
Fletcher  Christian,  abused  the  master,  John  Fryer, 
put  his  midshipmen  in  irons,  and  flogged  the  sea- 
men for  the  slightest  offence.    On  April  26, 1789,  the 
Bounty  weighed  for  her  homeward  voyage,  and  on 
the  night  of  the  28th  the  seamen,  led  by  Christian, 
rose,  secured  the  arms,  and  then  seized  the  captain 
and  took  command  of  the  ship.  Bligh,  with  1 8  officers 
and  men,  was  placed  in  the  cutter,  given  food,  spirits, 
tools,  a  sextant  and  charts,  and  turned  adrift.    Thus 
laden  the  boat  was  very  low  in  the  water,  and  this 
circumstance  prevented  three  or  four  of  the  officers 
and  men  who  were  lo3ral  to  their  captain  from  going 
in   her.      After  enduring   great   hardships  in   his 
crowded  boat,  Bligh,  by  his  admirable  conduct  and 
management,  succeeded  in  bringing  his  party  to 
Timor  vdthont  the  loss  of  a  life.     There  can  be  no 
doubt  that  had  he  showed  the  same  firmness  and 
character  in  the  ship  that  he  did  on  this  occasion 
there  would  have  been  no  mutiny.    From  Timor  the 
party  reached  Batavia,  and  so  home,  where,  on 
their  return,  the  Pandora  was  despatched  in  X79<> 
to  search  for  and  capture  the  mutineers.     After 
the  boat  had  left  the  Bounty  the  ship  returned  to 
Tahiti,  where  some  16  of  her  crew  decided  to  remain. 
Christian,  with  the  remainder,  probably  the  most 
guilty,  decided  to  retire  to  some  unknown  island. 


NAVAL 


431 


NAVAL 


They  left  Tahiti,  therefore,  and  nothing  more  was 
heard  of  them  for  many  years.  Of  those  left  at 
Tahiti,  two  were  murdered,  and  when  the  Pandora 
arrived  in  March,  1791,  two  of  the  midshipmen, 
Heyward  and  Stewart,  came  oft  and  gave  them- 
selves up,  the  others  either  surrendering  or  being 
captured.  On  the  way  home  the  Pandora  struck 
upon  a  reef  and  foundered,  and  four  more  of  the 
Bounty's  crew  were  drowned.  In  June,  1793,  when 
the  remainder  reached  England,  they  were  tried 
by  Court-martial,  and  six  of  these  10  survivors 
were  found  guilty.  These  six  were  sentenced  to 
death,  amongst  them  two  men  who  were  almost 
certainly  innocent.  '  Midshipman  Heyward^  with 
two  men,  was  pardoned,  ^and  Heyward  subse- 
quently served  under  Howe^and  Hood  with  marked 
distinction.  It  was  not  until  18 14  that  a  man-of- 
war,  the  Briton,  discovered  Pitcaim's  Island,  and 
found  upon  it  John  Adams,  the  sole  survivor  of  the 
Bounty  mutineers.  It  may  be  added  that  after  the 
extraordinary  skill  displayed  by  Bligh  in  his  boat 
voyage  of  over  3,600  nules  he  was  given  another 
ship,  the  Providence,  and  in  179 1  was  successful  in 
transporting  bread  fruit  plants  from  Tahiti  to  the 
West  Indies. 

But  by  far  the  most  serious  and  most  wide- 
pread  of  all  the  British  naval  mutinies  were  those 
jirhich  occurred  between  1793  and  iSoa,  and  were 
inore  than  once  accompanied  by  murder  and  by 
treason,  the  disaffection  becoming  so  general  at 
one  time  that  it  threatened  to  imperil  the  safety  of 
the  realm.    At  first  the  outbreaks  were  isolated 
ones,    and,    since   they    occurred   in   what   were 
generally  known  as  "  happy  "  ships,  as  well  as  in 
those  in  which  there  was  good  reason  for  discon- 
tent upon  the  lower  deck,  it  may  be  said  that  the 
state  of  unrest  was  of  the  nature  of  an  epidemic. 
There  can  be  no  question  that  the  men  had  well- 
founded  grievances,  and  that  their  ill-treatment 
was  often  overlooked  or  inadequately  punished, 
while  there  is  a  certain  amount  of  evidence  that 
the  mutinous  spirit  was  fomented,  and  in  some 
cases  the  mutinies  assisted  by  French  agents.    The 
first  symptoms  of  trouble  manifested  themselves 
on    board  the  Culloden,  Captain    Thomas  Trou- 
bridge,  in  December,  1794.    The  ship's  company 
refused  to  proceed  to  sea,  but  the  ringleaders  were 
seixed,  brought  to  trial,  eight  were  sentenced  to 
death,   and  in  the  following   January  five  were 
executed  on  board  the  ship  at  Spithead.    Other 
incidents  of  a  similar  nature  followed,  but  it  was 
not  until  1797  that  sevezaji  mutinies-of  an  altogether 
unexampled  character   took  place.    In  April  of 
that  year,  when  Lord  Bridport  ordered  the  Channel 
Fleet  to  prepare  for  sea,  the  crew  of  the  Queen 
Charlotte  gave  the  signal  for  mutiny,  which  was 
re^>onded  to  by  every  other  ship.    Two  delegates 
were  chosen  from  each  ship  as  representatives  of 
tbe  fleet,  and  met  in  the  admiral's  cabin  of  the 
flac;ship.    Unpopular  officers  were  set  ashore,  and 
every  seaman  was  solemnly  sworn  to  adhere  to  the 


cause.  The  grievances  set  forth  in  their  petition 
referred  to  insufficient  pay,  to  inferior  quality  of 
provisions,  treatment  of  the  sick,  and  the  lack  of 
opportunities  for  shore  leave.  These  were  set  forth 
in  moderate  language,  with  many  professions  of 
loyalty.  The  Commissioners  of  the  Admiralty 
conceded  something  on  every  point,  and  promised 
a  pardon  if  the  men  would  return  to  duty.  Part 
of  the  fleet  had  actually  dropped  down  to  St. 
Helen's,  when  there  was  a  revival  of  the  mutiny 
owing  to  the  fact  that  the  men  thought  they  were 
being  betrayed,  as  no  Act  of  Parliament  had  been 
passed  for  the  increase  of  wages,  etc.  On  this 
occasion  violence  was  displayed  in  some  of  the 
ships,  and  a  scuffle  took  place  on  boaxd  the  London, 
in  which  an  officer  of  marines  was  wounded  and 
five  seamen  killed.  However,  on  May  14,  Lord 
Howe  arrived  from  London  with  the  Act  of  Parlia- 
ment and  a  new  proclamation  of  pardon.  These, 
and  his  popularity  and  tact,  restored  order  and 
discipline,  and  on  the  i6th  the  fleet  put  to  sea. 

This,  however,  was  not  the  end  of  the  trouble, 
for  a  more  serious  mutiny  broke  out  in  the  ships  at 
the  Nore.  Again  the  mutineers  chose  delegates, 
and  appointed  a  man  named  Richard  Parker  their 
president.  A  statement  of  demands  was  forwarded 
to  the  Admiralty  on  May  ao,  and  two  days  later 
the  Commissioners  replied,  promising  forgiveness 
to  the  men  if  they  would  return  to  duty.  It  is 
possible  that  the  seamen  would  have  been  satisfied, 
but  Parker,  who  had  at  one  time  been  a  midship- 
man in  the  Navy,  and  who  had  been  Court-mar- 
tialled,  reduced,  and  discharged  the  service  as  insane, 
peremptorily  refused  the  conditions  offered  by  the 
Admiralty.  It  is  clear  also  that,  although  he 
resolutely  denied  any  suggestion  of  the  kind,  some 
of  the  mutineers  were  at  this  time  in  communica- 
tion wi^  the  Ftench,  and  had  formed  a  project  for 
carrying  the  fleet  across  the  Channel.  The  general 
body  of  seamen  were,  however,  totally  against  any 
such  treasonable  proceedings.  In  order  to  coerce 
London  into  supporting  their  demands  the  river 
was  blocked,  and  the  mutineera,  whose  supplies 
had  been  cut  ofi,  helped  themselves  to  provisions 
and  Uve^stock  from  the  merchant  ships  which  they 
had  detained  and  the  neighbouring  shores.  Gradu- 
ally their  position  became  desperate,  as  prepara- 
tions for  their  effectual  suppression  were  nearly 
completed.  From  the  beginning  of  June  the  ships 
b^an  to  haul  down  the  red  flag  and  escape  from 
the  coercion  of  the  others,  and  on  the  14th  Parker, 
with  other  delegates,  was  arrested,  and  he  was 
tried  and  executed  on  June  29.  Many  other 
mutineers  were  hanged,  several  were  flogged  round 
the  fleet,  and  others  imprisoned.  Thus  the  great 
outbreak  at  the  Nore  and  in  the  North  Sea  col- 
lapsed, but  the  epidemic  broke  out  again  in  the 
Mediterranean  and  in  the  fleet  under  St.  Vincent, 
while  there  were  several  cases  in  single  ships  like 
that  in  the  Hermione,  where  the  captain  and  a 
number  of  officers  were  savagely  murdered    and 


NAVAL 


432 


NAVAL 


the  ship  handed  over  to  the  enemy.  The  last 
serious  outbreak  of  this  period  occurred  in  the 
T&mefaire  in  1801,  and  in  the  following  year  18  of 
the  mutineers  were  condemned  to  death,  and  two 
to  receive  200  lashes  apiece.  Nothing  of  a  similar 
character  has  occurred  since,  although  there  have 
been,  indeed,  cases  of  extreme  misbehaviour  and 
insubordination  technically  amounting  to  mutiny. 

NftVal  OfdaaiMM.  The  ordnance  of  the  British  Navy 
may  be  conveniently  divided  into  two  main  groups  : 
(i)  heavy  guns,  i.e.,  all  guns  nK>unted  in  a  turret  or 
barbette,  and  some  which  are  mounted  on  trans- 
ferable mountings  ;  (2)  quick-firing  guns,  i.e.,  guns 
chiefly  for  use  against  torpedo  craft.  Another 
method  of  division  might  be  breech-loading  guns 
and  quick-firing  guns,  for  although  all  guns  are 
loaded  at  the  breech,  the  term  refers  to  the  system 
of  obturation.  Obturation  is  the  prevention  of  an 
escape  of  gas  to  the.  rear  on  firing.  This  is  obtained 
in  two  ways  in  the  British  guns,  (i)  by  what  is 
called  the  De  Bange  pad,  (2)  by  the  use  of  a  brass 
cylinder  to  hold  the  charge.  Guns  in  which  the 
former  system  is  used  are  known  as  "  B.L."  guns, 
and  the  others  ''  Q.F."  guns. 

The  turret  guns  in  use  in  the  Naval  Service  are 
of  the  following  calibres  :  1 3 '  5  -in . ,  12 -in. ,  i  o-in. , 
9'2-in.,  7'5-in.,  and,  in  a  few  cases,  6-in. ;  13' 5 -in. 
guns  are  found  mounted  in  the  barbettes  of  the 
Royal  Sovereign  class.  These  guns  are  breech- 
loadiag  guns,  tjirowing  a  projectile  ot  1,250  lbs. 
The  arrangements  for  closing  the  breeCh  are  cum- 
brous and  unwieldy,  and  for  this  and  many  other 
delects  they  have  been  placed  in  no  sfa^s  of  later 
date,  and  will  soon  be  obscdete.  Before  con- 
sidering in  detail  the  remainder  of  the  turret  guns, 
it  may  be  said  that  guns  mounted  in  a  barbette  or 
turret  form  the  primary  armament  of  British  battle- 
ships and  cruisers.  The  reasons  for  placing  guns 
in  turrets  or  barbettes  are  many,  and  among  the 
most  important  are :  (i)  high  oommand,  (2)  pro- 
tection, and  (3)  all-round  training.  The  Vkost 
mod^n  form  of  turret  is  a  combination  of  the 
barbette  and  turret  systems.  The  guns  and  their 
mountings  revolve  in  a  circular  gun  house,  which 
is  protected  by  a  covered-in  pear-shaped  redoubt 
revolving  with  it,  while  the  lower  part  of  the  bar- 
bette above  the  deck  is  protected  by  a  steel  ar- 
moured glacis. 

The  I2*in.  gun  forms  the  primary  ar-mameat  of 
all  battleships  later  than  the  Royal  Sovereign  class, 
with  but  two  or  three  exceptions.  Thia  gun  has 
passed  through  many  changes  of  t3rpe*  The 
earliest  pattern  still  found  in  effective  ships  is 
known  as  the  i2^m,  Mark  VIII.  This  gun  is  found 
in  the  turrets  of  the  Prince  George,  Casar,  and 
Canopus  classes.  The  12 -in.  Mark  VIII.  is  a 
46-ton  wire  wound  gnn.  It  is  35*43  calibres  long, 
and  throws  a  projectile  of  850  lbs.  weif^t.  The 
charge  is  167*5  lbs.  of  cordite  Mark  I.»  giving  a 
m.v.  oi  3,367  Is.,  and  its  projectile  will  perforate 
l6'6  is.  at  wrought  iron  at   3,000  yards.    The 


breech  of  this  gun  is  closed  by  means  of  a  cylmdrical 
screw  plug,  working  through  a  carrier  ring,  pivoted 
on  the  side  of  the  gun.  To  close  the  breech  needs 
three  motions,  performed  by  hand ;  these  are, 
(a)  to  swing  the  carrier  from  the  open  position  into 
line  with  the  breech  ;  [b)  to  force  the  breech  block 
through  the  carrier  ring  into  the  gun  ;  (c)  to  lock 
the  breech  to  the  gun  by  revolving  it  so  as  to  cause 
the  screw  threads  on  the  block  to  take  into  the 
cutaway  portions  of  the  gun.  This  method  is  found 
to  be  slow,  and  a  more  satisfactory  arrangement 
has  been  fitted  in  later  marks  of  this  gun. 

The  1 2 -in.  Mark  IX.  is  a  50-ton  wire  gun,  and  is 
mounted  in  the  Implacable,  Duncan  and  King 
Edward  VII.  classes.  It  is  40  calibres  long,  and 
throws  a  380  lb.  projectile.  Owing  to  its  greater 
weight  and  length,  it  is  found  possible  to  use  a 
larger  charge,  viz.,  211  lbs.  cordite  Mark  I.,  giving 
a  m.v.  of  2,481  f.s.,  with  a  perforation  of  28*7  in. 
of  wrought  iron  at  3,000  yards.  The  breech 
block  is  conical,  and  of  the  Welin  type ;  by  making 
it  conical  the  block  may  be  carried  on  a  carrier  arm, 
the  latter  being  pivoted  at  the  side  of  the  gun,  and 
by  slightly  cutting  away  the  face  of  the  gun  it  is 
possible  to  swing  the  carrier  arm  and  block  directly 
into  it,  thus  allowing  the  breech  to  be  opened  and 
closed  in  two  motions.  These  motions  are  per- 
formed by  hand,  or  by  means  of  hydraulic  power 
at  will. 

The  la-in.  Mark  X.  is  a  58-ton  wire  gun,  and  b 
mounted  in  the  Lord  Nelson  and  Dreadnought 
classes  of  battleships,  and  in  the  Invincible  cruisers. 
It  is  45  calilMres  long,  and  throws  a  380  lb.  pro- 
jectile. The  charge  is  325  lbs.  of  cordite  M.D.. 
giving  a  m.v.  of  2,900  f.s.,  and  a  perforation  of 
38*4  in.  of  wrought  iron  at  3,000  yards.  The  bieedi 
block  is  similar  to  that  of  the  is-in.  Mark  IX.,  but 
is  opera/ted  by  what  is  known  as  the  Vickers'  pure 
coulee  system,  whioh  allows  of  greater  power  being 
obtained  to  open  and  olose  the  breech. 

The  xo-in.  guns  in  use  in  the  Naval  Service  are 
29-ton  guns,  mounted  in  the  Centurion,  Barfleur 
and  Rmuwn,  and  the  31-toii  guns  mounted  in  the 
Triumph  and  Smft&ure,  These  guns  fire  a  500  lb. 
projectile,  and  can  perforate  17  and  27  ins.  of 
wrought  iron  respectively  at  3,000  ysu^ds. 

9'2-in.  guns  form  part  of  the  primary  armameot 
in  some  battleriups,  aad  the  primary  armament  of 
most  fiiiBt-dasB  cruisers.  The  two  principal  types 
are  Mark  VIII.  and  Mark  X.  The  former  is  a  25- 
ton  wire  wound  gun,  mounted  in  tiie  Powerful  and 
Terrible.  It  is  40  calibres  long,  the  projectile 
weighs  380  lbs.,  the  charge  is  63  lbs.  of  cocdite, 
Mark  I.  giving  a  m.v.  of  2,347  f.s.,  and  a  perforation 
of  18  ins.  of  wrought  iron  at  3,000  yards.  The 
breech  works  on  a  similar  principle  to  that  of  the 
X2-in.  Mark  VIII.  The  9'2-in.  Mark  X.  is  a 
28«>ton  wire  gun.  It  is  mounted  as  part  of  tbe 
primary  armament  in  the  King  Edward  VI L  dass, 
and  as  the  primary  armament  of  the  Cressy,  Hogtt^, 
and  later  first-class  cruisers.    It  is  46*6  csUttres 


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long,  the  projectile  weighs  380  lbs.,  and  with  a 
charge  of  70  lbs.  of  cordite  M.D.,  giving  a  m.v.  of 
2,800  f.s.,  and  a  perforation  of  24  ins.  of  wzx>ught 
iron  at  3,000  yards.  This  gnn  has  a  breech 
mechanism  similar  to  that  of  the  12-in.  Mark  IX. 

The  7' 5 -in.  gun  Is  mounted  in  turrets  in  the 
Hampshire  and  Warrior  classes  of  cruisers.  It  is 
a  14-ton  wire  gun,  firing  a  200  lb.  projectile,  with  a 
charge  of  49*5  lbs.  oMrdite  Mark  I.,  giving  a  m.v. 
of  2,600  f.s.,  and  perforating  15*7  in.  of  wrought 
iron  at  3,000  yards. 

The  following  is  a  general  description  of  the 

later  pattern  of  12-in.  tiirret  mountings  used  in  the 

British    Navy.     Two  guns  are  mounted  in  each 

turret.     The  guns  rest  in  cradles,  to  which  they  are 

secured.     The   cradle   is   supported  on  two  slide 

girders  and  prevented  from  jumping  by  clips  which 

take  on  the  under  inner  side  of  each  slide.     The 

slide  girders   are  bolted  together  by  transoms  at 

the  front  and  rear  ends.     The  whole  is  pivoted 

on  trunnion  pins  about  the  point  where  the  slide 

balances  when  the  gun  is  in  the  firing  position.     The 

trunnion  pins  pass  through  brackets,  built  up  from 

the  floor  of  the  turret,  and  into  trunnion  arms 

bolted  to  the  slide  girders.     The  recoil  of  the  gun 

on  firing  is  taken  by  two  pistons,  one  each  side, 

secured  to  the  carriage.     The  piston  has  a  port  cut 

in  its  head,  which  works  over  a  valve  key  secured 

in  a  fixed  cylinder  bolted  to  the  slides.     The  valv« 

key  is  of  varjdng  height,  and  is  designed  so  that 

when  the  gun  is  out  in  the  firing  position  Uqnid, 

with  which  the  cylinder  is  fitted,  has  free  access 

from  one  side  of  the  piston  head  to  the  other  via  the 

pfxt,  but  as  the  gun  recoils  the  valve  key  gradually 

fills  up,  and  finally  closes  this  port,  thus  preventing 

the  liquid  getting  from  the  rear  to  the  front  end  of 

the  cylinder,  and  thereby  bringing  the  gun  to  rest 

The  6*in.  g^n  in  its  original  form  was  a  q.f.  gun, 

but   later   marks  may   be  placed   in  the   higher 

category.     The  6-in.  Mark  VIII.  is  a  7*4-ton  gun, 

mounted    in  the  secondary  battery  of  many  of 

the  earlier  ships.     The  projectile  weighs  100  lbs., 

and  with  a  charge  of  zo  lbs.  Mark  I.  cordite  gives  a 

m.v.  of  3,493  ^'S. ;  the  penetration  at  3,000  yards 

is  9'8  in.     The  breech  works  on  a  simdiar  principle 

to  that  of  the  9'2-in.  Mark  X.  gun.    The  6-ln. 

Mark  IX.,  a  later  gun,  has  a  breech  aaechanism 

similar  to  the   12-in.  Mark  X.     The  4*7-^«  ^^^ 

comes  in  both  categories,  but  it  may  be  regarded 

like  the  early  6-in.  q.f.  as  obsolete. 

The  q.f.  guns  are  4-in.,  of  several  marks,  I2«pdr. 
i8-cwt.  gun,  i2-pdr.  i3-<:wt.  gun,  is-pdr.  S-cwt. 
gun,  3-pdr.  semi-automatic  Vickers,  which  forms 
the  anti-torpedo  defence  armament  of  most  of  the 
later  cruisers ;  6-pdr.  and  3-pdr.  Hotchkiss.  The 
anti-torpedo  defence  battery  of  the  Drsadnought 
consists  of  i2-pdrs.,  but  a  4-in.,  with  the  high 
velocity  of  3,000  f.s.,  and  a  30  lb.  projectile,  is  to  be 
mounted  in  later  ships,  while  a  4-in.  of  somewhat 
less  velocity  will  be  used  in  scoots  and  destroyen. 
It  will  be  noticed  that  the  newer  marks  of  guns 


are  in  every  case  heavier  and  longer,  with  an 
increased  charge,  range  and  penetration,  the  pro- 
jectile in  every  case  remaining  the  same. 

Naval  B6t0rve»  Boy^L    This  service,  which  was 
established  in  1862.  is  voluntary,  and  the  officers 
and  men  are  given  an  annual  retaining  fee.     It  is 
composed  of  officers  and  men  of  the  mercantile 
marine,  for  a  period  of  driU,  general  training,  and 
gunnery  instruction* 
Qualifications  for  Appointments  on  the  Active  List, 
No  applicant  will  be  appointed  an  officer  of  the 
Royal  Naval  Reserve  unless  he  is  a  British  subject. 
The  age  on  first  appointment  of  officers  shall  not 
exceed  for — 

Lieutenants      . .         . .         •  •     35  years. 
Sub-lieutenants  . .  30 

Senior  engineers  . .         . .     45 

Engineers  . .         . .         •  •      35 

Assistant  engineers      . .         . .     30 
Warrant  engineers       . .  40 

Midshipmen      • .  between  16  and  18 

Lieutenants  and  sub-lieutenants  may  be  ap- 
pointed from  the  mercantile  marine  at  the  above 
ages  under  special  circumstances,  but,  as  a  rule, 
the  numbers  in  their  ranks  will  be  maintained  by 
the  promotion  of  junior  officers. 

Exceptionally  desirable  candidates  may  be  e^- 
pointed  as  midshipmen  up  to  the  age  of  19,  pro- 
vided their  applications  were  received  at  the 
Admiralty  before  they  reached  the  ordinary  age 
limit  of  18. 

Lieutenants  and  sub-lieutenants  who  are  entered 
direct  from  the  mercantile  marine  must,  previous 
to  appointment,  have  service  and  qualifications  as 
follows : 

A  lieutenant  must  have  commanded  a  British 
steamship  of  at  least  1,500  tons,  or  a  British  sailing 
ship  of  1,000  tons  gross  tonnage  for  not  less  than 
one  year ;  he  must  have  served  in  command'  of  a 
British  ship  within  six  months  of  making  his 
application  for  a  commission,  and  certify  that  he 
intends  to  follow  the  sea  as  his  profession. 

A  sub-lieutenant  must  have  served  as  first  mate 
of  a  British  steamship  of  at  least  1,500  tons,  or  a 
British  sailing  ship  of  1,000  tons  gross  tonnage, 
for  not  less  than  one  year,  and  must  possess  an 
ordinary  master's  certificate  of  competency  under 
the  Merchant  Shipping  Act ;  he  must  have  served 
as  master  or  first  mate  of  a  British  ship  within 
six  months  of  making  his  application  for  a  com- 
mission, and  certify  that  he  intends  to  follow  the 
sea  as  his  profession. 

Second  and  third  mates  of  British  ocean-going 
passenger  steamers  and  fourth  mates  of  such 
steamers,  if  over  5,000  tons  gross,  are  eligible  to 
become  sub-lieutenants  provided  that : 

(a)  They  have  served  not  less  than  six  years  at 
sea,  excluding  time  as  apprentice. 

(b)  They  bear  a  very  good  character* 

(c)  They  possess   either  an  ordinary   master's 


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certificate  or  provisional  certificate  of  competency 
as  master. 

A  senior  engineer  must  hold  a  first-class  en- 
gineer's certificate  of  competency  under  the  Mer- 
chant Shipping  Act,  1894,  <^d,  previous  to  making 
his  application,  have  had  not  less  than  10  years' 
service  at  sea  as  an  engineer,  including  three  years' 
service  as  chief  engineer  of  a  British  steamer  of 
not  less  than  500  nominal  Hp.,  or  one  year's 
service  as  chief  engineer  of  a  British  steamer  of 
not  less  than  1,000  nominal  Hp. 

An  engineer  must  hold  a  first-class  engineer's 
certificate  of  competency  under  the  Merchant 
Shipping  Act,  1894,  and,  previous  to  making  his 
application,  have  had  not  less  than  seven  years' 
service  at  sea  as  an  engineer,  including  one  year's 
service  as  chief  engineer  of  a  British  steamer  of 
200  nominal  Hp.,  or  as  second  engineer  of  a  British 
steamer  of  500  nominal  Hp.,-  or  two  years'  service 
as  a  senior  watchkeeper  {i.e.,  the  engineer  who, 
during  a  watch,  is  in  complete  charge  of  the  main 
engines  or  boilers)  of  a  British  steamer  of  not  less 
than  X  .000  nominal  Hp. 

.  An  assistant  engineer  must  hold  a  first  or 
second-class  engineer's  certificate  of  competency 
under  the  Merchant  Shipping  Act,  1894,  ^^^t 
previous  to  making  his  application,  have  served  at 
sea  on  a  British  ship  for  not  less  than  one  year  as 
a  certificated  engineer. 

A  few  specially  qualified  engineers  will  be 
allowed  to  join  direct  as  warrant  engineers,  pro- 
vided they  hold  first-class  Board  of  Trade  certifi- 
cates, and  are  recommended  by  their  employers  as 
having  a  thorough  practical  knowledge  of  the 
machinery  of  His  Majesty's  ships,  and  as  being  in 
all  respects  suitable  for  warrant  rank  ;  but,  as  a 
rule,  the  numbers  in  this  rank  will  be  maintained 
by  the  promotion  of  the  engine-room  artificers^ 

A  midshipman  must,  previous  to  appointment, 
have  passed  through  a  course  of  instruction  for 
two  years  on  board  one  of  the  mercantile  marine 
training  ships,  and  have  been  nominated  by  the 
committee  of  the  training  ship  to  receive  one  of 
the  appointments  allowed  annually  to  the  ship. 
The  case  of  a  midshipman  or  apprentice  in  the 
merchant  service  who  has  not  been  so  nominated 
will  be  considered  £or  appointment  as  midshipman 
in  the  Royal  Naval  Reserve,  provided  he  has 
served  one  year  at  sea  on  board  a  first-class  British 
ship. 

All  applicants  for  appointment  as  executive 
officers.  Royal  Naval  Reserve,  who  do  not  possess 
a  certificate  of  competency  granted  upon  examina- 
tion (of  which  form  vision,  colour  vision,  and 
colour  ignorance  tests  form  part)  subsequent  to 
August  31,  1894,  will  be  required  to  produce  a 
certificate  that  they  have  passed  the  Board  of 
Trade  vision  and  colour  tests  as  established  in  1894. 

All  officers  of  the  Royal  Naval  Reserve,  whether 
honorary,  retired,  or  on  the  active  list,  must  report 
themselves  by  letter  once  every  year  to  the  Regis- 


trar-General  of  Shipping  and  Seamen,  and  must 
also  report  to  him  every  change  of  residence. 
When  making  their  annual  report  officers  on  the 
active  list  should  state  their  present  or  last  ship, 
rating  in  which  engaged,  and  date  of  last  service 
if  not  employed.  On  signing  a  ship's  articles  of 
agreement  they  should  produce  their  commission 
'  to  registrars  of  Naval  Reserve,  so  that  their  sea 
service  may  be  at  once  reported  to  the  Registrar- 
General.  Apprentices  also  must  produce  their  ap- 
pointments to  the  registrar  when  the  agreement  is 
opened.  Failure  to  comply  with  this  regulation 
will  render  officers  liable  to  have  their  names  re- 
moved from  the  reserve  list. 

Warrant  engineers  should  report  half-yearly  to 
the  Registrar  of  Naval  Reserve  particulars  of  their 
current  or  last  emplo)rment,  and  should  also  report 
every  change  of  address.  These  reports  will  be 
entered  in  their  training  and  receipt  books. 

Officers  holding  commissions  in  the  Royal  Naval 
Reserve  who  undertake  any  service  or  engagement 
that  would  prevent  their  fulfilling  their  engagement 
to  serve  when  required  if  called  out  will  be  con- 
sidered to  have  vacated  their  position  in  the  Royal 
Naval  Reserve. 

The  officers  of  the  Royal  Naval  Reserve  are 
appointed  by  the  Lords  Commissioners  of  the 
Adnuralty,  but  all  applications  for  appointment 
are  to  be  made  through  the  Board  of  Trade. 
Applications  should  be  sent  to  the  Registrar- 
General  of  Shipping  and  Seamen  through  the 
nearest  Registrar  of  Naval  Reserve,  who  will 
furnish  the  necessary  forms  of  application. 
Voluntary  Service  and  Training  in  ike  Royal  Navy, 

All  applications  for  the  voluntary  service  most 
be  made  through  the  Registrar-General  of  Shipping 
and  Seamen,  Carlisle  Place,  Westminster,  London, 
S.W.. 

The  Lords  Commissioners  of  the  Admiralty  will 
consider  appUcations  from  officers  who,  in  additioo 
to  their  annual  drill,  volunteer  for  temporary  ser- 
vice in  the  Royal  Navy,  either  for  some  special 
duty,  such  as  a  cruise  in  an  exercising  squadron, 
or  for  a  course  of  instruction  in  gunnery  or  tofpedo 
on  board  one  of  the  gunnery  or  torpedo  school 
ships ;  but  lieutenants  and  sub-lieutenants  cannot 
be  allowed  to  go  through  gunnery  or  torpedo 
courses,  except  for  requalifying,  who  are  over  40 
and  34  years  of  age  respectively,  and  midshipmen 
cannot  be  appointed  for  these  courses,  except  as 
acting  sub-lieutenants,  if  only  qualified. 

Applications  will  also  be  considered  from  officeis, 
under  the  above  ages,  who  wish  to  volunteer  to 
go  through  a  naval  training  in  navigating  or  otber 
duties  in  the  fleet  for  a  period  of  12  months. 

No  officer  will  be  appointed  for  12  months'  naval 
training  unless  he  has  been  through  short  oooraes 
of  gunnery  and  torpedo,  and  been  reoommended 
by  the  captain  of  the  gunnery  and  torpedo  scboois 
on  the  completion  of  the  courses  as  a  dcsiniMf^ 
officer  to  undergo  naval  training. 


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Time  served  in  gunnery  or  torpedo  establish- 
ments by  officers  appointed  to  undergo  a  course  of 
instruction  will  not  count  as  part  of  the  12  months' 
naval  training. 

Senior  engineers,  engineers,  and  assistant- 
engineers  may  apply  for  a  course  of  instruction  at 
one  of  the  Home  Dockyard  Reserves. 

Officers  when  employed  in  the  fleet,  whether  on 
voluntary  service  in  time  of  peace  or  when  called 
out  by  Royal  Proclamation,  may,jwith  the  consent 
of  the  Lords  Commissioners  of  H.M.  Treasury, 
be  granted  temporary  acting  appointments  in 
ranks  higher  than  those  held  by  them  in  the 
Reserve,  or  higher  than  those  for  which  they  are 
eligible  at  the  time  under  the  Regulations — 1.«., 
a  sub-Heutenant  may  be  appointed  acting  lieu- 
tenant and  a  midshipman  as  acting  sub-lieutenant, 
and  the  acting  officers  shall  be  entitled  to  the  rank 
and  other  privileges  of  their  corresponding  ranks 
in  the  Royal  Navy.  Such  acting  appointments 
shall  cease  at  the  pleasure  of  the  Lords  G^mmis- 
sioners  of  the  Admiralty,  and  the  officers  will  then 
revert  to  their  original  rank  on  the  list. 

Officers  of  the  Royal  Naval  Reserve  who  have 
gone  through  the  12  months'  naval  training  re- 
ferred to,  and  who  volunteer  for  further  service 
in  the  Fleet,  are  eligible  for  employment,  in  lieu 
of  lieutenants  of  the  Royal  Navy,  at  the  discretion 
of  the  Lords  Commissioners  of  the  Admiralty,  for 
periods  of  one,  two,  or  three  years. 

Officers  should  state  in  their  applications  the 
period  of  temporary  service  for  which  they  are 
desirous  of  serving,  observing  that  the  number  of 
the  appointments  made  will  depend  upon  the  re- 
quirements of  the  Fleet. 

Officers  whilst  embarked  for  voluntary  service 
or  for  naval  training  will  be  subject  to  the  Naval 
I^iscipline  Act,  and  when  so  serving  will  be  con- 
sidered for  the  purposes  of  that  Act  in  all  respects 
as  officers  of  His  Majesty's  ships. 

It  must  be  understood  that  in  any  case  in  which 
an  officer  proves  himself  unsatisfactory  as  regards 
conduct  or  capacity  he  will  be  liable  to  discharge 
by  order  of  the  Admiralty  at  any  time  during  the 
voluntary  service  or  12  months'  training. 

Annual  Allowances  to  Trained  Officers. 

At  the  expiration  of  12  months'  training  in  the 
RayB^  Navy,  provided  the  officers  have  given 
satisfaction  as  regards  conduct  and  proficiency  in 
gunnery  and  torpedo  or  navigating  duties,  they  will 
be  granted  certificates,  and  will  become  entitled 
to  tbe  following  annual  allowances  under  the 
designation  of  **  Training  Fee  " — viz. : 

Conomanders  and  lieutenants      . .   :£25  a  year. 
Sub-lieutenants  . .    ]£20      „ 

Acting  sub-Ueutenants  and  mid- 

slupmen  . .  £^0      »» 

Wliesn  officers  who  have  become  entitled  to  the 
^f^inixig  fee  of  one  rank  are  promoted  to  higher 
tsldJ^  (not  acting)  they  will  become  entitled  to  the 


training  fee  of  the  ranks  to  which  they  may  suc- 
cessively be  promoted. 

The  higher  training  fee  of  £2$  will  not  be  given 
to  officers  who  served  for  their  1 2  months'  training 
in  the  rank  of  midshipmen  or  acting  sub-lieutenant, 
until  they  have,  subsequently,  as  sub-lieutenant 
or  lieutenant,  passed  a  satisfactory  two  months' 
qualifying  course  on  board  one  of  the  gunnery 
ships. 

This  clause  will  govern  the  cases  of  officers  pro- 
moted to  the  rank  of  lieutenant  on  and  after 
May  16,  1893. 

An  officer  on  completing  his  training  and  obtain- 
ing the  necessary  certificate  is  entitled  to  the 
training  fee  for  the  current  calendar  year  without 
any  drill  for  that  year,  and  the  rate  of  fee  to  be 
paid  will  be  determined  by  the  rank  (not  acting) 
held  by  the  officer  on  the  date  of  completing  his 
training. 

In  each  subsequent  calendar  year,  so  long  as  he 
remains  on  the  active  list,  the  officer  will  be  paid 
his  training  fee  on  the  production  of  a  test  certifi- 
cate for  drill  performed  in  the  year  or  in  the  pre- 
vious year,  and  he  may  be  paid  at  any  time  afted: 
January  i  of  the  year.  The  rate  of  fee  to  be  paid 
on  such  test  certificate  will  be  determined  by  the 
rank  (not  acting)  held  by  the  officer  on  January  i. 

In  cases  where  the  Admiralty  are  satisfied  that, 
owing  to  active  employment  in  his  profession,  or 
to  long  service  abroad,  an  officer  has  been  unable 
to  put  in  his  drill  with  annual  regularity,  he  will, 
on  obtaining  a  test  certificate  within  four  years 
from  the  termination  of  the  year  in  which  he  last 
obtained  a  test  certificate,  be  allowed  to  draw  his 
training  fees  for  back  years. 

If  he  fails  to  perform  his  driU,  and  obtain  a  test 
certificate  within  such  period,  all  training  fees  for 
that  period,  not  already  earned  by  a  test  certifi- 
cate, will  be  forfeited,  and  he  will,  if  he  eventuaHy 
obtains  a  test  certificate,  only  be  entitied  to  draw 
his  training  fee  for  the  current  year. 

Lieutenants  and  sub-lieutenants  who  are  in  re- 
ceipt of  training  fees  are  expected  to  go  through  a 
requalifjring  gunnery  course  of  one  month's  dura- 
tion in  one  of  the  gunnery  schools,  at  intervals  of 
about  four  years.  They  will  be  liable  to  have 
those  fees  stopped  unless  they  go  through  this 
course  within  six  years,  or  can  show  satisfactory 
reasons  for  not  doing  so. 

Applications  for  payment  of  training  fee,  accom- 
panied by  the  naval  training  certificate  or  test 
certificate,  should  be  made  by  the  officer  to  the 
Registrar-General.  The  Registrar-General  will  issue 
a  certificate  that  the  fee  is  due,  and  payment  will 
be  made  by  the  Board  of  Trade. 

Applications  for  payment  of  fees  upon  test  cer- 
tificates must  not  be  made  prior  to  January  i  of  the 
year  for  which  the  fees  are  payable. 

The  axmual  retainer  for  warrant  officers  will  be 
jf 1 5  a  year,  payable  up  to  the  age  of  50,  subject  to 
the  conditions  as  to  training,  etc.,  having  been 


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436 


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complied  with.     At  the  age  of  50  a  deferred  pension 
certificate  will  be  granted  and  training  will  cease. 
^  The  retainer  will   be   paid   by   a  Registrar  of 
Naval  Reserve  at  any  mercantile  marine  office,  in 
four  quarterly  instalments  of  £s   'S*^*  each,  and 
pajrment  will  be  recorded  in  their  training  and 
receipt  books. 

The  retainer  will  be  due  from  the  date  of  the 
warrant,  but  in  the  case  of  direct  entries  payment 
will  be  deferred  until  the  first  month's  training 
has  been  completed.     The  first,  second,  and  third 
month's  training  in  every  five  years'  service  will 
respectively  entitle  the  warrant  engineer  to  four, 
eight,  and  the  full  20  quaurterly  retainers  for  five 
years'  service  as  they  fall  due. 

In  the  case  of  promoted  warrant  engineers,  the 
first  quarterly  payment  at  the  higher  rate  will  be 
made  for  the  quarter  in  which  promotion  is  dated. 
Pay  and  Allowances  for  Service  in  the  Navy, 
Officers  of  the  Reserve  when  called  out  by  Royal 
Proclamation  for  active  service  in  the  Royal  Navy 
will  receive  the  same  pay  and  allowances,  and  share 
in  prize  money,  with  officers  of  the  corresponding 
rank  in  the  Royal  Navy,  and  they  will>  whilst  on 
service,  be  treated  in  the  same  manner  in  every 
respect. 

Officers  of  the  engineers'  department  will  receive 
special  rates  of  pay,  viz. : 

.     20s.  a  day,  or  £^6$  for 

36s  days. 
.     175.   a  day,  or  ;£3io   55. 

for  365  days. 
.     115.  a  day.  or  ;£aoo  155. 
for  365  days. 
Ss.  6d.  a  day.  or  £1$$  ^o^ 
365  days. 
If  placed  in  charge  of  the  engines  of  a  small  vessel 
warrant    engineers    will    receive    charge    pay    in 
addition. 

Midshipmen  will  receive  the  rate  of  pay  formerly 
allowed  to  navigating  midshipmen,  viz, : 
Midshipmen  under  17  years  of  age,  35.  a  day,  or 

£S4  15^-  *or  365  days. 

Midshipmen  above   17  years  of  age,  and  of  two 

years'  seniority.  45.  a  day,  or  £7^  for  365  da3rs. 

Officers  will,  when  called  out  for  actual  service  in 

the  Royal  Navy,  be  granted  allowances  for  equip* 

ment  at  the  foUowing  rates  : 

Commanders     . .         . .         . .         . .  £$0 

Lieutenants      . .         . .         . .         . .     40 

Sub-lieutenants  . .         . .     30 

Senior  engineers  and  engineers  . .     40 

Assistant  engenders  . .     30 

Warrant  engineers       . .  •  •     25 

Midshipmen      . .         . .         . .         . .     20 

Officers  who  volunteer  for  12  months'  naval 
training  will  be  granted  half  these  allowances  for 
equipment. 

Officers  employed  in  lieu  of  lieutenants.  Royal 
Navy,  will  be  granted  equipment  fees  according  to 
the  foUowing  scale  for  each  year  of  service : 


Senior  engineers 
Engineers 
Assistant  engineers 
Warrant  engineers 


If  employed  in  the  same  rank  as  that  in 
which  they  underwent  12  months' 
training         . .  . .  . .         •  •     ^5 

If  in  a  rank  one  grade  higher  than  that  in 
which  they  underwent  12  months' 
training         . ,         . .         . .         . .      10 

If  in  a  rank  two  grades  higher  than  that 
in  which  they  underwent  1 2  months' 
training         * .         . .         . .         ..15 

Officers  while  undergoing  voluntary  service  or 
training  in  the  Royal  Navy  will  receive  the  same 
rate  of  pay  and  allowances  as  if  called  out  by 
Royal  Proclamation. 

Officers  who  have  been  granted  acting  ap- 
pointments to  higher  rank  when  serving  in  the 
Fleet  shall  receive  the  pay  and  allowances  attached 
to  the  superior  rank,  so  long  as  they  hold  the  acting 
appointments. 

Officers  who  are  in  possession  of  the  certificate 
for  naval  training  as  qualifying  them  for  navigating 
duties  shall,  when  so  employed  in  the  Fleet,  receive 
navigating  allowances  in  addition  to  their  pay.  at 
the  following  rates,  viz.  : 

lieutenants      . «         . .         . .     45.  oi.  a  day. 
Sub-lieutenants  . .         . .     2s,  6d.      „ 

Officers  who  have  not  undergone  the  12  months' 
naval  training,  but  who  are  selected  for  navigating 
duties,  will  receive  extra  pay  at  the  rate  of  4s. 
and  2$.  6<f.  a  day.  To  qualify  a  lieutenant  for 
higher  rate  of  45.  a  day,  he  must  hold  an  extra 
master's  certificate,  and  produce  a  certificate 
from  the  Registrar-General  of  Shipping  and  Seamen 
to  the  effect  that  he  has,  as  master  or  first  or 
second  mate,  or  partly  as  one  and  partly  as  the 
other,  been  responsible  for  the  navigation  of  a 
steamship  of  more  than  1,500  tons,  or  a  sailing 
ship  of  1,000  tons,  gross  tonnage,  for  a  period  of 
at  least  three  years,  and  that  he  has  never,  during 
the  time  he  has  held  a  certificate  of  competency 
under  the  Merchant  Shifting  Acts,  been  found 
blamable  by  a  naval  or  other  competent  Court 
for  any  accident  to  any  vessel  in  which  he  has 
served. 

To  qualify  a  lieutenant  or  sub-lieutenant  for  the 
lower  rate  of  25.  6d.  a  day,  he  must  possess  a  cer- 
tificate of  competency  as  master,  and  produce  a 
certificate  from  the  Registrar-General  of  Shipping 
and  Seamm  that  he  has,  as  master  or  as  first  or 
second,  mate  or  partly  as  one  and  partly  as  the 
other,  been  responsible  for  the  navigation  of  a 
steamship  of  over  1,500  tons,  or  a  sailing  vessel  of 
1,000  tons  gross  tonnage  for  at  least  one  year,  and 
that  he  has  never,  during  the  time  he  has  held  any 
certificate  of  competency  under  the  Merchant 
Shipping  Acts^  been  found  blamable  by  a  naval  or 
other  competent  Court  for  any  accident  to  any 
vessel  in  which  he  has  served. 

Nothing  contained  in  these  Regulations  wJH  pre- 
vent the  Admiralty  in  time  of  emergency  irom 
employing  officers  on  navigating  or  other  special 
duties  coosiatent  with  their  rank  who  may  not  be 


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437 


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qualified  under  the  conditions  required  by  the 
R^^lations  if  in  any  special  case  such  employment 
would  appear  to  be  in  the  advantage  of  the  Ser- 
vice ;  and  in  all  such  cases  the  officers  will  receive 
the  emoluments  attached  to  the  duties  on  which 
they  may  be  employed. 

All  officers  called  out  or  undergoing  voluntary 
service  or  training  will  mess  with  officers  of  their 
respective  ranks  in  the  Royal  Navy,  and  will  be 
granted  the  following  allowances  as  contributions 
towards  mess  expenses. 

Officers  of  ward -room  rank  .  .    25.  a  day. 

Officers  of  gun>room  rank  . .         . .    15.       „ 

Cases  of  officers  of  the  Royal  Naval  Reserve  who 
receive  hurts  or  wounds  in  the  Service  are  pro- 
vided for  under  the  Regulations  for  Pensions,  but 
those  officers  who  contract  illness  while  serving  in 
the  Royal  Navy  shaU  receive  pay  up  to  the  time  of 
their  discharge,  or,  if  abroad,  until  their  arrival 
in  England  ;  but  they  may  be  granted  full  pay 
after  arrival  in  England,  at  the  discretion  of  the 
Admiralty,  if  considered  unfit  to  contribute  to 
their  own  support,  such  period  not  to  exceed  four 
months  from  the  date  of  arrival,  or  of  discharge 
from  hospital,  as  the  case  may  be,  provided  such 
illness  is  not  caused  by  any  misconduct  on  their 
part. 

Should  their  cases  require  hospital  treatment  on 
arrival  in  England  they  will  be  received  into  a 
naval  hospital.  Officers  sent  to  hospital  during 
the  time  they  are  undergcHng  instruction  in  gunnery 
or  torpedo  may  be  retained  on  full  pay  for  a  period 
not  exceeding  4:2  days. 

Officers  whilst  attending  annual  drill  on  board 
a  district  drill-ship  will  live  on  shore  and  receive 
the  following  allowance  in  lieu  of  lodging  and 
subsistence,  viz.  : 

Commanders,  20s.  a  day  ;  lieutenaxnts  and  acting 
lieutenants,  105.  a  day  ;  sub-lieutenants  and  acting 
sub-lieutenants,  ys.  a  day ;  midshipmen.'  $s.  a  day. 
TlLCse  sums  wiU  be  paid  to  them  otL  the  completion 
of  each  week's  drill  by  the  paymaster  of  the  drill- 
sbip. 

Correspondence. 

All  letters  from  Royal  Naval  Reserve  officers 
(when  not  serving  in  H.M.  ships)  in  connection 
^with  the  Reserve  are  to  be  addressed  to  the 
R^^strar-General  of  Shipping  and  Seamen,  Car- 
lisle Place,  Westminster,  London.  S.W.,  who  will 
forward  to  the  Admiral  Commanding  Coast  Guard 
and  Reserve,  with  remarks,  such  as  require  his 
decision  or  that  of  th^  Admiralty. 

'Warrant  engineers  should  address  their  com- 
xnunlcatioas  to  the  Registrar  of  Naval  Reserve  by 
i^hosn  they  are  paid  their  retainers. 

Officers  serving  in  H.M.  ships  and  those  under- 
g<nx^g  ^U  ^  drill-ships  are  to  address  their  letters 
through  the  commanding  officers  of  such  ships. 

Offi<^ts  are  always  to  state  their  rank  after  their 
sigz%s^tjae. 


Separate  letters  are  to  be  written  on  separate 
subjects. 

Naval  Beserre,  The,  numbering  30,000,  consists, 
of  (i)  the  Royal  Naval  Reserve — i.e.,  the  Naval 
Coast  Volunteers  and  the  Royal  Naval  Volunteers  ; 
(2)  the  Royal  Naval  Artillery  Volunteers  ;  (3)  the 
coastguards  (q.v.),  the  crews  of  revenue  vessels,  " 
and  men  of  certain  public  departments ;  and  (4) 
petty  officers  and  men  of  the  Royal  Navy  in 
receipt  of  pensions. 

The  Naval  Reserve  may  be  called  out  by  pro- 
clamation in  times  of  emergency  to  serve  at  sea  or 
ashore. 

By  the  Colonial  Defence  Act,  1865,  the  colonies 
may  raise  volunteer  forces  and  to  provide  ships 
and  seamen  for  their  own  defence. 

Naval  schools.    See  Naval  Education. 

Naval  tntamttnt  Wills  of  personal  property 
made  by  seamen  (including  merchant  seamen)  on 
maritime  service  are  excepted  from  the  operation 
of  the  Statute  of  Frauds  and  the  Wills  Act,  1837. 
A  seaman's  will  may  now  be  made  without  any 
formality ;  thus,  it  may  be  nuncupative  before  two 
witnesses,  or  made  by  any  testamentary  paper* 
whether  in  the  handwriting  of  and  signed  by  the 
testator  or  not,  and  such  will  is  valid  if  made  on 
maritime  service,  though  death  occur  on  shore. 

By  section  177  of  the  Merchant  Shipping  Act, 
1894,  where  a  deceased  seaman  or  apprentice  has 
left  a  will  the  Board  of  Trade,  after  deducting 
expenses  incurred  in  respect  of  that  seaman  or 
apprentice,  may  refuse  to  deliver  the  residue 
(i)  if  the  will  was  made  on  board  to  any  person 
claiming  under  the  will,  unless  the  will  is  in  writing, 
signed  by  the  testator,  and  attested  by  the  master 
or  mate  ;  (2)  if  the  will  was  made  on  shore,  to  any 
person  claiming  under  the  will,  and  not  being 
related  to  the  testator,  unless  the  will  is  in  writing, 
signed  by  the  testator  before  two  witnesses,  and 
attested  by  two  witnesses,  one  of  whom  shall  be 
a  superintendent,  miilister  of  religion,  a  justice, 
British  consular  officer,  or  a  Custom  officer. 

By  the  Naval  and  Marine  (Wills)  Acts.  186$ 
and  1897,  wills  of  petty  officers  and  seamen,  non- 
commissioned officers  of  marines,  or  marines  of 
the  Navy,  or  any  other  person  forming  part  of  the 
complement  of  any  of  Her  Majesty's  vessels,  in 
.  order  to  pass  wages,  prize  or  bounty  money,  grant 
and  effects  in  the  possession  of  the  Admiralty, 
must  be  made  with  the  ordinary  formality  required 
by  English  law  for  wills,  and  must  be  witnessed,  if 
possible,  by  a  superior  officer. 

In  the  case  of  wills  not  made  in  conformity  with 
these  Acts,  if  the  Admiralty,  having  regard  to  the 
spedal  circumstances  of  the  case,  are  of  opinion 
that  compliance  with  the  above  requirements  may 
be  dispensed  with,  the  Admiralty  may  pay  wages, 
etc.,  to  the  persons  claiming  under  the  wUl.  Per- 
sonalty other  than  the  above  may  still  pass  by 
nuncupative  and  informal  wiUs.      Refer  4o  Wills. 


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438 


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Naval  training.  The  purpose  of  a  navy  being  to 
defeat  the  enemy,  no  element  of  preparation  in 
peace  is  more  important  than  the  training  of  the 
personnel.  It  would  be  of  Uttle  value  to  have  the 
best  material  if  the  officers  and  men  did  not  know 
how  to  handle  it,  or  were  incapable  of  using  it  to 
the  best  advantage.  Training  for  war  must  have 
its  foundation  in  drill  and  discipUne.  Discipline 
exacts  obedience  to  command,  drill  provides 
uniformity,  and  training  develops  a  familiarity 
with  operations,  circumstances,  and  conditions  as 
nearly  as  possible  approaching  the  actual  experi- 
ence of  warfare.  The  instruction  preliminary  to  a 
perfectly  trained  Navy  is  of  many  kinds.  They 
all  begin  with  the  individual,  and,  proceeding  up- 
wards and  outwards,  presently  absorb  not  one 
only  but  several  fleets  and  flotillas  comprising  many 
classes  of  ships,  and  including  those  even  which 
have  been  mobilised  or  brought  from  a  reserve  for 
^he  purpose.  The  individual  instruction,  differing 
in  kind  or  degree  according  to  the  place  to  be  taken 
by  the  student  in  a  co-ordinated  whole,  is  always 
directed  to  the  production  of  a  homogeneity  in 
the  completed  machine.  Similarly,  the  crews  of 
individual  ships  undergo  that  training  which  will 
fit  them  to  handle  the  particular  weapon  placed 
in  their  care,  so  that  when  brought  into  its  place 
with  others  the  organisation  of  the  various  units 
will  fit  into  a  perfected  mechanism  ready  for 
effective  use.  The  instruction  of  the  individual 
has  already  been  dealt  with,  the  various  courses, 
though  seemingly  disconnected,  being  all  directed 
under  a  comprehensive  system  to  one  end,  the 
efficient  use  of  the  Navy  for  battle  at  sea.  Training 
is  carried  out  in  single  ships,  in  battle  squadrons, 
in  groups  of  cruisers,  in  flotillas  of  torpedo  craft, 
in  tactical  exercises,  and  in  grand  strategical 
manoeuvres.  But  in  whatever  manner  instruction 
is  imparted,  the  end  and  aim  is  efficiency  in  war. 

The  battleship,  for  all  that  she  appears  to  be 
such  a  complex  organisation,  is  merely  a  gun- 
carriage,  and  the  business  of  her  crew  is  to  fight 
the  guns  to  the  best  advantage.  All  training  in 
single  ships  is  subordinated  to  the  essential  neces- 
sity of  being  able  to  load  fast,  shoot  straight,  and 
hit  hard  with  the  guns.  To  attain  this  result 
everybody  in  the  ship's  company  must  be  able  to 
contribute  his  exact  share  and  proportion  towards 
the  working  of  the  mechanism,  and  the  training, 
therefore,  of  individuals,  as  the  captain,  the 
ordnance  expert,  and  the  officer  of  the  watch,  or 
of  groups  as  the  gun's  crews  and  the  engine-room 
complement,  must  be  inspired  by  the  one  idea  of 
homogeneity. 

Ships  and  vessels  are  grouped  together  for 
various  purposes — flotillas  of  destroyers  for  rapid 
and  sudden  attack,  squadrons  of  cruisers  for  the 
control  of  communications,  and  battle  fleets  for 
the  support  and  protection  of  cruisers.  The  intro- 
duction of  the  torpedo,  carried  in  a  swift  and  ocean- 
keeping  destroyer,  meant  the  advent  of  a  new 


factor  in  strategy,  and  has  tended  to  change  the 
conditions  of  sea  warfare  more  than  anjrthing  else. 
Training  in  flotillas  of  destroyers,  particularly  at 
sea,  keeping  station  during  exercises,  and  in  entering 
and  leaving  harbour,  is  most  valuable  for  the  young 
officers  placed  in  command  of  these  craft,  and  for 
those  in  charge  of  their  mechanism.  No  kind  of 
instruction  is  better  calculated  to  strengthen  and 
steady  the  nerve,  and  to  inculcate  self-reliance, 
readiness  of  resource,  and  the  capacity  of  meeting 
sudden  emergencies  than  sea  training  in  de- 
stroyers. 

The  primary  function  of  cruisers  is  to  obtain  and 
maintain  the  control  of  water  passage  and  com- 
munication in  such  a  way  as  to  prevent  serious 
interference  with  any  operations  or  commercial 
business  which  it  may  be  desirable  to  carry  out 
over  sea.  A  secondary  duty  to  the  defence  and 
attack  of  commerce  is  scouting.  For  both  these 
purposes  special  organisation  and  training  is  just 
as  necessary  as  special  classes  of  vessels.  The 
battle  squadron  is,  as  the  name  denotes,  a  group 
of  battleships,  the  most  powerful  class  of  vessel, 
and  that  class  upon  the  effectiveness  of  which  the 
command  of  the  sea  secured  by  the  action  of 
cruisers  depends,  for  while  the  cruisers  control  the 
lines  of  communication,  the  battleships  prevent 
any  interference  by  a  hostile  force.  Battleships 
are  trained  together  in  altering  formation  in  order 
to  teach  those  who  handle  them  by  practical  ex- 
perience what  can  be  done  with  the  ships  in  rela- 
tion to  speed,  time,  distance,  and  turning  power. 
These  movements  and  formations  are  known  as 
tactical  exercises,  and  in  their  more  complicated 
shapes — ue.,  the  gridiron  movement — are  intended 
purely  for  instructional  purposes,  and  not  for  use 
in  battle. 

Another  form  of  training  concerns  the  transfer 
of  a  fleet  to  a  war  footing,  or  what  is  known  as  a 
mobilisation  of  the  reserve.  It  would  be  both 
uneconomical  and  a  waste  of  strength  to  keep  the 
Navy  always  on  a  war  footing.  What  is  required 
is  that  a  sufficient  force  should  be  always  ready  to 
take  the  initiative,  and  that  the  balance  of  force 
should  be  prepared  for  rapid  development.  The 
system  in  use  in  this  country  provides  ships  in 
reserve  with  a  large  proportion  of  their  crews,  the 
balance  being  filled  up  on  mobilisation ;  and,  in 
order  to  test  the  machinery  of  mobilisation,  the 
fleets  and  flotillas  undergo  special  training  for  the 
purpose. 

Finally,  there  are  periodical  assemblages  of  a 
large  number  of  squadrons  and  flotillas  in  one  lai)ge 
fleet,  both  for  the  purpose  of  carrying  out  tactical 
exercises  and  those  larger  general  manoeuvres  of  a 
strategical  character  which  should  give  experience 
in  the  formulation  of  plans  for  war. 

Refer  to  Naval  Training  ;  Naval  Reserve.  Royal. 

Naval  VoliEiiteer  Oniliing  mob,  Brighton.  Estab- 
lished 1892.  Commodore,  James  S.  Smitlft ; 
Honorary  Treasurer,  A.  Gnnn ;  Honorary  Secre- 


NAVAL 


439 


NAVIGATING 


tary,  F.  G.  S.  Bramwell,  175,  176,  177,  and  181 
King's  Road  Axches,  The  Beach,  Brighton.  En- 
trance fee.  105.  6d.  ;  annual  subscription,  £1  is», 
non-resident,  los.  6d. 

Naval  Warrant  Offloers'  JonmaL  Published 
monthly.     Price  $d.    Address  :  Portsmouth. 

Havarin.  Russian  battleship.  (St.  Petersburg, 
1 891.)  Sunk  by  the  Japanese  at  the  battle  of 
Tsushima,  May  27-29,  1905. 

Havariao,  Batile  of.  On  October  20,  1827,  the 
combined  fleets  of  England,  France,  and  Russia, 
under  the  command  of  Admiral  Coddington,  de* 
dtroyed  the  Turkish  and  Egyptian  Fleets.  More 
than  30  ships,  many  of  them  four-deckers,  were 
destroyed. 

Havarre.  Scotch  steamer.  Sunk  off  Christian- 
sand,  March  7,  1883  ;  45  lives  lost. 

Navennk  Idght»  established  in  1898,  and  situated 
at  the  entrance  to  New  York  Bay,  is  a  single 
flash  light  every  five  seconds;  duration  of  flash, 
one-tenth  second ;  candle-power  estimated  at 
90,000,000 ;  illuminant,  electricity. 

Navies.  The  following  table  gives  the  classifica- 
tion and  relative  strengths  of  the  chief  naval 
Powers.  It  includes  all  vessels  under  construction 
to  the  end  of  1907  : 


1 

oast 

fence 

oured. 

toared 
isers. 

"Si 

eg 

tected 

lisers 

Class. 

tected 

lisers 

Class. 

•3 

"5g 

|g 

1 

3t; 

m 

Great  Britain     ... 

65 

— 

38 

21 

45 

16 

U.  S.  A 

30 

11 

16 

3 

16 

2 

France 

41 

8 

23 

7 

12 

16 

Japan    

17 

1 

13 

2 

12 

8 

Germany     

40 

11 

10 

— 

24 

12 

14 

2 

7 

7 

2 

1 

Italy      

20 

— 

10 

— 

4 

13 

Austria- Hungary . 

12 

— ■ 

5 

— 

— 

3 

Sweden       

4 

9 

2 

— 

— 

— • 

Norway       

— 

4 

— 

- 

— 

— 

Denmark     

2 

3 

— 

— 

2 

3 

HoUand       

8 

— 

— 

- 

8 

— 

Spain    

3 

— 

3 

— 

3 

2 

Portugal      

2 

— 

— 

— 

— 

4 

Turkey        

5 

— 

— 

- 

2 

— 

Greece ... 

3 

— 

S 

- 

— 

— 

China    

— 

— 

1 

- 

3 

1 

Argentina    

3 

— 

5 

- 

2 

3 

Brazil    

5 

2 

3 

- 

2 

1 

Chili     

1 

— 

2 

— 

;; 4    1 

— 

aprotected 
cruisers. 

• 

« 

1 

Torpedo 
vessels. 

rpedo-boat 
estroyers. 

• 

i 

c 

D 

(S-* 

H 

1 

& 

Great  Britain 

— 

8 

20 

151 

106 

38 

129.000 

^y.d.^L.             ...         ...         ... 

5 

3 

2 

25 

32 

12 

35.000 

Prance     ...    ...    ... 

1 

— 

14 

65 

299 

99 

53.000 

Japan       

7 

— 

1 

56 

79 

9 

35.dOO 

Germany ... 

15 

— 

1 

73 

84 

3 

33,000 

2 

— - 

7 

97 

162 

10 

48.000 

iraiy  ...    •*•    ••.    .•• 

— 

— 

9 

17 

113 

6 

26,000 

Aoatria-Hiingary  ... 

— 

— 

15 

12 

29 

— 

12.800 

SiMTcden   ...    

— 

— 

5 

3 

17 

1 

3.500 

Norway  ...    ... 

■— 

— 

3 

— 

21 

_-. 

1.000 

Denmark       

— 

— 

— 

— 

11 

— 

4.000 

Holland  

— 

— 

— 

— ' 

32 

-^ 

11.000 

SxMin       >..    •«•    ... 

— 

— 

< 

4 

9 

— 

6.000 

Portntfal 

— 

— 

11 

1 

— 

— 

3,000 

furkey    ,„    ...    .1. 

— 

— 

2 

13 

21 

-— 

3.000 

Greece     •••    ...    ... 

— 

— 

5 

— 

20 

— 

3.000 

— 

— 

3 

— 

IS 

— 

— 

Axtfentina       

•^ 

— 

— 

4 

24 

— 

8.500 

Srasil      * 

— 

— 

4 

6 

13 

3 

8,000 

—      —  i 

..JL. 

J& LJ 

■  ■   ftWO 

instrameati.  History  oL  The  princi- 
pal navigating  instruments  used  from  early  times 
for  finding  the  position  at  sea  are  briefly : 

The  Astrolabe  (from  the  Gr.,  Astron,  a  star;  and 
Lambano,  to  receive)  was  invented  by  Hipparchus, 
160  B.C.,  and,  as  simplified  by  Ptolemy  about 
139  A.D.,  was  a  heavy  graduated  brass  ring  sus- 
pended by  another  ring  to  suspend  it  from  the 
thumb  with  a  hand  or  pointer  fitted  with  sights 
revolving  on  a  centre  attached  to  the  outer  ring  by 
radii,  by  which  means  the  sun's  altitude  was  taken. 

This  instrument  was  used  by  the  Arabians,  and 
for  about  1,700  years  afterwards,  specimens  having 
been  recovered  from  the  wrecked  ships  of  the 
Spanish  Armada. 

Cross  Staff,  or  Fore  Staffs — Sellar  states  in  his 
"  Navigation,"  written  about  1672,  "  This  instru- 
ment is  of  some  antiquity  in  Navigation,  and  is 
commonly  used  at  sea  to  take  the  altitude  of  the 
9un  and  stars,  which  it  performs  '^yith  excellent 
exactness,  especially  if  less  than  60^,  but  if  it 
exceeds  60**  it  is  not  so  certain,  by  reason  of  the 
length  of  the  cross  and  the  smallness  of  the 
graduatioa  of  the  arc."  This  instrument  was 
called  fore  stafi  by  reason  of  the  observer  in 
using  it  turning  his  face  towards  the  object.  The 
staff  is  made  straight  four  square,  and  commonly 
of  box  or  pear  tree,  and  graduated  on  the  several 
sides  with  degrees  and  numbers. 

The  crosses,  usually  four  in  number,  are  fitted  to 
slide  on  the  stafi  without  jogging.  On  one  side  the 
graduations  begin  at  about  3°  and  proceed  to  10®  ; 
towards  the  eye-end  this  side  is  called  the  ten-eixle, 
for  use  with  the  ten-cross  or  vane.  The  next 
longer  is  called  the  thirty-cross  or  vane,  and  belongs 
to  that  side  of  the  staff  where  the  divisions  begin 
at  10®  and  end  at  30^.  The  next  longer  is  called 
the  sixty-cross,  and  belongs  to  that  side  where  the 
divisions  begin  at  20^  and  end  at  60**,  and  is  called 
the  sixty-side ;  the  longest  cross  is  called  the 
ninety-cross,  and  belongs  to  that  side  where  the 
divisions  begin  at  30''  and  end  at  90^. 

A  description  of  this  instrument  is  also  given  by 
Sir  Jonas  Moore  in  his  "  New  Systeme  of  the  Mathc- 
maticks,"  1681.  In  using  this  instrument  the  eye 
is  placed  at  the  end  of  the  staff,  and  one  of  the 
crosses  sUde  along  until  the  top  is  at  the  centre  of 
the  sun,  and  the  lower  end  touches  the  horison  ;  the 
reading  on  the  staff  then  gives  the  altitude.  The 
demi-cro8S  and  plough  were  variations  of  this 
instrument. 

Bachstaff  or  Davis  Quadrant  was  the  next  instru- 
ment in  general  use,  and  was  invented  by  Captain 
John  Davis,  the  great  navigator,  about  1590,  and 
called  backstaff,  because  the  back  of  the  observer 
is  turned  towards  the  sun  when  using  it.  It  con- 
sists of  a  graduated  arc  of  30*^  united  to  a  centre 
by  two  radii  and  a  second  arc  of  a  smaller  radius, 
and  measuring  60**  on  the  side  of  it.  To  the  first 
aro  a  vane  is  attached  for  sight,  and  to  the  second 
one  for  conducting  the  shadow  of  the  sun  to  the 


NAVIGATING 


440 


NAVIGATION 


vertex  when  a  horizontal  vane  with  a  slit  in  it 
enables  the  horizon  to  be  seen.  See  Bion's  Math. 
Instruments,  1723. 

Hadiey's  Quadrant. — A  reflecting  instrument 
was  made  by  Hooke  in  1666,  but  the  first  instrument 
worthy  of  the  name  was  made  by  John  Hadley  in 
1730.  The  instrument  was  claimed  for  Newton, 
and  also  for  Godfrey,  a  Philadelphian.  The  Royal 
Society  ruled  that  Hadley's  and  Godfrey's  instru- 
ments were  both  original,  and  evidence  that 
Newton  discovered  it  was  not  supported.  The 
instrument  consists  of  the  following  parts  :  An 
octant,  or  eighth  part  of  a  circle,  the  index,  the 
speculum,  two  horizon  glasses,  and  a  set  of  coloured 
shade  glasses,  and  two  sight  vanes ;  the  Arc  is 
graduated  to  90°.  The  original  pattern  of  this 
instrument  was  generally  made  about  18  in.  radius, 
of  mahogany,  or  ebony  with  ivory  sxc. 

As  time  went  on  it  was  gradually  reduced  in 
size.  This,  with  the  exception  of  the  back-sight 
arrangement,  by  which  a  back  observation  was 
taken  and  which  is  not  now  fitted,  is  practically 
the  same  as  the  instrument  now  in  use. 

Sextant, — A  mathematical  instrument  of  the 
same  construction  as  the  quadrant,  generally  made 
of  brass,  graduated  on  silver,  and  sometimes  on 
gold  or  platinum ;  but  the  arc  contains  a  sixth 
part  of  a  circle  and  measures  angles  up  to  120'. 

Double  Sextant. — Captain  Beechy  invented  an 
instrument  constructed  with  a  second  central  index 
glass  over  and  across  the  ordinary  one,  working  on 
the  same  centre  ;  the  index  bar  of  one  mirror  moves 
under  the  frame  of  the  sextant,  reading  on  an  arc 
outside  the  usual  arc  of  the  sextant.  The  divisions 
begin  from  the  end  of  the  usual  arc,  and  are  therefore 
read  in  the  opposite  direction.  Captain  Beechy 
invented  this  instrument  for  the  purpose  of  obtain- 
ing  the  measurements  of  the  angles  between  two 
terrestrial  objects  at  the  same  instant,  and  by  the 
same  observer,  a  point  of  considerable  importance 
in  surveying  or  in  laying  down  soundings  whil< 
the  observer  is  in  motion.  This  instrument  was 
made  by  Worthington,  196  Piccadilly,  London,  W. 
Double  sextants  of  different  patterns  were  also 
designed  by  Captain  George  and  Mr.  Rowland. 

Quintant. — An  instrument  in  all  respects  the 
same  as  the  sextant,  with  the  exception  that  the 
arc  contains  the  fifth  part  of  a  circle,  and  is  gradua- 
ted to  144®. 

Repeating  and  Reflecting  Circles. — ^The  first  instru- 
ment of  this  order  was  invented  by  Professor  Tobias 
Mayer  (1723-62)  of  Wurtenfliberg.  This  was  im- 
proved on  by  the  Chevalier  de  Borda  (1735-99,) 
who  produced  the  instrument  known  as  Borda's 
Repeating  Circle ;  this  was  further  improved  by 
Captain  Jos^h  de  Maudoza  Rios,  who  read  a  paper 
on  his  improvement  before  the  Royal  Society  in 
I  Sox.  Dolland  also  made  a  circle  of  similar  pro- 
perties (See  Raper's  "  Practice  of  Navigation " 
(1842).  }.  and  £.  Troughton  also  made  a  reflectiilg 
circle  about  1800,  which  gave  readings  with  three 


verniers  at  third  parts  of  the  circle  (See  Simins's 
Math.  Instruments,  1847).  The  advantage  claimed 
for  repeating  circles  over  the  sextant  was  that  it 
was  possible  to  repeat  the  observations  on  different 
parts  of  the  circle  by  having  a  movable  horizon  glass 
fitted  with  a  vernier  and  travelling  on  the  arc  by 
which  it  can  be  set  parallel  with  the  index  glass  in 
any  position,  and  by  repeating  the  observations  at 
different  parts  of  the  circle,  thus  getting  rid  of  the 
centring  error  to  which  sextants  are  liable,  but 
the  disadvantage  of  the  smallness  of  the  radius 
(circles  being  usually  made  eight  or  10  inches  in 
diameter,  which  only  gives  an  equivalent  to  a  four 
or  five  inch  sextant),  and  the  somewhat  complicated 
mechanism  and  costliness  rendered  them  unde- 
sirable for  marine  work,  and  prevented  their  general 
use.  The  sextant,  almost  as  invented  by  John 
Hadley,  is  now  the  universal  instrument  for  finding 
the  position  at  sea. 

■ 

Havigatioil.  The  art  or  science  of  navigating  or 
conducting  vessels  from  one  port  to  another,  on 
the  coast  or  ocean,  by  the  best  routes.  Naviga- 
tion really  means  the  art  of  directing  and  measuring 
the  course  of  ships,  and  of  determining  the  position 
of  the  ship  at  any  moment,  and  the  direction  and 
distance  of  her  destination.  There  are  two 
methods  of  determining  the  position  of  a  ship  at 
sea :  the  first  is  by  means  of  the  reckoning — that  is, 
from  a  record  which  is  kept  of  the  courses  sailed 
and  distances  made  on  set  courses  ;  the  second  is  by 
means  of  observations  made  on  the  heavenly  bodies, 
and  the  aid  of  spherical  trigonometry.  The  first 
method  gives  only  approximate  results  ;  the  second 
admits  of  great  accuracy.  The  position  of  the 
vessel  being  known  at  any  moment,  the  direction 
and  distance  of  any  other  point  may  be  determined 
either  by  the  aid  of  a  chart,  or  by  the  application 
of  the  principles  of  trigonometry.  To  the  approxi- 
mate methods  of  determining  a  ship's  position  it  is 
necessary  to  frequently  refer  to  astronomical  obser- 
vations. The  principal  objects  to  be  obtained  by 
astronomical  observations  are,  to  ascertain  the  lati- 
tude, longitude,  and  the  variation  of  the  needle  for 
correcting  the  dead  reckoning. 

The  Laws  of  Navigation  are  either  those  affect- 
ing trade,  e^,,  the  Navigation  Act,  1651,  by 
which  England  assumed  to  herself  the  monopoly  of 
her  colonial  trade  ;  or  those  relating  simply  to  navi- 
gation. Claims  have  been  made  at  various  times 
to  dominion  over  parts  of  the  high  seas,  but  tiiese 
are  now  abolished,  and  each  State  has  the  right  to 
regulate  the  navigation  of  (i)  its  own  vessels 
anywhere  ;  and  (2)  all  vessels  within  its  territorial 
limits.  The  Regulations  for  the  Prevention  of 
Collisions,  1896  (^.v.),  have  been  adopted  by  the 
governments  of  all  countries  as  navigation  laws  for 
the  high  seas,  and,  generally  speaking,  for  territorial 
waters,  though  in  the  latter  ^>ecial  local  regula- 
tions tnay  be  imposed,  e,g.,  compulsory  pilotage. 
The  free  oavigatioa  of  rivers  is  t^e  subject  of  inter- 


NAVIGATION 


441 


NAVIGAZIONE 


national  treaties,  but  as  a  rule  in  times  of  peace 
both  rivers  and  territorial  waters  are  open  to  the 
commerce  of  all  nations.  The  principal  rivers  of 
Great  Britain  are  open  to  navigation  by  Act  of  Par- 
liament or  Orders  in  Council.  Non-tidal  rivers  are 
prima  facie  private,  but  the  right  to  navigate  may 
be  acquired  by  Act  of  Parliament  or  prescription. ' 
Canal  navigation  is  regulated  by  the  Railway  and 
Canal  Traffic  Act,  1888. 

The  Navigation  Acts  were  a  series  of  enactments, 
dating  from  1382  down  to  1883,  with  the  object  of 
promoting  British  shipping  by  imposing  restric- 
tions on  foreign  rivals.  Of  these  Acts  the  Naviga- 
tion Act,  165 1,  was  the  most  important,  and  was 
aimed  at  the  Dutch,  who  were  then  the  greatest 
rivals  to  Great  Britain  in  the  carrying  trade.  By 
this  Act : 

(i)  All  ships,  of  which  the  owners,  masters,  and 
three-quarters  of  the  crews  were  foreigners,  were 
prohibited  from  trading  to  British  Settlements,  or 
from  employment  in  the  British  coasting  trade. 

(2)  Certain  articles  could  only  be  brought  to 
Great  Britain,  either  in  the  ships  described  above 
or  in  ships  of  the  country  where  those  goods  were 
produced. 

(3)  Certain  goods  were  prohibited  from  being 
imported  in  any  ships  from  any  country  but  that  in 
which  they  were  produced. 

(4)  Salt  jfi3h,  whalebone,  oil,  and  blubber,  not 
caught  by  and  cured  in  British  ships,  were  subject 
to  double  aliens  duty  when  imported.  The  Act  of 
1660  affirmed  the  above  Act,  and  restricted  the 
importation  and  exportation  of  goods  from  or  to 
Asia,  Africa,  and  America,  to  Irtish  vessels. 

The  Acts  of  165 1  and  1660  and  subsequent 
enactments  were  consolidated  in  1833,  but  were 
repealed  in  1849,  except  as  regards  the  restrictions 
on  coasting  trade,  which  were  in  force  as  late  as 

1854. 

By  the  Customs  Consolidation  Act,  1853,  sec- 
tion 324,  to  secure  reciprocity,  prohibitions  and 
restrictions  may,  by  Orders  in  Council,  be  imposed 
on  the  ships  of  any  country  in  which  British  ships 
are  liable  to  similar  prohibitions  and  restrictions. 
Most  of  this  Act  was  repealed  by  the  Customs  Laws 
Consolidation  Act,  1876,  and  the  Statute  Law 
Revision  Act,  1875 ;  ^^^  section  324  of  the  Act  of 
1853  still  remains  operative. 

Refer  to  Longitude,  Latitude,  Declination,  Dip, 
Astronomy,  Compass,  the  Mariners',  Bed  of  River. 

Navigation  Acts.  See  Navigation. 
Navigation  Laws.  See  Navigation. 
Navigasione  Oenarale  Italiaaa.    (Florio  Rubat- 

tino.)  This  title  was  the  outcome  of  the  amalga- 
mation of  the  lines  formerly  belonging  to  Florio 
of  Palermo,  and  Rubattino  of  Genoa,  having  their 
bead  office  at  Rome.  The  company  maintain 
regular  sailings  in  connection  with  the  Adriatic  and 
Levant  services  to  India.  China,  New  York,  Brajsil, 
and    the   River  Plate.     In    1901    they  joined  La 


Veloce  Navigation  Italiana  Co.  (q.v.),  and  now 
conjointly  make  a  weekly  service  (instead  of 
fortnightiy)  from  Genoa  and  Naples  to  New  York, 
and  from  Genoa  to  Monte  Video  and  Buenos  Aires. 
The  Government  of  India  has  placed  the  steamers 
of  this  company  on  the  same  footing  as  certain 
other  companies  in  respect  to  military  officers 
travellmg  by  their  steamers  being  exempted  from 
the  penalty  for  overstaying  their  furlough  or  leave, 
out  of  India,  by  reason  of  any  delay  in  the  arrival 
of  the  vessel  by  which  they  arrive  in  India,  pro- 
vided they  take  their  passage  in  the  steamer  timed 
to  arrive  within  the  period  of  the  furlough  or  leave. 

Fleet. 

Adria.  Lonibardia. 

Adriatico.  Marco  Minghetti. 

Africa.  Marco  Polo, 

Alessandro  VoUa.  Marsala. 

Amerigo  Vespucci.  Memfi. 

Ancona.  MonUbello. 

A  sia.  Montenegro. 

Assiria.  Napoli. 

Birmania.  Nilo. 

Bisagno.  Oreto. 

Bormida.  Orione. 

Bosforo.  Pachino, 

Bosnia.  Palermo. 

Bulgaria.  Palestina. 

Calabria.  Palmaria. 

Candia.  Paraguay. 

Caprera.  Peloro, 

Capri.  Perseo. 

Cariddi.  Persia. 

Catanis.  Pianosa. 

Cipro.  Piemonte, 

Conte  Menabrea.  Plata. 

Cristoforo  Colombo.  Po. 

Domenico  Balduino.  Polcevera. 

Drepano.  Principe  Amedeo. 

Egadi.  Procida» 

Egitto.  Raffaele  Rubattino. 

Elba.  Regina  Margherita, 

Elettrico.  Romania. 

Enna.  San  Giorgio. 

Entella,  Sardegna. 

Etna.  Scilla. 

Etruria.  Scrivid, 

Favignana.  Segcsta. 

Flavio  Gioia.  Selinunte. 

Galileo  Galilei.  Serbia. 

Giannutri,  Sicilia. 

Giava.  Simeto. 

Giglio.  Singapore. 

Jmera.  Siracuse. 

India.  Sirio. 

Jnizialiva.  Solferiuo* 

Ischia,  Solunto. 

Josto.  Stura. 

Leguria.  Sumatra^ 

Letimbro.  Tebe» 

Levanzo.  Tirso^ 


_J 


NAVY 


442 


NAVY 


Umberto  I. 
Umbria. 


Fleet  [continued). 
Ustica. 
Venezia, 
Vincenzo  Florio. 
Gross  tonnage.  289.000. 


Navy*  The»  is  a  national  institution  provided 
for  out  of  the  revenues  and  under  the  control  of 
the  Admiralty  (q.v,).  Its  numbers  are  annually 
determined  by  vote  of  the  House  of  Commons. 

In  1906-07,  the  number  of  all  ranks  borne  on  the 
books  was  129,000,  the  estimates  for  that  year 
amounting  to  :£3 3,000,000,  and  the  expenditure. 
;f 3 2, 2 38, 5 90.  The  Navy  is  manned  by  voluntary 
enlistment,  but  impressment,  which  has  never  been 
legally  abolished,  might  still  be  exercised  in  times  of 
emergency  with  regard  to  seafaring  men.  By  the 
Naval  Enlistment  Act,  1884,  men  willing  to  enter  or 
re-enter  the  Naval  Service  may  enter  or  re-enter 
for  continuous  and  general  service  for  such  period 
as  may  be  for  the  time  being  fixed  by  the  Admiralty 
Regulations.  Boys  entering  the  Navy  are  liable 
to  12  years'  service,  or  if  entering  under  the  age  of  18. 
not  exceeding  the  time  required  for  them  to  reach 
30.  Officers  are  appointed  by  the  Board  of  Admi- 
ralty (q,v,).  Men  entering  the  Royal  Marines  are 
liable  to  serve  for  12  years.  A  merchant  seaman 
deserting  his  ship  to  join  the  Navy  is  exempt  from 
forfeiture  of  wages  and  punishment. 

Refer  to  Naval  Discipline,  Naval  Courts-martial. 
Naval  Reserve,  Admiral,  King's  Regulations. 
Navies. 


Navy  and  Prize  Agents.  All  warships  in  com- 
mission shall,  by  the  Navy  Agency  and  Distribu- 
tion Act.  1864,  have  a  ship's  agent,  whose  duty  it  is 
to  look  after  the  ship's  interest  in  case  of  salvage 
services,  any  breach  of  law  respecting  national 
character,  any  seizure  for  breach  of  law  relating  to 
Customs,  any  seizure  or  capture  under  any  act 
relating  to  the  abolition  of  the  slave  trade,  any 
matter  arising  out  of  attack  or  engagement  with 
alleged  pirates  afloat  or  ashore,  any  capture,  re- 
capture or  destruction  of  any  ship,  or  any  special 
service  or  other  matter  in  respect  of  which  any 
grant,  reward,  or  remuneration  is  payable.  The 
appointment  is  made  by  the  commanding  officer, 
and  is  not  a£fected  by  a  change  of  commanders. 
The  agent  is  subject  to  the  jurisdiction  of  the  High 
Court  of  Admiralty  (q.v.),  and  must  have  a  place  of 
business  within  five  miles  of  the  London  G.P.O. 
He  is  only  entitled  to  a  percentage  of  2^%  on  the 
net  sum  distributed  as  remuneration  for  his  services. 

NaTST  Bill,  1900.  Owing  to  the  seizure  of  German 
merchant  steamers  by  British  cruisers  near  Delagoa 
Bay  during  the  South  African  war.  in  1900,  a  Bill 
was  brought  forward  in  the  Reichstag  for  doubling 
the  German  Navy  in  16  years,  and  was  aimed 
chiefly  against  Great  Britain.  In  order,  therefore, 
to  maintain  a  navy  superior  to  those  of  any  two 
other  Powers,  the   British   Navy  Estimates  con- 


tained in  this  Bill  were  increased   by  more  than 
;£io.ooo,ooo. 

Navy  bills  were  bills  of  exchange  drawn  on  the 
Commissioners  of  the  Navy  by  officers  for  their 
pay  and  expenses,  or  were  issued  to  contractors  in 
payment  of  stores,  etc.  Since  1865  these  have 
become  obsolete,  and  the  salaries  of  officers  and 
wages  of  seamen  are  now  paid  by  the  authorities 
governing  each  department  of  the  Admiralty. 

Navy  Board*  The*  which  office  was  abolished  in 
1832.  was  a  body  of  commissioners  who  conducted 
the  civil  and  administrative  work  of  the  Royal 
Navy  between  1546  and  1832.  These  duties  are 
now  performed  by  the  Lords  of  the  Admiralty  and 
the  various  heads  of  departments  subordinate  to 
them. 

Navy  League  Jonmal.  Established  1896.  Pub- 
lished monthly.  Price  2d,  Address:  13  Victoria 
Street,  London.  S.W. 

Navy  List.  Established  1887.  Published  monthly. 
Price  15.  6d,  Address :  Wjrmans.  Ltd.,  Fetter 
Lane.  London.  E.C. 

Navy  Beoords  Society.  Established  in  1893  ^^ 
the  purpose  of  printing  rare  or  unpublished  works 
of  naval  interest,  and. so  rendering  accessible  the 
sources  of  our  naval  history,  and  elucidating  ques- 
tions of  naval  archeology,  construction,  adminis- 
tration, organisation,  and  social  life.  For  some 
15  or  20  years  the  interest  in  the  study  of  naval 
history  had  been  gradually  revived — a  revival 
largely  due  to  the  lectures  and  writings  of  Sir 
J.  K.  Laughton.  then  at  the  Royal  Naval  Collie, 
Greenwich,  and  of  Admiral  P.  H.  Colomb ;  and 
lecturers  and  students  had  equally  realised  the 
extreme  imperfection  of  our  old  histories.  The 
publication,  in  1890.  of  Captain  A.  T.  Mahan's 
"  Influence  of  Sea  Power  upon  History  "  at  once 
quickened  the  desire  for  knowledge  of  the  facts, 
and  intensified  the  sense  of  the  poverty  of  our 
literature.  The  publication  by  the  Camden  Society* 
in  1889.  of  "  Memoirs  Relating  to  the  Lord  Tor- 
rington  "  seemed  to  show  the  kind  of  thing  that 
was  wanted,  as  well  as  the  way  in  which  the  want 
was  to  be  supplied  ;  and  Sir  J.  K.  Laughton,  the 
editor  of  the  volume,  who.  in  preparing  his  lectux^es 
and  in  writing  the  memoirs  which  he  contributed 
to  the  "  Dictionary  of  National  Biography,"  had 
learnt  something  of  the  treasures  buried  in  the 
Public  Record  Office,  began  to  talk  of  the  desir- 
ability of  making  these  accessible  to  naval  officers 
and  to  all  students  of  naval  history.  Out  of  a 
conversation  with  the  present  Admiral  Sir  C]^prian 
Bridge,  then  Director  of  Intelligence,  came  the  oat* 
line  of  the  scheme  to  found  a  society  of  a  nature 
kindred  to  that  of  the  Camden  Society  or  tbe 
Hakluyt.  A  further  impulse  was  given  to  the 
movement  by  an  article,  written  by  Mr.  David 
Hannay,  in  the  "  National  Observer,"  avowedly 
suggested  by  a  series  of  articles  on  "  Our  Navml 


NAZE 


443 


NECKLACE 


literature/'  contributed  to  the  "  Army  and  Navy 
Gazette "    by    Sir    J.    K.    Laughton.     Once    put 
abroad,  the  idea  met  with  immediate  and  warm 
approval   from   the   most   influential   and   senior 
officers  of  the  Navy,  from  many  Army  officers,  and 
from  the  most  capable  of  our  historians,  among 
whom  may  be  named  the  Duke  of  Edinburgh,  the 
Duke  of  York,  Prince  Louis  of  Battenberg,  the 
Marquis  of  Lothian  (president  of  the  Royal  Scottish 
Historical    Society),    Earl    Spenser,    Sir    GeofErey 
Hornby,  Sir  Anthony  Hoskins,  Sir  Edward  Fan- 
shawe.  Sir  Vesey  Hamilton  (then  actually  president 
of  the  Royal  Naval  College,  as  Sir  G.  Hornby  and 
Sir  £.  Fanshawe  had  been).  Sir  P.  H.  Colomb, 
Captain  A.  T.  Mahan,  Dr.  S.  Rawson  Gardiner,  Sir 
John  Seely,  Professor  Montagu  Burrows,  Professor 
C.  H.   Firth,  and  very  many  others.     After  the 
usual  preliminaries  a  meeting  was  called,  with  the 
Marquis  of  Lothian  in  the  chair.     The  society  was 
formally    inaugurated.     Lord    Spenser,    a   former 
First  Lord  of  the  Admiralty,  and  grandson  of  a 
still  earlier  one,  accepted  the  office  of  president. 
Officers  and  council  were  elected,  and  the  ofler  of 
Sir  J.   K.  Laughton  to  edit  the   "  State  Papers 
Relating  to  the  Defeat  of  the  Spanish  Armada  " 
was  accepted.     These  were  published  in  two  hand- 
some volumes  towards  the  end  of  1894,  and  since 
these  the  society  has  issued    to  its  annual  sub- 
scribers of  one  guinea  sometimes  three  but  never 
less  than  two  volumes  for  each  year ;  or,  in  all, 
for  the  13  years,  to  the  end  of  1906,  32  volumes. 
Among  these  nuLy  be  named  "  Naval  Accounts  and 
Inventories  of  the  Reign  of  Henry  VII.,"  "  The 
War  with  France,  1512-13,"  "  The  War  Mdth  Spain, 
1585-88  "  (3  vols.),  "  The  First  Dutch  War,  1652- 
54  "  (3  vols,  published,  in  progress),  "  The  Blockade 
of  Brest,  1803-05  "  (2  vols.),  "  Logs  of  the  Great 
Sea    Fights,    1794- 1805,"    and    many    others    of 
scarcely  less  interest.     It  is  not  too  much  to  say 
that  every  new  volume  issued  by  the  society  opens 
out   new  fields  of  vision,   and   that  all   existing 
books    on    naval    history    are    rapidly    becoming 
obsolete.    A  striking  instance  of  this  will  be  seen 
by  comparing  previous  accounts  of  the  defeat  of 
the  Armada  with  those  that  have  been  put  abroad 
since    1894.    The  absurd  fictions  that  "  England 
was  saved  by  the  nation,  not  by  the  Government," 
that  "  I>ux  fsemina  facti,"  and  that  "  Afflavit  Deus 
et  dissipati  sunt "  have  been  very  literally  **  dis- 
sipated," and  men  first,  boys  afterwards,  are  now 
taught   that  the  victory  was  won,  not  by  Uttle 
merchant  ships  or  coasters,  but  by  properly  built 
men-of-ivar,  that  it  is  the  Navy  on  which,  "  under 
the  good  Providence  of  God,,  the  wealth,  safety, 
and  strength  of  the  kingdom  chiefly  depend,"  and 
that   God  defends  and  saves  a  country,  not  by 
raising   a  witch's  gale  of  wind,  but  by  giving  it 
wise  rulers  and  aXA.e  commanders. 

Refer  to  Ness. 

Abbreviation  for  New  Brunswick. 


HJB.    Abbreviation  for  North^British. 

N.B.  A  contraction  for  the  Latin  nota  bene, 
meaning  note  well,  or  carefully. 

N3.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Nieuw  Beijerland,  Holland. 

N3.R.  Abbreviation  for  North  British  Rail- 
way. 

N.D.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Nieuwe  Niedorp,  Holland. 

H.E.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Newcastle-on-Tyne,  England. 

Heap*    A  name  appUed  to  medium  tides. 

Neaped.  The  situation  of  a  ship  in  dock  or 
aground,  requiring  more  water  than  neap  tides 
afiord  to  float. 

Hear.  A  warning  to  the  helmsman  when  sailing 
too  near  the  wind. 

HearofaHf.  One  of  the  most  distinguished  officers 
in  the  Navy  of  Alexander  the  Great,  and  com- 
manded the  expedition  which  made  such  an  im- 
portant and  interesting  voyage  of  discovery  in  the 
Indian  Ocean.  The  fleet  sailed  down  the  Indus 
and  the  coast  of  Baluchistan  and  Persia  and  up 
the  Persian  Gulf  and  the  Euphrates  to  Babylon 
about  the  year  324  B.C.  In  323  B.C.  he  was  selected 
by  Alexander  the  Great  for  the  difficult  task  of 
circumnavigating  the  great  peninsular  of  Arabia, 
from  the  mouth  of  the  Euphrates  to  the  Isthmus 
of  Suez,  and  had  not  the  expedition  been  cut  short 
by  the  illness  and  death  of  the  King,  323  B.C., 
history  would  have  had  records  of  a  voyage  even 
more  remarkable  than  the  one  in  which  he  con- 
ducted  a  large  fleet  consisting  principally  of  galleys 
along  the  coast  of  Baluchistan,  an  unknown  coast 
requiring  great  prudence  and  abiUty.  and  which 
stands  out  entirely  alone  in  antiquity. 

Hebraska.  U.S.  ist  class  battleship.  (Moran 
Bros.,  1904.) 

Length  435ft.   Beam  76ft.  Maximum  draught  26ft. 
Displacement  15,320  tons.     Complement  703. 
Guns,  Armour, 

4 — 12  in.,  40  cal.       "  Krupp  "  and  "  Har- 
8 — 8  in.  vey-nickel.*' 

12 — 6  in.  It  in.  Belt  amidships. 

12 — 14  pdr.  10  in.  Turrets. 

12 — 3  pdr.  xo  in.  Barbettes. 

4 — I  pdr.  9  in.  Conning  tower. 

8  Colts. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
4  Submerged. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  19,000=19  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 1,900  tons.     Approximate  cost  ;J  1,300,000. 

Heck.    See  Gooseneck. 

Heeklaoe.  A  strop  round  a  lower  mast  carrying 
leading  blocks  for  the  futtock  shrouds  to  be  set 
up  to. 


NEDERLAND 


444 


NELSON 


Nederland  LiBe  (Stoomvaart  Maatschappij  Neder- 
land).  JBstablished  in  1870.  Subsidised  by  the 
Government  of  the  Netherlands  to  maintain  a  mail 
service  between  Holland  and  Java,  and  now  main- 
tain two  separate  services,  one  carrying  the  Royal 
mails,  passengers,  and  cargo,  and  th&  other  carr^ring 
cargo  only.  Calling  at  Southampton  the  mail 
steamers  proceed  via  Genoa,  Port  Said,  and  Suez 
to  Sabang  Bay,  Singapore,  Batavia,  Samarang 
and  Sourabaya,  and  connecting  with  the  Konin- 
klyke  Packetvaart  Co.  {q.v.)  for  ports  in  Nether- 
lands India. 

Fleet. 

Ambon.  Koning  Wellem  III, 

Bali,  Madura. 

Ceram,  Oranje, 

Flores.  Prinses  Amelia. 

Gfotius,  Prinses  Sophie, 

Java.  Prins  Hendrik, 

Koningin  Regentes,  Rembrandt. 

Koningin  Wilhelmina.        Soembawa. 

Koning  Wellem  I.  Timor. 

Koning  Wellem  II.  Vondel. 

Gross  tonnage,  81,000. 

NegUgenoe  Clatue.    See  Clauses. 

NelBOn.  British  ist  class  cruiser  (7,630  tons). 
Launched  1880.  Now  stationed  at  Portsmouth, 
and  used  for  training  stokers. 

llebioB,  Horatio  N^bon,  Visoonnt  (1758-1805). 
Younger  son  of  the  Rev.  Edmund  Nelson  (b.  Bum- 
ham  Thorpe,  September  29, 1 758).  A  love  of  adven- 
ture, which  manifested  itself  from  his  earliest  years, 
inolined  him  to  a  life  of  the  sea,  and  through  the 
interests  of  an  uncle  he  entered  the  Navy  in  1770. 
As  a  midshipman  and  lieutenant  he  saw  service  in 
almost  every  part  of  the  globe,  and  gave  a  proof 
of  energy,  fertility  of  resource,  and  courage  in 
danger  which,  though  possibly  somewhat  rash, 
was  truly  heroic.  He  was  made  a  post^iaptain  at 
the  age  of  21,  and  during  the  next  few  years  was 
actively  engaged  in  the  American  war. 

It  was  a  time  of  changing  fortune  as  regards  the 
English  Navy.  The  French  for  a  time  were  dominant 
in  the  West  Indies,  and  the  fleets  of  France  and 
Spain  threatened  England  with  no  ordinary  peril. 
Nelson,  although  only  in  command  of  small  vessels 
employed  in  protecting  convoys,  and  taking  no 
actual  part  in  the  fighting,  followed  it  with  the  eye 
of  a  genius.  For  several  years  after  the  peace  of 
Versailles,  Nelson  was  in  the  West  Indies,  and  took 
an  active  part  in  preventing  smuggling  between 
the  New  United  States  and  British  Colonies.  In 
1 793  war  between  England  and  revolutionary  France 
was  declared,  and  on  the  recommendation  of  Lord 
Hood,  Nelson  was  made  captain  of  the  Agamemnon, 
the  first  ship  of  the  line  commanded  by  him. 
Although  this  ship  was  known  to  be  one  of  the 
worst  in  the  fleet,  while  under  Hood  in  the  Mediter- 
ranean he  performed  feats  of  perfect  seamanship 
and  daring  which  marked  him  out  for  distinction. 


He  took  a  nK>st  prominent  part  in  the  siege  of 
Bastia,  and  was  credited  with  being  instrumental 
in  eflecting — with  the  aid  of  his  men,  who  woald 
follow  him  anywhere,  and  "  minded  shot,"  he  de- 
clared, "  as  little  as  peas  " — the  capitulation  of 
that  place.  At  Calvi,  where  he  lost  an  eye,  he, 
with  his  men,  contributed  largely  to  the  result. 
In  March,  1795,  the  British  Fleet  under  Admiral 
Hotham — Lord  Hood  having  been  replaced — ^was 
engaged  ofi  the  coast  of  Italy  ¥rith  a  vastly  superior 
French  fleet.  During  an  action  a  French  eighty- 
four  was  disabled,  and  taken  in  charge  of  a  powerful 
frigate,  supported  by  two  ships  of  the  line.  Nelaon 
with  the  Agamemnon,  though  only  a  sixty-foor, 
stood  out  boldly  after  the  retiring  enemy,  and  so 
skilful  were  his  manoeuvres  that  without  incurring 
any  serious  loss  he  almost  destroyed  the  crippled 
Frenchman,  and  she,  with  one  of  her  consorts, 
was  easily  captured  a  few  hours  later,  and  it  was 
subsequently  admitted  that,  had  the  admiral 
followed  the  suggestions  of  Nelson,  the  wh<4e 
French  Fleet  would  have  been  brought  into  action, 
and  would  have  probably  met  a  crushing  defeat. 

In  1795-96  Nelson  was  employed  on  the  Italian 
seaboard  cutting  ofi  the  supplies  of  the  French 
Army,  and  had  he  then  received  the  proper  sup- 
port from  the  Austrian  generals  the  Italian  con- 
quests, with  which  Napoleon  began  his  career  in 
Italy,  would  never  have  taken  place. 

In  1796  he  became  a  commodore,  and  it  was  on 
February  13,  1797,  that  he  accomplished  one  of 
the  most  daring  feats,  and  possibly  one  of  the 
greatest  he  ever  achieved.  A  Spanish  Fleet,  with 
27  ships  of  the  line,  encountered  a  British  Fleet 
of  only  15  ships,  under  Admiral  Jar  vis,  who,  suc- 
cessfully employing  a  well-known  manoeuvre,  broke 
the  Spanish  line,  cutting  off  nine  ships.  The 
Spanish  admiral,  realising  the  danger,  endeavoured 
to  rejoin  this  detachment  by  wheeling  round  his 
van,  and  would  have  probably  succeeded  had  not 
Nelson  abandoned  his  own  line,  and,  with  utter 
disregard  of  his  superior's  orders,  engaged  single- 
handed  the  advancing  squadron.  This  movement 
brought  him  into  action  with  three  firsts  and  three 
second  rates,  and  although  he  was  supported  by 
the  nearest  ships  of  the  British  line,  he  was  en- 
gaged for  nearly  an  hour  with  a  force  immensely 
superior  to  his  own.  The  Spanish  conmiander 
drew  off  beaten,  and  Nelson,  leading  his  crew  in 
person  to  the  cry  of  "  Westminster  Abbey  or 
victory,"  boarded  and  took  two  ships.  For  this 
Nelson  was  promoted  to  admiral,  and  made  a  C.B. 

For  some  months  after  he  was  engaged  in  opera- 
tions against  Spain,  and  at  Santa  Cruz  he  lost  an 
arm. 

In  May,  17^,  he  was  given  an  independent  com- 
mand, and  was  despatched  by  Lord  St.  Vincent 
to  prevent  a  French  movement  under  the  goidanoe 
of  Bonaparte,  which  was  intended  to  reach 
Egypt  and  threaten  India.  Nelson,  however, 
encountered    a    severe    gale,    his    squadron    was 


NELSON 


445 


NELSON 


crippled,    and    the    French   Fleet,    escaping   from 
Toulon,  reached  Alexandria  on  July   i.      Believ- 
ing that   they  were   still   at   sea,  he  scoured   the 
coast  of  Sicily  and  back  again  to  the  coast  of 
Greece,  and  there  heard  that  the  French  had  made 
good  their  landing.     Nothing  daunted,  he  set  off 
from  the  Gulf  of  Coron,   and  On  August   i    the 
enemy  were  descried.     His  plan  of  action — ^perh^ps 
Nelson's  masterpiece — was  marked  by  his  wonted 
skill  and  insight.     Nelaon,  a  dexterous  pilot  from 
boyhood,  saw  that  with  fine  steering  it  was  possible 
to  get  behind  the  Frenchman  by  threading  his  way 
between  the  shoals  and  the  neighbouring  shore, 
and  he  directed  part  of  his  fleet  to  attack  the 
enemy  from  the  seaward,  while  the  remaining  part 
assailed  from  the  landward.     The  FVench  Fleet, 
composed  of  new  and  formidable  ships,  lay  in  front 
of  Aboukir,  the  rear  supported  by  coast  batteries, 
and  Admiral  Binieys  never  realised  that  a  plan  of 
attack  such  as  Nelson  had  conceived  was  possible. 
Towards  nightfall  the  plans  were  complete.     The 
shoal  only  stopped  one  of  the  British  ships,  and  in 
less  than  an  hour  the  passage  had  been  completed, 
and  the  dividing  line  had  encompassed  more  than 
half  of  the  French  Fleet.     The  French  fought  with 
great  courage,  but  were  caught  between  two  fires, 
and  were  gradually  overpowered  and  destroyed, 
and  by  daylight  on  the  2nd  the  victory  was  com- 
plete.    The   flagship   of   Brueys,   the  Orient,   was 
blown  up,  and  out  of  13  French  ships  only  two 
escaped.     The    British    Fleet,    though    equal    in 
numbers  to  the  enemy,  were  wholly  inferior  in 
force,   and  Nelson's  flagship,   the    Vanguard,  was 
scarcely    half   the   strength   of   the   Orient.     Five 
years  later  Nelson  had  the  satisfaction  of  hearing 
of  the  capture  of  the  two  ships  that  escaped,  and 
which  gave  such  effectual  aid  in  the  siege  of  Malta. 
It  was  not  until  after  this  great  battle — the  battle 
of  the   Nile — that  the  British  Navy  became  the 
terror     of    its    bravest    enemies,     although    the 
superiority  had  been  demonstrated  from  the  be- 
ginning ;  and  it  is  undoubtedly  due  to  the  name 
of  Nelson  that  years  afterwards  Napoleon's  plan 
of  invading  England  failed.     In   1800  Nelson  re- 
turned   to   England,   was   promoted   vice-admiral, 
and  created  a  Peer.     In  January,  1801,  the  British 
Fleet  was  fitted  out  for  the  Baltic  under  Sir  Peter 
Parker,    with    Nelson    second    in    conamand,    the 
reason    being  that  negotiations  were  to  be  tried 
first,   and  for  this  Nelson  had  no  aptitude.     The 
fleet,    an    exceedingly   powerful   one,    passed   the 
Sound,  March  31,  and  cast  anchor  in.  the  waters 
of  the  Danish  capital  on  April  7.     Nelson  declared 
for   an   immediate  attack,   but  negotiations  were 
still  pending,  and  it  was  not  until  May  2,  wiien  all 
idea  of  a  diplomatic  settlement  had  been  given, 
that  the  attempt  was  made.     The  tactics  of  Nelson 
were  in  this  instance  much  the  same  as  those  he 
so  successfully  carried  out  at  the  battle  of  the 
Nile,  but  he  had  the  land  force  to  deal  with,  as 
well  as  the  vessels,  and  was  unfortunate  enough  to 


lose  three  of  his  ships  through  grounding  while 
attempting  to  get  through  some  shoals.    Although 
the  first  line  of  Danish  defences  were  destroyed  he 
was  not  able  to  silence  the  forts,  and  he  was  glad 
to  welcome  the  terms  of  a  truce,  as  his  ships  had 
suffered   heavily.     Parker  had   actually  signalled 
the  fleet  to  retire,  but  this  Nelson  refused  to  do 
until  something  like  victory  had  been  attained, 
and  although  the  success  had  not  been  perfect,  it 
had  taught  the  enemy  a  severe  lesson.     In  1803 
Nelson  was  appointed  to  the  Mediterranean  com- 
mand, and  took  up  his  station  off  Toulon,  and  for 
a  period  of  nearly  two  years  kept  the  French  in 
port,  in  spite  of  their  repeated  attempts  to  escape, 
a  feat  of  endurance  never  equalled.     In  March, 
1805,  the  French  admiral  escaped  from  Toulon, 
crossed  the  Atlantic,  and  succeeded  in  reaching 
Martinique,  and  was  there  joined  by  a  Spanish 
Fleet  from  Cadiz,  and  by  June  i  was  in  full  sail 
for  Europe.     Nelson  gave  chase,  and,  having  been 
delayed  by  contrary  winds  and  a  false  report  that 
the  destination  of  the  enemy  was  South  America, 
eventually  reached  Martinique,  only  to  find  that 
Villeneuve  and  his  fleet  had  gone.     On  June  13 
Nelson  sailed  from  Antigua,  and,  being  afraid  that 
he  would  not  be  able  to  get  up  to  Villeneuve  in 
time  with  the  whole  of  his  fleet,  despatched  several 
light    craft    to  warn  the  Admiralty  in  England. 
This  precaution  was  of  the  greatest  value.     Nelson 
missed  Villeneuve  in  the  Atlantic,  and  Sir  Robert 
Calder,  who  had  been  sent  to  intercept  Villeneuve, 
fought  an  action  off  the  coast  of  Spain,  the  result 
being  that  the  Frenchman  was  compelled  to  put 
into  Ferrol,   and  thus  prevented  from  collectiiig 
the  huge  fleet  of  60  or  70  ships  which  had  been  his 
original  intention.     Nelson  returned  to  England, 
and  as  soon  as  the  French  admiral  learned  this  he 
sailed  from  Ferrol  southward  and  put  into  Cadiz. 

The  British  Admiralty  made  preparations  at 
once  to  attack  Cadiz,  and  Nelson  was  given  supreme 
command,  and  set  sail  with  34  vessels  of  the  line. 
The  French  force  was  almost  identical,  but  Nelson, 
realising  that  they  would  not  fight  on  equal  terms, 
actually  sent  away  seven  of  his  ships  in  order  to  bring 
about  an  engagement  which  would  prove  decisive. 

On  October  20  Villeneuve  put  to  sea  with  the 
combined  fleets  of  France  and  Spain.  He  left 
Spain  trusting  to  a  report  that  Nelson  had  only 
20  drips,  and  yet  dreading  battle  with  his  vastly 
superior  numbers.  Nelson,  in  order  to  decoy  the 
French,  had  kept  his  fleet  well  out  of  sight,  but  his 
frigates  had  kept  himi  informed  of  their  move- 
ments, and  at  daybreak  on  October  21  the  fleet  of 
Villeneuve  was  descried  off  Cape  Trafalgar.  Nelson's 
plan  of  action  had  been  already  arranged.  He 
had  resolved  to  break  their  line  in  two  places, 
and  the  result  he  anticipated  would  be  quick  and 
effective.  The  British  Fleet  was  formed  into  two 
columns,  the  northern  led  by  Nelson  in  the  flag- 
ship Victory,  the  southern  by  Collingwood  in  the 
Royal  Sovereign. 


NELSON 


446 


NEPTUNE 


Villeneuve,  a  skilful  navigator,  though  a  timid 
leader,  had  arranged  his  squadron  to  meet  the 
attack.  He  had  formed  them  into  two  parallel 
lines,  the  vessels  of  the  second  line  protecting  the 
spaces  between  the  vessels  of  the  first,  each  divi- 
sion supporting  the  other,  and  offering  a  con- 
tinuous front  of  fire  to  the  enemy. 

A  mighty  cheer  broke  from  the  British  when 
the  signal  flew  from  the  flagship,  "  England  ex- 
pects every  man  to  do  his  duty  "  ;  and  it  is  reported 
that  Villeneuve  exclaimed  to  his  officers  when  he 
heard  the  cheering,  "  All  is  lost."  Collingwood, 
with  the  southern  line,  flrst  came  into  action,  and 
broke  the  French  line,  pouring  broadside  after 
broadside  into  the  Santa  Anna,  and  then  ranged 
up  to  the  Foiigiieux.  By  this  time  the  northern 
line  was  engaged,  and  the  Victory,  assailed  by  a 
pouring  and  destructive  fixe,  broke  through  the 
line  about  12  noon,  and,  practically  putting  Ville- 
neuve's  flagship  out  of  action,  engaged  with  the 
RedotUable  and  the  enormous  Santissima  Trinidad, 
the  largest  man-of-war  afloat.  By  this  time  the 
action  had  become  general.  Six  or  seven  of  the 
enormous  ships  put  up  a  stubborn  resistance,  but 
the  second  line  gradually  fell  to  leeward,  and  the 
van,  as  at  the  battle  of  the  Nile,  scarcely  fired  a 
shot.  Divided,  scattered,  and  out-manceuvred  at 
every  point  where  the  defence  was  maintained, 
the  allied  fleets  became  a  mass  of  fragments,  dis- 
abled, helpless,  and  pursued  by  their  conquerors. 

It  was  an  absolute  and  complete  victory,  but  it 
was  dearly  bought  for  the  illustrious  warrior  who 
had  planned  it.  A  musket  shot  from  the  Re- 
dotUable tops  inflicted  a  mortal  wound  on  Nelson, 
and  he  died  in  the  arms  of  his  friend  and  trusted 
flag-captain.  Hardy  (^.v.),  towards  the  evening. 
He  retained  his  faculties  to  the  last,  and  Uved  to 
hear  that  two-thirds  of  the  enemies'  fleet  had  been 
destroyed  or  captured;  and,  although  he  passed 
away  in  the  prime  of  manhood,  he  had  attained 
his  ambition — he  had  swept  away  the  foes  of 
England  from  the  ocean. 

Nelson  was  the  greatest  of  England's  com- 
manders at  sea ;  for  resource,  daring,  professional 
skill,  and  the  art  of  winning  the  hearts  of  men  he 
was  unrivalled.  His  remains  were  conveyed  to 
England,  and  he  was  buried  January  9,  1806. 

Hdson  Line*  with  their  head  offices  at  Liver- 
pool, possess  a  powerful  fleet  of  steamers,  carrying 
passengers  and  cargo  to  and  from  the  River  Plate. 
The  company  maintain  a  fortnightly  service  from 
Liverpool  to  Monte  Video,  Buenos  Aires,  and 
Rosario;  a  monthly  service  from  Newport  and 
Swansea ;  also  a  monthly  service  from  Buenos 
Aires  to  South  African  ports.  The  steamers  of 
the  line  are  insulated  for  carrying  frozen  and 
chilled  meat,  being  fitted  with  the  latest  type  of 
refrigerating  machinery,  as  well  as  the  most  up-to- 
date  appliances  for  the  handling  of  general  cargo. 
The  steamers  have  good  accommodation  amidships 
for  a  limited  number  of  first-class  passengers. 


Fleet. 

Highland  Brigade, 

Highland  Heather. 

Highland  Chief. 

Highland  Hope, 

Highland  Corrie. 

Highland  King, 

Highland  Enterprise, 

Highland  Laddie, 

Highland  Ghillie. 

Highland  Laird. 

Highland  Glen. 

Highland  Mary. 

Highland  Harris, 

Highland  Scot. 

Highland  Watch 

Nembo.  Italian  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Naples. 
1 901.)  Displacement,  330  tons ;  maximum  draught, 
8  ft.  ;  armament,  5  6-pdr.  ;  tubes,  2  i8-in.  ;  Hp., 
6,000=30  kts. ;  coal,  80  tons. 

Henobe.  Japanese  torpedo-boat^destroyer.  (Kure, 
1905.)  Length,  220  ft. ;  beam,  20^  ft. ;  draught, 
9^  ft. ;  displacement,  374  tons ;  complement,  58 ; 
armament,  i  X2-pdr.,  5  6-pdr.,  2  tubes;  twin 
screw;  Hp.,  6,000=29  kts. ;  coal,  96  tons. 

Nenohi.  Japanese  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Yar- 
row, 1905.)  Displacement,  380  tons  ;  complement, 
55  ;  maximum  draught,  9  ft. ;  armament,  i  12-pdr., 
5  6-pdr.;  tubes,  2  i8-in. ;  Hp.,  6,000=31  kts.; 
coal,  95  tons. 

Nephotoope.  An  instrument  for  observing  the 
direction  and  rate  of  motion  of  clouds. 

Neptune.  French  2nd  class  battleship.  (Brest. 
1887.) 

Length  347ft.   Beam  65ft.  Maximum  draught  29ft 
Displacement  10,900  tons.    Complement  640. 
Guns,  Armour. 

4— -13-4  in.  "  Steel." 

'7 — 5*5  ^  18  in.  Belt  amidships. 

16 — 3  pdr.  14  in.  Barbettes. 

14  in.  Conning  tower. 
Torpedo  Tubes  (177  in.). 
4  Above  water  broadside. 
I  Above  water  stem. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  12,000=16  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 800  tons.    Approximate  cost  ^£760,000. 

Heptane.  The  fabled  god  of  the  sea  ;  the  son  of 
Saturn  and  Rhea  and  the  brother  of  Jupiter  and 
Pluto.  He  is  variously  represented  ;  sometimes 
with  a  trident  in  his  right  hand,  a  dolphin  in  his 
left,  and  with  one  of  his  feet  resting  on  part  of  a 
ship ;  at  others  in  a  chariot  drawn  by  sea-horses, 
with  a  triton  on  each  side. 


Heptane   Aot      Ctoe.     See   Actien 
Neptune,"  Rostock. 


It 


Heptane  Steamship  Co^  Ltd.»  Copenhagen,  owned 
and  managed  by  C.  K.  Hansen,  has  a  fleet  of  four 
modem  cargo  steamers  engaged  in  cargo  trade  in 
the  North  Sea  and  various  parts  of  the  world,  as 
inducement  ofiers. 

Fleet. 
Donshorg,  KaUundborg. 

Jagersborg.  Toomborg. 


NERA 


447 


NEUTRALITY 


If  ME.  French  subsidised  merchant  ship  (1889). 
Messageries  Maritiines  {q.v.).  Dimensions.  463  X  46  X 
32  ft. ;  gross  tonnage,  5,917  ;  Hp.,  5,000=16  kts. 

Nezens.  In  Greek  mythology,  a  god  of  the  sea,  a 
son  of  Pontus  and  Gaia,  and  father  of  the  Nergids. 
The  Mediterranean,  and  more  particularly  the 
JEgean.  was  his  special  province. 

lferp€iiio.    Italian  torpedo-boat.     (Elbing,  1905.) 

Hen.    A  projection  of  land  into  the  sea. 

Hen.  British  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Cowes, 
1905.)  Length.  222  ft. ;  beam,  23^  ft. ;  draught, 
91^  ft. ;  displacement,  600  tons  ;  complement,  72  ; 
armament,  i  12-pdr.,  5  6-pdr.,  2  tubes  ;  twin  screw  ; 
Hp-t  7*500=25  kts.  ;  coal,  126  tons. 

Net.  The  weight  of  any  commodity  without 
packing. 

Wethwrlanii  Steamihip  Co.,  Royal.  See  Royal 
Netherland  Steamship  Co. 

Hetherlands  Taoht  Club,  RoyaL  See  Royal 
Netherlands  Yacht  Club. 

Hetties.    Small  lines  used  for  hammock-clews. 

Neue  Pamgffl*  OompagBie.  Ses  New  Steamship 
Co. 

NeatraUty  is  the  condition  of  a  State  left  un- 
touched by,  and  itself  abstaining  from,  participation 
in  hostilities  between  belligerents  {q.v.).  The  law 
of  neutrality  is  divided  into  two  branches : 

(i)  that  affecting  States  in  their  relation  one  with 
another,  and 

(2)  that  affecting  individuals  in  their  relations 
inisr  se. 

1.  If  a  wrong  is  done  by  a  belligerent  to  a  neutral 
State,  or  vice  versa,  the  remedy  is  international. 

2.  The  belligerent  State  and  the  neutral  individual 
are  bound  by  no  obligations  to  each  other,  for  the 
only  duty  of  the  individual  is  to  his  Sovereign,  and 
the  acts  of  the  individual  are  wrongs  only  so  far  as 
they  compromise  his  nation.  Similarly  the  only 
duty  of  a  belligerent  State  is  to  the  other  States,  its 
behaviour  to  neutral  individuals  being  regulated 
by  international  agreement. 

Sir  Edward  Fry,  in  the  course  of  his  paper  read 
recently  before  the  Society  of  Antiquaries,  Burling- 
ton  House,  London,  on  "The  Rights  of  Neutrals 
as   illustrated  by  Recent  Events,"  said  that  the 
late  'vear  between  Russia  and  Japan  had  furnished 
strilting  evidence  of  the  fact  that  as  science  advanced 
it   raised  new  questions  in  each  new  war,  which 
required     the    consideration    of    diplomats     and 
international  lawyers,   and,   further,   that  as  the 
scientriffc  appliances  of  war  were  developed,   the 
rights  of  neutrals  were  more  and  more  imperilled. 
Tbere  could  be  no  doubt  that  the  civilised  world 
-was    feeling  increasingly  after  a  system  of  inter- 
national law,  and  was  desirous  of  creating  some 
inetbod  for  the  administration  of  that  law.     The 
proceedings  before  the  International  Commission  of 
Inquiry  into  the  North  Sea  Incident  of  October, 


1904,  appeared  at  more  than  one  stage  likely  to  raise 
a  question  of  much  importance — ^namely,  whether 
or  not  the  commander  of  a  ship-of-war  belonging 
to  a  belligerent   Power  could  justify  injury  to  a 
neutral  ship  on  the  ground  of  his  suspicion  that  she 
was  a  belligerent.     On  this  point  he  maintained 
that  a  commander  of  a  ship-of-war  was  not  justified 
in  injuring  a  neutral  vessel  on  any  ground  but  the 
actual   misconduct  of  the  neutral,   and   that  he 
could  not  justify  such  injury  on  any  ground  of 
suspicion.     The  second   question  dealt  with  was 
as  to  how  far  belligerents  could  enlarge  their  rights 
against    neutrals    by    the    introduction    of    novel 
instruments  and  methods  of  warfare.     Regarding 
this  he  felt  that,  whilst  belligerents  were  entitled 
as    against    neutrals    to    all    the    rights    hitherto 
recognised  by  international  law,  they  could  not 
enlarge  those  rights  by  the  introduction  of  novel 
instruments  or  methods  of  warfare,  and  that  if 
such  could  not  be  used  without  the  infliction  of 
additional   burdens  on  neutrals,   they  could  not 
lawfully  be  used  at  all.     The  third  question  related 
to  the  right  of  neutrals  to  receive  and  use  messages 
relating  to  military  or  naval  operations  sent  by 
belligerents  by  means  of  wireless  telegraphy.     An 
incident  in  the  war  between  Russia  and  Japan 
raised  a  point  of  international  law  which  he  believed 
was  novel.     '*  The  Times  "  newspaper  sent  to  the 
East  an  English  officer  authorised  by  them  to  set  up 
a  system  of  telegraphy  for  the  information  of  their 
readers.     He  accordingly  established  a  station  for 
wireless  telegraphy  on  the  British  possession  at 
Wei-Hai-Wei,  and  pnt  it  in  direct  connection  with 
the  land  cable  service  from  that  place  to  Europe. 
He  then  chartered  at  Hong  Kong  a  steamer,  the 
Haimun,   and   had   her  fitted   at   Shanghai  with 
supplemental  masts  for  the  purposes  of  wireless 
telegraphy.      The   vessel    then   proceeded    to  the 
region  of  the  operations  in  progress  between  the 
Navies  of  Russia  and  Japan,  and  from  March  14  to 
April  18,  1904,  a  continuous  service  was  maintained 
between    the    Haimun   and   the   office    of    "  The 
Times,"  in  London,  and  information  was  thus  made 
public   as  to   the   operations   of  the   belligerents. 
Though  the  establishment  of  this  line  of  communi- 
cation was  the  object  aimed  at  by  *'  The  Times," 
yet  the  apparatus  when  it  was  working  well  enabled 
the  operators  to  make  other  uses  of  it.     "  We  were 
now  able,"  wrote  the  chief  operator  in  charge  of  the 
apparatus,  '*  to  recdve  both  Russian  and  Japanese 
messages.     These  messages,   of   course,   came  in 
cipher,  and  as  we  possessed  no  key,  it  was  impos- 
sible for  us  to  make  any  improper  use  of  messages 
thus  received,  but  we  could  easily  recognise  the 
difference  in  the  systems  employed,  and  by  this 
means  we  were  able  approximately  to  tell  the  dis- 
tance we  were  from  the  various  ships.     Moreover, 
our  operator,  who  was  extremely  expert,  began  to 
recognise  the  notes  of  the  various  ships — ^that  is  to 
say,  he  could  tell  if  a  Russian  ship  was  at  sea  by 
listening  for  the  answering  communication  from  the 


NEUTRALITY 


448 


NEUTRALITY 


shore.     He  could  also  detect  whether  the  Japanese 
messages  were  being  transmitted  by  relay  to  the 
naval  base,  or  whether  the  fleet  itself  was  at  sea. 
This  was,  of  course,  to  us  possibly  of  more  value 
than  if  we  had  been  able  to  decipher  the  actual 
messages  sent,   and  during  the  period   that  the 
Haimun  was  in  operation  during  April,  our  more 
successful  issues  resulted  from  a  careful  listening 
for  the  wireless  telegraphy  of  the  opposing  fleets  " 
("  The  Times,"  August  27,   1904).    This  passage, 
he  said,  showed  forcibly  the  extent  to  which  the 
wireless  telegraphy  in  the  hands  of  a  skilful  operator 
might  enable  the  operator  to  play  the  part  of  an 
eavesdropper  to  one  or  both  of  the  belligerent 
parties  ;  and  it  was  therefore  not  wonderful  to  find 
that  the  Russians  and  Japanese  alike  toc^  steps  to 
get  rid  of  the  intrusive  ship.     About  the  middle  of 
April    the    Russian    Government,    by    a    circular 
addressed  to  the  Powers,  informed  them  that  the 
Russian  Viceroy  in  the  East  had  declared  that 
if  neutral  steamships  were  seized  off  the  coast  of  the 
Kwang-tung   peninsular,    or   within   the   zone   of 
military  operations  of  the  Russian  naval  forces, 
having  on  board  correspondents  who  were  commu- 
nicating information  to  the  enemy  by  means  of 
improved    apparatus    not    contemplated    in    the 
conventions  deaUng  with  such  matters,  the  cases 
of  such  correspondents  would  be  treated  as  cases  of 
spying,  and  the  vessels  fitted  with  wireless  tele- 
graphy would  be  considered  as  lawful  prize  {**  The 
Times,"  April   21,  1904).      The  course  taken  by 
the  Japanese  Government  was   different.      At  a 
date  apparently  somewhat  later  than  the  commu- 
nication to  the  Powers  of  the  Russian  Note,  the 
Japanese     authorities     communicated     with     the 
officers  of  the  Haimun,  and  insisted  upon  placing 
limitations  on  the  movements  of  the  vessel,  which 
practically    rendered    her   service    useless    ("  The 
Times,"  August  27,   1904).     It  was,  he  thought, 
impossible  to  maintain  the  position  assumed  in  the 
Russian  Note.     If,  as  there  seemed  no  reason  to 
doubt,  it  was  intended  to  apply  to  the  case  of  the 
Haimun,  it  was  erroneous  in  its  suggestion  as  to 
the  facts,  for  the  war  correspondent  was  not  commu- 
nicating information   to   the  enemy  directly,   or 
otherwise  than  as  he  communicated  this  information 
to  all  the  world,  through  the  columns  of  "  The 
Times."     But  even  waiving  this  point,  it  seemed 
impossible  to  hold  a  correspondent  who  openly 
intervened  within  the  zone  of  hostilities,  and  openly 
communicated  with  one  of  the  belligerents  as  a  spy. 
Fraud  or  secrecy  was  the  essential  ingredient  of 
spying,  and  when  these  were  absent  it  would  be  a 
gross  violation  of  international  law  to  hang  the 
informant  as  a  spy.     But,  if  the  action  of  "  The 
Times  "  correspondent  were  not  the  action  of  a  spy, 
it  might  well  be  argued  that  it  was  a  serious  violation 
of  neutrality.     But  before  they  could  settle  that 
question,    it   appeared    to   him    that    they    must 
enlarge  the  range  of  their  inquiry,  and  consider 
what  ought  to  be  the  rights  of  persons  using  wire- 


less telegraphy  even  in  times  of  peace.     A  concrete 
case  which  was  affirmed  and  denied  to  have  recently 
occurred  would  help  them  in  that  consideration. 
What  was  alleged  to  have  happened  was  as  follows : 
A  wireless  telegraphic  station  had  been  installed 
at  Corunna,  and  had  been  working  there  for  some 
10    months.      It   was    ostensibly    established    on 
behalf  of  a  Ferrol  newspaper,  but  the  whole  staff 
was  German,  and  it  was  thought  that  a  large  number 
of  telegrams  had  been  taken  up  or  intercepted  and 
communicated  to  the  German  Consul,  who  imme- 
diately transmitted  them  to  his  Government,  and 
it  was  said  that  these  telegrams  were  of  English 
origin    ("  The   Times,"   February  6,    1906).      The 
whole  story  had  been  denied  in  a  manner  which 
made  it  very  probable  that  it  was  untrue.     But, 
as  that  was  immaterial  for  their  purpose,  let  them 
assume  that  the  account  was  correct,   and  ask 
tfaeiDBelves  first  whether  the  action  of  the  Germans 
in  using  the  telegraphic  station  ought  to  be  regarded 
as  a  violation  of  international  law.     He  could  not 
for  a  moment  think  that  it  ought  to  be.     The 
atmosphere  and  the  ether  which  surrounded  the 
world  were  not  capable  of  becoming  the  private 
property  either  of  nations  or  of  individuals ;   and 
the  instruments  used  to  receive  wireless  telegraphic 
messages    might  —  subject    to   any    questions  ol 
patent  right,  with  which  they  were  not  concerned — 
lawfully  be  used  by  any  person  whomsoever.The 
analogy  of  sound  would  support  the  same  conclu- 
sion, for  he  conceived  it  to  be  clear  that  no  law 
would  be  infringed  by  a  man  who  on  land,  where 
he  had  a  right  to  be,   heard,  even    by  artificial 
assistance,   the   sounds   uttered    by  a   neighbour, 
and   intended  for  the  ears  of  some  third  person. 
Another    consideration    which    led    in    the    same 
direction  was  the  great  difficulty,  if  not  impossi- 
bility, of  enforcing  against  the  transgressor  the 
prohibition  of  the  supposed  law.     It  would  seem  to 
follow  that  the  answer  to  the  question,  whether  in 
civil    or   international    law,    should    be    that   the 
sender  of  such  messages  must  send  them  at  his 
risk,  and  that  if  the  means  which  he  possessed  of 
securing  secrecy  were  not  adequate,  he  must  suffer 
the  evils  of  that  publicity  of  which  he  was  the  first 
author.     If  this  conclusion  were  correct,  it  would 
further  seem  to  follow  that  the  only  right  of  the 
Russian  authorities  in  the  case  of  the   Haimun 
would  have  been  to  exclude  her  from  such  proximity 
to  the  scene  of  naval  operations  as  might  be  held  to 
interfere  with  such  operations,   but   that  if  the 
operators  of  the  Haimun  could  pick  up  the  messages 
of  the  Russians  at  any  point  beyond  that  range  they 
were  at  liberty  so  to  do.     Dr.  Marconi,  he  remarked, 
had  recently  communicated  to  the  Royal  Society  a 
note  on  methods  whereby  the  radiation  of  electric 
waves  might  be  mainly  confined  to  certain  direc- 
tions.    If  those  methods  should  prove  successful, 
they  would  obviously  diminish   the   facilities  for 
the  interception  by  outsiders  of  messages  sent  by 
wireless  telegraphy. 


NEVADA 


449 


NEW 


lefidft.    U.S.  xnonitor.   (Bath  Ironworks,  1900.) 
Length  252ft.    Beam  50ft.  Maximum  draught  13ft. 
Displacement  2,755  ^J^»    Complement  130. 

Guns,  Armour, 

2 — 12  in..  40  cal.  "  Krupp." 

4 — 4  in.  II  in.  Belt  amidships. 

3 — 6  pdr.  1 1  in.  Barbettes. 

4 — I  pdr.  8  in.  Conning  tower. 

2  Colts. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
2  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.   2,400=12   kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 400  tons. 

]f6¥Btre.  Scotch  steamer.  Sunk  near  Christian- 
sand,  March  7,  1883  ;  45  lives  lost. 

leva  Taeht  Clli]>.  Established  1895.  Commo- 
dore, N.  de  Sytenko ;  Treasurer,  N.  de  Sytenko ; 
Honorary  Secretary,  N.  Benoit,  Wladimir  Place,  i , 
St  Petersburg.  Entrance  fee,  50  roubles  ;  annual 
subscription,  100  roubles. 

Ilevill»-B<dle»  yii»-Adiiiinl  BniMi,   C.B.,  1884 
(b.  1847).     Entered  Royal  Navy,  1861  ;  lieutenant, 
1 87 1  ;  served  with  the  Naval  Brigade  during  Ashan- 
tee  war ;    was  naval  A.D.C.  to  Major-General  Sir 
Garnet    Wolseley    in    Ashantee    campaign,    1873 
(Ashantee  medal) ;  commanded  scouts  in  Sir  WilHam 
Hewett's  operations  against  pirates  of  the  Congo, 
1874;    engaged  in  boat  operations  against  hostile 
tribes  of  the  Niger  Delta.   1875,   when  during  a 
blockade  of   Whydah  he  made  his  way  through 
swamp  and  lagoon  to  Lagos,  with  a  view  of  ascer- 
taining whether  in  the  event  of  war  with  Dahomey 
it  was  possible  to  take  the  country  in  flank.     Com- 
mander of  Euryalus,  flagship  of  Admiral  Hewett, 
during     Egyptian    war.     1882    (Egyptian    medal, 
Khedive's  Bronze  Star) ;  commanded  Naval  Brigade 
in  General  Sir  Gerald  Graham's  expedition,  1884. 
against  rebels  of  the  Soudan,  fX  battles  of  £1  Teb 
and  Tamaai ;  accompanied  Admiral  Sir  W.  Hewett 
on  his  mission  to  Abyssinia,  1884 ;    specially  men- 
tioned in    both  naval    and    military   despatches ; 
created  C.B.  for  his  services  (Suakim  and  £1  Teb- 
Tamaai    clasps) ;     A.D.C.     to   Her   late   Majesty, 
1895-99  ;   retired,  1903. 

Newake.  Japanese  torpedo  -  boat  destroyer. 
(Yokosuka,  1906.)  Length,  220  ft.  ;  beam,  2oJ  ft. ; 
draught,  9^  ft.  ;  displacement,  374  tons ;  arma- 
ment, I  1 2 -pdr.,  5  6-pdr.,  2  tubes;  twin  screw; 
Hp.,  6,000=29  kts. 

Vewark.  Old  U.S.  cruiser  (1890).  Reconstructed 
1902. 

Length  311ft.   Beam  49ft.   Maximum  draught  23ft. 
Displacement  4,098  tons.     Complement  393. 
Guns,  Armour. 

12 — 6  in.  "  Steel." 

4 — 6  pdr.  3  in.  Deck. 

^ — I  pdr.  2  in.  Gun  shields. 

2  Colts. 


Twin  screw.  Hp.  8.500=19  kts.  Coal  maxi- 
mum 809  tons. 

New  Brighton  Sailing  dob.  Rock  Ferry.  This 
club  was  formed  in  1870  to  promote  the  sport  of 
open  boat  sailing  on  the  Mersey,  and  is  the  oldest 
open  boat  dub  in  the  Kingdom.  In  1871  the  club 
adopted  its  present  measurement  rule,  which 
embodies  girth  as  a  factor,  and  which  has  been 
found  to  work  extremely  well  in  every  way.  In 
1896,  for  the  first  time,  girth  was  admitted  by  the 
experts  to  be  a  most  important  factor  in  yacht  racing 
measurement,  and  was  embodied  in  the  Y.R.A. 
rule  for  that  year,  so  that  in  this  point  the  New 
Brighton  Sailing  Club  may  be  said  to  have  been 
25  years  in  advance  of  its  time.  The  club  has  had 
several  different  classes,  but  none  have  shown  such 
sport  as  the  i8-ft.  centreboard  class,  which  was 
started  in  1888,  and  is  still  the  class  of  the  club, 
though  handicap  races  for  small  cruisers,  etc.,  are 
also  given  during  the  season.  The  headquarters 
of  the  dab  are  now  at  Rock  Slip,  Rock  Ferry,  where 
there  is  a  good  boatyard,  shed,  and  sail  room. 
Burgee :  Dark  blue,  with  white  anchor.  Commo- 
dore, Alfred  Nickels ;  Vice-Cx>mmodore,  Richard 
Bulman ;  Captain,  G.  F.  Law ;  Treasurer,  J.  M. 
Pooley;  Honorary  Secretary,  A«  E.  Welsh.  En- 
trance fee,  I05.  6^. ;  annual  subscription,  105.  6d. 

Vawoastle.  60  guns.  On  November  26,  1703, 
this  vessel  was  lost  at  Spithead,  when  193  were 
drowned. 

Hewoastl«  and  Hunter  River  Steamship  Co.,  Ltd., 
with  the  head  offices  in  Sydney,  have  a  fleet  of  three 
steamers  which  maintain  regular  nightly  services 
(Sundays  excepted)  from  Sydney  to  Newcastle  and 
Morpeth. 

Fleet, 

Namoi.  Newcastle,  Sydney. 

New  Hampihire.  U.S.  ist  class  battleship. 
(Moran  Bros.,  1906.) 

Length  450ft.   Beam  76ft.   Maximum  draught  27ft. 
Displacement  16,000  tons.     Complement  916. 
Guns.  Armour. 

4 — 12  in.,  45  cal.       "  Krupp." 
8 — 8  in.  9  in.  Belt  amidships. 

12 — 7  in.  10  in.  Barbettes. 

20 — 14  pdr.  12  in.  Turrets. 

12 — 3  pdr.  9  in.  Conning  tower. 

14  Small  q.f. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (21  in.). 
4  Submerged. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  i6,sooa«i8  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 2,350  tons.     Approximate  cost  ;£r, 500,000. 

New  Jeney.  U.S.  ist  class  battleship.  (Fore 
River  Co.,  1904.) 

Length  435ft   Beam  76ft.  Maximum' draught  26ft. 
Displacement  1 5 , 3  20  tons.     Complement  703. 

Q 


NEWMAN 


450 


NEW 


Armour. 
"  Harvey-nickel  "  and 

"  Krupp." 
1 1  in.  Belt  amidships. 
10  in.  Turrets. 
10  in.  Barbettes. 
9  in.  Conning  tower. 


Guns. 
4 — 12  in.,  40cal. 
8—8  in. 
1 2 — 6  in. 
12 — 14  pdr. 
12 — 3  pdr. 
4 — I  pdr. 
8  Colts. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
4  Submerged. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.   19,000=19  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 1,900  tons.     Approximate  cost  ;f  1,300.000. 

Newman  Memorial  is  a  prize  founded  in  memory 
of  Edward  Newman,  chief  engineer  at  Portsmouth 
Dockyard,  conferred  annually  on  the  engineer 
student  who.  entering  the  Navy,  attains  the  highest 
number  of  marks  for  practical  engineering. 

New  OrleaiiB.     U.S.  cruiser.     (Elswick,  1897.) 
Purchased  from  Brazil. 
Length  330ft.   Beam  43ft.   Maximum  draught  z8ft. 
Displacement  3,450  tons.     Complement  300. 
Guns.  Armour. 

6—6  in.  "  Harvey-nickel . ' ' 

4 — 5  in.  3  in.  Deck. 

10 — 6  pdr.  4  in.  Gun  shields. 

4 — I  pdr. 
4  Colts. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
2  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  forced  7,500=20*25  kts.     Coal 
maximum  700  tons. 

New  Palace  Steamers,  Ltd.,  with  their  head  ofhces 

in  London,  have  a  fleet  of  two  modern  steamers, 
which  maintain,  during  the  summer,  daily  sailings 
from  London  to  Southend,  Margate,  Ramsgate, 
Deal,  and  Dover.  Both  steamers  are  beautifully 
modelled,  and  have  a  promenade  deck  the  entire 
length  of  the  ship.  Dining  accommodation  is  pro- 
vided for  220  passengers  at  one  sitting,  and  the 
catering  is  under  the  management  of  the  company. 
The  vessels  perform  the  journey  from  London  to 
Southend.  Margate,  and  Ramsgate  in  daylight. 
Four  times  a  week  the  Koh-i-Noor  makes  a  trip 
from  Tilbury  (calling  at  Margate)  to  Deal  and 
Dover  and  back  in  a  day. 

Fleet. 
Koh-i-  Noor.  Royal  Sovereign. 

Newport.  U.S.  gun-boat.  (Bath,  1897.)  Length, 
168  ft.  ;  beam,  36  ft.  ;  draught,  13  f t.  ;  displace- 
ment, 1,000  tons;  complement,  147;  armament, 
6  4-in.,  4  6-in.,  2  i-pdr.,  i  Maxim  ;  Hp.,  1,000  = 
12  kts.  ;  coal,  250  tons. 

New  Bbine  Steamcbip  (k>.  See  Royal  Netherland 
Steamship  Co. 

News.  In  sea  phraseology,  "  Do  you  hear  the 
news  ?  "  ;  a  formula  used  in  turning  out  the  relief 
watch. 

New  Steamship  Co.  (Neue  Dampfer  Compagnie), 
with  their  head  office  in  Stettin,  have  a  fleet  of 


19  steamers,  which  carry  passengers  and  cargo  to 
North  Russian  ports.  A  steamer  sails  at  regular 
intervals  to  St.  Petersburg,  Reval,  Kooigsberg, 
and  Danzig  ;   one  every  14  days  to  Stockholm. 

Fleet. 

Archimedes.  Libau. 

Arcona.  London. 

Berlin.  Moskau. 

Breslau.  OberbUrgermeister 

Cdln.  Haken. 

Director  Reppenhagen.  Reval. 

Elsa.  Rkein. 

Gertrud.  St.  Petersburg. 

Konigsberg.  Stockholm. 

Leipzig.  Wolga. 

Gross  tonnage,  20,000. 

New  Thames  Taeht  Olab,  Gravesend.  Estab- 
lished 1867.  Received  Admiralty  warrant,  April. 
1868.  Flag  :  Blue  ensign  of  His  Majesty's  Fleet, 
with  phoenix  in  gold.  Burgee  :  Blue,  with  phoenix 
in  gold  in  centre.  The  object  of  the  club  is  tbe 
encouragement  of  yachting  and  yacht  racing  on 
the  River  Thames.  Matches  are  held  annually 
for  yachts  ranging  from  20  tons  upwards.  Courses 
trom  the  Lower  Hope  to  the  House  Light  Vessel  and 
back  to  Gravesend,  and  from  Southead  down  the 
Swin  Channel  to  Harwich.  The  matches  generally 
take  place  at  the  end  of  May,  or  early  in  June,  and 
large  entries  are  secured  for  the  two  days'  racing. 
The  club,  since  its  formation,  has  distributed  ap- 
proximately j£ 1 0,000  in  prizes  and  prize  money. 
The  club  house  is  a  handsome  building,  facing  the 
river,  and  is  situated  opposite  the  entrance  to  the 
Tilbury  Docks.  It  contains  upwards  of  20  bed- 
rooms, smoking  rooms,  etc.,  and  a  large  coffee  room 
in  which  some  very  popular  fish  dinners  take  place 
during  the  winter  months. 

New  York.  U.S.  subsidised  merchant  ship  (188S). 
International  Co.  (q.v,).  Dimensions,  565x63x39 
ft. ;  gross  tonnage,  10,798  ;]  passenger  accommoda- 
tion, 1,300  ;  Hp.,  20,000 a=  30  kts. 

New  York.  U.S.  belted  cruiser.  (Philadelphia, 
1891.) 

Length  380ft.   Beam  64ft.   Maximum  draught  28ft. 
Displacement  8,200  tons.     Complement  566. 
Guns,  Armour, 

6—8  in.  "  Harvey." 

12 — 4  in.  4  in.  Belt  amidships. 

8 — 6  pdr.  10  in.  Barbettes. 

4 — I  pdr.  7  in.  Conning  tower. 

4  Colts. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
4  Above  water  broadside. 
I  Above  water  bow. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  forced  16,500=21  kts.     C<jal 
maximum  i ,  1 50  tons. 

New  York,  Newhaven  and  Hertford  Railwmjr  Co. 

operate  the  Newhaven  Line  of  steamers  which  nm 
in  conjunction  with  the  trains.  One  of  the  steamcis 
leave  New  York  every  wepJc>day  for  Newhav'cn  and 


THE  NEW  ZEALAND  SHIPPING  COMPANY'S  TWIN  SCREW  R.M.5.  * 
10.130  TONS. 


NEW 


451 


NEW 


vice  versa,  double  service  being  maintained  during 
the  summer  months,  connecting  at  Newhaven  lor 
points  on  the  Hertford  Shore  Line,  Ayre  Line,  and  the 
New  York,  Newhaven,  and  Hertford  Line. 

Fleet. 
City  of  Lawrence.  Richard  Beck. 

New  York  Shipbuilding  Co.,  Camden,  New  Jersey, 
N. Y.,  U.S.A.,  was  organised  in  1900,  and  immediate- 
ly started  building  ships  at  their  yard  situated  on 
the  Delaware  River,  about  four  miles  from  the 
centre  of  Philadelphia,  Pa.  The  yard  was  designed 
so  that  vessels  could  be  entirely  constructed  under 
enclosed  sheds ;  with  all  the  power  for  operating 
the  tools,  cranes,  etc.,  electric,  and  fitted  with  a 
very  large  and  complete  plant  for  the  use  of  pneu- 
matic tools  for  riveting,  drilling,  chipping  and 
caulking.  Vessels  are  fitted  out  in  a  wet  slip  within 
the  buildings,  so  that  the  painting,  joinery,  and 
carpentry  work  is  all  done  under  cover. 

For  a  new  shipyard  the  record  of  tonnage  built 
has  been  very  great,  as  will  be  seen  from  the  follow- 
ing list : 


Year. 

No. 

ol  vtBsels. 

Gross  tonna^ 

1 

1901     

1 

2.466 

1902    ...     . 

S 

S3,aoo 

1903    ... 

11 

37.834 

1904     ... 

• 

7,120 

1905    ... 

3 

31.900(ff) 

1906    ... 

12 

30.52K6) 

1907    ...     . 

... 

"*" 

40.740(c) 

(rt)  Of  this  30.500  tons  for  U.S.N. 

(b)  „      16.000 

(c)  .,      16.000 

The  machinery  turned  out  by  this  company  is 
also  considerable: 


Year. 


I.Hp. 


Year. 


l.Hp. 


1901 

■  •        «  ■  • 

1.500 

1905 

•  ••         •  ■  • 

46.000 

1902 

■  •         •  •  • 

18.200 

1906 

•  ■  •         ■  ■  ■ 

23.650 

1903 

■  •        ■  «  « 

26.000 

1907 

•• •         ••• 

46.700 

1904 

■  •         •  ■  • 

6.100 

The  work  built  and  building  is  of  a  superior  kind, 
and  includes  vessels  of  all  types,  both  merchant 
and  naval.  Since  the  foundation  of  the  company 
there  have  been  constructed  : 


0  Cargo  steamers. 

6  Oil  barges. 

7  Mail,  passenger  and      6  Car  floats. 

cargo  steamers. 

2  Fire  boats. 

3  Oil  steamers. 

10  Light  vessels. 

I  Ferry  boat. 

8  Lighthouse  tenders. 

5  Dredges. 

3  Battleships. 

3  Coal  barges. 

I  Cruiser. 

The  largest  vessels  built  by  this  yard  are  : 

— 

Length . 

Breadth. 

Depth. 

Gross 
ton- 
nage. 

l.Hp. 

Mfyrtgolta 
MancHuna    ... 

Mississippi  ...> 

ft.  in. 
616  0 

505  6 

ft. 
65 

• 

58 

ft.  in. 
51  3 

35  5 

13.639 
7,913 

10.000 
5.000 

The  vessels  built  for  the  U.S.  Navy  comprise  the 
14,500  ton  cruiser  Washington,  with  a  speed  of 
22^  kts.,  the  16,000  ton  battleship  Kansas,  18  kts., 
and  the  16,000  ton  battleships  New  Hampshire 
and  Michigan  now  being  completed. 

New  Yoi±  Yaoht  OlnbA  Established  1844.  Com- 
modore, Frederick  G.  Bourne  ;  Vice-Commodore, 
Henry  Walters  ;  Rear-Commodore,  Cornelius  Van- 
derbilt ;  Treasurer,  Farrant  Putnam  ;  Secretary, 
George  A.  Cormac,  ^7,  West  44th  Street,  New  York, 
U.S.A.  Entrance  fee,  100  dols.  ;  annual  sub- 
scription, 50  dols. 

New     Zealand/*    British    ist    class     battleship. 
(Portsmouth,  1904.) 
Length  453ft.    Beam  78ft.    Mean  draught  26ft. 
Displacement  16,350  tons.     Complement  777, 
Guns.  Armour. 

4 — 12  in.  "  Krupp." 

4 — 9*2  in.  9  in.  Belt  amidships, 

lo — 6  in.  12  in.  Barbettes. 

14 — 12  pdr.  12  in.  Conning  tower. 

14—3  pdr. 
2  Maxims. 

'    Torpedo  Tubes. 
4  Submerged  broadside. 
I  Submerged  stem. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  18,000=18*5  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 2,000  tons.     Approximate  cost  ^Ji, 500,000. 

New  Zealand  and  African  Steanudii]^  Co.,  with  the 
head  offices  in  Wellington,  New  Zealand,  have  a 
fleet  of  steamers  which  maintain  a  monthly  pas- 
senger and  cargo  service  from  Avonmouth,  Liver- 
pool, Glasgow,  and  London,  to  Cape  Town,  Port 
Elizabeth,  East  London,  Durban,  Wellington, 
Auckland,  Lyttelton,  Adelaide,  Sydney  and  Fre- 
mantle,  and  vice  versa.  The  average  passage  to 
New  Zealand  by  these  vessels  is  between  60  to  70 
days,  and  the  accommodation  is  exceedingly 
comfortable,  only  a  limited  number  of  passengers 
being  taken. 

New  Zealand  Insurance  Co.  Established  Auck- 
land, New  Zealand,  1859,  with  a  capital  of 
;ii, 000,000,  divided  into  100,000  shares  of  ;fio  each, 
£2  paid  up.  The  reserve  fund  now  stands  at  nearly 
;^4oo,ooo,  while  the  balance  carried  forward  from 
profit-and-loss  account  amounts  to  ;f 5 0,000.  For 
many  years  the  company  has,  in  addition  to 
materially  adding  to  its  reserve,  paid  an  annual 
dividend  of  15%. 

The  directors  of  the  company  are :  Hon.  S. 
Thome  George  (chairman),  M.  A.  Clarke  (deputy 
chairman),  Thomas  Buddie,  Arthur  M.  Myers, 
J.  L.  Bagnall,  Henry  Horton,  Charles  Rhodes, 
James  Buttle  (general  manager),  Charles  F.  Minnett 
(secretary).  Offices :  Auckland,  New  Zealand ; 
I  Old  Broad  Street,  London,  E.C. 

New  Zealand  Shipping  Co.,  Ltd.,  organised  in  1873, 
carried  on  business  for  some  10  years  with  sailing 
vessels  specially  built  for  passengers  and  the  trade. 

Q  2 


NEW 


452 


NIGHTINGALE 


In  1879  their  first  steamer  was  put  on  the  New 
Zealand  run,  and  folir  years  later  they  received  from 
the  New  Zealand  Government  a  contract  for  the 
conveyance  of  mails,  for  which  five  new  ships  were 
built.  The  fleet  now  consists  of  13  steamers  of  the 
highest  class,  ranging  from  4i700  to  8,210  tons,  and 
maintain  a  direct  service  every  fourth  Wednesday 
from  London  and  Plymouth  to  Tenehfie,  Cape 
Town,  Hobart  and  New  Zealand  ;  the  homeward 
run  being  via  Monte  Video,  Tenerifie  and  Pl3rmouth. 
The  steamers  are  particularly  adapted  to  the  New 
Zealand  trade,  being  fitted  with  refrigerating 
machinery  for  the  carriage  of  frozen  meat,  which 
New  Zealand,  emphasising  her  British  character- 
istics, sends  nearly  all  her  products  in  this  particular 
line  to  England. 

Fleet. 

Kaikouri.  Paparoa.  Tongariro. 

Kaipara.  Rakaia.  Turahina, 

Opawa,  Rimutaha.  Waimate. 

Orari.  Ruapehu,  Wahanui. 

Papanui,  WhahcUane. 

Gross  tonnage,  96,941. 

New  Zealand  Taofat  Sanadron,  Royal.  See  Royal 
New  Zealand  Yacht  Squadron. 

N.F.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Nykj5bing  on  Falster,  Denmark. 

N.G.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Nyborg,  Denmark. 

NX  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Nieuwendam,  Holland. 

Nias.  Netherlands  gun-vessel,  Indian  Navy. 
(Amsterdam,  1896.)  Length,  179^  ft. ;  beam, 
31  ft.  ;  draught.  12  f t.  ;  displacement,  797  ;  com- 
plement, 95  ;  armament,  3  47-in.,  2  2'9'in.,  4  1'4-in. ; 
Hp.,  1,227  =  13  kts. ;  coal,  120  tons. 

Nicaragua  Canal.  Projected  to  connect  the 
Atlantic  and  Pacific  coasts  in  Central  America. 
For  the  construction  of  this  work  a  company 
obtained  a  concession  in  1887,  and  commenced 
working  in  1889,  the  company  being  the  Maritime 
Canal  Co.,  incorporated  by  charter,  granted  by  the 
United  States  Congress.  The  canal,  it  was  esti- 
mated, would  be  170  miles  in  length.  The  pro- 
posed route  was  that  it  should  begin  at  San  Juan, 
and,  passing  across  the  low  coast  land  to  the  San 
Juan  River,  follow  (with  the  help  of  3^  miles  of 
short  cuttings)  the  course  of  the  river  as  far  as 
Lake  Nicaragua,  continuing  from  the  west  side  of 
the  lake  passing  along  the  falls  of  the  river  Las 
Lajas  and  the  Rio  Grande  to  Brito,  the  port  on 
the  Pacific.  The  elevation  of  the  highest  part 
would  be  no  ft.,  the  ascent  from  each  end  being 
made  by  three  locks,  with  an  average  depth  of 
30  ft.  and  a  minimum  width  of  100  ft.  In  1903 
the  United  States  finally  decided  that  the  Panama 
Canal  should  be  proceeded  with,  leaving  the 
Nicaragua  Canal  scheme  in  abeyance.  Refer  to 
Panama  Canal. 


NicholMm.  U.S.  torpedo-boat  (1900).  Displace- 
ment, 174  tons  ;  guns.  5  i-pdr. ;  torpedo  tubes, 
3  i8-in. ;  maximum  speed,  26  kts. 

NiodI,  George  (b.  Dumbarton,  April  16,  1868). 
Trained  in  practical  shipbuilding  on  the  Qyde, 
and  theoretically  educated  at  Glasgow  University 
and  Glasgow  and  West  of  Scotland  Technical 
College.  In  1888  he  joined  the  technical  stafl  of 
a  large  shipbuilding  firm,  and  was  lecturer  in  naval 
architecture  to  science  classes  in  Govan.  In  1898 
he  became  manager  of  the  Northumberland  Ship- 
building Co..  but  resigned  this  appointment  in 
1902,  and  became  surveyor  on  the  staff  of  Lloyd's 
Register  of  Brirish  and  Foreign  Shipping.  Member 
of  the  Institution  of  Naval  Architects. 

Nioolaieff  Taoht  Olab.  Established  1888.  Com- 
modore, N.  N.  Arkas ;  Vice-Commodcjre,  P.  P. 
Turitsin ;  Rear-Commodore,  Gustav  Windscheid  ; 
Treasurer,  V.  N.  Kotelnikov ;  Secretary,  A.  N. 
Golubov,  Nicolskaya  No.  44,  Nicolaieff,  Black  Sea. 
Entrance  fee,  xo  roubles ;  annual  subscription. 
15  roubles. 

mooU  and  Co.,  Bdwaid.  See  Cardiff  "Hair* 
Line.  '^ 

NielMiit  Knad  Ohristiail  (b.  Copenhagen.  May  26, 
1845).  Captain  Royal  Danish  Navy.  In  i860 
entered  the  Academy  of  Naval  Cadets,  Copenhagen, 
and  was  in  1864  promoted  to  Admiral  Suenson's 
staff,  and  fought  at  Heligoland.  In  1866  became 
a  lieutenant,  and  was  for  four  years  navigating 
officer  in  the  Danish  Navy.  Resuming,  in  1870, 
his  studies  at  the  Military  High  School  at  Copen- 
hagen, he  was  appointed  inspecting  officer  and 
lecturer  in  shipbuilding  and  machinery  at  the 
Academy  of  Naval  Cadets  in  1874.  For  two  years 
he  studied  naval  construction  in  England  and 
France,  and  in  1876  was  appointed  Sub-Director  of 
Naval  Construction.  In  1883  he  was  promoted 
Director  of  Naval  Construction,  which  post  he  held 
until  1895,  designing  all  the  Danish  warships  bailt 
during  that  period.  He  then  left  the  Navy,  with 
the  rank  of  post-captain,  to  take  the  management 
of  Messrs.  Burmeister  and  Wain's  works  at  Copen- 
hagen as  chief  director.  Among  famous  ships 
constructed  by  him  for  that  firm  was  the  Imperial 
Russian  yacht  Standart, 

Niger.    British  torpedo  gun-boat  (1892). 
Length  230ft.  Beam  27ft.  Maximum  draught  xa^ft. 
Displacement  810  tons.     Complement  85. 

Guns. 
2 — ^4*7  in.  . 
4—3  pdr. 
Torpedo  Tubes. 
5 — 14  in. 
3 — 18  in. 
Twin  screw.    Coal  maximum  160  tons.     Speed 
17  kts. 

Nightingale.    British   shallow   draught    steamer 
for  river  service  (85  tons).     Launched  1898. 


NIGHT 


453 


NIPPON 


Hight  watobes.    A  guard  or  watch  on  duty  in 
the  night. 

Niitaka.     Japanese  cruiser  (1902). 
Length  334ft.  Beam  44ft.  Maximum  draught  i6ift. 
Displacement  3,420  tons.     Complement  330. 
Guns. 
6 — 6  in. 
10 — 12  pdr. 


Armour. 
"  Steel." 
2^  in.  Deck. 


4 — 2j  pdr. 
Twin  screw, 
mum  600  tons. 


4  in.  Conning  tower. 
Hp.,  9,500=20  kts.    Coal  maxi- 


NiJL  Japanese  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Yar- 
row, 1889.)  Length,  220  ft.  ;  beam,  20^  ft.  ; 
draught,  gi  ft.;  displacement,  311  tons;  comple- 
ment, 55  ;  armament,  i  12-pdr.,  5  6-pdr.,  2  tubes  ; 
twin  screw  ;  Hp.,  6,000=31  J  kts.  ;  coal,  90  tons. 

Hil0.  British  subsidised  merchant  ship  (1893). 
Royal  Mail  Steam  Packet  Co.  (q.v.).  Dimensions, 
420X52X33J  ft. ;  gross  tonnage,  5,855  ;  passenger 
accommodation,  655  ;  Hp.,  6,650=17  kts. 

Hito.  Iron  screw  steamer.  Struck  on  the  God- 
re  vy  Rock,  St.  Ives  Bay,  November  30,  1854 ;  all 
on  board  perished. 

Hlle.     British  I  St  class  battleship.     (Pembroke. 
1888.) 
Length  345ft.   Beam  73ft.  Maximum  draught  30ft. 

EHsplacement  11,940  tons.     Complement  520. 


Armour. 
**  Compound." 
20  in.  Belt  amidships. 
18  in.  Turrets. 
14  in.  Conning  tower. 


Guns. 
4—13-5  in. 
6 — 6  in. 
8 — 6  pdr. 
1 1 — 3  pdr. 
6  Machine. 
3  Boat  guns. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (14  in.). 
2  Submerged. 

2  Above  water  bow  and  stem. 
Twin     screw.     Hp.     natural    7,500=15*6    kts., 
forced  12,000=17  kts.     Coal  maximum  1,200  tons. 
Approximate  cost  ;j90o,ooo. 
Tliis  ship-name  was  introduced  into  the  Navy  in 
1800,    and  is  associated  with  Calder,  off  Ferrol, 
1805. 

JTfle,  Battle  of  the.  See  Nelson,  Horatio  Vis- 
count. 

fflmbiu.    See  Clouds. 

lli]lirod«  Steamer.  Wrecked  on  the  rocks  near 
St,  I>avid'3  Head,  February  28,  i860 ;  40  lives 
lost. 

JfiobO*     British  1st  class  cruiser.     ( Vickers,  1 897 . ) 
'Length,  450ft.   Beam  69ft.  Maximum  draught  27ft. 
rHsplacement  1 1 ,000  tons.     Complement  677. 
Guns.  Armour. 

16 — 6  in.  "  Harvey." 

1 2 — 12  pdr.  4  in.  Belt  amidships. 

3 12  pdr.,  8  cwt.      12  in.  Conning  tower. 

1 2 3  P^r- 

2  Maxims. 


Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
2  Submerged. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  16,500=20*25  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 2,000  tons.     Approximate  cost  ;£6oo,ooo. 

Hiobe.  German  armoured  cruiser.   (Weser,  1899.) 
Length  328ft.   Beam  39ft.   Maximum  draught  17ft. 
Displacement  2.650  tons.     Complement  249. 
Guns.  Armour. 

10 — 4*1  in.  "  Krupp." 

14 — I  pdr.  2  in.  Deck. 

4  Machine.  3  in.  Conning  tower. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
2  Submerged. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.   8,500  =  21    kts.     Coal   maxi- 
mum 560  tons. 

Niord.     Swedish  coast  service  battleship.    (Lind- 
holmen,  1899.) 

Length  279ft.   Beam  40ft.   Maximum  draught  17ft. 
Displacement  3,400  tons.     Complement  210. 
Guns.  Armour. 

2 — 10  in.  *'  Harvey-nickel." 

6 — 4'7  in.  9  in.  Belt, 

lo — 6  pdr.  8  in.  Turrets. 

2 — I  pdr. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
I  Submerged  bow. 
Twin    screw.     Hp.     natural     3,700=1 55     kts., 
forced  5,350=  165  kts. 

Nip.     A  short  turn  in  a  rope. 

Nipper.  A  rope  or  cable  for  lashing  the  mes- 
senger to  the  cable. 

Nippon  Mara.  Japanese  Government  liner 
(1898).  Dimensions,  431  X  50x29  ft. ;  gross  ton- 
nage, 6,196;  Hp.,  10,000=17  kts. 

Nippon  Tiuen  Kaisha.  In  1868  steamship  com- 
munication between  Tokyo  and  Osaka  was  started 
by  a  company  which  in  187 1  gave  way  to  the 
Yubin  Kisen  Kaisha  (MaU  Steamship  Co.),  under 
the  control  of  the  Imperial  Bureau  of  Communica- 
tions. In  1882  another  company  was  organised, 
the  Kayodo  Unyu  Kaisha  (Union  Transportation), 
but  a  trial  of  three  years  demonstrated  the  in- 
expediency of  having  two  rival  companies  in  the 
field,  both  receiving  State  aid,  and  an  amalgama- 
tion took  place  in  1885  ^^^  the  present  Nippon 
Yusen  Kaisha  (Japanese  Mail  Steamship  Co.). 
Regular  services  are  maintained  between  Kobe 
and  Vladivostock,  Kobe  and  Tientsin  via  Korean 
ports,  and  Yokohama  and  Shanghai,  a  line  between 
Japan  and  Bombay  being  inaugurated  in  1892. 
During  the  war  with  China  in  1894,  when  50  of 
its  steamers  were  engaged  at  one  time  transporting 
troops,  it  was  thought  necessary  to  increase  the 
capital  of  the  company  and  extend  their  business. 
They  now  own  a  fleet  of  70  steamers,  which, 
independent  of  a  complete  Japanese  coastal  system, 
as  well  as  to  Keeling  from  Kobe,  and  Bonin  Islands 
from  Yokohama ;  the  European  passenger  line 
runs    fortnightly    from    Japan    to    Antwerp    and 


NIRBEN 


454 


NOBLE 


London,  calling  at  Middlesbrough  on  the  return 
journey ;  the  American  line,  a  fortnightly  service 
to  Seattle,  a  monthly  line  to  and  from  Australia, 
and  services  to  China,  Korea,  Asiatic  Russia, 
Hawaii,  Strait  Settlements,  and  India. 

Fleet. 

Aki  Maru.  Mutsu  Maru. 

Asago  Maru.  Nagato  Maru. 

Awa  Maru.  Niigaia  Maru. 

Bingo  Maru.  Nihko  Maru. 

Bombay  Maru.  Omi  Maru. 

Ceylon  Maru.  Otaru  Maru. 

Chef 00  Maru.  -    Owari  Maru. 

Fushike  Maru.  Riojun  Maru. 

Genkai  Maru.  Sado  Maru. 

Hakata  Maru.  Sagami  Maru. 

Hakuai  Maru.  Saikio  Maru. 

Higo  Maru.  Sakata  Maru. 

Hiogo  Maru.  Sakura  Maru. 

Hiroshima  Maru.  Santo  Maru. 

Hitachi  Maru.  Sanuki  Maru. 

Hitaka  Maru.  Satsuma  Maru. 

Hokkai  Maru.  Shinano  Maru. 

Idzumi  Maru.  Suminoye  Maru. 

Inaba  Maru.  Suruga  Maru. 

Ise  Maru.  Tagonoura  Maru. 

lyo  Maru.  Tairen  Maru. 

Jinsen  Maru.  Tamba  Maru. 

Kaga  Maru.  Tango  Maru. 

Kagoshima  Maru.  Tahasago  Maru. 

Kamakura  Maru.  Tategami  Maru. 

Kanagawa  Maru.  Tenshin  Maru. 

Kasuga  Maru.  Teshio  Maru. 

Kawachi  Maru.  TokacAi  Maru. 

Kinshu  Maru.  Tosa  Maru. 

Kitami  Maru.  Totomi  Maru. 

Kobe  Maru.  Wakanoura  Maru. 

Kokura  Maru.  Wakasa  Maru. 

Kosai  Maru.  Yamaguchi  Maru. 

Kumamoto  Maru.  Yamashiro  Maru. 

Kumano  Maru.  Yawata  Maru. 

Kushiro  Maru.  Yechigo  Maru. 

Matsuyama  Maru.  Yeijio  Maru. 

Miike  Maru.  Yeiho  Maru. 

Mihawa  Maru.  Yokohama  Maru. 
Gross  tonnage,  262,000. 

Nirben.  Siamese  gun-boat.  Displacement,  180 
tons ;  armament,  i  4-in.  b.l.,  6  small ;  nominal 
speed,  9  kts. 

NifthilL    Japanese    armoured    cruiser.      (Sestri 
Ponente,  1902.)     Purchased  from  Argentina. 
Length  357ft.   Beam  61  ft.  Maximum  draught  25ft. 
Displacement  7,700  tons.     Complement  525. 
Guns.  A  rmour, 

I— 10  in.  ''Terni." 

4 — 8  in.  6  in.  Belt  amidships. 

14 — 6  in.  5  in.  Turrets. 

10—12  pdr.  5  in.  Conning  tower. 

2  Maxims. 
2  Field  guns. 


Torpedo  Tubes. 
4  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.   13,500=20  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 1,100  tons.     Approximate  cost  ;f76o,ooo. 

Nith.  British  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Cowes, 
1905.)  Length,  222  ft.  ;  beam,  23 J  ft ;  draught. 
9i  ft.  ;  displacement,  600  tons  ;  complement,  72  ; 
armament,  i  12-pdr.,  5  6-pdr.,  2  tubes  ;  twin  screw  ; 
Hp.,  7,500=25  kts.  ;  coal,  126  tons. 

MJ.     Abbreviation  for  New  Jersey. 

N.K.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fisliing  boats 
registered  at  Nijkerk,  Holland. 

N.H.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Newhaven,  Sussex,  England. 

Noah's  Ark.  A  cloud  formed  by  stripes  of  cirrus 
which  (owing  to  perspective)  ap]>ear  to  coalesce  at 
opposite  points  of  the  horizon.     Refer  to  Clouds. 

Nobel,  Alfred  (i S3 3-96).  Swedish  chemist  (b. 
Stockholm).  Studied  in  St.  Petersburg,  and 
assisted  his  father  in  the  construction  of  submarine 
mines  and  torpedoes  at  his  engineering  works.  In 
1864  he  took  out  a  patent  for  dynamite  which  he 
had  been  able  to  manufacture  by  incorporating 
nitro-glycerine  with  a  porous  substance,  such  as 
powdered  charcoal  or  sihca.  He  next  combined 
nitro-glycerine  with  nitro-cotton,  taking  eight  parts 
of  the  latter  dissolved  in  92  of  nitro-glycerine. 
which  formed  a  transparent-like  jelly,  and  proved 
to  be  still  more  explosive  than  dynamite,  and 
could  safely  be  used  for  blasting  purposes.  This 
he  patented  in  1875  under  the  name  of  blasting 
gelatine.  In  1888  he  produced  ballistite,  one  of 
the  first  smokeless  powders  which  contained  about 
equal  parts  of  gun-cotton  and  nitro-glycerine. 
From  his  manufacture  of  dynamite,  his  inventions 
of  smokeless  powder,  and  artificial  indiarubber,  he 
made  a  large  fortune,  the  bulk  of  which  he  left  in 
trust  for  the  establishment  of  five  prizes  to  be 
awarded  annually  without  distinction  of  nationality. 
These  were  to  be  awarded  for  the  most  important 
discoveries  in  (i)  physics;  (2)  chemistry;  (3)  phy- 
siology or  medicine ;  (4)  the  most  remarkable  work 
of  an  idealist  tendency ;  and  (5)  the  greatest  ser- 
vice to  the  cause  of  peace  during  the  year.  The 
first  four  are  awarded  by  the  Swedish  Academy, 
and  the  fifth  by  the  Norwegian  Storthing.  He 
died  at  San  Remo,  December  10,  1896. 

Noble,  Sir  Andrew  (b.  Greenock,  September  13, 
1832).  Bart.,  cr.  1902  ;  K.C.B.,  1883  ;  C.B.,  1881  : 
F.R.S.  ;  D.Sc.  (Oxford).  After  entering  the  Ro>'al 
Artillery  and  serving  12  years  with  his  regiment 
in  Canada  and  South  Africa,  he  resigned  his  com- 
mission in  i860  in  order  to  join  the  late  Lord 
Armstrong,  who  had  just  established  ordnance 
works,  at  Elswick.  Previous  to  taking  up  this 
position  he  had  acted  as  secretary  of  sundry  com- 
mittees  formed  to  discuss  and  decide  Artillery 
questions,  and  continued  while  at  Elswick  the 
study  of  these  subjects,  and,  in  conjunction  uith 


NOBO 


455 


NORCOCK 


the  late  Sir  Frederick  Able,  conducted  many  ex- 
periments in  order  to  determine  the  temperature 
of  fired  gunpowder,  the  nature  and  products  of 
explosion,  and  other  particulars  in  connection  with 
this  little  known  branch  of  science.     As  a  result  of 
these  inquiries,  which  were  published  among  the 
Royal    Society   Transactions    under   the   title   of 
"  Researches  upon  Explosives,"  much  advance  was 
made  in  the  manufacture  of  gun  and    gunpowder, 
and,  established  for  the  first  time  upon  a  really 
scientific  basis,  the  manufacture  in  question  under- 
went great  alteration  and  improvement.     Longer 
guns   with  larger   chambers   and   slower  burning 
powders  were  the  result,  and  the  system  of  Artillery 
introduced  is  now  in  vogue  all  over  the  world.     In 
1882  the  Armstrong  works  were  tiansformed  into 
a  limited  company,  and  in  1897  ^^  amalgamation 
with  Sir  Joseph  Whitworth  and  Co.  was  effected. 
Sir  W.  G.  Armstrong,  Whitworth  and  Co.,  Ltd.,  is 
one  of  the  largest  industrial  concerns  in  existence, 
and   when  the  united  company  was  started   Sir 
Andrew  Noble  was  chosen  vice-chairman,  and  on 
the  death  of  Lord  Armstrong  {q.v,)  in   1900,  he 
succeeded   to  the  position  of  chairman.     In  the 
same   year  he  was   appointed   to  sit  with   Lord 
Rayleigh  and  Mr.  R.  B.  Haldane  upon  the  Ex- 
plosive Committee,  of  which  he  is  still  a  member. 
He  is  a  member  of  various  foreign  Orders  of  Knight- 
hood, and  in  1904  received  the  honorary  degree  of 
Doctor  of  Science  (Oxford  University). 

Hobo.  Netherlands  torpedo-boat.  (Amsterdam, 
1890.)  Length,  104  ft. ;  beam,  13  f t.  ;  draught, 
5  ft.  ;  displacement,  50  tons  ;  armament,  2  i-pdr., 
2  tubes  ;  Hp.,  790=20  kts. 

Hock.     The  upper  end  of  a  sail  set  with  a  boom. 

Noel,    Sir   Gerard   Henry.    British   admiral    (b. 
Stanhoe,  Norfolk,   1845).     ^^  lieutenant  he  com- 
manded the  naval  guard  to  Sir  Garnet  Wolseley 
at    Cape    Coast    Castle,    1873    (Ashantee    medal, 
Coomassie  clasp)  ;  Director  of  Naval  Intelligence, 
1893  ;    Lord  Commissioner  of  the  Admiralty  and 
Junior  Naval  Lord,  1893-98  ;  A.D.C.  to  the  Queen, 
1894-96  ;     rear-admiral    in    Mediterranean    Fleet, 
1898  ;    as    Second -in-Command    of   Mediterranean 
Fleet  represented  Great  Britain  during  the  pacifica- 
tion of  Crete,   1898,  for  which  he  was  decorated 
K.C.M.G.  ;    he  commanded  the  Home  Fleet,  and 
was  Admiral-Superintendent  of  the  Naval  Reserves 
from     1900-03,    and    Commander-in-Chief   on    the 
China  Station,  1903-05  ;  in  October,  1905.  be  was 
in  command  of  the  British  China  Squadron  when 
it  visited  Japan  after  the  conclusion  of  the  Anglo- 
Japanese  Treaty. 

NoS*      A  tree-nail  through  the  shores  to  secure 
them. 


A  measure  for  spirits,  holding  about 
;J-  pint. 

Ho  higher '    See  Near. 


No  man*!  luid.  A  space  in  midships  used  for 
storing  blocks,  ropes,  tackle,  etc. 

Noordhrabant.    Dutch  cruiser  (1899). 
Length  311ft.   Beam  48ft.  Maximum  draught  1 8ft. 
Displacement  3.950  tons. 
Guns.  A  rtnour. 

2—6  in.  "  Steel  "  and  "  Harvey." 

6 — 4:7  in.  2  in.  Deck. 

4 — 12  pdr.  6  in.  Gun  shields. 

8 — I  pdr.  4  in.  Conning  tower. 

4  Machine. 

Torpedo  Tubes, 
3  Above  water. 
I  Submerged  bow. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.   10,000=20  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 970  tons. 

Hoofe.     A  running  knot. 

Norah  Head  Light,  established  1904,  situated  on 
the  coast  of  New  South  Wales,  is  a  two-flash  light 
every  20  seconds ;  duration  of  flash,  one-fifth 
second  ;  candle-power,  145,000 ;  burner,  6  wick  ; 
illuminant.  oil. 

Norbory,  Iiispector-General  Sir  Henry  Frederick, 
K.C3.,  cr.  1897.  M.D.,  F.R.C.S.  (Lend.),  R.N. 
Educated  Oundle  School,  St.  Bartholomew's 
Hospital,  London  ;  University  of  Malta.  Entered 
R.N.  as  surgeon,  i860 ;  staff-surgeon,  1872  ; 
served  as  staff-surgeon  of  Active,  was  landed  in 
medical  charge  of  her  Naval  Brigade  during 
Kaffir  war,  1877-78  ;  mentioned  in  despatches  and 
promoted  fleet  surgeon  the  following  year ;  was  in 
medical  charge  of  Naval  Brigade  of  Active  during 
Zulu  war,  1879,  was  principal  medical  officer  of 
Colonel  Pearson's  column,  being  present  at  the 
battle  of  Inyenzane  and  of  the  garrison  of  Ekowe  ; 
mentioned  in  despatches ;  principal  medical 
officer  of  the  Naval  Brigade  with  General  Crealock's 
column  during  the  advance  to  Port  Dumford  ,■ 
twice  mentioned  in  despatches  ;  promoted  (Zulu 
medal  and  three  clasps)  ;  awarded  the  Blane  gold 
medal,  1879;  K.C.B.  (mil.)  1897;  Knight  of 
Grace  of  the  Order  of  St.  John  of  Jerusalem  in 
England,  1895  ;  director-general  of  the  medical 
department  of  the  Navy,  1898  ;  elected  an  honorary 
fellow  of  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons  on  the 
occasion  of  the  centenary  of  that  learned  body, 
1900. 

Publication :  "  The  Naval  Brigade  in  South 
Africa." 

Noroook,  Rear-Admiral  Charles  James  (b.  Ply- 
mouth, 1847).  Educated  Royal  Naval  School, 
New  Cross ;  H.M.S.  Britannia  (Portsmouth  and 
Portland) ;  entered  Navy,  1861  ;  sub-lieutenant, 
1867  ;  lieutenant,  1871  ;  qualified  torpedo  lieu- 
tenant R.N.  College,  Greenwich,  and  H.M.S. 
Vernon,  Torpedo  School,  Portsmouth,  1876  ; 
senior  and  torpedp  lieutenant  of  the  Hecla  at  the 
bombardment  of  Alexandria,  1882  ;  mentioned  in 
despatches ;   present  in  the  Suez  Canal  during  the 


NORDDEUTSCHER 


456 


NORDDEUTSCHER 


naval  occupation  ;  present  at  the  capture  of  Tel-el- 
Kebir,  1882  ;  in  command  of  a  torpedo  party  on 
the  Sweet  Water  Canal,  and  afterwards  attached 
to  the  naval  flotilla  which  removed  the  wounded 
from  Kassassin  and  Tsmailia  (Egyptian  medal, 
Alexandria  and  Tel-el-Kebir  clasps,  Khedive's 
Bronze  Star)  ;  promoted  commander,  1882  ;  com- 
manded' Hecla  during  naval  and  military  opera- 
tions in  the  Eastern  Soudan,  1884  (Suakim  clasp)  ; 
captain,  1889  \  commodore  2nd  class  in  command 
of  South-East  Coast  of  America,  1896-98  ;  assistant 
to  the  Admiral -Superintendent  of  Naval  Reserves, 
Admiralty,  1889- 1902  ;  naval  representative  on  the 
Admiralty  Volunteer  Committee,  1902  ;  awarded 
good  service  pension,  1900  ;  retired,  1902. 

NorddeutBcher  Lloyd.  This  gigantic  steamship 
enterprise  came  into  existence  in  1856.  The 
originator  was  Herr  H.  H.  Meier,  who  was  instru- 
mental in  bringing  about  an  amalgamation  of  the 
various  shipping  interests  of  Bremen  into  one 
company.  The  amalgamation  consisted  of  the 
Weser  Haute  Steamship  Co.,  the  Unter  Weser  and 
Ober  Weser  Steam  Tug  Cos.,  and  the  Ober  Weser 
Universal  Shipping  Insurance  Association.  The 
company  was  floated  in  1857  with  a  capital  of 
4,000,000  thalers.  Like  a  great  many  other  new 
ventures,  the  beginning,  owing  to  the  commercial 
crises  in  North  America,  was  fraught  with  difficulties 
which  at  first  seemed  almost  overwhelming.  The 
directors  had  the  loyal  support  of  the  citizens  of 
Bremen,  and  it  is  practically  to  the  enterprise  of 
these  gentlemen  that  the  Norddeutscher  Lloyd 
to-day  holds  such  a  commanding  position  among 
the  great  steamship  lines  of  the  world.  The  initial 
operations  of  the  company  began  with  lines  from 
Bremen  to  Hull  and  London.  In  June,  1858,  the 
Bremen,  one  of  four  big  ocean  steamers  con- 
structed for  the  American  trade,  sailed  to  New- 
York  via  Southampton.  She  was  followed  by  the 
Weser.  At  the  end  of  the  first  year  both  the 
English  and  American  lines  showed  a  loss,  and  it 
was  not  until  1864  that  a  dividend  was  paid  to  the 
shareholders.  In  1866  the  American  service 
became  fortnightly,  and  two  years  later  a  line  was 
inaugurated  from  Bremen  to  Baltimore  ;  this  being 
followed  by  one  to  New  Orleans  in  1869,  the 
West  Indies,  1871,  Brazil  and  the  River  Plate, 
1876.  In  1880  the  approach  of  the  great  struggle 
for  supremacy  on  the  Atlantic  made  itself  felt,  and 
the  Elbe  was  built.  She  commenced  running  in 
1 88 1 ,  and  was  quickly  followed  by  others.  Between 
1881-86,  an  entirely. new  fleet  was  placed  on  the 
New  York  run.  From  that  time  the  company 
has  never  looked  back  in  the  North  Atlantic  trade, 
and  to-day  maintains  a  weekly  mail  and  passenger 
service  from  Bremen  to  New  York  via  Southampton 
and  Cherbourg.  The  Imperial  German  Mail  Service 
from  Bremen  and  Hamburg  via  Antwerp,  South- 
ampton and  Genoa  to  Eastern  Asia  and  Australia, 
with  various  branch  lines,  began  in  1885,  and  from 


that  time  onwards  the  story  of  the  Norddeutscher 
Lloyd  has  been  one  of  increased  prosperity,  keeping 
pace  with  wide  developments  of  its  activity.  In 
1 89 1  an  express  line  between  Italy  and  New  York 
in  conjunction  with  the  Hamburg-Amerika  Line 
was  started.  In  1897  the  Kaiser  Wilhelm  der 
Grosse,  a  vessel  of  14,350  tons  and  27,000  LHp., 
was  put  on  the  New  York  run,  and  for  a  time  held 
the  Atlantic  record,  crossing  from  Cherbourg  to 
Sandy  Hook  in  5  days,  20  hours,  58  minutes, 
averaging  22*33  kts.  over  a  distance  run  of  3,148 
miles.  In  1900  the  steamers  and  trade  of  the 
Scottish  Oriental  Co.  and  the  East  Indian  Ocean 
Steamship  Co.  were  acquired,  and  extensions  made 
between  Penang  and  Belawan  (Deli)  and  Sandakan, 
Borneo.  The  company  have  a  fleet  of  39  modem 
steamers,  which  have  been  specially  built  for  the 
development  of  the  Chinese  coasting  business,  and 
these  carry  the  German  postal  flag  far  into  the  in- 
terior of  China  up  the  Yang-tse.  A  branch  line  has 
been  established  between  Hong  Kong  and  Sydney, 
N.S.W.,  via  Mariana  Islands,  Carolines.  New 
Guinea,  and  Queensland.  In  1904  the  existing 
Singapore  and  Sydney  line  was  superseded  by  a 
new  line  from  Sydney  to  Yokohama,  via  New 
Guinea,  Manila,  and  Hong  Kong.  The  company 
to  keep  pace  with  the  times  are  continually  in- 
creasing their  fleet.  Following  the  Kaiser  Wilhelm 
der  Grosse t  came  the  Kronprinz  Wilheim  in  1901. 
14,900  tons,  35,000  LHp.,  the  Kaiser  Wilhelm  II., 
19,000  tons,  45,000  I.Hp.,  and  the  Kronprincessin 
Cecilie,  19,500  tons,  46,000  I.Hp.  The  latest 
addition  to  the  fleet  now  being  built  is  the  Prinx 
Friedrich  Wilhelm,  of  the  Grosser  KurfHrst  type, 
which,  when  finished,  will  rank  as  one  of  the  most 
perfect  and  up-to-date  liners  in  existence.  This 
company  has  its  own  sea-going  training  ship,  in 
which  its  seamen  and  officers  are  trained,  thus 
providing  efficient  personnel  for  its  constantly 
expanding  fleet. 

The  magnitude  of  the  Norddeutscher  Uoyd  may 
be  further  appreciated  from  the  following  figures. 
They  carried  during  1906,  6,469,217  passengers, 
3,804,738  tons  of  cargo,  and  their  vessels  tra- 
versed 6,000,938  miles. 

Fleet. 

Aachen.  Freiburg. 

Barbarossa,  Friedrich  der  Grosse, 

Bayern.  Gera. 

Bonn.  GlOchauf, 

Borkum.  Gneisenau. 

Brandenburg  Grosser  Kurfursl. 

Bremen,  Halle. 

Breslau  Hannover. 

Cassel.  Heidelberg. 

Chemnitz.  Helgoland, 

Coblenz.  HohenzoUem. 

Crefeld.  Kaiser  Wilhelm  II. 

Darmstadt.  Kaiser  Wilhelm  der 

Erlangen.  Grosse. 

Franhfurt.  #     Karlsruhe. 


NORDDEUTSCHER 


457 


NORFOLK 


Fleet  {conHntied), 

Koln.  Prinz  Sigismund, 

Kdnig  Albert.  Prinz  Waldemar. 

Kdnigin  Luise,  Rhein, 

Kronprinz  Wilhelm,  Roland, 

Main.  Rono. 

Mainz.  Sachsen. 

Marburg.  Scharnhorst. 

Najade.  Schleswig. 

Neckar.  Seeadler. 

Nixe.  Seydlitz. 

Nordemey.  Stuttgart. 

Oldenburg.  Trave. 

Preussen.  Weimar. 

Prinz  Eitel  Friedrich.  Willehad. 

Prinzess  Alice.  Wittekind. 

Prinzess  Irene.  Wittenberg. 

Prinz  Heinrich.  WUrzburg. 
Prinz  Regent  Luitpold.      Zieten. 

Indo-Chinese  Coasting  Service. 

Anghin.  Met  Lee. 

Asahan.  Mei  Shun. 

Bangkok.  Mei  Yu. 

Borneo.  Natuna. 

Ckiengmai.  Nuen  Tung. 

Ckow  Fa.  Paklat. 

Chow  Tai.  Paknatn. 

Dagmar.  Petchaburi. 

Darvel.  Phra  Nang. 

Deli.  Pitsanulok. 

Dewawongse.  Rajaburi. 

Keong  Wat.  Santsen. 

Kohsichang.  Sandakan. 

Korat.  Shantung. 

Loo  Sok.  Singora. 

Machew.  Sumatra. 

Malaya.  Tanglin. 

Manilla.  Tringganu. 

Marudu.  Tsintau. 

Mei  Dah.  Wong  Koi. 

River  Steamers. 

A  path.  Langeoog, 

Arion.  Libelle. 

Bremen.  Lloyd. 

Capella,  Mars. 

Centaur,  Mercur. 

Comet.  Neptun, 

Cykhp,  Oslboot. 

Delphin,  Oldenburg. 

ForelU.  Planet, 

Gazelle.  Quelle. 

Grille.  Retter. 

Heckt.  Saturn. 

Herkules.  Triton. 

Kehrewieder,  Undine. 

Lacks,  Vulcan. 

Willkommen. 
Gross  tonnage,  737,000. 

VorddenMher  Begfttta-Verein.    Yacht  club.  £s- 
t&bliahed  1868.    Commodore,  Admiral  Burmester  ; 


4 — 6*2  in. 
10— 5  9  in. 


Vice-Commodore,  Admiral  Tietgens ;  Rear-Com- 
modores, Alfred  O'Swald,  Dr.  O.  H.  Ruperti ; 
Treasurer,  Max.  T.  Hayn,  Bootshausan  der  Alster, 
Hamburg.  Entrance  fee,  mark  10 ;  annual  sub- 
scription, mark  30. 

Nord  Kaperen.  Danish  torpedo-boat.  (Copen- 
hagen, 1898.)  Length,  140  ft.  ;  beam,  14  ft.  ; 
draught,  7  ft.  ;  displacement,  112  tons  ;  armament, 
2  i-pdr.,  4  tubes  ;  twin  screw  ;  Hp.,  1,200  =  22  kts.  ; 
coal,  16  tons. 

Hordlandsbaad.  A  Norwegian  north-country 
boat,  stem  and  stem  alike,  with  high  ends  and  low 
waist,  and  a  single  squaresail. 

Nordmancia.  Spanish  armoured  cruiser.  (La 
Seyne,  1863.)     Reconstructed  1897. 

Length  314ft.     Beam  56ft.     Draught  25ft. 
Displacement  7,190  tons.     Complement  600. 
Guns.  A  rmour. 

4—8  in.  "  Steel." 

5^  in.  Belt  amidships. 
5  in.  Big  gun  shields. 
Torpedo  Tubes. 
2  Above  water. 
Hp.  3,700=8  kts.     Coal  100  tons. 

Nordre  Bergenlias  Steanuhip  Co.,  with  their 
head  office  in  Bergen,  Norway,  have  a  fleet  of 
II  steamers,  which  maintain  regular  services 
between  Bergen  and  Sognefjord,  Soud,  and  Nord- 
fjord.  These  steamers  call  en  route  at  Baltrolm, 
Faleide,  Fjarland,  Floro,  Forde,  Gudvangen, 
Lardal,  Loen,  Moldoen,  Olden,  Sandene.  Skj olden, 
Sveen,  Ulvik,  Vadeim,  and  Visnes. 

Fleet. 

Alden.  Framnes.  Kommandorem. 

Balder.  Gudvangen.         Lardal. 

Firda.  Hornelen.  Sogn. 

Fjalir.  Stavenes. 

Nordsee  Line*    See  Hamburg- Amehka  Line. 

Nore.     In  sea  phraseology  the  north. 

Hore,  Tho»  is  a  sandbank  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Thames  opposite  the  Medway.  The  great  Nore  is 
a  deep  water  stretch  with  good  anchorage  south- 
east of  the  sandbank.  The  little  Nore  is  a  stretch 
of  deep  water  with  good  anchorage  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Medway.  Since  1732  a  lightship  has  been 
anchored  oft  the  eastern  extremity  of  the  bank. 

Hore  Yacht  Club.  Established  1903.  Commo- 
dore, J.  C.  Ingram  ;  Vice-Commodore,  W.  L.  Cole  ; 
Rear-Commodore,  Gordon  Prynne ;  Treasurer, 
W.  V.  Palmer ;  Honorary  Secretary,  F.  W.  Garon, 
Burnt  Ash,  Retreat  Road,  Westcliff-on-Sea,  Essex. 
Entrance  fee,  £1  is. ;  annual  subscription,;^!  is. 

Hortolk.  In  1760  Captain  Parker  took  this 
vessel  to  India  and  joined  the  fleet  engaged  in  the 
blockade  of  Pondicherry. 

Norfolk  and  Safltolk  Taehi  dub,  BosraL    See 

Royal  Norfolk  and  Suffolk  Yacht  Club. 


NORFOLK 


458 


NORTH 


Noriolk  and  Washington  Steamboat  Co.,  with 
their  head  offices  in  Washington,  have  a  fleet  of 
three  steamers,  which  maintain  regular  daily  sail- 
ings from  Washington  for  Fortress  Monroe,  New- 
port News,  Norfolk  (Va.),  Portsmouth  (Va.),  and 
Old  Point  Comfort,  and  vice  versa.  The  boats  are 
all  modem  and  fitted  up  in  the  most  luxurious 
style. 

Fleet. 

Newport  News^         Norfolk.  Washington. 

Norfolk  Broads.  The  name  given  to  the  low, 
flat  district  in  Norfolk,  intersected  by  the  lower 
courses  of  the  rivers  Yare,  Bure,  Ant,  and  Waveney, 
which  unite  near  Yarmouth.  Dykes  connect  these 
rivers  with  the  broads  proper,  which  comprise 
large  shallow  lakes  si^ounded  by  reedy  swamps 
and  reclaimed  l^JidT  The  main  rivers  are  navigable 
by  the  Norfolk  wherries,  the  Broads  by  small 
craft. N  Fish  and  wild  fowl  are  very  plentiful. 

Norge.    Norwegian     coast     service     battleship. 
(Elswick,  1900.) 
Length  290ft.     Beam  50ft.     Mean  draiight  i6ft. 
Displacement  3,800  tons.    Complement  250. 
Guns.  Armour. 

2 — 8  in.,  45  cal.  "  Krupp." 

6 — 6  in.  7  in.  Belt. 

8 — 12  pdr.  6  in.  Turrets. 

6 — 3  pdr.  5  in.  Casemates. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
2  Submerged. 
Tivin  screw.     Hp.   4,850=17   kts.     Coal   maxi- 
mum 400  tons. 

Norman.  A  wooden  bar  placed  in  a  hole  of  the 
windlass  or  capstan,  used  to  veer  a  rope. 

Normand,  Jacanes  Augostin  (b.  October  4,  1849  ; 
d.  December  11,  1906).  French  naval  arcliitect. 
Educated  privately.  Succeeded  his  father,  Joseph 
Augustin  Normand,  as  head  of  the  firm  of 
Normand  and  Co.,  Havre.  Devoted  his  atten- 
tion to  the  design  and  construction  of  torpedo- 
boats,  and  torpedo-boat  destroyers  for  the  French 
Navy.  This  particular  class  of  vessel  he  brought, 
from  those  designed  with  a  speed  of  i8|  kts.  with 
a  45 -ton  displacement,  up  to  those  of  300  tons 
displacement  and  a  speed  of  31*37  kts.  Was 
inventor  of  the  water-tube  boiler  which  bears  his 
name.  He  designed  and  constructed  vessels  for 
Spain,  Sweden,  Denmark,  the  United  States, 
Russia,  and  Japan,  many  of  which  took  a  pro- 
minent part  in  the  Russo-Japanese  war.  He  con- 
tributed many  valuable  papers  to  technical  in- 
stitutions, both  in  England  and  on  the  Continent, 
and  published  many  valuable  works  on  naval 
architecture.  One  of  his  favovuite  recreations  was 
the  study  of  astronomy,  and  he  published  many 
notable  worics  on  this  science,  which  established 
his  reputation  as  an  authority.  He  was  member 
of  the  Society  of  Civil  Engineers  of  France,  In- 
stitution of  Naval  Architects,  and  the  German 


Institution  of  Shipbuilders  and  Engineers.     Was 
made  officer  of  the  Legion  of  Honour  in  1891. 

Normandy.  L.  and  5.-W.  Railway  Co.'s  steamer. 
Sunk  by  collision  with  the  steamer  Mary  off  the 
Isle  of  Wight,  March  17,  1870,  when  the  captain 
and  33  of  the  passengers  and  crew  perished. 

North.  One  of  the  four  cardinal  points  of  the 
compass,  being  the  direction  of  the  outer  meridian 
from  the  equator  to  the  North  Pole. 

North  Atlantio  Bootes.  The  rules  adopted  by 
the  steamship  companies  with  reference  to  the 
establishment  of  routes  in  the  North  Atlantic 
came  into  effect  on  January  15,  1899.  The  com- 
panies adopting  the  rules  are  :  The  American  Line, 
Atlantic  Transport  Co.,  Ltd.,  Compagnie  G^n6rale 
Transatlantique,  Cunard  Line,  Elder,  Dempster 
and  Co.,  Fvimess  line,  Hamburg- Amerika  Line, 
Holland -America  Line,  W.  Johnston  and  Co.,  Ltd., 
National  Steamship  Co.,  Ltd.,  Norddeutscher 
Lloyd,  Red  Star  Line,  Wilson  Line,  White  Star  Line. 
The  following  are  the  Rules : 

Westbound. 

From  January  15  to  August  14,  both  days 
inclusive,  steer  from  Fastnet,  or  Bishop  Rock,  on 
Great  Circle  course,  but  nothing  south,  to  cross  the 
meridian  of  47°  west  in  latitude  42°  north,  thence 
by  either  rhumb  line,  or  Great  Circle  (or  even  north 
of  the  Great  Circle,  if  an  easterly  current  is  en- 
countered), to  a  position  south  of  Nantucket  Light- 
vessel,  thence  to  Fire  Island  Light- vessel,  when 
bound  for  New  York,  or  to  Five  Fathom  Bank 
South  Light-vessel,  when  bound  for  Philadelphia. 

From  August  15  to  January  14,  both  days  inclu- 
sive, steer  from  Fastnet,  or  Bishop  Rock,  on  Great 
Circle  course,  but  nothing  south,  to  cross  the 
meridian  of  49°  west  in  latitude  46°  north,  thence 
by  rhumb  line  to  cross  the  meridian  of  60^  west, 
in  latitude  43°  north,  thence  also  by  rhumb  line, 
to  a  position  south  of  Nantucket  Light-vessel, 
thence  to  Fire  Island  Light-vessel,  when  bound  to 
New  York,  or  Five  Fathom  Bank  South  Light- 
vessel,  when  bound  for  Philadelphia. 

Eastbouful. 

At  all  seasons  of  the  year  steer  a  course  from 
Sandy  Hook  Light-vessel,  or  Five  Fathom  Bank 
South  Light- vessel,  to  cross  the  meridian  of  70° 
west,  nothing  to  the  northward  of  latitude  40*  10'. 

From  January  15  to  August  23,  both  days  inclu- 
sive, steer  from  40*  10'  north,  and  70**  west,  by 
rhumb  line,  to  cross  the  meridian  of  47*  west  in 
latitude  41**  north,  and  from  this  last  position 
nothing  north  of  the  Great  Circle  to  Fastnet,  when 
bound  to  the  Irish  Channel,  or  nothing  north  of  the 
Great  Circle  to  Bishop  Rock  when  bound  to  the 
EngUsh  Channel. 

From  August  24  to  January  14.  both  days 
inclusive,  steer  from  latitude  40°  10'  north,  aAd 
longitude  70®  west,  to  cross  the  meridian  of  60' 
west  in  latitude  42°  north,  thence  by  rhumb  line 
to  cross  the  meridian  of  45°  west  in  latitude  46''  30' 


NORTH 


459 


NORTH 


north,  and  from  this  last  position  nothing  north  of 
the  Great  Circle  to  Fastnet,  when  bound  to  the 
Irish  Channel,  and  as  near  as  possible  to  but 
nothing  north  of  the  Great  Circle  to  Bishop  Rock, 
alu'ays  keeping  south  of  the  latitude  of  Bishop 
Rock  when  bound  to  the  English  Channel. 

General  Instruction. 
When  courses  are  changed  at  the  intersection 
of  meridians  any  time  before  or  after  noon,  you 
will  note  in  your  logs  both  distances  to  and  from 
the  meridians  that  the  ship  has  sailed  from  noon  to 
noon,  and  not  the  distance  from  the  position  at 
noon  the  day  before  to  the  position  at  noon  the  day 
after  the  meridian  is  crossed. 

North  Britiah  Railway  Oo.«  with  their  head  offices 
in  Edinburgh,  possess  eight  excellent  passenger 
steamers,  plying  on  the  Firth  of  Clyde  and  adjacent 
lochs. 

Fleet. 

Dandie.  Lucy  Ashion.        Red  Gauntlet. 

Dinmont.  Marmion.  Talisman, 

Kenilworth.  WaverUy. 

Horthbrook,  Earl  oL    See  Admiralty. 

Horih  CSarcdina.     U.S.  ist  class  cruiser  (1903). 
Length  505ft.   Beam  73ft.   Maximum  draught  26ft. 
Displacement  14.500  tons.     Complement  858. 
Guns.  Armour, 

4 — 10  in.,  40  cal.       "  Krupp." 
16—6  in.  5  in.  Belt. 

23 — 14  pdr.  7  in.  Barbettes. 

12 — 3  pdr.  9  in.  Turrets. 

2 — I  pdr.  9  in.  Conning  tower. 

2  Machine. 
2  Colts. 
2  Field  guns,  12  pdr. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
4  Submerged. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  23,000=22  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 2,000  tons. 

Noctbemer.  Steamer.  On  January  6,  i860,  this 
vessel  was  wrecked  on  a  rock  near  Cape  Mendorino, 
between  San  Francisco  and  Oregon,  when  38  lives 
were  lost. 

Norfliem  Karittine  Insuranoe  Co.,  Ltd.  Regis- 
tered in  1863,  and  m  1887  took  over  the  business 
of  the  Newcastle  Commercial  Marine  Insurance 
Co.,  Ltd.  (registered  in  1864).  The  subscribed 
capital  is  {,$0,000,  in  shares  of  £$,  on  which  l^ 
per  share  is  paid  up,  all  but  105.,  however,  out  of 
profits,  the  last  addition  having  been  105.  m 
1888.  For  each  of  the  23  years  ending  1904  the 
dividend  was  10%,  with  a  bonus  of  35.  per  share 
added  for  1891,  25.  for  1893,  2^*  ^^^  1896,  25.  for 
X904.  The  reserve  fund  is  ;£2 3,000,  and  the  credit 
to  profit  and  loss  account  ;£i5,i37. 

The  directors  of  the  company  are  :  J.  S.  Mit- 
calfe  (chairman),  T.  Bell,  J.  J.  Forster,  J.  L. 
Gracie,  J.  D.  Milbum,  C.  W.  Rose.  Underwriter 
and  secretary,  James  Ferguson.  Offices :  Maritime 
Buildings,  Newcastleon-Tyne. 


HortlMm  Taoht  dais  BograL  See  Royal  Northern 
Yacht  Club. 

Northfln.  Dry.  cold  winds  over  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico.  Similar  winds  at  Valparaiso  have  the 
same  name. 

NorthflMt  On  January  22,  1873.  this  vessel, 
laden  with  railway  iron  for  Van  Diemen's  Land, 
was  run  into  by  a  foreign  steamer  o€f  Dungeness 
and  went  down  ;  300  lives  lost. 

Noffth  Focalaiid*  Battto  ol»  was  fought  during  the 
first  Dutch  war  between  the  Dutch  Fleet,  under 
De  Ruyter,  and  a  British  Fleet,  under  Monck, 
Dean,  Penn,  and  Lawson.  The  battle  lasted  two 
days,  the  Dutch  losing  rx  ships.  A  second  action 
took  place  here  on  June  i,  1666,  during  the  second 
Dutch  war,  when  Monck  attacked  the  Dutch  Fleet 
under  De  Ruyter.  After  three  days'  fighting  the 
British  had  to  retreat,  with  a  loss  of  21  vessels, 
besides  two  flag-officers  and  nine  captains.  The 
Dutch  loss  was  small. 

Horih  of  Ireland  Taoht  dab.  Royal.  See  Royal 
North  of  Ireland  Yacht  Club. 

Vorfli  of  Soofland  Steam  NaTigation  Oc,  with 
their  head  offices  in  Aberdeen,  maintain  a  service 
of  steamers  from  Leith  and  Aberdeen  to  Norway, 
sailing  about  every  10  days.  Steamers  of  the 
company  also  run  during  the  summer  months  from 
Leith  and  Aberdeen  to  Lerwick,  Tuesdajrs  and 
Frida3rs ;  to  Scalloway.  Shetland,  Mondays ;  to 
Kirkwall,  Tuesdays  and  Fridays ;  to  Stromness, 
Mondays ;  to  St.  Margaret's  Hope  every  alternate 
Monday ;  Thurso,  Mondays ;  and  Wick,  Mondays 
and  Fridays. 

Fleet. 
5/.  Sunniva.  St.  Ola, 

Norlh  Qaoeodand  iBsaranee  Oo.»  Ltd.  Registered 
October  i,  1886.  Authorised  capital  £250,000. 
out  of  which  115,000  shares  have  been  subscribed, 
on  which  105.  per  share  has  been  called  on  100,000, 
and  55.  on  15,000,  making  the  paid-up  capital 
iSiJS^'  I^  'S96  this  company  absorbed  the 
institution  known  as  Sydney  Lloyd's.  Since  the 
incorporation  the  dividend  has  been  steadily  in- 
creasing from  4%  up  to  8%  in  1905.  The  reserve 
fund  amounts  to  ;£5 0,000. 

The  directors  of  the  company  are  :  Colonel  James 
Bums  (chairman).  Sir  John  See,  K.C.M.G.,  A. 
Forsyth,  John  Macphcrson,  A.  R.  Troup.  Head 
office  :  Bridge  Street,  Sydney,  N.S.W. 

North  Sea  and  Baltio  Canal.  See  Kaiser  Wilhelm 
Canal. 

North  Shannon  Taeht  Olnb.  Established  1895. 
Commodore.  The  Earl  of  Kingston ;  Vice-Com- 
modore, G.  A.  P.  Kelly;  Honorary  Treasurer,  E. 
Hamilton ;  Honorary  Secretary,  Robert  Devenish, 
Drumsna,  co.  Lei  trim,  Ireland.  Annual  subscrip- 
tion, £1. 


NORTHUMBERLAND 


460 


NORTHUMBERLAND 


NorthamberUtxid.     70  guns.     On  November  26, 
1703,  this  vessel  was  lost  on  the  Goodwin  Sands.  . 

Northamberland.  British  i st  class  cruiser  ( x o, 790 
tons,  13*3  kts.).     Launched  1868. 

Norihiimberland,  Duke  of.     See  Admiralty. 

Northumberland  Shipboflding  Co.,  Ltd.,  Howdon- 
on-Tyne.  This  company  was  founded  in  the  year 
1808,  and  its  career  may  be  classed  as  a  remark- 
able success.  In  the  summer  of  1898  the  premises 
and  property  of  the  late  "  Edwards'  Shipbuilding 
Co."  were  purchased  by  Mr.  Rowland  Hodge, 
who  formed  the  Northumberland  Shipbuilding 
Co.,  which  is  a  private  Umited  one,  having  Sir 
Christopher  Fumess,  M.P.,  as  its  chairman,  Mr. 
Rowland  Hodge  as  managing  director,  and  Mr. 
John  Storey  Barwick  and  Mr.  Joseph  Graham  as 
directors.  Mr.  Graham  is  also  yard  manager,  and 
Mr.  George  E.  Conner  is  the  secretary. 

The  company  at  present  employs  an  average  of 
about  1,300  men,  and  the  yearly  wages  bill  amounts 
to  nearly  ;f  100,000.  In  February',  1899,  the  com- 
pany launched  their  first  vessel,  the  Ravenshoe,  of 
6,000  dead  weight,  and  the  following  figures  will 
show  the  remarkable  strides  the  company  has  made 
in  production  since  its  formation  : 


Year. 


No.  of 
vessels. 


Dead-weight 
capacity. 


■  ••        «  ■ 


1899  .. 

A^M^w  •••  •••              •«•              •••              •••              •«• 

1  ^J\/ 1  ••■  •••           •■•           ■•«           ■■•           ••• 

Xi^^^  ••■  •••              ••■              •■•              •>■              »•• 

A  W  J  •••  •■•          ••■          •«•         «••         ■■• 

jyv*  •••  •■•      ••»      •«■      «••      «•• 

1905  

X^rvO  •  •  •  >•  ■ 


•  «  •         •  • 


■ • •         •••         • • • 


•  ■  ■  a  • 


6 

7 

7 

6 

8 

10 

10 

II 


33.500 
49.300 
48.500 
16.000 
49,70t 
59.700 
70.500 
79.400 


426.600 


These  results  were  undoubtedly  obtained  by  the 
energy  and  progressive  methods  adopted  by  the 
management,  and  it  is  evident  that  they  have 
justified  the  energy  and  foresight  displayed. 

At  the  time  of  the  formation  of  the  company  the 
buildings,  together  with  the  machinery,  were  small 
and  obsolete,  but  steps  were  at  once  taken  to  con- 
vert the  old  yard,  buildings,  and  machinery  into 
a  modern  establishment  replete  with  the  best  and 
heaviest  machinery  for  the  building  of  large  vessels, 
and  a  number  of  large  steamers  were  immediately 
put  in  hand. 

New  shipyard  tools,  consisting  of  specially 
designed  shearing,  punching,  bending,  planing 
machines,  etc.,  were  installed  from  Messrs.  A.  and 
W.  Smith  and  Co.,  Ltd.,  of  Glasgow;  hydraulic 
machinery  by  Fielding  and  Piatt,  Ltd.,  of  Glou- 
cester, was  provided  with  hydraulic  hoists  and 
riveters  throughout;  also  a  complete  installation 
of  electric  lighting  and  power  plant  by  the  New- 
castle-on-T5me  Electric  Supply  Co.,  Ltd. 

Soon  the  premises  were  found  to  be  too  small 
for  their  requirements,  and  negotiations  were 
entered  into  with  the  Tyne  Commissioners  for  the 


purchase  of  adjoining  ground,  and  about  three 
acres  were  added  to  the  yard,  thus  giving  an  area 
of  about  1 1  acres,  with  a  river  frontage  of  800  ft. 

A  large  additional  berth,  suitable  for  10,000  to 
12,000  ton  steamers,  was  arranged  upon  this 
ground.  Fresh  buildings  and  machinery  of  the 
most  modem  type  were  laid  down,  and  the  yard 
has  now  five  large  berths  capable  of  building 
steamers  up  to  about  650  ft.  in  length. 

The  large  steel  and  iron  machine  shop  in  the 
east  yard,  with  joiners'  shop  and  mould  loft  above, 
is  about  300  ft.  long  by  64  ft.  wide,  and  one  of  the 
finest  and  largest  of  its  kind  in  the  North  of  Eng- 
land. The  lower  portion  of  this  structure  contains 
a  number  of  heavy  shipyard  tools,  and  is  also 
completely  equipped  with  fitters'  and  plumbers' 
shops,  as  well  as  a  large  gencr?,l  store.  The  upper 
porfion  forms  an  enormous  joiners'  shop,  which  is 
fitted  up  with  all  the  most  modem  and  improved 
styles  of  joiners'  machines,  chiefly  suppUed  by 
Mpss*^.  Kirchner  and  Co.,  the  whole  forming  a 
joiners'  shop  and  appointments  equal  to  any  on 
the  river. 

The  recently  constructed  machine  shed,  with 
frame  furnace,  in  the  West  Yard  is  320  ft.  long  by 
80  ft.  broad,  with  mould  loft  above,  is  one  of  the 
oftiest,  airiest,  and  largest  of  its  kind  on  the 
river,  and  is  completely  fitted  with  suitable 
machinery. 

In  regard  to  .ship  construction,  as  already  stated, 
the  management  have  adopted  the  most  progres- 
sive methods,  and  all  parts  where  possible  are 
joggled  and  scarfed,  thus  dispensing  entirely  with 
vexatious  loose  liner  pieces,  and  ensuring  short 
rivets  with  sound  work,  the  maxunum  of  strength, 
and  dispensing  with  superfluous  weight,  whilst  all 
work  where  pos.sible  is  hydraulically  riveted  on 
the  ground  before  being  fitted  in  place. 

In  the  first  year  Mr.  Hodge  gave  careful  con- 
sideration to  the  question  of  building  large  cargo 
steamers  of  a  size  to  suit  the  requirements  of  the 
majority  of  shipowners,  with  the  result  that  it 
was  decided  to  build  a  steamer  of  the  spar  deck 
class  having  dimensions  372  ft.  o.a..  360  ft.  b.p.. 
by  48  ft.  10  in.  d.m.,  to  carry  7.300  tons  d.w.  on 
a  moderate  draught. 

Several  of  these  vessels  were  built  and  sold 
during  construction,  and  others  were  laid  down, 
some  on  order  and  some  for  sale,  and  the  result 
was  that  an  extraordinary  demand  arose  for  these 
vessels,  no  fewer  than  42  having  been  built  from 
the  same  model  up  to  the  present  time,  while 
three  others  of  exactly  the  same  description  are  at 
present  on  order,  this  constituting  a  record  of 
45  vessels  of  one  size  and  model  built  by  the  same 
firm  in'  nine  years,  in  addition  to  many  othen. 
notably  amongst  which  may  be .  mentioned  the 
Mercedes,  built  to  the  order  of  John  R.  Christie, 
of  Cardiff,  for  the  British  Admiralty  for  the 
purpose  of  conveying  coal  from  New  Zealand  to 
the  China  Fleet  and  coaling  at  sea.     This  steamer 


NORTH  U  M  BERLAN  D 


461 


NYMPHE 


carries  over  7,000  tons  of  coal,  is  built  with  side 
tanks  sloping  from  the  side  of  the  hatchways  to 
the  skin  plating  continuously  fore  and  aft,  thus 
constituting  a  self-trimmer  and  giving  a  large 
quantity  of  water  ballast,  and  allowing  the  vessel 
to  make  each  return  voyage  in  ballast.  This  type 
of  steamer  is  specially  recommended  to  those  re- 
quiring the  conveyance  of  coal,  ore,  grain  in  bulk, 
or  other  homogeneous  cargoes.  The  company  have 
also  turned  out  some  vessels  of  large  cargo-carry- 
ing capacity,  including  the  Filippo  A  rtelli,  built  to 
the  order  of  D.  Tripcovich,  of  Trieste,  and  the 
Rotterdam  for  Messrs.  Fumess.  Withy  and  Co., 
Ltd.,  West  Hartlepool,  both  vessels  being  capable 
of  carrying  9,000  tons  dead  weight. 

The  cargo-carrying  type  of  vessel  built  by  the 
Northumberland  Shipbuilding  Co.  is  of  the  highest 
class,  smd  the  company  is  also  fully  equipped  for 
the  building  of  large  and  speedy  passenger  steamers, 
floating  docks,  and  any  other  type  of  floating  craft 
which  may  be  required.  The  company's  name  is 
also  on  the  Admiralty  List. 

VorUtnmbflrland  Tacht  dab.  Established  1890. 
Commodore,  Sir  Gainsford  Bruce ;  Vice-Commo- 
dore, W.  Rundman ;  Rear-Conunodore,  W.  S. 
Vanghan ;  Treasurer,  W^.  F.  Allden ;  Honorary 
Secretary,  W.  S.  Burton,  141  Pilgrim  Street,  New- 
castle-on-Tyne.  Entrance  fee,  £1  ;  annual  sub- 
scription, £1   IS. 

Vorwegian  Royal  Hail  Roate,  with  their  head 
offices  at  Newcastle-on-Tyne,  maintain  services 
between  Newcastle-on-Tyne  and  Norway.  Steamers 
leave  Newcastle-on-Tyne  every  Tuesday  for  Bergen 
and  Trondhjem  ;  every  Thursday  and  Saturday  for 
Bergen  and  Stavanger ;  every  Friday  for  Arandal 
and  Christiania. 

Fleet. 


Murcur. 
RagnvcUd. 


Sovereign. 
Sterling, 


Vega. 
Venus. 


Norwegiaii  Taoht  dab.  Royal.    See  Royal  Nor- 
wegian Yacht  Club. 

No00.     Denoting  the  stem  of  a  ship. 

NoUiiilg  off.     A  term  used  to   the  helmsman 
directing  him  to  keep  close  to  the  wind. 

Notioe  of  abandonment.    See  Abandonment. 


Noap^  Haad  Lights  situated  on  a  point  in  the 
north-westerly  part  of  the  Orkney  Islands,  was 
established  in  1898.  and  is  a  flve-flash  light  every 
60  seconds ;  duration  of  flash,  \  second  ;  candle- 
power,  51,000  ;  burner,  5  wick  ;  illuminant,  oil. 

MoYik.  Russian  protected  cruiser.  This  vessel, 
in  endeavouring  to  make  Vladivostock,  was 
attacked  by  two  Japanese  cruisers.  On  August  20, 
1905,  she  was  compelled  to  go  into  Aniwa  Bay, 
where  she  was  attacked  by  the  Japanese  and 
severely  damaged.     Her  crew  then  ran  her  ashore 


near  the  town,  set  her  on  fire,  and  she  was  totally 
destroyed. 

Howald.  Japanese  torpedo  -  boat  destroyer. 
(Saseho,  1906.)  Length,  220  ft. ;  beam,  20J  ft.  ; 
draught,  9J  ft. ;  displacement,  374  tons ;  comple- 
ment, 58  ;  armament,  i  12-pdr.,  5  6-pdr.,  2  tubes  ; 
twin  screw ;  Hp.,  6,000=29  kts. ;  coal,  96  tons. 

Np.  Neaps.  Abbreviation  adopted  on  the  charts 
issued  by  the  Hydrographic  Office,  Admiralty. 

N.8.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Water  ford,  Ireland. 

N.8.W.     Abbreviation  for  New  South  Wales. 

H.T.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Newport.  Monmouth,  England. 

H.T.O.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing 
boats  registered  at  Nieuve  Tonje,  Holland. 

Nneva  Espana.    Spanish  torpedo  gim-boat  (1889). 
Displacement  630  tons.     Complement  80. 

Guns.  Armour. 

9—47  in-  "  Steel." 

4 — 6  pdr.  I  in.  Deck  amidships. 

I  Machine. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  forced  2,600=19*20  kts.    Coal 
maximum  130  tons. 

Naeve  de  Julio.    Argentine  cruiser.    (Elswick, 
X892.) 
Length  350ft.     Beam  44ft.     Mean  draught  20ft. 
Displacement  3,500  tons.     Complement  320. 

Guns.  Armour. 

4—6  in.  "  Steel." 

8 — 47  in.  4j  in.  Deck. 

12 — 3  pdr. 
14 — I  pdr. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
5  Above  water. 

Twin  screw.  Hp.  natural  12,500  =  21  kts.,  forced 
14,500=22*5  kts.     Coal  maximum  770  tons. 

Vun-baoy.  A  conical  ship  buoy  made  of  staves 
large  in  the  middle,  tapering  rapidly  to  the  ends. 

H.V.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Nieuw  Bossemeer,  Holland. 

H.W.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Nordwijk,  Holland. 

N.Y.    Abbreviation  for  New  York. 

Nylandska  Tachtklabben.  Established  1861. 
Patron,  H.I.M.  The  Emperor  of  Russia ;  Com- 
modore. Ernest  Krogius ;  Vice-Commodore,  Karl 
Sdderman ;  Treasurer.  Ernest  Krogius ;  Secretary, 
Ivar  Palmgren,  Club  House,  Helsingfors,  Finland. 
Annual  subscription,  mark  20. 

Nymphe.  British  sloop  (1,140  tons,  14  kts.). 
Launched  1880. 


NYMPHE 


462 


OCEANIC 


Nymphe.  .  Germaa    armoured   cruiser.     (Knipp, 

1899.) 

Length  32811.   Beam  39ft.   Maximum  draught  17ft. 
Displacement  2,650  tons.     Complement  249. 
Guns.  Armour. 

10 — 4*1  in.  "  Krupp." 

14— I  pdr.  2  in.  Deck. 

4  Machine.  3  in.  Conning  tower. 

Torpedo  Tubes, 
2  Submerged. 
Twin   screw.     Hp.   8,*5oo=2i    kts.     Coal   maxi- 
mum 560  tons. 

N.Z.     Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Temeuzen,  Holland. 


0.  Distinguishing  letter  on  sea  fisliing  boats 
registered  at  Ostend,  Belgium. 

0.  Distinguishing  letter  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Odense,  Denmark. 

Oaknm.    Old  untwisted  rope. 

Oar.  A  timber  with  flat  blade  used  as  a  lever 
to  propel  a  boat  through  the  water. 

Oase.    Mud. 

03.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Oban,  Scotland. 

03.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Brake,  Germany. 

Oboco*  Japanese  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Yar- 
row, 1899.)  Length,  220  ft.  ;  beam,  20^  ft.  ; 
draught,  9^  ft.;  displacement,  311  tons;  comple- 
ment, 55  ;  armament,  i  12 -pdr.,  5  6-pdr^,  2  tubes  ; 
twin  screw  ;  Hp.,  6.000= 31 J  kts.  ;  coal.  90  tons. 

O'Brien.  U.S.  torpedo-boat  (1900).  Displace- 
ment, 174  tons ;  guns,  5  i-pdr.  ;  torpedo  tubes, 
3  1 8 -in. ;  maximum  speed,  26  kts. 

Obsn.  spot  Observation  spot  +.  Abbreviation 
adopted  on  the  charts  issued  by  the  Hydiographic 
Ofiice,  Admiralty. 

Obiuder.  French  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Forges 
et  Chan  tiers,  1904.)  Length,  180  ft,  ;  beam.  21  ft. ; 
maximum  draught,  10  ft.  ;  displacement,  300  tons  ; 
complement,  45  ;  guns,  i  9-pdr.,  6  3 -pdr.  ;  torpedo 
tubes,  2  15-in. ;  speed.  27-30  kts. 

Oodde&tal  and  Oriental  Steamship  Oo.    See  White 

Star  Line. 

Ocean,  The,  embraces,  properly  speaking,  all  the 
salt  water  of  the  globe,  with  a  few  trifling  excep- 
tions, such  as  the  Caspian,  the  Sea  of  Aral,  and 
the  Dead  Sea.  Difierent  portions  of  the  ocean 
have  received  distinctive  names,  of  which  there 
are  five  in  all — the  Arctic.  Atlantic.  Indian.  Pacific, 
and  Antarctic ;  or  if  the  Atlantic  and  Pacific  are 
separated  into  a  northern  and  a  southern  portion 
by  the  equator,  then  there  are  seven  m  all.  The 
area  of  the  ocean  is  about  145,000.000  square 
miles,  or  nearly  three-quarters  of  the  whole  surface 


of  the  earth.  It  affects  the  temperature  of  the 
adjacent  lands,  tempering  the  heat  of  summer 
and  the  cold  of  winter.  As  far  as  has  at  present 
been  ascertained,  the  average  depth  of  the  ocean 
is  not  more  than  2,000  fathoms,  slightly  over 
two  miles.  At  62*  Fahr.  the  relative  density  of 
fresh  and  salt  water  is  as  i'o275  is  to  i.  The 
colour  of  the  ocean  varies  in  different  places,  being 
generally  greenish  near  the  shore  and  blue  in  the 
deeper  parts.  The  saltness  of  the  ocean,  the 
nature  of  the  bottom  where  it  is  shallow,  and  any 
clouds  overhead  all  modify  the  colour. 

Refer  to  Arctic  Ocean,  Atlantic  Ocean,  Indian 
Ocean,  Pacific  Ocean,  Antarctic  Ocean,  Challenger 
Expedition,  Sounding  Deep  Sea.  Wave,  Current, 
Tide. 

Ocean.  British  ist  class  battleship.  (Devon- 
port,  1898.) 

Length  418ft.   Beam  74ft.   Maximum  draught  26ft. 
Displacement  12,950  tons.     Complement  750. 
Guns,  Armour. 

4 — 12  in..  35  cal.       "  Harvey-nickel." 
12 — 6  in.  6  in.  Belt  amidships. 

10 — 12  pdr.  12  in.  Barbettes. 

6 — 3  pdr.  12  in.  Conning  tower. 

2  Maxims. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
4  Submerged. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  13,500=  18*25  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 2,300  tons.     Approximate  cost  ;f 900,000. 

This  ship-name  was  introduced  into  the  Navy  in 
1759,  with  the  capture  of  the  French  Ocean  at  the 
battle  of  Lagos  Bay.  It  is  also  associated  with 
Keppel's  action  off  Brest,  1758. 

Oceania.  British  subsidised  merchant  ship 
(1888).  P.  and  O.  Co.  (q.v.).  Dimensions,  468  X 
52  X  34  ft. ;  gross  tonnage,  6.605  ;  passenger  accom- 
modation. 321  ;  Hp.,  6,000=17  kts. 

Oceanic.  British  subsidised  merchant  ship 
(1899).  White  Star  Line  {q.v.),  (Liverpool,  New 
York.)  Dimensions,  704x68x44!  ft. ;  gross  ton- 
nage, i>^,274 ;  passenger  accommodation,  1,725  ; 
Hp.,  28,000=20  kts. 

Oceanic  Steamship  Co.,  San  Francisco.  Regular 
steam  navigation  began  on  the  Pacific  coast  when 
the  steamer  California  arrived  at  San  Francisco, 
February  28,  1849.  The  first  Trans-Pacific  line 
started  in  1867  to  Hong  Kong,  and  was  rapidly 
followed  by  the  service  from  San  Francisco  to 
Australia. 

Some  40  years  ago  the  question  of  a  steamship  line 
to  ply  between  San  Francisco  and  Australia  received 
practical  consideration.  Towards  the  end  of  1867 
the  Californian  Mail  service  commenced,  only 
15  years  after  the  first  English  mail  steamer,  the 
Chusan,  786  net  tons,  had  arrived  in  Sydney.  In 
1870  a  mail  contract  was  entered  into  with  New 
Zealand,  two  steamers,  the  Wonga  Wonga  and 
City  of  Melbourne,  inaugurating  the  service,  con- 
necting at  Honolulu  with  an  outward  service  from 


OCEAN 


463 


OCEAN 


San  Francisco.  About  this  time  W.  H.  Webb 
carried  on  a  service  between  Honolulu  and  New 
Zealand^  with  three  old-style  walking  beam  paddle 
steamers,  the  Nevada,   Nebraska  and  Dakota, 

The  year  1871  witnessed  thei  Australian  Steam 
Navigation  Co/s  '  entry  into  the  Trans-Pacific 
trade — one  year  was  enough,  the  succeeding  year 
the  experiment  was  abandoned,  showing  a  loss. 
The  next  attempt  was  in  1874,  with  the  Cypkrenes, 
the  Mikado,  and  the  Macgregor — ^it  only  took  a 
year  to  make  the  company  decline  to  continue  on 
the  terms  offered.  The  Pacific  Mail  Steamship 
Co. .  then  took  up  the  Australian  service.  Since 
then  a  line  has  been  operated  continuously ;  soon 
the  City  of  New  York  aind  City  of  Sydney  were  in 
service,  followed  by  the  well-known  steamers 
Zealandia  and  Australia,  About  1884  John  D. 
Spreckels  and  Bros.  Co.,  took  over  the  line  operating 
as  the  Oceanic  Steamship  Co.,  and  the  two  fine  swift 
steamers  Alameda  and  Mariposa  were  specially  built 
for  the  service.  In  1900  these  were  replaced  by  the 
large  new  twin-screw  steamers  Sierra,  Sonoma,  and 
Ventura,  of  10,000  tons  displacement  each,  and 
having  accommodation  for  240  first-dass  pas- 
sengers, second  and  steerage  in  proportion.  The 
ships  are  bu^  to  comply  with  Navy  regulations, 
and  classed  Ai  at  British  Lloyd's,  have  two  sets 
of  triple  expansion  engines,  8,000  Hp»,  twin-screws, 
and  a  speed  of  over  17  kts.  The  Sonoma  on  her 
first  trip  to  Sydney  logged  424  kts.  in  one  day. 
The  Sierra  made  the  7,200  mile  voyage  San  Fran- 
cisco to  Sydney  in  19  days  7  hours,  beating  all 
previous  records.  These  sister  ships  at  once  popu- 
larised the  line,  more  than  double  the  number  of 
passengers  being  carried  in  1901  than  the  year  pre- 
ceding. Many  round-the-world  passengers  and 
others  journeying  between  the  Old  World  and  the 
Colonies  choose  the  American  route;  low  through 
rates  are  made,  an  opportunity  is  given  of  crossing 
the  Atlantic  by  any  of  the  magnificent  steamers 
to  New^York,  the  journey  onward  being  made  in  the 
most  luxurious  through  daily  trains  to  San  Francisco, 
thence  by  the  Oceanic  Steamship  Co/s  steamer, 
by  which  route  no  more  than  seven  days  is  spent 
between  ports,  an  opportunity  of  seeing  America 
is  afforded,  and  the  heat  of  the  Red  Sea  avoided. 
Time  from  London  to  Honolulu  18  da3rs,  Samoa 
25  days,  New  Zealand  29  days,  Sydney- Australia 
33  days. 

Ocean  Honarob.  American  emigrant  ship.  Took 
fire  within  a  few  miles  off  the  Great  Orme's  Head, 
Carnarvonshire,  August  24,  1848  ;  120  lives  lost. 

Ocean  Monarch  (2,195  tons).  On  March  5,  i86a, 
this  vessel  sailed  from  New  York  laden  with  pro- 
visions.    She  foundered  in  a  gale  on  March  9. 

Oceanography.  The  science  which  treats  of  the 
ocean.     Refer  to  Ocean. 

Ocean  Steamahip  Co.,  Ltd.,  is  the  successor  of 
older  steamship  enterprises,  mainly  under  the  same 
management  and  ownership.    These  began  in  1852 


with  the  coasting  trade,  and  extended  in  following 
years  to  French  ports,  and  in  1855  to  the  West 
Indies.  The  last-named  line  attained  some  moderate 
importance,  comprising  seven  vessels.  It  was  sold 
in  1863,  s^^  eventually  became  the  West  India 
and  Pacific  Steam  Ship  Co.,  which  in  its  turn  was 
absorbed  by  the  Leyland  Line  in  ^1900.  The 
managers,  after  the  sale  of  1863,  seeking  other 
trades,  decided  on  attempting  that  to  China,  and 
the  company,  under  its  present  title,  was  regis- 
tered as  unlimited  in  1865.  Up  to  this  date  low- 
pressure  jet-condensing  engines  were  alone  used, 
burning  perhaps  5  to  5^  lbs.  of  coal  per  I.Hp. 
per  hour.  This  rate  of  consumption  would  have 
been  fatal  to  the  scheme,  since  the  vessels  could 
not  have  carried  any  cargo  in  addition  to  the  coal 
necessary  for  so  long  a  voyage  as  that  via  the 
Cape,  the  Suez  Canal  not  being  opened  till  1870. 
A  small  vessel,  the  Cleator,  of  which  the  exact 
speed  and  consumption  with  the  old  type  of  engine 
was  well  known,  was  therefore  experimentally 
fitted  with  new  machinery  of  the  compound  high- 
pressure  (70  lbs.)  surface-condensing  type.  The 
result  oi  the  experiment  was  that  her  consump- 
tion was  reduced  to  about  3  or  3^  lbs.  per  I.Hp. 
per  hour,  and  this  warranted  the  construction  of 
the  Agamemnon,  Ajax,  and  Achilles,  all  309  ft. 
long,  38^  ft.  broad,  28^  ft.  deep,  fnUy  rigged  as 
barques,  with  screws  outside  their  rudders.  These 
rigs  were  subsequently  altered  to  that  of  barquan- 
tines,  but  the  relative  positions  of  the  screws  and 
rudders  were  retained  till  they  were  disposed  of 
in  1899.  I^  these  vessels  the  consumption  was 
further  reduced  to  about  2^  lbs.,  which  allowed 
margin  for  a  reasonable  cargo.  The  Agamemnon 
sailed  from  Liverpool  in  1866,  the  itinerary  being 
Mauritius,  Penang,  Singapore,  Hong  Kong,  and 
Shanghai,  and,  with  similar  calls,  back  to  London. 
The  cargoes  in  those  days  were  mainly  manu- 
factured goods  outwards  and  tea  homewards.  The 
average  speed  was  perhaps  9}  kts.,  and  the  con- 
sumption about  21^  tons  of  Welsh  coal  per  day. 
These  and  succeeding  steamers  were  at  that  date 
the  only  vessels  casrying  high-pressure  steam  on 
long  voyages,  and  they  traded  regularly  round  the 
Cape,  being  the  only  line  that  did  so.  When  the 
Snez  Canal  was  opened  in  1870  they  adopted  that 
Tonte.  The  trade  from  the  United  Kingdom  to 
China  has  since  steadily  grown,  and  increasingly 
large  cargoes  are  also  procurable  homewards  from 
the  Far  East,  these  cargoes  being  general  in 
character  owing  to  the  successful  competition  of 
Indian  and  Ceylon  teas.  In  1891  a  service  was 
begun  from  Amsterdam  and  Liverpool  to  Java, 
and  this  is  maintained  about  once  in  three  weeks, 
finding  employment  for  about  six  of  the  smaller 
ships.  Some  of  the  vessels  in  this  trade,  which  is 
principally  between  Holland  and  her  Eastern 
possessions,  fly  the  Dutch  flag.  A  limited  number 
of  passengers  was  formerly  carried  between  Eng- 
land and  the  East,  but  the  ships  now  carry  cargo 


OCEAN 


464 


OERNEN 


only  to  and  from  Europe,  though  Mohammedan 
pilgrims  are  conveyed  in  considerable  numbers  to 
and  from  Jedda,  the  port  for  Mecca,  and  there  is 
a  large  deck  passenger  trade  between  the  Straits 
Settlements  and  China.  The  ships  generally  com- 
mence loading  at  Glasgow,  Swansea,  or  Newport, 
and  occasionally  at  other  west  coast  ports,  but 
they  usually  obtain  the  greater  part  of  their  cargoes 
at  Liverpool,  the  most  important  element  being 
fine  goods  (manufactured  cottons,  etc.)  from  Lan- 
cashire and  Yorkshire.  Abroad  the  regular  service 
has  l^n  extended  to  the  principal  Japan  ports — 
Nagasaki.  Kobe,  and  Yokohama,  and  to  Taku 
Bar.  for  Tientsin,  during  the  ice-free  season.  A 
monthly  steamer,  loaded  at  home,  also  proceeds 
from  Japan  across  the  Pacific  to  Victoria  and 
Vancouver  in  British  Columbia,  and  Tacoma  and 
Seattle  in  the  United  States,  the  longest  regular 
steam  run  in  the  world.  A  monthly  direct  service 
from  Glasgow  to  Adelaide,  Melbourne.  Sydney, 
and  Brisbane,  and  back  to  London  and  Liverpool, 
was  inaugurated  in  1901.  The  following  local  ser- 
vices have  their  headquarters  at  Singapore : 
(i)  Singapore  to  West  Australian  ports,  including 
Fremantle.  These  steamers  carry  passengers,  aad 
bring  large  quantities  of  wool  and  pearl  shell  from 
Australia  to  Singapore  for  transhipment  to  the 
main  line  steamers  bound  for  London.  (2)  Singa- 
pore to  Deli  (Sumatra).  Two  small  steamers  bring 
tobacco  from  Deli  for  transhipment  to  Europe. 
The  company  is  colloquially  known  in  the  shipping 
world  as  the  "  Blue  Funnel "  Line,  and  is  also 
often  referred  to  by  the  name  of  Alfred  Holt,  who 
has  been  closely  identified  with  it  throughout  its 
history.  In  1902  the  Ocean  Co.  purchased  a  con- 
trolling interest  in  its  younger  rival,  the  China 
Mutual  Steam  Navigation  Co..  with  a  fleet  of 
13  vessels  of  106.870  tons,  and  shortly  afterwards 
re-registered  itself  under  the  Limited  Liability  Act. 
Fleet :  59  steamers.     Gross  tonnage,  327.000. 

Ooeui  Steamship  Ck>.,  of  Savannah,  with  their 
head  offices  in  New  York,  have  a  fleet  of  11  fine 
ships,  which  maintain  services  from  New  York  far 
Savaimah  every  Tuesday,  Wednesday,  and  Satur- 
day, and  from  Boston  for  Savannah  every  Tuesday 
and  Saturday,  returning  from  Savannah  to  New 
York  every  Monday.  Wednesday,  and  Fdday,  and 
to  Boston  every  Monday  and  Thursday. 

Flbst. 

Chattahoochee.  City  of  Macon. 

City  of  Atalanta.  City  of  Memphis. 

City  of  Augusta.  City  of  Smoannah. 

City  of  Birmingham,  Mmnsas  City, 

City  of  Coiumlms,  Nacoochee. 

Tallahassee. 

Ocean  Steam  Navigation  Oo.  See  West  Aus- 
tralian Steam  Navigation  Co. 

Ochotnik.  Russian  torpedo  gun-boat  (1906). 
Displacement,  550  tons;  speed,  19  kts. 


Oehre.  Red,  brown,  or  yellow  hydrated  oxide 
of  iron,  which  occur  naturally  mixed  with  clay  or 
sand.  The  red  or  yellow  ochres  are  employed  for 
making  paints,  and  are  prepared  for  use  by  simply 
grinding  and  washing. 

Octavia.  This  vessel  was  the  first  engined  by 
Messrs.  Maudslay  with  engines  of  large  cylinder 
capacity  to  admit  of  great  expansion  with  surface 
condensers  and  super-heaters  to  the  boilers.  They 
were  compound  engines  with  six  cylinders,  and 
worked  at  a  pressure  of  25  pounds  per  square  inch 

Ootopns.     U.S.  submarine.     (Quincy,  1906.) 

O.D.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Oost  Dunkirk,  Belgium. 

O.D.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Ouddorp,  Holland. 

O.D.B.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing 
boats  registered  at  Oudenbosch.  Holland. 

Oden*  Swedish  coast  service  battleship.  (Beig- 
sund,  1897.) 

Length  279ft.   Beam  40ft.  Maximum  draught  17ft 
Displacement  3,400  tons.     Complement  210. 
Guns.  Armour. 

2 — 10  in.  "  Harvey-nickd." 

6 — 4*7  in.  10  in.  Belt  amidships. 

10-— 3  pdr.  10  in.  Turrets. 

2 — I  pdr. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
I  Submerged  bow. 
Twin  screw.    Hp.  natural  3,7008=15  kts..  forced 
S,$So=i6'S2kts. 

Odin.    German  coast  service  battleship  (1894). 
Length  254ft.  Beam  49ft.  Maximum  draught  i8ft. 
Displacement  4,150  tons.    Complement  297. 
Guns.  Armour. 

3—9-4  in.  "  Nickd-steel." 

10 — 15J  pdr.  9  in.  Bdt. 

6—1  pdr.  8  in.  Barbettes. 

4  Machine.  7  in.  Conning  tower. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
3  Submerged  bow  and  broadside. 
I  Above  water  stem. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  5,100=  15J  kts.    Coal  maxi- 
mum 580  tons. 

Odin.  Danish  annoured  coast  defence  battle- 
ship. (Copenhagen,  1875.)  Length,  237  ft ;  beam, 
50  ft. ;  draught.  15}  ft. ;  displacement.  3.034  tons; 
complement,  236 ;  guns,  4  lO-in.,  4  2*4-in.,  7 
Maxims ;  armour.  "  Steel."  8-in.  deck  amidships, 
7-in.  barbettes,  8-in.  conning  tower ;  Hp.,  2,250= 
12  kts. ;  coal,  280  tons. 

O.E.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Elsfleth.  Germany. 

Oemen.  Swedish  torpedo  gun-boat.  (Gothen- 
burg. 1897.)  Length,  222  ft. ;  beam.  27  ft. ; 
draught.  lo)^  ft. ;  displacement,  787  tons ;  comple- 
ment, 100;  armament.  2  47-in.,  4  2*2-in.,  i  tube: 
Hp.,  3*970=19  kts. 


OFENPEST 


465 


OLEG 


OlenpMt    Austro-Hungarian  coast  defence  ship. 
(Pola,  1896.) 

Length  305ft.     Beam  35ift.     Draught  2xft. 
Displacement  5,550  tons.     Complement  450. 
Guns.  Armour. 

4~9*4  in.  "  Harvey  steel." 

6 — 5 '9  in.  10  in.  Belt  amidships. 

12 — 1*8  in.  10  in.  Barbettes. 

6  Maxims.  10  in.  Conning  tower. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
4  Above  water. 
Hp.  8,900=  17  kts.    Coal  500  tons. 

Off.    The  opposite  to  near. 

(MBng.    A  distance  from  the  land  beyond  anchor- 
ing ground. 

Off  the  wind.    Not  dose  enough  if  sailing  on  the 
wind. 

O.H.    Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Oosthuizen,  Holland. 

O'Higgins.    Chilian  armoured  cruiser.     (Elswick, 
1897.)     Sheathed  and  coppered. 
Length  407ft.    Beam  62ft    Mean  draught  22ft. 
Displacement  8,500  tons. 
Guns.  Armour, 

4 — 8  in.  "  Harvey-nickel." 

10 — 6  in.  7  in.  Belt  amidships. 

4 — ^4*7  in.  7  in.  Turrets. 

10 — 12  pdr.  9  in.  Conning  tower. 

10— 6pdr. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 

2  Submerged. 

3  Above  water. 

Twin  screw.     Hp.  natural  10,000=19  kts.,  forced 
16,500=21  kts.     Coal  maximum  1,200  tons. 
Approximate  cost  £700,000. 

Ohio.    U.S.  1st  class  battleship.    (San  Francisco, 
1901.) 
Length  394ft.     Beam  72ft.    Mean  draught  24ft. 
IMsplacement  12,585  tons.    Complement  551. 
Guns.  Armour. 

4 — 12  in.  "  Krupp." 

16 — 6  in.  II  in.  Belt  amidships. 

6 — 14  pdr.  12  in.  Turrets. 

8 — 3  pdr.  10  in.  Conning  tower. 

6 — I  pdr. 
2  Colts. 
4  Machine. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
2  Submerged. 
Tvmi  screw.     Hp.   16,000=18  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
muxn  2,000  tons. 

OiL  A  name  applied  to  all  neutral  fatty  sub- 
stances which  are  liquid  at  ordinary  temperature. 
Mineral  oils  and  many  of  the  volatile  oils  are  of 
vegetable  origin,  being  simply  composed  of  carbon 
aii<l  liydrogen.  The  larger  proportion  of  vegetable 
and  animal  oils,  however,  contain  oxygen  in  addi- 
tion,  -while  a  few  contain  nitrogen  and  sulphur. 
Oils   of  various  kinds  occur  in  the  cells  of  many, 


if  not  nearly  all,  plants.  AU  oils  are  characterised 
by  being  insoluble  in  water,  slightly  soluble  in 
alcohol,  readily  soluble  in  ether. 

Oito.  Japanese  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Maizuru, 
1906.)  Length,  220  ft. ;  beam,  20}  ft. ;  draught, 
9^  ft. ;  displacement,  374  tons ;  complement,  60 ; 
armament,  i  12 -pdr.,  5  6-pdr.,  2  tubes  ;  twin  screw; 
Hp.,  6,000=29  kts.  ;  coal,  98  tons. 

OJSL  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Ouwerkerk  (bei  Zierikzen),  HoUand. 

Oklnothitna.  Formerly  General  Admiral  Graf 
Apraksin  (q.v.).  Japanese  coast  defence  battleship. 
(St.  Petersburg,  1896.) 

Length  227ft.  Beam  51ft.  Maximum  draught  i7ift. 
Displacement  4,200  tons.     Complement  400. 
Guns,  Armour. 

3 — II  in.  "  Harvey." 

4 — 4*7  in.  10  in.  Belt  amidships. 

10 — 3  pdr.  8  in.  Bulkheads. 

12 — I  pdr.  8  in.  Turrets. 

8  in.  Conning  tower. 
Torpedo  Tubes. 
4  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  forced  12,700=16  kts. 

Olgmy.  Russian  submarine  (1905).  Length, 
77  ft.;  displacement,  175  tons;  speed,  7  kts. 

O.L.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Oostdongeradeel,  HoUand. 

Old  Dominioii  Steamship  Co.,  with  their  head 
offices  in  New  York,  have  a  fleet  of  24  steamers, 
which  maintain  daUy  services  from  New  York  for 
Old  Point.  Norfolk,  Portsmouth,  Pinner's  Point, 
and  Newport  News.  A  service  is  maintained  from 
New  York  for  Fort  Monroe,  Hampton,  Newport, 
Smithfield,  Richmond,  Gloucester,  Mathew's  Coun- 
ties, Nansemond,  and  River  Points ;  one  from 
East  City  to  Newbeme,  and  one  from  Washington 
to  Belhaven  and  Tar  River  Points. 

Fleet. 

Accomack,  Luray. 

Berkeley.  Marie. 

Brandon.  Mobjack. 

Commodore.  Monroe. 

Florence,  Nellie. 

Germania.  Newbeme. 

Hamilton.  Ocracoke. 

Hampton,  Princess  Anne. 

Hampton  Roads,  Transfer, 

Jamestown.  Virginia. 

Jefferston.  Virginia  Dare. 

Katryn.  Wm.  Rowland. 

Oldenburg.  German  battleship  (1884).  5,200 
tons.     Obsolete,  of  no  fighting  value. 

Old  hone.     Tough  salt  beef. 

Oleg.  Russian  armoured  cruiser.  (New  Ad- 
miralty, 1903.) 

Length  437ft.   Beam  52ft.   Maximum  draught  25ft. 
Displacement  6,550  tons.     Complement  573. 


OLERON 


466 


OPEN 


Guns. 
12— -6  in. 
12 — 12  pdr. 

8—3  pdr. 

2 — I  pdr. 


it 


Armour, 
Krupp." 
3  in.  Deck. 
3  in.  Turrets. 
3  in.  Casemates. 
6  in.  Conning  tower. 
Torpedo  Tubes. 
2  Submerged. 
I  Above  water  bow. 

1  Above  water  stem. 

2  Above  water  training. 

Twin  screw.  Hp.  19,500=323  kts.  Coal  maxi- 
mum 1 ,000  tons. 

This  vessel  escaped  from  the  Japanese  at  the 
battle  of  Tsushima,  May  27-29,  1905,  and  reached 
Shanghai,  where  she  was  interned. 

Olfeon.  A  collection  of  maritime  laws  made  by 
Richard  Coeur  de  Lion  at  the  Island  of  Ol^ron. 

Olftron,  Laws  oL    See  Laws  of  Ol^ron. 

Olfeft  Fischer.    Danish  coast  service  battleship 

(1903). 

Length  272ft.   Beam  49ft.  Maximum  draught  i6ft. 

Displacement  3,470  tons.     Complement  250. 
Guns.  Armour, 

2 — 9*4  in.  "  Krupp." 

4 — 6  in.  7  in.  Belt  amidshipai 

10 — 6  pdr.  7  in.  Turrets. 

4 — I  pdr.  7  in.  Conning  tower. 

5  Machine. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
3  Submerged. 
Hp.  4,200=16*5  kts. 
OlfnL     Roumanian  gun-boat  (1880).     For  use  on 
the  Danube.     Displacement  about  100  tons  ;  arma- 
ment, 2  6-pdr.,  I  I -pdr. ;  speed  about  10  kts. 

Olsen,  Carl  Otto.  Rear-Admiral  Swedish  Navy 
(b.  1844).  Entered  Navy,  1859,  and  after  ii  years' 
sea  service  was  appointed  chief  of  the  drilling 
school,  which  position  he  held  until  promoted  to 
Commander-Superintendent  of  Stockholm  Dock- 
yard, 1899 ;  commander  of  Stockholm  Squadron, 
1900,  and  of  Drilling  Squadron,  1903 ;  Military 
Member  of  the  King's  Bench,  1903 ;  Commander- 
in-Chief,  Coast  Squadron,  1904 ;  Commander-in- 
Chief,  Stockholm,  1905  ;  president  of  the  Navy 
Board,  1905  ;  K.C.S. ;  K.Pr.  C.  2nd  Class. 

Olympia.  U.S.  cruiser.  (San  Francisco,  1892.) 
Reconstructed  1903. 

Length  325ft.   Beam  53ft.  Maximum  draught  25ft. 
Displacement  5,870  tons.     Complement  466. 
Guns.  Armour. 

4-— 8  in.  "  Harvey." 

10 — 5  pdr.  5  in.  Deck. 

14 — 6  pdr.  4  in.  Barbettes. 

6 — I  pdr.  5  in.  Conning  tower. 

4  Colts. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
4  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  forced  17,000=21  kts.     Coal 
maximum  1,300  tons.    Approximate  cost  ;£5 50,000. 


Olympia.  Italian  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Genoa, 
1906.)  Length.  213  ft.  ;  beam,  20  ft. ;  draughty 
7i  ft. ;  displacement,  325  tons ;  complement,  52  ; 
armament,  6  6-pdr.,  3  tubes ;  twin  screw  ;  Hp.. 
6,000=28  kts. ;  coal,  40  tons. 

Ombrometer.    A  rain  gauge. 

Omega.  French  submarine.  (Toulon,  1906.) 
Length,  160  ft.  ;  beam,  13J  ft. ;  draught,  9  ft.  ; 
displacement,  301  tons ;  complement,  20 ;  arma- 
ment, 2  tubes;  Hp.,  330=11  kts. 

0mmane7«  Captain.    See  Arctic  Exploration. 

Omrah.  British  subsidised  merchant  ship  (1899). 
Orient  Line  {/j.v.).  Dimensions,  490  x  56  x  34  ft. ; 
gross  tonnage,  8,283  ;  Hp.,  10,000=18  kts. 

On.    Applied  to  a  high  sea. 

Onde  Jcseiih.  French  steamer.  Sunk  by  colli- 
sion with  the  Ortigia  off  Spezzia.  November  24. 
1880  ;  250  lives  lost. 

Ondine.  Steamer.  Lost  in  collision  with  the 
Heroine  off  Beachy  Head,  February  19,  i860 ;  the 
captain  and  50  of  the  passengers  lost. 

Oneida.  American  vessel.  Run  down  by  the 
P.  and  O.  steamer  Bombay  off  Yokohama,  Janu- 
ary 24,  1870;  150  lives  lost.  Captain  of  the 
Bombay  was  suspended  for  six  months. 

One,  two,  three,  and  May.  A  chant  sung  when 
a  seaman  bowses  out  the  bowlines. 

Onyx.    British  torpedo  gun-boat  (1892). 
Length  230ft.  Beam  27ft.  Maximum  draught  lajft. 
Displacement  810  tons.    Complement  85. 

Guns. 
2 — 4*7  in. 
4—3  pdr. 
Torpedo  Tubes. 
5—14  in. 
3 — 18  in. 
Twin  screw.     Coal  maximum  160  tons.    Speed 
17  kts. 

0.0.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Odsterland,  Holland. 

0.0.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Oldenburg,  Germany. 

Ooae.     See  Oaze. 

Opale.  French  sea-going  submarine.  (Cher- 
bourg, 1903.)  Length,  147  ft.;  beam,  13  ft; 
maximum  draught,  12  ft.  ;  displacement.  309  tons 
above,  442  tons  below ;  complement,  22  ;  torpedo 
tubes,  6  177-in. ;  Hp.,  600=12  kts.  above,  8  kts. 
below. 

Open.  The  situation  of  a  place  exposed  to  ^vind 
and  sea ;  any  distant  visible  object ;  the  hawse 
when  cables  are  clear  of  each  other. 

Open  cover  is  an  unstamped  document  issued  by 
companies  giving  specified  protection  to  the  assuird 
until  the  policy  is  prepared.     Refer  to  Slip. 

Open  polJOy.     Sec  Policy. 


OPHIR 


467 


ORIENT 


Oikhir.  Netherlands  torpedo  -  boat.  (Yarrow, 
1 901.)  Length,  152  ft.  ;  beam,  15  ft.  ;  draught, 
71^  ft. ;  displacement,  130  tons  ;  complement,  25  ; 
armament,  2  3-pdr.,  2  tubes ;  Hp.,  1,900=27  kts.  ; 
coal,  36  tons. 

Ophir.  British  subsidised  ship  (1891).  Orient 
Line  {q.v.).  Dimensions,  465x53x34  ft.;  gross 
tonnage,  6,814;  Hp.,  10,000=18  kts.  In  1901  this 
vessel  was  selected  and  specially  fitted  for  H.R.H. 
the  Prince  of  Wales,  when  with  the  Princess  he 
visited  Australia  to  open  the  first  ParUament  of  the 
Commonwealth. 

Opoesnm.  British  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Heb- 
bum,  1895.)  Length,  200  ft. ;  beam,  19  ft.  ; 
draught,  5^^  ft. ;  displacement,  290  tons ;  comple- 
ment, 50 ;  armament,  i  i2-pdr.,  5  6-pdr.,  2  tubes ; 
twin  screw ;  Hp.,  4,052  =  28  kts. ;  coal,  60  tons. 

Oppoiite  traokfl.    Contrary  boards. 

Ontm,  Henry  John,  O.B.    £ngineer-in-Chief  of 
the  Reet  (b.  Plymouth,  1858).     At  the  age  of  15, 
having  passed  the  open  competition  test,  entered 
the  Royal  Navy  as  an  engineer  student.     Studied 
at  Keyham  and  Devonport  for  six  years,  and  then 
passed    for   the   rank   of   assistant-engineer,   sub- 
sequently studying  for  three  years  at  Greenwich, 
and  on  leaving  obtained  a  first-class  professional 
certificate.     After    two    years'    service    afloat    in 
Indian   troopships   he   was   selected    to  join   the 
engineering  staff  of  the  Admiralty,  and  to  that 
staff  he  has  been  attached  ever  since.     In  1885  he 
was  appointed  visiting  instructor  in  marine  en- 
gineering at  the  Royal  Naval  College,  Greenwich, 
and   held  this  post  until  promoted  to  Engineer- 
Inspector  at  the   Admiralty,   and  in   this  latter 
capacity  superintended  the  design  and  construction 
of  machinery  for  numerous  battleships,  cruisers, 
and  destroyers.     In  1892  he  was  selected  as  secre- 
tary to  the  Boiler  Committee  by  Admiral  Fisher 
(^.v.),  then  Controller  of  the  Navy,  and  in  1894 
was  promoted  to  the  position  of  Senior  Engineer- 
Inspector,  and  when  the  engineering  staff  was  re- 
orgajiised  in  1902  he  became  Deputy  Engineer- 
in-Ch.ief,  and  Engineer-in-Chief  1907,  which  posi- 
tion   he   still   occupies.      In  naval    rank   he   has 
been    twice  specially  promoted  —  first,   to    chief 
engineer,  owing  to  his  success  at  Greenwich,  and 
afterwards  to  inspector  of  machinery  for  services 
in    connection    with    the    fitting   of    water  -  tube 
boilers   in   H.M.   ships.      He   is    the   designer   of 
the  Admiralty  cap  ferrule  which  prevented  naval 
boiler  tubes  from  leakage,  and  tided  the  Fleet  over 
a  serious  crisis.  .  When  composite  titles  were  con- 
ferred  upon  naval  engineer  officers  a  few  years 
ago    he  had   the  honour  of  becoming  Engineer- 
Rear- Admiral,  and  was  nominated  a  Companion  of 
the  Bath  in  1906,  Engineer-in-Chief  of  the  Fleet, 
1907.     He  is  a  member  of  the  Institution  of  Civil 
Engineers,  and  a  member  of  Council  of  the  Institu- 
tion of  Naval  Architects. 


Publications :  "  Supplement  to  the  Steam 
Manual,"  *'  The  Marine  Steam-Engine "  (which 
has  been  adopted  as  an  Admiralty  text-book),  and 
papers  published  in  the  Transactions  of  the  Royal 
United  Service  Institution,  and  the  Institution  of 
Civil  Engineers,  for  which  he  has  received  the 
Telford  premium  and  Watt  medal. 

Oravia.  British  subsidised  merchant  ship  ( 1 897) . 
Pacific  Steam  Navigation  Co.  {q.v.).  Dimensions, 
421x38x33  ft.,  gross  tonnage,  5,321;  Hp., 
4,200=16  kts. 

Ordinary  feamaiL  The  rating  of  one  who  can 
make  himself  generally  useful  on  board,  not  classed 
as  an  A.B. 

Qrdnanoe.     See  Naval  Ordnance. 

Ordnanoe  OoUeget  Naval.  See  Naval  Establish- 
ments. 

Oregon.  U.S.  ist  class  battleship.  (San  Fran- 
cisco, 1893.) 

Length  358ft.   Beam  69ft.   Maximum  draught  28ft. 
Displacement  10,288  tons.     Complement  470. 
Guns.  A  rmour. 

4 — 13  in.  "  Harvey." 

8 — 8  in.  18  in.  Belt  amidships. 

4 — 6  in.  17  in.  Barbettes. 

20 — 6  pdr.  10  in.  Conning  tower. 

6 — I  pdr. 
4  Colts. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
3  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.,  natural  8,000=  15  kts.,  forced 
9,500=5 17  kts.     Coal  maximum  1,800  tons. 

Oregon.  Cunard  steamer.  Purchased  from  the 
Inman  Line.  Foundered  by  collision  with  an 
unknown  schooner  near  Long  Island,  March  14, 
1886  ;   no  lives  lost. 

OreL  Russian  Government  liner  (1889).  Length , 
452  ft. :  beam.  48  ft. ;  draught,  20  ft. ;  gross 
tonnage,  5,074  :  Hp.,  xo,ooo=i8  kts. 

OreL  See  Iwami.  Russian  ist  class  battleship. 
Captured  by  the  Japanese  from  the  Russians  at  the 
battle  of  Tsushima,  May  27-29,  1905. 

Orfeo.  Italian  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Genoa, 
1906.)  Length,  213  f t. ;  beam,  20  ft. ;  draught. 
7i  ft. ;  displacement,  325  tons;  complement,  52  ; 
armament,  6  6-pdr.,  3  tubes ;  twin  screw ;  Hp., 
6,000  =s  28  kts. ;  coal,  40  tons. 

Orieni    The  East  point  of  a  compass. 

Orient.  British  subsidised  merchant  ship  (1879). 
Orient  Line  (q.v.).  Dimensions.  445x46x35  ft.; 
gross  tonnage,  5,453  ;  Hp.,  7,000=  16  kts. 

OrientaL  In  November,  1853,  Captain  Heard, 
commander  of  this  vessel,  discovered  two  islands  in 
the  Antarctic  regions,  which  were  named  Heard 
and  MacDonald.     Refer  to  Antarctic  Exploration. 

Orient  Une.  Established  in  1878,  and  are  the 
contractors  with  the  Commonwealth  Government 


ORION 


468 


ORREGO 


for  the  carriage  of  mails  between  England  and 
Australia.  A  fortnightly  service  is  maintained 
from  London,  calling  at  Plymouth,  Gibraltar, 
Marseilles,  Naples,  Port  Said,  Suez,  Colombo. 
Fremantle,  Adelaide,  Melbourne,  Sydney,  and 
Brisbane.  Rapid  strides  have  been  made  in  the 
passenger  service,  and  excellent  accommodation 
is  afforded  to  long  distance  travellers  only  able  to 
pay  the  cheapest  fares,  the  passage  having  been 
reduced  from  55  to  33  days.  In  1901  the  Ophir 
was  selected  for  her  sea-going  qualities,  and  specially 
fitted  for  H.R.H.  the  Prince  of  Wales  when,  with 
the  Princess,  he  visited  Australia  to  open  the  first 
ParUament  of  the  Commonwealth. 

Fleet. 
Asturias,  Orient.  ,  Oroya* 

Omrah.  Ormuz,  Ortona. 

Ophir.  Orontes.  Oruba. 

Orotava. 
Gross  tonnage,  76,000. 

OrioiL  Spanish  torpedo-boat.  (Gaarden,  1885.) 
Length,  125  ft. ;  beam,  15^  ft. ;  draught,  3^  ft.  ; 
displacement.  85  tons ;  complement,  18 ;  arma- 
ment, 2  i-pdr.,  2  tubes;  Hp.,  1,000= 2 1^  kts. ; 
coal,  16  tons. 

Orion.  Swedish  torpedo  -  boat.  (Karlskrona, 
1903.)  Length,  128  ft. ;  beam,  15}-  ft ;  draught, 
7  ft. ;  displacement,  92  tons ;  complement,  18  ; 
armament,  2  i*5-in.  q.f.,  2  tubes;  Hp.,  1.350= 
23  kts. ;  coal,  17  tons. 

Orion.  British  2nd  class  coast  defence  ship 
(armoured),  4.870  tons,  11*9  kts.     Launched  1882. 

Orione.  Italian  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Genoa, 
1906.)  Length,  2x3  ft. :  beam,  20  ft. ;  draught, 
7\  ft. ;  displacement,  325  tons  ;  complement,  52  ; 
armament,  6  6-pdr.,  3  tubes ;  twin  screw ;  Hp., 
6,000=28  kts. ;  coal,  40  tons. 

OritHU  British  subsidised  merchant  ship  ^1897). 
Pacific  Steam  Navigation  Co.  (q.v.)»  Dimensions, 
421  X  38  X  33  ft. ;  gross  tonnage,  5,321  ;  Hp.,  4,200 
=  16  kts. 

Orican.  Swedish  torpedo  -  boat.  (Karlskrona. 
1900.)  Length.  128  ft. ;  beam,  15I-  ft. ;  draught, 
12  ft.;  displacement,  92  tons;  complement,  18; 
armament,  2  i'5-in-  q*f*»  2  tubes;  Hp.,  1,250= 
23  kts. ;  coal,  17  tons. 

Orkney  Sailing  dab.  Established  1889.  Com- 
modore, }.  Tinch  ;  Vice-Commodore,  B.  Swanson  ; 
Treasurer.  James  Begg ;  Secretary.  P.  W.  Peace, 
"  Orkney  Herald "  Office,  Kirkwall.  Entrance 
fee,  105. ;   annual  subscription,  55. 

Orlop-deok.    The  lowest  deck. 

Omni.  British  subsidised  merchant  ship  (1886). 
Orient  Line  (q.v.).  Dimensions,  465x52x34  ft.; 
gross  tonnage,  6,465  ;  Hp.,  9,000=  18  kts. 

Omen.    Swedish  torpedo  gun-boat  (1897). 
Length  223ft.  Beam  27ft.  Maximum  draught  loft. 
Displacement  700  tons. 


Guns,  Armour, 

2 — 47  in.  "  Bofors  steel." 

4 — 6  pdr.  J  in.  Deck. 

2  in.  Conning  tower. 
Torpedo  Tubes. 
I  Submerged  bow. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  4,000=20  kts. 

Ornithian  winds  are  south-westerly  winds  which 
prevail  in  the  Mediterranean  during  the  months  of 
March  and  April. 

Orontn.  British  subsidised  merchant  ship  ( 1 902) . 
Pacific  Steam  Navigation  Co.  (^.v.)*  Dimensions. 
5 13  X  58  X  34  ft. ;  gross  tonnage,  9,023 ;  Hp..  10.000 
=  x8  kts. 

Oropesa.  British  subsidised  merchant  ship  ( x  897) . 
Pacific  Steam  Navigation  Co.  {q.v.).  Dimensions. 
421  X  38  X  33  ft. ;  gross  tonnage,  5.321 ;  Hp..  4.200 
=  16  kts. 

Oroya.  British  subsidised  merchant  ship  (1886). 
Orient  Line  {q.v,).  Dimensions,  460x49x45  ft; 
gross  tonnage,  6,297  ;   Hp.,  6,000 s  16  kts. 

Orpheos.  Steamer.  On  her  maiden  voyage 
wrecked  on  Manakua  Bar,  west  coast  of  New 
Zealand,  February  7,  1863  ;  190  of  the  passengers 
and  crew  perished. 

Or,  Jamet  (b.  Ruthven,  1858).  Chief  ship- 
wright, surveyor,  and  naval  architect  to  the  Depart- 
ment of  Navigation,  New  South  Wales.  Educated 
privately  ;  and  apprenticed  with  Messrs.  D.  and 
W.  Henderson  and  Co.,  Ltd.,  Glasgow.  In  1878 
he  went  to  sea,  and  having  obtained  his  discharge 
from  the  Loch  Shy  at  Melbourne,  joined  the 
Australian  Steam  Navigation  Co.,  and  remained 
with  this  firm  for  some  time  as  naval  architect, 
subsequently  being  appointed  to  the  Public  Works 
Department,  New  South  Wales  Government, 
designing  and  constructing  tugs  and  other  craft. 
During  this  period  he  was  instrumental  in  converting 
the  ship  Sobraon  into  the  Nautical  School  Ship.  He 
was  in  1901  appointed  chief  shipwright  surveyor 
and  naval  architect  to  the  Department  of  Naviga- 
tion, and  was  appointed  by  the  Arbitration  Court  to 
sit  with  three  experts  on  an  industrial  dispute,  and 
assisted  the  Royal  Commission  in  the  l^raytoH 
Grange  inquiry. 

Omgo,  Loii  Uribe  (b.  August  31,  1847).    Vice- 
adnural  Chilian  Navy.     Entered  the  Navy  as  mid- 
shipman, August,  1 861  ;   as  first  lieutenant  of  tbe 
wooden   corvette    Esmeralda   he   assisted    in   tbe 
engagement  between  this  ship  and  the  Peruvian 
ironclad   Huascar,  which  ended  after  four  hours' 
fight  in  the  sinking  of  the  Esmeralda  through  being 
rammed.     After  being  six  months  a  war  prisoner 
he  was  liberated,  and  took  part  during  the  xest  of 
the  war  in  the  blockade  of  Callao  (Peru),  and  in 
several   engagements   with   the   forts.     Promoted 
captain  in  1884 ;    rear-admiral,   1887 ;    and  vice- 


I 


if 


NYMPHE 


462 


OCEANIC 


Nymphe.  ,  German    armoured   cruiser.     (Krupp, 

1899.) 

Length  328ft.   Beam  39ft.  Maximum  draught  17ft. 
Displacement  2,650  tons.     Complement  249. 
Guns.  Armour. 

10 — 4" I  in.  "  Krupp." 

14— I  pdr.  2  in.  Deck. 

4  Machine.  3  in.  Conning  tower. 

Torpedo  Tubes, 
2  Submeiiged. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.   8/500= 21   kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 560  tons. 

N.Z.     Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Temenzen,  Holland. 


0.  Distinguishing  letter  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Ostend,  Belgium. 

0.  Distinguishing  letter  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Odense,  Denmark. 

Oakum.    Old  untwisted  rope. 

Oar.  A  timber  with  flat  blade  used  as  a  lever 
to  propel  a  boat  through  the  water. 

Oaae.    Mud. 

O.B.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Oban,  Scotland. 

OJB.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Brake.  Germany. 

Oboro.  Japanese  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Yar- 
row, 1899.)  Length,  220  ft. ;  beam,  20J  ft.  ; 
draught,  9^  ft.  ;  displacement,  311  tons;  comple- 
ment, 55  :  armament,  i  12 -pdr.,  5  6-pdr,,  2  tubes  ; 
twin  screw  ;  Hp.,  6,000  =  31^  kts. ;  coal.  90  tons. 

O'Brien.  U.S.  torpedo-boat  (1900).  Displace- 
ment, 174  tons;  guns,  5  i-pdr. ;  torpedo  tubes, 
3  i8-in. ;  maximum  speed,  26  kts. 

Oban.  spot.  Observation  spot  +•  Abbreviation 
adopted  on  the  charts  issued  by  the  Hydxographic 
Office,  Admiralty. 

Obniiar.  French  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Forges 
et  Chantiers.  1904.)  Length,  180  ft. ;  beam,  21  ft, ; 
maximum  draught,  10  ft. ;  displacement.  300  tons  ; 
complement,  45  ;  guns,  i  g-jpdr.,  6  3 -pdr.  ;  torpedo 
tubes,  2  15-in. ;  speed,  27-30  kts. 

Ooddantal  and  Oriental  Steamsliip  Oo.    See  White 

Star  Line. 

Ooean,  The,  embraces,  properly  speaking,  all  the 
salt  water  of  the  globe,  with  a  few  trifling  excep- 
tions, such  as  the  Caspian,  the  Sea  of  Aral,  and 
the  Dead  Sea.  Diflerent  portions  of  the  ocean 
have  received  distinctive  names,  of  which  there 
are  five  in  all — the  Arctic,  Atlantic,  Indian,  Pacific, 
and  Antarctic ;  or  if  the  Atlantic  and  Pacific  are 
separated  into  a  northern  and  a  southern  portion 
by  the  equator,  then  there  are  seven  in  all.  The 
area  of  the  ocean  is  about  145,000,000  square 
miles,  or  nearly  three-quarters  of  the  whole  surface 


of  the  earth.  It  aflects  the  temperature  of  the 
adjacent  lands,  tempering  the  heat  of  summer 
and  the  cold  of  winter.  As  far  as  has  at  present 
been  ascertained,  the  average  depth  of  the  ocean 
is  not  more  than  2,000  fathoms,  slightly  over 
two  miles.  At  62®  Fahr.  the  relative  density  of 
fresh  and  salt  water  is  as  1*0275  is  to  i.  The 
colour  of  the  ocean  varies  in  different  places,  being 
generally  greenish  near  the  shore  and  blue  in  the 
deeper  parts.  The  saltness  of  the  ocean,  the 
nature  of  the  bottom  where  it  is  shallow,  and  any 
clouds  overhead  all  modify  the  colour. 

Refer  to  Arctic  Ocean,  Atlantic  Ocean,  Indian 
Ocean,  Pacific  Ocean,  Antarctic  Ocean,  Challenger 
Expedition,  Sounding  Deep  Sea,  Wave.  Current. 
Tide. 

Ocean.  British  ist  class  battleship.  (Devon- 
port,  1898.) 

Length  418ft.   Beam  74ft.   Maximum  draught  26ft 
Displacement  12,950  tons.     Complement  750. 
Guns.  Armour. 

4 — 12  in.,  35  cal.      •"  Harvey-nickel." 
12 — 6  in.  6  in.  Belt  amidships. 

10—12  pdr.  12  in.  Barbettes. 

6 — 3  pdr.  12  in.  Conning  tower. 

2  Maxims. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
4  Submerged. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  13,500=  i8'25  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 2,300  tons.     Approximate  cost  ;f 900,000. 

This  ship-name  was  introduced  into  the  Navy  in 
1759.  with  the  capture  of  the  French  Ocean  at  the 
battle  of  Lagos  Bay.  It  is  also  associated  with 
Keppel's  action  off  Brest,  1758. 

Oceania.  British  subsidised  merchant  ship 
(1888).  P.  and  O.  Co.  (q.v.).  Dimensions,  468  x 
52  X  34  ft.  ;  gross  tonnage,  6,605  ;  passenger  accom- 
modation, 321  ;  Hp.,  6,000=17  kts. 

Oceanic.  British  subsidised  merchant  ship 
(1899).  White  Star  Line  (q.v.).  (Liverpool,  New 
York.)  Dimensions,  704x68x44^  ft. ;  gross  ton- 
nage. 17,274;  passenger  accommodation.  1,725; 
Hp.,  28,000=20  kts. 

Oceanic  Steamship  Co.,  San  Francisco.  Regular 
steam  navigation  began  on  the  Pacific  coast  when 
the  steamer  California  arrived  at  San  Ftandsco, 
February  28,  1849.  The  first  Trans-Pacific  line 
started  in  1867  to  Hong  Kong,  and  was  rapidly 
followed  by  the  service  from  San  Francisco  to 
Australia. 

Some  40  years  ago  the  question  of  a  steamship  line 
to  ply  between  San  Francisco  and  Australia  received 
practical  consideration.  Towards  the  end  of  1867 
the  Califomian  Mail  service  commenced,  only 
15  years  after  the  first  English  mail  steamer,  the 
Chusan,  786  net  tons,  had  arrived  in  Sydney.  In 
1870  a  mail  contract  was  entered  into  with  New 
Zealand,  two  steamers,  the  Wonga  Wonga  and 
City  of  Melbourne,  inaugurating  the  service,  con- 
necting at  Honolulu  with  an  outward  service  from 


I 


OSHIMA 


470 


OUTHAUL 


Length  313ft.  Beam  49ft.  Maximum  draught  17ft. 
Displacement  4,275  tons.     Complement  326. 
Guns.  Armour, 

2 — 8*2  in.,  45  cal.      "  Krupp." 
8 — 6  in.  6  in.  Belt  amidships. 

10 — 6  pdr.  7  in.  Big  gun  turrets. 

3 — I  pdr.  7  in.  Conning  tower. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
2  Submerged. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.,  8,500=18  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 500  tons. 

Olhima.  Japanese  cruiser.  This  vessel  was  sunk 
by  coming  in  contact  with  a  submarine  mine  during 
the  Russo-Japanese  war. 

Oslabya.  Russian  ist  class  battleship.  (New 
Admiralty,  1898.)  Sunk  by  the  Japanese  at  the 
battle  of  Tsushima,  May  27-29.  1905. 

Oflirej.  British  torpedo>boat  destroyer.  (Fair- 
field, 1 901.)  Length,  227  ft.  ;  beam,  22  ft.  ; 
draught,  9  ft.  ;  displacement,  300  tons ;  com- 
plement, 60;  armament,  i  12 -pdr..  5  6-pdr., 
2  tubes  ;  twin  screw  ;  Hp.,  6,000=30  kts. ;  coal, 
80  tons. 

Ossetyr.  Russian  submarine  (1905).  Speed, 
9  kts. 

Oftriob.  British  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Fair- 
field, 1 901.)  Length,  210  ft. ;  beam,  21  ft. ; 
draught,  9  ft.  ;  displacement,  300  tons ;  com- 
plement, 60;  armament,  i  12-pdr.,  5  6-pdr., 
2  tubes  ;  twin  screw  ;  Hp.,  6,000=30  kts. ;  coal, 
80  tons. 

Ottro.  Italian  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Schi- 
chau,  1 90 1.)  Displacement,  320  tons  ;  maximum 
draught,  8 J  f t. ;  armament,  i  12-pdr.,  5  6-pdr. ; 
tubes,  2  i8-in.  ;  Hp.,  6,000  =  30  kts. ;  coal,  80  tons. 

Oftne  Stounabip  Co.,  with  their  head  offices  in  ' 
Stettin,    maintain    services,    during    the    summer 
months,  every  alternate  Saturday  between  Stettin 
and  Riga.     During  the  winter  months  the  service 
is  suspended  on  account  of  the  ice. 

Fleet. 

HellmtUh.  Ostsee,  Scavna. 

Oterie.  French  submarine  (Rochefort,  1903.) 
Length,  77  ft. ;  beam,  7 J  ft. ;  draught,  8  ft. ;  dis- 
placement, 68  tons ;  complement,  5  ;  Hp.,  60= 
8  kts. 

Otawa.     Japanese  cruiser  (1903). 
Length  351ft.   Beam  41ft.   Maximum  draught  i6ft. 
Displacement  3,050  tons.     Complement  312. 

Guns.  A  rmour. 

2—6  in.  "  Steel." 

6—4*7  ^^'  3  ^^-  Deck  amidships. 

4 — 12  pdr.  1 1  in.  Gun  shields. 

2 — I  pdr.  4  in.  Conning  tower. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
2  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.    Hp.  10,000  s  21  kts.    Coal  maxi- 
mum 850  tons. 


OtibamL  Russian  armoured  gun-boat.  This 
vessel  struck  a  mine  outside  Port  Arthur  on 
August  8,  X904,  and  foundered. 

Otoliakov.     Russian  cruiser.  Black  Sea.    (Sebas- 
topol,  1902.) 
Length  436ft.    Beam  54ft.    Mean  draught  20ft 
Displacement  6,750  tons.     Complement  573. 
Guns.  Armour. 

12 — 6  in.,  45  cal.         "  Compound." 
12 — 12  pdr.  3  in.  Deck. 

6 — 3  pdr.  5  in.  Turrets. 

2  Field  guns.  5  in.  Conning  tower. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
2  Submerged. 

2  Above  water  bow  and  stem. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.   19,500  =  23  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 1,100  tons. 

(Hbere.  Norse  navigator.  Alfred  the  Great  Ictt 
an  account  of  two  voyages  of  exploration  made  by 
this  man  between  880  and  900.  On  one  of  these 
voyages  he  sailed  round  the  North  Cape  into  the 
White  Sea. 

Otori.  Japanese  torpedo-boat.  (Kawasaki. 
1904.)  Length,  147  ft.  ;  beam,  16  ft.  ;  draught, 
8  ft. ;  displacement,  1 50  tons  ;  complement,  26 ; 
armament,  i  6-pdr.,  2  3-pdr.,  3  tubes  ;  twin  screw ; 
Hp.,  4,200=27  kts. ;   coal,  30  tons. 

Otter.  British  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Barrow, 
1896.)  Length,  210  ft. ;  beam,  20  ft. ;  draught, 
5}  ft.  ;  displacement,  300  tons  ;  complement.  60 ; 
armament,  i  12-pdr.,  5  6-pdr.,  2  tubes;  twin 
screw ;   Hp.,  6,000=30  kts.  ;  coal,  80  tons. 

Oonin.  French  submarine.  (Rochefort,  1903-) 
length,  77  ft.  ;  beam,  7J  ft.  ;  draught.  8  ft, ;  dis- 
placeoMnt,  68  tons ;  complement,  5 ;  Hp.,  60=3 8  kts. 

Onse.  British  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Birken- 
head. 1905.)  Length,  222  ft. ;  beam,  23)^  ft. ; 
draught,  9^  ft. ;  displacement,  600  tons ;  com- 
plement, 72 ;  armament,  i  12-pdr.,  5  6-pdr., 
2  tubes;  twin  screw;  Hp.,  7,500=25  kts.;  coal, 
126  tons. 

(hue  Amateur  Safllng  dab.  King's  Lyim. 
Established  1880,  with  its  chief  object  to  encourage 
and  teach  the  art  of  boat-sailing,  and  consists  prin- 
cipally of  small  craft.  Burgee  :  Blue,  with  white 
Maltese  cross.  Commodore,  A.  C  Fountaine,  Vice- 
Commodore,  Lieutenant  Carlyon  Bellairs.  R.N.. 
M.P.,  Rear-Commodore,  A.  R.  King ;  Honorary 
Secretary,  Herbert  Barrett.  Annual  subscription. 
25.  6d. 

OusDUgoIimo.  Japanese  torpedo-boat  destroy-er. 
(Thomycroft,  1899.)  Displacement,  275  tons ; 
complement,  54 ;  armament,  i  12-pdr.,  5  6-pdr. ; 
tubes,  2  i8-in.  ;  Hp.,  5,400=30  kts.  ;  coal.  81  tons. 

Oat.  Not  in  order.  Said  of  a  ship  when  not 
properly  balanced. 

OnthauL  A  rope  used  to  haul  oat  a  sail  along  a 
spar  on  which  it  is  set. 


OUT 


471 


PACIFIC 


Oat  of  trim.  Not  properly  balanced,  owing  to 
defective  rigging  or  stowage  of  cargo. 

Outrigger.  A  boom  or  spar  rigged  out  over  the 
side  to  extend  a  sail ;  a  counterpoising  log  of  wood 
rigged  out  by  cross  pieces  from  a  canoe  or  boat,  and 
floating  on  the  water,  to  prevent  capsizing. 

Oa?n  rOBiL  On  French  charts  over  supposed 
dangers. 

O.V.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Oud-Bossemeer,  Holland. 

OverliailL  The  tackle  when  released.  To  ex- 
amine.    To  overtake. 

O.W.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Wangeroog,  Germany. 

O.W.8.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing 
boats  registered  at  Oost  und  Weft  Souberg,  Holland. 

Oxford  Uniyernty  Sailing  dab.  Established 
1884.  Burgee  :  Blue,  white  St.  George's  cross,  blue 
letters,  O.U.S.C.  Commodore,  W.  J.  Turrell  ; 
Vice-Commodore,  C.  C.  Lynan  ;  Rear-Commodore, 
R.  C.  Scott ;  Honorary  Treasurer,  F.  Macnamara  ; 
Honorary  Secretary,  A.  H.  Glen-Coats.  Entrance 
fee,  105. ;  annual  subscription,  £1. 

osrs.  Oysters.  Abbreviation  adopted  on  the  charts 
issued  by  the  Hydrographic  Office,  Admiralty, 
denoting  the  quality  of  the  ocean's  bottom. 

Oyster    (Ostra).      A  genus  of  bivalve  molluscs 
whose    members    are   for    the    most    part    highly 
valuable  as  human  food.     The  beds  are  found  at 
depths  of  from  three  to  20  fathoms.     It  is  estimated 
that  the  British  form  produces  about  i  ,000,000  young 
in  a  season,  and  the  American  form  about  10  times 
that  number.     The  British  form  becomes  mature 
about   the  fourth  year  ;    the  reproductive  period 
begins  in  May,  and  continues  for  a  period  of  about 
three  months,  during  which  time  the  oyster  is  out 
of  season.     In  France  the  oysters  are  fattened  in 
ponds.     In  England  the  most  famous  beds  are  those 
of  Whitstable,  in  Kent,  Colchester,  and  Brightling- 
sea.      Oysters  artificially  reared  in  the  estuary  of 
the  Thames  are  called  natives,   and  are  superior 
to  the   naturally-grown  oysters.      In  America  the 
most  important  oyster  beds  occur  in  Long  Island 
Sound   and  Chesapeake  Bay.     The  total  quantity 
taken   annually  in  England  is  valued  at  approxi- 
mately ;f 1 50,000;    in  Ireland,  ;f  11,000;  Scotland, 
about  ;^S,ooo  ;  America,  about  ;£5oo,ooo  ;  Holland, 
;^8o,ooo. 

See    "  Oysters  and  all  about  them,"   Philpots, 
'    18  vols.,  1890-91. 

Oyster,    Mottl«EH>fop«arl.      See    Mother-of-pearl 
Oyster. 

Oyster,  PearL     See  Pearl  Oyster. 

O.Z.      Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Oostzaan,  Holland. 


OS,  Ooze.  Abbreviation  adopted  on  the  charts 
issued  by  the  Hydrographic  Office.  Admiralty, 
denoting  the  quality  of  the  ocean's  bottom. 

Osone  is  a  gas  with  a  distinctive  odour,  and  has 
an  irritating  effect  on  the  lungs  even  in  small 
quantities.  It  is  a  pale  blue  colour,  and  condenses 
to  a  deep  blue  liquid  when  cooled  to  110°  C.  It 
plays  a  useful  part  in  nature  in  purifying  the  air, 
and  is  used  to  purify  water  intended  for  drinking 
purposes. 


P.  Distinguishing  letter  on  sea  fishing  boatis 
registered  at  La  Penne,  Belgium. 

P.  Distinguishing  letter  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Portsmouth,  England. 

P.     Abbreviation  for  per. 

P.  Port.  Abbreviation  adopted  on  the  charts 
issued  by  the  Hydrographic  Office,  Admiralty. 

Pa.     Abbreviation  for  Pennsylvania. 

Paeifle.  Steamer.  Bound  for  California.  Foun- 
dered ofi  Cape  Flattery,  November,  1874;  150 
lives  lost. 

Padflo.  Steamer.  Left  Liverpool  for  New 
York,  January  23,  1856,  and  was  never  heard  of 
again.  It  is  probable  that  she  struck  on  an  ice- 
berg and  foundered  in  mid-Atiantic ;  she  had 
186  persons  on  board. 

Padflo  Coast  Steamsllip  Ck).,  with  their  head 
offices  at  San  Francisco,  have  a  fleet  of  20  express 
steamers  which  maintain  services  round  the 
Pacific  coast.  A  service  from  San  Francisco  is 
maintained  twice  a  week  for  Los  Angeles,  Santa 
Barbara,  Coronado,  and  San  Diego,  and  vice  versa  ; 
once  a  week  for  Los  Angeles,  St.  Barbara,  San  Luis, 
and  Obispo,  Santa  Crux,  Monterey,  San  Simeon, 
CayacoB,  Hueneme,  Ventura,  and  Newport;  twice 
a  week  for  Eureka.  On  the  British  Columbia  and 
Puget  Sound  route,  steamers  sail  from  San  Fran- 
cisco every  fifth  day  for  Seattie,  Tacoma,  Victoria, 
Vancouver,  Port  Townsend,  Everett,  Bellingham 
and  Anacortes  ;  every  third  day  from  Tacoma  and 
Seattie  for  Katchikan,  Wrangel,  Douglas,  Juneau, 
Treedwell,  Skagway,  and  Silica  (Alaska).  During 
the  season  of  navigation,  June  to  October,  a 
monthly  service  is  maintained  for  Nome  and  St. 
Michael  (Alaska). 

Fleet. 

Alki.  Pomona, 

Boniia.  Queen. 

City  of  Puebla,  Ramona. 

City  of  Seattle.  Santa  Cruz. 

City  of  Topeka.  Santa  Rosa. 

Cooss  Bay.  Sehome. 

Corona.  Senator. 

Cottage  City.  Spokane. 

Curacao.  State  of  Calif. 

Montara*  Wmatilla, 


PACIFIC 


472 


PACIFIC 


Padflo  Kail  Staanuhip  Co.,  with  their  head  office 
in  San  Francisco,  have  a  fleet  of  18  modem  passenger 
steamers,  which  maintain  frequent  sailings  from 
San  Francisco  to  Hong  Kong  via  Honolulu,  Japan, 
and  vice  versa.  Four  of  the  vessels,  the  Mongolia, 
Manchuria,  Korea,  and  Siberia,  have  a  speed  of 
20  kts.,  and  accommodation  for  over  350  first  and 
1,500  third-class  passengers.  They  are  fitted  with 
the  latest  modem  improvements  for  the  comfort 
and  safety  of  passengers,  and  rank  as  the  finest  and 
fastest  vessels  that  run  from  San  Francisco  to  the 
Far  East.  These  vessels  run  in  conjunction  with 
the  Occidental  and  Oriental,  the  Toyo  Kisen 
Kaisha,  the  Oceanic  Steamship  Co.,  and  the  Union 
Steamship  Co.  of  New  Zealand. 

Fleet. 

Acapulco,  Costa  Rica, 

Algoa.  Korea. 

Aztec,  Manchuria. 

Barracouta.  Mongolia. 

China.  Newport. 

City  of  Panama.  Peru. 

City  of  Para.  San  Jose. 

City  of  Peking.  San  Juan. 

City  of  Sydney.  Siberia. 
Gross  tonnage,  95,500. 

Padflo  Ocean.  The  great  ocean  lying  between 
the  west  coast  of  America  and  the  east  coast  of 
Asia,  so-called  by  Magellan  from  the  fair  weather 
and  absence  of  storms  which  he  experienced  in 
his  voyaging  over  it.  It  is  bounded  on  the  north 
by  Behring  Strait  and  the  coasts  of  Russia  and 
Alaska ;  on  the  east  by  the  west  coasts  of  North 
and  South  America  ;  on  the  south  by  the  imaginary 
line  of  the  Antarctic  Circle,  which  divides  it  from 
the  Antarctic  Ocean ;  on  the  west  by  the  east 
coast  of  Australia,  the  Malay  Archipelago  which, 
separates  it  from  the  Indian  Ocean,  and  the  eastern 
coasts  of  the  Chinese  Empire.  It  is  by  &ur  the 
largest  expanse  of  water  in  the  world,  and  its 
area  has  been  variously  estimated  at  from 
50,000,000  to  100,000,000  square  miles.  Keith 
Johnston,  however,  from  careful  measurements, 
estimated  it  at  about  67,810,000  square  miles, 
which  is  probably  the  most  reliable  estimate  yet 
made.  It  extends  through  132^  of  latitude,  which 
gives  it  a  measurement  from  north  to  south  of 
9,000  miles.  Its  breadth  varies  from  about 
40  miles  at  Behring  Strait  to  8,500  miles  between 
California  and  China,  and  in  its  widest  part  between 
Quito  and  the  Moluccas  about  10,000  miles. 

The  Pacific  Ocean  is  distinguished  from  other 
large  oceans  by  the  great  number  of  island  groups, 
both  large  and  small,  scattered  over  its  surface. 
Along  British  North  America  there  are  Vancouver 
Island  in  the  Gulf  of  Georgia,  Queen  Charlotte 
Island,  Prince  of  Wales's  Island,  and  King 
George  III.  Archipelago.  On  the  Asiatic  coast- 
line there  are  islands  of  all  sizes,  ranging  from  small 
islets  to  the  island-continent  of  Australia.    The 


Kurile  Islands  run  from  Kamchatka  to  Japan. 
The  great  Japanese  islands,  with  Saghalin  to  the 
north  and  the  Chinese  coast  on  the  west,  enclose 
the  Sea  of  Japan  ;  Sumatra,  Java,  Borneo,  and 
the  Philippine  Islands  separate  it  from  the  China 
Sea.  North  of  Australia  the  East  Indian  Archi- 
pelago, comprising  the  Celebes  and  numerous  other 
groups  of  smaller  islands ;  the  great  barrier  reef 
more  than  1,000  miles  in  length  on  the  east  coast 
of  Australia,  one  continual  chain  of  coral  reeis. 
Tasmania  is  separated  from  Australia  by  the  Bass 
Straits,  and  the  two  main  islands  of  New  2^ealand, 
separated  by  Cook  Strait,  lie  to  the  south.  The 
most  northern  oceanic  group  is  the  Hawaiian 
Archipelago,  or  Sandwich  Islands,  stretching  for 
about  340  miles  between  the  latitudes  of  18°  52' 
and  22®  15'  N.,  and  the  meridians  of  54**  42'  and 
160**  33'  W.,  consisting  of  eight  large  islands — 
Hawaii,  Maui,  Kahulaui,  Lanai,  Molokai,  Oahu. 
Kauai,  and  Niihau.  The  three  groups  of  the 
Bonin  Islands  known  as  the  Parry,  Beechy,  and 
Cofi&n  groups  are  situated  between  26®  27'  N. 
latitude.  The  Ladrones,  or  Mariana  Islands,  have 
a  total  area  of  395  square  miles,  and  stretch  for 
nearly  450  miles  between  13*'  and  20®  N.  latitude, 
and  144**  37'  and  145°  55'  E.  longitude.  The 
Caroline  Archipelago,  together  with  the  Pelew 
Islands,  has  an  area  of  877  square  miles,  and  lies 
about  170  miles  south  of  the  Ladrones.  The 
Marshall  Islands  lie  to  the  eastward  of  the  Caro- 
lines, and  consist  of  two  chains  composed  of  14  and 
17  small  groups  respectively.  The  Gilbert  Archi- 
pelago contains  16  groups  of  small  coral  islands. 
In  the  South  Pacific  there  are  a  number  of  islands 
between  5®  and  25®  S.  latitude,  and  180®  to  120' 
W.  longitude.  Among  these  are  the  Solomon 
Islands,  the  New  Hebrides,  the  Fiji  Islands,  the 
Friendly  Islands,  and  Samoa  or  the  Navigators' 
Islands.  A  little  to  the  south  of  these  are  the 
Society  Islands.  To  the  south-east,  and  running 
parallel  with  the  Society  Islands,  is  the  Paumotu 
Archipelago,  consisting  of  about  80  atolls,  some 
of  them  quite  large  and  excellent  examples  of  this 
form  of  coral  island. 

The  surface  temperature  of  the  Pacific  between 
45®  N.  and  45**  S.  never  falls  below  50°.  Between 
the  45th  parallels  of  the  northern  and  southern 
limits  of  the  ocean  the  temperature  is  almost 
alwa3rs  below  50**. 

The  bottom  temperature,  according  to  the  re- 
ports of  the  Challenger  expedition,  averages  about 
35**  over  the  North  Pacific,  and  the  temperature 
of  the  water  at  a  depth  of  300  fathoms  is  from 
40°  to  45*'.  Between  33**  N.  and  40*  S.  the  tem- 
perature of  the  water  about  200  fathoms  is  higher 
in  the  north  than  in  the  south  Pacific,  whilst  below 
200  fathoms  down  to  1,500  fathoms  it  is  lower  in 
the  north. 

The  density  of  the  bottom  water  of  the  Pacific 
ia  almost  the  same  everywhere  ;  it  only  varies  from 
1*02570  to  I '02590. 


PACIFIC 


473 


PAGEL 


Paoiflo  Steam  HafigatiMi  Oo.  Incorporated  by 
Royal  Charter  in  1840.  Began  business  with 
Chili  and  Peru,  receiving  a  small  subsidy.  In 
1852  a  bi-monthly  service  between  Valparaiso  and 
Panama  was  instituted,  and  in  1865  the  steamers 
ran  as  far  as  the  River  Plate.  In  1867  a  monthly 
mail  service  was  started  from  Liverpool  through  the 
Straits  of  Magellan  to  Valparaiso,  which  was 
extended  to  Callao  in  1870.  The  fleet  owned  by 
the  company  now  contains  42  vessels,  of  which  the 
Orita,  10,000  tons»  is  the  largest  steamer  in  the 
South  American  trade. 

Fleet. 

AnHsana.  Galicia,  Perico, 

Afica.  GuatenuUa,  Peru. 

Assistance.  Inca.  Polosi. 

Bogota,  Magellan,  Puno, 

California.  Manavi,  Pizarro. 

Chile.  Mexico.  QuiUokt. 

Chriqui,  Oravia,  Quilpue. 

Colombia,  Oriana.  Quito. 

Corcovado.  Orissa.  Rupanco. 

Duendes.  Orita,  Santiago. 

Ecuador.  Oronsa.  Sarmiento. 

Esmefdldus.  Oropesa,  Sorata^ 

Flamenco.  Ortega,  Taboga, 

Gaelic.  Panama,  Victoria. 

Gross  tonnage,  177,000. 

Padflo  Steam  NaTigation  Co.,  and  Oompania 
Sud-Amerioaiia  de  Vaporee.  See  Pacific  Steam 
Navigation  Co. 

Packet.  A  vessel  employed  to  convey  mails  and 
passengers  from  country  to  country,  or  port  to  port, 
at  regular  intervals. 

Pactolnfl.    British  3rd  class  cruiser.      (Elswick, 

1897.) 

Length  300ft.   Beam  36ft.   Maximum  draught  17ft. 

Displacement  2,135  tons.     Complement  224. 

Guns.  Armour, 

8 — 4  in.  2  in.  Deck. 

8 — 3  pdr. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (14  in.). 

2  Above  water. 

Twin  screw.     Hp.  7,000= 20* $  kts.     Coal  normal 

250  tons.     Approximate  cost  ;^  150,000. 

Pad.     Timber  placed  in  the  middle  part  of  a 
boom  to  make  up  the  curve  of  the  dock. 

Pacldl6.  A  short  oar  with  broad  blade  used  for 
propelling  canoes. 

Paddla  fteaman.  The  earliest  attempt  to  use 
steam  for  driving  paddle-wheels  was  made  by  a 
Spaniard  named  Blasco  de  Garay  in  1543,  but  it 
was  not  until  1788  that  we  learn  of  any  paddle 
steamer  being  used  for  transit.  In  that  year  one 
on  the  Dalswinton  Loch  is  recorded  as  having 
travelled  at  the  rate  of  five  miles  per  hour.  In 
1802  a  stem  wheel  steamer,  the  Charlotte,  was 
constructed.  In  1807  Robert  Fulton,  an  American, 
built  a  craft  for  river  service,  and  in  the  following 


year  Stevens,  another  American,  navigated  one 
from  the  Hudson  to  the  Delaware  by  sea.  The 
first  regular  paddle  steamer  of  practical  use  in 
Great  Britain,  the  Comet,  was  built  in  1812  by 
Henry  Bell  and  used  for  passenger  traffic  on  the 
Clyde.  The  first  paddle-wheel  steamer  to  cross 
the  Atlantic  was  the  American  ship  Savannah,  in 
1 8 19.  She  occupied  26  days  in  doing  the  journey. 
The  first  English  paddle-wheel  steamer  to  cross 
the  Atlantic  was  the  Royal  William  from  Pictou, 
Nova  Scotia,  in  1833.  She  was  followed  five  years 
later  by  the  Sirius  from  Cork,  the  first  departure 
from  the  United  Kingdom,  the  Great  Western  from 
Bristol,  and  the  Royal  William,  the  first  vessel  to 
cross  from  Liverpool.  In  1840  the  Britannia  sailed 
from  Liverpool,  the  first  to  carry  British  mails 
across  the  Atlantic,  and  she  was  followed  nine 
years  later  by  the  American  Atlantic,  the  first  to 
carry  from  New  York  the  United  States  mails. 
In  1856  the  Borussia  was  built  for  the  Hamburg- 
Amerika  Line,  and  she  was  the  first  vessel  to  cross 
from  Hamburg  to  New  York,  and  two  years  later 
the  Norddeutscher-Lloyd  sent  the  Bremen,  the 
first  paddle-wheel  steamer  from  Bremen  to  New 
York.  Paddle-wheel  steamers  are  still  used  for 
river,  lake,  and  cross-Channel  navigation.  See 
"Origin  and  Progress  of  Steam  Navigation," 
Woodcroft  (1848)  ;  "  Shipbuilding  and  Steam- 
ships "  (1859)  ;  "  The  Steam  Navy  of  England," 
Williams  (1893). 

Paddle-wheels.  The  wheels  on  each  side  of  a 
steamer  propelled  by  paddles,  suspended  externally 
by  a  shaft  driven  by  steam. 

Paddy's  hurricane.  When  wind  is  so  slight  that 
it  will  not  float  the  pennant. 

Padnoah.  U.S.  gun-boat.  (Morris  Heights,  1904.) 
Length,  174  ft.  ;  beam,  35  ft. ;  draught,  13  it.  ; 
displacement,  1,085  tons;  complement,  162;  arma- 
ment, 6  4-in.,  4  6-pdr.,  2  i-pdr.,  2  Maxims ;  Hp., 
1,000=  12  kts. ;  coal,  200  tons. 

Pagelt  Carl  A.  W.  (b.  April  3,  1866).  German 
naval  architect.  After  serving  his  apprenticeship  in 
the  "  Vulcan  "  shipyard  at  Stettin,  and  absolving  his 
year  of  service  in  the  Navy,  he  passed  through  the 
Technische  Hochschule  at  Charlottenburg,  which 
he  left  as  *'  Regierungsbauruhrer  fur  Schiffbau." 
He  first  held  a  position  with  the  Rostock  shipyard, 
and  was  then  for  many  years  in  the  service  of  the 
*'  Vulcan  "  shipyard,  at  Stettin,  where  he  designed 
a  great  number  of  ships  of  all  types,  amongst  others 
the  famous  liners  Kaiser  Wilhelm  der  Grosse, 
Kronprinz  Wilhelm,  Deutschland,  and  Kaiser 
Wilhelm  II.  After  a  short  time  spent  at  the 
Schichau  shipyard  at  Danzig  as  chief  draughts- 
man he  became  Professor  of  Practical  Shipbuilding 
at  the  Technische  Hochschule  at  Charlottenburg. 
In  July,  1903,  he  succeeded  the  late  Herr  F.  L. 
Middendorf  as  technical  director  of  the  Germanis- 
cher  Lloyd,  the  German  Society  for  the  Classifica- 
tion of  Ships. 


PAGODA 


474 


PALMERS 


Pagoda.  In  1845  ^is  vessel,  a  merchant  barque, 
was  hired  at  Cape  Town  in  order  that  magnetic 
observations  might  be  completed  south  of  the 
60th  parallel.  The  ship's  progress,  however,  was 
stopped  by  ice  in  68**  S.  Refw  to  Antarctic 
Exploration. 

Painter.  A  rope  attached  to  the  bow  of  a  boat 
for  making  fast. 

Pai^KMtf.     A  large  oar. 

Pakingioii,  Sir  John.    See  Admiralty. 

Palander  at  Vega*  Loiiis.  Vice-admiral  Swedish 
Navy  (b.  1842).  Entered  the  Navy,  1856  ;  served 
in  the  Sofia,  in  the  Swedish  Antarctic  Expedition 
to  Spitzbergen  ;  served  as  commander  of  Potham, 
and  wintered  at  Mosselbay  :  served  as  commander 
of  Vega  with  Nordenskidld,  and  was  the  first  to 
make  the  North-East  Passage.  For  this  Antarctic 
exploration  work  he  was  appointed  A.D.C.  to  the 
King  of  Sweden,  and  promoted  superintendent  of 
the  Naval  Dockyards  at  Karlskrona  ;  Chief  of  the 
Naval  Board  Marinfdrstning ;  Minister  of  Marine. 
1901-05  ;  Commander-in-Chief  of  the  Naval 
Station,  Stockholm,  1905. 

Pallada.  See  Tsugaru.  Cruiser.  Damaged  by 
the  Japanese  at  the  battle  of  Round  Island,  August 
10.  1904,  and  eventually  blown  up  by  the  Russians 
in  Port  Arthur  Harbour  before  capitulation, 
January,  1905.  Since  raised,  refitted,  and  added 
to  the  active  list  of  the  Japanese  Navy. 

Pallade.  Italian  torpedo-boat.  (Naples,  1905.) 
Length,  165  ft. ;  beam,  17  ft.  ;  draught,  7  ft.  ; 
displacement,  200  tons;  armament,  3  3-pdr., 
3  tubes;  twin  screw;  Hp.,  3,000  =  25  kts.  ;  coal, 
40  tons. 

Palliser,  Admiral  Henry  St.  Leger  Bury  (b. 
June  22,  1839).  Entered  Navy,  1852  ;  naval  cadet 
of  Leopard  in  Russian  war  in  the  Baltic,  1854  ; 
present  at  the  operations  in  the  Gulf  of  Bothnia 
and  the  attack  and  capture  of  Bomarsund  (Baltic 
medal)  ;  in  Leopard  in  Black  Sea  during  1855  ; 
served  in  boats  at  Koubausaki,  attack  on  Soujak- 
Kaleh,  night  attack  on  Sebastopol,  capture  of 
Kertch  and  Kinbum,  and  Sebastopol  (Crimean 
medal,  Sebastopol  clasp,  and  Turkish  medal)  ;  sub- 
lieutenant, 1858  ;  lieutenant,  T859 ;  commander, 
1869  ;  captain,  1878  ;  captain's  good  service  pen- 
sion, 1890-93  ;  commodore,  2nd  class,  and  naval 
officer  in  charge  at  Hong  Kong,  1891-93  ;  rear- 
admiral,  1893 ;  Commander-in-Chief  on  Pacific 
Station,  1896  ;  vice-admiral,  1899  ;  admiral,  1904  ; 
retired,  1899. 

Palm.  The  triangular  face  of  the  fluke  of  an 
anchor. 

Palmar,  0«  M.  Steamer.  I^st  in  collision  with 
the  steamer  Ludworih,  off  Harwich,  February  17, 
1878. 

Palmers*  Shiplmildinir  and  Iron  06.»  Lid.,  Jarrow, 
was  founded  in  1851  by  Charles  Palmer  (afterwards 


Sir  Charles)  and  his  brother  George,  under  the 
style  of  Palmer  Brothers  and  Co.  The  site  of  the 
shipyard  was  originally  leased  to  them  in  185 1  by 
Mr.  Carr-Ellison,  of  Hebbum  Hall,  and  was  on  the 
site  of  an  old  yard  where  wooden  frigates  had. 
early  in  the  century,  been  built  for  the  British 
Government,  and  it  is  interesting  to  note  that  the 
first  iron  vessel  delivered  was  a  paddle-tug  named 
the  Ncrthumberkmd.  The  company's  works  cover 
an  area  of  about  100  acres,  and  have  a  river  frontage 
of  nearly  three-quarters  of  a  mile.  They  consist 
of  a  shipbuilding  yard,  graving  dock  and  slipway, 
engine  and  boiler  works,  steel  works  and  blast 
furnaces,  and  include  within  themselves  the  entire 
range  of  operations,  from  the  smelting  of  the  ore 
to  the  complete  equipment  of  the  vessel.  The  ore 
is  received  from  mines  controlled  by  the  company 
in  Spain,  and  from  other  sources,  at  the  blast 
furnace  wharf,  and  converted  into  pig  iron  in  the 
furnaces,  then  sent  to  the  steel  works,  converted  into 
steel,  and  rolled  into  plates  and  bars,  and  these  in 
their  turn  pass  to  the  shipyard  where  the  vessel  is 
completed  and  engined. 

The  borough  of  Jarrow  now  contains  about 
40,000  inhabitants,  who  are  mainly  employed  in, 
or  dependent  upon,  the  Palmer  works.  So  com- 
pletely, in  fact,  is  the  town  identified  with  the 
works  that  it  might  be  more  appropriately  called 
"  Palmers'  Town." 

The  Tyne  has  been  the  birthplace  of  many  great 
ideas.     At   Palmers'   the    first   screw   collier   was 
built,  the  John  Bowes,  having  a  carrying  capacity  of 
650  tons,  capable  of  steaming  nine  miles  per  hour, 
and  launched  on  June  30,  1852.     She  was  succeeded 
by  the  William  Hutt,  the  Countess  of  Stratkmore, 
and  numerous  similar  vessels.     At  Palmers',  again, 
the  superiority  of  rolled  armour-plates  for  vessels 
of  war  was  first  demonstrated,   and    the   double 
bottom    for    water-ballast    was    originated.     The 
outbreak  of  the  Crimean  war  in  1854  created  the 
first    demand    for    armour  -  plated    vessels,    the 
Jarrow  company  receiving  an  order  for  one  ship 
of  this  class,  which  was  a  floating  battery,  intended 
for  the  destruction  of  the  forts  at  Cronstadt,  and 
designated  the  Terror.     The  next  contribution  to 
the   Navy  was   in    1862,   when   the   armour-clad 
frigate  Defence  was  completed.     In  the  sixties  the 
company  commenced  the  building  of  Atlantic  liners ; 
they  were  from  300  ft.  to  340  ft.  long,  with  a  gross 
tonnage  of  3,300  tons,  and  were  then  considered  to 
be  very  large  vessels.     Among  them  may  be  men- 
tioned the  Montana  and  Dakota  for  the  Guion  Line. 
The  American  Civil  war  made  a  demand  upon  the 
resources  of  the  Jarrow  yard,  and  two  blockade 
runners  were  turned  out,  the  Ranger  and  GrapesMaL 
The  next  order  received  from  the  British  Admi- 
lalty  wa^  in  1876,  for  the  construction  of  the  series 
of  flat-bottomed  gun -boats  for  river  service,  and 
four  years  later  on  order  was  received  for  six  tor- 
pedo-minmg  boats  of  65  ft.  in  length,  and  15  ft- 
beam,  and  about  104  Ions  displacement.     In  i^^S 


PALMERS 


475 


PALMERS 


the  swift  despatch  vessels  Surprise  and  Alacrity 
wcie  launched,  and  three  years  later  the  belted 
cruisers  Orlando  and  Undaunted,  these  vessels 
proving  the  forerunner  of  the  modem  armoured 
cruiser.  Closely  following  the  belted  cruisers  were 
the  wood-sheathed  cruisers  Pique,  Rainbow,  and 
Retribution,  and  the  first-dass  battleships  Resolu- 
tion and  Revenge,  which  latter  were  among  the 
largest  fighting  ships  afloat.  At  the  same  period 
the  company  suppUed  the  designs  and  specifications 
ior  three  armoured  cruisers,  which  were  built  lor  the 
Spanish  Government  at  Bilbao.  The  three  vessels 
were  named  the  Maria  Theresa,  Viscaya,  and 
Almirante  Oquendo,  and  took  part  in  the  Spanish- 
American  war.  In  1893,  ^  1^^'  departure  in  ship- 
building and  engineering  was  made,  when  the 
company  accepted  from  the  Admiralty  the  con- 
tract to  build  threej^torpedo-boat  destroyers  of 
27  kts.  speed.  These  vessels  proved  a  brilliant 
success.  The  speed  trials  of  the  Janus,  Lightning, 
and  Porcupine  exceeded  the  most  sanguine  expecta- 
tions, and  resulted  in  a  further  order  for  1 3  vessels 
of  30  kts.  speed  ;  some  of  these  attained  a  speed  of 
over  32  kts.  on  their  trial  trips.  The  last  30  kts. 
destroyer  built  had  her  engines  fitted  for  forced 
lubrication  on  the  "  Palmer-Reed "  patented 
system,  and  the  result  of  two  years'  working  was  so 
entirely  satisfactor}'  that  the  Ure,  Wear,  and  ^wale, 
recently  built,  are  fitted  m  the  same  way.  The  first- 
class  battleship  Russell,  a  vessel  of  14,100  tons  dis- 
placement, and  18,000  I.Hp.,  built  by  Palmers' 
Co.  in  1902,  had  the  distinction  of  being  the  first 
battleship  launched  in  the  reign  of  His  Majesty 
King  Edward  VII.  More  recently  the  company 
were  entrusted  with  the  order  for  the  fast  cruiser 
H.M.S.  Sapphire,  while  the  most  important  order 
for  H.M.  Government  is  the  first-class  battleship 
Lord  Nelson,  of  16,500  tons  displacement  and 
16,750  I.Hp.,  which  was  completed  in  1907  by 
the  firm.  Several  vessels  of  over  8,000  tons  and 
some  of  10,500  tons  d.w.  for  the  Atlantic  cattle 
trade  have  been  delivered  during  recent  years.  In 
addition  to  the  machinery  fitted  into  war-vessels 
built  at  the  yard,  a  number  of  vessels  have  been 
re-engined  and  reboilered,  notably  H.M.S.  Ship- 
jack.  Speedwell,  Gossamer,  Niger,  Medea,  and  the 
battleships  Howe  and  Goliath,  the  machinery  and 
boilers  of  these  being  thoroughly  overhauled  and 
put  into  first-class  condition. 

From  the  ioregoing  it  wiU  be  seen  that  the  ship- 
yard  is  capable  of  turning  out  vessels  of  the  largest 
and  highest  class  in  practically  a  complete  state. 

The  graving  dock  is  440  ft.  long  by  70  ft,  wide, 
and  some  notable  repairs  to  vessels  have  been 
executed  in  it.  The  repairs  to  the  oil  steamer 
Rotterdam,  which  occupied  the  dock  for  137  working 
days,  after  grounding  on  the  coast  of  Newfoundland, 
and  the  steamers  Brinkbum,  Strathcarron,  Nord 
A  merica  are  cases  in  point ;  the  last-named  vessel 
was  said  to  be  the  largest  repair  contract  ever 
executed  on  the  Tyne. 


The  boiler  shops  were,  a  few  years  ago,  re-erected 
and  equipped  with  plant  of  the  most  modem  type, 
capable  of  dealing  with  boilers  of  the  largest  and 
heaviest  description.  Heavy  marine  boilers  can 
be  turned  out  at  the  rate  of  one  per  week,  and  in 
addition  a  large  number  of  "Reed"  water-tube 
boilers,  the  invention  of  Mr«  J.  W.  Reed,  manager 
of  the  engine  works  department,  are  produced,  of 
pressures  ranging  up  to  300  lbs.  per  square  in. 
The  engine  shops  have  recently  been  extensively 
modernised,  and  a  large  new  erecting  shop  has  been 
built,  and  plant  for  the  manufacture  of  turbine 
machinery  installed.  The  whole  of  the  machinery 
throughout  the  shipyard  and  engine  work  depart- 
ment is  electrically  driven,  while  in  the  shipyard 
the  berths  are  covered  by  electrically  worked 
overhead  cableways,  which  assist  in  the  rapid 
construction  of  the  vessels. 

The  number  of  men  and  boys  employed  by  the 
company  is  frequently  not  far  short  of  10,000,  and 
the  wages  bill  averages  between  ;£5oo,ooo  and 
;£75o,ooo  per  annum. 

The  productive  capacity  of  the  works  is  shown 
in  the  following  table,  which  gives  the  tonnage 
of  ships  built  since  1852  : 


Period 


Gross  Tonnaite* 


1852-1861  (10  years) 

1862-1871 

1872-1881 

1882-1891 

1892-1901 

1902-1906  (9  yean) 


*••        ■•• 


•••        ••• 


60.367 
202.262 
247.432 
399.845 
371.129 
118,315 


Of  the  71  vessels  of  war  constructed,  mostly  for 
the  British  Government,  at  J  arrow,  it  will  be  seen 
that  these  include  every  description  of  fighting 
ship,  from  the  river  gun-boat  to  the  battleship  : 


Period. 

No.  of  Vessels. 

Displacement. 

87,794 
31.370 

4.350 

1.040 

11.012 

rnfnent. 

500 

I.  Hp. 

1854-1907... 
1885-1904... 
1875-1889... 
1879-1881... 
1895-1907... 

1889       ... 

10  Battleships 
10  Cruisers 
12  River  Gun-boats 
10  Torpedo  Miners 
28  Torpedo-boai 

Destroyers 

Austrian  Govet 
1  Gun-boat 

77.250 

75.840 

5.000 

1,300 

170.370 
3,500 

The  total  number  of  vessels  completed  is  8oO| 
and  their  aggregate  gross  register  is  over  1,500,000 
tons.  It  is  of  interest  to  add  that  many  eminent 
shipbuilders  and  engineers  have  been  trained  at 
the  works,  or  have  passed  some  time  in  this  com- 
pany's service,  including  the  late  Mr.  John  M'Intyre 
the  originator  of  the  double  bottom  for  water 
ballast;  Sir  John  Thomycroft,  the  well-known 
builder  of  high-speed  vessels  ;  Mr.  R.  Zimmerman, 
chief  director  of  the  Vulcan  yard  at  Stettin,  the 
designer  of  the  Kaiser  Wilhelm  der  Grosse ;  the 
late  Mr.  F.  C.  Marshall,  whose  name  is  asso- 
ciated with  the  introduction  of  forced  draught ;  the 
late  Mr.  John  Price,  subsequently  a  director  of 
Messrs.  C.  S.  Swan  and  Hunter,  Ltd. ;    Mr.  J.  P. 


PAMIAT 


476 


PANAMA 


Wilson,  formerly  general  manager  of  Messrs. 
Thomson's  Clydebank  Shipbuilding  Co. ;  Mr. 
W.  H.  Dugdale,  managing  director  of  Messrs.  S.  P. 
Austin  and  Co. ;  and  Mr.  A.  Adamson,  general 
manager  of  the  Naval  Construction  and  Arma- 
ment Co.,  afterwards  amalgamated  with  Messrs. 
Vickers,  Sons,  and  Maxim. 


Russian  armoured  cruiser  (1888). 
Reconstructed  1901. 

Length  378ft.   Beam  50ft.   Maximum  draught  25ft. 
Displacement  6,700  tons.     Complement  525. 
Guns.  Armour. 

14 — 6  in,  "  Compound." 

10  in.  Belt. 
8  in.  Barbettes. 
2  in.  Conning  tower. 
Torpedo  Tubes. 
2  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  1 1,000=  i8'8  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum z,ooo  tons. 

Pamiat  Merkoria.  Russian  3rd  class  cruiser. 
(Toulon,  1882.)  Length,  295  ft. ;  beam,  41  ft. ; 
draught,  17  ft. ;  displacement,  2,300  tons;  comple- 
ment, 200;  armament,  6  6-in.,  8  q.i,  2  tubes;  Hp., 
3,000=16  kts.  ;  coal,  1,100  tons. 

Pampangs.  jU.S.  gun-boat.  Captured  from  Spain 
during  the  Spanish-American  war,  1898. 

Pampero.  A  violent  squall  of  wind  from  the 
south-west,  attended  with  rain,  thunder,  and 
Ughtning  over  j  the  immense  plains  or  pampas  of 
the  Rio  de  la  tPlata,  where  it  rages  like  a  hurri- 
cane. The  meteorological  characteristics  which 
precede  a  pampero  are  a  steady  fall  of  the  baro- 
meter for  from  two  to  four  days,  with  a  very  high 
temperature,  which  falls  rapidly  after  the  hurricane. 
See  Dr.  Christison  on  the  "  Pamperos  of  Central 
Uruguay." 

Panama  OanaL  Tha.  The  idea  of  connect- 
ing the  Atlantic  and  Pacific  Oceans  by  means 
of  a  canal  was  first  suggested  as  far  back  as 
1 5 13.  To  this  day  there  is  to  be  found  in  the 
Nuremberg  Library  a  globe  made  in  the  six- 
teenth century  which  shows  tracings  of  a  canal 
across  the  isthmus.  Although  many  plans  were 
from  time  to  time  considered,  nothing  appears  to 
have  been  done  until  Ferdinand  de  Lesseps,  in 
1879,  convened  an  International  Congress  to  dis- 
cuss the  question  generally.  The  plan  he  himself 
put  forward,  and  which,  largely  upon  the  strength 
of  his  successful  achievement  at  Suez  in  1869,  was 
finally  adopted,  was  to  form  a  broad  tide-level 
canal.  A  company  was  soon  formed,  with  a 
capital  of  ;fi  2,000,000  in  600,000  shares  of  ;f2o 
each  fully  paid,  and  a  concession  was  obtained 
from  the  Government  of  Columbia.  In  1881  work 
on  the  isthmus  was  begun,  and  in  the  following 
year  the  company  purchased  the  railway  at  the 
cost  of  nearly  ;f4,ooo,ooo.  It  was  not  long,  how- 
ever, before  difficulties  arose.     The  total  cost  of 


the  work,  allowing  for  contingencies,  was  originally 
estimated  at  ;£34,ooo,ooo,  but  it  soon  became 
apparent  that  this  sum  was  hopelessly  inadequate, 
and  the  company  was  forced  to  raise  loan  after 
loan  (six  in  all)  bearing  ^%  interest,  but  taken  at 
so  large  a  discount  that  they  produced  only 
;£3o,ooo,ooo  in  cash,  whilst  the  total  indebtedness 
of  the  company  amounted  to  ^(5 5,000,000.  In 
1888,  when  but  little  progress  in  the  work  had  been 
made,  it  was  calculated  that  another  ^24,000,000 
at  least  would  be  required,  and  in  the  same  year 
the  company  went  into  liquidation,  owing  as  much 
as  ;£7o,ooo.ooo.  Two  years  later  a  Commission  of 
Engineers  was  sent  out  to  the  isthmus,  and  re- 
ported that  a  tide-level  canal  was  impracticable 
owing  to  the  vast  difference  (16  ft.)  between  the 
rise  and  fall  of  the  tide  on  the  Pacific  coast  and  of 
that  on  the  Atlantic,  but  that  a  canal  with  locks 
could  be  built  in  about  eight  years.  In  1891  the 
Government  of  Columbia  granted  to  the  Second 
Panama  Co.,  which  issued  650,000  shares  of  £4 
each,  an  extension  of  10  years  in  which  to  finish 
the  undertaking,  and  three  years  later  this  com- 
pany took  over  possession  and  succeeded  to  all  the 
rights,  concessions,  works,  and  plant  belonging  to 
the  original  company.  This  company,  however, 
reverted  to  the  sea-level  construction,  and  were 
eventually  compeUed  to  give  up  work,  st^U  holding, 
however,  the  concession  from  the  Government  of 
the  Columbian  Republic. 

In  1902  the  United  States  Government  entered 
into  negotiations  with  Columbia  with  a  view  to 
completing  the  work,  but  these  unfortunately  feU 
through.  The  secession  of  Panama  from  Columbia 
in  the  following  year,  however,  cleared  away  all 
difficulties. 

In  December,  1903,  by  a  treaty  between  the 
United  States  and  the  Republic  of  Panama,  "  the 
Republic  of  Panama  gives  to  the  United  States  in 
perpetuity  the  use.  occupation,  and  the  control  of 
the  cone  of  a  width  of  10  miles  for  the  construc- 
tion, operation,  sanitation,  and  direction  of  the 
canal.  In  return  for  the  concession  the  United 
States  agrees  to  pay  to  the  Republic  of  Panama 
the  sum  of  10,000,000  dols.  in  gold,  and  the  annual 
payment  of  25,000  dols.  during  the  life  of  the 
convention,"  this  payment  to  begin  nine  years 
after  the  date  of  its  signature.  The  canal  is  to  be 
constructed  by  and  under  the  control  of  America, 
but  it  shall  be  neutral  and  open  to  the  commerce 
of  the  world.  Up  to  1902  an  expenditure  of  about 
j£6o,ooo,ooo  had  been  incurred.  Of  this  it  is  cal- 
culated that  not  more  than  one-fifth,  or  some 
jf 1 2,000,000,  was  really  effective  from  an  en- 
gineering point  of  view.  The  Government  of  the 
United  States  of  America  have  agreed  to  pay  for 
the  concession,  for  the  company's  plans,  and  for 
the  work  already  done  the  sum  of  £8,000,000. 

The  failure  on  the  part  of  the  two  French  com- 
panies to  carry  through  this  great  project  was  due. 
primarily,  to  their  inability  to  grasp  and  grapple 


PANAMA 


477 


PANAMA 


with  the  chief  structural  and  geographical  obstacles ; 
secondly,  to  the  pestilential  character  of  the  land 
they  had  to  deal  with,  which  carried  oft  many  of 
their  most  eminent  officials;  and,  thirdly,  to  the 
lack  of  sufficient  funds  and  enterprise.  Although 
better  equipped  for  the  task  than  the  Freifch,  the 
United  States  have  before  them  an  undertaking 
beset  with  natural  difficulties. 

The  troubles  of  the  engineers  include  the 
periodical  overflow  of  the  River  Chagres,  flooding 
the  surrounding  district,  and  the  occasional  visit 
of  earthquakes.  But  the  two  prinpipal  obstacles 
are  the  River  Chagres  and  the  mountain.  The 
former  is  a  rapid,  shallow,  and  broad  stream, 
which  renders  dredging  operations  both  difficult 
and  arduous.  The  latter  necessitates  the  making 
of  a  cutting  through  300  ft.  of  solid  rock.  The 
length  of  the  canal  will  be  about  54  miles,  the 
bottom  is  to  lie  28  ft.  below  the  mean  level  of  the 
two  oceans,  its  width  will  be  72  ft.  on  the  ground 
and  160  ft.  upon  the  surface,  except  through  the 
Culebra  Cut,  which  is  somewhat  narrower. 

Nominally  the  canal  commences  at  Colon,  but 
in  reality  it  is  at  the  mouth  of  the  river — about 
two  mUes  north  of  the  town — that  ships  will  enter 
the  cutting. 

Keeping  close  to  the  bed  of  the  river,  the  canal 
skirts  the  swamp  of  Mindi,  entering  the  valley  of 
the  Chagres  at  Gatun.  It  follows  the  river  to  San 
Pablo,  where  it  crosses  the  railway.  From  there 
it  run^  to  Matachin,  and,  following  the  right  bank 
of  the  river,  makes  its  way  down  the  valley  of 
Obispo  to  the  city  of  Panama,  where  it  enters  the 
Pacific  At  several  places  along  the  route  of  the 
canal  it  is  proposed  to  build  dams  and  reservoirs 
in  order  to  keep  the  water  in  the  canal  at  the 
requisite  level. 

The  United  States  Senate  and  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives decided  in  favour  of  a  lock  canal  of 
"  the  general  type  proposed  by  the  minority  of  the 
board  of  consulting  engineers  created  by  order  of 
the  President."  The  work,  for  purpose  of  en- 
gineering and  construction,  is  divided  into  14  sec- 
tions. From  the  Caribbean  Sea  to  the  mouth  of 
the  Mindi  River  a  channel  is  to  be  excavated 
having  a  bottom  width  of  500  ft.  and  a  depth  of 
42  ft.  below  mean  tide.  The  materials  to  be 
excavated  in  this  portion  is  mostly  soft  mud,  and 
can  be  excavated  by  dredging.  Some  of  it  may  be 
coral.  From  the  mouth  of  the  I^indi  River  to  the 
Gatun  locks  the  canal  is  to  have  a  bottom  width 
of  500  ft.  and  a  depth  of  42  ft.  below  mean  tide. 
Some  of  this  excavation  can  be  made  by  dredging, 
and  some  of  it  will  be  excavated  in  the  dry.  The 
Gatun  locks  are  to  be  built  in  dupUcate — ^that  is, 
there  are  to  be  two  sets  of  locks  side  by  side.  The 
lift  will  be  overcome  by  a  flight  of  three  locks  of 
28  1-3  ft.  ordinary  lift  each,  or  a  flight  of  two 
locks  of  42^  ft.  Uft  each.  At  the  upper  end  of  the 
upper  lock  and  lower  end  of  the  lower  lock  guide 
-walls  "Will  be  constructed  for  the  handling  of  vessels 


entering  or  departing.  The  Gatun  dam  reaches 
from  near  the  Gatun  Hills,  in  which  the  locks  are 
located,  to  the  hill  3,500  ft.  westward,  in  which 
the  spillway  will  be  located,  and  extends  thence  in 
a  broken  line  to  the  high  ground  westward.  The 
object  of  the  dam  is  to  form  a  reservoir  in  which 
the  floods  of  tiie  Chagres  will  be  received.  Its 
area  will  be  about  no  square  miles.  The  height 
of  the  dam  will  be  135  ft.  above  sea  level,  the 
width  on  top  100  ft.,  its  length  about  7,700  ft., 
and  width  at  bottom  about  2,625  ft.  From  the 
Gatun  locks  to  San  Pablo,  a  distance  of  about 
iSi  miles,  only  a  small  amount  of  excavation  will 
be  required.  The  width  of  the  channel  for  this 
distance  will  be  at  least  1,000  ft.,  and  all  growths 
within  50  ft.  of  surface  of  lake  for  that  width  must 
be  destroyed  or  removed.  The  depth  is  to  be 
45  ft. 

Regarding  the  "  Culebra  cut,"  the  heaviest  por- 
tion of  the  vrork.  From  Las  Cascadas  to  near 
Paraiso,  a  distance  of  4*7  miles,  the  width  will  be 
200  ft.  The  rock  here  is  of  variable  character. 
From  near  Paraiso,  the  end  of  the  Culebra  cut,  to 
the  Pedro  Miguel  lock,  a  distance  of  i'88  mile, 
the  canal  will  have  a  width  of  300  ft.  Some  of  it 
is  rock  and  some  is  soft  earth:  The  Pedro  Miguel 
lock  will  have  a  lift  of  30  ft.  It  will  be  in  duplicate, 
and  will  have  approach  walls  constructed  at  each 
end.  From  Pedro  Miguel  lock  the  channel  will 
have  a  width  of  500  ft.  for  a  distance  of  1*87  mile. 
It  will  then  increase  to  1,000  ft.  or  more  for  a 
distance  of  3*61  miles  to  near  Sosa  Hill,  on  the 
shore  of  Panama  Bay,  where  the  Sosa  locks  will 
be  located.  Some  of  the  excavation  of  this  section 
is  rock  and  other  portions  are  soft  earth.  The 
Sosa  locks  are  to  be  built  in  a  flight  of  two  lifts  of 
27^  ft.  each,  and  in  duplicate.  A  dam  will  be  con- 
structed across  the  Rio  Grande  from  San  Juan 
Hill  to  Sosa  Hill,  another  from  Sosa  Hill  to  Corozal 
Hill,  and  a  small  dam  from  Corozal  Hill  to  the 
high  ground  to  the  eastward.  These  dams  will 
form  a  lake  known  as  Sosa  Lake.  It  has  an  area 
of  about  eight  square  nules,  and  will  be  provided 
with  regulating  works  for  discharging  its  surplus 
water.  From  Sosa  locks  to  the  deep  water  in 
Panama  Bay,  a  distance  of  about  four  miles,  the 
channel  is  to  have  a  bottom  width  of  500  ft.  and 
a  depth  of  50  ft.  below  mean  tide.  The  mean  rise 
and  fall  of  the  tide  is  about  15  ft,  but  it  may 
reach  as  much  as  22  ft.  or  23  ft.  Lastly,  the 
Panama  Railroad  will  be  relocated  throughout 
almost  the  entire  length,  from  the  mouth  of  the 
Mindi  River  to  Panama. 

The  following  is  a  summary  of  the  estimated 
excavation  and  structural  material  of  the  canal. 
These  quantities,  the  official  memoranda  states, 
are  only  approximate,  and  may  be  varied  con- 
siderably. For  the  purpose  of  this  article,  and  in 
connection  with  the  description  of  the  routes  given 
above,  it  gives  a  good  idea  of  the  magnitude  of 
the  requirements  of  the  canal.     It  also  shows  that 


1 


PANAY 


478 


PAPAYANNI 


the  work  has  been  well  divided,  and  may  perhaps 
be  begun  and  carried  on  at  the  various  sections 
described. 

1.  Colon  Section. — ^From  42  ft.  curve  M.SX.  in 
Caribbean  Sea  to  Mindi,  mile  o  to  mile  4*55  : 
Excavation,  500  ft.  wide,  8,455,000  cubic  yards  ; 
entrance  to  old  canal,  i  ,000,000  cubic  yards. 

2.  Mindi  Section. — ^Mile  4*55  to  mile  7*15  :  Ex- 
cavation, 500  ft.  wide,  11,000,000  cubic  yards. 

3.  Gatun  Locks. — Mile  715  to  mile  7*74:  Ex- 
cavation, 3,660.000  cubic  yards ;  back  fill,  660,000 
cubic  yards ;  concrete,  1,302,780  cubic  yards ;  cut 
stone,  5,700  cubic  yards  ;  brick,  20,000  cubic  yards  ; 
timber,  1 30,000  ft.  B.M. ;  cast-iron,  i  ,830.000  lbs. ; 
steel  gates,  29,230,000  lbs. 

4.  Gatun  Dam. — Earth  fill,  21,200.000  cubic 
yards. 

5.  Gatun  Regulating  Works.  —  Excavation, 
1,580,000  cubic  yards;  concrete.  189.000  cubic 
yards  ;  sluices,  5,000,000  lbs. 

6.  iMke  Section. — ^Mile  774  to  mile  32*80 :  Ex- 
cavation, 200  ft.  wide,  39,000,000  cubic  yards. 

7.  Culebra  Section. — ^Mile  32*80  to  mile  37*50 : 
Excavation,  200  ft.  wide,  39,000,000  cnbic  yards. 

8.  Pedro  Miguel  Section. — ^Mile  37*50  to  mile 
39*37  :  Excavation,  300  ft.  wide,  6,835,000  cubic 
yards. 

9.  Pedro  Miguel  Lock. — ^Mile  39*37  to  mile 
39'6o :  Excavation,  1,170,000  cubic  yards;  em- 
bankment of  dam,  1,100,000  cubic  yards;  back 
fill.  390,000  cubic  yards;  concrete,  513,612  cubic 
yards ;  cut  stone,  4,000  cubic  yards ;  brick,  8,000 
cubic  yards ;  timber,  85,000  ft.  B.M. ;  cast-iron, 
732,000  lbs. ;  steel  gates.  19.500,000  lbs. 

10.  Lake  Sosa  Section. — ^Mile  39*60  to  mile  45*08  : 
Excavation,  500  ft.  to  i.ooo  ft.  wide,  1,680,000 
cubic  yards. 

11.  Sosa  Locks. — Mile  45*08  to  mile  45*49-  Ex- 
cavation, 1,430,000  cubic  yards;  back  fill  950.000 
cubic  yards  ;  concrete,  992,800  cubic  yards ;  cut 
stone,  6,000  cubic  yards;  brick,  14.000  cubic 
yards  ;  timber,  145,000  ft.  B.M. ;  cast-iron,  1,281.000 
lbs. ;  steel  gates,  37,180,000  lbs. 

12.  La  Boca  Section. — ^La  Boca  Dam,  6,300,000 
cubic  yards  ;  Corozal-Sosa  Dam,  5,397,000  cubic 
yards. 

13.  Panama  Bay  Section. — ^Mile  45*49  to  mile 
49*72  :  Excavation.  5,000  ft.  wide,  8.528.000  cubic 
yards. 

Panay.  U.S.  gun-boat.  Captured  from  Spain 
during  the  Spanish-American  war,  1898. 

P.  and  0.  Abbreviation  for  Peninsular  and 
Oriental  Steam  Navigation  Co. 

Pandoor.    A  large  oyster. 

Pandora.  British  3rd  class  cruiser.  ( Ports- 
mouth, 1899.) 

Length  300ft.  Beam  36ft.  Maximum  draught  igiit. 
Displacement  2.200  tons.     Complement  224. 


Guns.  A  rmour. 

8 — 4  in.  2  in.  Deck. 

8—3  pdr. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (14  in.). 
2  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  7,000=20*5  kts.     Coal  normal 
250  tons.     Approximate  cost  ;£  1 50,000. 

Pandora.  Frigate.  On  August  28.  1791,  this 
vessel  was  lost  on  a  reef,  when  100  perished. 

Pandora.  Sloop-of-war.  On  February  13.  18 11. 
this  vessel  was  lost  off  Jutland,  when  30  persons 
perished. 

Pangrano,  Netherlands  torpedo>boat.  (Yarrow, 
1901.)  Length,  152  ft.;  beam.  15J  ft.;  draught. 
8  ft.;  displacement,  130  tons;  complement.  25: 
armament.  2  3-pdr.,  2  tubes;  Hp.,  1,900  =  27  kts.  ; 
coal,  36  tons. 

Panteleimon.  Russian  battleship.  Black  Sea. 
(Nicolaieff,  1902.) 

Length  372ft.     Beam  73ft.     Draught  27ft. 
Displacement  12,480  tons.     Complement  636. 
Guns.  Armour. 

4 — 12  in.  "  Krupp." 

16 — 6  in.  9  in.  Belt  amidships. 

T4 — 3  in.  10  in.  Barbettes. 

6 — 1*8  in.  10  in.  Turrets. 

14 — 1*4  in. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 

5  Submerged. 

Hp.  10,600=17  kts.     Coal  1,000  tons. 

Paatar.  Netherlands  coast  defence  monitor 
(1878).  Displacement,  1.500  tons.  Of  small  fighting 
value. 

Pantbar.  Austro-Hungarian  3rd  class  cruiser. 
(Elswick,  1887.)  Length,  224  ft. ;  beam,  34  ft.  ; 
draught,  14  ft. ;  displacement,  1,500  tons ;  com- 
plement. x86 ;  armament,  2  4*7-in.,  10  i'8-in., 
I  tube ;  Hp.,  6,000=:  18^  kts. ;  coal,  250  tons. 

Panther.  German  gun-boat.  (Danzig.  1901.) 
Length,  207  ft. ;  beam,  30^^  ft.  ;  draught,  1 1  f t.  ; 
displacement.  296  tons  ;  complement,  121;  arma- 
ment, 8  3*4-in.,  6  iVin.,  2  Maxims;  Hp..  1,300  = 
13  kts. ;  coal.  240  tons. 

Panthflr.  British  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Laird, 
1897.)  Length,  azo  ft. ;  beam.  21^  ft. ;  draught, 
5  j-  ft. ;  displacement,  300  tons ;  complepient,  58  ; 
armament,  i  12-pdr.,  5  6-pdr..  2  tubes  ;  twin  scre\%*  ; 
Hp.,  6.000 »  30  kts. ;  coal,  80  tons. 

PayaFanni  Linei  established  in  the  early  forties, 
trading  between  Liverpool  and  the  Mediterraaean 
ports,  touching  at  Tangiers.  Algiers,  Malta,  Smyrna, 
Constantinople.  Odessa,  and  Alexandria.  In  May, 
1 90 1,  this  line  was  purchased  by  Mr.  J.  R.  EUer- 
man,  and  in  January,  1902,  passed  into  the  owner- 
ship of  the  Ellerman  Lines  {q.v.). 


PAPER 


479 


PARKSTONE 


Fleet. 


Adalia. 

Alexandria. 

Anatolia. 

Ararat. 

Britannia. 


City  of  Cambridge. 
City  of  Khios. 
City  of  Oxford. 
City  of  Venice. 
Prome. 


Sardinia. 


Pap«r  Uodkade,  A.  A  paper  oc  constructive 
blockade  (^.v.)  is  one  established  by  the  proclama- 
tion of  a  belligerent  without  the  presence  of  suffi- 
cient force  to  render  it  effective.  By  the  Declara- 
tion of  Paris,  1856  (q.v.),  blockades  to  be  binding 
must  be  effective. 

Paqnet  and  Co.,  Messn.  N.  See  Comp.  de 
Navigation  Marocane  et  Armenienne. 

Para.  Brazilian  coast  defence  service  cruiser. 
(Rio  de  Janeiro,  1892.)  Length,  137  ft. ;  beam, 
34J  ft. ;  draught,  6J  ft.  ;  displacement,  463  tons  ; 
guns,  2  47-in..  I  2's-in.,  5  Maxims ;  armour, 
'•  Harvey -steel,"  5-in.  belt  amidships,  6-in.  bar- 
bettes ;  Hp.,  700=12  kts. 

Pacagna.  U.S.  gun-boat.  Captured  from  Spain 
at  the  battle  of  Manila,  May  i,  1898,  during  the 
Spanish-American  war.     Of  little  fighting  value. 

ParaUaz.  The  difference  between  an  altitude 
taken  at  the  surface  of  the  earth  and  that  taken 
at  the  centre  at  the  same  time.  "When  the  object 
is  on  the  horizon  it  is  called  the  horizontal  parallax  ; 
but  in  any  other  case  it  is  called  the  parallax  in 
altitude. 

Parallel  sailing.  Sailing  as  nearly  as  possible  on 
a  given  parallel  of  latitude. 

Paraaalane.    Mock-moons. 

Parbnokle.  To  hoist  or  lower  by  means  of 
rolling  with  two  ropes. 

PareeL    AppUed  to  tarred  canvas  round  a  rope. 

Parcelling.  Wrapping  narrow  strips  of  tarred 
canvas  round  a  rope  like  a  bandage. 

Parcloie.    The  limber-heel. 

ParheUa.    Mock-suns. 

Park,  Colonel  J.  Smith,  M.V.O.,  V.D.  (b.  Glasgow, 
1854).  Shipowner  and  underwriter  at  Lloyd's. 
Was  for  34  years  connected  with  the  Allan  Line. 
Has  given  evidence  on  behalf  of  the  shipping  trade 
before  several  Commissions  and  Royal  Commissions, 
and  "was  instrumental  in  bringing  about  the  altera- 
tion in  the  method  of  measuring  deck  stalls  of 
live-stock  for  dues,  and  the  alteration  of  the  load- 
line  regulations  for  steamers  loading  at  Baltimore, 
at  the  head  of  the  Chesapeake,  which  were  re- 
quired to  load  six  inches  less  draught  than  at  the 
mouth  of  the  same  river.  As  the  result  of  the 
agitation,  the  Board  of  Trade  appointed  a  com- 
mittee to  consider  the  whole  question,  and  decided 
to  have  all  the  North  Atlantic  Ports  put  on  the 
same  footing,  the  extra  North  Atlantic  free  board 
being  abolished,  except  in  the  case  of  very  small 


steamers.  The  alteration  and  reconstruction  of 
light  dues ;  through  his  influence  an  Act  was 
passed  adopting  a  more  satisfactory ,  basis  for 
charges.  He  is  a  keen  Volunteer,  and  has  been 
connected  with  the  forces  since  1874,  and  com- 
mands the  ist  Lanarkshire  Royal  Engineers. 

Parker,  George  (1806-78).  English  engineer  (b. 
Moreton  Hampstead).  In  1843  assisted  Robert 
Stephenson  in  building  the  London  to  Birmingham 
Railway,  and  one  between  Manchester  and  Rugby, 
via  the  Potteries.  In  1837  he  was  engaged  in 
building  the  Blackwall  Railway,  and  was  re- 
sponsible for  building  what  eventually  proved  the 
foundation  of  the  G.E.R.  system.  Advised  on  the 
construction  of  railways  in  Belgium,  Norway,  and 
India ;  planned  the  Victoria  Docks,  London  ;  in- 
vented the  railway  swing  bridge,  and  was  one  of 
t;he  first  to  recognise  the  value  of  the  electric 
telegraphs,  and  became,  with  Cook  and  Stephenson, 
founder  of  the  first  electrical  telegraph  company. 
He  died  at  Dartmouth,  September  28,  1878. 

ParkeTt  Sir  Qyde  (1714-82).  English  admiral 
(b.  Worcestershire).  Present  at  the  capture  of 
Manila,  1762,  where  he  captured  shortly  afterwards 
the  Spanish  treasure  ship  SarUissima  Trinidad,  a 
prize  of  enormous  value.  In  1779,  when  third-in- 
command  under  Byron,  he  fought  in  a  battle  of! 
Grenada,  and  in  the  following  year  as  second-in- 
command  under  Rodney  took  part  in  the  battle 
of  Martinique.  In  1781  he  fought  a  desperate 
battle  on  the  Dogger  Bank  with  the  Dutch  Fleet. 
He  was  eventually  lost  at  sea. 

Parker,  Sir  Hyde  (173Q-1807).  English  admiral. 
Was  present  at  the  siege  of  Pondicherry.  Served 
during  the  American  war.  Was  present  under 
Lord  Hood  at  the  reduction  of  Corsica,  1793,  and 
two  years  later  he  had  command  of  a  division 
under  Hotham,  and  took  part  in  the  action  off 
Genoa.  In  1799  he  was  promoted  full  admiral, 
and  had  command  of  the  expedition  to  the  Baltic 
which  bombarded  Copenhagen. 

Parker*  Sir  Peter  (1721-1811)  (b.  Ireland). 
Served  through  the  American  war ;  was  present  at 
the  attack  on  Long  Island,  and  instrumental  in 
reducing  Rhode  Island ;  was  created  a  baronet  in 
1782,  and  in  1787  promoted  admiral ;  in  1799  he 
became  Admiral  of  the  Fleet. 

Parker,  Sir  William  (1781-1866).  English  ad- 
miral (b.  Staffordshire).  Was  present  as  midship- 
man at  Lord  Howe's  battle  of  "  The  Glorious  First 
of  June,"  1794;  from  1802-05  he  served  under 
Nelson ;  took  part  in  the  China  war  of  1842,  and 
nine  years  latter  was  promoted  admiral,  and  became 
Admiral  of  the  Fleet,  1863.  See  Phillemore's  "  The 
Last  of  Nelson's  Captams  "  (1891). 

Parksione  Sailing  Chib.  Established  1895.  Com- 
modore, W.  D.  Brightman  ;  Vice-Commodore,  H.  C. 
Head  ;  Honorary  Treasurer,  F.  A.  Stone  ;  Honorary 
Secretary,   E.   B.   Oakley,   Dulverton,   Parkstone, 


1 


PARLIAMENT 


480 


PARSONS 


Dorset.     Entrance  fee,  £1  is» ;  annual  subscription, 
£1  1 15.  6d, 

ParUament-heeL  The  situation  of  a  ship  when 
listing. 

PananBeUo.  A  small  lateen-rigged  yawl  of  the 
Mediterranean. 

Parrelt.  Leather-covered  ropes  used  to  fasten 
the  upper  yards  to  the  mast. 

Parry.  Sir  William  Edward  (1790-1855).  Arctic 
explorer  (b.  Bath,  1790).  Entered  Navy  through 
the  influence  of  Admiral  Comwallis,  and  in  1806 
became  a  midshipman  in  the  Tribune,  and  was 
subsequently  transferred  to  the  Vanguard  in  the 
Baltic  Fleet.  After  having  served  against  the 
Americans  in  18 17,  he  in  the  following  year  obtained 
an  appointment  to  the  Alexandra'  brig  in  the 
expedition  commanded  by  Sir  John  Ross  to  dis- 
cover the  probabilities  of  a  north-west  passage  to 
the  Pacific.  In  command  of  a  second  expedition 
consisting  of  two  ships,  the  Griper  and  Hecla, 
which  left  the  Thames,  May,  18 19,  Parry  passed 
up  Baffin's  Bay,  explored  and  named  Barrows 
Strait,  Prince  Regent's  Inlet,  arid  Wellington 
Channel,  reached  Melville  Island  at  the  beginning 
of  September,  and  penetrated  as  far  as  113^  54' 
43'  W.,  thus  becoming  entitled  to  a  reward  of 
;(5,ooo  which  had  been  offered  by  Parliament. 
After  wintering  in  Melville  Island,  and  finding  that 
the  state  of  the  ice  made  it  impossible  to  force  a 
passage  to  the  Baring  Strait,  he  returned  to  Eng- 
land, November,  1820.  Shortly  after  his  retnm 
he  was  promoted  to  the  rank  of  commander,  elected 
a  member  of  the  Royal  Society,  and  given  the 
freedom  of  Bath  and  Norwich.  'In  the  following 
year  he  was  again  appointed  to  command  an 
Arctic  expedition,  consisting  of  the  Fury  and  the 
Hecla,  and,  after  suffering  great  hardships,  returned 
to  England  two  years  later — November,  1823 — 
without  achieving  anything.  Again,  in  1824,  he 
sailed  with  the  same  ships,  and  was  again  unsuc- 
cessful, and  after  the  wreck  of  the  Fury  he  returned 
home.  Shortly  after  his  return  he  was  appointed 
Hydrographer  to  the  Admiralty,  and,  having 
obtained  their  sanction  to  journey  to  the  North 
Pole  from  the  northern  shores  of  Spitzbergen  in 
boats  that  could  be  fitted  to  sledges,  he  sailed 
with  the  Hecla,  March  27,  1827,  and  three  months 
later  set  out  for  the  Pole.  On  this  occasion  he 
penetrated  as  far  north  as  latitude  82®  45',  the 
highest  point  then  reached.  On  April  29,  1829, 
he  received  the  honour  of  knighthood.  In  1837  he 
was  employed  in  organising  the  packet  service 
between  Liverpool,  Holyhead,  and  Dublin.  For  a 
period  of  nine  years,  from  1837-46,  he  was  con- 
troller of  the  Steam  Department  of  the  Navy.  On 
retiring  from  active  service  he  was  appointed  cap- 
tain-superintendent of  Haslar  Hospital,  and  in 
1852,  on  obtaining  the  rank  of  admiral,  he  was 
appointed  Governor  of  Greenwich  Hospital,  which 


post  he  held  until  his  death,  July,  1855.  Su 
Parry's  Journal  of  "A  Second  Voyage  for  the 
Discovery  of  the  North- West  Passage"  (1824). 
**  Narrative  of  the  Attempt  to  Reach  the  North 
Pole  in  Boats  "  (1827),  Memoirs  of  Rear-Admiral 
Parry,  by  Rev.  Edward  Parry,  M.A.  (1857).  Refer 
to  Arctic  Exploration. 

Panona,  Tha  Hon.  Ghralai  Algwnoo,  aB.    Gvil 
engineer,  1904 ;  F.R.S. ;  LL.D.   (Glasgow) ;  D.Sc. 
(Oxford,  Dublin,  Durham) ;  J. P.  Northumberiand. 
Fourth  surviving  son  of  the  late  William,  Earl  of 
Rosse  (b.  London,  June  13,  1854).     From  his  early 
youth  developed  a  natural  gift  for  engineering,  and 
after  private  tuition  at  home  and  Dublin,  entered 
Cambridge  in  1872,  and  in  1876  graduated  as  nth 
wrangler.     In  1877  was  apprenticed  to  Sir  W.  G. 
Armstrong,  Elswick  Works,  and  in  1880  served  on 
the  staff  of  Messrs.   Kitson  and  Co.,  Leeds,  and 
while  there  developed  an  epicycloidal  engine  for 
the  driving  of  dynamos  and  centrifugal  pumps. 
In  1884  entered  the  firm  of  Messrs.  Clark,  Chapman 
and  Co.  as  a  partner,  and  there  worked  on  the 
development   of   the   steam    turbine    for   driving 
dynamos  and  other  purposes.     In  1889  be  started 
in  business  under  the  title  of  Messrs.  C.  A.  Parsons 
and  Co.,  for  the  manufacture  of  steam  turbines, 
dynamos,  searchlight  reflectors,  and  in  1894  became 
managing   director   of   a   pioneer   syndicate,   the 
Marine  Steam  Turbine  Co.,  which,  after  completing 
the  Turbinia,  was  acquired  by  the  Parsons'  Marine 
Steam  Turbine  Co.  for  the  commercial  development 
of  the  system.     In  1902  was  awarded  the  Rumford 
medal  of  the  Royal  Society,  and  in  1904  the  Grass- 
hoff  medal  of  the  German  Society  on  Engines. 

Publications  :  Numerous  papers  on  "  Turbines  " 
for  technical  papers. 

Parsons'  Karine  Steam  Turbine  Co.,  Ltd.,  I'ar- 
binia  Works,  WaUsend^n-Tyne.  This  company 
was  formed  in  July,  1897,  to  take  over  the  rights 
of  the  Pioneer  Sjmdicate,  The  Marine  Steam  Tur- 
bine Co.,  Ltd.,  which  had  been  formed  in  January, 
1894,  to  exploit  the  application  of  the  Parsons' 
Steam  Turbine  to  marine  propulsion,  those  chiefly 
associated  in  this  pioneer  syndicate  being  the  Earl 
of  Rosse,  the  Hon.  C.  A.  Parsons,  Norman  C. 
Cookson,  Christopher  Leyland,  John  B.  Simpson, 
A.  A.  Campbell  Swinton,  the  late  George  Clayton, 
H.  C.  Harvey,  and  Gerald  Stoney.  It  was  deemed 
expedient,  for  reasons  of  economy,  and  also  of 
time  (as  many  alterations  were  anticipated),  to 
build  as  small  a  vessel  as  possible,  but  not  so  smaO 
as  to  preclude  the  attainment  of  an  unprecedented 
rate  of  speed.  The  Turbinia  was  constzncted,  her 
dimensions  being  100  ft.  in  length,  9  ft.  beam, 
3  ft.  draught  of  hull,  and  44  tons  displacement 
She  was  fitted  with  turbine  engines  of  2,000  Hp.. 
with  an  expansive  ratio  of  150  fold,  also  with  a 
water-tube  boiler  of  great  power  of  the  express 
small  tube  type,  but  with  no  feed-heater.  The 
turbine  engines  consisted  of  three  separate  turbines 


PARSONS 


481 


PARTICULAR 


— the  high  pressure,  the  intermediate,  and  the 
low  pressure— -each  driving  one  screw  shaft  inde- 
pendently ;  to  the  low  pressure,  or  centre  shaft, 
the  reversing  turbine  was  also  coupled,  and  on  each 
shaft  were  keyed  three  propellers  of  small  diameter 
and  of  normal  pitch  ratio.  This  arrangement  was 
found  to  be  the  best  after  many  trials,  and  the 
maximum  indicated  Hp.  obtained  on  runs  of  about 
five  miles  duration  was  2,300,  giving  a  speed  of 
34i  kts. 

The  results  of  the  Turbinia  having  been  found 
satisfactory,  the  rights  of  the  Marine  Steam  Turbine 
Co.,  Ltd.,  as  already  mentioned,  were  taken  over 
by  a  larger  company — the  Parsons*  Marine  Steam 
Turbine  Co.,  Ltd. — to  carry  on  the  work  on   a 
commercial  scale,  the  directorate  being  the  Earl 
of  Rosse,  Christopher  Leyland,  Norman  C.  Cookson, 
John  B.  Simpson,  and  A.  A.  Campbell  Swinton, 
with  the  Hon.  C.  A.  Parsons  as  managing  director. 
Works  were  erected  at  Wallsend-on-Tyne,  and  in 
1898    the   company   contracted   with   Sir   W.    G. 
Armstrong,     Whitworth    and     Co.,     for    turbine 
machinery  for  one  of  their  torpedo-boat  destroyers 
— the  Cc»bra.     In  the  same  year  the  company  con- 
tracted with  the  Admiralty  for  a  31  kt.  torpedo- 
boat  destroyer — the  Viper — of  the  same  dimensions 
as  the  usual  30  kt.  vessels  of  that  class.     The  Viper 
passed  all  her  ofiidal  trials,  and  fulfilled  all  the 
guarantees  of  her  contract  and,  as  regards  speed, 
she  considerably  exceeded  the  31  kts.  guaranteed. 
The   Viper  at  that  time  proved  herself  to  be  the 
fastest  vessel  afloat,  having  obtained  on  one  hour's 
run  the  mean  speed  of  36*58  kts. 

The  following  list  shows  in  I.Hp.  the  output 
of  turbine  engines  from  the  company's  works  each 
year  since  the  commencement : 

1900  ..  ..  ..       11,500  I.Hp. 

1901  ..  ..       15,000     „ 

1902  ..  ..  ..       19,000     ,, 

1903  . .  . .  . .       22,200     „ 

1904  . .  . .  . .       45,200     ,, 

1905  . .  . .  . .       50,600     „ 

1906  . .  . .  . .       43.<^oo     M 

1907  65,500     „ 

In    1900,    with   the   object   of   developing   the 

foreign    business,    a    subsidiary    company,   called 

Parsons'  Foreign  Patents  Co.,  Ltd.,  was  formed  to 

deal    with    steam    turbines    throughout    a    large 

portion  of  the  Continent  of  Europe.     In  1903.  in 

view  of  the  rapidly  increasing  demand  for  turbine 

engines,   the  directors  decided  to  license  some  of 

the  leading  engineering  and  shipbuilding  firms  in 

the    British   Isles   to  manufacture  marine   steam 

turbines,  and  so  far  26  of  the  principal  engineering 

and   shipbuilding  firms  have  taken  out  licences. 

Also  in  the  United  States,  seven  of  the  leading  firms 

have  taken  out  licences,  and  licences  have  also  been 

granted    to  firms  in   Italy,   Canada,    Japan,   and 

Holland.     At  the  present  time,  the  total  I.Hp.  of 

turbine  engines  completed  and  on  order  with  the 

company    and   the   licensees   is   about    1,250,000, 


Armour» 
"  Steel." 
i^  in.  Deck. 


and  it  may  be  mentioned  that  the  largest  vessels 
afloat  are  being  fitted  with  turbines,  from  the 
design  of  the  Parsons'  Marine  Steam  Turbine  Co., 
Ltd. 

In  July,  1905,  Sir  William  Henry  White,  K.C.B., 
F.R.S..  was  appointed  a  director  of  the  company, 
and  in  October,  1906,  Mr.  R.  J.  Walker,  manager 
of  the  company,  was  appointed  joint  managing 
director. 

Part.    To  break. 

Part  av6Kag8.    See  Collision. 

Faitenope.    Italian  torpedo  gun-boat  (1889). 
Displacement  850  tons.     Complement  118. 
Guns* 
1—47  in. 
6—6  pdr. 
3~i  pdr. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
6  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  4,100=195  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 180  tons. 

Partial  loss.     See  Particular  Average. 

Partiotilar  Average  may  be  defined  as  damage  to 
or  partial  loss  of  the  interest  insured — damage  or 
loss  not  amounting  to  a  constructive  total  loss.  It 
must  have  an  accidental  cause,  and  this  cause 
must  be  proximately  a  peril  of  the  sea.  (Kidston 
V.  Empire,  L.R.,  i  C.P.,  535  ;   also  2  C.P.  351.) 

An  underwriter  does  not  undertake  that  when 
goods  arrive  at  their  destination  in  a  sea-damaged 
state  the  assured  shall  receive  for  them  an  amouht 
equal  to  their  insured  value,  or  that  the  assured 
shall  not  sustain  any  loss  by  their  being  damaged 
he  undertakes  to  protect  the  assured  from  any 
loss  which  the  interest  insured  may  receive  from  the 
perils  detailed  in  the  policy.  When  he  has  done  so 
the  indemnity  is  complete. 

There  is,  therefore,  an  important  distinction 
running  through  the  whole  of  this  branch  of  insur- 
ance law,  viz.,  that  the  extent  of  loss  the  assured 
on  goods  sustains  by  the  sea  damage  is  one  thing, 
the  amount  which  the  underwriter  may  have  to 
pay  in  respect  thereof  may  be  quite  another. 

Two  points  are,  therefore,  to  be  clearly  kept  in 
view — (i)  What  is  the  interest  insured  ?  and  (2) 
What  loss  has  that  interest  sustained  from  the 
perils  insured  against  ? 

On  cargo  legally,  the  value  of  an  interest  prior 
to  declaration  is  the  invoice  value,  including 
shipping  expenses  and  insurance  charges.  The 
value  in  a  policy  may  by  agreement  be  more,  but 
the  interest  insured,  ol  course,  remains  the  same. 

The  Courts  of  Law  have  further  deternlined  that 
when  goods  reach  their  destination  in  a  sea- 
damaged  state,  the  claim  under  the  policy  (like  the 
loss  which  the  interest  insured  has  sustained)  shall 
be  ascertained  by  a  comparison  of  the  gross  sound 

R 


PARTICULAR 


482 


PARTICULAR 


value  and  the  gross  proceeds  of  the  damaged  goods, 
thus: 


Gross  cash\ 
sound    value  * 
of     the     da- 
maged goods 
on  the  day  of 
their        sale  V 
(adding    du-  C 
ties,        etc.), 
when     those  | 
charges     are  | 
paid    by   they 
buyers. 


/ 


\ 


Differencev 
/between  tk\& 


Insured 

value  of 

■(        the       }: 

damaged 

goods. 


\ 


:< 


I 


value  and 
the  Gross 
oath  pro- 
ceeds (add 
ing  the  du-T 
ties.  etc.),  I 
when  those  j 
charges  are  I 
paid  by  the/ 
buyers. 


Claim 
J  on  the 
\  Under- 

writers. 


This  may  sound  complicated,  and  may  be, 
perhaps,  better  illustrated  by  a  claim  simply  stated  : 

Ten  bales  cotton  damaged  and  picked.  Insured 
value,  ;fioo;  gross  sound  value,  3£i20 ;  expenses 
of  picking  and  making  merchantable,  £S  ;  gross 
proceeds  of  sale,  ^£114.  The  claim  would  be  stated 
thus — 


Gross  sound  value   . . 
Gross  proceeds 
Less  Picking  expenses . . 


Loss 


.  .  ;£l20 

;£lI4 

8 
106 


£^4 


If  ;£i20,  gross  sound  value,  loses  /14,  the  insured 
value,  ;£ioo,  loses  £11  13s.  4^.  The  claim  on  the 
policy  is  ;£ii  135.  4d, 

Goods  sold  damaged  short  of  their  destination 
(at  a  port  of  refuge,  for  example)  are  usually  treated 
as  a  Salvage  Loss  {q.vJ). 

On    ship, — ^The    damage    sustained    is    usually 
measured  by  the  cost  of  the  repairs.     (Pitman  v. 
Universal  Marine  Co.,  L.R.  9  Q.B.  192;   Aitchison 
r,  Lohre  4  Asp.  Mar.  L.C.  170).     In  all  Particular 
Average  on  ship  there  is  a  deduction  of  one-third 
"  new  for  old  "  unless  specially  agreed  to,  or  by 
custom  not  made.     (Fenwick  v,  Robinson  3  C.  and 
P.  323 ;  Piril  V.  Steele  2  M.  and  Robb  49 ;  8  C.  and 
P.  200.)     The  principle  on  which  it  is  based  is  this : 
When  a  casualty  happens — say,  for  instance,  that  a 
mast  is  carried  away  in  a  storm — the  lost  mast  is 
replaced.     It  is  usual  to  replace  it  with  a  new  one, 
and  a  new  mast  is  better  than  an  old  one.     If  the 
underwriter  paid  for  the  new  mast  in  full,  he  would 
pay  not  only  the  damage  the  storm  did,  but  also  all 
the  previous  wear  and  tear  of  the  mast.     If  each 
case  had  to  be  argued  about,  there  would  be  practi- 
cally no  end  to  them  ;  so  a  uniform  rule  is  laid  down, 
in   wooden   ships,    iron   ships,    and   steamers,    to 
deduct   one-third,    unless   the   vessel   be   on    her 
first  voyage.     This  is  deducted  from  all  materials 
except  copper,  or  yellow  metal  sheathing ;    and 
from  labour,  but  not  from  graving  dock  dues  and 
similar  expenses. 

When  a  vessel  sustains  damage  in  the  course  of 
a  voyage,  and  is  repaired  at  a  port  of  refuge,  and 
such  repairs  are  paid  for  by  the  shipowner — and 
before  she  reaches  her  destination  she  is  totally 
lost,  the  total  loss  of  the  vessel  does  not  affect  the 
liability  of  the  underwriter  for  the  repairs.     The 


underwriter   is   liable    for   them    (less   the    usual 
deduction)  apart  from  the  total  loss. 

When  several  accidents  occur  in  a  ship  insured 
by  one  policy,  the  amount  of  loss  in  each  of  which, 
as  Particular  Average,  is  under  3%,  but  from  all 
collectively  exceeds  3%,  such  Particular  Averages 
are  in  most  cases  recoverable.  Underwriters,  how- 
ever, generally  guard  against  this  in  Time  Policies 
by  a  special  clause. 

Extraordinary  expenditure  properly  incurred 
for  the  purpose  of  preventing  or  mitigating  a  loss, 
which  would  otherwise  accrue,  and  fall  on  the 
underwriter,  is  recoverable  from  him,  but  not  as  is 
generally  thought  because  it  is  Particular  Average, 
but  because  it  comes  within  the  scope  of  the  "  Sue 
and  Labour  Clause  "  {q,v.) .  By  the  French  law  it  is 
expre^ly  included  in  Particular  Average. 

When  shipwrights'  and  other  bills  for  repairs  are 
paid  in  cash,  there  is  usually  a  discount  allowed  oa 
them.  In  Particular  Average  adjustments  the 
usual  discounts  are  deducted  whether  the  bills  are 
paid  in  cash  or  not ;  and  in  determining  whether 
a  Particular  Average  amounts  to  3%  all  expenses 
which  do  not  form  part  of  the  cost  of  repairing  the 
damage  which  the  ship  has  sustained  must  be 
excluded  because  they  are  not  part  of  the  ParticaLar 
Average.  All  expenses  incurred  to  prove  the 
damage  to  the  underwriter  must,  consequently,  be 
excluded  in  calculating  the  3%. 

In  practice,  no  deduction  is  made  from  the  cost 
of  anchors,  and  one-sixth  only  is  deducted  from  the 
cost  of  chain  cables. 

Temporary  repaiiis  (when  it  is  not  possible  to 
have  them  done  properly)  are  paid  in  fuU,  and  the 
permanent  repairs  when  done  paid  for  with  the 
usual  deductions. 

Anchors,  chains,  and  hawsers  which  break  while 
a  vessel  is  simply  riding  by  them  are  not  charge- 
able to  underwriters. 

Underwriters  are  not  liable  for  repairing  damage 
caused  by  decay,  and,  therefore,  when  a  decayed 
mast  is  carried  away  in  a  gale,  they  are  not  liable 
if  it  is  lost  in  consequence  of  the  decay.  But  when 
the  loss  of  a  mast  is  not  attributable  to  decay,  an 
underwriter  is  not  exempt  from  liability  simply 
because  the  mast  is  decayed. 

On  Freight, — The  usual  terms  of  insurance  on 
Freight  are  those  of  the  Memorandum  (q,v.),  but 
occasionally  freight  is  insured  f.p.a.,  unless  stranded, 
etc.,  chiefly  freight  of  salt,  because  the  salt  is  so 
insured.  A  Particular  Average  on  Freight  is  a 
partial  loss  of  that  subject  arising  from  a  pexil 
inured  against  (from  the  non-delivery  of  a  part  of 
the  cargo  at  its  destination).  A  partial  loss  on 
freight  partly  advanced  at  shipment,  and  remainder 
payable  on  delivery  of  cargo  at  destination  depends 
on  the  wording  of  the  charter-party.  (Allison  v. 
Bristol  Marine  Co..  L.R.  i  App.  Cas.  209). 

According  to  the  Law  of  England  the  amount  to 
be  recovered  on  an  open  or  unvalued  policy  on 
freight  is  the  gross  amount  at  risk  as  per  charter- 


PARTICULAR 


483 


PASSENGER 


party  or  bills  of  lading,  plus  charges  of  insurance. 
(Amonld  4  th  Ed.  p.  304.) 

The  stranding  of  a  ship  with  only  part  of  her 
cargo  on  board  affects  only  the  cargo  on  board ; 
and  the  stranding  of  a  craft  equally  affects  only 
the  cargo  in  the  craft  or  h'ghter.  In  this  clause  the 
peril  of  collision  is  a  cause  of  partial  loss  or  damage 
for  which  the  underwriters  admit  their  liability  not- 
withstanding the  warranty.  Refer  to  Particular 
Charges. 

Pluticalar  Charges  in  marine  insurance  are  ex- 
penses incurred  in  the  preservation  and  recovery 
of  insured  property  such  as  warehouse  rent,  cost  of 
reshipping ;  cost  of  forwarding  differ  from  Par- 
ticular Average  charges  which  arise  from  actual 
damage  (diminution  and /or  deterioration)  but  not 
expenses  in  recovery  or  saving  the  property: 
(Kidston  v.  Empire  Marine,  L.R.  i  C.P.  535  ; 
L.R.  2  C.P.  357.) 

Partung.    Breaking. 

Partiben.  The  wooden  frame-work  round  the 
scuttles  in  a  ship's  deck,  through  which  masts, 
capstans,  etc.,  pass. 

Partridge*  British  ist  class  gim-boat  (75  tons, 
13^  kts.).     Launched  1888. 

PascaL    French  2nd  class  cruiser.  (Toulon,  1895.) 
Length  332ft.   Beam  44ft.  Maximum  draught  21ft. 
Displacement  4,000  tons.     Complement  378. 
Guns.  Armour, 

4—6*4  in.,  45  cal.       "  Steel." 
10—4  in.  2  in.  Deck. 

10 — 3  pdr.  a  in.  Casemates. 

4 — I  pdr.  2  in.  Conning  tower. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (177  in.). 
2  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.,  8,500  s  19*5  kts.    Coal  maxi- 
mum 750  tons.    Approximate  cost  ;f3 50,000. 

Pass.    A  geographical   term  abbreviated   from 
passage. 

Passage  money  claoM.    See  Clauses. 

Passaro,  Baitte  of  Cape.  In  17 18  the  British 
under  Admiral  Byng,  when  on  a  mission  to  relieve 
the  to-wn  of  Messina,  attacked,  off  Cape  Passaro, 
the  Spanish,  who  had  seized  the  whole  island 
of  Sicily.  Admiral  Byng  captured  the  Spanish 
admiral  and  two  flag  officers,  and  of  40  Spanish 
vessels,  he  took,  burnt,  or  compelled  the  enemy 
to   destroy  25. 

Passenger.  A  name  applied  to  one  traveUing  on 
a  ship,  not  being  one  of  the  ship's  company. 

Passenger  boats.  Merchant  Shipping  Act,  1894, 
sections  267-368. 

I.  The  expression  "passenger  steamer"  means 
every  British  steamship  carrying  passengers  to. 
from,  or  between  places  in  the  United  Kingdom, 
and  every  foreign  steamship  carrying  passengers  be- 
tween places  in  the  United  Kingdom.  Every  ship 
carrying   more  than   12    passengers  must  be  sur- 


veyed at  least  once  a  year  by  a  shipwright  surveyor 
and  engineer  surveyor,  whose  declarations,  stating 
certain  particulars  as  to  the  efficiency  of  ship,  her 
machinery,   fittings  and  officers'  certificates,   are 
transmitted  by  the  owner  to  the  Board  of  Trade. 
The  Board  then  issues  a  certificate  (a  dupUcate  of 
which  is  posted  on  the  ship)  specifying  the  limits 
(if  any)  beyond  which  the  steamer  is  not  to  ply  and 
the  number  of  passengers  she  is  fit  to  carry  in  each 
class.     An  appeal  by  the  owner  from  the  declaration 
of  or  refusal  to  give  a  declaration  by  the  surveyor 
is  heard  by  the  local  Court  of  Survey.     For  carry- 
ing passengers  in  excess  of  the  number  allowed,  the 
owner  or  master  shall  be  liable  to  a  fine  not  exceed- 
ing ;£2o,  and  also  to  a  fine  not  exceeding  55.  for 
every  passenger  above  the  number  allowed.     The 
general  equipment  of  passenger  steamers  is  regu- 
lated by  section  285,  which  deals  with  compass 
adjustment,  fire  hoses,   deck  shelters  and  safety 
valves.     No  ship  shall  carry  any  passengers  on 
more  than  two  decks  except  that  cabin  passengers 
not  exceeding  one  for  every  100  tons  of  the  ship's 
registered   tonnage,   and  sick  person   in   hospital 
may  be  carried  in  a  poop  or  deck  house.     Every 
foreign-going  ship  having  on  board    100  persons 
must    carry    a    medical    practitioner.     Refer    to 
Cabin,  Shipmate. 

2.  The  expression  "  emigrant  ship  "  means  every 
sea-going  ship,  British  or  foreign,  carrying  more 
than  50  steerage  passengers,  or  a  greater  number 
than  one  adult  for  every  33  tons  of  a  sailing  vessel's 
registered  tonnage,  and  for  every  20  tons  of  a 
steamer's  registered  tonnage.     Before  proceeding 
to  sea  from  a  port  in  the  United  Kingdom  (a)  every 
emigrant  ship  not  holding  a  passenger  certificate 
must  be  surveyed  under  the  direction  of  an  emigra- 
tion officer,  and,  in  addition  to  other  requirements 
under  this  Act,  be  provided  with  (i)  three  steering 
compasses    and    one    azimuth    compass.     (2)    at 
least  one  chronometer  if  going  north  of,  and  two 
chronometers    if   going   south   of,    the   equator ; 
(3)  a  fire  engine,  means  of  night  signalling,  and 
three  bower  anchors  and  cables,  approved  by  the 
emigration  officer ;   and  (4)  if  a  foreign  ship,  with 
four  life  buoys  kept  ready  for  use.     (&)  The  food 
and  water  must  be  surveyed  and  the  emigration 
officer   satisfied    as    to    their   condition,     (c)  The 
medical  stores,  comforts  and  disinfectants  must  be 
medically  inspected,     (d)  The  crew  and  steerage 
passengers  shall  be  medically  inspected  and  the 
emigration  officer  satisfied  that  they  are  fit  to  pro- 
ceed to  sea.     (e)  The  master  and  owner  or  charterer 
shall  enter  into  a  joint  and  several  bond  in  the  sum 
of  £2,000  to  the  Crown.    Where  neither  the  owner 
nor  charterer  resides  in  the  British  Isles,  the  bond 
shall  be  in  the  sum  of  ;£5,ooo,  and  shall  contain  a 
condition  for  the  payment  to  the  Crown,  as  a  Crown 
debt,  of  all  expenses  incurred  under  this  Act,  in 
rescuing,    maintaining,    and    forwarding   to    their 
destination  any  steerage    passengers  who,   from 

shipwreck  or  other  causes  apart  from  their  own 

R  2 


} 


PASSENGERS 


484 


PATRIA 


default  or  neglect,  are  not  conveyed  to  their 
intended  destination. 

The  loth  Schedule  of  this  Act  limits  the  number 
of  passengers  to  be  carried,  the  nth  provides  for 
their  berthing,  hospitals,  privies,  and  ventilation  ; 
the  12th  contains  a  scale  of  weekly  dietary. 

Every  emigrant  ship  shall  be  manned  by  an 
efficient  crew  to  the  satisfaction  of  the  emigration 
officer.  A  medical  officer  shall  be  carried  where 
there  are  over  50  steerage  passengers,  or  over  300 
souls,  all  told,  on  board. 

Refer  to  Deck  Cargo,  Dangerous  Goods,  Merchant 
Shipping  Act. 

PaBsengen.  The  expression  "  passenger  '*  in- 
cludes any  person  carried  on  a  ship,  other  than  the 
master  or  crew  and  the  owners,  his  family  and 
servants.  The  shipowner  in  relation  to  passengers 
is  not  an  insurer,  his  duty  is  to  use  '*  due  care." 
He  does  not  warrant  the  soundness  of  his  ship,  and 
is  not  liable  for  latent  defects  in  her.  He  is,  how- 
ever, responsible  to  a  passenger  he  has  contracted 
to  carry  for  injury  caused  by  the  negligence  of  his 
servants  while  acting  within  the  scope  of  their 
employment,  and  is  likewise  responsible  to  a  passen- 
ger carried  on  another  ship  for  injury  caused  by 
collision  with  that  other  ship  due  to  the  negligence 
of  his  servants.  The  shipowner  is  also  liable  for 
luggage  lost  or  damaged  whilst  in  the  charge  of  his 
servants,  unless  the  passenger  has  control  of  it. 
But  if  a  shipowner  contracts  himself  out  of  his 
liability  for  loss  or  damage  to  a  passenger  of  his 
baggage,  the  terms  of  the  contract  will  be  binding 
if  brought  to  the  passenger's  notice.  Passengers  are 
subject  to  the  authority  of  the  master,  and  the 
limit  of  this  authority  is  the  necessity  of  the  case, 
having  regard  to  the  security  of  the  ship  and  those 
on  board.  There  is  a  lien  for  unpaid  passage  money 
on  luggage,  but  not  on  the  passenger  himself,  or  his 
clothes. 

Refer  to  Cabin,  Employers'  Liability,  Limitation 
of  Liability,  Merchant  Shipping  Act. 

Paasengen,  Sea.    See  Merchant  Shipping. 

Paase  voUuit.  An  obsolete  term  expressing  a 
movable  piece  of  ordnance. 

Panport.  X.  A  document  issued  by  the  Foreign 
Office  to  a  person  about  to  travel  abroad  (on  pro- 
duction of  a  certificate  of  identity)  requesting 
foreign  governments  to  assist  and  protect  the 
holder  whose  signature  it  bears. 

In  the  following  countries  a  passport  is  absolutely 
essential,  otf.,  Austria-Hungary  (if  entered  from 
Servia  or  Rou mania),  China  (except  the  open  ports), 
the  Dominican  Republic,  Hayti,  Persia,  Rouma- 
nia,  Russia,  the  Turkish  Empire,  and  Venezuela. 

2.  A  Passport,  also  called  a  Sea  Letter  or  Sea 
Brief,  is  a  certificate  carried  by  every  neutral 
vessel,  in  the  time  of  war,  to  insure  her  immunity 
from  capture.  In  it  is  set  out  the  name  of  the 
master,  the  tonnage  and  destination  of  the  vessel, 
and  the  nature  and  quantity  of  her  cargo. 


Such  certificate  grants  the  master  permission  to 
sail  on  the  intended  voyage  under  the  protection 
of  his  country's  flag,  together  with  which  it  affords 
the  chief  proof  of  neutrality. 

Patagonia.  Argentine  small  cruiser.  (Trieste. 
1885.) 

Displacement  1,442  tons.     Complement  210. 
Guns.  A  rmour. 

I— 10  in.  "  Steel." 

6 — 6' I  pdr.  I J  in.  Deck. 

4  in.  Gun  shields. 
Twin   screw.     Hp.    2,400=14  kts.     Coal   maxi- 
mum 350  tons. 

Patenoo,  Jamea  Venn  (b.  Glasgow,  June  17, 1867). 
American  naval  architect.  Educated  Glasgow 
University,  West  of  Scotland  Technical  College. 
Served  apprenticeship  in  Linthouse  shipyard  and 
Meadowside  shipyards,  Clyde,  and  in  1891  was 
appointed  chief  draughtsman  at  Southampton 
Naval  Works.  Assisted  Professor  J.  H.  Biles  in 
designing  the  St,  Louis,  St,  Paul,  and  other  steamers 
for  the  American  and  Red  Star  Line,  and  superin- 
tended their  construction.  In  1893  became  naval 
architect  to  the  International  Navigation  Co..  now 
the  International  Mercantile  Marine  Co.  Is  the 
inventor  of  a  flexible  joint  for  the  superstructures 
of  steamers,  which  has  proved  a  great  success. 
Member  of  the  Institution  of  Naval  Architects,  the 
Institution  of  Engineers  and  Shipbuilders,  and  the 
Society  of  Naval  Architects  and  Marine  Engineers. 

Patenon,  Walter  Laidlaw  CoLvin  (b.  Lanarkshire). 
Served  his  apprenticeship  to  engineering  with  the 
Shotts  Iron  Co.,  and  in  i860  joined  the  firm  of 
Messrs.  Randolph,  Elder,  and  Co.  He  became 
associated  with  the  Anchor  Line  as  junior 
engineer,  and  was  promoted  chief  engineer,  and 
has  served  in  tliis  capacity  in  most  of  their  new 
steamers.  In  1881  he  retired  from  active  sea  life, 
and  became  assistant  superintendent  engineer,  and 
in  1884  promoted  to  chief  superintendent  engineer. 
Member  of  the  Institution  of  Engineers  and  Ship- 
builders. 

Pathfinder.     British  scout.     (Laird,  1904.) 

Length  360ft.  Beam  38ft  Maximum  draught  i  sift. 

Displacement  2.500  tons.    Complement  268. 

Guns,  Armour. 

10 — 12  pdr.  ij  in.  Deck. 

8  Pompoms. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
2  Submerged. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  17,000=25  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 380  tons.     Approximate  cost  j£275,ooo. 

Patria.  Portuguese  gun-boat.  (Lisbon,  1903.) 
Length.  197  ft. ;  beam,  27 J  ft. ;  draught,  8 J  ft.  ; 
displacement,  620  tons ;  armament,  4  4-in.,  6  i  'S-in. 
Hp.,  1,800=15  kts. 

Patria.  Argentine  torpedo  gun-boat.  (Birken- 
head, 1894.) 


PATRIE 


485 


PEARY 


Length  250ft.     Beam  21ft.     Draught  loft. 
Displacement  1,070  tons.     Complement  159. 

Guns, 

2 — 47  in. 

4 — 8  pdr. 

2 — 3  pdr. 

2  Maxims. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (14  in.). 

5  Above  water. 

Hp.  4,500=20}  kts.     Coal  288  tons. 

Patrie.     French  ist  class  battleship.    (La  Seyne, 

1903.) 

Length  452ft.  Beam  79ft.  Maximum  draught  27ft. 

Displacement  14,865  tons.     Complement  793. 

Guns.  Armour. 

4 — 12  in.,  45  cal.        "  Krupp." 

18 — 6*4  in.  II  in.  Belt  amidships. 

26 — 3  pdr.  1 3  in.  Turrets. 

2 — I  pdr.  13  in.  Conning  tower. 

Torpedo  Tub^s  (177  in.). 

2  Submerged. 

3  Above  water. 

Three  screws.     Hp.,  17,500=18  kts.    Coal  maxi- 
mum 1,850  tons.    Approximate  cost  ^1,420,000. 

PatroL     British  scout.     (Laird,   1904.) 
Length  360ft.  Beam  38ft.  Maximum  draught  i  ^itt. 
Displacement  2,500  tons.     Complement  268. 
Guns.  Armour. 

10 — 12  pdr.  ij  in.  Deck. 

8  Pompoms. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
2  Submerged. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  17,000=25  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 380  tons.     Approximate  cost  ^£275, 000. 

Fattamar.  A  lateen-rigged  dhow  type  of  cargo- 
vessel  used  by  the  Mohammedan  seamen  on  the 
Bombay  coast. 

Paul  Jones.  U.S.  torpedo-boat  destroyer  (1900). 
Displacement,  420  tons ;  complement,  64 ;  guns, 
2  14-pdr..  5  6-pdr. ;  torpedo  tubes,  2  i8-in.  amid- 
ships and  aft ;  Hp.,  8,000=29  kts. ;  coal,  139  tons. 

PawL  Short  bars  of  iron  fixed  close  to  capstan 
or  windlass  of  a  ship,  to  prevent  the  recoil  overpower- 
ing the  men. 

Pay.  To  cover  or  fill  with  a  waterproof  compo- 
sition such  as  tar,  pitch,  tallow,  resin,  etc. 

Pay  a  seam.  To  pour  hot  pitch  over  the  oakum 
after  caulking  to  keep  out  wet. 

Pay  away  and  pay  oat.  To  slacken  cables  or 
hawsers. 

Pay  down.     Lowering  an3rthing. 

Paymasters,  NavaL    See  Naval  Education. 

Pay»  NavaL    See  Naval  Education. 

Play  off.  When  the  ship's  head  falls  from  the 
-wind  and  drops  to  leeward. 

P.C.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
r^pistered  at  Cranz,  Germany. 


PJ).  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Peterhead,  Scotland. 

P.D.  Position  doubtful.  Abbreviation  adopted 
on  the  chvts  issued  by  the  Hydrographic  Office, 
Admiralty. 

P.B.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Poole,  Dorset,  England. 

Peak.  The  outer  comers  of  sails  extended  by  a 
gaflf. 

Pearl  oyster.  (Qassified  as  Avicula  Margariti- 
fera.)  Is  an  oyster  slightiy  larger  than  the  Euro- 
pean congener,  and  is  valuable  for  the  pearl  it  bears, 
the  shells  themselves  being  of  no  commercial  value. 
These  are  found  more  or  less  in  all  parts  of  the 
world,  but  particularly  on  the  coast  of  Ceylon, 
Western  Australia,  Panama,  and  some  parts  of 
Mexico  and  Califomia. 

Pearson,  Admiral  Sir  Hugo  Lewis,  E.C.B.,  cr. 

1904  (b.  June  30,  1843).  Educated  private 
schools,  Southwell,  Notts,  and  Wimbledon  ;  entered 
Navy,  1855  ;  sub-lieutenant,  1862 ;  lieutenant, 
1863  ;  commander,  1872  ;  captain,  1879 ;  served 
in  H.M.  ships  Brunswick,  Li^ey,  St.  George,  Victoria 
and  Albert,  Pelorus,  Scylla ;  commander  of  Lord 
Warden,  bearing  the  flag  of  Sir  Hastings  Yelverton, 
G.C.B. ;  commanded  St.  Vincent,  and  Royal 
Yacht  Osborne ;  flag-captain  to  Sir  Wm.  Do  well, 
G.C.B. ,  in  H.M.S.  Audacious,  on  China  Station ; 
captain  of  Colossus  and  Excellent ;  Naval  A.D.C. 
to  the  late  Queen  Victoria,  1892-95  ;  captain  of 
Collingwood  and  Barfleur  during  manoeuvres,  1S95  i 
rear-admiral,  1895  *  rear-adnural  in  Reserve 
Fleet,  with  flag  in  Warspite  and  Sans  Pareil,  at 
manoeuvres,  and  at  Spithead  in  Jubilee  Fleet; 
Commander-in-Chief  Australian  Station,  1898-1901  ; 
vice-admiral  1901  ;  Commander-in-Chief  at  the 
Nore,  1904 ;  K.C.B.  on  His  Majesty's  birthday, 
1904 ;  admiral,  1904. 

Peary,  Robert  Bdwin  (1856).  American  Arctic 
explorer  and  civil  engineer,  U.S.  Navy,  with  the 
rank  of  commander  (b.  Cresson  Springs,  Pena., 
U.S.A.).  Entered  U.S.  Navy  in  1881,  and  four 
years  later  was  appointed  assistant-engineer  on  th« 
Nicaragua  Ship  Canal,  subsequently  being  ap- 
pointed superintendent-engineer  of  the  League 
Island  Naval  Dry  Dock.  His  first  experience  in 
Arctic  exploration  began  in  1891,  and  is  described 
in  his  *'  Northward,  over  the  Great  Ice  "  (1898), 
and  in  a  paper  "  Four  Years'  Arctic  Exploration  " 
(1898- 1 902).  In  his  '*  Northward,  over  the  Great 
Ice,"  he  summarises  his  work  thus  :  A  summer 
voyage  and  reconnaissance  of  the  Greenland  inland 
ice  (1886)  ;  a  13  months'  sojourn  in  North  Green- 
land, including  a  1,200  miles  sledge  journey  across 
the  ice-cap,  and  the  determination  of  the  insularity 
of  Greenland  (1891-92)  ;  a  25  months'  stay  in  North 
Greenland,  including  a  second  1,200  miles  sledge 
journey  across  the  ice-cap ;  the  completion  of  the 
study  of  the  Whale  Sound  natives ;  a  detailed 


PEB. 


486 


PELIKAN 


survey  of  that  region,,  and  the  discovery  of  the 
great  Cape  York  meteorites   (1893-95) ;   sununer 
voyages   (1896-97),  including  the  securing  of  the 
last   and   largest   of   the   Cape   York   meteorites. 
During  the  third  Arctic  expedition  for  the  dis- 
covery of  the  North  Pole  (1898- 1902)  Peary  rounded 
the  northern  end  of  Greenland,  the  most  northerly 
known  land  in  the  world,  and  succeeded  in  reaching 
84°    17'   N.    latitude,    the    highest   latitude   then 
attained.     In  the  summer  of  1905  he  started  by 
way  of  Greenland  for  the  North  Pole  in  the  steamer 
Roosevelt,  specially  constructed  for  the  undertaking, 
provided  with  armature  to  force  its  way  through 
the  ice,  and  furnished  with  an  installation  of  wire- 
less telegraphy.     On  November  4,  1906.  news  was 
received  in  New  York  that  Peary  had  gained  for 
the  United  States  the  "  Furthest  North  "  record. 
The   Roosevelt  spent  the  winter  of   1905   on  the 
north  coast  of  Grant  Land,  somewhere  north  of 
the  Alert's  winter  quarters.     In  February,   1905, 
Peary  with  his  party  went  north  with  sledges  via 
Hecla  and  Columbia.     They  were  delayed  by  open 
water  between  84°  and  85*,  and  beyond  85**  a  six 
days'  gale  disrupted  the  ice,  destroyed  the  caches, 
cut  off  communication  with  the  supporting  bodies, 
and  drifted  them  due  east.    They  reached  87*  6'  N. 
latitude  over  ice,  drifting  steadily  eastwards.     On 
the  return  journey  great  hardships  were  endured, 
and  the  ship  was  eventually  reached  by  way  of 
the  Greenland  coast.     After  one  week's  recupera- 
tion in  the  Roosevelt,  Peary  with  his  party  sledged 
west,  completing  the  north  coast  of  Grant  Land, 
and  reaching  other  land  near  the  looth  meridian. 
The  homeward   voyage  was  an  incessant  battie 
with  ice,  storms,  and  head  winds.     The  Roosevelt 
proved  herself  a  magnificent  ice  fighter  and  sea- 
boat,  and  on  her  arrival  in  Battle  Harbour,  Labrador, 
was  without  coal,  the  expedition  being  obliged  to 
use  some  of  the  wood  fittings  and  large  quantities 
of  blubber  as  fuel  to  get  her  to  port,  which  was 
made  November  3,  1906,  after  an  absence  of  nearly 
18  months. 

peb.  Pebbles.  Abbreviation  adopted  on  the 
charts  issued  by  the  Hydrographic  Ofifice,  Ad- 
miralty, denoting  the  quality  of  the  ocean's  bottom. 

Peder  Skram.    Danish  coast  service  battleship 

(1905). 

Length  272ft.   Beam  49ft.   Maximum  draught  i6ft. 
Displacement  3,470  tons.     Complement  250. 
Guns.  Armour, 

2 — 9-4  in.  "  Krupp." 

4 — 6  in.'  7  in.  Belt  amidships. 

10 — 6  pdr.  7  in.  Turrets. 

4 — I  pdr.  7  in.  Conning  tower. 

5  Machine. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 

3  Submerged. 

Hp.  4,200=16*5  kts. 

PefMO.  Italian  torpedo-boat.  (Naples,  1905.) 
Length,   165   ft.;  beam,    17  ft.;  draught,   7  ft.; 


displacement,  200  tons ;  armament,  3  3-pdr., 
3  tubes;  twin  screw;  Hp.,  3,000=25  kts.;  coal, 
40  tons. 

PegaBIU.     British  3rd  class  cruiser.     (Sheemess, 

1897.) 

Length  300ft.   Beam  36ft.   Maximum  draught  17ft. 

Displacement  2,135  tons.     Complement  224. 

Guns.  Armour. 

8 — 4  in.  2  in.  Deck. 

8 — 3  pdr. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (14  in.). 

2  Above  water. 

Twin  screw.     Hp.  7,000=20*5  kts.     Coal  normal 

250  tons.     Approximate  cost  £1$ 0,000. 

This    ship-name    is    associated    with    Rodney's 

action  against  De  Guichen,    1780 ;   Hood  at  St 

Kitt's,    1782 ;   battle  of  "  The  Glorious   First  of 

June,"  1794. 

PegBMlB.    Steam  packet  from  Leith.     Lost  ofi 
Fern  Island,  July  19,  1843  f  5^  ^^ea  lost. 

Peg-top  sunset.    When  the  sun  is  setting  over 
the  sea  it  sometimes  assumes  the  shape  of  a  peg-    ' 
top  owing  to  refraction. 

P.  E.  H.     Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing 
boats  registered  at  Perth,  Scotland. 

Pelayo.    Spanish    armoured    ship.     (La    Seyae, 
1887.)     Reconstructed  1897. 
Length  330ft.   Beam  66ft.  Maximum  draught  28ft 
Displacement  9,950  tons.     Complement  621. 
Guns.  Armour. 

2—12-6  in.  "  Steel." 

2 — II  in.  16  in.  Belt  amidships. 

9 — 5*5  in.  16  in.  Barbettes. 

12 — 2  pdr.  3  in.  Battery. 

9 — I  pdr. 
2  Machine. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
7  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.   7,996=16  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 667  tons. 

Pelenk-i-Deria.    Turkish  torpedo  gun-boat  ( 1 890] . 
Displacement  900  tons. 
Guns. 
2 — ^4  in. 
6 — 3  pdr. 
Torpedo  Tubes. 
3  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  forced  4,500=19  kts. 

Pelikaan.  Netherlands  gun-vessel,  Dutch  Indian 
Navy  (1888).  Displacement,  400  tons.  Of  little 
fighting  value. 

PeUkan.  Austro-Hungarian  turret  defence  ship. 
(Elbing,  1893.)  Length,  279  ft. ;  beam,  39^^  ft ; 
draught.  15^  ft.;  displacement,  2,431  tons;  com- 
plement, 198  ;  armament,  2  5'9-in.,  8  small,  4  tubes : 
Hp.,  4,600=18  kts. 

PeUkan.  German  cruiser  (mining  ship).  (Kiel, 
1891.)     Length.  259  ft. ;  beam,  38  ft.  ;   dranght. 


i 
I 


PELLICANO 


487 


PENINSULAR 


14^  ft.;  displacement,  2,215  tons;  complement. 
183  ;  armament,  4  3*4-iii-.  4  Maxims  ;  Hp.,  3,000= 
1 5  kts.     Coal,  370  tons. 

Pellioano.  Italian  torpedo-boat.  (Odero,  1899.) 
Length,  157  f t.  ;  beam,  19  ft.  ;  draught,  14  ft.  ; 
displacement,  147  tons ;  complement,  28  ;  arma- 
ment, 2  3-pdr.,  2  tubes  ;  twin  screw ;  Hp.,  2,700= 
25  kts. ;  coal,  24  tons. 

Pelonu.  British  3rd  class  cruiser.  (Sheerness, 
1896.) 

Length  300ft.   Beam  36ft.   Maximum  draught  17ft. 
Displacement  2,135  tons.     Complement  224. 
Guns.  Armour. 

8 — 4  in.  2  in.  Deck. 

8 — 3  pdr. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (14  in.). 
2  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  7,000=20*5  kts.     Coal  normal 
250  tons.     Approximate  cost  ;£  1 50,000. 

Pembroke.  60  guns.  On  April  13,  1749,  this 
vessel  was  lost  near  Porto  Novo,  when  330  of  her 
crew  perished! 

Pembroke.  British  depot  ship  (5,724  tons). 
Launched  1859. 

Pembroke    Dock    Qaietto.     Established    1861. 
.Published  weekly  (Thursday).     Price  id.    Address : 
Pembroke. 

Pembroke  Dock  Journal.  Established  1901. 
Published  weekly  (Thursday).  Price  id.  Address  : 
Pembroke. 

Pembrokeshire  Sailing  Club.  Established  1894. 
Commodore,  Major  H.  W.  Davis  ;  Vice-Commodore, 
J.  B.  -Gaskell ;  Honorary  Secretary  and  Treasurer, 
E.  G.  Elford,  Pembroke  Dock,  South  Wales. 
Annual  subscription,  los. 

Pemone.     British  3rd  class  cruiser.     (Sheerness, 

1897.) 

Length  300ft.   Beam  36ft.   Maximum  draught  17ft. 

Displacement  2,135  tons.     Complement  224. 

Guns.  Armour. 

8 — 4  in.  2  in.  Deck. 

8—3  pdr. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (14  in.). 

2  Above  water. 

Twin  screw.     Hp.  7,000=20*5  kts.     Coal  normal 

250  tons.    Approximate  cost  ;£i  50,000. 

Penarth  Tacht  Club.  Established  1881.  Flag: 
Red  ensign.  Burgee :  Blue,  with  white  dog's 
head.  Commodore,  Colonel  Fitzroy  Clayton  ;  Vice- 
Commodore,  J.  Chellew ;  Rear-Commodore,  Good- 
enough  Taylor  ;  Treasurer  and  Secretary,  F.  P. 
Adey.  Entrance  fee,  £2  2s.  and  £1  is.)  annual 
subscription,  £2  25.  and  £1  is. 

PenoeL    A  small  flag. 

Pendant     A  thick  rope  with  tackle  attached. 

PendflTf  Sir  John  (1816-96).  Pioneer  of  sub- 
marine telegraphy  (b.  Scotland).     Was  one  of  the 


345  contributors  who  risked  ;£  1,000  each  in  the 
Transatlantic  cable  in  1857,  and  when  the  Atlantic 
Cable  Co.  was  ruined  by  the  loss  of  the  1065  cable, 
he  formed,  together  witW  Sir  William  Thomson  (the 
late  Lord  Kelvin),  Sir  Charles  Bright,  and  others, 
the  Anglo-American  Co.,  and  a  new  cable  was  laid 
in  1866.  Subsequently  he  fostered  cable  enterprise 
in  all  parts  of  the  world,  and  to  his  energy  was 
due  the  formation  of  the  Eastern  and  Eastern 
Extension  Telegraph  Companies,  and  at  the  time 
of  his  death  he  controlled  companies  having  a 
capital  of  ;£i  5,000,000  sterUng,  and  owning •73,460 
nautical  miles  of  cable. 

Penelope.    24    guns.     In    October,    1780,    this 
vessel  was  lost  iilf  a  storm  in  the  West  Indies. 

Penguin.    British  sloop   (1,130  tons,    11   kts.). 
Launched  1876. 

Peninsular  and  Oriental  Steamship  Co.    One  of 

the  first  notable  steamship  lines  to  be  organised 
for  over-sea  service  was  that  which  ultimately 
became  the  Peninsular  and  Oriental  Co.  It  had 
its  origin  in  steamship  service  from  Falmouth  to 
Oporto,  Lisbon.  Cadiz,  and  Gibraltar,  and  was 
originally  started  in  1825  with  the  William  FawceU. 
Four  steamers  were  built  in  1836-37 — the  Tagus, 
Don  Juan,  Briganza,  and  Iberia.  It  was  not  until 
1840,  when  a  Une  of  steamers  was  established 
from  England  to  Gibraltar,  Malta,  and  Alexandria, 
that  the  real  work  of  the  company  commenced.  This 
line  carried  the  mails  as  far  as  Alexandria,  whence 
they  were  conveyed  overland  to  Suez,  and  from 
thence  by  the  East  India  Co.'s  vessels  to  Bombay. 
This  service  developed  into  the  P.  and  O.  service, 
when  in  1840  the  company  took  over  the  mail 
service  on  the  Indian  Ocean.  In  1847  they  ex- 
tended their  operations  to  India.  With  the  open- 
ing of  the  Suez  Canal  in  1870  the  company  started 
a  through  service  from  the  United  Kingdom  to 
India,  and  now  maintains  a  weekly  service  from 
London  carrying  mails,  passengers,  and  cargo  to 
Egypt,  China  and  Japan,  and  Australia.  The 
mails  are  invariably  ahead  of  the  contract  time, 
which  is  :  India.  1 3^  days ;  China,  32  days  ;  Aus- 
tralia, 29J  days.  Many  of  the  company's  steamers 
are  subsidised  by  the  British  Government,  and  are 
used  as  transports.  The  Caledonia,  7,500  tons, 
holds  the  record  from  London  to  Bombay.  The 
Isis  and  Osiris,  running  in  the  Brindisi-Port  Said 
service,  have  delivered  the  Egjrptian  mails  within 
four  days  of  their  leaving  London. 

Fleet. 

Arabia.  China.  India. 

Arcadia,  Chusan,  Isis. 

Assaye.  Delhi.  Japan. 

Banea.  Delta.  Java. 

Borneo.  Devanha,  Macedonia. 

Britannia.  Dongola.  Malacca. 

Caledonia.  Egypt.  Malta. 

Candia.  Formosa.  Malwa. 

Ceylon.  Himalaya.  Manila. 


PENN 


488 


PERILS 


Fleet  (continued). 

Manitta,  Oriental.  Salsette. 

MarmSra.  Osiris.  Sardinia. 

Mazagon.  Peki^  Sicilia. 

Moldavia.  Persia.  Simla. 

Mongolia.  Palawan.  Socotra. 

Mooltan.  Palermo.  Sof^ali. 

Morea,  Palma.  Soudan 

Namur.  Peninsular.  Sumatra. 

Nile.  Pera.  Sunda. 

Nore.  Peshawur,  Syria. 

Nukia.  Plassy.  Tientsin. 

Nyanza.  Poona.  Vectis. 

Oceana.  Victoria. 
Gross  tonnage,  440^000. 

Penn,  Admiral  WiUiam  ( 1 62 1  -70) .  Took  part  under 
Blake  in  the  first  Dutch  war  at  the  battle  of  Port- 
land, 1653,  and  later  in  the  same  year  was  present 
at  the  battles  off  the  North  Foreland  and  ofE 
Scheveningen.  Promoted  Admiral  of  the  Fleet, 
1654,  and  in  the  following  year  was  present  at  the 
capture  of  Jamaica.  Received  the  honour  of 
knighthood  in  1660,  and  made  a  Lord  of  the  Admi- 
ralty in  1665.  Served  under  the  Duke  of  York 
at  the  battle  of  Lowestoft.  He  was  the  father  of 
William  Penn,  the  founder  of  Pennsylvania. 

Pennant.  A  small  flag  borne  at  the  mast-head 
of  a  ship-of-war. 

Pennon.    See  Flag. 

Pennsylvania.    U.S.  ist  class  cruiser.     (Cramp's, 

1903.) 

Length  502ft.  Beam  70ft.  Maximum  draught  27ft. 

Displacement  1 3,400  tons.     Complement  822. 
Guns.  Armour, 

4 — 8  in..  45  cal.         "  Krupp." 
14 — 5  in.  6  in.  Belt  amidships. 

18 — 14  pdr.  6  in.  Turrets. 

1 2 — 3  pdr.  9  in.  Conning  tower. 

8 — I  pdr. 
8  Colts. 
2  Field  guns,  3  in. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
2  Submerged. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  23,000=22  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 2,000  tons.     Approximate  cost  ^J  1,200,000. 

Penny»  Captain.    See  Arctic  Exploration. 

Pensions,  Naval.    See  Naval  Education. 

Pentad.    A  period  of  five  days. 

Penombra.  A  faint  shadow  which  accompanies 
an  eclipse  and  occasions  a  partial  obscurity  of  the 
body  to  that  part  of  the  earth  on  which  it  falls. 

Per.    Abbreviation  for  Persian. 

PeraL  Spanish  gun -vessel.  Of  little  fighting 
value. 

Percolation.  The  penetration  of  rain  into  the 
soil. 


Peresviet  See  Sagami.  ist  class  battleship. 
(New  Admiralty,  1898.)  Damaged  by  the  Japanese 
at  the  battle  of  Round  Island,  August  io«  i9<M> 
and  eventually  blown  up  by  the  Russians  in  Port 
Arthur  Harbour  before  capitulation,  January,  1905. 
Since  raised,  refitted,  and  added  to  the  active  list 
of  the  Japanese  Navy. 

Perigeo.  That  point  of  the  moon  or  a  planet's 
orbit  at  its  least  distance  from  the  earth. 

Perihelion.  That  point  of  a  planet's  orbit  at 
its  least  distance  from  the  sun. 


Perils  of  the  sea.  in  marine  insurance  policies 
appear  the  clause  : 

"  And  of  all  other  perils,  losses,  and  misfortunes 
that  have  or  shall  come  to  the  hurt,  detriment,  or 
damage  of  the  said  goods  and  merchandise,  and 
ships,  etc.,  or  any  part  thereof." 

The  terms  of  this  clause  are  so  comprehensive 
that  they  might  be  supposed  to  embrace  every 
species  of  mishap,  not  already  particularised  in 
the  policy  to  which  property  at  sea  can  be  sub- 
jected. This,  however,  is  not  the  case.  The 
foundation  of  all  claims  upon  policies  of  marine 
insurance  must  be  accident,  and  the  "  perils, 
losses,  and  misfortunes  "  above  referred  to  only 
include  such  as  arise  from  similar  causes,  and  are 
of  a  like  kind  with  those  mentioned  in  the  policy. 
(Merchants  Trading  Co.  v.  Universal  Co.,  L.R.  9 
Q.B.  596.) 

Thus  it  has  been  held  that  this  general  indemnifi- 
cation includes  the  risk  of  loss  by  land  carriage 
when  specified  in  the  policy ;  damage  to  a  ship 
heeled  over  by  the  wind  in  a  graving  dock  ;  loss  of 
dollars  jettisoned  from  a  vessel  in  imminent  danger 
of  capture,  to  prevent  their  falling  into  the  hands 
of  the  enemy ;  loss  by  one  British  ship  firing  upon 
and  sinking  another  on  the  supposition  that  she 
was  an  enemy's  vessel,  etc.  (Fletcher  v.  Inglts, 
2  B.  and  A.  315  ;  Magnus  v.  But  termer,  11  C.B. 
876.) 

Damage  done  by  rats   (^.t;.),  as,   for  example. 
gnawing  holes  in  a  ship's  bottom,  rendering  her 
unfit  for  sea,  is  not  a  peril  insured  againsL      If. 
however,  a  rat  should  gnaw  through  a  leaden  pipe, 
and  thereby  let  in  water  which  sinks  the  ship,  the 
underwriter  would  be  liable.     (Hamilton  v.  Pan- 
dorff,   L.R.    12   App.   Cas.    518).     If  a  sword-fish 
drives  its  snout  through  a  plank,  it  has  never  been 
questioned  that  the  underwriter  must  pay  for  it. 
Worming  is  an  example  of  the  same  kind  on  a 
smaller  scale.    Damage  done  by  worms  to  the  plank- 
ing or  timbers  of  wooden  ships  can  be  effectually 
prevented  only  by  copper  or  metal  sheathing.      If, 
through  accident,  such  as  grounding,  the  sheathing 
is  anywhere  rubbed  ofi,  and  worms  get  in  through 
the  unprotected  part,  such  damage  must  be  borne 
by  the  underwriter ;  not  so  if  a  ship,  unprotected 
by  metal  sheathing,  be  sent  into  seas  infested  by 
worms.    This,  in  such  a  case,  would  be  a    loss 
which  must,  not  which  may,  ensue. 


PERIODICAL 


489 


PETERSEN 


The  underwriter  is  liable  for  losses  which,  in  one 
sense,  may  be  called  the  direct  consequences  of  the 
crew's  neglect  or  misconduct.  When  a  drunken 
mate  put  a  lighted  candle  under  his  bed  and  set 
fire  to  the  ship,  the  underwriters  were  held  liable 
as  from  loss  by  fire.  When  a  collision  occurs  in 
fine,  clear  weather  through  the  blunder  of  a  sailor 
putting  the  wheel  the  wrong  way,  the  underwriter 
is  liable. 

When  goods  on  board  a  steamer  are  damaged 
by  sea  water  admitted  into  the  hold  through  the 
negligence  of  an  engineer  in  leaving  open  a  bilge 
cock,  the  underwriter  is  liable. 

Periodioftl  variations.  The  variations  which  recur 
at  regular  intervals,  such  as  a  day  or  a  year. 

Perle.  French  submarine.  (Cherbourg,  1903.) 
Length,  jy  ft. ;  beam,  ^\  ft. ;  draught,  8  ft. ;  dis- 
placement»  68  tons  ;  complement,  5  ;  Hp.,  60 » 8  kts. 

Pemambneo.  Brazilian  coast  defence  service 
cruiser.  (Rio  de  Janeiro,  1892.)  Length,  137  ft. ; 
beam,  34^  ft. ;  draught,  6^  ft. ;  displacement, 
463  tons ;  guns,  2  4*7-in.,  i  2'5-in.,  5  Maxims ; 
armour,  "  Harvey-steel/'  5 -in.  belt  amidships,  6-in. 
barbettes  ;  Hp.,  700=12  kts. 

Pemoff.  Russian  torpedo-boat.  (Normand,  1892.) 
Length,  137  ft. ;  beam,  14J-  ft. ;  draught,  6(  ft. ; 
displacement,  120  tons;  complement.  a6;  arma- 
ment, 2  3-pdr.,  2  tubes ;  twin  screw ;  Hp.,  1,600= 
25  kts. ;  coal,  16  tons. 

Perrier.  French  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Forges 
et  Chantiers,  1904.)  Length,  180  ft.  ;  beam,  21  ft.  ; 
maximum  draught,  10  ft.  ;  displacement,  300  tons  ; 
complement,  45  ;  guns,  i  9-pdr.,  6  3-pdr. ;  torpedo 
tubes,  2  15-in.  ;  speed,  27-30  kts. 


r.    U.S.  torpedo-boat  destroyer  (1900).   Dis- 
placement,   420    tons ;    complement,    64 ;    guns, 
*  2  14-pdr.,  5  6-pdr.  ;  torpedo  tubes,  2  18 -in.  amid- 
ships and  aft ;  Hp.,  8,000=29  kts. ;  coal,  139  tons. 

Peneo.  Italian  torpedo-boat.  (Naples,  1905.) 
Length,  165  ft. ;  beam,  17  ft.  ;  draught.  7  ft.  ; 
displacement,  200  tons ;  armament,  3  3-pdr., 
2  tubes;  twin  screw;  Hp,,  3,000  =  25  kts.;  coal, 
40  tons. 

PeiaeiU.     British  3rd  class  cruiser.    (Earle,  1898.) 

Length  300ft.   Beam  36ft.  Maximum  draught  1 7ft. 

Displacement  2,135  tons.    Complement  224. 

Guns.  Afvnour, 

8 — 4  in.  2  in.  Deck. 

8 — 3  pdr. 

ToYpedo  Tubes  (14  in.). 
2  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.    Hp.  7,000=20*5  kts.    Coal  normal 
250  tons.    Approximate  cost  ;£  150,000. 

Feraeiu.  An  ancient  constellation  or  solar  star 
of  z'9  magnitadei  extending  from  Cassiopeia  to 
Taurus,  and  traversed  by  the  Milky  Way. 


Penda.  British  subsidised  merchant  ship  (1900). 
P.  and  O.  Co.  {q.v,).  Dimensions,  500  x  54x33  ft.  ; 
gross  tonnage,  7,900 ;  passenger  accommodation, 
530  ;  Hp.,  9.400=  18  kts. 

Perth  Taoht  dab.  Royal.  See  Royal  Perth  Yacht 
Club. 

Pertoiflane.  French  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Nor- 
mand, 1902.)  Length,  180  ft.  ;  beam,  21  ft.  ; 
maximum  draught,  10  ft.  ;  displacement,  300  tons  ; 
complement.  45  ;  guns,  i  9-pdr.,  6  3-pdr.  ;  torpedo 
tubes.  2  15-in. ;  speed,  27-30  kts. 

P«Mar.  Russian  submarine  (1905).  Length, 
77  ft. ;  displacement,  175  tons ;  speed,  7  kts. 

Peter  boat.  A  fishing  boat  used  on  the  Thames 
and  Medway. 

PetereL  British  torpedo-boat  destroyer  (265 
tons,  30  kts.).     Launched  1899. 

Petembnrg.  Russian  steamer.  Russian  volun- 
teer fleet.     Refer  to  Privateer. 

Petefsen,  William  (b.  Denmark,  May  29,  1856). 
Educated  for  the  Danish  Navy  as  cadet,  and 
studied  for  the  Bar  at  Copenhagen  University.  In 
1875  be  Ic^t  Denmark,  and  came  to  England  to 
adopt  a  maritime  career,  and  for  some  years  sailed 
as  officer,  and  was  in  command  of  steamers  in  the 
British  mercantile  marine.  Retiring  from  active 
sea  life,  he  commenced  business  as  a  shipowner, 
and  soon  gained  a  reputation  as  a  pioneer  of  many 
important  enterprises.  In  1892  he  became  the 
pioneer  of  the  turret-deck  steamers,  which  type  of 
vessel  for  the  first  few  years  of  its  existence 
had  a  severe  uphill  struggle.  The  prejudices  which 
such  a  drastic  departure  in  naval  architecture 
naturally  created  in  maritime  circles  presented  a 
strong  bar  to  its  commercial  success.  These  pre- 
judices were  so  great  that  even  Lloyd's  refused  to 
class  the  vessels,  and  the  underwriters  would  not 
insure  them,  except  at  prohibitive  rates,  and  it 
was  with  the  greatest  difficulty  that  a  crew  could 
be  procured  to  take  the  first  steamer  to  sea.  His 
firm  having  already  had  one  built,  he  was  com- 
pelled to  fall  back  upon  his  practical  sea  experi- 
ence, take  command,  and  navigate  the  first  turret 
steamer  across  the  Atlantic  himself  to  test  the  sea- 
going qualities.  The  successful  result  of  his  ex* 
periment  was  such  that,  immediately  on  his  return, 
his  firm  built  a  number  of  turret  steamers,  and 
subsequently  other  shipowners  followed  his  lead. 
In  1902  he  inaugurated  a  new  line  of  steamers 
through  the  great  Canadian  lakes,  and.  by  taking 
advantage  of  the  Canadian  canals,  he  established 
a  connection  with  the  ocean  trade,  and  for  the  first 
time  in  history  carried  freight  from  Europe  to  the 
Upper  North  American  lakes  on  a  through  bill  of 
lading,  water-borne  1,200  miles  further  west  than 
had  ever  been  done  before.  Among  other  enter- 
prises he  was  the  first  to  adopt  water-tut>e  boilers 
in  merchant  steamers,  and  several  of  them  are 
still  rumilng  successfully  on  the  Great  Lakes.    He 


PETER 


490 


PHAETON 


has  been  an  administrator  of  the  Bureau  Veritas 
since  1894,  and  was  made  an  honorary  administrator 
for  conspicuous  service  rendered,  and  is  also  a 
director  of  that  society's  committee  in  London, 
sanctioned  by  the  Board  of  Trade.  Is  the  inventor 
and'  patentee  of  an  improved  type  of  vessel,  the 
construction  of  which,  although  appearing  as  an 
improved  turret-deck  steamer,  has  features  entirely 
new  and  different  from  this  and  any  existing 
type — features  which  have  proved  highly  superior, 
especially  in  the  way  of  increase  of  speed,  carry- 
ing capacity,  strength,  and  economy.  In  1906  he 
inaugurated  the  "New  York  and  Continental  Line," 
of  which  he  is  president,  now  running,  under  the 
management  of  his  firm,  Petersen  and  Co.,  Ltd., 
between  Hamburg,  Rotterdam,  and  New  York, 
carrying  passengers  and  freight.  Member  of  the 
Society  of  Arts,  and  associate  member  of  the  Insti- 
tution of  Naval  Architects. 

Peter  VelikL  Russian  turret  battleship.  (St. 
Petersburg,  1875.) 

Length  328ft.    Beam  62ft.    Draught  24ft. 
Displacement  9.890  tons.     Complement  436. 
Guns.  Armour. 

4— 1 2  in.  "Steel." 

4 — 8 '4  in  8  in.  Belt  amidships. 

13  q.f.  8  in.  Barbettes. 

8  in.  Turrets. 
Torpedo  Tubes. 
I  Above  water. 
Hp.  8,250=14  kts.     Coal  1,200  tons. 

Petrel.  U.S.  gun-boat.  (Baltimore,  1889.) 
Length,  176^  ft.  ;  beam,  31  ft.  ;  draught,  13^  ft. ; 
displacement,  892  tons ;  complement,  122  ;  arma- 
ment, 4  6-in.,  2  3-pdr.,  4  Maxims;  Hp.,  1,045  = 
1 1  kts. :  coal,  200  tons. 

PetreL  A  popular  name  for  the  Procellariida, 
small  oceanic  birds  of  dusky  plumage,  nocturnal  in 
habit,  widely  distributed,  but  most  abundant  in 
the  southern  hemisphere.  They  seem  in  their 
element  during  stormy  weather,  and  are  known  by 
sailors  as  foul  weather  birds.  The  Procellaria 
(Thalasidroma)  pelagica  is  Mother  Carey's  Chicken, 
or  the  Stormy  Petrel. 

Petroleum.  A  liquid  consisting  of  a  number  of 
hydrocarbons,  the  composition  of  which  varies  in 
different  localities.  Chemically,  earth  oU,  naphtha, 
mineral  oil,  paraffin  oil.  These  liquids  vary  in 
colour  from  a  faint  yellow  to  a  brownish-black, 
and  in  consistence  from  a  thin  transparent  oil  to  a 
fluid  as  thick  as  treacle,  and  their  specific  gravity 
range  from  '7  to  I'l.  About  48%  of  the  world's 
production  of  petroleum  comes  from  the  United 
States,  Russia  producing  37%  and  the  balance, 
7%,  coming  from  the  Dutch  East  Indies.  The 
American  petroleum  consists  chiefly  of  paraffines, 
together  with  some  olefines  and  naphthenes.  The 
Russian  is  mostly  composed  of  naphthenes.  In 
the  process  of  manufacture  the  liquid  is  distilled  in 
fractions,  each  fraction  being  purifled  by  washing 


alternately  with  sulphuric  acid  and  caustic  soda. 
The  light  oil  is  used  for  illuminating  purposes,  and 
the  heavy  for  lubricating  machinery.  Liquid  fuels 
derived  from  petroleum  are  now  extensively  used  for 
obtaining  motive  power,  petrol,  which  is  much  the 
same  as  gasolene,  being  used  almost  exclusively  as 
the  fuel  in  internal  combustion  motors. 

Paraffin  oil  is  the  conmiercial  name  of  the  oil 
obtained  by  direct  distillation  from  American 
petroleum.  This  oil  should,  according  to  the 
Petroleum  Act  (187 1),  have  a  sp.  gr.  of  '810  to  '820, 
and  should  not  evolve  inflammable  vapour  until 
heated  to  55°.     Refer  to  Petroleum  Clause. 

See  Boyd's  "  Petroleum,  its  developments  and 
uses  "  (1895) ;  Veith  and  Hoefer's  "  Petroleum," 
Thompson  and  Redwood's  "  Handbook  on  Petro- 
leum "  (1901). 

Petroleum.  Established  1900.  Published 
monthly.  'Price  6d.  Address  :  61  Comhill,  London, 
E.C. 


Petrolenm,  etc..  Review.  Established  1899. 
Published  weekly  (Saturday).  Price  6d.  Address : 
26  Bevis  Marks,  London,  E.C. 

Petroleum  Claiise.    See  Clauses. 

Petroimvlovsk.  Russian  ist  class  battleship.  On 
April  12,  1904,  this  vessel,  flagship  of  the  Port 
Arthur  Squadron,  with  Vice-Admiral  Makaroff  on 
board,  Commander-in-Chief  of  the  Russian  Fleet 
in  the  Far  East,  struck  a  mine  while  returning 
to  Port  Arthur  after  a  sortie  with  the  Japanese,  and 
foundered  in  two  minutes.  Vice-Admiral  l^laka- 
roff,  the  famous  painter  Verestchagin,  and  about 
550  officers  and  men  perished  with  the  ship. 

Pett  A  family  of  English  shipbuilders,  of  whom 
the  most  prominent  was  Phineas  Pett,  1 570-1647, 
who  built  the  Royal  Prince  in  1610,  and  the 
Sovereign  of  the  Seas  in  1637.  Another  member 
of  the  family.  Sir  Phineas  Pett,  was  master  ship- 
wright at  Woolwich,  1677,  and  subsequently 
became  commissioner  at  Chatham,  1686. 

Pett,  Artfanr.    See  Arctic  Exploration. 

Petty  Officers.  Officers  of  the  Royal  Navy,  corre' 
sponding  to  non-commissioned  officers  in  the  Army. 
They  are  appointed  by  the  captain  of  the  ship. 

PfeiL  German  3rd  class  cruiser.  (Wilhelms- 
haven,  1883.)  Length,  246  ft. ;  beam,  32  ft. ; 
draught,  13^  ft. ;  displacement,  1,360  tons;  com- 
plement, 135 ;  armament,  4  3*4-in.,  4  Maxims.  2 
tubes ;  Hp.,  2,700=  16  kts. ;  coal,  180  tons. 

P.G.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Geestemiinde,  Germany. 

P.G.W.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing 
boats  registered  at  Port  Glasgow,  Scotland. 

P.H.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Plymouth,  England. 

Phaeton.  British  snd  class  cruiser  (4,300  tons, 
1 6*6  kts.).    Launched  1883. 


PHAROS 


491 


PILCHER 


Pharos.    A  lighthouse. 

Phases.  The  several  appearances  of  the  moon 
and  planets,  according  as  a  greater  or  less  part  of 
their  illuminated  hemispheres  are  presented  to  our 
sight. 

Phenology.  A  term  indicating  the  observation 
of  natural  periodical  phenomena,  such  as  the 
flowering  of  plants,  the  migration  and  song  of 
birds,  etc. 

Philadelphia.  U.S.  subsidised  merchant  ship 
(1888).  International  Company  {q.v.).  Dimensions, 
565  X  63  X  39  ft. ;  gross  tonnage,  10,798 ;  passenger 
accommodation,  1,310;   Hp.,  20,000  =  20  kts. 

Philipson*  Roland  (b.  1863).  Served  apprentice- 
ship with  North-Eastem  Marine  Engineering  Co., 
Wallsend,  and  at  the  expiration  of  his  articles 
entered  the  firm,  of  which  he  is  now  managing 
director.  He  has  been  closely  connected  with  the 
design  and  construction  of  all  engines  built  by  this 
firm  for  Admiralty  contracts  and  private  steamship 
compaities.  Member  of  Institution  of  Naval 
Architects  and  North-East  Coast  Institution  of 
Engineers  and  Shipbuilders. 

PhiDipps  and  Greaves.  See  Holland  Steamship 
Co. 

Philips,  Captain.    See  Arctic  Exploration. 

Phlegeton.  French  armoured  gun-boat.  (Cher- 
bourg, 1893.)  X^ength,  187  ft. ;  beam,  40  ft.; 
draught,  12  ft. ;  displacement,  1,767  tons ;  com- 
plement, loi  ;  guns,  4  i*8-in.,  i  io'8-in.,  i  5'5-in.  ; 
armour,  **  Compoimd,"  9-in.  belt  amidships,  8-in. 
barbettes;   Hp.,  1,700=12  kts. ;  coal,  172  tons. 

PlUBnix.  44  guns.  In  October,  1780,  this 
vessel  was  lost  in  a  storm  in  the  West  Indies. 

FlUKine.  French  submarine.  (Cherbourg.  1903.) 
Length,  77  ft. ;  beam,  yi  ft.  ;  draught,  8  ft.  ; 
displacement,  68  tons ;  complement,  5  ;  Hp.. 
60=8  kts. 

PJL  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Philippine,  Holland. 

Pianhy.  Brazilian  gun-boat.  (Brazil,  1889.) 
Length,  120  ft. ;  beam,  28  ft. ;  draught,  5  ft. ;  dis- 
placement, 335  tons ;  complement,  43 ;  guns, 
I  7 -in. ;  armour,  4^  in.  deck,  4^-10.  gun  shields ; 
Hp.,    180=7  kts. 

Pick.    Htch,  tar. 

Piddord  and  Black  line,  owned  and  managed  by 
Mes^srs.  Pickford  and  Black,  of  Halifax,  Nova 
Scotia,  have  a  fleet  of  six  first-class  steamers,  which 
maintain  sailings  at  frequent  dates  from  Hali&ix, 
(Nova  Scotia),  for  Bermuda,  St.  Kitts,  Antigua, 
Montserrat,  Dominica,  St.  Lucia,  Barbadoes,  St. 
Vincent,  Grenada,  Tobago,  Trinidad,  and  Demerara 
(Jamaica). 

Fleet. 

Beta.  Caribbee,  Orinoco. 

Boston,  Ocamo,  Oruro. 


PioUe.  British  3rd  class  gun-boat  (254  tons). 
Launched  1872. 

Pickle.  A  term  applied  when  timber  is  salted  to 
ensure  its  durability. 

Piemonte.    Small  Italian  cruiser.  (Elswick,  1888.) 
Length  305  ft.   Beam  38ft.   Maximum  draught  i6ft. 
Displacement  2,650  tons.     Complement  325. 
Guns.  Armour. 

6-^  in.  "  Steel." 

6 — ^4'7  in.  3  in.  Deck  amidships. 

10 — 6  pdr.  3  in.  Conning  tower. 

6—^1  pdr. 
4  Maxims. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
3  Above  water  (one  in  bow). 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  natural  7,040=20  kts.,  forced 
12,000=23  ^^^'     ^^  maximum,  560  tons. 
Approximate  cost  jf220,ooo. 
The  most  heavily  armed  vessel  in  proportion  to 
its  displacement  in  the  world. 

Pier*    A  quay  or  wharf. 

Pierrier.  French  torpedo  -  boat  destroyer. 
(Rochefort,  1906.)  Length,  190  ft. ;  beam,  21  ft. ; 
draught,  lo)-  ft. ;  displacement,  190  tons ;  com- 
plement, 62  ;  armament,  i  9-pdr.,  6  3-pdr.,  2  tubes  ; 
twin  screw;    Hp.,  6,300=28  kts.;    coal,  75  tons. 

Piet  Hein.    Dutch  battleship  (1894). 
Length,  284ft.  Beam  47ft.  Maximum  draught  19ft. 
Displacement  3,520  tons.     Complement  260. 

Guns.  Armour. 

3—8*2  in.  "  Harvey." 

2 — 6  in.  6  in.  Belt  amidships. 

6 — 12  pdr.  9 J    in.  Barbettes. 

6—1  pdr.  9j  in.  Conning  tower. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
2  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  forced  4,800=16  kts.     Coal 
250  tons. 

Pig.    A  piece  of  iron  weighing  about  3  cwt. 

Piggjn.  A  small  pail  used  for  baling  water  out  of 
a  boat. 

Pike.  A  thin,  long,  round  staff  pointed  with 
iron. 

Pike.  British  3rd  class  gun-boat  (254  tons). 
Launched  1872. 

Pike.  U.S.  submarine.  (Elizabeth  Port,  1901.) 
Length,  63  ft. ;  beam  iif  ft. ;  displacement,  120 
tons ;  complement,  5 ;  torpedo  tubes,  i  ;  Hp., 
160=8  kts.  above,  7  kts.  below. 

PiL    A  tidal  creek. 

Piloher,  Frederick  Joseph,  lieai-Oolonel,  VJ)., 

1st  Lancashire  Royal  Engineers  (\''ol.).  Consult- 
ing engineer  and  naval  architect.  Member  of 
the  Institution  of  Naval  Architects.  Served  his 
apprenticeship  with  Fawcett,  Preston  and  Co., 
afterwards  studying  naval  architecture.  Was 
general  manager  for  H.  and  C.  Grayson,  shipbuilders 


PILE 


492 


PING 


and  repairers,  for  two  years,  and  started  the 
engineering  works  for  them.  Represented  the 
British  Corporation  in  Liverpool  District  as  non- 
exclusive surveyor  for  six  years.  Has  designed 
and  superintended  the  construction  of  over  150 
steamers  of  various  sizes,  including  the  first  large 
cargo  steamers  to  carry  11,000  tons  dead  weight, 
which  at  that  period  was  considered  far  in  advance 
of  the  times,  for  it  was  thought  impossible  to  work 
them  successfully ;  they,  however,  proved  a  great 
success.  Was  the  first  to  introduce  stockless 
anchors,  stump  derrick  posts,  and  many  other 
important  details,  which  most  owners  have  since 
generally  adopted. 

The  Russian  Government  in  1888  offered  a  freight 
of  ;fi7,ooo  to  carry  torpedo  launches  in  sections,  in 
12  cases  measuring  42x18x16  under  deck,  and 
although  offered  to  all  shipowners,  none  would 
undertake  the  task,  tempting  as  the  freight  was, 
until  his  clients  placed  the  matter  before  him,  and 
he  undertook  to  do  it  in  a  steamer  of  8,000  tons 
dead  weight  capacity,  and  carried  the  work  through 
successfully. 

The  first  steamers  to  carry  oil  in  bulk  built  in 
England  were  for  German  owners,  and  were  built 
under  his  superintendence.  He  afterwards  per- 
suaded his  English  clients  to  take  up  this  business, 
and  built  steamers  of  large  capacity,  all  of  which 
proved  a  great  success.  Was  the  first  to  adopt 
seamless  steel  lifeboats  for  sea-going  vessels — which 
are  now  commonly  used  by  the  first-class  steamers 
— both  passenger  and  cargo. 

He  had  entire  charge  of  the  work  in  connection 
with  the  European t  resulting  from  the  stranding 
of  this  vessel  in  the  Mersey.  After  discharging 
her  cargo  and  machinery,  she  was  taken  in  two 
parts  to  the  Liverpool  Graving  Dock,  repaired,  and 
lengthened  under  his  superintendence.  The  A  ccamac 
ran  ashore  off  Flamborough  Head,  carrying  away 
her  rudder  and  stem  frame,  and  was  towed  into 
Grimsby.  The  Board  of  Trade  demanded  her  dis- 
charge at  that  port,  but  he  rigged  a  jury  mdder, 
and  the  vessel  steamed  round  to  the  Tyne  without 
any  difficulty. 

He  was  appointed  by  the  Admiralty  to  recruit 
engine-room  artificers  from  1899  to  1905,  during 
which  period  over  4.000  applicants  passed  through 
his  hands,  resulting  in  a  large  number  entering  the 
Royal  Navy.  He  was  also  appointed  Commis- 
sioner to  the  Board  of  Trade  for  Boiler  Explosion 
Inquiries  in  1893,  wbich  appointment  he  still 
retains. 

FSla.  A  beam  of  wood  driven  into  the  ground  as 
a  foundation. 

Pilgrim  Fathers.  The  name  applied  to  102 
Puritans,  74  men  and  28  women,  who  sailed  in  the 
Mayflower  from  Plymouth  on  September  6,  1620, 
to  seek  in  America  the  religious  liberty  denied  them 
in  England.      They  landed   on  Plymouth  Rock, 


December  25,  1620,  and  formed  a  colony,  which 
was  the  foundation  of  the  New  England  States. 

Pilky.  Russian  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  Black 
Sea  (1898).  Length,  196  ft. ;  beam,  18  ft ; 
draught,  ii^  ft.;  displacement,  240  tons;  com- 
plement, 55  ;  armament,  i  12-pdr.,  3  3-pdr.,  2  tubes; 
Hp.,  3,800  =  27  kts. ;  coal,  53  tons.* 

PiUarf.  The  vertical  ■  posts  beneath  the  deck 
beam. 

Pillow.  A  block  of  timber  supporting  the  inner 
end  of  bowsprit. 

Pilot,  A,  is  a  person  taken  on  board  to  navigate 
a  vessel  through  a  channel,  or  in  or  out  of  a  harbour 
or  port. 

Pilots  of  the  United  Kingdom  are  appointed  and 
licensed  by  pilotage  authorities  (of  which  the 
Trinity  House  {q.v.)  is  the  chief),  which  are  con- 
trolled by  the  Board  of  Trade,  and  constituted  for 
the  regulation  of  pilotage,  pilots  and  their  remunera- 
tion, within  a  certain  area. 

Where  pilotage  is  not  compulsory  by  law,  the 
pilot  merely  puts  his  knowledge  of  the  local  waters 
at  the  master's  disposal.  He  is,  for  the  time  being. 
a  servant  of  the  shipowner,  who  is  responsible  for 
his  negligent  acts  and  omissions. 

In  certain  waters  and  for  certain  classes  of 
vessels  pilotage  is  compulsory.  The  pilot  then 
supersedes  the  master,  takes  sole  charge,  and  is 
responsible  for  any  damage  done  by  the  ship  whilst 
under  his  control.  The  shipowner,  therefore,  is  not 
liable  for  injury  to  another  vessel  or  property 
resulting  from  a  collision  due  to  the  negligence 
of  a  compulsory  pilot,  provided  all  his  orders  are 
carried  out  with  reasonable  promptitude.  British 
shipowners  sued  in  foreign  Courts  for  damage 
through  collision  in  foreign  waters  can  only  raise 
the  defence  of  compulsory  pilotage  successfully  by 
showing  not  only  that  pilotage  was  compulsory, 
but  that  the  pilot  had,  in  fact,  control  of  the  ship 
by  compulsion  of  local  law. 

Refer  to  Tug  and  Tow,  Limitation  of  Liability. 
Trinity  House  Pilotage  Districts. 

Pilot.  British  sailing  brig  (501  tons).  Launched 
1879. 


Pfloi  Established 
(Saturday).  Price  ^d. 
Strand,  London,  W.C. 


1900.      Published     weekly 
Address  :  2  Exeter  Street. 


Pinofa-gat  money.    Short  allowance. 

Pinedo.    Argentine     torpedo-boat.         (Y 
1890.)     Length,  1 50  ft. ;    displacement,  85  tons ; 
2  tubes  ;  speed,  about  24  kts. 

Pingle.    Small  coasting  vessel  used  in  the  North. 

Ping  Idnti  owned  and  managed  by  the  Chinese 
Engineering  and  Mining  Co.,  Ltd.,  with  their  head 
offices  in  Shanghai,  possess  a  fleet  of  four  steameis, 
which  maintain  regular  services  from  Shanghai  to 
Tientsin,  Chingwang-tao,  and  vice  versa.      These 


1 


PINILLOS 


493 


PITTSBURGH 


steamers  call  at  intermediate  ports  when  induce- 
ment  ofTers. 

Flebt. 

Chingping.  Katping. 

Hsiping.  Kwangping. 

PiniUos  liiqiiierdo  and  Go.»  with  their  head  offices 
in  Cadiz,  have  a  fleet  of  transatlantic  steamers, 
which  maintain  a  regular  service  from  Cadiz  to  New 
Orleans.  A  service  is  maintained  twice  a  month 
from  Barcelona,  for  New  Oiieans,  calling  at  Valen- 
cia, Malaga,  Cadiz,  Puerto  Rico,  Mayaguez,  Ponce, 
Havana,  Matanza,  Santiago,  Cienfuegos,  and  New 
Orleans. 

Fleet. 
Catalina.  Martin  Saenz, 

Conde  Wilfred.  Miguel  M.  Pinillos, 

Pius  IX. 

Pink.  An  obsolete  form  of  ship  with  a  very 
narrow  stem. 

Pinnace.  A  small  vessel  carrying  two,  and 
sometimes  three,  masts,  schooner  rigged. 

Pinraok.  A  frame  placed  on  the  deck  of  a 
vessel  containing  sheaves,  around  which  ropes 
may  be  worked. 

Pintle.  A  large  pin  bolted  to  the  stem  post,  by 
which  the  rudder  is  hinged. 

Pinion,  Martin  Alonao.  Portuguese  navigator. 
Commanded  the  PitUa  and  gave  material  assistance 
to  Columbus  in  his  voyage  of  1492.  His  vessel 
became  separated  from  his  leader,  probably  by 
design,  and  when  Columbus  arrived  at  Palos  on 
March  15,  1493,  he  learned  that  Pinzon  had  already 
landed.  If  his  intention  was  to  forestall  Columbus 
and  obtain  the  credit  of  having  discovered  the  New 
World,  his  object  was  foiled,  as  he  was  treated  with 
contempt,  and  died  shortly  afterwards. 

His  brother  Vincente  Yanez  Pinzon  also  gave 
Columbus  material  help,  and  in  after  years  made 
important  discoveries  on  his  own  account.  In 
1499  he  sailed  across  the  Atlantic,  and  in  1500 
struck  the  South  American  Continent  at  Cape 
St.  Agostinho,  three  months  before  the  Portuguese 
navigator  Cabrail  (who  is  generally  credited  with 
this  discovery)  reached  Brazil. 

Pioneer.     British  3rd  class  cruiser.     (Chatham, 

1899) 

Length  300ft.  Beam  36ft.  Maximum  draught  ig^it, 

I>isplacement  3,200  tons.     Complement  224. 

,  Guns.  Armour. 

8 — 4  in.  2  in.  Deck. 

8—3  pdr. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (14  in.). 

2  Above  water. 

Twin  screw.     Hp.,  7,000=20*5  kts.     Coal  normal 

250  tons.     Approximate  cost  ;f  150,000. 

Pioneer.    Ship.     See  Arctic  Exploration. 

Piotwa.    Russian  submarine    (1905).      Length, 
yy  ft.  ;    displacement,  175  tons ;  speed,  7  kts. 


Piiine.  Ftench  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Forges 
et  Chantiers,  1904.)  Length,  180  ft. ;  beam,  21  ft. ; 
maximum  draught,  10  ft. ;  displacement,  300  tons  ; 
complement,  45  ;  guns,  i  9-pdr.,  6  3-pdr. ;  torpedo 
tubes,  2  1 5 -in. ;  speed,  27-30  kts. 

Piraey  at  Common  Law  is  the  commission  of 
those  acts  of  robbery  and  depredation  on  the  high 
seas  within  the  jurisdiction  of  Admiralty  which, 
if  committed  upon  land,  would  have  amounted  to 
felony  there.  By  statute  certain  acts  are  declared 
piracy,  e.g.,  assisting  the  King's  enemies  on  the 
seas,  running  away  with  ship  or  cargo,  boarding  a 
vessel  and  destroying  her  goods,  having  dealings 
with  pirates,  and  conveying  slaves  on  the  high  seas 
by  British  subjects.  Piracy  is  punishable  by  penal 
servitude  for  life  or  three  years'  imprisonment. 
Piracy  together  with  assault  with  intent  to  murder 
is  punishable  with  death. 

Refer  to  Visit  and  Search. 

Pisa.     Italian  armoured  cruiser  (1906). 
Length  429ft.    Beam  69ft.    Mean  draught  23ft. 
Displacement  9,830  tons. 
Guns.  Armour, 

4 — 10  in.,  45  cal.         "  Temi." 
8 — 8  in.  8  in.  Belt  amidships. 

Many  smaller.  7  in.  Barbettes. 

7  in.  Conning  tower. 
Torpedo  Tubes, 
3  Submerged. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.,  18,000= 22*5  kts. 

Pisdonltore.  Fish  culture ;  the  breeding,  rearing, 
preserving  and  fattening  of  fish  by  artificial  means. 

Pistolet.  French  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Nor- 
mand,  1902.)  Length,  180  ft. ;  beam,  21  ft. ; 
maximum  draught,  10  ft. ;  displacement,  300  tons  ; 
complement,  45  ;  guns,  i  9-pdr.,  6  3-pdr. ;  torpedo 
tubes,  2  15-in. ;  speed,  27-30  kts. 

Pitoh.     Boiled  tar  and  resin. 

Pitching  and  sending.  Signifies  a  vessel  plunging 
her  bows  into  one  wave  and  her  stem  into  another. 

Pittsburgh  Steamship  Co.,  Ltd.,  with  their  head 
offices  in  Cleveland,  Ohio,  have  a  fleet  of  45  steamers 
of  the  bulk  freight  type,  employed  in  carrying  cargo 
on  the  great  lakes.  The  /.  Pierpont  Morgan  is  the 
largest  vessel  on  the  great  lakes,  and  has  a  carrying 
capacity  of  15,294  tons. 

Fleet. 

Alex.  McDougal.  G.  W.  Perkins, 

Chas,  R.  Van  Hise.  Harvard. 

Clarence  A,  Black.  H.  C.  Frick. 

Coralia,  H.  H.  Roger. 

Cornell.  H.  L,  Shaw. 

Crescent  City.  I.  L.  Ellwood. 

Douglass  Hougkton.  James  Watt. 

E,  H,  Gary,  Jos,  B.  Fads, 

Empire  City.  J,  J.  Hill. 

Frank  Rockefeller.  Jokn  Ericsson, 

Gen' I.  O,  M,  Poe,  J,  Pierf>ont  Morgan. 

Geo,  Stepkenson,  J,  W.  Gates. 


PK. 


494 


PODVITSNY 


Fleet  {continued^. 

MaXietoa.  Robt.  W.  E.  Bunsen. 

Maricopa.  Sir  Henry  Bessemer. 

Maiaafa.  Sir  Wm.  Fairbaim, 

Maunaloa,  Sir  Wm.  Siemens. 

N,  B.  Ream.  S.  F,  B.  Morse. 

P.  A.  B.  Widener.  S.  J.  Murphy, 

Princeton.  Superior  City. 

Queen  City.  W.  E.  Corey. 

Rensselaer.  Wm.  Edenborn. 

Robt.  FuUon.  Wm.  R.  Linn. 

Zenith  City. 

Pk.  Peak.  Abbreviation  adopted  on  the  charts 
issued  by  the  Hydrographic  Oifice,  Admiralty. 

P.L.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Peel,  England. 

Pladda  Ught,  situated  on  the  southern  end  of 
Arran  Island,  was  established  in  1901,  and  is  a 
three-flash  light  every  30  seconds ;  duration  of 
flash,  two  seconds  ;  candle-power.  80.000  ;  burner, 
six  wicks  ;  illuminant.  oil. 

Plain  sail.    All  sails  except  studding  and  stay-sails. 

Planet.  Austro  -  Hungarian  torpedo  gun  -  boat. 
(Palmer.  1889.) 

Displacement  480  tons.     Complement  78. 
Guns.  Armour. 

2 — 12  pdr.  j-  in.  Amidships. 

8—3  pdr. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 

3  Above  water. 

Twin  screw.     Hp.,  3,500=20  kts. 

Planier  Light»  near  Marseilles,  established  in 
1902.  is  a  single  flash  light  every  five  seconds ; 
duration  of  flash,  one-tenth  second  ;  estimated 
candle-power,  i  ,000.000  ;  illuminant,  electricity. 

Plank.  Thick  boards,  usual  measurements  18  ft» 
long  by  i^  to  4  ins.  thick  by  9  to  10  ins.  broad. 

Plassy.  British  ist  class  torpedo  gun-boat  (735 
tons,  19  kts.).     Launched  1890. 

Plastlin.  Russian  sloop.  (St.  Petersburg.  1880.) 
Length.  206  ft.  ;  beam.  32  ft. ;  draught,  14  ft.  ; 
displacement,  1,255  tons;  complement,  172;  guns, 
3  6-in.,  7  q.f . 

Plate.  An  iron  band  or  bar ;  a  sheet  of  metal 
forming  a  portion  of  a  strake  of  a  ship's  side. 

Play.    Any  motion  in  the  frame,  masts,  etc. 

Pledge.    The  string  of  oakum  used  in  caulking. 

Pleiad.  Swedish  torpedo  gun-boat.  (Normand, 
1905.)  Displacement,  97  tons  ;  armament,  2  i-pdr., 
2  i8-in.  tubes,  bow  and  aft ;  speed,  26  kts. ;  coal. 
14  tons. 

PUmsollt  Samuel  (1824-98).  British  politician 
and  social  reformer,  known  as  the  '*  Sailors' 
Friend  "  (b.  Bristol,  February  10,  1824).  His  early 
efforts  were  directed  against  what  were  known  as 
"  cofiin    ships  "  —  unseaworthy    and    overloaded 


vessels,  heavily  insured,  in  which  an  unscrupulous 
owner  was  allowed  to  risk  the  lives  of  his  crew. 
In  1872  he  published  "  Our  Seamen,'*  and  his 
"  Trenchant  Attack  on  Shipowners  "  led  to  a  Royal 
Commission  being  appointed  in  1875,  ^^^  resulted 
in  the  passing  of  the  Merchant  Shipping  Act,  1867, 
which  gave  stringent  powers  of  inspection  to  the 
Board  of  Trade  to  detain  any  vessel  being  unsafe, 
restricted  the  amount  of  cargo,  making  the  old 
abuses  impossible,  and  rendering  compulsory  on 
every  ship  a  mark,  generally  known  as  the  Plimsoll 
mark,  indicating  the  maximum  load-line.  In  1890 
he  published  a  notable  pamphlet  on  "  Cattle 
Ships."    He  died  at  Folkestone,  June  3.  1898. 

PlinmoD  mark.  See  Loadline;  also  Plimsoll. 
Samuel. 

Plongeur.  Portuguese  submarine.  (Lisbon,  1892.) 
Length,  72  ft. ;  beam,  11^  ft. ;  draught.  8  ft. ; 
displacement,  100  tons ;  complement,  6 ;  arma- 
ment, 4  tubes  ;  Hp.,  2003=6  kts. 

Plover.  British  ist  class  gnn>boat  (755  tcms, 
13^  kts.).    Launched  1888. 

Plneky.  British  3rd  class  gun>boat  (195  tons). 
Launched  1870. 

Plug.  A  round  piece  of  wood  fitted  in  a  hole  at 
the  bottom  of  a  boat  to  keep  out  or  let  in  water. 

Plomb.  Right  up  and  down ;  as  opposed  to 
parallel. 

Plummet.  An  iron  weight  suspended  by  a 
string  used  by  carpenters. 

Plunger.  U.S.  submarine.  (Port  Elizabeth. 
1 901.)  Length,  63  ft.;  beam,  iij^  ft;  displace- 
ment, 1 20  tons  ;  complement.  5  ;  torpedo  tubes,  i ; 
Hp.,  160=8  kts.  above,  7  kts.  below. 

Pluviograph.    A  self-recording  rain-gauge. 
Pluviometer.    A  rain-gauge. 
Ply.    To  work  to  windward. 

Plymouth  Oorintliian  Taobt  dub,  BoyaL    See 

Royal  Plymouth  Corinthian  Yacht  Club. 

P.N.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Preston,  England. 

Pobieda.  See  Suwo.  ist  class  battleship.  (New 
Admiralty,  1895.)  Damaged  by  the  Japanese  at 
the  battle  of  Round  Island,  August  10,  1904,  and 
eventually  blown  up  by  the  Russians  in  Port 
Arthur  Harbour  before  capitulation,  January,  1905. 
Since  raised,  refitted,  and  added  to  the  active  list 
of  the  Japanese  Navy. 

Pocky  doud.  The  base  of  a  Cumulus  doad 
when  it  assumes  a  festooned  appearance.  Refer  to 
Clouds. 

Podvitiny.    Russian    totpedo-boat    destroyer. 
Black  Sea  (1898).    Length,  196  ft. ;  beam.  z8  ft.  ; 
draught,  ii|  ft. ;  displacement,  240  tons;  comple- 
ment, 55  ;  armament,  i  12-pdr.,  3  3-pdr.,  2  tubes  ; 
Hp.,  3,800=27  kts. ;  coal,  53  tons. 


POE 


495 


POLICY 


PoiS>  Betr-Adminl  Edmund  flMnod,  O.V.O.,  1903 
(b.  1849).  Educated  Royal  Naval  Academy »  Gos- 
port  Entered  Navy,  1862 ;  served  in  H.M.S. 
Bombay  when  destroyed  by  fire,  1864;  obtained 
the  lieutenant's  commission  for  1869,  and  Ad- 
miralty piise  of  books ;  captain,  1888 ;  Naval 
Adviser  to  Inspector-General  of  Fortifications, 
1889-90;  has  commanded  H.M.S.  Imperieuse, 
Blenheim,  Vidarious,  Active,  Raleigh,  and  St. 
George ;  in  command  of  the  training  squadron  as 
commodore,  2nd  class,  1897- 1900;  received  Royal 
Humane  Society's  bronze  medal  for  saving  the  life 
of  W.  Dmicanson,  a  seaman  who  had  fallen  over- 
board in  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  May,  1875,  ^^^  ^  ^® 
following  year  received  the  Royal  Humane  Society's 
clasp  for  jumping  overboard  at  Woosnng,  China, 
to  the  rescue  of  Louis  Samson,  of  HJd.S.  Jm- 
martaltte,  who  had  fallen  into  the  water ;  Second- 
in-Command  of  thie  Home  Fleet,  1903. 

PogBanitschiok.  Russian  torpedo-boat  destroyer 
(1906).  Displacement,  625  tons  ;  complement,  100 ; 
armament,  2  12-pdr.,  5  6-pdr.,  3  tubes;  Hp., 
6,800=28  kts. 

PoignahL  Ftench  torpedo  -  boat  destroyer. 
Length,  190  ft. ;  beam,  21  ft. ;  draught,  g^  ft  ; 
displacement,  43 1  tons ;  complement,  48  ;  guns, 
I  9-pdr.,  6  3-pdr. ;  torpedo  tubes,  2  177-in. ;  speed, 
27-30  kts. 

Point.    To  secure  a  rope  end  with  knittles. 

Polacre.     A    three-masted    vessel    used    in  the 

Mediterranean,    the   masts   usually   being   of  one 

piece   so  that  they  have  neither  caps,  tops,  nor 
cross-trees. 

PoUmd.  ?k»»-Admind  Jam^  Aagastiii.    Entered 
Navy,  1846;   lieutenant,  1855;  mate  and  gunnery 
lieutenant  of  Dauntless  in  the  Baltic ;  gunnery  Ueu- 
tenant  of  Meteor  ironclad  battery.  Black  Sea,  during 
the  Russian  war  (Baltic  medal) ;  gunnery  lieutenant 
of  Esk  in  China ;  present  at  the  capture  of  Canton, 
1857,  and  commanded  boats  of  Esh  in  the  expedi- 
tion up  Great  West  Canton  River ;  received  the 
thanks  of  the  Admiralty  for  services  rendered  at 
the  capture  of  a  number  of  mandarin  junks,  row- 
boats,  forts,  etc. ;  first  lieutenant  of  Pioneer ;  was 
engaged    against    Taeping    rebels    in    attack    on 
Shanghai;  first  and  gunnery  lieutenant  of  Pearl, 
and  in  command  of  field  battery  of  Naval  Brigade 
during    operations   against   Taeping   rebels,    1862 
(China  medal,  Canton  clasp) ;    served  in  Pearl  at 
attack  on  the  batteries  at  Kagosima,  1863 ;  pro- 
moted   commander   for  services  rendered  ;   com- 
manded Plover,  1865-71,  on  West  Coast  of  Africa ; 
was  engaged  with  the  boats  of  Plover,  Myrmidon, 
and  JPandora  at  destruction  of  piratical  village  up 
the  Congo  River ;  captain,  1871  ;  captain  of  Juno, 
1875-79  ;  senior  officer  of  a  squadron  at  Yokohama 
engaged  in  watching  the  Russian  Squadron  during 
the    strained  relations  in   1878 ;   captain's  good 


service  pension,  1885-86 ;  rear-admiral,  1888  ;  vice- 
admiral,  1893. 

Polar  diftanoe  of  any  celestial  object  is  an  arc 
of  a  meridian  continued  between  the  centre  of  that 
object   and   the   pole   equinoctial ;    or,    in   other 
words,  it  is  the  distance  of  the  object  from  th 
elevated  pole. 

Polaris.  In  1 87 1  Mr.  Charles  Hall,  of  Cincin- 
nati, took  this  vessel  250  miles  up  the  Channel 
which  leads  northwards  from  Smith  Sound.  She 
was  beset  with  ice  in  82**  i6'  N.  Refer  io  Arctic 
Exploration* 

Pole.  The  end  of  the  highest  mast  rising  above 
the  rigging. 

Pde-matt.    Single  spar  mast,  without  topmast. 

P<dh6m.  In  1872  this  steamer,  commanded  by 
Professor  Nordenskidki,  wintered  in  Mussel  Bay  on 
the  nortiiem  shores  of  Spitsbergen.  Professor 
Nordenski61d  m  the  sprmg  of  1873  made  an  im- 
portant sledging  journey  of  60  da3rs'  duration. 
Refer  to  Arctic  Exploration. 

Poli,  RudoUo  (b.  Chioggia,  Venice.  August  22, 
1858).  Italian  naval  architect.  Educated  Royal 
Naval  College  at  Genise,  and  in  1881,  having 
served  his  apprenticeship,  devoted  himself  to  de- 
signing small  vessels  of  varied  character.  Is  the 
head  of  the  well-known  shipbuilding  firm,  Govanni 
Poll,  Chioggia,  which  was  founded  in  the  year  18 16 
by  his  father.  He  has  designed  and  superintended 
the  construction  of  several  floating  bridges  on  the 
River  Po. 

He  contributed  on  several  occasions  papers  before 
the  Technical  Institute  of  England  and  Italy, 
and  takes  a  deep  interest  in  all  questions  relating 
to  inland  and  sea  navigation. 

Pdioy.  The  legal  instruments  by  which  the 
terms  of  the  contract  of  manne  insurance  between 
assured  (who  must  be  named  in  the  documents) 
and  underwriter  are  set  forth  are  called  "  policies." 
Policies  are  distinguished  by  difierent  names. 

An  interest  policy  is  one  that  shows  by  its  form 
that  there  is  a  rea*  and  substantial  interest  in<» 
volved,  as,  for  example,  "  On  100  bales  cotton." 

A  wager  policy  is  one  that  shows  on  its  face  that 
the  assured  has  no  real  interest  at  stake,  and  does 
not  profess  to  have  any ;  for  example,  "  PoUcy 
proof  of  interest." 

A  voyage  policy  is  one  in  which  the  limits  are 
designated  by  places,  as  **  Liverpool  to  New 
York." 

A  time  policy  is  one  in  which  the  limitations  are 
periods  of  time,  as  **  from  noon  January  24,  1907, 
to  noon  January  34,  1908." 

A  valued  policy  is  one  in  which  the  interest  is 
expressly  valued,  as  "  on  ship  valued  at  ;£35,ooo." 

An  open  policy  is  one  in  which  the  value  is  not 
expressed,  but  left  open,  as  "on  merchandise  to 
be  hereafter  declared  and  valued." 


POLICY 


496 


POLICY 


A  floating  policy  js  one  in  which  the  name  of  the 
vessel  is  not  inserted,  the  insurance  being  stated 
to  attach  to  any  *'  ship  or  ships,"  "  steamer  or 
steamers,"  etc. 

A  named  policy  is  one  which  gives  the  name  of 
the  vessel. 

The  ordinary,  or  "  Lloyd's  "  form,  is  generally 
understood  to  have  been  without  material  change 
for  several  hundred  years.  This  may  account  for 
its  style  and  wording.  It  has  the  great  security  of 
having  been  explained  by  many  legal  decisions. 

The  word  "  policy  "  or  "  promise  '*  is  an  under- 
taking on  the  part  of  the  underwriters,  in  con- 
sideration of  a  premium  received,  to  take  upon 
themselves  certain  specified  risks — in  short,  as  a 
kind  of  promissory  note. 

The  "  promise  "  of  the  underwriter  is  given  to 
the  person  or  persons  named  in  the  policy,  or  to 
his  or  their  order.  The  name  of  some  person  must 
always  be  inserted ;  policies  in  blank  are  void  in 
law.  It  is  gfiven  whether  the  thing  insured  is  at 
the  time  lost  or  not  lost.  It  relates  to  a  subject- 
matter  which  must  be  defined.  This  thing  must 
be  at  risk  in,  or  connected  with,  a  ship,  and  on  a 
voyage  clearly  laid  down  in  the  policy,  and  the 
whole  policy  is  a  guarantee  against  loss  from 
certain  perils  duly  specified  therein.  For  this  the 
assured  pays  a  certain  amount,  called  the  premium. 
All  the  advantages  of  marine  insurance  must  be 
bought  and  paid  for. 

The  poUcy  is  the  only  legal  evidence  of  the 
terms  of  the  contract  of  marine  insurance.  It 
must  be  correctly  stamped,  according  to  the 
Stamp  Act,  and  dated.  An  unstamped  policy  is 
void  in  law.  This  appUes  to  all  policies  in  Eng- 
land, whether  effected  in  the  United  Kingdom  or 
abroad. 

The  written  part  of  a  policy  overrides  the  printed 
part,  and  marginal  clauses  override  the  body  of 
the  text  when  there  is  any  difference  between 
them ;  and  where  a  certain  term  expresses  a  dis- 
trict and  a  town,  the  expression  is  legally  the 
narrower  sense.  For  example,  there  is  a  port 
called  Lyme,  and  also  a  district  called  Lyme,  the 
latter  including  not  only  the  port  of  Lyme,  but 
other  places,  such  as  Bridport.  A  policy  "  at  and 
from  Lyme  "  would  not  cover  Bridport.  Again, 
the  port  of  Liverpool,  for  Custom  House  purposes, 
includes  Runcorn.  A  policy  worded  "  at  and  from 
a  port  in  the  United  Kingdom  "  would  cover  a 
ship  loaded  wholly  at  Runcorn  or  wholly  at  Liver- 
pool, but  not  one  loaded  partly  at  Runcorn  and 
partly  at  Liverpool. 

If  the  insurance  is  from  or  to  a  district  comprising 
several  ports,  those  ports  must  not  only  be  named, 
but  must  be  visited  in  their  natural  or  geographical 
order,  unless  there  is  an  established  custom  of  the 
trade  or  permission  in  the  policy  to  vary  this  order* 
in  which  case  the  customary  order  must  be  ob- 
served. 

If  the  meaning  of  an  exception  from  the  terms 


of  the  policy  be  ambiguous  it  will  be  construed 
against  the  underwriter  on  the  ground  that  it 
devolves  on  him  to  express  in  plain  language  any 
provisions  inserted  for  his  protection.  Clauses  ex- 
tending the  provisions  of  the  poUcy  in  favour  of 
the  assured  are  cumulative,  and  not  restrictive — 
i.e.,  they  cannot  be  construed  so  as  to  deprive  the 
assured  of  any  right  which  he  would  have  possessed 
under  the  ordinary  terms  of  the  policy,  irrespective 
of*  the  additional  clauses  introduced  for  his  benefit. 
(Amould,  5th  ed.,  p.  805.) 

The  losses  not  covered  by  the  terms  of  an 
ordinary  poticy,  and  by  which  the  underwriter's 
Uability  is  limited,  may  be  given  as  follows : 
The  splitting  or  carrying  away  of  sails  by  the 
wind ;  the  breaking  and  strain  of  the  rigging ; 
the  parting  of  hawsers  and  ground  tackle  unless 
subjected  to  an  extra  strain  owing  to  some  acci- 
dent ;  the  rolling  away  of  small  spars ;  injury  to 
pumps ;  tiie  breakage  of  a  steamer's  shaft  unless 
attributable  to  heavy  weather  or  some  other  peril 
insured  against ;  slackness  of  seams  resulting  from 
wear  and  tear ;  damage  by  rats  or  worms ;  decay 
of  woodwork ;  corrosion  of  ironwork ;  ordinary 
leakage  and  breakage  of  cargo ;  and  all  ordinary 
charges  incurred  during  the  prosecution  of  the 
adventure,  including  wages  and  victualling  of  the 
crew,  though  enhanced  in  amount  owing  to  the 
prolongation  of  the  voyage  through  sea  perils  or 
through  detention  in  a  port  of  refuge  unless  the 
latter  are  recoverable  in  general  average  by  foreign 
law,  or  York  Antwerp  Rules.  Then  from  inherent 
vice,  such  as  fish  and  meat  becoming  putrid,  rice 
or  flour  heated,  fruit  becoming  rotten,  wine  sour, 
or  hides  tainted,  not  by  contact  with  sea  water, 
but  by  natural  decomposition,  even  though  the 
latter  arise  from  the  prolongation  of  the  voyage 
by  sea  perils.  (Taylor  v,  Dunbar»  L.R«  4  CP. 
206.) 

Losses  not  proximately  but  remotely  caused  by 
perils  insured  against:  Ix>s8  of  market  on  cargo 
owing  to  the  protraction  of  the  voyage  by  bad 
weather ;  Iobs  arising  from  the  compulsory  abandon- 
ment of  the  voyage;  consequent  upon  blockade, 
hostile  occupation,  or  other  deterrent  cause;  the 
liability  of  shipowners  for  loss  or  injury  caused  to 
persons  or  property  through  the  default  of  their 
servants  ;  the  liability  of  shipowners  for  the  charges 
incurred  in  the  removal  of  a  wreck,  even  thougb 
the  underwriters  have  paid  a  total  loss  and  claimed 
the  salvage ;  loss  by  the  forced  sale  of  goods  at  a 
port  of  refuge  to  provide  funds  for  the  repair  of 
the  ship,  or  to  defray  other  expenses  necessary  far 
the  prosecution  of  the  voyage — ^recoverable  not 
from  the  underwriters  who  have  insured  the  goods, 
but  from  the  parties  for  whose  use  the  funds  were 
required  (Powell  v.  Dudgeon,  5  M.  and  S.  431)  ; 
the  liability  of  a  cargo  owner  to  make  up  the 
deficit  in  the  payment  of  a  bottomry  bond,  on  ship 
and  oatgo,  arising  from  the  ship  and  frei^t  betn^ 
of  insuf^cient  value  (Green  v,  Poole,  4  Asp.  Maur. 


POLLARD 


497 


POO  RE 


L.C.  300) ;  loss  by  the  forced  sale  of  property  under 
Admiralty  decree  to  realise  the  amotint  of  a  claim 
thereon    (Thompson   v,    Reynolds ;    sm    Amould, 
4th  ed.,  p.  667)  ;  loss  by  prejudice  or  suspicion  of 
damage  (Cator  v.  Great  Western  Co.,  2  Asp.  Mar. 
L.C.  90)  ;  the  forfeiture  of  freight  from  the  exercise 
of  a  power  of  mulct  or  cancelling  option  by  the 
charterer,  etc.  (Inman  v.  Bischofi,  L.R.  7  H.Lw  670, 
Mercantile  Marine  v.  Tyser,  5  Asp.  Mar.  L.C.  6)  ; 
losses  attributable  to  the  negligence  or  misconduct 
of  the  assured  or  his  agent ;  unseaworthiness  or 
improper  condemnation,  theft,  which,  when  un- 
accompanied by  overpowering  force,  might  have 
been  prevented  by  the  exercise  of  ordinary  vigilance 
on  the  part  of  those  in  charge  of  the  vessel ;  loss 
in  the  shipping  or  landing  of  cargo  directly  attri- 
butable to  the  negligence  of  the  shipowner's  ser- 
vants, or  to  defect  in  the  ship's  tackle ;  damage 
by  bad  stowage,  rats,  or  other  vermin ;  loss  by 
British   capture  or  hostile  arrest ;   loss  resulting 
from  an  act  of  a  foreign  State,  of  which  the  assured 
is  a  subject,  when  committed  with  a  hostile  inten- 
tion against  Britain  (the  assured  being,  in  such  a 
case,   identified  in  the  eye  of  the  law  with  his 
Government  in  the  proceeding) ;  the  loss  of  articles 
placed  in  improper  or  insecure  situations,  such  as 
water  casks  on  deck,  and  hawsers  or  other  ropes 
lying  on  deck,  unless  the  vessel  is  just  entering  or 
leaving  port ;  and  may  be  added  the  custom  by 
which  the  underwriter  is  exonerated  from  liability 
for  the  loss  of  cargo  laden  on  deck  unless  he  has 
sanctioned  its  carriage  by  special  agreement  in 
the  policy.     (McArthur  on  the  Contract  of  Insur- 
ance, p.  134.) 

Pollard,  Bear-Admina  Edwin  John   (b.   1833). 
Entered  Navy  as  naval  cadet,  1846  ;  midshipman  of 
Vengeance  during  operations  in  Black  Sea,   from 
the  commencement  of  the  Crimean  war  until  1855, 
including   attack  on  sea  defences  of  Sebastopol 
(Crimean  and  Turkish  medals,  Sebastopol  clasp)  ; 
lieutenant,   1855  ;  lieutenant  commanding   Wood- 
cock ;  took  part  in  the  operations  in  the  north  of 
China,  including  the  capture  of   Tientsin  and  the 
bombardment  and  capture  of  Namtow,  1858  ;  in 
command  of  Staunch  in  the  Gulf  of  Pechili ;  was 
present  at  the  second  capture  of  the  Peiho  forts 
and  Tientsin ;  specially  mentioned  in  despatches 
by   Commander-in-Chief,   and  promoted  to  com- 
mander for  services  rendered  (China  medal.  Canton 
and  Taku  clasp)  ;  received  Royal  Humane  Society's 
silver  medal  (1857)  for  jumping  into  the  Canton 
River  off  Tiger  Island  and  supporting  J.  White, 
A.B.,    -who    had    fallen    overboard    from    H.M.S. 
Woodcock  until  a  boat  arrived  ;  received  the  second 
award  and  vellum  certificate  for  saving  life ;  cap- 
tain, 1868  ;  rear-admiral,  1885,  when  he  retired. 

PoUook*  Waltw.  Naval  architect  and  consulting 
engineer  (b.  March  24,  1873).  After  serving  his 
apprenticeship  he  joined  the  firm  of  Messrs.  Ball, 
Sons  and  Co.,  Ltd.,  and  has  been  closely  connected 


with  the  design  of  numerous  vessels,  principally 
tugs,  shallow-draught  steamers,  and  coasting 
steamers  for  all  parts  of  the  world.  Member  of 
the  Institution  of  Mechanical  Engineers,  Institution 
of  Naval  Architects,  Institution  of  Marine  En- 
gineers, etc. 

PoltaVE.  See  Tango,  i  st  class  battleship  ( 1 1 ,000 
tons).  This  vessel  was  damaged  by  the  Japanese 
at  the  battle  of  Port  Arthur,  February  9,  1904,  and 
eventually  blown  up  by  the  Russians,  before  the 
capitulation  of  Port  Arthur,  January,  1905.  Since 
raised,  refitted,  and  added  to  the  active  list  of  the 
Japanese  Navy. 

Polynesian.  French  subsidised  merchant  ship 
(1890).  Messageries  Maritimes  (q.v.).  Dimensions, 
482  X  49  X  34  ft.  ;  gross  tonnage,  6,569  ;  Hp.,  7,500  = 
17  kts. 

Pomennia.  Hamburg-Amerika  Line  steamer. 
Sunk  off  Folkestone  by  collision  with  the  Moel 
Eilian,  of  Carnarvon,  November  25.  1878 ;  48  lives 
lost. 

Pommflm*   German  ist  class  battieship.    (Vulkan 
Co.,  1905.) 
Length  430ft.     Beam  72ft.    Mean  draught  25ft. 
Displacement  13,400  tons.    Complement  700. 
Guns,  Armour, 

4 — II  in.  "  Krupp." 

14 — 6*7  in.  10  in.  Belt. 

22 — 24  pdr.  1 1  in.  Barbettes. 

4 — I  pdr.  II  in.  Turrets. 

4  Machine.  12  in.  Conning  tower. 

Torpedo  Tubes, 
6  Submerged  bow,  stem,  and  broadside. 
Three  screws.     Hp.  16,000=18  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 1,800  tons.     Approximate  cost  ;(i, 200,000. 

Pomona.  American  ship,  from  Liverpool  to 
New  York.  Wrecked  on  Blackwater  Bank  through 
the  master  mistaking  the  Blackwater  for  the 
Tuskar  Light,  January  23,  1859 ;  many  lives  lost. 

Ponoe  de  Leon.  Spanish  gun-boat.  Of  litUe 
fighting  value. 

Pondnt.    Western. 

Ponente.    A  westerly  wind  in  the  Mediterranean. 

Pontoon.    A  low,  flat  vessel  resembUng  a  barge. 

Poole  Yacht  dab.  Established  1873.  Burgee  : 
Blue,  yellow  shield,  dolphin  in  centre.  Commodore, 
C.  van  Raalite;  Vice-Commodore,  R.  E.  Durell; 
Rear-Commodore,  F.  W.  Lacey ;  Honorary  Secre- 
tary, F.  G.  Wheatiey.  Entrance  fee,  £t  is. ;  annual 
subscription,  £1  is. 

Poop.  The  after  and  highest  part  of  a  ship's 
hole  ;  also  the  name  given  to  a  deck  and  after  part 
of  a  spar  deck. 

Pooped.  Signifies  a  wave  breaking  over  a  ship's 
stem. 

PdoN»  ^BeMwAdrntal    Hr    Biohafdt   4tb    Bt, 

cr.   1795   (b.  J853).    Entered  Navy,   1866;  lieu- 


POPPER 


498 


PORT 


tenant,  1873 ;  sub-lieutenant  in  Philomel ;  served 
in  Naval  Brigade  during  operations  against  Malays 
in  the  Straits  of  Malacca,  1875-76 ;  mentioned  in 
despatches ;  promoted  (Perak  medal  and  clasp)  ; 
lieutenant  of  Invincible  at  the  bombardment  of 
Alexandria,  1882 ;  mentioned  in  despatches  for 
landing  with  a  party  of  volunteers  to  spike  and 
destroy  guns  in  Fort  Mex ;  landed  with  Naval 
Brigade,  and  served  in  the  armoiu-ed  train  through- 
out the  Egyptian  war  (Egyptian  medal,  Alexandria 
clasp,  Khedive's  Bronze  Star,  Medjidie,  4th  Class) ; 
served  with  Naval  Brigade,  aind  landed  for  service 
in  the  Soudan  with  the  Nile  expedition  for  the  relief 
of  General  Gordon  at  Khartoum,  1884-85  ;  com- 
manded the  steamer  Nassif  Rheit  while  passing 
the  cataracts  between  Wady  Haifa  and  Dondola ; 
promoted  to  commander  for  these  services ;  men- 
tioned in  despatches  (Nile  clasp,  1884-85)  ;  captain, 
1890  ;  rear-admiral,  1903  ;  rear-admiral  of  Channel 
Fleet,  1905. 

Popper,  Ziegfried.  Austrian  naval  architect. 
Chief  Constructor  Austro-Hungarian  Navy  (b. 
Prague,  1848).  Obtained  his  technical  education 
at  the  High  Schools  of  Prague  and  Carlsruhe,  and, 
after  two  years'  practical  working  in  engineering 
shops,  he  in  1869  entered  the  Austrian  naval  ser- 
vice as  Assistant  Constructor.  In  1891  he  was 
appointed  Chief  Constructor,  and  all  the  newer 
ships  oi  the  Austro-Hungarian  Navy  were  de- 
signed by  him,  and  built  under  his  supervision  and 
direction.  In  1904  the  King  of  Italy  conferred  on 
him  the  rank  of  Constructor  General. 

Poppets.  Uprights  of  stout  timber  used  to  sup- 
port a  ship  when  being  launched. 

Popple.    Short  waves  rising  in  quick  succession. 

Pofftiiaiiuchy.  Russian  torpedo-boat  destroyer. 
Black  Sea  (1898).  Length,  196  ft. ;  beam,  18  ft. ; 
draught,  ii^  ft. ;  displacement,  240  tons ;  comple- 
ment, 55  ;  armament,  i  12-pdr.,  3  3-pdr.,  2  tubes ; 
Hp.,  3,800=27  kts. ;  coal,  53  tons. 

Porcupine.  British  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Jar- 
row,  1895.)  Length,  200  ft. ;  beam,  19  ft. ;  draught, 
6i  ft. ;  displacement,  288  tons ;  complement,  50 ; 
armament,  i  12-pdr.,  5  6-pdr.,  3  tubes ;  twin  screw  ; 
Hp.,  3,866=27  kts. ;  coal,  60  tons. 

Porpoiie.  U.S.  submarine.  (Elizabeth  Port, 
1 90 1.)  Length,  63  ft.;  beam,  11}  ft.;  displace- 
ment, 120  tons ;  complement,  5  ;  torpedo  tubes,  i  ; 
Hp.,  1 60= 8  kts.  above,  7  kts.  below. 

Port.    The  left-hand  side  of  the  vessel. 

Port  By  the  Harbours  Transfer  Act,  1862, 
power  was  expressly  reserved  to  the  Admirally 
to  retain  the  control  of  any  parts  of  any  harbour, 
port,  bay,  estuary,  or  navigable  river  adjoining 
any  Royal  dockyard,  arsenal,  naval  station,  etc., 
as  might  seem  advisable  in  the  interests  oi  the 
naval  service.  By  the  Regulation  of  Dockyard 
Ports  Act,  Z665,  proviiions  may  be  made  by 
Orden  in  Council  to  regulate  the  mooring  of  ehips. 


to  prohibit  breaming  and  the  keeping  of  gun- 
powder, to  restrict  the  use  of  fire  and  hght,  and  the 
keeping  of  combustibles,  to  limit  the  speed  of 
vessels,  and  to  provide  for  day  and  night  watch- 
men on  all  vessels.  A  King's  harbour-master  is 
appointed  by  the  Admiralty  to  execute  the  provi- 
sions of  this  Act,  to  control  the  movements  of 
ships,  and  to  remove  wreck  and  other  obstructions. 
He  is  not  responsible  for  the  defaults  of  his  sub- 
ordinates, and  the  Crown  cannot  be  made  liable 
for  his  defaults.  No  action  will  lie  against  him 
for  any  trespass,  act,  or  omission  unless  the  action 
is  conunenced  within  six  months  of  such  trespass, 
act,  or  omission,  and  unless  written  notice  is  given 
him  a  month  before  the  commencement  of  any 
proceedings.     Refer  to  Arson. 

Port  Blair  Sailing  Clnb.  Estr.  3lished  1 894.  Com- 
modore, W.  Merk ;  Vice-Commodore,  R.  F.  Lowis ; 
Treasurer,  K.  C.  Bose ;  Honorary  Secretary,  R,  F. 
Lowis,  Port  Blair,  Andaman  Island,  India.  En- 
trance fee,  5  rupees  ;  annual  subscription,  12  rupees. 

Porter.  U.S.  torpedo-boat  (1897).  Displace- 
ment, 175  tons ;  guns,  4  i-pdr.  ;  torpedo  tubes, 
3  i8-in. ;  maximum  speed,  27  kts. 

PorteTt  David  Dixon.  American  admiral  (b. 
Chester,  P. A.,  18x3).  Entered  the  Navy,  1829.  as 
midshipman,  and  in  1841,  as  lieutenant,  took  part 
in  the  war  with  Mexico.  At  the  outbreak  of  the 
Civil  war  he  was  given  command  of  the  steam  frigate 
Powhatan.  In  186 1  he  was  promoted  to  the  rank  of 
commander,  and  at  the  battle  of  New  Orleans  had 
charge  of  the  auxiliary  fleet  of  mortar-boats  -which 
bombarded  for  five  days  Forts  Jackson  and  St. 
Philip.  In  1862  he  had  command  of  the  Mississippi 
squadron,  and  played  an  important  part  in  the 
capture  of  Arkansas  Post  in  the  following  year.  In 
1863  he  greatly  distinguished  himself  in  co-operation 
with  Grant  in  the  reduction  of  Vicksburg.  On 
July  4,  1863,  he  was  appointed  rear-admiral,  and  in 
the  following  year  transferred  to  the  command  of 
the  North  American  blockade  squadron,  and  again 
distinguished  himself  at  the  capture  of  Fort  Fisher, 
1865.  He  held  the  post  of  superintendent  of  the 
U.S.  Naval  Academy,  1 865-69.  He  was  made 
vice-admiral,  1866,  admiral,  1870,  being  the  only 
person  except  Admiral  Farragut  who  had  ever 
reached  that  rank.  Among  his  publications  are 
"The  Life  of  Commodore  David  Porter"  (1875). 
"  Incidents  and  Anecdotes  of  the  Civil  War  " 
(1885),  "The  Naval  History  of  the  QvU  War  " 
(1887),  and  several  novels. 

Port  helm.  In  connection  with  articles  18  and 
23  of  the  Regulations  for  the  Prevention  of  CoUisions 
at  Sea  (^.v.)*  ^®  effect  of  the  reversed  propeller 
upon  the  turning  capacities  of  a  ship  is  of  great 
importance  in  determining  the  advisability  oi 
reversing  in  close  proximity  to  another  vessel  or 
the  shore.  Vessels  fitted  with  twin  screws  or 
disconnected  paddles  can,  of  course,  manoravre 
almost  independently  of  the  rudder  action, 


PORTLAND 


499 


POSLUCHNY 


have  been  known  to  turn  round  in  their  own  length, 
when  going  at  full  speed,  by  reversing  one  screw  and 
keeping  on  full  ahead  with  the  other.  In  the  case 
of  single-screw  ships,  however,  the  efiect  of  a  right- 
handed  propeller  (i,e.,  one  turning  from  left  to  right) 
is  to  cast  the  ship's  head  to  port  when  moving  ahead, 
and  to  starboard  when  moving  astern,  and  vice 
versa  with  a  left-handed  screw.  This  turning 
effect,  when  the  engines  are  going  astern,  is  far 
more  noticeable  than  when  going  ahead,  and  become 
still  further  marked  as  the  vessel  loses  headway. 
In  fact,  in  collision  actions,  a  ship  is  not  infrequently 
accused  of  deliberately  porting  or  starboarding 
at  the  last  moment  into  another  vess^,  and  subse- 
quent investigation  has  proved  that  this  effect  was 
produced  solely  by  the  action  of  the  reversed  pro- 
peller, even  when  the  helm  has,  in  fact,  been  hard 
over  the  other  way. 

A  vessel  infringing  article  23  is  deemed  in  defoult 
unless  she  can  show  to  the  satisfaction  of  the  Court 
that  the  circumstances  of  the  case  made  a  departure 
from  the  regulations  necessary. 

The  effect  of  the  reversed  propeller  upon  the 
heading  of  a  ship  is  not  unimportant  in  determining 
the  action  of  the  officer  of  the  watch  in  the  event  of 
a  man  falling  overboard.  Twin-screw  vessels  can, 
by  reversing,  not  only  bring  themselves  to  a  stand- 
still and  remain  on  the  same  heading,  but,  apart 
from  the  effects  of  wind,  ^current  or  trim  of  the  ship, 
can  retrace  the  same  steps  by  continuing  to  reverse. 
A  single-screw  ship  will,  on  the  other  hand,  fly  off 
her  course  under  the  reversed  action  of  the  pro- 
peller, and,  moreover,  it  is  not  every  junior  engineer 
who  dare  at  once  put  his  engines  full  speed  astern 
from  full  speed  ahead.  Most  commanders,  who 
know,  or  should  know  to  a  nicety,  the  turning 
circle  of  their  ships,  favour  the  idea  of  turning  a 
complete  circle  (one  engine  reversed  in  the  case  of 
a  twin-screw  boat),  thus  giving  the  watch  on  deck 
time  to  clear  a  boat  of  lashings  and  have  her  ready 
for  lowering  on  top  of  the  drowning  man.  Refer  to 
Collisions,  Regulations  for  the  Prevention  of,  at 
Sea  (article  18). 

Porfland,  Batfle  of.  This  action  began  on  Febru- 
ary 18,  1653,  when  the  Dutch,  under  Admiral  van 
Tromp,  attacked  the  British  Fleet  under  Blake, 
Monck,  Dean  and  Penn.  At  the  first  engagement 
the  British  lost  one  ship ;  the  Dutch  five.  A 
running  action  was  continued  on  the  19th  and  20th, 
in  -which  the  British  were  successful.  The  Dutch 
loss  during  the  whole  action  was  four  ships  of  war 
taken,  five  sunk,  three  burnt,  and  about  50  mer- 
chantmen captured. 

Port  Nioholion  Tachi  Club.  Established  1883. 
Commodore,  Dr.  Fell ;  Vice-Commodore,  F.  D.  M. 
Georgeson ;  Rear-Commodore,  W.  N.  Johnson ; 
Honorary  Treasurer,  H.  L.  Nathan ;  Honorary 
Secretary,  F.  McLean,  jun.,  Wellington,  New 
Zealand.    Annual  subscription,  £1  is. 

Porlo  Bioo.    Spanish  cruiser  (1902). 


Length  288ft.  Beam  36ft.  Maximum  draught  1 5ft. 
Displacement  2,030  tons.     Complement  260. 
Guns.  Armour, 

4—5-5  m.  "  Steel." 

4 — ^4  in.  li  in.  Deck. 

2 — 12  pdr. 
4 — 6  pdr. 
4 — I  pdr. 
.Twin  screw.     Hp.  forced  7,800=18  kts.     Coal 
maximum  210  tons. 


Port  Sanitary  Aafhority  (Public  Health  Acts, 
1875  and  1885). 

The  Local  Government  Board  may  by  Order 
permanently  constitute  any  local  authority  whose 
district  forms  part  or  abuts  on  any  part  of  a  port,  or 
any  conservators,  commissioners,  or  others  having 
authority  in  such  port  (styled  by  the  Act  "  riparian 
authority  ")  the  sanitary  authority  for  the  whole  or 
part  of  a  port.  Such  authority  has  jurisdiction 
over  all  the  waters  within  the  limit  of  the  port,  and 
extensive  powers  of  raising  money  for  expenses 
and  pa3rment  of  debts,  and  may  borrow  on  credit  of 
any  fund,  sewage  land,  or  plant.  In  London  the 
Port  Sanitary  Authority  is  the  City  Corporation, 
which  pays  its  expenses  out  of  its  corporate  funds. 
Port  sanitary  authorities  restrict  nuisances,  ad- 
minister the  laws  of  quarantine,  and,  by  the  Public 
Health  Act,  1896,  may  be  assigned  powers,  rights, 
duties,  capacities  and  obligations  by  the  Local 
Government  Board  under  the  Infectious  Diseases 
Prevention  Act,  1890. 

Partmumth,  Batito  of.  On  February  18,  1653, 
the  English  under  Blake  gained  a  decisive  victory 
over  the  Dutch  fleet  under  van  Tromp,  taking  and 
destroying  30  men-of-war  and  z  i  merchantmen. 

Portsmouth  Corinthian  Yacht  dab,  BoyaL    See 

Royal  Portsmouth  Corinthian  Yacht  Club. 

Portsmouth  Official  Directory.  Published  monthly. 
Price  4d.    Address :   Portsmouth. 

Portsmouth  SaOing  Club.  Established  1901. 
Vice-Commodore,  Lieut.-Colonel  R.  Barrington- 
Baker ;  Honorary  Treasurer,  A.  B.  Gilchrist -^ 
Honorary  Secretary,  A.  S.  German,  i  King  Street, 
Portsmouth.     Annual  subscription,  £1  is, 

Portuguese  ICan-of-War.  A  sea-nettle  common 
in  tropical  seas. 

Portuguese  National  Navigation  Co.  See  Empreza 
Nacional. 

Portunse.  Liverpool  steamer,  foundered  during 
a  cyclone  250  miles  from  Barbadoes,  August  28, 
1890  ;  all  hands  lost. 

Port  Tarak.  Glasgow  barque.  Driven  ashore  in 
Brandon  Bay,  co.  Kerry  ;  21  lives  lost. 

Posadnik.  See  Mahikumo,  Torpedo  gun-boat. 
(Schichau,  1892.)     Of  no  fighting  value. 

Podnohny.  Russian  torpedo-boat  destroyer. 
(Black  Sea,  1898.)     Length,  196  ft. ;  beam,  18  ft. 


POSSESSION 


500 


POST 


draught,  ii|  ft.;  displacement,  240  tons;  com- 
plement, 55  ;  armament,  i  12-pdr.,  3  3-pdr.,  2  tubes  ; 
Hp.,  3,800=27  kts. ;  coal,  53  tons. 

Possession  of  ships.  For  the  wrongful  detention 
of  a  personal  chattel  the  process  at  common  law  is 
a  personal  action  for  damages,  but  for  the  wrongful 
detention  of  a  ship  the  vessel  herself  may  be 
arrested  and  proceeded  against  by  the  Court  by  the 
process  in  rem  peculiar  to  Admiralty.  The  Admi- 
ralty Court  Act,  1840,  gave  the  Court  power  to 
determine  questions  of  title  or  ownership  of  any 
vessel  or  the  proceeds  thereof  remaining  in  the  regis- 
try arising  in  any  cause  of  possession.  Where 
foreigners  alone  are  concerned  the  Court  will  only 
adjudicate  in  actions  for  possession  with  the  consent 
either  of  the  parties  concerned,  or  of  the  Consul 
of  the  country  to  which  she  belongs.  Possession 
will  be  decreed  against  a  master  who  seeks  to 
retain  possession  against  the  wishes  of  the  owners. 
Refer  to  Restraint  on  Ship,  Admiralty  Court  of  the 
Cinque  Ports,  Admiralty  Jurisdiction. 

Posted.    Promoted. 

Post-offioe.  In  161 9  James  I.  established  a  post- 
office,  and  in  1635  Charles  I.  a  letter  office,  for 
England  and  Scotland,  but  this  extended  only  to 
the  principal  roads,  and  the  time  of  carnage  was 
uncertain.  In  1657  an  Act  was  passed  declaring 
that  there  shall  be  but  one  post-office  and  one 
postmaster-general  and  controller  to  settle  posts, 
and  fixing  postage  at  the  following  rates  :  For  a 
single  letter,  under  80  miles  2d.,  under  140  miles 
4d.,  above  140  miles  6d.,  and  on  the  borders  and 
in  Scotland  8^.  In  1683  a  metropolitan  penny  post 
was  established.  In  1839  Rowland  Hill  brought 
forward  his  scheme  for  penny  postage  throughout 
the  United  Kingdom,  which  came  into  operation 
on  January  10,  1840,  and  the  charge  was  id.  for 
every  letter  below  i  oz.  in  weight.  In  1870  a 
id.  postcard  was  introduced,  and  in  the  following 
year  the  weight  for  id.  postage  was  advanced  to 
I  oz.,  and  a  ^d.  fixed  for  each  additional  ounce. 
In  1897  the  inland  postal  rates  were  reduced  to 
id.  for  4  oz.  and  id.  for  every  2  oz.  additional 
weight. 

Books,  sketches,  circulars,  and  samples  in 
packages  not  exceeding  2  ft.  in  length  and  i  ft. 
in  width  or  depth,  may  be  transmitted  for  a  postal 
charge  of  id. 

Any  publication  registered  as  a  newspaper  at 
the  General  Post  Office  becomes  entitled  to  the 
special  rate  of  id.  for  circulation  within  the  United 
Kingdom. 

Railway  Letters. — Since  1891  any  letter  not  ex- 
ceeding 4  oz.  in  weight  may  be  handed  in  at  a 
railway  station  for  conveyance  by  passenger  train. 
The  cost  of  this,  excluding  the  postage,  is  2d., 
payable  to  the  railway  company. 

Registration. — Letters  and  parcels  may  be  regis- 
tered against  loss  or  damage  at  any  Post  Office, 
the  cost  bein^ : 


Compensation  up  to  £s,  2d. 

„     ^lo,  sd. 
„  for  each  additional  /lo,  id. 

Limit  of  compensation,  ^(120. 

Parcels  Post. — Parcels  not  exceeding  3  ft.  6  in. 
in  length,  nor  6  ft.  in  length  and  girth  combined, 
and  I  z  lbs.  weight  are  accepted  by  the  Post  Office 
for  transmission,  the  rates  being  : 

Not  exceeding  i  lb.,  3^.,  and  id.  for  every 
additional  pound  up  to  9  lbs. ;  exceeding  9  lbs. 
and  not  exceeding  11  lbs.,  is. 

Posts  Restante. — ^The  Post  Office  agrees  to  retain 
letters  addressed  to  strangers  or  those  not  having 
a  permanent  address  in  any  town  for  a  period  not 
exceeding  two  months  if  from  abroad,  and  one 
month  from  within  the  United  Kingdom.  Snch 
letters  must  be  marked  "  Poste  Restante,"  or  "To 
be  called  for." 

Money  Orders. — ^The  rates  of  poundage  in  the 
inland  service  are  : 

For  sums  not  exceeding  £1,  2d. 

£3.  Zd. 
;f  10,  4/f. 

;i20,  6d. 

l^o,  Sd. 

;J40,  the  limit,  lod. 
Foreign  and  colonial  service,  not  exceeding  £i,4d. 

n  tt  II  11  i     •  ^^■** 

ft  II  11  II  £4»  9"- 

with  a  corresponding  increase  of  ^d.  to  the  limit 
of  $s.  sd.  for  £40. 

Postal  Orders. — The  poundage  rates  for  these  are 
as  follows  : 

For  orders  valued  at  6d.,  is.,  and  is.  6d.,  id. 

For  orders  from  2s.,  rising  by  6d.  to  los.  6d.,  id. 

For  orders  from  lis.,  rising  by  6d.  to  21s.  limit, 

iK 

Telegraphs. — In  1885  the  rate  of  telegraph  charges 
was  revised,  and  id.  per  word  throughout,  address 
included,  with  a  minimum  charge  of  6d.,  came 
into  force.  This  charge  includes  the  cost  of 
delivery  within  three  miles  of  the  receiving  office  ; 
outside  that  radius  the  charge  for  delivery  is  3^. 
for  each  mile. 

Foreign  and  Colonial  Telegrams. — A  uniform  rale 
of  2d.  per  word,  minimum*  charge  lod.,  now  exists 
between  Great  Britain,  Belgium,  France,  Germany, 
and  Holland.  The  rate  to  other  countries  vary 
according  to  the  distance. 

Savings  Bank. — Any  sum  may  be  deposited 
from  IS.  upwards  to  the  limit  of  £$0  in  any  one 
year,  and  ;f2oo  in  all.  Interest  on  deposit  is 
allowed  at  the  rate  of  2}%  per  annum.  Deposits 
can  be  made  at  any  post-office,  and  withdrawals 
from  the  post-office  named  in  the  warrant  received 
from  the  savings  bank  department,  or  for  sums  of 
£1  and  under  upon  apphcation  at  any  post-office. 
Withdrawals  may  also  be  effected  by  telegraph. 

Imperial  Penny  Postage. — All  the  British  colonies 
with  the  exception  of  Rhodesia  have  a  universal 


POST 


501 


POST 


penny    postage.     The    following    rates    apply    to 
postage  to  countries  included  in  the  postal  union  : 


Abyssinia 

Aden 

Algeria 

Antigua  . . 

Arabia 

Argentine  Republic 

Ascension 

Australia . . 

Austria-Hungary 

Azores 

Bahamas . . 

Banks  Islands     . . 

Barbadoes 

Basutoland 

Bechuanaland 

Bechuanaland      (Protec 
torate) 

Belgium 

Bermuda 

Bolivia 

Borneo 

Brazil 

British  Central  Africa 

British  East  Africa  and 
Uganda 

British  Guiana   . . 

British  Honduras 

British  New  Guinea 

British  North  Borneo 

British  Somaliland 

Bulgaria  . . 

Cameroons 

Canada 

Canary  Islands  . . 

Cape  Colony 

Cape  Verde  Islands 

Caroline  Islands . . 

Cayman  Islands . . 

Ceylon 

Chili 

Cliiiia 

Colombia 

Comoro  Islands 

Congo  Free  State 

Cook  Islands 

Corea 

Costa  Rica 

v^'X'cte        •  •         •  • 

Cuba. 

Cyprus 

Dahomey 

Oanish  West  Indies 

Oesmark 

XX>iniBica 


Parcels  Post 

minimum 

charge. 


d. 

I 

I 
2i 

I 
I 

24 
I 

I 

I 
I 

I 

2i 
I 

2i 
I 

2i 
I 

I 
I 
I 
I 
I 
I 

2i 

2i 
I 

2i 
I 

2* 

2i 
I 

I 

2i 

2i 

2i 

2i 

2i 
I 

2i 
2i 
2i 
2i 
I 

2i 
2i 
2i 

I 


If 


1/03  lbs 

1/93 
1/03 


2/43 

1/03 

i/o  I 

1/63 
1/63 

1/03 


»t 


1/03 
0/9  I 

0/9  I 

1/9  I 
1/03 
1/03 
3/67 
I/O  3 
3/63 
2/03 

1/03 

x/03 

1/03 
i/o  I 

1/03 

1/03 

2/3  3 

2/33 
0/8  I 

0/9  I 
2/63 
3/03 
1/03 
1/03 
2/03 
1/03 
2/03 
3/03 
2/63 
1/03 
2/03 
2/03 
2/03 
2/03 
1/03 
3/03 
2/03 
1/03 
1/03 


i> 


f  • 


$* 


t» 


f  • 


If 


f  I 


f  f 


ff 


Letter 

Post- 
cards. 

Parcels  Post 

Pottage 
per  ox. 

minimum 
charge. 

d. 

d. 

Dutch  Guiana    . . 

21 

2/03  lbs. 

Dutch  East  Indies 

2i 

3/03    II 

Dutch  West  Indies 

2i 

3/6  3    .» 

Ecuador  . . 

2i 

4/63    M 

Egypt      

I 

1/03    M 

Erithrea  . . 

2i 

3/03    II 

Falkland  Islands 

I 

1/03    M 

Fanning  Island  . . 

I 

1/03        M 

Faroe  Islands 

2i 

1/03       .» 

Fernando  Po 

2i 

Fiji  Islands 

I 

i/o  I    ,, 

Formosa 

2i 

2/03   1. 

France     . . 

2i 

1/4  3    If 

French  Congo     . . 

2i 

3/03    II 

French  Guiana   . . 

2i 

3/03        M 

French  Guinea   . . 

2i 

2/3  3   « 

French  India 

2i 

2/3  3   .» 

French  Indo-China 

24 

4/0  3   f. 

French  Somali  Coast     . . 

2i 

2/3  3   11 

Friendly  Islands 

2i 

Gambia    . . 

I 

1/03   .. 

Germany . . 

2i 

1/03   If 

German  East  Africa 

21 

3/03   » 

German       South  -  West 

Africa  . . 

21 

3/03   11 

German  New  Guinea     . . 

21 

3/03    1. 

Gibraltar . . 

I 

1/03        M 

Gilbert  Islands  . . 

2l 



Gold  Coast 

I 

I/O  3   .1 

vrreece     •  •         •  *         ■  • 

2* 

2/33   1. 

Greenland 

2i 

1/03   " 

Grenada  . . 

1 

1/03        M 

Guadeloupe 

2i 

3/0  3   .» 

Guatemala 

2i 

2/0  3   „ 

Hawaii  (or  Sandwich  Is- 

lands) . . 

2i 

2/03   f. 

Hayti 

2j 

— 

Holland  . . 

2i 

1/03  f. 

Honduras  Republic 

2i 

2/03       M 

Hong  Kong 

I 

1/03        1. 

Iceland    . . 

2i 

1/03       M 

India  (British)    . . 

I 

1/03        1. 

Italy 

2i 

1/63        M 

Italian  Somaliland 

2i 

2/3  3   1. 

Ivory  Coast 

2i 

3/03   11 

Jamaica  . . 

I 

1/03   11 

Japan 

2i 

2/03   1. 

Labuan    . . 

1 

1/03   » 

Lagos 

I 

1/03   11 

Liberia 

2* 

2/03   1. 

Luxemburg 

2i 

1/03   f. 

Macao 

24 

2/03   11 

Madagascar 

2i 

3/03   II 

Madeira  . . 

2J 

1/63   1- 

Malay  States 

I 

1/03   „ 

Malta 

I 

1/03   " 

POST 


502 


POST 


Letter 
Postage 

Post- 

Parcels  Post 
minimum 

Letter     p    j_ 
Postage  ^31 

Parcels  Post 
minimum 

per  01. 

iHUUOa 

charge 

• 

per  02, 

charge. 

d. 

(i. 

d. 

d. 

Marian    Islands    (except 

Society  Islands  . . 

2i 

— 

Guam) 

*i 

3/03  lbs.        Solomon  Islands 

2i 

1/3  I  lbs. 

Marian  Islands  . . 

2i 

1 

2/03   . 

,          Spain 

2j 

1/63  ,. 

Marquesas  Islands 

2i 

I 

5/63   . 

Straits  Settlements 

I 

1/03  .. 

Marshall  Islands 

2i 

3/03   . 

,          Sweden    . . 

2i 

1/63  » 

Martinique 

H 

T 

3l<^3   . 

Switzerland 

2i 

1/63       M 

Mauritius   and    Depend- 

Tahiti 

2i 

5/63       .. 

encies  . . 

I 

1/03   . 

Tobago    . . 

I 

1/03       » 

Mexico     . . 

H 

— 

1/03   . 

Togoland 

2i 

2/3  3  M 

Monaco    . . 

2i 

1/43   . 

Tortola 

I 

1/03  » 

Montenegro 

2i 

2/33   . 

Transvaal 

I 

I/O  I    „ 

Montserrat 

I 

1/03   . 

Trinidad 

I 

1/03  .. 

Morocco  . . 

H 

I 

1/03   , 

TripoU  (Africa)  . . 

2i 

1/93        M 

Muscat     . . 

H 

— 

Tristan  d'Acimha 

I 

— 

NTatal 

I 

I     0/91  , 

Tunis 

2* 

2/3  3  .. 

Nevis 

I 

1/03   , 

Turkey    . . 

H 

1/03  .. 

New  Caledonia  . 

2i 

4/03   . 

Turks  and  Caicos  Islands 

I 

1/03  .. 

Newfoundland    . 

I 

1/03   . 

,          Uganda   . .  ' 

I 

1/03  ,. 

New  Hebrides    . 

2i 

1 

i/r  I   , 

United  States  of  America 

24 

2/03       M 

New  Zealand 

I 

1/03  . 

Uruguay 

24 

2/03       » 

Nicaragua 

2* 

I    '  3/03  . 

Venezuela 

2j 

3/8  3  » 

Nigeria    . . 

I 

1/03  . 

Zanzibar 

I 

1/03  « 

Norfolk  Island    . 

I 
2i 

1/03  . 

Norway  . . 

Noasi  B6 

2i 

Approxmmte    time    taken    in    transmission   of 

Nyasaland  Protectorate 

I 

2/03  . 

correspondence    from    Ix)ndon    to    certain   places 

Orange  River  Colony    . . 
Panama  Republic 

I 

i/o  I    , 

abroad : 

2* 

2/03 . 

Paraguay 

T^     -? 

24 

2/83 . 

Name  of  Place. 

Days. 

Honrs* 

r'ersia 

2i 

2/0  3   . 

Peru 

=i 

2/03   . 

,           Accra . . 

16 

Philippine  Islands 

2i 

_ 

2/03   . 

Adelaide 

30 

— 

Puerto  Rico 

2i 

2/0  3   . 

Aden  . . 

10            — 

Portugal 

2i 

I 

1/63   . 

,           Aix-les-Bains 

—           20 

Portuguese  East  Africa 

24 

3/63    . 

Alexandria    . . 

5 

12 

Poituguesc  India 

2i 

*■ 

2/0  3   . 

Algiers 

2 

4 

Portuguese  Timor 

2i 

I 

4/03    . 

Ambriz 

28 

— 

Portuguese  West  Africa 

2i 

2/63   . 

Amsterdam  . . 

■    — 

II 

Reunion  . . 

2i 

3/03    . 

Antigua 

17 

— 

Rhodesia. . 

I 

3/03    . 

Antwerp 

— 

94 

Roumania 

2i 

2/0  3   . 

Arica  (via  Panama) . . 

35 

— 

Russia     . . 

2* 

2/0  3   , 

„     (via  Magellan) 

43 

— 

St.  Domingo 

2i 

1 

— 

Ascension 

14 

— 

St.  Helena 

I 

1/03   . 

Athens 

4 

— 

St.  Kitts 

I 

T 

1/03   . 

Auckland  (via  Suez) 

38 

— 

St.  Lucia . . 

I 

1/03   . 

Baden-Baden 

— 

21 

St.  Pierre  and  Miquelon 

2i 

2/03   . 

Bagdad          

24 

— 

St.  Vincent 

I 

1/03   . 

Bahamas 

12          — 

Salvador 

2i 

3/03   . 

Bahia            

IS 

— 

Samoa 

2i 

2/03   , 

,          B&le   .  * 

— 

194 

Sarawak  . . 

I 

1/03. 

Balearic  Islands 

3 

Senegarobia 

2i 

— 

Barbadoes     . . 

12 

— 

Servia 

24 

1/93   . 

Barcelona 

I 

10 

Seychelles 

I 

2/03   . 

,           Batavia 

27 

— 

Slam 

24 

2/03   . 

Bathurst 

15 

— 

Sierra  Leone 

■                   •  • 

t 

1/03   . 

Belgrade 

2 

9 

POST 


503 


POST 


Name  of  Place. 


Belize 

Bergen  ipia  Newcastle) 

Berlin 

Bermuda  {via  New  York) 

,.         {via  Halifax) 
Berne  • . 

Beyrout 

Biarntz  .  • 

Bloemfontein 
Bombay 
Bordeaux 
Boston.  U.S.A. 
Bremen 
Brindisi 
Brisbane 
Brussels 
Bucharest 
Budapest 
Buenos  Aires 
Cadiz 
Cairo  . . 
Calabar 
Calcutta 

Callao  {via  Panama) 
Cameroons    . . 
Cape  Coast  Castle    . . 
Cape  Palmas 
Cape  Town   . . 
Carthagena   . . 
Chicago 
Christiania    . . 
Cologne 
Colombo 
Colon  .  • 

Congo 

Constantinople 
Copenhagen  . . 
Coquimbo 
Corfu 
Cyprus 
Delagoa  Bay 
Demerara 
Dominica 
Dresden 
Falkland  Islands 
Fiji  {via  Vancouver) 

„     {via  Suez) 
Florence 
Forcados 

Frankfort-on-Main  . . 
Geneva 

Genoa  . . 

Gibraltar 
Gothenburg  . . 
Grand  Bassa 
Grand  Canary 
Grenada 
Grey  Town  •  • 


>ays. 

Hours. 

1 

Name  of  Place. 

17 

___ 

Guadeloupe  . . 

2 

23 

Guayaquil     . . 
Hague,  The  . . 

13 

— 

Hamburg 

IS 

Hanover 

I 

Havana 

6 

Heidelberg    . . 

I 

I 

Hobart 

19 

— 

Hong  Kong  {via  Brindisi)  . 

14 

14 

„          (via  Vancouver) 

— 

21 

Honolulu 

9 

Iceland 

19 

Irkutsk 

2 

13 

Jamaica  {via  Bristol) 

33 

— 

„        {via  New  York)     . 

— 

7i 

Johannesburg 

2 

IS 

Kurrachee     . . 

I 

i7i 

Lagos 

22 

— 

Lima  .. 

3 

— 

limon 

6 

— ^^ 

Lisbon 

20 

— 

Loanda 

17 

— 

Lucerne 

30 

^^MV 

Lyons 

24 



Madeira 

16 

Madras 

* 

25 

Madrid 

17 

Malaga 

20 



Malta 

J  • 

9 

12 

Mandalay 

2 

10 

14 

Manila 

Marseilles 

16 

Mauritius 

18 



Melbourne     . . 

20 



Mexico 

3 

2 

Milan 

I 

9 

Mombasa 

34 

. — 

Monrovia 

3 

— 

Monte  VidfM 

8 

— 

Montreal 

21 



Montserrat    . . 

IS 

— 

Moscow 

14 

— 

Mozambique . . 

I 

I 

Munich 

2S 

— 

Muscat 

30 

— 

Naples 

44 



Nevis 

I 

17 

Newfoundland 

18 

-— 

New  York     . . 

— 

I6J 

Nice   . . 

— 

23 

Nova  Scotia  (Halifax 

)    . 

I 

7 

Odessa 

3 

IS 

Oporto 

I 

18 

Ottawa 

23 

Palermo 

S 

— 

Panama 

13 

— 

Paris 

»3 

— 

Payto 

Days. 

Hours. 

14 

— ^-. 

24 

— 

— 

10 

— 

20^ 

— 

I8i 

12 

— 



20 

34 

— 

29 

— 

31 

— 

18 

— 

6 

12 

12 

13 

— 

IS 

— 

19 

12 

17 

— 

17 

— 

30 

— 

16 

— 

2 

4 

20 

— 

22 

ao 

4 

17 
I 

3 

3 

21 

32 

28 
31 

12 
I 
20 
22 
21 
8 

17 
2 

30 
I 

20 

2 

19 

9 
8 
I 
6 
2 
2 

9 
2 

19 
36 


22 

18 

23 


9 


19 


21 

10 

6 

22 

8 


POST 


504 


POST 


Name  of  Place. 


Penang 

Pemambuco 

Perth  (West  Australia) 

Pietennaritzburg 

Port-au-Prince 

Port  Said 

Prague 

Pretoria 

Quebec 

Rangoon 

Reggio 

Rio  de  Janeiro 

Rome 

Rotterdam    . . 

St.  Helena     . . 

St.  Kitts 

St.  Louis,  U.S.A. 

St.  Lucia  (West  Indies) 

St.  Petersburg 

St.  Thomas  (West  Indies) 

St.  Vincent  (Cape  Verd  Island) 

St.  Vincent  (West  Indies) 

Salonica 

Samoa 

San  Francisco 

Santander 

Savanilla 

Seychelles  (direct) 

„         (via  Diego  Suarez) 
Shanghai  (via  Vancouver) 

„        (via  Suez) 
Sierra  Leone 
Singapore 
Smyrna 
Stockholm 
Strasburg 
Suez  . . 
Sydney 
Syracuse 
Tamatave 
Tangier 
Teheran 
Teneriffe 
Tiflis  .. 
Tobago 
Tomsk 
Trieste 
Trinidad 
Turin 
Valparaiso  (via  Andes) 

,.         (via  Magellan) 
Vancouver 
Venice 
Vichy 
Vienna 
Vigo  .. 
Vladivoetock 
Washington 


Days. 


22 

H 
26 

21 

5 
I 

19 

7 
21 

3 
I 

16 
18 

9 

13 
2 

IS 
9 

13 

3 

25 
12 

2 

16 

19 

31 
28 

32 

12 

22 

6 

2 

5 
32 

3 

21 

4 
22 

5 
10 

15 
9 
I 

13 
I 

26 

33 
II 

I 

I 

3 

17 
9 


Hours. 


10 
12 


23 
10 


8 


12 


16 


19 
12 

7 

3 


22 


18 

18 

9 


Name  of  Place. 


Days. 


Hours. 


Wellington  (via  Suez) 

Winnipeg 

Yokohama (vf a  Vancouver) 

,.  (via  Suez) 

Zanzibar 
Zurich 


39 

9 

24 

38 
22 


23 


Table  of  charges  for  foreiga  and  colonial  tele- 
grams from  any  part  of  the  United  Kingdom  : 

For 

each 

word. 

S.    d. 

Abyssinia  . .         . .         . .         . .         ..23 

Aden      . .         . .         . .         . .         . .         ..20 

Africa,  East.     See  East  Africa. 

Africa,  South.     See    Cape    Colony,     Natal, 

Orange  River  Colony,  Transvaal,  Rho- 
desia. 
Africa,  West,     See  West  Africa. 
Alaska   . .         . .         . .         . .         . .  ..23 

Algeria  (or  Algiers) . .   o    2i 

Angola.     Su  West  Africa. 

Annam  ..         ..         ..         ..         ..         ..45 

via  Turkey      . .         . .         , .  ..42 

Arabia.     See   Aden,    Hedjaz,    Muscat,    and 

Yemen. 
Argentine  Republic,  via  Galveston,  or  via 

Colon         . .  . .         .  •  ..42 

Argentine  Republic,  via  France        . .  . .  3  10 

Ascension  . .  ..26 

Assab.     See  East  Africa,  Italian  East  Africa. 
Australia : 

New  South  Wales  . .         . .  ..30 

Queensland,  via  Turkey  . .  ..29 

South  Australia 

Tasmania  . . 

Victoria     . . 

Western  Australia 
Austria  . .  • . 

i\zores    . .  • .  .a 

Bahamas  . .         . .         . .         . .         ..25 

Basutoland.     See  Cape  Colony. 

Bathurst.     See  West  Africa. 

Bechuanaland    (Cape   Colony).       See   Cape 

Colony. 
Bechuanaland  Protectorate.     See  Rhodesia, 

Southern. 
Belgium  . .  . .         ..02 

Bermuda  . .         . .         . .  ..36 

Bissao.     See  West  Africa. 

Bokhara.     See  Boukhara. 

Bolama.     See  West  Africa. 

Bolivia,  via  Galveston  (^  Colon         . .         ••59 

Borneo,  British  . .  . .         . .    3   10 

„         „         via  Turkey    .....         ••37 
Borneo,   Dutch.      See   Dutch  East   Indies, 

Other  Islands. 


via  Pacific 


3     o 

o     3 
o     9 


—         Bosnia-Herzegovina    . . 


5i 


POST 


505 


POST 


For 
each 
word. 

- 

For 

each 

word. 

5. 

d. 

5. 

d. 

Boukhara 

.    I 

0 

Corea,  via  Turkey 

•f 

•  • 

4 

7 

Bourbon.     See  Reunion. 

Costa  Rica 

•  • 

«  • 

4 

2 

Brazil  * 

Crete  (or  Candia) 

•  • 

■  • 

0 

6 

Pemambuco 

•    3 

0 

Cyprus  . . 

•  • 

•  • 

I 

0 

Other    Places,    except    those    on    the 

Dahomey.     See  West  Africa. 

Amazon 

.   4 

0 

Delagoa  Bay.     See  East  Africa. 

Other    Places,    except    those    on    the 

Denmark 

.  • 

0 

3 

Amazon,   via  France-Teneriffe-No- 

Djibouti,  via  France    . . 

•  • 

2 

3 

ronha  and  Brazilian  Land  Lines    . 

•   3 

8 

Dutch  East  Indies  : 

Places  on  the  Amazon 

Java          

•  • 

4 

0 

1st  Zone 

.   5 

2 

„    w'a  Turkey  . . 

« • 

3 

9 

„          via  France 

.  4 

11 

Other  Islands 

•  ■ 

4 

5 

2nd  Zone 

.  6 

5 

via  Turkey 

•  • 

4 

2 

„          via  France 

.  6 

I 

East  Africa.  British     . . 

•  • 

2 

9 

British  Central  Africa  (Nyassaland) . . 

.   2 

II 

Mombasa  and  Kilindini 

*  • 

2 

6 

British  F^st  Africa.     See  East  Africa. 

East  Africa,  German  : 

British  South  African  Co.'s  Territory.     Si 

le 

Bismarcksburg  and  Ujiji 

•  • 

3 

I 

Rhodesia,     Northern,     North- Westerr 

1. 

Other  Places 

. . 

2 

8 

and  Southern. 

East  Africa,  Italian     . . 

•  • 

2 

2 

Bulgaria  and  Eastern  Roumelia 

.  0 

4 

East  Africa,  Portuguese  (Mozamt 

ique)  : 

Burma  . . 

.   2 

0 

Beira  Railway  Co. 

•  • 

2 

9 

,,      via  Turkey 

.    I 

10 

Zambesia  . . 

a   • 

3 

0 

Cambodia.     See  Cochin  China. 

Chiuanga  . .          . .  v 

Cameroons.     See  West  Africa. 

Ibo. . 

Canada,  Dominion  of : 

Lurio 

/% 

» 

British  Columbia             . .            i     6  t 

0  3 

I 

Mocubella 

-     .  • 

.  • 

•  • 

2 

Cape  Breton 

0 

Porto  Amelia 

Manitoba  . . 

6 

Quissanga             . .  / 

New  Brunswick   . . 

0 

Delagoa      Bay      (Lorenzo 

Marqu 

es). 

North-West  Territories  . .            i  .  6  t 

0  3 

2 

Mozambique  and  Other  Places 

2 

7 

Nova  Scotia 

0 

Zanzibar    . . 

2 

6 

Ontario  Province . . 

0 

Ecuador,  via  Galveston  or  Colon 

5 

9 

Prince  Edward  Island     . . 

0 

Egypt: 

Quebec  Province  . . 

0 

Alexandria 

I 

0 

Canary  Islands 

.   0 

9 

Sonakim    . . 

I 

4 

Cape  Colony     . . 

.   2 

6 

Other  Places : 

• 

Cape  Verd  Islands : 

. 

First  Region . . 

I 

0 

St.  Vincent 

.   2 

2 

Second  Region 

I 

I 

S.  Thiago  . . 

.   3 

I 

Third  Region 

I 

4 

Caroline  Islands  (Yap  or  Jap) 

.  4 

II 

Falkland  Islands.     Telegrams  are  sent 

by 

„           via  Turkey 

.  4 

8 

post  from  Monte  Video  or  from  Pnnta 

Ceylon 

.   2 

I 

Arenas. 

. ,       via  Turkey 

.    I 

II 

Fanning  Island 

2 

6 

Chili,  via  Galveston,  or  Colon 

.   5 

9 

Fciroe  Islands  . . 

0 

Si 

Punta  Arenas 

•   4 

2 

Fiji  Islands 

3 

0 

„             via  France           . .     '     . 

.   3 

10 

Formosa 

4 

10 

China,  all  places  except  Macao 

.  4 

5 

„        via  Turkey    . . 

4 

7 

„     vta  Turkey. 

.  4 

2 

France   . .          . .          ... 

0 

2 

Macao        . .          . .          . .          . . 

.  4 

7 

French  Congo.     See  West  Africa. 

,,         via  Turkey 

.  4 

4 

French  Guinea.     See  West  Africa 

ft 

Cochin  China    . .          . ; 

.   3 

10 

German  East  Africa.     See  East  Africa. 

,,         via  Turkey 

•   3 

7 

German     South-West     Africa. 

See     West 

^'^^C^CJw               ■■                          ■•                          mm                          ■•                          ■«                          ■ 

.   2 

6 

Africa. 

Colombia,    Republic   of,    via   Galveston    c 

ir 

Germany 

•  • 

•     • 

0 

2 

Colon 

•   5 

9 

Gibraltar 

»  • 

■     • 

0 

3 

Buenaventura,  via  Galveston  or  Colon . 

•   5 

6 

Gold  Coast.     See  West  Africa. 

Congo  Free  State.     See  West  Africa. 

Greece  and  Greek  Islands 

•  • 

•     • 

0 

6 

Corea     . .         •  •                    •  •         •  •         • 

.  4 

10 

Guam  Island    . . 

•  • 

•     • 

S 

0 

POST 


506 


POST 


For 

each 

word. 

s.    d, 

Guatemala :  . . 

San  Jose  de  Guatemala  . .         . .         ..31 

Other  Places         . .         . .         . .         ..34 

Guiana,  British,  via  Key  West  or  Bermuda     7     o 
,,       Dutch,  via  Key  West  or  Hayti       . .  6    9 
,,       French,     ...  . .  . .  ..69 

Hedjaz  (Arabia)  . .         . .  ..26 

Medine,  via  France  . .  . .  . .  o    6| 

Holland . .         . .         . .         . .         . .         ..02 

Honduras,  Botish. .  .Telegrams  are  sent  by 

post  from  New  Orleans. 
Honduras,  Independent         . .         . .         ••39 

Hongkong.     See  China. 

Hungary       ....         . .         . .         . .         ..03 

Iceland  . .         . .         . .         . .         .  •         . .  o    8-}- 

India      . .  . .  . .  . .  . .  . .    i   10 

Italian  East  Africa.     See  East  Africa. 

Italy      . .         . .         . .         . .         . .         ..03 

Ivory  Coast.     See  West  Africa. 

Japan    . .         . .  . .         . .         . .         ..410 

,,      via  Turkey        . .  . .  . .  ..47 

Java.     See  Dutch  East  Indies. 

Kwang  Tung  Peninsula  . .  . .  ..410 

M      via  Turkey  . .  4     7 

Labuan  ..  ..  ..  ..  ..3^ 

„       via  Turkey      . .  . .  . .  •  •   3     3 

Laos.     See  Cochin  China. 

Liberia.     Telegrams  arc  sent  by  post  from 

Sierra  Leone. 
Luxemburg       . .         . .         . .         . .         ..02^ 

Madagascar       . .  . .  . .  . .  ..28 

Madeira . .  . .  . .  . .  . .  ..10 

Malacca.     See  Malay  Peninsula. 
Malay  Peninsula : 

Jelebu        . .  . .  ... 

Malacca  (Straits  Settlements) 

Pahang 

Penang  and  Province  Welles-  ^    6 

ley  (Straits  Settlements)     c     via 

Perak         . .  . .  . .  Turkey  3     3 

Selangor    . . 

Singapore  (Straits  Settlements) 

Sungie  Ujong 

Johore.  .  .Telegrams  are   sent   by  post 
from  Singapore. 
Malta     . .  . .  . .  . .  . .  . .  o    4^ 

Manchuria.   .See  China. 

Massowah.     See  East  Africa,  Italian   East 

Africa. 
Mauritius 
Mexico  . .  . .  . .  . .  1 

Midway  Island . . 
Montenegro 
Morocco : 

Tangier 

Oudjda 

Spanish    Possessions,    North    Coast    of 
Airica  ..  t.  ..  •« 


.  .    2 

6 

6  to  2 

I 

..    4 

0 

.  .    0 

3i 

.  .    0 

4i 

.  .    0 

4i 

Muscat  (Arabia).     See  Persian  Gulf. 

X^AlwU  •■  ••  ••  ••  ••  «« 

New  Caledonia . . 

„  M  via  Turkey 

Newfoundland 

New  South  Wales.     See  Australia 
New  Zealand    . . 

„  via  Turkey 

Nicaragua 

San  Juan  del  Sur 
Nigeria.     See  West  Africa. 
Norfolk  Island,  via  Pacific     . . 
Norway 
Nyassaland.     See  British  Central  Africa. 

Orange  River  Colony 

Panama.     See  Republic  of  Panama. 
Paraguay,  via  Galveston  or  Colon    . . 

via  France 
Penang.     See  Malay  Peninsula. 

Jt  ^XXUX^  ■•  •■  Bt  ••  as  SB 

Persia : 

Bushire 

Other  Places 

Persian  Gulf     . . 

via  Turkey 
Peru,  via  Galveston  or  Colon 
Philippine  Islands  : 

Luzon        . .  . .  . .  .  • 

„      via  Turkey 
Portugal 

Portuguese  East  Africa.     See  East  Africa. 
Poulo  Condore  Island 

„      via  Turkey    . . 
Principe  (Island  of).     See  West  Africa. 
Queensland.     See  Australia. 
Red  Sea  (French  Possessions).     See  DjiboutL 
Red    Sea    (ItaUan    Possessions).     See   East 

Africa,  Italian. 
Republic  of  Panama,  via  Key  West,  Galves- 
ton or  Colon 

Colon  and  Panama 

Reunion  

Rhodesia,  Northern     . . 

„        North- Western 

„         Southern 

Rodriguez         

Roumania 
Russia  in  Asia 

„     „     Europe 
Russia,  Caucasus 

SaghaUen  (Japanese) 

via  Turkey  

St.  Helena 

St.  Pierre  and  Miquelon         

St.  Thom6  (Island  of).     See  West  Africa. 

Salvador  

Libertad 


For 

each 

word. 

5.  i. 


2  6 

3  8 

3  5 

1  0 

3  0 

2  9 

4  2 

3  n 

3  o 

0  3 

2  6 

4  2 

3  10 

2  0 

1  9 

1  6 

2  3 
2  o 

5  9 


4 

4 
o 

4 
3 


5 

2 

3 

o 
9 


3     2 

3     I 
2    8 

2  II 

2  II 

2     8 


2 
o 
I 
o 
o 


6 

3* 
o 

4i 

4i 


4  10 

4     7 

2  6 

I     o 

3  9 

3  '.6 


POST 


507 


POTHUAU 


Sandwich  Islands : 

Honolulu  . . 
Senegal.     See  West  Africa  :  French  Colonies 

or  Possessions. 

'0\?Xip]Sb       ••  ••  ••  •■  ■•  •■ 

Seychelles  Islands 
Siam,  via  Moulmein    . . 

y  f       II      oaiicmi  ..  ..  «.  .. 

„     „    Turkey  and  Moulmein 
»»     If         »>  M    saigon  . . 

Sierra  Leone.     See  West  Africa. 
Singapore.     See  Malay  Peninsula. 
Society  Islands.     Telegrams  are  sent  by  post 

from  San  Francisco. 
Somaliland  (British).     Telegrams  are  sent  by 

post  from  Aden. 
Soudan.     See  Egypt  (Third  Region). 
Soudan  (French).     See  West  Africa :  French 

Colonies  or  Possessions. 
South  Australia.     See  Australia. 

wL/ttlXX  •«  ■•  ••  ••  ••  ■• 

,,    via  Marseilles  Cable     . . 
Spanish  Possessions,  North  Coast  of  Africa. 

See  Morocco. 
Straits  Settlements.     See  Malay  Peninsula. 
Sumatra.     See  Dutch  East  Indies, 
w  wrCcien  ..  ..  ..  ..  .. 

Switzerland 

Tasmania.     See  Australia. 
Togoland.    See  West  Africa. 
Tonquin 

„       via  Turkey    . . 
Xransvaal 
Tripoli  (Africa)  

JL 11  inr>       ••  ••  ■•  *•  ••  •• 

Turkey-in-Europe 

Turkish  Islands 

Uganda.     See  West  Africa. 
United  States  : 

New  York  (State) 

Other  Places 
Uruguay,  via  Galveston  or  Colon 

„        via  France  . . 

Venezuela,  via  Key  West  or  Hayti 
Victoria.     See  Australia. 

"West  Africa,  British : 

Bathurst    . . 

Gold  Coast 

Nigeria 

Sierra  Leone 

Congo  Free  State 
'West  Africa,  French : 

Dahomey  . . 

French  Congo 

French  Guinea 

Ivory  Coast 


For 
each 
word. 

s. 

d. 

3 

0 

0 

3i 

2 

6 

3 

3 

4 

3 

3 

0 

4 

0 

o 
o 


o 
o 


4 
4 

2 

o 
o 


I 
I 

4 
3 


3 

5 


3i 
3 


S 
2 

6 
7 

6i 


o 

6 

2 

10 


7     7 


3 
4 
5 
3 

5 

S 
5 
3 
4 


6 
8 
o 
6 
6 

o 

2 

7 
8 


For 

each 

word. 

5.    d. 


1  5 

I  5 

I  5 

5  2 


West  Africa : 

French  Colonies  or  Possessions 
Mauritania    . . 
Senegal 

Upper  Senegal  and  Niger 
West  Africa,  German  : 

Cameroons 

German   South-West   Africa    (Swakop 
mund) 

Togoland,  via  Gold  Coast 
„  via  Dahomey 

West  Africa,  Portuguese : 

Angola 

Bissao  and  Bolama 

Principe,  Island  of 

St.  Thom6,  Island  of 
Western  Australia.     See  Australia. 
West  Indies  : 

Antigua,  via  Key  West  or  Bermuda 

Barbadoes 

Cuba,  via  Key  West  or  Hayti   . . 

Curacao,  via  Key  West  or  Hayti 

Dominica,  via  Key  West  or  Bermuda 

Grenada 

Guadeloupe,  via  Key  West  or  Hayti 

Havti 

Jamaica,  via  Key  West,  Bermuda,  or 
Hayti 

Les  Saintes,  via  Key  West  or  Hayti 

Marie  Galante 

Martinique 

Puerto  Rico,  via  Key  West 

St.  Croix,  via  Key  West  or  Bermuda  ^ 

San  Domingo,  via  Key  West  or  Hayti 

St.  Kitts,  via  Key  West  or  Bermuda 

St.  Lucia  . . 

St.  Thomas 

St.  Vincent 

Tobago 

Trinidad    . . 

Turks  Island,  via  Bermuda 

Yemen  (Arabia) 

Zanzibar.     See  East  Africa. 
Zululand 

PoUmaa.     French   ist  class  cruiser.      (Graville, 

1895.) 

Length  370ft.   Beam  50ft.   Maximum  draught  22ft. 

Displacement  5,360  tons.     Complement  463. 


2 

8 

5 

0 

^ 

2 

5 

5 

3 

6 

5 

0 

5 

0 

4 

4 

4 

9 

I 

8 

6 

9 

4 

2 

4 

8 

5 

2 

5 

4 

3 

0 

S 

2 

5 

2 

5 

2 

4 

2 

5 

3 

6 

6 

4 

8 

4 

6 

5 

0 

4 

7 

5 

I 

5 

r 

3 

0 

2 

7 

2 

6 

Guns. 

2 — y'6  in. 

10— s's  in. 

10 — 3  pdr. 


Twin  screw, 
mum  638  tons. 


Armour, 
"  Special." 
3  in.  Belt  amidships. 
7  in.  Turrets. 
9i  in.  Conning  tower. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 

4  Above  water. 

Hp.   10,000=19  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
Approximate  cost  ;£384.ooo. 


POTTS 


508 


PRAAM 


Potts,  TnmbllU  (b.  Sunderland,  1844).  Served 
an  apprenticeship  at  sea,  and  in  1868,  having 
obtained  the  necessary  certificates,  commanded 
steamers  in  all  parts  of  the  world.  In  1886,  having 
retired  from  active  sea  life,  he  took  up  marine 
superintendence  to  steamers  building,  and  in  1895 
started  practice  on  his  own  account  in  South 
Shields  as  a  marine  surveyor. 

Ponohes.  Wooden  bulkheads  to  prevent  bulk 
cargo  from  shifting. 

Poulterer.    A  butcher's  assistant. 

Powd  and  Hongh  Line,  with  their  head  offices  in 
Liverpool,  maintain  a  regular  service  at  scheduled 
times  between  Liverpool  and  London,  calling  at 
Falmouth.,  Plymouth,  Southampton,  Portsmouth. 

Fleet. 
Maggie  Hough,  Powerful, 

Masterful.  Samuel  Hough. 

Powell^  Oaptain  George.  See  Antarctic  Explora- 
tkm. 

Powell,  Reoi-Admiral  Sir  Franois,  K.O.M.a.,  cr. 

1902,  C.B.,  1894  (b.  September,  1849).  Educated 
St.  Andrew's  College,  Bradfield  ;  entered  Navy  as 
cadet,  1862 ;  midshipman,  1864 ;  sub-lieutenant, 
1868  ;  lieutenant,  1872  ;  served  during  Ashantee 
war,  1873-74  (Ashantee  medal)  ;  commander,  1883  ; 
captain,  1889 ;  captain  commanding  Phoebe  on  the 
West  Coast  of  Africa,  1894,  and  was  decorated 
C.B.  in  recognition  of  his  services  in  the  operations 
against  the  Chief  Nanna  of  Brohcmie,  of  Benin 
River ;  mentioned  in  despatches  (general  Africa 
medal,  Benin  River  (1894)  clasp)  ;  captain's  good 
service  pension,  1900  ;  K.C.M.G.,  1902,  for  services 
in  China ;  rear-admiral,  1903. 

Powell,  Joseph  Wright  (b.  Oswego,  U.S.A.. 
February  15,  1877).  Assistant  naval  constructor. 
United  States  Navy.  Graduated  from  United 
States  Naval  Academy  in  1897,  and  took  a  three 
years'  post-graduate  course  in  naval  architecture, 
two  of  which  were  spent  at  the  Naval  Academy,  and 
the  last  at  the  University  of  Glasgow.  Served  on 
the  U.S.  New  York  during  the  Spanish-American 
war,  and  in  1900  was  appointed  assistant  to  the 
naval  constructor  at  the  Navy  Yard.  In  1902  was 
appointed  assistant  to  the  superintendent  construc- 
tor for  steamers  building  at  the  works  of  Messrs. 
William  Cramp  and  Sons. 

.  PowerfoL     British  protected  cruiser.     (Vickers, 

1895.) 

Length  5 20ft.  Beam  71ft.  Maximum  draught  31ft. 
Displacement  14,200  tons.     Complement  894. 
Guns.  Armour. 

2 — 9'2  in.,  40  cal.       *'  Harvey." 
16—6  in.  6  in.  Belt  amidships. 

16—12  pdr.  6  in.  Barbettes. 

2 — 12  pdr.,  8  cwt.     12  in.  Conning  tower. 
12 — 3  pdr. 
2  Maxims. 


Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
4  Submerged. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  25,000=22  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 3,000  tons.    Approximate  cost  ;£75o,ooo. 

This  ship-name  was  introduced  into  the  Navy 
in  1783,  and  is  associated  with  Camperdown,  1797  ; 
bombardment  of  St.  Jean  d'Acre.  1840. 

Power  of  attorney.  A,  is  an  authority  given  by  a 
formal  instrument  under  seal  by  one  person  to 
another  to  act  for  him.  The  donor,  or  principal, 
authorises  another  person  called  the  donee,  attor- 
ney, or  agent  to  act  on  his  behalf  either  generally 
or  specially.  A  general  power  gives  authority 
to  act  for  the  principal  in  all  matters,  or  in  all 
matters  of  a  particular  business  or  nature. 

A  special  power  is  one  limited  to  the  conduct  of 
a  specific  business. 

At  common  law  a  power  of  attorney  is  revocable 
by  the  donor  at  any  time,  unless  given  for  valuable 
consideration,  and  lapses  upon  his  death.  The 
execution  of  a  power  of  attorney  is  generally  (and 
in  some  cases  must  be)  attested  by  two  witnesses. 

The  extent  of  the  authority  conferred  is  strictly 
limited  by  the  deed.  By  the  Conveyancing  Act, 
x88i.  a  married  woman,  whether  an  infant  or  not, 
may  appoint  an  attorney,  and  by  the  same  Act  the 
effect  of  the  powers,  for  value,  is  made  absolutely 
irrevocable ;  whilst,  if  given  without  valuable 
consideration,  it  is  irrevocable  for  a  fixed  time  not 
exceeding  one  year.  But  in  both  cases  the  instru- 
ment creating  the  power  must  state  that  the 
power  is  irrevocable.  Subject  to  the  above  statu- 
tory provisions,  see  Principal  and  Agent. 

Powlettk  Admiral  Armand  Temple  (b.  March  i/, 

1841).  Educated  Southampton;  entered  Navy 
1853  ;  naval  cadet  of  Terrible ;  served  throughout 
Crimean  war,  in  the  Black  Sea,  1854-56 ;  present 
at  bombardment  of  Odessa  and  Sebastopol  (Crimean 
medal,  two  clasps,  and  Turkish  medal) ;  served  in 
H.M.S.  Cambrian  in  China  operations  in  Canton 
River,  1858  ;  severely  wounded  at  attack  on  Peiho 
forts,  1859;  lieutenant,  i860;  commander,  1870; 
captain,  1878  ;  promoted  for  services  in  carrying 
out  the  provisions  of  the  Anglo-Egyptian  slav« 
convention  ;  commodore,  second  class,  commanded 
Training  Squadron,  1889-91  ;  captain's  good  ser- 
vice pension,  1891-93  ;  captain  superintendent  of 
Shcerness  Dockyard,  1892-93  ;  rear-admiral.  19^4  ; 
second-in-command  Channel  Squadron,  1896-99  ; 
second-in-command  Channel  Fleet  at  naval 
manoeuvres;  vice-admiral,  1900;  admiral.  1904.7 
retired,  1901. 

P.p.L  Olaiue.     See  Honour  Policy. 


P.B.     Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing 
registered  at  Pemis,  Holland. 

Praam,    A  flat-bottomed  lighter  or  barge 
in  the  Baltic. 


PRACTICE 


509 


PRESSURE 


Pnctioe  of  Lloyd's,  it  is  agreed,  shall  be  recog- 
nised as  the  standard  for  adjusting  claims  for  par- 
ticalar  average  or  partial  loss. 

PrahiL     Malay  for  boat.     See  Proa. 

Prayer-book.  A  small  hand  stone  used  in  scrub- 
bing. 

Preble.  U.S.  torpedo-boat  destroyer  (1900). 
Displacement,  420  tons  ;  complement,  64  ;  guns, 
2  14-pdr.,  5  6-pdr ;  torpedo  tubes,  2  i8-in.,  amid- 
ships and  aft ;  Hp.,  8,000=29  kts. ;  coal,  139  tons. 

Prejndioe,  Without.  A  verbal  or  written  commu- 
nication made  by,  or  on  behalf  of,  one  party  to  a 
dispute  to  the  other  party  or  his  agent,  with  a 
view  to  a  settlement,  cannot,  if  expressed  to  be 
made  "  without  prejudice,"  be  afterwards  admitted 
in  evidence  for  or  against  the  party  making  such 
communication. 

Neither  are  the  replies  made  to  offers  of  settle- 
ment, even  though  not  expressed  to  be  made 
*'  without  prejudice,"  nor  any  of  the  resulting 
negotiations,  whether  verbal  or  written,  admissible 
in  evidence,  in  the  event  of  the  parties  failing  to 
come  to  terms.  If  an  offer  *'  without  prejudice  " 
is  made  and  accepted,  a  new  and  complete  con- 
tract is  established,  which  is  enforceable  like  any 
other  contract. 

Preliminary  Aot.  In  all  actions  for  damage  by 
collision  between  vessels,  including  actions  for 
personal  injuries  caused  by  collision  between 
vessels,  unless  the  Court  or  Judge  otherwise  order, 
the  plaintiff's  soUcitor  shall  within  seven  days  after 
the  commencement  of  the  action,  and  the  solicitor 
for  the  defendant  shall  within  seven  days  after 
appearance,  and  before  any  pleading  is  delivered, 
file  a  preliminary  act,  which  shall  be  sealed  up  and 
not  opened  until  the  pleadings  are  completed,  its 
object  being  to  obtain  from  the  parties  statements 
of  facts  when  they  are  fresh  in  their  recollection. 

Preliminary  acts,  which  may  neither  be  contra- 
dicted at  nor  amended  before  the  hearing,  contain 
a  statement  as  to  the  following  particulars : 

(a)  Names  of  colliding  vessels  and  their  masters. 

{b)  Time  of  collision. 

(c)   Place  of  collision. 

{d)   Direction  and  force  of  the  wind. 

(e)  State  of  the  weather. 

(/)  State  and  force  of  the  tide. 

{g)  Course  and  speed  of  the  vessel  when  the  other 
was  first  seen. 

(h)  Lights  (if  any)  carried  by  her. 

(t)  Distance  and  bearing  of  the  other  vessel  when 
first  seen. 

{k)  Lights  (if  any)  of  the  other  vessel  which  were 
first  seen. 

{[)  'Whether  any  lights  of  the  other  vessel,  other 
than  those  first  seen,  came  into  view  before  the 
collision. 

(#if)  What  measures  were  taken,  and  when,  to 
avoid  the  coUision. 


(n)  The  parts  of  each  vessel  which  first  came  into 
contact. 

(o)  What  sound  signals  (if  any)  and  when  given. 

(p)  What  sound  signals  (if  any)  and  when  heard 
from  the  other  vessel. 

Additional  in  County  Courts : 

1.  What  acts  of  negligence  or  breach  of  navi- 
gation law  was  committed  by  the  other  ship. 

2.  (In  case  of  a  defendant)  The  name  of  any 
ship,  other  than  the  plaintiff's,  which  the  defendant 
alleged  to  have  caused  the  collision. 

Premiain  is  the  consideration  paid  to  the  under- 
writer by  the  assured  for  the  liabilities  undertaken 
by  the  former  in  thel  contract  called  a  policy,  and 
a  receipt  for  the  consideration  generally  appears 
in  Lloyd's  policies.  Where  the  policy  has  been 
effected  by  a  broker,  he  becomes  liable  for  the 
premium  to  the  underwriter  as  agent  for  the  assured 
(Dalzell  V.  Mair,  i.  Camp.  532  ;  Am.  Ins.  191-195  ; 
Power  V.  Butcher,  10  B.  and  Cr.  329.) 

President    British  sloop  (1,130  tons). 

President.  On  March  11,  1841,  this  vessel  sailed 
from  New  York  to  Liverpool,  and  has  never  been 
heard  of  since. 


Presidente  Errazoris.    Chilian  protected  cruiser. 
(La  Seyne,  1890.)     Sheathed  and  coppered. 
Length  326ft.  Beam  35ft.  Maximum  draught  20ft. 
Displacement  2 , 1 00  tons.     Complement  171. 
Guns.  Armour, 

4—6  in.  "  Steel." 

2 — ^47  in.  2j  in.  Deck. 

4 — 6  pdr. 
4 — I  pdr. 

Torpedo  Tubes, 
3  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  natural  3,500=17  kts.,  forced 
5,400=19  kts.     Coal  maximum  200  tons. 

Presidento  Pinto.    Chilian  protected  cruiser.     (La 
Seyne,  1890.)    Sheathed  and  coppered. 
Length  326ft.   Beam  35ft.  Maximum  draught  20ft. 
Displacement  2 , 1 00  tons.    Complement  171. 
Guns.  Armour, 

4—6  in.  "  Steel." 

2 — 4*7  in,  2j  in.  Deck. 

4 — 6  pdr.  3  in.  Gun  shields. 

4 — I  pdr. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
3  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  natural  3,500=17  kts.,  forced 
5,400=  19  kts.     Coal  maximum  200  tons. 

Presidente  Sarmento.  Argentine  training  ship. 
(Laird,  1897.)  Displacement,  2,750  tons ;  armament, 
19  guns,  3  tubes;    Hp.,  2,000=13  kts. 

Press.    To  hire  for  service  at  sea. 

Press  of  saiL  All  sail  that  the  state  of  the  wind 
will  allow  a  vessel  to  carry. 

Pressure  plate.  A  form  of  anemometer  for 
registering  the  pressure  of  the  wind. 


PRESSURE 


510 


PRINCE 


Ftessiire  tabe.  A  form  of  anemometer  by  which 
the  force  of  the  wind  is  measured. 

Presumptions.  All  judicial  evidence  is  either- 
direct  or  circumstantial.  Direct  evidence  is  evi- 
dence given  directly  to  the  facts  in  issue  by  witnesses, 
things,  or  documents.  Circumstantial  evidence  is 
that  which  proves  the  circumstances  from  which  a 
fact  in  issue  may  be  inferred.  Circumstantial 
evidence  is  again  divided  into  conclusive  and  pre- 
sumptive evidence. 

Evidence  is  said  to  be  "  conclusive  "  when  the 
principal  fact  in  issue  is  the  necessary  and  natural 
consequence  of  facts,  admissible  in  evidence. 
Evidence  is  said  to  be  "  presumptive  "  when  the 
inference  of  the  principal  fact  in  issue  is,  from  the 
evidence,  only  probable,  however  apparently 
obvious  such  inference  may  be. 

Presumptions,  in  the  law  of  evidence,  are  of 
three  kinds. 

(i)  Presumptions  of  fact;  (2)  presumptions  of 
law  ;  and  (3)  mixed  presumptions. 

(i)  Presumptions  of  fact  are  inferences  drawn 
from  the  existence  of  another  fact,  or  series  of 
facts,  e.g. — If  a  ship,  shortly  after  sailing,  prove 
to  be  unseaworthy,  without  any  apparent  or 
adequate  cause,  the  jury  ought  to  presume  that 
unseaworthiness  existed  before  she  started  on 
her  voyage. 

Again,  where  a  ship  is  missing,  and  no  news  of 
her  has  been  received  for  a  reasonable  time,  it  is 
presumed  she  has  foundered. 

(2)  Presumptions  of  law  are  inferences  or  posi- 
tions established  by  law,  and  are,  in  reality,  rules  of 
law,  and  part  of  the  law  itself.  They  are  of  two 
kinds : 

(a)  Irrebuttable  presumptions,  i.e.,  conclusive 
presumptions  which  the  law  will  not  allow  to  be 
disproved,  e.g.,  that  an  infant  under  the  age  of 
seven  years  is  incapable  of  committing  a  felony. 

(6)  Rebuttable  presumptions,  i.e.,  presumptions 
inconclusive  and  capable  of  being  rebutted,  but 
conclusive  unless  rebutted,  e.g.,  that  a  vessel  in- 
fringing one  of  the  Regulations  for  the  Prevention 
of  Collision  is  in  fault ;  or  again,  that  every  person 
intends  the  natural  consequences  of  his  own  acts. 

(3)  Mixed  presumptions  are  presumptions  of 
mixed  law  and  facts,  and  presumptions  of  facts 
recognised  by  law.  They  consist  of  presumptive 
inferences  of  sufficient  strength  or  importance  to 
attract  the  attention  of  the  law,  e.g.,  a  jury  may  be 
directed  or  recommended  to  make  a  certain  pre- 
sumption in  determining  their  verdict. 

Where  there  are  conflicting  rebuttable  presump- 
tions the  case  is  the  same  as  if  there  were  conflicting 
evidence,  though  certain  presumptions  are  more 
highly  favoured  than  others,  e.g. — (i)  A  special  pre- 
sumption takes  precedence  of  a  general  presump- 
tion. 

(2)  Presumptions  derived  from  the  course  of 
Nature  are  stronger  than  casual  presumptions. 


(3)  Presumptions  are  favoured  which  give 
validity  to  acts,  and  (4)  the  presumption  in  favour 
of  innocence. 

Direct  and  presumptive  evidence,  which  are  two 
distinct  modes  of  proof,  each  possessing  its  own 
peculiar  advantages,  are  on  the  same  footing  as 
regards  admissibility,  but  direct  evidence  is  superior 
to  the  same  amount  of  presumptive  evidence  0/  the 
same  fact. 

The  burden  of  proof,  which  Ues  at  first  on  that 
party  against  whom  judgment  would  be  given  if  no 
evidence  were  produced  on  either  side,  is  often 
affected  by  rebuttable  presumptions,  e.g.,  A  sues  B 
on  a  policy  of  marine  insurance  and  shows  that  the 
insured  vessel  went  to  sea  and  that  no  tidings  of  her 
have  been  received  for  a  reasonable  time.  There  is 
a  presumption  that  she  has  foundered,  and  the 
burden  of  proving  that  she  has  not  foundered  rests 
upon  6. 

Rebuttable  presumptions  of  law  need  not  be 
pleaded  unless  the  facts  from  which  such  pre- 
sumptions are  drawn  are  specifically  denied. 

Preussen.    German  battleship.     (Stettin,   1905.) 

Length  398ft.     Beam  73ft,     Draught  25ft. 
Displacement  12,997  tons.     Complement  660. 
Guns.  Armour, 

4 — II  in.  "  Krupp." 

14 — 6' 7  in.  10  in.  Belt  amidships. 

12 — 3*4  in.  10  in.  Barbettes. 

12 — I '4  in.  10  in.  Turrets. 

10  in.  Conning  tower. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 

5  Submerged. 

I  Above  water. 

Hp.  16,000=18  kts.     Coal  1,600  tons. 

Approximate  cost  ;£i, 200,000. 

Preventor,  Ropes  used  as  additional  security 
in  a  gale. 

Preventer-brace.  An  additional  rope  suppcxting 
a  yard  during  a  gale. 

Prick.    To  trace  a  ship's  course  on  a  chart. 
Pride  of  fhe  moraing.    A  heavy  dew  at  sunrise. 

Primage.  A  small  amount  for  the  shipmaster's 
care  of  goods  now  generally  included  in  the  freight. 

Primeiro  de  Maroo.  Brazilian  cruiser.  (Brazfl. 
1883.)  Length,  167  ft. ;  beam  26  ft ;  dxauglit, 
10^  ft.;  displacement,  715  tons;  annament. 
7  4'5-in.,  4  Maxims  ;  Hp.,  750=9  kts. 

Prime  Vertioal  Circle.  The  circle  which  passes 
from  the  zenith  due  east  or  west,  having  90^  of 
the  horizon  intercepted  between  it  and  the  meridian. 
All  objects  on  this  circle  are  said  to  be  on  the 
Prime  Vertical. 


On  November  13,  1854,  this  vessel  and 
1 1  transports  were  wrecked  during  the  storm  wfaick 
raged  in  the  Black  Sea  at  that  time  ;  144  Uves 
lost  and  a  cargo  worth  £500,000. 


PRINCE 


511 


PRINCESS 


Albert  In  185 1  this  vessel,  under  Cap- 
tain Kennedy,  with  Lieutenant  Bellot,  of  the 
French  Navy,  as  second-in-command,  was  sent 
out  by  I^ady  Franklin  in  search  of  Sir  John  Franklin 
iq.v.).     Refer  to  Arctic  Exploration. 

Prince  Alfred  Yacht  Caub,  Sydney.  N.S.W. 
Established  1867.  Flag  :  Blue  ensign,  with  crown. 
Burgee  :  Blue,  with  red  cross.  Commodore  S.  Hor- 
dem  ;  Vice-Commodore,  W.  M.  Marks  :  Rear-Com- 
modore, C.  T.  Brockhoff ;  Honorary'  Treasurer,  J.  J. 
Rouse ;  Honorary  Secretary,  L.  H.  Wyatt.  En- 
trance fee,  £2  25. ;  annual  subscription,  £2  25. 

Prince  George.  British  ist  class  battleship. 
(Portsmouth,  1895.) 

Length  413ft.  Beam  75ft.  Maximum  draught  30ft. 
Displacement  14,900  tons.     Complement  757. 
Guns.  Armour, 

4 — 12  in.,  35  cal.       "  Harvey." 
1 2 — 6  in.  9  in.  Belt  amidships. 


14  in.  Barbettes. 

14  in.  Conning  tower. 


16—12  pdr. 
12 — 3  pdr. 
2 — 12  pdr.  Boat  guns. 
2  Maxims. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 

4  Submerged. 

I  Above  water  stern. 

Twin  screw.  Hp.  natural  10,000=1 6"  5  kts., 
forced  1 2,000  =17*5  kts.  Coal  maximum  2,000  tons. 
Approximate  cost,  ;f  1,000,000. 

A  ship  bearing  this  name  took  part  in  the  cap- 
ture of  Gibraltar,  1704 ;  Anson's  victory  off  Finis- 
terre,  1747 ;  Keppel's  action  off  Brest,  1778 ; 
Rodney's  action,  1780 ;  Hood's  action  with  De 
Grasse,  1782  ;  Rodney's  action  with  De  Grasse, 
1782  ;  Bridport's  action  off  I.  Groix.  1795  ;  St. 
Vincent,  1797- 

Prince  George.  80  guns.  On  April  13,  1758, 
this  vessel  burnt  in  latitude  48**  N.  on  her  way  to 
Gibraltar,  when  about  400  perished. 

Prince  Line,  with  the  head  office  at  Newcastle- 
on-Tyne,  is  the  only  British  line  which  offers  direct 
communication  between  the  United  Kingdom  and 
Palestine.  A  service  is  maintained  every  10  days 
from  Manchester,  and  every  14  da)rs  from  London. 
Ail  steamers  go  to  Malta  and  Alexandria,  and 
those  sailing  from  Manchester  call  at  Tunis.  The 
steamers  call  at  various  ports  on  the  Sjrrian  coast 
and  Cyprus,  such  as  Lamaca  and  Limassol,  in 
Cyprus  ;  Alexandria,  Mersyn,  Tripoli,  Lattakia, 
Acre,  and  Caifa,  in  Syria. 

Fleet. 

Afghan  Prince, 


African  Prince. 
Asiatic  Prince. 
Belgian  Prince. 
Black  Prince. 
British  Prince. 
Carib  Prince. 
CastiUian  Prince, 


Creole  Prince. 
Crown  Prince. 
Cyprian  Prince. 
Ectstem  Prince. 
Egyptian  Prince. 
Georgian  Prince. 
Grecian  Prince. 
Highland  Prince. 


Fleet 
Imperial  Prince. 
Indian  Prince. 
Italian  Prince. 
Kaffir  Prince. 
Mexican  Prince. 
Merchant  Prince. 
Moorish  Prince. 
Napolitan  Prince. 
Norman  Prince. 
Norse  Prince. 
Ocean  Prince. 
Oranje  Prince. 
Persian  Prince. 


(continued). 

Roman  Prince. 
Royal  Prince. 
Russian  Prince. 
Sailor  Prince. 
Saxon  Prince, 
Scottish  Prince. 
Sicilian  Prince, 
Soldier  Prince. 
Spanish  Prince. 
Sparton  Prince. 
Trojan  Prince. 
Tudor  Prince. 
Welsh  Prince. 


Prinoe  of  Wales.    British   ist  class  battleship. 
(Chatham,  1902.) 

Length  430ft.   Beam  75ft.   Maximum  draught  29ft. 
Displacement  15,000  tons.    Complement  750. 


Armour. 
"  Krupp." 

9  in.  Belt  amidships. 
12  in.  Barbettes. 
1 2  in.  Conning  tower. 


GUTIS. 

4 — 12  in.,  40  cal. 
12 — 6  in. 
16 — 12  pdr. 
6 — 3  pdr. 
2  Maxims. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
4  Submerged. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.   15,000=18  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 2,100  tons.     Approximate  cost  ;£i  ,000,000. 

This  ship-name  is  associated  with  Byron's  action 
off  Grenada,  1779;  Bridport's  action,  1795;  cap- 
ture of  Trinidad,  1797 ;  Calder's  action  off  Ferrol, 

1805  ;  bombardment  of  Copenhagen,  1807. 

■• 

Prince  of  Wales.  Packet.  Lost  on  Dunleary 
Point,  near  Dublin,  November  19,  1807  ;  300  lives 
lost. 

« 

Princessa  de  Astoiiae.  Spanish  armoured  ship 
(1896). 

Length  348ft.   Beam  60ft.   Maximum  draught  25ft 
Displacement  7,000  tons.     Complement  497. 


Guns. 

2 — 9*4  in. 

8—5-5  in. 
2 — 12  pdr. 
8 — 6  pdr. 
8—3  pdr. 


(( 


Arynour. 
Harvey." 
12  in.  Belt  amidships. 
12  in.  Bulkheads. 
8  in.  Barbettes. 
8  in.  Conning  tower. 
Torpedo  Tubes. 
2  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  natural  10,000=  18  kts.,  forced 
15,000=20*25  kts.     Coal  maximum  1,200  tons. 

PrinceaB  Alice.  Steamer,  belonging  to  the 
London  Steamboat  Co.  In  collision  near  Gallion's 
Reach,  about  a  mile  below  Woolwich  Arsenal,  with 
the  Bywell  Castle,  and  went  down.  She  was  carry- 
ing at  the  time  over  900  persons,  principally 
women  and  children  ;  only  146  were  saved. 

Princesa  Royal.  One  of  the  first  iron  vessels  built, 
intended  for  deep-sea  service.  She  was  launched 
m  1839,  and  put  on  the  service  between  Glasgow 
and  Liverpool. 


PRINCETON 


512 


PRIVATEER 


Prinoeton.  U.S.  gun-boat.  (Camden,  1898.) 
Length,  168  ft. ;  beam,  36  ft.  ;  draught,  12^  ft.  ; 
displacement,  1,000  tons  ;  complement,  135  ;  arma- 
ment, 6  4-in.,  4  6-in.,  2  i-pdr.,  i  Maxim  ;  Hp., 
923=12  kts. ;  coal,  25  tons. 

Principal  and  agent.  This  relation  arises  when 
one  man  (the  principal)  authorises  another  (the 
agent)  to  negotiate  on  his  behalf  with  a  third 
person.  The  authority  may  be  special — i.e.,  to 
do  a  particular  act — or  general — i.e.,  to  do  a  whole 
class  of  acts.  It  may  be  given  in  writing,  by  word 
of  mouth,  or  may  be  implied  from  conduct.  In 
the  special  case  of  a  contract  under  seal,  the  agent 
must  have  authority  under  seal — viz.,  a  power  of 
attorney  {q.v.) — from  his  principal.  The  authority 
may  also  be  ex  post  facto  in  character — i.e.,  the 
principal  may  ratify  an  act  of  the  agent  which  was 
unauthorised  at  the  time  it  was  done. 

The  main  rules  governing  such  ratification  are  : 

1.  The  agent  must  contract  as  agent,  and  within 
the  scope  of  his  authority.  If,  having  a  principal,  he 
contracts  in  his  own  name,  he,  and  not  his  principal, 
will  be  liable,  if  the  person  dealt  with  so  elect. 

2.  If  the  agent  neither  contracts  as  agent,  nor 
discloses  the  name  of  his  principal,  he  will  himself 
be  liable. 

3.  The  principal  for  whom  the  agent  acts  must 
be  (a)  in  contemplation,  (6)  in  existence,  at  the 
time  the  contract  is  made. 

4.  If  an  agent  gives  a  principal's  name,  having 
no  authority  to  act  for  him,  the  latter  will  be  liable, 
but  the  agent  may  be  sued  by  the  party  he  has 
induced  to  contract  with  him  either  (a)  upon  a 
warrant  of  authority — i.e.,  the  implied  promise  of 
the  agent  that  he  had  authority  ;  or  (h)  in  an 
action  of  deceit. 

Other  rules  specially  affecting  the  agent  are  : 

1.  He  must  make  no  profit  beyond  his  agreed 
commission. 

2.  He  may  not  delegate  his  authority. 

3.  He  renders  himself  personally  liable  if  he  con- 
tract for  a  foreign  principal,  and  he  has  no  authority 
to  pledge  such  principal's  credit. 

Prinkipo  Tacht  Club.  Established  1893.  Com- 
modore, Dr.  L.  F.  Mizzi ;  Vice-Commodore,  F. 
Mongeri  ;  Treasurer,  A.  Pirjantz ;  Secretary,  C. 
Doros,  Constantinople.    Annual  subscription,  £^  12s, 

Prins  Frederik.  Dutch  mail  steamer.  Outward 
bound  for  Java  with  troops,  sunk  by  collision  with 
the  Marpessa  in  the  Channel,  June  25,  1890. 

Prim  Adalbert.  German  armoured  cruiser.  (Kiel, 
1901.) 

Length  394ft.   Beam  65ft.   Maximum  draught  26ft. 
Displacement  9,050  tons.     Complement  557. 
Guns.  A  tmour. 

4—8*2  in.  "  Krupp." 

10 — 6  in.  4  in.  Belt. 

10 — 15^  pdr.  6  in.  Turrets. 

10 — I  pdr.  6  in.  Conning  tower. 

4  Maxims. 


Torpedo  Tubes. 

1  Submerged  bow. 

2  Submerged  broadside. 

I  Above  water  stem  armoured. 
Three  screws.     Hp.  18,500821  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 1,500  tons.     Approximate  cost  ;f9oo.ooo. 

Prinaess    Wilhelm.    Obsolete    German    cruiser 

(1887). 

Length  334ft   Beam  42ft.   Maximum  draught  22ft 
Displacement  4,300  tons.     Complement  365. 


Guns. 
4 — 6  in. 
8 — 41  in. 
6 — 4  pdr. 
8  Machine. 


A  rmouK 
"  SteeL" 
3  in.  Deck. 
3  in.  Conning  tower. 


Torpedo  Tubes. 

1  Submerged  bow. 

2  Above  water. 
Hp.   8,000=18   kts. 


Coal  maxi- 


Twin   screw, 
mum  750  tons. 

Prina    Heiaridi.      German    armoured     cruiser. 

fKiel,  1900.) 

Length  394ft.   Beam  65  ft.   Maximum  draught  26ft. 
Displacement  8,930  tons.     Complement  501. 
Guns.  Armour. 

2^-9'4  in.  "  Krupp." 

10 — 6  in.  4  in.  Belt. 

12 — 15J  pdr.  6  in.  Turrets. 

10 — I  pdr.  6  in.  Conning  tower. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 

1  Submerged  bow. 

2  Submerged  broadside. 
I  Above  water  stem. 

Three  screws.  Hp.  15,700  =  20  kts.  Coal  maxi- 
mum 1,500  tons.     Approximate  cost  ;£75o,ooo. 

Privateer,  A,  is  a  private  vessel  armed  and 
equipped  by  her  owners  at  their  expense  for  the 
purpose  of  making  war  against  her  countr>'*s 
enemies,  who  have  caused  the  owners  loss  or 
damage  by  acts  of  hostility.  A  privateer  carries 
her  country's  flag,  and  travels  under  a  commissioa 
called  letters  of  marque,  which  authorise  her 
owners  to  indemnify  themselves  for  loss  or  damage 
by  making  reprisals. 

Letters  of  countennarque  are  commissions 
furnished  to  those  threatened  by  such  reprisals, 
authorising  them  to  resist  privateers. 

By  the  Declaration  of  Paris  {q.v.)  privateering  is 
and  remains  abolished. 

N.B. — Although  privateering  "  is  and  remains 
abolished  "  many  authorities  on  international  law 
consider  that  the  conduct  of  certain  Russian 
vessels  during  the  recent  Russo-Japanese  war 
amounted  to  privateering. 

Early  in  July,  1904,  the  Smolensh  and  the  JPeUrs- 
burg,  two  fast  steamers  belonging  to  the  Russian 
Volunteer  Fleet,  passed  through  the  BospJioms. 
the  Dardanelles  (closed  to  warships),  and  the  Snex 
Canal  flying  the  commercial  flag.  They  then  trans- 
formed themselves  into  cruisers,  in  wliich  c«^>acity 


PRIZE 


513 


PROSERPINE 


they  captured  the  following  neutral  vessels,  vii.  : 
the  Malacca,  Formosa,  Agra,'  and  Comedian  (all 
British  ships),  and  the  German  liner  Holsaiia. 

In  August  the  Russian  Government,  having  no 
boats  left  fast  enough  to  overtake  the  cruisers, 
requested  that  their  orders  to  cease  interfering 
with  neutral  vessels  might  be  conveyed  by  British 
warships,  and  a  fortnight  later  the  cruisers  were 
tracked  down  near  Zanzibar. 

Prise.    A  vessel  captured  at  sea  ;  to  lever. 

Prize*  or  prise  0!  war,  is  property  captured  at 
sea  by  a  belligerent  {q.v.).  By  the  Naval  Prize 
Act,  1864,  the  Admiralty  Division  of  the  High 
Court  and  every  other  Court  exercising  Admiralty 
jurisdiction  in  His  Majesty's  dominions,  "  for  the 
time  being  authorised  to  take  cognisance  of  and 
judicially  proceed  in  matters  of  prize,"  is  a  Prize 
Court.  The  duties  of  Prize  Courts  are  to  condemn 
captures  properly  made  as  lawful  prize,  to  restore 
property  wrongfully  seized,  and  to  punish  offences 
against  prize  law.  In  the  case  of  a  captured  ship 
the  Court  may  order  sale  or  appraisement,  aftei 
which  she  may  be  given  up  to  her  owner  upon  his 
giving  security  to  pay  the  captors  her  appraised 
value. 

The  sum  to  be  distributed  as  prize  bounty  among 
the  officers  and  crews  of  warships  actually  present 
at  the  taking  or  destroying  of  any  armed  vessel 
belonging  to  an  enemy  is  calculated  at  the  rate  of 
£'5  for  each  person  on  board  the  enemy's  ship  at 
the  beginning  of  the  engagement. 

Proa.  A  narrow  canoe.  30  ft.  long  and  3  ft. 
wide,  used  by  the  natives  of  the  Ladrone  Islands. 
The  stem  and  stem  are  similar,  the  boat  sailing 
either  way.  The  lee  side  is  flat,  so  that  the  canoe 
resembles  half  of  a  vessel  divided  vertically  in  the 
line  of  the  keel.  Extending  to  leeward  is  an  out- 
rigger, consisting  of  a  frame  at  the  end  of  which 
is  a  floating  canoe-shaped  timber,  which  prevents 
the  crank  and  narrow  canoe  from  upsetting. 

Proceed  to  sea.     See  Final  Sailings. 

Prodone.  Italian  torpedo-boat.  (Naples,  1905.) 
Length,  165  ft. ;  beam,  17  ft. ;  draught,  7  ft.  ; 
displacement,  200  tons  ;  armament,  3  3-pdr., 
3  tubes;  twin  screw;  Hp.,  3,000=25  kts. ;  coal, 
40  tons. 

Profile  draught.  A  term  in  naval  architecture 
applied  to  two  drawings,  one  representing  the 
entire  construction  and  deposition  of  the  vessel, 
the  other  her  interior  work  and  fittings. 

Profit  Claose.    See  Clauses. 

Profits  on  subjects  of  marine  venture,  and  with 
tliem  exposed  to  perils  of  the  seas,  are  an  in- 
surable interest.  Generally  the  amount  of  the 
profits  is  added  to  the  valuation  of  the  subject  of 
insurance.  To  make  sure  that  insurances  on 
profits  apart  from  this  represent  a  genuine  interest, 
it    has  been  laid  down  that  the  assured  must  be 


legally  interested.  (Stockdale  v,  Dunlop,  6  Mand. 
W.  224.)  In  other  words,  the  assured  must  show 
that  if  there  had  been  no  shipwreck  there  would 
have  been  some  profit  (Amould,  p.  291,  note  /.) 
A  liability  in  respect  of  poverty  exposed  to  marine 
risks  may  be  covered  by  insurance,  whether  arising 
under  common  or  statute  law,  as,  for  example,  the 
obUgation  of  a  lighterman  to  make  good  loss  or 
damage  to  goods  entrusted  to  him  for  carriage. 
(Joyce  V.  Kennard,  L.R.  7,  Q.B.  78.)  But  it  has 
been  decided  that  consignees  of  cargo,  who  have  a 
mere  right  to  take  possession,  without  a  lien  for 
the  property  for  advances,  or  authority  to  sell  on 
commission,  have  no  insurable  interest.  (Amould. 
4th  ed.,  p.  71.) 

Ptognoetios.  Premonitory  signs  of  good  or  bad 
weather. 

Projectile.     See  Naval  Ordnance. 

Prometheiu.  British  3rd  class  cruiser.  (Earle, 
189S.) 

Length  300ft.   Beam  36ft.  Maximum  draught  17ft. 
Displacement  2,135  tons.     Complement  224. 
Guns.  Armour. 

8 — 4  in.  2  in.  Deck. 

8 — 3  pdr. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (14  in.). 
2  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  7,ooo=2o's  kts.     Coal  normal 
250  tons.     Approximate  cost  ^150,000. 

Promotion,  NavaL     See  Naval  Education. 

ProntriteUny.  Russian  torpedo-boat  destroyer. 
Black  Sea  (1898).  Length,  196  ft. ;  beam,  18  ft.  ; 
draught,  iij  ft. ;  displacement,  240  tons ;  comple- 
ment, 55  ;  armament,  1  i2-pdr.,  3  3-pdr.,  2  tubes  ; 
Hp.,  3.800=27  kts. ;  coal.  53  tons.  . 

Froof  timber.  An  imaginary  timber  in  naval 
architecture  expressed  by  vertical  lines,  proving 
the  fairness  of  the  body. 

Pro  rata.  Payment  in  proportion  to  the  interest 
concerned. 

Pro  rata  freight    See  Freight. 

Proserpine.    British   3rd  class  cruiser.     (Sheer 
ness,  1896.) 

Length  300ft.   Beam  36ft.   Maximum  draught  17ft. 
Displacement  2,135  tons.     Complement  234. 
Guns.  Armour. 

8 — 4  in.  2  in.  Deck. 

8 — 3  pdr. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (14  in.). 
2  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  7,000  =  20-5  kts.     Coal  normal 
250  tons.     Approximate  cost  ;f  150,000. 

Proserpine.  Spanish  torpedo-boat  destroyer. 
(Clydebank,  1897.)  Displacement,  460  tons  ;  arma- 
ment, 2  14-pdr.,  2  6-pdr.,  2  I -pdr. ;  torpedo  tubes,  2 ; 
Hp.,  7,500=30  kts. ;  present  speed  about  20  kts. 

S 


PROSORLIVY 


5H 


PROTECTION 


Prosorlivy.     Russian     torpedo-boat     destroyer, 
Black  Sea  (1898).     Length,  196  ft. ;  beam,  18  ft. ; 
draught,    iii  ft.:  displacement,   240  tons;  com- 
plement,   55  ;    armament,    i     12-pdr.,    3    3-pdr., 
2  tubes  ;  Hp.,  3,800=27  kts. ;  coal,  53  tons. 

Protection.  Protective  legislation,  a  term  usually 
applied  to  Protection  as  opposed  to  Free  Trade,  is 
here  used  to  denote  special  legislation  in  favour  of 
certain  classes  of  the  community  which  appear  to 
stand  especially  in  need  of  it.  The  following  are 
a  few  of  the  most  striking  enactments  of  a  pro- 
tective nature,  each  one  having  been  designed  to 
counteract  certain  abuses  or  grievances. 

A. — Children  and  Infants. 

I.  The  Prevention  of  Cruelty  to  Children  Act, 
1904  (repealing  the  Act  of  1894). 

(i)  If  any  person  having  charge  of  a  child  under 
the  age  of  16  assaults,  ill-treats,  neglects,  abandons, 
or  exposes  such  child  in  a  manner  likely  to  cause 
suflfcring  or  injury,  he  shall  be  liable,  on  conviction, 
to  a  fine  or  imprisonment. 

(2)  It  is  an  offence  to  cause,  procure,  or  allow  : 

(a)  Any  boy  under  14  years,  or  girl  under 
16  years,  to  be  in  any  street  or  place  for  the  pur- 
pose of  begging,  whether  under  the  pretence  of 
selling  or  performing,  or  otherwise. 
^  {b)  Any  child  under  the  ages  mentioned  in  the 
preceding  subsection  to  be  in  any  street  or  place 
licensed  for  the  sale  of  liquor,  other  than  places 
licensed  for  public  performances  for  the  purpose  of 
selling  or  performing  for  profit  between  the  hours 
of  9  p.m.  and  6  a.m. 

(c)  Any  child  under  1 1  years  to  be  in  any  licensed 
place  for  the  purpose  of  performing  for  profit 
(except  for  a  charitable  object)  unless  licensed. 

{d)  Any  child  under  16  years  to  be  trained  as 
acrobat,  contortionist,  or  circus  performer,  or  for 
any  performance  of  a  dangerous  nature. 

2.  The  Employment  of  Children  Act,  1903.  in^- 
poses  general  restrictions  on  the  employment  of 
children  in  ways  likely  to  cause  them  injury,  and 
empowers  local  authorities  to  make  bye-laws  for 
the  limit  of  age  and  hours  of  employment,  and  for 
the  regulation  of  street  trading  by  persons  under 

14  years. 

3.  The  Offences  against  the  Person  Act,  1861, 
deals  with  aggravated  and  indecent  assaults  on 
children  under  16  years,  and  abduction  of  girls 
under    16,    and    the    stealing   of   children    under 

14  years. 

4.  The  Factories  and  Workshops  Acts,  1878-95, 
make  special  provisions  as  to  the  employment  of 
children  in  factories  or  workshops. 

5.  Apprentices  {q.v.)  are  protected  by  : 

(a)  The  Offences  against  the  Person  Act,  1861, 
sections  26  and  73. 

{b)  The  Conspiracy  and  Protection  of  Property 
Act,  1878,  section  6. 

(c)  The  Chimney  Sweep  Acts,  1840-64. 


{d)  Various  Poor  Law  Acts  relating  to  the 
apprenticing  of  pauper  children. 

6.  The  Shop  Regulation  Act,  1904,  prohibits  the 
employment  in  a  shop  of  any  person  under  18  years 
for  more  than  74  hours  per  week. 

7.  Children's  Dangerous  Performance  Act.  1879 
and  1897,  prohibits  boys  under  16  years  old  and 
girls  under  t8  years  old  from  taking  part  in  any 
dangerous  public  performance. 

8.  The  Infant  life  Protection  Act,  1897,  re- 
quires a  notice  to  be  given  to  the  supervisory 
authority  by  persons  who  for  hire  receive  two  or 
more  infants  into  their  houses. 

9.  The  Intoxicating  Liquor  Act,  1901,  prohibits 
the  sale  of  liquor  to  children  under  14  years  old, 
except  in  sealed  vessels. 

10.  The  Licensing  Act,  1902,  makes  it  an  offence 
to  drink  in  a  public  place  whilst  in  charge  of  a 
child  under  seven  years  old. 

11.  By  the  Betting  and  Loans  (Infants)  Act, 
1892,  any  agreement  after  coming  of  age  to  repay 
a  loan  contracted  in  infancy  is  void. 

12.  The  Infants  Relief  Act.  1874,  deprives  adults 
of  the  power  to  make  themselves  liable  by  express 
ratification  for  contracts  entered  into  during  in- 
fancy, except  for  necessaries. 

13.  The  Mines  (Prohibition  of  Child  Labour 
Underground)  Act,  1900,  prohibits  emplo3rment  of 
boys  under  13. 

B. — Workmen. 

I.  The  Employers'  Liability  [q.v.)  Act,  1880. 

An  employer  shall  be  liable  for  injuries  caused 
to  his  employee  by  reason  of  : 

(i)  Any  defect  in  the  condition  of  ways,  worics, 
msu^hinery,  or  plant,  if  such  defect  arose  and  had 
not  been  discovered  or  remedied  owing  to  the 
negligence  of  the  employer  or  his  servant  en- 
trusted by  him  with  the  duty. 

(2)  The  negligences  of  any  person  in  the  service 
of  the  employer  who  has  any  superintendence  en- 
trusted to  him. 

(3)  The  negligence  of  any  person  whose  orders 
a  workman,  at  the  time  of  injury,  was  bound  to, 
and  did,  obey. 

(4)  The  act  or  omission  of  any  person  in  the 
service  of  the  employer,  done  or  made  in  obedience 
to  rules  or  bye-laws  of  the  employer,  except  such 
bye-laws  as  have  been  approved  by  the  Board  of 
Trade  or  Secretary  of  State. 

(5)  The  negligence  of  any  employee  in  charge 
of  signal  points,  locomotive  engine,  or  train  npoo 
a  railway. 

But  a  workman  cannot  recover  damages  under 
this  Act  if  he  was  aware  of  the  defect  or  negligence, 
and  voluntarily  nndertook  the  risk,  without  giving 
notice  of  such  defect  to  his  employer  or  superior. 

The  term  **  workman  "  according  to  this  Act 
means  any  railway  servant,  or  any  person  to  whom 
the  Employers  and  Workmen  Act,  1875,  applies. 

The  amount  recoverable  is  not  more  than  sndi 
sum  as  may  be  found  equivalent  to  the  estimated 


PROTECTION 


515 


PROTECTION 


earnings  of  any  person  in  the  same  grade  of  em-* 
ployment  during  three  years  preceding  the  injury. 

2.  The  Workmen's  Compensation  Acts,  1897  ^^^ 
1900. 

(i)  An  employer  shall  be  liable  for  personal 
injuries  caused  to  a  workman  by  an  accident 
arising  out  of  and  in  the  course  of  employment 
unless — 

(a)  The  disablement  is  for  not  more  than  two 
weeks ;  or 

(b)  The  injury  was  due  to  the  serious  and  wilful 
misconduct  of  the  injured  man. 

(2)  Notice  of  the  accident  must  be  given  to  the 
employer  as  soon  as  possible,  and  before  the  work- 

,   man  has  voluntarily  left  his  service. 

(3)  A  workman  may  contract  himself  out  of  his 
rights  under  this  Act,  if  the  contract  provides  a 
scheme  of  compensation  approved  by  the  Registrar 
of  Friendly  Societies. 

(4)  The  Act  of  1897  applies  to  employees  "on  or 
in  or  about  a  railway,  factory,  mine,  quarry,  or 
engineering  work,  or  on,  in,  or  about  any  building 
which  exceeds  30  ft.  in  height,  and  is  either  being 
constructed  or  repaired  by  means  of  scaffolding, 
or  being  demolished,  or  on  which  machinery  driven 
by  steam,  water,  or  other  mechanical  power  is 
being  used." 

(5)  The  Act  of  1900  extends  the  application  of 
the  earlier  Act  to  workmen  employed  in  agriculture 
which  includes  horticulture,  forestry,  and  the  use 
of  land  for  any  purpose  of  husbandry,  inclusive  of 
the  breeding  or  keeping  of  Uve-stock,  poultry,  or 
bees,  and  the  growth  of  fruit  and  vegetables. 

(6)  Comx>ensation  under  these  Acts  shall  not 
exceed  ^£300  in  case  of  death,  or  ;£i  per  week  in  case 
of  disablement. 

3.  The  Trade  Union  {q.v.)  Act,  1 871,  first  legalised 
combinations  of  workmen  for  the  protection  of 
employees  and  the  establishment  of  fair  conditions 
of  labour. 

4.  The  Factories  and  Workshops  Acts,  1878- 
1903,  regulate  employment  in  factories  and  work- 
shops, and  protect  employees  by  enforcing  stringent 
rules  as  to  cleanliness,  ventilation,  drainage^  sanita- 
tion, fire  escapes,  the  employment  of  women  and 
children,  the  hours  of  labour,  holidays,  and, 
generally  speaking,  all  questions  of  health  and 
safety. 

5.  The  Coal  Mine  Regulation  Act,  1887-96. 
The  Metalliferous  Mines  Regulation  Act,   1872, 

1875,  and  the  Quarries  Act,  1887-94,  provide  for 
the  safety  of  miners. 

Further  legislation  on  this  subject  may  be  ex- 
pected as  the  result  of  the  Royal  Commission 
recently  appointed  to  consider  the  safety  of  miners. 

C. — Crofters. 

The  Crofters  Holdings  (Scotland)  Act,  1886,  and 
the  Congested  Districts  (Scotland)  Act,  1897, 
mimxnise   the  grievances   and   wrongs  previously 


en 


dured  by  crofters. 


D. — Irish  T$nants» 

1.  By  the  Irish  Landlord  and  Tenant  Act,  i860, 
the  relationship  of  landlord  and  tenant  is  based 
upon  contract,  and  not  upon  tenure. 

2.  The  Irish  Land  Act,  1870,  which  applies  only 
to  agricultural  and  pastoral  holdings — 

(a)  Legalised  the  Ulster  custom  and  other  usages  ; 

(h)  Compelled  the  landlord  to  pay  compensation 
to  the  tenant  for  disturbance  ;  and 

(c)  Enabled  tenant  to  claim  compensation  for 
improvements  made  by  him. 

3.  The  Land  Law  (Ireland)  Act,  1881,  gave  the 
tenant : 

(a)  Fixity  of  tenure  ; 
(h)  Fair  rent ; 
(c)  Free  sale. 

4.  The  following  Acts  amending  and  extending 
the  Act  of  1 88 1  are  aimed  at  protecting  and  im- 
proving the  conditions  of  Irish  tenants  : 

(a)  Irish  Land  Acts,  1887,  1896,  1903. 
(6)  Land  Purchase  Acts,  1885  and  1891. 
(c)  The  Redemption  of  Rent  Act,  1891. 

E. — Public  AuthorOies. 

By  the  Public  Authorities  Protection  Act,  1893, 
where  any  proceeding  or  prosecution  is  commenced 
against  any  person  for  any  act  done  in  pursuance 
or  execution  of  any  Act  of  Parliament,  or  of  any 
public  duty  or  authority,  or  in  respect  of  any 
alleged  neglect  or  default  in  the  execution  of  any 
such  Act  of  Parliament,  or  of  any  public  duty  or 
authority,  or  in  respect  of  any  such  Act  of  Parlia- 
ment, etc. : 

(i)  Such  action  must  be  commenced  within  six 
months  of  the  act  or  default  complained  of ;  or, 
in  the  case  of  continuing  damage,  within  six  months 
of  the  ceasing  thereof. 

(2)  If  judgment  is  given  for  the  defendant,  it 
shall  carry  costs  to  be  taxed  as  between  solicitor 
and  client. 

(3)  A  tender  of  amends  may  be  pleaded  in  the 
lieu  of,  or  in  addition  to,  other  pleas. 

If  the  plaintiff  recovers  a  sum  not  greater  than 
the  amount  of  tlie  tender,  he  shall  not  recover  any 
costs  incurred  after  tender,  and  the  defendant 
shall  be  entitled  to  costs  as  from  the  time  of  the 
tender  or  payment  into  Court. 

(4)  If  the  plaintiff  has  not  given  the  defendant 
sufficient  opportunity  for  tendering  amends  before 
the  commencement  of  proceedings  the  Court  may 
award  the  defendant  costs,  to  be  taxed  as  between 
solicitor  and  client. 

F. — Miscellaneous. 

1.  The  Money  Lenders  Act,  1900. 

(i)  The  Court  will  re-open  any  usurious  bargains 
which  appear  harsh  and  unconscionable. 

(2)  All  money-lenders  must  be  registered. 

(3)  Heavy  penalties  for  false  declaration  by 
money-lenders. 

2.  The  Pawn  Brokers  Act,  1872,  limits  tlie 
interest  to  be  paid  on  loans  under  the  value  of  j^io. 

s2 


PROTECTOR 


Si6 


PUEYRREDON 


3.  The  Merchant  Shipping  Act.  1904,  protects 
seamen  and  passengers  by  regulations  for  their 
safety,  comfort,  and  health. 

Refer  to  Limitation  of  liability. 

4.  The  Merchant  Shipping  Act  (proposed),  1906 
(^.v.),  will  protect  the  interests  of  British  shipping 
by  enforcing  regulations,  similar  to  those  already 
imposed  on  British  ships,  on  all  foreign  ships  in 
British  waters. 

Protector.  East  Indiaman.  Lost  in  the  Bay  of 
Bengal,  November  21,  1838  ;  170  lives  lost. 

Protee.  French  submarine.  (Cherbourg,  1903.) 
Length,  77  ft. ;  beam,  y\  ft. ;  draught,  8  ft. ;  dis- 
placement, 6S  tons ;  complement,  5  ;  Hp.,  603s 
8kts. 

Protest.  The  "  Noting  his  protest "  before  a 
public  notary  or  consul  is  generally  done  by  a  ship- 
master on  his  arrival,  but  certamly  f  he  has  had 
any  accident  or  fears  any  damage.  Unless  this 
preliminary  step  has  been  taken,  a  protest  cannot 
be  *  extended,"  or  completed,  and  the  extended 
protest  is  of  great  importance  in  average  and  other 
claims.  The  extended  protest  gives  details  of  the 
voyage,  with  its  accidents  derived  from  the  log 
book  and  information  supplied  by  the  master, 
officers  and  crew  When  goods  are  lost,  or  damage 
sustained,  the  protest  being  produced  protects  the 
master  and  the  shipowners  from  claims  made  by 
the  owners  of  the  cargo. 

Protet.  French  2nd  class  cruiser.  (Bordeaux. 
1898.) 

Length  332ft.   Beam  44ft.  Maximum  draught  21ft. 
Displacement  4,000  tons.     Complement  378. 
Guns,  Armour. 

4—6*4  in.,  45  cal.      "  Steel." 
10 — ^4  in.  2  in.  Deck. 

10 — 3  pdr.  2  in.  Casemates. 

4 — I  pdr.  2  in.  Conning  tower. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (177  in.). 
2  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  8,500=19*5  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 750  tons.     Approximate  cost  jj3 50,000. 

Protschny.  Russian  torpedo  -  boat  destroyer. 
Black  Sea  (1898).  Length,  196  ft. ;  beam,  18  ft.  ; 
draught,  ii^  ft.;  displacement,  240  tons;  com- 
plement,   55  ;     armament,    i     12 -pdr.,    3    3 -pdr., 

2  tubes;    Hp.,  3,800=27  kts.  *   coal,  53  tons. 

Prow.    The  foremost  end  of  a  vessel. 

Prox.     Abbreviation  for  proximo,  next  month. 

Prytki.  Russian  torpedo-boat  destroyer,  Black 
Sea  (1895).  Length,  190  ft.  ;  beam,  18  ft.  ;  draught, 
7  ft. ;  displacement,  24  tons  ;  armament,  i  12-pdr., 

3  3 -pdr.,  2  tubes  ;  twin  screw  ;  Hp.,  4,400=  29}  kts. 

P.8.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Sint  Philipsland,  Holland. 

Psara.  Greek  battleship  (1890).  Reconstructed, 
La  Seyne,  1897. 


Length  331ft.  Beam  52ft.  Maximum  draught  24ft 
Displacement  5.000  tons.     Complement  440. 
Guns,  Armour, 

3— io'6  in.  "  Creusot  steel." 

5 — 6  in.  12  in.  Belt. 

I — 4  in.  13  in.  Battery. 

8 — 9  pdr.  1 2  in.  Barbettes. 

4 — 3  V^'  12  in.  Conning  tower. 

12 — I  pdr. 

Torpedo  Tubes, 

1  Above  water  bow. 

2  Above  water  broadside. 

Twin    screw.     Hp.    6,700=  17  kts.    Coal    maxi- 
mum 600  tons. 

Paflaader,    Swedish  torpedo  gun-boat    (1899). 
Length  223ft.  Beam  zyiiL  Maximum  draught  git 
Displacement  700  tons.    Complement  99. 

Guns,  Armour. 

2 — 4'y  in.  "  Bofors  steel." 

4 — 6  pdr,  i  in.  Deck. 

2  in.  Conning  tower. 
Torpedo  Tubes, 
I  Submerged  bow. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  4,000=20  kts. 

Psyche.     British  3rd  class  cruiser.     (Devonport, 

1899.) 

Length  300ft.  Beam  36ft.  Maximum  draught  19}  it 

Displacement,  2,200  tons.     Complement  224. 

Guns.  Armour. 

8 — 4  in.  2  in.  Deck. 

8—3  pdr. 

Torpedo  Tubes   (14  in.). 

2  Above  water. 

Twin  screw.     Hp.  7,000  =  20*5  kts.     Coal  normal 

250  tons.    Approximate  cost  ;f  150,000. 

Psyobrometer.    The  dry-bulb  and  wet-bulb  ther 
mometers. 

P.T.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Port  Talbot,  England. 

pt.  Pteropod.  Abbreviation  adopted  on  the 
charts  issued  by  the  Hydrograpliic  Office,  Admi- 
ralty, denoting  the  quality  of  the  ocean's  bottom. 

Pt.  Point.  Abbreviation  adopted  on  the  charts 
issued  by  the  Hydrographic  Office,  Admiralty. 

P.U.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Putten,  HoUand. 

Packer.  A  Hindustani  word  signifying  sterling, 
of  good  quality. 

Puddening.  A  thick  reef  of  matting  or  oakum 
tapering  towards  the  end,  and  used  as  a  fender. 

Pueyrredon.  Argentine  armoured  cruiser.  (An- 
saldo,  1897.) 

Length  328ft.  Beam  59ft.  Maximum  draught  25ft. 
Displacement  7,000  tons.    Complement  500W 


PUGET 


517 


PYMAN 


Guns.  Armour. 

2—10  in.  "  Temi." 

io~~6  in.  6  in.  Belt  amidships. 

6 — 47  in.  6  in.  Barbettes. 

10—6  pdr.  6  in.  Conning  tower. 

Torpedo  Tubes, 
4  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  13.000=330  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum, 1,000  tons. 

Paget  Soniid  Navigaticm  Co.,  with  their  head 
offices  in  Seattle,  have  a  fleet  of  eight  steamers, 
which  maintain  regular  sailings  from  Seattle  to 
Port  Townsend,  Port  Angeles,  Neah  Bay,  and 
Victoria  (B.C.),  and  other  places  on  Puget  Sound 
and  the  Straits  of  Juan  de  Fuca. 

Fleet. 

Alice  Gertrude.  Indianapolis. 

Bellingham.  Lydia  Thompson. 

Dode.  Rosalie. 

Garland.  Whatcom. 

PagUa.    Small  Italian  cruiser.    (Taranto,  1898.) 
Length  273ft.   Beam  40ft.  Maximum  draught  i6ft. 
Displacement  2,538  tons.    Complement  234. 
Guns.  Armour, 

2—6  in.  "  Steel." 

8 — 4'y  in.  i  in.  Deck. 

8 — 6  pdr. 
.  8 — I  pdr. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
3  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  7,5003=18*5  kts.    Coal  maxi- 
mum 430  tons.    Approximate  cost,  ;f2oo,ooo. 

PnlL    To  row  a  boat. 

Poltoy  bloek.    A  shell  with  a  sheave. 

Pulwar.    A  country  boat  of  the  Indian  rivers. 

Pomping  ol  baioineter.  Unsteadiness  of  the 
mercury  in  the  barometer  tube  caused  by  the 
temporary  reduction  of  pressure  in  a  room  pro- 
duced by  gusts  of  wind. 

Pnniihment^    See  Naval  Ceremonies. 

PmiOf.  Intensely  cold,  dry  winds  in  the  Puna 
re^ons  of  South  America,  blowing  chiefly  from 
south  and  south-west. 

Pont  Small  flat-bottomed  boat  used  by  fisher- 
men. 

Paoyi.  Spiked  holes  in  barges  or  keels  used  in 
propelling  them. 

PnzchaM.    In  tackle  to  increase  force  applied. 

Pmdon,  Andrew  (b.  Port  Glasgow,  June  6,  i860). 
Served  his  apprenticeship  with  Messrs.  Cunlifie  and 
I>anlop,  Port  Glasgow.  In  1885  was  appointed 
leading  draughtsman  with  the  Fairfield  Shipbuilding 
Co.«  and  subsequently  became  head  of  the  Drawing 
Office  Estimating  and  Scientific  Departments.  Dur- 
ing bis  association  with  this  firm  he  was  closely  con- 
nected with  the  building  and  construction  of  many 
well-known  vessels,  of  which  may  be  mentioned 


the  Atlantic  greyhounds  Campania  and  Lucania, 
some  of  the  largest  Cape  mail  steamers,  and  war- 
vessels  for  the  British  Government.  In  May,  1897, 
was  appointed  general  manager  to  Messrs.  Irving's 
Shipbuilding  and  Dry  Dock  Co.,  Ltd.,  Hartlepool 
(of  which  firm  Sir  Christopher  Fumess  (q.v.)  is 
chairman),  and  has  since  been  appointed  managing 
director.  It  was  under  his  personal  supervision 
that  the  Sylvania,  a  vessel  of  some  7,000  tons, 
which  was  stranded  on  the  beach  at  Skinningrove, 
on  the  Yorkshire  coast,  was  successfully  floated. 

Pnfga.    A  very  violent  Buran  {q.v.). 

Puritan.    U.S.  monitor  (1883). 
Length  289ft.   Beam  60ft.  Maximum  draught  20ft. 
Displacement  6,060  tons.     Complement  230. 

Guns.  Armour, 

4 — 12  in.  "  Harvey." 

6 — 4  in.  14  in.  Belt  amidships. 

4 — 3  pdr*  14  in-  Barbettes. 

4 — I  pdr.  8    in.  Conning  tower. 

4  GatUngs. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  3,700==  12*4  kts.    Coal  maxi 
mum  580  tons. 

Puritan  line.    See  Johnston  Line. 

Poner.  The  officer  who  has  charge  of  the 
accounts  of  a  ship  to  which  he  is  attached. 

Pnrvii,  Frank  Prior  (b.  Greenwich,  April  18, 1850). 
Professor  of  naval  architecture,  Tokio  University. 
Educated  Blackheath  School  and  School  of  Naval 
Architecture,  South  Kensington.  In  1869  obtained 
a  Whitworth  scholarship,  and  in  187 1  obtained  a 
fellowship  of  the  school.  In  1872  was  appointed 
assistant  to  Sir  Edward  Reed  {q.v.) ;  in  1877,  repre- 
sentative of  the  late  Sir  W.  Pearce,  and  two  years 
later  scientific  adviser  to  Messrs.  W.  Denny  and 
Brothers,  which  position  he  held  for  10  years, 
resigning  to  take  up  a  partnership  with  Messrs. 
Blackwood  and  Gordon.  In  190 1  he  was  appointed 
Professor  of  Naval  Architecture  at  the  Imperial 
University,  Tokio. 

Publications :  Various  papers  published  in  the 
Transactions  of  the  Institution  of  Engineers  and 
Shipbuilders  in  Scotland  and  technical  articles  in 
"  Cassier's  Magazine." 


Pni.    To  change  the  course  of  a  ship,  to  tack. 

Pnttook.    See  Futtock. 

P.y.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Poortvliet,  Holland. 

P.W.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Padstow,  England. 

Pyman  and  do.,  George.  See  Pyman  Steam- 
ship Co.,  Ltd. 

Pyman  Steamship  Co.,  Ltd.,  with  their  head  office 
in  West  Hartlepool,  have  a  fleet  of  13  modem 
cargo  steamers,  which  trade  to  various  parts  of  the 
world  as  inducement  offers. 


PYRAMUS 


518 


QUEEN 


Fleet, 


Coniston. 

Dunholme, 

G,  Pyman, 

Holmside. 

Laura. 

Membland, 


Nanette, 

Raithwaite, 

Rokehy. 

Rosehanh, 

Sandsend, 

Waverley, 


Winifred. 
Gross  toniiage,  43,250. 

Pyramtu.     British  3rd  class  crii  sefr.     (Palmer, 
1898.) 

Length  300ft.   Beam  36ft.  Maximum  draught  i  jit. 

Displacement  2,135  tons.     Complement  224. 

Guns.  A  rmour. 

8 — 4  in.  2  in.  Deck. ' 

8—3  pdr. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (14  in.). 
2  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  7,000=20*5  kts.     Coal  normal 
250  tons.     Approximate  cost  ;f  150,000. 

Pyrheliometor  An  instrument  for  measuring  the 
intensity  of  solar  radiation. 

Python.  Dutch  torpedo-boat.  (Yarrow,  1903.) 
Displacement,  140  tons ;  .  armament,  2  3-pdr. ; 
tubes,  3  14-in,  (2  broadside,  i  stem)  ;  speed, 
25  kts  ;  coal,  30  tons. 

Python.  Austro-Hungarian  torpedo-boat.  (Yar- 
row, 1899).  Length,  152  ft.;  beam,  15  ft.; 
draught,  7 J  ft.  ;  displacement,  133  tons  ;  com- 
plement, 24  ;  armament,  2  3-pdr.  q.f.,  2  tubes ; 
Hp.,  2,000  =  24  kts. ;  coal,  30  tons. 

P.Z*  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Penzance,  England. 


Q.     See  Quiller-Couch,  A.  T. 

Quadrant.  A  reflecting  instrument  invented  by 
Hadley,  used  to  take  the  altitude  of  the  sun,  moon 
or  stars,  above  the  horizon  ;  and  thereby  to  deter- 
mine the  latitude  and  longitude.  Refer  to  Navi- 
gating Instruments,  History  of. 

Qnadrireme.  An  ancient  ship  of  war,  with  four 
banks  or  oars  on  each  side ;  chiefly  used  about 
400  B.C. 

QoaiL  British  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Birken- 
head, 1895.)  I-ength,  213  ft. ;  beam,  21  ft. ;  draught, 
5i-  ft. ;  displacement,  300  tons  ;  complement,  58  ; 
armament,  1  12-pdr.,  5  6-pdr.,  2  tubes  :  Hp.,  6,000 
=  30  kts. ;  coal,  90  tons. 

Quant  An  obsolete  term  for  a  long  pole  used 
by  bargemen. 

Quarantine  is  a  period  during  which  a  ship, 
arrived  from  an  infected  port,  is  forbidden  to  hold 
intercourse  with  the  shore. 

By  the  Public  Health  Act,  1896  (re-enacting  the 
Public  Health  Act,  1876,  and  amending  the  Customs 


ConsoUdation  Act,   1876).  the  Local  Government 
Board  : 

(i).Ai&y  frame  regulations  for  the  treatment  of 
persons  afiected  vnth  infectious  diseases  within  the 
territorial  waters  of  the  United  Knigdom. 

(2)  Where  any  part  of  England  is  threatened  or 
afflicted  by  any  formidable  epidemic  or  infectious 
disease,  may  make  special  regulations  to  guard 
against  its  spreading,  and  may  make  such  regulations 
applicable  to  any  vessel  within  the  jurisdiction  of 
the  Lord  High  Admiral. 

(3)  May  require  that  no  person  (coming  from  or 
having  touched  at  any  port  where  there  is  a  for- 
midable infection  prevailing)  shall  quit  the  vessel 
without  sanction,  after  the  state  of  health  of  the 
persons  on  board  have  been  ascertained  by  medical 
examination. 

Any  wilful  violations  of  any  of  these  regulations 
is  ah  offence  punishable  by  fine. 

Every  country  may  make  and  enforce  its  own 
quarantine  regulations. 

Quarter.    45°  abaft  the  beam. 

Quarter  boat.  Any  boat  is  thus  designated  which 
is  hung  to  davits  over  the  ship's  quarter. 

Quarter-deek.  That  part  of  the  upper  deck 
which  is  abaft  the  main-mast. 

Quarter^master.  A  petty  ofhcer  appointed  by 
the  captain  of  the  ship  to  assist  the  officers,  particu- 
larly the  navigating  officer,  in  the  care  of  the 
sounding  leads,  the  lights,  bunting,  storing  of 
ballast  and  provisions,  the  reading  of  compasses, 
deciphering  and  hoisting  signals,  steering,  and 
stands  a  regular  watch  in  the  ship  night  and  day. 
whether  the  ship  is  at  sea  or  at  anchor. 

Quay.  A  stone  wharf  having  all  necessary 
conveniences  for  loading  and  unloading  merchant 
ships. 

Queen.  British  ist  class  battieship.  (Devon- 
port,  1902.) 

Length  430ft.   Beam  75ft.   Maximum  draught  29ft. 
Displacement  15,000  tons.     Complement  750. 
Guns.  Armour. 

4 — 12  in.,  40  cal.        "  Knipp." 
12^-6  in.  9  in.  Belt  amidships. 

16—12  pdr.  12  in.  Barbettes. 

6 — 3  pdr.  12  in.  Conning  tower. 

2  Maxims. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
4  Submerged. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  15.000=18  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 2 , 1 00  tons.    Approximate  cost  £  i  ,000,000. 

This  ship-name  is  associated  with  Keppel's 
action  ofi  Brest,  1778;  battle  of  "The  Glorious 
First  of  June,"  1794;  Bridport's  action  off  I. 
Groix,  1795  ;  Sebastop(ri,  1854. 

This  vessel  holds  the  world's  record  for  coahag.  an 
average  of  491  tons  per  hour  having  been  shipped 
without  shore  labour  on  board  at  Malta,  May  23, 


QUEEN 


519 


RABY 


1907.    The  battleship  Implacable  held  the  previous 
best  record  with  394  tons  per  hour. 

Qaeen*  Transport.  On  January  6,  iSoo,  this 
vessel  was  lost  on  Trefusis  Point,  when  369  people 
perished. 

Queen  Charlotte,  no  guns.  Burnt  off  the 
harbour  of  Leghorn,  March  17,  1800 ;  700  lives 
lost. 

Queen  Charlotte.  East  tndiaman.  On  October 
24,  1 8 18,  this  vessel  was  lost  off  Madras,  when  all 
on  board  perished. 

Qaeen  Elizabeth.  Glasgow  steamer.  On  voyage 
from  India  went  ashore  near  Tarifa,  March  12. 
1874,  and  became  a  total  wreck ;  20  lives  lost.  Cargo 
and  specie  value  ;^  127,000  recovered  by  divers. 

Qaeen  Line  of  Stoamen.  See  Dunlop  Steam- 
ship Co. 

Queen  of  the  Thames.  On  March  18,  1871,  this 
vessel  sailed  from  London  to  Sydney  by  the  Cape 
in  58  days  ;  on  her  return  voyage  she  was  lost  off 
Cape  Agultras,  Africa. 

Queensland  Tacht  Club,  BoyaL  See  Royal 
Queensland  Yacht  Club. 

Queen  Victoria.  On  February  15,  1853,  this 
vessel  was  wrecked  off  the  Bailey  Lighthouse,  near 
Dublin,  having  mistaken  her  course  in  a  snow  storm. 
Out  of  1 20  persons,  67  were  lost* 

Quetla.  British  India  Steam  NavigaticMi  Co.'s 
steamer.  Struck  on  an  unknown  rock  off  Cape 
York,  Torres  Straits,  and  sank,  February  28,  1890  ; 
133  lives  lost. 

Qniberon  Bay,  Battle  of.  On  Npvember  20,  1759, 
the  British  under  Hawke  defeated  the  French  Fleet 
commanded  by  Conffams. 

Quid.     A  piece  of  tobacco  used  for  chewing. 

Quid  pro  QUO.    Giving  one  thing  for  another. 

Quiller-Conoh,  Arthur  Thomas,  B.A.  Writer  (b. 
Cornwall.  1863).  Educated  Newton  Abbot  Col- 
lege, Clifton  College,  Trinity  College,  Oxford. 
Lecturer  classics  Trinity  College,  Oxford,  1886-87  *» 
was  connected  with  the  "  Speaker  "  till  1889. 

Publications,:  "Dead  Man's  Rock"  (1887), 
"Troy  Town"  (i888),  "The  Splendid  Spur" 
(1889),  "  Noughts  and  Crosses  "  (1891).  "  The  Blue 
Pavilions  "  (1891).  "  I  Saw  Three  Ships  "  (1892), 
"The  Warwickshire  Avon  "  (1892),  "The  Delect- 
able Duchy  "  (1893),  "  Green  Bays :  Verses  and 
Parodies"  (1893).  "Wandering  Heath"  (1895), 
"  The  Golden  Pomp  "  (1895),  "  la  "  (1896),  "  Ad- 
ventures in  Criticism "  (1896),  "  Poems  and 
Ballads"  (1896),  "The  Ship  of  Stars"  (1899), 
"  Old  Fires  and  Profitable  Ghosts  "  {1900),  "  The 
Oxford  Book  of  English  Verse"  (1900),  "The 
Laird's  Luck"  (1901),  "The  Westcotes  "  (1902). 
"The  White  Wolf"  (1902),  "The  Adventures  of 
Harry  Revel"  (1903).  "Hetty  Wesley"  (1903), 
"  Two  Sides  of  the  Face  "  {196$),  ■•Fort  Amity  " 


{1904)  In  1897  was  commissioned  to  finish  R.  L. 
Stevenson's  uncompleted  novel  "  St.  Ives." 

Quilting.  A  kind  of  coating  formed  of  sinnet 
strands  of  rope,  etc.,  outside  any  vessel. 

Quinquereme.  An  ancient  type  of  ship  of  war 
propelled  by  five  banks  of  oars  on  each  side,  intro- 
duced by  Dionysius  of  Syracuse,  about  400  b.c. 

Quinze  de  Novembro.  Brazilian  cruiser.  (Elswick, 
1897.) 

Length  210ft.     Beam  25it.     Draught  13ft. 
Displacement  13,000  tons.     Complement  160. 
Guns,  Armour, 

6—47  in,  "  Steel." 

4 — 6  pdr.  2  in.  Deck  amidships. 

6  Maxims. 

Torpedo  Tubes, 

4  Above  water. 

Kp»  3*300=17  kts.    Coal  200  toas. 

Quite.  Japanese  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Yoko- 
suka,  1906.)  Length,  220  ft.  ;  beam,  20}  ft. ; 
draught,  9 J  ft. ;  displacement,  374  tons ;  arma- 
ment, I  i2-pdr.,  5  6-pdr.,'2  tubes;  twin  screw  ; 
Hp.,  6,000=29  kts. 

Quoin.  A  wedge  used  as  a  chock  in  stowing 
casks  to  prevent  rolling. 

q.v.     Abbreviation  for,  which  see. 

B 

B.  Distinguishing  letter  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Ramsgate,  England. 

B.  Distinguishing  letter  on  "sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Ribe.  Denmark. 

B.  Distinguishing  letter  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Rostock,  Germany. 

B.  Distinguishing  letter  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Rouen,  France. 

B.  Red  (near  a  buoy  or  light).  Abbreviation 
adopted  on  the  charts  issued  by  the  Hydrographic 
Office,  Admiralty, 

B.  River.  Abbreviation  adopted  on  the  charts 
issued  by  the  Hydrographic  Office,  Admiralty. 

r.  Rock.  Abbreviation  adopted  on  the  charts 
issued  by  the  Hydrographic  Office,  Admiralty,  de- 
noting the  quality  of  the  ocean's  bottom. 

Babbet.  That  part  of  the  keel,  stern,  and  stern- 
posts  of  a  ship  which  is  cut  for  the  plank  of  the 
bottom  to  fit  in. 

Baby,  Bear-Admiral  Henry  James,  V.O.,  C.B. 

(b.  September  26,  1827).  Educated  Sherborne. 
Entered  the  Navy,  1842  ;  was  ist  class  volunteer 
H.M.S.  Monarch  ;  11  months  on  shore  with  Naval 
Brigade  at  Sebastopol ;  promoted  to  commander, 
and  decorated  with  V.C.  for  services  in  the  trenches 
before  Sebastopol. 


RACE 


520 


RAINHA 


Extract  from  the  "  Gazette,"  February  24,  1857  : 
"  On  June  18,  1855,  immediately  after  the  assault 
of  Sebastopol,  a  soldier  of  the  5  7th  Regiment,  who 
had  been  shot  through  both  legs,  was  observed 
Bitting  up  and  calling  for  assistance.  Climbing 
Dver  the  breastwork  of  the  advanced  sap,  Lieu- 
tenant Raby  and  two  seamen  proceeded  upwards 
of  70  yards  across  the  open  space  towards  the 
salient  angle  of  the  Redan,  and,  in  spite  of  the 
heavy  fire  which  was  still  continuing,  succeeded 
n  carrying  the  wounded  soldier  to  a  place  of 
safety  at  the  imminent  risk  of  their  own  lives. 
Lieutenant  Raby  was  the  sole  survivor  to  reap  the 
reward  and  wear  the  Cross." 

Present  at  the  battle  of  Inkerman  (Crimean, 
Sardinian,  and  Turkish  medals,  Inkerman  and 
Sebastopol  clasps.  Knight  of  the  Legion  of  Honour, 
Medjidie,  5th  Class) ;  commander  of  H.M.S.  Medusa 
and  Alecto  on  West  Coast  of  Africa  (frequently 
mentioned  in  despatches) ;  commanded  boats  of 
squadron  at  capture  and  destruction  of  Porto 
Novo  (wounded  and  mentioned  in  despatches) ; 
promoted  captain  for  services  on  West  Coast  of 
Africa  ;  commanded  H.M.S.  Adventure,  China,  1868- 
71  ;  retired  with  rank  of  rear-admiral,  1877  ;  died 
February  13,  1907. 

Race.    Strong  current. 

Baoehone.    Ship.     See  Carcass. 

Baoehone.  On  November  4,  1864,  this  vessel 
was  lost  ofi  Chefoo  Cape,  Chinese  coast,  when 
99  lives  were  lost. 

Racehorse.  British  torpedo  -  boat  destroyer. 
(Hawthorn.  1900.)  Length,  210  ft. ;  beam,  21  ft. ; 
draught,  8}  ft. ;  displacement,  316  tons ;  comple- 
ment, 60 ;  armament,  i  12-pdr.,  5  6-pdr.,  2  tubes  • 
twin  screw  ;  Hp.,  6,000=30  kts. ;  coal,  90  tons. 

Back.  Rails  for  belaying  pins ;  a  frame  of 
timber  containing  sheaves. 

Baok-liar.  A  piece  of  wood  used  for  twisting 
the  bight  of  a  swifter  round  in  order  to  bind  a 
raft  firmly  together. 

Back-block.  A  range  of  sheaves  cut  in  one  piece 
of  wood  for  running  ropes  to  lead  through. 

rad.  Radiolaria.  Abbreviation  adopted  on  the 
charts  issued  by  the  Hydrographic  Office,  Ad- 
miralty, denoting  the  quahty  of  the  ocean's  bottom. 

Baddle.    To  interlace. 

Badiation.  The  interchange  of  heat  between 
bodies  which  are  not  in  contact. 

Baiale.  French  torpedo-boat  (1898).  Displace- 
ment, 140  tons ;  complement,  34 ;  maximum 
draught,  7 J  ft.  j  guns,  2  3-pdr. ;  torpedo  tubes, 
a  is-in. ;  twin  screw;  Hp.,  3,200=31  kts.;  coal, 
15  tons. 

Baft  A  floating  framework  consisting  of  logs 
or  other  pieces  of  timber,  fastened  together  side  by 
side,  used  in  the  emergency  of  shipwreck. 


Bae,  Dr*  Biohard*    See  Arctic  Exploration. 
Baa-bolt.    Jagged  or  barbed  bolts. 

Itaid,  in  the  language  of  international  law,  is  an 
invasion  of  the  territory  of  a  State  which  is  at 
peace  by  armed  forces,  unauthorised  and  un- 
recognised by  any  State.  It  differs  from  piracy  in 
that  it  is  not  for  the  purpose  of  capturing  property, 

(Foreign  Enlistment  Act,  1870.) 

If  any  person  within  His  Majesty's  dominions, 
and  without  His  Majesty's  licence,  prepares  or  fits 
out  any  expedition  to  proceed  against  the  dominions 
of  any  friendly  State  : 

(i)  Every  person  engaged  in  such  preparations, 
or  assisting  tiierein,  or  employed  in  any  capacity 
in  such  expedition  shall  be  liable  to  fine  or  im- 
prisonment, with  or  without  hard  labour,  or  to  a 
fine  and  imprisonment. 

(2)  All  ships,  thefr  equipment,  arms,  etc.,  shall 
be  forfeited.  Any  person  who  aids,  abets,  counsels, 
or  procures  the  commission  of  any  offence  under 
this  Act  shall  be  treated  as  a  principal  offender. 

Bafl.  A  curved  timber  extending  from  the  bow 
of  a  ship  to  support  the  knee  of  the  head. 

Baill.    The  top  of  the  bulwarks  proper. 

Baflway  and  fihippiiig  Contraetor.  Established 
1885.  Published  weekly  (Thursday).  Price  6d. 
Address ;  13  Victoria  Street,  London,  S.W. 

Bailway  and  Shipping  JonmaL  Established  1901. 
Published  monthly.  Price  id.  Address:  6  New- 
castle Street,  Farringdon  Street,  London,  E.C. 

Bain.  Condensed  moisture  which  falls  from  the 
clouds  in  a  liquid  form. 

Bainband.  A  dark  band  or  shading  seen  on  the 
red  side  of  the  double  line  D  in  the  atmospheric 
absorption  spectrum. 

Bainbow.  An  arc  of  prismatic  colours  teen 
opposite  the  sun  or  moon  when  rain  is  falling. 

Bainbow.  Iron  steamer,  600  tons,  launched 
1838,  built  for  the  General  Steam  Navigation 
Company  of  London.  She  was  employed  in  the 
service  between  London  and  Ramsgate,  and  after- 
wards extended  from  London  to  Antwerp. 

^*f<"**w  This  term  includes  all  forms  of  atmos- 
pheric precipitation. 

Bain  gaoge.  An  instrument  for  measuring  rain- 
fall. 

Bainha  dona  Amelia.    Small  Portuguese  cruiser 

(1899)- 

Length  243ft.   Beam  33ft.  Maximum  draught  i6ft. 
Displacement  1,665  to>^-    Complement  350. 
Guns.  Armour, 

4—6  in.  "  Steel." 

4 — 4  in.  i^  in.  Deck. 

2 — 3  pdr.  2^  in.  Conning  tower. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
2  Above  water. 
Twin  «crew.    Hp,  5,400s:  18  kts. 


RAINIER 


521 


RAMBLER 


Bainier,  Vioe-Admiial  John  Harvey  (b.  1847). 
Educated  private  schools ;  entered  Navy,  i860 ; 
sub-lieutenant,  1866 ;  lieutenant,  1869  ;  commander, 
1880 ;  member  of  War  Office  Committee  on  Machine 
Guns,  1880-81,  and  secretary  to  the  Committee  on 
Torpedo  Instruction,  1884  *  commander,  command- 
ing King  Fisher,  landed  at  Zeyla,  February,  1885, 
with  seamen  and  marines  to  assist  in  the  arrest 
of  mutinous  Somali  police ;  member  of  the  Defence 
Committee,  Mauritius  1885,  ^^^  received  the 
thanks  of  the  Governor ;  captured  several  slave 
dhows  on  the  east  Coast  of  Africa  ;  captain,  1887  ; 
captain  of  Tourmaline ;  received  the  appreciation 
of  the  Admiralty  and  Governor  of  the  Leeward 
Islands  for  prompt  action  during  the  disturbances 
at  Tortola,  1890 ;  the  thanks  of  the  governors  of 
both  the  Leeward  and  Windward  Islands  and 
Trinidad  for  services  rendered  at  those  islands, 
1890-92 ;  thanks  of  French  Governor  for  taking 
relief  to  Martinique  after  the  fire,  1890 ;  also 
approval  of  Foreign  Office  for  the  steps  he  took  at 
Tucasca  during  the  revolution  in  Venezuela,  1892. 
As  captain  of  Rodney  commanded  the  English, 
French,  Russian,  Austrian,  and  Italian  landing 
parties  at  Selinos  Kastelli  during  the  Crete  insur- 
rection, 1897, 2^d  relieved  the  beleaguered  Turkish 
garrison  and  inhabitants  of  Kandanos,  and  brought 
them,  some  3,000  in  number,  safely  to  Selinos ; 
mentioned  in  despatches,  and  personally  thanked 
by  Senior  Foreign  Admiral  for  these  services ;  rear- 
admiral,  1 901  ;  vice-admiral,  1907.  Vice- Admiral 
Rainier  has  occupied  the  unique  position  of  com- 
manding the  forces  of  six  different  nations  in 
action. 

Balny  day  or  Bain  day*  This  is  defined  in  the 
British  Isles  to  be  a  day  on  which  0*01  in.,  or 
more,  of  rain  is  recorded. 

Balae.  To  cause  to  appear  elevated  as  by 
gradual  approach  towards  an  object. 

Baising-iron.  Used  for  clearing  pitch  and  oakum 
out  of  the  seams  of  the  deck  before  caulking 
afresh. 

fiaisoniiable.  64  guns.  On  February  3,  1762, 
this  vessel  was  lost  at  the  attack  of  Martinique. 

Bake.  The  deviation  of  the  mast  from  a  ver- 
tical line. 

Baket.  Norwegian  torpedo-boat.  (Christiania, 
1894.)  Length,  iii  ft.;  beam,  12^  ft.;  displace- 
ment, 43  tons ;  armament,  2  tubes. 

Baleigh,  50  guns.  On  April  14,  1857,  this 
vessel  was  wrecked  on  the  south-east  coast  of 
Macao. 

Baleigh.    U.S.  3rd  class  cruiser.    (Norfolk,  1892.) 
Length  300ft.  Beam  42ft.  Maximum  draught  20ft. 
Displacement  3.213  tons.     Complement  339. 
Guns.  Armour, 

ii—Sin.  ^        "Steel." 

8 — 6  pdr.  '         d^  in.  Deck. 

4 — I  pdr,      I  3  in.  Conning  tower. 


Twin  screw.  Hp.  10,000=19  kts.  Coal  maxi- 
mum 556  tons. 

Baleigh,  Sir  Walter  (i 552-1618).  English  ad- 
miral (b.  Devonshire).  Was  present  at  the  battles 
at  Jamac,  1569,  and  Montcontour,  fighting  as  a 
volunteer  with  the  French  Huguenot  Army.  In 
1577  a  patent  of  colonisation  was  given  to  his  half- 
brother.  Sir  Humphrey  Gilbert,  who  planned  an 
expedition,  of  which  Raleigh  was  given  command. 
This,  however,  was  a  failure.  In  1 584  he  obtained 
a  charter  of  colonisation,  and  during  the  next  few 
years  he  sent  out  expeditions  to  America,  explored 
the  seaboard  from  Florida  to  Newfoundland,  and 
named  Virginia,  which  he  endeavoured  to  colonise 
by  sending  out  a  fleet  laden  with  colonists,  which 
were,  however,  soon  discouraged,  and  brought 
back  to  England  by  Drake.  In  1592  he  prepared 
an  expedition,  which  sailed  under  Frobisher,  fitted 
out  for  service  against  Spain.  This  expedition 
succeeded  in  capturing  a  prixe  of  extraordinary 
value,  known  at  the  time  as  the  Great  Carrack. 
In  1594  he  sent  out  an  expedition  under  Captain 
Wheddon  to  obtain  information  about  the  lands 
near  the  Orinoco.  In  1596  he  took  part  in  an 
expedition  against  Spain  under  Lord  Howard  of 
Effingham  and  Robert  Devereux,  2nd  Earl  of 
Essex,  which  resulted  in  the  Spanish  Fleet  being 
thoroughly  beaten,  and  all  of  it,  with  the  exception 
of  two  vessels,  which  were  captured,  destroyed.  In 
1597  it  was  arranged  that  he  should  go  as  rear- 
admiral  of  a  fleet  under  the  command  of  Essex  to 
further  cripple  the  maritime  powers  of  Spain. 
This  expedition,  known  as  the  island  voyage,  was 
a  failure  owing  to  the  leaders  having  quarrelled, 
the  only  notable  achievement  being  the  capture 
of  Fayal  (Azores).  In  1600  he  was  made  Governor 
of  Jersey,  and  started  the  trade  between  Jersey 
and  Newfoundland,  and  did  much  to  promote  the 
prosperity  of  the  land.  In  1603  he  was  suspected 
of  complicity  with  Cobham  in  a  plot  against  King 
James  I.,  and  was  tried  for  high  treason  and  con- 
demned to  death,  but  subsequently  reprieved.  On 
March  19,  16x6,  Raleigh  set  out  on  an  expedition 
to  Guiana  in  quest  of  gold.  The  expedition  was  a 
failure,  and  returned  to  Plymouth,  June  21,  1618, 
and  in  the  following  October  he  was  executed  by 
order  of  King  James  1.  His  publications  include 
'*  A  Relation  of  Cadiz  Action,"  **  Raleigh's  Col- 
lected Works"  (1829),  "The  History  of  the 
World,"  "  A  Discourse  of  War,"  "  An  Apolc^  for 
the  Voyage  to  Guiana." 

See  "Oreighton's  Age  of  Elisabeth"  (1876), 
Hume's  "  Raleigh  "  (1858),  Ix>uise  Creighton's  "  Sir 
Walter  Raleigh  "  (1877),  Rennell  Rodd's  "  Raleigh  " 

(190S). 

Bam.  An  iron-hooped  spar  used  for  driving 
blocks  from  beneath  a  veaeel's  keeL 

Bambler.  Britiilb  surveying  vessel  (835  tons, 
10*6$  kts.)«    Launched  x88o. 


RAMED 


S22 


RATCH 


^T"^  The  state  of  a  ship  on  the  stocks  when 
the  frames  are  set  up  upon  the  keel,  the  stem  and 
stem  posts  put  up,  and  the  whole  adjusted  by  the 
ram-line. 

Bamilies.  90  f^ns.  On  February  15,  1760,  this 
vessel  was  lost  on  the  Bolt  Head,  when  only 
26  persons  were  saved. 

BtmiUiei.  British  xst  class  battleship.  (Clyde- 
bank, 189a.) 

Length  38Qft,   Beam  75ft.  Maximum  draught  30ft. 
Displacement  14,150  tons. 
Guns.  Armour. 

4 — 13*5  in.  •'  Compound." 

10—6  in.  18  in.  Belt  amidships. 

16 — 6  pdr.  17  in.  Barbettes. 

12 — 3  pdr.  X4  in.  Conning  tower. 

2—9  pdr.  Boat. 
2  Maxims. 

Torpedo  Tubes  {18  in.). 
2  Submerged. 
I  Above  water  stem. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  natural  9,000=15  kts.,  forced 
13,000  s:  17  kts.     Coal  maximum  1,400  tons. 
Approximate  cost  3^900,000. 
This  ship-name  was  introduced  into  the  Navy  to 
commemorate  the  Duke  of  Marlborough's  victory, 
1706 ;  and  is  asscx:iated  with  Keppel's  action,  1774  ; 
the  battle  of  "  The  Glorious  Fiist  of  June/'  1794. 

Ban.     Coiled  yarns  on  a  spun  yam  winch. 

Banoe.    French    avisos-transport    (1888).      Of 
little  fighting  value.     Guns,  4  5* 5 -in.,  2   12-pdr.  ; 
speed  (nominally),  ti  kts. 

Bandan.  Rowing  with  alternate  long  and  short 
oars. 

Randolph,  Admiral  Sir  George  Qranville»  K.C.B., 
cr.  1897,  F.B.Q.8.  Entered  R.N.,  1830  ;  lieutenant, 
1838  ;  served  Borneo,  1845  '»  commander,  1846 ; 
captain,  1854 ;  served  Sebastopol,  1855 ;  Cape, 
1867-72  ;  rear-admiral,  1872  ;  commanded  detached 
squadron,  1873-75  >  vice-admiral,  1877 ;  admiral, 
1884 ;  retired,  1881. 

Publication  :  "  Problems  in  Naval  Tactics  " 
(1879). 

Bannlagh  Sailing  dvUb^  Putney.  Established 
1889,  but  took  the  name  from  the  Ranelagh  Yacht 
Club  of  Chelsea,  which  was  extinct.  .Commodore, 
H.  W.  Good ;  Vice-Commodore,  A.  Gritten ;  Rear- 
Commodore,  J.  F.  Plunrinier  ;  Honorary  Treasurer, 
C.  £.  Matthews  ;  Honorary  Secretary,  Jesse  Hoare. 
Entrance  fee,  105.  6d.  ;  annual  subscription,  £1  is, 

Bange.    The  horiiontal   distance   to   which   a 
vojectile  is  thrown.     Strictly,  it  is  the  distance 
iTom  the  muzzle  of  the  gun  to  the  second  inter- 
section of  the  trajectory  with  the  line  of  sight. 

Bailf0.    In  a  line  or  row*  - 

Banfe-flnte.  An  instrument  for  finding  the 
range  of  an  object. 


.  Bange  of  oabla»  A  length  of  cable  a  little  in 
excess  of  the  depth  of  water  represented,  to  be  let 
out  when  the  anchor  is  let  go. 

Banger.  British  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Heb- 
bum,  1895.)  Length,  200  ft.  ;  beam,  19  ft.  ; 
draught,  5^  ft.  :  displacement,  264  tons ;  comple- 
ment, 50;  armament,  i  12-pdr.,  5  6-pdr.,  2  tubes  ; 
twin  screw ;  Hp,,  3,900=27  kts. ;  coal,  60  tons. 

Bangoon*  P..  and  0\  steamer.  Wrecked  on 
Kadir  Rock,  of!  Point  de  Galle,  November  i,  1871. 
She  was  valued  at  ;£78,ooo. 

Bansom  is  the  sum  paid  for  redeeming  a  vessel 
or  goods  captured  by  a  belligerent  as  prize  of  war 

By  the  Naval  Prize  Act,  1864,  the  Sovereign  can, 
by  Orders  in  Council,  regulate  the  ransoming  of 
British  ships  and  goods.  If  a  captured  vessel  is 
ransomed,  but  is  subsequently  lost  by  the  perils 
of  the  sea,  the  obligation  to  pay  the  ransom  is  not 
extinguished, 

Bap-foIL  When  the  wind  acts  fully  on  every 
sail ;  applies  to  a  ship  on  a  wind  when  "  Keep  her 
rap-full  "  means  do  not  come  too  close  to  the 
wind. 

Bapiere.  French  torpedo-boat  destro>'er.  (Nor- 
mand,  1902.)  Length,  180  ft. ;  beam,  21  ft. : 
maximum  draught,  10  ft.  ;  displacement,  300  tons  ; 
complement,  45  ;  guns,  i  9-pdr.,  6  3-pdr.  ;  torpedo 
tubes,  2  r5-in. ;  speed,  27-30  kts. 

Basmossen,  Aage  (b.  Slesvig,  May  24,   1855). 

Danish  marine  engineer.  Served  a  four  years* 
course  at  the  Naval  Academy,  and  then  as  Ueu- 
tenant  in  the  Royal  Danish  Navy.  In  1878  he 
came'  to  England,  and  studied  for  three  years 
at  the  Royal  Naval  College,  Greenwich.  In  1883 
was  noniinated  sub-director  of  the  engineering 
department  at  the  Royal  Dockyards,  Copenhagen. 
In  z886  he  became  chief  of  the  Royal  Danish  School 
of  Marine  Engineering,  and  in  1887  president  for 
the  nomination  of  all  sea-going  Danish  engineers. 

Publications :  Several  books  and  manuals  on 
"  Marine  Engineering  "  (Danish),  and  papers  pub- 
lished in  the  Transactions  of  the  Institution  of 
Naval  Architects,  and  in  various  naval  and  technical 
Danish  periodicals. 

Bastorbpny.  Russian  torpedo-boat  destroyer 
(1906).  Length,  185  ft.  ;  beam,  21  ft.  ;  draught, 
7i  ft. ;  displacement,  324  tons ;  complement  60  ; 
armament,  i  12 -pdr., '5  3-pdr.,  2  Maxims,  2  tubes  ; 
twin  screw  ;  Hp.,  5,600 »>26' kts. 

Batyasdhtichny.  Russian  tori>edo-boat  destroyer 
(1906).  Length,  185  ft.  ;  beam,  21  ft.  ;  draught. 
7i  ft. ;  displacement,  324  tons  ;  complement,  60  ; 
armament,  i  i2-pdr.»  5  3-pdr.,  2  Maxims,  2  tubes ; 
twin  screw ;  Hp.,  5,6oo»26  kts. ;  coal,  100  tons. 

Batch.  The  act  ol  sailing  by  the  vdnd  on  any 
tack» 


N. 


RATCHET 


523 


R.D. 


Rfttohet.  A  saw-toothed  -wheel  in  winch  or  wind- 
lass. 

Bate.  The  order,  rank,  or  class  of  the  seamen 
on  board  ship. 

Ratings,  NavaL    See  Naval  Education. 

Ration.    The  daily  allowance  of  provisions. 

Batifns.  Small  lines  which  traverse  the  shrouds 
of  a  ship  horizontally  from  the  deck  upwards,  and 
are  made  firm  by  jamming  clove^hitches ;  they 
form  a  series  of  steps  like  a  ladder. 

Bats.  In  marine  insurance  damage  by  rats  or 
other  vermin  is  generally  not  recoverable  on  an 
ordinary  policy.  If,  however,  rats  gnawed  through 
a  leaden  pipe  and  thereby  let  in  water  which  sinks 
the  ship,  the  underwriters  would  be  liable.  (Hamil- 
ton V.  Pandorff,  L.R*  12  App.  Cas.  518;  Lavarouni 
V,  Drury,  8  Exch.  166.)     Refer  to  Perils  of  the  Sea. 

Raven.  British  2nd  class  gun-boat  (465  tons, 
9i  kts.).     Laimched  1883. 

Rawson,  Admiral  Sir  Harry  Holdsworth,  K.C.B., 

cr.  1897,  C.B.,  1882  (b.  1843).  Educated  Marl- 
borough. Entered  Navy.  1857 ;  cadet  in  Col- 
cuita's  launch  at  capture  of  Peiho  forts,  1858  ;  pre- 
sent at  the  battle  of  Pialikao  ;  capture  of  Pekin 
(China  medal,  Taku»  18 $8-60,  and  Peking  clasps) ; 
served  in  the  Encounter  during  operatipns  against 
Chungmaos ;  at  the  capture  of  Ning-Po,  ,Yuyao. 
Fungwha,  Tsiekie ;  was  wounded,  mentioned  in 
despatches;  in  command  of  1,300  Chinese  troops 
for  defence  of  Ning-Po ;  in  1861  received  the 
thanks  of  the  captain  of  the  quarter-deck  for 
jumping  overboard  and  saving  the  life  of  a  marine 
who  had  fallen  into  the  Shanghai  River  ;  lieutenant, 
1863  ;  first  and  gunnery  lieutenant  of  Bellerophon, 
1867-70 ;  lieutenant  of  Royal  Yacht,  1870-71  ; 
commander,  1871  ;  commander  of  Hercules,  Channel 
Squadron,  1871-74,  and  Mediterratkean  Squadron, 
1875-77  ;  received  the  2nd  Class  Civic  Cross  of 
Belgium  and  silver  medal  Royal  Humane  Society 
for  rescuing  two  females  who  were  capsized  from 
a  boat  at  Antwerp,  1871  ;  captain,  1877  ;  hoisted 
the  British  flag  at  Nicosia,  capital  of  Cyprus,  and 
was  military  commandant  of  that  place  for  one 
month  ;  captam  employed  as  principal  transport 
officer  during  Egyptian  war,  18S2  (Egyptian  medal, 
Khedive's  Bronze  Star,  Osmanieh,  3rd  Class)  ; 
member  of  the  Committee  for  the  Revision  of 
Naval  Signals,  1886;  rear-aulAiiral.  1892  ;  member 
of  the  International  Code  of  Signals  Committee ; 
one  of  the  umpires  in  the  naval  manoeuvres.  1893  > 
Commander-in-Chief,  Cape  of  Good  Hope  and  West 
Coast  ot  Africa  Station.  May,  1895-98 ;  vice- 
admiral,  1898  ;  landed  a  Naval  Brigade  from  the 
squadron  under  his  command,  and  assisted  by 
some  Soudanese  and  Zanzibar  Askaris  troops, 
attacked  and  captured  M'weli,  a  stronghold  of  an' 
Arab  chief,  1895  (general  Africa  medal,  M'weli, 
1895,  engraved  on  the  rim)  ;  Her  Majesty  the  late 
Queen   granted   unto  Admiral   Sir   Harry   Holds- 


worth  Rawson  authority  to  accept  and  wear  the 
insignia  of  the  Order  of  the  Brilliant  Star  of 
Zanzibar  of  the  fii^t  class,  which  the  Sultan  of 
Zanzibar  conferred  upon  him  in  recognition  of  his 
active  and  distinguished  services  during  Seyyid 
Khalid  bin  Barghash's  rebellion ;  organised  and 
commanded  a  punitive  expedition  at  the  capture 
of  Benin  City  (Benin  clasp)  ;  senior  officer  in  com- 
mand of  Channel  Squadron ;  attended  the  depar- 
ture of  the  Royal  cdfiin  from  Gosport  at  the 
funeral  of  the  late  Queen,  February  i,  1901  ; 
president  of  committee  appointed  to  inquire  into 
the  structural  strength  of  torpedo-boat  destroyers, 
1 901. 

Bavfon,  Bokert,  J.P.  (b.  Brindsley.  July,  1814). 
In  early  life  he  was  in  the  employment  of  Messrs. 
Barber  and  Walker,  Eastwood,  and  in  1837  he  was 
appointed  draughtsman  in  the  offices  of  the  con- 
struction of  the  Manchester  and  Leeds  Railway, 
and  when  this  line  was  finished  he  went  to  Man- 
chester as  a  teacher  of  mathematics.  In  1847  J^*^ 
was  offered  by  the  Lords  of  the  Admiralty,  and 
accepted,  the  position  of  headmaster  of  the  Ports- 
mouth Dockyard  Schools,  which  position  he  held 
until  his  retirement,  1875.  He  was  one  of  the 
first  members  of  the  Royal  Institution  of  Naval 
Architects,  arid  took  an  active  interest  in  the 
discussions  of  the  application  of  mathematics  to 
the  termination  of  resistance,  statical  and  dynami- 
cal, stability  of  ships,  and  was  appointed  by  the 
Admiralty,,  with  th<»  late  John  Finchan  (Chief 
Constructor  of  Portsmouth  Dockyard),  to  make 
experiments  with  a  view  to  verify  experimentally 
theorem  to  determine  the  amount  of  dynamical 
stability.  From  these  experiments  it  was  proved 
that  the  angle  ql  amplitude  obtained  by  the  im- 
pulse of  a  gust  of  wind  is  about  twice  as  great  as 
the  angle  of  which  the  same  force  would  keep  the 
vessel  at  rest.  He  is  the  inventor  of  the  screw 
compass,  and  for'  this  he  received  the  thanks  of 
the  Lords  of  the  Admiralty,  with  an  expression  of 
its  practical  usefulness  in  the  Service.  Honorary 
member  of  the  Council  of  the  Literary  and  Philo- 
sophical Society,  and  member  of  the  Society  of 
Naval  Architects. 

B.A.T.O.  Abbreviation  for  Royal  Alfred  Yacht 
Club. 

Basee.  A  term  used  when  the  decks  of  a  ship 
reduce  the  height. 

B.6k.T.O.  Abbreviation  for  Royal  Cork  Yacht 
Club. 

B.C1.T.C.  Abbreviation  for  Royal  Cornwall 
Yacht  Club. 

B.C.P.T.C.  Abbreviation  for  Royal  Cinque  Ports 
Yacht  Club. 

B.C.7.0.  Abbreviation  for  Royal  Clyde  Yacht 
Club. 

R.D.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Ransdorp,  Holland. 


R.D.C. 


524 


REED 


B.D.C.  Running  Down  Clause.  See  Collision; 
also  Clauses. 

B.D.T.C.  Abbreviation  for  Royal  Dorset  Yacht 
Club. 

Beaoh.  A  straight  part  of  a  navigable  river 
between  two  bends. 

Beady  aboai,  ready  o'ready.  An  order,  each 
man  to  his  station  to  prepare  for  tacking. 

Beal  Assoolaofto  Haval  Ufbon.  Established  1856. 
Honorary  Secretary,  Virgilio  da  Costa,  Rua  Gar- 
rett 95,  Lisbon.  Entrance  fee,  £1  ;  annual  sub- 
scription, £2. 

Beal  dub  Mediterraneo.  Established  1879. 
Honorary  President,  H.M.  the  King  of  Spain ; 
President,  I.  Nagel  Disdier;  Commodore,  Wm.  G. 
Shaw ;  Honorary  Secretary,  H.  Petersen  Qemens, 
Club  House,  Malaga,  Spain.  Entrance  fee,  £2  25. ; 
annual  subscription,  £1  is. 

Beal  dab  Naatico  de  San  Sebastiaii.  Patron, 
H.M.  the  King  of  Spain ;  President,  Don  Bal- 
domero  Vega  Serane ;  Vice-President,  Don  Jos^ 
M.  de  Aresteguieta  ;  Secretary,  Don  Pedro  Navarro, 
San  Sebastiaai,  Spain. 

Beal  dab  Naval  de  LJaboa.  Established  1891. 
Treasurers,  A.  C.  Penedo  and  C.  D.  Costa ;  Hono- 
rary Secretary,  C.  J.  F.  Duff.  Caes  da  Viscondessa, 
Santos,  Lisbon.  Entrance  fee,  £1  ;  annual  sub- 
scription, £1  105. 

Beal  Sporting  dab.  Patron,  H.M.  the  King  of 
Spain;  President,  Don  S.  Martinez  de  las  Rivas; 
Vice-President,  Don  E.  de  Ybarra  y  Lopez  de 
Calle ;  Treasurer,  Don  R.  Real  de  Asua-y-Arano ; 
Honorary  Secretary,  Don  M.  Galindez  y  Berme- 
fillo,  Club  House,  Bilbao.  Entrance  fee,  pesetas 
1 50  ;  annual  subscription,  pesetas  60. 

B6aamar.  The  thermometer  scale  formerly  in 
use  in  Germany  and  Russia,  but  now  abandoned 
officially,  in  which  the  interval  between  the  freezing 
and  boiling  points  is  divided  into  80® ;  o®  is  at  the 
freezing  point. 

Bebate.    See  Abatement. 

Bebeoca.  On  April  29,  1853,  this  vessel  was 
lost  on  the  West  Coast  of  Van  Diemen's  Land,  when 
the  captain  and  many  of  the  passengers  and  crew 
perished. 

Beckoning.  The  position  of  the  ship  from  astro- 
nomical observations,  the  course  steered,  and  the 
distance  run  by  log. 

Beekoning  dead.    See  Navigation. 

Beeraii  British  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Glas- 
gow, 1901.)  Length,  218  ft. ;  beam,  20  ft. ;  draught, 
5|  ft. ;  displacement.  300  tons  ;  complement,  58  ; 
armament,  i  12-pdr.,  5  6-pdr.,  2  tubes ;  twin  screw  ; 
Hp.,  6,000=30  kts.  ;   coal,  80  tons. 

Bed  "  D  "  Iitne»  with  their  head  offices  in  New 
York,  have  a  fleet  of  Ave  steamers,  under  contract 


with  the  United  States  Government  for  the  car- 
riage of  mails,  which  maintain  regular  services  at 
scheduled  times  from  New  York  to  San  Juan,  La 
Guaira,  Puerto  Cabello,  Cura9ao,  and  Puerto  Rico. 
A  service  is  also  maintained  between  Curasao  and 
Maracaibo. 

Caracas,  Merida.  Philadelphia. 

Maracaibo.  ZtUia. 

Bedninglkoite.  A  Norwegian  sea-keeping  life- 
boat for  assisting  the  Northland  fishing  fleets  in 
bad  weather. 

Bedoatable.      French  2nd  class  battleship.      Of 
no  fighting  value.    Dismantled  at  Saigon,  used  for 
coast  defence  only. 
Length  318ft.   Beam  69ft.  Maximum  draught  28ft. 

Displacement  10,000  tons.    Complement  689. 
Guns.  Armour. 


4 — io'8  in. 


tt 


Iron." 


4—9*4  in.  1 5  in.  Belt  amidships. 

14 — 3  pdr.  9  in.  Battery. 

10— I  pdr.  3  in.  Conning  tower. 

Twin  screw.  Hp.,  8,100=  15*1  kts.  Coal  normal 
900  tons. 

Bed  rain.  Rain  charged  with  dust  carried  often 
for  great  distances  from  sandy  deserts. 

Bed  Star  Line,  with  their  head  offices  in  Antwerp, 
maintain  a  service  every  Saturday  from  Antwerp, 
via  Dover,  to  New  York ;  also  a  fortnightly  service 
from  Antwerp  to  Philadelphia  ;  and  another  fort- 
nightly service  from  Antwerp  to  Boston. 

Beed»  Sir  Edward  James  (1830-1906),  b.  Sheer- 
ness.  After  serving  his  apprenticeship  vdth  a  ship- 
wright, entered  the  School  of  Mathematics  and 
Naval  Construction  at  Portsmouth.  Leaving  in 
1852,  he  obtained  a  position  in  Sheemess  Dockyard, 
but  resigned  on  account  of  a  dispute  with  tlie 
authorities,  and  then  occupied  himself  with 
technical  journalism,  among  other  things  editing 
the  "  Mechanics'  Magazine."  In  i860  he  became 
first  secretary  of  the  newly  founded  Institution  of 
Naval  Architects,  and  in  1863  ^^^  appointed  Chief 
Constructor  of  the  Navy. 

At  the  time  when  he  assumed  this  office  the  art 
of  constructing  ships  of  war  was  in  a  transition 
stage,  and  he  did  much  to  mould  it  on  the  line  along 
which  it  subsequently  developed.  The  superiority 
of  iron  over  wood  as  the  material  for  the  hulls  had 
barely  been  established — of  11  ironclads  ordered 
for  the  Navy,  five  were  of  wood — but  he  had  satis- 
fied himself  as  to  the  advantage  of  iron,  and  in  the 
"  bracket-frame "  system  of  construction,  first 
adopted  for  the  Bellerophon  (1865),  he  introduced  a 
more  effective  method  of  utilizing  its  special 
qualities.  Realising  that  the  ships  should  be  able 
to  fight  their  guns  in  aU  weathers,  he  made  them 
stand  well  out  of  the  water,  and  aimed  at  making 
them  as  steady  as  possible  in  order  to  secure  a  good 
gun  platform ;    and  by  reducing  their  length  be 


REEF 


525 


REGATTA 


strove  to  remedy  the  defect  of  unhandiness  and 
lack  of  manoeuvring  power  which  had  been  urged 
against  the  earher  ironclads.     In  regard  to  armour, 
the    necessity   for   which   was    pretty   generally 
recognised,  when  his  term  of  office  began,  as  the 
result  of  experiences  gained  in  the  Crimean  war,  he 
adopted  the  principle  that  the  vital  parts — ^boilers, 
engines,  magazines,  rudder  and  steering  gear — ^in 
addition  to  the  heavy  gun  positions,  should  be 
adequately  protected.     In  the  Warrior,  our  first  sea- 
going ironclad,  begun  in  1859,  there  was  a  central 
citadel,  213  ft.  in  length,  which  was  provided  with 
4|  in.  armour,  but  the  rest  of  the  ship,  which  was  in 
all  380  ft.  in  length,  was  unprotected.    To  remedy 
this  weakness  he  advocated  and  used  in  his  ships  an 
armour  belt  extending  the  whole  length  of  the 
water  line.     He  advocated  a  small  number  of  heavy 
guns,  powerful  enough  to  penetrate  the  armour  of 
any  enemy,  and  so  mounted  as  to  permit  of.  all- 
round  fire,  and  of  concentration,  so  far  as  possible, 
on  any  required  point.    The  turret  system,  the 
advantages  of  which  were  urged  with  great  vigour 
and  persistence  during  the  time  when  he  was  in  the 
Admiralty,  did  not  meet  with  his  approval.     He 
admitted  its  great  inherent  merits  in  enabling  big 
guns  to  be  trained  easily  and  smoothly  through 
large  arcs,  but  at  the  same  time  he  saw  various 
drawbacks,  as.  for  instance,  that  it  could  not  well 
be  combined  with  rigging,  that  it  involved,  gun  for 
gun,  about  double  as  much  armour  as  the  broadside 
system,  and  that  simultaneous  fire  was  limited  to 
two  directions  only.      In  1869,  he  expressed  the 
opinion  that,  if  any  mistake  had  been  made  with 
reference  to  the  introduction  of  turret  ships,  and 
especially  of  monitors  in  the  British  Navy,  it  had 
consisted  in  adopting  them  too  readily  rather  than 
too  slowly;    it  was,  in  fact,  his  attitude  towards 
turret  ships  that   led  to  his  resignation  in  1870. 
The  Devastation,  begun  in  1869,  embodied  his  idea 
of  the  best  results  obtainable  on  the  turret  plan.     In 
her  he  solved  the  problem  presented  by  the  rigging 
by  dispensing  with  sails  altogether,  and  she  was 
thus   the   first  British  sea-going  battleship  that 
relied  solely  on  steam.     Her  sides,  protected  with 
i2-in.  armour,  rose  4J  ft.  above  the  water,  but 
amidships  there  was  raised  a  breastwork  or  redoubt, 
about  1 50  ft.  long,  with  two  turrets  on  the  central 
line,  each  containing  a  pair  of  3  5 -ton  guns,  which 
thus  stood  some  14  ft.  above  the  sea.     After  the 
Captain,  which  represented  Captain  Cowper  Cole's 
idea  of  a  turret  ship,  had  foundered  in  the  Bay  of 
Biscay,  in  1870,  doubts  arose  as  to  the  stability  of 
other  ironclads,  but  the  Committee  on  Designs  for 
Ships  of  War,  which  was  appointed  to  inquire  into 
the  question,  reported  that  there  was  nothing  to 
fear  in  the  case  of  the  Devastation.     He  had  pre- 
viously anticipated  the  danger  of  deficient  stability, 
and  before  the  Captain  disaster  had  indicated  his 
misgivings  in  regard  to  the  safety  of  ships  of  her 
kind.     In  1870  he  left  the  Admiralty.     During  his 
seven  years'  service  the  Navy  had  increased  by 


some  40  ironclads,  in  addition  to  cruisers  and  other 
armoured  vessels,  and  subsequently  in  the  course 
of  his  practice  as  a  naval  architect  he  was  responsi- 
ble for  the  designs  of  many  other  war-vessels.  For 
Brazil  he  designed  the  Independencia,  which  in  1878 
was  purchased  by  the  British  Government  and 
called  the  Neptune.  For  Germany  he  planned  the 
Kaiser  and  Deutschland  cruisers  of  about  7,600  tons, 
both  of  which  were  built  on  the  Thames ;  and  three 
cruisers  for  Japan  a  little  later.  For  Chili  he  de< 
signed  the  cruising  annour-clads  Almirante  Cochrane 
and  the  Blanco  Encalda,  which  were  launched  in 
1874,  and,  nearly  a  quarter  of  a  century  later,  de- 
signed the  Liberiad  and  the  Constitucion,  battleships 
launched  at  the  beginning  of  1903.  and  which  now 
form  part  of  the  British  Navy  as  the  Triumph  and 
Swiftsure.  He  was  a  Lord  of  the  Treasury  in  Mr. 
Gladstone's  Administration  of  1886,  and  was  made 
K.C.B.  1880,  and  in  addition  held  several  foreign 
orders  and  decorations.  The  Royal  Society  elected 
him  a  Fellow  in  1876.  He  died  of  heart  failure  at 
his  London  residence,  November  30,  1906. 

He  was  the  author  of  a  considerable  number  of 
books,  of  which  the  best  known  are  "  Shipbuilding 
in  Iron  and  Steel  "  (1869),  "  Our  Ironclad  Ships  " 
(1869),  "  Modem  Ships  of  War  "  (i88s),  "  Letters 
from  Russia  in  1873  "  (1876),  "  Japan  "  (1880), 
•*  Fort  Minster,  M.P."  (1885),  and  "  Poems  "  (1902). 

BaeL  That  portion  of  the  sail  between  the  head 
and  the  reef  bands. 

Beefing.  The  act  of  reducing  the  sail  in  propor- 
tion to  the  increase  of  the  wind.     Refer  to  Reef. 

Beef-pendants.  Ropes  on  a  boom  for  reefing  the 
sail. 

Beef-tackles.  Tackles  for  hauling  the  leeches  of 
topsails  and  courses  for  reefing. 

BeeL  Wheels  moving  round  an  axis  and  serving 
to  wind  various  lines  upon  it  as  the  log-reel. 


ling.  A  term  used  for  caulking,  or  opening 
the  seams  of  the  plank  with  reeming-irons,  that  the 
oakum  may  be  more  readily  admitted. 

Beemittg-iron.     A  large  iron  used  by  caulkers  in 
opening  the  seams. 

Beeve.     To  pass  the  end  of  a  rope  through  any 
cavity. 

Beeving-line.    Small  tackle  rove  through  blocks 
for  hoisting  a  larger  one. 

Befit.    Making  good  any  damage  to  the  ship  or 
the  ship's  furniture. 

Betractioil  is  a  quaUty  by  which  a  body  appears 
above  its  true  place  in  the  heavens. 

Begal  fish.    See  Royal  Fish. 

Begaita.    Yacht  and  boat  racing  in  general. 


REGINA 


526 


REGISTRY 


Begina  Elena.     Italian  battleship.  (Spezia»  1905.) 
Length  475ft.    Beam  73ft.   Maximum  draught  26ft. 
Displacement  12,625  tons. 
Guns.  Armour. 

2 — 12  in.,  40  cal.        "  Terni." 
12 — 8  in.  10  in.  Belt  amidships. 

12 — 12  pdr.  8  in.  Barbettes. 

12 — 3  pdr.  10  in.  Conning  tower. 

4  Maxims 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
4  Submerged. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  20,000=22  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 2,800  tons.     Approximate  cost  jf  1,000,000. 

Begina  Margherita.     Italian  battleship.    (Spezia, 
1 901.) 
Length  430ft.     Beam  78ft.     Mean  draught  27ft. 
Displacement  13,427  tons.     Complement  720. 
Guns.  Armour. 

4 — 12  in.,  40  cal.        "  Terni." 
4 — 8  in.  6  in.  Belt. 

1 2 — 6  in.  8  in.  Barbettes. 

16 — 12  pdr.  6  in.  Casemates. 

8 — 6  pdr.  1 2  in.  Conning  tower. 

2 — I  pdr. 
2  Maxims. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
4  Submerged. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  natural  14.000=18  kts.,  forced 
19,000:^20  kts.     Coal  maximum  2,000  tons. 
Approximate  cost  jf  1,150.000. 

Begio  Club  Canottieri  Savoja.  Established  1892. 
Honorary  President  H.M.  the  King  of  Italy  ; 
Honorary  Vice-President.  H.R  H.  the  Duke  of 
Abruzzi ,  President,  Baron  Francesco  Pasca  ;  Vice- 
President,  Cav.  E.  Anatra ;  Treasurer,  Cav.  F. 
Dionisio ;  Secretary  Giuseppe  Cavaliere  Head- 
quarters, Naples,  Italy.  Entrance  fee,  100  lire  ; 
annual  subscription,  120  lire. 

Begio  Begate  Club  Lariano     Established  1872. 
President.  Maiquis  Lodovico  Trotti  Bcntivoglio  ; 
Honorary  Treasurer,  Cav.  Eugenio  Besana :  Honor- 
ary   Secretary,    Cav.    Augusto   Cortelezzi,    Piazzi 
Belgiojoso  I,  Milan.     Annual  subscription,  20  lire. 

Begio  Verbano  Yacht  dab.  Established  1895. 
Patroness,  S.  A.R.  the  Duchess  of  Genoa  ;  Honorary 
President,  S.A.R.,  the  Prince  Thomas,  Duke  of 
Genoa  ;  President,  Count  G.  Borromeo  ;  Honorary 
Vice-President,  Duke  of  Abruzzi ;  Vice-President, 
Cav.  Carloo  Nigra ;  Honorary  Secretary  and 
Treasurer,  Marquis  Fazio  Dal  Pozzo,  Stresa,  Lago 
Maggiore,  Italy.     Annual  subscription,  40  lire. 

Begio  Yacht  Club  Italiano.  Established  1879. 
Commodore,  H.M.  the  King  ol Italy  ;  Vice-Commo- 
dores, S.  A.  R.  Duke  of  Aosta.  S.A.R.  Duke  of 
Genoa,  S.A.R.  Conte  di  Torino,  S.A.R.  Duke  of 
Abruzzi ;  President,  Marquis  Carlo  Ginori,  M.P.  ; 
Vice-President.  Cav.  Garibaldi  Coltelletti ;  Secre- 
tary, Sig.  Ettore  Bocciardo,  3,  Genoa.  Entrance 
fee,  100  lire  (^4)  ;  annual  subscription,  30  lire 
(ii  45.). 


Begifltrar-General  of  Saamen.  By  the  Merchant 
Shipping  Act,  1894  (septions  251-258),  there  shall  be 
maintained  in  the  Port  of  London,  under  the  con- 
trol of  the  Board  of  Trade  (q.v.),  an  of&ce  called  the 
General  Register  and  Record  Office  of  Seamen. 
The  business  of  this  office  may,  by  the  direction  of 
the  Board  of  Trade,  be  transacted  at  the  Mercantile 
Marine  Office  or  Customs  House  at  any  outport. 

The  Registrar-General  keeps  a  register  of  all 
persons  serving  on  ships  which  are  subject  to  this 
Act,  and  of  the  births  and  deaths  occurring  on 
board  such  ships. 

Superintendent  and  Customs  officers  take  charge 
of  all  documents  delivered,  transmitted  to,  or 
retained  by  them  in  pursuance  of  this  Act,  and  then 
transmit  them  to  the  Registrar-General  for  preserva- 
tion and  record.  Such  documents  shall  be  public 
records  and,  as  such,  are  admissive  in  evidence  in 
any  Court,  or  before  any  person  having  by  law  or 
consent  of  the  parties  authority  to  receive  evidence. 

Begistration.  The  original  object  of  register- 
ing ships  was  to  restrict  our  commerce  to  our  own 
vessels,  but  its  present  use  is  chiefly  to  prove  title 
to  shipping.  If  a  vessel,  required  to  be  registered 
by  the  Merchant  Shipping  Act,  is  not  registered 
she  loses  all  privileges,  advantages,  or  protection 
afforded  to  British  ships  (q.v.),  and  her  owners  can- 
not limit  their  liability  (q.v.).  If  a  certificate  of 
Registry  (q.v.)  is  issued  which  has  not  been  legaUy 
granted  in  respect  of  the  ship,  she  shall  be  liable  to 
forfeiture,  and  her  master'or  owner  guilty  of  a  mis- 
demeanour, and  any  person  forging  or  altering  a 
certificate  of  registry  shall  be  guilty  of  a  felony. 

Begistcy  of  Ships.  Every  British  ship,  except 
vessels  under  15  tons  employed  solely  on  rivers  or 
coastwise,  or  vessels  under  30  tons  engaged  solely 
in  the  Newfoundland  fishing  or  coasting  tiade,  must 
be  registered.  Before  registration  a  survey  is  held, 
and  the  vessel's  tonnage  (q.v.)  ascertained  by  a 
surveyor  of  ships,  who  grants  a  certificate  specify- 
ing certain  particulars  required  by  the  Board  of 
Trade.  The  vessel's  name  on  bows  and  stem,  her 
port  of  registry  on  stern,  her  official  number,  and 
number  denoting  her  tonnage  cut  on  the  main 
beam,  and  a  scale  of  feet  on  each  side  of  her  stem  and 
stem  post  denoting  her  draught,  must  be  clearly 
marked,  and  remain  unaltered,  under  a  penalty  of 
iioo.  The  person  requiring  to  be  registered  as 
owner  then  appUes  to  the  Registrar  of  the  port, 
stating  his  qualifications  to  own  a  British  ship,  the 
place  she  was  built,  the  master's  name,  the  number 
of  shares  in  the  ship  he  holds,  and  that  to  the  best 
of  his  knowledge  no  unqualified  person  has  any 
legal  or  beneficial  interest  or  share  in  the  ship.  On 
the  first  registry  of  a  ship  the  builder's  certificate 
must  also  be  put  in.  The  registrar,  after  recording 
all  particulars  of  the  ship  and  her  owner,  and  retain- 
ing the  builder's  and  surveyor's  certificates,  then 
grants  a  certificate  of  registry,  which  is  kept  by  the 
master,  and  is  evidence  of  her  character  as  a  British 


REGULATIONS 


527 


REMBERGE 


ship.  It  must  only  be  used  for  the  lawful  naviga.- 
tion  of  the  ship,  and  shall  not  be  subject  to  deten- 
tion by  reason  of  any  title,  lien,  charge,  or  interest 
had  or  claimed  by  any  owner,  mortgagee,  or  other 
person  to,  on,  or  in  the  ship. 

Begolatioiis,  King's.    See  King's  Regulations. 

Begnlations  for  the  Prevention  ot  CoDisionB  at  Sea. 

See  Collisions,  Regulations  for  the  Prevention  of. 

Beiger.  Netherlands  gun-boat,  Dutch  Indian 
Navy.     Of  little  fighting  value. 

ll^gwmg  winds.  The  prevalent  winds  on  any 
particular  coast  or  part  of  the  ocean. 

Beiherstieg  Dockyard  and  Engineering  Works, 

Hamburg,  was  originally  founded  in  1706  by  a 
merchant  named  Cramer,  of  Hamburg.  At  the 
beginning  of  1800,  the  brothers  Roosen,  of  Hamburg, 
purchased  the  business  and  enlarged  the  yard.  In 
1849  it  again  changed  hands,  and  was  purchased  by 
Messrs.  John  Godeffroy  and  Sons,  Hamburg,  who 
eight  years  later  took  Mr.  F.  Beit,  of  the  firm  of 
L.  R.  Beit  and  Co.,  as  partner. 

Up  to  1856,  only  wooden  ships  had  been  built,  but 
in  order  to  compete  with  other  yards  and  the 
growing  requirements  of  the  trade,  it  was  decided 
to  make  the  necessary  alterations  and  go  in  largely 
for  iron  shipbuilding.  The  first  iron  ship  to  be 
built  was  the  Deutschland,  for  the  Hamburg- 
Amerika  line. 

Owing  to  the  increasing.business  in  1863  the  firm 
were  compelled  to  move  their  yard  to  the  Kleinen 
Grasbrook,  the  site  on  which  it  now  stands.  In 
1 88 1  the  business  was  turned  into  a  limited  com- 
pany, with  a  capital  of  2,500,000  marks.  In  1885 
the  first  floating  dock  was  constructed,  330  ft.  long, 
85  ft.  wide,  with  a  capacity  of  5,000  tons,  which  did 
duty  until  1901,  when  a  floating  dock,  508  ft.  long 
and  100  wide,  with  a  capacity  of  11,500  tons  was 
constructed. 

The  yard  is  equipped  with  every  modern  appliance 
for  the  building  of  ships  and  machinery.  Elec- 
tricity plays  a  prominent  part  in  the  motive  power 
of  the  machinery  and  tools.  Two  large  travelling 
cranes,  one  electrically  driven  and  one  steam,  are 
among  the  latest  additions  to  this  yard. 

Owing  to  the  enormous  increase  of  work  on  hand, 
it  was  found  necessary  to  enlarge  the  foundry,  and 
a  new  site  has  been  purchased  from  the  Hamburg- 
Amerika  Lane.  The  number  of  workmen  em- 
ployed under  normal  conditions  is  about  2,500. 

Many  notable  sailing  vessels  and  steamships  have 
been  turned  out  from  this  yard,  among  which  may 
be  mentioned  the  twin-screw  mail  and  passenger 
steamers  Cap  Blanco  and  Adolph  Woermann ; 
many  steamers  for  the  Hamburg-South  American 
Steamship  Co. ;  the  Cap  Roco,  Cap  Blanco,  Cap 
Santa  Rita,  for  the  Hamburg- Amerika  Line ; 
the  Prinz  Eitel  Ffiedvich,  Prinz  Waldemar,  Dania, 
Polynesia  and  Bavaria  for  the  Woermann  Line  ; 
many  vessels  for  the  Deutsche  Ost-Afrika  Line. 


including  the  modem  twin-screw  steamers  Kaiser, 
Konig^iKurfHrst,  and  Feld  Marschall. 

Beina  Begente.    Spanish  cruiser  (1904). 
Length  338ft.   Beam  52ft.  Maximum  draught  20ft. 
Displacement  5,372  tons.     Complement  497. 


Guns. 
10—5-5  in. 
2 — 6  pdr. 
2 — I  pdr. 


(( 


A  rmour. 
Harvey." 
3 J  in.  Deck. 
$1  in.  Conning  tower. 
Torpedo  Tubes. 
4  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  15,000=21  kts. 

Beina  Begente.  Spanish  cruiser.  Sunk  oS  Cape 
Trafalgar,  March  10,  1895  ;   4^^  lives  lost. 

Beinier  Claeszen.    Dutch  harbour  monitor  ( 1 89 1 ) . 

Displacement  2,490  tons. 

Guns. 

1 — 8'2  in. 

T — 6'7  in. 

4 — 6  pdr. 

3—1  pdr. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 

2  Above  water. 

Hp.  2,000=12*5  tons.     Coal  maximum  160  tons. 

Beinsurance  is  a  contract  between  underwriters 
entirely  distinct  from  the  original  policy,  the 
transfer,  in  short,  of  a  risk  from  one  underwriter 
to  another  (Joyce  v.  Realm  Marine  Co.,  L.R. 
7  Q.B.D.  580  ;  Uzielli  v.  Boston  Marine  Co.,  L.R.  15 
Q.B.D.  11).  A  reinsurance  effected  for  one  client 
cannot  be  transferred  to  another  client  without  the 
consent  of  the  underwriter  (Byas  v.  Miller). 

Beinsoranoe  daose.    See  Clauses. 

BekltiTe  Hnmldily.  The  ratio  or  percentage  of 
the  actual  vapour  pressure  to  that  of  saturated 
water  vapour  at  the  temperature  of  the  air. 

Belianee.  East  Indiaman.  From  China  to 
London,  lost  aS  Meriemont,  near  Boulogne,  Novem- 
ber 13,  1842.  Out  of  160  persons  on  board,  only 
seven  were  saved. 


Belianee  Karine  Insurance  Co.,  Ltd.  Registered 
February  8,  1881.  Subscribed  capital,  ^500,000,  in 
shares  of  ^Jio,  of  which  £2  per  share,  equal  to 
;fioo,ooo,  has  been  paid  up.  Dividend  paid  for  tlic 
last  20  years,  10%  per  annum,  excepting  in  1894, 
when  I2j%  was  paid.  Reserve  funds  amount  to 
about  ;£i 25,000. 

The  directors  of  the  company  are :  G.  C.  Crow 
(chairman),  G.  C.  Dobell  (deputy  chairman),  W, 
Blain,  G.  W.  Fox,  J.  U.  Hodgson,  A.  Woodall. 
Underwriter,  Joseph  Pemberton.  Secretary,  F.  R. 
Edwards.  Offices :  Exchange  Buildings,  Liverpool ; 
27  Comhill,  London,  E.C. ;  Cotton  Exchange 
Building,  New  York  ;    119  Rue  Reaumar,  Paris. 

Believing  tackles.    Those  hooked   to  the  tiller 
assisting  the  wheel  ropes  in  bad  weather. 

Bemberge.     An  obsolete  narrow  rowing  vessel  of 
war. 


RENARD 


528 


REPRESENTATIONS 


Benazd*    British  torpedo  gun-boat  (1893). 
Length  230ft.  Beam  27ft.  Maximum  draught  i2}ft. 
Displacement  810  tons.     Complement  85. 

Guns, 
2 — 4'7  in. 
4—3  pdr. 
Torpedo  Tubes. 
5 — 14  in. 
3 — 18  in. 
Twin  screw.     Coal  maximum  160  tons.     Speed, 
17  kts. 

Render.    The  act  of  yielding  to  force  applied. 

Bennellt  James  ( 1 742-x 8 30) .  English  geographer 
(b.  Devonshire).  Began  his  career  in  the  Navy, 
and  in  1758  was  acting  nudshipman  on  board 
the  Brilliant,  under  Captain  Parlfer,  afterwards 
Admiral  Sir  Hyde  Parker,  and  was  present  at  several 
of  the  minor  actions  against  the  French  coast 
shipping.  In  1760  he  went  out  in  the  America  to 
India,  and  joined  Captain  Parker,  who  was  in  com- 
mand of  the  Grafton,  and  was  present  at  the  blockade 
of  Pondicherry.  Joining  the  East  India  Company 
he  was  ;  ppointed  Surveyor  General  of  Bengal,  1764, 
and  went  as  surveyor  on  board  the  company's  ves- 
sel to  Manila  and  the  neighbouring  islands.  During 
that  voyage  he  explored  and  made  charts  of  the  bay 
of  Camorta  in  the  Nicobar  Islands,  the  Sambel 
Islands,  in  the  Straits  of  Malacca,  1763,  Abai  Har- 
bour on  the  North-West  of  Borneo.  He  retired  from 
the  service  of  the  East  India  Company  in  1 777. 

His  publications  include  :  "  Bengal  Atlas " 
(1779).  "A.  map  of  India"  (1783),  "Observations 
on  the  Topography  of  the  Plain  of  Troy  "  (18 14), 
"  Illustrations  of  the  Retreat  of  the  Ten  Thousand  " 
(18 16),  and  a  "A  Treatise  on  the  Comparative 
Geography  of  Western  Asia." 

Bennie,  John  (i 761 -i 821).  Civil  engineer  (b. 
Scotiand).  Settied  in  London,  1791,  and  was 
responsible  for  the  design  and  construction  of  South* 
wark  Bridge,  in  which  he  introduced  cast  iron  for 
the  first  time  in  bridge  building,  Waterloo  Bridge, 
which  was  then  without  parallel  for  its  magnitude, 
elegance,  and  solidity,  and  the  old  London  Bridge, 
on  the  model  of  Waterloo  Bridge,  though  not 
completed  until  after  his  death.  He  also  built 
bridges  at  Leeds,  Musselburgh,  Kelso,  Newton 
Stewart,  Boston  and  New  Galloway.  His  earliest 
canal  project  was  that  of  the  Crinan  Canal,  which 
was  followed  by  the  construction  of  the  Lancaster 
Canal,  the  Great  Western  Canal  in  Somersetshire, 
the  Polbrook  Canal  in  Cornwall,  the  Portsmouth 
Canal,  and  the  Kennet  and  Avon  Canal.  He  also 
closely  associated  himself  with  the  design  and  con- 
struction of  docks  and  harbours,  his  designs  being 
accepted  for  the  London  Docks,  the  East  and  West 
India  Docks  at  Blackwall,  and  docks  at  Hull,  Lcith, 
Liverpool  and  Dublin.  The  harbours  of  Queens- 
town,  Berwick,  Routh,  Holyhead,  Kingston,  and 
Newhaven  were  designed  by  him  and  constructed 
under  his  supervision.    As  engineer  to  the  Admi- 


ralty he  constructed  extensive  works  at  Portsmouth. 
Chatham,  Sheemess,  and  Plymouth,  and  was  asso- 
ciated with  Stephenson  in  the  building  of  the  BeU 
Rock  Lighthouse.  See  Smiles 's  "  Lives  of  the 
Engineers  "  (1874). 

Rennie,  John  Aagheton  (b.  September  30,  1876). 
Educated  Trinity  Hall,  Cambridge.  Entered  the 
firm  of  Messrs.  G.  Rennie  and  Co.,  of  which  he  is 
still  a  member,  and  has  been  engaged  on  many 
important  works  both  at  home  and  abroad. 
Member  of  Institution  of  Naval  Architects. 

Bennie,  Sir  John  (i  794-1874).  English  civil  en- 
gineer. Son  of  John  Rennie  (^.t;.),  and  succeeded 
his  father  as  engineer  to  the  Admiralty,  and  con- 
structed extensive  works  at  Woolwich,  Sheemess, 
Ramsgate,  and  completed  the  breakwater  at  Fly- 
mouth.  On  the  completion  of  London  Bridge 
from  his  father's  designs  in  183 1  he  received  the 
honour  of  knighthood. 

Publications :    "  Account  of  Pi3rmouth   Break- 
water "    (1848),    "  Theory,   Formation,   and  Con- 
truction    of    British    and    Foreign    Harbours" 
(1851-54). 

Rennie  and  Son*  John  T.  See  Aberdeen  Line 
(Rennie's). 

Renown.  British  ist  class  battieship.  (Pem- 
broke, 1895.) 

Length  380ft.  Beam  72ft.  Maximum  draught  26ft. 
Displacement  12,350  tons.    Complement  674. 
Guns,  Armour. 

4 — 10  in.,  32  cal.       •*  Harvey." 
10—6  in.  8  in.  Belt  amidships. 

12 — IS  pdr.  10  in.  Barbettes. 

8 — 3  pdr.  9  in.  Conning  tower. 

2  Maxims. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
4  Submerged. 
I  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  12,0003s  18  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 1,760  tons.    Approximate  cost  £746,247. 

Rep,  Ontvtr*    Su  Arctic  Exploration. 

Bepreeentations  is  something  bearing  on  the  risk 
stated  to  the  underwriter.  It  is  something  said, 
but  not  put  in  the  policy,  and  so  differs  from  what 
are  called  warranties  (q.v.)  (expressed  warranties), 
which  are  always  written,  and  always  inserted  in 
the  policy.  The  spirit  of  a  representation  will 
suffice,  but  a  warranty  must  be  carried  out  to  the 
very  letter,  else  there  is  no  insurance.  A  mis- 
representation by  an  agent  vitiates  a  policy  no  less 
than  if  made  by  a  principal,  and  it  does  so  although 
the  eventual  loss  may  have  had  nothing  to  do 
wth  the  fact  misrepresented,  as,  for  example,  a 
ship  represented  as  neutral  (and  not  so)  being  lost 
in  a  storm. 

"  There  is  a  difference,"  said  Lord  Kldoo. 
"  between  the  representation  of  an  expectation 
and  the  representation  of  a  fact.    The  former  is 


REPUBLIQUE 


529 


RESTRAINT 


immaterial,  but  the  latter  voids  the  policy  if  the 
fact  misrepresented  be  material  to  the  risk." 

Bepnbliqne.    French  ist  class  battleship.   (Brest, 
1902.) 
Length  452ft.   Beam  79ft.   Maximum  draught  27ft. 

Displacement  14,865  tons.     Complement  793. 


Guns. 

4 — 12  in.,  45  cal. 
18— 6*4  in. 
26—3  pdr. 

2 — I  pdr. 


Armour. 
"  Knipp." 

1 1  in.  Belt  amidships. 
1 3  in.  Turrets. 
13  in.  Conning  tower. 
Torpedo  Tubes  (17*7  in.). 

2  Submerged. 

3  Above  water. 
Hp.  17,500=18  kts.     Coal  maxi* 

Approximate  cost  ;£  1,420,000. 

Bepolae.  32  guns.  On  February  3,  1775,  this 
vessel  foundered  off  Bermuda,  when  all  the  crew 
perished.  A  vessel  of  this  name  was  lost  off 
Ushant,  March  10,  1800,  when  most  of  the  officers 
and  crew  were  lost. 

RepulM.  British  ist  class  battleship.  (Pem- 
broke, 1892.) 

Length  380ft.  Beam  75ft.  Maximum  draught  30ft. 
Displacement  14,150  tons. 


Three  screws, 
mum  1,850  tons. 


Armour, 
"  Compound." 
18  in.  Belt  amidships. 
17  in.  Barbettes. 
14  in.  Conning  tower. 


Guns, 
4—13-5  in. 
10 — 6  in. 
1 6— 6  pdr. 
12 — 3  pdr. 
2—9  pdr.  Boat. 
2  Maxims. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
2  Submerged. 
I  Above  water  stem. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  natural  9,000^:15  kts.,  forced 
13,000=17  kts.    Coal  mairimTim  1,400  tons. 
Approximate  cost  ;£900,ooo. 
This  ship-name  is  associated  with  the  capture 
of  Cadix,   1596;  capture  of  the  French  Bellone, 
which  was  renamed  the  Repulse,  1789 ;  Rodney's 
action  with  De  Grasse,  1782 ;  Calder's  action  off 
Ferrol,  1805  ;  bombardment  of  Flushing,  1809. 

BeQOiiL  French  coast  service  battleship  (1885). 
Reconstructed  1901. 

Length  294ft.   Beam  59ft.  Maximum  draught  25ft. 
Displacement  7,000  tons.     Complement  381. 
Guns.  Armour, 

2 — io*8  in.,  45  cal.    "  Compound." 
6 — 4  in.  19  in.  Belt  amidships. 

10 — 3  pdr.  10  in.  Turrets. 

12  in.  Conning  tower. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  6,000=14*5  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 800  tons. 

Hescue.  This  vesel  was  equipped  by  Mr.  Grin- 
nell,  of  New  York,  and  sailed  in  1850  under  the 
command  of  Lieutenants  Dehaven  and  Griffiths 
in  search  of  Sir  John  Franklin  [q.v.).  They  reached 
Beechy  Island  on  August  27,  1850,  and  assisted  in 
the  examination  of  Franklin's  winter  quarters. 


Bflfearoh,  British  surveying  service  ship  (520 
tons).    Launched  1888. 

Reserve.  60  guns.  On  November  26,  1703,  this 
vessel  was  lost  off  Yarmouth,  when  173  of  the 
crew  perished. 

Baiistaiioe.  36  guns.  On  May  31,  1843,  ^^ 
vessel  was  lost  off  Cape  St.  Vincent. 

BaioLnta.  On  May  3,  1850,  this  vessel,  under 
Captain  Austin,  sailed  by  way  of  the  Barrow 
Strait  to  renew  the  search  for  Sir  John  Franklin 
{q.v.).     Refer  to  Arctic  Exploration. 

Rtsolaie.  Arctic  exploration  ship,  in  command 
of  Captain  Kellett,  abandoned  in  74°  41'  N.  and 
loi**  11'  W.  on  May  14,  1854.  On  September  10, 
1855,  ^^  vessel  was  sighted  by  an  American 
whaler  in  67^  N.  latitude,  about  20  miles  from 
Cape  Mercy,  in  Davis  Strait.  She  was  brought 
into  an  American  port,  and  eventually  presented 
to  the  British  Government.  She  had  drifted  nearly 
1 ,000  miles. 

SMOlntiim.  British  ist  class  battleship.  (Palmer, 
1892.) 

Length  380ft.  Beam  75ft.  i^fl-giiTiwm  draught  30ft. 
Displacement  14,150  tons. 
Guns,  Armour. 

4 — 13*5  in.  "  Compound." 

10—6  in.  18  in.  Belt  amidships. 

16 — 6  pdr.  17  in.  Barbettes* 

12 — 3  pdr.  14  in.  Conning  tower. 

3 — 9  pdr.  Boat 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
2  Submerged. 
I  Above  water  stem. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  natural  9,000 » 15  kts.,  forced 
i3,oooas  17  kts.    Coal  maximum  1,400  tona. 
Approximate  cost  ;£9oo,ooo. 

This  ship-name  is  associated  with  the  battle  of 
the  Kentish  Knock,  1652 ;  battle  off  the  North 
Foreland,  1653 ;  battle  off  Scheveningen,  1653 ; 
battle  off  Lowestoft,  1665 ;  St.  James's  fight, 
1666 ;  Barfleur  and  La  Hogue,  1692 ;  Quiberon 
Bay,  1759 ;  Cook's  second  voyage  of  discovery, 
1772 ;  Cook's  third  voyage  of  discovery,  1776 ; 
Rodney's  action  off  St.  Vincent,  1780;  Graves' 
cu:tion  off  the  Chesapeake,  1781  ;  Hood's  action, 
1782 ;  Rodney's  action  with  De  Grasse,  1782 ; 
bombardment  of  Copenhagen,  1801  ;  attack  on 
French  in  Basque  Roads,  1809. 

Besdatton.  Ship.  See  Antarctic  Exploration 
and  Arctic  Exploration. 

Besoiation.  60  guns.  On  November  26,  1703, 
this  vessel  was  lost  on  the  coast  of  Sussex. 

Betpondentia.    See  Bottomry. 

Bestraint  on  ship.  If  a  British  ship  is  owned  by 
several  part-owners,  and  a  dispute  arises  as  to 
whether  she  shall  be  despatched  on  a  certain 
voyage,  the  Comrt  will  decree  possession  of  the 


RETIVY 


530 


RHEINISCHER 


ship  to  the  majority.  If  the  minority  holding  a 
minority  of  shares  object  to  a  voyage  of  the  ship, 
they  can  have  the  vessel  arrested  by  order  of  the 
Court  (notwithstanding  the  proposed  voyage  was 
approved  by  majority)  and  detained  until  the 
majority  have  given  security  for  her  safe  return 
to  the  value  of  the  shares  held  by  the  minority. 
If  then  the  ship  is  lost  during  the  voyage,  the 
Court  will  order  the  payment  of  the  amount 
secured. 

The  minority,  having  obtained  security  from  the 
majority  of  owners,  can  reap  no  benefit  from  the 
employment  of  the  ship,  and  are  entitled  to  no 
compensation  for  her  depreciation  in  value  caused 
by  ordinary  wear  and  tear.  On  the  other  hand, 
they  pay  no  share  of  the  expenses  of  the  voyage. 

Betivy.  Russian  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Nev- 
sky,  1898.)  Length,  196  ft. ;  beam,  i8i  ft. ; 
draught,  ii|  ft. ;  displacement,  340  tons ;  comple- 
ment, 55  ;  armament,  i  12-pdr.,  3  3-pdr.,  2  tubes  ; 
Hp.,  3,700=27  kts. ;  coal,  53  tons. 

Betorns.  There  are  many  claims  for  returns  in 
marine  insurance  policies,  and  great  diversity  of 
wording  in  the  difierent  forms  of  the  clause.  The 
generally  adopted  form  for  a  return  in  consequence 
of  a  vessel  having  been  laid  up  unemployed  will  be 
found  in  the  Institute  Time  Clauses.  A  return 
for  cancellations  of  a  time  policy  must  be  one  of 
mutual  agreement  between  the  assured  and  the 
underwriter.  (Mr.  Justice  Charles  in  the  Abrota 
case,  XX  T.L.R.  196.)  A  return  is  due  where  no 
risk  has  been  run,  if  this  is  not  owing  to  the  fault 
of  the  assured.  If  the  fault  is  actual  fraud  on  the 
part  of  the  assured,  no  return  is  due.  (Rivaz  v, 
Gemussi,  4  Asp.  Mar.  L.C.  377.)  On  the  other 
hand,  if  the  policy  is  vitiated  owing  to  the  fraud 
of  the  underwriter  the  premium  must  be  returned. 
(Arnould,  4th  ed.,  p.  994 ;  McArthur  on  the  Con- 
tract of  Marine  Insurance,  p.  40.)  Where  the  con- 
tract is  void  owing  to  illegality  (a  wager  policy, 
for  example),  there  is  no  return,  as  the  assured, 
being  himself  to  blame,  cannot  set  the  law  in  motion. 
(I.owry  V.  Bourdien,  Park  on  Insurance,  p.  426, 
and  on  the  whole  subject  of  returns  see  Arnould, 
4th  ed..  pp.  997-999,  and  Lowndes  on  the  Law  of 
Marine  Insurance,  pp.  27-30.)  The  policy  does  not 
contain  any  provision  for  cancelling,  but  only  lor 
the  return  in  case  cancellation  takes  effect.  Policies 
of  insurance  can  only  be  cancelled  by  mutual 
consent. 

Betvian.  See  Hizen,  ist  class  battieship 
(12,700  tons).  Torpedoed  by  the  Japanese  on 
February  8,  1904,  and  eventually  blown  up  by  the 
Russians  in  Port  Arthur  Harbour,  January,  1905. 
Since  raised,  refitted,  and  added  to  the  active  list 
of  the  Japanese  Navy. 

Ee  UariMrto,  Italian  battleship.  (Castellamare, 
1887.) 

Length  400ft.  Beam  75ft.  Maximum  draught  29ft. 
Displacement  13,251  tons.    Complement  794. 


Guns,  Armour, 

4—13-5  in.  "  Steel." 

8 — 6  in.  5  in.  Belt  amidships. 

16 — ^4*7  in.  14  in.  Barbettes. 

20 — 6  pdr.  12  in.  Conning  tower. 

10 — I  pdr. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 

2  Submerged. 

3  Above  water. 

Twin  screw.     Hp.  natural  15,200=  X9  kts.,  forced 
19,500=20  kts.    Coal  maximum  3,000  tons. 
Approximate  cost  ;£i, 050,000. 

Revenge.    British  ist  class  battleship.     (Palmer, 
Z892.) 

Length  380ft.   Beam  75ft.   Maximum  draught  30ft. 
Displacement  14,150  tons. 
Guns.  Armour. 

4 — '3*5  "I-  "Compound." 

10 — 6  in.  18  in.  Belt  amidships. 

16—6  pdr.  17  in.  Barbettes. 

12 — 3  pdr.  14  in.  Conning  tower. 

2 — 9  pdr.  Boat. 
2  Maxims. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
2  Submerged. 
I  Above  water  stem. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  natural  9,000=15  kts.,  forced 
13,000=17  kts.     Coal  maximum  1,400  tons. 
Approximate  cost  ;f900,ooo. 
This  shipruame  is  associated  with  the  defeat  of 
the  Spanish  Armada,  1588;    battle  off  Lowestoft, 
1665;    St.  James's  fight,   x666;    defeat  of  French 
off  Cabrita  Point,  1705 ;    capture  of  the  Orphee, 
^75^  t    Quiberon    Bay,     1759 ;    Trafalgar,     1805  ; 
attack  on  French  in  Basque  Roads,  1809 ;  bom- 
bardment of  Jean  d'Acre,  1840. 

Bevenne    Oatter.    Small    single-masted    armed 
vessel  used  for  enforcing  Custom  House  Regula 
tions  and  to  prevent  smuggling. 

Bevy.  Russian  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Nev- 
sky,  1898.)  Length,  196  f t. ;  beam,  18J  ft. ; 
draught,  xi^it. ;  displacement,  240  tons;  comple- 
ment, 55  ;  armament,  i  12-pdr.,  3  3-pdr.,  2  tubes; 
Hp.,  3,700  =  27  kts.  ;  coal,  53  tons. 

Beivisd.  Russian  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Nev- 
sky,  1898.)  Length,  196  ft. ;  beam,  18^  ft. ; 
draught,  iii  it. ;  displacement,  240  tons;  comple- 
ment, 55  ;  amuunent,  i  12-pdr.,  3  3-pdr.,  2  tubes ; 
Hp.,  3,700=27  kts. ;  coal,  53  tons. 

BL  Reef.  Abbreviation  adopted  on  the  charts 
issued  by  the  Hydrographic  Office,  Admiralty. 

B.Fttl.T.0.  Abbreviation  for  Royal  Forth  Yacht 
Club. 

B.F.T.C.  Abbreviation  for  Royal  Falmouth 
Yacht  Club. 

Bheiniaoher  Segler^Verband.    Estabhshed  iS<^. 

Commodore,     Jos.     Kau  ;     Vice-Commodore,     I>r. 
Hirte ;  Treasurer,  C.  A.  Kohlhaas ;  Secretary,  Hmil 


RHODE 


531- 


RICHARDSON 


Fischer*  Schwalbacherstr.  4,  Wiesbaden,  Germany. 
Entrance  fee,  mark  10;  annual  subscription, 
mark  1 5  and  6. 

Bhode  Island.    U.S.  ist  class  battleship.     (Fore 
River  Co.,  1905.) 

Length  435ft.   Beam  76ft.   Maximum  draught  26ft. 
Displacement  15.320  tons.     Complement  703. 
Guns.  Armour. 

4 — 12  in.,  40  cal.       "  Knipp  "  and  "  Har- 
8 — 8  in.  vey-nickel." 

12 — 6  in.  X I  in.  Belt  amidships. 

12 — 14  pdr.  10  in.  Turrets. 

12 — 3  pdr.  10  in.  Barbettes. 

4 — I  pdr.  9  in.  Conning  tower. 

8  Colts. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
4  Submerged 
Twin  screw.     Hp.   19,000=19  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 1,900  tons.     Approximate  cost  ;f  1,300,000. 

RllodJilgS.  Qeats  of  brass  on  which  the  axle 
of  the  pump  works. 

Bhone.  Royal  mail  steamer.  Became  a  total 
wreck  in  the  hurricane  that  swept  over  the  Virgin 
Islands,  October  29,  1867. 

Bliiimb.  The  track  of  a  ship  sailing  on  the 
same  point  of  the  compass.  The  angle  under  which 
the  rhumb  lines  cut  the  meridian  is  called  the 
angle  of  the  rhumb,  and  the  angle  which  it  makes 
with  the  prime  vertical  is  the  complement  of  the 
rhumb. 

B.H.T.C.  Abbreviation  for  Royal  Harwich 
Yacht  Club. 

Rhyl  Yacht  dab.  North  Wales.  Established  1894. 
Burgee  :  Blue,  with  yellow  harp  in  centre.  Com- 
modore, W.  Scott  Hay-ward.  Vice-Commodore, 
Charles  J.  Wildera ;  Rear-Commodore,  J.  Pierce- 
Lewis  ;  Treasurer,  H.  K.  Osborne ;  Honorary  Secre- 
tary, E.  H.  Lewis.     Annual  subscription,  £1  is. 

R.  L  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Ringkjobing,  Denmark. 

Biachnalo*  Brazilian  battleship.  (Samuda.  1883.) 
Reconstructed,  La  Seyne,  1895.  Sheathed  and 
coppered. 

Length  305ft.   Beam  52ft.   Maximum  draught  23ft. 
Displacement  5,700  tons.     Complement  390. 
Guns.  Armour. 

4 — 9*4  in.  "  Compound." 

6 — 6'6  in.  1 1  in.  Belt  amidships. 

6 — 3  pdr.  10  in.  Bulkheads. 

15  Nordenfelts.  10  in.  Turrets. 

10  in.  Conning  tower. 
Torpedo  Tubes. 
5  Above  water  stem  and  broadside. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  natural  6,900=16  kts.,  forced 
7,000=. 1 6' 5  kts.     Coal  maximum  840  tons. 

Rib.  The  timbers  which  rise  from  the  keel  of 
a  vessel  to  the  top  of  its  side  upon  which  the  skin 
planking  is  fastened. 


Ribands.  Long  narrow,  flexible  pieces  of  wood 
nailed  upon  the  outside  from  the  stem  to  stem- 
post  of  a  ship  so  as  to  encompass  the  body  long- 
ways and  hold  the  timbers  in  frame. 

Ribble.  British  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Yarrow, 
1903.)  Length,  225  ft.  ;  beam,  23  ft. ;  draught, 
10  ft. ;  displacement,  550  tons ;  complement,  70 ; 
armament,  i  12 -pdr.,  5  6-pdr.,  2  tubes  ;  twin  screw  ; 
Hp.,  7,500  =  26  kts.  ;  coal,  120  tons. 

Ribs  and  tracks.  Alternating  fiat  boards  and 
rollers. 

Rioe,  Admiral  Ernest  (b.  1840).  Entered  Navy, 
1854 ;  lieutenant,  i860 ;  commander,  1870 ;  cap- 
tain, 1878 ;  present  in  H.M.S.  Oden  at  the 
bombardment  and  taking  of  Bomarsund,  1855  ; 
severe  boat  action,  Gamla  Carleby ;  bombardment 
of  Sveaborg  (medal)  ;  assistant-director  of  Naval 
Ordnance  at  Admiralty,  1870-74 ;  made  all  the 
arrangements  in  Paris  with  French  Minister  of 
Marine  for  joint  occupation  of  Egypt,  1882  ;  when 
captain  of  Iris  and  senior  naval  officer  at  Port 
Said  in  April,  1883.  received  letter  of  thanks  from 
the  principal  inhabitants  for  his  promptitude  and 
energy  in  landing  seamen  and  marines  to  quell  a 
disturbance,  thereby  saving  the  town  from  dis- 
astrous consequences  (Egjrptian  medal,  Khedive's 
Bronze  Star) ;  Admiral-Superintendent  of  Ports- 
mouth Dockyard.  1896 ;  president  of  the  com- 
mittee on  Naval  Victualling,  1901  ;  appointed  to 
command  the  Coast  Guard  and  Naval  Reserves, 
1903. 

Richards.  Sir  Fredariek  William,  O.CB^  cr.  1895 ; 
K.C.B.,  1881, 0.B.,  1879,  D.C.L.,  Hon.  Ozoil,F.R.G.8. 

(b.  November  30,  1833).  Entered  Navy,  1848  ;  lieu- 
tenant, 1855;  commander,  i860;  captain,  1866; 
served  Zulu  and  Boer  wars,  1879 ;  commanding  Cape 
of  Good  Hope  and  West  Coast  of  Africa  Station, 
1879-82;  Laing's  Nek,  188  z  ;  rear-admiral,  1882; 
Lord  of  the  Admiralty,  1882-85  ;  Commander-in- 
Chief,  East  India  Station,  1885-88  ;  Burmah  An- 
nexation war,  1885-86 ;  vice-admiral,  1888  ;  Com- 
mander-in-Chief, China  Station,  1890-92  ;  admiral, 
1893  '>  Senior  Lord  of  Admiralty,  1893-99 ;  Admiral 
of  the  Fleet,  1 898-1903  ;  retired,  1903. 

Richardson,  Dr.    See  Arctic  Exploration. 

Riohardsont  Sir  John.    See  Arctic  Exploration. 

Riohardson,  Wigham  (b.  Torquay,  June  7,  1837). 
Educated  privately.  University  College,  London, 
and  the  University  of  Tubingen,  Germany.  After 
serving  apprenticeship  he  was  appointed  engineer- 
ing draughtsman  at  the  marine  works  of  Messrs. 
R.  and  W.  Hawthorn,  and  in  i860  he  started  the 
w^-known  Neptune  Works  on  the  Tyne,  under 
•the  title  of  Messrs.  Wigham  Richardson  and  Co. 
In  1903,  on  retiring  from  the  active  direction, 
these  works  were  amalgamated  with  the  firms  of 
Messrs.  Swan,  Hunter,  and  the  Pontoon  Dry  Docks 
Co.,  under  the  title  of  Swan,  Hunter  and  Wigham 
Richardson,  Ltd.,  which  is  now  one  of  the  laigeat 


RICHELIEU 


532 


RIGAER 


shipbuilding  firms  in  the  world,  with  an  area  of 
70  acres,  4.000  ft.  of  river  frontage,  and  an  annual 
output  of  100,000  tons  of  shipping.  He  has  during 
his  life  taken  his  share  of  pubUc  duties,  and  was 
president  in  1890  of  the  North-East  Coast  Institu- 
tion of  Engineers  and  Shipbuilders.  Is  chairman 
of  the  School  Board.  Member  of  the  County 
Council,  and  magistrate  for  Northumberland. 

Publications  :  Has  contributed  various  papers  to 
the  Institution  of  Naval  Architects  and  the  North- 
East  Coast  Institution  of  Engineers  and  Ship- 
builders. 

Bicheliea  BraziUan  river  gun-boat.  (Poplar, 
1888.)     Reconstructed  1895. 

Length  305ft.     Beam  52ft.     Draught  igiit 
EHsplacement  5,700  tons.     Complement  450. 
Guns.  Armour. 

4 — 9*2  in.  "  Compound." 

6 — 4'7  in.  1 1  in.  Belt  amidships. 

2 — 3  pdr.  10  in.  Barbettes. 

10  in.  Turrets. 
Torpedo  Tubes. 
5  Above  water. 
Hp.  7,300=16  kts.     Coal  800  tons. 

Rioker.  Spars  for  boat  masts,  yards,  boat  hooks, 
etc. 

Qickiiuioii»  SOI10  and  Co.,  with  their  head  office 
in  West  Hartlepool,  have  a  fleet  of  11  modem 
steamers  trading  to  various  parts  of  the  world  as 
inducement  oflers. 

Fleet. 

Aeolus.  Argo.  Arion. 

Agenoria.  Ariel.  Astraea. 

Albion.  Aries.  Atlas, 

Aniphitrite.  Aurora. 

Gross  tonnage,  33,400. 

BiokmefB,    A.    G.    (Reismiihlen    Rhederei    und 
Schiffbau  Actien-Gesellschaft),  Bremerhaven    and 
Geestemunde.    This     well-known     shipyard     was 
founded  at  Bremerhaven  in  1839  by  Mr.  R.  C. 
Rickmers,  who  carried  on  a  most  successful  busi- 
ness until  his  death,  when  the  firm  was  changed 
into  a  joint  stock  company.     Although  the  yard 
was  originally  founded  ios  wooden  shipbuilding,  as 
soon  as  it  was  found  the  demand  for  this  class  of 
vessel  had  practically  ceased  the  necessary  change 
to  iron  shipbuilding  was  made.    The  yard  covers 
an  area  of  23  acres,  and  ground  for  further  exten- 
sion has  been  acquired.     There  are  four  berths 
capable  of  building  ships  up  to  600  ft.  long,  witii 
the  necessary   travelling    cranes    and    machinery 
work  by  electricity.     Since  the  foundation  of  the 
yard  15a  vessels,  besides  many  sailing  ships,  fishing 
boats,  and  other  smaller  craft,  have  been  turned 
out.     Among  the  notable  ships  recently  built  may 
be  mentioned  a  number  of  large  cargo  vessels  for 
the    Hamburg-Amerika    Line,    and    two    training 
ships  for  the  Norddeutscher  Lloyd,  the  Heriogin 
Sophie  Charlotte  and   Herzogin  Cecilie,  these  two 
ships  being  the  latest  thing  in  sailing  ship  con«' 


struction.  An  uncommon  type  of  vessel  built  at 
this  yard  was  launched  in  1906 — ^namely,  the  R.  C. 
Rickmers.  She  is  an  auxiliary  vessel,  425  ft.  in 
length,  with  a  displacement  of  8,000  tons,  five 
masts,  and  under  sail  is  capable  of  doing  16  kts., 
and  has  engines  of  i.ioo  I.Hp.  She  is  built  for 
the  use  of  the  firm  A.  G.  Rickmers,  and  is  on  the 
run  between  Bremen  and  India.  The  output  of 
the  yard  for  1898-1905  was  about  58,000  net 
register,  with  engines  of  22,700  I.Hp.  The  firm 
employs  about  650  men.  The  shipbuilding  3rard 
is  only  a  portion  of  the  business  of  this  firm,  as 
they  are  large  shipowners,  having  a  magnificent 
fleet  of  modem  cargo-carrying  vessels  trading  to 
the  East  and  Far  East. 

Riokmers  Line,  with  their  head  ofiice  in  Bremen, 
have  a  fleet  of  16  modem  cargo  steamers,  main- 
taining services  to  various  parts  of  the  world. 

Fleet. 

Albert  Rickmers.  Maria  Rickmers. 

Andree  Rickmers.  Peter  Rickmers. 

Dorothea  Rickmers.  R.  C.  Rickmers. 

Elisabeth  Rickmers.  Renee  Rickmers. 

Ellen  Rickmers.  Rickmer  Rickmers. 

Helene  Rickmers.  Sophie  Rickmers. 

Mabel  Rickmers.  Willy  Rickmers. 

Madeleine  Rickmers.  Rickmers. 

Gross  tonnage,  48,600. 

SiokmATs  Reismiihlen,  Bhedwd  and  SobiffbM 
A.-G.    See  Rickmers  Line. 

Bioodhet.    The  bound  of  a  shot. 

Bide.    Applied  to  a  vessel  at  anchor  or  at  ease. 

Bider.  Timbers  reaching  from  keelson  to  orlop 
beams  to  give  additional  strength. 

Bidge.  A  high^pressure  area  between  two  con- 
tiguous areas  of  low  pressure. 

Bidge.  Hydrographically  indicating  a  long, 
narrow  stretch  of  shingle  or  rocks  near  the  surface 
of  the  sea. 

Biding  between  wind  and  tide.  When  equally 
balanced  between  the  two. 

Biding  cable.  The  cable  which  bears  the  greatest 
strain. 

Udny.  Russian  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Nev- 
sky,  1898.)  Length,  196  ft.  ;  beam.  18 J  ft. ; 
draught,  xij  ft.;  displacement,  240  tons;  com- 
plement. 55  ;  armament,  i  12 -pdr.,  3  3 -pdr., 
2  tubes  ;  Hp.,  3,700=27  kts. ;  coal,  53  tons. 

Big.  To  fit  running  rigging,  stays,  braces,  and 
shrouds  to  their  respective  sails,  masts,  and  yards. 

Bigaer  Tacht  dnb.  Established  1877.  Com- 
modore, Dr.  T.  R.  Augsburg ;  Vice -Commodore, 
C.  J.  Rosenberg ;  Treasurer,  J.  Lauren tz ;  Secre- 
tary, N.  S.  V.  Jesersky,  Ballast  Damm,  No.  i  Riga, 
Russia.  Entrance  fee,  5  roubles ;  annual  sub- 
scription, 20  roubles,  10  roubles,  and  5  roubles. 


J 


RIGA 


533 


RISING 


Riga  LalMck  Steanuhip  Co^  Hamburg,  maintain 
a  service  from  Lubeck  every  Saturday  for  Riga, 
and  vice  versa. 

Fleet. 
Deutschland.  Livland. 

Riga  Steanuhip  Co.»  with  their  head  offices  in 
Riga,  maintain  services  of  passenger  steamers  every 
Wednesday  and  Saturday  from  Riga  for  Moon- 
sund,  Arensberg,  Hapsal,  Reval,  and  St.  Peters- 
burg. 

Fleet. 
Constaniin.  Imperator  Nicholai  J  I, 

Riga, 

Bigg,  Ernest  Handfield  (b.  London,  January  17, 
1876).  Educated  City  and  Guilds  of  London 
Technical  CoUege.  In  1894  ^^  '^^^  apprenticed  to 
the  Fairfield  Shipbuilding  Co.,  Ltd.,  and  remained 
there  until  1900,  when  he  was  appointed  draughts- 
man to  the  British  Corporation  for  the  Survey 
and  Registry  of  Shipping,  Glasgow.  In  1901  he 
was  appointed  on  the  staff  of  the  New  York  Ship- 
building Co.,  and  has  since  then  been  responsible 
for  the  design  of  many  vessels  constructed  by 
them. 

Blgging.  The  name  given  to  ropes  or  chains 
employed  to  support  the  masts  and  arrange  the 
sails. 

Rigging  stoppers.  Ropes  securing  the  standing 
rigging  when  broken. 

Sight,  In  a  direction  fuUy  or  directly,  as  right 
ahead  or  right  away. 

Sight  ascension.  That  portion  of  the  equinoctial 
which  is  intercepted  by  a  celestial  meridian  passing 
through  the  centre  of  the  body  and  the  first  point 
of  the  eclipse. 

Sight  ascension  of  the  meridian.  That  part  of 
the  equinoctial  that  comes  to  the  meridian  with 
the  object  measured  from  the  first  point  of  Aries. 

Bight  a  vesseL     Recovering  the  upright  position. 

Bight  the  helm.    To  place  the  helm  amidships. 

Rijpt  ComelisiOOB.    See  Arctic  Exploration. 

Bim*     The  circular  edge  of  a  top. 

Bime.     Hoar-frost. 

Binaldo.  British  sloop  (980  tons,  13*25  kts.). 
Launched  1901. 

BindjanL  Netherlands  torpedo-boat.  (Yarrow, 
1 90 1.)  Length,  152  ft.  ;  beam,  15  f t.  ;  draught, 
7\  ft.  ;  displacement,  130  tons;  complement,  25  ; 
armament,  2  3-pdr.,  2  tubes  ;  Hp.,  1,900=27  kts. ; 
coal,  36  tons. 

Bing.  The  appendage  by  which  the  cable  is 
attached  to  the  anchor  by  means  of  the  shackle  on 
the  end  of  the  chain  cable. 

Bing-ropee.  Ropes  which  pass  through  the  ring- 
bolts. 


Sing  taiL  A  studding  sail  beyond  the  after  edge 
of  sails  ;  extended  by  gafi  or  boom  over  the  stem. 

Bio  Ave.  Portuguese  gun -boat  (1880).  Displace- 
ment, 378  tons;  armament,  i  4-in.  b.l.,  2  3-in.  b.l. ; 
nominal  speed,  1 1  kts. 

Bio  de  la  Plate.     Spanish  cruiser.     (Havre,  1898.) 
Length  246ft.   Beam  35ft.   Maximum  draught  i6ft. 
Displacement  1,713  tons.     Complement  213. 
Guns,  Armour. 

2—5-5  in.  "  Steel." 

4 — 4  in.  I J  in.  Deck. 

6 — 6pdr. 
4 — 1  pdr. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.   6,793  =  20  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 260  tons. 

Bio  Grande.  Brazilian  river  gun-boat.  (Brazil, 
1890.)  Length,  120  ft.  ;  beam,  28  ft.  ;  draught, 
5  ft.  ;  displacement,  335  tons ;  complement,  43  ; 
guns,  I  7-in.  ;  armour,  4i-in.  deck  amidships, 
4i-in.  gun  shields  ;  Hp.,  180=7  kts. 

Bion.  Russian  Government  Uner  (1900).  Length, 
500  ft. ;  beam,  58  ft. ;  draught,  24  ft. ;  displace- 
ment, 12,000  tons  ;  Hp..  16,500=20  kts. 

Sip.    A  basket  for  carrying  fish. 

Biparian  laws.  i.  Public  Navigable  Rivers, — 
See  Bed  of  River,  Conservancy,  Foreshore,  Naviga- 
tion Laws. 

2.  Private  Freshwater  Rivers. — Every  riparian 
owner  has  the  right  to  use  an  ordinary  amount  of 
water  for  reasonable  purposes — e,g,,  watering 
cattle — and,  provided  he  does  not  interfere  with 
the  rights  of  other  riparian  owners  above  or  below, 
for  extraordinary  purposes — e.g.,  turning  mills  or 
irrigation.  He  may  protect  his  lands  from  flood 
and  dam  the  stream,  if  he  can  do  so  without  injury 
to  others,  and  is  under  no  common  law  obligation 
to  prevent  the  channel  from  silting  up,  but  he  can- 
not, without  the  title  to  an  easement  by  grant  or 
prescription,  diminish  or  alter  the  flow  of  water, 
or  pollute  it ;  and  he  will  be  liable  to  an  action  by 
any  other  riparian  owner  whose  rights  he  invades, 
whether  damages  have  been  sustained  or  not. 
The  right  of  each  riparian  owner  to  fish  the  waters 
adjoining  his  land  extends  ad  filum  aqua,  "  If  a 
fresh  water  river  between  the  lands  of  two  lords 
or  owners  insensibly  gains  on  the  one  or  the  other 
side,  the  property  continues  as  before  in  the  river ; 
but  if  done  sensibly  and  suddenly,  then  the  owner- 
ship of  the  soil  remains  according  to  the  former 
bounds."  If  an  island  springs  up  it  belongs  to 
the  owner  of  the  land  it  stands  on. 

3.  In  canals  and  ar^cial  streams  the  rights  of 
riparian  owners  depend  solely  upon  the  circum- 
stances of  iheir  creation. 

Bipon,  Harqnis  of.     See  Admiralty. 

Bipping-iron.    A  caulker's  tool. 

Bising.  A  narrow  strake  in  a  boat  beneath  the 
thwarts. 


RIVER 


534 


ROBINSON 


Bfver.  A  large  stream  of  water  flowing  over  a 
certain  portion  of  the  earth's  surface,  discharging 
itself  into  the  sea.  A  river  is  generally  a  stream 
of  considerable  size,  formed  by  the  union  of  several 
brooks,  streams,  or  rivulets. 

Biver  and  Coasi  Established  1895.  Published 
weekly  (Saturday).  Price  id.  Address :  4  Pem- 
berton  Row,  London,  E.C. 

Biyet.    A  soft  iron  pin. 

BJ.Y.C.  Abbreviation  for  Royal  Irish  Yacht 
Club. 

B.K.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Reykjavik,  Denmark. 

Bk.  Rock.  Abbreviation  adopted  on  the  charts 
issued  by  the  Hydrographic  Office,  Admiralty. 

B.L.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Rilland,  Holland. 

B.M.T.O.  Abbreviation  for  Royal  Munster 
Yacht  Club. 

B.My*Y.C.  Abbreviation  for  Royal  Mersey 
Yacht  Club. 

B.N.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Runcorn,  England. 

B.N.T.O.  Abbreviation  for  Royal  Northern 
Yacht  Club. 

B.O.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Rotterdam,  Holland. 

B.d.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Rothesay,  Scotland. 

B,0.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Ronne,  Denmark. 

Boaoh*  The  hollow  curvature  of  the  lower 
parts  of  upper  square  sails. 

Boadstead.     An  anchorage. 

Boarer.    Wave  or  billow. 

ihHl*P»g  fortiei.  The  regions  south  latitude  of 
40°  S.  where  the  winds  are  from  the  west,  and 
blow  strongly  as  far  as  50*^  S.  They  are  sometimes 
known  as  the  "  Brave  West  Winds." 

Boast-beef  dress.    Full  uniform. 

Bobbin  or  Boband.  A  piece  of  plaited  rope 
called  sennit  used  for  fastening  the  head -rope  of  a 
sail  to  the  jack -stay. 

Bobert.  On  May  16,  1825,  this  steamer,  from 
Publin  to  lAverpool,  was  wrecked  ;   60  lives  lost. 

Bobertson,  Admiral  David  MaedonaW.  Entered 
Navy,  183 1  ;  sub  -  lieutenant,  1837;  lieutenant, 
1841  ;  severely  wounded  in  an  affray  with  the 
natives  at  the  Bay  of  Islands,  New  2^ealand,  1845  I 
commander,  1845  •  commander  of  Hatard ;  cap- 
tain, 1858 ;  has  held  appointment  of  Inspector  of 
Lifeboats ;  awarded  the  silver  medal  of  the  Royal 
National  Lifeboat  Institution  in  acknowledgment 
of  his  praiseworthy  services  in  going  off  in  the 


Yarmouth  and  Gorleston  lifeboats  on  February  13 
and  1 4,  1870,  and  £issisting  to  save  12  persons 
from  the  brig  Giovannina,  of  Venice,  and  the 
schooner  Favourite,  of  Arbroath,  wrecked  respec- 
tively at  Gorleston  and  Yarmouth ;  rear-admiral, 
1875  ;  vice-admiral,  1880 ;  admiral,  1885. 

Bobertson,  Leslie  (b.  India.  1863).  Educated 
Germany  and  King's  College,  London,  and  studied 
for  two  years  under  Professor  Kennedy  at  Univer- 
sity College,  London.  While  there  he  carried  out 
some  original  work  on  cast-iron  beams,  and  was 
subsequently  awarded  a  Miller  prize  by  the  Institu- 
tion of  Civil  Engineers.  On  lea\dng  the  University 
he  entered  the  works  of  Messrs.  Denny  and  Co., 
Dumbarton,  with  whom  he  remained  for  three 
years,  and  during  the  latter  portion  of  his  time 
had  charge  of  the  firm's  testing  department 
After  a  period  at  sea  he  entered  the  drawing  office 
of  Messrs.  John  I.  Thornycroft  and  Co..  and  was 
subsequently  appointed  works  mainager.  and  soon 
afterwards  proceeded  to  Havre  to  superintend  the 
construction  of  some  torpedo-boats  and  Thorny- 
croft's  boilers  for  the  French  Government.  On 
the  completion  of  this  contract  he  visited  the 
United  States  and  Cuba,  and  on  his  return  started 
practice  as  a  consulting  engineer,  and  is  now 
senior  partner  in  the  firm  of  Messrs.  Robertson 
and  Outram.  He  has  devoted  a  great  deal  of 
attention  to  the  subject  of  water- tube  boilers,  and 
translated  and  adopted  the  English  edition  of 
"  Marine  Boilers,"  by  M.  Burton,  the  Chief  Con- 
structor of  the  French  Navy.  He  superintended 
for  the  late  Sir  Henry  McCalmont.  M.P.,  the  high 
speed  steam  turbine  yacht  Tarantula,  which  was 
fitted  with  Parsons'  turbine  engines  and  Yanow's 
water-tube  boilers.  In  1901  he  was  appointed 
secretary  to  the  Engineering  Standards  Committee, 
which  has  grown  to  such  an  enormous  extent  that 
at  the  present  time  there  are  no  fewer  than  30 
different  committees  and  sub-committees  at  work, 
with  a  membership  of  over  250. 

Publications  :  "  Marine  Boilers,"  trandated  from 
the  French,  "  Marine  Engines  and  Boilers,"  Dr. 
Bain's  English  edition  on  marine  engines  and 
boilers  "  Water  Tube  Boilers,"  being  a  course  of 
lectures  delivered  at  University  College,  London, 
and  numerous  papers  published  in  the  Trans- 
actions of  technical  societies. 

Bobin.  British  shallow-draught  steamer  for  river 
service  (85  tons).     Launched  1898. 

Robinson,  Charles  Napier.  Commander  Royal 
Navy,  retired  (b.  St.  Lawrence,  Kent,  January  27, 
1849).  Entered  the  Royal  Navy  as  a  cadet  on 
board  the  Britannia  at  Portsmouth,  1861  ;  as  mid- 
shipman served  in  the  Liverpool,  40-gun  frigate,  on 
the  Irish  and  West  Indies  Stations.  As  sub-lien- 
tenant  of  the  Teazer,  gun-vessel,  was  in  charge  of 
boats  employed  on  the  East  Coast  of  Africa  in  the 
suppression  of  the  slave  trade,  and  was  sncccssful 
in  cutting  out  two  dhows  whilst  under  fire.  1870 ; 


ROBINSON 


535 


ROBSON 


was  present  at  the  blockade  and  search  of  Salan- 
gore  and  Klang  Rivers,  and  in  charge  of  a  small- 
arm  party  at  the  capitulation  of  Langat  during 
operations  against  pirates  in  the  Straits  of  Malacca, 
1871  ;  as  lieutenant  of  Faniome^  sloop,  was  in 
command  of  force  landed  at  La  Union,  San  Sal- 
vador, Central  America,  to  protect  H.B.M.  Con- 
sulate against  insurgents,  1875  ;  landed  and  placed 
in  position  the  guns,  etc.,  the  for  monument  to 
Captain  Cook  at  Kealakakua  Bay,  Hawaii.  1876  ; 
retired  as  commander  from  active  service,  1882  ; 
was  appointed  assistant  editor  of  the  "  Army  and 
Navy  Gazette,"  1884 ;  editor  of  the  "  Navy  and 
Army  Illustrated,"  1895.  and  of  the  *'  King," 
Z902  ;  for  the  last  25  years  has  been  a  writer  on 
subjects  connected  with  the  Navy  for  the  **  Times." 
"Standard."  "Globe,"  "Daily  Graphic,"  "St. 
James's  Gazette,"  and  other  home.  Colonial,  and 
American  journals. 

PubUcations  :  "  The  Sea  Service  "  (1891).  "  The 
British  Fleet  "  (1894).  "  Britannia's  Bulwarks,"  and 
several  similar  publications,  pictorial  descriptions 
of  the  British  Navy.     "  The  British  Fleet  "  is  ad 
illustrated  account  of  the  growth,  achievements* 
character,  and  duties  of  the  Navy,  and  has  passed 
into  several  editions. .  It  is  supplied  by  the  re- 
spective  Admiralties   to   the   United   States   and 
British  men-of-war,  and  is  particularly  useful  to 
artists    and   others    seeking    information    on    the 
costume  of  the  Navy  in  past  times.     When  in 
1905  the  centenary  of  Trafalgar  was  celebrated  at 
the  Royal  Naval  and  Military  Tournament  by  a 
pageant  displaying  the  evolution  in  dress  of  the 
sea  service  from  EUzabethan  times  to  the  present 
day,  it  was  Commander  Robinson  who  supplied 
the   material  for  the  costumes  from  his  unique 
collection  of  prints  illustrative  of  the  subject,  and 
he  received  with  others  the  congratulations  of  His. 
Majesty  King  Edward  VII.  on  his  share  in  the  pro- 
duction of  this  attractive  naval  display.     He  is 
also  part  author  oi  two  nautical  novels,  "  In  the 
Queen's  Navee  "  and  "  For  the  Honour  of  the 
Flag,"    as   well    as    having    written   many   short 
stories  for  the  magazines.     Commander  Robinson 
is  an  original  member  of  the  Council  of  the  Navy 
Records  Society. 

Bobinson,  Lieutenant  0.  W.  Royal  Naval  Re- 
serve, now  supplementary  lieutenant  R.N.  When 
third  officer  of  the  Royal  mail  steamer  Teutonic,  of 
Liverpool,  received  the  Albert  medal,  second  class, 
as  a  mark  of  Royal  favour  for  gallantry  in  saving 
life  at  sea. 

Extract  from  the  "  Gazette  "  : 

"  While  the  Teutonic  was  steaming  at  the  rate 
of  about  21  kts.  an  hour  in  St.  George's  Channel 
on  April  17,  1895,  ^^  half-past  si^  in  the  morning, 
-when  few  people  were  about  the  deck,  Mr.  Robinson 
noticed  a  passenger  climbing  on  to  the  rail  of  the 
ship  with  the  evident  intention  of  jumping  over- 
board.    He  made  an  inefiectual  attefnpt  to  prevent 


him  and  then,  without  divesting  himself  of'  any 
of  his  clothing,  immediately  dived  after  the  man 
from  a  height  of  25  ft  above  the  water,  afid  only 
about  30  ft  forward  of  the  propellers  of  the  vessel. 
Mr.  Robinson  reached  the  man,  and  did  his  utmost 
to  rescue  him,  but  his  efforts  were  met  with  violent 
resistance,  and  in  the  end  tlie  man  succeeded  iu 
drowning  himself.  Mr.  Robinson  ran  great  risk 
of  being  drawn  under  the  propellers,  and  when 
picked  up  was  in  a  very  exhausted  condition." 

Bobinson,  Kark  Heaton  (b.  March  27.  1844). 
Marine  engineer.  Educated  Royal  Naval  School, 
New  Cross,  and  in  186 1 ,  in  competitive  examination, 
entered  the  Admiralty  Civil  Department.  In  1874 
he  retired,  and  subsequently  became  chairman  of 
Messrs.  Willans  and  Robinson,  Ltd.,  engineers, 
of  Rugby,  and  Queen's  Ferry,  Flint.  As  an  in- 
ventor he  has  been  most  successful,  and  the  "  Boat 
Disengaging  Gear,"  which  has  been  employed  as 
the  service  fitting  in  the  Navy  since  1880,  is  his 
invention.  He  is  also  responsible  for  the  system 
of  air  cushioning,  applied  to  single  acting  high 
speed  engines  to  enable  them  to  run  in  constant 
thrusts.  Has  contributed  various  papers  to  en- 
gineering societies,  and  is  a  member  of  Council  of 
the  Institution  of  Mechanical  Engineers,  member 
of  Institution  of  Naval  Architects  and  Institution 
of  Civil  Engineers. 

Bob  Boy.  A  vessel  of  90  tons  built  by  Mr. 
William  Denny  on  the  Clyde,  which  has  the  dis- 
tinction of  being  the  pioneer  steamer  to  engage  in 
Channel  service.  She  was  the  first  to  carry  on  a 
regular  steam  service  between  Greenock  and  Bel- 
fast, and  subsequently  under  the  name  of  Due 
d'Orleans  she  ran  successfully  as  a  passenger  ship 
between  Calais  and  Dover. 

Bobson,  Hazelton  B.  (1823-1906).  Civil  engi- 
neer. Educated  private  school,  and  in  1836 
was  apprenticed  to  the  late  Mr.  T.  D.  Marshall. 
Wishing  to  gain  experience  in  the  building 
of  locomotive  engines,  he  entered  the  works 
of  Messrs.  R.  and  W.  Hawthorn,  and  in  1846, 
having  received  an  offer  from  Messrs.  Frereick 
Runneheck,  he  went  to  Germany.  In  1847  he 
returned  to  this  country  and  joined  the  Leith 
Engine  Works,  and  later  in  the  same  year  was 
sent  out  in  charge  of  several  locomotives  built 
for  the  Cologne  and  Minden  Railway  Co.,  and 
on  his  return  was  promoted  to  works  manager. 
In  1856  he  was  appointed  by  the  Board  of 
Trade  engineer  surveybr  for  the  Clyde  ports,  and 
'Was  instrumental  in  bringing  about  the  eacami- 
nation  for  qualifying  men  as  marine  enginoers, 
and  was  appointed  sole  examiner  for  Scot- 
land. In  1864  he  resigned  this  appointment  and 
became  partner  in  the  firm  of  Messrs.  D.  and  W. 
Henderson  and  Co.,  on  the  Clyde,  and  retified  an 
1879,  after  56  years  of  active  engineering.  He 
was  in  1857  one  of  the  originator^  of  the  Institu- 
tion of  Engineers  and  Shipbuilders  in  ScoUand,  of 


1 


ROCHDALE 


536 


RODNEY 


which  he  was  elected  president  on  two  occasions 
(i874-75»  1375*76),  and  obtained  the  gold  medal 
for  his  paper  on  the  advantages  of  spring  loading 
for  Government  safety  valves  on  marine  boilers,  and 
it  was  by  his  unaided  endeavours  that  the  Board 
of  Trade  was  induced  to  allow  spring  loading  to  be 
applied  instead  of  the  regulation  of  dead  weight  on 
Government  safety  valves,  which  change  has  been 
of  such  immense  advantage  in  saving  steam  on 
board  steamers,  especially  in  a  rough  seaway. 

Roohdale.  Transport.  Lost  on  Dunleary  Point, 
near  Dublin,  November  19,  1807 ;  300  people 
perished. 

Boehenfalm.  Russian  torpedo-boat.  (Putiloff, 
1890.)  Length,  136  ft.;  beam,  13  ft.;  draught, 
7^  ft. ;  displacement,  81  tons ;  Hp.,  1,100=21  kts. 

Roohefier  Sailing  Ollib.  Established  in  1890  to 
encourage  small  boat-sailing  on  the  Medway  above 
Rochester  Bridge.  Burgee :  Is  designed  from  the 
city  arms,  being  a  red  St.  George's  cross  on  a  yellow 
ground,  with  a  yellow  old  English  R  in  centre  of 
the  cross.  Commodore,  C.  Willis,  jun.  ;  Rear- 
Commodore,  £.  A.  Gill ;  Honorary  Treasurer  and 
Secretary,  E.  J.  Green.     Annual  subscription,  55. 

Socket  A  cylindrical  tube  filled  with  gun- 
powder, which,  on  being  ignited,  propels  it  forward 
by  the  action  of  liberated  gases  against  the  atmos- 
phere. Rockets  are  used  for  signalling  purposes 
and  for  saving  life  by  conveying  a  line  from  the 
shore  to  a  stranded  vessel. 

Rocket.  British  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Clyde- 
bank, 1894.)  Length,  205  ft. ;  beam,  19  f t. ; 
draught,  5^  ft, ;  displacement,  280  tons ;  comple- 
ment, 50;  armament,  i  12-pdr.,  5  6-pdr. ;  twin 
screw  ;  Hp.,  4,200=27  kts. ;  coal,  60  tons. 

Roddam.  This  vessel  was  the  first  to  bring 
tidings  of  the  disast.er  at  St.  Pierre  caused  by  the 
terrible  volcanic  eruption  of  Mont  P616e  and 
Soufhdre,  which  broke  out  on  May  8,  1902.  At 
the  time  of  the  disaster  she  was  lying  far  out  in 
the  harbour,  and  managed  to  slip  her  anchor  and 
crawl  slowly  out  of  the  danger  zone.  She  was 
eventually  lost  while  under  charter  by  the  Russian 
Government  when  trading  on  the  Yenesei  River 
in  Siberia. 

Rodgen.  This  vessel,  while  in  search  of  the 
Jeannette  (q»v.)»  under  lieutenant  Berry,  found  a 
good  harbour  on  the  south  coast  of  Wrangell 
Land  in  70"*  sf  N.,  August  28,  1881.  The  land 
was  explored  and  found  to  be  an  island  about 
70  miloa  long  by  aS  broad.  Lieutenant  Berry  on 
that  voyage  attained  the  highest  latitude  ever 
xtoached  at  that  time  on  the  Behring  Strait  meridian 
— ^namely,  73'  44'  N. 

Rodney.  British  ist  dass  battleship.  Laid 
down  1907. 

Length  500ft.    Beam  80ft.     Draught  26ft. 
Displacement  x  8,000  tons. 


Guns.  Armour. 

10 — 12  in.  "  Krupp." 

18 — 3*5  in.  12  in.  Belt  amidships. 

12  in.  Barbettes. 
Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
4  Submerged  broadside. 
I  Submerged  stem. 

Turbine.     Four  screws.     Hp.  23,000=21  kts. 
Approximate  cost  ;|^  1,7 50,000. 

Rodney,  George  Brydgea  Rodney.  Baton  (1718-93). 
English  admiral  (b.  Walton-on-Thames).  Edacated 
Harrow,  and  on  leaving  school  entered  the  Navy, 
and  was  appointed  by  special  warrant  as  a  volunteer 
on  board  the  Sunderland,  1732.  In  1739  he  was 
promoted  lieutenant,  and  three  years  later  he 
attained  the  rank  of  post-captain,  being  appointed 
to  the  Plymouth.  In  1747,  when  in  command  of 
the  Eagle,  a  vessel  of  60  guns,  he  took  a  brilliant 
part  in  Lord  Hawke's  action  off  Flnisterre.  In 
1749  he  was  appointed  Governor  and  Conunander- 
in-Chief  in  Newfoundland,  which  post  he  held  for 
three  years,  returning  home  in  1751.  During  the 
Seven  Years'  War  he  rendered  important  service. 
^^  ^7S7»  commanding  the  Dublin,  he  shared  in  the 
expedition  against  Rochefort,  and  in  the  following 
year  in  the  same  ship  served  under  Admiral  Bos- 
cawen  at  the  taking  of  Louisburg.  In  1759  he 
became  a  rear-admiral,  and  two  years  later  was 
appointed  Commander-in-Chief  at  Barbadoes  and 
the  Leeward  Islands,  and  the  following  year  brought 
about  the  reduction  of  the  French  Islands  in  those 
seas.  At  the  conclosion  of  the  war,  1763,  he  re- 
turned home,  having  been  during  his  absence  made 
Vice-Admiral  of  the  Blue  and  voted  the  thanks  of 
both  Houses  of  Parliament.  In  1764  he  was 
created  a  baronet,  and  in  the  following  year 
governor  of  Greenwich  Hospital,  which  position  he 
held  for  five  years.  In  1778  he  was  promoted  to 
admiral,  and  re-appointed  Commander-in-Chief  of 
the  Leeward  Islands.  On  January  8,  1780,  on  the 
vojrage  out  he  captured  a  Spanish  convoy  bound 
to  Cadis,  and  eight  days  later  defeated  the  Spanish 
Fleet  off  Cape  St.  Vincent.  Having  reUeved 
Gibraltar,  he  proceeded  to  the  West  Indies,  and 
there  fought  a  decisive  action  off  Blartinique  with 
the  French  admiral  Guichen.  In  X782  he  fought  a 
great  battle  off  Les  Saintes,  and  crushingly  defeated 
the  French  under  De  Grasse.  This  important  navad 
battle  saved  Jamaica,  and  ruined  French  naval 
prestige,  and  enabled  Rodney  to  write :  "  Within 
two  little  years  I  have  taken  two  Spanish,  one 
French,  and  one  Dutch  admiral."  For  this  great 
victory  he  was  created  a  peer  and  given  a  pension 
of  ;(2,ooo  a  year.  From  this  time  he  led  a  quiet 
country  life  till  his  death,  which  took  place  on 
May  24,  1792,  in  London.  See  Mundy's  "Life 
and  Correspondence  of  Admiral  Rodney"  (1830). 
Lord  Rodney  published  in  his  lifetime  "  Letters  to 
His  Majesty's  Ministers  Relative  to  St.  Eustatins  " 
(1789),  of  which  there  is  a  copy  in  the  Britisll 
Museum.    Haanay's  "  Rodney  "  (x89i)* 


ROEBUCK 


537 


ROOSALKA 


Boebnok.  British  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Haw- 
thorn, 1 901.)  Length,  210  ft. ;  beam,  21  ft. ; 
draught,  8|  ft. ;  displacement,  316  tons ;  com- 
plement, 60 ;  armament,  i  12-pdr.,  5  6-pdr.,  2  tubes : 
twin  screw ;  Hp.,  6,000=30  kts. ;  coal,  90  tons. 
This  ship-name  is  associated  with  the  defeat  of  the 
Spanish  Armada,  1588  ;  battle  off  the  North  Fore- 
land, 1653  ;  Barfleur  and  La  Hogue,  1692  ;  capture 
of  Charleston,  1780. 

Rofley»  OharleB  (b.  Birkenhead,  October  19,  1870). 
Naval  architect,  marine  surveyor.  Served  his 
apprenticeship  with  Messrs.  Cochrane  and  Co.,  and 
Messrs.  I^ird  Brothers,  Birkenhead,  and  gained  a 
varied  experience  in  the  design  and  construction 
of  cargo  passenger  steamers,  and  ships  of  war  for 
the  British  and  Foreign  Navies.  He  devoted 
some  time  to  the  practical  working  of  steamers, 
and  holds  a  Board  of  Trade  Chief  Engineer's 
certificate.  In  1902  he  started  practice  in  Dublin, 
after  serving  for  some  six  years  as  assistant  superin- 
tendent to  a  well-known  naval  architect  at  Belfast 

Roger.    A  black  flag  hoisted  by  pirates. 

Rogers.  U.S.  torpedo-boat  (1895).  Displace- 
ment, 143  tons ;  guns,  3  i-pdr. ;  torpedo  tubes, 
3  i8-in. ;  maximum  speed,  24  kts. 

Rogne's  sram.  A  yam  spun  in  a  rope  to  mark  it, 
and  prevent  theft. 

Roker  Pier  Ught,  Sunderland,  erected  1904,  is 
a  two-flash  light  every  five  seconds ;  duration  of 
flash,  one- tenth  of  a  second  ;  candle-power,  65,000  ; 
burner,  mantle  50  mm.  diameter  ;  illuminant,  gas, 
8  in.  pressure. 

Rolf e,  Rear^Admiral  Ernest  Nevfll*  GJB.  Entered 
Navy,  1861  ;  lieutenant,  1867  ;  served  with  Naval 
Brigade  during  Ashantee  war ;  Naval  A.D.C.  to  Sir 
Garnet  Wolseley,  1874  (Ashantee  medal) ;  took  part 
in  operations  up  the  Niger,  1876,  when  with  Commo- 
dore Hewett's  secretary  he  made  his  way  through 
swamp  and  lagoon  to  Lagos.  Commander,  1879 ; 
commander  of  Euryalus,  flag-ship  of  Admiral 
Hewett  during  Egyptian  war,  1882  (Egyptian 
medal,  Khedive's  Bronze  Star) ;  commanded  Naval 
Brigade  landed  during  operations  in  the  Soudan, 
and  present  at  the  battles  of  El-Teb,  1884,  and 
Tamai,  1884,  in  both  of  which  actions  he  greatly 
distinguished  himself ;  accompanied  Admiral  Sir 
W.  Hewett  on  a  mission  to  King  John  of  Abyssinia ; 
specially  mentioned  in  despatches ;  promoted  to 
captain,  and  C.B.  for  services  (Suakim  and  El-Teb- 
Tamai  clasps) ;  rear  admiral,  1903. 

RoDing  tackle.  Used  to  prevent  the  yards  from 
the  jerking  strain  of  a  lee  roll. 

Bonuu    Italian  battleship.     (Spezia,  1906.) 
Length  475ft.  Beam  73ft.  Maximum  draught  26ft. 
Displacement  12,625  tons. 
Guns,  Armour. 

2 — 12  in.,  40  cal.        "  Temi." 
12 — 8  in.  10  in.  Belt. 


Guns,  Armour. 

12 — 12  pdr.  8  in.  Barbettes. 

12 — 3  pdr.  10  in.  Conning  tower. 

4  Maxims. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
4  Submerged. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  20,000=22  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 2,800  tons.     Approximate  cost  /i, 000,000. 

Romney.  H.M.  ship.  Wrecked  on  the  rocks  ofi 
Scilly  Isles,  October  22, 1707,  when  Captain  Hencock 
and  crew  were  lost. 

Romney.  50  guns.  On  November  18,  1804,  this 
vessel  was  lost  on  Haak  Bank,  Texel. 

Rooke*  Sir  George  (1650-1709).  British  admiral 
(b.  Canterbury).  Entered  the  Navy  as  volunteer, 
and  became  post-captain  in  1680.  In  1689  he 
commanded  the  squadron  which  effected  the  reUef  of 
Londonderry,  and  in  the  following  year  was  present 
at  the  unfortunate  action  off  Beachy  Head.  In 
May,  1692,  he  was  appointed  vice-admiral,  and 
greatly  distinguished  himself  in  a  night  attack 
on  the  French  Fleet  off  Cape  La  Hogue,  when  he 
succeeded  in  burning  six  of  their  ships.  On  his 
return  to  England  shortly  afterwards,  he  received 
the  honour  of  knighthood  and  a  reward  of  ;f  1,000. 
In  1702,  on  the  outbreak  of  the  war  of  the  Spanish 
Succession,  he  was  given  command  of  an  expedition 
to  Cadiz.  The  attempt  on  Cadiz  failed  ;  but  on  his 
way  home  he  fell  in  with  a  fleet  of  Spanish  treasure 
ships  and  French  men-of-war  which  had  to  put 
into  Vigo.  '  Making  for  the  harbour  He  achieved  a 
brilliant  victory,  capturing  or  sinking  most  of  the 
ships.  In  July,  1704,  he  took  part  in  the  capture  of 
Gibraltar,  and  in  the  following  August  engaged 
the  French  Fleet  off  Malaga.  This  action  was 
indecisive,  and  on  account  of  the  dissatisfaction 
expressed  indirectly  at  the  result  he  retired  from 
active  service  the  following  year.  He  died 
January  24,  1709.  See  "  Life  and  Glorious  Actions 
of  Sir  George  Rooke  "  (1707). 

Room.  An  obsolete  term  for  going  from  the 
wind. 

Roon.     German  armoured  cruiser.     (Kiel,  1903.) 
Length  403ft.   Beam  65ft.   Maximum  draught  26ft. 
Displacement  9,050  tons.     Complement  557. 
Guns.  Armour. 

4— 8-2  in.  "Krupp." 

10 — 6  in.  4  in.  Belt. 

12 — 24  pdr.  6  in.  Turrets. 

10 — I  pdr.  6  in.  Conning  tower. 

4  Machine. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
4  Submerged  bow  and  broadside. 
Three  screws.     Hp.  19,000=21  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 1,600  tons.     Approximate  cost  ;^goo,ooo. 

Roosalka.  Russian  ironclad.  Foundered  off 
the  Finnish  coast,  September  19,  1893  •  ^^^  \xve^ 
lost. 


ROPE 


538 


ROSSIYA 


Rope.     Cordage  composed  of  hemp,  hide,  wire, 
etc. 

Roping.    The  bordering  of  a  sail. 

Ropner,  Sir  Robert,  1st  Barit  cr.  1904.  Kt, 
1900  (b.  1838).  Head  of  the  firm  of  Ropner  and 
Son,  Stockton-on-Tees  (q.v.)  ;  senior  partner  in  the 
shipping  firm  of  Messrs.  R.  Ropner  and  Co.,  of  West 
Hartlepool,  London,  and  Cardiff,  and  director  of 
the  North  Eastern  Banking  Co.  Has  been  largely 
identified  with  philanthropic  and  other  institutions, 
amongst  them  being  the  gift  of  the  Ropner  Park, 
Stockton,  which  was  opened  in  1893  by  T.R.H.  the 
present  Prince  and  Princess  of  Wales,  and  also  the 
Ropner  Convalescent  Home,  situated  near  the 
beautiful  village  of  Middleton -one-Row,  which  has 
accommodation  for  70  patients.  He  is  a  member 
of  Lloyd's  Committee,  of  the  Tees  Conservancy 
Commissioners,  and  has  on  more  than  one  occasion 
occupied  the  civic  chair  of  the  ancient  borough  of 
Stockton. 

Ropner  and  Son,  Stockton-on-Tees.  Iron  ship- 
building was  commenced  in  this,  the  oldest  yard  on 
the  Tees,  in,  the  year  1853,  on  the  site  on  which 
wooden  vessels  were  built  as  far  back  as  the  early 
part  of  the  fourteenth  century.  Some  very  fine  iron 
and  steel  vessels  have  been  built,  steam  cargo-carry- 
ing ships  predominating,  although  a  considerable 
number  of  other  types,  including  sailing  vessels, 
paddle  boats,  passenger  steamers,  despatch  boats, 
lightships,  vessels  for  H.M.  Government,  and  for 
many  of  the  principal  firms  of  this  country  and  the 
Continent. 

The  yard  adjoins  the  wharf  of  Messrs.  Blair  and 
Co.,  Ltd.,  the  well-known  engineers,  and  is  admi- 
rably situated  in  the  midst  of  the  coal  and  iron 
industries  of  South  Durham,  and  in  close 
proximity  to  iron  and  steel  works,  the  esta- 
blishment possessing,  in.  other  respects,  special 
facilities  for  turning  out  all  classes  of  vessels  up  to 
10,000  tons  burden.  A  line  of  the  North-Eastern 
Railway  runs  direct  into  the  yard.  There  are  five 
berths  for  building  purposes,  with  a  capital  river 
frontage,  and  vessels  up  to  500  ft.  can  be  launched, 
advantage  being  taken  of  a  fine  open  reach  in  the 
river  for  this  purpose. 

When  in  full  work  about  1,500  hands  are  em- 
ployed. The  ySird  has  been  very  much  extended 
and  modernised  within  the  last  year  or  two,  at  a 
large  outlay,  thereby  materially  increasing  its  pro- 
ductive powers. 

The  improved  patent  trunk  vessel,  designed  by 
Mr.  Robert  Ropner,  jun.,  is  one  of  the  special  fea- 
tures of  the  yard,  many  of  which  have  been  built, 
and  they  have  given  entire  satisfaction. 

The  gross  register  tonnages  of  the  different  types 
of  vessels  built  by  Messrs.  Ropner  and  Son  range  up 
to  46,472  in  1895,  *n  which  year  they  were  third  on 
the  tabulated  returns  of  the  registered  tonnages 
built  in  ihe  United  Kingdom,  and  for  1906  the 
tonnage  was  39,032.     To  show  the  great  advances 


in  dead -weight  capacities  of  the  vessels  built  from 

the  year  1854.  a  few  comparisons  may  be  of  interest : 

Period.  Averafte  per  Year. 

1853-59 1,704 

1860-64 4.366 

1865-69       ..  4.998 

1870-74 9,684 

1875-79 11,749 

1880-84 20,348 

1885-89  ..            ..            ..            ..  17,579 

1890-94  .  .            .  .            . .            . .  47,222 

1895-99 58,787 

1900-06  ..            ..            ..            ..  51,852 

Rose  lashings.  A  kind  of  lashing  or  seizing  em- 
ployed in  woolding  spars. 

Ross,  Sir  James  dark  (1800-62).  Arctic  ex- 
plorer (b.  London).  Entered  the  Navy  18 12,  and 
accompanied  his  uncle.  Sir  John  Ross  {q.v.),  on  his 
first  voyage  in  search  of  the  North-West  Passage. 
In  all  he  made  five  successful  voyages  to  the 
Arctic  regions,  two  of  which  were  with  Sir  W.  E. 
Parry  (q.v.).  From  1839-43  he  commanded  an 
expedition  in  the  Erebus  and  Terror,  and  reached 
latitude  78**  10'  S.,  and  after  his  return  received 
the  honour  of  knighthood.  His  last  expedition 
was  in  1848,  in  the  Enterprise,  to  Baffin's  Bay,  in 
search  of  Sir  John  Franklin.     He  died  April  3, 1862. 

Publication  :  "A  Narrative  of  a  Voyage  in  the 
Antarctic  Regions  "  (1847). 

Refer  to  Antarctic  Exploration,  Arctic  Exploration. 

Ross,  Sir  JTohn  (1777-1856).  British  admiral  and 
Arctic  explorer  (b.  Wigtonshire).  Entered  the 
Navy  1786,  and  began  his  career  as  an  Arctic 
explorer  in  18 18,  when  he  sailed  with  Parry  in 
command  of  an  Arctic  expedition  to  explore 
Baffin's  Bay.  In  1829  he  undertook  a  second 
expedition,  and  on  his  return  to  England  he  was 
knighted  and  made  a  C.B.  In  1850  he  led  an  expe- 
dition in  search  of  Sir  John  Franklin,  and  remained 
one  winter  on  the  ice.  but  accomplished  nothing. 
He  published  "  Voyage  of  Discovery  for  the  Purpose 
of  Exploring  Baffin's  Bay  "  (1819),  "  Narrative  of  a 
Second  Voyage  in  Search  of  a  North-West  Passage  " 
(1835),  "  Treatise  on  Navigation  by  Steam  "  (182S). 
"  Memoirs  of  Admiral  Lord  B.  Saumarez  "  (183S). 
"  Arctic  Expedition  "  (1850),  "  Intemperance  in  the 
Royal  Navy  "  (1852).     Refer  to  Arctic  Exploration. 

Rossiya.     Russian    armoured    cruiser.       (Baltic 
Works,  1896.) 

Length  480ft.   Beam  68ft.   Maximum  draught  29ft, 
Displacement  12,500  tons.     Complement  735. 
Guns.  Armour. 

4 — 8  in.,  45  cal.  "  Harvey." 


16— 5-5  in. 
J  2 — ^2  pdr, 
36  Small  q.f. 


10  in.  Belt. 
6  in.  Bulkheads. 
6  in.  Battery. 
Torpedo  Tubes. 
6  Above  water  bow  stem  and  broadside. 
Three  screws.     Hp.  18,000=20  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 2,500  tons.     Approximate  cost  ^900,000. 


ROSTISLAV 


539 


ROUNTHWAITE 


BoitidaT.    Russian  battleship,  Black  Sea.    (I^ico* 
laieff,  1896.) 
Length  341ft.     Beam  69ft.     Mean  draught  25  ft. 
Displacement  9,000  tons.     Complement  63 1 . 
Guns,  A  rmour. 

4 — 10  in.,  45  cal.       "  Harvey." 
8 — 6  in.  15  in.  Belt  amidships. 

12 — 3  pdr.  12  in.  Turrets. 

4 — I  pdr.  10  in.  Conning  tower. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
4  Above  water  broadside. 
2  Above  water  bow  and  ^em. 
Twin   screw,    Hp.    8,5001=16   kts.     Coal   maxi- 
mum 800  tons.     Approximate  cost  ^£8 5 0,000. 

rot.  Rotten.  Abbreviation  adopted  on  the 
charts  issued  by  the  Hydrographic  Office,  Admi- 
ralty, denoting  the  quality  of  the  ocean's  bottom. 

Bother.  British  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Yar- 
row, 1904.)  Length,  222  ft. ;  beam,  23 J  ft.  ; 
draught,  9J  ft.  ;  displacement,  600  tons  ;  comple- 
ment, 72  ;  armament,  i  i«-pdr..  5  6-pdr.,  2  tubes ; 
twin  screw  ;   Hp.,  7,500=25  kts. 

Bothenand  Lighthooia,  which  was  completed 
towards  the  end  of  1885,  although  started  in  1881, 
is  situated  at  the  entrance  of  the  River  Weser, 
Germany,  and  is  a  structure  of  great  interest  on 
account  of  the  difficulties  met  with  in  its  construc- 
tion. The  tower  is  built  on  a  bottom  of  shifting 
sand  20  ft.  below  low  water  in  a  very  exposed  situa- 
tion. The  illuminant  used  is  electricity,  the 
current  being  supplied  by  a  cable  from  the  shore.- 

Botomaliana.  Steamer  built  by  Messrs.  William 
Denny  and  Brothers,  Dumbarton,  in  1879,  for 
the  Union  Steamship  Co.  of  New  Zealand.  She 
was  the  first  ocean-going  steel  steamer  ever  con- 
structed. 

Botterdam  Lloyd  line  of  steamers,  established  in 
1883  by  Messrs.  W.  M.  Ruys  and  Sons,  one  of  the 
largest  and  oldest  shipowning  and  shipbroking  firms 
in  Holland,  under  special  mail  contract  with  the 
Netherlands  Government,  trade  to  Java,  via  the 
Suez  Canal.  The  line  has  forged  steadily  ahead,  and 
now  owns  a  fleet  of  17  steamers,  the  largest  of  which 
maintain  a  fortnightly  mail  service  from  Rotter- 
dam, via  Southampton  and  Marseilles,  for  Padang, 
Cheribon,  Samarang,  Sourabaya.  Another  service 
carrying  passengers  and  cargo  is  maintained  at 
regular  intervals  from  Rotterdam,  Southampton 
and  Marseilles  for  Port  Said,  Suez,  Padang,  and 
Batavia. 

Fleet. 

Ardjoeno,  Cede.  Ophir. 

Bengalen.  Goenioer.  Rindjani, 

Besoeki.  Kawi.  Salak. 

Bogor.  Lawoe,  Sindoro. 

Diocjo.  Malang,  Solo. 

Oedawi,  Trilis. 

Gross  tonnage,  65,000. 


Bottordam-LondOB  Staamfhip  Co.,  with  the  head 
office  in  Rotterdam,  have  a  fleet  of  two  steamers, 
which  maintain  a  regular  service  between  Rotter- 
dam and  London.  One  steamer  leaves  Rotterdam 
every  Wednesday  and  Saturday  for  London,  and 
vice  versa. 

Fleet. 
Export.  Import. 

Bough.  Not  smooth ;  violently  agitated ; 
thrown  into  great  waves. 

Bomnaiiia.  Anchor  Line  steamer.  Wrecked  aSi 
Gronho  on  the  coast  of  Portugal,  October  28,  1892  j 
206  lives  lost. 

Bonmanian  Maritime  Service.  See  Service  Mari- 
time Roumanian. 

Bound.    To  go  before  the^  ^ind. 

Bound  down.    To  slack  by  hand. 

Boonding.  Old  three  or  four  inch  rope  used  to 
prevent  a  cable  being  chafed. 

Bonnd  in  the  weafher-braoes.  To  bring  the  yards 
nearer  to  square. 

Boondly.    Quickly. 

Bonnd  to.    Coming  to  the  wind  and  heaving  ta 
Bound  tnm.    A  double  twist  in  a  cable. 
Bonnd  np.    To  shorten  up. 

Bonnthwaite*  Henry  Morrison  (b.  Sunderland, 
December  23,  1852).  Educated  at  a  private  school, 
9^d  from  1868  to  1872  served  an  apprenticeship  at 
the. j^orth -Eastern  Marine  Engineering  Co.,  Sunder- 
land, on  the  completion  of  which  he  was  appointed 
draughtsman  to  the  firm.  In  1874  he  went  to  Hull, 
and  joined  Messrs.  Earle's  Shipbuilding  and  Engip- 
eering  Co.,  and  shortly  afterwards  became  resident 
engine^  at  Whitburn  Colliery^  and  was  in  charge 
while  shafts  were  being  sunk  through  the  water- 
bearing strata  by  the  Kind-Chandron  process.  In 
1878  he  joined  the  firm  of  Messrs.  W.  Doxford  and 
Sons,  and  took  a  leading  part  in  building  and  start- 
ing the  engine  works  at  Pallion.  In  1882  he  joined 
the  drawing  office  of  Messrs.  Maudslay,  Son,  and 
Fields,  and  while  there  designed  machinery  of  some 
80  warships  for  British  and  foreign  Navies,  remain- 
ing with  this  company  until  it  was  wound  up  in 
1 900.  Shortly  after  this  he  entered  into  partnership 
with  Mr.  A.  £.  Seaton.  and  in  1903  was  appointed 
mechanical  engineer  to  the  London  County  Council, 
and  placed  in  charge  of  the  machinery  at  their 
pumping  stations,  sludge  steamers,  ferry  boats, 
and  river  steamers. 

Is  a  member  of  Institution  of  Mechanical  Engi- 
neers. Institution  of  Naval  Architects,  and  an 
honorary  member  of  the  Institution  of  Junior 
Engineers. 

Publications  :  Has  contributed  various  papers 
published  in  the  Transactions  of  leading  technical 
institutions. 


ROUSE 


540 


ROYAL 


Boue  it  in.    Hauling  a  cable  by  hand. 

Bonit     A  word  signifying  strong  tide  or  current. 

Bovens.    Corruption  of  rope  bands. 

Sow.    To  propel  a  boat  by  oars  or  sweeps. 

Bowan.  U.S.  torpedo-boat  (1898).  Displace- 
ment, 143  tons ;  guns,  3  i-pdr. ;  torpedo  tubes, 
3  i8-in. ;  maximum  speed,  26  kts. 

Rowan,  Frederick  John  (b.  Kirkintilloch,  Novem 
ber,  1843).  Educated  private  school,  Glasgow ; 
Wellington  ;  Glasgow  University ;  and  at  Ander- 
son's College,  under  Professor  F.  Penny.  Served 
his  apprenticeship  at  the  Atlas  Works,  Glasgow, 
and  afterwards  took  part  in  the  management  of  the 
Bessemer  Steel  Works.  In  1873  ^^  superintended 
the  construction  of  the  water-tube  boilers  fitted  in 
the  Propontis,  and  other  steamers,  and  made  two 
voyages  for  engineering  observances.  In  1876  he 
designed  the  first  three  chamber  water-tube  boiler, 
a  type  which  has  since  been  largely  used  as  "  ex- 
press "  boilers,  and  dming  that  year  published  a 
paper  on  boiler  incrustration  and  corrosion,  which 
had  been  before  Section  G  of  the  British  Association. 
He  received  the  silver  medal  of  the  Royal  Scots 
Society  of  Arts  for  a  paper  on  *'  The  Autokinetic 
Telegraph  System,"  and  awards  for  papers  on 
water-tube  boilers  and  the  use  of  high  explosives  in 
coal  mining.  In  1881-82  he  lectured  on  fuel  in 
connection  with  the  Young  Chair  of  Technical 
Society  of  Scotland  and  West  of  Scotland  Technical 
College,  these  lectures  afterwards  forming  the 
basis  of  the  volume  on  "  Fuel  and  its  Appliances," 
which  he  wrote  for  Grove's  and  Thorpe's  Chemical 
Technology,  in  conjunction  with  Dr.  E.  J.  Mills  (a 
standard  text  book  on  the  subject) .  In  1 903  his  work 
of  the  practical  physics  on  the  modem  steam  boiler 
was  published.  He  is  a  successful  inventor  of  elec- 
tro-magnetic machine  tools  and  steam  boilers,  and 
is  well  known  in  connection  with  the  technology  of 
these  subjects. 

He  is  an  associate  member  of  Institution  of  Civil 
Engineers,  ex-member  of  Council  of  Institution 
of  Engineers  and  Shipbuilders  in  Scotland,  and 
member  of  Council  of  West  of  Scotland  Iron  and 
Steel  Institute,  etc. 

Publications :  "  Fuel  and  its  Appliances," 
"  The  Practical  Physics  of  the  Modem  Steam 
Boiler,"  and  numerous  papers  published  in  the 
Transactions  of  the  British  Association,  ;  Philo- 
sophical Society  of  Glasgow ;  Royal  Scottish 
Society  of  Arts,  Edinburgh ;  Society  of  Arts, 
London  ;  Institution  of  Civil  Engineers,  London  ; 
Institution  of  Engineers  and  Shipbuilders  in  Scot- 
land ;  Mining  Institute  of  Scotland  ;  Iron  and  Steel 
Institute ;  Institution  of  Mechanical  Engineers ; 
Society  of  Chemical  Industry;  Federated  Insti- 
tution of  Mining  Engineers ;  West  of  Scotland 
Technical  College ;  Scientific  Society ;  and  in  the 
following  technical  magazines  :  "  Engineering," 
"  Iron  and  Coal  Trades  Review,"  "  Feilden's  Maga- 


r*        II 


ane,"     "The    Engineering    Times,"     "  Cassier's 
Magazine,"  "  Science  Abstracts." 

Bowbowline  or  Bnmbowline.  Condemned  canvas 
rope,  and  such  like. 

Bowell»  Heri>ort  (b.  Newcastle,  November  24, 
z86o).  Naval  architect.  Educated  Biill  HiU 
School,  London,  and  Chateau  de  Prangine,  Switzer- 
land. On  leaving  Switzerland  he  studied  naval 
architecture  under  Professor  Elgar  and  subse- 
quently became  the  first  lecturer  on  this  subject  at 
the  Durham  College  of  Science,  Newcastle.  He 
served  his  apprenticeship  with  Messrs.  \^ham 
Richardson  and  Co.,  and  on  its  completion  joined 
the  staff  of  Messrs  Armstrong,  Mitchell  and  Co., 
under  Sir  W.  H.  White  (q.v,),  and  Sir  PhiUp  Watts 
{q.v.),  later  joining  the  Italian  establishment  of  this 
firm  in  charge  of  the  construction  of  two  coast 
defence  vessels  for  the  Italian  Government.  In 
1890  he  joined  Messrs.  R.  and  W.  Hawthorn.  Leslie 
and  Co.,  Ltd.,  and  in  1896  became  managing 
director  of  the  shipbuilding  and  repairing  depart- 
ment. He  has  been  responsible  for  a  large  number 
of  British  and  foreign  passenger  vessels,  insula t<?d 
vessels  for  the  Australian  meat  trade ;  high  speed 
troop  ships  for  the  Russian  Volunteer  fleet ;  and  a 
large  number  of  torpedo-boat  destroyers  for  the 
British  Admiralty,  among  these  being  the  Viper, 
which  achieved  the  highest  speed  ever  attained 
by  any  vessel — vis.,  36*65  kts. 

Is  Vice-President  of  the  North-East  Coast  Institu- 
tion of  Engineers  and  Shipbuilders ;  member  of 
the  Institution  of  Naval  Architects,  and  President 
of  the  Jarrow  Division  of  the  Unionist  Association. 

Publication :  "  The  Development  of  Troop 
Ships,"  published  in  the  Transactions  of  the  Insti- 
tution of  Naval  Architects,  1905. 

SowL  An  iron  or  wooden  wheel  for  whip- 
tackle. 

Bowlook.  Spaces  in  the  gunwale  of  a  boat 
wherein  the  oars  work. 

Bowse.  To  pull  together  upon  a  cable  without 
the  assistance  of  mechanical  power. 

Boxborgh.  British  ist  class  cruiser.  (London 
and  Glasgow,  1904.) 

Length  450ft.  Beam  68ft.  Maximum  draught  25ft. 
Displacement  i  o, 700  tons.    Complement  65  5. 
Guns,  Armour, 

4 — 7*5  in.  "  Kmpp." 

6—6  in.  6  in.  Belt  amidships. 

2 — 12  pdr.  6  in.  Barbettes. 

22 — 3  pdr.  12  in.  Conning  tower. 

2  Maxims. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
2  Submerged. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  21,000^22^  kts.    Coal  auud- 
mum  1,800  tons.    Approximate  cost  ;£8 50.000. 

BosraL  A  fine  weather  sail,  spread  immediately 
next  above  top-gallant  sail. 


ROYAL 5, 

Boykl  Adelaide.  Emigrant  vessel.  Went  ashore 
on  Chesil  beach,  between  Weymouth  and  Portland, 
November  25.  iS^i.  and  became  a  total  wreck, 

Bcval  Adelaide.  Steamer.  Wiecked  off  the 
Tongue  Sands,  near  Margate  ;   over  400  Uvea  lost. 

Koyal  Albert  Tacbt  ClDb,  Sonthsea.  Estabhshed 
1865.  Received  Admiralty  warrant.  Febniary  17. 
1S66.  Flag:  Blue  ensign.  Burgee:  Blue,  with 
red  cross  on  a  white  one,  Royal  Crown  in  centre. 

The  Albert  Cup  is  quite  an  historical  institution, 
and  for  nearly  half  a  century  mote  good  matches 
have  been  sailed  for  it  than  for  any  other  similar 
trophy. 

WINNERS  OF  THE  ALBERT  CUPS. 


IK9 

1866 

R.A  Y.  ... 

186S 

::    ;:; 

1870 

::    :;; 

1S76 



]tll 

:;    ::; 

lesi 

ISB2 

::    : 

188* 

::    ::: 

1883 

1887 

!^ 

::    :: 

!^ 

J89S 

::    ;;: 

1S96 



1S9B 

::    ~. 

19001 



1«M 

;;    .. 

1905 



19M 

Floriitda  '.'. 
Fhrinda  .. 

NeptuH*    .. 


Rig. 


CoDDl     Batlhy. 

E.  Bo'utclier. 
H.     D.       Mbc- 


Mirquis  M  Ailu. 
J.    p.    Hcddar. 


W.  G.  D.  Gcff. 
J.  JiHinoa. 

J.JanwHin. 
Lord  DunnTec 


Nora 


Coboig-Gotha. 

Commodore,  T.  M.  Lord ;  Vice-Commodore,  Myles 
B.  Kennedy ;  Rear-Commodore,  H.  J.  Mason ; 
Secretary.  Colonel  H.  P.  Knight,  R.E.  Entrance 
fe«,  ^  4s.  ;  annual  subscription.  ^4  4s. 

Bonl  Allred  Aged  Hetohant  Seamen'i  Ingtita- 
tion,  nie,  was  founded  in  1S67  to  give  a  home  or 
pension  to  the  British  merchant  sailor  when  old 
and  destitute.      Daring  the  last  40  years  3.375  P"')^ 


(I ROYAL 

and  aged  seamen  have  been  permanently  relieved. 
In  the  home  at  Belvedere,  Kent  (so  graphically 
described  by  W.  Clark  Russell,  the  weU-known 
author),  over  100  ancient  mariners  are  fed,  clothed, 
and  fully  maintained.  la  addition  to  this  estab- 
lishment more  than  500  out -pensioners  receive  £1 
per  month  at  their  own  homes  scattered  through- 
out the  country.  This  national  institution,  the 
only  one  of  its  special  character  in  the  United 
Kingdom,  is  unendowed,  and  supported  by  volun- 
tary contributions.  H.M.  the  King  annually  sub- 
scribes to  its  funds,  and  it  is  under  the  distin- 
guished patronage  of  H.R.H.  The  Prince  of  Wales. 

Admiral  Sir  F.  Leopold  McChntock,  K.C.B.,  etc., 
is  chairman  of  the  committee  of  management,  and 
the  Most  Hon.  the  Marquis  of  Graham,  Captain 
Edward  F.  Inglefield,  R.N.  (Secretary  of  Lloyd's), 
and  other  weU-known  gentlemen  are  members  o£ 
the  Board.  The  head  office  is  at  58  Fenchurch 
Street,  London,  E.C..  and  the  secretary,  Mr.  J. 
Bailey  Walker. 

Efforts  are  being  made  to  give  wider  publicity 
to  the  claims  of  this  old  sailors'  charity  in  the 
belief  that  the  knowledge  of  its  humane  work  will 
gain  for  it  that  measure  of  support  of  which  it 
stands  so  greatly  in  need. 

Roril  AUred  Taoht  GHab.  Established  1857,  and 
christened  the  "  Irish  Model  Yacht  Club."  In 
1864  the  club  adopted  the  title  of  the  "  Prince 
Alfred  Yacht  Club,"  Two  years  later  the  Duke  of 
Edinburgh  identified  himself  more  closely  than 
heretofore  with  the  club  that  bore  hte  name  by 
becoming  its  patron,  and  presenting  a  cup  to  be 
sailed  for.  In  1870  the  club  took  the  title  of 
"  Royai  Alfred  Yacht  Clnb,"  and  in  1S71  the  Duke 
of  Edinburgh  assumed  the  duties  of  commodore. 
In  1873  the  club  was  presented  with  the  first  of 
the  Queen's  cups  of  which  it  has  been  a  recipient. 
In  1S74  the  club  numbered  300  members  and 
163  yachts,  and  the  amount  given  in  prices  was 
^364.  Flag :  Red  ensign  without  device.  Burgee  : 
Red,  gold  crown  and  anchor  in  centre.  Commo- 
dore, H.R.H.  the  Duke  of  Connaught;  Vice- 
Commodore,  Henry  Crawford ;  Rear-Commodore, 
the  Hon.  Mr.  Justice  Boyd  ;  Honorary  Treasurer, 
Edward  P.  Johnson  ;  Honorary  Secretary,  J.  B. 
Stephens.  Entrance  fee,  £3  zs.  ;  annual  subscrip- 
tion, £1  IS. 

Boyal  Anglesey  Taoht  Clab,  Beaumaris.  Estab- 
lished 1885.  Received  first  Admiralty  warrant  in 
1885,  and  a  fresh  warrant  on  change  of  flag  in 
1S94  ;  but  previous  to  that  the  club  was  called 
the  "Beaumaris  Club,"  which  was  established  in 
1603,  and  was  the  only  club  in  the  country.  Flag  : 
Blue  ensign,  crown  in  centre  of  union.  Burgee  : 
Blue,  with  Anglesey  badge  of  the  red  dragon. 
Commodore,  Sir  R.  H.  Williams  Bulkeley  ;  Vice- 
Commodore,  Colonel  T.  L.  Hampton  Lewis  ;  Rear- 
Commodore,  James  H.  Burton ;  Honorary  Secre- 
tary and  Treasurer,  Captain  F.  R.  S.  Gervns ; 


ROYAL 


542 


ROYAL 


Assistant   Secretary,    William   Griffith.     Entrance 
fee,  ;f2  25. ;  annual  subscription,  £1  is. 

Royal  Arthur.     British  ist  class  cruiser.     (Ports- 
mouth, 1 89 1.) 

Length  360ft.   Beam  60ft.   Maximum  draught  26ft. 
Displacement  7,700  tons.     Complement  544. 


Guns, 

I — 9*2  in. 
12 — 6  in. 
1 2 — 6  pdr. 

2 — 9  pdr.  Boat. 

5—3  pdr. 


A  rmour. 
"  Steel." 

5  in.  Deck. 
12  in.  Conning  tower. 


2  Maxims. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
2  Submerged. 
Twin    screw.     Hp.    natural    10,000=18*5    kts., 
forced    12,000=  i9'5    kts.     Coal    maximum    1,250 
tons.     Approximate  cost  ;(42 0,000. 

Royal  Belgiaii  Sailing  dab.  Established  1863. 
Commodore,  Baron  Alfred  de  N6ve  de  Roden  j 
Vice-Commodore,  E.  de  Kerchove  d'Ousselghem  ; 
Rear-Commodore,  Louis  de  Porre  ;  Honorary  Secre- 
tary and  Treasurer,  Albert  Solvyns,  138,  Coupure, 
Ghent.  Entrance  fee,  10  francs ;  annual  subscrip- 
tion, 25  francs. 

Royal  Bombay  Yacht  dab.  Established  1846. 
Title  of  "  Royal  "  conferred  1876.  '  Admiralty  war- 
rant 1880,  and  later  one  received  in  1894.  ^^  '• 
Blue  union  in  left  comer,  on  right.  Star  of  India, 
surmounted  by  Imperial  Crown.  Burgee :  Blue, 
with  star  and  crown.  President,  Hon.  Walter 
Hughes ;  Vice-President,  F.  Owen  Dunn ;  Com^ 
modore,  C.  T.  R.  Scovell ;  Honorarj'  Secretary, 
E.  C.  Richards.  Entrance  fee,  Rs.  200 ;  annual 
subscription,  Rs.  12  ;  resident  subscription,  Rs.  7 
per  month. 

Royal  Canadian  Taoht  dab,  Toronto.  Estab- 
lished 1852.  Flag :  Blue  ensign,  with  crown  in 
lower  comer.  Burgee ;  Blue,  white  cross  and 
crown.  Commodore,  Stephen  Haas ;  Vice-Com- 
modore, G.  H.  Gooderham ;  Rear-Commodore,  Dr. 
A.  A.  MacDonald  ;  Honorary  Treasurer,  G.  E. 
Macrae  ;  Secretary,  Edward  Porter.  Entrance  fee, 
residents  15  dols.,  non-residents  10  dols.  ;  annual 
subscription,  residents  20  dols..  non-residents 
5  dols. 

Royal  Canoe  dab,  Gravesend.  Established  1866. 
Commodore,  Geo.  Herbert;  Captain,  B.  de  Q. 
Quincey ;  Mates,  R.  F.  Lawson  and  S.  Overton  ; 
Treasurer  and  Secretary,  C.  E  Browne.  Entrance 
fee,  £2  2s. ;  annual  subscription,  £1  is. 

Royal  Channel  IslandB  Yacht  dab.  Established 
1864.  Commodore.  Sir  William  H.  Venables 
Vernon ;  Vice-Commodore,  Lieut. -Colonel  P.  Robin  ; 
Rear-Commodore,  Dr.  J.  Leale ;  Honorary  Trea- 
surer, Captain  C.  M.  Robin ;  Honorary  Secretary, 
N.  R.  Winstanley,  Jersey  Railways  Terminus. 
Jersey.    Entrance  fee,  £i  ;  annual  subscription,  £1 . 


Royal  Charter.  Screw  steamer.  Wrecked  off 
Moelfre,  on  the  Anglesey  coast,  October  25,  1859; 
446  lives  were  lost.  She  contained  gold  amounting 
in  value  to  about  ;^8oo,ooo,  much  of  which  has 
been  recovered. 

Royal  Cinqae  Ports  Tacht  dab,  Dover.  Estab- 
lished 1872.  Received  Admiralty  warrant  May  6, 
1872.  Flag:  Blue,  union  in  comer-  Burgee:  Blue, 
with  Cinque  Ports  arms. 

Tlie  principal  event  sailed  at  the  annual  regatta 
of  this  club  is  the  Dover  to  Boulogne  race.  The 
following  list  gives  particulars  of  the  winners, 
boat  owners,  etc.  : 


!3 

Yacht. 

Rig. 

Tons. 

Owner. 

1870 

Cambria        

Schooner]    199 

J.  Ashbuo'- 

1871 

Guinevere      

•• 

294 

C.  S.  A.  TheUus- 

son. 
E.  Boutcher. 

1872 

Fiona  (June  14)    ... 

Cutter 

78 

1872 

Guinevere  (J  une  24i 

Scfaoonerl    294 

C.  S.  A.  ThcUttSr 

son. 
W.  Jessop. 

1873 

Plorinda 

Yawl 

140 

1874 

Sea  Belle       

Schoonez 

142 

H.  Taylor. 

1875 

Corinne      (Queen's 
Cup) 

1% 

160 

N.Wood. 

1876 

>-/»^C#    •••       ■»•       •••       ••# 

f « 

215 

J.  A.  Hankey. 

1877 

''Auairalia    

«i 

207 

W.  W.  Hushes. 

1878 

Formosa        

Cutler 

103 

F.  S.  Stanley. 

1879 

Florinda 

Yawl 

134 

\V.  Jessop. 

1880 

\Miranda      

Schooner 

132 

G.  C.  Lampsoa 

1881 

Florinda 

Yawl 

134 

W.  Jessop. 

1882 

I-toma      ., 

•t 

85 

S.  Hope  Morley 

1883 

Samoena 

Cutter 

88 

J.  Jameson. 

1884 

Lorna      

Yawl 

85 

S.  Hope  Moriey. 

1885 

I  •  C»M5  «•«        ••«        •■■        ••» 

ft 

39 

H.  K.  Laing. 

1886 

Wendur 

•t 

113 
rating. 

H.  R.  Laing. 

1887 

Vol  au  Vent 

t. 

86 

R.  Ingham  Clark. 

1888 

Peironillit      

Cutter 

56 

Harl  of  Duntsven. 

1889 

XAmphitrite 

Schooner 

132 

Col.  Macgregor. 

1890 

Thistle    

Cutter 

1.14 

James  BelL 

1891 

ivertia     

•• 

118 

J.  Jameson. 

1892 

Queen  Mab    

t« 

40 

T.  B.  C.  West. 

1893 

Calluna 

it 

131 

P.  Donaldson. 

1894 

Britannia     

f  « 

152 

H.R.H.  Prince  of 
Wales. 

1894 

Vendetta  ("  Handi> 
cap") 

ft 

40 
tons 

Evelyn  Simpson. 

1895 

Namara  ...    ...    ... 

•  < 

102 

W.  B.  Paget. 

1896 

Maid  Marion 

t. 

72 

M  y  les  B.  Kennedy. 

1897 

Caress     

•  f 

78 

H.T.  VanLaan. 

1898 

Maid  Marion 

t. 

72 

Myles  B.Kennedy. 

1899 

Creole      

99 

54 

Col.  V.  Bagoc. 

1900 

Clara       ... 

Schoonei 

185 

Max  Guilleanine: 

1900 

Nebula    

Yawlj 

36 

A.  K.  Stothen. 

1901 

M rex    ...     ...     ...     ... 

Cutter 

88 

H.  Marzetti. 

1902 

Clara       

Schooner 

185 

Max  GuilleaniDe. 

1902 

Ftona      

Cutter 

80 

H.  M.  Rait. 

1903 

Brynhild        

Yawl 

153 

Sir  James  Pender. 
Bart. 

1903 

Fionci       

Cutter 

80 

H.  M.  Rait. 

1904 

Brynhild      (King's 
Cup) 

Yawl 

153 

Sir     J.     Pender. 
Bart. 

1905 

Susanne 

Schooner 

154 

Herr    Hulddchio- 
sky. 

1906 

Adela 

•• 

224 

C.  T.  Caley. 

1907 

Brynhild       

Yawl 

153 

Sir     J.     Pender. 
Bart. 

*  1877.  Australia  arrived  first,  and  winner.  Duration  of 
race,  4  hours  12  minutes  40  seconds. 

t  1880.  Latona  arrived  first,  and  Miranda  winner.  Dura- 
tion of  race,  4  hours  14  minutes  4  seconds. 

t  1889.  Wemlur  arrived  first,  and  Atnphitrite  winner. 
Duration  of  race.  4  hours  13  minutes  28  seconds. 

Commodore,  H.R.H.  the  Duke  of  Connaught; 
Vice-Commodore,  tlie  Duke  of  Leeds ;  Rear-Com- 
modore, E.  Percy  Barlow ;  Secretary.  J.  G.  Pode>in- 
Annu'al  subscription  £^  3s.  Refer  to  Royal  Yacht 
Squadron. 

Boyal  Clyde  Yaoht  Clab.  Established  1856.  and 
received   the   Admiralty   warrant  on   January  5* 


ROYAL 


543 


ROYAL 


1857.  The  flags  of  the  club  are  the  blue  ensign  of 
His  Majesty's  Fleet,  and  a  blue  burgee,  with  a 
yellow  shield  and  red  lion  in  centre.  The  club 
house  is  situated  at  Hunter's  Quay,  near  Dunoon. 
The  club  keeps  a  40-ton  cutter  and  two  sailing 
boats  for  the  use  of  the  members.  Commodore, 
Sir  Hugh  H.  Smiley ;  Vice-Commodore,  William 
Beardmore ;  Rear-Commodore,  Robert  Wylie ; 
Secretary  and  Treasurer,  William  York.  Entrance 
fee,  £^  45. ;  annual  subscription,  £2  2s,  for  in-port 
and  £1  IS.  for  out-port  members. 

Royal  Corinthian  Yacht  Clah.  Headquarters  at 
Port  Victoria,  and  branch  at  Burnham.  Estab- 
lished at  Erith  on  May  28,  1872.  Received  Ad- 
miralty warrant  July  4,  1884,  and  is  the  oldest 
Corinthian  club  in  the  kingdom.  The  club  was 
formed  with  the  object  of  encouraging  amateur 
yacht  sailing,  and  since  its  formation  has  steadily 
kept  this  object  in  view,  all  the  races  for  the 
smaller  classes  being  sailed  entirely  without  pro- 
fessional assistance.  In  the  season  of  1906  there 
were  33  races,  in  which  some  60  different  yachts 
took  part,  varying  from  one  to  72  tons.  Burgee  : 
Blue,  with  golden  laurel  wreath  and  crown  in 
centre.  Commodore,  F.  Last ;  Honorary  Trea- 
surer, J.  A.  Milne  ;  Secretary,  T.  G.  F.  Winser. 
Entrance  fee,  £$  35.  ;  annual  subscription,  £2  2s. 

Royal  Cork  Yaoht  dub.  In  point  of  age,  the 
yachting  organisation  which  is  known  as  the 
Royal  Cork  Yacht  Club  is  an  easy  first  among 
similar  institutions  in  the  United  Kingdom.  In 
1720  tlie  first  yacht  club  in  these  islands  was 
established  by  a  number  of  Irish  sportsmen  under 
the  name  of  the  Cork  Harbour  Water  Club.  The 
place  whence  the  club  derived  its  name  was  not 
known  as  Queenstown  until  more  than  a  century 
later,  when  it  had  been  visited  by  her  late  Majesty 
Queen  Victoria. 

At  the  date  of  its  inception  no  similar  organisa- 
tion existed,  and  although  the  late  Mr.  Dixon 
Kemp  traced  the  existence  of  yachts  owned  by 
private  persons  on  Southampton  Water  and  the 
Solent  as  far  back  as  1750 — the  Duke  of  Richmond 
certainly  had  a  large  pleasure  craft  built  at  Itchen 
Ferry  in  1783 — ^there  appears  to  have  been  no 
institution  like  the  one  called  into  existence  by  the 
Irishmen  in  1720.  Many  of  the  proceedings  of  this 
ancient  body  have  been  handed  down  to  posterity, 
and  these  records  are  still  in  existence. 

A  copy  of  the  "  rules  and  orders  for  the  Water 
Club  of  the  Harbour  of  Cork,"  as  established  in 
1 720,  contains  much  curious  reading.  Thus  it  was 
'•  ordered  that  the  Water  Club  be  held  once  every 
spring-tide,  from  the  first  spring-tide  in  April  to 
the  last  in  September  inclusive,  and  that  no  admiral 
do  bring  more  than  two  dishes  of  meat  for  the 
entertainment  of  the  club." 

Furthermore,  it  was  **  resolved  that  no  admiral 
presume  to  bring  more  than  two  dozen  of  wine  to 
his  treat ;  for  it  has  alwavs  been  deemed  a  breach 


of  the  ancient  rules  and  constitutions  of  the  club, 
except  when  my  lords  and  judges  are  invited." 
The  delicate  compUment  to  the  Bench  impUed  by 
the  last  sentence  is  characteristic  of  the  times. 

After  all  these  severe  restrictions,  which  were 
placed  on  the  admiral,  the  following  carte-blanche 
comes  rather  as  a  surprise.  No  captain  was  to  bring 
any  stranger  to  the  club  "  unless  they  should  lie 
at  the  captain's  house  the  night  before,  this  order 
not  to  extend  to  the  admiral,  who  has  a  right  to 
invite  whom  he  pleases." 

The  members  of  the  Water  Club  tenanted  Haul- 
bowline  Island,  facing  the  present  Queenstown, 
and  occupied  the  castle.  A  formal  show  of  sove- 
reignty  over  the  island  was  kept  up,  and  no  strong- 
hold was  ever  more  jealously  guarded  against  the 
intrusion  of  unauthorised  visitors. 

It  was  ordered,  as  an  outward  show  of  their 
independence,  "  that  the  secretary  do  prepare  an 
Union  Flag  with  the  Rojral  Irish  Harp  and  Crown 
on  a  green  field  in  the  centre."  And  this  flag  was 
to  be  hoisted  oa  club  days  early  in  the  morning 
*'  on  the  castle  of  Haulbowline." 

The  duty  of  governing  this  castle  was  vested  la 
one  of  the  members,  who  was  styled  the  "  Knight 
of  the  Island,"  and  by  the  "  orders "  he  was 
directed  not  to  admit  any  person  or  persons  what- 
soever to  enter  the  castle,  unless  accompanied  by 
a  member,  or  upon  the  written  order  signed  by  at 
least  five  members,  and  should  the  "  Knight "  bo 
found  lax  in  these  matters  he  was  liable  to  be 
instantly  cashiered. 

The  secretary  was  ordered  to  "  have  the  Rules 
of  this  Club  affixed  to  some  proper  place  in  the 
club-room  at  Haulbowline  Island."  Six  members 
only  were  to  "  make  a  full  dub."  Of  the  rites  and 
ceremonies  observed  within  the  castle  walls  there 
exists  but  a  scanty  record.  From  the  regulations 
quoted  above  it  must  be  inferred  that  there  must 
have  been  a  dignified  simplicity  about  the  pro« 
ceedings,  since  one  of  the  rules  enjoined  "  that  no 
long-tail  wigs,  large  sleeves,  or  ryffles  be  worn  by 
any  member  of  the  club."  The  dandy  spirit  of 
the  age  must  have  rebelled  against  this  irksome 
restriction,  since  there  is  in  the  old  copy  a  MS. 
annotation  stating  "  this  rule  is  to  be  abolished." 

Every  cloud  has  a  silver  lining,  and  so  the 
various  onerous  duties  imposed  on  the  admiral 
were  more  than  counterbalanced  by  a  number  oi 
Uttle  delicate  attentions  to  which  that  august 
personage  was  entitled.  Thus  it  was  "  ordered 
that  no  boat  presume  to  sail  ahead  of  the  admiral, 
or  depart  from  the  fleet  without  his  orders,  but 
may  carry  what  sail  he  pleases  to  keep  company." 
Also  "  that  when  any  of  the  fleet  join  the  admiral, 
if  they  have  not  guns  to  salute,  they  are  to  give 
three  cheers,  which  are  to  be  returned  by  the 
admiral,  and  one  cheer  to  be  retiuned  by  the 
captain  so  saluting."  The  admiral  of  the  day,  to 
be  better  distinguished,  had  to  wear  at  his  mast- 
head a  "proper  snuill  flag,"  which  may  be  re- 


ROYAL 


544 


ROYAL 


garded  as  the  prototype  of  the  modem  swallow- 
tail commodore's  burgee. 

The  number  of  members  was  limited  to  25.  In 
1737  the  club  passed  the  following  resolution : 
"  That  for  the  future  unless  the  company  exceed 
the  number  of  15,  no  man  shall  be  allowed  more 
than  one  bottle  to  his  share  and  a  peremptory." 
Why  he  should  be  allowed  more  than  "  one  bottle 
to  his  share  "  if  the  company  exceeded  15  is  not 
very  clear,  and  what  might  be  the  displacement  of 
a  '*  peremptory  "  has  not  been  handed  down  to 
posterity. 

The  original  members  were  Lord  Inchiquin,  the 
Hon.  James  O'Bryen,  Charles  O'Neal,  Henry 
Mitchell.  Richard  Bullen  (chaplain),  and  John 
Rogers. 

Talking  shop  was  guarded  against  by  the  regula- 
tion "  that  such  members  of  the  club,  or  others  as 
shall  talk  of  sailing  after  dinner,  be  fined  a  bumper." 

Most  of  the  rules  tended,  very  properly,  towards 
conviviality,  as  the  following  will  show:  It  was 
resolved  "  that  the  Members  of  this  Qub  do  enter- 
tain in  course  of  seniority  (if  in  the  Kingdom),  or 
appoint  another  member  to  take  his  turn,  upon 
proper  notice  given  him  by  the  secretary,  upon 
pain  of  expulsion."  Another  regulation  with  a 
similar  tendency  says  that  all  the  business  of  the 
club  "  be  done  before  dinner,  except  appointing 
the  time  of  the  next  meeting  or  presenting  mulcting, 
and  levying  fines." 

The  fleet — some  excellent  pictures  of  which, 
painted  by  Monamy  in  1738  and  presented  by 
Admiral  the  Marquis  of  Thomond,  are  still  in 
possession  of  the  club — ^was  ordered  to  assemble 
every  spring- tide  at  the  head  of  the  Spit  Bank 
(just  inside  the  harbour)  for  evolutionary  sailing, 
and  if  any  yacht  was  not  in  sight  by  the  time  the 
admiral  was  abreast  of  the  castle  on  Spike  Island 
he  was  made  to  **  forfeit  a  British  half-a-crown 
for  gunpowder  for  the  fleet." 

The  knight  of  the  island  was  held  accountable 
for  all  goods  and  materials  belonging  to  the  club ; 
while  the  admiral  "  singly,  or  any  three  captains 
he  shall  appoint,"  had  to  decide  all  controversies 
and  disputes  that  might  arise.  Any  captain  who 
refused  to  abide  by  such  decision  was  to  be  ex- 
pelled. 

The  fleet  was  to  meet  at  Spithead  between  the 
hours  of  nine  and  eleven  in  the  morning,  but  the 
admiral  was  allowed  to  appoint  any  hour  not  later 
than  eleven,  "  as  also  a  place  of  rendezvous  upon 
extraordinary  occasions." 

The  frugality  of  these  early  yachtsmen  is  made 
apparent  from  a  rale  which  orders  the  secretary  to 
write  notices  to  the  captains  **  either  by  post  or 
messenger ;  the  captain  sent  unto  is  to  pay." 
Nobody  was  admitted  a  member  except  by  ballot, 
and  eventually  the  club  became  so  exclusive  that 
no  person  was  suffered  to  land  on  the  island  **  on 
any  clnb  day,  unless  by  leave  from  the  admiral." 

Forty  years  after  its  foundation  the  following 


new  members  were  on  the  Ust  of  the  club  :  Morough 
O'Bryen,  George  Conner,  Richard  Longfield,  James 
Nash,  William  Hodder,  John  Newenham,  Walter 
Fitzsimonds,  William  Hays,  Michael  Parker,  John 
Bullen,  John  Walcot,  Thomas  Parsons,  Henry 
Puxley,  Robert  Newenham  (secretary),  Thomas 
Newenham,  PhiUp  Lavallin,  Samuel  Hoare,  Abra- 
ham Devonshire,  Robert  Rogers,  and  James  Devon- 
shire. The  six  last  named  died  subsequently,  or 
ceased  to  be  members,  and  the  following  were 
elected  in  their  stead,  and  added  in  MS.  in  the 
old  copy  :  Edward  Roche,  Edmund  Roche,  Richard 
Dunscombe,  John  Atkins,  John  Baldwin,  Robert 
Baldwin,  and  Sampson  Stawell. 

These  old  admirals  and  their  captains  seem  to 
have  been  particularly  partial  to  the  smell  and 
roar  of  gunpowder,  and  scarcely  a  manoeuvre  took 
place  without  the  blazing  of  cannons.  For  in- 
stance, "  When  the  admiral  will  have  the  whole 
fleet  to  chase,  he  will  hoist  Dutch  colours  under 
his  flag,  and  fire  a  gun  from  each  quarter ;  if  a 
single  boat,  he  will  hoist  a  pendant,  and  fire  as 
many  guns  from  the  side  as  a  boat  is  distanced 
from  him  " — that  is,  the  number  of  boats  inter- 
vening. "  When  he  would  have  the  chase  given 
over,  he  will  haul  in  his  flag  and  fire  a  gun.  If  a 
captain  upon  an  extraordinary  occasion  should 
want  to  get  out  of  the  line  and  away,  he  is  to 
show  his  ensign  in  his  shrouds,  and  fire  a  gun. 
The  admiral,  if  he  gives  him  leave,  will  show  a 
white  flag  in  his  shrouds  and  fire  a  gun,  if  not  a 
red  flag." 

The  partiality  for  gunpowder  seems  to  have 
survived  over  a  century  and  a  half,  since  among 
the  numerous  "  regulations  to  be  observed  at  the 
club  battery  "  at  present  the  following  passage 
occurs :  "  Any  yacht  of  the  club  which  has  not 
won  a  prize  at  any  regatta  out  of  Cork  Harbour 
shall  on  her  return  receive  a  salute  of  five  guns, 
the  salute  to  be  fired  when  she  is  passing  the 
battery  at  12  o'clock  on  the  Thursday  after  her 
arrival,  notice  of  which  is  to  be  given  to  the  secre- 
tary. Any  member  claiming  the  salute  without 
being  duly  entitled  to  it  shall  be  fined  one  guinea." 

The  Cork  Water  Club  flourished  until  1765, 
when  it  seems  to  have  fallen  into  abeyance,  and 
there  is  no  record  that  it  was  in  commission  again 
until  1806. 

Between  1770  and  1805  Haulbowline  Island  was 
used  as  a  victuaUing  station  for  the  Royal  Navy. 
and  large  fleets  of  West  Indiamen  were  in  the 
habit  of  assembling  there,  awaiting  convoy.  Of 
course,  after  the  battle  of  Trafalgar  in  1805  the 
necessity  for  this  convoy  disappeared  almost 
entirely. 

The  then  Marquis  of  Thomond,  Lord  Kinsale. 
and  many  of  the  neighbouring  gentry,  including 
such  names  as  Fitzgerald,  Penrose,  Newenham. 
Drury,  and  French,  reformed  the  "  Water  Gab," 
and  extended  its  privileges  to  the  fair  sex  by 
passing  the  following  resolution :  "  That  the  wives 


ROYAL 


545 


ROYAL 


and  daughters  of  the  members  of  the  dub  be  also 

considered  members  of  the  club,  and  entitled  to 

wear  the  uniform."     There   is  nothing  to  show, 

however,   that  the  wives  and   daughters  availed 

themselves  of  this  latter  privilege ;  but  there  is 

little  doubt  that  they  took  a  keen  interest  in  the 

proceedings  of  the  Water  Club,  a  trait  which,  by 

the  way,  characterises  in  a  marked  degree  to  the 

present  day  the  ladies  of  Ireland.     Notwithstanding 

the  additional  fresh  blood  thus  imported,  it  appears 

that  in  1821  the  club  was  once  more  in  abeyance. 

In  the  following  year,  however,  some  of  the  younger 

generation  of  yachtsmen  attempted  to  carry  on 

the  club  at  Monkstown,   a  little  higher  up  the 

harbour,  as  the  expense  of  maintaining  Haulbow- 

line  Island,  and  its  castle  was  no  doubt  a  very 

considerable   strain   on   the   club's   resources.     In 

1828  all  the  old  members  once  again  rallied  round 

the  burgee,  and  the  club  was  re-established  under 

the  name  of  the  "  Cork  Yacht  Club."     A  regatta 

of  unusual  magnificence  was  held,  and  the  "  pomp 

and  circumstance  "  of  Cork  Harbour  yachting  was 

never  carried  on  with  greater  splendour. 

In  1830  the  much-coveted  prefix  "  Royal  "  was 
granted,  and  in  the  following  year  an  Admiralty 
warrant  confirmed  the  right  of  its  admirals  to  fly 
the  Union  Jack  "  with  Irish  harp  and  crown  on 
a  green  field  in  the  centre,"  and  the  fleet  generally 
to  fly  a  red  ensign  with  the  admiral's  union  in  the 
usual  copper  canton,  and  a  red  burgee  with  a  harp 
and  crown,  all  of  which  flags  are  to-day  flown  by 
the   admirals  and   members   of   the   Royal   Cork 
Yacht    Club.     One   of   the    "  original    members " 
who    re-established    the   club   was    Mr.    Caulfield 
Beamish,  who  had  a  great  genius  for  designing, 
and  whose  Per,  built  in  1827.  may  be  regarded  as 
the  forerunner  of  the  American  keel -yacht  of  the 
early    eighties.     Her   principal    dimensions    were : 
Stem  to  stem-post,  45  ft. ;    beam,   12  ft.   5  ins. ; 
draught  of  water  aft,  7  ft.  3  ins.  ;  draught  of  water 
forward,   3  ft.  3  in.     She  had  a  rounded-up  fore- 
foot and  a  sharp  turn  to  her  bilge,  while  the  curve 
of  the  garboard  was  the  exact  counterpart  of  the 
curve  of  the  bilge.     She  had  hollow  water-lines, 
and  her  displacement  was  not  more  than  15  tons. 
Her  deadwood  below  the  garboard,  in  the  shape  of 
the  false  keel,  was  3  ft.     This  yacht  proved  most 
successful  in  a  number  of  matches,  which  induced 
Mr.    Beamish   to   subsequently   build   two   larger 
craft  on  similar  lines,  the  LiUle  Paddy,  of  42  tons, 
and  Paddy  of  Cork,  of  100  tons. 

The  flag-ofi&cers  are  :  Adnural,  Lord  Barrymore  ; 
Vice-Admiral,  Thomas  S.  Coppinger;  and  the 
Secretary,  H.  B.  Brasier-Creagh. 

The  entrance  fee  is  £7,  and  the  annual  subscrip- 
tion £s  1 05. 

Bojal  ComwaH  Taoht  CIab»  Falmouth.  Estab- 
lished 1872.  Admiralty  warrant  1872.  Patrons : 
H.M.  King  Edward  VII..  H.R.H.  the  Prince  of 
Wales.     Flag  :  Blue  ensign,  with  Prince  of  Wales's 


plume  in  white.  Burgee :  Blue,  with  Prince  of 
Wales's  plume  in  white.  Commodore,  Francis 
Layland-Barratt ;  Vice-Commodore,  Edmund  Hand- 
cock  ;  Rear-Commodore,  T.  R.  Blamey ;  Treasurer, 
W.  M.  Grylls ;  Secretary,  C.  B.  King.  Entrance 
fee,  £2  25. ;  annual  subscription,  £2  2s. 

Boyal  CSrnisiiig  Olnb.  Established  x88o.  (i)  To 
associate  owners  of  yachts,  boats,  and  canoes  used 
for  cruising  on  the  sea,  river,  or  lake,  and  other 
persons  interested  in  aquatic  amusements ;  (2)  to 
give  an  opportunity  to  members  who  may  wish 
to  visit  new  coasts,  etc.,  to  obtain  information  as 
to  harbourage  and  other  local  matters,  by  means 
of  correspondence  with  members  acquainted ; 
(3)  to  circulate  among  members,  by  means-  of  a 
club  journal,  accounts  of  cruises  carried  out  by 
members  and  other  articles  likely  to  be  of  interest 
to  members ;  (4)  to  encourage  and  to  facilitate 
cruising  by  means  of  prises,  by  the  publication  of 
charts,  sailing  directions,  and  other  notices ; 
(5)  to  maintain  for  the  use  of  members  a  club- 
room  and  a  library  of  books,  charts,  maps,  and 
other  notices  connected  with  cruising.  Burgee  : 
White  and  red  vertical,  the  white  or  inner  portion 
charged  with  a  blue  cross  patte,  and  bearing  on 
its  centre  a  naval  crown.  Chief  station,  London  ; 
out  station,  Hamble.  Commodore,  Arthur  Under- 
bill ;  Vice-Commodore,  Lieut. -Colonel  Barrington 
Baker ;  Rear-Commodore,  A.  G.  Beale ;  Honorary 
Treasurer,  J.  G.  Pease ;  Honorary  Secretary, 
H.  Stuart  Moore.  Entrance  fee,  £2  2s. ;  annual 
subscription.  £1  is.     Membership  limited  to  250. 

Bogral  Dart  Taoht  Clnb^'  Kingswear,  South  Devon. 
Established  1866.  Received  Admiralty  warrant  in 
1870.  Flag :  Red  ensign,  with  crown  over  dart 
(in  yellow)  in  the  fly  of  the  flag.  Burgee :  Red, 
with  crown  and  dart  (yellow).  Commodore : 
H.  Studdy ;  Vice-Commodore,  the  Duke  of  Somer- 
set ;  Honorary  Treasurer,  C.  F.  W.  Seymour ; 
Honorary  Secretary,  H.  W.  Popham.  Entrance 
fee,  £1  IS. ;  annual  subscription,  £2  25. 

Bofal  Dee  Taebt  Oiab,  Liverpool.  Established 
Z815.  Admiralty  warrant,  1847.  Flag:  Blue  en- 
sign, with  crown  thereon.  Burgee:  Blue,  with 
crown  in  centre.  Commodore,  F.  Johnson  Hough- 
ton ;  Vice-Commodore,  C.  Maclver,  B.  A. ;  Honorary 
Secretary  and  Treasurer,  C.  Stolterfoht.  Annual 
subscription,  £i  is, 

Boyal  Dorset  YaohtOhib,  Weymouth.  Residential. 
Established  1875.  Flag  :  Blue  ensign.  Burgee  : 
White,  blue  cross  with  red  border,  crown  in  centre. 
Commodore,  Lord  Wolverton ;  Vice-Commodore, 
Montagu  Guest ;  Rear-Commodore,  the  Earl  of 
Shaftesbury ;  Honorary  Treasurer,  Major  Cam 
Sykes  ;  Honorary  Secretary  to  Sailing  Committee^ 
W.  R.  Gatehouse ;  Secretary,  F.  E.  Simmons. 
Entrance  fee,  £7  js. ;  annual  subscription,  £/^  45. 

Royal  Eattem  Taeht  dub.  Edinburgh.  Estab- 
lished in  1836.     Received  Admiralty  warrant,  June, 

T 


1 


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546 


ROYAL 


1836.  Flag :  Blue,  union  in  comer.  Burgee : 
Bltie,  with  white  cross  on  red  ground,  crown  in 
centre.  Commodore,  the  Duke  of  Buccleuch. 
K.T. ;  Vice-Commodore,  Robert  Stewart ;  Rear- 
Commodore.  John  Ferguson  ;  Honorary  Secretary, 
A.  N.  G.  Aitken.  Entrance  fee,  i;i  25.  ;  annual 
subscription,  nil. 

Boyal  Enginaert'  Yaoht  Club,  Chatham.  Estab- 
lished 1846.  Admiralty  warrant,  1872.  Flag : 
Blue  ensign.  Vice-Commodore,  Lieut.  -  General 
Sir  George  A.  Leach ;  Rear-Commodore,  Lieut.- 
Colonel  T.  English  ;  Honorary  Secretary,  Captain 
F.  S.  Garwood.  Entrance  fee,  £\  io«. ;  annual 
subscription,  l,<\  105.  ;  non-residents,  iO£. 

Royal  fish  include  i;turgeon.  whale,  and  por- 
poise. The  right  to  such  fish  cast  upon  the  shore  or 
caught  in  the  sea  within  territorial  waters  (^.v.) 
belongs  prima  facie  to  the  Sovereign,  as  one  of  the 
Royal  prerogatives.  According  to  ancient  custom 
the  entire  sturgeon,  but  only  the  head  and  tail  of 
the  whale,  went  to  the  Sovereign,  though  by  an  old 
custom  in  Admiralty  the  capturer  was  entitled  to 
half  the  body  of  the  fish.  The  right  to  Royal  fish 
may  belong  to  a  subject  by  grant  or  prescription 
and,  like  the  right  to  take  wreck,  may  be  with  or 
without  the  grant  of  foreshore. 

Bosral  Forth  Tacht  Club,  Gran  ton.  Established 
1868.  Admiralty  warrant,  1882.  Flag :  Blue 
ensign  with  crown  over  yellow  Maltese  Cross. 
Burgee  :  Blue,  crown  over  Maltese  Cross.  Commo- 
dore, Sir  Donald  Currie  ;  Vice-Commodore,  John 
Ferguson;  Rear-Commodore,  John  Inglis;  Honor- 
ary Treasurer,  R.  M.  Neill ;  Honorary  Secretary, 
R.  Garrick  Angus.  Entrance  fee,  iz  25. ;  annual 
subscription,  iz  25. 

Eoyal  Oalway  Taoht  dab,  Ireland.  Established 
1882.  Burgee :  Blue,  with  white  St.  Andrew's 
cross.  Arms  of  Gahvay,  and  crown.  Commodore, 
J.  W.  Blake ;  Vice-Commodore,  T.  M.  Kenny ; 
Rear-Commodore,  R.  B.  Tivy  ;  Honorary  Treasurer, 
P.  J.  Murray  ;  Honorary'  Secretary,  A.  E.  Sowman. 
Entrance  fee,  ;^i  \i.\   annual  subscription,  j^i  if. 

Royal  Gaorge.  One  of  the  first  iron  vessels 
built  intended  for  deep-sea  service.  She  was 
launched  in  1839,  and  put  on  the  service  between 
Glasgow  and  Liverpool. 

Royal  Gaorge.  In  1782  this  vessel,  with  Admiral 
Kempenfeldt  on  board,  having  been  careened  to  stop 
a  leak,  went  down  in  Portsmouth  Harbour ;  800 
lives  lost. 

Royal  Ctoorga.  This  vessel  can  claim  not  only  to 
be  the  oldest  yacht  afloat,  but  also  one  of  the  oldest 
ships  of  the  Royal  Navy.  This  smart  and  trim 
frigate-like  craft,  with  three  masts  withotit  yards,  is 
one  of  the  most  interesting  historical  relics  of 
Portsmouth  Harbour.  The  Victory,  of  course,  is 
older,  nearly  twice  her  age  in  fact,  and  so  is  the 
three-decker  SU  Vincent,  Kext  in  age  comes  the 
Jloy9l  George »  over  four-score  years,  and  after  her 


the  Asia,  Codrington's  flagship  at  Navarino.  now 
serving  as  a  berthing  hulk  in  the  dockyard.  Two 
Royal  Georges,  men-of-war,  has  the  Royal  George 
yacht  seen  pass  away  in  her  time — the  Royal 
George,  tiiree-decker,  successor  to  Kcmpenfeldt's 
ill-fated  first-rater,  which  fought  on  "  The  Glorioiis 
First  of  June,"  and  all  through  the  Napoleonic 
war,  and  the  later  120-gun  Royal  George,  which 
served  in  the  Baltic  in  1854  and  1855. 

The  launch  of  the  Prince  Regent's  yacht  was  a 
very  stately  ceremony.  Built  at  the  King's  dock- 
yard at  Deptford,  the  Royal  George  was  sent  afloat 
with  every  ceremony  in  the  presence  of  the  then 
Duke  of  York,  the  Lords  of  the  Admiralty,  the 
Comptroller,  and  the  Commissioner  of  the  Navy. 
A  brilliant  assemblage  of  the  notabilities  witnessed 
the  function  from  specially  erected  booths  and 
pavilions  within  the  dockyard  precincts.  "  The 
vessel,"  says  a  contemporary  account,  "  is  one  of 
the  most  elegant  ever  seen.  The  cabin  doors  are  of 
mahogany,  with  gilt  mouldings,  and  the  windows 
of  plate  glass.  Ornamental  devices  in  abundance 
are  placed  in  various  parts,  all  highly  gilt,  and  pro- 
ducing a  superb  appearance.  She  is  the  largest 
yacht  ever  constructed."  Her  size,  in  fact,  is  103ft 
length,  by  26^  ft.  breadtli,  displacing  about  360 
tons.  As  befitted  a  ship  of  the  Royal  Navy,  she 
carried  a  battery  of  eight  brass  swivel  guns. 

The  Royal  George  yacht  attracted  a  good  deal 
of  public  attention  when  she  carried  her  owner, 
attended  by  a  .squadron  of  men-of-war,  to  Scotland 
for  his  State  visit  to  the  North,  and  brought  him 
back  to  Greenwich  afterwards.  Twenty  yeaxs 
later  the  yacht  again  came  prominently  before  the 
public,  for  it  was  in  the  Royal  George  that  her  late 
Majesty  Queen  Victoria  paid  her  first  visit  to 
Scotland.  The  Queen,  with  the  Prince  Consort, 
embarked  at  Woolwich  on  August  29,  1842.  On 
this  occasion  the  Royal  George  was  towed  all  the 
way  to  the  Firth  of  Forth,  from  Woolwich  to  the 
Nore  by  one  steamer,  from  the  Nore  to  .\berlady 
by  two.  It  was  her  last  service,  for  a  year  later  the 
Queen's  new  steam  yacht,  Victoria  and  Albert,  w-'as 
afloat  and  in  commission,  and  the  Royal  George 
was,  on  that,  relegated  to  harbour  duty  at  Ports- 
mouth, where  she  now  does  service  as  receiving 
ship  for  the  crews  o^  the  Royal  yacht  when  not  in 
commission. 

Royal  Hamilton  Tacht  dub,  Ontario.  Estab- 
lished ]8gi.  Flag:  Blue  ensign.  Burgee:  Blue, 
crown  and  H  on  white  ground.  Commodore. 
Stewart  £.  Malloch ;  Vice-Commodore.  C.  O. 
Dexter ;  Roar-Commodore,  Guy  R.  Judd :  Honor- 
ary Secretary  and  Treasurer,  Thomas  W.  Lester. 
Entrance  fee,  10  dols.  ;  annual  subschptiofl. 
5  dols. 

Boyal  Harwich  Tadbt  Clnb.  Established  Septem- 
ber 28.  1843.  ^nd  received  Admiralty  warrant 
April  I,  1845.  The  distinguishing  colours  are.  by 
the  original  Admiralty  warrant,  blue  ensign  of  tiie 


ROYAL 


547 


ROYAL 


Royal  Navy,  with  a  lion  rampant  (or),  and   blue 
burgee  with  the  same  device.     The  privileges  now 
enjoyed  by  the  club  are  exercised  under  an  Admi- 
ralty warrant  dated  May  15.   1894,  granted  at  a 
time  when  the  authorities  found  it  advisable  to 
reconsider  the  conditions  under  which  Admiralty 
warrants  were  granted  to  all  yacht  clubs,  especially 
as  to  the  use  of  the  authorised  flag.    Amongst  the 
incidents  of  importance  in  the  records  of  the  club 
may  be  mentioned  the  famous  transatlantic  race 
in  July,   1870,  when  the  Commodore,  Mr.  James 
Ashbury,  sailed  his  schooner  Cambria,  beating  the 
American  schooner  Dauntless  by  two  hours,  after  a 
race    of    23    days'    duration.      Mr.  Ashbury   also 
sailed    his    schooner   Livonia    for    the    "  America 
Cup."     In  1895,  t^c  jubilee  of  the  club,  it  was 
further  distinguished  by  H.R.H.  the  then  Duke 
of  York  accepting  the  ofhce  of  Commodore,  and 
the  50th  annual  regatta  was  honoured  by  H.R.H. 
the  then  Prince  of  Wales  racing  his  cutter  Britannia. 
Commodore,  H.R.H.  the  Prince  of  Wales  ;    Vice- 
Commodore,  Sir  W.  Cuthbert  Quilter  ;    Rear-Com- 
modore,  E.   G.   Pretyman ;    Honorary  Treasurer, 
H.  F.  White-Jervis  ;   Honorary  Secretary,  Lucas  T. 
Cobbold    Entrance  fee,  £1  is.;  annual  subscription, 

£1  IS. 

Boyal  HigbUmd  Taoht  Cmb,  Oban.  Established 
1 88 1,  and  received  Admiralty  warrant  December  22, 
1 88 1.  Flag:  Blue  ensign  of  the  fleet.  Burgee: 
Blue,  with  white  St.  Andrew's  cross  and  yellow 
crown  in  centre.  Commodore  :  Colonel  D.  Camp- 
bell ;  Vice-Commodore,  Lord  Inverclyde ;  Rear- 
Commodore,  C.  D.  Rudd  ;  Secretary  and  Treasurer, 
Alexander  MacLennan.  Entrance  fee,  £$  $s.  ;- 
annual  subscription  for  members  elected  prior  to 
September  15,  1899,  £2  25.  ;  annual  subscription 
for   members  elected   after  September    15,    1899, 

Boyal  Hong  Kong  Taoht  Cluh,  with  their  head- 
quarters in  Hong  Kong,  was  established  in  1889, 
with  the  object  of  promoting  yacht  racing  among 
the  civil,  military,  and  naval  residents  in  Hong 
Kong.  Commodore,  Hon.  F.  H.  May,  C.M.G.  ; 
Vice-Commodore,  Commander  C.  G.  Dicken,  R.N.  ; 
Honorary  Treasurer,  A.  H.  Ough  ;  Honorary 
Secretary,  Colonel  L.  F.  Brown.  Annual  sub- 
.scription,  12  dols. 

Boyal  Humane  Society.  This  society  was  first 
instituted  in  the  year  1774,  having  for  its  objects  the 
collection  and  circulation  of  the  most  approved 
methods  for  restoring  the  apparently  drowned  or 
dead,  and  also  for  investigating  the  then  known 
methods  with  a  view  to  making  such  alterations  and 
improvements  in  resuscitative  treatment  as  would 
ultimately  bring  about  the  adoption  of  one  method 
which  might  be  brought  into  general  use.  These 
objects  have  been  steadily  pursued,  with  the  result 
that  the  '*  Silvester  method "  has  been  finally 
adopted  as  that  to  be  advocated  by  the  society,  its 


efficiency  having  been  demonstrated  in  numberless 
cases,  under  the  most  varying  conditions. 

In  the  early  years  of  the  past  century,  the  society 
enlarged  its  sphere  of  work  by  granting  awards 
to  those  who  at  risk  to  themselves  succeeded  in 
saving  life.  These  cases,  now  numbering  about 
700  annually,  are  forwarded  from  all  parts  of  the 
world,  and  acts  of  heroism  by  British  subjects 
which  would  otherwise  be  lost  sight  of  are  thus 
placed  on  record. 

The  medal  of  the  Royal  Humane  Society,  often 
called  the  Victoria  Cross  of  Civil  life,  is  held  in  high 
repute  amongst  all  classes,  but  more  especially  by 
those  whose  life  is  spent  at  sea  in  constant  contact 
with  its  attendant  dangers.  By  the  award  of  a 
special  medallion  to  various  schools  and  training 
ships,  swimming  competitions  with  reference  to 
saving  life  from  drowning  are  encouraged  with 
gratifying  results. 

The  King  is  patron  of  the  aociety,  which  has  the 
Prince  of  Wales  as  its  active  president,  the  offices 
being  at  4  Trafalgar  Square,  London,  W.C. 

See  Apparently  Dead,  Method  of  Restoring  the. 

Royal  Hongarian  Sea  Navigation  Co.,  Ltd.    See 

Adria  Royal  Hungarian  Sea  Navigation  Co.,  Ltd. 

Boyal  Irish  Taoht  dab,  Kingstown.  Established 
1 83 1 .  The  Marquis  of  Donegal  was  the  first  Commo 
dore.  Received  Admiralty  warrant  November  18, 
1831,  and  privileged  to  fly  the  white  ensign  with 
Irish  harp  and  crown  thereon.  The  club  was  re 
constituted  in  1846,  at  which  time  the  warrant  to 
fly  the  white  ensign  was  withdrawn  from  all  clubs 
except  the  Royal  Yacht  Squadron.  Flag  :  Blue 
ensign  of  H.M.  Fleet,  with  Irish  harp  and  crown 
thereon.  Burgee :  Blue,  with  harp  and  crown. 
Commodore,  the  Marquis  of  Ormonde  ;  Vice-Com- 
modore, Henry  Crawford  ;  Rear-Commodore,  F. 
Hume  Dudgeon ;  Honorary  Secretary,  Richard 
C.  McM.  Smyth.  Entrance  fee,  ;£io ;  annual 
subscription,  £4  45. 

Boyal  Jamaioa  Yacht  Clnb.  Established  1884. 
Burgee  :  White,  blue  St.  George's  cross,  crown  in 
centre.  Commodore,  His  Excellency  Sir  J.  Alex- 
ander Swettenham.  K.C.M.G.  ;  Vice-Commodore, 
Commander  F.  W.  Fisher,  R.N.  ;  Rear-Commodore, 
R.  Johnstone ;  Honorary  Treasurer.  Fred.  A. 
Steel ;  Secretary,  R.  C.  Livingston.  Annual  sub- 
scription, £2  2S. 

Soyal  lolly.    A  marine. 

Royal  Kennebecasis  Yacht  Club.  Established 
1894.  Commodore,  Robert  Thomson  ;  Vice-Com- 
modore, Frank  J.  Likely ;  Rear-Commodore, 
Dr.  A.  H.  Merrill ;  Treasurer,  Fred.  C.  Jones ; 
Secretary,  Thos.  U.  Hay,  P.O.  Box  168,  St.  John, 
New  Brunswick.  l-'nlrance  ice,  5  dols.  ;  annual 
subscription,  5  dols. 

Boyal  Largs  Yacht  Olab,  Largs,  N.B.  Estab- 
lished 1882.  Received  Admiralty  warrant,  May  11, 
1885.     Flag :    Blue  ensign..    Burgee :   Blue,  white 

t2 


ROYAL 


548 


ROYAL 


shield  in  centre*  with  red  cross  surmounted  by 
crown.  Annual  subscription,  £1  15.  Commodore. 
Lord  Inverclyde  of  Castle  Wemyss  ;  Vice-Commo- 
dore, Robert  S.  Allan ;  Rear-Commodore.  P.  M. 
Coats :  Honorary  Secretary  and  Treasurer,  Peter 
Morris. 

Bofal  London  Yfteht  CQab.  EstabUshed  1838. 
Date  of  Admiralty  warrant,  October  17,  1849. 
Flag :  Blue  ensign,  white  shield  and  red  cross  in 
fly,  surmounted  by  crown.  Burgee :  Blue,  with 
similar  shield  and  crown.  Admiral,  H.R.H.  the 
Prince  of  Wales ;  Commodore,  H.  H.  Bartlett ; 
Vice-Commodore,  Claud  T.  Cayley  ;  Rear-Commo- 
dore, H.  Compton ;  Secretary,  George  Elkin. 
Entrance  fee,  £$  55. ;  annual  subscription,  London 
and  Cowes.  £7  7*. ;  Cowes  only,  £4  45. 

Royal  Hail  Steam  Paeket  Ck>^  familiarly 
known  as  "  The  R.M.S.P.,"  was  incoiporated  by 
Royal  Charter,  September  26,  1839.  with  a  subsidy 
of  £240,000,  and  is  one  of  the  oldest  and  most  pro- 
gressive of  British  lines.  In  1904  a  supplementary 
charter,  extending  the  company's  operations,  was 
granted,  containing  an  old  British  clause  which  con- 
fined control  of  the  company  to  British  subjects. 
This  company  helped  to  finance,  in  1855.  ^^^ 
Panama  railroad,  and  in  1857  temporarily  took 
over  the  carriage  of  the  Australian  mails  via  Suez. 
In  1868  the  West  Indian  Mail  Line  was  extended  to 
Colon,  and  in  1872  a  fortnightly  service  on  the 
South  American  main  line  was  continued  to 
Buenos  Aires.  The  company  still  maintain  the 
premier  position  in  this  trade  with  a  weekly  service 
to  South  America,  a  service  from  Glasgow.  Cardiff, 
Hull,  London  and  Antwerp  to  the  West  Indies, 
from  Newport,  Swansea,  Antwerp  to  Brazil ;  a 
line  to  Cuba  from  Hull  and  Antwerp  via  Bilbao, 
Vigo  and  Corunna ;  a  West  Indian  mail  Ime  service 
to  New  York,  via  Jamaica,  maintaining  communi- 
cation with  the  West  Indian  and  British  Guiana 
Colonies.  In  1905  the  restaurant  S3rstem  was 
initiated  on  the  company's  South  American  liners. 
In  May,  1907,  the  company  acquired  an  interest  in 
the  Shire  Line,  which  runs  between  this  country  and 
Yokohama,  calling  at  Penang,  Singapore,  Hong 
Kong,  Shanghai.  Nagasaki,  and  Kobe.  Their 
steamers  load  in  London,  Middlesbrough,  Hamburg, 
and  Antwerp,  and  maintain  a  regular  service  with 
the  Far  East. 

In  less  than  three  years  the  Royal  Mail  Steam 
Packet  Co.  have  added  five  new  vessels,  with  an 
aggregate  of  53,500  tons,  to  their  large  fleet  of 
mail  steamers,  the  latest  being  the  Asturias, 
12,500  tons,  built  by  Messrs.  Harland  and  Wolff, 
Belfast.  She  left  Tilbury  on  her  maiden  voyage 
to  Australia  on  January  24,  and  subsequently  took 
her  place  in  the  South  American  mail  service. 

The  Astufias  is  probably  the  largest  and  certainly 
the  most  luxurious  mail  steamer  to  sail  for  the 
East  from  the  port  of  London,  and  she  realises  in 


the  highest  degree  possible  the  aim  of  the  company 
to  provide  **  hotel  life  at  sea." 

Fleet. 

Amaxon,  Eden.  Oruba. 

AragoH,  Eider,  Parana. 

Araguaya,  •  Esk.  Pardo. 

A  mo,  KenneU.  Potato, 

Atrato,  Magdalena.  Segttra. 

Asiurias,  Manau.  Severn. 

Caroni,  Marima.  Solent. 

Catalina,  Nile.  Spey. 

Clyde,  ,  Orotava,  Tagus. 

Conway.  Orinoco.  Tamar, 

Danube.  Oroya.  Taw. 

Dee.  Otiona.  Tees. 

Gross  tonnage,  205.000. 

Bosral  MarinM.     See  Naval  Education. 

Royal-mast.  A  small  mast  elevated  through 
irons  at  the  head  of  the  topgallant-mast ;  generaUy 
the  topgallant-mast  and  the  royal -mast  are  formed 
of  one  spar. 

Royal  Mtney  Taoht  Clab,  Birkenhead.  This 
club,  founded  as  the  Mersey  Yacht  Club,  July  26. 
1844,  by  32  well-known  Liverpool  gentlemen,  of 
whom  only  one  survives,  viz.,  Peter  B.  Brownrigg. 
It  became  "  Royal  "  by  warrant  dated  September 
24,  1844.  The  club  house  is  at  Birkenhead,  and  a 
short  distance  off  have  commodious  premises 
of  a  slip  and  gridiron,  facing  the  river.  On  the 
former,  in  1890,  a  pavilion  was  built  by  the  members 
where,  during  the  season,  the  races  for  smaller 
classes  are  witnessed  by  members  and  friends. 
Flag :  Blue,  union  in  comer,  and  in  the  fly  a 
stork  surmounted  by  crown.  Burgee  :  Blue,  with 
stork  and  crown  in  centre.  Commodore.  Sir 
David  Gamble ;  Vice-Commodore,  F.  Johnson 
Houghton  ;  Rear-Commodore,  the  Earl  of  Lathom : 
Honorary  Treasurer.  C.  Livingston ;  Honorary 
Secretary,  C.  H.  Wright.  Entrance  fee,  £2  2s. : 
annual  subscription,  £\  is. 

Boyal  Meteorological  Society  was  founded  for  the 
promotion  of  the  science  of  meteorology  in  all  its 
branches  on  April  3,  1850,  under  the  title  of  "  The 
British  Meteorological  Society."  On  its  incorpora- 
tion by  Royal  Charter,  on  January  27,  1866,  the 
name  was  altered  to  "  The  Meteorological  Society," 
and  in  1883.  by  permission  of  Her  late  Majesty 
Queen  Victoria,  it  became  "  The  Royal  Meteoro- 
logical Society." 

Meetings  are  held  on  the  third  Wednesday  in 
each  month,  from  November  to  June  indosivfr— 
tiiose  in  the  evening  being  usually  (by  permissioii) 
at  the  Institution  of  Civil  Engineers,  and  those  in 
the  afternoon  in  May  and  June  at  the  society's 
rooms,  70  Victoria  Street,  London,  S.W. 

The  papers  read  at  the  meetings,  together  with 
the  discussions,  in  which  every  Fellow  is  entitled  to 
take  part,  are  printed  in  the  Quarteriy  Joomal. 
which  also  contains  notes,  correspondence,  notices 
of  recent  publications,  and  the  titles  of  such  papeis 


The  Royal  Mail  Steam  Packet  Company's  South  Americaa  Mail  Steamer 

"ASTURIAS," 

(twin-screw,  12,000  tons). 
Passenger  accommodationt  446  First  and  64  Second  Saloon. 


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as  appear  to  be .  of  general  interest  bearing  on 
meteorology  in  the  periodicals  which  are  received 
in  the  society's  library.  It  thus  serves  to  keep 
Fellows  residing  at  a  distance  from  London  in 
touch  with  the  meteorological  wprk  of  the  world. 

In  1874  the  society  commenced  the  organisation 
of  a  series  of  "  Second  Order  Stations/'  at  which 
observations  of  pressure,  temperature,  humidity, 
rainfall  and  wind  are  made  on  a  uniform  plan,  so 
that  the  results  may  be  strictly  comparable.  In 
addition  to  these,  another  class  of  stations,  termed 
"  Climatological,"  was  organised  on  January  i, 
1880.  at  which  the  observations,  although  of  equal 
accuracy,  are  less  exacting,  'fhese  stations,  which 
number  about  100,  are  well  distributed  throughout 
the  country ;  they  are  regularly  inspected  on 
behalf  of  the  society,  and  the  results  of  the  observa- 
tions are  published  in  the  "  Meteorological  Record." 

In  1874  a  Conference  on  the  observation  of 
periodical  natural  phenomena  was  organised,  and 
as  the  result  of  their  deliberations  the  society 
instituted  the  series  of  "  Phenological  Observa- 
tions," which  have  been  continued  since  that 
time,  first  under  the  superintendence  of  the  late 
Rev.  T.  A.  Preston,  and  since  1888  under  that  of 
Mr.  £.  Mawley. 

A  Lightning  Rod  Conference  was  organised  in 
1878,  which  in  1882  published  a  valuable  report, 
embodying  a  code  of  rules  for  the  erection  of 
lightning  conductors. 

The  society  has  initiated  and  carried  out  various 
scientific  investigations,  of  which  the  following 
may  be  mentioned :  (i)  Systematic  investigations 
of  the  Thunderstorms  of  1888  and  1889,  and  the 
Qassification  of  the  various  forms  of  Lightning ; 
(2)  Inquiry  into  the  Phenomenon  of  the  Helm  Wind 
of  Crossfell,  Cumberland ;  (3)  Investigation  into 
the  Relation  between  Beaufort's  Scale  of  Wind 
Force  and  the  Equivalent  Velocity  in  miles  per 
hour ;  (4)  The  Investigation  of  the  Meteorological 
Conditions  of  the  Upper  Air  by  means  of  Kites. 

The  Symons  Gold  Medal,  founded  in  1901  in 
memory  of  the  late  Mr.  G.  J.  Symons,  F.R.S.,  is 
awarded  bieimially  by  the  Council  for  distinguished 
work  done  in  connection  with  Meteorological 
Science.  The  medal  was  presented  to  Dr.  A. 
Buchan,  F.R.S.,  in  1901  ;  to  Dr.  J.  Hann,  of 
Vienna,  in  1903  ;  and  to  Lieut. -General  Sir  R. 
Strachey,  F.R.S.,  in  1905. 

The  society  possesses  a  valuable  meteorological 
library  of  about  8,700  volumes,  12,000  pamphlets, 
200  maps  and  charts,  and  800  manuscripts,  un- 
equalled by  any  collection  of  works  on  this  science 
in  the  world.  It  also  possesses  a  unique  BibUography, 
which  contains  the  titles  of  all  books,  pamphlets, 
papers,  and  articles  bearing  on  meteorology,  in  all 
languages  of  which  any  notice  can  be  found. 

In  addition  to  these,  there  is  a  large  and  interest 
ing  collection  of  photographs  and  lantern  slides, 
illustrating  meteorological  phenomena  and  instru- 
ments. 


With  the  view  of  advancing  the  general  know- 
ledge of  meteorology,  promoting  an  intelligent 
public  interest  in  the  science,  and  making  the  work 
of  the  society  more  widely  known,  a  lecturer  has 
been  appointed  to  act  in  co-operation  with  scien- 
tific societies,  institutions,  and  public  schools  in 
various  parts  of  the  country.  Exhibits  of  selections 
from  the  collection  of  photographs,  drawings, 
diagrams,  and  charts  illustrating  meteorological 
phenomena,  and  also  various  patterns  of  instru- 
ments used  for  observations,  are  shown,  under  the 
charge  of  a  member  of  the  stafi,  at  gatherings  of 
local  scientific  societies,  or  on  other  occasions  when 
they  are  likely  to  prove  of  interest. 

Candidates  for  the  Fellowship  are  elected  by 
ballot,  after  recommendation  by  three  Fellows,  one 
of  whom  must  certify  from  personal  knowledge. 
Ladies  are  eligible  for  the  Fellowship.  Fellows 
are  entitled  to  the  designation  F.R.Met.Soc. 

In  addition  to  the  Fellows,  there  is  a  class 
(limited  to  20)  of  honorary  members  which  is 
confined  to  distinguished  foreign  meteorologists. 

In  1904  H.R.H.  the  Prince  of  Wales  honoured 
the  society  by  becoming  its  Patron. 

Boyal  Mmiftor  Yaoht  Glab,  Monkstown.  Estab- 
lished, 1872.  Flag:  Red  ensign.  Burgee:  Red, 
white  and  blue ;  blue  shield  on  the  white,  with 
three  crowns  in  centre,  surmounted  by  crown. 
Commodore,  A.  F.  Sharman-Crawford  ;  Vice-Com- 
modore, Arthur  H.  Julian ;  Honorary  Secretary, 
W.  C.  Taylor ;  Secretary  and  Treasurer,  H.  H. 
Hayes.     Entrance  fee,  £1  is.  ;  annual  subscription, 

£1  IS. 

Boyal  Natal  Tacht  Olnb,  Durban.  Established 
1858.  Flag :  Blue  ensign,  with  Royal  arras. 
Burgee :  White,  blue  cross  and  crown.  Commodore. 
W.  B.  Cradcock ;  Vice-Commodore,  N.  Chiazzari ; 
Rear-Commodore,  J.  W.  Leuchars ;  Honorary 
Treasurer,  W.  Gilbert ;  Honorary  Secretary,  E.  R. 
Collins.    Entrance  fee,  £7  js. :  annual  subscription, 

£2  2S. 

Boyal  Nattonal  Lileboat  Institation.  This  insti- 
tution is  the  oldest  lifeboat  institution  in  the  world, 
and  has  proved  to  be  a  sort  of  foster  mother  or 
copy  for  similar  services  established  since  by  all 
the  European  Powers  with  a  seaboard,  the  United 
States,  Japan,  and  some  of  the  British  Colonies. 
The  prime  movers  in  the  establishing  of  the  instx 
tution  were  Sir  William  Hillary,  who  lived  in  the 
Isle  of  Man,  and  Mr.  Thomas  Wilson,  M.P.,  of  the 
City  of  London.  These  gentiemen,  assisted  by 
some  others,  called  a  meeting  in  London  on  Febru 
ary  12,  1824,  when  a  resolution  was  unanimously 
passed  that  a  national  institution  should  be  formed^ 
to  be  maintained  by  voluntary  contributions,  "  for 
the  preservation  of  life  in  cases  of  shipwreck  on 
the  coasts  of  the  United  Kingdom  ;  for  affording 
such  inmiediate  assistance  to  the  persons  rescued 
as  their  necessities  may  require ;  for  conferring 
rewards  on  those  who  preserve  their  fellow-crea- 


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tures  from  destruction  ;  and  for  granting  relief  to 
the  destitute  families  of  any  who  may  unfortu- 
nately perish  in  their  attempts  to  save  the  lives  of 
others."     A    general    meeting    was    subsequently 
called  on  March  4,  1824,  and  the  then  Archbishop 
of    Canterbury    (Dr.    Manners    Sutton)    presided. 
Between  the  meeting  held  in  February  and  this 
meeting,  King  George  IV.  had  consented  to  be  the 
patron  of  the  institution,  and  all  the  Royal  dukes 
became  vice-patrons.     "  The  Royal  National  Life- 
Boat  Institution  for  the  Preservation  of  Life  from 
Shipwreck  "  was  accordingly  floated  on  March  4, 
1824,  with  the  Earl  of  Liverpool  as  its  first  presi- 
dent.    During  the  first  year  of  the  institution's 
existence    12    lifeboats    were    built    for    different 
stations,  in  addition  to  which  there  existed  39  other 
private  Ufeboats.     For  some  years  the  institution 
assisted  local  bodies  to  place  lifeboats  on  the  coast 
which  were  not  controlled  by  it.     It  also  supplied 
the  coast  with  the  rocket  apparatus  and  Captain 
Manby's  mortar  apparatus,  besides  looking  after 
the  wants  of  sailors  who  had  been  saved  from 
shipwreck.     In   1855   the  provision  and   manage- 
ment of  the  rocket  apparatus  was  handed  over  to 
the  Board  of  Trade  in  conjunction  with  the  Coast- 
guard, and  the  duty  of  looking  after  the  necessities 
of   shipwrecked   sailors   was   transferred   in    1854 
entirely    to    the    '*  Shipwrecked    Fishermen    and 
Mariners'  Society"   (q.v.),  which 'was  established 
in  1839,  and  had  already  been  carrying  on  such 
work.     This  latter  society,  which  also  possessed  ft 
few  lifeboats,  at  this  time  (1854)  transferred  them 
to  the  Lifeboat  Institution,  which  now  changed  its 
title  to  '*  The  Royal  National  Lifeboat  Institution, 
founded  in  1824  for  the  Preservation  of  life  from 
Shipwreck."     The  financial  position  of  the  Life- 
boat  Institution   was   sadly   indifferent   for   very 
many  years.     In   1824  the  receipts  amounted  to 
;f 9,826,  but  in  1825  they  fell  to  £3.392  and  for  the 
subsequent  15  years  even  this  small  amount  was 
not  raised.     From  1841  to  1850  no  appeal  at  all 
was  made  by  the  institution  to  the  public,  and  in 
1849  lifeboat  work  was  in  a  bad  way.     Indeed,  it 
was  estimated  that  at  this  date  there  were  hardly 
a  dozen  really  useful  lifeboats  on  our  coasts ;  the 
rest  had  become  decayed  or  obsolete.     The  income 
of  the  institution  in  1849-50  was  only  £$$4       On 
December   4,    1849,    a    terrible    lifeboat   accident 
occurred  at  South  Shields,  resulting  in  the  loss  of 
20  out  of  24  of  those  on  board.     This  disaster 
attracted  so  much  attention  that  efforts  were  re- 
newed  to  help  the  institution.     The  late   Prince 
Consort,  with  the  late  King  of  the  Belgians,  came 
to  the  rescue  in  1850,  as  vice-patrons,  and  a  re- 
organisation took  place.     The  late  Queen  Victoria, 
who  had  on  her  accession  to  the  Throne  in  1837 
become  the  patron  of  the  institution,  at  once  gave 
;£ioo  to  the  funds,  and  promised  an  annual  sub- 
scription of  £$0,  which  was  graciously  continued 
until  her  death  in  1901.     In  1851  Algernon,  "the 
good  Sailor  Duke  "  of  Northumberland,  became 


president  of  the  society,  and  did  all  he  could  to 
advance  its  interests.  He  began  by  offering  100 
guineas  for  the  best  model  of  a  lifeboat,  and  a 
further  100  guineas  for  the  lifeboat  built  on  the 
approved  model.  284  models  were  sent  in,  and 
were  examined  for  six  months  by  expert  judges 
at  rooms  in  Somerset  House,  lent  by  the  Admiralty 
for  the  purpose.  It  was  at  length  decided  that 
Mr.  James  Beeching,  of  Great  Yarmouth,  was  the 
winner  of  the  Duke's  prize.  Beeching  at  once  set 
to  work  to  build  a  lifeboat  after  his  model,  and 
this  was  the  first  self-righting  boat  ever  con- 
structed. This  boa^  which  was  used  at  Rams- 
gate,  saved  many  lives,  but  she  did  not  give  entire 
satisfaction  to  the  committee  of  management  of 
the  Lifeboat  Institution.  They  therefore  deputed 
Mr.  Peake,  one  of  their  number,  to  again  examine 
all  the  models  which  had  been  submitted  to  them, 
from  which  grew  the  self-righting  lifeboat,  which, 
with  modifications  and  Improvements,  is  now  so 
much  used  on  our  coasts.  In  1852  the  institution 
was  advancing  and  its  prospects  improved.  It  was 
in  this  year  that  Mr.  Richardson  invented  the 
"  tubular  "  lifeboat,  but  this  type  was  never  ex- 
tensively adopted  by  the  institution,  and  at  the 
present  time  there  is  only  one  '*  tubular  "  lifeboat 
in  existence  (at  Rhyl).  In  1854  the  Board  of  Trade, 
after  the  passing  of  the  Merchant  Shipping  Act, 
agreed  to  pay  many  of  the  institution's  expenses 
from  the  Mercantile  Marine  Fund,  and  this  help 
was  continued  until  1869,  when  the  Committee  of 
Management  refused  any  further  help  from  funds 
raised  by  taxation,  preferring  to  depend  entirely 
on  voluntary  aid.  In  1857  there  were  70  lifeboats 
under  the  control  of  the  institution,  which  by  this 
time  was  rapidly  absorbing  all  private  lifeboats 
and  associations.  In  i860  Queen  Victoria  granted 
a  Royal  Charter  of  Incorporation  to  the  institution, 
and  in  the  same  year,  with  a  view  to  decreasing 
the  loss  of  life  from  shipwreck  on  our  coasts,  the 
committee  established  at  the  lifeboat  stations  first- 
rate  standard  barometers  which,  registered  daily, 
warned  the  seafaring  population  of  coming  storms. 
In  1863  the  institution  made  exhaustive  inquiries 
amongst  the  medical  bodies  and  others  throughout 
the  country  to  ascertain  the  best  means  for  re- 
storing the  apparentiy  drowned,  and  the  instruc- 
tions obtained  as  the  result  are  almost  universally 
used  in  this  country  and  the  Colonies. 

In  1865  and  subsequently  efforts  were  made  by 
the  institution  to  introduce  a  better  class  of  fishing 
boat,  such  boat  being  decked  and  therefore  far 
safer  than  those  generally  in  use  in  the  United 
Kingdom.  This  class  of  fishing  boat  is  now  largriy 
used,  with  the  result,  it  is  believed,  that  the  annual 
loss  of  life  amongst  the  Scotch  and  other  fisher- 
men, especially  on  the  east  coast,  has  been  con- 
siderably reduced.  In  1882,  with  a  view  to  still 
further  diminishing  the  loss  of  life  amongst  the 
coast  fishermen,  the  institution  began  to  supply 
the  masters  and  owners  of  fishing   vessels   with 


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thoroughly  reliable  aneroid  barometers  at  about  a 
third  the  retail  price,  and  in  1883  this  privilege 
was  extended  to  the  masters  and  owners  of  coasters 
under  100  tons  burden.  This  action  has  been  much 
appreciated,  as  shown  by  the  fact  that  at  the  end 
of  1906  4.887  of  these  valuable  instruments  had 
been  supplied.  In  1884  the  institution  gained  the 
;£6oo  prize  offered  by  the  International  Fisheries 
Exhibition  (London)  of  1883  for  the  best  coast 
lifeboat  which  could  be  produced.  This  was  a 
self-righting  lifeboat. 

In  1887  the  Committee  of  Management  offered 
gold  and  silver  medals  for  models  or  drawings  of  a 
mechanically-propelled   hfeboat   best   adapted    to 
meet  the  various  conditions  of  the  service,  and  a 
propelling  power  suitable  for  the  self-righting  boats 
of  the  institution.     In  reply  models  and  drawings 
were  received  from  all  parts  of  Great  Britain,  the 
Continent,. and  the  United  States,  but  unfortunately 
not  one  proved  suitable  for  the  institution's  re- 
quirements.    The  next  year  (1888)  a  model  of  a 
mechanically-propelled  lifeboat  was  submitted  by 
Messrs.   R.   and  H.   Green,  of  Blackwall,   which, 
after  considerable  modifications  made  after  con- 
sultation with  the  institution,  was  accepted  ;  and 
in    1890  the  first  steam  lifeboat  ever  built  was 
placed   on   the   coast.     She   was   propelled   by   a 
turbine  wheel  driven  by  engines  developing  170  Hp. 
A  second  steam  lifeboat  of  the  same  description  was 
added  to  the  institution's  fleet  in  1894,  followed 
by  a  third  in  1897.     ^^  ^^9^  ^^"^^  additional  steam 
lifeboats  furnished  with  a  protected  screw  were 
placed  on  the  coast,  one  of  which  was  subsequently 
wrecked  at  Padstow,  a  powerful  steam-tug,  built 
to   work  in  conjunction   with   a  sailing  lifebodt, 
being  substituted  for  her  in   1901.     In   1889  the 
Lifeboat  Institution  promoted  a  Bill  in  the  House 
of  Commons  which  became  law  on  May  31,  1889, 
to    provide   for   the   removal   of  wrecks   in   non- 
navigable  waters  dangerous  to  lifeboats  and  their 
crews   when   performing   their   hfe-saving   duties. 
This   Act,   the   "  Removal  of  Wrecks  Act,    1877, 
Amendment  Act,   1889,"  has  proved  very  useful. 
In  189T  the  committee  invited,  by  advertisement, 
inventors  to  enter  lifeboats  to  compete  with  the 
various   types   belonging  to   the  institution  in  a 
series  of  competitive  trials  and  tests,  embracing 
sailing  and  pulling  lifeboats,  the  object  being  to 
ascertain  definitely  the  type  of  lifeboat  individually 
best  adapted  for  the  different  parts  of  the  coast. 
Only  one  outside  competitor  came  forward,  and  he 
withdrew  before  the  trials  took  place.     The  trials 
with  sailing  lifeboats  were  held  in  1892  at  Lowes- 
toft, and  those  with  pulling  lifeboats  at  Montrose 
early    in    1893.     Th®    boats    competing    included 
those  of  the  following  types  :  Self-righting.  Watson 
(non -self -righting),     Liverpool     (non^self -righting), 
Cromer  (non-self-righting),  tubular  (non-self -right* 
ing),  Norfolk  and  Suffolk.     The  trials  proved  most 
useful  and  valuable. 

In  April,  1892,  the  chairman  of  the  institution » 


at  the  request  of  the  Committee  of  Management, 
gave  notice  in  the  House  of  Commons  that  he 
would  move  a  resolution  that  it  was  desirable, 
with  the  view  of  decreasing  the  loss  of  life  from 
shipwrecks  on  the  coast,  that  the  Government 
should  provide  either  telephonic  or  telegraphic 
communication  between  all  the  coastguard  stations 
and  signal  stations  on  the  coast  of  the  United 
Kingdom,  and  on  such  parts  of  the  coast  where 
there  are  no  coastguard  stations  that  the  post- 
offices  nearest  to  the  lifeboat  stations  should  be 
connected,  the  object  being  to  give  the  earliest 
possible  information  to  the  lifeboat  authorities  at 
all  times,  by  day  and  night,  that  the  lifeboats  are 
required  for  service.  Owing  to  the  press  of  public 
business  the  matter  could  not  be  dealt  with  that 
Session,  but  the  resolution  was  moved  in  April, 
1893,  ^^^»  further,  that  a  Royal  Commission  should 
be  appointed  to  consider  the  desirability  or  other- 
wise of  electrically  connecting  the  rock  lighthouses, 
lightships,  etc.,  with  the  shore.  The  resolution,  in 
its  entirety,  was  agreed  to  without  a  division. 
Since  that  time  the  intentions  of  the  resolution 
have  been  practically  carried  out,  and  the  results 
have  been  most  valuable.  The  Royal  Commis- 
sion's report  was  issued  in  1897,  ^^^  further  im- 
provements in  the  interests  of  life-saving  from 
shipwreck  on  our  coasts  have  been  introduced  in 
connection  with  systems  of  wireless  telegraphy. 
In  1897  the  Committee  of  Management,  in  view  of 
the  charges  which  had  for  years  past  been  levelled 
by  irresponsible  persons  against  the  institution, 
decided  to  appeal  to  the  House  of  Commons  to 
appoint  a  Select  Committee  to  inquire  into  the 
institution's  administration  and  the  adequacy  of 
its  organisation  for  saving  life  on  the  coast.  The 
Select  Committee,  after  sitting  for  "more  than  four 
months,  reported  that  the  institution  was  altogether 
clear  of  the  charges  made  against  it,  and  that  the 
thanks  of  the  whole  community  were  due  to  the 
committee  for  their  energy  and  good  management. 
This  finding  was  entirely  concurred  in  by  the  Press 
of  the  country. 

On  January  i,  1898,  the  institution  established 
a  pension  and  gratuity  scheme  for  its  coxswains, 
bowmen,  and  signalmen  of  long  and  meritorious 
service,  retiring  on  account  of  old  age,  accident, 
ill-health,  or  abolition  of  office.  The  adoption 
of  the  scheme  gave  the  greatest  satisfaction  to 
the  men,  and  has  worked  admirably.  On  the 
death  of  the  late  Queen  Victoria  in  1901,  King 
Edward  VII.,  who  as  Prince  of  Wales  had  been 
the  president  of  the  institution  since  1899  (when 
Algernon  George  Percy,  6th  Duke  of  Northumber- 
land, and  the  third  president  of  the  institution 
since  1865,  died),  became  its  patron,  H.R.H.  the 
Prince  of  Wales  succeeding  his  father  in  the  office 
of  president,  which  post  he  still  holds. 

The  celebrated  cork  lifebelt  of  the  institution, 
invented  by  one  of  its  officers  (Admiral  J.  Ross 
Ward)    in    1854,    and    which    was   adopted    very 


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552 


ROYAL 


generally  outside  the  institution,  was  used  with 
great  advantage  and  without  interruption  in  the 
lifeboat  service  until  1906,  when  the  Committee 
of  Management,  after  carrying  out  exhaustive 
experiments,  resolved  to  introduce  a  belt  more 
comfortable  and  easier  for  the  wearers.  The  life- 
belt produced  by  the  experiments  was  made  of 
kapok,  and  fitted  closely  to  the  body  by  means  of 
straps  and  buckles,  allowing  full  freedom  for  the 
arms,  besides  affording  warmth  and  protection. 
The  flotation  power  of  the  new  belt  is  22  lbs.,  the 
same  as  that  of  the  cork  lifebelt,  and  is  being 
supplied  generally  throughout  the  service  as  the 
existing  cork  belts  wear  out  or  deteriorate.  At 
the  close  of  1906  the  institution's  entire  fleet  in- 
cluded 273  sailing  and  pulling  lifeboats,  four  steam 
lifeboats,  three  motor  lifeboats  (introduced  ex- 
perimentally during  the  year),  and  one  steam  tug. 
The  total  number  of  lives  saved  from  shipwreck, 
for  which  the  institution  granted  rewards  between 
March  4,  1824,  and  December  31,  1906.  was  46,189- 
The  cost  of  maintaining  the  work  of  the  institu- 
tion, which  is  entirely  supported  by  voluntary 
contributions,  in  thorough  efficiency  ranges  from 
;£8o,ooo  to  £90,000  a  year.  The  average  adminis- 
trative expenses  are  remarkably  low,  being,  as 
a  rule,  about  5j%  only. 

Royal  Nayal  Artillery  Volonteen.  Special  corps 
in  connection  with  the  Admiralty  for  the  defence 
of  the  coastline.  The  members  are  enrolled  under 
conditions  somewhat  akin  to  those  attaching  to 
enrolment  in  volunteer  regiments.  Brigades  of 
this  force  exist  in  London,  Liverpool,  and  Bristol, 
with  batteries  at  Brighton,  Hastings,  Southport, 
Birkenhead,  Carnarvon,  Bangor,  and  Swansea, 

Royal  Havy  lift  Established  1878.  Published 
quarterly.  Price  75.  6d.  Address :  4  Newman's 
Court,  London,  B.C. 

Royal  Netherlanda  Steamship  Oo.  Established  in 
July,  1856.  Commenced  operations  with  a  few 
steamers,  and  from  time  to  time  gradually  ex- 
tended the  service  by  the  formation  of  new  lines, 
and  enlarged  the  fleet,  until  at  the  present  time 
they  own  37  modem  vessels,  with  a  gross  tonnage 
of  about  60,000.  To  facilitate  the  present-day 
tiuffic  to  the  Rhine  via  Amsterdam  the  company 
inaugurated  the  Nieuwe  Rijnvaart  Maatschappij 
(The  New  Rhine  Navigation  Co.),  which  now 
comprises  10  cargo  steamers.  The  company  have 
their  head  offices  in  Amsterdam,  and  the  present 
share  capital  is  5,000,000  gilders,  and  that  of  the 
New  Rhine  Navigation  Co.  500,000  gilders.  Regular 
services  are  maintained  between  Amsterdam, 
Rotterdam,  and  North  and  South  Europe;  from 
Amsterdam  to  Alexandria.  Caiffa,  Beyrout,  Alex- 
andretta,  Mersina,  Malta,  Piraeus,  Salonica,  Con- 
stantinople, Smyrna,  Patras,  Genoa,  Leghorn, 
Naples,  Catania,  Messina,  Palermo,  Venice,  Trieste, 
Flume,  Cadiz,  Malaga,  Carthagena,  Alicante, 
Tarragona    Valencia,    Benicarlo,   Seville,  Tangier, 


Gibraltar.  Lisbon,  Bordeaux,  La  Pallice,  Hambuig, 
Copenhagen,  Stettin,  Danzig,  K5nigsberg,  Riga, 
Libau,  Windau,  Reval,  St.  Petersburg.  Moscow; 
from  Rotterdam  to  Alexandria,  CaifiEa,  Beyrout. 
Alexandretta,  Mersina,  Italy,  Spain,  Tangier, 
Gibraltar. 

FLbbt. 

Achilles.  HOena.  Pollux. 

Adonis.  Iris,  Pomona. 

Apollo.  Leda.  Sahumus. 

Atlas.  Mars.  Stella. 

Aurora.  Mercurius.  Tellus. 

Castor.  Minerva.  Themis. 

Clio.  Neptunus.  Titan. 

Danae.  Nereus.  Uranus. 

Diana.  Niobe.  Venus. 

Euterpe.  Oberon.  Vesta. 

Flora.  Orion.  Vulcanus 

Hebe.  Planet.  Zeus. 

Pluto. 
Gross  tonnage,  60.000. 

Royal  Hew  Zealand  Tacht  Squadron.  Estab- 
lished 1 87 1.  Commodore,  C.  P.  Murdoch;  Vice- 
Commodore,  Alex.  Alison ;  Rear-Commodore,  J. 
Alexander ;  Honorary  Treasurer,  R.  S.  Reynolds ; 
Honorary  Secretary,  P.  H.  Cole ;  Hon.  Assistant 
Secretary,  W.  E.  Alexander.  Old  Mill  Chambers. 
Queen  Street,  Auckland,  N.Z.  Entrance  fee, 
£1  IS.  \  annual  subscription,  £1  is. 

Royal  Norfolk  and  Suffolk  Taoht  Club^  Lowestoft. 
Established  1859.  Flags :  Red  ensign  and  red 
burgee,  with  a  crown  and  Prince  of  Wales's  feathen 
underneath.  Patron,  His  Majesty  the  King; 
C6mmodore,  R.  J.  Colman ;  Vice-Commodore, 
T.  Sergeant;  Rear-Commodore,  W.  £.  Everitt; 
Secretary  and  Treasurer.  A.  Townley  n^rir^o" 
Entrance  fee,  £2  2s.,  residents  £3  3^. ;  annual 
subscription,  £2  25..  residents  £$  35. 

Royal  northern  Taoht  Club.  Established  1824. 
Received  Admiralty  warrant  May,  1831.  Flag : 
Blue  ensign.  Burgee  :  Blue,  with  yellow  crown 
and  anchor.  Commodore,  Sir  Thomas  Glen  Coats, 
Bart.,  M.P.  ;  Vice-Commodore,  The  Right  Hon- 
Lord  Inverclyde ;  Rear-Commodore,  J.  J.  Ftume ; 
Treasurer  and  Secretary,  T.  F.  Donald.  Entrance 
^^'  £3  '  annual  subscription,  £$. 

Royal  North  of  Ireland  Taoht  Club.  EstabUshed 
1899.  Commodore.  G.  Herbert  Brown;  Vtoe- 
Commodore.  Thos.  Jack ;  Rear-Commodore.  John 
Workman ;  Honorary  Secretary  and  Treasurer. 
Robert  E.  Workman,  19  Bedford  Street,  Belfast; 
Club  House,  Cultra,  co.  Down.  Entrance  fee. 
£1  is. ;  annual  subscription.  £1  is. 

Royal  Nova  Sootia  Taoht  Squadron,  Halifax. 

Established  1875.  Flag:  Blue  ensign.  Buigee: 
Blue  and  white,  red  cross,  lion  rampant  in  shidd 
surmounted  by  crown.  Commodore,  W.  G.  Jooes ; 
Vice-Commodore,  R.  T.  Mcllreith ;  Rear-Commo- 
dore, F.  H.  Bell ;  Treasurer,  F.  W.  Parker ;  Honorary 


ROYAL 


553 


ROYAL 


Secretary.   J.   C.   Lithgow.    Annual  subscription, 
lodois. 

Royal  Oak.    British  ist  class  battleship.    (Laird, 
1892.) 

Length  380ft.   Beam  75ft.   Maximum  draught  30ft. 
Displacement  14,150  tons. 
Guns.  Armour. 

4 — 13*5  in.  "Compound." 

10—6  in.  18  in.  Belt  amidships. 

16—6  pdr.  17  in.  Barbettes. 

12 — 3  pdr.  14  in.  Conning  tower. 

2-~g  pdr.  Boat. 
2  Maxims. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
2  Submerged. 
I  Above  water  stem. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  natural  9,000=515  kts.,  forced 
13,000=17  kts.     Coal  maximum  1,400  tons. 
Approximate  cost  ;f9oo,ooo. 
This  ship-name  was  introduced  into  the  Navy 
in  1663,  and  is  associated  with  the  battle  of  Lowes- 
toft.   1665  ;  St.   James's  fight.   1666 ;  La  Hogue, 
1692;    capture   of   Gibraltar.    1704;    capture   of 
Alicante,    1706;   battle  ofi  Cape   Passaro.    17 18; 
siege  of  Gibraltar.  1727  ;  Byron's  action  off  Grenada, 
1779;  Rodney's  action  off  the  Chesapeake.  1784; 
Rodney's  action  with  De  Grasse,  1782. 

Boyal  Packet  Go.,  which  works  in  conjunction 
with  the  Netherlands  Steamship  Co.  and  the  Rotter- 
dam-Lloyd, have  a  large  fleet  of  steamers  for 
coastal  services,  carrying  passengers  from  Batavia 
to  all  ports  of  Java,  Sumatra,  and  Borneo,  and  the 
whole  of  the  Dutch  East  Indies.  A  service  is 
maintained  every  week  from  Batavia,  via  coastal 
ports  to  Samarang  and  Sourabaya ;  a  weekly  ser- 
vice to  Padang  and  Penang;  a  weekly  service  to 
Singapore ;  a  weekly  service  to  Palenebang ;  a 
service  every  two  weeks  to  Deli  via  Muntok  or 
Riouw  ;  one  every  two  weeks  to  Pontianak. 

Basral  P«rth  Taoht  Ohib.  Established  1875. 
Commodore,  Edward  Shenton ;  Vice-Commodore, 
Dr.  W.  A.  Kennedy ;  Rear-Commodore.  Clifton  R. 
Penny ;  Honorary  Treasurer,  Arthur  Ventris ; 
Honorary  Secretary,  Philip  H.  Milner ;  Club  House, 
The  £sp  anade.  Perth,  W.A.  Entrance  fee,  £1  is. ; 
annual  subscription,  £$  35. 

BosFBl  Flymonth  Ctorinfhian  Taoht  dub.  Estab- 
lished 1877.  Obtained  the  Royai  warrant  in  1886. 
and  the  Admiralty  warrant  in  July.  1893.  ^^^ 
club  flags  are  a  blue  burgee,  with  a  white  shield. 
red  cross,  and  four  black  castles  surmounted  by 
an  Imperial  crown  and  gold  wreath,  and  the 
British  blue  ensign  with  same  device  m  the  fly. 
Commodore.  Viscount  Valletort ;  Vice^Commodore. 
Lieut. -Ccdonel  R.  Barrington  Baker;  Rear-Com- 
modore, E.  A.  Boolds;  Honorary  Treasurer,  S.  B. 
Harvey ;  Honorary  Secretary,  W.  E.  Fames. 
Entrance  fee.  £1  is.;  annual  subscription,  £1  is 


Bojal  Portnnoath  Oorinthian  Taoht  Cnab.  Estab- 
lished 1880.  Received  the  title  of  "Royal" 
November,  1880.  and  Admiralty  warrant  December. 
1880.  Flag :  Red  ens'gn,  union  in  comer,  crown 
in  the  centre  of  union.  Burgee .  Red,  vertical 
white  stripe,  blue  shield  and  crescent  in  centre, 
surmounted  by  crown.  Commodore,  the  Earl  of 
Dudley ;  Vice-Commodore,  Captain  F.  Orr-Ewing ; 
Rear-Commodore.  H.  Marzetti;  Honorary  Trea- 
surer and  Secretary,  George  B.  Addison.  Annual 
subscription.  £$  3s. 

Royal  Qneenalaiul  Taoht  dab,  Brisbane.  Estab- 
lished 1885.  Fl&g  •  Blue  ensign.  Burgee :  Blue 
and  white  with  red  Q.  Commodore.  Thomas 
Welsby ;  Vice-Commod<H-e,  G  C.  O'Beume ;  Rear- 
Commodore.  Chas.  McLay  ;  Treasurer,  M.  C.  Dalby  ; 
Secretary.  Geo.  T.  Southern.     Annual  subscription. 

£1  IS. 

Royal  8i  George  Taoht  dub.  Established  1838. 
Received  Admiralty  warrant  in  1845.  Ensign : 
Red,  crown  in  right  corner.  Burgee  :  Red,  white 
cross,  crown  in  centre.  Commodore,  H.R.H.  the 
Prince  of  Wales ;  Vice-Commodore,  George  B. 
Thompson  ;  Secretary,  D.  Henry  Bailey.  Entrance 
fee,  £1$  ;  annual  subscription,  £4. 

Rof  al  St  Lawrenoe  Taoht  dub,  Canada.  Estab- 
lished x888.  as  the  St.  Lawrence  Yacht  Club  of 
Montreal,  until  July  23,  1894,  when  her  late 
Majesty  Queen  Victoria  was  pleased  to  grant  to  it 
the  title  of  "  Rojral."  Received  Royal  warrant 
June  25,  1894.  ^^  ■  Blue  ensign.  Burgee : 
Blue,  with  wide  longitudinal  red  bar,  on  which  is 
a  white  St.  Andrew's  cross,  with  gold  crown  in 
centre.  Commodore,  W.  C.  Finley ;  Vice-Com- 
modore, Huntly  R.  Drummond  ;  Rear-Commodore, 
Chas.  H.  Routh  ;  Honorary  Secretary  and  Trea- 
surer, A.  Rives  Hall.  Entrance  fee  10  dols.; 
annual  subscription.  10  dols. 

Royal  lalntee.     See  Naval  Ceremonies. 

Royal  Sonthampton  Taoht  Olab.  Established 
1875.  Received  Admiralty  warrant  November, 
1877.  ^^^  •  Blue  ensign,  crown  in  centre.  Burgee  : 
Blue,  red  and  white  shield,  three  stars  in  centre, 
surmounted  by  crown.  Commodore,  Frederick 
Cox ;  Vice-Commodore,  Tankerville  Chamber- 
layne ;  Rear-Commodore,  Lome  C.  Currie ;  Cup- 
Bearer.  Myles  B.  Kennedy ;  Honorary  Treasurer, 
H.  T.  Hine ;  Honorary  Secretary.  Sir  G.  A.  E. 
Hussey ;  Assistant  Secretary,  C.  F.  Penny.  En- 
trance fee,  £2  35.  ;  annual  subscription,  in-port 
members  £$  35.,  out- port  members  £2  2s. 

Royal  South  Australian  Taoht  Sanadron,  Adelaide. 
Established  1869.  Flag  :  Blue  ensign.  Burgee  : 
Blue,  crown  over  white  Maltese  Cross.  Commodore, 
F.  V.  Sanderson ;  Vice-Commodore,  R.  Cruick- 
shank ;  Rear-Commodore,  Dr.  E.  W.  Morris  ; 
Honorary  Treasurer.  A.  P.  Hall ;  Honorary  Secre- 
tary, Magnus  Wald.  Entrance  fee.  £1  is. ;  annual 
subscription,  £1  is. 


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554 


ROYAL 


Royal  Soathflrn  Taeht  dab,  Southampton. 
Established  1837.  Received  Admiralty  warrant 
July,  1840.  Ensign :  Blue,  no  distinguishing 
marks.  Burgee  :  Blue,  red  cross,  crown  in  centre. 
The  regattas  for  Solent  classes  are  generally  held' 
in  June  and  July,  and  for  large  classes  in  August. 
As  a  rule,  this  regatta  is  held  on  the  Saturday  in 
Cowes  week.  Commodore,  Colonel  the  Hon. 
H.  G.  L.  Crichton,  A.D.C.  ;  Vice-Commodore, 
Colonel  B.  C.  McCalmont,  C.B.  ;  Rear-Commodore, 
Major  E.  F.  Coates,  M.P.  ;  Secretary,  Captain  G.  H. 
Gason.  Entrance  fee,  £4  45. ;  annual  subscription. 
£445* 

Royal  Soath  Wegtim  Taoht  dab.  Established 
1890,  and  in  September,  1891,  received  the  Ad- 
miralty and  Royal  warrants.  Several  cups  are 
competed  for  annually,  including  a  handsome  one 
presented  by  H.R.H.  the  late  Duke  of  Edinburgh, 
who  became  patron  in  1890.  Flag  :  Blue  ensign, 
with  dolphin  and  crown  in  centre.  Conmiodore, 
Sir  John  Jackson ;  Vice-Commodore,  Captain 
R.  T.  Dixon ;  Rear-Commodore,  Lieut. -Colonel 
G.  M.  F.  Giles  ;  Honorary  Secretary.  G.  F.  Watson  ; 
Hon.  Treasurer.  G.  A.  C.  Drake.  Entrance  fee. 
£1  15.  ;  annual  subscription,  £2  2s, 

Royal  So?ereigii.  British  ist  class  battleship. 
(Portsmouth,  1891.) 

Length  380ft.   Beam  75ft.   Maximum  draught  30ft. 
Displacement  14,150  tons. 
Guns.  Armour. 

4 — 1 3*5  m,  '*  Compound." 

10—6  in.  18  in.  Belt  amidships. 

16—6  pdr.  17  in.  Barbettes. 

12 — 3  pdr.  14  in.  Conning  tower. 

2—9  pdr.  Boat. 
2  Maxims. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
2  Submerged. 
I  Above  Water  stem. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  natural  9,600=15  kts.,  forced 
13,0002=17  kts.     Coal  maximum  1.400  tons. 
Approximate  cost  ;f900,ooo. 
This  ship-name,  introduced  in  1488,  is  one  of  the 
oldest  in  the  Navy,  and  is  associated  with  Howard's 
action    off   Brest,    1512  ;    battle   of   the    Kentish 
Knock,  1652  ;  St.  James's  fight,  1666 ;  Sole  Bay, 
1672  ;  battle  of  the  Texel,  1673  ;  battle  off  Beachy 
Head,  1690  ;  Barfleur  and  La  Hogue,  1692  ;  battle 
of   "The   Glorious   First  of   June,"    1794;   Com- 
wallis's  retreat,  1795  ;  Trafalgar,  1805. 

Royal  Sovereign.  One  of  the  first  iron  vessels 
built  intended  for  deep-sea  service.  She  was 
launched  in  1839.  and  put  on  the  service  between 
Glasgow  and  Liverpool. 

Royal  So?ereigiL  100  guns.  On  January  29, 
1696.  this  vessel  was  burnt  in  the  Medway. 

Royal  Sydney  Taoht  Squadron,  N.S.W.  Estab- 
lished 1863.  Flag :  Blue  ensign.  Burg€e  :  Blue, 
white  cross  and  crown.    Commodore,  T.  A.  Dibbs  ; 


Vice-Commodore,  Dr.  J.  F.  Elliott ;  Rear-Commo- 
dore, T.  H.  Kelly ;  Treasurer,  J.  A.  Minnett ; 
Honorary  Secretary,  J.  R.  Armitage.  Entrance 
^^^>  £Z  3^'  >  annual  subscription,  £4  4s. 

Royal  Tay  Taoht  Cla1l»  West  Ferry  Bay.  Estab- 
lished 1885.  under  the  name  of  "  The  Tay  Corin- 
thian Sailing  Qub."  with  a  membership  of  20. 
On  October  31.  1887,  ^^  name  was  changed  to 
'*  The  Tay  Corinthian  Yacht  Club."  and  by  Royal 
warrant,  dated  March  21,  1891.  the  name  was 
again  changed  to  "  The  Royal  Tay  Yacht  Club." 
The  station  of  the  club  is  at  West  Ferry  Bay. 
Broughty  Ferry,  on  the  River  Tay.  The  club  is 
one  of  those  recognised  by  the  Y.R.A..  and  has 
adopted  the  rules  of  that  body.  Flag  :  Red.  with 
Union  Jack.  Burgee :  Red.  with  lion  in  shield  in 
centre,  surmounted  with  crown.  Commodore.  Cap- 
tain G.  D.  Clayhills-Henderson ;  Vice-Commodore. 
Captain  A.  L.  Scott ;  Rear-Commodore,  F.  Gordon 
Lyon;  Honorary  Secretary 'and  Treasurer.  James 
Mitchell.  Entrance  fee.  £1  is, ;  annual  subscrip- 
tion, £1  IS, 

Royal  Temple  Taoht  Ohib,  London,  Ramsgate. 
and  Deal.  Established  1857.  This  club  gives  a 
regatta  at  Rantsgate  and  Deal  during  the  summer, 
known  popularly  among  yachtsmen  as  "  Ramsgate 
Week."  Races  are  given  for  all  classes  of  yachts, 
from  24-footers  to  52-footers  among  the  class- 
racing  division,  and  from  three-tonners  to  the  big 
schooners  and  yawls  in  the  handicap  division. 
The  club  won  and  twice  successfully  defended  the 
"  Coupe  de  France.**  Commodore,  Sir  H.  Seymour 
King ;  Vice-Commodore,  John  H.  Glutton  ;  Rear- 
Commodore,  W.  J.  P.  Peacock  ;  Honorary  Trea- 
surer, F.  E.  Dixon  ;  Honorary  Secretary,  Harry 
Vandervell ;  Secretary  at  Ramsgate,  W.  J.  Boyton. 
Entrance  fee,  £2  2s. ;  annual  subscription.  London 
members  £2  2s.,  Thanet  members  £3  35. 

Royal  Thames  Tacht  dab.  Established  1823. 
This  is  the  senior  yacht  club  on  the  River  Thames 
and  is  the  lineal  descendant  of  the  Cumbeilaad 
Fleet.  The  first  match  was  sailed  on  the  July  13. 
I775>  for  a  cup  given  by  the  Duke  of  Cmnberland. 
and  won  by  the  Aurora  (Mr.  Plarker). 

The  club  might  well  claim  the  title  of  "  The 
Mother  of  Yacht  Racing.*'  for— except  1783.  1784. 
1785.  18 14. 182 1,  and  1822 — they  have  held  matches 
every  year  to  the  present  date.  In  1 823  there  was  a 
revival  of  racing,  when  a  below  bridge  match  was 
sailed  on  July  17,  in  honour  ol  the  coronation  of 
George  IV.,  under  direction  of  the  Cumberland 
Fleet.  A  second  race  took  place  on  July  30,  but 
in  the  meantime  the  dub  had  changed  its  name 
to  "  His  Majesty's  Coronation  Sailing  Society." 
which  is  described  as  composed  of  "  new  subscribers 
and  the  members  of  the  old  Cumberland  Fleet" 
At  this  match  there  was  a  protest  by  eight  of  the 
captains  {i.e.,  the  helmsmen  of  the  day)  who  safled 
in  the  race  against  the  cup  being  awarded  to 
Captain  Brocklebank,  because  of  a  breach  of  the 


ROYAL 


555 


ROYAL 


Cumberland  Fleet  sailing  rules — that  none  out  the 
appointed  captain  should  touch  the  helm  during  the 
race.  The  club  decided  to  have  the  race  resailed, 
but  a  second  protest  was  put  in  by  seven  members 
(none  of  whom  had  been  in  the  race),  and  at  another 
ballot  they  changed  their  minds  and  awarded  the 
cup  to  Captain  Brocklebank.  The  eight  captains 
called  a  meeting  and  formed  the  "  Thames  Yacht 
Club."  They  started  with  about  40  members, 
including  most  of  those  who  belonged  to  the  Cum- 
berland Fleet.  The  "  Coronation  Sailing  Society  " 
existed  for  a  few  years,  was  in  abeyance  during  1827 
and  1828,  revived  again  in  1829,  and  finally  dissolved 
at  a  meeting  held  on  January  3,  183 1.  The  only 
other  sailing  society  on  the  river  at  that  time  was 
the  "  Clarence  Yacht  Club  "  (which  was  a  split  of 
the  "  Thames  "  in  1828,  and  went  in  for  small  boat 
sailing),  so  the  final  merging  of  the  "  Coronation  " 
into  the  "Thames"  seems  to  have  taken  place. 
In  1827  H.R.H.  the  Duke  of  Clarence  became 
patron  of  the  "  Thames,"  and  in  1830  the  club  took 
the  title  of  '*  Royal  "  on  the  Duke  coming  to  the 
Throne.  Queen  Victoria  became  patroness  in  1837. 
The  last  above  bridge  match  took  place  in  1840. 
In  1845  ^^c  cl^^  found  the  accommodation  provided 
for  it  at  the  British  CofiFee  House,  Cockspur  Street, 
inadequate,  and  moved  to  the  Piazza  Hotel,  Covent 
Garden,  and  a  few  years  later  established  itself  at 
49  St.  James's  Street.  In  i860  the  club  was  trans- 
ferred to  its  present  premises  at  7  Albemarle  Street. 
London,  W.  In  1874  H.R.H.  the  then  Prince  of 
Wales  became  Conmiodore. 

Flag :  Blue  ensign  of  His  Majesty's  Fleet. 
Burgee  :  Blue,  with  white  cross,  red  crown  in 
centre.  Patron,  H.M.  King  Edward  VII. ;  Commo* 
dore,  Theodore  Pirn ;  Vice-Commodore,  Sir  James 
Pender,  Bart.  ;  Cup  -  Bearer*  Lieut.  -  Colonel  Sir 
Geo.  Leach.  K.C.B. ;  Secretary,  Lieutenant  F.  W. 
Chame.  R.N.  Annual  subscription,  owners  {jS  65., 
non-owners  {J^  Ss. 

Boyal  Torbay  Taoht  Olab,  with  their  headquarters 
at  Torquay,  was  established  in  1868.  Commodore, 
Major  A.  Bogle  ;  Vice-Commodore,  F.  Lancaster 
Shaw  ;  Rear-Commodore,  C.  Thellusson  ;  Honor- 
ary Treasurer,  F.  Kitson ;  Honorary  Secretary, 
Colonel  G.  Stovell.  Entrance  fee,  f,^  55. :  annual 
subscription,  lAt  4^. 

Boyal  Ulster  Tacht  dub.  Established  1866. 
Received  Admiralty  warrant,  February  19,  1870. 
Flag  :  Blue  ensign,  with  white  shield,  red  hand  of 
Ulster  in  centre,  surmounted  by  crown  on  fly. 
Burgee :  Blue,  with  shield  and  crown  in  centre. 
Commodore,  the  Earl  of  Shaftesbury ;  Vice-Commo- 
dore, Colonel  R.  G.  Shannan-Crawford ;  Rear- 
Commodore.  H.  P.  Nicholson ;  Honorary  Treasurer, 
Herbert  Brown,  jun. ;  Honorary  Secretary,  Wm.  H. 
Carson.  Entrance  fee,  ^£5  55.  ;  annual  subscription, 
in-port  members  i^  2s.,  out-port  members  £1  is, 

Boyal  Victoria  Tacht  Olnb,  Ryde,  I.O.W.   Estab- 
lished 1844.     Received  Admiralty  warrant  June  4, 


1845.  The  club  was  founded  in  Commemoration 
of  the  honour  conferred  on  the  Isle  of  Wight  by  Her 
late  Majesty  Queen  Victoria  in  having  chosen 
Osborne  House  for  a  marine  palace.  The  club  is 
now  known  as  the  Red  Squadron,  just  as  its  big 
neighbour,  the  Royal  Yacht  Squadron,  is  known  as 
the  White.  Flags  :  Red  ensign  of  His  Majesty's 
Fleet,  with  the  distinctive  marks  of  the  club  on  the 
fly  thereof,  viz.,  a  crown,  with  the  letters  V.R.  under- 
neath pierced  yellow.  Burgee  :  Red,  with  a  crown 
over  an  anchor,  and  on  either  side  the  letters  V.R. 
pierced  yellow.  Commodore,  W.  B.  Paget ;  Vice- 
Commodore,  Lieut. -Colonel  Villiers  S.  Bagot ;  Rear- 
Commodore,  the  Marquis  of  Exeter ;  Secretary, 
Jas.  Henry  Leal.  Entrance  fee,  £$  55. ;  annual 
subscription,  £6  6s. 

Royal  Webb  Tacht  Olnb,  Carnarvon.  Established 
1847,  and  Admiralty  warrant  granted  May  5, 
1847  Flag :  Blue  ensign,  with  crown  and  the 
Prince  of  Wales's  plume  in  the  fly.  Burgee :  Blue, 
with  crown  and  plume.  Patron,  H.M.  King 
Edward  VII.  ;  Commodore,  Lloyd  W.  G.  Hughes ; 
Vice-Commodore,  J.  E.  Greaves ;  Treasurer,  G.  R. 
Rees ;  Honorary  Secretary,  W.  S.  Jones.  En- 
trance fee.  £s  3s. ;   annual  subscription,  £1  is. 

Boyal  Waateni  Taoht  Clab,  Clyde.  EstabUshed 
1875.  F^  •  Blue  ensign.  Burgee :  Blue  with 
crown  and  thistle.  Commodore,  R.  G.  Allan ; 
Vice-Commodore,  Robt.  Clark  ;  Rear-Commodore, 
T.  C.  Glen  Coats ;  Honoreury  Secretary  and 
Treasurer,  A.  Herbert  Aspin.  Entrance  fee,  £1  is.  ; 
annual  subscription,  £1  is.  Races  sailed  at  Hunters  ' 
Quay. 

Royal  Western  Taoht  Olab  of  England,  Plymouth. 
Established  1827.  It  was  known  at  that  time  as 
"  The  Royal  Clarence  Regatta  Club,"  with  H.R.H. 
'  the  Duke  of  Clarence  as  patron.  In  1833  the  name 
was  changed  to  "  The  Royal  Western  Yacht  Club," 
with  H.R.H.  the  Duke  of  Sussex  as  patron,  and 
H.R.H.  the  Duchess  of  Kent  patroness.  The 
Royal  and  Admiralty  warrants  were  granted  to 
the  club  on  June  15,  1834,  and  fresh  Admiralty 
warrants  again  in  1842  and  1894.  '^^^  c^^^  house  is 
beautifully  situated,  overlooking  the  Sound,  and 
the  club  can  boast  of  some  very  fine  oil  paintings 
and  engravings.  Flag  :  Dark  blue,  with  union  in 
comer.  Burgee  :  Dark  blue,  with  crown  in  centre. 
The  regatta  is  now  held  on  June  8.  Commodore, 
the  Right  Hon.  Earl  of  Mount  Edgcumbe,  G.C.V.O. ; 
Vice-Commodore,  E.  B.  Beauchamp  ;  Rear-Commo- 
dore, Sir  Bourchier  Wrey,  Bart.  Entrance  fee, 
£7  7$.  :   annual  subscription,  £$. 

Boyal  William.  This  vessel,  launched  at  Quebec, 
1 83 1,  was  the  first  steamer  to  cross  the  Atlantic. 
She  left  Pictou  (N.S.)  on  August  20,  1833,  arriving 
at  Gravesend  on  September  1 1 ,  after  a  passage  of 
22  days,  which  was  then  considered  a  remarkable 
achievement. 

Royal  Windermere  Taoht  dab.  Established 
1 860.     Received  Royal  warrant,  dated  July  8,  1887. 


ROYAL 


556 


ROYAL 


The  officers  are  appointed  annually  on  the  first 
Saturday  in  March.  Burgee  -  Red.  gold  crown  in 
centre.  Commodore,  Sir  W.  B.  Forwood ;  Vice- 
Commodore,  A.  R.  Sladen ;  Rear-Commodore, 
K.  I.  Crossley  ;  Honorary  Treasurer,  T.  D.  Lingard  ; 
Honorary  Secretary.  C.  H.  W.  Dunn.  Entrance  fee, 
£2  25.  ;   annual  subscription,  ^3  35.  and  £2  25. 

Royal  Taoht  dab  de  Belgiaae.  Established  1 889. 
Honorary  President,  H.  Albert  de  Bary  ;  President, 
Robert  Osterrieth ;  Vice-Presidents,  H.  Myssens, 
W.  A.  Linden,  and  F.  Empain ;  Honorary  Treasurer. 
F.  Reiss  ;  Honorary  Secretary,  A.  Grisar.  Quai  van 
Dyck  10,  Antwerp  ;  Honorary  Assistant  Secretary, 
Albert  van  der  Cruyssen.  Annual  subscription, 
25  francs  and  40  francs. 

Bofal  Yacht  dub  of  Viotoria.  Established  1856. 
Commodore,  Alfred  Gollin  ;  Vice-Commodore.  C.  D. 
Wallace ;  Rear-Commodore,  Edgar  Newlands ; 
Honorary  Treasurer,  G.  F.  Gerrard ;  Honorary 
Secretary,  S.  Amess.  Temple  Court,  Collins  Street, 
Melbourne,  Victoria.  Entrance  fee,  {ji  2s, ;  annual 
subscription,  £2  2s. 

Royal  Yacht  Sanadron.  During  the  second 
decade  of  the  nineteenth  century,  when  the  Solent 
became  the  recognised  cruising  ground  for  pleasure 
craft,  dinners  and  balls  were  held  annually  at 
Cowes.  These  gatherings  gave  rise  to  the  idea  of 
establishing  a  duly  constituted  body,  with  the 
result  that  on  J  une  i .  1 8 1 5 ,  a  meeting  was  held  at  the 
Thatched  House  Tavern,  St.  James's  Street, 
London,  when  a  club  was  founded  under  the  title  of 
"  The  Yacht  Club." 

Lord  Grantham,  afterwards  Earl  de  Grey,  occu- 
pied the  chair.  Among  those  present  at  that  his^ 
toric  meeting  were  Lords  Ashbrooke,  Belmore, 
Buckingham.  Cawdor,  Craven,  Deerhurst,  Fitz- 
Harris,  Kirkwall,  Nugent,  Ponsonby,  Thomond,  and 
Uxbridge ;  Sir  W.  Curtis,  Sir  J.  Hippesley,  Colonel 
Sheddon,  Sir  G.  Thomas,  Colonel  Wheatley,  Sir 
Godfrey  Webster,  and  others.  In  all,  the  meeting 
was  attended  by  40  yachtsmen,  who  were  consti- 
tuted  "  original  members." 

The  only  stated  qualification  was  the  ownership 
of  a  vessel  of  not  less  than  i  o  tons,  while  the  entrance 
fee  was  fixed  at  two  guineas.  A  white  flag  with  the 
Union  Jack  in  the  comer  was  adopted  as  the  dis- 
tinguishing ensign  of  the  club,  with  a  white  burgee 
at  the  masthead. 

For  some  years  the  yacht  club  foregathered  at 
East  Cowes,  on  the  premises  of  the  Medina  Hotel, 
whence  it  removed  to  what  is  now  the  Gloucester 
Hotel,  on  the  Marine  Parade  at  West  Cowes.  On 
July  15,  1 8 16,  the  members  were  gladdened  by  what 
was  then  considered  a  distinguished  privilege. 
The  Commander-in-Chief  at  Portsmouth,  Admiral 
Sir  Edward  Thomborough.  granted  them  permis- 
sion to  land  and  embark  at  the  Sally  Port.  A 
further  and  more  real  compliment,  however,  was 
piid  them  in  the  subsequent  year,  when  the  secre- 
tary received  the  following  letter  from  Captain  the 


Hon.  Sir  C.  Paget,  in  command  of  the  Royal  Yacht 
Royal  George  {q.v.),  lying  off  Brighton  : 

"  The  Prince  desires  to  be  a  member  of  the 

Yacht  Club,  and  you  are  to  consider  this  an 

official  notification  of  His  Royal  Highness's 

desire." 

On  September  5,  1820,  Sir  R.  Bloomfield  wrote 

from  Carlton  House,  intimating  a  desire  on  the  part 

of    His  Majesty  King  George  IV.  that  the  club 

should  henceforth  be  styled  "  The  Royal  Yacht 

Club."    In  June  of  the  following  year  the  club's 

colours  were  changed  to  the  red  "  Duster  "  and  the 

plain  red  burgee,  and  in  August  it  was  determined 

'*  that  the  club  burgee  is  to  be  in  future  a  swallow 

tail." 

At  a  meeting  of  the  Royal  Yacht  Club,  held  in 
August,  1826,  it  was  decided  that  the  annual  sub- 
scription should  be  increased  to  £$,  and  that  the 
red  ensign  should  be  embellished  by  a  crown  and  a 
foul  anchor,  with  the  letters  R.Y.C.  A  month  later 
the  entrance  fee  was  raised  to  j£io,  the  annual 
subscription  to  £S,  and  the  tonnage  necessary  for 
qualification  to  30  tons. 

In  February,  1827,  the  Netherlands  Government, 
and  in  May,  1829,  the  Spanish  and  Russian  Govern- 
ments, conceded  to  yachts  of  the  Royal  Yacht  Club 
the  privilege  of  entering  their  ports  on  the  same 
footing  as  a  man-of-war — free  of  port  dues.  A 
month  after  the  latter  date,  the  Lords  of  the 
Admiralty  issued  warrants  permitting  vessels  of  the 
Royal  Yacht  Club  to  fly  the  St.  George's  ensign. 
In  consequence,  a  white  burgee  with  red  cross  and  a 
yellow  crown  in  the  centre  of  it  was  adopted. 

The  year  1833  is  memorable  in  the  history  of  the 
premier  yacht  club,  since  its  present  title  dates  from 
the  receipt  of  the  following  letter,  addressed  to  the 
secretary  of  the  Royal  Yacht  Qub. 

"  Sir, — I  have  it  in  command  from  His  Majesty 

to  acquaint  you,  for  the  information  of  the 

commodore  and  officers  of  the  Royal  Yacht 

Qub,   that   as   a  mark  of    His   Majesty's 

gracious  approval  of  an  institution  of  such 

national  utility,  it  is  His  gracious  wish  and 

pleasure  that  it  shall  be  henceforth  known 

and  styled  '  The  Royal  Yacht  Squadron.'  of 

which  His  Majesty  is  graciously  pleased  to 

consider  Himself  the  head. 

July  4,  1833.  (Signed)    Bblpast." 

King  William  IV.,  as  a  further  mark  of  his  favour. 

and  for  the  encouragement  of  the  sport  of  yacht 

racing,  granted  an  annual  cup,  value  100  guineas. 

to  be  sailed  for  by  yachts  belonging  to  members  of 

the  squadron. 

Winners  of  the  cups  are  as  follows  : 


1 

Club. 

Yacht 

Ri«. 

i 

i2 

Owatr. 

1834 
1835 
1836 
1837 
1838 

t« 
•• 
«i 
tt 

Harriet     

Columbine 

BreeMe       

Amulet     

Alarm       

Cutter 
I. 
•t 

■« 
«* 

63 
90 
55 
51 
193 

G.W.  HcDMtfe. 
J.  Smith  Bazry. 
Junes  Lyoos. 
John  MecUsm. 
Joseph  Wedd. 

ROYAL 


557 


ROYAL 


On  the  accession  to  the  Throne  of  Her  Majesty 
Queen  Victoria,  at  a  meeting  of  the  club,  it  was 
moved  and  seconded,  "  That  the  Commodore  be 
requested  to  seek  an  interview  or  audience  of  Her 
Majesty,  with  a  view  to  the  continuance  of  the  Royal 
Cup  to  be  presented  to  the  Royal  Yacht  Squadron  at 
Cowes."  This  request  was  graciously  acceded  to, 
and  an  annual  cup  has  been  granted  to  the  Royal 
Yacht  Squadron  ever  since  1839.  while  since  1851 
one  or  two  further  cups  were  given  by  her  late 
Majesty,  and  continued  since  her  death  by  H.M. 
King  Edward  VII.  to  other  clubs  as  well.  A  com- 
plete list  of  winners  of  Queen's  and  King's  cups  is 
as  under  : 

WINNERS  OF  QUEEN'S  CUPS. 


3    ,       Club. 


Yacht. 


I 


I 


Clob. 


Yacht. 


Ri«. 


— 1_. 


Owner. 


1839 
1840 
1841 
1842 

1843  ' 

1844  f 

1845  t 

I 

1846  I 
1847 

1848 
1849 
1850 

1851 

1832 


R.Y.S. 


1853 


1854 

1855 
1856 

1837 


1858 


1859 


I860 

1861 
1862 


1863 

186-» 
1865 
•• 
1866 


R.T.Y.C. 
R.Y.S. 

R.St.G.Y. 

C. 
R.V.Y.C 


Dolphin  ... 

Reindeer 
I  Aurora     ... 
I  Circassian 

Budora    ... 
I  Alarm 

FliH 


.1  ZePhryetta 

.1  Heroine   ... 

] 

,.  Sultana  ... 
.1  Cygnet  ... 
,.!  Arrow 


Bacchante 
Cygnet  ... 
Arrow 


•    •  ■  ■  I 


Stella 
A  rrow 


•  ••         •  • 


1867 


1868 


1S69 


R.Y.S. 
R.Y.Y.S. 

R.M.Y.C. 

R.y.s. 


R.V.Y.C. 

R.Y.S. 

R.M.Y.C. 

R.d.  I  .v^. 

R.Y.S. 

R.W.E.Y. 

C. 
R.Y.S. 
R.N.Y.C. 

R.Y.S. 


C.I 
rCM.  Y.v^. 
R.Y.S. 

R.W.I.Y.C 
R.Y.S. 


R.I.Y.C. 
R.Y.S. 

R.M.Y.C. 

R.St.G.Y. 

C. 
R.Y.S. 


R.W.I.Y.C. 

R.W.E.Y. 
C. 

^%«  A  •  X  *^^*    ••• 


Olorianu 

Aurora 

Borealia 

.'  Coralie    

.1  Alarfn      

Bacchante 

\  Gloriana 

.1  Marquita 
.|  Lulworth 

.:  Cymba^    

.!  Mosquito 

.1  Alarm      

.]  Mosquito 

Mosquito 

Brunette 

Aura        


Aline 

Alarm 
Audax     ... 

^SOlus      ... 

Albertific 

Surf 

Albertinc 

Egeria 

Fiona 
Fiona 
Pantomime 

Christabel 

Piotut 

Fiona 
Oimara    ... 

Lu/ra 

Fiona 
Egeria 


G.H.  Ackers. 
J.  Moore. 
W.  Beach. 
W.  Lyon. 

R.W.Cooper. 


Cutter 


Schoonert217 
Cutter  ,107 
I  47 
Schooneri  16 
Cutter        59 

;i93    Joseph  Weld. 
Schooner  155  ,  Sir      B.     R. 
Grahatn. 
180  1  H.  Hope. 
35     Sir      J.       R. 

'     Camac. 
100    R.  C.  Naylor. 
35     H.  Lambton. 
84  I  T.  Chamber- 
layne. 
,  80  I  H.  B.  Jones. 
35  I  H.  Lambton. 
102  I  T.  Chamber- 
layne. 


42 

102 


R.  U.  Lang. 


T.  Chamber- 
,     layne. 
Schooner  132    Joseph  Gee 


Cutter 


'252 
35 


I 


A.  B.  Byrne. 
Schooneri 248  !  J.  Wdd. 
Cutter      !  80  I  H.  B.  Jones. 
Schooner' 134  I  J.  Gee. 


Cutter 


102 

'  80 

I  50 

50 


F.  B.  Carew. 
J.  Weld. 
T.  Brasaey. 
T.  Grores. 


Schooneri248  i  J.  Weld. 
Cutter     I  50  i  T.  Groves. 
.  60    T.  Groves. 
I        I 

'  70  I  Col.  Siniih. 
I  40  I  W.      H.     M. 
Ellis. 
Schooner216  t  Capt.Thellus- 
*     son. 


Cutter 


248 
59 


t  59 

Schooner,  188 


Cutter 


54 


Schooner' 158 

1  78 
I 
Cotter 

Schooner 

Cntter 


78 

78 

140 


Schooner 

Cutter 
«• 

Yawl 


51 

78 
216 


I  78 
165 


I 


J.  Weld. 
J.H.Johnson. 

C.T.  Cooper. 
Lord  Londes- 

borou({h. 
C.  T.Couper. 
Lord  Londes- 

borough. 
J.        Mulhol- 

land. 

H.  Lafons. 
H.  Lafons. 
Lieut.  -  Col. 

Markham. 
A.     C.    Ken- 
•  nard. 
E.  Boutcher. 

Capt.     Thel- 

lusson. 
E.  Boutcher. 
C.J.Tennant. 


1869  IR.C.Y.C.  ... 

1870  R.Y.S. 

I         j 

II      jKaS.Y.C   ...I 

..   'R.St.G.Y.  ! 
C.      I 

1871  1R.Y.S.   ...' 


••   I 
1872 


K.l*.Y.v^.  .. 
K«l>Y.v^. 
iCx.o.   •. 


19    XV. ^.  X  .\,.«.  ... 

1873  R.Y.S.   ... 

.«    tx.  inr  .1.  Y.w. 


1874  R.Y.S. 

R.St.G.Y. 

C. 
R.T.Y.C. 

1875  'R.Y.S. 

I 

1876  iR.Y.S. 

1877  R.Y.S. 

It   ,K.l.X.V^. 

I 

1878  R-Y.S. 

,,   R.St.G.Y. 

C. 
,1   R.W.x!<.Y. 

c. 

1879  1R.Y.S. 


'1880  R.Y.S. 

josepnuee.  .,     1R.T.Y.C. 

R.  Beckman.  ..     <JR.U.Y.C 


1881  .R-Y-S. 


1882 


R.LY.C. 
R.Y.S. 

R.N.Y.C. 
lv.M.  Y.C 


1883  R.Y.S. 

I,       cv.CY.C 
,,      iK.n.Y.C 

1884  'R.Y.S. 

I,      'R.St.G.Y 

I    ^• 

1885  iR.Y.S. 


••| 


206  I  Earl  of  Straf- 
ford. 
Cutter      I  78  I  £.  Boutcher. 
Schooner]  152  '  J.       Mulhol- 
land. 


R.T.Y.C. 

1886  |R.Y.S. 

1887  iR-Y.S. 

1888  R.Y.S. 

I 

..     ;R.V.Y.C. 

1889  R.C.Y.C. 
R.Y.S.  • 


1890  •R.Y.S.      ... 

f  •  <Xa  £M  •    X   >V./  ft     •  •  ■ 

•  ■  aV«  ^V*  Z ■ ^^ ■    • ■ 4 

1891  |R.C.P.Y.C. 


.1 


Volante  ...    . 

Oimara  ...  . 
Plying  Cloud. 

Vanguard 

Fiona      ...     . 

Foxhound 

Vanguard 
Vanguard 
Bgerta 

Vanguard 
Kriemhilda  . 

Kriemhilda  . 

lona 

Bg^ria     ...    . 

Cyihera   ...    . 

Kriemhilda  . 

Vol^U'Vent  . 

Corinne  ...  . 
Raven  ...  . 
iVcva 

Hildegarde  . 

Cythera  ...  . 

Formosa 

Cythera  ...  . 

Florinda...  . 

Egeria  ...  . 
Formosa 

Forn%osa 

Latona  ...  . 
Laiona  ...  . 
Egeria     ...    . 

Samoena...  . 
Sleuthhound 

Bryotna  ... 
Annasona 

Sleuthhound 

Samoena 
Marjorie 
Lorna 

Irex  

Lortui 

Ulerin 

Vara 

Ircx  

Sleuthhound 

May 

Neptune  ... 
Moina 

Erycitui  ... 

/  w^X      •  •  •        •  •  • 

Moina 

Ircx   

NePtune  ... 

Vreda 

Ceionia   ... 

Amphitriie 

Samoena 

Thistle  ... 
Deerhound 

Leihe 

Valkyrie... 


Rig. 


s 

o 


Owner. 


..:  Cutter        59  I  H.  C.  Mands- 

lay. 
C.J.Tennant. 
CoQAtBatthy- 

any. 
Lieut.   -  Col. 

Verschoyle 
E.  Boutcher. 


1 165 
Schooner;  75 


Cutter 


78 
33 


60 
'  60 
Schooner  152 


Schooner 
Cutter 


Cutter        60 
,106 

1 106 

62 

152 

110 

106 

104 

Schooner  160 
Yawl  '  60 
Cutter        62 

Schooner!  198 
Cutter       110 

103 

I 

116 

i 
Yawl         137 

I 
Schooneri  156 
Cutter      103 


Yawl         160 

;i60 

Schooneri  157 


Cutter 


Yawl 
Cutter 
Yawl 
Cutter 


Yawl 
Catter 


Schooner 


Cutter      I  88 

1121 


Yawl 
Cutter 


Marquis      of 
Ailfia. 

W.  Turner. 

W.  Turner. 

J.        Mulhol- 
land. 

W.  P.  Miller. 

ConntBatthy- 
any. 

CountBatthy- 
any. 

J.     Ashbury, 
M  P 

J.     '  Mulhol- 
land. 

D.     Richard- 
son. 

CountBatthy- 
any. 

Col.      Mark- 
ham. 

N.Wood. 

Col.  Sterling. 

R.  K.  Holms- 
Kerr. 
I  H.R.H.       P. 
I     of  Wales. 
!  D.    Richard- 
son. 

F.        Sloane 
Stanley. 

D.     Richard- 
I     son. 

W.  Jessop. 

J.MulhoUand. 
F.        Sloane 
I  Stanley. 

1103  I  H.R.H.       P. 
I        ;     of  Wales. 
A.  B.Rowley. 
A.  B.Rowley. 
J.       Mulhol- 

land. 
J.  Jameson. 
Marquis      of 

Ailsa. 
A.  Allan. 
J.  D.  Hedder- 

wick. 
Marquis      of 

Ailsa. 
J.  Jameson. 
I  J.  Coata. 
J  S.  Hope  Mor- 

ley. 
J.  Jameaon. 

S.  Hope  Mor 

ley. 
Edgar      Vin- 
cent. 
F.  Taylor. 
J.  Jameson. 
I  Lord  Francis 
1     CecU. 
I  J.  Duncuft. 
W.G.D.Guff. 
'  Capt.      Bain- 
-     bridge. 
A.  Penn. 
J.  Jameson 
i  Capt.     Bain- 
bridge. 
■  J.  Jameson. 
,  T.  W.  Birch- 
I        '     all. 

T.    H.   Hod- 

gens. 
Sir  E.  Guin- 
ness. Bart. 
Col.        Mac- 

Gregor 
H.Langrishe. 
J.Bell. 
40  '  C.G.Nottage. 
124    S.C.  Watson. 
78  I  Lord       Dun- 
I     raven. 


:  90 

'  40 

I 

91 

,  40 

I 

I  88 

I  68 

85 

85 

85 

10 

40 
85 
40 

40 
46 
88 

85 
94 
88 

94 
40 


20 
157 
132 


ROYAL 


558 


ROYAL 


>« 


Club. 


Yacht. 


Riji. 


0) 

e 
o 


Owner. 


1891  tR.Y.S. 


1892 


R.St.G.Y. 
C. 

R.Y.S.       ...'•  Corsair 


Cetonia  ... 
Queen  Mab 
Iverna     ... 


...'  Schooner  157 


...,  Cutter 


1893 


M  ...,  Meteor     ... 

R.W.Y.C....I  Britannia 


R.I.Y.C. 

1894  R.C.Y.C. 

I 

..    Ir.y  s. 

..      'R.D.Y.C. 

1895  R.M.Y.C. 

•  ».       R.Y.S. 

«i       IK.V.  i.v«. 

I 

1896  iR.Y.Y.C. 
..       R.N.Y.C. 

It       K.Y.S. 

I 

1897  IR.U.Y.C. 
..       R.Y.S. 

1898  'R.H.Y.C. 

.       R.C.Y.C. 

•t       'K.ot.CY. 

C. 
..      IR.Y.S. 

1899  R.T.Y.C.  . 

t*  lx«X*Oa 


Saianiia... 
Britannia 

Carina    ... 

Sataniia 
Britannia 

Britannia 

Britannia 

Anemone 
Meteor 


« ••         ■  ■  ■ 


1900 


R.T.Y.C 


■     ■  •• 


Mohawk  ... 

Meteor 

Britannia 

luttona    ... 

Bona 

Bona 

Bona 

Betty 

CaPrice    ... 

Bona 

Meteor     ... 

Satanita 

Creole 


Yawl 
Cutter 


...:  Yawl 
Cutter 


•  I        •» 


Yawl 


'  40 
152 

60 

238 

221 

162 
221 

69 

300 
221 

221 

221 

96 
238 

65 

238 

221 

165 

'122 

.122 

!l22 

'  92 

37 
122 
238 


...  Cutter        — 


Lord  Iveatfh. 
T.B.C.  West. 
J.  Jameson. 

Ad.  Hon.  V. 
Montagu. 

German  Em- 
peror. 

of  Wales. 

A.  D.  Clark. 

ri.R.ria  P. 
of  Wales. 

Ad.  Hon.  V. 
Montafiu. 

A.  D.  Clark. 

H.R.H.  P. 
of  Wales. 

n.RiH.  P. 
of  Wales. 

H.R.H.  P. 
of  Wales. 

H.H.  Hagftas. 

German  Em- 
peror. 

Capt.  J.  Orr- 
Ewing. 

German  Em- 
peror. 

H.R.H.  P. 
of  Wales. 

W.  M.  John- 
stone. 

Due  d'Abruz- 
ici. 

Due  d'Abniz- 
zi. 

Due  d'Ahruz- 
ti. 

J.  Gretton, 
jon. 

Sir  H.  Sey- 
mour King. 

J.  Howard 
Taylor. 

German  Em- 
i     peror.         « 
I  Sir    M.  F!t«- 
*     gerald. 
i  Col.V.  Bagot. 


WINNERS  OF  HIS  MAJESTY'S  CUPS. 


1901 

i9oa 


1903 


1904 

190S 
1906 

ft 

1907 


Club. 


JCV*  X  .0.  ... 
K.X«o.         ... 

R.W.E.Y. 
C. 

K.IVI.  Y.V.<.  ... 
aV«\^.  X.V'.  ... 
K.  Y.d.         ••• 

K.lv.Y.v>.  «•• 
K.C<.s  . Y. Vf. 

A.  y  .d>         .•• 


JK*w.X.C   ... 

R.St.G.Y. 
C. 

K.Y.o.        ... 
R.C.P.Y.C. 


Yacht; 

— 

Rig. 

c 
98 

Leander  ... 

Yawl 

Kariad    ... 

Cutter 

166 

Brynhild 

Yawl 

153 

Bona 

•• 

123 

Bona 
Carina 
Meteor     ... 

•• 
It 
Schooner 

123 
69 

412 

Bona 
Brynhild 

Yawl 

123 

133 

Brytihild 

II 

153 

Cariad     ... 

Ketch 

153 

Vendetta 

White  Htatlier 

Cutler 

t  • 

73 
151 

Satanita... 

•  •• 

Yawl 

300 

White  Heather 

Cutter 

151 

Owner. 


Hon.R.  Guin- 
ness. 

Keaneth  M. 
Clark. 

Sir  James 
Pender. 

P.Donaldson. 

P.Donaldson. 

J.  J.  Frame. 

German  Em- 
peror. 

P.  Donaldson. 

Sir  James 
Pender. 

Sir  James 
Pender. 

Earl  Dun- 
raren. 

W.  Abbott. 

M.  B.  Ken- 
nedy, 

Sir  M.  Fitz- 
gerald. 

M.  B.  Ken- 
ned y^ 


No  Queen's  Cup  was  raced  for  in  1862,  the  year 
following  the  Prince  Consort's  death.  For  ten 
years  previously  the  Prince  Ccmaort  had  also  pre- 
sented an  annual  cup  to  the  Royal  Yacht  Squadron. 


WINNERS  OF  PRINCE  CONSORT'S  CUPS. 

1 

Club. 

Yacht. 

Rig. 

i 

Owner. 

> 

H 

1852 

K.Y.S.  ... 

Oloritta     

Schooner 

134 

T.Gee. 

1853 

•I 

MoBQuito 

Cutter 

50 

Lord  Londee- 
borough. 

1854 

•1 

Arrow       

•  • 

102 

T.  Chamber- 
layne. 

1855 

•I 

Olorina     

Schooner  134 

J.  Gee. 

18S6 

ti 

Bxtravaganma 

Cutter 

48 

Sir  Percy  F. 
Shelley. 

1857 

•1 

Lalla  Rookh  ... 

Schooner 

U5 

Viaoount  Ban- 
gor. 

1858 

•  • 

Lultrorth 

Cutter 

80 

J.  Weld. 

1859 

If 

Zouave     

Schoonec  122  j 

R.  Arabin. 

1860 

11 

Arrow 

Cutter 

102 

T.  Chamber- 
layne. 

1861 

II 

Arrow.,.    

II 

102 

T.     Chamber- 

layne. 

The  premises  of  what  is  now  the  Gloucester 
Hotel  served  as  club  house  of  the  Royal  Yacht 
Squadron  until  1857,  when  the  lease  expired.  As 
by  the  death  of  the  Marquis  of  Anglesey,  Governor 
of  the  Isle  of  Wight,  the  old  castle  at  West  Cowes, 
constructed  as  a  fort  by  Henry  VIII.,  had  become 
vacant,  the  club,  after  considerably  enlarging  the 
building,  made  it  their  headquarters  in  the  course 
of  the  season  of  1858.  Its  situation  is  charming, 
commanding  an  extensive  view  of  the  Solent.  Spit- 
head  to  the  eastward,  Eaglchurst,  Calshot  Castle, 
and  Southampton  Water  to  the  north,  and  Lyraing- 
ton  far  away  towards  the  setting  sun. 

The  rooms  of  the  castle  are  more  remarkable 
for  solid  comfort  than  for  modem  luxury.  A  large 
picture  on  the  wall  of  the  dining  room  painted  in 
1834  by  W.  Huggins.  perpetuates  the  ^mous 
craft  of  the  day,  grouped  around  the  Commodore's 
yacht.  This  was  the  Falcon,  a  full-rigged  ship  of 
351  tons,  owned  by  the  Earl  of  Yarborough,  and 
carrying  it  guns  on  the  broadside.  The  Marquis 
of  Anglesey's  cutter  Pearl,  130  tons,  is  coming  up 
on  the  starboard  side,  followed  by  the  Duke  of 
Portland's  brig  Pantaloon.  In  the  ofling  is  seen 
the  Earl  of  Belfast's  brig  Waierwiich,  of  331  tons. 

H.M.  King  Edward  VII.  is  the  Admiral  of  the 
club,  the  flag  officers  being :  Commodore,  the 
Marquis  of  Ormonde  ;  Vice-Commodore,  the  Duke 
of  Leeds ;  Secretary,  T.  H.  S.  Pasley.  The 
entrance  fee  is  ;^ioo,  and  the  annual  subscriptioQ 

Royal  Torkshm  Taoht  Ohils  HuU.  Estab- 
lished 1847.  Admiralty  warrant  1847.  Flag  :  Red 
ensign,  rose  and  crown  in  comer.  Burgee  :  Red. 
with  rose  and  crown  in  centre.  Commodore, 
Lord  Middleton  ;  Vice-Commodore.  J.  F.  Ingleby  ; 
Rear-Commodore,  Sir  H.  Seymour  King  ;  Hcnoruy 
Treasurer.  F.  R.  Pease ;  Honorary  Secretary. 
Arthur  Mills.  Entrance  fee,  £2  2s,  ;  annual  sub- 
scription,* ;£i  15. 

Rosrden*  T.  B.»  Liverpool.     Su  Indra  Line. 

Royw,  Vioe-Admiral  Thomas  Harvay.  Entered 
Navy  1845  '»  midshipman  of  President  in  opezatioas 
against  Petropauloveski,  1854  ;  lieutenant,  1857 : 
commander.  1868  ;  captain  of  the  Hart  at  the 
removal  of  the  rebel  Spanish  warships  at  Carthagena, 


ROZHDESTVENSKY 


559 


RUNCIMAN 


1873  ;  took  part  in  the  operations  in  the  Lingie  and 
Lukat  rivers  against  Malays  in  the  Straits  of  Malac- 
ca, 1874  (Perak  medal  and  clasp) ;  captain,  1876  ; 
captain  of  Tamar  during  war  in  Egypt,  1882 
(Egyptian  medal,  Khedive's  Bronze  Star,  Osmanieh 
3rd  Class) ;  captain  of  Orion  ;  senior  officer  at 
Alexandria  and  in  Egyptian  waters  during  the 
close  of  the  Soudan  war,  1885  ;  senior  officer  at 
Singapore,  1888  ;  appointed  to  Hotspur,  Coastguard 
and  First  Reserve  ship  at  Harwich,  1888  ;  com- 
manded "  C  "  Squadron  during  naval  manoeuvres, 
1890;  captain's  good  service  pension,  1889-90; 
retired  under  age  clause,  1890  ;  rear-admiral.  1891  ; 
appointed  nautical  assessor  to  the  House  of  Lords, 
1892  ;  vice-admiral.  1897. 

BoihdMtvMisky,  Ziiii?y  Petvovitoh  (b.  1848). 
Russian  admiral.  Entered  Russian  Navy  at  the 
age  of  17,  and  was  engaged  in  the  Russo-Turkish 
war.  He  commanded  the  Baltic  Fleet  that  went 
to  the  Far  East  during  the  Russo-Japanese  war. 
and  came  into  prominence  over  the  Dogger  Bank 
incident  (q.v.).  At  the  Battle  of  the  Sea  of  Japan 
iq.v.),  when  in  command  of  the  Russian  Fleet,  he 
sustained  a  crushing  defeat  at  the  hands  of  the 
Japanese  under  Admiral  Togo,  when  most  of  his 
fleet  was  either  destroyed  or  captured,  an4  he, 
together  with  8,000  officers  and  men,  was  taken 
prisoner  by  the  Japanese. 

B.P.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  De  Rijp.  Holland. 

RJP.O.T.C.  Abbreviation  for  Royal  Portsmouth 
Corinthian  Yacht  Club. 

R.B.  Distinguishing  letters  (Hi  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Rochester,  England. 

B.8t.G.T.C.  Abbreviation  for  Royal  St.  George's 
Yacht  Club. 

B.8.Y.O.  Abbreviation  for  Royal  Southern 
Yacht  Club. 

B.T.Y.O.  Abbreviation  for  Royal  Thames 
Yacht  Club. 

B.Ty.Y.C.  Abbreviation  for  Royal  Torbay 
Yacht  Club. 

B.U.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Rudkjobing,  Denmark. 

Boa.  The  Siamese  word  for  boat ;  the  prefix 
for  all  boat  names. 

BalMttino  Italian  Stsamihip  Go.  See  Florio  Ru- 
battino  ;  also  Navigaxione  Generale  Italiftna. 

Bobher.  A  small  instrument  used  in  sail  making 
to  flatten  down  the  seams. 

Bubbing  piece.  A  piece  of  wood  nailed  on  the 
fore  side  of  a  mast  to  prevent  injury  by  yards  or 
spars  when  being  raised  or  lowered. 

Bllllle*  French  sea-going  submarine.  (Cher- 
bourg, 1903O  Length,  147  ft.;  beam,  13  ft.; 
maximum  dlravght.  12  ft. ;  displacelnent.  :;o9tons 


above,  442  tons  below  ;  complement,  22  ;  torpedo 
tubes,  6  i7*7-in.  ;  Hp.,  600=12  kts.  above.  8  kts. 
below. 

Rodder.  The  appendage  attached  to  the  stem- 
posts  of  a  vessel  by  which  the  course  is  governed. 

Rudder  chains  and  pendaati.  Strong  copper 
chains  attached  to  the  rudder  in  cases  of  emergency. 

Rodder  OOai.  Canvas  fixed  to  the  rudder  to  pre- 
vent the  sea  washing  through  the  tiller  hole. 

Rofllei.  A  hole  cut  in  the  keel  of  boats  which 
have  to  be  hauled  up  a  beach  on  landing.  A  chain  is 
rove  through  and  taken  to  a  capstan.  Hauling  on 
this  pivot  tends  to  lift  the  boat  over  the  sand  and 
gravel. 

Roggiero  di  Laoria.    Italian  battleship  (1884). 
Length  328ft.   Beam  65ft.  Maximum  draught  30ft. 
Displacement  11,200  tons.     Complement  526. 
Guns.  A  rmour. 

4 — 17  in.  "Compound." 

2 — 6  in.  18  in.  Belt  amidships. 

4 — 4*7  in.  18  in.  Redoubt. 

2 — 12  pdr.  18  in.  Conning  tower. 

10—6  pdr. 
17 — I  pdr. 

Torpedo  Tubes, 
2  Submerged. 
I  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  natural  7,500=15  kts.,  forced 
10,000=  i6'5  kts.     Coal  normal  850  tons. 
Approximate  cost  ;^78o,ooo. 

Role  of  tte  Road.  Certain  regulations  recog- 
nised by  seamen  with  regard  to  navigating  a  vessel. 

Rombo.     Rope  stolen  from  a  naval  dockyard. 

Romboline.    Condemned  canvas,  rope,  etc. 

Rom  gagger.  An  impostor  who,  in  order  to 
obtain  money,  tells  untrue  stories  of  his  sufferings 
at  sea. 

Ron.  The  mileage  sailed  by  a  ship.  A  term 
used  among  seamen  for  working  a  single  passage. 

Rionoiman,  Walter*  Senior  (b.  Dunbar,  Hadding- 
tonshire, 1848).  After  serving  his  apprenticeship 
in  the  merchant  service,  he  quickly  obtained  com- 
nuuid  of  various  sailing  and  steam  ships,  and  on 
retiring  from  the  sea  in  1886,  he  founded  the  firm 
of  Messrs.  Walter  Runciman  and  Co.,  and  is  now 
head  of  the  Moor  Line.  Member  of  many  British 
and  international  shipping  institutions. 

Publications  :  "  Windjammers  and  Sea  Tramps," 
••  The  Shellback's  Progress." 

Bnoniman,  Waltttr»  ILA.  (b.  1870).  Educated. 
Cambridge  University  (Historical  Sons).  In  1894 
joined  the  firm  of  Messrs.  Runciman  and  Co.»  and 
subsequently  became  Vice-Chairman  of  the  Moor 
Line,  Ltd.  Is  a  member  of  Parliament  for  Dews- 
bury,  and  a  member  of  the  principal  dipping 
institutions  of  the  United  Kingdom. 


RUNCIMAN 


560 


RUYTER 


Bonoiiiiaii,  Walter*  and  Co.  This  firm  own  four 
modem  built  cargo-<;arrying  vessels  and  run  in  con- 
junction with  the  Moor  Line,  Ltd.  (q.v.). 

Fleet. 
Femmore.  Lowmoor. 

Kirriemoor.  Sp&nnymoor. 

Gross  tonnage,  13,000. 

Bung.     Ground  timbers. 

Banner  and  iadde.  Tackle  used  for  staying  lower 
masts. 

Banning.  Applied  to  a  bowsprit,  or  other  spar, 
which  can  be  run  in  and  out.  and  can  so  be  reefed, 
having  in  the  case  of  a  bowsprit  iid-holes  in  it  for 
the  purpose.  Applied  to  rigging  which  is  constantly 
handled  in  working  the  vessel.  Also  a  vessel 
when  sailing  before  the  wind. 

Banning  rigging.  That  which  is  hauled  up 
through  blocks. 

Bapert  British  coast  defence  ship  (5,440  tons, 
I4kts.).     Launched  1874. 

Barik.  Russian  ist  class  cruiser  (10,900  tons). 
This  vessel  was  totally  disabled  by  the  Japanese  at 
the  battle  of  Tsushima  Straits,  and  sunk  by  her  own 
crew. 

BosfelL  British  ist  class  battleship.  (Palmer, 
1901.) 

Length  429ft.   Beam  75ft.   Maximum  draught  27ft. 
Displacement  14,000  tons.     Complement  750. 
Guns.  Armour. 

4 — 12  in.  "  Krupp." 

12 — 6  in.  7  in.  Belt  amidships. 

12 — 12  pdr.  II  in.  Barbettes. 

6 — 3  pdr.  1 2  in.  Conning  tower. 

2  Maxims. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
4  Submerged. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  18, 000^=19  kts.     Coal  maxi* 
mum  2,000  tons.     Approximate  cost,  ;^  1,000,000. 

This  ship-name  is  associated  with  the  attack  on 
Carthagena  1741 ;  capture  of  the  Glorioso,  1747; 
Hood's  action,  1782 ;  Rodney's  action,  1782  ; 
battle  of  "  The  Glorious  First  of  June,"  1794  ; 
Bridport's  action  off  I.  Groix,  1795  ;  Camperdown, 
1797  ;  bombardment  of  Copenhagen,  1807. 

BOBtelL  John  Soott  (1808-82),  b.  Glasgow. 
Educated  at  the  Universities  of  St.  Andrews. 
Edinburgh,  and  Glasgow,  taking  his  degree  in  the 
last  named,  and  subsequently  being  elected  in 
1832  Professor  of  Natural  Philosophy.  In  1834  he 
began  a  remarkable  series  of  observations  on  waves. 
In  1844  he  settled  in  London,  and  was  appointed 
joint  secretary  of  the  great  exhibition  iik  1851,  and 
was  one  of  the  chief  founders  of  the  Institution  of 
Naval  Architects.  His  observations  led  him  to 
experiment  on  a  system  of  shaping  vessels  known 
as  the  wave  system,  and  cnlminated  in  the  building 
of  tike  cnormoas  and  unique  Great  Eastern  (q.v.). 
He  died  June  8,  1882. 


Publications:  "The  Fleet  with  the  Future" 
(1861),  "The  Wave  of  Translation  in  the  Ocean 
of  Water,  Air,  and  Ether  "  (1885). 

Bonel],  WiUiam  Clarke  (1844).  English  author 
(b.  New  York).  Entered  the  British  merchant 
service,  but  at  the  early  age  of  21  started  his 
literary  career.  Among  his  best  known  works  are 
"  John  Holesworth,"  "  Chief  Mate  "  (1874)/'  Wreck 
of  the  Grosvenor"  (1875),  "An  Ocean  Tragedy" 
(1881),  "The  Convict  Ship"  (1895),  "The  Two 
Captains  "  (1897),  "  The  Romance  of  a  Midship- 
man "  (1898),  "  The  Ship's  Adventure  "  (1899). 
"Overdue"  (1903),  "The  Yam  of  Old  Harbonr 
Town  "  (1905). 

BasBian  East  Asiatic  Steamship  Co.,  with  their 
head  offices  in  St.  Petersburg,  have  a  fleet  of  seven 
steamers  engaged  in  the  cargo  trade  to  the  Far 
East. 

Fleet. 
Arconia,  Curonia.  Livonia, 

Baltica*  Kitai.  Petronia. 

Korea. 
Gross  tonnage,  27.000. 

Bassia  Steam  Navigation  Co.,  with  their  head 
offices  in  St.  Petersburg,  have  a  fleet  of  27  steamers 
trading  from  Odessa  to  Turkey,  Egjrpt,  Greece, 
Arabia,  and  southern  Russian  ports. 

Bat,  of  the  sea.  The  point  of  impact  where  it 
dashes  against  anything. 

B.U.Y.O.  Abbreviation  for  Royal  Ulster  Yacht 
Club. 

Bays  and  Sons,  W.  IL  This  company,  manag- 
ing the  Rotterdam-Lloyd  (9. v.).  have  two  ships, 
which  they  run  in  conjunction  with  that  line. 

Fleet. 

Marhem.  Senior. 

Gross  tonnage,  3,800. 

Bnyter,  Michael  Adrian  de  (1607-76).  Dutch 
naval  officer  (b.  Flushing).  Began  his  seafaring 
life  at  the  age  of  11,  and  in  1636  was  entrusted 
with  a  small  Dutch  cruiser,  sent  to  attack  some 
French  pirates.  In  1640  he  entered  the  Dutch 
Navy,  and  was  appointed  rear-admiral  of  a  fleet 
fitted  out  to  assist  Portugal  against  Spain,  and 
greatly  distinguished  himself  at  the  battle  of  Cape 
St.  Vincent,  1641.  For  his  services  in  the  first 
war  with  England  he  was  made  vice-admiral  of 
Holland,  and  fought  in  the  battles  off  Portland, 
the  North  Foreland,  and  Scheveningen.  In  the 
second  war  with  England,  1664,  he  had  command 
of  a  large  fleet,  and  fought  in  most  of  the  actions 
within  the  narrow  seas,  and  in  1666.  after  a  pro- 
longed contest  off  the  North  Foreland,  he  com- 
pelled the  English  Fleet  to  take  refuge  in  tiie 
Thames,  where  he  followed  them  as  far  as  Graves- 
end,  and  did  considerable  damage  to  British 
shipping.  On  June  7,  1672,  in  the  third  war,  he 
fought  the  combined  fleets  of  England  and  France 
in  Southwold  Bay,  and  three  times  off  the  coast 


R.V.F. 


561 


SADLER 


of  Holland  in  the  following  year.  In  1676  he  was 
despatched  to  the  assistance  of  Spain  against 
France  in  the  Mediterranean,  and  was  wounded 
in  the  action  off  Agosta,  and  died  eight  days  after 
at  Syracuse.  See  "  Life,"  by  Brant  (1867),  Richer 
(1883),  and  G.  G.  Milne  (1896). 

ILV.F.     Abbreviation    for    Russian    Volunteer 
Fleet. 

B.y.T.C«  Abbreviation  for  Royal  Victoria  Yacht 
Club. 

ILW.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Reeuwijk,  Holland. 

B.WXT.O.  Abbreviation  for  Royal  Western 
Ireland  Yacht  Chib. 

B.W.T.O.  Abbreviation  for  Royal  Western 
Yacht  Club. 

B.X.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Rye,  Sussex,  England. 

B.T.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Ramsey,  Isle  of  Man,  England. 

Bar.    Abbreviation  for  railway. 

Byany.  Russian  torpedo-boat  destroyer  (Nev- 
sky,  1898.)  Length,  196  ft. ;  beam,  18^^  ft. ; 
draught,  1 1^  ft. ;  displacement,  240  tons ;  comple- 
vaent,  55  ;  armament,  i  12  pdr.,  3  3'pdr.,  2  tubes ; 
Hp..  3,700=27  kts.  :  coal,  53  tons. 

Byaiwi  Russian  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Nev- 
sky,  1902.)  Length,  196  ft. ;  beam,  i^  ft. ; 
draught,  ii^  ft.;  displacement,  240  tons;  com- 
plement, 55 ;  armament,  i  12-pdr.,  3  3 -pdr., 
2  tubes ;  Hp.,  3,700=27  kts. ;  coal,  53  tons. 

Bynda*  Russian  3rd  class  cruiser.  (St.  Peters- 
buig,  1888.)  Length,  265  ft. ;  beam,  46  ft. ; 
.  draught,  16  ft. ;  displacement,  3,508  tons ;  comple- 
ment, 322  ;  guns,  4  6-in.,  9  q.f. ;  armour,  "  Steel," 
i^  in.  deck  amidships;  Hp.,  3.000=14  kts.  ;  coal, 
710  tons. 

B.T.8.  Abbreviation  for  Royal  Yacht 
Squadron. 

R.T.T.O.  Abbreviation  for  Royal  Yorkshire 
Yacht  Qub. 


8 


8.     Abbreviation  for  south. 

8.  Abbreviation  for  stratus,  as  adopted  by  the 
International  Meteorological  Committee,  and  used 
in  the  International  Cloud  Atlas. 

8.  Distinguishing  letter  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Skagen,  Denmark. 

8.  Distinguishing  letter  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Skibbereen,  Ireland. 

8.  UM.  German  torpedo-boat.  Lost  in  collision 
with  the  cruiser  Undine  near  the  Buelk  Lighthouse, 
November  18,  1906  ;  one  officer  and  32  men  lost. 


f»  Sand.  Abbreviation  adopted  on  the  charts 
issued  by  the  Hvdrographic  Office,  Admiralty, 
denoting  the  qual*  ty  of  the  ocean's  bottom. 

8.A.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Amrum,  Germany. 

8.A.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Swansea,  England. 

Salve.  French  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Nor- 
mand,  1902.)  Length,  180  ft. ;  beam,  21  ft.  ; 
maximum  draught,  10  ft. ;  displacement,  300  tons  ; 
complement,  45  ;  guns,  i  9-pdr.,  6  3-pdr.  ;  torpedo 
tubes,  2  15-in. ;  speed,  27-30  kts. 

Sabrina.     Refer  to  Eliza  Scott. 

Saooada.  A  jerk  of  the  sails  in  light  wind  when 
heavy  swell  is  running. 

8aohi»  Bdwin  0.,  F.Bil.Ed.,  F J.S.,  AJnstlLE., 
AJjistJI.A.  (b.  London,  April  5,  1870).  Architect 
and  technical  adviser.  Educated  University  Col- 
lege School,  London ;  Royal  Technical  College, 
Charlottenburg.  Having  travelled  extensively,  and 
gained  practical  and  technical  knowledge  with 
regard  to  his  profession,  he  started  practice  in 
London  as  an  architect  and  technical  adviser  in 
1892,  and  has  since  acted  as  architect  and  engineer 
for  the  erection  of  various  large  factories  in  different 
parts  of  England.  In  1899  ^^  was  appointed 
technical  adviser  to  the  Royal  Opera  House, 
Covent  Garden,  and  was  the  first  to  apply  electrical 
power  to  the  working  of  stage  mechanism.  In 
1903  he  organised  the  technical  side  of  the  Inter- 
national Fire  Exhibition,  and  acted  as  congress 
chairman  for  the  International  Fire  Prevention 
Congress.  Is  chairman  of  the  British  Fire  Com- 
mittee ;  vice-president  of  the  International  Fire 
Service  Council.  He  holds  the  gold  medal  for  zeal 
in  connection  with  the  order  St.  Vladimir  of  Russia  ; 
the  "  Palms  "  of  the  French  Academy  ;  the  French 
gold  medal  for  merit ;  and  the  Prussian  Red  Cross 
Medal,  3rd  Class. 

Publications :  "  Modem  Opera  Houses  and 
Theatres,"  "Stage  Construction,"  "Fires  and 
PubUc  Entertainments,"  and  has  read  numerous 
papers  before  the  leading  technical  societies. 

Saohsen.  German  battleship  (1877).  7,370  tons. 
Obsolete  ;  of  no  fighting  value. 

Sack  of  ooals.  In  sea  phraseology,  the  name 
for  the  black  magellanic  clouds. 

Saddle.    A  wooden  support  for  the  spars. 

Sadlff,  Herbert  Gbarlei,  DJo*  (b.  London, 
August  27,  1872).  Professor  of  naval  architecture. 
Educated  Dulwich  College  and  University  of 
Glasgow,  and  in  1893  graduated  B.Sc.  in  naval 
architecture  and  marine  engineering.  Served  ap- 
prenticeship on  the  Clyde,  and  in  1896  was  ap- 
pointed assistant  professor  in  naval  architecture 
in  the  University  of  Glasgow ;  associated  while 
there  with  Professor  Biles  as  consulting  naval 
architect.     In    1900  the  University  of  Michig^, 


SADORNY 


562 


SAINTE 


U.S.A.,  decided  to  start  a  course  in  naval  architec- 
ture and  marine  engineering,  and  he  was  appointed 
professor  to  take  charge  of  this  work.  In  1901 
was  appointed  appraiser  of  vessel  property  for  the 
State  of  Michigan,  and  acts  as  a  consulting  naval 
architect  in  New  York  and  Detroit.  In  1902  he 
obtained  the  degree  of  D.Sc. 

Publications  :  Several  papers  published  in  the 
Transactions  of  the  Institution  of  Engineers  and 
Shipbuilders  in  Scotland  ;  Institution  of  Engineers 
and  Naval  Architects,  New  York,  and  the  American 
Society  of  Naval  Engineers. 

Sadomy.  Russian  torpedo-boat  destroyer,  Black 
Sea.  (Laird,  1903.)  Displacement,  350  tons ; 
maximum  draught,  8|  ft. ;  armament,  i  12-pdr., 
5   3-pdr.  ;  tubes,   2   i8-in.  ;   Hp.,   5,500=27  kts. 

Saol.  Norwegian  torpedo-boat.  (Christiania, 
1900.)  Length,  128  ft.  ;  beam,  15  ft.  ;  draught, 
6j-  ft.  ;  displacement,  84  tons  ;  armament,  2  i  '4-in. 
q.f.,  2  tubes  ;  Hp.,  1,100=23  kts. 

Saatta.  Italian  torpedo  gun-boat.  (Castellamare, 
1888.)  Length.  187  ft.  ;  beam,  20  ft. ;  draught, 
6J  ft.  ;  displacement,  395  tons  ;  complement,  70 ; 
armament,  2  2*2-in.,  4  i'4-ii^«>  3  tubes;  Hp., 
2,400=20  kts. ;  coal,  90  tons. 

Sagaie.  French  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Nor- 
mand,  1902.)  Length,  180  ft.  ;  beam,  21  ft.  ; 
maximum  draught,  10  ft.  ;  displacement,  300  tons  ; 
complement,  45  ;  guns,  i  9-pdr.,  6  3-pdr.  ;  torpedo 
tubes,  2  15-in.  ;  speed,  27-30  kts. 

ffaganii      Formerly     Peresviet    {q.v.).     Japanese 
1st  class  battleship.     (St.  Petersburg,  1898.) 
Length  401ft.     Breadth  71ft.     Draught  26ft. 
Displacement  12,600  tons.    Complement  732. 
Guns,  Armour, 

4 — 10  in.  "  Harvey-nickel." 

1 1 —-6  in.  6  in.  Belt  amidships. 

16 — 12  pdr.  9  in.  Casemates. 

10 — 3  pdr.  6  in.  Big  gun  shields. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
4  Submerged. 
I  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.   14.500=18  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 2,000  tons. 

Sagi.  Japanese  torpedo-boat.  (Elbing,  1S99.) 
Length,  147  ft.  ;  beam,  16  ft.  ;  draught,  8  ft.  ; 
displacement,  1 50  tons  ;  complement,  26 ;  arma- 
ment. I  6-pdr.,  2  3-pdr.,  3  tubes ;  twin  screw ; 
Hp.,  4,200=27  kts. ;  coal,  30  tons. 

Sagittario.  Italian  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Elb- 
ing, 1906.)  Length,  165  ft.  ;  beam,  17  ft.  ;  draught, 
7  ft.  ;  displacement,  215  tons  ;  armament,  3  3-pdr., 
3  tubes;  twin  screw;  Hp.,  3,000=26  kts.;  coal, 
40  tons. 

Sag  lagsiiig.  To  give  way  from  a  heavy  weight ; 
as  opposed  to  hogging. 

Sag  to  leeward.    To  drift  to  leeward. 


Sail.  A  piece  of  canvas  cloth  spread  to  catch 
the  wind  so  as  to  cause  a  ship  or  boat  to  move 
through  the  water.  Sails  are  supported  by  the 
masts,  spars,  or  stays  of  the  vessel,  and  take  their 
name  from  the  mast,  yard,  or  stay  on  which  they 
are  stretched.  The  upper  edge  of  the  sail  is  the 
head,  the  lower  edge  the  foot,  the  vertical  head 
the  leech,  and  the  weather  side  or  edge  the  luff, 
and  the  outer  edge  the  after  leech. 

Sail  dose  to  the  wind.  With  the  sails  scarcely 
full. 

Sailcloth.  Canvas  made  of  flax,  hemp,  cotton, 
or  jute.  In  thickness  and  weight  it  varies  from 
22  lbs.  to  44  lbs.  per  bolt  of  38  yards  24  ins.  wide. 

Sailing.  The  movement  of  a  vessel  along  the 
surface  of  the  water. 

Sail  large  and  free.    To  sail  with  a  flowing  sheet. 

Sail  on  a  bowline.    Sailing  close  to  the  wind« 

Sailor.  A  trained  hand  in  the  management  of  a 
ship. 

Sail  tadkle.  Used  to  sway  up  topsail-yards  and 
topsails. 

St.  Andrew.  Screw  steamer.  On  January  29, 1857, 
wrecked  near  I^takia,  the  loss  being  about  j^  145 .000. 

Saint-Bon,  S.  A.  (1823-92).  Italian  admiral 
(b.  Chambery).  Founder  of  the  modem  Italian 
Navy.  Took  part  in  the  Crimean  war.  and  greatly 
distinguished  himself  at  the  siege  of  Ancona.  At 
the  battle  of  Lissa,  1866,  when  in  command  of  the 
Forniidable,  he  forced  the  entrance  of  the  Port 
of  St.  Giorgio  and  silenced  the  Austrian  batteries. 
In  1873  he  was  elected  Minister  of  Marine,  and, 
being  convinced  of  the  need  of  large  battleships 
with  high  powers  of  attack  and  defence,  he  intro- 
duced the  type  of  battleship  of  which  the  Duilio 
and  the  Dandolo  were  the  first  examples.  In  1876 
he  resumed  active  service,  but  retired  in  1891. 
and  was  again  appointed  Minister  of  Marine.  He 
died  November  26,  1892. 

St.  Brieno-Havie,  Si  Halo  Steamers.  See  London 
and  South-Western  Railway  Co.'s  Steamers. 

St.  Oatharis.  Steamer.  Wrecked  off  the  Caro- 
line Islands,  April,  189T  ;  90  lives  lost. 

St  Oatherine'e  Light,  Isle  of  Wight,  established 
1 888,  is  a  single  flash  light  every  30  seconds; 
duration  of  flash,  five  seconds ;  candle-power,  un- 
determined ;  illuminant,  electricity. 

Sainte  Barbe.    French  torpedo  gun-boat.  (Rouen, 

1886.) 

Length  Z96ft.     Beam  2i^ft.     Draught  6ft. 

Displacement  430  tons.     Complement  63. 

Guns.  Armour. 

4— r8  in.  "  Steel." 

3  Maxims.  i|  in.  Deck. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 

2  Above  water. 

Hp.  2,000 •=  18  kts.     Coal  100  tons. 


ST. 


563 


ST. 


Bt.  Elmo's  Fire.  A  luminous,  electrical  display 
similar  to  the  brush  discharge  of  an  dectrical 
machine,  visible  at  night  at  the  extremities  of 
pointed  objects,  such  as  mast-heads  and  yard- 
arms  of  ships,  tops  of  trees,  etc.,  during  unsettled 
weather. 

St  G^oqpe.  93  guns.  On  December  24.  181 1. 
this  vessel,  with  the  Defence  (74  guns),  and  the 
Hero,  stranded  on  the  coast  of  Jutland  ;  2,000 
lives  lost. 

Si  George.  British  ist  class  cruiser.  (Hull. 
1892.) 

Length  360ft.   Beam  6oft.  Maximum  draught  26ft. 
Displacement  7.700  tons.    Complement  540. 


Armour, 
"  Steel." 
5  in.  Deck. 
1 2  in.  Conning  tower. 


Guns. 
2 — 9'2  m. 
10 — 6  in. 
1 2 — 6  pdr. 

5—3  pdr. 
2  Maxims. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
2  Submerged. 
Twin    screw.     Hp.    natural    10,000=18*5    kts., 
forced    12,000=  195    kts.     Coal    maximum    1,250 
tons.     Approximate  cost  ;f 430, 000. 

This  ship-name  was  first  introduced  into  the 
Navy  in  1672.  and  is  associated  with  Blake's  bom- 
bardment of  Tunis,  1655  »*  *^«  Four  Days'  Fight, 
1666 ;  St.  James's  fight,  1666 ;  Sole  Bay,  1672  ; 
battle  off  the  Texel,  1673  ;  capture  of  the  Alicante, 
1 706 ;  Hood's  occupation  of  Toulon,  1793 ;  Hotham's 
action  off  Genoa,  1795 ;  Hotham's  action  off 
Hyfires.  1795. 

St.  George.  Steamer.  Bound  from  Liverpool  to 
New  York,  destroyed  by  fire  at  sea,  December  24, 
1852  ;  51  lives  lost. 

St.  George  Taobt  dob,  RoyaL  See  Royal  St 
George  Yacht  Club. 

St.  John,  Admiral  Henry  0.  Entered  Navy, 
185 1  ;  midshipman  of  the  Cumberland',  present  at 
the  capture  of  Bomarsund,  1854  (Baltic  medal)  ; 
when  midshipman  in  Nan  Kin  severely  wounded 
on  the  coast  of  Tartary,  1855  ;  present  in  the 
action  against  the  Bogue  Annnghoy  and  Chuenpee 
forts.  Canton  River,  1856-57  ;  received  the  thanks 
of  the  Commander-in-Chief  publicly  for  successfully 
defending  the  passenger  steamer  Feemar  when 
attacked  by  a  large  Chinese  force  in  the  Canton 
River ;  engaged  in  the  action  off  Escape  Creek, 
Deep  Bay,  and  Fatshan,  for  which  he  was  specially 
promoted  to  lieutenant  (China  medal,  Fatshan 
clasp) ;  first  lieutenant  of  Argus ;  present  at  the 
action  of  Kagosima,  1853 ;  commanded  the  Opossum 
1854,  on  the  south  coast  of  China  suppressing 
piracy,  when,  during  a  period  of  x8  months,  he 
captured  54  piratical  junks.  200  prisoners,  and 
some  hundreds  of  guns  ;  in  1866  a  fleet  of  15  junks 
were  attacked  and  captured  by  the  Opossum,  for 
which  action  he  was  promoted  to  commander, 
receiving   / 1,000   bounty;   specially  promoted   to 


captain.  1873,  ^o^  arduous  survejong  services  in 
Japan  ;  rear-admiral,  1889 ;  senior  officer  on  the 
coast  of  Ireland,  1892  ;  commanded  the  Blue 
Squadron  in  naval  manoeuvres,  1892  ;  commanded 
the  coast  of  Ireland  Squadron  on  the  Blue  side 
under  the  command  of  Rear- Admiral  Fitzroy. 
1893  J  vice-admiral,  1896 ;  admiral,  1901  ;  retired. 
1901. 

Si  Louis.    French  ist  class  battleship.  (L'Orient, 
1896.) 

Length  387ft.  Beam  67ft.  Maximum  draught  28ft. 
Displacement  1 1 ,260  tons.     Complement  63 1 . 
Guns,  Armour. 

4 — 12  in.  "  Harvey-nickel." 

10 — 5*5  in.  14  in.  Belt  amidships. 

8 — 4  in.  1 3  in.  Turrets. 

20^3  pdr.  12  in.  Conning  tower. 

Torpedo  Tubes, 
4  Submerged. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.   14.500=18  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 1,100  tons.     Approximate  cost  ;£  1,1 00,000. 

St.  Louis.     U.S.  1st  class  cruiser  (1904). 
Length  423ft.  Beam  65ft.  Maximum  draught  23ft. 
Displacement  9,700  tons.     Complement  564. 
Guns,  A  rmour, 

14 — 6  in.  "  Krupp." 

18 — 14  pdr.  4  in.  Belt  amidships. 

12 — 3  pdr.  4  in.  Battery. 

12 — I  pdr.  5  in.  Conning  tower. 

8  Colts. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
2  Submerged. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  21,000=21*5  kts.     CoaJ  maxi- 
mum 1,500  tons. 

St.  Loois.  U.S.  subsidised  merchant  ship  (1895). 
International  Co.  {q.v.).  Dimensions,  554x63  x 
37  ft. ;  gross  tonnage,  1 1 ,629 ;  passenger  accom- 
modation, 1,397  ;  Hp.,  18,000=19  kts. 

St.  Luke's  summer.  A  period  of  fine,  quiet 
weather  about  the  middle  of  October. 

St  Kartin's  summer.  A  period  of  exceptionally 
mild,  quiet  weather  in  November. 

St.  Panieleimon*    See  Kniaz  Potemkine. 

St.  PauL    Ship.     See  Arctic  Exploration. 

St.  Paul.  Emigrant  ship,  with  326  Chinese  on 
board,  wrecked  on  Rossel  Island,  September  30, 
1858  ;  only  nine  lives  saved. 

St.  Petersburg  Imperial  Yaoht  Club.  Established 
1888.  Commodore,  General  Baron  Freederiks ; 
Club  House,  Morskaia  31,  St.  Petersburg.  En- 
trance fee,  200  roubles ;  annual  subscription, 
200  roubles. 

Si  Petersburg  River  Yaoht  dub.  Established 
i860.  Patron,  H.I.H.  the  Grand  Duke  Alexis 
Alexandrowitsch  ;  Commodore,  Admiral  K.  Niloff ; 
Vice-Commodore,  A.  F.  Mertens ;  Rear -Commo- 
dore, J.  Bergman  ;  Treasurer,  H.  H.  Muser ;  Secre- 
tary,  N.   O.   Wassiliefi ;   Club  House,   Krestofsky 


ST. 


564 


SALMON 


Islandi  St.  Petersburg.     Entrance  fee,  40  roubles  ; 
annual  subscription,  35  roubles. 

St.  V.C.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing 
boats  registered  at  St.  Valery-en-Caux.  France. 

St.  VInoeni  British  training-ship  for  boys  (4,672 
tons).    Launched  181 5. 

St.  Vinoent  British  ist  class  battleship.  Laid 
down  1907. 

Length  500ft.     Beam  Soft.     Draught  26ft. 
Displacement  18.000  tons. 
Guns.  Armour, 

10 — 12  in.  "  Krupp." 

18 — 3*5  in.  12  in.  Belt  amidships. 

12  in.  Barbettes. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 

4  Submerged  broadside. 

I  Submerged  stem. 

Turbine.     Four  screws.     Hp.  23,000=21  kts. 

Approximate  cost  ;ii, 750,000. 

St  Vincent,  Sir  Jolin  Jenris,  Earl  (1734-1823). 
Distinguished  naval  officer  (b.  Staffordshire). 
Entered  the  Navy  1748,  and  six  years  later  was 
promoted  to  lieutenant,  and  in  1759  distinguished 
himself  to  such  an  extent  at  the  siege  and  capture 
of  Quebec  that  he  was  promoted  to  the  rank  of 
commander.  In  1778,  in  command  of  the  Fou- 
droyant,  he  was  present  at  Admiral  Keppel's  action 
with  the  French  ofi  Ushant,  and  took  an  active 
part  in  that  engagement.  In  1782  he  captured 
the  French  ship  Pegase,  a  vessel  of  74  guns,  and 
700  men,  and  was  rewarded  for  this  exploit  by 
being  made  a  Knight  Commander  of  the  Bath. 
In  1794  he  was  sent  out  conjointly  with  Sir  Charles 
Grey  Jervis,  and  commanded  at  the  reduction  of 
Martinique,  St.  Lucia,  and  Guadeloupe,  in  the 
West  Indies.  In  1795  he  reached  the  rank  of 
admiral,  and  two  years  later  won  his  most  cele- 
brated victory.  With  only  15  ships  of  the  line  he 
encountered  off  Cape  St.  Vincent  a  Spanish  fleet 
of  26  sail,  which  he  completely  defeated,  capturing 
four  of  the  enemy's  largest  ships.  For  this  great 
victory  he  was  created  a  peer,  with  the  title  of 
Earl  St.  Vincent.  In  June,  1799,  he  resigned  his 
command  in  consequence  of  ill-health,  and  in  180 1 
was  made  First  Lord  of  the  Admiralty,  where  he 
gained  the  admiration  of  the  whole  country  for 
the  way  he  exposed  the  vast  corruption,  and  the 
manner  in  which  he  laid  the  foundation  of  a  system 
of  economical  administration  of  the  Navy.  In 
182T  he  became  Admiral  of  the  Fleet,  and  died 
March  13,  1823.  See  Memoirs  by  J.  T.  Tucker 
(1844).  Brenton's  "  Life  of  Earl  St.  Vincent," 
Lord  Brougham's  ''  Statesmen  of  the  Time  of 
George  IIL" 

St.  V.S.S.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing 
boats  registered  at  St.  Valery-sur-Somme,  France. 

S.A.L.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  St.  Annaland.  Holland. 


Wft"*ft"imr  British  ship,  12,062  gross  tons. 
This  vessel  made  a  remarkable  voyage  from  the 
Lizard  to  Rio  de  Janeiro  in  30  days.  On  another 
voyage  she  went  from  Dover  to  Sydney  in  78  days. 

Salamander.    German  gun-boat.   (Bremen.  188 1.) 
Length  154ft.     Beam  36ft.     Draught  loj-ft 
Displacement  1,091  tons.    Complement  76. 

Guns,  Armour, 

1—12  in.  "  Steel." 

2 — 3*3  in.  8  in.  Belt  amidships. 

2  Maxims.  8  in.  Turrets. 

8  in.  Barbettes. 
Torpedo  Tubes, 
2  Above  water. 
Hp.  759s  10  kts.     Coal  40  tons. 

Saloombe  Taoht  Olnb.  Established  1894.  Com- 
modore, Robert  Heriot ;  Vice-Commodore,  C.  E. 
Newton-Robinson  ;  Rear-Commodore,  W.  H.  Pike ; 
Honorary  Secretary  and  Treasurer,  Cyril  E.  Turner. 
Salcombe,  R.S.O.,  South  Devon.  Annual  subscrip- 
tion, £1  IS, 

gaiai^nlift  Frigate.  On  December  4,  181 1,  this 
vessel  was  lost  on  the  Irish  coast,  when  300  persons 
perished. 

Salem.    U.S.  scout  (1904)- 

Length  434ft.     Beam  45ft. 
Displacement  4,000  tons.     Complement  384. 

Guns,  Armour. 

6—14  pdr.  2-5  in.  Belt  amidships. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (21  in.). 
2  Submerged. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  16,000=24  kts.     Coal  maximum 
1,000  tons. 


Salmon,  Admiral  Sir  Nowdl,  V.C,  0.03..  cr. 

1897  {^'  February  20,  i835).Admiral  of  the  Fleet, 
January,  1899,  to  February,  1905.  Educated 
Marlborough  College.  Joined  Navy,  1847  ;  served 
in  the  Baltic  during  Russian  war  (Baltic  medal); 
in  Peel's  Brigade  during  Indian  Mutiny  (Indian 
medal,  Lucknow  clasp),  where  for  conspicuous 
gallantry  he  was  decorated  with  the  V.C. 
Extract  from  the  "  Gazette,"  December  24,  1858  : 
"  For  conspicuous  gallantry  at  Lucknow.  Novem- 
ber 16,  1857,  in  climbing  up  a  tree,  touching  the 
angle  of  the  Shah  Nujjiff  to  reply  to  the  fire  of  the 
enemy,  for  which  most  dangerous  service  the  late 
Captain  Peel.  K.C.B.,  had  called  for  volunteers." 

Promoted  commander,  1858,  and  captured  the 
filibuster  Walker,  while  in  command  of  H.M.S. 
Icarus,  for  which  he  received  a  gold  medal  from  the 
Central  American  States ;  commanded  Defence, 
Valiant,  and  Swiftsure  as  captain  ;  Commander-in- 
Chief  at  the  Cape,  1882-85  ;  K.C.B.,  1887 ;  Com- 
mander-in-Chief China  Station,  1888-91  ;  Comman- 
der-in-Chief Portsmouth,  1894-97 ;  commanded 
fleet  at  the  Jubilee  Review,  June,  1897  ;  G.CB.. 
June  22,  1897  ;  Admiral  of  the  Fleet,  1899  ;  retired 
February  25.  1905. 


SALMON 


565 


SANDWICH 


Mmffn.  British  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Hull. 
1895.)  Length,  200  ft. ;  beam,  19  ft. ;  draught, 
5J^  ft. ;  displacement,  364  tons ;  complement,  50  ; 
annament,  i  12-pdr.,  5  6-pdT.,.2  tubes  ;  tMrin  screw  ; 
Hp.,  3,580  s  27  kts. ;  coal,  60  tons. 

Mood.    The  main  cabin  of  a  ship. 

Salt.     See  Memorandum. 

Salt.    A  name  applied  to  an  old  seaman. 

Saltaih  Safling  dab.  Established  1898.  Com- 
modore, R.  T.  Meadows  ;  Honorary  Secretary  and 
Treasurer,  Frank  Gover,  Club  Room,  Saltash, 
Cornwall.  Entrance  fee,  105. ;  annual  subscription, 
105. 

Salute.  The  act  of  expressing  kind  wishes  or 
respect,  and  may  be  done  by  firing  great  guns  or 
small  arms,  dipping  colours,  flags,  and  topsails  ; 
manning  the  yards,  cheering,  etc. 

Salntai  at  lea.     See  Naval  Ceremonies. 

Salvage.    See  Maritime  Salvage. 

Salvage  Ion.  In  marine  insurance,  goods  which 
have  been  insured  and  have  sustained  damage 
coming  within  the  terms  of  the  policy,  and  been 
sold  short  of  their  destination  (at  a  port  of  refuge, 
for  example),  are  adjusted  as  what  is  called  a 
salvage  loss.  i.e.,  from  the  insured  value  of  the  goods 
is  deducted  the  net  proceeds  of  the  goods  sold,  and 
the  balance  is  the  claim  on  the  policy,  which  though 
in  principle  a  particular  average,  is  practically  a 
total  loss  less  salvage.  (Ralli  v.  Janson  6  Ed. 
E.  and  B.  422.) 

Salve.     French  torpedo  gun-boat.  (Rouen,  1887.) 
Length  196ft.     Beam  2i^ft.     Draught  6ft. 
Displacement  406  tons.     Complement  63. 
Guns.  Armouf. 

4— r8in.  "Steel." 

3  Maxims.  i|  in.  Deck. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
2  Above  water. 
Hp.  2,000=18  kts.     Coal  100  tons. 

Salvo.    To  hoot. 

Salvor.  The  person  claiming  and  receiving 
salvage. 

Sampan.  Generally  applied  to  all  small,  open, 
or  half -decked  boats  of  Chinese  build. 

Samphire.  Mail  steamer.  Lost  through  col- 
lision with  an  American  barque,  December  13,  1865  ; 
many  lives  lost. 

Sampeon,  WIDiam  Thomas  (1840- 1902).  American 
admiral  (b.  Palmira).  Graduated  from  the  U.S. 
Naval  Academy.  1861  ;  served  in  the  Poiomao 
1861 ,  and  was  executive  officer  in  the  Patapsco  when 
she  'was  blown  up  in  Charlestown  Harbour,  1865. 
When  the  war  with  Spain  broke  out,  he  was  placed 
in  charge  of  the  North  Atlantic  Squadron,  and 
conducted  the  blockade  of  Cuba,  and  his  operations 
resulted  in  the  destruction  of  Admiral  Cervera's 
fleet,  which  was  destroyed  in  attempting  to  escape 


from  Santiago  Harbour.  He  was  promoted  Com- 
modore, 1898 ;  rear-admiral,  1899.  and  made 
Commandant  of  the  Boston  Navy  Yard.  He  died 
May  6,  1902. 

Samson-poei.  A  spar  sustained  in  a  vertical 
position  by  guys,  and  used  for  the  suspension  of 
hoisting  tackle  ;  for  getting  boats  aboard  ;  fishing 
the  anchor,  etc. 

Samuel,  Sir  Harons,  K.T.,  1898,  Bart.,  1903,  D.L., 
City  of  London,  J.P.,  County  of  Kent  (b.  Novem- 
^^  Sf  1^5 3)-  After  travelling  widely  throughout 
the  Far  East  and  in  Japan,  founded  a  business  for 
the  marketing  of  petroleum  in  bulk.  In  1898  trans^ 
f erred  it  to  the  Shell  Transport  and  Trading  Co., 
Ltd.,  of  which  he  is  the  chairman,  the  company 
possessing  a  very  large  ^eet  of  tank  steamers.  At 
the  invitation  of  the  Society  of  Arts,  of  which  he  is 
vice-president,  he  read  a  paper  on  the  liquid  fuel, 
the  use  of  which  he  has  constantiy  advocated  and 
largely  developed,  particularly  by  founding  the 
Medderlandser  Indsche  Petroleum  Co.,  and  suc- 
cessfully discovering  petroleum  in  Borneo,  the  pro- 
duction of  which  is  to-day  very  large,  and  has  led 
to  local  steamers  using  petroleum  as  fuel,  instead 
of  coal.  Was  Sheriff  of  London,  1894-95,  and  Lord 
Mayor,  1902,  and  knighted  in  1898  for  services 
rendered  in  salving  H.M.S.  Victorious.  In  1905 
he  was  elected  President  of  the  Institution  of  Marine 
Engineers. 

Sand.  Comminuted  fragments  of  volcanic  rocks, 
flint,  etc.,  ground  against  each  other  by  the  water  on 
sea  beaches.  The  colours  of  sand  correspond  to 
those  of  the  minerals  in  the  rocks  from  which  they 
were  detached. 

Sandpiper.  British  shallow-draught  steamer  for 
river  service  (85  tons).     Launched  1897. 

Sandwich,  Edward  Montagu,  Earl  oL  British 
admiral  (1625-72).  In  1656  he  was  associated  with 
Blake  in  his  expedition  to  the  Mediterranean,  and 
after  the  treaty  with  France  in  the  following  year 
he  held  command  of  the  fleet  sent  to  prevent  the 
relief  of  the  three  towns,  Gravelines,  Mardike,  and 
Dunkirk,  and  was  successful  in  preventing  an  at- 
tempt by  a  large  Spanish  force  to  retake  Mardike. 
At  the  restoration  of  Charles  II.  he  commanded 
the  fleet  which  conveyed  the  King  to  England,  for 
which  he  was  made  a  Knight  of  the  Garter,  and 
elevated  to  the  peerage  as  Baron  Montagu  of  St. 
Neots,  Viscount  Hinchin-Brooke,  and  Earl  of 
Sandwich.  During  the  war  with  the  Dutch, 
1664-65,  as  Admiral  of  the  Blue,  he  greatiy  distin- 
guished himself  in  the  victory  off  Lowestoft.  In 
1672,  on  the  renewal  of  the  war,  he  commanded  the 
Blue  Squadron  under  the  Duke  of  York,  and  during 
the  battie  of  Sole  Bay,  his  ship,  the  Royal  James, 
was  set  on  fire  by  the  Dutch,  and  he  perished.  His 
body  was  recovered  shortiy  after\\'ards,  and  he  was 
buried  in  Henry  VTT.'s  Chnpol,  Westminster  Abbey. 


SAN 


566 


SAPPHIRE 


Sftn  FhuioiiOO.    Old   U.S.   cruiser   (1889).     Re- 
constructed 1899. 

Length  311ft.   Beam  49ft.   Maximum  draught  23ft. 
Displacement  4,098  tons.     Complement  393. 
Guns,  Armour, 

12— 6  in.  "Steel." 

4 — 6  pdr.  3  in.  Deck. 

4 — I  pdr.  2  in.  Gun  shields. 

2  Colts. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.   8,500=19  kts.     Coal   maxi- 
mum 809  tons. 

San  CMorgio.    Italian  armoured  cruiser  (1906). 
Length  429ft.     Beam  69ft.     Draught  23ft. 
Displacement  9,830  tons. 
Guns.  Armour, 

4 — 10  in.,  45  cal.        "  Temi." 
8 — 8  in.  8  in.  Belt  amidships. 

16 — 3  in.  7  in.  Barbettes. 

8 — 1*8  in.  7  in.  Conning  tower. 

Torpedo  Tubes, 
3  Submerged. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  18,000=  22*5  kts, 

Sankt  Georg.    Austrian  armoured  cruiser  (1903). 
Length  384ft.     Beam  62ft.     Mean  draught  21ft. 
Displacement  7,400  tons. 
Guns,  Armour, 

2 — 9'4  in..  40  cal.         "  Krupp." 
5 — 75  in.  6  in.  Belt  amidships. 

4 — 6  in.  8  in.  Barbettes. 

8 — 12  pdr.  5  in.  Turrets. 

9 — 3  pdr.  5  in.  Double  casemates. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (17*7  in.). 

2  Submerged. 

Twin  screw.     Hp.  12,300=21  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 1 ,600  tons. 

San  ICarco.     Italian  armoured  cruiser  (1906). 
Length  429ft.     Beam  69ft.     Mean  draught  23ft. 
Displacement  9,830  tons. 
Guns.  Armour. 

4 — 10  in.,  45  cal.        "  Temi.'* 
8 — 8  in.  8  in.  Belt  amidships. 

16 — 3  in.  7  in.  Barbettes. 

8 — r8  in.  7  in.  Conning  tower. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 

3  Submerged. 

Twin  screw.     Hp.  18.000  =  22*5  kts. 

San  Martin.    Argentine  armoured  cruiser.     (Or- 
lando, 1896.) 

Length  328ft.  Beam  59ift.  Maximum  draught  25ft. 
Displacement  6,840  tons.      Complement  500. 
Guns,  Armour. 

4 — 8  in..  40  cal.  "  Harvey." 

10 — 6  in.,  40  cal.  6  in.  Belt  amidships. 

6 — 4*7  in.,  40  cal.        6  in.  Bulkheads. 

6  in.  Conning  tower. 
Torpedo  Tubes. 
4  Above  water. 
Twin    screw.     Hp.    natural    8,600=185    kts.; 
forced  13,000=20  kts.    Coal  maximum  1,000  tons. 


This  vessel  was  purchased  from  the  Italian 
Government  at  a  cost  of  ;£750.ooo. 

Santa  Crni,  Battle  oL  On  April  20,  1657.  the 
British  under  Blake  entirely  destroyed  16  of  the 
Spanish  ships,  and  secured  the  forts  on  shore.  On 
July  24,  1797,  an  unsuccesafui  attack  was  made 
upon  this  place  by  Nelson,  when  several  officers  and 
140  men  were  killed.  It  was  at  this  battle  that 
Admiral  Lord  Nelson  lost  his  right  arm. 

Santa  Fe.  Argentine  torpedo-boat  destroyer. 
(Yarrow,  1896.)  Displacement,  250  tons;  armour, 
I -in.  protection  amidships;  armament,  1  14-pdr., 
3  6-pdr.  ;   tubes,  3  i8-in.  ;   Hp.,  4,200=27  kts. 

Sanyo  Bailwaj  Ck)t  Ltd.*  with  their  head  offices  in 
Kobe,  Japan,  possess  two  excellent  steamers,  which 
maintain  a  regular  service  every  evening  from 
Shimonoseki  (Japan)  to  Fusan  (Korea),  and  vice 
versa,  covering  the  distance  in  about  10  hours. 

Flbbt. 
Iki  Maru.  Tsushima  Maru, 

Sio  Gabriel.  Portuguese  small  cruiser.  (Havre. 
1898.) 

Length  246ft.   Beam  35ft.   Maximum  draught  i6fl 
Displacement  i  ,800  tons. 
Guns.  Armour. 

2— 6  in.  "Steel." 

4 — 4'7  in.  li  in.  Deck. 

8 — 3  pdr.  2^  in.  Conning  tower. 

2  Machine. 

Torpedo  Tt$bes, 

I  Above  water. 

Twin  screw.     Hp.  4,000=17  kts. 

Sio  BaaleL  Forcuguese  small  cruiser.  (Havre. 
1898.) 

Length  246ft.   Beam  35ft.  Maximum  draught  i6ft. 
Displacement  i  ,800  tons. 
Guns.  Armour, 

2—6  in.  "  Steel." 

4 — ^4*7  in.  1 1  in.  Deck. 

8 — 3  pdr.  3^  in.  Conning  tower. 

2  Machine. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 

1  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.,  4,000=  17  kts. 

Saphir.  French  sea-going  submarine.  (Toulon. 
1903.)  Length.  147  ft. ;  beam.  13  ft. ;  maximum 
draught,  12  ft.  ;  displacement.  309  tons  above, 
442  tons  below  ;  complement,  22  ;  torpedo  tubes, 
6  177-in.  ;  Hp..  600=  12  kts.  above,  8  kts.  below. 

Sapphire.  British  3rd  class  cruiser.  (Palmer,  1904.) 
Length  360ft.     Bea,m  40ft.    Mean  draught  I4it 
Displacement  3.000  tons.    Complement  296. 
Guns,  Armour. 

12— 4  in.  "Steel." 

8 — 3  pdr.  2  in.  Deck. 

2  Maxims. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (x8  in.). 

2  Above  water. 


SAPPHO 


567 


SAUNDERS 


Twin  screw.  Hp.  9,800= 2 175  kts.  Coal  maxi- 
mum 500  tons.     Approximate  cost  ;j240,ooo. 

This  ship-name  is  associated  with  Blake's  action 
with  Tromp  off  Dover,  1652  ;  the  battle  off  the 
North  Foreland,  1652  ;   Qniberon  Bay,  1759. 

Sappho.     British  3rd  class  cruiser  (1891). 
Length  3ooit.   Beam  43ft.  Maximum  draught  i8ft. 
Displacement  3,400  tons.    Complement  273. 


Artnour, 
"  Steel." 

2  in.  Deck. 

3  in.  Conning  tower. 


Guns. 

2 — 6  in. 
6 — 4*7  in. 
8—6  pdr. 
1—3  pdr. 
4  Machine. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (14    in.). 
4  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  natural  7,000=  18*5  kts.,  forced 
9,000 = 20  kts.     Coal  maximum  535  tons. 
Approximate  cost  ;f  200,000. 

SaialMUMUie.  French  torpedo-boat  destroyer. 
(Normand,  1902.)  Length,  180  ft.  ;  beam,  21  ft.  ; 
maximum  draught,  10  ft. ;  displacement,  300  tons  ; 
complement,  45  ;  guns,  i  9-pdr.,  6  3-pdr.  ;  torpedo 
tubes,  2  15-in. ;   speed,  27-30  kts. 

SaralMUid.    A  dance. 

Saratov.  Russian  Government  liner  (1891). 
Length,  460  ft. ;  beam,  50  ft. ;  draught,  20  ft. ; 
gross  tonnage,  5,427  ;  Hp.,  10,000=18  kts. 

Sarbaeane.  French  torpedo  -  boat  destroyer. 
(Rochefort,  1903.)  Length,  183  ft. ;  beam,  21  ft. ; 
draught,  loj  ft.  ;  displacement,  305  tons ;  com- 
plement, 62 ;  armament,  i  9-pdr.,  6  3-pdr.,  2  tubes ; 
twin  screw  ;   Hp.,  6,300=28  kts.  ;   coal,  75  tons. 

Sardegna.    Itahan  battleship.     (Spezia,  1890.) 
Length  410ft.    Beam  77ft.  Maximum  draught  29ft. 
Displacement  13,860  tons.    Complement  794. 
Guns,  Armour. 

4—13-5  in.  "  Steel." 

8 — 6  in.  5  in.  Belt  Amidships. 

16 — 47  in.  14  in.  Barbettes. 

20—6  pdr.  12  in.  Conning  tower. 

10 — I  pdr. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 

2  Submerged. 

3  Above  water. 

Twin  screw.     Hp.  natural  1 5 , 200  =  19  kts. ,  forced 
22,800=21*2  kts.    Coal  maximum  3.000  tons. 
Approximate  coet  ;£  1,050,000. 

Sarky.  Russian  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  Black 
Sea.  (Laird,  1903.)  Displacement,  350  tons  ;  maxi- 
mum draught,  8^  ft. ;  armament,  i  12 -pdr.,  5 
3-pdr. ;  tubes,  2  i8-in. ;  Hp.,  5,500=27  kts. 

Ssrrasin.  French  torpedo-boat.  (Bordeaux, 
1893.)  Length,  139  ft.  ;  beam,  14J  ft.  ;  draught, 
7 J  ft.  ;  displacement,  131 J  tons  ;  complement,  26  ; 
armament,  3  3-pdr.,  2  tubes  ;  twin  screw ;  Hp., 
1 ,  1 00 = 20  kts.  ;  coal ,  1 4  tons. 


Sartori  and  Bergen  Steamers.    See  Kiel  Korsor 

Line  and  Neuen  Dampfer  Compagnie. 
Sasse.    A  navigable  sluice. 

Satellit.  Austro  -  Hungarian  torpedo  gun^boat* 
(Schichau,  1893.) 

Displacement  540  tons.    Complement  61. 
Guns.  Armour. 

2 — 12  pdr.  f  in.  Amidships. 

8—3  pdr- 

Torpedo  Tubes. 

3  Above  water. 

Twin  screw.     Hp.  4,000=23  kts. 

Satellite.  Sloop  of  war.  16  guns.  Upset  Decem- 
ber 14,  18 10,  when  all  on  board  perished. 

SatsnkL  Japanese  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (St. 
Petetrsburg,  1891.)  Captured  from  the  Russians 
during  the  Russo-Japanese  war.  Length,  196  ft.  ; 
beam,  18  ft. ;  draught,  ii^  ft. ;  displacement,  250 
tons;  armament,  i  12-pdr.,  5  3-pdr.,  2  tubes; 
twin  screw  ;  Hp.,  6,000=27  kts.  ;   coal,  80  tons. 

Satnratioil.  The  condition  of  the  air  when  fully 
charged  with  moisture. 

Saucer.  A  socket  of  iron  in  a  wooden  stock  used 
to  receive  the  spindle  on  which  the  capstan  rests. 

Sanmarei*  James  Sanmarei,  Locd  de  (1757-1836). 

British  admiral  (b.  Guernsey).  Entered  the  Navy 
1770,  and  five  years  later,  for  his  bravery  at  the 
attack  of  Charlestown,  was  raised  to  the  rank  of 
lieutenant,  and  subsequently  promoted  commander 
for  his  gallant  services  in  the  action  off  the  Dogger 
Bank,  1781.  When  in  command  of  the  ResoluHon, 
1782,  he  greatly  contributed  to  Rodney's  victory 
over  De  Grasse  off  Les  Saintes.  In  1793  he  cap- 
tured the  French  frigate  Riunion,  for  which  he 
received  a  knighthood.  In  1795,  when  in  command 
of  the  Orion,  he  took  part,  under  Bridport,  in  the 
defeat  of  the  French  fleet  off  L'Orient,  and  two 
years  later  greatly  distinguished  himself  in  the 
battle  off  Cape  St.  Vincent,  and  at  the  battle  of  the 
Nile  in  1798.  In  1801  he  was  raised  to  the  rank  of 
rear-admiral  of  the  blue,  created  a  baronet,  and 
given  command  of  a  squadron  intended  to  blockade 
Cadiz.  He  fought  two  famous  actions  with 
Lenois,  in  Algeciras  Bay,  and  the  Gut  of  Gibraltar, 
and  succeeded  in  defeating  the  Spanish  and  French 
fleets,  which  outnumbered  his  own  small  squadron  by 
two  to  one.  For  his  services  he  was  rewarded  with 
the  Order  of  the  Bath,  and  received  the  freedom  of 
the  City  of  London,  and  a  pension  of  ;£  1,200  a  year. 
He  attained  the  rank  of  admiral,  1814 ;  and 
vice-admiral  of  Great  Britain,  1821.  He  was 
raised  to  the  peerage  of  Lord  de  Saumarez  in  1831, 
and  in  the  following  year  made  General  of  Marines. 
See  Memoirs  by  Sir  John  Ross,  1838. 

Sannders,  Sir  Charles  (1720-75).  British  admiral. 
Served  as  a  lieutenant  under  Anson  in  his  voyage 
round  the  world.  Took  part  in  Hawke's  victory  off 
Finisterre,  1747.     In  1754  was  appointed  treasurer 


SAVE 


568 


SCHICHAU 


of  Greenwich  Hospital,  and  two  years  later  made 
Controller  of  the  Navy.  He  had  command  and 
landed  with  the  naval  force  at  the  capture  of  Quebec, 
1759.  He  attained  the  rank  of  admiral  in  1 770,  and 
died  five  years  later,  and  was  buried  in  Westminster 
Abbey. 

Save-alL  A  small  sail  usually  set  under  a  lower 
studdingsail. 

SaYetny.  Russian  torpedo  -  boat  destroyer. 
Black  Sea.  (Laird,  1903.)  Displacement,^  350  tons  ; 
maximum  draught,  8^  ft. ;  armament,  i  12-pdr.. 
5  3-pdr. ;  tubes,  2  i8-in. ;  Hp.,  5,500=27  kts. 

Savitny.  Russian  torpedo  -  boat  destroyer. 
Black  Sea.  (Laird,  1903.)  Displacement,  350  tons  ; 
maximum  draught,  8^  ft.  ;  armament,  i  12-pdr., 
5  3-pdr. ;   tubes,  2  i8-in. ;   Hp.,  5,500=27  kts. 

Saw-bones.     In  sea  phraseology  the  ship's  doctor. 

Sazonia.  British  subsidised  merchant  ship 
(1900).  Cunard  Line  {q.v.).  Liverpool-New  York. 
Dimensions.  581x64x38  ft.;  gross  tonnage, 
14,281  ;  Hp.,  10,000=  16  kts. 

aftg^nami  Japanese  torpedo-boat  destroyer. 
(Yarrow,  1899.)  Displacement,  306  tons ;  comple- 
ment, 55  :  maximum  draught,  8}  ft.  ;  armament, 
I  12-pdr.,  5  6-pdr.  ;  tubes,  2  i8-in.  ;  Hp.,  6,000  = 
31  kts. ;  coal,  95  tons. 

S.B.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Blankenese,  Germany. 

S.C.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Scilly,  England. 

8.0.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Busum,  Germany. 

Seaadaliie  a  boom  main-sail.  To  haul  up  the 
tack  and  let  go  the  peak. 

Scant.  Applied  to  the  wind  when  it  heads  a 
ship  off  her  course. 

Scantling.    A  piece  of  timber. 

ScarbOfOQgh.  20  guns.  In  October,  1780,  this 
vessel  was  lost  in  a  storm  in  the  West  Indies. 

Soarboroogh  Sailing  dnb.  Established  1895. 
Commodore,  J.  G.  H.  Bedford ;  Captain,  F.  H. 
Mason ;  Vice-Captain,  H.  A.  Chapman ;  Treasurer, 
J.  B.  Butterfield  ;  Honorary  Secretary,  Herbert  E. 
Watkin,  Marine  Parade,  Scarborough.  Entrance 
fee,  105.  6d.  ;  annual  subscription,  105.  6d. 

ScarL  A  joint  uniting  two  pieces  of  timber 
endwise. 

Scaw.     A  promontory. 

Scend.  The  motion  of  a  ship  ;  as  opposed  to 
pitching. 

Sceptre.  64  guns.  On  November  5,  1799,  this 
vessel  was  wrecked  in  Table  Bay,  Cape  of  Good 
Hope,  when  291  of  the  crew  perished. 

S.C.H.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Scheveningen,  Holland. 


Sehamhorst.  German  armoured  cruiser.  (Ham- 
burg. 1906.) 

Length  449ft.     Beam  71ft.     Draught  24^ft 
Displacement  11,500  tons.     Complement  650. 
Guns.  Armour. 

8—8-2  in.  "  Krupp." 

6 — 6  in.  6  in.  Belt  amidships. 

20 — 3*4  in.  6  in.  Big  gun  shields. 

Torpedo  Tubes.  . 
4  Above  water. 
Hp.  26,000=22  kts.     Coal  200  tons. 

SohaQtf,  Sir  Chriitian  Flrederik.  Rear-admiral 
Danish  Navy  (b.  1849).  Entered  Navy,  1864; 
served  during  the  war  between  Prussia  and  Austria ; 
served  in  the  French  Navy,  1889-92 ;  served  as 
A.D.C.  to  the  King,  1 892-1 905  ;  commanded  the 
Herluf  TroUe  (f.v.)  at  Portsmouth  daring  the 
coronation  of  King  Edward  VU.,  1902 ;  at  present 
in  command  of  the  training  squadron  of  the  Danish 
Navy ;  commander,  2nd  class,  of  Dannebrog ;  the 
Silver  Cross  of  Dannebrog ;  created  by  King 
Edward  VII.  K.C.M.G.,  1905. 

Sohetky,  John  Christian.  Marine  painter  (b. 
Edinburgh).  Studied  on  the  Continent,  and  finally 
settled  in  Oxford.  He  contributed  to  the  exhibi- 
tions at  the  Royal  Academy  for  67  years,  and  was 
represented  at  the  Westminster  Hall  competitioo 
in  1847  by  &  large  oil  painting  of  "  The  Battle  of 
La  Hogue."  He  was  marine  painter  to  George  IV.. 
William  IV.,  and  Queen  Victoria.  One  of  his  best 
works,  "  The  Loss  of  the  Royal  George,**  painted  in 
1840,  is  in  the  National  Gallery.  London. 

Schichao*  F.,  Elbing  and  Danzig.  The  shipyards 
of  this  firm  take  rank  among  the  foremost  estab- 
lishments in  Germany  which  are  engaged  in  the 
construction  of  warships. 

The  works  established  by  the  late  Ferdinand 
Schichan  in  the  year  1837  in  Elbing,  and  those 
established  by  him  in  1891  at  Danxig,  together 
have  an  area  of  168  acres,  17^  acres  of  which  are 
covered  by  buildings.  The  works  include  the  fol- 
lowing :  Engine  works,  iron,  steel,  and  brass 
foundries,  and  the  shipyard  at  Elbing  ;  the  locomo- 
tive works  and  boiler  shops  at  Elbing;  the  ship- 
yard for  the  construction  of  vessels  of  all  sizes  at 
Danzig ;  the  floating  docks  and  repairing  shops  at 
Pillau. 

At  the  present  time  the  works  collectivdy  em- 
ploy some  7,000  workmen,  and  for  these  extensive 
acconmiodation  in  the  form  of  suitably  arranged 
workmen's  houses  is  provided.  Among  the  notable 
construction  work  done  by  this  firm  mention  must 
be  made  of  the  first  high-pressure  engine  built  in 
1840 ;  the  first  steam  dredger,  1841  ;  the  first 
screw  steamer,  Borussia,  1855  ;  the  first  sea-going 
torpedo-boat,  which  was  built  for  the  Russian 
Navy,  1877  ;  the  first  compound  engine  fitted  to  a 
ship,  built  for  the  German  Navy,  1878 ;  the  first 
compound  locomotive  made  in  Germany,  1880; 
the  first  triple  expansion  engine  built  on  the  Con- 


SCHICHAU 


569 


SCHICHAU 


tinent,  1881  ;  the  first  triple  expansion  engine  built 
for  a  torpedo-boat,  1883 ;  ^^  ^^^  sea-going 
toii)edo-boat,  A  diet,  built  for  the  Russian  Navy, 
1888,  which  attained  a  speed  of  28*4  kts.  on  her 
trial  trip,  and  was  at  that  time  the  fastest  vessel 
in  existence.  These  Schichau  sea-going  toq;>edo- 
boats  attained  a  great  reputation,  and  nearly  all 
the  navies  of  the  world  have  at  the  present  time 
vessels  built  by  Schichau  in  their  fleet,  notably 
Germany,  Italy,  Austria,  Russia.  Turkey,  China, 
Japan,  Brazil,  Norway,  Sweden. 

The  engine  works,  with  their  roomy  work-halls 
and  lofty  fitting  shops,  are  so  fitted  up  with  modem 
machine  tools  and  cranes  of  every  description  that 
the  highest  degree  of  efficiency  in  their  work  is 
ensured.  In  these  shops  2,300  engines  have  been 
produced,  with  a  total  I.Hp.  of  1,500,000.  In 
addition  to  numerous  stationary  engines  of  the 
most  varied  description,  280  large  size  steam- 
engines  for  the  central  electric  power-houses  of 
almost  all  the  important  towns  of  the  Continent 
have  been  built  here,  including,  among  others, 
Rome,  Madrid,  Barcelona,  Budapest,  Moscow, 
St.  Petersburg,  Warsaw,  Kiev,  Vladivostock,  Ham- 
burg, Altona,  Bremen,  Hanover,  Breslau,  Kdnigs- 
berg,  and  Berlin ;  amongst  others,  also,  to  the 
United  States  of  America  and  Lima  (Peru). 

The  iron  and  steel  foundry,  recently  erected  and 
fitted  up  in  the  most  modem  style,  supplies  castings 
of  all  dimensions  ranging  up  to  60  tons,  and  the 
brass  foundry  supplies  castings  for  home  needs  in 
connection  with  the  shipyard  and  for  those  of 
other  firms. 

The  shipyard  at  Elbing  affords,  on  its  15  berths. 
room  for  the  construction  of  a  like  number  of 
vessels,  and  is  equipped  with  all  the  necessary  tools 
for  the  convenient  handling  and  suitable  working 
of  iron  and  steel  material.  More  than  800  river 
and  sea-going  steamers,  as  well  as  over  60  dredgers 
of  various  construction  and  size,  have  been  turned 
out  by  the  yard,  and  to  these  must  be  added 
400  torpedo-boats,  torpedo-boat  destroyers,  and 
cruisers,  which  during  the  last  23  years  have  been 
constructed  for  the  various  navies  of  the  world. 
Torpedo-boat  destroyers  having  speed  up  to 
35  kts.  have  been,  designed  and  constructed  by 
this  firm.  With  few  exceptions  all  these  vessels 
were  navigated  under  their  own  steam  to  their 
destination — viz,,  the  naval  ports  of  Kiel  and 
Wilhelmshaven  (Germany),  Cronstadt.  and  Nico- 
laiefiT  and  Vladivostock  (Russia),  Pola  (Austria), 
Spezia  (Italy),  Constantinople  (Turkey),  Rio  de 
Janeiro  (Brazil),  Foo  Chow  and  Tientsin  (China), 
where,  after  more  or  less  difficult  passages,  they 
arrived  in  good  condition. 

The  electric  power  centre  supplies  electricity  for 
the  lighting  up  of  the  whole  works  and  for  the 
transmission  of  power  to  the  numerous  shops, 
offices,  and  detached  machinery,  including  large 
and  small  cranes. 


The  Schichau  shipyard  at  Danzig  is  situated  on 
the  broad  bend  of  the  Vistula,  and  covers  an  area 
of  about  73  acres.  It  has  ample  room  in  the  berths 
for  eight  vessels  of  the  largest  dimensions  and 
unlimited  draught,  so  that  first-class  armour-clads 
and  fast  Atlantic  liners  can  be  built  here. 

The  yard  has  machine  tools  of  the  most  modem 
pattern,  and  a  large  Sheer-leg  crane  of  120  tons 
lifting  power  for  "fitting  out  "  and  "  hollering  " 
purposes. 

Of  the  vessels  which  have  in  recent  years  been 
turned  out  by  the  Danzig  yard  the  battleship 
Kaiser  Barbarossa,  Weitin,  Elsass,  Lothringen,  and 
Schlesien  for  the  Imperial  German  Navy  deserve 
foremost  mention.  The  Kaiser  Barbarossa,  be- 
longing to  the  Kaiser  class,  is  a  vessel  of  11,152 
tons  displacement  and  14,000  Hp.,  with  an  ordinary 
steaming  speed  of  18  kts. ;  the  battleship  Weitin 
belongs  to  the  Wittelsbach  class,  and  has  a  dis- 
placement of  11,800  tons  and  17,500  Hp.,  which 
gives  her  an  ordinary  steaming  speed  of  18  kts. ; 
the  Lothringen,  Elsass,  and  Schlesien  of  the  DetUsch- 
land  class,  have  displacement  of  13,400  tons,  with 
16,000  Hp.,  which  will  give  an  ordinary  sea  speed 
of  18  kts. 

For  the  Imperial  Russian  Navy  this  yard  built 
the  protected  cruiser  Novih  in  1899,  &•  vessel  of 
3,000  tons  displacement,  with  18,000  Hp.,  which 
gave  her  a  sea  speed  of  26  kts.,  and  she  was,  until 
destroyed  by  the  Japanese  during  the  Russo- 
Japanese  war,  the  fastest  ship  of  her  kind  afloat. 
In  earlier  years  the  Schichau  works  turned  out  the 
corvette  cruiser  Gefion,  of  3,700  tons  displacement. 
10.000  Hp..  and  a  sea  speed  of  21  kts..  and  the 
gun-boats  litis  and  Jaguar. 

For  the  German  mercantile  marine  some  of  the 
largest  and  finest  steamers  in  existence  have  been 
built. 

For  the  Norddeutscher-Lloyd  the  Imperial  mail 
steamer  Prinz  Recent  Luitpold  And  Pritus  Heinrich, 
of  12,000  tons;  the  mail  steamer  Bremen,  18.000 
tons ;  the  Grosser  Kurfurst,  22,000  tons ;  the 
Zieten,  10.000  tons ;  the  Seydlitz,  10,000  tons ;  the 
Yorh,  10,000  tons ;  and  the  Kleist,  10,000  tons. 
To  the  order  of  the  Grand-Ducal  General  Railway 
Management  at  Schwerin  the  Schichau  works  con- 
structed three  large  steam  ferry-boats,  to  ply 
between  Wamemunde  and  Gjedser,  on  the  deck 
of  which  railway  trains  run  with  their  passengers, 
the  latter  being  thus  transported  over  sea  with- 
out change  of  vehicle.  In  this  way  passengers  to 
and  from  Copenhagen  are  afforded  the  highest 
possible  degree  of  comfort. 

At  Pillau  there  is  a  floating  dock  of  considerable 
size,  and  the  adjoining  repairing  shops  offer  facilities 
for  executing  all  kinds  of  repairs.  This  yard  is 
also  celebrated  for  the  construction  of  steam 
dredgers  made  on  the  Fruhling  system  which  has 
revolutionised  dredging,  it  being  possible  with  this 
class  of  vessel  to  reduce  the  cost  of  dredging  to 
about  one -fifth. 


SCHIFFS 


570 


SCOTCH 


Sohifii  and    MaaohinenlMka   Aotten-OeieUiehaft, 

Mannheim.  This  yard  was  founded  in  1853  by 
Messrs.  Schulz  Bros.,  and  was  formed  into  a  joint 
stock  company  in  1893,  when  an  amalgamation 
took  i^ace  with  the  firm  of  Bemhard  Fischer. 
The  area  of  the  yard  is  about  10  acres,  and  con- 
tains building  slips,  machine  shops,  and  workshops 
which  give  employment  to  about  600  men.  During 
the  last  50  years  253  vessels  of  various  description 
have  been  built,  together  with  350  dredgers,  a  class 
of  vessel  in  which  the  shipyard  specialises.  For 
the  construction  of  the  Kaiser  Wilhelm  Canal  this 
wharf  built  12  steam  dredgers,  with  a  capacity  of 
20,000  cbm. 

SohiUer.  Went  on  the  rocks  off  the  Scilly  Isles, 
May  7,  1875,  and  became  a  total  wreck  ;  331  lives 
lost. 

Schlesien.  German  ist  class  battleship.  (Schi- 
chau,  1905.) 

Length  430ft.   Beam  72ft.   Mean  draught  25ft. 
Displacement  13,400  tons.     Complement  700. 
Guns.  A  rmour. 

4 — II  in.  "  Krupp." 

14 — 6*7  in.  10  in.  Belt. 

22 — 24  pdr.  1 1  in.  Barbettes. 

4 — I  pdr.  II  in.  Turrets. 

4  Machine.  12  in.  Conning  tower. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
6  Submerged  bow,  stern,  and  broadside. 
Three  screws.     Hp.  16,000=18  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 1,800  tons.     Approximate  cost  ;f 1, 200,000. 

Sohleswig  Holfteiii.    German  ist  class  battleship. 
(Schichau,  1906.) 
Length  430ft.     Beam  72ft.     Mean  draught  25ft. 
Displacement  1 3,400  tons.     Complement  700. 
Guns.  Armour. 

4 — II  in.  "  Krupp." 

14 — 6' 7  in.  10  in.  Belt. 

22 — 24  pdr.  1 1  in.  Barbettes. 

4 — I  pdr.  1 1  in.  Turrets. 

4  Machine.  12  in.  Conning  tower. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
6  Submerged  bow,  stern,  and  broadside. 
Three  screws.     Hp.  16,000=  18  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 1,800  tons.     Approximate  cost  ;£  1,200,000. 

Soholteiit  W.  A.  Dutch  steamer.  Sunk  by 
collision  with  the  Rosa  Mary,  of  Hartlepool,  oft 
Dover,  November  19,  1887  ;  130  lives  lost. 

Sohools,  NaVftL     See  Naval  Establishments. 


Sohoolfl  of  »-|f*«""«1ii|[     See  Naval  Education. 

Schooner.  A  small  craft  with  two  masts  and 
without  tops  ;  a  name  often  applied  to  fore-and-aft 
vessels  of  various  classes. 

Schorpionen.  Netherlands  coast  defence  monitor 
(1878).  Displacement,  about  2,000  tons.  Of  no 
fighting  value. 

SohtiOhiika.  Russian  submarine  (1905).  Speed* 
9  kLs. 


Sdhoyt.    A  Dutch  vessel  used  for  river  trade  in 
Holland. 

Sdhwaben.    German  ist  class  battleship.     (Wil- 
helmshaven,  1901.) 

Length  416ft.   Beam  67ft.   Maximum  draught  28ft. 
Displacement  11,830  tons.    Complement  650. 
Guns,  Armour. 

4—9*4  in.  "  Krupp." 

18 — 6  in.  9  in.  Belt. 

1 2 — I  $i  pdr.  I  o  in.  Barbettes. 

12 — I  pdr.  10  in.  Turrets. 

8  Machine.  10  in.  Conning  tower. 

Torpedo  Tubes, 
5  Submerged  bow  and  broadside. 
I  Above  water  stem. 
Three  screws.     Hp.  i5,ooo»i8  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 1 ,  500  tons.    Approximate  cost  ;£  1 , 1 00.000. 

Sohwalbe.     German  gun-boat.     (Wilhelmshaven. 
1889.) 

Length  203ft.     Beam  3oJft.     Draught  12ft, 
Displacement  1,100  tons.     Complement  117. 
Guns.  Armour. 

8— 4-1  in.  "Steel." 

7  Maxims.  3  in.  Deck  amidships. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
2  Above  water. 
Hp.  1,500=  13*5  kts.     Coal  265  tons. 

Soopo  of  cable.  The  length  of  cable  ;  and  should 
be  at  least  three  times  the  depth  of  water  under 
the  vessel. 

8oore.    Twenty. 

8oorefby»  Captain.    See  Arctic  Exploration. 

Soorpio.  Steamer.  Sailed  from  Cardiff  for 
Charente,  December  4,  1874,  and  was  never  heard  of. 

Soorpion.  74  guns.  On  November  20,  1793, 
this  vessel  was  destroyed  by  fire  at  Leghorn. 

Scorpion.    German  gun-boat.     (Bremen,  188 1.) 
Length  154ft.     Beam  36ft.     Draught  lo^ft. 
Displacement  1,091  tons.     Complement  76. 

Armour, 
"  Steel." 

8  in.  Belt  amidships. 
8  in.  Turrets. 
8  in.  Barbettes. 
Torpedo  Tubes. 
2  Above  water. 
Hp.  759=  10  kts.    Coal  40  tons. 

Scorpiona.  Italian  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Elb- 
ing.  1906.)  Length,  168  ft.  ;  beam,  17  ft.  ;  draught. 
7  ft.  ;  displacement,  215  tons ;  armament.  3  3 -pdr.. 
3  tubes;  twin  screw;  Hp.,  3,000=26  kts.;  coal. 
40  tons. 

Scotchman.  A  plate  of  wood  or  iron  to  prevent 
the  standing  rigging  being  chafed. 

Scotch  milt.  The  name  given  to  the  fine  rain  or 
drizzle  which  is  of  frequent  occurrence  in  hiUy 
country. 


Guns. 
I — 12  in. 
2— 3*3  in. 
2  Maxims. 


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SCOTIA 


571 


SCOTTISH 


Scotia.  An  iron  paddle  vessel,  366  X  47  X  30J  ft. ; 
gross  tonnage.  3,871.  Launched,  1862,  for  the 
Canard  Co.  She  was  the  fastest  Atlantic  paddle- 
wheel  steamer  ever  built,  and  has  the  distinction  of 
being  the  last  paddle-wheel  steamer  constructed  for 
the  Cunard  Co. 

Sootia.  L.  and  N.W.R.  steamer.  (Dumbarton, 
1902.)  Dimensions,  338  x  39  X  1 6  ft. ;  gross  tonnage, 
1,871  ;  Hp.,  7,000;  sea  speed,  22  kts;  passenger 
accommodation,  1,314.  Refer  to  London  and  North 
Western  Railway  Co.'s  Steamers. 

Bootia.    Ship.     See  Antarctic  Exploration. 

8oott»  Admifal  Rt  Hon.  Lofd  Oharies  Thomas 
Montaga  Douglas-,  O.O.B.,  or.  1902  (b.  1839).  Edu- 
cated St.  Peter's  College,  Radley.  Entered  R.N., 
1853  ;  served  in  H.M.S.  St  Jean  d*Avc  in  Baltic 
during  Russian  war,  1854 ;  Black  Sea,  1855  ; 
served  in  H.M.S.  Rakigh  in  China,  during  China 
war,  1857 ;  at  Fatsban  Creek,  and  other  boat 
engagements  in  Canton  River,  May.  June,  and 
July  (China  medal,  Fatsban  clasp)  ;  midshipman 
in  Perle's  Naval  Brigade,  1857-58,  during  Indian 
Mutiny,  specially  mentioned  in  despatches  (Indian 
medal)  ;  lieutenant  in  H.M.S.  Fort  and  Emerald, 
and  Royal  Yacht,  1865  •  commander,  1865  ; 
commander  of  Rinaldo  ;  served  as  Second -in-Com- 
mand  of  Naval  Force  under  Captain  Heneage, 
landed  for  the  protection  of  British  subjects  at 
Yang  Chow,  1868  ;  commanded  Icarus,  1868-71, 
during  troubles  in  Formosa ;  commanded  flotilla 
of  boats  in  conjunction  with  Naval  Brigade  under 
Commodore  O.  J.  Jones,  at  the  destruction  of  three 
piratical  walled  villages  up  the  Outing-poi  Creek, 
near  Swatow,  1868 ;  captain,  1872 ;  captain  of 
Bacchante  in  commission,  1879-82,  in  which  ship  the 
late  Prince  Albert  Victor  and  Prince  Geoiige,  now 
Prince  of  Wales,  served  as  midshipmen  ;  A.D.C.  to 
the  Queen,  x 886-88  ;  captain  of  Agincourt,  and 
afterwards  of  Steam  Reserve,  Chatham,  1888 ; 
rear-admiral,  1888  ;  Commander-in-Chief  on  Aus- 
tralian Station,  1889-92  ;  one  of  the  umpires  in 
Naval  Manoeuvres,  T893  ;  vice-admiral,  1894 ! 
K.C.B.  on  Her  Majesty's  birthday,  1898  ;  admiral, 
1899 ;  Commander-in-Chief,  Devonport,  1900 ; 
G.C.B.,  1902 ;  Commander-in-Chief,  Plymouth, 
1902  ;   retired,  1904. 

8cott»    Rear^Admiral     Percy    Montagu*    O.T.O. 

1902,  C.B.  1900  (b.  1853).  Entered  Navy,  1866  ;  as 
sub-lieutenant  served  during  the  Ashantee  war, 
1873-74  (Ashantee  medal)  ;  promoted  to  lieutenant 
for  services  in  the  expedition  up  the  Congo  against 
pirates,  1875  '»  mentioned  in  despatches  ;  gunnery 
lieutenant  of  Inconstant  during  Egyptian  war,  1882  ; 
landed  with  Naval  Brigade,  again  mentioned  in 
despatches  (Egyptian  medal,  Khedive's  Bronze 
Star,  Mcdjidie  4th  Class) ;  commander,  1886 ; 
received  ;fioo  prize,  Royal  Naval  College,  1887  ; 
captain,  1893  ;  captain  of  Terrible,  served  on  shore 
with  Naval  Brigade  during  war  in  South  Africa. 
1890-1900;    rendered  great  service  in  transporting 


the  heavy  guns,  mentioned  in  Sir  R.  Buller's 
despatches.  1900.  and  made  C.B.  for  services 
rendered  ;  landed  forces  with  mobile  naval  guns 
off  Taku,  1900;  was  successful  in  planning  and 
superintending  the  raising  in  nine  days  of  a  large 
dredger  in  connection  with  the  dockyard  extension 
at  Hong-Kong  ;  rear-admiral,  1905  ;  has  served  on 
Ordnance  Committee,  on  Committee  on  Naval 
Uniforms,  and  Naval  Exhibition  Committee ;  is 
the  inventor  of  night  signalling  apparatus  now 
used  in  the  Royal  Navy,  and  of  various  appliances 
for  improving  heavy  gun  shooting  ;  also  invented 
the  gun  carriages  which  enabled  6  in.  and  4*7  in. 
guns  to  be  used  in  South  Africa  during  the  ^^ar. 

8ooti»  Captain  Robert  IUcon»  M.y.0.  i9<>^  C.V.O. 
1904,  F.B.O.S.  (b.  Devonport,  1868).  Entere<i 
Navy  1886 ;  lieutenant  in  Rover,  1887-88,  in  Am- 
pkion,  1889 ;  torpedo  lieutenant  of  the  Majestic, 
flagship  Channel  Squadron,  1898-99  ;  commander. 
1900 ;  commanded  the  National  Antarctic  Expedi- 
tion in  the  Discovery  ;  spent  the  winter  of  1902-03 
in  McMurdo  Bay.  Victoria  Land,  and  during  the 
winter  he,  with  Dr.  Wilson  and  Lieut.  Shackleton, 
travelled  94  miles  south  from  the  ship,  reaching 
land  in  80**  17'  S.  lat.,  173'  W.  long.,  thus  establish- 
ing a  world's  record  for  the  furthest  point  south. 
On  this  journey  he  pushed  further  south  by  some 
300  miles  than  any  previous  explorer ;  established 
the  fact  that  the  interior  of  Victoria  Land  con 
tinues  at  a  height  of  some  9,000  ft.,  and  is  a  vast 
continental  plateau.  During  the  sledge  journey, 
great  hardships  were  endured,  all  the  dogs  perished, 
and  the  officers  had  to  drag  their  sledge  back  to  the 
ship.  Commander  Scott  had  the  honour  of  being 
the  recipient  of  a  cable  message  from  H.M.  King 
Edward  VII.,  in  which  His  Majesty  congratulated 
him  and  his  officers  and  crew  upon  their  successful 
exploration.  He  was  awarded  one  of  the  two 
Ro3ral  medals  for  1903  by  the  Royal  Geographical 
Society,  and  the  gold  medal  of  the  Royal  Danish 
Geographical  Society,  for  his  services  as  leader  o( 
the  Antarctic  Expedition. 

8eott»  Wioileld.-  American  admiral  (b.  Frederick. 
Maryland,  1839).  Interested  himself  in  Arctic 
exploration,  and  in  1884  ^^^  given  command  of  the 
Greeley  relief  expedition,  and  succeeded  in  rescuing 
the  explorer  and  six  survivors  at  Cape  Sabine  ;  during 
the  Spanish -American  war,  1898,  he  was  in  imme- 
diate command  at  the  destruction  of  Cervera's 
Aeet  off  Santiago. 

Scottish  and  Irish  Royal  Hail  line,  established 
1825,  with  the  head  offices  in  Glasgow,  owned  and 
managed  by  Messrs.  G.  and  J.  Burns,  Ltd.,  main- 
tain a  mail  service  twice  every  evening  between 
Glasgow  and  Belfast  via  Greenock  and  via  Ardros- 
san.  There  is  also  an  express  daylight  service 
during  the  summer  months  from  Glasgow  to  Bel- 
fast and  back  in  the  same  day  by  the  new  turbine 
steamer  R.M.S.  Viper.  Steamers  sail  every  Wed- 
nesday and  Saturday  for  Glasgow  and  London- 


SCOTTISH 


572 


SCOTTS' 


deny,  calling  at  Greenock  and  Moville,  returning 
from  Londonderry  every  Monday  and  Thursday ; 
others  leave  Glasgow  every  Tuesday,  Thursday, 
and  Saturday  for  Manchester,  returning  from  Man- 
chester every  Monday,  Thursday,  and  Saturday. 
There  is  also  a  service  three  or  four  times  weekly 
between  Glasgow  and  Liverpool,  calling  at  Greenock. 

Fleet. 

Alligator.  Hound.  Seal. 

Ape,  Lurcher.  Setter. 

Dromedary.  Magpie.  Spaniel, 

Gorilla.  Partridge.  Viper. 

Grampus.  Pointer.  Vulture, 

Grouse.  Woodcock. 

Scottish  Boat  Insuranoe  Co.,  Ltd.  Registered 
March  21,  1879,  with  an  authorised  capital  of 
7.000  shares  of  £1  each,  of  which  6,000  have  been 
issued  and  are  fully  paid.  Since  its  incorporation 
a  reserve  fund  has  been  built  up  of  ;£i  5,000.  For 
some  years  past  the  company  has  paid  a  regular 
dividend  of  12^%  per  annum. 

The  directors  of  the  company  are  (1906)  : 
William  McConnachie.  George  Walker,  James  F, 
Cardno,  John  Finlayson,  George  Laurence,  John 
Reiach,  Alexander  Gordon,  Robert  Tindall,  James 
Dalzid  Mcintosh,  solicitor  (secretary).  Office : 
20  Seaforth  Street,  Fraserburgh. 

Sootts'  Shipbuilding  and  Engineering  Co.,  Ltd., 

Greenock.  The  maintenance  of  an  industry  for 
200  years  by  one  family,  in  the  direct  line  of  suc- 
cession and  in  one  locality,  is  almost  unique  in  the 
history  of  western  manufacturers.  The  Scotts 
began  the  building  of  ships  in  Greenock  in  171 1. 
To-day  their  descendants  of  the  sixth  generation 
worthily  maintain  the  high  traditions  which  have 
accumulated  during  the  intervening  200  years. 

The  Scotts,  like  a  few  other  shipbuilders  on  the 
Clyde,  were  concerned  for  the  greater  part  of  the 
eighteenth  century  in  the  building  of  fishing  and 
coasting  boats.  There  belonged  to  Greenock  in 
1728  as  many  as  900  such  fishing  boats  locally 
built.  In  1752  the  Greenland  Whale  fisheries  were 
engaged  in,  and  this  led  to  a  development  in  the 
si2e  of  craft.  In  1765  William  Scott  built  a  large 
square-rigged  ship  for  some  merchants  of  the  town 
of  Hull.  This  ship  is  notable,  so  we  are  told  in 
Brown's  early  annals  of  Greenock,  as  probably 
being  the  first  ship  built  on  the  Clyde  for  owners 
out  of  Scotland.  To  take  a  fairly  representative 
year,  1776,  18  vessels,  ranging  up  to  77  tons,  and 
of  a  total  of  1.073  tons  burden,  were  constructed 
in  Greenock,  and  of  the  number  six  were  built  by 
the  Scotts.  Between  1773  and  1829,  the  period  of 
expansion  under  the  second  John  Scott,  the  out- 
put was  16,800  tons.  This  output  included  a 
succession  of  fine  ships  for  the  West  India  trade, 
among  which  may  be  mentioned  the  Grenada,  of 
650  tons  burden,  and  the  John  Campbell,  of  446  tons, 
built  in  1806 — the  first  ship  launched  on  the 
Clyde  with  all  rigging  in  position.     In  the  first  half 


of  the  nineteenth  century  they  continued  to  pro- 
duce a  long  series  of  successful  sailing  ships,  while 
at  the  same  time  taking  a  creditable  part  in  the 
evolution  of  the  steamship.  Steam,  however,  was 
not  possible  in  long-distance  voyages  until  pressure 
bad  been  increased  and  coal  consumption  reduced 
to  moderate  limits.  The  highest  conception  of  the 
iron  sailing  ship,  as  built  by  the  firm,  was  probably 
embodied  in  the  Lord  of  the  Isles,  completed  in 
1856.  Her  register  tonnage  was  691  tons,  and  her 
builder's  measurements  770  tons.  Carrying  a  large 
cargo  on  board,  she  made  her  first  trip  to  Sydney 
in  70  days,  which  was  a  record  at  that  time.  She 
made  the  passage  from  Shanghai  to  London  in 
87  days  with  1,030  tons  of  tea  on  board.  In  one 
trip  she  averaged  320  nautical  miles  for  five  con- 
secutive days.  When  engaged  in  the  celebrated 
race  for  the  delivery  of  the  season's  tea  from 
Foochow-foo  to  London,  in  1856,  she  beat  two  oi 
the  fastest  American  clippers  of  almost  twice  her 
tonnage,  constituting  a  record  voyage  from  China, 
and  taking  away  from  the  Americans  the  "  Blue 
Ribbon  "  of  the  ocean. 

The  Scotts  were  early  close  students  of  Watt's 
inventive  work,  and  among  the  first  to  enter  upon 
the  building  of  steamships.  Among  the  earliest 
were  the  Active,  of  59  tons,  and  the  Despatch,  oi 
58  tons,  which  were  followed  by  the  Shannon, 
1 8 16,  which  had  engines  of  14  Hp.  nominal,  and 
plied  on  the  Shannon  between  Limerick  and 
Kilrush.  In  three  successive  years — from  18 19  to 
1 82 1 — the  three  largest  steamers  in  the  kingdom 
came  from  these  works.  The  record  was  marked 
in  18 19  by  the  Waterloo,  of  over  200  tons,  with 
engines  of  60  N.Hp. ;  in  1820  the  Superb,  of  240  tons 
register,  with  engines  of  72  N.Hp. ;  and  in  the 
following  year  the  Majestic,  of  345  tons,  with 
engines  of  100  Hp.  In  18 19  there  began  a  service 
with  the  Robert  Bruce  and  Sir  William  Wallace 
between  the  Clyde  and  Liverpool,  and  the  record 
of  the  maiden  voyage  of  the  former  in  August, 
18 1 9,  shows  that  2^  hours  were  occupied  in  the 
run  from  Glasgow  to  Greenock,  about  22  miles; 
and  within  26  hours  the  vessel  took  on  her  pilot 
at  the  North- West  Lightship  outside  the  Mersey 
Bar.  In  1822  the  City  of  Glasgow  was  built  for 
this  run,  and  this  vessel  attained  a  speed  of  over 
10  kts.,  and  was  reputed  the  fastest  afloat.  One 
of  the  first  steamers  to  trade  in  the  Mediterranean 
was  the  Superb,  sent  thither  in  1824,  and  the 
Trinacria,  also  built  by  the  Scotts,  followed  in 
1825.  These  ran  between  Naples  and  Palermo. 
The  majority  of  the  engines  for  these  early  steamers 
were  constructed  by  Napier  or  Cook,  and  were  of 
the  side-lever  or  beam  type.  In  1825,  however, 
John  Scott,  who  had  done  so  much  for  the  pro- 
gress of  the  firm,  decided  to  commence  building 
machinery,  and  acquired  the  works  which  have 
since  been  developed  into  the  well-known  Greenock 
Foundry.  The  number  of  men  then  employed 
amounted  to  about  220,  while  the  weekly  distri- 


SCOTTS' 


573 


SCUPPER 


bution  of  wages  was  j£x8o.  As  a  contrast,  it  may 
be  said  here  that  there  are  now  4,000  men  in  the 
works  earning  per  week  over  ^5,500  in  wages. 
The  use  of  steam  expansively  in  multiple-cylinder 
engines  was,  however,  the  most  important  factor 
in  the  development  of  the  steamship  during  the 
latter  half  of  the  nineteenth  century.  The  late 
John  Scott,  C.B.,  was  so  convinced  of  the  economy 
of  steam  at  higher  pressures  in  the  compound 
system  that  he  decided  to  build,  at  his  own  ex- 
pense, a  vessel  which  would  enable  him  to  put  the 
system  to  a  thorough  test.  This  steamer,  con- 
structed of  iron  in  1858,  was  the  TheHs,  which 
was  undoubtedly  an  epoch-making  ship,  as  her 
machinery  was  operated  at  an  initial  pressure  of 
1 1 5  lbs.  to  the  square  inch — exceptionally  high  for 
those  days.  For  the  first  time  surface  condensers 
were  used  in  association  with  the  compound  marine 
engine.  The  engines  worked  up  to  51  revolutions 
per  minute,  and  the  maximum  I.Hp.  was  256. 
The  engines  were  tried  by  the  late  Professor 
Rankin,  F.R.S.,  who  certified  that  the  coal  con- 
sumption on  trial  was  i'oi8  lb.  per  I.Hp.  per 
hour — an  extraordinary  result  even  in  the  light  of 
modem  improvements. 

The  work  for  the  Navy  by  the  Scotts  began  with 
the  building  in  1803  of  a  sloop-of-war  named  the 
Prince  of  Wales.  Since  the  construction  of  this 
ship  the  firm  has  carried  out  several  important 
Admiralty  contracts,  including  the  first  machinery 
manufactured  in  Scotland  for  a  dockyard-built  ship, 
the  first  steam  frigate  built  in  the  North,  and  several 
later  ships  with  their  engines,  the  most  recent 
order  being  for  the  machinery  of  the  armoured 
cruiser  Defence,  of  14,600  tons  displacement,  and 
27,000  I.Hp.  to  give  a  speed  of  23  kts. 

Many  notable  yachts  have  been  constructed  in 
these  yards  during  the  last  hundred  years,  both 
sailing  and  steam.  The  first  notable  Clyde  racing 
yachts,  of  which  there  is  any  record,  being  launched 
in  1803.  Among  the  best  remembered  of  the 
yachts  built  by  John  Scott  were  the  cutters  Hawk 
and  Hope,  constructed  for  himself,  and  the  Clarence 
for  Mr.  Robert  Sinclair.  The  Hawk  was  a  suc- 
cessful racer,  and  secured  many  cherished  prizes, 
but  the  Clarence  was  her  superior,  and  was  the 
first  of  a  long  line  of  prize-winners  which  have 
brought  renown  to  the  Clyde.  In  all,  she  won 
over  30  challenge  trophies,  and  in  her  best  season 
never  suffered  defeat.  Many  notable  steam  yachts 
have  been  constructed  at  this  yard,  and  while  it 
is  not  possible  to  refer  to  them  all,  mention  may  be 
made  of  the  Tuscarora,  built  in  1897  ^or  William 
Clarke,  of  Paisley  ;  the  Margarita,  constructed  for 
A.  J.  Drexel,  of  Philadelphia ;  the  Erin,  now 
owned  by  Sir  Thomas  Lipton ;  the  Beryl,  owned 
by  the  Right  Hon.  Baron  Inverclyde ;  and  the 
Grtanaig,  built  in  1904  for  R.  S.  Scott. 

Among  the  countries  which  have  had  new  ships 
in  recent  years  from  these  yards  may  be  mentioned 
France,  Russia,  Italy,  Denmark,  Holland,  Portugal, 


Greece,  India,  the  Strait  Settlements,  China,  Aus 
tialia.  New  Zealand,  Brazil,  several  American 
Republics,  and  the  United  States  of  America. 
Taking  into  account  only  the  large  vessels  built 
during  the  past  50  years,  there  are  105  of  Scotts 
steamers  trading  in  China  Seas,  26  in  the  Indian 
Ocean,  10  on  the  North  Atlantic,  and  nine  on  the 
South  African  Seas,  30  in  the  South  American 
waters,  18  in  the  Colonial  service,  and  97  on  the 
European  coast,  while  in  home  waters  there  are 
many  more.  During  the  last  45  years  48  vessels, 
with  a  tonnage  of  148,353,  have  been  constructed 
for  the  Holt  Line  ;  64  vessels,  with  a  tonnage  of 
150,600  for  the  China  Navigation  Co. ;  and  for 
the  last  30  years  the  yard  has  practically  never 
been  without  a  vessel  for  one  or  the  other  branch 
of  the  Eastern  trade. 

The  shipyard  covers  an  area  of  40  acres.  The 
works  have  10  building  berths,  ranging  in  length 
up  to  700  ft.,  for  the  construction  of  ships  of  all 
sizes,  with  departments  for  producing  all  the 
accessories  for  machinery.  There  are  three  gene- 
rating sets,  with  a  total  capacity  of  12,000  kilo- 
watts, the  voltage  being  240.  The  engine  and 
boiler  works  are  replete  with  every  modem  appli- 
ance, and  a  special  shop  has  been  constructed  and 
laid  out  for  the  manufacture  of  turbine  machinery 
of  the  greatest  power.  It  would  be  impossible 
to  give  details  of  the  splendid  equipment  of  the 
works,  but  enough  has  been  said  to  show  the  sound 
progressive  spirit  in  the  firm,  which  recognises  the 
necessity  for  continual  improvement  in  adminis- 
tration and  design,  and  in  machine  tools  and 
methods  of  manufacture. 

8ooat.  British  3rd  class  cmiser  (1.580  tons, 
i6'7  kts.).     Launched  1885. 

Scow.  Flat-bottomed  boat  commonly  used  as  a 
lighter. 

Scrabble.  A  term  appUed  when  the  ship's  log  is 
written  badly. 

8cf0W.     See  Propeller. 

Soriiiip.    Scanty. 

ScroggS»  John.     See  Arctic  Exploration. 

SofOlL  A  piece  of  timber  bolted  to  the  stem  of 
a  ship  in  lieu  of  a  figurehead. 

8.-O1L  Abbreviation  for  strato-cumulus,  as 
adopted  by  the  International  Meteorological  Com- 
mittee and  used  in  the  International  Cloud  Atlas. 

Bond.  A  light,  low  cloud  near  the  earth's  sur- 
face, driven  along  by  stormy  winds  beneath  heavy 
clouds. 

Sondding.     Running  before  a  gale. 

SonlL    A  short  oar. 

Sculling.  Moving  the  flat  of  an  oar  over  the 
stern  of  a  boat  to  propel  it  through  the  water. 

Sooppcr.  A  channel  for  water  to  run  off  the 
decks. 


SCUTTLE 


574 


SEA 


Sentfle.  A  hole  in  the  side  of  a  ship  for  light  and 
air  ;  also  a  hole  made  to  let  in  water. 

Soylla.     British  3rd  class  cruiser  (1891). 
Length  300ft.   Beam  43ft.   Maximum  draught  i8ft. 
Displacement  3,400  tons.     Complement  273. 

Guns.  Armour. 

2—6  in.  "  Steel." 

6 — 4*7  in.  2  in.  Deck. 

8 — 6  pdr.  3  in.  Conning  tower. 

1—3  pdr. 
4  Machine. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (14  in.). 
4  Above  water. 
Twin     screw.     Hp.     natural     7,000=18*5     kts., 
forced  9,000  =  20  kts.     Coal  maximum  535  tons. 
Approximate  cost  ;£2oo,ooo. 

8.D.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Altona,  Germany. 

8.D.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Sedisfjordr,  Denmark. 

S.D.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Sunderland,  England. 

8d«  Sound.  Abbreviation  adopted  on  the  charts 
issued  by  the  Hydrographic  Office,  Admiralty. 

S.D.H.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing 
boats  registered  at  Schiedam,  Holland. 

8.E.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Elmshom,  Germany. 

S.S.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Svaneke,  Denmark. 

8.E.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Salcombe,  England. 

8eA.  A  general  name  for  the  great  body  of  salt 
water  which  covers  the  greater  part  of  the  earth's 
surface  ;  the  ocean  {q.v.).  In  a  more  limited  sense 
the  term  is  applied  to  that  part  of  the  ocean  which 
from  its  position  or  configuration  is  looked  upon 
as  distinct,  and  deserving  of  a  special  name,  e.g.. 
Mediterranean  Sea,  Black  Sea,  etc.  The  term  is 
also  occasionally  applied  to  inland  lakes,  e.g.,  Cas- 
pian Sea,  Sea  of  Galilee,  etc. 

Refer  to  Admiralty  ;  Collisions,  Regulations  for 
the  Prevention  of ;  Collisions  at  Sea ;  Derelict ; 
High  Seas ;  Marine  Insurance  ;  Maritime  Salvage  ; 
Maritime  Laws ;  Ocean ;  Sea  Fisheries ;  Sea 
Letter. 

8m  anchor.     See  Drogue. 

Bat-MTOW,     See  Flying  Squid. 

Sea  birds.  The  law  relating  to  sea  birds  is  con- 
tained in  the  Wild  Birds  Protection  Acts,  1880- 
1904. 

The  shooting,  attempting  to  shoot,  the  snaring,  or 
the  use  of  any  boat  for  the  purpose  of  shooting  or 
causing  to  be  shot,  any  wild  bird  between  the  first 
day  of  March  and  the  first  day  of  August  is  an 
offence  punishable  by  a  court  of  summary  juris- 
diction by  a  fine,   (a)  £1  for  each  bird  killed  or 


each  attempt  to  kill  a  bird  mentioned  in  the 
schedule  of  this  Act  (1880),  and  (6)  $$.  for  each 
bird,  or  a  reprimand  (if  first  offence)  and  costs.  The 
Secretary  of  State  may,  upon  application  by  the 
County  Council,  extend  or  vary  the  times  of  close 
season,  and,  by  the  Act  of  1894.  make  an  order 
prohibiting  the  taking  or  destruction  of  wild  birds' 
eggs  within  the  limits  of  a  county  or  any  part 
thereof. 

By  the  Act  of  1904.  any  person  who  sets  any  trap 
likely  to  cause  injury  to  any  wild  bird  shall  be 
liable  to  a  penalty  not  exceeding  40s.,  and  for  a 
second  offence  to  a  penalty  not  exceeding  £$. 

Offences  committed  within  the  jurisdiction  of  the 
Admiralty  are  tried  and  punished  as  if  committed 
upon  any  land  in  the  United  Kingdom. 

86a-board.  The  name  given  to  a  territory,  dis- 
trict, or  land  bordering  on  the  sea  ;   the  sea-shore. 

8MI-boat.  A  term  applied  to  a  ship  considered 
with  regard  to  her  sea-going  qualities. 

S6a-bre6M.  A  breeze  which  blows  from  the  sea 
in  upon  the  land.  It  is  more  marked  in  the  tropics 
than  elsewhere,  but  occurs  in  every  latitude.  It 
commences  in  the  afternoon  and  travels  to  the  land 
to  supply  the  place  of  the  air  which  has  been 
heated  and  ascended  in  the  earlier  part  of  the  day. 
Refer  to  Breezes. 

8ea  brief.     See  Passport. 

8m  devil.     Se^  Angler  Fish. 

8ea  flBheriei.  Within  the  territorial  waters  {q.v.) 
of  a  nation,  its  subjects  have  the  exclusive  right 
of  fishing.  Within  the  territorial  waters  of  England 
and  Wales  the  Agricultural  and  Fisheries  Board 
iq.v.)  is  empowered  by  the  Sea  Fisheries  Regula- 
tion Acts,  1888-94,  to  create  sea-fishery  districts, 
and  to  appoint  local  Fisheries  Committees  for  their 
oontrol.  The  committees  make  and  enforce  bye- 
laws  for  the  regulation  and  protection  of  fisheries 
and  the  observance  of  a  close  season.  By  the  Sea 
Fisheries  Regulation  (Scotland)  Act.  1895,  the 
Secretary  for  Scotland  may,  on  application  of  a 
county  council,  town  council,  or  police  commis- 
sioners, create  and  define  the  limits  of  sea  fisheries 
districts.  Fisheries  in  certain  parts  of  the  sea  situate 
outside  territorial  waters  are  the  subject  of  con- 
ventions between  Great  Britain  and  other  nation*:. 
Sea  fisheries  in  the  English  Channel  and  North  Sea 
are  subject  to  the  Sea  Fisheries  .\cts,  1843,  ^^^h 
and  1893.  The  Belgian  declaration  of  1891  pro- 
vides for  the  settlement  of  differences  between 
English  and  Belgian  fishermen  in  the  North  Sea. 

8eaflower.  British  sailing  brig  (454  tons). 
Launched  1873. 

8Mford.  Channel  steamer.  Sunk  bv  collision 
with  the  Lyon  between  Newhaven  and  Dieppe. 
August  20,  1895. 

8ea-ffail86.  A  self -registering  apparatus  for 
ascertaining    depths    beyond    ordinary     deep-sea 


SEAGULL 


575 


SEAMEN 


soundings.  A  body  o!  air  is  condensed  by  a  column 
of  quicksilver  on  which  the  water  acts,  and  a  viscid 
material  floats  on  the  quicksilver  and  leaves  its 
high  pressure  marked  in  the  tube. 

Seagull.  British  torpedo  gun  -  boat  (1889). 
Length  230ft.   Beam  27ft.   Maximum  draught  12ft. 
Displacement  735  tons.     Complement  90. 

Guns, 
2 — 4*7  in. 

4—3  pdr. 
Torpedo  Tubes. 

5—14  in. 

3 — 18  in. 

Twin  screw.     Coal  maximum   160  tons.     Speed 

17  kts. 

SaahOTM.  A  name  for  the  walrus  (Trichecus 
rosmarus),  also  small  fish  (Hippocampina)  of  the 
order  of  lophobranchiate  fishes.  They  derive  the 
name  seahorse  from  the  head  resembling  that  of 
a  horse.  They  live  among  reeds  and  long  fuci.  to 
which  they  cling  with  prehensile  tails.  With  the 
aid  of  their  single  dorsal  fin,  which  is  placed  about 
the  middle  of  the  body,  and  can  be  put  into  rapid 
motion,  they  shift  from  time  to  time  to  some  other 
object  near  them  for  feeding.  They  are  bad 
swimmers  and  unable  to  resist  currents. 

Saahone.  Transport.  Lost  near  Tramorc  Bay, 
January  30,  1816 ;  365  persons,  chiefly  soldiers  of 
the  59th  regiment,  were  drowned. 

Saahome.  British  special  surveying  service 
ship  (670  tons).     Launched  1880. 

8ea  Insunnoe  Co.,  UL  Registered  December  3 1 , 
1875,  with  an  authorised  capital,  issued,  of  ^500,000 
(called  up,  ;£  100,000),  in  50,000  shares  of  ;£io,  £2 
paid.  Since  its  incorporation  the  company  has  paid 
a  steadily  increasing  dividend,  from  5%  in  1876-77, 
to  25%  in  1903-4.  During  this  period  a  reserve 
fund  of  over  half  a  million  sterling  has  been  created. 

The  directors  of  the  company  are :  Geo. 
Gilmour  (chairman),  R.  Alexander,  £.  A.  Beazley, 
J.  Bruce  Ismay,  T.  H.  Jackson,  H.  T.  Wallace, 
G.  W.  Wood,  and  J.  Marke  Wood.  Underwriter, 
William  Bates.  Secretary.  W.  A.  Edwards. 
Offices,  Exchange  Buildings,  Liverpool. 

SeaL     Refer  to  Seal  Fisheries. 

SeaL  British  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Birken- 
head, 1897.)  Length,  218  ft.  ;  beam,  20  ft.  ; 
draught,  5 J  ft.  ;  displacement,  300  tons ;  com- 
plement, 58  ;  armament,  i  12-pdr.,  5  6-pdr.,  2  tubes ; 
twin  screw  ;   Hp.,  6,000  =  30  kts.  ;   coal,  80  tons. 

Sea  laws.  See  Maritime  Laws :  Navigation 
Laws  ;  016ron,  Laws  of ;  Consulate  of  the  Sea  ; 
Navigation  Acts  ;  Collisions,  Regulations  for  the 
Prevention  of. 

Sealers.     See  Seal  Fisheries. 

Sea  letter.     See  Passport. 

Seal  fisheries.  The  Seal  Fishery  Act,  1875, 
provides  for  the  establishment  by  Orders  in  Council 
of  a  close  time  for  seal  fishery  in  the  seas  adjacent 


to  the  eastern  coasts  of  Greenland,  namely,  the 
area  included  between  the  parallels  67°  and  75°  N. 
lat.,  and  between  the  meridians  of  5**  and  17**  W. 
long.,  reckoned  from  the  meridian  of  Greenwich. 

The  regulations  now  in  force  for  the  taking  of 
seals  in  the  Behring  Sea  were  settled  by  the  Tribu- 
nal of  Arbitration  in  1893,  which  provides  a  close 
season  from  May  i  till  July  31,  within  a  radius  of 
60  miles  of  the  breeding  islands,  and  for  the  granting 
of  special  licences  by  the  Government,  and  restricts 
the  mo4e  in  which  such  fishery  shall  be  conducted. 
The  Behring  Sea  Award  Act,  1894,  provides  for 
the  carrying  into  efiEect  of  the  award  made  by  the 
Tribunal  of  Arbitration  by  penalties  and  forfeitures. 
The  Seal  Fisheries  (North  Pacific)  Act,  1895,  which 
added  to  the  provisions  of  the  Act  of  1894,  lapsed 
in  1897.  A  conference  of  fur  seal  experts  was  held 
at  Washington  in  1897,  by  which  the  seal  question 
passed  into  the  hands  of  a  Joint  High  Commission 
to  consider  the  questions  at  issue  between  Canada 
and  the  United  States.  Refer  to  Foreign-going 
Ships. 

Seam.  Sewing  together  two  edges  of  canvas  ; 
a  good  seam  should  have  about  1x0  stitches  to 
every  yard  length. 

Seamanship,   PraotioaL    The   skill   of  a   good 

seaman  ;  skill  in  or  knowledge  of  the  art  of  manag- 
ing and  navigating  a  ship.     Refer  to  Navigation. 

Seamen  include  all  persons  employed  in  any 
capacity  on  board  any  ship,  except  masters,  pilots, 
and  apprentices.  The  Merchant  Shipping  Act,  1894, 
regulates  the  engagement,  rating,  wages  (q.v.), 
accommodation,  discharge,  and  the  rights,  duties, 
and  liabilities  of  seamen  on  British  ships,  with 
special  provisions  to  guard  their  interests  and  pro- 
tect them  from  imposition.  Offences  against 
discipline  committed  by  seamen  or  apprentices  are 
subject  to  the  same  penalties  as  those  set  out  in  the 
article  on  fishing  boats. 

A  shipowner  is  bound  to  see  that  his  vessel  is 
seaworthy,  to  provide  sufficient  food,  and  to  pay 
for  medical  attendance  on  a  seaman  sick  or  injured 
in  the  service  of  the  ship,  and  the  expenses  of  his 
maintenance  until  he  is  cured,  dies,  or  is  brought 
back  to  a  port  in  the  country  where  he  was  engaged. 

A  seaman  improperly  left,  or  found  in  distress 
abroad,  is  sent  home  free  of  expense,  the  cost  of 
conveyance  and  maintenance  being  paid  out  of  the 
Mercantile  Marine  Fund,  but  recoverable  from  the 
master  or  owner  of  the  ship  to  which  he  belonged 
as  a  debt  to  the  Crown.  Natives  of  India  who  are 
seamen,  and  are  found  destitute  in  the  United 
Kingdom,  are  provided  for,  or  sent  home  by  the 
Secretary  of  State  for  India. 

Refer  to  Able-bodied  Seaman,  Crew,  Desertion, 
Merchant  Shipping  Act,  Registrar-General  of 
Seamen,  Crimp,  Naval  Testament,  Employers' 
Liability,  Advance  Note,  Inspection  of  Ships. 

Seamen,  Laws  relating  to.  See  Oew,  Desertion, 
Fishing   Boats,  Navy.  Seamen,  Merchant,  Wages, 


SEAMEN 


576 


SEAWORTHINESS 


Merchant   Shipping   Act,    Crimp,    Advance   Note, 
Apportionment. 

Seamen.  Xerohant    See  Seamen. 

Seamen's  wages.  See  Merchant  Shipping  Act, 
1894,  ps^  II-  In  ^s  Act  provisions  are  made  for 
securing  the  payment  of  seamen's  wages,  and  pro- 
tecting the  property  of  deceased  seamen.  The 
Employers'  Liability  Acts  and  the  Workmen's 
Compensation  Act,  1897,  do  not  apply  to  seamen, 
and  they  cannot  recover  damage  from  the  ship- 
owner for  any  loss  or  injury  occurring  to  them  in  the 
course  of  their  employment.     Refer  to  Insurance. 

Sea  of  Japan  Hes.  between  Japan.  Korea,  and 
Siberia.  It  extends  some  500  miles  from  north  to 
south,  and  600  miles  from  east  to  west. ,  It  has  an 
area  of  375,550  square  miles  ;  a  mean  depth  of  517 
fathoms.  It  is  almost  tideless.  It  was  in  this  sea 
that  the  famous  battle  of  Tsushima,  or  Sea  of 
Japan,  was  fought,  between  the  Japanese  and 
Russian  fleets.     Refer  to  Japan,  Battle  of  Sea  of. 

Seapt.    Abbreviation  for  seaport. 

Search,  Bight  of.    See  Visit  and  Search. 

Searchthrlft.  In  1556  Steven  Burrough  sailed  in 
this  vessel,  a  small  pinnace,  on  a  voyage  of  discovery. 
He  went  to  Archangel  and  discovered  the  Strait 
leading  in  the  Kara  Sea  between  Novaya  Zemlya, 
and  the  Island  of  Waigat.  Refer  to  Arctic  Explora- 
tion. 

Sea**room.  Free  from  land  dangerous  reefs, 
wherein  a  ship  may  drive  without  danger. 

Sea-serpent.  An  animal  said  to  inhabit  the 
ocean,  but  concerning  which  nothing  is  definitely 
known.  It  is  supposed  to  be  of  immense  size  and 
serpentine  form.  Of  recent  years  several  observers 
testify  to  having  seen  specimens,  and  their  good 
faith  is  beyond  question.  Among  the  observers 
who  have  published  accounts  of  the  huge  animal 
seen  may  be  mentioned :  Captain  M'Quhae,  of 
H.M.S.  Dadalus  of  1848  ;  Captain  A.  Hassel,  1872  ; 
captain  and  crew  of  the  Pauline,  of  London,  1875  » 
Lieutenant  Haynes,  of  the  Royal  Yacht  Osborne, 
1877  ;  Major  Senior  of  the  City  of  Baltimore,  1879. 

Seashore.     See  Foreshore. 

SeiHldckness.  A  peculiar  functional  disturbance 
of  the  nervous  system  produced  by  shock  resulting 
from  the  motion  of  a  ship.  The  most  prominent 
symptoms  are  a  state  of  general  depression,  giddiness, 
vomiting,  and  derangement  of  the  bowels.  Innu- 
merable preventives  and  remedies  have  been 
brought  out,  but  most  of  them  fall  short  of  the 
success  claimed.  Fresh  air,  exercise,  and  some 
occupation  for  the  mind  are  among  the  best  cures. 

Season.  An  alteration  in  the  relative  length 
of  day  and  night,  heat  and  cold,  which  take  place 
each  year. 

Seaview  Yacht  Club.  Isle  of  Wight.  Established 
1893.     Burgee  :    White,  red  border,  black  crossed 


S's  in  centre.  Commodore,  the  Duke  of  Leeds; 
Vice-Commodore,  W.  S.  Hunter  ;  Rear-Commodore, 
Captain  E.  T.  Dixon ;  Treasurer,  A.  Girdon ; 
Honorary  Secretary,  Herbert  C.  Maudslay.  En- 
trance fee,  £2  2s, ;  annual  subscription  £2  2s. 

Seaworthiness.  In  every  voyage  policy  there  is 
an  implied  warranty  that  the  ship  is  seaworthy 
when  the  risk  attaches.  No  matter  how  the  mi- 
seaworthiness  has  been  caused,  if  the  vessel  is 
unseaworthy  there  is  no  insurance.  So  strict  is 
this  rule  that  it  applies  even  to  insurance  on  cargo, 
notwithstanding  that  the  owner  of  cargo  can  have 
no  power  to  make  the  ship  seaworthy.  In  a  case 
before  Lord  Mansfield,  brought  by  an  innocent 
shipper  of  goods  (who  had  no  interest  in  the  ship), 
on  proof  being  given  that  the  ship  was  unseaworthy, 
he  non-suited  the  plaintiff,  saying :  "  This  implied 
warranty  cannot  be  dispensed  with  in  any  case/' 
and  this  is  now  the  well  understood  law  of  England 
on  the  subject." 

Mr.  Justice  Lush,  in  an  important  case  (Merchants 
Trading  Co.  v.  Universal  Co.),  puts  it  concisely  thus : 

"  The  assured  undertakes,  in  a  voyage  policy, 
that  his  vessel  shall  start  upon  the  voyage  in  all 
respects  fit  to  encounter  the  ordinary  perils  incident 
to  such  a  voyage.'* 

To  put  this  in  other  words  (McArthur)  : 

"  The  vessel  on  sailing  must  be  tight  and  staunch 
in  her  hull,  properly  rigged,  stored,  and  provisioned, 
and  provided  with  a  competent  master  and  crew,  a 
pilot  when  required  by  law  or  custom,  and  all  things 
necessary  for  the  intended  vo3^age.  Her  cargo, 
also,  must  be  properly  stowed,  and  the  weight  of  it 
not  in  excess  of  the  vessel's  carrying  capacity." 

When  the  ship  has  once  put  to  sea  seaworthy 
for  the  voyage  insured,  the  implied  warranty  has 
been  completely  satisfied.  There  is  no  warranty 
that  she  shall  continue  so,  nor  even  that  the  master 
shall  do  his  best  to  keep  her  so.  If  the  voyage  is 
out  and  home,  there  is  no  warranty  of  seaworthi- 
ness for  the  voyage  home,  and  there  is  no  warranty 
of  seaworthiness  in  time  policies.  There  is  no 
implied  warranty  that  the  cargo  itself  when  in- 
sured is  seaworthy,  or  shipped  in  a  condition  fit 
to  be  carried. 

It  is  a  settled  point  that  under  the  contract  of 
affreightment  (^.v.)  the  shipowner  has  the  liability 
to  the  cargo  owner  of  an  absolute  warranty  of  sea- 
worthiness at  the  time  of  sailing  with  his  cargo.  If 
a  ship  is  chartered  to  go  in  ballast  from  A  to  B,  and 
there  load  a  cargo  for  C,  it  is  not  enough  that  she  is 
seaworthy  on  sailing  from  A,  or  at  the  beginning 
to  load  her  cargo  at  B ;  the  absolute  warranty  is 
that  she  shall  be  seaworthy  when  she  sails  with  her 
cargo  from  B.  The  reason  given  in  the  judgments 
is  that  the  owner  of  cargo  must  not  be  placed  in 
the  position  of  losing  the  protection  of  his  poKcy 
by  reason  of  the  ship's  unseaworthiness,  and  yet 
have  no  remedy  against  the  shipowner.  One  way 
or  other,  it  was  laid  down,  the  owner  of  cargo  ought 


SEBASTOPOL 


577 


SEEBECK 


always  to  be  safe.  (Steel  v.  State  Line  Co.,  3  App. 
Cas.  72;  Cohn  v.  Davidson,  2  Q.B.D.  455  at  461  ; 
Gibson  v.  Small,  4  H.L.C.  at  421).  It  has  to  be 
borne  in  mind  that  the  shipowner's  liability  in  such 
a  case  where  the  loss  has  not  arisen  from  his 
personal  fault  is  limited  by  Act  of  Parliament  to 
the  amount  of  £S  per  register  ton  ;  so  that  an  owner 
of  cargo  who  wishes  to  be  perfectly  safe  in  this 
matter  might  do  well  to  tiisert  in  his  policy  some 
such  clause  as  "  no  claim  under  this  policy  to  .be 
disputed  on  the  ground  of  unseawortiiiness ;  the 
insurers  reserving,  however,  all  rights  against  the 
shipowner."  (Lowndes  on  the  Law  of  Marine 
Insurance,  s.  172.) 

Every  ship  is  to  be  presumed  seaworthy  until 
the  contrary  be  proved.  The  burden  of  proof  is 
on  the  underwriter.     (Amould,  6th  ed.  II.  678.)    • 

The  implied  condition  pf  seaworthiness  does  not 
apply  to  lighters  employed  to  land  the  cargo. 

Sebastopol  Tacht  dab.  Established  1886.  Patron, 
H.I.H.  the  Grand  Duke  Alexander  Michaelovitch ; 
Commodore,  Rear-Admiral  John  P.  Tihmeniefi  ; 
Vice-Commodore,  Alexis  Mlinarich ;  Treasurer, 
B.  M.  Tonkoff;  Secretary,  A.  Witsted,  Club 
House,  Sebastopol.  Entrance  fee,  25  roubles ; 
annual  subscription,  1 5  roubles. 

Sec.  Seconds.  (Near  a  light.)  Abbreviation 
adopted  on  the  charts  issued  by  the  Hydrographic 
Office,  Admiralty. 

Secondary  Ofolone.  A  small  depression  accom- 
panying a  larger  or  primary  cyclone. 

Seoond-liand.  A  term  to  distinguish  the  second 
in  charge  in  a  fleet  of  fishing  boats. 

Second  order  station.  A  station  at  which  obser- 
vations are  made  twice  a  day,  usually  at  9  a.m.  and 
9  p.m. 

Section.  A  draught  representing  the  internal 
parts  of  a  ship  cut  by  a  plan  at  any  partictdar  place, 
athwart  ships  or  longitudinally. 

Sednl-Bahr.    Turkish  gun-boat.    (Turkey.  1897.) 
Length  173ft.    Beam  26ft.     Draught  11  |ft. 
Displacement  800  tons. 
Guns,  Armour. 

4_4-7  in.  "  Steel." 

6  Maxims.  2  in.  Deck  amidships. 

Torpedo  Tubes, 
2  Above  water. 
Hp.  i,ioor=:i2  kts.     Coal  120  tons. 

See,  Horace  (b.  Philadelphia,  1835).  Received 
classical  and  mathematical  education  in  private 
schools,  and  was  apprenticed  with  Messrs.  I.  P. 
Morris  and  Co.,  Philadelphia.  In  1879  he  became' 
superintendent  engineer  to  Messrs.  W.  M.  Cramp 
and  Sons,  and  had  charge  of  the  design  and  con- 
struction of  the  Alameda  and  Maraposa  for  the 
Pacific  trade.  In  1886  he  induced  his  firm  to 
modify  the  Government  designs  for  machinery  of 
the  gun-boat  Yorktown  and  cruiser  Newark  by 
substituting  the  triple  expansion  for  the'  double 


compound  engine.  The  wisdom  of  this  design  has 
been  demonstrated  in  the  superior  performance 
of  tiiese  vessels.  The  dynamite  cruiser  Vesuvius, 
delivered  to  the  United  States  Government  in  1889, 
is  an  additional  examine  of  his  work.  The  engines 
of  this  vessel  were  of  the  four-crank  vertical  triple 
expansion  variety,  the  first  of  this  kind  in  the 
Navy  of  the  United  States,  if  not  that  of  any 
country.  The  performance  was  highly  satisfac- 
tory, a  speed  of  nearly  22  kts.  being  attained  of  a 
vessel  of  over  800  tons  displacement.  In  1889  he 
went  to  New  York,  acting  as  consulting  engineer 
to  the  Newport  News  Shipbuilding  and  Dry  Dock 
Co.  Was  superintendent  ^oigineer  of  the  Southern 
Pacific  Co. ;  superintendent  of  the  Cromwell  Steam- 
ship Co.  ;  and  superintending  engineer  of  the 
Pacific  Mail  Steamship  Co.  There  have  been  built, 
or  altered,  from  his  Resign  and  under  his  superin- 
tendence since  he  started  practice  in  New  York  30 
vessels,  in  the  construction  of  which  he  has  intro- 
duced many  improvements  hoih  in  the  hull  and 
machinery.  As  an  inventor  he  has  met  with  con- 
siderable success, '  and  among  others  the  "  Ash 
Ejector  "  takes  first  place.  Member  of  the  British 
Institution  of  Naval  Architects,  American  Society 
of  Naval  Anobitects  and  Marine  Engineers,  North- 
East  Coast  Institution  of  Engineers  and  Shipbuilders, 
England,  associate  member  American  Society  of 
Naval  Engineers,  United  States  Naval  Institute ; 
past  president  American  Society  of  Mechanical 
Engineers ;  fellow  American  Association  for  the 
Advancement  of  Science;  member  American 
Geographical  Society,  Chamber  of  Commerce  of 
New  York,  New  York  Yacht  Club,  Century  Asso- 
ciation, Colonial  Society  of  Pennsylvania,  Sons  of 
the  Revolution,  Pennsylvania  Society  of  New 
York,  of  which  he  is  one  of  the  founders,  etc.  He 
has  been  a  member  of  the  National  Guard  of 
Pennsylvania,  holding  the  position  of  adjutant  in 
the  Twentieth  Regiment  during  the  July  riots  of 
1877,  and  later  that  of  captain  of  the  First  Regi- 
ment. 

Seeadler.  German  3rd  class  cruiser.  (Hamburg, 
1392.) 

Length  240ft.     Beam  33}ft.     Draught  15ft. 
Displacement  1,660  tons.     Complement  165. 

Guns.  A  rmour. 

8 — 4' I  in.  3  in.  Deck  amidships. 

7  Maxims. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 

2  Above  water. 

Hp.  2,8ooa«i6  kts.     Coal  300  tons. 

Seebeok,  G.  Joint  Stock  Co.  (Schiffswerft 
Maschinenfabrik  und  Trockendocks),  Bremer- 
haven.  This  yard  was  founded  in  1877  by  Mr.  G. 
Seebeck,  who,  when  the  firm  was  changed  into  a 
limited  company,  in  1895,  became  managing 
director. 

The  yard  has  an  area  of  about  8  acres,  and  a 
water  frontage  of  i ,  5  00  ft.    There  are  four  dry  docks 

U 


SEEL 


578 


SELLS 


belonging  to  the  firm  for  repairing  puzpoaes,  cover- 
ing an  area  of  S^  acres  with  a  water  frontage  of  i  ,000 
ft.  on  the  Geeste,  and  the  firm  has  its  own  smelting 
works  at  Geestemunde.  There  are  three  berths,  each 
capable  of  building  vessels  up  to  375  ft  Since  the 
company  was  formed,  250  vessels  have  been  turned 
out,  with  engines  giving  56,000  I.Hp.  Numerous 
cargo  and  passenger  steamers  for  German  and 
foreign  shipowners,  notably  23  for  the  Nofd- 
deutscher  Lloyd,  and  several  for  the  Hamburg- 
Amerika  Line.  The  special  feature  of  this  yard 
is  ship  repairing,  four  dry  dodcs  with  numerous 
workshops,  cranes,  etc.,  being  available.  The 
largest  of  these  docks  was  built  in  1903-4,  and  has 
a  length  of  nearly  500  ft.,  and  capable  of  lifting 
vessels  of  10,000  tons  register.  About  1.300 
workmen  are  employed. 

Seel.    To  lean  or  incline  as  the  roll  of  a  ship. 

Segel  dub,  Baltic.  Established  18S3.  Presi- 
dent, Franz  Braun ;  Vice-President,  M.  Zannacker  ; 
Treasurer,  G.  Kalhom ;  Secretary,  L.  Spanddck, 
Philosophendamm  3,  Konigsberg,  Prussia.  En- 
trance fee,  mark  10  ;  annual  subscription,  mark  48, 
24,  12,  and  6. 

SegelUnb  ''Rhe.''  Established  1855.  Commo- 
dore, Max  Kamm  ;  Vice-Commodore,  Dr.  C.  Lutov  ; 
Treasurer,  Walter  Rhode ;  Secretary,  Dr.  K. 
Dreyer,  Club  House,  Konigsberg,  Prussia.  En- 
trance fee,  mark  20 ;  annual  subscription,  mark  60, 
36,  and  12. 

SegelsiUlskapet  **  ASoliis.''  Established  1887. 
Commodore.  F.  XV.  Forsberg;  Vice-Commodore, 
Ernest  Roberg ;  Honorary  Treasurer,  C.  O.  Smed- 
mark  ;  Honorary  Secretary,  Rob  Lindstrand,  c/o 
Messrs.  Brodema  Lindstrand,  Gdthenburg.  Annual 
subscription,  5  kroner. 

Segelsillskm^et  Sveame.  Established  1870.  Presi- 
dent, Lieut.-Colonel  V.  G.  Balck ;  Honorary 
Treasurer,  H.  A.  Soderberg ;  Honorary  Secretary, 
Baron  A.  Cederstrom,  Beatelund,  Ingaro,  Sweden. 
Entrance  fee,  2  kroner ;  annual  subscription, 
5  kroner. 

Segel  and  Ruder  yer0in**8ohwefiiL*'  Established 

1883.  President,  von  Harlem ;  Treasurer,  Adolf 
Krefft ;  Secretary,  A.  Giertz,  Grunestr,  10  Schwerin 
i,  Mecklenburg.     Annual  subscription,  mark  5. 

Seglei^Verein  *' Wtmneee."  Established  1888. 
President,  Consul  H.  Kustermann  ;  Vice-President, 
Dr.  R.  Neuner ;  Honorary  Treasurer,  M.  Rast ; 
Honorary  Secretary,  Lieut.  F.  Pauer,  Rindermarkt 
3,  Munich.  Entrance  fee,  mark  30  and  20 ;  annual 
subscription,  mark  40  and  20. 

Seine.  Frigate,  44  guns.  On  July  31,  1803,  this 
vessel  was  lost  off  Schelling. 

Seine.  A  net  which  is  shot  by  a  boat  round  a 
school  of  fish,  the  ends  being  brought  together  and 
the  lower  edge  of  the  net  pursed  up.  The  circum- 
ference of  the  net  is  reduced  by  hauling  in  the  net 


until  the  fish  are  all  brought  into  a  bunch  and  can 
be  bailed  out. 

Seifmometer.  An  instrument  for  measuring 
earth-tremors  or  earthquakes. 

Seiie.  To  bind  or  fasten  two  ropes  together  or 
two  parts  of  the  same  rope,  by  means  of  smaller 
stuff. 

Selling.    A  small  lashing. 

Selbome,  The  Bi  Hon.  the  Earl  ot  See  Admi- 
ralty. 

Selene.  British  barque  of  1.3 19  gross  tons,  sailed 
from  the  English  Channel  to  Melbourne  in  the 
remarkable  time  of  71  days. 

Seller  Norman  (b.  Teddington,  1839).  At  an 
early  age  went  to  Sydney,  New  South  Wales,  and 
was  apprenticed  to  the  engineering  firm  founded  by 
the  late  Sir  Peter  Russell,  and  before  the  expiration 
of  his  articles  had  risen  to  be  the  firm's  chief 
draughtsman,  and  so  continued  until  1864.  In  1872 
he  joined  the  Morts  Dock  Co.  as  scientific  engineer, 
and  was  engaged  in  designing  hulls  and  machinery. 
In  1879  he  started  in  private  practice  and  has  been 
responsible  for  the  machinery  of  water  works,  mills, 
hydraulic  and  electric  installations  and  refri- 
gerating plants.  He  entirely  reversed  the  order 
of  things  in  designing  ferry  boats  for  use  in  Sydney 
Harbour,  with  two  stems,  instead  of  two  bows,  and 
carried  out  a  premium  ferry  boat  with  a  screw 
at  both  ends.  He  lectured  to  the  first  class,  and 
was  one  of  the  founders  of  systematic  technical 
teaching  in  the  State  of  New  South  Wales,  and  was 
appointed  vice-president  on  the  Government 
establishing  a  Board  of  Technical  Education,  and 
its  chairman  for  three  years.  Until  the  resumption 
of  the  water  frontage  of  Sydney  by  the  Govern- 
ment, he  was  the  engineer  of  the  principal  private 
service  for  oversea  ships,  and  introduced  the  use  of 
immense  piles  of  Australian  timber.  In  conjunction 
with  a  European  firm  he  was  the  successful  tenderer 
for  the  Great  North  Sydney  Bridge,  which  cost 
;i 1, 300,000.  In  recognition  of  his  special  service 
to  technical  education.  Parliament  voted  him  a 
honorarium  of  ;f  1,000,  and  for  his  suggestion  for 
the  improvement  of  the  Circular  Quay,  Sydney. 
£Soo.  Member  of  the  Institution  of  Civil  Engineers 
and  Institution  of  Mechanical  Engineers. 

Publications  :  "  Machinery  for  Refrigerating  " : 
numerous  papers  published  in  the  proceed- 
ings of  the  Royal  Society  of  New  South  Wales; 
the  Southern  Ice  Exchange  of  the  United  States ; 
and  the  Records  of  the  Board  of  Technical  Educa- 
tion, New  South  Wales. 

Sells,  Gharlee  de  Gni?e  (b.  London,  1856).  Edu- 
cated King's  College  School;  King's  O^ege,  London. 
Served  apprenticeship  with  Messrs.  Biaudslay.  Sod 
and  Field,  subsequently  serving  a  period  at  sea, 
and  on  obtaining  a  Board  of  Trade  first-dass 
certificate  joined  the  Argentine  Navy.  On  er- 
twming  to  England  he  rejoined  the  firm  with  whom 


SELVAGE 


579 


SEWED 


he  served  his  apprenticeship,  and  in  1887,  in 
accordance  with  the  convention  made  with  the 
Italian  Minister  of  Marine,  was  nozninated  by  this 
firm  as  their  representative  at  the  works  of  Messrs. 
Ansaldo  Sampterdarena,  and  renTained  there  until 
the  transfer  of  the  works  to  an  Italian  company  in 
1904.  During  this  period,  besides  much  other 
naval  works,  he  was  responsible  for  the  construction 
of  the  engines  of  many  warships  for  the  Italian 
Navy,  including  the  Sicilia,  20,000  Hp.,  built  from 
the  first  design  for  warship  engines  of  such  great 
power,  the  Carlo  Alberto,  Guiseppe  Garibaldi,  Am- 
miraglio  di  Saint-Bon,  as  well  as  the  Garibaldi  and 
Pueyrredon  for  the  Argentine  Navy,  the  Cristobal 
Colon  for  the  Spanish  Navy,  and  the  Kasuga  and 
Nisshin,  originally  built  for  the  Argentine  Navy, 
but  sold  to  Japan.  Member  of  the  Institution  of 
Civil  Engineers  and  Institution  of  Naval  Architects. 
Publications :  Is  the  author  of  the  annual  article 
on  "  Progress  in  Marine  Engineering,"  in  Mr. 
Fred  Jane's  Naval  Annual  (Fighting  Ships). 

8el¥itfO*  The  edge  of  a  canvas  formed  by  web 
and  woof. 

Selvagee.  A  hank  or  untwisted  skein  of  rope 
yam  marled  together,  frequently  used  in  place  of 
rope,  being  less  likely  to  slip,  and  more  elastic. 

Sem.  Semaphore.  Abbreviation  adopted  oa  the 
charts  issued  by  the  Hydrographic  Office,  Ad- 
miralty. 

Semaphore.  Upright  posts  with  movable  arms 
used  for  communication  by  signals.  In  signalling 
by  the  semaphore,  the  position  of  the  arms  repre- 
sents the  shapes. 

Sending.    Pitching. 

Sennit.  A  plaiting  of  five  or  seven  rope  yams 
together. 

Senorine.  French  brig.  Wrecked  off  Great 
Bank,  Newfoundland,  May  6,  1884 1  ^^  lives  lost. 

Sentinel.    British  scout.     (Vickers,  1904.) 
Length  360ft.  Beam  40ft.  Maximum  draught  i4ift. 
Displacement  2,900  tons.     Complement  268. 
Guns,  Armour. 

10—12  pdr.  x^  in.  Deck. 

8  Pompoms. 

Torpedo  Tubes, 
2  Submerged. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.   17,000=25  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 380  tons.     Approximate  cost  j£275,ooo. 

Separate  interest    See  Interest. 

Serdang.  Netherlands  cruiser,  Indian  Navy. 
(Flushing,  1898.)  Length,  179  ft.  ;  beam,  31  ft.  ; 
draught,  12  ft. ;  displacement,  797  tons ;  comple- 
ment, 95  ;  armament,  3  4*7-in.,  2  2*9-in.,  4  i*4-in.  ; 
Up.,  1,100=13  kts.  ;  coal,  120  tons. 

Serdity.  Russian  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Nev- 
sky,  1902.)  Length,  196  ft. ;  beam,  18^  ft. ; 
draught,  xi|^  f t. ;  displacement,  240  tons ;  comple- 


ment, 58 ;  armament,  i  x2-pdr.,  3  3-pdr.,  2  tubes ; 
Hp.,  3.700=27  kts. ;  coal,  53  tons. 

Serein.    Fine  rain  falling  from  a  cloudless  sky. 

Sergiefl.  Japanese  torpiedo-boat  destroyer  ( 1 906). 
Length,  185  ft.  ;  beam,  21  ft. ;  draught,  7}  ft. ; 
displacement,  324  tons ;  complement,  60 ;  arma- 
ment, I  i2-pdr.,  5  3-pdr.,  2  tubes ;  twin  screw ; 
Hp.,  5,600=26  kts. ;  coal,  zoo  tons. 

Serpent^  H.1LS.  Cruiser.  Wrecked  ofi  the  coast 
of  Corunna,  November  1 1,  1890 ;  173  lives  lost. 

Senrioe  Karitlme  Romnanian  comprise  a  fleet  of 
10  modem  steamers,  five  of  which  have  accom- 
modation lor  a  large  number  of  first  and  second 
class  passengers,  and  five  carrying  cargo  only. 
These  vessels  are  engaged  in  passenger  and  cargo 
traffic  in  various  parts  of  Europe. 

Flbet. 
BucuresH,  Principesa  Maria. 

Constanta.  Regele  Carol  /. 

Dacia.  Ronuinia. 

Dobrogea.  Tasi, 

Imperatul  Traian,  Turnu  Severin, 

Gross  tonnage,  25,100. 

Senring.  Wrapping  spun  yam  tidily  round  a 
rope. 

Sertillg  maDet.  A  mallet  curved  on  the  under 
side  used  in  serving. 

Seskar.  Russian  torpedo-boat.  (Ishora,  1895.) 
Length,  127  ft. ;  beam,  15^  f t.  ;  draught,  6}  ft. ; 
displacement,  100  tons;  complement,  13;  arma- 
ment, 2  i-pdr.,  2  tubes ;  Hp.,  1,000=19  kts. 

Seitotetik.  Russian  torpedo-boat.  (Normand, 
1894.)  Length,  118  ft.;  beam,  13  ft.;  draught. 
8i  ft. ;  displacement,  80  tons ;  complement,  2 1  ; 
armament,  2  i-pdr.,  2  tubes ;  Hp.,  1,300=24  kts. ; 
coal,  21  tons. 

Set  The  direction  in  which  the  wind  blows  ov 
the  current  flows. 

Sett.  A  kind  of  shipwright's  power,  composed 
of  two  ring  bolts  and  a  wrain-staff  with  cleats  and 
lashings. 

Settee.  Long,  sharp,  single-decked,  lateen-rigged 
vessels  of  the  Mediterranean,  without  topmasts. 

Seitiiig-Ad.  A  cone  of  wood  or  iron  used  by 
riggers. 

Settle.     An  obsolete  term  for  stem  sheets. 

Set  up.    To  make  the  standing  rigging  tight. 

SevastopoL  Russian  ist  class  battleship  (11,000 
tons).  This  vessel  was  severely  damaged  by  the 
Japanese  at  the  battle  of  Round  Island,  and  was 
eventually  sunk  outside  Port  Arthur,  August  10, 
1904. 

Severe.    Eflectual. 

Sewed.  Applied  to  a  vessel  when  resting  on  the 
ground,  with  no  hope  of  floating  until. the  return 
tide. 

u  2 


SEXTANT 


580 


SFAKTIREA 


Sextant.  An  instrument  used  in  measuring 
angles,  founded  upon  the  optical  principle  that  a 
ray  of  light  twice  reflected  from  plane  reflectors 
makes,  with  the  ray  before  reflection,  an  angle 
equal  to  twice  the  angle  of  inclination  of  the  re- 
flected surfaces.  The  principal  parts  of  the  sex- 
tant are  as  follows  :  The  index  glass  or  movable 
reflector,  the  horizon  glass  or  fixed  reflector,  a 
telescope,  the  vernier  plate,  and  a  magnifying  glass 
for  reading  the  graduated  arcs.  In  measuring  an 
angle  between  two  objects  differing  in  either  dis- 
tinctness or  brightness,  the  least  distinct  or  bright 
should  be  looked  at  directly,  since  by  reflecting 
the  object  it  necessarily  becomes  fainter.  If  this 
direct  object  is  on  the  right  of  the  other  the  sextant 
should  be  held  in  an  inverted  position.  The 
principal  errors  of  a  sextant  usually  arise  from  one 
of  the  following  causes,  viz.  :  The  mirror  not  being 
perpendicular  to  the  plane  of  the  instrument ;  the 
line  of  collimation  of  the  telescope  not  being 
adjusted  ;  and  the  index  error. 

Centring  errors,  which  generally  include  all  errors 
arising  from  eccentricity  of  the  centre  of  the  axis 
of  the  radius  arm  smd  the  centre  arc,  faulty  gradua- 
tion, flexure  of  the  frame  of  the  instrument  caused 
by  varying  temperature,  or  accidental  blows  are 
not  easy  to  ascertain.  Special  apparatus  exists  at 
Kew  Observatory  for  the  purpose,  but  a  skilful 
navigator  c^n  correct  his  sextant  by  a  series  of 
artificial  horizon  observation  in  the  following 
manner :  Observe  stars  of  nearly  equal  altitude 
north  and  south  of  the  zenith.  Half  of  the  differ- 
ence of  the  latitudes  resulting  from  each  star  will 
be  the  centring  error  of  that  altitude.  The  cor- 
rection will  be  minus  if  the  latitude  from  the  star 
on  the  polar  side  of  the  observer  is  greater  than 
that  from  the  star  on  the  equatorial  side,  and  plus 
if  vice  versa.  It  requires  a  considerable  number  of 
observations  to  determine  satisfactorily  the  error, 
as  it  varies  on  different  parts  of  the  arc,  and 
generally  increases  as  the  angle  increases.  Refer 
to  Navigating  Instruments,  History  of. 


Seymonr,  Admiral  0!  the  Fleet  Sir  Edward 
Ho1wrt»  O.C.B.,  cr.  1900,  O.Mm  1902  (b.  1840). 
Educated  Radley.  Entered  the  Royal  Navy  in 
1852,  and  served  as  midshipman  in  Terrible 
throughout  the  Russian  war  in  the  Black  Sea 
(Crimea  and  Turkish  medals  and  Sebastopol  clasp) ; 
midshipman  of  Calcutta's  launch  sunk  at  the 
destruction  of  the  Chinese  flotilla,  Fatshan  Creek, 
1857  (China  medal,  Fatshan,  Canton,  and  Taku 
clasp)  ;  served  as  lieutenant  in  Chesapeake  during 
China  war,  i860 ;  promoted  commander,  1866 ; 
and  as  conmiander  of  the  Growler  rescued  a  British 
vessel  from  pirates  in  the  Congo  River,  where  he 
was  severely  wounded  ;  promoted  captain,  1873  ; 
was  in  command  of  the  Iris  during  Egyptian  war 
(Egyptian  medal,  Khedive's  Bronze  Star,  Os- 
manieh,  3rd  Class)  ;  rear-admiral,  1899  ;  Second-in- 
Command   of  the  Channel   Squadron    from   Sep- 


tember,   1892.    to   April,    1894,    and   commanded 
B  Fleet,  under  Vice-Admiral  H.  Fairfiax,  at  the 
naval  manoeuvres,  1894  '»    Commander-in-Chief  od 
China   Station   from    December,    1897,    to  April, 
1901  ;  commanded  the  expedition  for  the  relief  of 
the  British  and  foreign  legations  at  Peking ;   Cap- 
tain   D.    MaroHes,   who   commanded   the   French 
contingent,  in  his  report  said  that :  "  The  serious 
difficulties  which  were  likely  to  arise  from  the 
clashing  interests  of  eight  nationalities  were  pre- 
vented by  the  high  position  and  perfect  courtesy 
of  Admiral  Seymour,  and  it  was  especially  fortunate 
for  the  expedition  that  this  officer  met  with  no 
mishap    while    bravely   exposing   himself   to  the 
enemy's    fire."    Member    of    Sir    Edward   Grey's 
committee  appointed,    1902,   to  inquire  into  the 
question  of  Naval  Reserves ;  as  a  member  of  the 
staff   of   the    Duke   of  Connaught   attended  the 
coronation  of  the  King  of  Spain,  1902  ;  took  part 
in  the  King's  procession  at  the  coronation  of  King 
Edward  VII.,  1902  ;  first  and  principal  A.D.C.  to 
the  King,   1902  ;  Commander-in-Chief  at  Devon- 
port,  March,   1903  ;  Admiral  of  the  Fleet,  1905 ; 
created  C.B.,  1887,  on  the  occasion  of  the  celebra- 
tion of  the  completion  of  the  50th  year  of  her 
late  Majesty  Queen  Victoria's  reign ;  G.C.B.,  1900, 
for  services  rendered  in  China  ;  first  class  of  Spanish 
Order  of  Naval  Merit,  1902. 

Seymoiir,  Admiral  Sir  Miohael  Colme-*  Srd  Bait, 
cr.  1809,  G.O.B^  O.C.y.O.  (b.  1836).  Educated 
Harrow.  Entered  Navy,  1850  ;  served  in  Hastings 
in  Burmah  war  (Burmese  medal  and  Pegu  clasp) ; 
served  in  Baltic  (Baltic  medal)  ;  served  in  Crimean 
war  at  bombardment  of  Sebastopol ;  present  at 
the  capture  of  Kertch,  Yenikale,  and  Kinbnra 
(Crimean  medal,  Inkerman  and  Sebastopol  clasps, 
Turkish  medal,  and  Medjidie,  5th  Class)  ;  served  in 
Calcutta,  and  as  flag-lieutenant  in  China  war; 
commanded  a  boat  at  Fatshan,  and  was  present 
at  the  operations  in  the  Canton  River  and  capture 
of  Canton,  at  the  capture  of  the  Peiho  forts,  and 
advance  of  Tientsin,  1858  (China  medals.  Fatshan, 
Canton,  and  Taku  clasps)  ;  Commander-in-Chief. 
Pacific,  1885-87 ;  senior  officer  in  command  of 
Channel  Squadron,  1890-92;  commanded  "C" 
Fleet  during  the  naval  manceuvres,  1890;  Com- 
mander-in-Chief on  Mediterranean  Station,  1893*96; 
received  by  the  Sultan  of  Turkey  in  an  audienoe, 
1895,  and  decorated  with  the  Order  of  the  Medjidie. 
1st  Class,  which  was  conferred  upon  him  as  a  pro- 
motion in  that  order,  and  which  he  received  Her 
late  Majesty's  Royal  licence  to  accept;  Com- 
mander-in-Chief, Portsmouth,  1897  ;  vice-president 
of  the  Royal  Naval  Benevolent  Society,  1900  > 
Vice-Admiral  of  the  United  Kingdom,  1901. 

Slaktirea.  Greek  corvette.  (Blackwall.  1886.) 
Length,  216  ft.  ;  beam,  29  ft. ;  draught,  18  ft: 
displacement,  1,000  tons ;  armament.  2  3*9-ffl-. 
2  Maxims  ;  Hp.,  2,4002=14  kts. ;  coal,  100  tons. 


SFAX 


581 


SHAW 


ttaac  Old  French  cruiser  (1884).  Reconstructed 
1898. 

Displacement  4,728  tons.    Complement  486. 

Guns,  Armour. 

6— 6*4  in.  "Steel." 

10— 5*5  in.  1^  in.  Deck. 

Tarpsdo  Tubes. 

2  Small. 

Hp.  6,520  s  14*5  kts.    Of  small  fighting  value. 

Sflnx.  Dutch  torpedo-boat.  (Yarrow,  1903.) 
Displacement,  140  tons ;  armament,  2  3-pdr., 
3  14-in.  tubes  (two  broadside,  one  stem)  ;  speed, 
25  kts. ;  coal,  30  tons. 

sit.  Soft.  Abbreviation  adopted  on  the  charts 
issued  by  the  Hydrographic  Office,  Admiralty, 
denoting  the  quaUty  of  the  ocean's  bottom. 

8.0.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Svendborg,  Denmark. 

8.0.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Gluckstadt,  Germany. 

BJSL  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Schellingwoude,  Holland. 

8.H.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Scarborough,  England. 

8.H.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Husum,  Germany. 

81l  Shoal.  Abbreviation  adopted  on  the  charts 
issued  by  the  Hydrographic  Office,  Admiralty. 

ih.  Shells.  Abbreviation  adopted  on  the  charts 
issued  by  the  Hydrographic  Office,  Admiralty, 
denoting  the  quaUty  of  the  ocean's  bottom. 

flbadde.  A  bar  with  two  eyes  and  a  bolt  attached 
to  open  links  in  a  chain  cable. 

SbaoUetoii,  Lieatenant.  See  Antarctic  Explora- 
tion. 

fl»*#^ft"'  Dcria.  Turkish  torpedo-gunboat.  (Tur- 
key, 1894.)  Length,  200  ft. ;  beam,  23  ft. ;  draught, 
9  ft. ;  displacement, 450  tons;  armament,  2  47-in., 
6  Maxims,  4  tubes  ;  Hp.,  3,000^22  kts. 

Shake.  A  shipwright's  name  for  any  cracks  or 
rents  occasioned  by  sun  or  weather  in  timber. 

Sluuniook  Bhimfiog  Ck>.,  Ltd.,  have  a  fleet  of  10 
modem  cargo  vessels,  trading  to  various  ports  on 
the  Continent  of  Europe.  These  vessels  have  not 
any  passenger  accommodation. 

FtBBT. 

Alacrity,  Gransha. 

Argus.  Inver. 

Cloulee,  Ralvo. 

Curran,  Rochefort. 

Glynn,  Sheldon. 

Gross  tonnage,  11,080. 

gh^"gM*  China  Navigation  Co.'s  steamer. 
Burnt  near  Chingkiang  December  25,  1890;  300 
lives  lost. 


ghanghftl  Taoht  Olab.  Commodore,  A.  E.  Jones  ; 
Vice-Commodore,  G.  E.  Burgoyne ;  Rear-Commo» 
dore,  E.  T.  Byrne  ;  Treasurer  and  Secretary,  J.  D, 
Smedley,  Club  House,  ih  Soochow  Road.  Shanghai. 
Annual  subscription,  1 5  dols.  for  owners ;  5  dols. 
for  ordinary  members. 

81iank.  A  handle  or  shaft.  A  name  applied  to 
the  bar  or  shaft  of  an  anchor. 

81iank-pftinter.  The  stopper  which  confines  the 
shank  of  an  anchor  to  the  ship's  side. 

ff^OT"^'!.     British  armoured  cruiser.    (Chatham, 
1905.) 
Length  490ft.     Beam  75ft.    Mean  draught  26ft. 
Displacement  14,600  tons.     Complement  755. 
Guns,  Armour, 

4 — 9'2  in.,  5ocal.      "  Kmpp." 
1 0^7 '5  in.  6  in.  Belt  amidships. 

30  Small.  6  in.  Barbettes. 

7  in.  Conning  tower. 
Torpedo  Tubes, 
5  Submerged. 
Hp.    forced    27,000=23    kts.    Coal    maximum 
2,000  tons. 

81uip6  a  oonne.  To  steer  with  a  favouring  wind 
in  the  direction  desired. 

8hark.  U.S.  submarine.  (Elizabeth  Port,  1901.) 
Length,  63ft.;  beam,  iij  ft.;  displacement,  120 
tons ;  complement,  5  ;  torpedo  tubes,  i  ;  Hp., 
160=8  kts.  above,  7  kts.  below. 

81iark.  British  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Clyde- 
bank, 1895.)  Length,  205  ft.  ;  beam,  19  ft.  ; 
draught,  5 j-  ft.  ;  displacement,  280  tons  ;  comple- 
ment, 50  ;  armament,  i  12-pdr.,  5  6-pdr.,  2  tubes  ; 
twin  screw  ;  Hp.,  4,250=27  kts.  ;  coal,  60  tons, 

81iariMhooter.    British  torpedo  gun-boat  (1888). 
Length  230ft.   Beam  27ft.  Maximum  draught  12ft. 
Displacement  735  tons.     Complement  90. 

Guns, 

2 — ^4*7  in. 

4—3  pdr. 

Torpedo  Tubes, 

5 — 14  in. 

3 — 18  in. 

Twin  screw.     Coal  maximum  160  tons.     Speed 

17  kts. 

Shaw,  Doyle  Money,  C.B.,  1882.  Inspector- 
General  of  Hospitals  (b.  1830).  Educated  Edin- 
burgh Academy  and  University  ;  entered  Navy  as 
assistant-surgeon,  1854  ;  served  with  Naval  Brigade 
at  Eupatoria,  and  subsequently  in  the  Spiteful 
before  Sebastopol,  and  was  present  at  the  bom- 
bardment and  capture  of  Kinbum  (Crimean  and 
Turkish  medals,  Sebastopol  clasp)  ;  served  with 
Royal  Marines  in  China,  1857-60  ;  present  at  the 
capture  of  Canton,  Taku  forts,  Pekin,  and  actions 
of  Sinho,  Tongku,  Chanchiwan,  Palikao  ;  mentioned 
in  despatches,  and  specially  promoted  to  stafi- 
surgeon  for  services  rendered  (China  medal,  Taku, 
Canton,   and   Pekin  clasps) ;  was  senior  medical 


SHAW 


582 


SHELL 


officer  of  Octavia  during  Abyssinian  war,  1868 
(Abyssinian  medal)  ;  promoted  Fleet  Surgeon, 
1876 ;  senior  medical  officer  of  Alexandra  at  bom- 
bardment of  Alexandria,  1882  (C.  B.  Egyptian 
medal,  Alexandria  clasp,  Khedive's  Bronze  Star)  ; 
Deputy  Inspector*General  of  Hospitals,  1883 ; 
Deputy  Inspector-General  at  Plymouth  Hospital. 
1884-86 ;  Malta  Hospital,  1886-88 ;  Inspector- 
General  of  Hospitals,  1888  ;  Inspector-General  at 
Haslar,  1889-92  ;  retired,  1892. 

Shaw,  Savill  and  Albion  Co.,  Ltd.  Successors 
to  Messrs.  Shaw,  Savill  and  Co.  and  the  Albion 
Co.  Established  50  years  ago.  This  company 
maintain  a  regular  service  of  passenger  and  cargo 
steamers  between  London  and  New  Zealand, 
and  occasionally  despatch  sailing  vessels  from 
London  and  Glasgow  to  that  Colony.  A  fort- 
nightly service  from  the  United  Kingdom  to 
New  Zealand  is  now  maintained ;  the  steamers 
being  equipped  with  every  modem  appliance ; 
being  fitted  with  patent  refrigerators  for  the  con- 
veyance of  frozen  meat,  as  well  as  butter,  cheese, 
fruit,  etc.,  from  New  Zealand,  and  also  to  ensure 
fresh  food  for  passengers.  The  route  taken  by 
these  steamers  affords  a  most  varied  trip,  the  out- 
ward voyage  being  via  Teneriffe,  Cape  Colony, 
Hobart,  Tasmania ;  the  homeward,  via  Cape  Horn, 
calling  at  Rio  de  Janeiro  and  Teneriffe.  The 
White  Star  Line  have  associated  with  this  line 
their  Delphic  and  Gothic,  and  the  recently  built 
Athenic,  Corinthic,  and  Ionic. 

Fleet. 

Aotea.  Ionic.  Matatua. 

Athenic,  Karamea.  Pakeha. 

Corinthic.  Kumar  a.  Rangatira. 

Delphic.  Manari.  Tohomaru. 

Gothic.  Maori.  Waiwera, 

Gross  tonnage,  112,000. 

Shear^hnlk.  Any  vessel  fitted  permanently 
with  shears. 

Shean.    See  Sheers. 

Sheave.  A  metal  wheel  on  which  the  rope 
works  in  a  block. 

Sheav^hole.  The  channel  pierced  in  a  mast  or 
spar  for  a  rope  to  be  rove  through. 

SheeiMliank.  A  hitch  or  bend  made  on  a  rope  to 
shorten  it  temporarily. 

Sheer.  To  swerve  ofi  the  course.  The  longitudi- 
nal curve  formed  by  the  bow  and  stem  being  above 
the  level  of  the  centre  of  the  vessel. 

Sheer^battan.  A  batten  of  wood  or  iron  to  keep 
the  dead  eyes  square. 

Sheer^if .    To  move  away. 

Sheen.  Two  spars  lashed  together  near  the 
upper  ends,  supported  by  guys  used  for  lifting 
heavy  weights. 

Sheet  A  rope  or  chain  fastened  to  the  lee  lower 
corner  of  a  sail,  to  retain  the  clew  in  its  place.  When 


a  ship  sails  with  a  side  wind  the  lower  comers  ol  the 
main  and  foresails  are  fastened  by  a  tack  and  a 
sheet,  the  former  being  to  windward,  and  the  latter 
to  leeward  ;  the  tack  is,  however,  only  disused 
with  a  stem  wind,  whereas  the  sail  is  never  spread 
without  the  resistance  of  one  or  both  of  the  sheets ; 
the  staysails  and  studdingsails  have  only  one  tack 
and  one  sheet  each  ;  the  staysail-tacks  are  fastened 
forward,  and  the  sheets  drawn  aft ;  but  the  studding- 
sail  tacks  draw  to  the  extremities  of  the  boom, 
while  the  sheet  is  employed  to  extend  the  inner 
comer. 

Sheet  anchor.  The  largest  anchor  of  a  ship ;  let 
go  in  cases  of  extreme  danger. 

Sheet-home.  Hauling  the  sheets  of  square-sails 
to  their  positions. 

Sheet  lightning.  The  reflection  of  distant  flashes 
of  lightning. 

Shelf.  An  inner  timber  following  the  sheer  of 
the  vessel,  and  bolted  to  the  inner  side  of  the  -ribs 
to  strengthen  the  frame,  and  sustain  the  deck 
beams. 

Shell.  The  wooden  outer  portion  or  casing  of  a 
block,  which  is  mortised  for  the  sheave,  and  bored 
at  right  angles  to  the  mortise  for  the  pin,  which  is 
the  axis  of  the  sheave  or  sheaves  ;  a  kind  of  thimble 
dead-eye  block  employed  in  joining  the  ends  of  two 
ropes. 

Shell  Transport  and  Trading  Company,  Ltd^  was 

formed  in  1898  to  take  over  the  business  founded 
by  Messrs.  M.  Samuel  and  Co.,  for  the  transport 
of  petroleum  in  bulk  through  the  Suez  Canal. 
Starting  in  1892  with  three  steamers  of  about  4,500 
tons  dead  weight,  the  fleet  has  rapidly  increased 
until  to-day  there  are  26  modem  petroleum  carry- 
ing vessels,  four  of  which  have  a  capacity  of  10,300 
tons.  The  steamers  are  adopted  for  carrying 
general  cargo  as  well  as  oil,  and  have  a  spedal 
system  of  ventilation  which  enables  them  to  cany 
cargo  of  a  most  deUcate  nature.  A  service  is 
maintained  to  Borneo,  Java,  Eastern  Ports,  and 
Australia ;  Batoum  to  Zanzibar,  Mombassa,  and 
Australia ;  Port  Arthur  (Texas)  to  United  Kingdom 
and  Continent.  A  number  of  the  vessels  are  fitted 
to  use  liquid  fuel  instead  of  coal.  The  company 
in  1907  amalgamated  with  the  Royal  Dutch  Petro- 
leum Co.,  and  the  fleets  of  the  two  concerns  are 
combined  under  the  Anglo-Saxon  Petroleum  Co., 
Ltd. 

Fleet. 

Bullmouth,  Nerite.  Spondilus. 

Bulysses.  Pectan,  Strorrihus. 

Cardium.  Peluse.  Susz. 

Clam.  Pinna.  Telena. 

Cowrie.  Rhamses.  Timsah. 

Elax.  Rocklight.  Toussoum. 

Euplectela.  Serapeumw  Trocas. 

Goldmouth.  Silverlip,  Turbo. 

Murex,  VohOe. 


SHELVE 


583 


SHIP 


ShelFe.  The  name  given  to  dangerous  shallows, 
sandbanks,  or  rocks,  immediately  nnder  the 
snrface  of  the  water. 

SUba*  Ghniftbro  (b.  Kanazawa,  Japan,  March  S, 
1870).  Professor  of  engineering,  Imperial  Univer- 
sity. Tokio.  Graduated  Tokio  Engineering  College, 
and  served  apprenticeship  in  the  Imperial  Navy 
Yard,  and  subsequently  was  employed  as  an 
assistant  to  the  superintending  engineer  of  the 
Kawasaki  Shipbuilding  and  Engineering  Works. 
Kobe.  He  was  appointed  assistant  professor  in 
the  Engineering  College  at  Tokio.  and  inspecting 
engineer  in  the  Kawasaki  Works.  In  1898  he 
came  to  Europe  to  superintend  the  ships  and  engines 
being  constructed  for  the  Osaka  Engine  Works. 
On  his  return  to  Japan  in  1901  was  appointed 
professor  of  marine  engineering  at  the  Tokio 
Imperial  University.  He  is  associated  with  the 
Communication  Department,  and  the  Public 
Works  Department  of  the  Imperial  Government 
as  consulting  engineer.  Member  of  the  Institution 
of  Naval  Architects. 

Publications:  Papers  published  in  the  Trans* 
actions  of  the  Japan  Society  of  Mechanical 
Engineers,  and  the  Engineering  Society  of  Japan. 

Shifting.    Moving. 

Shift  fhe  helm.  To  change  ;  alter  the  position 
of. 

Shignxe.  Japanese  torpedo  -  boat  destroyer. 
(Kobe.  1906.)  Length.  220  ft. ;  beam,  20)^  ft. ; 
draught,  g^  ft. ;  displacement,  374  tons ;  arma- 
ment. I  i2-pdr..  5  6-pdr.,  2  tubes;  twin  screw; 
Hp..  6.000=29  kts. 

SbiUnamL  Formerly  Gaidamak  {q.v.),  Japanese 
torpedo-boat.  (Finland.  1894.)  Length.  192  ft. ; 
beam.  24  ft. ;  draught.  7^  ft. ;  displacement. 
400  tons  ;  complement,  87  ;  armament,  2  i'8-in., 
7  1'4-in.,  10  Maxims,  2  tubes;  Hp.,  3,000=22  kts. ; 
coal.  100  tons. 

Wi^MalilwMk-  Japanese  ist  class  battleship. 
(Thames  Ironworks,  1898.) 

Length.  425ft.  Beam  76ft.  Maximum  draught  28ft. 
Displacement  1 5 .000  tons.     Complement  74 1 . 


Guns, 

4 — 12  in..  4ocaI. 
14 — 6  in. 
20 — 12  pdr. 

8 — 3  pdr. 

6— 2^  pdr. 


tt 


Armour, 
Harvey-nickel. ' ' 
9  in.  Belt  amidships. 
14  in.  Barbettes. 
10  in.  Turrets. 
14  in.  Conning  tower. 
Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
4  Submerged. 
I  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  14.500=18  kts.    Coal  maxi- 
mnm  1.400  tons. 

SbJnonoillO.  Japanese  torpedo-boat  destroyer. 
(Thomycroft,  1899.)  Displacement,  275  tons ; 
complement.  54 ;  armament,  i  12-pdr.,  5  6-pdr.  ; 
tubes.  2  i8-in. ;  Hp.,  5,400=30  kts. ;  coal.  81  tons. 


Ship.  Strictly  speaking,  a  three-masted  vessel 
having  bowsprit,  mainmast,  foremast,  and  mizzen- 
mast.  each  square-rigged  and  composed  of  a  lower 
mast,  a  topmast,  and  a  topgallant-mast,  but  now 
applied  to  any  craft  of  whatever  kind  excepting 
boats,  adapted  for  navigation ;  in  fact,  a  general 
term  for  sea-going  vessels  of  every  kind.  Ships 
are  of  various  sizes  and  fitted  for  various  purposes, 
and  receive  different  names  according  to  their  rig. 
motive  power,  and  the  purpose  to  which  they  are 
applied,  as  men-of-war,  merchantmen,  transports, 
brigs,  sloops,  schooners,  luggers,  barques,  smacks, 
brigantines,  barquantines,  etc.  The  transition  from 
wood  to  iron  and  steel  has  resulted  in  some  changes 
in  rig,  to  suit  the  longer  and  larger  vessel,  and 
steel  masts,  with  wire  rope  standing  rigging  and 
various  labour-saving  appliances,  but,  generally 
speaking.  Uttle  alteration  as  to  the  distribution  of 
sails,  excepting  as  regards  the  abolition  of  studding- 
sails. 

A  smack  is  a  single-masted,  sharp-built  vessel, 
fore-and-aft  sails  only,  fitted  with  a  running  bow- 
sprit and  no  standing  jib-stay. 

A  schooner  is  a  two-masted  vessel  with  yards 
only  on  the  foremast,  and  carrying  fore-and-aft 
sails  on  the  main.  When  there  are  no  yards  the 
name  fore-and-aft  schooner  is  applied. 

A  brig  is  a  two-masted  vessel,  square-rigged  on 
both  masts. 

A  brigantine,  with  regard  to  size,  occupies  an 
intermediate  position  between  schooners  and  brigs. 
She  has  two  masts,  having  the  foremast  square- 
rigged,  and  fore-and-aft  sails  on  the  mainmast. 

A  barque  or  ship  is  a  three-masted  vessel,  square- 
rigged  on  the  two  foremasts,  and  fore-and-aft 
rigged  on  the  mizzen-mast. 

A  ship  has  three  masts,  each  of  which  are  square- 
rigged. 

A  barquantine,  properly  speaking,  is  a  three- 
masted  schooner,  the  third,  or  mizzen-mast.  being 
rigged  fore-and-aft  as  is  the  mainmast.  The  name 
is.  however,  applied  to  larger  vessels  fitted  with 
four,  five,  six,  and,  in  the  case  of  the  vessel  con- 
structed in  1902  at  Quincy,  Mass.,  seven  masts. 
This  vessel  has  a  displacement  of  10,000  tons,  and 
had  the  distinction  when  built  of  being  the  largest 
sailing  ship  ever  consfructed.  The  Preussen  is 
now  the  largest  sailing  ship  afloat ;  she  has  a 
length  of  437  ft.,  a  breadth  of  53*6  ft.,  a  depth 
of  33*8  ft.,  a  displacement  of  12,000  tons,  and 
carries  59,000  square  ft.  surface  of  sail. 

The  various  parts  of  a  full-rigged  merchant  ship 
are  given  below,  alphabetised  and  numbered  to 
correspond  with  the  plate.  They  are  also  briefly 
dealt  with  under  their  respective  headings  through- 
out the  book : 

1 .  After  deck-house. 

2.  Anchor. 

3.  Bobstays. 

4.  Bow. 

5.  Bowline-bridle. 


SHIP 


584 


SHIP 


6.  Bowsprit. 

;r.  Bowsprit-shrouds. 

8.  Bulwarks. 

9.  Cabin-trunk. 

10.  Cable. 

11.  Cat-head. 

12.  Chain-plates. 

13.  Channels. 

14.  Clew-garnets. 

15.  Clew-lines. 

16.  Counter. 

17.  Crossjack. 

18.  Crossjack-brace. 

19.  Crossjack-lift. 

20.  Crossjack-yard. 

21.  Cutwater. 

22.  Davits. 

23.  Dolphin-striker. 

24.  Entrance. 

25.  Flying  jib. 

26.  Flying-jib  boom. 

27.  Flying-jib  stay. 

28.  Foot-ropes. 

29.  Forebrace. 

30.  Fore-chains. 

31.  Forelift. 

32.  Fore  lower  topsail. 

33.  Fore  lower  topsail-brace. 

34.  Fore  lower  topsail-Uft. 

35.  Fore  lower  topsail-yard. 

36.  Foremast. 

37.  Foremast-head. 

38.  Foreroyal. 

39.  Foreroyal -backstays. 

40.  Forejoyal-brace. 

41.  Foreroyalmast. 

42.  Foreroyal-stay. 

43.  Foreroyal-studdingsail. 

44.  Foreroyal  studdingsail-boom. 

45.  Foreroyal  studdingsail-sheet. 

46.  Foreroyal  studdingsail-tack. 

47.  Foreroyal  studdingsail-yard. 

48.  Foreroyal-yard. 

49.  Foresail  or  Forecouise. 

0.  Fore-shrouds. 

1.  ForeskysaiL 

2.  Foreskysail-backstays. 

3.  Foresky sail-brace. 

4.  Foreskysailmast. 

5.  Foreskysail-pole. 

6.  Foreskysail-stay. 

7.  Foreskysail-yard. 

8.  Forestay. 

9.  Foretop. 

60.  Foretopgallant-backstays, 

61.  Foretopgallant-brace. 

62.  Foretopgallantmast. 

63.  Foretopgallant-sail. 

64.  Foretopgallant-shrouds. 

65.  Foretopgallant-slay. 

66.  Forctopgallant-studdingsaiL 


67.  Foretopgallant  studdingsail-boom. 

68.  Foretopgallant  studdingsail-downhauL 

69.  Foretopgallant  studdingsail-halliards. 

70.  Foretopgallant  studdingsail-sheet. 

71.  Foretopgallant  studdingsail-tack. 

72.  Foretopgallant  studdingsail-yard. 

73.  Foretopgallant-yard. 

74.  Foretopmast. 

75.  Foretopmast-backstays. 

76.  Foretopmast-head. 

77.  Foretopmast-shrouds. 

78.  Foretopmast-stay. 

79.  Foretopmast-sta5r8ail. 

80.  Foretopmast-studdingsail. 

81.  Foretopmast  studdingsail-boom. 

82.  Foretopmast  studdingsail-downhaul. 

83.  Foretopmast  studdingsail-halliards. 

84.  Foretopmast  studdingsail-sheet. 

85.  Foretopmast  studdingsail-tack. 

86.  Foretopmast  studdingsail-yard. 

87.  Fore-truck. 

88.  Fore  upper  topsail. 

89.  Fore  upper  topsail-brace. 

90.  Fore  upper  topsail-yard. 

91.  Forejrard. 

92.  Forward  deck-house. 

93.  Futtock-shrouds. 

94.  Futtock-shrouds. 

95.  Futtock-shrouds. 

96.  Hull. 
97'  Jib. 

98.  Jib-boom. 

99.  Jib-stay. 
100.  Jib-topsail. 

I  or.  Lower  studdingsail. 

102.  Lower  studdingsail-halliiards. 

103.  Lower  studdingsail  inner  halliards. 

104.  Lower  studdingsail-sheet. 

105.  Lower  studdingsail-yard . 

106.  Main-bowline. 

107.  Mainbrace. 

108.  Main-chains. 

109.  Mainlift. 

1 10.  Main  lower  topsail. 

111.  Main  lower  topsail-brace. 

112.  Main  lower  topsail-lift. 

113.  Main  lower  topsail-yard. 

114.  Mainmast. 

115.  Mainmast-head. 

116.  Mainroyal. 

117.  Mainroyal-backstays. 

118.  Mainroyal-brace. 

119.  Mainroyalmast. 

120.  Mainroyal -stay. 

121.  Mainroyal-staysail. 

122.  Mainroyal  staysail-sheet. 

123.  Mainroyal-studdingsail. 

124.  Mainroyal  studdingsail-boom. 

125.  Mainroyal  studdingsail-sheet. 

126.  Mainroyal  studdingsail-tack. 

127.  Mainroyal  studdingsaU-yard. 


I 


SHIP         

138.  Mainroyal-yard. 

129.  Mainsail  or  Maincourse. 

130.  Main-shrouds. 

131.  Mainskysail. 

152.  Mainskysail-backstays. 

133.  Mainskysail-brace. 

134.  Mainskysailmast. 

135.  MainskysaU-pole. 

136.  Mainskysail-stay. 

137.  Mainskysail-yard. 

138.  Mainstay. 

139.  Maintop. 

140.  Maintopgallant-backstays. 
X41.  Maintopgallant-brace. 

142.  Maintopgallantmast. 

143.  Maintopgallant-sail. 

144.  Maintopgallant-shronds. 

145.  Maintopgallant-stay. 

146.  Main  topgallant-staysail. 

147.  Maintopgallant-stnddingsail. 

148.  MaintopgaUant  studdingsail-boom. 

149.  MaintopgaUant  studdingsail-downhaul. 

150.  MaintopgaUant  studdingsail-halliards. 

151.  MaintopgaUant  studdingsail-sheet. 

152.  BifaintopgaUant  studdingsail-tack. 

153.  MaintopgaUant  studdingsail-yard. 

154.  Maintopgallant-yard. 

155.  Maintopmast. 

156.  Maintopmast-backstays. 

157.  Maintopmast-head. 

158.  Maintopmast  lower  staysail. 

159.  Maintopmast-shrouds. 

160.  Maintopmast-stay. 

161.  Maintopmast-studdingsaU. 

162.  Maintopmast  studdingsaU-boom. 

163.  Maintopmast  studdingsaU-downhaul. 

164.  Maintopmast  studdingsaU-halliards. 

165.  Maintopmast  studdingsaU-sheet. 

166.  Maintopmast  studdingsaU-tack. 

167.  Maintopmast  studdingsail-yard. 

168.  Maintopmast  upper  staysaU. 

169.  Main-truck. 

170.  Maintry  sail -gaff. 

171.  Main  upper  topsaU. 

172.  Main  upper  topsail-brace. 

173.  Main  upper  topsaU-yard. 

174.  Mainyard. 

175.  Martingale-guys. 

176.  Martingale-stays. 

177.  Mixsen-chains. 

178.  Mizcen  lower  topsaU. 

179.  Mizzen  lower  topsail-brace. 

180.  Mizzen  lower  topsaU-lift. 

181.  Mizzen  lower  topsaU-yard. 

182.  Mizzenmast. 

183.  Mizzenmast-head. 

184.  Mizzenroyal. 

185.  Mizzenroyal -backstays. 

186.  Mizzenroyal-brace. 

187.  Mizzenroyalmast. 

188.  Mizzenroyal-stay. 


585 


SHIP 


189. 
190. 
191. 
192. 

193- 
194. 

195- 
196. 

197. 
198. 
199. 
200. 
201. 
202. 
203. 
204. 
205. 
206. 
207. 
208. 
209. 
210. 
211. 
212. 
213. 
214. 
215. 
216. 
217. 
218. 
219. 
220. 
221. 
222. 
223. 
224. 
225. 
226. 
227. 
228. 
229. 
230. 
231. 
232. 

233- 

234- 

235- 
236. 

237- 
238. 

239. 
240. 
241. 
242. 
243. 
244. 
245. 
246. 
247. 
248. 
249. 


Mizzenroyal-staysaU. 

Mizzenroyal  staysail-sheet. 

Mizzenroyal-yard. 

Mizzen-shrouds. 

Mizzenskysail. 

MizzenskysaU-backstays. 

Mizzenskysail-brace. 

Mizzenskysailmast. 

Mizzenskysail-pole. 

Mizzenskysail-stay. 

Mizzenskysail-yard. 

Mizzenstay. 

Mizzenstaysail. 

Mizzentop. 

Mizzentopgallant-backstays. 

Mizzentopgallant-brace. 

^lizzentopgallantmast. 

Mizzentopgallant-sail. 

Mizzentopgallant-shrouds. 

Mizzentopgallant-stay. 

Mizzentopgallant-staysail. 

MizzentopgaUant  staysail-sheet. 

Mizzentopgallant-yard . 

Mizzentopmast. 

Mizzentopmast-backstays. 

Mizzentopmast-head. 

Mizzentopmast-shrouds. 

Mizzentopmast-stay. 

Mizzentopmast-staysail. 

Mizzen-truck. 

Mizzen  upper  topsail. 

Mizzen  upper  topsail-brace. 

Mizzen  upper  topsail-yard. 

Monkey-gaff. 

Monkey-gaff  lift. 

Monkey-gaff  vangs. 

Outriggers. 

Quarter-boat. 

Reef-points.  % 

Rudder. 

Run. 

Signal-halliards. 

Spanker. 

Spanker-boom. 

Spanker-boom  topping-lift. 

Spanker-braUs. 

Spanker-gaff. 

Spanker-gaff  vangs. 

Spanker  peak-halliards. 

Spanker-sheet. 

Spring-stay. 

Stem. 

Stem. 

Taffrail. 

Upper  maintopsaiUdownhaul. 

Upper  mizzentopsail-downhaul. 

Waist. 

Weather  crossjack-sheet. 

Weather  flying-jib  sheet. 

Weather  fore-sheet. 

Weather  jib-sheet. 


SHIPBUILDER 


586 


SHIPPING 


250.  Weather  jib  topsail-sheet. 

251.  Weather  main-sheet. 

Shipbuilder,  The.  Until  recently,  there  was  no 
periodical  published  in  the  British  Isles  which 
catered  exclusively  for  the  requirements  of  those 
engaged  in  shipbuilding  and  the  allied  trades. 
This  fact  appears  remarkable  when  one  considers 
the  extent  and  importance  of  these  industries,  as 
indicated  by  the  enormous  capital  invested,  and 
the  number  of  persons  employed.  To  supply  this 
want  the  illustrated  journal  bearing  the  self- 
explanatory  title  of  "  The  Shipbuilder  "  was 
founded  in  1906  by  Mr.  A.  G.  H.  Hood,  its  present 
editor.  Primarily  a  record  of  the  condition  of 
and  the  advance  made  in  shipbuilding,  ship-repair- 
ing, and  marine  engineering  at  home  and  abroad, 
"  The  Shipbuilder "  also  devotes  attentiSn  to 
improvements,  new  developments  and  new  mate- 
rials introduced  in  the  design  and  construction 
of  ships,  engines,  and  boilers.  In  short,  it  seeks 
to  deal  with  any  and  every  question  affecting  the 
army  of  workers  employed  in  the  construction  of 
anything  intended  to  float,  from  the  mighty 
battleship  to  the  slim  destroyer,  and  from  the  great 
ocean  liner  to  the  humble  "  tramp "  steamer. 
While  the  articles  published  are  often  of  a  highly 
technical  nature,  from  the  pens  of  prominent  ship- 
builders and  naval  architects,  the  journal  contains 
much  that  appeals  to  the  thousands  of  non-experts 
who  are  deeply  interested  in  the  building  of  ships, 
whether  for  peace  or  war.  Published  at  Newcastle- 
on-Tyne.     Price  gd.,  post  free. 

Shipnuuter,  A,  includes  every  person  (except  a 
pilot)  having  command  or  charge  of  any  ship.  The 
master  is,  prima  facte,  the  servant  of  the  registered 
owners,  by  whom  he  is  generally  appointed  and 
removed,  but  where  a  charter-party  amounts  to  a 
demise  of  the  ship  to  the  charterer,  the  master  is 
appointed  by  him  and  becomes  his  servant.  A 
master's  authority  is  very  wide,  and  extends  to  all 
acts  usual  and  necessary  for  the  employment  of  the 
ship.  He  can  contract,  as  agent  for  his  owners,  for 
the  hire  of  the  ship  and  the  carriage  of  goods,  but 
cannot  vary  his  owner's  contracts.  He  is  responsi- 
ble for  the  safe-keeping  of  the  cargo,  and  must  take 
all  steps  to  preserve  it.  In  cases  of  necessity  he 
becomes  agent  for  the  cargo-owner,  and  may 
incur  expenses  on  his  behalf,  and  sell  goods  that 
cannot  be  saved.  A  master  is  bound  to  employ 
his  whole  time  and  attention  in  the  service  of  his 
employer,  and  no  custom  allowing  him  to  trade 
on  his  own  account  can  be  maintained. 

Refer  to  Log  Book,  Wages,  Passengers,  Passenger 
Boats,  Dangerous  Goods,  Grain  Cargo,  Shipping 
Inquiries,  Pilot,  Barratry,  Apportioxmient,  Posses- 
sion, Bottomry,  Coaster,  Merchant  Shipping  Act. 


control.  A  mate  thus  becoming  captain  assumeB 
all  the  captain's  duties  and  powers,  and  is  entitled 
to  be  paid  as  such,  and  an  A.B.  {q.v.)  appointed 
mate  by  him  is  entitled  to  mate's  pay. 

Every  British  foreign-going  ship  and  every 
British  home-trade  passenger  ship,  when  going  to 
sea  from  any  place  in  the  United  Kingdom,  and 
every  foreign  steamship  carrying  passengers  between 
places  in  the  United  Kingdom,  shall  be  provided 
with  duly  certified  officers  according  to  the  fcXkm- 
ing  scale : 

(i)  In  any  case  a  duly  certified  master. 

(2)  If  the  ship  is  of  100  tons  burden  or  upwards, 
with  at  least  one  officer  besides  the  master,  hddiDg 
a  certificate  not  lower  than  that  of  only  mate  in 
the  case  of  a  foreign-going  ship,  or  of  mate  in  the 
case  of  a  home-trade  passenger  ship. 

(3)  If  the  ship  is  a  foreign-going  ship,  and 
carries  more  than  one  mate,  with  at  least  the  first 
and  second  mate  duly  certified. 

(4)  If  the  ship  is  a  foreign-going  steamship  of 
100  nominal  Hp.  or  upwards,  with  at  least  two 
engineers,  one  of  whom  shall  be  a  first-class  and 
the  other  a  first  or  second-class  engineer. 

(5)  If  the  ship  is  a  foreign  going  steamship  of 
less  than  100  nominal  Hp.,  or  a  sea-going  home- 
trade  passenger  steamship,  with  at  least  one  firrt 
or  second-class  engineer. 

Refer  to  Shipping  Inquiries. 

Ship  money,  which  was  finally  abolished  during 
the  reign  of  Charles  I.,  was  a  charge  on  the  ports, 
towns,  cities,  boroughs,  and  counties  of  England  for 
providing  and  furnishing  certain  ships  for  the  King's 
service.  The  attempt  made  by  Charles  I.  to  reviw 
and  enforce  this  imposition,  which  had  laid  dor- 
mant for  many  years,  was  one  of  the  proximate 
causes  of  the  great  Rebellion. 

Ship,  Name  of  the.    See  Name  of  the  Ship. 

Shipped.    Taken  on  board. 

Shipping.  See  Bill  of  Lading,  Charter  Psurty, 
Affreightment,  Bottomry,  Fishing  Boats,  Merchant 
Shipping,  Possession  of  Ships,  Registration,  Towage, 
Tonnage,  Shipmate,  Lighthouse,  Wreck,  Yacht. 
Salvage,  Collision  Regulations,  Collisions  at  Sea, 
Merchant  Shipping  Act,  Pilot,  Maritime  Law, 
British  Ships,  Shipping  Inquiries. 

Shipping  and  MereaniQe  Gaietia  and  Uofl'k 

List.  Established  1836.  Published  daily  (even- 
ing). Price  3i.  Address:  54  Gracechurch  Street. 
London,  E.C. 

Shipping  Companies.  These  are  dealt  with 
throughout  the  "  Encyclopaedia  of  Ships  and  Ship- 
ping," imder  their  respective  names,  in  alphabetical 
order. 


Shipmate.  The  mate  is  the  person  who  succeeds  Shipping  Ctewtto  and  Uofi's  Lift  Establisfaed 
to  the  command  of  the  ship  on  the  death  or  in-  1856.  Published  weekly  (Fdday).  Price  6tf.  Ad- 
capacity  of  her  master  at  sea  or  beyond  the  owner's     dress  :  54  Gracechurch  Street,  London,  E.C. 


SHIPPING 


587 


SHIPWRECKED 


SUppinif  Gaiette  Honiing.  Established  1893. 
Published  daily.  Price  i^.  Address :  54  Grace- 
church  Street.  London,  E.G. 

Shipping  inqnizief .  A  preliminary  inquiry  is  held 
by  the  inspecting  officer  of  the  coastguards,  the 
chief  officer  of  Customs,  or  any  person  appointed 
by  the  Board  of  Trade  : 

(i)  When  on  or  near  the  coasts  of  the  United 
Kingdom  (a)  any  ship  is  lost,  abandoned,  or 
damaged,  or  causes  loss  or  damage  to  another 
ship ;  {b)  any  loss  of  life  ensue  by  reason  of  any 
casualty  to  or  on  any  ship  ;  or 

(2)  When  on  or  near  the  coasts  of  the  United 
Kingdom  any  ship  has  been  stranded  or  damaged, 
when  in  any  place  any  loss,  abandonment,  or 
damage  occurs,  when  in  any  place  any  British  ship 
is  stranded  or  damaged,  and  any  witness  is  found 
in  the  United  Kingdom  ;  or 

(3)  When  any  British  ship  is  lost,  or  supposed 
to  have  been  lost,  and  any  evidence  is  obtainable 
in  the  United  Kingdom  as  to  the  circumstances 
under  which  she  |>roceeded  to  sea  or  was  last 
heard  of. 

When  considered  necessary  or  so  directed  by 
the  Board  of  Trade  a  further  and  formal  investiga- 
tion is  held  by  a  Court  of  Summary  Jurisdiction 
or  by  a  wreck  commissioner,  assisted,  when  the 
investigation  appears  likely  to  involve  questions 
of  cancelling  or  suspension  of  a  certificate,  by 
nautical,  engineering,  or  other  specially  skilled 
assessors. 

A  report  of  the  case  and  of  the  opinion  of  the 
Court  thereon  shall  be  sent  to  the  Board  of  Trade, 
which  may  suspend  or  cancel  a  certificate  only  if 
the  owner  has  been  convicted  of  any  ofience.  But 
a  certificate  may  be  cancelled  or  suspended  (a)  by 
a  Court  holding  investigation,  or  by  a  Naval  Court 
if  the  loss  of  life  or  vessel,  or  the  abandonment  or 
damage  to  any  vessel,  has  been  caused  by  the 
wrongful  act  or  default  of  the  holder;  (6)  by  a 
Court  holding  inquiry  into  the  conduct  of  an 
officer,  or  by  a  Naval  Court,  or  local  marine  board, 
for  incompetence,  gross  misconduct,  drunkenness, 
tjrranny,  or  failure  to  render  assistance  after 
collision. 

■  In  case  fresh  evidence  is  produced  after  the 
inquiry  or  investigation  is  closed,  or  where  there 
is  reason  to  suspect  a  miscarriage  of  justice,  the 
Board  of  Trade  may  order  a  rehearing  by  the 
same  Court  or  by  the  High  Court.  Colonial 
Courts  have  powers  of  inquiry  and  investigation 
into  casualties  occurring  within  their  jurisdiction 
similar  to  those  mentioned  above.  A  Naval  Court 
may  be  summoned  by  any  officer  in  command  of 
any  of  His  Majesty's  ships  on  any  foreign  station, 
or,  in  his  absence,  by  any  consular  officer  :  (i)  Where 
any  complaint  requiring  investigation  is  made  by 
the  master  or  any  of  the  crew  of  any  British  ship  ; 
(2)  when  the  interest  of  the  owner  of  any  British 
ship  or  of  the  cargo  appears  to  require  it ;  (3)  when- 


ever any  British  ship  is  wrecked,  abandoned,  or 
lost  in  the  neighbourhood. 

Shipping  Idsi  Established  1853.  Published 
weekly  (Saturday).  Price  4d.  Address:  13  St. 
Mary  Axe,  London,  E.G. 

Shipping  World  and  H«rald  of  Oommeroe.  Estab- 
lished 1883.  Published  weekly  (Wednesday). 
Price  6d.  Address :  Effingham  House,  Arundel 
Street,  London,  W.C. 

Shipshape.    Colloquially  in  a  seamanlike  manner. 

Shipwrecked  Fishermen  and  Kariners'  Benevolent 
Sooiety,  The  (more  familiarly  known  as  the  Ship- 
wrecked Mariners'  Society),  was  founded  on  Feb- 
ruary 21,  1839.  The  society  owes  its  origin  to 
Mr.  John  Rye,  a  philanthropic  medical  man  re- 
siding at  Bath,  who  strongly  urged  the  necessity 
of  an  institution  capable  of  affording  relief  to  the 
families  of  fishermen,  etc.,  lost  at  sea.  The  first 
meeting  was  held  at  the  London  Tavern,  when 
Admiral  the  Right  Hon.  Sir  George  Cockbum, 
G.C.B.,  was  appointed  president  and  an  influential 
committee  formed. 

During  the  first  year  of  its  institution  the  society 
received  £3,649  in  donations  and  subscriptions, 
and  had  32  auxiliary  branches.  In  1906  its  re- 
ceipts were  3^2 5, 5 26,  and  it  had  over  1,000  local 
hon.  agents  distributed  aU  over  the  United  King- 
dom, as  well  as  at  several  Colonial  and  foreign 
ports ;  while  its  system  has  been  adopted  to  a 
certain  extent  by  similar  societies  abroad  and  in 
our  Colonies. 

From  its  original  intention  of  helping  the  families 
of  drowned  seamen,  the  work  of  the  society  has 
developed  in  various  directions  with  the  object  of 
benefiting  the  maritime  classes,  one  of  its  pro- 
minent features  being  the  encouragement  of  thrift 
as  beneficiary  members  in  virtue  of  annual  pay- 
ments of  either  $s.  or  65.,  can  secure  for  themselves 
benefits  in  the  event  of  loss  of  boats  (with  certain 
restrictions)  or  effects,  and  are  also  assisted  by 
grants  in  old  age,  sickness,  or  poverty,  while  their 
widows,  young  orphans,  or  aged  parents  are  en- 
titled to  help,  when  deprived  by  death  at  sea  (or 
ashore)  of  their  bread-winners.  This  portion  of 
the  society's  scope,  however,  is  not,  as  in  the  case 
of  friendly  societies,  self-supporting,  but  depends 
materially  upon  philanthropic  support,  although 
the  contributions  of  some  30.000  sailors  and  fisher- 
men produce  about  £s»ooo  annually. 

As  its  name  implies,  the  society  regards  it  as  an 
important  function  to  extend  immediate  aid  to  all 
persons  shipwrecked  on  the  English,  Welsh,  Scotch, 
or  Irish  coasts,  the  nearest  honorary  agent  being 
instructed  to  provide  them  with  food,  clothing, 
lodging,  and  medical  attention,  if  necessary,  and  to 
forward  them  to  their  homes  or  to  other  ports 
free  of  any  expenses.  This  care  is  bestowed  on 
all  shipwrecked  persons  if  in  want  of  it,  irrespective 
of  their  being  a  member  of  the  benevolent  society 
or  not;    members  of  the  society,  however,  being 


SHIRAKUMA 


588 


SHOVELL 


further  entitled  to  help  towards  making  good  their 
losses  according  to  the  length  of  membership. 
The  original  object  of  the  institution  is  fulfilled 
whenever  a  case  of  drowning  or  violent  death  at 
sea  of  a  sailor  or  fisherman  is  reported,  and  if 
dependent  relatives  are  found  to  have  been  left  in 
need  of  help,  financial  assistance  is  immediately 
given.  The  society  further  rewards  courageous 
rescues  on  the  high  seas,  or  on  the  coast  of  India  or 
the  Colonies  by  the  award  of  medals  (usually 
silver,  but  in  exceptionally  meritorious  cases,  gold), 
barometers,  or  grants  of  money.  The  central 
office  was  for  many  year&  at  Hibemia  Chambers, 
London  Bridge,  S.E.,  then  for  some  time  at  the 
Sailors'  Home,  Dock  Street,  £.  (where  it  still  has 
a  relief  ofilce),  but  has  since  1895  been  located  at 
26  Suffolk  Street.  Pall  Mall.  London,  S.W.,  where 
any  information  can  be  obtained  from  the  secre- 
tary. His  Majesty  King  Edward  VII.  is  patron 
of  the  society  and  an  annual  subscriber.  The  vice- 
patrons  are  Her  Majesty  Queen  Alexandra  and 
Admiral  His  Royal  Highness  The  Prince  of  Wales, 
K.G. 

Shiraknma.  Japanese  torpedo-boat  destroyer. 
(Thomycroft.  1901.)  Displacement,  365  tons ; 
maximum  draught.  9  ft. ;  complement.  60 ;  arma- 
ment, I  i2-pdr.,  5  6-pdr.  ;  torpedo  tubes,  2  i8-in. ; 
Hp..  6,000=31  kts.  ;  coal,  90  tons. 

Shiranoi.  Japanese  torpedo-boat  destroyer. 
(Thomycroft,  1899.)  Displacement,  275  tons  ; 
complement,  54  ;  armament,  i  i2-pdr.,  5  6-pdr. ; 
torpedo  tubes,  2  i8-in.  ;  Hp.,  5,400=30  kts.  ;  coal, 
8z  tons. 

Shixataka.  Japanese  torpedo-boat.  (Elbing, 
1899.)  Length,  147  ft. ;  beam,  16  ft.  ;  draught, 
8  ft. ;  displacement,  150  tons ;  complement.  26  ; 
armament,  i  6-pdr.,  2  3-pdr.,  3  tubes ;  twin  screw ; 
Hp.,  4,200=27  kts. ;  coal,  30  tons. 

Sbiratsoyn.  Japanese  torpedo-boat  destroyer. 
(Kobe,  1906.)  Length.  220  ft. ;  beam,  20}  ft.  ; 
draught,  9i  ft. ;  displacement,  374  tons ;  arma- 
ment, I  i2-pdr.,  s  6-pdr.,  2  tubes;  twin  screw; 
Hp.,  6,000=29  kts. 

ShiraynkL     Japanese    torpedo-boat    destroyer. 
(Kobe,   1906.)     Length,   220  ft. ;  beam.   20^  ft. ; 
draught,  9}  ft. ;  displacement,   374  tons ;  arma- 
ment, I   i2-pdr.,  5  6-pdr.,  2  tubes;  twin  screw; 
Hp.,  6,000=29  kts. 

gllire  Line.    See  TumbuU,  Martin  and  Co. 

Shire  Line*  owned  and  managed  by  Messrs. 
Jenkins  and  Co.,  Ltd.,  Leadenhall  Street,  London, 
E.C.,  have  a  fleet  of  seven  excellent  steamers,  which 
maintain  a  service  at  scheduled  times  from  London 
to  the  Straits,  China,  and  Japan.  The  steamers  of 
this  line  carry  a  limited  number  of  passengers, 
and  offer  special  inducements  to  passengers  making 
the  round  tour,  from  London  to  London  via  Ceylon, 
the  Straits,   China,   and   Japan  on  the  outward 


journey,  and  on  the  homeward  journey  touching 
India  and  Burmah. 

Flbet. 
Denbighshire.  Merionethshire. 

Flintshire.  Monmouthshire. 

Glamorganshire.  Pembroheshire. 

Radnorshire. 

fiOiirotaye.  Japanese  torpedo-boat  destroyer. 
(Kobe,  1906.)  Length,  220  ft. ;  beam,  20}  ft ; 
draught,  9^  ft. ;  displacement,  374  tons ;  arma- 
ment, I  i2-pdr.,  5  6-pdr.,  2  tubes;  twin  acrew; 
Hp.,  6,000=29  kts. 

Shiver  a  saiL    To  render  it  neutral. 

ShivoL  Russian  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  Black 
Sea.  (Laird,  1903.)  Displacement.  350  tons; 
maximum  draught,  8i  ft. ;  armament,  i  12-pdr., 
5  3-pdr. ;  torpedo  tubes,  2  18 -in. ;  Hp.,  5.500= 
27  kts. 

Shivnlka.  Russian  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  Black 
Sea.  (Laird,  1903.)  Displacement,  350  tons; 
maximum  draught,  8^  ft. ;  armament,  i  12-pdr., 
5  3-pdr. ;  torpedo  tubes,  2  x8-in. ;  Hp.,  5,500= 

27  kts. 

ShoaL  Formed  by  sunken  rocks  where  the  sea 
does  not  break ;  generally  appUed  to  places  where 
the  water  is  shallow. 

Shoot.    To  move  suddenly  ahead. 

Shore.  A  prop  used  to  support  a  vessel  when  on 
the  stocks. 

Shorten  saiL    To  take  in  some  portion  of  the 

sails. 

Shot  A  splicing  of  two  cables  together;  the 
whole  length  of  two  cables  thus  spliced. 

Shotley  Naval  Sc]^OoL  See  Naval  Establish- 
ments. 

Shovel],  Sir  Glondesley  (1650-1707).  English  ad- 
miral (b.  Norfolk).  In  1674  he  served  as  lieutenant 
under  Sir  John  Narborough  in  the  Mediterranean 
when  he  led  the  boats  of  the  squadron  in  the 
attack  on  the  shipping  in  the  harbour  of  Tripc^. 
and  burned  four  men-of-war  belonging  to  the 
pirates  of  that  place.  Was  captain  of  the  Edgar 
at  the  battle  of  Bantry  Bay,  when  he  greatly  dis- 
tinguished himself.  In  1690,  on  being  promoted 
rear-admiral  of  the  blue,  he  conveyed  William  III. 
across  St.  George's  Channel  to  Ireland.  In  1702 
he  served  under  Rooke  at  the  battle  of  Vigo, 
and  brought  home  the  spoils  of  the  French  and 
Spanish  Fleets  that  were  captured.  Returning  to 
the  Mediterranean,  he  was  present  at  the  battle 
of  Malaga,  1704.  In  1705  he  was  promoted  Rear- 
Admiral  of  England,  and  shortly  afterwards  nude 
Coounander-in-Chief  of  the  British  Fleet,  and  in 
1705  co-operated  in  the  reduction  of  Barcelona. 
On  the  voyage  home  his  ship,  the  Association, 
struck  on  the  rocks  near  Scilly  and  went  down  in 
four  minutes,  not  a  soul  being  saved  of  800  man 


SHOW 


589 


SIGSBEE 


that  were  on  board.     His  body  was  cast  ashore 
next  day,  and  was  buried  in  Westminster  Abbey. 

Show  a  Ug.  In  sea  phraseology  capable  for 
duty. 

CDiroads.  The  upper  and  lower  standing  rigging. 
They  are  always  divided  into  pairs  or  couples; 
that  is  to  say,  one  piece  of  rope  is  doubled,  and 
the  parts  fixed  together  at  a  small  distance  from 
the  middle,  so  as  to  leave  a  sort  of  noose  or  collar 
to  fix  upon  the  mast-head  ;  the  ends  have  each  a 
dead-eye  turned  in,  by  which  they  are  set  up  by 
laniards  to  the  channel. 

fihalffiek.  U.S.  torpedo-boat.  (Richmond,  1899') 
Length,  175ft. ;  beam,  lyi  ft. ;  draught,  4^  ft. ; 
displacement,  165  tons ;  complement,  29 ;  arma- 
ment. 3  3-pdr.,  2  tubes  ;  twin  screw  ;  Hp.,  3,000= 
26  kts. ;  coal,  70  tons. 

ShatkL  Russian  torpedo-boat  destroyer,  Black 
Sea.  (Laird,  1903.)  Displacement,  350  tons  ;  maxi- 
mum draught,  S^ft.  ;  armament,  1 12-pdr.,  5  3-pdr.; 
tubes,  2  i8-in. ;  Hp.,  5,500=27  kts. 

8X  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Scherpenisse,  Holland. 

Siberia.  U.S.  subsidised  merchant  ship  (1901). 
Pacific  Mail  Co.  {q.v,).  Dimensions,  5  5  o  x  63  x  40ft. ; 
gross  tonnage,  11,280;  passenger  accommodation, 
1,483  ;   Hp.,  i8,ooo=i8  kts. 

Sibefsky-Strelok.  Russian  torpedo-boat  destroyer 
(1906].  Displacement,  625  tons  ;  complement,  100  ; 
armament,  2  12-pdr.,  5  6-pdr.,  3  tubes  ;  Hp.,  6,800 
==2S  kts. 

Siboga.  Netherlands'  gun-boat,  Indian  Navy. 
(Amsterdam,  1899.)  Length,  179  ft. ;  beam,  31  ft. ; 
draught,  1 1^  ft. ;  displacement,  778  tons ;  com- 
plement, 95 ;  armament,  3  4'7-in.,  2  2'9-in., 
2  1'4-in. ;  Hp.,  1,400=13  kts. ;  coal,  120  tons. 

Sicilia.     Italian  battleship.     (Venice,  1891.) 
Length  400ft.  Beam  75ft.  Maximum  draught  29ft. 
Displacement  13,375  tons.     Complement  794. 
Guns.  Armour, 

4— 13-5  in,  "Steel." 

8—^  in.  5  in.  Belt  amidships. 

16 — 4*7  in.  14  in.  Barbettes. 

20 — 6  pdr.  12  in.  Conning  tower. 

10— I  pdr. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 

2  Submerged. 

3  Above  water. 

Twin  screw.     Hp.  natural  15,200=  19  kts.,  forced 
19,500=20  kts.     Coal  maximum  3,000  tons. 
Approximate  cost  ;Ji, 050,000. 

Side.    That  part  of  a  ship  which  in  length  extends 
from  stem  to  stern. 

Siegfried.  German  coast  service  battleship  (1889). 
Length  254ft.   Beam  49ft.  Maximum  draught  i8ft. 
Displacement  4,  x  50  tons.    Complement  297. 


Guns. 
.  3—9*4  in. 
10— 1 5i  pdr. 

6 — I  pdr. 

4  Machine. 


Armottr. 
"  Compound." 
9  in.  Belt. 
8  in.  Barbettes. 
7  in.  Conning  tower. 


Torpedo  Tttbes, 
3  Submerged  bow  and  broadside. 
I  Above  water  stem. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  5»loo=i5'5  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 580  tons. 

Sig.     Russian  submarine  (1905).   Length,  yy  ft. : 
displacement,  175  tons;  speed,  7  kts. 

Sigaady,  Pierre  (b.  Bastia,  Corsica,  October  30, 
1846).  Educated  Mining  School,  Paris.  Served 
his  apprenticeship  with  Messrs.  John  Scott  and  Co., 
Greenock,  and  on  returning  to  France  served  as 
an  officer  of  artillery  during  the  campaign,  1870. 
Entered  the  workshops  of  the  Soci6t6  des  Forges  et 
Chantiers  de  la  MMitenran6e,  Havre,  and  had 
charge  of  extensive  alterations  and  extensions, 
organising  the  big  gun  and  gim  frame  department, 
subsequently  becoming  their  chief  engineer  in  1893. 
Since  1885  ^^  ^^^  closely  connected  with  the 
design  and  construction  of  all  machinery  made  by 
this  firm,  and  was  responsible  for  the  engines  of  a 
Japanese  cruiser  in  1885,  which  attained  a  speed 
of  i8i  kts.  In  1888  he  designed  and  constructed 
the  first  torpedo-boat  with  triple  expansion  engines, 
and  in  1896  the  first  French  avisos,  constructed  with 
water-tube  boilers,  known  as  express  boilers,  and 
in  the  same  year  the  engines  of  the  cruiser  Chateau- 
renault,  which  attained  a  speed  of  24*18  kts.,  and 
was  the  first  and  largest  application  of  these  boilers 
in  large  war- vessels.  In  1897  ^^  designed  the  engines 
of  the  cruisers  Sao  Gtibriel  and  Sao  Rafael  for  the 
Portuguese  Government,  and  in  1898  the  engines  of 
the  cruiser  Rio  de  la  Plate  for  the  Spanish  Navy  ;  in 
1899,  the  engines  of  the  cruiser  Rainha  Dona 
Amelia  for  the  Portuguese  Government,  all  of  which 
were  fitted  with  water-tube  boilers.  In  1897  he 
was  decorated  by  the  Lords  of  the  Admiralty  for 
exceptional  services  rendered  in  engineering. 

Publications  :  A  paper  read  before  the  Institution 
of  Naval  Architects  on  "  Coupling  Boilers  of  Diffe- 
rent Systems"  (1895),  "Water-tube  Boilers  in 
High  Speed  Ocean  Steamers  "  (1897). 

CUgnal  halliards.  The  halliards  by  which  flags 
are  hoisted  to  the  various  masts  for  signalling. 

» 

Signals.  A  means  of  communication  by  audible 
or  visible  signs  between  two  distant  points,  accord- 
iug  to  a  preconcerted  sjrstem.  The  means  of 
signalling  are  numerous,  as  by  the  display  of  lights 
of  various  colours,  the  firing  of  guns,  rockets,  the 
semaphores  and  flags. 

SigslMe^  Vioe-Admiral  0hail68  Dwight»  U.S.  Navy 
(b.>  Albany,  1S45).  Educated  United  States  Naval 
Academy  which  he  entered  in  1859  ;  served  in  Civil 
War,  1863-65  ;  China  Station,  1865-69 ;  has  com- 
manded  successively    the    Kearsage,    Dak,    Con- 


SIG. 


590 


SIRIUS 


steUcUion,  Portsmouth,  Maine,  St.  Paul  and  Texas  ; 
was  in  command  of  the  Maine  when  she  was  blown 
up  in  Havana  Harbour,  February  15,  1898  ;  in 
command  U.S.  Coast  Survey  steamer  Blahe,  1874- 
78  ;  engaged  in  deep  sea  exploration ;  received 
gold  medal  and  two  diplomas  of  honour  at  Inter- 
national Fisheries  Exhibition,  London,  for  deep 
sea  sounding  inventions  ;  in  charge  of  U.  S.  Hydro- 
graphic  Office,  1893-97  ;  commanded  St,  Paul  in 
war  with  Spain,  1898  ;  mentioned  in  despatches 
and  promoted. 

Publications  :  "  Deep  Sea  Sounding  and  Dredg- 
ing, U.S.  Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey "  (1880)  ; 
"The  Story  of  the  Maine*'  (1898),  "Graphical 
Method  for  Navigators." 

Big.  Sin.  Signal  station.  Abbreviation  adopted 
on  the  charts  issued  by  the  Hydrographic  Office, 
Admiralty. 

SflnL  Russian  torpedo-boat  destroyer  (1906). 
Length,  185  ft. ;  beam,  21  f t. ;  draught,  7^  ft. ; 
displacement,  324  tons  ;  complement,  60 ;  arma- 
ment, I  i2-pdr.,  5  3-pdr.,  2  tubes;  twin  screw; 
Hp.,  5,600=26  kts. ;  coal,  100  tons. 

Silore.  French  sea-going  submarine.  (Cherbourg, 
1 901.)  Length,  iii  ft.;  beam,  12J-  ft.;  draught, 
5^  ft. ;  displacement,  106  tons  above,  200  tons  below ; 
Hp.  ,250=12  kts.  above,  8  kts.  below ;  toix'^^  tubes, 
I  177-in. 

Silver  thaw.  The  phenomenon  of  a  large  quantity 
of  frozen  moisture  on  trees,  walls,  etc.,  sometimes 
consisting  of  ice,  but  more  frequently  crystallised 
and  presenting  a  beautiful  snow-like  appearance. 

Simla.  Ship.  Wrecked  by  collision  with  the 
City  of  Lucknow,  near  the  Needles,  English  Channel, 
January  25,  1884  ;   20  lives  lost. 

i 

Simoom.  A  hot,  suffocating  wind,  bearing  clouds 
of  sand,  in  the  Sahara. 


French  torpedo-boat  (1901).  Dis- 
placement. 185  tons  ;  complement,  18  ;  maximum 
draught,  9  ft. ;  guns,  2  3-pdr. ;  torpedo  tubes, 
3  1 5 -in. ;  armour,  "  Steel."  J-in.  amids^ps. ;  twin 
screw ;  Hp. ,  i ,  200 = 26  kts. 

SimpMilt  Qeorgd  (b.  Glasgow).  Educated  Glas- 
gow  and  West  of  Scotland  Technical  College. 
After  serving  his  apprenticeship  he  joined  the  firm 
of  Messrs.  J.  and  S.  White  and  Co..  Ltd.,  at  Cowes, 
where  he  designed  and  constructed  many  well- 
known  steam  yachts,  torpedo-boats,  and  destroyers, 
subsequently  going  to  the  United  States  to  organise 
the  drawing  office  of  the  New  York  Shipbuilding 
Co.  On  the  completion  of  the  work  he  became 
superintendent  -  constructor  to  the  Townsend  - 
Downey  Shipbuilding  Co.  of  New  York.  Member 
of  Institution  of  Naval  Architects,  and  associate 
member  of  the  American  Society  of  Naval  Engineers. 

Publication:  "The  Naval  Constructor,"  a 
vade-mecum  of  ship  design. 

Simpfon,    Siplotvr.    See  Arctic  Exploration* 


Singapore.  P.  and  O.  steamer.  Struck  on  a 
sunken  rock,  August  20,  1870,  and  foundered. 

SingMon,  BMi^Admiral  Umlala   Oorbet»  C.B., 

1892.  Entered  Royal  Navy,  185 1  ;  midshipman 
of  Heda  in  Baltic  at  bombardment  and  taking  of 
Bomarsund ;  in  Hastings  at  bombardment  of 
Sveaborg  (Baltic  medal)  ;  midshipman  and  mate 
of  Elk,  was  present  in  her  cutter  at  action  of 
Fatshan  Creek,  1857  (Fatshan  medal) ;  present  at 
the  capture  of  Canton,  1857 ;  promoted  to  lieu- 
tenant for  services  (China  medal) ;  commander, 
1869  I  commanded  Haughty  in  China  in  several 
engagements  against  pirates  ;  Second-in-Command 
of  Naval  Brigade  in  Modice,  Ring  Dove  and  Thistle 
in  Perak  River ;  present  at  the  capture  of  Knita ; 
mentioned  in  despatches  (Perak  medal  and  clasp) ; 
captain,  1878  ;  captain  of  Jumna  during  naval  and 
military  operations  in  Eastern  Soudan,  1884; 
mentioned  in  despatches  (Egyptian  medal,  Khe- 
dive's Bronze  Star) ;  captain's  good  service  pension. 
1890-91  ;  rear-admiral,  1893. 

Sinop.    Russian  battleship,  Black  Sea  (1887). 
Length  339ft.  Beam  69ft.  Maximum  draught  39ft 
Displacement  10,250  tons.    Complement  560. 
Guns,  Armour. 

6— 12  in.  "Compound." 

7 — 6  in.  16  in.  Belt  amidships. 

8 — 12  pdr.  12  in.  Barbettes. 

18 — I  pdr.  16  in.  Conning  tower. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
7  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  natural  10,600=  15  kts..  forced 
13,000=  i6'5  kts.     Coal  maximum  870  tons. 

Sild.  Norwegian  torpedo-boat.  (Christiania, 
1900.)  Length,  128  ft.;  beam,  15  ft.;  draught. 
6i  it. ;  displacement,  84  tons  ;  armament,  2  i'4-in. 
q.f.,  2  tubes  ;   Hp.,  1,100=23  kts. 

Sirene.  French  sea-going  submarine.  (Cher- 
bourg, 1900.)  Length,  iii  ft.;  beam.  12  ft.; 
draught,  5^  ft. ;  displacement,  106  tons  abo\'e. 
200  tons  below ;  torpedo  tubes,  4  17'7-in. ;  Hp., 
250=  12  kts.  above,  8  kts.  below. 

Sirio.  Italian  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Elbing. 
1906.)  Length,  168  ft. ;  beam,  17  ft. ;  draught, 
7  ft. ;  displacement,  215  tons. ;  armament,  3  3-pdr.» 
3  tubes  ;  twin  screw ;  Hp.,  3,000=26  kts. ;  coal, 
40  tons. 

Strins.  British  3rd  class  cruiser  (1891). 
Length  300ft.  Beam  43ft.  Maximum  draught  18ft. 
Displacement  3,400  tons.     Complement  273. 
Guns.  Armour. 

2—6  in.  "  SteeL" 

6 — ^4*7  in.  2  in.  Deck. 

8 — 6  pdr.  3  in.  Conning  tower. 

I — 3  pdr. 
4  Machine. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (14  in.). 
4  Above  water. 


SIRIUS 


591 


SKYLARK 


Twin  screw.    Hp.  natural  7,000  s  1 8*  5  kts. ,  forced 
9,000=20  kts.    Coal  nuudmam  535  tons. 
Approximate  cost  ;£2oo,ooo. 

This  ship-name  is  associated  with  the  capture 
of  the  Dutch  Furie,  1798  ;  Calder  off  Ferrol,  1805  ; 
Nelson  at  Trafalgar,  1805  ;  capture  of  Bourbon, 
1810. 

Siiins.  This  vessel  was  the  pioneer  steamer  to 
cross  the  Atlantic  from  the  Old  World  to  the  New. 
She  left  Cork,  April  5,  1838,  and  reached  New 
York,  April  23,  a  passage  of  18  days,  but  having  ran 
short  of  coal  she  was  compelled  to  burn  anything 
available. 

Sirocoo.  French  torpedo-boat  (1901).  Dis- 
placement, 185  tons  ;  complement,  18  ;  maximum 
draught,  9  ft. ;  guns,  2  3-pdr. ;  torpedo  tubes, 
3  1 5 -in. ;  armour,  "  Steel,"  i-in.  belt  amidships ; 
twin  screw  ;  Hp.,  1,200=26  kts. ;  coal,  25  tons. 

Sirocoo.  A  hot,  south-east  wind  blowing  from 
the  heated  Sahara,  dry  on  the  coast  of  Africa,  but 
moist  on  the  coast  of  Europe. 

Sinoi  Yeliky.  Russian  battleship.  Torpedoed  by 
the  Japanese  during  the  night  of  May  27,  1905,  at 
the  battle  of  Tsushima,  and  sank  early  on  the 
morning  of  the  28th. 

SJK,  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Keitum,  Germcuiy. 

Skaffie  or  icaiUL  A  type  of  Scotch  lugger  with 
raked  stem  and  stern-posts,  used  principally  on  the 
coast  line  between  Fraserburgh  and  Dornoch,  and 
apparently  of  Norse  origin. 

Skaggald*  Swedish  torpedo  gun-boat.  (Stock- 
holm, 1880.)  Length,  171  ft. ;  beam,  26  ft. ; 
draught,  10  f t. ;  displacement,  527  tons ;  comple- 
ment, 73  ;  armament,  i  io'6-in.,  i  4'7-in.,  2  Maxims ; 
Hp.,  780=13  kts. ;  coal,  80  tons. 

Skat.    Russian  submarine  (1905).    Speed,  9  kts. 

Skate.  The  popular  name  of  the  geniis  Raja. 
One  of  the  commonest  fishes  on  the  coast  of  Great 
Britain,  where  it  attains  great  sixe.  The  long-nose 
skate  is  between  4  and  5  ft.  in  length.  The  white 
skate  of  Scotland  is  thicker  and  heavier  than  the 
true  skate,  and  is  frequently  caught  as  large  as 
8  ft.  long.  At  Lyme  Regis,  In  Dorsetshire,  this 
fish  is  known  as  the  Tinker. 

Skeriyvore  Lighthoii8e»  situated  on  the  Skerry- 
vore  Rocks,  12  miles  off  the  Island  of  Tiree,  in 
Argyllshire,  which  is  Hie  nearest  land,  is  fully 
expoeed  to  the  Atlantic ;  iUuminant,  oil. 

Skid*  Fenders  of  timber  used  to  support  a 
vessel  in  launching. 

Skill.  A  term  for  any  small  boat ;  a  vessel  with 
fore-and^t  mainsail,  jib  foresail,  and  jib. 

sun.  Term  used  for  the  inside  planking  of  a 
vessel. 

SIriii  of  a  salL  That  part  of  the  sail  when  furled 
which  remains  outside  and  covers  the  whole. 


ftiaf.    5m  Memorandum. 

Skipjaok.    British  torpedo  gun-boat  (1889). 
Length  230ft.  Beam  27ft.  Maximum  draught  1 2ft. 
Displacement  735  tons.    Complement  90. 

Guns. 
2 — ^47  in. 
4— 3pdr. 
Torpedo  Tubes. 
5 — 14  in. 
3 — 18  in. 
Twin  screw.    Coal  maximum  160  tons.    Speed 
17  kts. 

Skipper.  A  name  sometimes  given  to  a  captain 
on  a  merchant  vessel. 

SUtmishar.    British  scout.     (Vickers,  1904.) 
Length  360ft.  Beam- 40ft.  Maximum  draught  I4l^ft. 
Displacement  2,900  tons.    Complement  268. 
Guns.  Armour. 

10 — 12  pdr.  I J  in.  Deck. 

8  Pompoms. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
2  Submerged. 
Twin  screw.    Hp.  17,000^25  kts.    Coal  maxi- 
mum 380  tons.    Approximate  cost  ;£275,ooo. 

Skjold.    Danish  coast  service  battleship  (1896). 
Length  222ft.  Beam  37  ft.  Maximum  draught  17ft. 
Displacement  2,160  tons.     Complement  210. 
Guns.  Armour. 

I — 9*4  in.  "  Harvey." 

3 — ^4*7  in.  10  in.  Belt. 

4 — 3  pdr.  8  in.  Turrets. 

2 — I  pdr.  8  in.  Conning  tower. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
4  Above  water. 
Hp.  2,200=  13  kts.    Coal  maximimi  285  tons. 

SkOKpioiieil.  Old  Norwegian  monitor,  about 
2,000  tons,  carrying  2  4*7-in.  guns.  Of  little  fight- 
ing value. 

Skory.  Russian  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Nev- 
sky,  1902.)  Length,  196  ft. ;  beam,  i8i  ft. ; 
draught,  1 1^  ft. ;  displacement,  240  tons  ;  comple- 
ment, 55  ;  armament,  i  12-pdr.,  3  3-pdr.,  2  tubes  ; 
Hp.,  3,700=27  kts. ;  coal,  53  tons. 

Skrie.  Norwegian  torpedo-boat.  (Christiania, 
1900.)  Length,  128  ft. ;  beam,  15  ft ;  draught, 
6}  ft. ;  displacement,  84  tons ;  armament,  2  1'4-in. 
q.f.,  2  tubes;  Hp.,  1,100=23  k^- 

Sknld.  Swedish  torpedo  gun-boat.  (Stockholm, 
1880.)  Length,  171  ft. ;  beam,  26  ft. ;  draught, 
10  ft ;  displacement,  527  tons ;  complement,  73 ; 
armament,  i  io'6-in.,  i  47-in.,  2  Maxims;  Hp., 
780=  13  kts. ;  coal,  80  tons. 

Sky.  That  portion  of  the  ethereal  region  in 
which  meteorological  phenomena  take  place ;  the 
region  of  clouds. 

Skylark.  British  gun-boat  (284  tons).  Launched 
1855. 


SKYRO 


592 


S.M. 


Skyro.  From  Carthagena  for  London,  ndtb  a 
valuable  cargo,  containing  bar  silver  valued  at 
;£9,ooo,  sank  in  30  fathoms  of  water  off  C&pe 
Finisterre,  April,  1891.  Diver  Angel  Erostarbe 
succeeded  in  getting  up  81  silver  bars  out  of  a 
total  of  88  shipped,  at  a  depth  of  171  ft. 

Skysail-mast.  The  pole  or  upper  portion  of  the 
royal-mast  when  long  enough  to  serve  for  setting 
a  skysail. 

S.L.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Stellendam,  Holland. 

Slab  of  a  sail.  That  part  which  hangs  down 
after  the  leech-lines  are  hauled  up. 

Slack.  That  part  of  a  sail  or  rope  which  hangs 
loose. 

Slaney.  British  3rd  class  gun-boat  (363  tons). 
Launched  1877. 

Slava.     Russian    ist    class    battleship.      (New 
Admiralty,  1903.) 

Length  397ft.   Beam  76ft.  Maximum  draught  26ft. 
Displacement  13,566  tons.     Complement  750 
Guns,  Armour. 

4 — 12  in.,  40  cal.       "  Krupp." 
12 — 6  in.  10  in.  Belt  amidships. 

20—3  in.  II  in.  Turrets.    • 

20 — 3  pdr*  10  in.  Conning,  tower. 

8 — I  pdr. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
2  Submerged  broadside. 
I  Above  water  bow. 
I  Above  water  stem. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  16,500=18  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 1,250  tons. 

Sledge-boat.  A  vehicle,  somewhat  triangular  in 
shape,  mounted  on  runners  canying  a  large  sail  used 
for  transportation  over  frozen  snow  and  ice.  On 
the  rivers  and  lakes  in  Canada  and  the  United  States 
sledge-boats  and  ice-boats  are  extensively  used,  and 
sailing  this  class  of  craft  forms  one  of  the  great 
winter  sports. 

Sleepers,  Timbers  used  in  the  bottom  of  a  ship 
to  strengthen  her. 

Sleet.    A  mixture  of  snow  and  rain. 

Siegfried.  German  coast  defence  cruiser.  (Ger- 
mania,  1890.) 

Length  267ft.    Beam  49ft.    Draught  19ft. 
Displacement  4,049  tons.    Complement  276. 
Guns.  Atmour. 

3— 9'4  in.  "  Kmpp." 

6 — 3*4  in.  9  in.  Belt  amidships. 

6  Maxims.  7  in.  Barbettes. 

7  in.  Turrets. 
Torpedo  Tubes, 
4  Above  water. 
Hp.  4,800=14  kts.     Coal  225  tons. 

SleijPer.  Norwegian  gun-boat.  (Horten»  1898.) 
Length,  174  ft. ;  beam,  26  ft ;  draught,  9^  ft. ; 


displacement,  571  tons ;  oomplement,  87 ;  arma- 
ment, I  10*2  in.,  I  5*9-in.,  i  tube ;  Hp.,  800= 
12  kts. ;  coal,  80  tons. 

Slew.    To  sling  round. 

Sliding  baulks.  Timbers  fitted  under  the  bottom 
of  a  ship  to  descend  with  her  upon  the  bilge-way 
when  launched. 

Sliding  bilge-Uoeks.  Logs  made  to  slide  under 
the  bilge  of  a  ship  in  order  to  support  her. 

Sliding  gonter.  A  Ught  spar  running  on  grunter- 
irons  up  and  down  a  mast  on  the  after-side  to 
increase  its  height.  A  high-peaked  sail  can  thus 
be  set  reaching  above  the  masthead. 

Sling.    To  set  anything  in  ropes. 

Sling  thermometer.  A  thermometer  tied  to  a 
string  and  swung  round  the  head  to  determine  the 
temperature  of  the  air.  Readings  obtained  in  this 
manner,  even  in  full  sunshine,  agree  very  closely 
with  the  true  shade  temperature. 

Slip.  An  unstamped  document  initialled  by 
underwriters  at  Lloyd's  giving  specified  protection 
to  the  assured  until  the  poUcy  is  prepared.  Refer 
to  Open  Cover. 

sups.    A  frame  on  which  ships  are  built. 

Sloman^  Bobert  M^  inn^  managing  owner  of  the 
Mittelmeir  Line,  with  the  head  offices  in  Hamburg, 
has  a  fleet  of  21  steamers  trading  in  the  Mediter- 
ranean. These  vessels  sail  at  scheduled  times, 
carrying  cargo  to  both  the  large  and  small  ports  of 
the  Mediterranean. 

Fleet. 

Amalfi.  Genua.  Neapei. 

Asti.  GirgenH.  Palermo. 

BasHa.  Lassabon.  Ragusa. 

Capus.  Malaga.  Rom. 

Carrara.  Marsala.  Sav&na. 

.   FiorenB,  Messena.  Taarmona. 

Frascati.  Modena,  T^rminu 

Sloop.  A  vessel  similar  to  a  cutter.  A  tig 
generally  used  far  yachts  in  North  America  and 
C>anadft. 

Slops.    Ready-made  clothes. 

Slot    Groove  for  a  pin. 

Slodge.  A  wet  deposit  tomed  by  streams,  also 
comminuted  fragments  of  brash  ice. 

.  jRne.    To  turn  anything  round. 

Slosh  ba^ei  A  bucket  kept  in  the  tops  to 
grease  the  masts,  sheets,  etc.,  to  make  them  ran 
smoothly. 

Slays,  Battle  oL  Near  this  place  on  }une  24, 
1340,  an.  English  Fleet  commanded  by  Edward  III. 
inflicted  a  crushixig  defeat  on  the  French  Fleet. 

S.1I.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Muhlenberg,  Germany. 

S.1L    Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 

registered  at  Shoreham,  England. 


SM. 


593 


SMITH 


sm.  Small.  Abbreviation  adopted  on  the  charts 
issued  by  the  Hydrographic  Office,  Admiralty, 
denoting  the  quality  of  the  ocean's  bottom. 

Smack.  A  vessel  on  the  lines  of  a  cutter,  used 
for  fishing. 

Small  helm.  When  the  sails  are  well  trimmed, 
and  the  rudder  little  used. 


Small  flail  and  snng 
for  bad  weath^. 


Under  proper  sail  ready 


Smart;  Lewis  Anderson  (b.  Blantyre,  August  ii, 
1874).  Concurrent  with  his  apprenticeship,  which  he 
served  with  Messrs.  Robert  Napier  and  Sons, 
Glasgow,  he  studied  at  the  Glasgow  and  West  of 
Scotland  Technical  College,  and  subsequently  went 
to  Glasgow  University,  where  he  was  awarded  first 
honourable  mention  in  engineering,  1893  '»  ^^^  prize 
in  Lord  Kelvin's  laboratories.  1894,  s^d  shipwright 
scholarship  in  naval  architecture,  1894  *'  repre- 
sented the  Science  Faculty  in  the  Students'  Repre- 
sentative Council,  1894-95,  £^^  <^  leaving  the 
University  was  elected  vice-president  of  the  Glasgow 
University  Engineering  Society.  In  1895  ^® 
joined  Messrs.  William  Denny  and  Brothers,  Dum- 
barton, in  the  capacity  of  assistant  to  Mr.  Archibald 
Denny  (q.v.),  and  had  charge  of  the  testing  and 
experimental  department.  In  1889  he  was  ap- 
pointed engineering  manager  to  Messrs.  Burroughs, 
Wellcome  and  Co.,  where  he  organised  and  rebuilt 
their  various  workshops.  In  1901  he  embarked  in 
business  on  his  own  account  as  a  consulting  engineer 
and  specialist  in  heavy  electric  power  installations 
(gas  or  steam  driven),  vrorkshap  design,  construction 
and  organisation.  Designed  and  constructjed  in 
1906  the  first  tug  propelled  by  "  Diesel  "  engines 
(crude  oil).  Has  travelled  extensively  in  Japan  and 
Korea,  and  spent  12  months  in  the  interior  of  China. 
Member  of  Institution  of  Engineers  and  Shipbuilders, 
associate  member  of  the  Institution  of  Mechanical 
Engineers,  member  (original)  of  the  Faraday  Society, 
and  vice-president  of  the  Glasgow  University 
Engineering  Society. 

Smart  money.  Pension  given  to  wounded  men 
according  to  rank  and  extent  of  injury. 

SmMJ),  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Sint-Martensdijk,  Holland. 

Smeaton,  John  (1724^92).  English  civil  engineer 
(b.  Leeds).  Started  his  career  by  improving  vaiious 
mathematical  instruments  used  in  navigation  and 
astronomy,  and  received  the  Copley  medal  of  the 
Royal  Society  in  1759  for  his  paper  and  experi- 
mental inquiry  concerning  the  motive  powers  of 
water  and  wind  to  turn  nulls,  and  other  mtehines 
depending  on  circular  motion.  In  1756  he  designed 
the  third  Eddystone  Lighthouse,  the  previous  one 
having  been  burned  down  in  December,  1755. 
This  lighthouse  he  built  entirely  of  stone,  dovetailing 
the  stones  in  their  various  courses.  He  devoted  a 
great  deal  of  time  and  attention  to  all  kinds  of 
mportant  engineering  projects,  river  navigation. 


the  designing  of  harbours,  and  the  repair  and  con* 
struction  of  bridges,  several  of  which  he  built  in 
Scotland,  and  under  his  supervision  the  foundation 
buttresses  of  the  North  Bridge,  Edinburgh,  were 
strengthened.     He  died  October  28,  1792. 

PubUcatioss :  "  Narrative  of  the  Building  of 
Eddjrstone  Lighthouse."  Sse  Smiles's  "  lives  of 
the  Engineers  "  (1874). 

Bmeroe.  Netherlands  torpedo-boat.  (Fige- 
noord,  1904.)  Length,  152  ft. ;  beam,  15  ft. ; 
draught,  7}  ft. ;  displacement,  1 30  tons  ;  comple- 
ment, 25  ;  armament,  2  3-pdr.,  2  tubes  ;  Hp.,  1,900 
=  27  kts. ;  coal,  36  tons. 

SmefUvy.  Russian  toxpedo  -  boat  destroyer. 
Black  Sea.  (Yarrow,  1901.)  Displacement,  240 
tons ;  maximum  draught,  8  ft. ;  armament,  i 
i2-pdr.,  3  3-pdr. ;  tubes,  2  i8-in. ;  Hp.,  3,800= 
26  kts. 

SmenL  Roumanian  torpedo-boat.  (Havre,  1888.) 
Length,  120  ft.  ;  beam,  11  ft.  ;  draught,  6J  ft. ; 
displacement,  56  tons;  armament,  i  i-pdr.,  2  tubes; 
Hp.,  580=21  kts. ;  coal,  20  tons. 

S.MJL  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Smilde,  Holland. 

Smit,  Pieter  (b.  Kinderdijk,  July  31, 1843).  Having 
served  an  apprenticeship  to  shipbuilding,  he  went  to 
America  to  complete  his  studies  in  private  yards, 
and  on  his  return  purchased  a  shipyard  at  Slik- 
kerveer ;  there  he  built  many  fast  sailing  and  steam 
yachts,  and  the  Government  entnisted  him  with 
the  reconstruction  of  the  pilot  boat  fleet.  In  1896 
he  moved  his  yard  to  Rotterdam,  where  he  has  been 
eni^ed  in  building  tug  boats.  In  1904  he  was 
nominated  by  the  Minister  of  Italy  as  Member 
Cometito  della  Navigazione  Interna,  this  honour 
being  conferred  upon  him  for  his  knowledge  of 
navigation,  building  and  construction. 

8nilfli»  Ohailei  Bandolph.  Educated  Upping- 
ham, EdinbuEigh  Collegiate  School,  and  Glasgow 
and  West  of  Scotland  Technical  -  College.  After 
serving  his  apprenticeship  he  joined  the  Fair- 
field Shipbuilding  and  Engineering  Co.  On  the 
invitation  of  Messrs.  W.  H.  Allan,  Sons,  and  Co., 
Ltd.,  he,  in  1902,  joined  this  firm  as  chief  draughts- 
man. In  1903  he  was  appointed  superintendent 
engineer  to  Messrs.  Sir  W:  G.  Armstrong,  Whit- 
worth  and  Co.,  Ltd. 

Smithf  James  A.  Served  his  apprenticeship 
as  a  shipbuilder  in  the  yard  of  Messrs.  Alec 
Stephens  and  Sons,  Glasgow,  and  in  the  drawing 
office  of  Messrs.  Lbbnitz  and  Co.,  Renfrew,  and 
Messrs.  W.  Denny  and  Brothers,  Dumbarton,  re- 
maining with  the  latter  firm  for  some  years.  Subse- 
quently he  joined  the  firm  of  Messrs.  Schichau,  of 
Danzig,  and  there  had  charge  of  the  building 
arrangements  of  several  German  mail  ste^taaaers.  On 
returning  to  the  Clyde  he  joined  the  firm  of  Messrs. 
MacKnight,  Ltd.,  Ayr,  as  chief  draughtsman,  then 
went  to  India,  and  for  some  years  was  general 


SMITH 


594 


SNELL 


manager  of  a  large  dock  company.  In  1903  he 
returned  to  England,  and  established  himself  in 
London  as  a  naval  architect,  consulting  and 
inspecting  engineer,  and  has  since  designed  several 
special  service  vessels,  including  the  Clayton 
(disinfecting  and  fire  salvage  steamer  for  the 
Mozambique  Government).  He  has  made  a  special 
study  of  marine  motor  boats,  and  has  designed 
several  racing  and  cruising  motor  vessels,  among 
others  the  Marquis  de  Jesse's  100  Hp.  racer, 
C.  V.G.,  the  sea-going  motor  yacht  Dickie,  and  the 
cruiser-racer  Quicksilver.  He  is  ofiGlcial  measurer 
to  the  Marine  Motor  Association ;  the  Automobile 
Club ;  and  several  Continental  bodies  governing 
the  sport  of  marine  motor  racing.  Is  a  senior 
honours  medallist  in  naval  architecture,  and 
member  of  the  Institution  of  Naval  Architects. 

Smiih,  Sir  Thomas.    See  Arctic  Exploration. 

Smifh,  WiUiasL    See  Antarctic  Exploration. 

Smith,  Sir  William  Sidney  (1764-1840).  English 
admiral  (b.  Westminster).  Entered  the  Navy  1775, 
and  five  years  later  for  his  bravery  imder  Rodney 
at  the  relief  of  Gibraltar,  and  the  action  near  Cape 
St.  Vincent,  was  promoted  lieutenant.  He  was 
present  at  the  action  fought  by  Graves  against  the 
French,  1781,  and  also  under  Rodney  at  the 
battle  of  Les  Saintes,  Leeward  Islands,  1780.  In 
the  war  of  the  French  Revolution  he  was  with  Hood, 
and  on  the  evacuation  of  Toulon  was  entrusted 
with  the  duty  of  burning  the  French  Fleet  and 
arsenals.  In  1796  he  cleared  the  Channel  of  French 
privateers,  but  while  endeavouring  to  cut  off  a 
French  ship  of  Havre  his  vessel  was  driven  by 
the  tide  under  the  French  forts,  and  he  was  taken 
prisoner  and  kept  for  two  years  in  the  Temple  at 
Paris.  Having  effected  his  escape  by  means  of 
forged  orders  for  his  removal  to  another  prison,  he 
crossed  the  Channel  in  a  small  skiff,  and  arrived  in 
London,  1798.  In  the  following  year  he  won  great 
fame  by  his  defence  of  St.  Jean  d'Acre  against 
Bonaparte.  For  this  brilliant  exploit  he  received 
the  thanks  of  the  Houses  of  Parliament,  and  was 
rewarded  with  an  annuity  of  ;£  1,000.  In  1807  he 
relieved  Goeta  and  captured  Capri,  and  accom- 
panied Duckworth's  expedition  up  the  Darda- 
nelles, where  he  destroyed  the  Turkish  Fleet,  and 
spiked  the  batteries  of  Abydos.  He  was  made 
vice-admiral  of  the  blue,  1812  ;  K.C.B.,  X815  ;  and 
admiral.  1821,  and  died  in  Paris,  May  26,  1840. 
See  Barrow's  "  Life  of  Admiral  Sir  W.  S.  Smith  " 
(1848). 

Smoke-ffcaok.  A  name  given,  though  not  pro- 
perly applicable,  to  the  funnels  or  furnace  chinmeys 
rising  above  the  deck  of  a  vesseL 

ff^'l^fiitk.  Russian  steamer.  Russian  Volun- 
teer Fleet     Refer  to  Privateer. 

SmQCgUnc  is  an  offence  against  the  Revenue,  and 
is  dealt  with  principally  by  the  Customs  Consolida- 
tion Act,  1876,  and  Territorial  Waters  Jurisdiction 
Act,  1878. 


Since  the  establishment  of  Free  Trade,  smuggling 
has  almost  ceased  to  exist  in  this  country,  tobacco 
being  about  the  only  article  worth  the  risk.  For 
failure  to  declare  dutiable  goods,  they  are  liable  to 
confiscation  and  their  owner  to  a  penalty  of  £xoo, 
or  three  times  the  value  of  the  goods.  Offences 
under  the  first  of  the  above  Acts  include : 

(i)  Signalling  by  night  to  or  from  any  smuggling 
vessel. 

(2)  Assembling  to  the  number  of  three  or  more 
to  run  prohibited  goods,  or  being  found  armed  or 
disguised  within  five  miles  of  the  coast  whilst  in 
possession  of  goods  liable  to  forfeiture. 

(3)  Rescuing  goods,  shooting  at,  or  assaulting 
Army,  Navy,  or  Revenue  officers. 

By  section  225  of  the  Merchant  Shipping  Act, 
1894,  ^  ^  seaman  or  apprentice  is  convicted  of 
smuggling  whereby  loss  or  damage  is  caused  to  the 
master  or  owner  of  the  vessel,  a  sum  sufficient  for 
reimbursement  may  be  deducted  from  their  wages. 
Section  376,  similar  to  the  above,  applies  to  seamen 
or  apprentices  on  fishing  boats. 

Refer  to  Duties. 

SmyelL  Russian  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Nev- 
sky,  1902.)  Length,  196  ft. ;  beam.  18^  ft ; 
draught,  ii|  ft.;  displacement,  240  tons;  com- 
plement, 58  ;  armament,  i  12-pdr.,  3  3-pdr.,  2  tubes; 
Hp.,  3,700=27  kts. ;  coal  53  tons. 

S.N.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Shields,  North,  England. 

Snaakke*    A  Norwegian  skiff. 

Snags.  Name  applied  to  sunken  obstruction  in 
a  river. 

Snake.  British  3rd  class  gun-boat  (254  tons). 
Launched  1871. 

Snaking.  The  passing  of  small  stuff  across  a 
seizing  with  marline  hitches  at  the  outer  turns. 

Snap.  British  3rd  class  gun-boat  (254  tons). 
Launched  1872. 

Snapper.  British  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Hull, 
1895.)  Length,  200  ft. ;  beam,  19  ft.  ;  dranght, 
li  ft. ;  displacement,  270  tons ;  complement,  50 ; 
armament,  i  X2-pdr.,  5  6-pdr.,  2  tubes ;  twin 
screw ;  Hp.,  4,500=27  kts. ;  coal,  60  tons. 

Snarley-yow.    A  gambler. 

Snarl  knot.    A  knot  that  cannot  be  drawn  loose. 

Snatch.    Any  open  lead  for  a  rope. 

S  JT.E.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Sneek,  Holland. 

f  Snell,  John  F.  0.,  ILLCLB.,  UXILE^  F.CLS^ 
MJLB.E.  (b.  Saltash,  December  15,  1869).  Civil 
engineer.  Educated  Plymouth  Grammar  School 
and  King's  College,  London.  Was  articled  to 
Messrs.  Woodhouse  and  Rawson,  1883-89.  and 
when  the  firm  was  transferred  to  Messrs.  Compton 
and  Co.  he  was  appointed  assistant  engineer  during 
the   construction   of   the    Kensington   Court   and 


SNIP 


595 


soci6t6 


Notting  Hill  electrical  stations.  On  the  completion 
of  this  work  he  was  offered  and  accepted  the  post 
of  resident  engineer  for  the  late  General  Webber, 
C.B.,  R.E.,  at  South  Kensington,  where  he  was 
engaged  upon  the  design  for  the  large  electric  light 
hydraulic  station,  and  six  months  later  became 
chief  assistant  and  was  engaged  upon  several 
schemes,  including  a  tube  railway,  tramways,  etc. 
In  October,  1893,  ^^  accepted  the  position  of  chief 
assistant  engineer  to  the  Stanhope  Street  electrical 
station  at  St.  Pancras.  In  1894  he  became  resident 
engineer  for  Professor  Robinson,  C.E.,  during  the 
equipment  of  the  King's  Road  station,  sub-station, 
and  mains,  on  the  completion  of  which  he  was 
unanimously  appointed  by  the  vestry  resident 
engineer  in  charge  of  that  district.  In  August, 
1896,  he  was  appointed  borough  electrical  engineer 
at  Sunderland,  since  which  time  he  has  designed 
and  erected  a  large  electric  station  which  has  a 
lighting  capacity  of  20,000  Hp.  In  1898  he  was 
appointed  engineer  to  the  Sunderland  Borough 
Tramways,  and  carried  through  the  whole  parlia- 
mentary and  constructive  works,  amounting  to 
20  miles  of  traffic.  He  is  vice-president  of  the 
Newcastle  Section  of  the  Institution  of  Civil 
Engineers,  and  the  past-president  of  the  Municipal 
Electric  Association. 

Publications :  "  The  Description  of  Electric 
Energy,"  and  numerous  papers  published  in  the 
Transactions  of  the  Institution  of  Civil  Engineers 
(for  one  of  which  he  received  the  Watt  gold  medal), 
the  North-East  Coast  Institution  of  Engineers  and 
Shipbuilders,  and  Incorporated  Municipal  Electrical 
Association. 

Was  chairman  during  1901-02  of  the  Newcastle 
local  section  of  the  Institution  of  Electrical  En- 
gineers, and  eX'Officio  member  of  council  of  that 
institution ;  member  of  the  North-East  Coast 
Institution  of  Engineers  and  Shipbuilders,  and  is  a 
member  of  the  Engineering  Standards  Committee 
in  London. 

Snip.  Netherlands  gun-vessel,  Dutch  Indian 
Navy.     Of  Uttle  fighting  value. 

Snipe.  British  shallow-draught  steamer,  for 
river  service  on  Yang-tse-Kiang  (85  tons).  Launched 
X898. 

Snood.  A  line  fastened  below  the  lead  on  which 
the  hooks  are  placed. 

Snottar.    The  lower  support  of  the  sprit. 

Snow.  A  vessel  of  two  masts,  differing  only 
from  a  brig  in  that  the  boom-mainsail  traverse  on 
the  trysail-mast. 

Snow.  Minute  crystals  of  water,  the  crystals 
being  hexagonal  or  six-pointed. 

Snow  roUen.  Cylinders  of  snow  formed  and 
driven  along  by  the  wind,  something  like  a  lady's 
muff. 

Snubbing.  Bringing  a  ship  up  suddenly  with  a 
short  range  of  cable  without  jerking  her. 


Snug.    Under  proper  sail  to  meet  bad  weather. 

Sny.    A  bend  in  timber,  curving  upward. 

8.0.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Sligo,  Ireland. 

Softk  and  send.  The  order  to  pass  along  wet 
swabs. 

Sobjornen.  Danish  torpedo-boat.  (Copenhagen, 
1898.)  Length,  154  ft. ;  beam,  15  ft. ;  draught, 
7f  ft. ;  displacement,  142  tons ;  armament,  i  4*7-in., 
I  i-pdr.,  3  tubes  ;  twin  screw  ;  Hp.,  2,300=22  kts. 

Sodadad  de  NaTftgacion  6  Indnstria,  with  their 
head  offices  in  Barcelona,  maintain  passenger  and 
mail  services  between  Cadiz  and  the  Canary 
Islands.  The  vessel  leaves  Cadiz  twice  a  month 
for  Santa  Cruz,  Teneriffe,  and  Las  Palmas,  and 
vice  versa, 

SooMt6  d«  la  Yoile  d'Aroaohon.  Established 
1882.  President,  H.  Peyrelongue  ;  Vice-Presidents, 
Vicomte  de  Curzay,  M.  Gufflet;  Treasurer. 
F.  Blanchy ;  Secretary,  A.  Ajnnar,  9  Rue  Thiac, 
Bordeaux,  and  Club  House,  Arcachon.  Annual 
subscription,  20  francs. 

8oci6t6  de  la  Yoito  de  Bayonne-BiafritiL  Estab- 
lished 1 89 1.  President,  J.  B.  Mialet;  Vice-Presi- 
dent, J.  Le  Roy ;  Treasurer,  £.  Barrere  ;  Secretary, 
E.  Sodes,  I  Rue  Thiers,  Bayonne.  Annual  sub- 
scription, 20  francs. 

8ool6t6  d«  la  Yofle  de  PaoiDao  et  de  la  CMronde. 

Established  1892.  Conunodore,  E.  Casteja ;  Vice- 
Commodores,  Admiral  Demay,  Admiral  de  Ferrand  ; 
Treasurer,  C.  Guerin ;  Secretary,  F.  Dussaut, 
36  Cours  d 'Alsace-Lorraine,  Bordeaux.  Annual 
subscription,  30  francs. 

Sooi6t6  dee  Bfeatee  Cannoises.  Established  1893- 
President,  Contre  Amiral  Foret;  Vice-Presidents, 
P.  Serrailler,  P.  Bertrand,  R.  Lacour;  Treasurer, 
Fran9ois  Flory ;  Secretary,  Jules  Cotte ;  Club 
House,  Allees  de  la  Liberte,  Cannes.  Annual  sub- 
scription, 12  francs. 

BodM  des  Bfeatee  de  Monaco.  Established 
1888.  President.  Louis  Neri ;  Vice-Ptesident,  F. 
Bulgheroni ;  Treasurer,  M.  Gastaud ;  Secretary, 
C.  Xhrouet,  Boulevard  de  la  Condamine,  Thermes 
Valentia.  Monaco.  Entrance  fee,  5  francs ;  annual 
subscription,  24  francs. 

Sooi6t6  dee  Bteaiee  dn  Havre.  Established  1832. 
President,  Maurice  Taconet;  Vice-President,  Abel 
le  Marchand ;  Honorary  Treasurer,  £.  Harou ; 
Honorary  Secretary,  Edm.  Vidal,  136  Rue  Victor 
Hugo,  Havre.     Annual  subscription,  50  francs. 

Sooi6t6  dn  Sport  Haatiqae  de  POaest  Estab- 
lished 1882.  President,  J.  Gadeceau ;  Vice-Presi- 
dents, G.  Deverre,  G.  GrizoUe  ;  Treasurer,  G.  Lor- 
fray ;  Secretary,  A.  Foulfoin,  8  Rue  de  THeron- 
niere,  Nantes.     Annual  subscription,  50  francs. 

BodiM  Naatiaae  de  GenAve.  Established  1872. 
President,  Eugdne  H.  le  Royer ;  Vice-Presidents, 


SOCIETE 


596 


SOPHIA 


John  F.  Revilliod  de  Bud6.  F.  Wanner;  Tree- 
surer,  A.  Martin  ;  Secretary,  Jean  Mirabaud,  3  Bd. 
du  Theatre.  Geneva.  Entrance  fee,  lo  francs ; 
annual  subscription,  12  francs. 

BofAM  Nantiaae  de  la  Yille  de  Cette.    Estab 
lished  1863.     President,  Max.  Jansen ;  Vice-Presi- 
dent, H.  P6cheur  ;  Honorary  Treasurer,  P.  Suchard  ; 
Honorary  Secretary,  Jules  Comolet ;  Club  House, 
Vieux  Port,  Cettc.     Annual  subscription,  24  francs. 

8oci6t6  Vantiaiie  de  Maneflle.  Established  1887. 
President,  A.  Grandval ;  Vice-Presidents,  P.  Zafro- 
pulo,  L.  Amaud  ;  Treasurer,  A.  Garcin  ;  Secretary, 
L.  E.  Ogicr,  Quai  de  la  Fraternity,  Marseilles. 
Entrance  fee,  50  francs ;  annual  subscription, 
50  francs. 

8ooiM6  Nantiaae  de  St.  Ifalo-St.  Servan.  Estab< 
lished  1888.     President,  G.  Pilon  ;  Vice-President, 

E.  Thomas  des  Essart;  Treasurer  and  Secretary, 
L.  Letebvre,  St.  Malo.  Annual  subscription, 
20  francs. 

BocaAiA  Boyale  Nantiqae  Anvenoise.  Established 
1878.  Patron,  H.R.H.  Prince  Albert  of  Belgium  : 
Honorary  President,  Arthur  Van  den  Nest ;  Presi- 
dents, Math  von  Bemuth,  Gustave  Albrecht ;  Vice- 
Presidents,  L.  Gutjahr,  G.  Tonnelier ;  Treasurer, 

F.  Gerling ;  Secretary,  F.  Retsin,  6  Rue  Van 
Schoonbeke,  Antwerp.  Annual  subscription,  25 
francs. 

8oei6t6  Oto^rale  de  Transporti  llaritimes  i 
Vapevr,  with  a  capital  of  20,000,000  francs,  founded 
in  March,  1865,  have  a  fleet  of  19  vessels,  which  are 
engaged  in  the  Atlantic  and  Mediterranean  serr 
vices.  The  Atlantic  services  are  from  Naples  and 
Marseilles  to  Barcelona,  Malaga,  Gibraltar,  Madeira, 
Las  Palmas,  Tenerifie,  St.  Vincent,  Dakar,  Rio  de 
Janeiro,  Monte  Video,  and  Buenos  Aires.  The 
Mediterranean  services  are  from  Naples  and  Mar- 
seilles to  Oban,  Algiers,  Bougis,  Philippeville,  and 
B6ne. 

Sod  Bank.  An  effect  caused  by  refraction, 
showing  all  objects  on  the  water  magnified. 

Sofia.    Ship.     See  Arctic  Exploration. 

Sett  hall.  Pyramidal  soft  pellets  of  ice.  like 
miniature  snowballs,  which  fall  in  cold  weather  in 
spring.. 

Soft  place  in  the  moBBOon.  A  tract  in  the  North 
Indian  Ocean  between  the  equator  and  9*^  N.,  and 
between  Cloney  and  Socotra,  where  the  monsoon 
is  weaker  than  elsewhere. 

Soft-plank.  Choosing,  in  sea  phraseology,  an 
easy  berth. 

Sotmol.  Roumanian  torpedo-boat.  (Yarrow, 
1882.)  Length,  63  ft.  ;  beam,  8  ft.  ;  draught, 
3  ft.  ;  displacement,  12  tons ;  complement,  8 ; 
Hp.,  150=16  kts. 

Solano.    The  east  wind  in  Spain. 

Solar  halo.    See  Halo. 


Solar  radiatioiL  The  term  used  for  heat,  which  is 
received  from  the  sun. 

Soldier's  wind.    A  wind. which  serves  either  way. 
Sole.    The  lining  of  the  bilgeways. 

Solebay.  32  guns.  This  vessel  was  lost  near 
Boston  Neck  on  December  25,  1709 ;  all  on  board 
perished. 

Solent  Yacht  Club,  Yarmouth,  Isle  of  Wight. 
This  club  was  founded  in  1878,  and  its  head- 
quarters were  originally  in  the  George  Inn,  now 
Pier  Hotel,  Yarmouth,  Isle  of  Wight.  The  pre- 
sent club  house  was  built  through  the  liberality 
of  the  commodore.  Sir  Charles  Seely,  from  de- 
signs by  Sir  Aston  Webb,  R.A.,  in  1898.  The 
privilege  of  wearing  the  Blue  Ensign  was  granted 
to  the  club  by  the  Lords  of  the  Admiralty  in  1902. 
Burgee  :  Blue,  with  yellow  galley.  Commodore, 
Sir  Charles  Seely  ;  Vice-Commodore,  Lieut. -Colonel 
R.  P.  Crozier ;  Rear-Commoodre,  Lieut. -Colonel 
Sir  Henry  Earle ;  Honorary  Secretary  and  Trea- 
surer, Major  F.  L.  Donaldson.  Entrance  fee. 
£2  25.  ;  annual  subscription,  in-port  members 
£$  35.,  out-port  members  £2  25. 

SoUl,  Jnan  Diai  de  (1470-15 16).  Spanish  navi- 
gator (b.  near  Seville).  In  1506  was  associated 
with  Martin  Alonzo  Pinzon,  and  sailed  with  him 
on  the  expedition  sent  out  to  explore  the  coasts  of 
Honduras  and  Yucatan.  In  1 5 12  he  was  appointed 
chief  pilot  of  Spain  in  succession  to  Vespucci,  and 
some  three  years  later  sailed  in  search  of  a  route 
through  South  America  to  the  Pacific.  He  was 
killed  by  Indians  on  the  Rio  de  la  Plata. 

Soloven.      Danish    torpedo-boat.     (Thomycroft, 

1889.)  Length,  131  ft. ;  beam,  14!  ft. ;  draught. 
6j-  ft. ;  displacement.  89  tons ;  complement,  20 ; 
armament,  2  machines,  4  tubes;  Hp.,  1,600= 
23  kts. ;  coal,  14  tons. 

Solstice.     The    epochs    when    the    sun    passes 

through  the  solstitial  points.  The  summer  sol- 
stice, passed  June  21  or  22,  coincides  with  the 
longest  day,  the  sun  then  attaining  its  maximum 
distance  from  the  c  quator ;  the  winter  solstice, 
passed  December  22  when  the  sun  is  farthest 
south,  coincides  with  the  shortest  day. 

Solve.  Swedish  armoured  gun-boat  (460  tons). 
Of  little  fighting  value. 

Somers.  U.S.  torpedo-boat.  (Elbing,  1S98). 
Length,  149  ft. ;  beam,  17^  ft. ;  draught,  4}  ft ; 
displacement,  145  tons. 

Somerset.  Duke  ot    See  Admiralty. 

Sommelsdljk.  Netherlands  sloop.  (Amsterdam, 
1882.)  Length,  178  ft. ;  beam,  31  ft. ;  draught, 
14  ft. ;  displacement,  997  tons;  complement,  88; 
armament,  i  S'9-in.,  3  4'7-in.,  i  2'9-in. ;  Hp., 
700  =  10  kts. ;  coal,  15  tons. 

Sophia.     Refer  to  Lady  Franklin, 


SOUFFLEUR 


597 


SOUTHAMPTON 


Soofitolir.  French  submarine.  (Cherbourg,  1903.) 
Length,  76  ft. ;  beam,  7I  ft.  ;  draught,  8  ft. ;  dis- 
placement, 68  tons;  complement,  5;  Hp.,  60  = 
Skts. 

Soillven.  Danish  torpedo-boat.  (Havre,  1880.) 
Length,  94  ft. ;  beam,  10}  ft.  ;  draught,  4  ft. ;  dis- 
placement, 37  tons  ;  complement,  12  ;  armament, 
2  tubes  ;  Hp..  450=  18  kts. ;  coal,  5  tons. 

Sound.    To  ascertain  the  depth  of  sea  or  water. 

Sound,  Battle  of  the.  Fought  November  8,  1658. 
between  the  Dutch  and  the  Swedish  Fleets.  The 
Dutch  completely  defeated  the  Swedes  and  relieved 
Copenhagen. 

Soater  Point  Idght.  established  1871,  situated  on 
the  coast  of  Durham,  is  a  single  flash  light  every 
30  seconds ;  duration  of  flash,  Ave  seconds ; 
illuminant,  electricity. 

South.  One  of  the  four  cardinal  points  of  the 
compass  directly  opposed  to  the  north.  The 
meridian  of  any  place  is  a  great  circle  passing 
through  the  north  and  south  points  and  the  place 
itself. 

Soatfaampton  Ooiintldan  Taeht  Olnb.  Estab- 
lished 1896.  Commodore,  Captain  R.  T.  Dixon ; 
Vice-Commodore,  Lome  C.  Currie ;  Rear-Commo- 
dore. Sir  G.  A.  E.  Hussey ;  Honorary  Treasurer. 
Ernest  E.  Cooper ;  Honorary  Secretary,  W.  R. 
Wolff,  75  and  76  High  Street.  Southampton. 
Annual  subscription,  £1  is. 

Soatiinmptoiit  Port  of.    The  Southampton  Docks, 
now  owned  and   managed   by   the  London   and 
South-Western  Railway  Co.,  are  situated  within  a 
perfectly  sheltered  harbour,  and  have  the  unusual 
natural  advantage  of  double  tides,  with  practically 
four  honre  of  high  water  every  tide,  thus  affording 
unrivalled  accommodation  for  the  largest  steamers 
afloat,  or  being  built.    Coming  to  the  earlier  history 
of  the  present  docks,  we  And  that  the  dock  company 
was  incorporated  in  1836,  by  Act  of  Parhament,  the 
ground  appropriated  to  this  object  having  been 
the  mudland  from  a  line  running  seaward,  com- 
mencing a  short  distance  from  the  platform  to  the 
mouth  of  the  river  Itchen,  and  extending  as  far  as 
low  w^ater  mark,  comprising  about  200  acres ; ; 
the  portion  of  ground  at  that  time  excavated,  1847, 
was   formed  into  two  docks — one  tidal  and  the 
other  a  closed  dock  '*  for  ships  to  deliver  their 
cargoes  afloat "  (not  then  completed).     Even  at 
that  early  date,  steam  packets,  besides  plying  to 
Torquay,   Plymouth,  etc.,  also  sailed  to  Dublin 
and  other  ports  in  Ireland,  visiting  the  Channel  Isles 
three  times  a  week  and,  at  various  dates,  the  ports 
of  France,  Spain,  Portugal,  and  most  of  the  ports 
of    the    Mediterranean.     In    th;    year    1840    the 
directors  of  the  docks  "  were  much  encouraged  in 
the  hope  of  final  success  from  the  circumstances 
that  the  Royal  Mail  Steam  Packet  Co.,  employed 
by  the  Government  in  the  mail  service  to  the  West 
Indies,  had  selected  Southampton  as  the  port  from 


which  their  vessels  would  take  their  departure," 
"  ample  accommodation  being  found  for  what  were 
in  those  days  splendid  vessels,  some  of  which 
measured  2,000  tons."  The  first  tidal  dock  was 
finished  in  the  summer  of  1842,  and  was  opened 
in  August  of  that  year,  when  the  Liverpool,  500 
tons,  and  the  Tagus,  780  tons,  two  ships  belonging 
to  the  Peninsular  and  Oriental  Line,  were  the  first 
to  discharge  their  cargoes  in  the  docks.  To-day 
Southampton  stands  out  as  a  port  more  prominently 
than  ever.  The  White  Star  Line,  of  Liverpool, 
have  transferred  their  American  maU  service  to  this 
port,  the  service  having  been  inaugurated  by  the 
Adriatic,  a  vessel  of  25,000  tons,  which  sailed  on 
her  maiden  voyage  to  New  York  via  Cherbourg, 
June  s.  1907.  Messrs.  Harland  and  Wolff,  the 
eminent  shipbuilding  firm  of  Queen's  Island, 
Belfast,  have  decided  to  open  large  repairing 
works  on  the  dock  estate,  and  the  contract  for  the 
construction  of  these  works  has  already  been 
placed. 

The  London  and  South -Western  Railway  Co. 
have  decided  to  build  a  deep  water  basin  for  the 
accommodation  of  vessels  which  may  ultimately 
require  a  draught  so  great  as  40ft.  at  low  water. 
The  details  of  the  dock  are  now  being  prepared, 
and  will  shortly  be  submitted  for  tender  to  con- 
tractors. 

Southampton  can  boast  of  having  one  of  the 
finest  systems  of  docks  in  the  world  ;  and,  taken  in 
conjunction  with  its  six  graving  docks,  two  of  which 
are  871  ft.  long  and  750  ft  long  respectively,  and 
with  one  of  the  most  complete  cold  storage  plant, 
there  will  be  no  more  convenient  docks  on  the 
British  coast. 

The  Empress  Dock  (18^  acres)  has  an  entrance 
of  165  ft.  wide,  with  a  minimum  depth  of  26  ft. 
at  I.W.,  o.s.t.,  and  it  is  the  only  dock  in  Great 
Britain  where  deep  water  loading  and  discharging 
berths  can  be  reached  by  vessels  at  any  time  of  the 
day  or  night,  irrespective  of  the  state  of  the  tide. 
There  is  also  an  outer  dock  of  16  acres,  and  an  inner 
dock  of  10  acres.  The  quays  at  present  completed 
equal  15,000  lineal  feet. 

The  new  quay  extensions  in  the  Rivers  Itchen 
and  Test  are  now  complete.  The  Prince  of  Wales 
Quay,  2,000  ft.,  the  South  Quay,  430  ft.,  and 
the  Test  Quay,  1,600  ft.  long,  are  all  accessible  at 
any  time  of  the  day  or  night,  entirely  irrespective 
of  the  state  of  the  tide.  The  new  Itchen  (or  Prince 
of  Wales)  Quay  has  for  some  time  been  extensively 
used  for  the  arrivals  and  departures  of  the  Union 
Castle,  Norddeutscher  Lloyd,  and  for  other  liners, 
and  double  storage  sheds  of  the  most  modem 
design  have  been  erected.  There  is  a  minimum 
depth  of  28  ft.  at  l.w.,  o.s.t.,  at  the  Prince  of  Wales 
and  South  Quays,  and  32  ft.  l.w.,  o.s.t.,  at  the  Test 
Quay.  The  old  extension  quay  has  been  widened, 
shed  accommodation  enlarged,  and  the  water  there- 
at deepened  to  28  ft.  l.w.,  o.s.t. 

The  No.  5  graving  dock  was  opened  on  August  3, 


SOUTHAMPTON 


598 


SOUTH 


1895,  by  His  Majesty  King  Edward  VII.,  then 
Prince  of  Wales,  and  named  by  him  the  "  Prince 
of  Wales  Dock."  The  depth  to  blocks  is  32 J  ft. 
h.w.,  o.s.t.,  750  ft.  long,  by  87}  ft.  wide  at  sill,  and 
112  ft.  at  cope  level. 

The  new  graving  dock  No.  6  is  875  ft.  long  by 
90  ft.  wide  at  entrance,  and  width  at  cope  125  ft., 
and  was  opened  on  October  21,  1905,  by  the 
Marquis  of  Winchester,  Lord  Lieutenant  of  the 
county,  and  named  the  "  Trafalgar  Dock.'*  The 
depth  to  blocks  is  33  ft.  h.w..  o.s.t. 

Two  coal  jetties  with  hydraulic  power,  cranes,  and 
spacious  coal -barge  docks  have  been  constructed  on 
the  Itchen,  for  the  purpose  of  storing  coal  in  lighters 
for  the  bunkering  of  out-going  line  steamers. 

The  largest  installation  of  cold  storage  in  the 
Kingdom  is  now  fitted.  The  building  is  of  the  most 
modem  type,  and  consists  of  five  floors,  containing 
56  rooms,  having  a  total  net  storage  earning 
capacity  of  2,000,000  cubic  feet.  The  method  of 
cooling  employed  is  ammonia  direct  expansion, 
three  of  the  floors  being  arranged  on  the  gravity  air 
system,  and  one  floor  on  the  air  circulation  method. 
The  engine  room  is  fitted  with  four  independent 
refrigerating  machines,  with  a  capacity  of  not  less 
than  60  tons  refrigeration  per  24  hours. 

SonthampUm  Tacht  Olab,  RoyaL  See  Royal 
Southampton  Yacht  Club. 

South  Alutralian  Taeht  Sanadroii,  BoyaL  See 
Royal  South  Australian  Yacht  Squadron. 

South  Oarolina.  U.S.  ist  class  battleship  (1906). 
Displacement  16,000  tons. 
Guns.  Armour. 

4 — 12  in.,  45  cal.       "  Krupp." 
8— rio  in.  10  in.  Belt  amidships. 

30 — 14  pdr.  10  in.  Turrets. 

10  in.  Conning  tower. 
Torpedo  Tubes  (21  in.). 
4  Submerged. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  20,000=  i8'20  kts. 

South  Dakota.  U.S.  ist  class  cruiser.  (Union 
Ironworks,  1903.) 

Length  502ft.  Beam  70ft.  Maximum  draught  27ft. 
Displacement  13,400  tons.    Complement  822. 
Guns.  Armour, 

4 — ^8  in..  45  cal.  "  Krupp." 

14 — 6  in.  6  in.  Belt  amidships. 

18 — 14  pdr.  6  in.  Turrets. 

12 — 3  pdr.  9  in.  Conning  tower. 

8 — I  pdr. 
8  Colts. 
2  Field  guns,  3  in. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
2  Submerged. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  23,000=^22  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 2,000  tons.     Approximate  cost  ;£  1,200,000. 

Sonth-Eastem  and  Chatham  Railway  Co.  own  a 

large  fleet  of    steamers,   which   maintain  regular 
services  from  the  three  Kentish  ports,  viz.,  Dover 


for  Calais  and  Ostend  ;  Folkestone  for  Boulogne, 
and  Queenborough  for  Flushing.  Three  of  the 
steamers  with  turbine  engines,  and  accommodatioii 
for  .1,250  passengers,  are  now  running  daily  from 
Dover  to  Calais,  Folkestone  to  Boulogne,  and  vice 
versa.  In  all  this  company  maintains  20  Continental 
services  daily. 

Fleet. 
Passenger  Vessels. 
Calais  (paddle).  Lord  Warden  (paddle). 

Dover  (paddle).  Onward  (turbine). 

Empress  (turbine).      Princess  of  Wales  {psiddle). 
Invicta  (turbine).        The  Queen  (turbine). 

Victoria  (turbine). 
Coast  Excursion  Boats. 
Edward  William  (paddle).     Myleta  (paddle). 

Mail  Steamer. 

Canterbury  (twin  screw). 

Cargo  Boats. 

Achille  Adam  (twin  screw).  Folkestone  (twin screw). 

C.  W.  Eborall  (twin  screw).  Hythe  (twin  screw). 

Deal  (twin  screw).  Maidstone  (screw). 

W aimer  (twin  screw). 

Southerly  Buzstar.  A  sudden  strong,  cool,  nin- 
bringing  south  wind,  in  the  rear  of  a  low-pressure 
83rstem  in  Australia. 

Southern  Padflo  Co.  (Atlantic  system)  have  a 
fleet  of  23  modem  vessels,  many  of  which  have 
accommodation  for  from  50  to  150  passengen. 
These  vessels  run  in  conjunction  with  the  Southern 
Pacific  Railway.  Services  are  maintained  from 
New  York  to  Europe,  New  York  to  New  Orleans. 
New  York  to  Galveston,  New  Orleans  to  Havana, 
calling  at  numerous  ports  en  route. 

Fleet. 

Algiers.  El  Dorado.         El  Sud. 

Aransas.  El  Mar.  El  Vails. 

Chalmette.  El  Monte.  Excelsior. 

Clinton.  El  Norte.  Gussie. 

Comus.  El  Pasco.  Louisiana. 

El  Alba.  El  Rio.  Morgan. 

El  Cid.  El  Siglo.  Prince  Arthur. 

El  Dia,  Proieous. 

Gross  tonnage,  79*200. 

Southern  Tacht  dub.  Royal.  See  Royal  Southern 
Yacht  Club. 

Southport  Oorlnlhian  Tacht  CQuK  Southport 
Established  1871.  Flag:  Red  burgee  with  white 
crescent.  Commodore,  W.  D.  Coddtngton;  Vice- 
Commodore,  George  Cockshott ;  Rear-Commodore. 
H.  H.  Leeming ;  Honorary  Treaaurer  and  Secretary* 
Henry  Armstrong.  Entrance  fee,  £1  is, ;  annoal 
subscription,  £2  2s.,  country  members,  £1  is. 

South  Sea  Bubble.  The  original  aims  of  the 
South  Sea  Scheme  of  1710  were  the  restoration  of 
public  credit,  and  the  extinction  of  the  National 
Debt,  This  debt  was  taken  over  by  certain 
eminent  merchants,  in  return  for  an  annual  pay- 
ment of  ;f 600,000  by  the  Government,  which,  at  the 


SOUTH 


599 


SPANKER 


same  time,  granted  them  the  monopoly  of  the  South 
Sea  trade  ;  and  they  were  incorporated  by  charter 
as  the  South  Sea  Co. 

Their  shares  rose  far  above  the  value  of  the 
stock,  and,  owing  to  a  gambling  mania  which 
seized  the  country,  many  preposterous  companies 
were  floated,  some  of  which  were  prosecuted  by  the 
South  Sea  Co.  under  the  Bubble  Act.  When 
prices  began  to  fall,  holders  rushed  to  realise, 
capitalists  absconded,  and  a  panic  set  in  bringing 
ruin  to  many.  An  examination  of  the  company's 
proceedings  reveals  facts  discreditable  to  the 
management  and  many  eminent  persons.  The 
credit  of  the  nation  was  finally  restored  by  the 
efforts  of  Walpole. 

Sonfh  Shields  Steam  Shipping  Oo.  See  Moor 
Steamship  Line. 

Soafh  Weftern  Taoht  dab,  BoyaL  See  Royal 
South  Western  Yacht  Club. 

Soalhwoldt  Batile  of.  On  May  28,  1672,  De 
Ruyter  fought  a  great  naval  battle  against  the 
British  Fleet  under  the  Duke  of  York  and  Marshal 
d'  Estrees.  The  English  suffered  defeat,  although, 
after  the  Dutch  withdrew  to  their  own  ports,  they 
claimed  the  victory. 

Soya-     Formerly    Varyag   (q^v.).     Japanese  pro 
tected  cruiser.     (Philadelphia,  1899.) 

Length  420ft.     Beam  52ft.     Draught  20ft. 
Displacement  6, 5 00  tons.     Complement  571. 
Guns.  Armour. 

12— 6  in.  "Steel." 

12 — 12  pdr.  3  in.  Deck. 

6 — 3  pdr. 

•Torpedo  Tubes. 
2  Submerged. 
4  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  20,000=23  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 1,250  tons. 

(U.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Spaamdam,  Holland. 

8.P.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Pellworm,  Germany.. 

8p.  Springs.  Abbreviation  adopted  on  the 
charts  issued  by  the  Hydrographic  Office,  Admi- 
ralty. 

Span.  When  both  ends  of  a  rope  are  made  fast 
so  t^t  the  purchase  may  be  hooked  to  its  bite. 

Span.    Abbreviation  for  Spanish. 

ftpft<*^«^*  Armada.  The  celebrated  fleet,  called  at 
first  by  anticipation  "  The  '  Invincible  '  Spanish 
Armada/'  which  was  sent  in  1588  to  assail  Eng- 
land. The  invasion  would  probably  have  taken 
place  in  1857  but  for  the  prompt  action  of  Drake, 
who,  hearing  of  the  plans,  made  a  bold  dash  with 
his  fleet  into  Cadiz  and  destroyed  nearly  too  ships 
with  immense  stores.  The  command  of  the  ex- 
pedition was  entrusted  to  the  Dake  of  Medina 


Sidonia,  and  his  instructions  were  to  proceed  to 
the  Straits  of  Dover  and  there  embark  an  army 
of  some  35,000  men  under  the  Duke  of  Parma  to 
help  to  effect  the  invasion.  The  Spanish  Fleet, 
consisting  of  130  ships,  carrying  19,295  soldiers, 
8.460  sailors,  besides  slaves  as  rowers,  sailed  from 
Corunna  on  July  12,  1588.  The  total  number  of 
English  ships  available  at  that  time  was  loi,  of 
which  only  28  belonged  to  the  Royal  Navy,  and 
the  total  number  of  men  on  board  only  9,000. 
The  English  were  under  the  command  of  Lord 
Howard  of  Effingham,  Ark»  Sir  Francis  Drake,  Re- 
venge, Sir  John  Hawkins.  Victory,  Lord  Henry 
Sejrmour,  Lord  Thomas  Howard,  Lord  Sheffield. 
Sir  Martin  Frobisher,  and  the  Earl  of  Cumberland. 
On  July  29  the  Armada  was  observed  entering  the 
English  Channel.  On  the  following  day  Howard 
sailed  out  of  Plymouth  Sound  and  sighted  the 
Spaniards  standing  up  the  Channel  in  the  form  of 
a  crescent,  seven  miles  long.  They  passed  Ply- 
mouth towards  evening,  and  the  English  Fleet 
sailed  out,  taking  up  a  position  to  windward.  On 
July  31a  running  fight  began,  which  continued  on 
August  I,  and  the  Spanish  admiral  then  began  to 
realise  that  it  was  impossible  for  him  to  inflict  any 
serious  injury  on  the  English  ships,  owing  to  the 
admirable  way  in  which  they  were  handled,  and 
the  excellent  marksmanship  of  their  gunners.  Dis- 
mayed at  their  want  of  success,  the  fleet  stood  ofl 
up  Channel,  closely  followed  by  the  English.  On 
August  6  the  Spaniards  cast  anchor  in  the  Roads 
of  C^ais,  still  harassed  by  the  English.  On 
August  7  the  English  resolved  to  drive  the  Spanish 
Fleet  out  into  the  open  sea.  and  eight  ships  filled 
with  combustible  material,  their  rigging  smeared 
with  pitch,  were  drifted  down  with  the  tide  and 
set  on  fire.  The  effect  of  this  attack  was  that  the 
Spaniards  cut  their  cables  and  made  for  the  open 
sea.  Drake  with  his  ships  pursued  them,  forcing 
the  whole  fleet  towards  the  coast  of  Flanders.  In 
one  day's  fight  4,000  men  were  killed  and  many 
ships  were  disabled,  and  the  Spaniards  resolved  to 
try  the  perilous  voyage  to  Spain  by  the  North  Sea 
and  Pentland  Firth  rather  than  face  Drake  and 
the  English  Fleet.  Accordingly,  the  whole  Spanish 
Fleet,  numbering  about  120  vessels,  stood  off 
towairds  the  North  Sea.  The  continuous  violent 
gales  which  accompanied  the  fleet  along  the  north 
of  Scotland  and  the  wild  Irish  coast  completely 
shattered  their  unseaworthy  ships,  and  only  54 
vessels  ever  reached  Spain. 

Spanish  reeL    A  knot  tied  in  the  head  of  the  jib. 

Spanish  windlass.    Tightening  ropes  by  twisting 
them  together  with  a  lever. 

Spanker.    British  torpedo  gun-boat  (1889}. 
Length  230ft.  Beam  27ft.  Maximum  draught  12ft. 
Displacement  735  tons.    Complement  90. 

Guns. 
2 — 47  in. 
4—3  pdr. 


SPANKER 


600 


SPIDER 


Torpedo  Tubes. 
5—14  in. 
3 — 18  in. 
Twin  screw.     Coal  maximum  160  tons.     Speed 
I7kt8. 

Spanker.  A  fore-and-aft  sail,  setting  with  a  boom 
and  gaff,  frequently  called  the  driver ;  it  is  the 
aftermost  sail  of  a  ship  or  barque. 

Spanker-boom.  The  boom  on  which  the  spanker 
or  driver  is  extended. 

Spanker-boom  topping-lifts.  The  lifts  wluch 
support  the  spanker-boom. 

Spanker-gaff.  The  gaff  on  which  the  spanker 
or  (iriver  is  extended. 

Spanker  peak-halliard8.  Ropes  or  tackle  by 
which  the  outer  end  of  the  spanker-gaff  is  hoisted. 

Spanker^sheet.  Ropes  or  chains  fastened  to  one 
or  both  of  the  lower  comers  of  the  spanker  to 
extend  and  retalin  the  clew  down  in  its  place. 
Re/er  to  Sheet. 

Spar.  A  general  term  for  any  mast,  yard,  boom 
or  gaff. 

Sparrow.  British  ist  class  gun-boat  (805  tons, 
13  kts.).    Launched  1889. 

Sparrowhawk.  British  torpedo-boat  destroyer. 
Sunk  after  running  on  a  rock  at  Chesney  Island,  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Yang-tse  River. 

Spartiate.  British  ist  class  cruiser.  (Pembroke, 
Z898.) 

Length  450ft.   Beam  69ft.  Maximum  draught  37ft. 
Displacement  i z,ooo  tons.    Complement  677, 
Guns.  Armour. 

16—6  in.  "  Harvey." 

12 — 12  pdr.  4  in.  Belt  amidships. 

2 — 12  pdr.,  8  cwt.      12  in.  Conning  tower. 
12 — 3  pdr. 
2  Maxims. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
2  Submerged. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  18,000= 20*3  kts.    Coal  maxi- 
mum 2,000  tons.     Approximate  cost  ]£6oo,ooo. 

This  3hip<name  was  first  introduced  into  the  Navy 
in  1798 ;  and  commemorates  the  capture  of  the 
French  Spartiate  at  the  battle  of  the  Nile.  1798. 

Sparviero.  Italian  torpedo-boat.  (Elbing.  1888.) 
Length,  152  ft.;  beam,  17  ft. :  draught,  7f  ft.; 
displacement,  130  tons;  complement,  24;  arma- 
meiit»  2  3*P>dr-»  i  i-pdr.,  3  tubes;  twin  eciew; 
Hp.  2,200=26  kts. ;  coal,  40  tons. 

Speak  Jig  trumpet.  A  conical  flaring  mouth  tube, 
employed  for  intensifying  the  sound  of  the  human 
voice  as  in  giving  commands  or  hailing  ships  at  sea. 

Spadal  elaiue.    See  Clauses. 

SpeedwelL    British  torpedo  gun-boat  (1889). 
Length  230ft.   Beam  27ft.  Maximum  draught  12ft. 
Displacement  735  tons.     Complement  90. 


Guns. 

2 — ^47  in. 

4—3  pdr. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 

5 — 14  in. 

3 — 18  in. 

Twin  screw.     Coal  maximum  160  tons.     Speed 

17  kts. 

Speedy.    British  torpedo  gun-boat  (1892). 
Length  230ft.  Beam  27ft.  Maximum  draught  I2|ft. 
Displacement  810  tons.     Complement  85. 

Guns. 

2 — ^47  in. 

4—3  pdr. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 

5 — 14  in. 

3 — 18  in. 

Twin  screw.     Coal  maximum  160  tons.     Speed 

17  kts. 

SpeD.    The  turn  to  work. 

Speaeer.    A  fore-and-main  try-sail ;  fore-and-aft 
soils  set  with  gaffs. 

Spencer,  George  John  EarL    See  Admiralty. 

Spent.    From  expend  ;  said  of  a  mast  broken  by 
accident,  as  opposed  to  one  shot  away. 

Sperber.    German    gun-boat.     (Wilhelmshaven, 
1889O 

Length  203ft.    Beam  3o(ft.    Draught  i2lt. 
Displacement  1,100  tons.    Complement  117. 
Guns.  Armour. 

8— 41  in.  "Steel." 

7  Maxims.  3  in.  Deck  amidships. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
2  Above  water. 
Hp.  1,500s  i3'5  kts.    Coal  265  tons. 

Sperwer.    Netherlands  gun-boat,  Dutch  Indian 
Navy  (1896).     Of  little  fighting  value. 

Spetni.    Greek  battleship  (1889).    Reconstructed 
La  Seyne,  1900. 

Length  331ft.  Beam  52ft.  Maximum  draught  a4ft 
Displacement  5,000  tons.    Complement  440. 
Guns.  Armour. 

2 — IO-8  in.  "  Creusot  steeL" 

5—6  in.  12  in.  Belt. 

I — 4  in.  1 3  in.  Battery. 

8-^  pdr.  12  in.  Barbettes. 

4 — 4  pdr.  12  in.  Conning  tower. 

12 — I  pdr. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 

1  Above  water  bow. 

2  Above  water  broadside. 

Twin  screw.     Hp.   6,700=17  kts.     Coal   maxi- 
mum 600  tons. 

Spider.    An  iron  outrigger,   keeping  the  block 
clear  of  the  counter. 

Spider  koop.    The  hoop  round  the  mast  securing 
the  shackles  of  the  futtock  shrouds. 


SPILE 


6oi 


SPOON 


BuSkb.  A  small  plug  of  wood  for  stopping  the 
spile  bole  of  a  barrel  or  cask. 

SpOL  Small  peg  used  to  stop  the  hole  left  by  a 
spike  when  drawn  out. 

SpOltr.  A  set  line  with  a  large  number  of 
baited  hooks,  much  used  by  coast  fishermen. 

SpQUng-linaB.  A  line  to  spill  the  wind  put  of  a 
sail  by  keeping  it  from  bellying  out  when  clewed  up. 

gpfnnaker.  A  jib-headed  racing  sail  set  on  the 
opposite  side  of  the  mainsail  carried  by  yards 
when  running  before  the  wind. 

Spixit  compan.    See  Compass. 

Spirit  o!  the  Ocean.  Steamer.  Wrecked  on  a 
rock  near  Dartmouth,  March  23,  1866 ;  all  on 
board  perished. 

Spirketi.  A  space  fore-and-aft  between  floor 
timbers  or  futtocks  of  a  ship's  frame. 

Spit  A  bank  or  small  sandy  projection  with 
shallow  water  on  it,  generally  running  out  from  a 
point  of  land. 

SpitefoL  British  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Jar- 
row,  1895.)  L«ngtb,  215  ft.  :  beam  20  ft. ;  draught, 
6i  ft. ;  displacement,  334  tons  ;  complement,  60 ; 
armament,  i  x2-pdr.,  5  6-pdr.,  2  tubes;  twin 
screw  ;  Hp.,  6,500cc30  kts. ;  coal,  91  tons. 

Spltflie.  British  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Els- 
wick,  1895.)  Length.  200  ft.  ;  beam,  19  ft. ; 
draught,  si  f*- 1  displacement,  300  tons  ;  comple- 
ment, 45  ;  armament,  i  12-pdr.,  5  6-pdr.,  2  tubes ; 
twin  screw ;  Hp.,  3,780=27  kts.  ;  coal,  60  tons. 

Spitflre-lib.  A  small  sail  used  in  cutters  in  bad 
weather. 

Spithead,  Battto  ot  Fought,  1 54s.  between  the 
English  and  French  Fleets.  The  French  were 
defeated. 

spk.  Speckled.  Abbreviation  adopted  on  the 
charts  issued  by  the  Hydrographic  Office,  Ad- 
miralty, denoting  the  quality  of  the  ocean's  bottom. 

Splice.  The  joining  of  two  ropes  together  by 
entwining  the  strands. 

gpUoe  the  main  brace.  In  nautical  phraseology, 
to  serve  out  an  extra  allowance  of  grog  in  bad 
weather. 

Splioiilg-taiLl.  A  piece  of  chain  with  throe  tails 
for  splicing  to  a  rope. 

Spongei  or  Porilera,  of  which  56  species  are 
found  on  the  British  coasts  alone,  belong  to  the 
problematical  creatures  which  stand  on  the  border 
line  between  the  animal  and  vegetable  kingdom. 

The  body  of  the  sponge  consists  of  numerous 
homy  fibres  constantly  intersecting  each  other,  in 
which  very  many  pointed  pieces  of  lime  are  em- 
bedded, and  is  traversed  by  a  system  of  water- 
condoctiAg  canals,  which  commence  with  small 
pores  at  the  surface,  and  pour  their  contents  into 
the    larger   vessels.    These,   too,    are   finally   dis- 


charged through  larger  openings.  According  to 
Dr.  Grant,  the  water  flows  in  through  the  smaller 
pores,  and  out  again  through  the  larger  canals,  so 
long  as  the  sponge  remains  alive.  These  constant 
currents  supply  it  with  the  necessary  nourishment, 
and  maintain  the  change  of  substance,  which  these 
low  creatures  require  as  much  as  higher  beings. 
All  the  homy  parts  are  covered  with  a  semi-fluid 
viscous  substance,  in  which  the  simple  life  of  the 
sponge  has  its  abode.  It  is  this  which  secretes  the 
firm  parts,  forms  the  real  spongeous  skeleton,  and 
makes  the  mass  larger. 

Sponges  are  propagated  in  a  strange  way.  At 
certain  seasons  the  walls  of  the  canals  are  covered 
with  countless  small  dots  or  bodies,  which  are  the 
spores,  or  young  eggs,  of  the  sponge.  As  they 
become  larger  they  grow  covered  with  cilia,  and 
soon  quit  the  maternal  body,  to  flow  out  into  the 
open  sea.  Here  they  swim  about  freely  for  a 
time,  by  means  of  the  constant  motion  of  their 
cilia,  till  they  attach  themselves  to  some  fixed 
object,  in  which  they  can  await  their  further 
development.  From  this  moment  their  wanderings 
cease,  and  a  quiet  mollusc-like  life  is  substituted 
for  the  adventurous  nomadising.  From  this  his- 
tory of  their  development  it  nught  seem  as  if  the 
sponges  could  not  be  denied  an  animal  nature ;  but 
the  spores  of  the  seaweed  enjoy  the  same  privilege 
of  a  movable  life,  so  that  this  is  no  distinguishing 
mark  between  the  animal  and  vegetable  kingdoms^ 
The  common  sea  or  bathing  sponge  (Spongia 
communis),  which  plays  so  useful  a  part  in  our 
households,  is  usually  obtained  from  the  islands  of 
the  Archipelago,  where  it  is  attached  to  reefs,  and 
forms  a  considerable  article  of  trade.  The  West 
Indies  also  supply  useful  sponges.  Burnt  sponge 
is  still  employed  as  an  effectual  remedy  in  cases  of 
goitre,  and  owes  its  medicinal  power  to  the  iodineg 
bromine,  and  carbonate  of  Ume  which  are  found  in 
the  ashes. 

The  best  specimens  of  sponges  are  found  in  deep 
water.  The  large  commerce  which  has  sprung  up 
in  sponge  fishery  is  without  doubt  due  to  the  use 
of  diving  apparatus,  which  is  now  almost  indis- 
pensable for  this  purpose.  Fonnerly  naked  divers 
only  were  employed,  and  the  result  was  the  re- 
covery of  but  a  limited  quantity,  as  the  diver  could 
not  remain  below  .more  than  a  few  seconds  to 
collect,  and  then  only  in  reach  of  his  arm's  length. 
Now,  however,  the  diver  remains  under  water  from 
one  to  four  hours  (according  to  depth  of  water), 
collecting  in  that  time  what  would  have  required 
at  least  30  natural  divers.  In  the  Mediterranean 
sponge  fishery  alone  there  are  employed  300  sets 
of  diving  apparatus,  without  reckoning  the  fisheries 
at  the  Bahamas,  Bermuda,  etc. 

Sponson.  The  angular  space  fore-and-aft  the 
paddle-box  against  the  ship's  side. 

Spoon  drift  Spray  swept  from  the  tops  of  the 
waves  in  a  gale. 


SPOONING 


602 


ST. 


Spooning.  Driving  with  bare  poles  under  a 
heavy  gale. 

Sport  Nantiftae  d'AIger.  Established  z866.  Pre- 
sident, E.  AUezard ;  Vice-President,  E.  Celerier ; 
Treasurer,  L.  Duchateau  ;  Secretary,  Jules  Fievee, 
Algiers.     Annual  subscription,  26  francs. 

Sport  Naatiqae  de  la  CMronde.  Established  1878. 
President.  A.  Bayssellance  ;  Vice-President,  E.  Cail- 
hava ;  Treasurer,  Louis  Lagrolet ;  Secretary.  G. 
Plusjaud,  Athenee,  53  Rue  des  Trois-Conils«  Bor- 
deaux.    Annual  subscription,  20  francs. 

Spray.  Water  flying  or  driven  in  small,  fine 
drops  or  particles  as  by  the  force  of  wind  or  the 
dashing  of  waves. 

Spreet,  A  spar  used  to  extend  the  peak  of  some 
fore-and-aft  sails.  The  head  fits  into  the  roping 
at  the  head  of  the  sail,  and  the  heel  into  a  snotter 
or  grommet  low  down  on  the  mast,  the  spar  thus 
standing  diagonally  across  the  sail. 

Sprightly.  British  torpedo  -  boat  destroyer. 
(Clydebank,  1901.)  Length,  218  ft. ;  beam,  20  ft. ; 
draught,  5^  ft. ;  displacement,  300  tons ;  comple- 
qient,  58  ;  armament,  i  12-pdr.,  5  6-pdr.,  2  tubes; 
twin  screw  ;  Hp.,  6,000=30  kts. ;  coal,  80  tons. 

Spring.  To  loosen  the  end  of  a  plank  in  a  ship's 
bottom. 

Spring  a  leak.  When  a  vessel  is  suddenly  dis- 
covered to  leak. 

Springeren.  Danish  torpedo-boat  (Copenhagen. 
1891.)  Length.  1x9  ft.;  beam,  13  ft;  draught. 
4J^  ft.;  displacement.  81  tons;  complement.  20; 
armament.  2  i-pdr.,  2  tubes  ;  Hp..  800=18  kts. ; 
coal,  14  tons. 

Spring-itay  is  a  substitute  stay  nearly  parallel 
ip  the  principal  stay,  the  object  being  to  hdp  the 
principal  stay  to  support  its  raast     Refer  to  Stay. 

Sprit  A  small  boom  which  crosses  the  sail 
diagonally  from  the  mast  to  the  upper  aft-most 
comer ;  in  a  barge  the  largest  boom  and  longer 
than  the  mast,  weighing  about  a  ton  or  more. 

Sprii<4aiL  A  sail  set  on  the  topsail  yard;  an 
efficient  sail  for  boats  and  barges,  the  peak  of 
which  is  held  up  by  a  boom  called  a  sprit. 

Sprung.    Strained  or  cracked. 

Spnn-yam.  A  small  line  made  of  rope  yam 
twisted  together. 

Spnr.    See  Sprit 

Spam  Point  Light*  built  in  1895,  situated  off 
Spurn  Head,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Humber,  is  a 
single  flash  light  every  20  seconds;  duration  of 
flash,  two  seconds  ;  candle-power  maximum. 
170,000  ;  8  wick  (1894)  bumer  ;  illuminant,  oil. 

Spyer,  A.  (b.  London,  October.  1856).  Served 
his  apprenticeship  at  Earle's  Shipbuilding  and 
Engineering  Co.,  Hull,  and  H.M.  Dockyard,  Ports- 
mouth.    In  1875  went  to  the  Royal  Naval  College, 


being  the  first  English  private  student  of  engineer- 
ing to  pass  through  the  full  three-year  conne  and 
obtain  the  college  diploma  for  marine  engineering. 
In  1876  he  joined  the  staff  of  Sir  Edward  Reed, 
and  was  employed  in  supervising  the  construction 
of  warship  machinery,  subsequently  going  to  sea 
for  the  purpose  of  obtaining  experience.  In  1879 
obtained  the  first  place  on  the  list  in  an  open 
competitive  examination  for  the  appointment  of 
engineer-draughtsman  at  the  Admiralty.  From 
1879  to  1902  was  engaged  in  the  engineering 
department  of  the  Admiralty,  becoming  chief 
draughtsman,  assistant-engineer,  and  engineer- 
inspector  to  the  Board  of  Admiralty.  Whilst  in 
H.M.  service  he  was  engaged  in  carrying  out  tiie 
great  reconstructions  of  naval  machinery  which 
occurred  during  this  period — ^namely.  from  com- 
pound to  triple  engines,  low-speed  to  high-q>eed 
engines,  and  tank  to  water-tube  boilers.  In  1902 
he  resigned  his  official  position  to  join  the  firm  of 
Messrs.  Babcock  and  Wilcox.  Ltd..  to  undertake 
the  direction  of  their  marine  department 

Publications :  **  Machinery  of  Steam  Boats  for 
Ships  of  War,"  and  other  contributions  to  discus- 
sions at  the  Institution  of  Naval  Architects. 

S^nadron.    A  division  of  a  fleet. 

SgnalL    A  sudden,  short  storm  of  gusty  wind. 

Saoare.  That  part  of  the  shank  of  an  anchor 
to  which  the  stock  and  shackle  are  attached. 

Square-rigged.  A  term  applied  to  ships  and 
brigs  having  yards  and  square  sails. 

Sanare  laill.  Those  set  on  the  fore-yurd  of  a 
schooner  or  the  sprit-yard  of  a  cutter. 

Square  yards.    The  order  to  lift  and  brace  the 

yards  for  going  before  the  wind. 

Sqainn,    A  twist  in  a  rope. 

SJft.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Stranraer,  Scotland. 

S.R.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Kirkebj  (Romd),  Germany. 

S  Jt  JT.    Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 

registered  at  Schermerhom,  Holland. 

BA»    Abbreviation  for  steamship. 

SJI.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  St  Ives.  England. 

Sil.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Hayle.  England. 

S.S  J.    Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 

registered  at  Shields.  South.  England. 

S.T.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Stavoren.  Holland. 

S.T.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Stockton.  England. 

st  Stones.  Abbreviation  adopted  on  the  charts 
issued  by  the  Hydrographic  Office.  Admiralty,  de- 
noting the  quality  of  the  ocean's  bottom. 


STABILITY 


603 


STAN  FIELD 


Stability.  A  tenn  implyiog  a  ship's  capacity  to 
stand  every  motion  of  the  sea. 

SftaMei,  WlUiam  Gordoa.  See  Gordon-Stables, 
Wmiam. 

Stag.  British  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Chis- 
wick,  1899.)  Length,  210  ft. ;  beam,  19  f t. ; 
draught,  7  ft. ;  displacement,  285  tons ;  comple- 
ment, 60 ;  armament,  i  12-pdr.,  5  6-pdr.,  2  tubes ; 
twin  screw  ;  Hp.,  5,800=30  kts. ;  coal,  80  tons. 

Stags.  Planks  connected  by  ropes  over  the 
ship's  side  used  to  stand  on  when  repairing. 

Staith.    A  large  wooden  wheel. 

Stampf.  In  marine  insurance  no  unstamped 
docnment  is  valid  or  of  legal  use  as  evidence  except 
as  regards  the  date  of  ^acceptance  of  a  risk  (54  and 
$5  Vict.  c.  39).  The  stamps  per  cent,  are  as  follows : 
For  premia  of  2s.  6d.  and  under,  id. ;  in  any  other 
case  of  any  voyage  insurance,  $d.  If  "  and  for 
30  days  "  is  added  to  the  voyage,  3^.  additional. 
For  time  insurance  (a)  not  exceeding  six  months, 
Sd. ;  (b)  exceeding  six,  but  not  exceeding  12  months, 
6d.  No  time  policy  must  exceed  12  months. 
Policies  effected  abroad  but  enforceable  within  the 
United  Kingdom  must  be  stamped  as  above  within 
14  days  of  receipt  in  the  United  Kingdom.  All 
policies  not  stamped  within  these  limits  can  be 
specially  stamped  for  the  purpose  of  evidence  sub- 
ject to  the  penalty  of  j^ioo. 

Stanbury,  Oooige  (b.  Pl3rmouth,  April  21,  1846). 
British  naval  architect.  Served  apprenticeship  in 
Devonport  Dockyard,  and  in  1865  gained  a  high 
position  in  competition  for  entry  as  Admiralty 
student  at  the  Royal  School  of  Naval  Architecture, 
and  three  years  later  became  a  Fellow  of  that 
schooL  From  1868-73  he  was  on  the  staff  of  the 
constructive  department  of  the  Admiralty,  and 
took  part  in  the  investigation  on  the  stability  of 
waxships  of  the  Royal  Navy  after  the  loss  of  the 
Captain.  In  1S72  he  joined  the  staff  of  Sir  Edward 
Reed  (q.v.),  and  was  engaged  on  the  design  of 
warships  for  foreign  navies.  In  1875  he  was 
appointed  a  surveyor  to  **  Lloyd's  Register  of 
Shipping,"  and  in  1887  became  principal  surveyor. 
In  1 901  he  was  promoted  to  the  principal  suf- 
veyoTship  in  the  United  States,  and  held  this 
position  until  his  retirement  in  January,  1905. 
Member  of  the  Council  of  the  Institution  of  Naval 
Architects. 

Publications  :  Papers  to  the  Annual  of  the  Royal 
College  of  Naval  Architecture,  and  papers  pub- 
lished in  the  Transactions  of  the  Institution  of 
Naval  Architects. 

Staiudlion.    Any  fixed  upright  support. 

Staod.  A  name  applied  to  the  movement  by 
which  a  ship  advances  to,  or  departs  from,  a  given 
object. 

Standard.    Formerly    in    shipbuilding,    was    an 
knee  placed  upon  the  deck  instead  of 


beneath  it,  and  having  its  vertical  branch  pointing 
upwards  from  that  which  lay  horizontally. 

Standard  Fire  and  Karine  Insaranoe  Co.  of  New 
Zealand.  Registered  January  23.  1874.  The  sub- 
scribed capital  is  ;£z, 000,000  in  100,000  shares  of 
;£io  each.  There  is  called  up  15s.  per  share  or 
£7S»ooo,  and  the  reserves  are  ;£65,ooo,  and  the 
balance  to  credit  of  profit  and  loss  account  is 
£7,666.  The  company  usually  pays  a  dividend  at 
the  rate  of  7^%,  and  an  annual  bonus  of  2^%. 

The  directors  of  the  company  are :  John  Reid 
(chairman),  Hon.  Thomas  Fergus,  Daniel  Haynes. 
A.  B.  Begg,  John  Mill,  Morris  Joel,  W.  F.  Edmund. 
General  manager,  Thomas  R.  Fisher.  Offices : 
High  Street,  Dunedin. 

Standard  Marine  Insaranoe  Co.,  Ltd.  Registered 
December  7,  1871,  with  an  authorised  capital  of 
;(i, 000,000,  divided  into  50,000  shares  of  ;£2o  each; 
25,000  of  these  have  been  subscribed  with  £4  per 
share  paid  up,  equal  to  ;£  100, 000.  The  dividend 
now  paid  is  15%,  and  there  is  a  reserve  fund  of 
over  ;f  100,000. 

The  directors  of  the  company  are  :  John  William- 
son (chairman),  James  G.  Nicholson  (deputy- 
chairman),  William  C.  Aikman,  David  W.  AUardice, 
Joseph  B.  Duckworth,  David  Jardine,  William 
Watson.  Underwriter,  W.  A.  WillianM  ;  secretary, 
John  Sick.     Offices  :  i  Water  Street,  Liverpool. 

Standard,  Royal.    See  Flag. 

Stand  by  a  rop6.  To  be  in  readiness  to  take  hold 
of  it. 

Standing.  Applied  to  a  bowsprit,  or  other  spar, 
which  is  kept  in  its  place  and  is  not  run  in  or 
unshipped  or  reefed ;  also  to  rigging,  such  as 
shrouds  and  stays,  which  is  not  constantly  handled 
in  working  a  vessel. 

Standing  off  and  on.    Sailing  to  and  fro. 

Standing  part.    The  fast  end  of  a  running  rope. 

Standing  rigging.  The  part  which  is  fast  and 
not  held  upon,  such  as  shrouds,  backstays,  and 
stays. 

Stand  on.    To  continue  the  same  course. 

Stanfleld*  William  COarkion  (1794- 1867).  Marine 
painter  (b.  Sunderland).  Started  Ufe  as  a  sailor, 
and  during  many  voyages  acquired  an  intimate 
knowledge  of  the  sea  and  shipping.  His  first  im- 
portant work  was  exhibited  at  the  British  Institu- 
tion in  1827,  entitled  "  Wreckers  off  Fort  Rouge," 
and  in  the  following  year  he  gained  a  premium  of 
50  guineas.  After  studying  on  the  Continent,  he 
retiuned  to  England  and  painted  the  famous  pic- 
ture, **  Mount  St.  Michael,"  which  ranks  as  one  of 
his  finest  works.  In  1832  he  was  commissioned  by 
William  IV.  to  paint  pictures  of  the  opening  of 
New  London  Bridge  and  Portsmouth  Harbour, 
which  were  exhibited  by  him  in  the  Royal  Academy. 
Among  his  best  known  works  are  "  The  Battle  of 
Trafalgar  "  (1836),  painted  for  the  United  Service 


1 


STAR 


604 


STEFANIA 


Club.  "The  Castle  of  Ischia "  (1841),  "  Isola 
Bella "  (1841),  "  French  Troops  Fording  the 
Margra  "  (1847),  "  The  Victory  bearing  the  Body 
of  Nelson  towed  into  Gibraltar  "  (1853),  "  Aban- 
doned "  (1856).  He  was  elected  an  associate  of 
the  Academy,  1832,  and  an  academician,  1835. 

Star.  British  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Jarrow, 
1896.)  Length,  215  ft.  ;  beam,  20  ft.  ;  draught, 
7  ft. ;  displacement,  328  tons ;  complement,  58  ; 
armament,  i  12-pdr.,  5  6-pdr.,  2  tubes  ;  twin  screw  ; 
Hp.,  6,266=30  kts.  ;  coal,  91  tons. 

Starboaid.  The  right-hand  side  of  a  ship,  as 
opposed  to  port. 

Starboard  or  Port  taok.  Tack  on  which  a  vessel 
goes  when  the  helm  is  put  over  to  the  right  or 
starboard  side. 

Starbowline.  A  term  for  the  men  of  the  star- 
board watch. 

Staroroa  Sailing  dub.  Established  1879.  Com- 
modore, C.  M.  Taylor ;  Vice-Commodore,  H.  G^ 
May  ;  Rear-Commodore,  H.  F.  Pollard  ;  Treasurer 
and  Secretary,  W.  H.  Hamlin,  6  Baring  Crescent, 
Exeter.     Entrance  fee,  25. 6d. ;  annual  subscription, 

'  Starfish.  British  torjpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Bar- 
row, 1894.)  Length,  195  ft.  ;  beam,  20  ft. ;  draught, 
si  ft. ;  displacement,  265  tons  ;  complement,  45  ; 
armament,  i  12-pdr.,  5  6-pdr.,  2  tubes ;  twin  screw ; 
Hp.,  4,000  =  27  kts. 4  coal,  60  tons. 

Star  Line,  Ltd.,  managed,  by  Messrs.  James  P. 
Corry  and  Co.,  have  a  fleet  of  seven  modem  cargo 
steamers  engaged  in  trade  with  the  East  and  Far 
East. 

Flebt. 
Star  of  Australia,  Star  of  Japan. 

Star  of  England.  Star  of  New  Zealand. 

Star  of  Ireland,  Star  of  Scotland. 

Star  of  Victoria. 
Gross  tonnage,  34,900. 

Start.  A  long  handle.  Sometimes  applied  by 
navigators  to  any  point  from  which  they  take 
their  departure. 

Statny.  Russian  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Nev- 
sky,  1902.)  Length,  196  ft. ;  beam,  18J  ft. ;  draught, 
II J  ft.  ;  displacement,  240  tons  ;  complement,  58  ,* 
armament,  i  12-pdr.,  3  3-pdr.,  2  tubes  ;  Hp.,  3,700 
=  27  kts.  ;   coal,  53  tons. 

StatOMOpa.  An  instrument  consisting  of  a  series 
of  very  sensitive  metal  boxes  (something  like  the 
vacuum  boxes  of  an  aneroid),  contained  in  a  her- 
metically sealed  reservoir,  which  is  placed  in  a  box 
thickly  surrounded  by  wool,  to  prevent  the  dis- 
turbing influence  of  change  of  temperature.  A  very 
sensitive  form  of  t>arometer. 

Staunch.  British  3rd  class  gun^boat  (t8o  tons). 
Launched  1867. 


Stave.    To  break  a  hole. 


Stavropolski  -  Trochmenets.  Russian  torpedo- 
boat  destroyer.  (Yarrow,  1906.)  Displacement. 
508  tons  ;  complement,  75  ;  armament,  2  12-pdr., 
5  6-pdr..  2  tubes  ;  Hp.,  5,200 as 26  kts. 

Stay.  A  lirge  strong  rope  extending  from  the 
upper  end  of  each  mast  towards  the  stem  of  the 
ship  as  the  shiouds  are  extended  on  each  side.  The 
object  of  both  is  to  prevent  the  masts  from}  springing 
when  the  ship  i&  pitching  deep. 

Stay-sails.    A  triangular  sail  set  on  a  stay. 

Stay.  To.  To  tack.  To  bring  the  ship's  head 
up  to  the  wind  for  going  about ;  hence,  to  mias- 
stays  is  to  fail  in  the  attempt  to  go  about.  In-stays, 
or  hove-in-stays,  is  the  situation  of  a  vessel  when 
she  is  staying,  or  in  the  act  of  going  about. 

Steady.  An  order  given  to  the  helmsman  to  keep 
the  same  course,  without  deviating. 

Steadying  lines.  Lines  passed  from  eye-bolts 
in  the  gunwale  of  a  boat  to  the  slings. 

Stealer.  The  foremost  or  aftermost  plank  in  the 
strake.  which  is  dropped  short  by  the  stem  or 
stem-post  of  a  vessel. 

Steamship  Co.  of  1S96,  Copenhagen,  owned  and 
managed  by  C.  K.  Hansen,  has  a  fleet  of  eight 
modem  cargo  steamers  engaged  in  cargo  trade  in 
the  North  Sea,  and  various  parts  of  the  world,  as 
inducement  offers. 

Fleet. 

GiUdhofg.  Skodsborg. 

Klampenborg.  Tuborg. 

Marselisborg.  Ulfsborg. 

Silkeborg,  Vordinghorg. 

Steel,  Toong  and  Oo.  have  a  fleet  of  seven 
modem  cargo  vessels,  which  trade  to  various  parts 
of  the  world,  carrying  cargo  as  inducement  offers. 
They  also  manage  the  Ilderton  Steamship  Co..  Ltd.. 
which  have  a  fleet  of  three  steamers  engaged  in 
cargo  trade. 

Fleet. 
Capenor.  Glanton.  Tapton. 

Chatton.  Ilderton.  TeviotdaUm 

Cluden.  Nith.  Tiverton. 

OahddU. 

Steer.  To  direct  and  govern  the  course  of  a  ship 
or  other  vessel  in  its  course  by  the  movement  of  the 
helm. 

Steeve.  The  angle  formed  by  the  bowsprit  with 
the  horizon. 

Stelania  Taclit  01a1i»  with  club  houses  at  Balwtnn 
Fured  and  Budapest,  was  established  in  1884. 
Commodore,  Count  M.  Esterhazy ;  Vice-Commo- 
dore, Charles  Adam,  jun. ;  Rear-Commodore. 
Baron  Stefan  Inkey ;  Treasurer  and  Secretary, 
A.  Aigner.  Entrance  fee,  50  crowns ;  annual 
subscription,  50  crowns  (for  old  members}  and 
100  crowns  (for  new  members). 


STEINMANN 


605 


STETTIN  ER 


Steinmann,  Daniel.  White  Cross  steamer.  Struck 
on  rocks  off  Sambro'  Isle,  Nova  Scotia,  April  3, 1 884 ; 
120  lives  lost. 

Stella.  Excursion  steamer  from  Southampton  to 
Guernsey,  belonging  to  the  South- Western  Railway, 
wrecked,  while  going  at  full  speed  in  a  fog,  on  Black 
Rock,  near  the  Casquets,  off  Aldemey,  March  30, 
1 899.     Captain  and  1 04  lives  lost. 

Stem  on.  Striking  head  foremost.  As  opposed 
to  stem  on. 

Stem  or  Stempiece.  The  cutwater  or  foremost 
piece  of  a  vessel  on  which  the  curves  of  the  bow 
unite,  and  which  is  scarfed  into  the  keel. 

Step.  A  large  clamp  fixed  on  the  keelson  to 
receive  the  heel  of  a  mast. 

Stephanome.  An  instrument  for  measuring  tho 
angular  size  of  halos,  fog-bows,  glories,  etc. 

Stephen,  Fred  J,  (b.  Glasgow,  August  6,  1863). 
Educated  Glasgow  University,  taking  a  degree  of 
Master  of  Arts,  and  then  studying  naval  architecture 
under  the  late  Professor  Elgar  and  Professor  Jenkins. 
Served  his  apprenticeship  in  the  firm  of  Messrs. 
Alec  Stephens  and  Co.,  Glasgow.  At  an  early  age 
he  was  given  charge  of  the  shipbuilding  depart- 
ment in  this  firm,  and  superintended  designing  and 
estimating,  as  well  as  taking  part  in  the  general 
conduct  of  the  business.  Is  the  inventor  of  the 
counter-sinking  machine  known  as  Stephen  and 
Carter's,  which  is  almost  now  universally  adopted 
in  shipbuilding  yards.  During  the  last  few  years  he 
has  been  connected  with  the  design  and  construction 
of  many  large  vessels,  among  others  the  MiUiades 
and  Marathon  for  the  Aberdeen  Line,  Syria  for  the 
P.  and  O.  Co.,  Port  Kingston  and  Nicoya  for  the 
West  Indian  passenger  and  fruit  trades,  the  turbine- 
yacht  Esmeralda,  which  was  the  first  turbine- 
driven  vessel  to  cross  the  Atlantic,  and  the  Virginian 
for  the  Allan  Line,  she  and  her  sister  ship  being  the 
first  Atlantic  liners  with  turbine  engines.  He  was 
also  responsible  for  the  design  of  several  steam 
yachts,  and  has  designed,  built,  and  sailed  racing 
yachts,  one  of  which  took  23  prizes  out  of  25  races. 
Member  of  the  Institution  of  Naval  Architects, 
Institution  of  Engineers  and  Shipbuilders,  and  of 
the  Technical  Committee  of  the  British  Corpoiation 
for  the  Survey  and  Registry  of  Ships. 

Stephenson,  Admiral  Sir  Henry  Frederick,  G.C.Y.O.» 

cr.  1902,  K.C.B.,  cr.  1897  (b.  1842).  Entered  Navy, 
1855  ;  served  in  the  St.  Jean  d*Acre  in  the  Black 
Sea  during  the  Crimean  war  ;  present  at  the  capture 
of  Kertch  and  the  siege  and  fall  of  Sebastopol 
(Crimean  and  Turkish  medals,  Sebastopol  clasp)  ; 
midshipman  of  Raleigh,  wrecked  in  the  China  Sea, 
1857  .'  present  at  the  destruction  of  the  flotilla  of 
war  junks,  Fatshan  Creek,  1857,  and  other  opera- 
tions in  the  Canton  River  (China  medal  and  Fatshan 
clasp)  ;  midshipman  in  the  PerU's  Naval  Brigade 
in   India   during   the  Mutiny;     served  in    every 


engagement  against  the  mutineers  from  1857-59 ; 
several  times  mentioned  in  despatches,  specially  at 
the  capture  of  fort  Chandeopore,  1858  (India 
medal)  ;  promoted  to  lieutenant,  1861,  for  services 
rendered ;  lieutenant  in  command  of  gun-boat 
Heron  on  the  lakes  of  Canada  during  Fenian  dis- 
turbances, 1866 ;  commander  of  H.M.S.  Ratler 
when  she  was  wrecked  in  the  Straits  of  La  Perouse 
in  Japan,  1868  ;  captain,  1875  ;  captain  of  H.M.S. 
Discovery  in  the  Arctic  Expedition,  1875-76, 
wintered  in  latitude  81**  44'  N.  (Arctic  medal)  ; 
equerry  to  H.R.H.  Prince  of  Wales,  1878-80 ; 
captain  of  Carysfort  during  the  Egyptian  war  of 
1882  ;  employed  in  the  Suez  Canal ;  present  at  the 
battle  of  Tel-el-Kebir  (Egyptian  medal,  Tel-el- 
Kebir  clasp,  Khedive's  Bronze  Star,  Osmanieh, 
3rd  Class) ;  captain  of  Thunderer  and  Dreadnought 
in  Mediterranean,  1885  ;  extra  equerry  to  H.R.H. 
Prince  of  Wales,  1881-90  ;  equerry,  1890-93  ;  extra 
equerry,  1893,  ^^  appointment  as  Commander-in- 
Chief  on  Pacific  Station ;  Commander-in-Chief 
Pacific  Station,  1893-96  ;  commanded  the  Channel 
Squadron,  1897-98 :  K.C.B.,  1897,  ^^  ^^^  commemo- 
ration of  Her  Majesty's  Diamond  Jubilee  ;  G.C.V.O., 
November,  1902  ;  appointed  principal  naval 
A.D.C.  and  extra  equerry  to  the  King,  1903 ; 
Gentleman  Usher  of  the  Black  Rod,  1904. 

Steregoachi.  Russian  torpedo-boat  destroyer. 
(Yarrow,  1906.)  Displacement,  508  tons  ;  draught, 
8  ft.  ;  complement,  75  ;  armament,  2  12-pdr., 
5  6-pdr.,  2  tubes ;  Hp.,  5,200=26  kts. 

Sterliad«    Russian  submarine  (1905)-  Speed,  9  kts. 
Stem.    The  after  part  of  a  ship. 

Stem-board.  The  backward  motion  of  a  vessel ; 
a  loss  of  way  in  making  a  tack. 

Stem  on.  A  term  used  by  whalers,  meaning  to 
pull  the  boat  stem  foremost. 

Stem-post.  The  opposite  to  the  stem ;  scarfed 
into  the  keel.  The  gudgeons  carrying  the  rudder 
are  usually  bolted  into  it. 

Stettiner  Masohinenban  Aotien-Gesellschaft  '*  Vol- 
can,"  Bredow,  Stettin.  The  mail  steamers  of  the 
German  nation — namely,  those  of  Hamburg  and 
Bremen — formerly  ranked  first  in  point  of  speed 
between  Europe  and  the  United  States  of  America. 
In  1 891  the  "  blue  ribbon  of  the  North  Atlantic  " 
was  gained  for  the  first  time  by  Germany,  and 
remained  in  the  possession  of  the  two  large  Ger- 
man lines,  the  Hamburg-Amerika  and  the  Nord- 
deutscher-Lloyd,  until  recently,  when  the  Mauret&nia 
created  a  new  record.  With  this  triumph  of  Ger- 
man shipbuilding  the  history  and  development  of 
the  Stettiner  Maschinenbau  Actien-Gesellschaft 
"  Vulcan  "  is  closely  connected.  It  was  in  a  very 
small  way  that  Messrs.  Fruchtenicht  and  Brock 
established  a  yard  for  iron  shipbuilding  in  the  town 
of  Bredow,  near  Stettin,  covering  then  scarcely 
one-tenth  of  the  area  of  the  Stettiner  "  Vulcan  " 
as  it  is  to-day. 


STETTIN  ER 


606 


STETTIN  ER 


The  first  iron  ship  built  in  this  yard  was  the 
Die  Dievenow,  1852,  for  the  firm  of  Braeunlich, 
Stettin.  This  was  a  vessel  of  125  ft.  in  length, 
102  tons  net  register,  and  200  I.Hp.,  and  was 
specially  constructed  for  the  traffic  between  Stettin 
and  Swinemiinde,  and  continued  in  this  run  for 
45  years.  In  1853-55  several  orders  for  iron  ships 
were  executed,  vessels  averaging  about  270  tons 
net  register,  with  660  I.Hp.  In  January,  1857, 
the  Stettiner  Maschinenbau  Actien-Gesellschaft 
"  Vulcan  "  was  established,  it  being  the  firm  of 
Messrs.  Fruchtenicht  and  Brock  turned  into  a 
joint  stock  company,  with  large  additional  capital. 
It  is  worthy  of  note  that  in  the  same  year  the 
Norddeutscher-Lloyd,  of  Bremen,  a  steamship  com- 
pany which  has  had  much  to  do  with  bringing  the 
Stettiner  Maschinenbau  Actien-Gesellschaft  "  Vul- 
can "  into  prominence,  was  also  established. 

As  orders  for  iron  ships  were  still  insufficient 
to  keep  the  yard  and  engine  shops  regularly 
employed,  the  company  went  in  for  building 
locomotives*  and  in  the  spring  of  1859  finished 
oflf  the  first  locomotive  built  by  them,  for 
Prussia.  Since  that  time  2,200  locomotives  have 
been  built,  which  means  an  average  of  100  per 
annum.  When  the  joint  stock  company  was 
formed  the  yard  had  an  area  of  about  five  acres ; 
in  1870  it  had  risen  to  about  20  acres ;  after  25 
years,  in  1882,  it  had  been  extended  to  34  [acres, 
giving  employment  to  3,600  men ;  to-day,  after 
50  years  of  work,  the  yard  at  Bredow  covers  an 
area  of  71  acres,  and  employs  about  7,500  work- 
men ;  and  if  the  branch  in  Hamburg  were  counted 
the  total  area  occupied  by  the  company  would  be 
something  like  x  30  acres. 

The  beginning  of  warship  building  at  this  yard 
was  in  1866,  when  several  small  vessels  were  built 
lor  the  Prussian  Navy.  After  the  war  with  France, 
187 1,  the  first  large  battleship  for  the  Imperial 
German  Navy  was  built.  This  was  the  Prussian, 
a  turret  ship,  constructed  after  the  plan  of  the 
British  turret  battleships  built  at  that  time.  She 
was  300  ft.  long  and  50  ft.  broad,  with  a  displace- 
ment of  about  6,770  tons,  and  machinery  of  5,400 
I.Hp.,  giving  a  speed  of  14  kts.  It  is  a  coincidence 
that  33  years  later  (in  1904)  another  warship  was 
built  of  the  same  name  at  this  yard — a  modem 
battleship  380  ft.  long,  69  ft.  beam,  with  a  dis- 
placement of  13,200  tons  and  17,500  I.Hp.,  giving 
a  speed  of  about  17  kts. 

In  1 88 1  the  building  of  trans- Atlantic  mail 
steamers  began,  and  the  connection  between  the 
Hamburg-Amerika  line  and  this  company  was 
started  with  an  order  for  the  steamer  Rugia, 
This  ship  had  a  length  of  345  ft.,  a  beam  of  38  ft., 
and  a  net  register  tonnage  of  3^67,  engines  of 
2,400  I.Hp.,  giving  a  speed  of  12  kts.  In  1884 
the  German  Reichstag  sanctioned  the  subsidisa- 
tion of  steamship  lines,  the  outcome  of  which  was 
an  agreement  with  the  Norddeutscher-Lloyd  that 
all  steamers  were  to  be  built  in  German  shipyards 


and  with  German  material.     The  Stettiner  "  Vul- 
can "  then  received  three  orders  from  the  Nord- 
deutscher-Lloyd   for    mail   steamers   to   trade    to 
Asia    and    Australia.     They   were    the    Prussian, 
Sachsen,   and   Bayern,   vessels   of   374  ft.   length, 
41  ft.  beam,  4,577  net  register  tonnage,  and  4,000 
I.Hp.,  with  a  speed  of  14  kts.     On  completing  this 
order  three   more   steamers  were   placed   on    the 
slips,  these  being  slightly  smaller,  and  having  a 
speed   of    12   kts.     In    1889   the   first   twin-screw 
steamer,  Auguste  Victoria,  was  built.     This  vessel, 
the    property    of    the    Hamburg-Amerika    Line, 
attained  a  speed  of  19  sea  miles  per  hour,  and  was 
on  the  run  between  Hamburg  and  New  York  till 
1904,  when  she  was  sold  to  Russia,  and  used  as  a 
transport    during    the    Russo-Japanese    war.     In 
1888-90   further   orders   were   received    from    the 
Norddeutscher-Lloyd,  and  three  fast  mail  steamers, 
the    HohenxoUern,  Spree,  and    Havel,  were  built, 
vessels  of  6.963  tons  net  register,  with  engines  of 
1 1,500  I.Hp.,  and  a  speed  of  18*5  sea  miles.     In  the 
following  year  was  built  for  the  Hamburg-Amerika 
Line  the  FUrst  Bismarck,  of  8,874  tons  net  register, 
with  engines  of  14,000  I.Hp.     It  attained  a  speed 
of  19*5  sea  miles  per  hour,  and  it  was  with  this 
vessel  the  "  blue  ribbon  of  the  North  Atlantic  " 
was  for  the  first  time  gained  by  Germany,   her 
time   being  6  days  11  hours  44  minutes  from  the 
Lizard  to  New  York.     In   1893  ^  further  record 
was  created  by  the  Lucania,  her  time  being  5  days 
7  hours  22  minutes.     In  1897  *^c  Kaiser  Wilhelm 
der  Grosse  was  launched,  which  attained  an  average 
speed  of  22*81  sea  miles  per  hour  on  the  journey 
from    New    York    to    Europe.     This    vessel    was 
followed    in    1899    by    the    twin  -  screw    steamer 
Deutschland,  built  for  the  Hamburg-Amerika  Line. 
She  had  a  displacement  of  23,200  tons  and  34,000 
I.Hp.,  and  an  average  speed  of  23*51  sea  miles  per 
hour.     Following  the  Deutschland  came  the  Kron 
Prinz  Wilhelm  for  the  Norddeutscher-Lloyd,  with 
32,000  I.Hp.,  and  the   Kaiser  Wilhelm  II.,  with 
45,000  I.Hp.,   which  vessel  attained   a  speed  of 
23*58  sea  miles  per  hour,  averaging  that  speed  on 
one  voyage  from  New  York  to  Plymouth.     The 
largest  vessel  built  at  this  yard  is  the  twin-screw 
steamer   Kaiserin  Auguste   Victoria,  built   for  tiie 
Hamburg-Amerika  Line.     This  vessel  was  launched 
on  August  29,   1905,  and  has  a  displacement  of 
43,000  tons,    17,500   I.Hp.,   and  a  sea  speed  of 
17  kts.     This  class  of  vessel,  of  which  the  Amenka 
is  a  sister-ship,  is  not  built  for  record  breaking. 
They  are  able  to  cross  the  Atlantic  in  about  seven 
days,    and    ofier   luxury    and    comfort    to   ocean 
travellers    such    as    had    never    been    pre\iousiy 
attempted. 

With  the  establishment  of  a  branch  in  Ham- 
burg a  new  epoch  of  development  began  with  the 
Stettiner  "  Vulcan."  Between  1901  and  1905  the 
following  vessels  were  constructed :  Battleships 
Mecklenburg,  Prussian,  and  Pommern,  collectively 
38,150  tons  displacement  and  51,500  I.Hp. ;  the 


STETTINER 


607 


STOINY 


small  cruisers  Hamburg  and  L&bech,  of  6,450  tons 
displacement  and  25,000  I.Hp. ;  the  Kron  Prinx 
Wilhelm,  Kaiser  Wilhelm  II.  for  the  Norddeutscher- 
Lloyd ;  Kaiserin  Augusts  Victoria  for  the  Ham- 
buig-Amehka  line,  collectively  60,000  tons  net 
register  and  99.500  I.Hp. ;  the  mail  steamers  Print 
Eitel  Frederick,  Kaiser,  and  Prim  Ludwig,  collec- 
tively 20,800  tons  net  register  and  21,500  I.Hp. 
During  the  last  50  years  this  yard  has  constructed 
80  warships,  of  which  1 1  are  first-dass  battleships  ; 
for  the  merchant  marine  1 1  fast  large  mail  steamers, 
33  large  trans- Atlantic  cargo  and  passenger 
steamers,  46  intermediate  cargo  and  passenger 
steamers,  51  smaller  cargo  and  passenger  steamers, 
three  petroleum  tank  steamers,  and  seven  ice- 
breakers. This  company  is  to-day  in  a  position 
to  build  anything  in  the  way  of  a  ship  that  could 
be  asked  for.  The  yard  is  replete  with  all  the  latest 
modem  machinery  and  appliances  for  the  manu- 
facture and  construction  of  everything  that  is 
required  for  the  ship,  and  it  rightly  takes  rank  as 
the  largest  and  most  up-to-date  shipbuilding 
establishment  in  Germany. 

Stettiner  Oderwerke  Actien-QeseUachalt  This 
yard,  founded  in  1856  by  Messrs.  Moller  and 
Kolberg,  covers  an  area  of  about  25  acres,  and 
possesses  11  slips.  Between  1898  and  1905  about 
34,500  net  register  tonnage  of  shipping,  together 
with  30,000  I.Hp.  of  machinery  were  buUt.  The 
firm  possess  two  floating  docks,  with  a  capacity  of 
5,000  tons. 

Stettiner  Taoht  dab.  Established  1886.  Presi- 
dent, E.  Wegener ;  Vice-President,  E.  Pasenow ; 
Rear-Commodore,  Kurt  Krey ;  Treasurer,  F. 
Manasse ;  Secretary,  W.  Schell,  22  Kleine  Domstr., 
Stettin.  Entrance  fee,  mark  20 ;  annual  subscrip- 
tion, mark  36. 

Sieyodore.    See  Estivador. 

Stevenion,  Robert  (1772-1850).  Civil  engineer 
(b.  Glasgow).  Educated  Anderson's  College  and 
Edinburgh  University.  In  1779,  after  serving  an 
apprenticeship  to  lighthouse  building,  he  was 
appointed  engineer  to  the  Board  of  Northern 
Lighthouses,  which  position  he  held  for  46  years, 
during  which  he  designed  18  lighthouses,  the  most 
important  being  that  of  Bell  Rock,  in  which  he 
improved  on  the  designs  of  Smeaton  (^.v.)*  ^^ 
builder  of  the  Eddystone  Lighthouse.  He  gave 
considerable  time  and  attention  to  the  illumination 
of  lighthouses,  and  introduced  many  improvements, 
and  his  inventions  in  connection  with  lighting 
include  the  intermittent  and  flash-lights,  and  the 
masthead  lantern  for  ships.  It  was  chiefly  through 
his  efforts  that  an  Admiralty  Survey  was  established, 
from  which  the  Admiralty  Sailing  Directions  for 
the  coasts  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland  have  been 
prepared.  In  181 5  he  was  elected  a  Fellow  of  the 
Royal  Society  of  Edinburgh,  and  published  an 
account  of  the  Bell   Rock  Lighthouse  in    1824. 


He  died  Edinburgh,  1850.     Ses  "Life  of  Robert 
Stevenson,"  by  his  son,  David  Stevenson,  1878. 

Stewart  U.S.  torpedo-boat  destroyer  (1900). 
Displacement,  420  tons ;  complement,  64 ;  guns, 

2  14-pdr.,  5  6-pdf. ;  torpedo  tubes,  2  x8-ui.  amid- 
ships and  aft ;  Hp.,  8,000=29  kts. ;  coal,  139  tons. 

stL  Stiff.  Abbreviation  adopted  on  the  charts 
issued  by  the  Hydrographic  Office,  Admiralty, 
denoting  the  quality  of  the  ocean's  bottom. 

Stier.  Netherlands  coast  defence  monitor  (1878). 
Displacement,  2,000  tons.     Of  little  fighting  value. 

Stiff.    Steady,  stable  ;  as  opposed  to  crank. 

Stirmp.    Short  ropes  supporting  foot  ropes. 

Stjema.  Swedish  torpedo-boat.  (Karlskrona, 
1899.)  Length,  198  ft. ;  beam,  15}  ft. ;  draught, 
7  ft. ;  displacement,  92  tons ;  complement,  18 ; 
armament,  2  1'9-in.  q.f.,  2  tubes;  Hp.,  1,350s 
23  kts. ;  coal,  17  tons. 

S.TJ1.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Schoterland,  Holland. 

Stn.  Station.  Abbreviation  adopted  on  the 
charts  issued  by  the  Hydrographic  Office,  Ad- 
miralty. 

S.T.O.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Stoppddijk,  Holland. 

Stock.  The  crossbar  at  the  upper  end  of  the 
anchor  shank  which  cants  the  anchor  and  turns  a 
fluke  down. 

StoektoD,  Oaptain  Oharlei  Hobart  U.S.  Naval 
Attach^  to  the  American  Embassy  (b.  Phila- 
delphia, October  18,  1854).  Educated  U.S.  Naval 
Academy.  Graduated  from  Naval  Academy,  1865, 
and  went  into  active  service  as  a  midshipman, 
making  various  cruises.  Was  promoted  to  the 
rank  of  commander,  1892.  In  1880,  while  lieu- 
tenant-commander in  command  of  the  U.S.  steamer 
Thetis,  cruised  in  the  Arctic  Ocean  from  the  mouth 
of  the  Mackenzie  to  Wrangel  Land.  In  command 
Yorktown,  Asiatic  Station,  1895-97.  President  U.S« 
Naval  War  College,  1 898-1 900  ;  promoted  captain, 
1899 ;  commanded  battleship  Kentucky,  Asiatic 
Station,  1901-03. 

Publications  :  "  The  Laws  and  Usages  of  War,'* 
"The  Naval  War  Code,"  adopted  by  the  U.S* 
Government,  "  History  of  the  United  States  Naval 
Asylum,  editor  of  a  "  Manual  of  International 
Law  "  (2nd  edition). 

Stodckm.  U.S.  torpedo-boat  (1900).  Displace- 
ment,  165  tons ;  guns,  3   i-pdr. ;  torpedo  tubes, 

3  i8-in. ;  maximum  speed,  26  kts. 

Stomy.  Russian  torpedo-boat  destroyer  (1906). 
Length,  185  ft. ;  beam,  21  ft. ;  draught,  7i  ft. ; 
displacement,  324  tons ;  complement,  60 ;  arma- 
ment, I  i2-pdr.,  5  3-pdr.,  2  tubes;  twin  screw; 
Hp.,  5.600=26  kts. ;  coal,  100  tons. 


STOKES 


608 


STORM 


Stokes,  Bea^-ildIlltel  John  Bdwird.  Entered 
Navy,  185 1  ;  as  midshipman  was  present  at  the 
bombardment  of  Bomarsund  (Baltic  medal)  ;  in 
Leopard  at  the  capture  of  guns  near  Anapa,  1855  ; 
attack  on  Sou j eh  Kale,  1855  ;  attack  on  Kertch 
and  Kinbum ;  in  attack  and  fall  of  Sebastopol 
(Crimean  and  Turkish  medals,  Sebastopol  clasp)  ; 
employed  in  the  destruction  of  Chinese  war- 
vessel  in  Escape  Creek  (China  medal) ;  at  the 
destruction  of  Chinese  war-boats  at  Tnonng 
Konan,  and  commanded  a  paddle-boat  at  destruc- 
tion of  flotilla  of  war-junks,  Fatshan  Creek,  1857 
(Fatshan  clasp)  ;  landed  with  Naval  Brigade  at 
capture  of  Canton,  1857  (Canton  clasp) ;  promoted 
for  services  ;  lieutenant  in  boat  of  Inflexible  at 
destruction  of  Chinese  piratical  fleet,  1858  ;  com- 
manded the  Brune  at  attack  on  Porto  Novo, 
West  Coast  of  Africa,  1861,  and  Bloodhound, 
1861-63  \  employed  in  suppression  of  slave  trade. 
West  Coast  of  Africa  ;  commanded  Forrester,  em- 
ployed against  pirates  in  China,  and  received  the 
thanks  of  the  U.S.  Government  for  services  rendered 
to  their  Consul  at  Bruni.  coast  of  Borneo  1867  ; 
commander  of  Opossum,  and  with  Her  Majesty's 
Consul  proceeded  up  the  Upper  Yang-tse  375  miles 
above  the  treaty  port  of  Hankow  ;  when  in  com- 
mand of  Woodlark  received  the  thanks  of  the 
Admiralty  for  services  rendered  to  the  Columbian 
Government  at  the  island  of  St.  Andrew,  1876 ; 
captain.  1876 ;  as  captain  in  command  of  Hima- 
laya, Victoria,  Camperdown,  and  Hotspur;  com- 
manded "  E  "  Squadron  with  the  Glatton  during 
naval  manoeuvres,  1889 ;  captain's  good  service 
pension,  1893. 

Stomaoh-pjece.    See  Apron. 

Stoney,  George  Gerald,  B.A.,  B.AX  (b.  Dublin, 
November  28,  1863).  Educated  Trinity  College, 
Dublin.  Chief  technical  manager  of  Messrs.  C.  A. 
Parsons  and  Co.,  Newcastle,  with  which  firm  he 
has  been  connected  for  the  last  17  years,  designing, 
constructing,  and  perfecting  steam  turbine  both 
land  and  marine.  Past  chairman  of  the  Newcastle 
branch  of  the  Institution  of  Electrical  Engineers 
and  president  of  the  Newcastle  Students'  Associa-^ 
tion  of  Civil  Engineers. 

Publications  :  Various  papers  on  "  Steam  Tur- 
bines "  and  "  Electrical  Engineering." 

Stools.  A  small  channel  on  a  ship's  side  for 
containing  the  dead  eyes  of  the  back  stays. 

Stoomvaart  Maaticfaappij  Nederland.  See  Neder- 
land  Line. 

Stoomvaart  XaaMiappiJ  "  Triton."  See  Triton 
Line. 

Stop.     A  temporary  seizing. 

Stopford,  Sir  Bobert  (1768 -1847).  British  Admi- 
ral. Saw  service  at  Rodney's  action  off  Les  Saintes ; 
Howe's  battle  of  "  The  Glorious  First  of  June,"  1794 ; 
battle  of  San  Domingo,  1806  ;  expedition  to  Copen- 
hagen, 1807.     In  1809  was  second-in  command  to 


Gambler  at  Cochrane's  attack  npon  the  French  in 
Basque  Roads.  Conunander-in-Chief  Cape  of  Good 
Hope,  18 10;  effected  the  capture  of  Java.  x8ii  ; 
admiral,  1825  ;  in  command  at  the  capture  of  St. 
Jean  d'Arc,  1840 ;  Governor  of  Greenwich  Hospital. 
i84i« 

Stopford,  Vice- Admiral  Robert  William  (b.  1844). 
Entered  Navy,  1857  ;  lieutenant,  1865  ;  commander 
1878 ;  commander  commanding  Arab ;  served 
during  operations  in  the  Soudan,  and  was  with 
Naval  Brigade  landed  for  protection  of  Suakim. 
1884  (Egjrptian  medal,  Khedive's  Bronze  Star)  ; 
captain,  1885;  captain  of  Royal  Naval  College, 
Greenwich,  1892  ;  captain's  good  serx'ice  pension. 
1897  ;   rear-admiral,  1899  ;   retired,  1904. 

Stoppage  in  traudta.  •  (Sale  of  Goods  Act.  1893.) 
Goods  are  deemed  to  be  in  course  of  transit  from 
the  time  they  are  delivered  to  the  carrier  for 
transmission  until  the  buyer  takes  delivery  of 
them.  The  essence,  therefore,  of  **  stoppage  in 
transitu  "  is  that  the  goods  sold  should  be  in  the 
possession  of  a  middleman.  The  right  to  stopping 
goods  in  transit  arises  when  the  buyer  becomes 
insolvent,  in  which  event  the  unpaid  seller  may 
either  take  actual  possession,  or  give  notice  of  his 
claim  to  the  carrier.  Generally,  the  unpaid  seller's 
right  is  not  affected  by  any  disposition  of  the 
goods  by  the  consignee,  to  which  the  seller  has  not 
assented,  unless  the  consignee  transfers  a  docu- 
ment of  title  to  a  bona  fide  purchaser  for  valuable 
consideration.  The  effect  of  "  stoppage  in  tran- 
situ "  is  to  give  to  the  seller,  not  the  ownership  of 
the  goods,  but  the  right  to  retain  possession  of 
them  until  paid. 

Stopper.  An  order  to  check  the  cable  in  paying 
out. 

Storen.  Danish  torpedo  -  boat.  (Thomycroft. 
1889.)  Length,  131  ft.;  beam,  14^  ft.;  draught. 
6J  ft. ;  displacement,  89  tons  ;  complement,  20 ; 
armament,  2  machines,  2  tubes;  Hp.,  1,200= 
23  kts.  ;  coal,  14  tons. 

Stork.  British  2nd  class  gun-boat  (465  tons, 
9*5  kts.).     Launched  1882. 

Stonn.  Norwegian  torpedo-boat  (Christiania. 
1900.)  Length,  128  ft.;  beam,  is  ft  ;  draught. 
6j-  ft.  ;  displacement,  84  tons  ;  armament.  2  1*4  in. 
q.f..  2  tubes;  Hp.,  1,100=23  ^ts. 

Storm.  A  violent  commotion  of  the  atmosphere 
producing  or  attended  by  wind,  which  attains  a 
velocity  of  40  miles  an  hour  or  upwards,  often 
accompanied  by  rain,  hail,  thunder,  and  lightning. 
In  some  regions,  notably  in  the  South  Indian 
Ocean,  the  wind  blows  with  the  strength  of  a  gale 
almost  all  the  year  round.  In  European  storms 
the  area  is  either  circular  or  elliptical,  and  varies 
from  1,000  to  2,000  miles  across. 

StonnHMill.  Sails  of  reduced  dimensions,  made 
of  No.  1  canvas,  usually  try-sails  and  stay-sails. 


STOROSHEVOI 


609 


STRAVOPOLSKI 


StaroihCfoL  Russian  torpedo-boat  destroyer 
(1906).  Length,  185  ft. ;  beam,  21  it. ;  draught, 
7i  ft. ;  displacement,  324  tons ;  complement,  60 ; 
armament,  i  12-pdr.,  5  3-pdr.,  2  tubes ;  twin 
screw  ;  Hp.,  5,600=26  kts. ;  coal,  100  tons. 

Stove.    Broken  in. 

Stow.  To  arrange  things  compactly  and  neatly ; 
to  fill  by  packing  closely. 

Stowage.    See  Loading.  Cargo. 

Str.  Strait.  Abbreviation  adopted  on  the  charts 
issued  by  the  Hydrographic  Office,  Admiralty. 

Strain  bands.  Bands  of  canvas  on  the  belly  of 
the  sails. 

Strake.  One  breadth  of  plank  in  a  ship  from 
stem  to  stem-posts  within  or  without  board. 

Strale.  Italian  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Schichau, 
1900.)  Displacement,  320  tons  ;  maximum  draught. 
Si  ft. ;  armament,  i  12-pdr.,  5  6-pdr.  ;  tubes, 
2  i8-in. ;  Hp.,  6,000=:  30  kts. ;  coal.  80  tons. 

Strand.  Any  number  of  rope  yarns  twisted 
together. 

Stranded.  Applied  to  a  vessel  ashore  on  a 
beach ;  applied  to  a  rope  when  one  of  its  strands 
are  broken. 

Stranding.  The  importance  of  stranding  in 
marine  insurance  arises  from  it  being  made  a  con- 
dition in  the  clause  "  Warranted- free  from  Particu- 
lar Average  unless  the  ship  or  craft  be  stranded, 
sunk,  burnt,  or  in  collision  with  another  ship  or 
vessel ;  each  craft  or  lighter  being  deemed  a  separate 
insurance." 

•  A  stranding  has  been  defined  as  "  Taking  the 
ground  under  any  extraordinary  circumstances  of 
time  and  place,  by  reason  of  some  unusual  or  acci- 
dental occurrence,  and  lying  or  resting  on  it  for  a 
time." 

To  decide  whether,  in  any  particular  instance,  a 
vessel  has  so  taken  the  ground  as  to  have  "  strand- 
ed "  within  the  meaning  of  the  policy  is  often  a 
matter  of  considerable  difficulty,  which  can  only  be 
determined  by  a  careful  consideration  of  all  the 
circumstances.  These  [may  be  conveniently 
arranged  under  three  heads,  m.,  ist,  the  mode ; 
2nd,  the  duration  ;  and  3rd,  the  cause  of  grounding. 

I.  With  respect  to  the  mode  of  taking  the  ground, 
which  constitutes  a  "  stranding,"  it  has  been  held 
that  the  vessel  must  not  merely  "  touch  and  go," 
or  even  drag  along  the  ground,  but  settle  down  and 
rest  upon  the  obstructive  substance.  The  force  of 
the  contact  is  of  no  significance  whatever.  A  vessel 
may  strike  so  violently  as  to  spring  a  serious  leak, 
without  stranding  ;  and,  on  the  other  hand,  she 
may  be  embedded  in  the  softest  mud,  and  after 
lying  there  for  a  few  minutes,  gently  glide  into 
deep  water,  and  yet,  in  that  interval,  have  "  broken 
the  spell  "  of  the  memorandum.  This  may  appear 
sophistry  to  many ;  it  is,  indeed,  a  sacrifice  of 
practical  utility  to  legal  precision;    but  as  the 


memorandum  is  at  present  framed,  the  interpreta- 
tion given  is  probably  the  one  best  calculated  to 
prevent  disputes.    (McDougal  v.  Royal  Exchange, 

4  Camp.  283.) 

2.  No  arbitrary  limit  can  be  assigned  to  the  time 
during  which  a  vessel  must  remain  quiescent  in 
order  to  be  considered  stranded.  It  was,  indeed, 
held  in  one  case  that  a  minute  and  a  half's  duration 
was  insufficient  for  that  purpose ;  and  in  another 
that  from  15  to  20  minutes  was  sufficient ;  but  it  is 
better  to  fall  back  upon  the  general  principle — that 
the  period  requires  to  be  sufficiently  long  to  prove 
the  definiteness  of  the  vessel's  subsidence. 

3.  The  cause  of  grounding  should  also  be  taken 
into  account.  It  must  be  accidental  or  unusual, 
in  opposition  to  a  grounding  in  the  ordinary  course 
of  navigation.  A  vessel  taking  the  ground  in  a 
tidal  river  or  harbour  on  the  ebb  of  the  tide  does  not 
strand  unless  she  grounds  in  an  unusual  manner,  in 
consequence  of  some  accidental  occurrence.  (Bar- 
row V.  Bell,  4  B.  and  Cr.  730  ;  Kingsford  v.  Marshall 
8  Bing.  458.) 

The  stranding  of  a  lighter  with  cargo  is  not^ 
similar  to  the  stranding  of  the  ship  unless  specially 
included  as  above. 

Strap.  A  band  of  rope  or  metal  round  the 
shell  of  a  tackle  block  by  which  its  hook,  eye  or  tail 
is  attached  thereto. 

Strashny.  Russian  torpedo  -  boat  destroyer. 
(Yarrow,  1906.)  Displacement,  508  tons  ;  draught. 
8   ft. ;    complement,   75  ;    armament,   2    12-pdr.. 

5  6-pdr.,  2  tubes  ;  Hp.,  5,200=26  kts. 

Stratholyde.  Glasgow  steamer.  Sunk  by  col- 
lision with  Hamburg  steamer  Franconia,  in  Dover 
Bay,  February  17,  1876. 

Strafliem»  Alexander  George  (b.  Glasgow,  May  20, 
1866).  Served  his  apprenticeship  in  general  engin 
eering  works  in  Glasgow,  afterwards  gaining  experi- 
ence as  a  marine  engineer  till  the  year  1890.  From 
that  year  till  1896  he  was  engaged  in  the  manage- 
ment of  engineering  works,  and  subsequently  under- 
took the  manufacture  of  weldless  steel  chains  by  the 
Rongier  process.  In  1897  ^^  invented  a  process 
which  superseded  that  of  Rongier,  and  he  has  since 
been  actively  engaged  in  perfecting  and  producing 
weldless  steel  chains  by  his  own  process,  which  is 
covered  by  numerous  patents.  The  chain  produced 
is  capable  of  withstanding  a  test  load  equal  to 
double  that  required  by  the  Admiralty,  in  addition 
to  possessing  other  material  advantages. 

Strathmore.  Emigrant  vessel.  Wrecked  in  a 
fog  near  Crozet  Islands.  July  i,  1875  ;  4S  lives  lost. 

Strato-camnlas.    See  Clouds. 

Stratni.  A  low  cloud  forming  a  horizontal  line. 
See  Clouds. 

StravopoIski-I^ohmanetB.  Russian  torpedo-boat 
destroyer.  (Yarrow,  1906.)  Displacement,  508  tons  ; 
draught.  8  ft.  ;  complement,  75  ;  armament,  2 
12-pdr.,  5  6-pdr.,  2  tubes  ;  Hp.,  5,200=26  kts. 

X 


STREAM 


6io 


STYX 


Streaill.  The  most  rapid  part  of  a  current  or 
tide. 

Stream-anchor.  A  small  anchor  about  one-third 
the  weight  of  the  bow  anchor. 

Streamer.    A  long  narrow  flag. 

Stream  the  baoy.  To  throw  overboard  the  buoy 
which  is  to  mark  the  anchor. 

Stremiteliiiy.  Russian  torpedo-boat  destroyer, 
Black  Sea.  (Yarrow,  1901.)  Displacement,  240  tons ; 
maximum  draught.  8  ft.  ;  armament,  i  12-pdr.,  3 
3-pdr.  ;  tubes,  2  i8-in.  ;  Hp.,  3,800=26  kts. 

Stress.    Hard  pressed  by  weather. 

Stretch.     A  word  sometimes  used  instead  of  tack* 

Stretcher.  A  foot-rest  of  a  rower.  A  cross-piece 
to  keep  the  sides  of  a  boat  distended  when  hung. 

Striok  and  Co.,  Ltd.,  Frank  C.  See  Anglo- Algerian 
Steamship  Co. 

Strike.  To  lower  anything  from  aloft.  A  ship 
strikes  when  she  touches  in  any  way  the  bottom. 

Strike  colours.     An  act  of  submission. 

Strike  soundings.  To  find  bottom  with  the  deep- 
sea  lead. 

String.  The  uppermost  row  of  planks  in  a  ship's 
ceiling. 

Stringham.  U.S.  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Wil- 
mington, 1899.)  Length,  225  ft. ;  beam.  22  ft. ; 
draught,  6J  ft. ;  displacement,  340  tons  ;  comple- 
ment, 52  ;  armament,  7  6-pdr.,  2  tubes ;  twin 
screw  ;   Hp.,  7,200  =  30  kts.  ;  coal,  120  tons. 

Strip.  A  narrow  piece  of  board  nailed  over  a 
crack  between  planks. 

Strogy.  Russian  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  Black 
Sea.  (Yarrow.  1901.)  Displacement,  240  tons  ; 
maximum  draught,  8  ft.  ;  armament,  i  12-pdr., 
3  3-pdr.  ;  tubes.  2  i8-in.  ;   Hp.,  3,800  =  26  kts. 

Stroke.     A  single  sweep  of  an  oar  when  rowing. 

StrombolL    Small  Italian  cruiser  (1886). 
Length,  283ft.  Beam  42ft.  Maximum  draught  20ft. 
Displacement  3,898  tons.     Complement  308. 

Guns.  Armour. 

8—^  in.  "  Steel." 

5 — 6  pdr.  2  in.  Deck. 

8 — I  pdr.  I  in.  Conning  tower. 

Torpedo  Tubes, 
I  Submerged  bow. 
3  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.   6.252=17   kts.     Coal   maxi- 
mum 600  tons. 

Approximate  cost  ;{225.ooo. 

Stiomeyer»  Charles  (b.  Sutton.  April  28,  1856). 
After  serving  apprenticeship  in  London,  he  studied 
engineering  at  Aix-la-Chapelle,  and  obtained  his 
diploma,  gaining  further  practical  experience  on  the 
Tyne  and  during  two  years'  service  at  sea  as  an 
engineer.  In  1880  he  was  appointed  engineer 
surveyor    to   Lloyd's    Register  of    Shipping.     In 


1897  to  the  position  of  diief  engineer  to  the  Man- 
chester Steam  Users'  Association  for  the  prevention 
of  steam  boiler  explosions,  and  in  the  economy  of 
the  application  of  steam.  In  this  position  he  is  at 
present  responsible  for  the  strength  and  safety  of 
over  1,000  boilers,  including  200  marine  boilera. 
Member  of  the  Council  of  the  National  Physical 
Laboratory,  and  of  the  Institution  of  Naval  Archi- 
tects ;  member  of  the  Institution  of  Civil  Engineers. 
Institution  of  Mechanical  Engineers,  etc. 

Publications  :  Papers  published  in  the  Transac- 
tions of  various  technical  societies ;  **  A  Strain 
Indicator  for  use  at  Sea,"  "  Stresses  in  Furnaces." 
'*  Steam  Friction  in  Engines,"  etc.  (Inst,  of  Naval 
Architects).  "  Measurement  of  Water  by  Chemical 
Means  "  (Inst,  of  Naval  Architects  and  Inst,  of 
Civil  Engineers).  "  Poisson's  Ratio  of  Cross 
Contraction  "  (Royed  Society).  "  Water  Purifica- 
tion "  (Inst,  of  Mechanical  Engineers).  '*  Surface 
Equivalent  Projections  "  (International  Geographi- 
cal Congress.  Berlin).  "Steam  Pipe  Explosions 
due  to  Water  Hammer  "  (Manchester  Lit.  and  Phil. 
Soc.),  etc.  He  was  awarded  the  Telford  Medal  and 
the  Telford  Premium  by  the  Council  of  the  Inst  of 
Civil  Engineers  for  his  paper  on  the  "  Brittleness  of 
Steel."  "  Marine  Boiler  Management  and  Con- 
struction." translated  into  Russian,  and  published 
by  the  Archduke  Alexander  Michaelowitch. 

Strong  hreese.  A  breeze  that  necessitates  a  ship 
carrying  double  reef,  topsails,  jib  and  spanker. 

Strop.  A  circular  piece  of  rope  used  to  surround 
the  body  of  a  block,  so  that  the  latter  may  be  hung 
in  any  desired  situation. 

Stryelok.    Ship.     Refer  to  Capricieuss. 

Stuart  Hahnemami.  On  April  4, 1875,  this  vessd 
sailed  from  Bombay;  she  capsized,  and  about  40 
persons  were  drowned.  Some  were  rescued  by  the 
Austrian  barque  Blandina,  on  April  27. 

Stud.  A  small  piece  of  iron  across  the  middle  of 
the  links  of  chain  cables  to  strengthen  them. 

Studding-sails.    Light  four-sided  sails  set  outside 

the  square  sails  in  fine  weather  when  sailing  with  a 
full  wind. 

Sturgeon.     See  Royal  Fish. 

Sturgeon.  British  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Bar- 
row, 1894.)  Length,  195  ft. ;  beam,  20  ft.  ;  draught. 
Si  it.  ;  displacement.  265  tons  ;  complement,  45  ; 
armament,  i  12-pdr.,  5  6-pdr.,  2  tubes  ;  twin  screw  ; 
Hp.,  4,000=27  kts. ;   coal,  60  tons. 

Stylet  French  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Normand. 
1902.)  Length.  180  ft.  ;  beam,  21  ft. ;  majdmam 
draught,  10  ft. ;  displacement,  300  tons  ;  comple- 
ment, 45  ;  guns,  i  9-pdr.,  6  3-pdr. ;  torpedo  tubes. 
2  1 5 -in. ;  speed,  27-30  kts. 

Styx.  French  armoured  gun-boat.  (Cher- 
bourg. 1893.)  Length,  187  f t ;  beam,  40  ft. ; 
draught,  12  ft;  displacement,  1,767  tons;  com- 
plement, loi  ;  guns,  1  io'8-in..  i  5*5-in,,  4  i*8-in. ; 


s.u. 


6ii 


SUE 


armour,  **  Harvey  steel,"  2  in.  belt  amidships,  8  in. 
turrets,  Sin.  conning  tower;  Hp.,  1,700=313  kts. ; 
coal,  172  tons. 

8.U.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Southampton,  England. 

Sab-Iientenant  in  the  Navy  is  the  rank  that  a 
midshipman,  if  he  is  19  years  of  age  and  has  com- 
pleted the  prescribed  service,  passed  a  satisfactory 
examination  at  the  Royal  Naval  College  in  naviga- 
tion, seamanship  and  torpedo  practice,  attains, 
provided  he  has  not  secured  a  first-class  in  the 
subjects  of  his  examination.  Sub-lieutenants  on 
attaining  the  age  of  25  are  eligible  for  promotion 
to  lieutenants.  Refer  to  King's  Regulations  for 
the  Navy. 

SabmacinM.  The  first  vessel  of  this  description 
was  probably  that  constructed  by  Drebble,  a 
Dutchman,  for  James  I.,  concerning  which,  how- 
ever, there  is  very  little  information.  The  first 
undoubtedly  successful  submarine  was  that  built  by 
Bushnell,  an  American,  in  1775.  This  vessel  was 
used  during  the  War  of  Independence.  In  1801 
Robert  Fulton  constructed  two  submarine  boats, 
one  in  France  and  one  in  America.  In  1863  Charles 
Brun  designed  one  of  the  first  mechanically-driven 
submarines,  the  Plongeur,  built  in  France.  In  1877 
Mr.  J.  P.  Holland  constructed  a  small  submarine, 
the  motive  power  of  which  was  a  petroleum  engine, 
and  the  immersion  obtained  and  maintained  by  the 
action  of  horizontal  rudders.  In  1883  Mr.  Norden- 
felt  built  a  submarine  boat  at  Stockholm  ;  she  was 
a  vessel  of  243  tons  displacement,  125  ft.  long,  with 
a  beam  of  12  ft.,  engines  of  1,000  Hp..  and  carried 
four  torpedoes.  She  made  her  trial  trip  in  South- 
ampton Water,  on  May  26.  1887,  and  proved  a 
success.  In  1886  the  Nautilus,  a  cigar-shaped 
vessel,  80  ft.  long  by  8  ft.  broad,  designed  by  Mr. 
Campbell,  made  a  trial  trip  ofi  Tilbury.  She  was  a 
success,  was  perfectly  under  control  at  any  depth, 
and  succeeded  in  attaining  a  speed  of  10  kts.  sub- 
merged. In  1888.  Goubet,  a  Frenchman,  invented 
an  electrically  driven  submarine.  In  1889  the 
Gymote,  invented  by  Gustav  ZM6  was  built  for  the 
French  Government,  and  was  followed  in  1893  ^y  ^^ 
improved  and  somewhat  similar  type  of  craft,  the 
Gustav  Zidi,  The  improved  Holland  type  of 
submarine  has  been  adopted  by  the  United  States 
Government,  and  in  1900  the  British  Government 
ordered  from  Messrs.  Vickers,  Sons  and  Maxim  six 
boats  somewhat  of  the  type  of  the  Holland.  In 
addition  to  these  the  British  Government  has  a 
class  of  vessel  with  a  displacement  of  300  tons, 
i6-cylinder  horizontal  Wolseley  petrol  engine, 
giving  about  850  Hp.,  and  a  surface  speed  of  about 
13  kts.,  radius  action  of  about  1,000  miles.  Among 
submarines  in  use  in  the  various  navies  of  the  world 
may  be  mentioned  : — 

Great  Britain  ...     Improved  Holland  type. 

United  States  ...     Holland  type. 

France Laubeuf  and  Bertin  types. 


Germany 
Russia  .. 


Japan    Holland     type     and     Peter 

Kotchka  type  (captured  at 
Port  Arthur  from  the  Rus- 
sians). 
...  Holland  and  Howalt  types. 
...  Lake,  Holland,  Boukatoff. 
Drzeuiecki,  French,  and 
Peter  Kotchka  types. 

Brazil    Goubet  type. 

See  '*  Submarine  Navigation "  (i903)»  Bur- 
g03me ;  "La  Navigation  sous-Marine"  (i9o6)» 
Pesce. 

Sabmarine  signal  bell  appears  likely  to  offer  a 
valuable  means  of  minimising  the  danger  to  ships 
at  sea  in  a  fog.  During  some  experimental  tests 
recently  carried  out  at  the  mouth  of  the  River 
Weser  in  the  presence  of  naval  and  other  officials 
representing  the  British,  German,  and  the  Dutch 
Governments  and  various  shipping  corporations, 
the  submarine  signal  bell  connected  with  the  outer 
Weser  Light  was  distinctly  heard  through  the 
telephone  receiver  by  those  on  board  the  Nord- 
deutscher-Lloyd  Kaiser  Wilhelm  II.,  while  the 
ship  was  under  full  steam,  at  a  distance  of  yi  miles. 
The  possibility  of  locating  the  spot  from  which  the 
signal  proceeded  was  also  amply  confirmed.  This 
form  of  signalling,  it  is  claimed,  is  unaffected  by 
either  storms  or  atmospheric  conditions.  Bells  for 
giving  out  warning  signals  in  connection  with  this 
system  are  now  fitted  to  many  of  the  lightships  in 
the  St.  Lawrence  river  and  the  approach  to  New 
York  harbour. 

Sabmarine  tignaUiiiS*  ^^^  Submarine  Signal 
Bell. 

Suooeii*  British  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Sun- 
derland, 1901.)  Length,  210  ft.;  beam,  21  ft.; 
draught,  gi  ft. ;  displacement,  350  tons  ;  comple- 
ment, 62  ;  armament,  i  i2-pdr..  $  6-pdr.,  2  tubes  ; 
twin  screw  ;  Hp.,  6,000  =  30  kts. ;  coal,  83  tons. 

Sachet.    French    2nd    class    cruiser.     (Toulon, 

1893.) 

Length  318ft.   Beam  40ft.   Maximum  draught  21ft. 

Displacement  3,450  tons.     Complement  335. 

Guns.  Armour. 

6 — 6'4  in.  3i  in.  Deck. 

4 — 4  in.  I J  in.  Conning  tower. 

8—3  pdr. 

Torpedo  Tubes, 

1  Submerged  bow. 

2  Above  water. 

Twin  screw.  Hp.  9,000=20  kts.  Coal  maxi- 
mum 680  tons.     Approximate  cost  ;^23o,ooo. 

Sod.  The  floating  mass  of  vegetable  matter  that 
forms  in  the  White  Nile  and  obstructs  navigation. 
In  1902,  when  it  was  entirely  removed,  some  of  the 
blocks  cut  out  were-  as  much  as  a  mile  long  and 
20  ft.  thick. 

Sae  and  Laboat  Claase.  In  marine  insurance 
this  clause  reads  :  "  And  it  is  expressly  declared 

x2 


SUEVIC 


612 


SUEZ 


and  agreed  that  no  act  of  insurer  or  assured  in 
recovering,  saving,  or  preserving  the  property 
insured  shall  be  considered  as  a  waiver  or  accept- 
ance  of  abandonment."  The  object  of  the  clause 
is  to  give  both  parties  to  the  contract  the  right  to 
attempt  to  save  the  property  from  danger  without 
detriment.  (McArthur  on  Contract  of  Marine  In- 
surance, p.  223  ;  Lowndes  on  the  Law  of  Marine 
Insurance,  s.  326.) 

Cleopatra's  Needle  was  brought  under  contract 
from  Alexandria  on  a  voyage  to  London,  the 
contract  being  for  ;(i 0.600.  The  contractor  (Dixon) 
insured  the  obelisk  and  the  vessel  in  which  it  was 
stowed  against  total  loss  and  the  risks  covered  by 
the  Sue  and  Labour  Clause  and  valued  vessel  and 
obelisk  at  /.4,ooo  in  the  policies,  the  sum  insured 
being  ^{3,000.  The  vessel  and  obelisk  were  towed 
by  a  steamer  which  had  to  cast  them  off  in  the 
Bay  of  Biscay  in  a  storm.  Later  they  were  picked 
up  by  another  steamer  and  towed  to  Ferrol  and 
London.*  The  Admiralty  Court  awarded  ;£2,ooo 
for  salvage,  valuing  the  needle  and  the  vessel  at 
;£25,ooo.  The  contractor  claimed  for  his  policies 
under  the  Sue  and  Labour  Clause  ;£i,5oo,  being  the 
same  proportion  of  ;£2.ooo  that  the  sum  insured 
(;£3,ooo)  bore  to  the  value  named  in  the  policy 
(j^4,ooo).  From  this  the  underwriters  appealed  to 
the  House  of  Lords,  when  the  amount  due  by  him 
was  decided  to  be  not  three-fourths,  but  only 
»  three  twenty-fifths  of  that  sum,  the  ground  being 
that  as  the  salvors  were  not  in  the  service  of  the 
assured,  there  was  no  liability  under  the  Sue  and 
labour  Clause  of  the  policy,  and  that,  consequently, 
the  underwriters'  liability  was  not  properly  deter- 
mined by  taking  the  proportion  of  the  salvage 
paid  which  his  subscription  bore  to  the  x'aluation 
in  the  polic>'.  (Lowndes  on  the  Law  of  Marine 
Insurance,  p.  183 ;  Gow  on  Marine  Insurance, 
p  222  ;  Dixon  v.  Whitworth,  L.R.  4  C.P.D.  371.) 

Saevic.  White  Star  Line  (12,500  tons).  Home- 
ward bound  to  Plymouth  and  London  from  Aus- 
tralia via  the  Cape.  Went  ashore  on  the  Stag 
Rock,  the  rocks  west  of  the  Lizard,  March  16,  1907- 
No  lives  lost.  She  was  subsequently  salved  by 
being  cut  in  half  by  means  of  dynamite  charges 
and  towed  into  Plymouth  Harbour,  and  eventually 
docked  at  Southampton.  A  new  fore  portion  was 
built  by  Messrs.  Harland  and  WollT,  of  Belfast, 
her  builders,  and  when  completed  was  taken  in 
tow  by  two  tugs,  and  after  rather  a  rough  passage, 
lasting  some  10  days,  arrived  at  Southampton. 
The  initial  joining  of  the  fore  and  aft  portions  was 
completed  on  November  4,  1907.  The  joining  of 
the  two  portions  of  the  Suevic  is  the  final  stage  of 
the  greatest  salvage  feat  of  modern  times.  The 
Board  of  Inquiry  held  shortly  after  the  vessel  went 
on  the  rocks  found  the  master  guilty  of  negligence, 
and  suspended  his  certificate  for  three  months. 

Snei  OanaL  which  connects  the  Mediterranean 
and  the  Red  Sea    was  opened  on  November  17, 


1869,  and  revolutionised  the  main  lines  of  inter- 
national traffic.     The  first  canal  known  was  con- 
structed by  Seti  I.     Napoleon  I.,  in  1798,  took 
up  the  subject  of  making  a  waterway  from  the 
Mediterranean  to  the  Gulf  of  Suez,  but  the  pro- 
ject was  abandoned  owing  to  the  engineer  whom 
he  employed,  after  making  a  thorough  survey  of 
the  district,  pronouncing  the  scheme  impracticable. 
It  is  due  to  the  eneiigy  and  enterprise  of  M.  Fer- 
dinand Lesseps  that  the  Suez  Canal  exists.      A 
scheme  drawn  up  by  two  Frenchmen,  Mougel  and 
Linant,  was  in  1856  submitted  to  an  international 
commission,  and  M.  Lesseps  was  given  complete 
charge  of   the  construction  and  work  was  begun. 
In  executing  the  work  it  is  estimated  that  about 
80,000,000  of  cubic   yards  of   material   was   ex- 
cavated, and  at  one  time  60  dredging  machines 
and  nearly  30,000  labourers  were  employed.     The 
original  cost  of  the  canal  was  about  ;{ 16,000,000, 
excluding  the  harbours ;  if  these  are  included  about 
;(2o,ooo,ooo.     The  whole  length  of  the  navigation 
is  88  geographical  miles.     Of  this  distance  66  miles 
are  actual  canal  formed  by  cuttings  and  dredging. 
Between  1885  and  1889  the  canal  was  enlarged  and 
greatly  improved  at  a  cost  of  about  jf4,ooo,ooo. 
As  originally  built,  it  had  a  depth  of  26  ft.,  a 
width  of  72  ft.  at  the  bottom,  and  a  width  at  the 
top  varying  according  to  the  character  of   the 
cuttings.    Since    1889  the   canal   has  a   uniform 
depth  of  29  ft.,  a  width  of  213  ft.  in  the  straight 
parts,  and  from  246  to  262  ft.  in  the  curves,  and 
is  navigable  for  vessels  up  to  14,000  tons.     The 
present  rate  of  transit  dues  is  7  fr.  75  c.  per  ton, 
and  vessels  are  measured  according  to  the  Suez 
Canal    Co.'s  rules   (refer  to  Tonnage).       In    1875 
the  British  Government,  at  the  instigation  of  Lord 
Beaconsfield,  purchased  from  the  Khedive  of  Egypt 
176,602  shares  at  an  inclusive  cost  of  ;(4 .080.000. 
The  estimated  value  of  these  shares  on  March  31. 
1907,  was  ;£3 1, 796,000.     The  management  of  the 
canal  is  entrusted  to  32  administrators,  of  whom 
10  are  British  (three  representing  the  Government 
and  seven  the  shipowning  interest).     The  British 
directors  are :  Sir  Henry  Austin  Leigh,  K.C.M.G., 
C.B.,  Henry  Torrens  Anstruther,  Sir  W.  E.  Garstin. 
G.C.M.G.,  representing  Government ;  R.  Alexander, 
R.  S.  Donkin,  F.  Green,  Sir  J.  L.  Mackay.  G.C.M.G.. 
Lord  Rathmore,  J.  W.  Hughes,  and  Sir  Thomas 
Sutherland,  G.C.M.G.,  representing  shipowners. 

The  transit  receipts  for  the  last  10  years  are  as 
follows  : 

1896       £3,225,061 

1897       2,913,221 

i8y8       3,411,790 

1899  ...         3.652,751 

1900       3.624,944 

1901       4.0*5.456 

1902  ...         ...         ...         ...    4,148,800 

1903  ...         ...         ...         ...    4,144,812 

1904       4*616,034 


SUFFOLK 


613 


SUMBAWA 


1905       4»S54i672 

1906  ...         ...         ...         ...    4,326,476 

Great  Britain   holds  about  65%   of  the  canal 

stock.     About  60%  of  the  vessels  using  the  canal 
are  British  steamers. 

Suffolk.    British  I  St  class  cruiser.     (Portsmouth. 

1903.) 
Length  440ft.     Beam  66ft.     Mean  draught  24ft. 
Displacement  9,800  tons.     Complement  678. 
Guns.  Armour » 

14 — 6  in.,  45  cal.         "  Krupp." 
8 — X  2  pdr.  4  in.  Belt  amidships. 

2 — 12  pdr.,  8  cwt.       5  in.  Barbettes. 
3 — 3  pdr.  10  in.  Conning  tower. 

8  Pompoms. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
2  Submerged. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  22,000=23  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 1,600  tons.     Approximate  cost  f 77 5, 000. 

This  ship-name  is  associated  with  the  battle  of 
Beachy  Head,  1692  ;  Barflcur  and  La  Hogue.  1692  ; 
capture  of  Gibraltar,  1704;  attack  on  Carthagena, 
1 741  ;  Byron's  action  off  Grenada,  1779  ;  Rodney's 
action  with  De  Guichen,  1780. 

SnffreiL    French    ist   class   battleship.     (Brest, 

1899.) 

length  422  ft.   Beam  70ft.  Maximum  draught  28ft. 
Displacement  12,750  tons.     Complement  730.    , 
Guns.  Armour. 

4 — 12  in.,  45  cal.       "  Krupp." 
10 — 6*4  in.  12  in.  Belt  amidships. 

8 — 4  in.  13  in.  Turrets. 

22 — 3  pdr.  12  in.  Conning  tower. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (177  in.). 
2  Submerged. 
2  Above  water. 
Three  screws.     Hp.  16,200=18  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 1,150  tons.    Approximate  cost  ;£i, 200.000. 

Sugg.    To  rock  heavily  when  aground. 

Sngrib.  Siamese  gun-boat  (1901).  Displace- 
ment, 600  tons ;  armament,  i  47-in.,  5  6-pdr. ; 
Hp..  500=12  kts. 

Suit  of  salll.  The  whole  of  the  sails  required  to 
be  bent  for  a  vessel. 

Sole  Skerry  Light,  situated  on  the  west  of  the 
Orkneys,  was  established  in  1895,  ^^^  is  a  three- 
flash  light  every  |  minute ;  duration  of  flash, 
i  second ;  candle-power,  90,000 ;  burner,  6  wick ; 
illuminant,  oil. 

Snlina  Craft  Olanse.    See  Clauses. 

*  SnUiTan,  Admina  Sir  Frandi  WflUam,  6th  Bart, 
cr.  1804,  K.O.B.,  cr.  1879.  C.H.G.,  1878  (b.  1834). 
Educated  Charterhouse.  Entered  Navy,  1848 ; 
midshipman  of  Castor  during  Kaffir  war,  1851-52 
(medal)  ;  mate  of  London  before  Sebastopol ;  pre- 
sent in  boats  at  landing  at  Old  Fort  and  attack  on 
Sebastopol ;  mate  of  the  GlaUon,  and  subsequently 
lieutenant  of  the  Sphinx   (Crimean  and  Turkish 


medals,  Sebastopol  clasp,  Sardinian  medal)  ;  pro- 
moted to  commander  on  West  Coast  of  Africa  in 
the  Conflict ;  commander  of  the  Greyhound  on  coast 
of  Syria,  1860-61  ;  commanded  Harrier  in  New 
Zealand,  1862-64 ;  commanded  Waxkato  flotilla 
until  arrival  of  Commodore  Sir  W.  Wiseman ; 
present  at  the  action  of  Koheron  Heights,  battle  of 
Rangariri,  and  several  minor  affairs ;  promoted  to 
captain  and  C.B.  for  these  services  (New  Zealand 
medal) ;  commodore  of  the  West  Coast  of  Africa 
and  Cape  of  Good  Hope  Station  during  the  Old 
Colony  war,  1877-78  ;  K.C.B.  for  services  (Zulu 
medal  and  clasp,  1877-78) ;  joined  Admiral  Sir 
Beauchamp  Seymour  off  Alexandria  with  a  de- 
tached squadron,  1882 ;  senior  officer  of  Port  Said 
until  conclusion  of  war  (Egyptian  medal,  Khedive's 
Bronze  Star,  Medjidie,  2nd  Class) ;  Second-in- 
Command,  Channel  Fleet,  1882-83 ;  Director  of 
Transports,  1883-88  ;  admiral,  1890 ;  retired,  1892. 

Solly.  French  ist  class  cruiser.  (La  Seyne, 
1900.)  Ran  on  an  unchartered  rock.  Along  Bay. 
Tonkin,  February,  1905.  The  attempt  made  to 
float  her  having  failed,  the  armament  was  removed, 
and  she  became  a  total  loss. 

Sulphur  rain.    A  deposit  of  the  pollen  of  pine 
trees  often  carried  by  wind  for  long  distances  and 
brought  down  by  rain. 

Sultan.  British  ironclad.  In  collision  with 
French  steamer  Ville  de  Victoria  in  Lisbon  Har- 
bour, December  23,  1886  ;  35  lives  lost. 

Sultry.  Hot  and  close  condition  of  the  atmos- 
phere. 

Soma.     Japanese  cruiser.     (Japan,  1895.) 
Length  305ft.   Beam  41ft.  Maximum  draught  i6ft. 
Displacement  2,700  tons.     Complement  275. 
Guns,  Armour. 

2—6  in.  "  Steel." 

6—47  in.  2  in.  Deck. 

12 — 3  pdr.  4 J  in.  Gun  shields. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
2  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  forced  8,500  =  20  kts.     Coal 
maximum  600  tons. 

Smnatra.     Dutch  harbour  monitor  (1890). 
Displacement  i  ,700  tons. 
Guns,  Armour. 

1—8*2  in.  ••  Steel." 

I — 6  in.  I J  in.  Deck. 

2 — 47  in. 
6 — 3  pdr. 

Torpedo  Tubes, 

2  Above  watei. 

Hp.  3,000=17  kts.     Coal  maximum  170  tons. 

SninlMtwa.  Netherlands  gun-boat,  Indian  Navy. 
(Flushing,  1892.)  Length,  176  ft. ;  beam,  26}  ft.  ; 
draught,  11^  f t. ;  displacement,  591  tons;  comple- 
ment, 84;  armament,  3  47-in.,  i  2'9-in.,  2  3-pdr. ; 
Hp.,  930=12  kts. ;  coal,  60  tons. 


SUMIDA 


614 


SUTLEJ 


Snniida.  Japanese  river  gun-boat.  Of  small 
fighting  value. 

Sanda  Sea.     See  Java  Sea. 

Sunderland  Daily  Shipping  News.  Established 
1865.  Published  daily  (morning).  Price  id.  Ad- 
dress :  Sunderland. 

Sun-dogs.     Mock-suns. 

Sonfish.  British  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Heb- 
bum,  1895.)  Length,  200  ft. ;  beam,  19  ft. ; 
draught,  5^  ft. ;  displacement,  290  tons ;  comple- 
ment, 50 ;  armament,  i  12-pdr.,  5  6-pdr.,  2  tubes ; 
twin  screw ;  Hp.,  4,292  =  27  kts. ;  coal,  60  tons. 

Sunless  day.  A  day  on  which  the  duration  of 
sunshine  is  less  th  an  three  minutes. 

Son  pillar.  A  perpendicular  column  of  light,  of 
the  breadth  of  the  sun's  disc,  seen  projecting  up- 
wards from  the  sun  about  the  time  of  sunrise  or 
sunset. 

Sunshine  recorder.  An  instrument  for  recording 
the  duration  of  bright  sunshine. 

Sunstroke*  Unconsciousness  from.  See  Appa- 
rently Dead,  method  of  restoring  the. 

Superb.  British  ist  class  battleship.  (Ports- 
mouth, 1906.) 

Length  500ft.    Beam  8oft.    Draught  26ft. 
Displacement  18,600  tons. 
Guns.  Armour, 

10 — 12  in.  "  Krupp." 

18 — 3' 5  in.  12  in.  Belt  amidships. 

12  in.  Barbettes. 

Torped)  Tubes  (18  in.). 

4  Submerged  broadside. 

I  Submerged  stem. 

Turbine.     Four  screws.     Hp.  23,000=21  kts. 

Approximate  cost  j£  1,7  50,000. 

Super-cargo.  A  person  in  charge  of  the  ship's 
accounts,  and  disposal  of  the  cargo. 

Surooul.  French  3rd  class  cruiser.  (Cherbourg* 
1900.) 

Length  312ft.     Beam  30ft.     Draught  14ft. 
Displacement  2,012  tons.     Complement  190. 

Guns.  Armour. 

4—5-5  in.  "  Steel." 

8  q.f.  i^  in.  Deck  amidships. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
5  Above  water. 
Hp.,  6,000=20  kts.     Coal,  200  tons. 

Surl  The  swell  of  the  sea  breaking  on  the  shore 
or  any  rocks  near  the  surface  of  the  water. 

Surge.    To  slack  back  quickly. 

Surgeons,  Naval.     See  Naval  Education. 

Surly.  British  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Clyde- 
bank, 1895.)  Length,  205  ft. ;  beam,  19  ft. ;  draught, 
5^  ft. ;  displacement,  280  tons  ;  complement,  50 ; 
armament,  i  12-pdr.,  5  6-pdr.,  2  tubes ;  twin  screw ; 
Hp.,  4,400=28  kts. ;  coal,  50  tons. 


Surprise.  British  despatch  vessel  (1,650  tons, 
17  kts.).     Launched  1885. 

Surprise.  French  gun- vessel.  (Havre.  1896.) 
Length,  184  ft. ;  beam,  24^  ft. ;  draught,  12  f t. ; 
displacement,  617  tons ;  complement,  99 ;  arma- 
ment, 2  3*9-in.,  4  2' 5 -in.,  4  i'4-in.  ;  Hp.,  850= 
13  kts. ;   coal,  75  tons. 

Surrey  Commercial  Docks  Co.  See  London.  Port 
of. 

Surveying*  nautical,  embraces  all  the  operations 
necessary  to  a  complete  determination  of  the  con- 
tour of  the  bottom  of  the  ocean,  sea,  lake,  harbour, 
or  other  sheet  of  water.  Hydrographical  surveying 
is  ascertaining  the  forms  of  coast  lines,  harbours, 
etc.,  and  of  objects  on  the  shore,  the  entrance  of 
harbours,  channels,  their  depth,  width,  etc.,  the 
position  of  shoals,  the  depth  of^water  thereon. 

Sutherland,  Sir  Thomas,  0.C.1C.G.  (b.  Aberdeen, 
1834).  Educated  Grammar  School  and  University 
of  that  City.  Entered  the  service  of  the  Peninsular 
and  Oriental  Steam  Navigation  Co.  in  his  eighteenth 
year,  and  left  for  the  Far  East  after  two  years' 
service  in  the  London  office.  Hose  in  a  very  few 
years  to  be  head  of  this  company  in  China  and 
Japan.  Being  resident  at  Hong  Kong,  he  became 
one  of  the  founders  of  the  Hong  Kong  and  Shanghai 
Banking  Corporation,  and  of  the  Hong  Kong  and 
Whampoa  Dock  Co.,  and  was  a  member  of  the 
Legislative  Council  of  that  Colony.  Opened  the 
first  mail  service  to  Japan,  and  the  early  communi- 
cation with  the  coast  ports  in  China,  which  were 
not  then  embraced  in  the  P.  and  O.  Co.'s  mail 
services.  Returned  to  England  after  12  years* 
service  abroad,  and  undertook  a  tour  of  inspection 
of  all  the  company's  stations.  Was  subsequently 
appointed  a  manager,  and  a  managing  director,  and 
finally  chairman  of  the  company  in  188 1.  Is  a 
vice-president  of  the  Suez  Canal  Co. ;  director  of 
London  City  and  Midland  ^Bank ;  chairman  of 
Marine  and  General  Assurance  Society.  Received 
the  honour  of  K.C.M.G.  in  1891  and  subsequently 
G.C.M.G.  in  1897.  Knight  of  St.  John  of  Jeru- 
salem, on  the  Commission  of  Tieutenancy  for  the 
City  of  London,  and  a  Chevalier  of  the  Legioa 
d'Honneur.  Hon.  LL.n.  Aberdeen  University. 
Was  M.P,  (L.U.)  for  Greenock,  1884- 1900. 

Satlej.     British  1st  class  cruiser.     (Clydebank. 

1899.) 

Length  454ft.   Beam  69ft.  Maximum  draught  28ft. 

Displacement  12,000  tons.     Complement  700. 
Guns.  Armour. 

2—9*2  in.,  45  cal.      "  Krupp." 
12— -6  in.  6  in.  Belt  amidships. 

12 — 12  pdr.  6  in.  Barbettes. 

2 — 12  pdr.,  8  cwt.      12  in.  Conning  tower. 
3—3  pdr. 
2  Maxims. 

Torpedo  Tubes  {iS  in.). 
2  Submerged. 


suwo 


615 


SWAN 


Twin  screw.  Hp.  21,000=21  kts.  Coal  maxi- 
mum 1.600  tons.    Approximate  cost  ^800,000. 

Sawo.  Formerly  Pobieda  {q.v.),  Japanese  ist 
class  battleship.   (New  Admiralty.  1900.) 

Length  401ft.     Beam  71ft.    Draught  26ft. 
Displacement  t 2,600  tons.     Complement  732. 
Guns.  Armour, 

4 — 10  in.  "  Harvey-nickel." 

1 1 — 6  in.  6  in.  Belt  amidships. 

16—12  pdr.  9  in.  Casemates. 

10 — 3  pdr.  6  in.  Big  gun  shields. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
4  Submerged. 
I  Above  water. 
Twin  !^ew.     Hp.  14,500=18  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 2,000  tons. 

8.V.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Stavenisse,  Holland. 

SnMrdflBken.  Danish  torpedo-boat.  (Thorny- 
croft,  188 1.)  Length,  no  ft.;  beam,  12  ft.; 
draught,  6  ft. ;  displacement,  49  tons ;  comple- 
ment, 14  ;  armament,  i  q.f.,  2  tubes  ;  Hp.,  6,000= 
20  kts. ;  coal,  9  tons. 

Srea.  Swedish  battleship.  (Lindholmen,  1886.) 
Reconstructed  1901. 

Length  254ft.   Beam  48ft.  Maximum  draught  X7ft. 
Displacement  3,300  tons.     Complement  237. 
Guns.  Armour. 

I — 8'2  in.  **  Creusot." 

7 — 6  in.  1 1  in.  Belt. 

II — 6  pdr.  10  in.  Conning  tower. 

2 — I  pdr.  7  in.  Fore  turrets. 

5  in.  Secondary  turrets. 
Torpedo  Tubes. 
I  Submerged  bow. 
Twin  screw.      Hp.  4,650=15  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 300  tons.  * 

Sv«finip»  Otto  (b.  Harrstadt,  1855).  Norwegian 
explorer.  Was  with  Nansen's  expedition  to  the 
Greenland  ice  fields  in  i888»  and  was  subsequently 
chosen  by  Nansen  for  command  of  the  Fram  for 
his  North  Pole  expedition.  In  1 898-1 901  he  com- 
manded the  second  expedition  in  the  Fram,  during 
which  several  islands  were  discovered  (Ringnes,  Axel, 
Heiburg,  and  King  Oscar  Land)  between  Greenland 
and  the  Parry  Isles  and  Melville  Island.  He 
published  his  "  New  Land,"  in  which  he  describes 
this  expedition  in  1904,  and  it  has  been  translated 
into  English. 

8.V.O.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing 
boats  registered  at  Sas  van  Gent,  Holland. 

Syiereff.  Russian  torpedo-boat  destroyer  (1906). 
Length,  185  ft.  ;  beam,  21  ft.  ;  draught,  7^  ft.  { 
displacement,  324  tons  ;  complement,  60 ;  arma- 
ment, I  1 2 -pdr.,  5  3 -pdr.,  2  tubes;  twin  screw; 
Hp.,  5,600=26  kts. ;  coal.  100  tons. 

•  Svietlana.  Small  Russian  cruiser  (1896).  Dis- 
placement, 3,900  tons.  Sunk  by  the  Japanese  at  the 
battle  of  Tsushima,  May  27-29,  1905. 


Bvinpif.  Russian  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  Black 
Sea.  (Yarrow,  1901.)  Displacement,  240  tons  ; 
maximum  draught,  8  ft. ;  armament,  i  12 -pdr., 
3  3-pdr. ;  tubes,  2  i8-in. ;  Hp.,  3,800= 26  kts. 

Svitiod  Staamihip  Clo.«  with  their  head  offices  in 
Gdthenburg  have  a  fleet  of  well-built  modem 
steameis  sailing  regularly  from  Gdthenburg  to 
Newcastle-on-Tyne,  Sunderland,  West  Hartlepool, 
Glasgow,  and  vice  versa. 

Flebt. 
Agne.    <  Hertnod.  Vanland* 

Domald.  Hujin.  Viking. 

Munin. 

8.W.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Wiek  on  Fohr,  Germany. 

Swab.  A  long  mop  made  of  rope  yam  used  for 
cleaning  and  drying  the  decks. 

Swagg.    To  bend  or  sink  down  by  its  own  weight. 

Swale.  British  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Palmer, 
1905.)  Length,  222  ft.  ;  beam,  23^  ft. ;  draught, 
9^  ft. ;  displacement,  600  tons ;  complement,  72 ; 
armament,  i  12-pdr.,  5  6-pdr.,  2  tubes ;  twin 
screw;  Hp.,  7,500=25  kts. ;  coal,  126  tons. 

SwaDow.    The  score  of  a  block. 

Swamp.  A  tract  of  land  on  which,  owing  to  its 
impermeable  bottom,  the  water  collected  remains 
stagnant. 

Swan.  Sloop  of  war.  Wrecked  off  Waterford 
on  August  4,  1782,  when  130  persons  were  drowned. 

Swan,  Henry  Frederiok,  O.B.,  cr.  1902  (b.  Septem- 
ber 10,  1842).  Served  his  apprenticeship  with 
Messrs.  C.  Mitchell  and  Co.,  and  subsequently 
went  to  reside  in  St.  Petersburg  as  representative  of 
this  firm,  when  they  were  entrusted  by  the  Russian 
Government  with  the  most  important  task  of 
organising  iron  shipbuilding  in  Russia.  In  1882 
the  shipbuilding  firm  of  Messrs.  C.  Mitchell  and  Co. 
was  amalgamated  with  the  Elswick  firm  under 
the  style  of  Sir  W.  G.  Armstrong,  Mitchell  and  Co., 
Ltd.,  and  subsequently  this  firm  extended  its 
operations  by  absorbing  the  Manchester  firm  of 
Whitworth,  and  changed  its  name  again  to  that 
which  it  now  holds  of  Sir  W.  G.  Armstrong  and  Co., 
Ltd.,  of  which  firm  he  holds  the  position  of  managing 
director.  He  is  a  member  of  the  Council  of  the 
Institution  of  Naval  Architects,  past  -  president 
pf  the  North-East  Coast  Institution  of  Engineers 
and  Shipbuilders,  a  member  of  the  Institution 
of  Civil  Engineers,  the  Iron  and  Steel  Institute, 
the  North  of  England  Institution  of  Mining  and 
Mechanical  Engineers.  He  is  a  director  of  many 
public  companies  ;  has  served  on  the  school  board, 
and  local  board  and  county  council,  and  is  a  J.P. 
for  Northumberland. 

Swan,  Hunter  and  Wigham  Richardson,  Ltd., 

Wallsend  and  Walker-on-Tyne.  The  shipbuilding 
industry  of  this  firm  carries  us  back  to  the  early 
days  of  iron  ships.     In  1842  the  first  iron  vessel 


SWAN 


6i6 


SWAN 


ever  built  on  the  river  Tyne — namely,  the  Prince 
Albert — was  launched  from  the  site  of  the  present 
south  yard,  which  was  purchased  some  i8  years 
later  by  Mr.  John  Wigham  Richardson  when  he 
founded  the  Neptune  Works.  The  area  of  the 
shipyard  was  then  only  four  acres,  with  a  frontage 
of  107  yards,  and  having  three  berths,  the  longest 
being  320  ft.  Two  hundred  men  at  most  were 
then  employed,  and  the  maximum  annual  output 
of  ships  was  about  4,000  gross  tons.  The  present 
company  is  an  amalgamation  effected  in  1903  of 
the  following  firms  :  C.  S.  Swan,  Hunter,  Ltd., 
Wigham  Richardson  and  Co.,  Ltd.,  The  Tyne 
Pontoons  and  Dry  Dock  Co.,  Ltd. 

The  works  are  situated  at  the  deep  bend  of  the 
River  Tyne  on  its  north  bank,  about  three  miles 
to  the  east  of  Newcastle.  They  cover  an  area  of 
about  78  acres,  ^with  a  river  frontage  of  some 
4,000  ft.  The  premises  comprise  shipyards,  a  yard 
for  building  floating  docks,  engine  and  boiler  works, 
a  dry  dock  (550  ft.  long  and  y6  it,  wide  at  entrance, 
with  a  depth  of  water  of  26}  ft.  over  the  sill),  and 
two  floating  docks  capable  of  lifting  vessels  up  to 
350  ft.  long.  In  the  dry-dock  department  many 
important  repairs  and  alterations  to  ships  have 
been  effected.  To  cite  a  few  noteworthy  con- 
tracts, mention  may  be  made  of  cutting  in  two 
and  lengthening  by  60  ft.  the  Norddeutscher- 
Lloyd  steamer  Wittekiud ;  extensive  repairs  to  the 
Australian  steamer  Miowera,  which,  after  being 
stranded  at  Honolulu,  was  brought  to  the  Tyne, 
a  voyage  of  14,000  miles,  and  completely  repaired  ; 
constructing  and  fitting  a  new  forward  end,  180  ft. 
long,  to  the  Canadian  Pacific  Railway  Co.'s  Mil- 
waukee— this  vessel  was  stranded  off  the  coast  of 
Scotland,  and  by  means  of  dynamite  was  cut  in 
two,  much  in  the  same  way  as  the  recent  operation 
on  the  SueviCt  the  old  and  new  parts  of  the  ship 
were  put  into  dry  dock  and  successfully  joined 
together ;  fitting  a  new  bow  to  the  end  of  the 
Russian  ice-breaker  Ertnack  ;  partly  replating  the 
British  Admiralty's  oil-carrying  ship  Petroleum, 

Of  warships  the  company  has  docked  many 
battleships,  cruisers,  and  torpedo-boats  for  the 
Governments  of  Great  Britain,  the  United  States 
of  America,  Japan,  Italy,  Portugal,  Norway, 
Argentine.  Chili,  Brazil,  and  China. 

The  normal  capacity  of  the  shipyards  is  120,000 
gross  register  tons  a  year.  In  1906  this  firm 
established  the  record  for  the  amount  of  tonnage 
turned  out  in  one  year  at  one  yard,  the  total 
tonnage  launched  being  127,000  tons. 

The  largest  ship  that  has  ever  been  constructed, 
the  Cunard  Co.'s  R.M.S.  Mauretania,  even  ex- 
ceeding her  sister  ship,  the  Lusitania,  was  built  at 
this  yard.  The  overall  dimensions  of  the  ship  are 
790  ft.  long  and  88  ft.  broad  and  her  displacement 
about  40,000  tons.  The  main  engines  are  four 
Parsons'  steam  turbines,  each  on  a  separate  shaft, 
and  each  driving  one  propeller.  The  average  ser- 
vice speed  is  to  be  25  kts.,  and  to  maintain  this 


speed  the  power  of  the  main  turbines  will  be  about 
50%  more  than  has  ever  been  installed  in  any 
mercantile  ship.  This  company  has  also  built  for 
the  same  owners  the  Ivemia,  600  ft.  long  and 
14,000  tons  gross  register,  the  Carpaihia,  13.500 
tons,  and  the  Ultonia,  8,056  tons. 

A  special  feature  of  the  work  done  in  this  yard 
is  a  large  number  of  passenger  and  mail  steamers 
for  Channel  and  coasting  services.  One  of  the 
fastest  examples  of  these  vessels  is  the  twin  screw 
Princess  Victoria,  in  the  sendee  of  the  Canadian 
Pacific  Railway  Co.,  and  mention  may  be  made  of 
the  Khedivial  Mail  Steamship  Co.'s  twin  screw 
Osmanieh,  and  of  the  triple  screw  turbine  steamer 
Immingham,  owned  by  the  Great  Central  Railway 
Co.  Among  many  companies  ordering  steamers 
from  this  yard  may  be  mentioned  the  Cork  Steam- 
ship Co.,  Ltd..  who  have  had  20  steamers  built 
here ;  24  for  the  Hansa  Line  of  Bremen ;  18  for  the 
Adria  Royal  Hungarian  Sea  Navigation  Co. ;  and 
12  for  Messrs.  Elder  Dempster  and  Co — in  fact, 
almost  all  the  large  and  important  steamship  com- 
panies have  at  one  time  or  another  had  vessels 
built  by  this  firm. 

Floating  docks  form  another  leading  speciality* 
of  the  company,  and  the  following  are  among  the 
most  important  of  the  many  orders  which  have 
been  sucx^essfully  executed  :  A  dock  lifting  12.000 
tons  built  to  the  order  of  the  Spanish  Government 
and  towed  out  to  Havana  in  1897  ;  one  for  the 
Stettiner  Maschinenbau  Actien  Gesellschaft  "Vul- 
can." For  the  British  Admiralty  a  large  dock 
was  built  and  sent  out  to  Bermuda,  in  the  West 
Indies.  This  dock  is  545  ft.  long.  126  ft,  broad, 
and  has  a  lifting  capacity  of  16,500  tons.  Early 
in  1904  a  dock  was  delivered  in  Durban  Harbour 
to  the  orfer  of  the  Natal  Government.  This  was 
followed  by  a  dock  for  the  Suez  Canal  Co.  at  Port 
Said,  and  in  1905  facilities  for  repairing  fships  in 
Africa  were  increased  by  a  dock  for  the  Nigerian 
Dry  Dock  and  Engineering  Co.,  on  the  River 
Forcados,  West  Africa.  Two  docks  built  for  the 
Japanese  Government  and  one  for  the  Riasan 
Uralsk  Railway  Co.,  in  Russia,  were  not  towed  to 
their  respective  destinations,  but  were  despatched 
in  pieces  and  re-erected  on  arrival. 

Another  remarkable  structure  built  by  the  com- 
pany is  the  large  floating  coal  depot  owned  by  the 
British  Admiralty.  It  was  the  first  of  its  kind, 
and  has  proved  a  great  success  ;  425  ft.  long,  68  ft. 
broad,  its  storage  capacity  is  12,000  tons  of  coal. 
It  is  equipped  with  12  Temperley  transporters, 
operated  electrically,  and  fitted  with  a  large 
number  of  coal  shoots  for  rapidly  filling  bags  with- 
out shovelling.  Seeing  that  two  of  the  largest 
warships  can  be  berthed  at  the  same  time,  this 
floating  dep6t  practically  gives  the  equivalent  of 
1 ,000  ft.  of  quay  frontage. 

Among  the  most  noticeable  features  of  the  works 
are  the  immense  glass-roofed  sheds  covering  four  of 
the  building  berths  of  the  Wallsend  shipyard.    The 


SWASH 


617 


SWIMMING 


largest  of  these  sheds  is  740  ft.  long,  with  a  clear 
width  inside  of  100  ft.  and  a  height  of  140  ft.  The 
length  can  be  extended  any  time  to  900  ft.  All 
the  sheds  are  equipped  with  overhead  travelling 
electric  cranes,  and  are  well  lighted  by  arc  lamps. 
Electricity  both  for  driving  the  machinery  and  for 
lighting  is  used  everywhere.  Hydraulic  power  is 
extensively  used  in  all  departments  for  lifting 
heavy  weights  and  for  rivetting,  and  there  is  also 
a  large  installation  of  pneumatic  plant  for  rivetting, 
chipping,  drilling,  caulking,  and  other  work.  For 
installing  on  board  ship  boilers,  large  pieces  of 
machinery,  and  other  heavy  weights  the  company 
has  one  of  the  most  powerful  floating  cranes  in  the 
world,  capable  of  lifting  150  tons.  In  addition  to 
this  floating  crane  there  are  large  sheer  legs  both 
at  the  Neptune  Works  and  at  the  boiler  shops 
adjacent  to  the  dry  docks  department. 

The  engine  works  at  Walker  comprise  large 
machine  shops,  together  with  fitters'  and  erecting 
shops,  and,  with  the  boiler  works,  are  capable 
of  turning  out  each  year  machinery  represented 
by  50,000  I.Hp.  This  department  is  largely 
supplemented  by  work  done  by  the  Wallsend 
Slipway  and  Engineering  Co.,  Ltd.,  in  which 
Messrs.  'Swan,  Hunter  and  Wigham  Richardson, 
Ltd.,  have  an  interest.  The  Wallsend  Slipway  Co. 
have  a  high  reputation  for  building  reciprocating 
and  turbme  engines,  and  also  for  repairing  ships 
and  engines.  Their  works  are  situated  on  the 
River  Tyne,  about  half  a  mile  to  the  east  of  the 
Wallsend  shipyard,  covering  an  area  of  about 
51  acres.  They  comprise  very  large  and  modem 
engines  and  boiler  shops,  a  foundry,  a  dry  dock 
544  ft.  long,  and  two  slipways  for  hauling  ships 
np  to  5,000  gross  tons.  At  these  works  were  con- 
structed the  machinery  and  boilers  for  the  large 
express  mail  steamer  Mauretania. 

Swash.    The  sudden  surge  of  the  sea. 

Swathe.    The  entire  length  of  a  wave. 

Sway.     Colloquially  to  go  a  great  length. 

Sway  away.    To  hoist. 

BwMA  Uoyd,  with  the  head  offices  in  G6then- 
burg,  have  a  fleet  of  13  excellent  steamers,  which 
maintain  regular  services  from  Gothenburg  to 
various  Continental  ports.  A  service  is  maintained 
twice  a  week  between  Gdthenburg  and  Hamburg, 
and  vice  versa ;  a  monthly  service  during  the 
winter  and  fortnightly  during  the  summer  from 
Gdthenburg  to  Mediterranean  ports,  calling  at 
Messina,  Leghorn,  Genoa,  Marseilles,  Cette,  Barce- 
lona, Tarragona,  Gandia,  Denia,  Almeria,  Malaga, 
Cadiz,  Lisbon,  and  Oporto,  returning  to  Gdthen- 
burg, Copenhagen,  or  Stockholm. 

Fleet. 

Adolph  Meyer.         Goieberg,  Nor  den. 

Albania.  Hamburg.  Norge. 

Dania,  Iberia.  Scandinavia. 

Gallia.  Malaga,  Victoria. 


Sweep.    A  large  kind  of  oar. 

SweU.  A  rolling  wave,  seldom  breaking  unless 
meeting  resistance. 

Swift.  A  tackle  encircling  the  ends  of  the 
capstan  bars  to  prevent  their  flying  out  of  their 
stocks. 

Swifter.  A  strong  rope  used  to  strengthen  any- 
thing. 

SwiftBure*    British    ist   class   battleship.     (Els- 
wick,  1903.)     Purchased  from  Chili 
Length  436ft.   Beam  71ft.  Maximum  draught  24ft. 
Displacement  1 1 ,800  tons.    Complement  700. 
Gufts.  Armour. 

4 — 10  in.,  45  cal.       "  Krupp." 
14 — 7*5  in.  7  in.  Belt  amidships. 

14 — 14  pdr.  10  in.  Barbettes. 

2 — 12  pdr.  10  in.  Conning  tower. 

4 — 6  pdr. 
4  Maxims. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
2  Submerged. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  14,000  s  20  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 2.000  tons.     Approximate  cost  ;f 949, 900. 

This  ship-name  is  associated  with  the  defeat  of 
the  Spanish  Armada,  1 588 ;  capture  of  Cadiz, 
1596 ;  capture  of  Jamaica,  1655  ;  Blake's  attack  on 
Santa  Cruz,  1657 ;  battle  ofi  Lowestoft,  1665  ; 
Four  Days'  Fight,  1666 ;  ^st  battle  of  the  Schoone- 
veld,  1673 ;  second  battle  of  the  Schooneveld, 
1673  !  battle  of  the  Texel,  1673  '»  Barfleur  and  La 
Hogue,  1692  ;  Vigo  Bay,  1702  ;  Gibraltar,  1704  ; 
Boscawen's  victory  in  Lagos  Bay,  1759 ;  Quiberon 
^y.  1759  ;  capture  of  Belleisle,  1761 ;  battle  of  the 
Nile,  1798;  battle  of  Trafalgar,  1805. 

Swig.  A  pulley  with  ropes  which  are  not 
parallel. 

Swimming  is  the  art  of  propelling  the  body 
through  water  by  means  of  movements  of  the 
arms  and  legs.  The  human  body  when  the  lungs 
are  inflated  is  slightly  lighter  than  an  equal  volume 
of  fresh  water,  and  consequently  floats  on  the 
surface.  In  salt  water,  which  is  heavier  than 
fresh,  the  body  floats  more  easily.  Movement  for- 
ward in  swimming  is  produced  by  the  flexion  and 
the  abduction  of  the  arms  and  by  the  extension 
and  adduction  of  the  legs.  There  are  several 
styles  of  swimming,  the  four  generally  adopted 
being  the  breast  stroke,  the  side  stroke,  the 
over-hand  stroke,  and  swimming  on  the  back. 
The  breast  stroke  is  commenced  by  placing  the 
hands  with  the  backs  upward  and  the  wrists  bent 
so  that  the  fingers  will  point  to  the  front,  the 
insides  of  the  wrist  joints  touching  the  breast  about 
four  inches  below  the  water.  Begin  the  stroke  by 
pushing  the  arms  generally  forward  to  their  full 
extent,  keeping  the  palms  flat.  Having  fully 
extended  the  arms,  turn  the  palms  of  both  hands 
outward,  and  make  a  strong  stroke  to  the  right  and 
left  by  each  arm,   brin^inK  them  back  to  the 


SWING 


618 


TACOMA 


original  position.  Simultaneously  with  the  stretch- 
ing of  the  han(|s  from  the  front  of  the  body  the 
feet  are  struck  out  to  the  utmost  width.  In  the 
side  stroke  greater  speed  is  attained  as  the  swimmer 
progresses  on  his  side,  and  the  resistance  to  the 
water  is  naturally  less.  Swimming  on  the  back  is 
the  reverse  of  the  breast  stroke.  The  over-hand 
stroke  when  properly  practised  and  acquired  is 
the  most  useful  and  easy  of  all  styles  of  swimming, 
and  this  method  is  adopted  by  racing  swimmers. 
In  this  stroke  one  arm  is  carried  over  the  head 
and  out  of  the  water  in  reaching  for  the  tresh 
stroke,  the  movements  of  the  legs  being  that  of  the 
side  stroke. 

Swing.  Said  of  ships  when  they  change  their 
direction  while  at  anchor. 

Swinging.  When  a  ship  turns  owing  to  the 
change  of  wind  or  tide. 

Swinging  boom.  A  large  spar  which  is  used  to 
stretch  the  foot  of  a  lower  studding  sail. 

Swinton,  Alan  Arohibald  Campbell  (b.  Scotland, 
October  18,  1863).  Has  been  associated  with  the 
commercial  introduction  and  development  of  the 
marine  steam  turbine  since  its  invention  by  the 
Hon.  C.  A.  Parsons.  Was  a  member  of  the  original 
syndicate  which  built  the  Turbinia,  and  has  been  a 
director  since  its  formation  of  the  Parsons'  Marine 
Steam  Turbine  Co.,  Ltd.,  of  Wallsend-on-Tyne. 
Member  of  the  Institution  of  Civil  Engineers, 
Institution  of  Electrical  Engineers,  and  associate 
of  Institution  of  Naval  Architects. 

SwiveL    A  pivot  working  round  in  a  socket. 

Swonky.  Russian  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  Black 
Sea.  (Laird,  1903.)  Displacement,  350  tons ; 
maximum  draught,  8^  ft.  ;  armament,  i  12-pdr., 
5  3-pdr. ;  tubes,  2  18-in. ;  Hp.,  5,500=27  lets. 

Swordflsh.  British  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Els- 
wick,  1895.)  Length,  200  ft. ;  beam,  19  ft.  ; 
draught,  5^  ft. ;  displacement,  300  tons ;  comple- 
ment, 45  ;  armament,  i  12-pdr..  5  6-pdr.,  2  tubes  ; 
twin  screw ;  Hp.,  4,100=27  kts. ;  coal,  60  tons. 

S.Y.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Stomoway,  Scotland. 

S.T.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Teufensberg,  Germany. 

Sydnay  Taeht  Sanadron,  BoyaL  Su  Royal 
Sydney  Yacht  Squadron. 

^  Sylvia.  British  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Sun- 
derland, 1901.)  Length,  210  ft.;  beam,  19  ft; 
draught,  7}  ft. ;  displacement,  283  tons ;  comple- 
ment, 58 ;  armament,  i  12-pdr.,  5  6-pdr.,  2  tubes ; 
twin  screw  ;  Hp.,  5,400=30  kts. ;  coal,  80  tons. 

SympiMometer.  An  instrument  formerly  in  use 
for  showing  the  variations  of  atmospheric  pressure. 
Its  indications  result  partly  from  the  pressure  and 
partly  from  the  temperature  of  the  atmosphere. 


Synoptic  chart.  A  map  showing,  by  means  of 
isobars,  osotherms,  etc.,  the  general  distribution  of 
atmospheric  conditions  over  a  considerable  area. 

Syren.  British  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Jarrow, 
X901.)  Length,  215  ft.  ;  beam,  20  ft. ;  draught, 
6^  ft. ;  displacement.  335  tons ;  complement.  60  ; 
armament,  i  X2-pdr.,  5  6-pdr.,  2  tubes;  twin 
screw  ;  Hp.,  6,500=30  kts. ;  coal,  91  tons. 

Syren  and  Shipping.  Established  1896.  Pub- 
lished weekly  (Wednesday).  Price  ^d.  Address  : 
93  Leadenhall  Street,  London,  E.C. 

Siamoi.  Austro  -  Hungarian  river  monitor. 
(Budapest,  1893.)  Length,  177  ft. ;  beam,  29J  ft. ; 
draught,  4  ft. ;  displacement.  427  tons ;  comple- 
ment, 75  ;  guns,  2  4*7-in..  2  2*8-in.,  2  Maxims ; 
armour,  "  Steel,"  2-in.  belt  amidships,  3-in.  gun 
shields  ;  Hp.,  1,250^:10  kts. 

Saigetrar.  Small  Austro-Hungarian  cruiser. 
(Pola,  1900.) 

Length  313ft.   Beam  39ft.   Maximum  draught  17ft. 
Displacement  2,437  tons.     Complement  242. 
Guns.  Armour. 

8—47  in.  ••  Steel." 

12 — 3  pdr.  2  in.  Deck. 

2 — I  pdr. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (177  in.). 
I  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  7,000  =  20  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 500  toDS.    Approximate  cost  £1 50,000. 


T.  Distinguishing  letter  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Thisted,  Denmark. 

T.  Distinguishing  letter  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Tralee,  Ireland. 

T.  Distinguishing  letter  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Tr6port,  France. 

Tabemacda.  A  frame  for  receiving  a  boat's 
mast  to  make  it  higher.  Also  a  strong  trunk  on 
deck  forming  a  hinge  to  enable  the  mast  to  be 
lowered  when  going  under  bridges. 

TaoUe.  AH  the  ropes  of  a  ship.  Simple  tackle 
consists  of  one  or  more  blocks  rove  with  a  single 
rope.  When  two  blocks  are  employed,  one  is  the 
standing  block,  and  the  other  the  running  bkick. 
The  rope  is  termed  the  fall  and  runs  over  the 
sheaves.  The  fast  end  of  the  fall  is  the  standing 
end  and  the  other  the  running  end. 

Taoonuu  U.S.  3rd  class  cruiser  (1903). 
Length  292ft.    Beam  44ft.    Maximum  draught  17ft. 
Displacement  3,200  tons.    Complement  292. 

Guns,  Armour. 

10—5  in.  "  Harvey-nickd." 

8 — 6  pdr.  2  in.  Deck. 

2 — I  pdr. 
2  Colts. 
Twin  screw.    Hp.  4,500=1 0*5  kts.    Coal  maxi 
mum  700  tons. 


TAFFRAIL 


619 


TAPPERHETEN 


TafErafl.  A  curved  railing  upon  the  upper  part 
of  a  ship's  stem. 

Titg9,  Old  French  cruis^  (1886).  Reconstructed 
1898.  Displacement,  7,600  tons  ;  guns,  old  models. 
Of  no  fighting  value. 

TaSL  A  rope  spliced  into  the  round  of  a  block 
leaving  an  end  for  making  it  fast. 

Tajjnr.  Turkish  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Gaar- 
den,  1894.)  Length,  187  ft.  *  beam,  31  ft. ;  draught, 
8  ft. ;  displacement,  270  tons  ;  armament,  6  i-pdr., 
2  tubes;  Hp.,  1,200=25  kts. 

Takaohflio.  Japanese  torpedo  gun-boat.  (Kls- 
wick.  1886.) 

Length  300ft.    Beam  46ft.    Draught  i8^ft. 
Displacement  3,700  tons.     Complement  365. 

Guns.  Armour. 

2— IO-2  in.  "  Steel." 

6 — 6  in.  3  in.  Deck  amidships. 

2 — 3  pdr.  i^  in.  Gun  shields. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
4  Above  water. 
Hp.  7.500=18  kts.    Coal  800  tons. 

Takao.  Japanese  torpedo  gun-boat.  (Yokosuka, 
1889.)  Length,  230  ft. ;  beam,  33  ft. ;  draught, 
13  ft. ;  displacement,  1,774  tons;  complement, 
255  ;  armament,  4  6-in.,  i  4f-in.,  6  Maxims  ;  Hp., 
2,300=15  kts. ;  coal,  300  tons. 

TakaaagO.  Japanese  cruiser.  (Elswick,  1898.) 
Lost  during  the  Russo-Japanese  war. 

Take.  The  catch  of  fish  in  a  single  drag  of  the 
net. 

Taken  aback.  When  the  wind  going  ahead 
reverses  the  action  of  the  sails. 

m 

Taking  in  laiL    Brailing  up  and  furling. 

Takoo.  French  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Elbing, 
1898.)  Captured  from  the  Chinese  at  Taku,  1900. 
Length,  193  ft.  ;  beam.  21  f t. ;  draught,  Ti  f t. ; 
displacement,  280  tons ;  complement,  62  ;  arma- 
ment. 6  3 -pdr.,  q.f.,  2  tubes ;  twin  .screw ;  Hp., 
6,000=25  kts. ;  coal,  67  tons. 

Taku.     British  torpedo-boat  destroyer. 

Talavwa.  British  ship  of  1,796  gross  tons.  This 
vessel  accomplished  the  remarkable  performance 
of  voyaging  round  the  world  in  153  sailing  days. 
Leaving  Cardiff,  she  arrived  at  Algoa  Bay  50  days 
afterwards,  from  Algoa  Bay  to  Lyttleton  her  time 
was  28  days,  and  from  Lyttleton  to  the  Lizard 
74  days. 

Talbot.    British  2nd  class  cruiser.     (Devonport, 

18950 

Length  364ft.   Beam  54ft.  Maximum  draught  23ft. 

Displacement  5,600  tons.     Complement  450. 

Guns*  Armour, 

II — 6  in.  "  Harvey." 

8  —  12  pdr.  2\  in.  Deck. 

I — 12  pdr.,  8  cwt.       6  in.  Conning  tower. 

7—3  pdr. 
2  Maxims. 


Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
2  Submerged. 
I  Above  water  stem. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  natural  8,000  =18*5  kts. ,  forced 
9,600=  19*5  kts.     Coal  maximum,  1.076  tons. 

TaUant.    The  upper  hance  of  the  rudder. 

Tally.     Hauling  the  sheets  aft. 

Talookdar.  British  steel  ship.  Sunk  by  collision 
with  the  Libussa  between  Cape  de  Verde  and  Cape 
Rocque,  December  13,  1890;    22  lives  lost. 

Tamar.    British  receiving  ship  (4.650  tons). 

Tamesis  C&ab,  Hampton  Wick.  Established 
1885.  Burgee :  Light  blue,  broad  white  bar 
vertical,  with  anchor  in  centre.  Commodore, 
H.  Pullman ;  Vice-Commodore.  F.  J.  Young ; 
Rear-Commodore,  W.  Colpoys ;  Honorary  Secre- 
tary and  Treasurer,  G.  Phipps  Spooner.  Entrance 
fee,  £2  25. ;  annual  subscription,  £1  is.  $ 

Tamoyo.  Brazilian  torpedo  gun-boat.  (Kiel. 
1896.) 

Length  259ft.   Beam  30ft.  Maximum  draught  loft. 
Displacement  i  ,030  tons.     Complement  no. 

Guns.  Armour. 

2-^4'7  in.  "  Steel." 

6 — 6  pdr.  I  in.  Deck. 

4 — I  pdr.  1  in.  Conning  tower. 

4  in.  Gun  shields. 
Torpedo  Tubes  (14  in.). 
3  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  natural  4.000=20  kts.,  forced 
7,000 =23  kts.     Coal  normal  1 00  tons. 

Tan.     Anything  steeped  in  oak  bark. 

Tungim  Dutch  torpedo-boat.  (Yarrow,  1903.) 
Displacement,  140  tons ;  armament,  2  3-pdr. ; 
tubes,  3  14-in.  (2  broadside,  i  stem) ;  speed,  25  kts. ; 
coal,  30  tons. 

TkngO.        Formerly     Poltava     {q.v.).     Japanese 
1st  class  battleship.   (St.  Petersburg,  1894.) 
Length  367ft.     Beam  69ft.     Draught  26ft. 
Displacement  10.900  tons.     Complement  700. 
Guns.  Armour. 

4 — 12  in.  "  Harvey-nickel." 

12—6  in.  4  in.  Belt. 

34  Small.  9  in.  Bulkheads. 

10  in.  Big  gun  shields. 
Torpedo  Tubes. 
6. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.   11,020=16  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 900  tons. 

Taormina.  Italian  mail  steamer.  Sunk  by 
collision  with  the  Greek  steamer  Thessalia,  Sep- 
tember 12,  1891  ;  60  lives  lost. 

Tapperheten.  Swedish  coast  service  battleship. 
(Kockum,  1903.) 

Length  287ft.   Beam  49ft.  Maximum  draught  i6ft. 
Displacement  3.650  tons.     Cpmplement  250. 


TAR 


620 


TAYLOR 


Guns. 
2 — 8*2  in. 
6—6  in. 
10 — 3  pdr. 
2 — I  pdr. 


Armour, 
"  Krupp." 
7  in.  Belt  amidships. 

7  in.  Turrets. 

8  in.  Conning  tower. 


Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
2  Submerged. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  6,500=17  kts.     Coal  normal 
360  tons. 

Tar.  A  fluid  extract  derived  from  coal  when 
making  gas.     A  name  applied  to  a  good  sailor. 

Taranuu  Union  Co.'s  steamer.  Wrecked  off 
Waipapa  Point,  New  Zealand,  April  28,  1881  ; 
130  lives  lost. 

Tarbet  Nws  Light,  built  in  1892.  and  similar  to 
the  apparatus  used  in  Douglas  Head  Light,  Isle  of 
Man,  is  situated  in  Dornoch  Firth,  and  is  a  six-flash 
light  every  30  seconds ;  duration  of  flash,  half  a 
second  ;  candle-power,  22,000  ;  burner,  four-wick  ; 
illuminant,  oil. 


are  books  of  rates  containing  the  names  of 
kinds  of  goods  with  duties  or  customs  to  be  paid  for 
their  import  or  export,  as  settled  by  the  authorities, 
or  agreed  between  States. 

The  principles  of  tariff  of  different  countries 
depend  upon  their  respective  commercial  policy  and 
fluctuating  interests  and  requirements. 

Tarpaulin.  Canvas  on  which  a  coating  of  tar  or 
paint  has  been  placed  to  make  it  water-proof. 

Tartar.  British  3rd  class  cruiser  (1.770  tons, 
i6'5  kts.).     Launched  1886. 

Tartar.  British  subsidised  merchant  ship  (1883). 
Canadian  Pacific  Railway  Co.  {q.v.).  Dimensions, 
376  X  47  X  30  ft. ;  gross  tonnage,  4,425  ;  passenger 
accommodation,  70;    Hp.,  4,900=17  kts. 

Tasimeter.  An  instrument  invented  by  Edison 
for  measuring  very  minute  variations  of  the  pres- 
sure, temperature,  moisture,  etc.  The  practical 
uses  of  the  instrument  are  as  follows  :  (i)  Warning 
vessels  of  the  approach  of  icebergs,  by  exposure  to 
the  air  or  to  the  water  cooled  by  their  vicinity  ; 

(2)  indicating    otherwise    inappreciable    weights ; 

(3)  recording  pressures  of  air  in  motion,  thus  afford- 
ing a  useful  addition  to  the  anemometer  (q,v.). 

Tasman,  AM  Janssoon  (1602-59).  Dutch 
explorer  (b.  Hoom).  Made  two  important  voyages 
of  discovery  in  the  Paciflc  and  Southern  Ocean.  In 
1639  he  was  despatched  by  Van  Diemen,  governor- 
general  of  the  Dutch  East  Indies,  on  a  voyage  of  dis- 
covery to  the  Western  Pacific.  Sailing  north  he 
discovered  the  Bonin  Islands,  and  reached  latitude 
38°  40'  N.,  about  600  miles  east  of  Japan.  In  1642 
he  set  out  on  his  great  expedition  which  resulted  in 
the  discovery  of  Tasmania,  to  which  he  gave  the 
name  of  Van  Diemen's  Land,  and  in  the  same  year 
discovered  New  Zealand,  which  he  named  Staaten- 
land.  Leaving  New  Zealand  and  pursuing  the 
northerly  course  he  discovered  two  islands,  which 


he  named  Middleburg  and  Amsterdam,  and  on  his 
return  he  sailed  round  New  Ireland,  and  along 
the  north  coast  of  New  Guinea,  arriving  at  Batavia 
in  June,  1643.  after  a  10  months'  voyage.  In  1664 
he  made  a  second  expedition  for  the  purpose  of 
charting  the  coasts  of  Australia,  and  his  chart  gives 
the  soundings  of  the  whole  of  the  north-west  coasts. 
He  died  at  Batavia.  October,  1659. 

Tasmania.  P>  and  O.  steamer.  Wrecked  on 
Monachi  Rocks,  Corsica,  April  17.  1887  ;  23  lives 
lost. 

Tatniia*  Japanese  torpedo  gun-boat.  Lost 
during  Russo-Japanese  war. 

Taunt.     High,  commonly  applied  to  long  masts. 

Tani    Also  Taught    Tight. 

Taacation  is  the  proceeding  of  (i)  revising  a 
solicitor's  bill  of  costs^  or  (2)  settling,  as  l>etween 
two  litigants,  the  sum  to  be  paid  by  the  unsucces- 
ful  party  to  his  opponent  for  the  latter 's  expenses  in 
connection  with  the  action. 

Taxing  masters  have  power  to  administer  oaths, 
examine  witnesses,  and  order  the  production  of 
papers.  The  finding  of  taxing  masters,  which 
will  be  reconsidered  or  reviewed  by  them  upon  the 
delivery  of  an  objection,  is  embodied  in  a  certificate. 
In  Admiralty  action  the  Registrar  acts  as  taxing 
master.     Refer  to  Registrar  and  Merchants. 

Tay.  British  3rd  class  gun-boat  (363  tons). 
Launched  1876. 

Tayleor*  Emigrant  ship.  Went  ashore  on  the 
rocks  off  Lambay  Island,  north  of  Howth.  January 
20,  1854  ;  380  Uves  lost. 

Taylor,  Benaon  (b.  Whitehaven,  1866).  Edu- 
cated Thompson  Academy,  the  South  Kensington 
Science  and  Art  Department,  and  Glasgow  Univer- 
sity, where  he  gained  a  silver  medal.  Served  his 
apprenticeship  with  Whitehaven  Shipbuilding  and 
Repairing  Co.,  and  after  being  promoted  to  chief 
draughtsman  severed  his  connection  with  that 
firm  to  take  an  appointment  with  Messrs.  J .  and  G. 
Thompson,  of  Clydebank.  In  December.  1890,  he 
was  appointed  a  surveyor  to  the  British  Corporation 
for  the  Survey  and  Registry  of  Shipping,  and  assisted 
in  the  technical  work  in  connection  with  the  prepara- 
tion for  the  rules  of  construction,  and  was  promoted 
in  1904  to  the  post  of  assistant  chief  surveyor. 
Member  of  Institution  of  Engineers  and  Ship- 
builders in  Scotland  and  of  the  Institution  of  Naval 
Architects. 

Taylor,  David  W.  (b.  Louisa  Co..  Va.,  U.S. A.. 

March  4,  1864).  Naval  constructor,  United  States 
Navy.  Educated  privately,  and  Randolph  Macon 
College.  Va.  Entered  the  United  States  Naval 
Academy  as  cadet-engineer  in  1881,  taking  second 
place  in  competitive  examination.  Graduated 
first  in  class  in  1885,  with  the  highest  marks 
attained  by  any  cadet  before  or  since.  Selected 
for  corps  of  United  States  Naval  Constmcton.  and 


TAY 


621 


TEIGN 


sent  as  private  student  for  three  years'  course 
in  marine  engineering  at  Royal  Naval  College, 
Greenwich.  Received  first-class  diploma  in  1888, 
with  highest  marks  ever  given  to  any  student. 
English  or  foreign.  From  1888-92  was  inspector 
of  ships  building  under  contract  for  United  States 
in  Philadelphia,  Pa.  From  1889-91  was  recorder 
of  Board  on  Construction  of  United  States  Navy 
Department.  From  1892-94  was  in  charge  of 
construction  and  repair  work  at  United  States 
Navy  Yard,  Mare  Island,  California.  From 
1 894- 1 900  was  principal  assistant  to  the  Chief  of 
Bureau  of  Construction  and  Repair,  United  States 
Navy  Department.  Had  charge  of  the  design  and 
construction  (1897-99)  of  the  United  States  Experi- 
mental Basin  at  Wzishington,  P.C,  U.S.A.,  and 
since  its  completion  (1899  ^o  date)  has  had  charge  of 
its  operations,  and  of  much  other  experimental 
work  for  the  Bureau  of  Construction  and  Repair. 
Has  honorary  degree  of  Doctor  of  Engineering  from 
Stevens'  Institute  of  Technology.  Hoboken,  New 
Jersey.  In  1895  "^^s  awarded  gold  medal  by 
Institution  of  Naval  Architects  for  paper  on  "  Ship 
Shaped  Stream  Forms." 

Publications  ■  "  Resistance  of  Ships  and  Screw 
Propulsion,"  numerous  papers  published  in  the 
Transactions  of  the  Institution  of  Naval  Architects, 
Society  of  Naval  Architects  and  Marine  Engineers 
(American),  American  Society  of  Engineers,  and  the 
United  States  Naval  Institute. 

Iky  Taoht  dab.  Royal.  See  Royal  Tay  Yacht 
Oub. 

T3.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Ten  Boer,  Holland. 

T.BJ).     Abbreviation  for  torpedo-boat  destroyer. 

Tehelynikiii,  ItoatouMit  T.  See  Arctic  £3q>lora- 
tion. 

TdlfiBma.       Old  Russian  battleship.  Black  Sea 
(1886).     Reconstructed  1902. 
Length  339ft.   Beam  69ft.  Maximum  draught  29ft. 
Displacement  10,250  tons.     Complement  530. 
Guns.  Armour. 

6—12  in.  "  Compound." 

7 — 6  in.  18  in.  Belt  amidships. 

8 — 3  pdr.  12  in.  Barbettes. 

4 — I  pdr.  16  in.  Conning  tower. 

6  Maxims. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
7  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  11,000=16  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 870  tons. 

Tohigianoff,  Alexander  (b.  Tiflis,  South  Russia, 
June  22,  1884).  Educated  French  School,  Alex- 
andria, acquiring  a  knowledge  of  French,  Italian 
and  Arabic.  In  1898  he  came  to  London,  and 
studied  at  the  Central  Foundation  School,  and  in 
1900  he  entered  the  City  and  Guilds  Institute 
Engineering  College,  and  graduated  in  1903,  since 
which  time  he  has  been  connected  with  the  North- 


Eastem  Marine  Engineering  Co.,  Ltd.,  Wallsend^ 
working  through  several  departments,  and  now 
being  employed  in  their  drawing  office. 

T.D.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Tietjerksteradeel,  Holland. 

Tea  (China)  daase.    See  Clauses. 

Teal.  British  shallow-draught  steamer  for  river 
service,  China. 

Teaier.  British  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (East 
Cowes,  1895.)  Length.  200  ft. ;  beam,  19  ft. ;  draught. 
5j^  ft.  ;  displacement,  300  tons ;  complement. 
45  ;  armament,  i  12-pdr.,  5  6-pdr.,  2  tubes  ;  twin 
screw  ;   Hp.,  4.100  =  27  kts. ;  coal.  60  tons. 

Ted-Casfle  Line  of  steamers,  with  their  head 
offices  in  Liverpool,  maintain  regular  services  from 
Liverpool  every  Tuesday,  Wednesday  Friday,  and 
Saturday  for  Dublin,  returning  every  Monday, 
Wednesday,  Thursday,  Friday,  and  Saturday.  A 
service  is  also  maintained  from  Liverpool  every 
Saturday  evening  for  Whitehaven  and  Maryport, 
returning  every  Wednesday  via  Dublin. 

Flert. 
Adela.  Cumbria. 

Blackrock.  Eblana. 

Teee.  British  3rd  class  gun-boat  (363  tons). 
Launched  1876. 

Tees  Daily  Shipping  List.  Published  daily 
(morning).     Price  id.    Address :    Middlesbrough. 

Tegettbofl.  Old  Austro-Hungarian  battleship. 
Of  no  practical  fighting  value,  and  at  present  used 
for  harbour  service  only. 

Tegetthoft,  Wflhelin  yon  (1827-71).  Austrian 
admiral  (b.  Marburg).  Entered  the  Navy,  1845. 
and  four  years  later  was  present  at  the  blockade  of 
Venice.  In  1863,  as  commodore  in  command  of 
two  frigates,  he  was  sent  to  the  North  Sea,  and 
fought  an  action  against  the  Danes,  which  suc- 
ceeded in  raising  the  blockade  of  the  mouths  of  the 
Elbe  and  Weser.  In  1866  he  was  placed  in  com- 
mand of  the  whole  effective  forces  of  the  Austrian 
Navy,  and  the  victory  which  was  gained  over  the 
Italian  fleet  off  Lissa,  on  July  20.  1866,  was  entirely 
due  to  him  and  the  officers  he  had  trained.  For  his 
victory  he  was  promoted  vice-admiral.  In  March, 
1868,  he  was  appointed  Commander-in-Chief  of  the 
Navy,  which  post  he  held  till  his  death  at  Vienna, 
April  7,  1871. 

Tegnalda.  Chilian  torpedo-boat.  (Yarrow.) 
Length,  87  ft. ;  beam,  10}  f t.  ;  draught,  8  ft. ; 
Hp..  400. 

Teigii  Ooriiitliia&  Safllng  Olab,  Teignmouth. 
Established  1883.  Burgee :  White.  Commodore, 
M.  H.  Mills  ;  Vice-Commodore,  J.  J.  Greenshields  ; 
Rear-Commodore,  H.  M.  Bird ;  Treasurer,  F.  C. 
Frost ;  Secretary,  G.  A.  Bilton.  Annual  sub- 
scription, 105. 


TEJO 


622 


TELL 


Tejo.     Portuguese  destroyer  (1902). 

Displacement  530  tons. 

Guns, 

I — 4  in. 

I — 9  pdr. 

4—3  pdr. 

Torpedo  Tubes, 

2  Above  water. 

Hp.  7,000=25  kts. 

TeL  Telegraph.  Abbreviation  adopted  on  the 
charts  issued  by  the  Hydrographic  Office,  Admi- 
ralty. 

Telegraph.    See  Post  Office. 

Telegraphy.  The  systems  at  present  in  use 
may  be  divided  into  four  classes :  signalling, 
alphabetic,  writing  and  facsimile.  The  system 
of  signalling  is  based  on  the  production  of  two 
particular  signals.  In  the  Morse  system  these 
two  signals,  combined  where  desired  into  different 
combinations  of  from  one  to  four  short  (dot),  and 
one  to  four  long  (dash  three  times  as  long  as  the 
dot),  each  letter  of  the  alphabet  can  be  indi- 
cated, numerals  being  represented  by  groups 
of  five  signals  and  punctuations  and  special  signs 
by  groups  of  six  and  sometimes  more.  The 
Morse  system,  which  includes  the  Morse  sounder, 
the  Morse  printer,  and  the  Wheatstone  automatic, 
in  general  use  is  as  follows  : — 

A    .     —  N   —  . 

B   —  .      .      .  O 

Ch Q .- 

D  —  .      .  R  .     —  . 

£  •  S  .      .      . 

F  .     —  .  T  — 

G .  u  .     .     — 

H  V  

I  .      .  W  . 

J  . X  —  .      .     — 

K  —  .     —  Y   —  . 

T  7 

M 


I, 

3. 
4> 
5» 


6.  — 

7.  — 

8.  — 

9.  — 
o,  — 


In  the  alphabetic  systems  there  are  two  classes  : 
{a}  non-recording,  {b)  recording.  In  Great  Britain 
the  prevailing  non-recording  system  is  the  Wheat- 
stone  automatic.  In  the  recording  class,  the 
Hughes  type  printing  telegraph  still  occupies  the 
premier  position,  and  with  his  instrument  almost 
perfect  accuracy  and  certainty  have  been  attained. 
On  the  short  cable  system  connecting  Great 
Britain  and  the  Continent,  it  is  almost  exclusively 
used.  Writing  and  facsimile  telegraphs  have  not 
yet  become  of  any  great  practical  use,  owing  to  the 
various  difficulties  and  the  complicated  mechanical 


contrivances  in  connection  therewith.  One  thing 
that  tells  against  them  very  considerably  is  the 
exceedingly  low  working  speed  as  against  other 
systems.  As  a  rule  the  transmission  of  writing, 
diagrams,  or  pictures  is  based  on  electrolysis.  There 
has  recently  been  introduced  into  Great  Britain  an 
instrument  which  has  been  successfully  worked 
between  England  and  the  Continent,  capable  of 
transmitting  writing,  diagrams,  and  pictures,  and 
a  great  future  is  predicted  for  this  system. 

Telescope.  An  optical  instrument  for  magni- 
fying distant  objects  so  as  to  make  them  look 
nearer  to  the  eye  than  they  actually  are.  Its 
essential  parts  are  :  an  object  glass  or  a  concave 
mirror  to  render  the  rays  of  light  convergent,  and 
form  an  image  of  the  object,  and  an  eye-piece  to 
magnify  it  after  the  manner  of  a  microscope. 
There  are  two  kinds  of  telescopes,  in  one  the  rays 
from  the  object  are  made  to  converge  by  refraction  ; 
in  the  other  by  reflection.  A  refracting  telescope 
in  the  simplest  form  consists  of  a  double  convex 
lens,  and  a  second  and  smaller  lens  also  doubly 
convex  (called  the  eye-piece).  To  render  a  tele- 
scope achromatic,  the  object  glass  is  made  double 
or  triple  and  the  eye-piece  is  generally  composed 
of  two  lenses  adapted  to  each  other.  Not  only 
does  a  telescope  magnify  objects,  but  it  collects 
and  concentrates  upon  the  eye  a  greater  amount 
of  light  than  would  enter  the  organ  if  unassisted, 
and  the  larger  the  object  glass  the  greater  in  both 
respects  is  the  power  of  the  telescope.  Great 
rivalry  exists  between  civilised  nations  as  to  which 
shall  possess  the  most  powerful  telescopes.  Two 
were  constructed  with  15 -in.  diameter  object 
glasses,  and  sent  to  Pulkowa  and  Harvard  College 
in  1840  and  1847  respectively.  Alvan  Clark  of 
Boston,  in  1862,  constructed  one  with  an  18-in. 
diameter  object  glass,  through  which  the  satellite  of 
Sirius  was  discovered.  Cooke  of  York  constructed 
one  with  a  2  5 -in.  equatorial  for  Mr.  Newall  in 
1807,  and  one  of  26-in.  was  constructed  in  1873  for 
the  Naval  Observatory,  Washington.  Mr.  Howard 
Grubb,  of  Dublin,  constructed  for  the  Vienna 
Observatory  in  1881  an  instrument  with  an  object 
glass  of  2y  in.,  and  the  ones  mounted  at  Pulkowa. 
1885,  and  Nice,  in  1886,  each  had  an  aperture  of 
30  in.  In  1888  Clark  finished  the  superb  Lick 
38  in.,  and  in  1897  one  of  40  in.  for  the  Yerkes 
Observatory.  A  refracting  astronomical  telescope 
having  the  eye-piece  of  a  single  lens,  or  of  a  pair  of 
lenses,  does  not  reverse  the  image  formed  by  the 
object  glass,  and,  therefore,  exhibits  objects 
inverted,  which  in  astronomical  observations  does 
not  matter  much.  A  terrestrial  telescope  for 
looking  at  objects  on  the  earth  has  an  eye-piece 
with  two  more  lenses  than  an  astronomical  one  : 
it  therefore  inverts  the  image  and  exhibits  the 
object  erect. 

TeU-tale.     An  index  in  front  of  the  wheel  showing 
position  of  the  tiller. 


TELLTALE 


623 


TEN 


TeQttla-OQBpMi.  A  compass  hanging  face  down- 
wards from  the  beams  in  the  cabin  showing  the 
position  of  the  vessel's  head.  Also  an  index  in 
front  of  the  steering  wheel  to  show  the  position  of 
the  rudder. 

TeL  8tiL  Telegraph  station.  Abbreviation  a- 
dopted  on  the  charts  issued  by  the  Hydrographic 
Office.  Admiralty. 

Ttoi4raire.  British  ist  class  battleship.  Laid 
down  1906. 

Length  500ft.     Beam  Soft.     Draught  26ft. 
Displacement  18,000  tons. 
Guns.  Armour, 

10 — 12  in.  "  Krupp." 

18 — 3  in.  12  in.  Belt  amidships.      , 

12  in.  Barbettes. 
Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
4  Submerged  broadside. 
I  Submerged  stem. 
Turbine.     Four  screws.     Hp.  23,000  =>  21  kts. 

Approjdmate  cost  ;£  1,7  50,000. 
This  ship-name  first  came  into  the  British  Navy 
by  the  capture  in  December,  1694,  of  the  French 
line  of  battleship  Tim^aire.  The  second  TimSraire 
was  captured  from  the  French  in  August,  1759,  and 
took  part  in  the  expedition  against  BeUeisle,  1761 ; 
against  Martinique,  1762  ;  and  at  the  reduction  of 
Havana.  The  third  vessel  of  this  name  was  built  in 
1798,  and  bore  a  gallant  and  historic  part  in  the 
battle  of  Trafalgar,  1805.  It  was  the  towing  of  this 
ship  to  be  broken  up  that  inspired  Turner's  great 
picture,  and  subsequently  it  was  the  subject  of  a 
poem  by  Newbolt.  The  fourth  vessel  of  this  name 
was  launched  at  Chatham  in  1869,  &nd  formed  one 
of  the  ships  that  made  the  passage  to  the  Dardandles 
in  1878.  She  also  took  a  prominent  part  in  the 
bombardment  of  Alexandria  in  1883. 

TttmeAi  Austro-Hungarian  river  monitor  (1905). 
Length,  184  ft.;  beam,  31^  ft.;  draught,  4  ft.; 
displacement,  433  tons  ;  guns,  2  4'7-in.,  3  Maxims  ; 
armour,  "  Steel,"  2  in.  belt  amidships,  3  in.  bar- 
bettes, 3  in.  turrets;  Hp.,  1,400=13  kts.;  coal, 
65  tons. 

Temperatiue.  The  state  of  a  body  with  regard 
to  heat. 

Tempest.  A  word  not  much  used  by  seamen, 
synonymous  with  storms,  gales,  etc. 

Ttanyle  Taeht  (Aiib,  BoyaL  See  Royal  Temple 
Yacht  Club. 

Temporary  repairs.    See  Particular  Average. 

Tlmd*  To  watch  a  vessel  at  anchor  on  the  turn 
of  the  tide,  and  cast  her  by  the  helm,  and  some  sail 
if  necessary,  so  as  to  keep  the  cable  clear  of  the 
anchor,  or  turns  out  of  her  cable  when  moored. 

.  Tender.    A  small  vessel  duly  commanded  and  Ten-Bin.     Japanese  torpedo  gun-boat.     (Japan, 

employed  to  attend  ^  larger  one  to  supply  her      1885.)    Length,  200  ft. ;  beam,  32  ft. ;  draught, 
with  stores  and  carry  despatches,  etc.  i6j^  ft;  4isplaement,   1,500  tons;  complement, 


Tending  to  the  tide.  Swinging  round  when  at 
single  anchor  at  the  change  of  tide. 

Teniente  Bodrignez.  Chilian  torpedo-boat.  (Yar- 
row, 1898.)  Displacement,  140  tons ;  maximum 
draught.  7}  ft.  ;  armament,  3  3-pdr. ;  tubes, 
3  14-in. ;  Hp..  2,2ooss27  kts. ;  coal,  40  tons. 

Teniente  Serano.  Chilian  torpedo-boat  destroyer. 
(Laird,  1896.)  Displacement,  300  tons  ;  armament, 
I  i2-pdr.,  5  6-pdr.  ;  tubes,  2  i8-in.  ;  Hp.,  6,250= 
30  kts.  ;  coal.  90  tons. 

Tennessee.  U.S.  ist  class  cruiser.  (Cramp 's» 
1904.) 

Length  505ft.   Beam  73ft.  Maximum  draught  26ft. 
Displacement  14,500  tons.     Complement  858. 
Guns,  Armour. 

4 — lo  in.,  40  cal.       "  Krupp." 
16—6  in.  5  in.  Belt. 

23 — 14  pdr.  7  in.  Barbettes. 

12 — 3  pdr.  9  in.  Turrets. 

2 — I  pdr.  9  in.  Conning  tower. 

2  Machine. 
2  Colts. 
2  Field  guns,  12  pdr. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
4  Submerged. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  23.000  =  22  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 2,000  tons. 

Tennyson*  Ck>nstantine  (b.  Reval.  July  5.  1873). 
Russian  naval  architect.  In  1891.  after  finishing 
his  general  education  at  the  Gymnasium  of  Reval, 
he  entered  the  school  of  naval  architecture  and 
marine  engineering  at  Cronstadt,  and  there  gained 
his  diploma  with  first-class  honours  after  a  course 
of  four  years.  In  1898  he  took  a  course  at  the 
Naval  Academy,  naval  architecture  department, 
in  St.  Petersburg,  and  then  entered  the  Admiralty 
Dockyard  in  St.  Petersburg  as  assistant  constructor. 
In  1900  he  was  appointed  chief  statistical  officer 
of  the  Marine  Technical  Committee.  In  1903  was 
promoted  First  Secretary  of  the  Construction 
Department,  and  gained  his  diploma  at  the  Im- 
perial Archseological  Institution,  St.  Petersburg. 
He  has  been  sent  by  his  Government  on  several 
occasions  to  visit  Government  dockyards  and 
shipbuilding  works  in  England,  Germany,  France, 
and  the  United  States  of  America,  and  these  are 
ably  described  in  his  report  published  by  the 
Marine  Technical  Committee.  Member  of  Institu- 
tion of  Naval  Architects. 

Publications  :  Reports  on  shipbuilding  yards  in 
Europe  and  America,  numerous  papers  and  articles 
published  in  the  "  Morskoy  Sbomik."  "  Russkoye 
Sondokhodstvo,"  "  Novoye  Vremya,"  etc. 

Tenon.  The  projecting  end  of  a  piece  of  timber 
fitted  for  insertion  into  the  mortise. 


TENSION 


624 


TERROR 


222 ;   armament,    i    6'6>in..    6  47-in.,   2    i^pdr. ; 
Hp.,  1.250=12  kts. ;  coal,  256  tons. 

Tenriom  of  vapour.    See  Elastic  Force  pi  Vapour. 

Tttano,  Saiiehi  (b.  Nagoya.  Japan,  Novem- 
ber 26,  1868).  Studied  naval  architecture  for 
three  years  at  the  Tokio  Imperial  University, 
graduating  therefrom  in  July,  1890.  He  remained 
in  the  University  as  a  post-graduate,  making 
further  study  on  ship  designing  till  1892,  when 
he  was  appointed  to  be  an  assistant  professor 
in  the  naval  architecture  department,  which  post 
he  occupied  till  1897.  He  was  sent  abroad  in 
June,  1897,  by  the  Japanese  Government  to  learn 
practical  shipbuilding,  and  stayed  for  two  years 
in  England  and  Scotland,  and  also  visited  most 
of  the  principal  shipyards  in  Europe  and  America. 
After  his  return  to  Japan  he  was  appointed  pro- 
fessor of  Naval  Architecture  at  the  Imperial 
University,  Tokio.  During  his  official  connection 
with  the  Japanese  University  he  was  responsible 
for  the  designing  of  many  ships  for  the  Govern- 
ment and  private  services,  including  amongst 
others  the  training  ship  of  4,300  tons  displacement 
for  the  Nautical  College,  a  lighthouse  tender  for 
the  Government  Board,  and  two  large  ocean  liners 
for  the  Pacific  trade. 

Terek.  Russian  Government  liner  (1889). 
Length,  461  ft.  ;  beam,  55  ft.  ;  draught,  24  ft.  ; 
gross  tonnage,  7,241  ;  Hp.,  12,000=18*5  kts. 

Terpdohore.    British  2nd  class  cruiser  (1890). 
Length  300ft,  Beam  43ft.  Maximum  draught  i8ft. 
Displacement  3,400  tons.     Complement  273. 
Guna,  Armour, 

2—6  in.  "  Steel." 

6 — 4y  in.  2  in.  Deck. 

8 — 6  pdr.  3  in.  Conning  tower. 

I — 3  pdr. 
4  Machine. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (14  in.). 
4  Above  water. 
Twin    screw.  .  Hp.    natural    7,000=18*5     kts., 
forced  9,000=20  kts.     Coal  maximum  535  tons. 
Approximate  cost  ;£2oo.ooo. 

Ttereitrial  and  Celestial  Eauaton.  The  Terres- 
trial Equator  is  a  great  circle  (supposed  to  be 
described)  around  the  earth,  at  an  equal  distance, 
or  90°  from  the  poles,  dividing  the  globe  into  two 
equal  parts,  the  part  to  the  southward  of  the 
equator  being  called  the  southern  hemisphere,  and 
that  to  the  northward  the  northern  hemisphere. 

Terreitrial  radiation.  The  term  used  for  heat 
which  is  given  out  from  the  earth. 

TeiriUe.     British   protected  cruiser.     (Fairfield, 

1895.) 

Length  520ft   Beam  71  ft.  Maximum  draught  31ft. 
Displacement  14,200  tons.    Complement  894. 


Guns. 
2—9*2  in.,  40  cal. 
16— 6  in. 
16^12  pdr. 


If 


Armour, 
Harvey." 
6  in.  Belt  amidships. 
6  in.  Barbettes. 


2 — 12  pdr.,  8  cwt.     12  in.  Conning  tower. 
12 — 3  pdr. 
2  Maxims. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
4  Submerged. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  25,000=22  kts.    Coal  maxi- 
mum 3,000  tons.    Approximate  cost  ;£7o8,6oo. 

This  ship-name  is  associated  with  the  battle  of 
Vigo  Bay,  1702  ;  capture  of  the  French  Terrible 
by  Hawke,  1747 ;  expedition  to  Quebec,  1759 : 
Keppel's  action  off  Brest,  1778  ;  Rodney's  action 
off  Cape  St.  Vincent,  1780;  Graves's  action  off  the 
Chesapeake,  1781  ;  Hood's  occupation  of  Toulon, 
1793  ;  Hotham's  action  off  Genoa.  1795  ;  Hotham's 
action  off  Hydres,  1795. 

Tenible.    French  coast  service  battleship  (1891). 
Length  278ft.   Beam  59ft.  Maximum  draught  26ft 
Displacement  7,500  tons.     Complement  405. 
Guns,  Armour. 

2 — i3'4in.  "Compound." 

4-r-4  in.  19  in.  Belt  amidships. 

10— -3  pdr.  17  in.  Barbettes. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
2  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  6,000=  14' 5  kts.    Coal  maxi- 
mum 800  tons. 

Tenitofjal  vrateti*  The^'  of  Great  Britain  include 
"  such  part  of  the  sea  adjacent  to  the  coast  of  the 
United  Kingdom,  or  coast  of  some  other  part  of 
Her  Majesty's  dominions,  as  is  deemed  by  inter- 
national law  to  be  within  the  teiritorial  sovereignty 
of  Her  Majesty ;  and  for  the  purpose  of  any  offence 
declared  by  this  Act  (Territorial  Jurisdiction  Act, 
1878)  to  be  within  the  jurisdiction  of  the  admiral, 
any  part  of  the  open  sea  within  one  marine  league 
of  the  coast  measured  from  low-water  mark  {g.v.) 
shall  be  deemed  to  be  open  sea  within  the  territorial 
waters  of  Her  Majesty's  dominions."  The  extent 
of  a  nation's  territorial  waUrs  differs  in  different 
countries.  In  Great  Britain  three  miles  from  the 
coast  is  the  limit,  the  reason  for  this  particular 
distance  having  been  originally  the  supposed  range 
of  a  cannon  shot  from  the  shore.  Vessels  of  all 
nations  have  right  of  passage  through  territorial 
waters,  but  the  rights  of  fishing  are  reserved  ex- 
clusively for  the  subjects  of  the  adjacent  land.  All 
offences  committed  within  the  territorial  waters  of 
the  United  Kingdom,  including  those  committed 
aa  foreign  ships,  are  within  British  jurisdictioii. 
whether  the  vessels  are  at  anchor  within,  or  merely 
passing  within,  the  three  miles  radius. 

Terror.  Ship.  See  Antarctic  Exploration  and 
Arctic  Exploration. 

Terror.    British  screw,  troopship  (6,2 1 1  tons). 


TERROR 


625 


TEXT 


Tenor.    Old  U.S.  monitor  (1883). 
Length  260ft.   Beam  56ft.  Maximum  draught  i6ft. 
Displacement  3,990  tons.    Complement  180. 
Guns.  Armour. 

4 — 10  in.  "Iron." 

4 — 6  pdr.  7  in.  Belt  amidships. 

1 1  in.  Turrets. 
1 1  in.  Conning  tower. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.    1,600=12  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 330  tons. 

Terror.  Spanish  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Clyde- 
bank, 1896.)  Length,  220  ft. ;  beam,  22  ft.  ; 
draught,  5^  ft. ;  displacement,  300  tons ;  comple- 
ment, 67  ;  armament,  2  X2-pdr.,  2  6-pdr.,  2  i-pdr., 
2  tubes ;  twin  screw ;  Hp.,  6,000=328  kts. ;  coal, 
100  tons. 

Terry,  Stephen  1T*yH<fig  (b.  Dummer,  Hampshire. 
April  15,  1853).  Educated  King's  College,  London. 
In  1 87 1  was  articled  as  a  pupil  of  Messrs.  Aveling 
and  Porter,  being  employed  in  the  foundries, 
pattern  shop,  turning,  fitting,  and  erecting  shops, 
boiler  shops,  and  drawing  o£fice.  He  subsequently 
entered  the  employment  of  Messrs.  Qayton  and 
Shuttleworth,  and  was  for  some  time  connected 
with  their  works  in  Vienna.  Was  12  years  en- 
gineering inspector  to  the  Local  Government 
Board.  Was  joint  inventor  of  the  present  S3rstem 
of  bulk  oil-ship  ventilation,  known  as  the  Flannery 
and  Terry  system,  which  is  now  universally  adopted, 
and  which  has  reduced  the  rates  of  insurance  on 
oil-boats  from  14  guineas  to  two  guineas  per  cent. 
In  1893  ^6  established  himself  in  London  as  a 
consulting  engineer,  speciaJising  in  water  works, 
arbitration  work,  and  in  advising  on  patents  and 
giving  technical  evidence  in  matters  connected 
with  machinery  rating.  Is  a  member  of  the 
Institution  of  Civil  Engineers,  Institution  of 
Mechanical  Engineers,  Institution  of  Marine  En- 
gineers, the  Liverpool  Engineering  Society,  Society 
of  Arts,  associate  of  the  Institution  of  Naval 
Architects.  Is  a  frequent  contributor  to  technical 
newspapers  and  magazines,  and  has  contributed 
valuable  articles  on  the  "  Ventilation  of  Steam- 
ships," "  Steam  Pipes,  Ashore  and  Afloat,"  "  Trac- 
tion-Engine  Legislation,"  "  Steam  Locomotion  on 
Roads,"  "  The  Foundering  of  Steamships,"  "  Vil- 
lage Water  Supply,"  "  Ventilation  of  Collieries," 
"  High-Speed  Engines,"  "  Auxiliary  Machinery  on 
Board  Ships,"  etc. 

TeatoiL  Union  Co.'s  mail  steamer.  Struck  on 
a  rock  near  Cape  Agulhas,  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  and 
went  down  August  30,  1881  ;  200  lives  lost. 

Teatonia.  Hamburg-Amerika  Line  steamer. 
Wrecked  off  Rasmadruha,  on  the  coast  of  the 
independent  Arabian  State  of  Oman,  south-west  of 
the  Persian  Gulf,  on  July  22,  1907.  The  crew  put 
off  for  the  mainland  in  four  boats,  and  aU  but  J  6 
were  saved. 


Teatonie.  British  subsidised  merchant  ship. 
(1889).  White  Star  Line  {q^v.).  Liverpool  and  New 
York.  Dimensions,  582  x  57i  X  39  ft. ;  gross  ton- 
nage* 9*984;  passenger  accommodation,  1*430; 
Hp.,  16,000=  19  kts. 

Tevioi  British  torpedo-boat  destroye.  (J arrow, 
1903.)  Length,  225  ft.;  beam,  23  ft.;  draught, 
10  ft.  displacement,  550  tons;  complement,  70; 
armament,  x  12-pdr.,  5  6-pdr.,  2  tubes  ;  twin  screw  ; 
Hp.,  7,500=26  kts.  ;  coal,  120  tons. 

Tew.    To  beat  hemp. 

Ttaas  Old  U.S.  battieship.  (Norfolk  Navy 
Yard,  1892.) 

Length,  301ft.  Beam  64ft.  Maximum  draught  24ft. 
Displacement  6,300  tons.    Complement  380. 
Guns.  Armour. 

2 — 12  in.  "  Compound." 

6—6  in.  12  in.  belt  amidships. 

1 2 — 6  pdr.  12  in.  Turrets. 

10 — I  pdr.  12  in.  Conning  tower. 

2  Colts. 

Torpedo  Tubes, 
2  Above  water,  bow  and  stem. 
Twin  screw.    Hp.  forced  4,000=17  kts.    Coal 
maximum  950  tons. 

Tezd  Fleet,  Battle  of  the.  In  1795  the  Dutch 
fleet  was  captured  at  this  place  by  the  French 
hussars,  who  stormed  it  on  horseback,  riding  across 
the  ice. 

Tezt-bookl.  The  works  sanctioned  by  the  Board 
of  Trade  for  use  in  connection  with  the  examination 
of  masters  and  mates  are  as  follows  : 

Naval  architecture. — "  The  modem  practice  of 
Shipbuilding  in  Iron  and  Steel  "  (Thearle). 

Trade  routes. — "  Ocean  Passages,"  compiled  from 
the  various  sailing  directions  by  Jackson. 

Barometer^  thermometer  and  hydrometer, — "  A 
Barometer  Manual  for  the  use  of  seamen,  with  an 
appendix  on  the  Thermometer,  Hygrometer  and 
Hydrometer,"  issued  by  the  authority  of  the 
Meteorological  Council. 

Prevailing  winds  and  currents  of  the  Globe. — "  The 
Principal  Winds  and  Currents  of  the  Globe,"  com- 
piled from  the  sailing  directions,  weather  charts, 
etc.     (Jackson). 

Tides,— "Tide  tables  for  the  British  and  Irish 
ports,"  published  annually  by  the  Admiralty. 

Among  other  useful  text-books  on  nautical 
subjects  are  : 

Admiralty  Manual  for  Deviation  of  the  Compass. 

Admiralty  Manual  of  Scientific  Enquiry. 

Astronomy  (Ball). 

Ball's  Class  Book  of  Astronomy. 

Elementary  manual  for  the  Deviation  of  the 
Compass  in  Iron  Ships  (Evans). 

Engineer's  Manual  (Ainsley). 

Guide  Book  to  the  Board  of  Trade  Examination 
of  Masters  and  Mates.     (Newton). 

Handbook  to  Beall's  Compass  Devi^scope. 


TEXT 


626 


THAMES 


Handy  Book  of  the  Stars  used  in  Navigation 

(Whall). 
Harbord's  Glossary  of  Navigation. 
Imnan's  Nautical  Tables. 
Jean's  Handbook  of  the  Stars  (Martin). 
Laws  of  British  Shipping  and  Marine  Assurance. 

(Lees). 
Lockyer's  Lessons  in  Astronomy. 
Magnetism  and  Deviation  of  the  Compass  (Merre- 

field). 
Manual  of  Marine  Meteorology  (Allingham). 
Manual  of  Naval  Architecture  (White). 
Medical  Guide  for  Seamen. 
Nautical  Almanac. 
Navigation  (Bergen). 
Navigation  and  Nautical   Astronomy  (Martin). 

(The  text-book  used  in  the  Navy.) 
New  Guide  Book  to  the  Board  of  Trade  Examina- 
tions   for    Masters'    and    Mates'    Certificates 

(Reed's). 
Norie's   Epitome   of  Navigation   and   Nautical 

Astronomy. 
Oliver's  Shipping  Law  Manual,  with  Digest  of 

Merchant  Shipping  Act,  1894. 
Practical  Information  on  the  Deviation  of  the 

Compass,  for  the  use  of  Masters  and  Mates 

of  Iron  Ships  (Towson). 
Practical  Rules  for  Ascertaining  and  Appl3ring 

the  Deviation  of  the  Compass. 
Practical  Seamanship,  for  Use  in  the  Mercantile 

Service  (Todd  and  Whall). 
Reed's  Engineers'  Handbook  to  the  Board  of 

Trade   Examinations    for   First   and    Second 

Class  Engineers'  Certificates  (Thorn). 
Reed's  Guide  to  the  Board  of  Trade  Examinations 

for  Extra  First-Class  Engineers  (Thorn). 
Sailor's  Handbook  (Bedford). 
Sailor's  Pocket  Book  (Bedford). 
Sailor's  Ready  Reference  Book  (Bedford). 
Seamanship  (Captain  Sir  G.  S.  Nares,  R.N.). 
Seamanship  (Reed's). 
Seamanship  and  Navigation  required  for  Ordinary 

and  Extra  Master's  Examination  (Maxwell). 
Scott's  Elementary  Meteorology. 
Shipowners'    and    Shipmasters'    Handy    Book 

(Reed's). 
Stars  and  Sextants — Star  Distance  Tables  for  use 

in  Correcting  Centring  and  Total  Errors  of 

Sextant  (Sprigge). 
Stowage  of  Ships  and  their  Cargoes  (Stevens). 
Text-book   of  Marine   Engineering    (Tompkins, 

R.N.). 
Text-book  of  Ocean  Meteorology,  compiled  from 

Findlay's  Nautical  Directories  (Martin). 
The  Naval  Annual  (Brassey). 
The  Practice  of  Navigation  and  Nautical  Astro- 
nomy (Raper). 
Weather  Charts  and  Storm  Warnings  (Scott). 
Whall's  Handy  Book  of  the  Tides. 
Wrinkles  in  Practical  Navigation  (Lecky). 
Yonng's  General  Astronomy. 


T.H.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Tholen,  Holland. 

T.H.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Teignmouth,  England. 

Thalattolcgy.    Science  which  treats  of  the  sea.  . 

Thames.  British  subsidised  merchant  ship 
(1890).  Royal  Mail  Co.  (^.v.).  Dimensions,  436  x 
50x33  ft.;  gross  tonnage,  5.620;  passenger 
accommodation,  554;   Hp.,  7,540=17  kts. 

Thames.  British  2nd  class  cruiser  (4,050  tons. 
i6'8  kts.).     Launched  1885. 

Thames.  Established  1899.  Published  weekly 
(Thursday).  Price  li.  Address:  1 56  Westminster 
Bridge  Road,  London,  S.E. 

Thames  and  Mersey  Harine  Insmaiioe  Co.,  Ltd. 

Established  i860,  with  a  capital  of  ^£2 ,000.000, 
divided  into  x  00,000  shares  of  /20  each,  on  which 
£1  per  share  has  been  paid.  Since  the  commence- 
ment of  business,  a  Reserve  Fund  has  been  created 
of  over  ;£50o,ooo.  The  dividend  paid  averages 
^bout  85.  per  share,  equal  to  20%. 

The  directors  of  the  company  are  : 

London, — Herbert  R.  Arbuthnot  (chainnan). 
William  A.  Tumbull  (deputy  chairman),  Robert  C. 
Antrobus.  Sir  Francis  H.  Evans,  Bart.,  K.C.M.G.. 
Reginald  £.  Johnston,  William  McFarlane,  W.  W. 
Phipps.  Underwriter,  Herbert  Finch  ;  secretary. 
H.  Buckland.  Offices:  i  Old  Broad  Street, 
London,  E.C. 

Liverpool. — Herbert  W.  Hind,  Samuel  G.  Sinclair 
(chairman),  Andrew  M.  Anderson,  R.  Brocklebank, 
John  H.  Clayton  (deputy  chairman),  T.  Stanley 
Rogerson,  Alfred  M.  Turner.  Underwriter,  S. 
Cross ;  secretary,  G.  E.  Martindale.  Offices : 
Liverpool  and  London  Chambers. 

Manchester. — George  H.  Gaddum  (chainnan). 
George  Lord  (deputy  chairman),  Charles  S.  Car- 
lisle, James  T.  Dorrington,  Charles  Sumner  Hoare. 
Underwriter,  J.  H.  Thompson  ;  secretary,  Douglas 
Cainc.    Offices :   2  Bank  Street,  St  Ann's  Square. 

Thames  Oonservaney.    See  Conservancy. 

Thames  Esioary  Oroisfaig  Oliib.  Established 
1892.  Commodore,  J.  C.  Stransom ;  Vice-Com- 
modore, J.  Joass ;  Hon.  Secretary  and  Treasurer. 
J.  C.  Stransom,  13  Gray's  Inn  Square.  London, 
W.C.     Annual  subscription,  55. 

Thames  Ironworks  Shipbnildiiig  and  WwginwiriBg 
Co.,  Ltd.«  London,  E.  The  commencement  of  iroo 
shipbuilding  on  the  Thames  was  made  at  these 
works  by  Messrs.  Ditchbum  and  Mare  in  the  early 
forties,  and  since  that  time  upwards  of  879  vessels 
have  been  constructed,  having  a  total  displacement 
tonnage  of  some  467,800  tons.  Eighty-five  of 
these  have  been  constructed  for  the  British  Admi- 
ralty, having  a  total  displacement  tonnage  of 
178,580  tons  ;  100  vessels  for  foreign  governments. 
with  a  total  displacement  tonnage  of  124,000  tons. 
and  694  vessels  of  various  kinds  for  the 


THAMES 


627 


THAMES 


marine,  having  a  displacement  tonnage  of  165,141 
tons.  The  numbers  given  include  217  paddle 
vessels,  the  remainder  being  either  screw,  sailing, 
or  non-self-propelling  vessels. 

This  company  in  1859-61  had  the  honour  of 
building  H.M.S.  Warrior,  the  first  iron  sea-going 
armour-clad  in  the  British  Navy,  and  in  the  world  ; 
and  the  constructive  methods  and  details  of  a  new 
departure  in  warship  building  were  first  worked 
out  at  this  yard  for  the  benefit  of  aU  who  came 
after. 

The  various  governments  of  Europe  became 
greatly  interested  in  the  bold  experiment.  The 
success  of  H.M.S.  Warrior,  for  many  years  the  most 
beautiful  vessel  in  H.M.  Fleet,  emboldened  other 
nations  to  follow,  and  the  German,  Russian, 
Austrian,  Spanish,  Turkish,  Portuguese  and  Greek 
Governments  placed  orders  with  this  company,  with 
the  result  that  the  early  fleets  of  Europe  were 
largely  launched  frqm  slips  at  these  works. 

For  the  last  25  years  the  works  have  been  mainly 
engaged  in  constructing  vessels  of  war  for  the 
British  Navy,  commencing  in  October,  1882,  with 
the  construction  of  the  battleship  H.M.S.  Benbow, 
an  improved  CoUingwood  or  Admiral  class.  On  this 
vessel  were  mounted  2  i6-in.  iio-ton  guns,  one 
forward  and  one  aft,  the  only  guns  of  this  weight 
in  the  Navy  at  that  date.  Following  the  Benbow 
came  the  Sans  Pareil,  sister  ship  to  the  unfortunate 
Victoria  [q.v.),  which,  on  completion,  gave  mi- 
qualified  success,  and  the  British  Admiralty  placed 
the  construction  of  the  large  fast  cruiser  Blenheim, 
a  vessel  of  9,000  tons  displacement,  and  20,000  Hp., 
with  a  speed  of  22  kts. — at  that  time  the  fastest 
vessel  in  the  world — with  this  firm.  Following  the 
Blenheim  came  the  two  first-class  cruisers  Grafton 
and  Thesis,  vessels  of  7.500  tons  displacement,  and 
20  kts.  speed.  In  1S93  ^^  Japanese  Government, 
having  decided  to  embark  on  an  extensive  ship- 
building programme,  sent  a  commission  to  visit 
the  chief  shipbuilding  centres  in  Europe  and 
America,  and  from  their  report  the  Thames  Iron- 
works was  chosen  as  the  firm  best  qualified  for 
building  battleships.  The  result  was  that  in  June, 
1894,  they  received  the  order  for  the.  Japanese 
battleship  Fuji,  a  vessel  of  12,500  tons,  of  an 
improved  Royal  Sovereign  type,  with  a  speed  of 
i8j-  kts.  This  vessel  was  the  Admiral's  flagship, 
and  represented  Japan  at  Queen  Victoria's  Jubilee 
Review,  and  the  same  that  played  such  a  prominent 
part  in  the  Russo-Japanese  war.  In  1896  the 
Admiralty  ordered  H.M.S.  Albion,  a  vessel  of  the 
Canopus  type,  of  12,950  tons  displacement,  with 
13,500  Hp.,  and  a  speed  of  i/i  kts.  In  February, 
1897,  the  Japanese  Government  placed  an  order 
for  the  Shikishima,  a  vessel  of  14,850  tons  displace- 
ment, with  a  speed  of  19  kts. 

Owing  to  the  large  amount  of  first-class  work 
being  placed  with  this  firm,  the  directors  in  1898 
decided  to  remodel  the  works  in  all  their  branches, 
and    expended    a    large    sum   of    money   in   new 


plant  of  the  most  recent  tjrpe,  and  additional 
buildings,  and  in  the  following  year  took  over  the 
old  established  marine  engineering  works  of  Messrs. 
John  Penn  and  Sons,  Greenwich,  in  order  to  enable 
them  to  construct  the  machinery  as  well  as  the  hulls 
of  the  largest  vessels  of  all  descriptions. 

Although  the  name  and  reputation  of  this  firm  is 
more  prominently  associated  with  ships  of  war  in 
the  navies  of  the  world,  they  not  only  construct 
naval  vessels,  but  are  also  builders  of  every  type 
of  craft  that  float  the  seas ;  passenger  vessels, 
cargo  vessels,  river  steamers,  paddle  boats,  tugs, 
dredgers,  lighters,  hoppers,  barges,  and  launches 
of  all  sorts  and  size  are  constantly  being  turned  out 
from  this  busy  yard.  Some  of  the  vessels  are 
launched  ready  for  sea,  some  are  fitted  up  in  the 
docks,  some  are  buUt  for  re-erection  abroad,  when 
they  have  been  packed  in  small  parts  for  trans- 
portation upon  mules'  backs  over  mountain  passes 
to  inland  lakes.  Among  other  curiosities  that  have 
been  built  and  launched  from  the  company's  slips 
may  be  mentioned  the  cylindrical  vessel  Cleopatra, 
that  conveyed  the  Cleopatra  Needle  from  the  sands 
of  Alexandria  to  its  place  on  the  Thames  Embank- 
ment ;  and  the  twin-ship  Castalia,  whose  name  was 
sweet  in  the  memory  of  those  travellers  who  loved 
not  the  pitching  and  tossing  of  the  Channel  seas. 
The  whole  of  the  structural  details  of  this  remark- 
able vessel — as  original  and  in  some  respects  as 
unfortunate  as  the  Great  Eastern — were  worked  out 
in  this  yard,  to  meet  the  views  of  Captain  Dicey,  the 
originator  of  the  twin-ship. 

The  works  of  the  marine  engineering  department 
are  situated  at  Greenwich,  and  are  fitted  with  the 
most  up-to-date  machinery,  and  capable  of  turning 
out  all  classes  of  engines  from  a  steam  pinnace  to 
that  of  the  largest  battleships  and  cruisers.  Besides 
constructing  the  smaller  class  of  machinery,  such  as 
the  Samoyede,  Condor,  Shearwater,  pinnace  ma* 
chinery,  and  10  sets  of  diagonal  paddle  machinery 
for  the  London  County  Council  steamers,  they 
have  completed  sets  of  machinery  for  H.M.S.  first- 
class  battleship  Duncan,  H.M.S.  Cornwallis,  and 
Albemarle.  Each  of  these  sets  of  machinery  com- 
prises two  four-cylinder  inverted  triple-expansion 
engines  of  the  aggregate  powei*  of  x 8,000  Hp. 

The  first-class  cruiser  H.M.S.  Devonshire  was 
fitted  with  a  set  of  twin-screw  machinery  of  21,000 
I.Hp. ;  H.M.S.  Blach  Prince  with  a  set  of  twin-screw 
machinery  of  23,500  Hp.,  and  cylindrical  boilers 
were  supplied  to  the  following  :  H.M.S.  Carnarvon, 
Devonshire,  New  Zealand,  Blach  Prince,  and 
Britannia. 

The  civil  engineering  department  is  responsible 
for  the  iron  work  of  the  Britannia  tubular  bridge, 
Saltash  bridge,  arched  bridge  at  Blackfriars,  Ham- 
mersmith suspension  bridge,  Barking  Road  bridge, 
hydraulic  swing  bridges  over  the  West  India  Docks, 
Kotri  bridge  over  the  Indus  in  Scind,  India,  dock 
gates  at  Barry  Docks,  dock  gates  at  Rojral  Albert 
Docks,  gates  at  East  and  West  India  Docks,  gates 


THAMES 


628 


THEFT 


at  Lisbon,  dock  gates  at  Dover  Harbour,  dock  gates 
at  Penzance  Harboar,  gates  at  Lianelly  Docks,  gates 
at  Tredegar  Graving  Dock,  Newport,  gates  for 
Union  Dry  Dock  Co.,  Newport,  dock  gates  for 
Bombay  Port  Trust,  permanent  caissons  for  Black- 
wall  Tunnel,  floating  caissons  at  Barry  Docks, 
South  Wales,  floating  caissons  at  the  Khedivial 
Mail  Steamship  and  Graving  Dock  Co.,  at  Alex- 
andria, sliding  caissons  for  H.M.  Dockyard,  Gib- 
raltar, sliding  caissons  for  H.M.  dockyard  extension, 
Keyham,  floating  caissons  for  H.M.  dockyard 
extension,  Keyham,  floating  caisson  for  H.M.  dock- 
yard extension  at  Hong  Kong. 

The  works  are  the  growth  of  more  than  half  a 
century,  and  cover  an  area  of  over  26  acres  at 
Canning  Town,  on  the  north  side  of  the  Thames,  and 
over  three  acres  at  Greenwich  and  Deptford  on  the 
south  side.  They  are  divided  into  five  departments, 
of  which  the  shipbuilding,  civil  engineering,  elec- 
trical engineering,  and  dry  dock  departments  are 
situated  at  Canning  Town,  fronting  on  the  River 
Thames,  and  extending  for  some  distance  up  the 
Essex  side  of  Bow  Creek.  The  marine  and  mechani- 
cal engineering  department  is  situated  on  the 
south  side  of  the  River  Thames  at  Greenwich  and 
Deptford. 

Tbamei  Sailing  Clab,  Surbiton.  Estabhshed 
1870,  and  was  the  forerunner  of  all  the  numerous 
sailing  clubs  which  have  their  quarters  on  the 
upper  waters  of  the  Thames.  The  sailing  grounds 
of  the  club  are  the  "  Waterworks  "  reach,  just 
above  Surbiton,  and  the  Kingston  reach,  just 
below  Raven's  Ait.  First-class  matches  are  for 
boats  of  '*  any  rating,"  while  second-class  races 
are  for  boats  of  0*50  and  under.  While  several 
races  in  the  first  class  are  open  to  T.B.A.  clubs, 
the  club  has  for  the  last  few  seasons  opened  the 
whole  of  its  second-class  racing.  The  club  owns 
the  following  challenge  cups  : 

"  The  Thames  Champion  Cup,"  given  in  1887  by 
the  Thames  Sailing  Club,  in  honour  of  the  JubUee 
of  her  late  Majesty  Queen  Victoria,  which  is  held 
for  the  season  by  the  boat  making  the  best  average 
•in  the  first-class  race  of  the  Bourne  End  Week  ; 

"  The  Braganfa  Cup,"  given  by  the  late  Duke 
of  Bragan9a,  Crown  Prince  of  Portugal  (who  was 
an  honorary  life  member  of  ,the  club),  and  held 
by  the  boat  making  the  best  average  in  the  first- 
class  races  of  the  Easter  meeting  at  Tcddington ; 

"The  China  Bowl,"  presented  by  the  late  Mr. 
T.  L.  Houston,  of  Hong  Kong,  and  held  by  the 
boat  making  the  best  average  in  the  first-class 
races  of  the  club  in  each  season ; 

*'  The  Muir  Cup,"  presented  by  the  late  Mr. 
Muir,  which  now  becomes  an  average  prize  for 
second-class  boats  belonging  to  the  club ; 

"The  Clayton  Cup."  presented  by  Mr.  I.  W. 
Clayton,  and  represented  as  a  perpetual  challenge 
cup  by  Mr.  F.  Foster  Knowles  on  his  winning  it 
outright  (races  for  this  cup  are  only  open  to  first- 


class  boats  of  the  T.S.C.,  T.V.S.C,  and  the  Tamesis 
clubs) ; 

"  The  Dunnage  Cup,"  presented  by  the  Messrs. 
Jackson  for  the  first-class  or  any  rating  races ;  and 
the  "  Donnison  Cup,"  presented  by  Messrs.  Donni- 
son,  for  the  same  class  of  boat. 

Burgee :  White,  with  blue  cross  and  red  foul 
anchor  in  centre.  Commodore,  T.  Storar  Field; 
Vice-Commodore,  W.  H.  Wheeler ;  Rear-Commo- 
dore, W.  T.  Clark  ;  Honorary  Treasurer  and  Secre- 
tary, A.  W.  Lambert.  Entrance  fee,  £1  is,;  annual 
subscription,  £2  2s, 


Thames  United  Sailing  Olab,  Egham.  Estab- 
lished 1885.  Ensign :  Red,  with  white  Maltese 
Cross  and  white  anchor  in  fly.  Burgee :  Red.  with 
white  Maltese  Cross  and  anchor.  Commodore. 
General  Sir  A.  Taylor,  G.C.B. ;  Vice-Commodore, 
H.  C.  Tower ;  Rear-Commodore,  J.  H.  W.  PUcher ; 
Honorary  Treasurer  and  Secretary,  W.  Kirkland. 
Entrance  fee,  105.  6d. ;  annual  subscription.  £1  is. 

Ibamef  Valley  SaiUng  Glnb.  Established  1876. 
and  has  held  races  regularly  ever  since.  In  1893 
her  late  Majesty  Queen  Victoria  presented  a 
challenge  cup  to  be  sailed  for  by  boats  belonging 
to  the  up-river  Thames  clubs,  and  it  was  woo 
first  by  the  Mona,  belonging  to  T.  Foster  Knowles. 
vice-conunodore  of  the  club.  Burgee :  Red,  with 
gold  anchor  in  centre.  Commodore :  T.  Rouse 
Ebbetts ;  Vice-Commodore,  T.  Foster  Knowles ; 
Rear-Commodore,  G.  W.  Marsden ;  Honorary  Trea- 
surer and  Secretary,  C.  E.  Browne.  Entrance  fee, 
£1  IS. :  annual  subscription,  £i  1  is.  6d, 

Thames  Tacht  dab,  SoyaL  See  Royal  Thames 
Yacht  Club.  . 

Thanghti.    See  Thwarts. 

Thearle,  Samael  James  Pope  (b.  Portsmouth. 
April,  1846).  British  naval  architect.  Served  his 
apprenticeship  in  Devonport  Dockyard,  and  in 
1865  ^^  appointed  as  student  at  the  Royal  School 
of  Naval  Architecture,  and  three  years  later  gained 
his  diploma  as  Fellow  of  the  school.  From  1868 
until  1870  was  in  the  service  of  the  Admiralty  as 
assistant  overseer  for  vessels  building  by  contract, 
and  as  draughtsman  in  the  office  of  the  Controller 
of  the  Navy.  In  January,  1876,  was  elected  sur- 
veyor to  "  Lloyd's  Registry  of  British  and  Foreign 
Shipping,"  and  in  1898  promoted  to  be  principal 
surveyor  in  the  Tyne  distnct.  In  1900  assistant 
to  the  chief  superintendent  surveyor. 

Publications  :  "  The  Laying  Off  and  Building  of 
Wood,  Iron,  and  Composite  Ships,"  "  Theoretical 
Naval  Architecture,"  "  The  Modem  Practice  of 
Shipbuilding  in  Iron  and  Steel." 

Theft  refers  only  to  thieves  outside  of  the  ship^ 
with  violence ;  not  secret  theft,  which  might  have 
been  prevented  by  ordinary  care  on  the  part  of 
those  in  charge  of  the  vessel.  (Emengon,  p.  419.) 
The  same  interpretation  appUes  to  bills  of  lading 


THERMOGRAM 


629 


THOMPSON 


(q.v,),     (Taylor  v.   Liverpool  and   Great  Western 
Steamship  Co.,  2  Asp.  Mar.  L.C.  277.) 

Thermogram.  The  trace  marked  on  paper  by  a 
thermograph. 

Thermograph.    A  self-recording  thermometer. 

Tbermomeler.  An  instrument  for  measuring 
intensity  of  heat  or  temperature,  consisting  of  a 
spherical  or  cylindrical  glass  bulb  at  the  end  of  a 
very  fine  tube,  the  bulb  being  completely  filled  and 
the  tube  partly  filled  with  mercury.  The  rise  in 
temperature  is  indicated  by  a  rise  of  the  mercury 
in  the  tube  owing  to  expansion.  Similarly,  a  fail 
in  temperature  is  indicated  by  a  fall  of  the  mer- 
cury in  the  tube.  The  graduated  scale  attached 
has  two  fixed  points,  the  lowei  freezing  point,  the 
upper  boiling  point.  The  distance  between  the 
two  being  divided  into  a  certain  number  of  equal 
degrees,  continumg  above  and  below  two  fixed 
points.  The  Centigrade  scale  (used  by  scientists) 
is  divided  into  100'',  the  freezing  being  o^,  the 
boiling  100® )  the  R^umur  scale,  the  distance  is 
divided  into  80°,  the  freezing  point  being  o^,  and 
the  boiling  point  being  80** ;  the  Fahrenheit  scale 
(in  general  use  in  England)  is  divided  into  180^. 
Freezing  point  is  32^,  and  boiling  point  212''.  For 
extremely  low  temperatures  alcohol  is  used,  and 
for  high  temperatures  air  thermometers  are  em- 
ployed. In  deep  sea  thermometers,  used  for  ascer- 
taining the  temperature  of  the  sea,  the  bulb  is 
protected  against  the  pressure  of  the  water. 

To  convert  one  scale  into  either  of  the  others  : 

Let  Fs  Fahrenheit,  Rs  Reaumur,  and  C= Centi- 
grade. 

Then  F=RX2-2S+32,  or  F=Cxr8  +  32. 

ThenC=:^Zl?orC=:^^ 
1-8  '  °^^-      8     ' 

Then  R= ^  or  R=: • 


2*25 


10 


Thermometer  screen.  A  louvre-boarded  box  for 
protecting  the  thermometers  irom  the  sun's  rays 
and  also  from  rain. 

Thermomdtre  tronde.    See  Sling  Thermometer. 

Thenaopylee.  One  of  the  most  famous  of  the 
composite  tea  clippers.  She  W33  designed  by  the 
late  Mr.  Bernard  Weymouth,  and  launched  in  1868 
by  W.  Hood  and  Co.,  Aberdeen,  for  the  Aberdeen 
Line  (Thomson's).  For  a  number  of  years  she 
accomplished  many  marvellously  quick  passages 
between  this  country,  Australia  and  China.  One 
of  her  performances  consisted  in  making  the 
passage  from  London  to  Melbourne,  in  1870,  in 
61  days,  during  one  of  which  she  covered  a  dis- 
tance of  330  nautical  miles,  or  at  an  average  rate 
of  close  upon  16  miles  per  hour. 

Thermo^syohrophenu.  An  apparatus  for  illus- 
trating the  cooling  effect  by  the  communication  of 
heat  under  certain  conditions  to  a  mass  of  air  in 
the  free  atmosphere. 


Theseni.  British  Tst  class  cruiser.  (Thames 
Ironworks,  1891.) 

Length  360ft.  Beam  6oft.  Maximum  draught  26ft« 
Displacement  7,350  tons.    Complement  540. 
Gf0u,  Atmour, 

2—9*2  in.  "  Steel.'* 

10-— 6  in.  5  in.  Deck. 

12 — 6  pdr.  12  in.  Conning  tower. 

S— 3  Pdr. 
2  Maxims. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
2  Submerged. 
Twin    screw.     Hp.    natural    1 0,000 » 18*5    kts., 
forced    12,000=19*5    kts.    Coal   maximum    1,250 
tons.    Approximate  cost  ;^430,ooo. 

This  ship-name  is  associated  with  the  battle  of 
the  NUe,  1798  ;  defence  of  Acre,  1799;  attack  on 
French  in  Basque  .Roads,  1809. 

Thetis.     British  2nd  class  cruiser  (1890). 
Length  300ft.  Beam  43ft.  Maximum  draught  i8ft. 
Displacement  3,400  tons.     Complement  273. 
Guns.  Armour. 

2— 6  in.  "Steel." 

6 — 4'7  in.  2  in.  Deck. 

8 — 6  pdr.  3  in.  Conning  tower. 

1—3  pdr. 
4  Machine. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (14  in.). 
4  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  natural  7 ,000  =18*5  kts    forced 
9,000=20  kts.     Coal  maximum  535  tons. 
Approximate  cost  ;£2oo,ooo. 

Thesis.  German  armoured  cruiser.  (Danzig, 
1900.) 

Length  328ft.   Beam  39ft.  Maximum  draught  17ft. 
Displacement  2.650  tons.    Complement  249. 
Guns.  Armour, 

10 — ^4'!  in.  "  Krupp." 

14 — I  pdr.  2  in.  Deck. 

4  Machine.  3  in.  Conning  tower. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
2  Submerged. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.   8,500  =  21   kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 560. 

ThimUe.  An  iron  ring  having  a  concave  outer 
surface  to  receive  a  rope. 

Thole  irins.  Pins  in  the  gunwale  of  a  boat 
serving  to  retain  the  oars. 

Thompson  and  Ck>^Ltd.»  George.  Aberdeen  Line. 
See  Aberdeen  Line  (Thompson's). 

Thompson»  E  M.,  and  Co.    5m  Ben  line. 

Thompson,  Sir  Thomas  (1766-1828).  British 
admiral.  Was  present  with  Rodney  at  the  battle 
off  Cape  St.  Vincent,  1780,  j^nd  with  Nelson  at  the 
attack  on  Santa  Cruz,  1797.  Took  part  in  the 
battle  of  the  Nile,  and  was  subsequently  captured 
by  the  Ginireux.  In  1801  he  was  present  at  the 
battle  of  Copenhagen,  and  was  severely  wounded. 
In  t8o6  he  was  created  a  baronet  and  made  a  con- 


THOMSON 


630 


THORNYCROFT 


troUer  of  the  Navy,  and  10  years  later  became 
treasurer  of  Greenwich  Hospital.  He  attained  the 
rpmk  of  vice-admiral  in  18 14,  when  he  retired. 

ThomflOII.  B.  H.  B.,  JJP.  (b.  Glasgow,  Novem- 
ber, i860).  Educated  Glasgow  Academy,  British 
Academy,  and  Stanley  House  School,  Bridge  of 
Allan.  After  several  years'  commercial  training 
joined  Mr.  W.  A.  Mackie,  and  started  business  at 
the  old  yard.  Go  van,  originally  tenanted  by  Messrs. 
Robert  Napier  and  Messrs.  Randolph,  Elder  and 
Co..  under  the  name  of  Messrs.  Mackie  and  Thom- 
son, and  has  charge  of  the  commercial  part  of  this 
business.  Has  interested  himself  in  public  affairs, 
and  is  J. P.  for  Lanarkshire  and  Renfrewshire. 
Member  of  the  Town  Council  for  the  burgh  of 
Govan,  and  is  magistrate  of  the  burgh,  and  was 
for  three  years  a  member  of  the  Renfrew  School 
Board.  Is  a  past  deacon  of  the  Gardeners  In- 
corporation of  the  City  of  Glasgow,  and  is  also  a 
member  of  two  other  incorporations — ^namely,  the 
Hammermen  and  the  Dyers.  Member  of  the 
Institution  of  Naval  Architects  and  of  the  Council 
of  the  Institution  of  Engineers  and  Shipbuilders  in 
Scotland. 

Thar.  Swedish  coast  service  battleship.  (Berg- 
sund,  1898.) 

Length  279ft.   Beam  40ft.  Maximum  draught  17ft. 
Displacement  3.400  tons.     Complement  210. 
Guns.  Armour, 

2 — 10  in.  "  Harvey -nickel." 

6—4*7  ^  9  "*•  Belt. 

10 — 6  pdr.  8  in.  Turrets. 

2 — I  pdr. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
I  Submerged  bow. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  natural  3,700  =  i  s ' 5  kts. ,  forced 
5,350=  167.  kts. 

Thordon.  Swedish  coast  defence  battleship. 
Displacement,  1,500  tons.     Of  no  fighting  value. 

Thorn.  British  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Glas- 
gow, 1901.)  Length,  210  ft.  ;  beam,  21  ft.  ; 
draught,  5  J  ft.  ;  displacement.  300  tons ;  comple- 
ment, 58  ;  armament,  i  12-pdr.,  5  6-pdr..  2  tubes  ; 
twin  screw ;  Hp.,  6,000=30  kts.  ;  coal,  80  tons. 

Thome.  Argentine  torpedo-boat.  (Yarrow,  1890.) 
Length,  150  ft.;  displacement,  85  tons;  2  tubes; 
speed,  about  24  kts. 

Thomton.  U.S.  torpedo-boat  (1900).  Displace- 
ment, 165  tons ;  guns,  3  i-pdr.  ;  torpedo  tubes. 
3  i8-in. ;  maximum  speed,  26  kts. 

Thomjreroft,  Icitn  L,  and  Co.,  Ltd.,  Chiswick. 
About  the  year  i860  Mr.  (now  Sir)  ,John  Isaac 
Thomycroft.  then  only  17  years  of  age,  constructed 
from  his  own  design  the  steam  launch  NauHlus, 
the  principal  dimensions  of  which  were :  Length, 
36  ft. ;  beam,  5  ft.  10  in. ;  giving  a  speed  of  12  kts. 
This  vessel  was  a  complete  success,  and  fully 
justified  the  general  interest  it  evoked.  In  1864, 
having  attained  his  majority,  he  founded  the  ship- 


building yard  at  Chiswick  which  bears  his  name. 
Here  he  began  to  build  small  launches  and  to 
concentrate  his  energies  on  the  further  develop- 
ment of  the  principles  of  construction,  for  which 
he  had  already  established  a  reputation.  After 
building  a  number  of  vessels,  he  temporarily 
abandoned  construction  work  in  order  to  stady 
shipbuilding  in  the  yard  of  Messrs.  William  Palmer 
at  Jarrow,  there  gaining  much  valuable  experience. 
He  then  entered  the  University  of  Glasgow,  and 
underwent  a  course  of  studies  in  engineering  and 
mathematics  under  the  late  Lord  Kelvin  and  Pro- 
fessor Rankin.  Shortly  after  the  completion  of  his 
University  career  he  returned  to  Chiswick  with  a 
well-grounded  knowledge  of  theory,  combined  with 
practical  experience.  His  next  venture  was  the 
launch  Miranda,  the  importance  of  which  may  be 
gathered  from  the  fact  that  Lord  Armstrong  and 
the  late  Sir  Frederick  Bramwell  journeyed  specially 
to  Chiswick  to  witness  its  evolutions,  and  the  latter 
in  1872  discussed  the  Miranda  in  a  paper  contri- 
buted to  the  Institution  of  Naval  Architects. 

Amongst  the  important  patents  taken  out  by 
Sir  John  Thomycroft  was  that  of  the  screw  pro- 
peller which  bears  his  name,  in  1873,  ^^^  ^^ 
reputation  as  an  inventor  was  further  enhanced 
by  the  completion  of  the  GHana,  a  vessel  which 
had  a  close  stokehole  with  forced  draft,  locomotive 
boilers,  and  three-cylinder  engines,  and  which 
united  strength  with  lightness  to  what  was,  until 
then,  an  unknown  degree.  In  1873  the  late  Mr. 
John  Donaldson  joined  Mr.  Thomycroft,  and  the 
business  was  carried  on  by  them  in  partnership 
until  Mr.  Donaldson's  death  in  October.  1899. 
The  earUer  part  of  this  period  was  spent  to  a  great 
extent  in  transforming  the  principles  of  the  Giiana 
to  the  torpedo-boat,  an  industry  of  which  Sir  John 
Thomycroft  is  the  founder.  The  name  of  Thomy- 
croft is  associated  with  the  well  known  water-tube 
boilers  now  m  use  to  the  extent  of  over  1.000,000 
I.Hp.,  and  to  Sir  John  Thomycroft  belongs  the 
distinction  of  perfecting  the  scheme  and  making 
the  utilisation  of  the  water-tube  boiler  advan- 
tageous. This  boiler  has  been  adopted  by  the 
Admiralty  on  an  extensive  scale,  and  is  now  used 
in  the  navies  of  the  United  Kingdom.  Germany. 
Russia.  Austria,  United  States,  Italy,  Sweden,  and 
Japan. 

In  1 90 1  the  business  was  formed  into  a  limited 
liability  company.  During  the  following  1 2  months 
the  company  spent  a  considerable  sum  in  reorganis- 
ing the  shops  and  laying  down  new  machinery. 
The  year  1904  was  marked  by  great  development 
and  expansion.  A  new  branch  was  established  for 
the  manufacture  of  motors  for  marine  purposes, 
and.  in  view  of  the  constant  tendency  on  the  part 
of  the  British  Admiralty  to  increase  the  size  of 
torpedo-boat  destroyers,  the  type  then  in  use  being 
practically  the  largest  vessel  that  could  be  con- 
structed at  the  Chiswick  3rard.  the  company  con- 
sidered it  a<hrisable  to  acquire  miKe  convenient 


THORNYCROFT 


631 


THROAT 


premises  for  this  branch  of  their  work,  and  accord- 
ingly entered  into  an  agreement  with  Messrs. 
Mordey.  Carney  (Southampton),  Ltd.,  for  the  pur- 
chase of  their  yard  at  Woolston,  Southampton,  the 
intention  being  to  gradually  remove  the  torpedo- 
boat  work  to  Southampton,  and  to  develop  the 
marine  engine  and  motor  engine  works  at  Chis- 
wick. 

The  Woolston  works  are  situated  directly  oppo- 
site Southampton  Docks,  thus  affording  the  com- 
pany exceptional  facilities  for  dry  docking  and 
marine  repairs.  In  this  connection  it  may  be 
remembered  that  in  September,  1906,  the  Ham- 
burg-Amerika  liner  Ametika  was  dry-docked  at 
Southampton,  and  the  entire  hull  of  the  vessel 
was  cleaned  and  coated  with  two  layers  of  composi- 
tion within  the  space  of  24  hours.  The  Amerika 
was  the  largest  vessel  ever  placed  in  dry  dock, 
and  the  time  taken  in  appl3ring  the  composition  a 
record.  Since  tliis  the  company  have  carried  out, 
in  addition  to  the  bulk  of  the  repair  work  to  vessels 
caUing  at  Southampton,  the  repairs  to  the  Ham- 
burg-Amenka  liner  DetUsckland  oonsequent  on  her 
collision  with  the  breakwater  when  entering  Dover 
Harbour ;  also  repairing  a  portion  of  the  White 
Star  R.M.S.  Suevic  (q.v,). 

The  foundry  at  Southampton  has  been  greatly 
improved,  and  a  large  business  is  now  being  done 
in  castings  of  every  description  up  to  10  tons  in 
weight,  recent  turbine  castings  for  British  Ad- 
miralty destroyers  having  elicited  very  favourable 
comments  from  experts  and  officials. 

The  Chiswick  works  have  been  recently  com- 
pletely reorganised,  and  extensive  machinery  has 
been  laid  down  in  order  to  deal  with  internal  com- 
bustion work.  In  connection  with  this  method  of 
propulsion  it  is  interesting  to  note  that  the  26-kt. 
class  of  torpedo-boats  at  present  building  for  the 
Admiralty  exceeded  their  contract  speeds  by  over 
i^  kts.  on  their  official  trials. 

The  awards  received  by  this  firm  for  marine 
motor  work  are  many,  and  include  the  following, 
gained  in  the  Motor  Yacht  Qub's  reliability  trials  : 

1904  . .         . .     I  silver  medal. 

1905  . .         . .     2  gold  medals,  i  silver  medal. 

All  British  award. 

1906  . .         . .     The  Auto  Car  Cup  gold  medal, 

silver  medal. 
Two  all  British  awards. 
Two  special  prizes  for  using  paraffin  exclusively 
as  fuel. 

Thomycroft,  Sir  John  Ismo^  Kt,  cr.  1902,  FJL8., 
LIi.D.  (b.  Rome,  February  i,  1843).  Educated  at 
a  private  school  and  Glasgow  University.  In  1864, 
when  21  years  of  age,  he  started  at  Church  Wharf, 
Chiswick,  to  buUd  small  steam  launches,  and  laid 
the  foundation  of  the  firm  which  bears  his  name. 
Some  time  after  he  relinquished  constructive  work 
and  went  north,  and  after  gaining  experience  of 
the  methods  of  large  shipbuilding  yards  at  Messrs. 


Palmer's,  of  J  arrow,  he  went  to  Glasgow  Univer- 
sity and  studied  under  the  late  Lord  Kelvin  (then  Sir 
W.  Thomson)  and  Professor  Rankin.  Having  com- 
pleted the  University  course,  he  returned  to  Chis- 
wick, and  shortly  after,  in  1871,  built  the  Miranda, 
a  small  vessel,  which  established  his  reputation  as 
a  constructor  of  high-speed  steam  launches.  He 
later  designed  and  built  the  Lightning,  the  first 
torpedo-boat  of  the  British  Navy.  This  was  the 
forerunner  of  many  high-speed  torpedo-boats  and 
destroyers  built  to  the  order  of  the  Admiralty,  and 
for  most  of  the  navies  of  foreign  governments. 
He  designed  the  water-tube  boiler  which  bears 
his  name,  and  which  has  been,  and  still  is,  widely 
used  in  England  and  abroad.  Lord  George 
Hamilton  {q,v,),  when  First  Lord  of  the  Admiralty, 
in  a  speech  made  by  him  at  the  Royal  United  Service 
Institution,  said  :  "  A  great  alteration  has  recently 
taken  place  in  the  Navy,  and  Her  Majesty's  ships 
are  in  future  to  be  boilered  with  water-tube  boilers. 
Mr.  Thomycroft  has  the  merit  of  being  the  first  to 
supply  these  boilers  to  the  Navy."  The  first 
vessel  so  supplied  was  the  Speedy,  and  it  was  her 
satisfactory  performance  that  induced  the  Ad- 
miralty to  adopt  the  system  oa  a  large  scale.  Sir 
John  Thomycroft  has  designed  an  apparatus  £or 
allaying  the  rolling  of  ships,  and  also  the  turbine 
propeller  for  shallow-draught  vessels. 

Publications :  Has  written  several  papers  of 
great  interest,  which  have  been  read  at  the  meet- 
ings of  the  Institution  of  Naval  Architects  and  the 
Institution  of  Civil  Engineers,  and  which  are  pub- 
lished in  the  Transactions  of  these  institutions. 

Thoroagh*loot.  Kinks  or  tangles  in  the  fall  of 
a  tackle  necessitating  it  being  unrove. 

Thoroagh-pat.    See  Thorough -foot. 

Ibrath.  To  move  rapidly ;  to  make  rapid  pro- 
gress. 

Thrafhttr.  British  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Bir- 
kenhead, 1895.)  Length,  210  ft. ;  beam,  21  ft. ; 
draught,  5^^  ft. ;  displacement,  300  tons ;  comple- 
ment, 58  ;  armament,  i  12-pdr.,  5  6-pdr.,  2  tubes ; 
twin  screw ;  Hp.,  6,000=30  kts. ;  coal,  80  tons. 

Thre^eoktr.  A  vessel  of  war  carrying  guns 
on  three  decks. 

Three  mile  limit    See  Territorial  Waters. 

Three  gheeti  in  fhe  wind.  Sailing  too  close  to 
the  wind ;  in  sea  phraseology,  a  half-drunken  man. 

Throftt.  The  whole  end  of  a  gaff  near  the  mast ; 
as  opposed  to  the  peak. 

Throat-bolti  or  Throat-brftllB.  Those  which  are 
attached  to  the  gaff  for  trussing  up  the  sail  close  to 
the  gaff  as  well  as  the  mast. 

Throat  downhanlt.  Ropes  for  rousing  down  the 
throat  or  gaff. 

Throftt  halliaidi.  Ropes  or  tackle  used  for 
hoisting  the  end  of  a  gaff. 


THROT 


Thiot.  That  part  of  the  mizzen-yard  nearest  to 
the  mast. 

Through  fastonings.  Applied  to  bolts  driven 
through  the  sides  of  a  ship. 

Xhradvang.  Old  Norwegian  monitor,  about 
3,000  tons,  carrying  2  4'7-in.  guns.  Of  little 
fighting  value. 

ThmnL    Coarse  woollen  or  hempen  yam. 

Thulfl.  Swedish  battleship.  (Bergsund,  1893.) 
Reconstructed  1904. 

Length  254ft.   Beam  48ft.  Maximum  draught  17ft. 
Displacement  3,300  tons.     Complement  237. 
Guns.  Armour. 

1—8*2  in.  '*  Creusot." 

7 — 6  in.  II  in.  Belt. 

1 1 — 6  pdr.  10  in.  Conning  tower. 

2 — I  pdr.  7  in.  Fore  turrets. 

5  in.  Secondary  turrets. 
Torpedo  Tttbes. 
2  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.   4,650=15   kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 300  tons. 

Thole  line*  with  the  head  offices  in  Gothenburg, 
have  a  fleet  of  seven  steamers,  which  maintain  a 
regular  service  between  Xx>ndon  and  Gdthenburg, 
and  vice  versa ;  a  service  between  Granton  (near 
Leith)  and  Gothenburg,  and  vice  versa.  Steamers 
leave  London  every  Friday  for  Gothenburg,  re- 
turning every  Thursday,  and  from  Granton  every 
Friday,  returning  every  Friday. 

Flebt. 

Albert  Edward.  Bele.  Thorsten. 

Balder.  Bjorn.  Thule. 

Ring. 

Thumb  daat  Cleat  resembling  in  shape  a 
thumb ;  it  prevents  the  topsail  reef  earings  from 
slipping. 

Thnndtr,  The  noise  heard  after  the  discharge  of 
lightning. 

Thiudenr.  British  2nd  class  battleship  (9.330 
tons,  13  kts.).    Launched  1872. 

Thnndenr.  74  guns.  In  October,  1780,  this 
vessel  was  lost  in  a  storm  in  the  West  Indies. 

Thnndentorm.  An  atmospheric  disturbance 
accompanied  by  lightning,  thunder,  and  frequently 
hail. 

ThDiot,  Fnuii^oil  (1726-60).  French  sailor  (b. 
Nuits).  Came  prominently  into  notice  at  the 
beginning  of  the  Seven  Years'  War,  when  he 
wrought  much  havoc  to  English  shipping  in  the 
North  Sea,  destroying  many  vessels  and  capturing 
many  prizes  in  the  Channel.  In  1760  his  squadron 
was  sent  out  to  harass  the  coast  of  Scotland  and 
Northern  England,  where  he  was  attacked  by 
Hawke's  fleet ;  he  was  killed  and  the  squadron 
captured,  and  thus  French  naval  power  for  that 
time  came  to  an  end. 


632 TIDES 

Thwart    See  Athwart. 

Thwart  hawaa.    Across  the  haws  . 

Thwarts.     Seats  which  cross  a  boat  from  one 
side  to  the  other. 


Thwart 

the  other. 


Across  the  ship  from  one  side  to 


TidaL  Pertaining  or  relating  to  the  tides ; 
periodically  rising  and  falling,  or  flowing  and 
ebbing,  as  the  tides. 

Tidal  alarm.  An  audible  alarm  on  a  vessel  or 
buoy  moored  on  a  spit  or  pole  to  warn  off  vessels 
during  a  fog.  It  is  operated  by  the  ebb  and  flow 
of  the  tide,  and  is  usually  a  bell. 

Tidal  hadii.    A  dock  filled  only  at  high  tides. 

Tidal  harbour.  A  harbour  in  which  the  tide 
ebbs  and  flows ;  as  distinguished  from  a  harbour 
which  is  kept  at  high  water  by  means  of  dock 
gates. 

Tidal  train.  A  railway  train  running  in  con- 
nection with  a  steamer,  and  whose  time  is  regulated 
by  the  state  of  the  tide. 

Tidd,  Emeft  George  (b.  London).  Educated 
New  College,  Eastbourne,  and  studied  for  two 
years  mechanical  engineering  and  physics  at  the 
Academie  des  Science^,  Neuchatel,  Switzerland. 
On  his  return  to  England  he  went  through  a  course 
of  electrical  and  mechanical  engineering  at  the 
School  of  Telegraphy  and  Electrical  Engineering. 
London,  and  in  1886  graduated  with  the  full 
vellums  certificate  for  electric  lighting,  transmission 
of  power  and  electrical  engineering.  In  1887  he 
was  selected  by  the  War  Office  to  deliver  a  coarse 
of  experimental  lectures  to  the  officers  and  non- 
commissioned officers  at  the  School  of  Gunnery  at 
Shoeburyness  on  the  military  application  of  elec- 
tricity. In  1894  be  went  to  Glasgow  as  manager 
of  Messrs.  Paterson  and  Cooper,  and  all  the  con- 
tract work  north  of  the  Humber  carried  out  by 
this  firm  was  under  his  supervision.  He  remained 
with  them  till  their  failure  in  1896,  when  he  joined 
the  firm  of  Messrs.  Morris,  Warden  and  Co.,  Glasgow. 
Associate  member  of  the  Institution  of  Civil 
Engineers,  and  member  of  the  Institution  of 
Mechanical  Engineers  and  Shipbuilders. 

Tide.  A  regular  current  of  water  setting  alter- 
nately in  a  flux  and  reflux. 

Tide  onrrents,  or  Tide  rip,  are  the  short  ripplings 
which  result  from  eddies,  or  the  passage  of  the  tide 
over  uneven  bottom ;  sometimes  observant  in  the 
ocean  where  two  currents  meet. 

nde  gauge.  An  instrument  contrived  for 
measuring  the  height  of  the  tides. 

Tidei.  The  alternate  rise  and  fall  of  water  in 
the  ocean  as  seen  on  sea  beaches,  clifis,  estuaries, 
etc.  High  tide  is  the  highest  point  the  water  is 
capable  of  reaching  on  any  particular  day ;  when 
it  sinks  to  the  lowest  possible  ebb  it  is  low  tide. 


TIDESMAN 


633 


TIME 


The  rising  of  the  tide  is  called  the  flood  tide,  the 
falling  the  ebb  tide.  High  tides  follow  each  other 
at  intervals  of  12  hours  25  minutes;  low  tides 
succeed  each  other  at  the  same  interval.  Tides 
become  later  each  day  by  half  an  hour  to  an  hour. 
The  most  potent  cause  in  producing  the  tides  is 
the  action  of  the  moon.  The  sun  also  exerts  an 
attraction,  but  owing  to  its  enormous  distance  it 
is  feebler  than  that  of  the  moon.  Tides  do  not 
always  rise  to  the  same  height,  but  every  fort- 
night, with  the  new  and  the  full  moon,  and  the 
influence  of  the  sun,  they  rise  to  their  highest. 
These  tides  are  called  spring  tides.  The  alter- 
nating tides  of  maximum  lowness  are  called  neap 
tides.  The  highest  spring  tides  are  those  which 
follow  the  new  moon  by  one,  two,  or  three  days. 
Tides  reaching  the  shore  are  affected  by  its  con- 
formation. In  a  nearly  land -lock  sea,  like  the 
Mediterranean,  they  are  only  from  one  to  three 
feet.  Out  in  the  ocean  they  have  but  a  small 
range.  Thus  at  the  island  of  St.  Helena  they  are 
only  three  feet.  The  greatest  tide,  that  in  the 
Bay  of  Fundy,  is  50  feet.  The  most  remarkable 
tides  in  the  British  Isles  are  in  the  Bristol  Channel. 
At  Cardiff  there  is  a  rise  and  fall  during  spring  tides 
of  37  to  38  feet,  and  during  neap  tides  of  28  or 
29  feet. 

Tidesman.     See  Tidewaiter. 

Tidewaiter,  or  Tidesman,  is  a  Customs-house 
officer  who  boards  ships  on  arrival  in  port,  and 
remains  on  board  until  the  cargo  is  discharged  and 
Customs  duties  have  been  paid. 

Tide  way.  A  passage  or  channel  through  which 
the  tide  sets. 

Tide  wheel.  A  wheel  turned  by  the  ebb  and  flow 
of  the  tide. 

Tier,    A  range  of  fakes  of  a  cable  or  hawser. 

Tiemey,  Edwaid  John  (b.  Rochester,  December 
15,  1852).  Principal  surveyor  to  IJoyd's  Register 
of  British  and  Foreign  Shipping,  Greenock.  After 
serving  his  apprenticeship  at  the  Naval  Dockyards, 
Chatham,  and  being  employed  for  several  years  on 
duties  in  the  drawing  offices  of  that  Naval  Arsenal, 
he  joined  the  firm  of  Sir  Raylton  Dixon  and  Co., 
Middlesbrough,  as  leading  draughtsman,  which 
position  he  held  for  some  Ave  years.  He  then 
joined  Messrs.  Earle's  Shipbuilding  and  Engineering 
Co.,  Ltd.,  as  yard  manager,  and  left  them  to  take 
up  an  appointment  with  Lloyd's  Register  of  British 
and  Foreign  Shipping.  While  in  the  Royal  dock* 
yards  he  came  under  the  notice  of  Sir  William  Henry 
White,  K.C.B.  (q.v.),  who  appointed  him  for  service 
in  the  Elswick  yard  of  Messrs.  Armstrong  and  Co. 
After  a  service  of  more  than  20  years  in  the  import- 
ant work  of  surveying  the  condition  of  iron,  steel, 
wood  and  composite  vessels,  he  was  appointed  to 
his  present  position  in  Greenock.  Member  of  the 
Institution  of  Naval  Architects. 

Ties.    Stops  to  a  sail. 


Tiffin.  A  word  applied  in  the  East  to  lunch,  or 
any  repast  between  breakfast  and  dinner. 

Tiger.  British  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Glasgow, 
1 901.)  Length.  210  ft.  ;  beam,  21  ft. ;  draught, 
5  J  ft.  ;  displacement,  300  tons  ;  complement,  58  ; 
armament,  i  12-pdr.,  5  6-pdr.,  2  tubes;  twin 
screw  ;  Hp.,  6,000=30  kts. ;  coal,  80  tons. 

This  ship-name  is  associated  with  the  defeat  of 
the  Spanish  Armada.  1588  ;  capture  of  Morgenstar, 
1652 ;  battle  off  the  North  Foreland,  1653 ; 
capture  of  Schakerloo,  1674 ;  siege  of  Gibraltar, 
1727  ;  capture  of  Calcutta,  1757  ;  Pocock'tf  action 
off  Cuddalore,  1758  ;  Pocock's  action  off  Negapa« 
tam,  1758;   Pondicherry,  1759. 

Tiger.  Austro-Hungarian  3rd  class  cruiser. 
(Trieste,  1899.)  Length,  233  ft. ;  beam,  33  ;  draught, 
16J  ft. :  displacement,  1,650  tons;  complement, 
195;  armament,  4  4*7-in.,  10  i'8-in.,  i  tube; 
Hp.,  5,250=18  kts. ;  coal,  300  tons. 

Tight.    Free  from  leakage. 

Tigre  Sailing  Olab.  Established  1896.  Commo-. 
dore,  W.  G.  Mackem  ;  Vice-Commodore,  J.  S.  Lea  ; 
Honorary  Treasurer,  A.  N.  Linares ;  Honorary 
Secretary,  H.  B.  Elliot,  Calle  Moreno  309,  Buenos 
Aires.  Entrance  fee,  50  dols.  ;  annual  subscrip- 
tion, 25  dols. 

Tiller.  A  straight-grained  timber  beam  or  iron 
bar,  fitted  into  or  round  the  head  of  the  rudder,  by 
means  of  which  the  latter  is  moved.     Refer  to  Helm. 

Tiller  chain.  One  of  the  chains  leading  from  the 
tiller  head  round  the  barrel  of  the  wheel,  by  which 
the  vessel  is  steered. 

Tiller^head.  The  extremity  of  the  tiller  to  which 
the  tiller  rope  or  chain  is  attached. 

Tfli.  A  small  covering  over  the  stern  sheets  of  a 
boat  to  keep  off  rain. 

Timber.  All  large  pieces  of  wood  used  in  ship- 
building. 

Timbers.  The  ridges  of  a  ship  branching  out- 
ward from  the  keel  in  a  vertical  direction,  giving 
strength,  figure,  and  solidity  to  the  whole  frame. 

Timbira*  Brazilian  torpedo  gun-boat.  (Kid, 
1896.) 

Length  259ft.   Beam  30ft.  Maximum  draught  loft. 
Displacement  1,030  tons.     Complement  no. 
Guns.  Armour. 

2—47  in,  "  Steel." 

6 — 6  pdr.  I  in.  Deck. 

4—1  pdr.  I  in.  Conning  tower. 

4  in.  Gun  shields. 
Torpedo  Tubes  {14  in.). 
3  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.    Hp.  natural  4,000=20  kts.,  forced 
7 ,000 = 2  3  kts.     Coal  normal  1 00  tons. 

Time.  The  general  idea  of  successive  existence  ; 
measure  of  durance ;  it  is  absolute  or  relative. 
Absolute  time  is  considered  without  relation  to 


TIMENOGUY 


634 


TOMAN 


bodies  or  their  motion.  Relative  time  is  divided 
into  years,  months,  weeks,  days,  hours,  minutes, 
seconds,  and  measured  by  instruments  constructed 
for  the  purpose. 

Tunttnogiiy.  A  name  applied  to  a  rope  carried 
taut  between  different  parts  of  a  vessel,  to  prevent 
the  sheet  or  tack  of  a  course  from  getting  foul  in 
working  ship;  specially  from  the  fore  rigging  to 
the  anchor  stock  to  prevent  the  fouling  of  the 
foresheet. 

Time  polioy  is  insuring  the  subject  for  a  specified 
time.  No  policy  can  be  effected  for  a  longer 
period  than  12  months.  (30  Vict.  Cap.  23  s.  8.) 
There  is  no  warranty  of  seaworthiness  in  a  time 
pohcy.  (Gibson  v.  Small,  4  H.L.  Cas.  353  ;  Thomp- 
son V.  Hopper,  6  E.  and  B.  172,  937  ;  Dudgeon 
V.  Pembroke,  L.R.  2  App.  Cas.  284.)  Refer  to 
Clauses,  also  Policy. 

Tmdftl.    A  lascar  boatswain's-mate. 

Tingey.  U.S.  torpedo-boat  (1900).  Displacement, 
165  tons ;  guns,  3  i-pdr. ;  torpedo  tubes,  3  18 -in.  ; 
maximum  speed,  26  kts. 

Tinto  light,  Gulf  of  Speria,  Italy,  is  a  three-flash 
Ught  every  30  seconds ;  duration  of  flash,  two 
seconds  ;  candle-power  has  not  been  determined  ; 
illuminant,  electricity. 

Tiradents.  Brazilian  gun-boat.  (Elswick.  1892.) 
Length,  165  ft. ;  beam,  30  ft.  ;  draught,  11  f t. ; 
displacement,  800  tons ;  complement,  loi  ;  arma- 
ment, 4  47-in.,  3  6-pdr.,  4  Maxims,  2  tubes  ;  Hp., 
1,200=14  kts. ;   coal,  no  tons. 

Tirflng.  Swedish  coast  defence  battleship. 
Displacement,  1,500  tons.     Of  no  fighting  value. 

T.L.O.     Abbreviation  for  total  loss  only. 

TJT.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Thorshavn,  Denmark. 

T.l(.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Troon,  Scotland. 

T.O.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Truro,  England. 

Toarmiiia.  Italian  mail  steamer.  Sunk  by 
collision  with  the  Greek  steamer  Thessalia,  off  Cape 
Sunium,  September  12,  1891  ;  60  lives  lost. 

Tobaooo  (Am«rioan)  Olaiue.    See  Clauses. 

Toggle.  A  short  wooden  pin.  or  double  cone  of 
wood,  firmly  fixed  in  a  loop  at  the  end  of  a  rope. 
By  passing  the  toggle  through  the  eye  or  bight  of 
another  rope  a  junction  is  easily  formed  and 
quickly  disengaged.  It  is  used  in  masting  opera- 
tions, in  securing  the  standing  part  of  fore  and 
main  sheets,  in  banding  flags  for  signals.  It  is  also 
used  in  whaling  operations.  A  hole  is  cut  in  the 
blubber,  the  eye  of  the  purchrse-strap  being  passed 
through  and  toggled. 

ToffO»  Heihaollbo*  Japanese  admiral  (b.  Kago- 
shima,  1857).  Educated  in  Japan,  and  in  1873 
came   to  England  and   served  on  board   H.M.S. 


Worcester,  afterwards  stud}dng  at  the  Thames 
Nautical  College,  Greenwich.  In  1894  ^'^  received 
a  captain's  commission  in  the  Japanese  Navy,  and 
when  war  broke  out  in  that  year  between  China  and 
Japan,  he  took  a  most  active  and  successful  part  in 
one  of  the  first  engagements,  and  before  the  end  of 
the  war — in  one  year — ^had  attained  the  rank  of 
vice-admiral.  During  the  Russo-Japanese  war. 
1904-05,  he  was  in  supreme  command  of  the 
Japanese  Fleet.  His  principal  achievements  in.  that 
war  were  the  bombardment  of  Port  Arthur ;  the 
pursuit  and  defeat  of  the  Port  Arthur  Fleet ;  and, 
finally,  the  complete  destruction  of  Rozhdestven- 
sky's  Fleet  at  the  battle  of  the  Sea  of  Japan  {q.v.). 
He  holds  numerous  decorations  bestowed  on  him 
by  the  Mikado  of  Japan,  and  in  February,  1906, 
received  the  Order  of  Merit  at  the  hands  of  Prince 
Arthur  of  Connaught.  Refer  to  Japan,  Battle  of 
Sea  of. 

Tokiwa.  Japanese  armoured  cruiser.  (Elswick, 
1898.) 

Length  408ft.   Beam  67ft.   Maximum  draught  24ft. 
Displacement  9.750  tons.     Complement  500. 
Guns.  Armour. 

4 — 8  in.  "  Harvey-nickel." 

14—6  in.  7  in.  Belt  amidships. 

12 — 12  pdr.  6  in.  Turrets. 

7 — 2\  pdr.  14  in.  Conning  tower. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
I  Above  water  bow. 
4  Submerged. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  forced  18,000=21  kts.     Coal 
maximum  1,300  tons. 

Tomahawk.    The  nautical  name  for  a  pole-axe. 
Toman,  ESngineer-Oommander  Bichaid  Wifglit 

Entered  Navy  as  assistant  engineer,  1885  ;  pro- 
moted engineer.  1889  ;  chief  engineer.  1898  ;  when 
engineer  of  the  Foam  received  Albert  medal. 
2nd  Class,  as  a  mark  of  Royal  favour  for  gallantry 
for  saving  life  at  sea,  November.  1898. 

Extract  from  the  "  Gazette  "  : 

"  On  August  3.  1898.  whilst  H.M.S.  Foam  was 
carrying  out  her  full-speed  trials  at  Malta,  the 
mean  pressure  cylinder  burst,  the  revolutions  of 
the  engines  at  the  time  being  350  per  minute. 
There  was  no  indication  whatever  of  the  impending 
explosion,  which,  of  course,  happened  with  great 
suddenness.  Mr.  Toman  at  once  ordered  everyone 
to  leave  the  engine-room,  and  ran  to  the  main 
throttle  valve,  which  is  at  the  fore  end  of  the 
engine-room.  and  endeavoured  to  shut  it  off. 
getting  both  arms  and  knees  badly  scalded  in 
consequence.  He  then  proceeded  to  shut  off  the 
main  stop-valve  of  the  boilers  in  the  stokeholds. 
Having  done  this  with  great  proihptitude,  and  90 
confined  the  steam  to  the  boilers  alone,  he  in- 
creased  the  chance  of  saving  the  life  of  anyone 
who  might  have  been  left  below.  Mr.  Toman, 
thinking  all  the  men  were  not  up  from  the  main 
engine-room,    went   down   and   searched    in   this 


TOMIOKA 


635 


TONNAGE 


volume  of  steam,  which  was  at  a  pressure  of 
200  lb.  to  the  square  inch  when  the  cylinder  burst, 
but  was  unable  to  find  anyone.  He  then  tried  to 
get  on  deck,  but  owing  to  the  excessive  volume  of 
steam  he  twice  fell  half-way  down  the  ladder. 
He  eventually  reached  the  deck,  and  at  once  pro- 
ceeded to  turn  on  the  fire  extinguishers,  to  the 
boilers,  his  hands  at  the  time  being  almost  bare 
of  skin.  The  valve-wheel  was  heated  to  such  an 
extent  as  to  be  almost  unbearable  to  hands  in  an 
ordinary  condition.  As  the  engines  were  flying 
round  immediately  after  the  accident,  there  was 
every  danger  of  the  connection-rod  being  driven 
through  the  bottom,  but  it  was  greatly  lessened 
by  the  promptitude  and  pluck  shown  by  Mr. 
Toman  in  shutting  ofE  the  main  stop-valves,  and 
so  reducing  the  risk  of  the  ship  being  sunk  or 
seriously  damaged,  and  the  lives  of  all  on  board 
probably  lost.  Mr.  Toman,  after  having  been 
driven  out  of  the  engine-room  and  severely  scalded, 
again  went  below  into  the  engine-room,  which  was 
filled  with  steam,  to  search  for  anyone  who  might 
not  have  been  able  to  escape,  and  only  succeeded 
in  finally  getting  out  of  the  engine-room  after  two 
attempts.  Mr.  Toman  was  very  much  scalded  on 
both  arms  and  knees  by  the  escape  of  steam, 
which  necessitated  his  removal  to  the  hospital/' 
Promoted  engineer-commander,  1902. 

Tomioka»  Shinjiro  (b.  Hiogi-ken,  August  27, 
1862).  After  serving  his  apprenticeship  in  the 
Government  mercantile  marine  training  ship,  he 
served  until  1896  as  officer  and  captain  in  the 
mercantile  navy.  From  1896-99  he  was  in  Eng- 
land superintending  the  constructioiv  of  the  first 
three  San  Francisco  Line  fleet,  which  he  designed 
for  Toyo  Kisen  Kaisha,  and  on  returning  to  Japan 
was  appointed  marine  superintendent  to  that  com- 
pany. Member  of  the  Institution  of  Naval  Archi- 
tects. 

Ton.  20  cwts.,  2,240  lbs.,  40  cubic  ft.  of  freight 
equal  one  ton  dead  weight  in  shipment. 

Tongkang.    Malay  or  Chinese  boat  or  junk. 

Tongiie.  The  upper  main  piece  of  the  built 
mast ;  also  a  rope  spliced  into  the  upper  part  of 
standing  back-stay.  The  word  is  sometimes  used 
as  a  name  for  any  dangerous  mass  of  ice  pro- 
jecting under  water,  from  an  iceberg  or  floe,  nearly 
horizontaL 

Tonkiii.  French  subsidised  merchant  ship  (1898). 
Messageries  Maritimes  (^.v.).  Dimensions,  445  x 
50x36  ft.;  gross  tonnage,  6,364;  Hp.,  7,200*= 
18  kts. 

Tonnage.  The  carrying  capacity  of  a  vessel. 
It  is  actually  equivalent  to  the  difference  between 
the  weight  of  water  displaced  by  the  vessel  when 
light  and  that  displaced  by  her  when  loaded  to 
her  PlimsoU  mark,  the  greatest  safe  depth  of 
immersion.  The  Merchant  Shipping  Act  of  1854. 
which  with  some  modification  of    details  is  the 


existing  law  for  tonnage  of  vessels,  is  briefly  as 
follows  :  The  tonnage  deck  is  the  upper  deck  in 
vessels  vrith  less  than  three  decks,  and  the  second 
deck  from  below  in  all  other  ships.  The  length  is 
measured  in  a  straight  line  along  the  upper  side  of 
the  tonnage  deck,  from  inside  of  inside  plank 
(average  thickness)  at  the  side  of  stem  to  the  inside 
of  the  midship,  stem  timber  or  plank  there,  as  the 
case  may  be  (average  thickness),  deducting  what 
is  due  to  the  rake  of  the  stem  timber  in  the  thick- 
ness of  the  deck  and  in  one-third  of  the  round  of 
beam,  and  the  length  so  obtained  is  divided  into 
a  number  of  equal  parts  as  follows  : 

Not  exceeding    50  ft.  in  length  into  74  parts. 


And  over 


120 
180 
225 
225 


»f       II 


n 


6 

8 

10 

12 


In  steam  vessels  the  length,  breadth,  and  height 
of  the  engine-room  are  multiplied  together,  the 
products  divided  by  100,  and  the  result  deducted 
from  the  gross  tonnage.  The  space  occupied  by 
the  propeller  shaft  is  considered  as  a  part  of  the 
engine-room.  The  actual  depth  between  the  decks 
are  measured  and  taken  as  factors,  and  any  closed 
in  space  on  or  above  the  upper  deck,  and  capable 
of  receiving  cargo,  is  included  in  the  measurement. 
The  dimensions  are  taken  in  feet  and  decimals  of 
a  foot,  and  the  number  100  is  used  as  a  final  division 
for  ascertaining  the  capacity  of  the  ship  in  tons. 
The  following  deductions  shall  be  made  in  ascer- 
taining the  registered  tonnage  in  measuring  or  re- 
measuring  a  ship : 

In  sailing  vessels  any  space  set  apart  and  used 
exclusively  for  storage  of  sails.  In  the  case  of  any 
ship  :  (z)  Any  space  used  exclusively  for  accom- 
modation of  master ;  (2)  any  space  used  exclusively 
for  working  of  the  helm,  the  capstan,  anchor  gear, 
or  for  keeping  charts,  signals,  and  other  instru- 
ments of  navigation,  and  boatswain's  stores ;  and 
(3)  the  space  occupied  by  donkey-engine,  and 
boiler,  if  connected  with  the  main  pumps  of  the 
ship. 

The  measurement  of  ships  vdth  double  bottoms 
for  water  ballast,  provided  the  space  between  the 
inner  and  outer  plating  is  certified  by  the  proper 
surveyor  to  be  not  available  for  cargo,  stores,  or 
fuel,  shall  be  taken  to  be  the  upper  side  of  the 
inner  plating  of  double  bottom,  which  is  to  be 
deemed  the  floor  timber. 

The  following  new  rules  were  issued  by  the  Suez 
Canal  Co.  on  August  2,  1904,  for  the  measurement 
of  space  on  the  decks  of  vessels  : 

(i)  In  the  case  of  shelter  decks,  spaces  with  one 
or  more  openings  in  the  shelter  deck  and  sides  of 
the  vessel,  the  whole  of  the  space  under  the  shelter 
deck  should  be  included  in  the  tonnage  measure- 
ment, with  the  exception  of  that  part  of  the  space 
which  is  immediately  abreast  the  openings  (if 
any)  in  the  sides  of  the  ship. 

(2)  In  all  cases  where  a  vessel  is  fitted  with 


TONSIL 


636 


TOPSHAM 


forecastle,  bridge  sps^ce,  and  poop  there  shall  be 
exempt  from  measurement :  (a)  Such  length  of  the 
forecastle,  measured  from  the  inside  of  the  stem 
at  half'height  of  the  said  forecastle  as  shall  be 
equal  to  one-eighth  of  the  full  length  of  the  ship ; 
(b)  such  length  of  the  poop  measured  from  (the 
inside  of)  the  stem  timber  at  half-height  of  the 
said  poop  as  shall  be  equal  to  one-tenth  of  the 
full  length  of  the  ship ;  {c)  such  length  of  the 
bridge  as  is  eqnal  to  the  length  of  the  actual  deck 
openings  to  engine  and  boiler  spaces,  it  being 
understood  that  such  openings  shall  not  be  con- 
sidered to  extend  beyond  the  forward  bulkhead  of 
the  stokehold  and  the  after  bulkhead  of  the  main 
engine-room. 

(3)  In  all  cases  where  the  poop  and  bridge  or 
the  forecastle  and  bridge  are  combined  and  con- 
tinuous, then  only  that  length  in  each  case  which 
is  due  to  the  openings  of  engine  and  boiler  spaces 
as  defined  under  {c)  above  shall  be  exempted  from 
measurement. 

(4)  By  full  length  of  the  ship  shall  be  under- 
stood, in  all  cases,  such  length  as  is  comprised 
between  the  inside  of  the  stem  at  half-height  of 
the  forecastle  to  the  inside  of  the  stem  timber  at 
half-height  of  the  poop. 

(5)  If  at  any  time  the  vessel  shall  perform  transit 
with  cargo  or  stores  carried  in  any  portion  of  that 
exempted  space,  then  the  whole  of  that  space 
shall  be  added  to  the  net  tonnage,  and  never  more 
exempt  from  measurement. 

Tonifl.  A  sharp-pointed  pole  which  is  stuck 
into  the  ground  to  fasten  vessels  to  the  shore. 

Top.  A  sort  of  platform  surrounding  the  head 
of  the  lower  mast,  formed  of  timbers  called  cross- 
trees,  the  latter  being  supported  by  cheeks  secured 
to  the  sides  of  the  mast  below  the  head.  The 
principal  intention  of  the  top  is  to  extend  the  top- 
mast shrouds  so  as  to  form  a  greater  angle  with 
the  mast,  and  thereby  give  it  additional  support, 
and  also  serve  as  a  place  of  rest  for  the  men  aloft. 
It  is  also  convenient  for  containing  the  materials 
for  setting  the  small  sails,  fixing  and  repairing  the 
rigging,  etc.  In  ships  of  war  it  is  used  as  a  kind  of 
redoubt,  and  is  usually  fortified.  The  tops  are 
named  after  the  respective  masts  to  which  they 
belong. 

Tc^aM.    British  3rd  class  cruiser.     (Laird,  1903.) 
Length  360ft.     Beam  40ft.     Mean  draught  14ft. 
Displacement  3,000  tons.    Complement  296. 
Guns.  Armour. 

12— 4  in.  "Steel." 

8 — 3  pdr.  2  in.  Deck. 

2  Maxims.  1 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
2  Above  water. 
Twin  screw,     Hp.  9.000  =  2175  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 500  tons.     Approximate  cost  ;^240,ooo. 

TopaM.  French  sea-going  submarine.  (Toulon, 
1903.)     Length,  Z47  ft. ;  beam,  13  ft. ;  maximum 


draught,  12  f t.  ;  displacement,  309  tons  above, 
442  tons  below ;  complement,  22  ;  torpedo  tubes, 
6  177-in. ;  Hp.,  600 SB  1 2  kts.  above,  8  kts.  below. 

Top*blook.  A  large  single  block  with  an  iron 
strop  and  hook,  by  which  it  is  hooked  into  an 
eye-bolt  under  the  lower  cap.  The  top  pendants 
are  rove  through  the  top-blocks  when  swaying  np 
or  lowering  down  the  top-masts. 

Top-brim.    See  Top-rim. 

Topeka.  U.S.  gun-boat.  (Kiel,  1882.)  Length. 
250  ft. ;  beam,  35  f t. ;  draught,  14  f t. ;  displace- 
ment, 1,700  tons;  complement,  167;  armament, 
6  4-in.,  6  3-in..  2  i-pdr. ;  Hp.,  2,200=16  kts.; 
coal,  400  tons. 

TopgaUant.  AppUed  to  the  mast  and  sail  which 
in  square-rigged  vessels  come  above  the  topmast 
and  topsails. 

TopgaUant  iQreoasito.  A  short  deck  forward 
above  the  upper  deck. 

Topgallant-mast.  A  smaller  mast  than  the  top- 
mast, raised  and  secured  to  its  head  through  a  cap, 
and  supported  by  the  trestle-trees. 

Top-hamfar.  Any  unnecessary  weight  either  on 
a  ship's  decks  or  about  her  tops  and  rigging. 

Top-lining.  The  lining  on  the  after  part  of  the 
topsail  to  prevent  the  top-brim  from  chafing  the 
topsail. 

Topmast.  An  upper  mast  raised  at  the  head  of 
the  lower  mast  to  give  greater  height  than  would 
be  possible  with  a  single  spar. 

Top-mauL  A  maul  used  to  start  the  topmast 
fid  and  to  beat  down  the  top  when  setting  up  top- 
mast rigging. 

Topping.  Lifting  one  end  of  a  yard  higher  than 
the  other. 

Topping-lifts.  Those  lifts  which  support  a  spar. 
davit,  etc. 

Top  rim.    The  circular  sweep  of  the  fore  part  of 

a  vessel's  top,  and  covering  in  the  ends  of  the 
cross-trees  and  trestle-trees  to  prevent  their  chafing 
the  topsail. 

Top-ropo.  The  mast  rope  used  to  sway  up  a  top- 
mast to  fix  it  in  its  place  or  lower  it. 

Topsail.  The  second  sail  above  the  decks,  ex- 
tending across  the  topmast  by  the  topsail-yards 
atx)ve,  and  by  the  lower  yards  beneath,  being 
fastened  to  the  former  by  earings  and  robands, 
and  to  the  latter  by  the  topsail-sheets,  which,  passing 
through  two  great  blocks  or  cheeks  fixed  on  its 
extremities,  and  thence  to  t^^'O  other  blocks  fixed 
to  the  inner  part  of  the  yard  close  by  the  mast, 
lead  downwards  to  tlie  deck. 

Topsham  Sailing  Olnb.  Established  1886.  Com- 
modore, L.  Bamberger ;  Vice-Commodore.  Captain 
T.  H.  Periam ;  Rear-Commodore,  J.  Pcxiam ; 
Treasurer,   W.    J.   Goodman ;   Secretari  s,    H.    J. 


TOPSIDE 


637 


TORPEDO 


y 


open 

to  club 

members 

only. 


May,  A«  Wydd,  Topsham,  Devon.     Entrance  fee, 
55. ;  annual  subscription,  55. 

Topside.  The  portion  of  the  side  of  a  vessel 
which  comes  above  the  sheer-strake. 

To^timlMr.  The  timber  next  above  the  futtocks 
in  the  ribs  of  a  ship's  sides. 

Top,  To.    To  raise  one  end  of  a  boom  or  yard. 

TorlMiy  Sailing  CQab.  Established  1886.  En- 
sign :  Red.  Burgee :  Red  and  white  (chequered), 
with  an  anchor  in  centre.  Commodore,  Colonel 
R.  W.  Studdy ;  Vice-Commodore,  C.  Thellusson  ; 
Rear-Commodore,  Dr.  T.  H.  Ward ;  Honorary 
Treasurer,  J.  S.  Paige;  Hoi>orary  Secretary,  Cap- 
tain Henry  M.  C.  Festing,  R.N.  Entrance  fee, 
los.  6d.;  annual  subscription,  105.  6d. 

Yachts  or  boats  catered  for. 

Club  matches  every  fortnight,  commencing  about 
fiist  Tuesday  in  June^     No.  5  Y.R.A.  Rules. 

Handicap  Class  I. — Big  yacht.  34  ft.  \ 
and  over  L.W.L. 

Handicap  Class  II. — Big  yacht  under 
24  ft.  L.W.L. 

W.E.C. — ^Western  one  design  class. 

W.E.C.— -July  boat  class  18  ft. 

Power  boats,  steam  or  motor,  all  en- 
trance fees  2s.  6d. 

Annual  Regatta, 

Latter  end  of  August.  Separate  programme 
issued.     All  races  are  open. 

The  club  is  not  a  social  one.  Club-room  on 
Paignton  Pier,  from  which  pier  every  race  in  Torbay 
is  plainly  visible. 

The  T.S.  Club  is  affiliated  with  many  south 
coast  clubs,  in  the  conference  (challenge  cup  races) 
for  furtherance  of  yacht  and  boat  sailing. 

Torbay  Yacht  dub,  Boyal.  See  Royal  Torbay 
Yacht  Club. 

TOtdanifcioid.  Danish  small  cruiser  (1880). 
Length  221ft.   Beam  43ft.   Maximum  draught  17ft. 
Displacement  2.530  tons.     Complement  220. 
Guns.  Armour, 

I— 14  in.  "  Steel." 

4 — 47  in.  4  in.  Deck. 

8  Machine.  10  in.  Conning  tower. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
4  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.    2,600=14  kts.     Coal   maxi- 
mum 170  tons. 

Torkenikjold.  Norwegian  coast  defence  battle- 
ship.  (Elswick,  1899.) 

Length  280ft.     Beam  48Jft.     Draught  i6ift. 
Displacement  3.556  tons.     Complement  248 . 

Guns.  Armour. 

2 — 8  in.  "  Harvey  steel." 

6 — ^4*7  in.  7  in.  Belt  amidships. 

6 — 12  pdr.  8  in.  Barbettes. 

8  in.  Turrets. 


Torpedo  Tubes. 
2  Submerged. 
Hp.  3,700=17  kts.     Coal  500  tons. 

Tornado.  Originally  a  severe  squall  on  the  coast 
of  Senegambia  and  Guinea,  but  of  late  years  applied 
to  whirlwinds  on  shore. 

Tornado  olood.  A  funnel-shaped  cloud  which 
accompanies  violent  and  destructive  tornadoes,  and 
most  frequent  in  the  United  States. 

Torpedo  is  a  charge  of  some  explosive  agent 
enclosed  in  a  water-tight  case  or  closed  vessel  pro- 
pelled under  water  at  such  a  depth  that  by  the 
explosion  when  near,  or  in  contact  with,  the  under- 
water portion  of  a  hostile  ship  it  may  sink  or 
seriously  damage  the  vessel. 

Torpedoes  may  be  either  stationary  (which  are , 
known  as  submarine  mines,  q.v.)  or  locomotive. 
There  are  many  locomotive  torpedoes,  the  principal 
being,  however,  the  Whitehead,  Lay,  Sims,  Brennan. 
and  Bliss-Leavitt.  The  Whitehead  torpedo  is  . 
made  in  different  sizes,  varying  from  i  a  to  19  ft.  in 
length,  and  from  12  to  15  in.  in  diameter.  It  is 
divided  into  several  compartments,  the  foremost 
containing  a  charge  of  from.  30  to  100  lbs.  of  gun- 
cotton,  according  to  the  size  of  the  torpedo.  This 
charge  is  fired  by  means  of  a  pistol,  which  screws 
into  the  nose  of  the  torpedo.  The  propelling 
power  is  generated  by  means  of  powerful  air  pumps, 
air  being  compressed  into  the  air  chamber  at  a 
pressure  of  1,000  lbs.  to  a  square  inch,  which 
actuates  the  three  cylinder  engine  and  drives  the 
propellers.  It  is  fitted  with  four  fins,  which  pre- 
vent the  torpedo  from  rolling,  and  keeps  it  on  its 
course.  Two  horizontal  fins  known  as  the  tail  fins 
carry  the  rudders,  two  horizontal  and  two  vertical. 
The  horizontal  rudders  are  worked  from  the  balance 
chamber  and  keep  the  torpedo  at  its  set  depth ; 
the  vertical  rudders  are  adjusted  to  cause  it  to 
travel  in  a  straight  line.  The  speed  of  this  torpedo 
is  about  24  kts. 

The  Lay  torpedo  is  of  cylindrical  form,  the 
motive  power  carbonic  acid  gas,  and  is  started, 
stopped,  and  steered  by  means  of  an  electric  cable 
containing  insulated  wires,  which  are  paid  out 
from  the  boat  as  it  travels. 

The  Sims  torpedo  is  cigar-shaped,  propelled  by 
screws  driven  by  an  electric  motor,  the  current  for 
which  is  supplied  from  a  dynamo  on  shore.  It  is 
steered  from  the  shore  by  an  electric  current,  and 
has  a  speed  of  about  12  kts. 

The  Brennan  torpedo,  invented  by  Louis  Brennan 
(q.v.),  is  worked  and  steered  from  the  shore  by  means 
of  wire  wound  round  two  drums  contained  in  the 
body  of  the  torpedo.  By  winding  the  drums  on 
shore  a  rotary  motion  is  given  to  the  drums  in  the 
torpedo,  which  revolve  the  screw  propellers,  and 
these  drive  the  torpedo  through  the  water. 

The  Bliss-Leavitt  torpedo  is  turbine  driven,  of 
greatly  increased  range  and  speed,  and  has  been 
adopted  in  the  United  States  Navy. 


TORPEDO 


638 


TOSE 


At  the  beginning  of  1907,  important  trials  took 
place  at  the  torpedo-range  of  Messrs.  Whitehead, 
Weymouth,  with  a  torpedo  which  was  fitted  with  a 
new  arrangement  for  heating  the  air  used  to  pro- 
pel it.  The  heater  was  designed  by  Sir  W.  G. 
Armstrong,  Whitworth  and  Co.,  after  lengthy 
experiments.  The  idea  for  •  some  time  past  has 
been  to  heat  the  compressed  air  in  a  torpedo,  partly 
with  a  view  to  obtain  more  energy  out  of  it,  and, 
therefore,  either  higher  speed  from  the  torpedo,  or 
longer  range  at  the  same  speed,  and  partly  because 
the  present  torpedo  is  almost  useless  when  the  sea 
is  at  a  very  low  temperature,  a  fact  which  in  a  great 
measure  accounted  for  the  large  expenditure  of 
torpedoes  without  result  during  the  cold  weather 
ofi  Port  Arthur  during  the  Russo-Japanese  war. 
The  first  torpedo  to  be  fitted  with  heaters  was  made 
in  the  United  States  by  the  Bliss-Lcavitt  Co. 
Their  system  was  to  bum  liquid  fuel  in  the  actual 
main  reservoir.  The  amount  of  weight  to  be 
carried  by  a  torpedo  must  be  strictly  limited,  in 
order  to  get  as  much  power  out  of  the  engine,  and  as 
much  explosive  in  the  head  as  possible.  The 
existing  torpedo  has  exceedingly  little  margin  for 
more  weight  in  the  shape  of  heating  arrangements, 
and  no  torpedo  of  dimensions  anything  like  the 
existing  pattern  could  have  carried  the  heating 
vessel,  or  combustion  chamber  as  it  is  now  called, 
as  originally  designed.  As  experiments  in  this 
line  proceeded,  it  was  found  possible  to  reduce 
the  size  of  the  combustion  chamber,  and  practical 
dimensions  were  reached,  and  a  torpedo  fitted  with 
the  new  arrangements  for  heating  the  air.  It  was 
proved  on  trial  that  a  torpedo  fitted  with  a  heater 
could  travel  for  double  the  distance  at  a  given 
speed,  and  the  same  expenditure  of  air  that  the 
torpedo  without  the  heater  could.  There  is  a  gain 
of  about  100%  in  power  due  to  the  heater.  If  the 
torpedo  be  run  for  the  same  distance  with  a  heater 
as  a  similar  torpedo  without  a  heater,  the  100% 
gained  of  power  would  be  realised  by  increasing  the 
speed,  and  at  a  range  of  2.000  yards  this  increase 
is  from  26  to  33*5  kts.  This  speed  of  33*5  kts.  is 
the  highest  that  has  ever  been  realised  with  a 
torpedo  having  a  range  of  2,000  yards.  The  tor- 
pedo of  the  future  no  doubt  will  be  one  constructed 
especially  to  use  hot  air  instead  of  cold. 

Torpedo-aiiohor.  An  anchor  or  fastening  to  hold 
a  submarine  mine  to  its  selected  place.  A  common 
form  is  that  of  a  ship's  anchor,  to  which  the  mine  is 
attached  by  a  chain  with  a  universal  joint. 

TorpedCHbOftti.  Modem  torpedo-boats  are  built 
entirely  of  steel,  and  the  plates  often  not  exceeding 
one  sixteenth  of  an  inch  in  thickness,  as  in  order  to 
get  the  necessary  high  speed  the  minimum  of 
weight  consistent  with  the  necessary  strength  is 
of  first  importance.  The  first  torpedo-boat,  the 
Lightning,  was  designed  and  built  by  Sir  John 
Thomycroft  (q.v.)  in  1877.  Few  of  the  earlier  tor- 
pedo-boats had  a  speed  of  more  than  x8  kts.     There 


are  three  classes  of  torpedo-boats,  known  as  first, 
second,  and  third-class.  The  first-class  are  boats 
capable  of  keeping  the  sea  on  their  own  account,  and 
are  a  type  of  1 26  ft.  or  more  in  length  ;  (2)  boats  of 
from  1 01  to  120  ft.  in  length,  suitable  for  short  runs, 
harbour  defence,  and  for  general  work  near  a 
coast ;  (3)  still  smaller  boats  capable  of  being 
carried  on  board  a  battleship  or  cruiser.  The 
modem  first-class  torpedo-boat  is  from  135  to 
140  ft.  in  length,  15^  ft.  broad,  drawing  about  6ft. 
of  water,  with  a  displacement  of  130  tons.  The 
engines  develop  about  2.000  Hp..  giving  a  sea 
speed  of  about  24  kts.  The  boilers  and  machinery 
are  protected  by  coal,  and  an  armoured  tower  pro 
tects  the  steering  gear  and  telegraphs  for  con- 
trolling the  engines.  The  crew  consists  of  about 
18,  and  the  armament  3-pdr.  q.f.  guns,  and  three 
torpedo  ejectors. 

Torpedo  boom*  A  spar  bearing  a  torpedo  on  its 
upper  end,  the  lower  end  swivelled  and  anchored 
to  the  bottom  of  the  channel,  also  a  spar  of  wood  or 
iron,  supporting  a  steel  crinoline  designed  for  the 
protection  of  a  ship  against  torpedo  attack. 

TarpedOoOatoher.     See  Torpedo-boat  destroyer. 

Tofpedo-dng.  A  cable  bearing  grappling  hooks 
to  catch  torpedoes.  The  ends  of  the  cable  are 
usually  carried  in  boats,  which  are  propelled  up  and 
down  the  channel  some  distance  apart. 

Torpedo  gQn-boat,  of  which  a  considerable 
number  were  built  between  1887  and  1894,  ^^^  ^^"^ 
considered  obsolete,  their  place  being  taken  by  the 
torpedo-boat  destroyer  {q.v.). 

Torpedo-net  is  a  net.  the  meshes  of  which  are 
made  of  steel  rings  about  i^  in.  in  diameter,  which 
is  hung  round  the  ship,  suspended  from  the  ends  of 
steel  booms  about  30  ft.  long,  rigged  out  from  the 
ship's  side  as  a  protection  against  torpedo  attack. 

Torpedo  net  ontter,  the  most  successful  type  of 
which  was  invented  by  Admiral  A.  K.  Wilson, 
consists  of  hinged  joints  working  across  one  another 
and  attached  to  a  pair  of  wire  cutters,  the  apparatus 
beiBg  fixed  to  the  nose  of  the  torpedo. 

Torpedo  raft.  A  raft  pushed  ahead  of  a  vessel* 
with  hooks  or  grapples  underneath,  to  clear  the 
channel  of  torpedoes. 

Torpid.    A  second  class  racing-boat  at  Oxford. 

Torquay  Ckwinthian  Sailing  dull.  Established 
1893.  Commodore,  C.  Thellusson;  Vice-Commo- 
dore ;  F.  C.  Carslake ;  Rear-Commodore,  S.  Cum- 
ming  ;  Treasurer,  R.  J.  Clode  ;  Honorary  Secretary, 
W.  Wilkinson  Cox,  2  Victoria  Parade,  Torquay. 
Entrance  fee,  5s. ;  annual  subscription,  5s. 

Tone.    A  coarse  kind  of  hemp. 

Toee,  Thomaf  (b.  Whitby,  November  17,  1858). 
After  leaving  school  he  was  articled  to  Messrs.  C 
and  D.  Holmes  and  Co..  Hull,  and  made  such  pro- 
gress during  his  apprenticeship  that  he  was  given 
charge  of  work  before  he  was  out  of  his  time.     .-Xfter 


TOSH 


639 


TRABANT 


serving  a  period  at  sea,  and  obtaining  his  certificates, 
he  was  appointed  chief  draughtsman  to  one  of  the 
largest  works  on  the  East  coast.  From  1893- 1900 
he  was  senior  surveyor  engineer  to  the  newly  con- 
stituted British  Corporation  Registry  of  Shipping, 
Glasgow.  In  1900  he  joined  Messrs.  Fumess,  Withy 
and  Co.,  as  their  chief  superintendent. 

Tosh.    Neat ;   trim. 

Tosna.  Russian  torpedo-boat.  (Putiloff,  1893-) 
Length,  127  ft. ;  beam,  15J  ft. ;  draught,  6f  ft. ; 
displacement,  98  tons  ;  complement,  1 3  ;  arma- 
ment, 2  i-pdr.,  2  tubes;  Hp.,  1,250  =  21  kts. ; 
coal,  17  tons. 

Toss  Oftrs.    The  order  to  cease  rowing. 

To  take  the  wind  out  of  another's  sails.  To  pass 
close  to  windward,  a  thing  often  done  in  yacht 
racing. 

Total  loss.  In  marine  insurance  the  amounts 
recoverable  as  a  total  loss  if  not  declared,  t.^.,  under 
an  open  policy  are  :  For  "  merchandise,"  the  prime 
cost,  including  the  expense  of  shipment  and  the 
premium  and  charges  of  insurance  (Lewis  v. 
Rucker,  2  Burr.  1,167).  For  the  ship,  its  value  at  the 
outset  of  the  voyage,  including  the  outfit,  stores, 
and  provisions  for  the  crew,  their  advance  wages, 
and  the  premium  and  charges  of  insurance  (Shaw 
V.  Fulton,  2  East,  1,109;  Forbes  v.  Aspinall,  13  East 
323,  at  pp.  329,  330).  For  freight,  the  gross  amount 
of  freight  expected,  together  with  the  premium  and 
charges  of  insurance  (Palmer  v.  Blackburn,  i  Bing. 
61  ;  Usher  v.  Noble,  12  East  647). 

As  a  claim  for  total  loss  cannot  extend  beyond 
the  full  amount  insured  in  the  policy,  the  docu- 
ments required  to  substantiate  such  a  claim  must  be 
supplied  to  the  underwriters  free  of  charge. 

These  documents  are  : 

(a)  Protest. 

(b)  Set  of  bills  of  lading  (endorsed  if  necessary,  so 
as  to  be  available  to  the  underwriters). 

(c)  Policy  or  certificate  of  insurance  (endorsed  if 
necessary). 

{d)  Assignment  of  interest  to  the  underwriters. 

This  document  is  of  great  value  in  the  event 
of  salvage  refunds  in  the  case  of  salved  goods,  as  any 
claim  for  salvage  expenses  will  be  sent  direct  to  the 
underwriter. 

(Gow  on  Marine  Insurance,  p.  168.) 

•   Total  loss  daase.    See  Clauses. 

Total  loss  only  cdanse.    See  Clauses. 

Totsdmy.  Russian  torpedo-boat  destroyer. 
(Abo,  1905.)  Length,  196  f t.  ;  beam,  i8i  ft.  ; 
draught,  iij  ft.;  displacement,  240  tons;  com- 
plement, 60 ;  armament,  i  12-pdr.,  5  3-pdr.,  3  tubes ; 
Hp..  6,000=27  kts. ;  coal,  70  tons. 

Toty.  A  name  given  in  some  parts  of  the  Pacific 
to  a  sailor  or  fisherman. 

Toaoang.  The  native  name  for  a  kind  of  boat 
much  used  at  Malacca  and  Singapore.     It  is  pro- 


pelled either  by  oar  or  sail,  is  speedy,  rather  fiat  in 
centre,  and  pointed  at  the  extremities. 

Toaoh.  To  call  in ;  to  come  or  go  without 
staying. 

Tonp.  The  native  name  for  the  three-masted 
Malay  lugger-boat.  These  vessels  are  built  from 
50  to  60  ft.  long,  10  to  12  ft.  wide,  and  about 
10  ft.  deep.  They  sail  well,  and  carry  a  large 
amount  of  cargo.  ^ 

Tonrane.  French  subsidised  merchant  ship 
(1898).  Messageries  Maritimes  (^.v.).  Dimensions. 
445  X  so  X  36  ft. ;  gross  tonnage,  6,344  ;  Hp..  7,200= 
18  kts. 

Tonrmente.  French  torpedo-boat  (1899].  Dis- 
placement, 120  tons ;  complement,  34 ;  maximum 
draught,  9J  ft.  ;  guns,  2  3-pdr.  ;  torpedo  tubes, 
2  15-in. ;  twin  screw;  Hp.,  2,000=26  kts.;  coal, 
16  tons. 

Tow.    One  vessel  drawing  or  pulling  another. 

Towage.     See  Tug  and  Tow. 

Towing.  A  method  of  dragging  a  vessel  through 
the  water  by  hawser  from  another  vessel,  or  from 
the  shore. 

Towing-net.  A  net  towed  behind  a  moving 
ship,  with  a  view  of  collecting  specimens  of  marine 
animals  and  plants. 

Tow-line.  A  small  hawser  or  warp  used  to  move 
a  ship  from  one  part  of  a  harbour  to  another  by 
means  of  boats,  steamers,  etc. 

Toyo  Kisen  ^^ftk^ft|  with  their  head  office  in 
Japan,  have  a  fleet  of  seven  steamers,  three  of 
which  rank  among  the  finest  passenger,  and  cargo 
vessels  trading  between  San  Francisco  and  Japan. 
These  vessels  are  new,  and  fitted  with  all  the 
latest  inventions  for  the  safety  and  comfort  of 
passengers.  A  service  is  maintained  every  fort- 
night from  Hong  Kong  via  Japan,  Honolulu,  to 
San  Francisco,  and  vice  versa, 

FtEET. 

America  Maru.  Korio  Maru. 

Atsu,  Nippon  Maru, 

Hongkong  Maru,  Rohilla, 

Toyo  Maru. 
Gross  tonnage,  22,800. 

T.B.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Trouville,  France. 

Trabaoola.     A  trading  coaster  of  the  Adriatic. 

Trabant.  Austro-Hungarian  torpedo  gun-boat 
(1890). 

Displacement  540  tons.     Complement  78. 

Guns.  Armour, 

2 — 12  pdr.  ^  in.  Amidships. 

8—3  pdr. 

Torpedo  Tubes, 
3  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.    3,500  =  20  kts.     Coal   maxi- 
mum 150  tons. 


TRACE 


640 


TRADING 


Trace.  To  haul  and  make  fast  anything  as  a 
temporary  of  security. 

Traoey,   Admiral  Sir   Biohaxd  Edward,   K.O.B. 

(b.  1837).  Entered  Navy,  1852  ;  served  Crimea, 
1854  (Baltic  medal) ;  lieutenant,  1859 ;  served 
Japan,  1863-64 ;  mentioned  in  despatches,  pro- 
moted commander ;  captain,  187 1  ;  A.D.C.  to  the 
Queen,  1885-87 ;  rear-admiral,  i888 ;  Second-in- 
Command  Channel  Squadron,  1889-90 ;  Admiral 
Superintendent  Malta,  1892-94  ;  vice-admiral,  1893  > 
umpire  at  naval  manoeuvres,  1896 ;  admiral,  1898  ; 
president  of  Royal  Naval  College,  1897- 1900 »  re- 
tired, 1901. 

Track.  To  tow  or  draw  a  vessel  or  boat  by 
means  of  a  rope  or  hawser. 

Trackscoat.  A  boat  or  vessel  employed  on  the 
canals  in  Holland,  and  usually  drawn  by  a  horse. 

Trade,  Board  oL    See  Board  of  Trade. 

Trade  nnioilft  originally  societies  of  artisans  en- 
gaged in  a  particular  trade,  are  combinations  of 
workmen  formed  for  the  purposes  of  regulating 
the  relations  between  masters  and  workmen,  and 
improving  the  conditions  of  employment. 

Trade  unions  were  first  legally  recognised  as 
bodies  capable  of  making  contracts  by  the  Act  of 
1 87 1,  which  provided  for  their  registration  and  the 
vesting  of  their  property  in  tl^e  hands  of  trustees. 

Workmen  may  lawfully  join  a  union,  but  are 
subject  to  its  rules,  and  may  be  deprived  of  its 
benefits  for  failure  to  comply  with  its  orders  given 
under  powers  conferred  by  the  rules.  Penalties 
imposed  on  workmen  by  a  union  are  not  directly 
enforceable,  and  expulsion  is  only  justified  by  the 
rules  of  the  association.  Workmen  may  agree  not 
to  work  for  any  employer,  but  the  union  cannot 
enforce  the  agreement,  and  attempts  to  enforce  it 
by  coercion  are  illegal. 

A  trade  union  may  lawfully  negotiate  with  em- 
ployers if  they  consent,  but  it  can  neither  compel 
negotiation  nor  bind  workmen  to  carry  out  any 
bargain  it  may  make..  Payment  by  trade  unions  of 
strike  pay  is  lawful,  but  an  employer  may  prevent 
the  maintenance  by  trade  unions  of  a  strike  by 
any  means  prohibited  by  statute  or  actionable  at 
common  law. 

The  following  cases  of  interference  by  members 
of  trade  unions  in  contractual  relationships  recog- 
nised by  law  are  actionable  wrongs,  for  which  the 
union  may  be  sued  in  its  registered  name,  and  its 
funds  be  made  liable  for  damages  (The  Taff  Vale 
Railway  Co.  v.  The  Amalgamated  Society  of  Rail- 
way Servants,  1901,  App.  Cas.  426),  viz. : 

(i)  To  induce  a  person  to  break  his  contract 
with  a  third  party. 

(2)  To  mduce  an  employer  to  refuse  to  continue 
to  employ  a  workman. 

(3)  To  induce  an  employer  to  refrain  from  em- 
ploying a  workman. 

By  the  Conspiracy  and  Protection  of  Property 
Act,  1875.  "workmen  are  not  criminally  liable  for 


combining  to  do  anything  which  would  not  be 
punishable  as  a  crime  if  committed  by  one  person, 
provided  that  such  combination  does  not  con- 
stitute a  conspiracy  for  which  punishment  is 
awarded  by  Act  of  Parliament.  Nor  is  it  a  criminal 
offence  for  a  workman  to  desert  his  work,  except 
in  the  case  of  employees  of  gas  and  water  com- 
panies, or  where  wilful  breach  of  contract  is  liable 
to  cause  danger  to  life  or  property.  But  every 
person  who,  with  a  view  to  compel  any  other 
person  to  abstain  from  doing  or  to  do  any  act 
which  such  other  person  has  a  legal  right  to  do  or 
abstain  from  doing,  wrongfully  and  without  legal 
authority — 

(i)  Uses  violence  to  or  intimidates  such  other 
person  or  his  wife  or  children  or  injures  bis  pro- 
perty ;  or, 

(2)  Persistently  follows  such  other  person  aboat 
from  place  to  place  ;  or, 

(3)  Hides  any  tools,  clothes,  or  other  property 
owned  or  used  by  such  other  person,  or  deprives 
him  of  or  hinders  him  in  the  use  thereof  ;  or 

(4)  Watches  or  besets  the  house  or  other  place 
where  such  other  person  resides,  or  works,  or 
carries  on  business,  or  happens  to  be,  or  the 
approach  to  such  house  or  place  ;  or 

(5)  Follows  such  other  person  with  two  or  more 
other  persons  in  a  disorderly  manner  in  or  through 
any  street  or  road,  shall,  on  conviction  by  a  Court 
of  summary  jurisdiction,  or  on  indictment,  be 
liable  either  to  a  penalty  not  exceeding  £20,  or  to 
imprisonment  for  a  term  not  exceeding  three 
months,  with  or  without  hard  labour. 

This  Act  has  nothing  to  do  with  civil  remedies, 
and  a  conspiracy  to  injure  a  man  in  his  trade  by 
inducing  servants  to  break  their  contracts,  or 
customers  to  refrain  from  dealing  with  him,  is 
actionable. 

N.B. — A  Bill  has  been  introduced  in  the  House 
of  Commons  to  abolish  the  results  obtained  by  the 
above-mentioned  Tafi  Vale  case. 

Trade  winds.  Winds  moving  from  about  the 
30th  degree  of  latitude  to  the  equator.  They  are 
pretty  regular  in  the  North  Atlantic  as  far  as 
50  N.,  but  when  near  land  they  yield  to  the  land 
and  sea  breezes.  Thus,  at  10^  N.  the  land  breeze 
will  be  at  E.  from  11  p.m.  until  6  a.m. ;  then  calm 
up  to  10  a.m.,  when  the  sea  breeze  sets  in  probably 
W.,  and  blows  home  fresh.  Although  20  miles 
off  the  shore,  the  trade  wind  may  blow  pretty 
strong  N.E.,  E.N.E. 

Trading  Claiue.    See  Clauses. 

Trading  Inwards.  A  ship  is  said  to  be  "  trading 
inwards "  or  "  trading  homewards "  when  she 
enters  a  port  to  discharge  cargo  brought  from 
abroad.  Where  a  vessel  took  in  a  part  cargo  at 
Glasgow,  sailed  for  Liverpool,  where  she  completed 
loading  but  discharged  no  cargo,  and  then  went  to 
India   and    discharged,    loaded   again    there   and 


TRAFALGAR 


641 


TRAVERSE 


sailed  to  Liverpool,  and  there  discharged,  then 
returning  to  Glasgow,  the  House  of  Lords  held  : 

(i)  That  the  vessel  entering  Liverpool  was  on 
her  way  to  India,  and  was  liable  to  dock  tonnage 
rates,  not  as  a  vessel  trading  inwards  from  Glasgow, 
but  as  a  vessel  trading  outwards  to  India  ;  and 

(2)  That  the  vessel,  using  Liverpool  on  her 
return  voyage  from  India,  was  liable  to  rates  as  a 
vessel  trading  inwards  from  India.  (The  Mersey 
Docks  and  Harbour  Board  v.  Henderson  Brothers, 
1888,  13  App.  Cas.) 

Trafalgar.  British  ist  class  battleship.  (Ports- 
mouth, 1887.) 

Length  345ft.  Beam  73ft.  Maximum  draught  30ft. 
Displacement  1 1 ,940  tons.     Complement  520. 
Guns.  Armour. 

4 — *3'S  ill-  "  Compound." 

6 — 6  in.  20  in.  Belt  amidships. 

8 — 6  pdr.  18  in.  Turrets. 

II — 3  pdr.  14  in.  Conoing  tower. 

6  Machine. 
3  Boat  guns. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (14  in.). 
2  Submerged. 

2  Above  water  bow  and  stem* 
Twin  screw.    Hp.  natural  7. 500  =  1 5*6  kts. ,  forced 
12,000=317  kts.    Coal  maximum  1,200  tons. 
Approximate  cost  ^900,000. 

Trafalgar,  Battle  of.     See  Nelson,  Horatio  Lord. 

Trail-boaida.  One  of  the  curved  boards  on  each 
side  of  the  stem  reaching  to  the  figurehead. 

Training  estaUishmenti,  NavaL  5^^  Naval  Estab- 
lishments. 

Training  ship.  A  ship  provided  with  instructors, 
officers,  etc.,  to  train  lads  for  the  sea.  The  first 
training  ship,  Warspite,  was  placed  on  the  Thames 
in  1786  by  the  Marine  Society  (q.v.),  which  had 
been  founded  in  1756  by  one  Jonas  Hanway  (^.t;.) 
for  the  maintenanoe  and  instruction  of  boys  for 
the  Navy.  A  movement  inaugurated  by  the  late 
Earl  of  Shaftesbury,  1800-85,  and  Mr.  W.  Williams 
was  the  means  of  inducing  the  Lords  of  the  Ad- 
miralty to  grant  permission  for  the  Chichester  to 
be  used  as  a  training  ship  for  homeless  boys.  Since 
that  period  several  other  ships  have  been  similarly 
employed. 

Trammel.  A  set  net  used  by  fishermen,  with 
stone  anchors  at  the  ends  to  keep  it  extended. 
Fish  coming  against  it  get  caught  by  the  gills. 

Tramontana.  A  genera)  name  for  northerly 
winds.in  Italy. 

Tramontane.  French  torpedo-boat  (1898).  Dis- 
placement, 140  tons ;  complement,  34 ;  maximum 
draught,  7J  ft.  ;  guns  2  3-pdr.  :  torpedo  tubes, 
2  15-in.  ;  twin  screw;  Hp.,  3,200=331  kts.;  coal, 
1$  tons. 


Tramp.  A  slang  expression  for  a  cargo  steamer 
not  engaged  upon  any  regular  run,  but  taking 
freights  as  they  offer. 

Trankey.  A  kind  of  boat  used  in  the  Persian 
Gulf. 

Transaflantio.  Lying  or  being  beyond  or  on  the 
other  side  of  the  Atlantic. 


Transatlantioa  Compania»  Cadiz.  See  Compania 
Transatlantica,  Cadiz. 

Trangaflantiqne,  Oompagnie  CMn4raIe.  See  Com- 
pagnie  G^n6rale  Transatlantique. 

Transom.  A  beam  bolted  across  the  stem-post 
supporting  the  after  end  of  a  deck  and  giving 
shape  to  the  stem. 

Transom-knee.  Curved  timbers'or  pieces  of  iron 
which  bind  and  connect  the  ship's  quarters  to  the 
transoms,  being  bolted  to  the  latter  and  to  the  aft 
timbers. 

Transom-stem.   ^Square  stem. 

Transport  a  ship.  To  move  a  vessel  in  harbour 
by  means  of  ropes. 

Transport-ship.  A  private  ship  hired  by  Govem- 
ment  for  carrying  troops,  stores,  and  munition  of 
war. 

Transpcffts  llariiimes  k  Vapenr,  Sod6t6  Gtotele 

de.    See  Soci6t6  G6n6rale  de  Transports  Maritimes 
k  Vapeur. 

Transnnd.  Russian  torpedo  -  boat.  (Putiloff, 
1893-)  Length,  127  ft. ;  beam,  15J  ft.  ;  draught, 
6J  ft. ;  displacement,  98  tons ;  complement,  13  ; 
armament,  2  i-pdr.,  2  tubes;  Hp.,  1,250=21  kts.; 
coal,  17  tons. 

Traye.  German  subsidised  merchant  ship  (1886). 
Norddeutscher  Lloyd  (q.v.).  Dimensions  537X48X 
34  ft. ;  gross  tonnage,  5,662  :  Hp.,  6,200=17  kts. 

Traveller.    An  iron  thimble. 

Traveller.  British  special  service  vessel  (700 
tons)«     Launched  1883. 

Travelling  l>ackstay.    A  support  to  the  top-mast. 

Traverse.  Denoting  the  different  courses  a 
ship  makes  under  the  change  of  wind  or  tacking. 

Traverse-hoard.  A  thin  circular  piece  of  board 
marked  with  all  the  points  of  the  compass,  and 
having  eight  holes  bored  in  each,  and  eight  small 
pegs  hanging  from  the  centre  of  the  board.  It  is 
used  to  determine  the  different  courses  run  by  a 
ship  during  a  watch  by  sticking  one  peg  into  the 
point  on  which  the  ship  has  run  each  half  hour. 

Traverse-sailing.  Resolving  a  traverse  is  merely 
a  general  term  for  the  determination  of  a  single 
course  equivalent  to  a  series  of  successful  courses 
steered,  whatever  be  the  manner  of  finding  the 
length  of  the  lines  forming  the  triangles. 

Traverse-table.  A  table  which  gives  the  differ- 
ence of  latitude  and  departure  corresponding  to  a 

Y 


TRAWL 


642 


TRIAL 


certain  course  and  distance,  and  vice  versa.  It  con- 
tains  the  length  of  the  two  sides  of  a  right  angle 
triangle,  so  for  every  quarter  by  a  degree  of  angle 
and  for  all  lengths  of  the  hypotenuse  from  one  to  100. 

TrawL  A  strong  net  for  dragging  the  bottom 
of  fishing  banks. 

Trawl-boat  A  boat  used  in  fishing  with  trawl- 
nets. 

Tread.    The  length  of  a  ship's  keel. 

Treblfr-blook.  One  fitted  with  three  sheaves  or 
roves. 

Itee.  A  beam  or  bar  in  a  ship  as  cross-tree, 
trestle-tree. 

TreenaiL  Long  cylindrical  oak  or  hard  wood 
pins  driven  through  the  j^anks  and  timbers  of  a 
vessel  to  connect  her  various  parts. 

TrtilOiiart.  French  coast  service  battleship. 
(L'Orient,  1893). 

Length  292ft.   Beam  59ft.  Maximum  draught  24ft. 
Displacement  6,535  tons.     Cd!mplement  335. 
Guns.  Armour. 

2 — 12  in.,  45  cal.        "  Creusot." 
8 — 4  in.  18  in.  Belt  amidships. 

4 — 3  pdr. '  14  in.  Turrets. 

10  Small.  12  in.  Conning  tower. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (17*7  in.). 
2  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  8,900=16*2  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 337  tons.     Approximate  cost  ;£575,ooo. 

Trend.  The  lower  end  of  the  shank  of  an  anchor 
where  it  thickens  towards  the  arms.  It  extends 
upwards  from  the  throat,  a  distance  equal  to  the 
length  of  the  arm. 

Trent  British  3rd  class  gun-boat  (363  tons). 
Launched  1877. 

Trent.    Ship.     See  Arctic  Exploration. 

Trent.  British  subsidised  merchant  ship  (1899). 
Royal  Mail  Co.  {q.v.).  Dimensions,  410X50X 
32  ft.  ;  gross  tonnage,  5,535  ;  passenger  accommo- 
dation, 245  ;   Hp.,  7,540=17  kts. 

Trent  Sailing  Club.  Established  1900.  Commo- 
dore, Lord  Henry  Bentinck ;  Vice-Commodore, 
Frederick  Piatt ;  Rear-Commodore,  H.  A.  Sutton  ; 
Honorary  Secretary  and  Treasurer,  C.  W.  Gowthorpe, 
Ratclifie-on-Trent.  Notts.  Entrance  fee,  £2  2s.  ; 
annual  subscription  £1  is. 

Trestle-trees.  Strong  bars  of  timber  fixed  on 
each  side  of  the  lower  masthead  to  support  the 
cross-trees. 

Trevelyan.  Emigrant  ship.  Sunk  off  Cape 
Agulhas,  June  3,  1888  ;  all  on  board  perished. 

mravosdbnjr.  Russian  torpedo-boat  destroyer. 
(Abo.  1905.)  Length,  196  ft.  ;  beam,  18^  ft  ; 
draught,  1 1-^  ft. ;  displacement,  240  tons  ;  com- 
plement, 60;  armament,  i  12-pdr.,  5  3-pdr., 
3  tubes ;   Hp.,  6,000=. 27  kts.  ;   coal,  70  tons. 


TtiaL  Every  Admiralty  action  {q.v.)  in  the 
High  Court  is  commenced  by  a  writ  of  summons 
issued  out  of  the  Central  Ofifice  or  a  district  registry. 
The  writ,  which  is  endorsed  with  a  statement  of  the 
nature  of  the  claim,  is  served  either  on  the  defendant 
personally  or  on  the  solicitor  who  accepts  service  on 
his  behalf.  No  writ  can  be  served  out  of  the  juris- 
diction without  an  order  from  the  Court  or  Judge. 

In  actions  in  rem  a  warrant  for  arrest  of  ship 
iq.v.)  or  property  may  be  issued  at  the  instance  of 
the  plaintiff  or  defendant,  upon  the  filing  of  an 
affidavit,  stating  the  name  and  nature  of  the  pro- 
perty to  be  arrested.  The  defendant,  or  his 
solicitor,  then  puts  in  bail  (q.v.),  or  "  enters  an 
appearance  "  {i.e.,  a  submission  to  the  jurisdiction 
of  the  Court)  by  handing  to  the  proper  officer  at 
the  Central  Office  or  district  registry  a  memoran- 
dum stating  either  the  name  of  the  defendant's 
solicitor,  or  that  the  defendant  intends  to  appear 
and  defend  the  action.  In  default  of  appearance 
the  Judge,  if  satisfied  that  the  claim  is  well  founded, 
may  pronounce  for  the  claim  and  order  appraise- 
ment {q.v.)  and  sale  of  the  property.  After 
appearance  has  been  entered,  the  next  step  is  the 
drafting  and  delivery  of  pleadings,  usually  settled 
by  counsel.  In  the  statement  of  claim  are  set  out 
all  the  material  facts  upon  which  the  plaintifi  bases 
his  claim,  together  with  the  relief  sought  by  him. 

The  defendant  must,  within  10  days,  deliver  a 
statement  of  defence,  giving  his  own  version  of  the 
story  and  dealing  directly,  by  admission,  denial  or 
confession  and  avoidance,  with  all  charges  brought 
against  him.  He  may  also  set  up  a  counter-claim 
against  the  plaintiff,  or  pay  money  into  Conrt, 
with  or  without  a  denial  of  liability.  If  the 
plaintifi  continues  the  action,  and  recovers  a  sum 
no  greater  than  the  amount  paid  into  Court,  the 
defendant  will  be  entitled  to  the  whole  of  his  costs, 
but  if  the  plaintifif  fails  to  recover  more  than  the 
amount  paid  in.  the  proper  mode  of  exercising  the 
discretion  of  the  Court  over  the  costs  is  to  give  the 
plaintiff  his  costs  up  to  the  payment  in,  and  the 
defendant  his  costs  subsequent  to  that  time.  The 
plaintifi  then  by  his  reply  joins  issue  with  the 
defendant  on  his  defence ;  but  where  the  defence 
includes  a  counter-claim,  the  reply  includes  a 
defence  to  counterclaim.  The  hearing  of  the  action, 
of  which  10  days'  notice  must  be  given  to  the 
defendant,  takes  place  before  a  Judge  and  two 
nautical  assessors  {q.v.),  in  order  to  dispense  with' 
scientific  nautical  evidence. 

If  the  plaintiff  does  not  appear  the  defendant  is 
entitled  to  judgment,  and  if  he  has  counterclaimed. 
may  proceed  to  prove  his  claim. 

In  Admiralty  actions  the  evidence  is  at  once  pro- 
ceeded with,  and  no  opening  statements  are  made 
by  the  counsel,  the  pleadings  supplying  the  Court 
with  all  necessary  information.  Evidence  is  given 
viva  voce  or,  by  consent  of  the  parties  or  order  of  the 
Judge,  by  affidavit. 

Witnesses  are  summoned  and  documents  pro- 


TRIAL 


643 


TRIPOLI 


duced  by  writ  of  subpana  ad  testificandum  and 
duces  tecum. 

Where  witnesses  are  abroad  and  cannot  easily  be 
brought  home,  evidence  may  be  taken  on  com- 
mission, upon  an  application  to  the  Judge,  sup- 
ported by  an  affidavit. 

After  the  evidence,  the  leading  counsel  for  the 
plaintiff  addresses  the  Court,  and  is  followed  by 
the  leading  counsel  for  the  defendant,  after  which 
counsel  for  the  plaintifi  has  a  right  to  reply. 

Judgment  is  then  given  either  absolutely,  or 
subject  to  a  reference  to  the  Registrar  and  Mer- 
chants.    {See  Admiralty  Registry.) 

Judgment  in  rem  may  be  enforced  against  the 
res  itself,  or  against  the  bail  (q.v,)  if  any  has  been 
given. 

Judgment  in  personam  is  enforced  in  the  same 
way  as  in  ordinary  common  law  actions.  Appeals, 
the  cost  of  which,  as  a  general  rule,  is  borne  by  the 
unsuccessful  party,  lie  to  the  Court  of  Appeal,  and 
ultimately  to  the  House  of  Lords.  Refer  to  Pre- 
liminary Act,  Expert  Witness. 

Irial-trip.  An  experimental  trip  made  by  a  new 
vessel  to  test  her  sea-going  qualities,  rate  of  speed, 
working  of  machinery,  etc. 

Triaiie  stay.  Rope  sqpured  to  the  foremast  to 
hook  the  stay  tackle  to. 

Kria  Zviatelia,  Russian  battleship.  (Nicolaieff, 
1896.) 

Length  357ft.     Beam  72ft.     Draught  27ft. 
Displacement  13,3x8  tons.     Complement  582. 
Guns.  Armour. 

4 —  1 2  in.  "  Harvey  steel. ' * 

4 — 7  in.  16  in.  Belt  amidships. 

4—6  in.  16  in.  Barbettes. 

4 — 4  in.  16  in.  Turrets. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
2  Submerged. 
4  Above  water. 
Hp.  10,600=18  kts.     Coal  1,000  tons. 

Trice.  To  haul  or  lift  by  means  of  a  lashing  or 
line. 

Trioiiig  line.  A  small  rope  passing  through  a 
block  used  for  hoisting  up  tackle. 

Iriok.  The  allotted  time  of  duty  for  the  helms- 
man* 

Tricolor.  A  flag  or  banner  having  three  colours. 
The  present  European  tricolor  ensigns  are  Belgium, 
France,  Holland,  Italy. 

Trident.  French  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Nor- 
mand,  1902.)  Length,  180  ft. ;  beam,  21  f t.  ; 
maximum  draught,  xo  ft. ;  di^lacement,  300  tons  ; 
complement,  45  ;  guns,  i  9-pdr.,  6  3-pdr. ;  torpedo 
tubes,  2  X5-in. ;  speed,  27-30  kts. 

Trident     A  kind  of  sceptre  or  spear  with  three 
barb-pointed  prongs,  with  which  Poseidon  (Nep 
tune),  the  god  of  the  sea,  is  usually  represented. 
It  is  used  as  the  symbol  of  maritime  power. 


Trim.  To  adjust,  by  arranging  the  cargo,  or 
disposing  the  weight  of  persons  so  equal  on  each 
side  of  the  centre  and  at  each  end  that  she  will  set 
well  in  the  water  and  sail  well. 

Trim  of  the  ship.  The  set  of  a  ship  on  the  water, 
having  the  right  draught  forward  and  aft. 

Trim  sails.  Sails  properly  set  and  yards  well 
braced. 

Trinacria.  Glasgow  steamer,  belonging  to  the 
Anchor  Line.  Wrecked  oif  Cape  Vilano,  Spain. 
February  7,  1893  I    3^  lives  lost. 

Trinohetto.  French :  arbre  le  trinquet ;  Arabian : 
trinkeitte.  The  old  foremast  of  Mediterranean 
lateen-rigged  craft. 

Trincomalee,   Battles  of.     Several  actions  were 
fought  here  between  the  British,  under  Sir  Edward  'i 
Hughes,  and  the  French,  under  Admiral  Suffren ;  in 
all  these  engagements  the  French  were  defeated. 

Trinidad  line  (Trinidad  Shipping  and  Trading 
Co.),  with  three  large  and  commodious  steamships, 
maintain  a  service  every  10  days  from  New  York 
for  Grenada  and  Trinidad,  returning  to  New  York 
every  10  da3rs  from  Trinidad  and  Grenada. 

Fleet. 

Grenada,  Maraval,  Maracas. 

Trinity  House.  An  institution  incorporated  by 
Henry  VIII.  and  entrusted  with  the  regulations  and 
management  of  the  lighthouses  and  buoys  on  the 
shores  and  rivers  of  England.  The  corporation  is 
now  empowered  to  appoint  and  license  pilots  for 
the  English  coast.  See  Nautical  Assessors,  Trinity 
House  Pilotage  Districts. 

Trinity  Hoose  Pilotage  Districts,  (x)  The  London 
districts,  consisting  of  the  waters  of  the  Thames 
and  Medway  as  high  as  London  Bridge  and  Roches- 
ter Bridge  respectively,  and  also  the  sea  and  chan- 
nels leading  thereto  or  therefrom,  as  far  as  Orford- 
ness  to  the  north,  and  Dungeness  to  the  south. 

(2)  The  English  Channel  district,  consisting  of 
the  seas  between  Dungeness  and  the  Isle  of  Wight. 

(3)  The  Trinity  House  outport  districts,  com- 
prising any  pilotage  district  for  the  appointment 
of  pilots  within  which  no  particular  provision  is 
made  by  any  Act  of  Parliament  or  charter. 

Trinket.  The  royal  or  topgallant  sail ;  the  upper 
sail  in  a  ship. 

Trip.  A  short  voyage.  As  applied  when  the 
anchor  shank  is  resting  and  the  flukes  break  from 
the  ground. 

TripoH.     Italian  torpedo  gun-boat  (18S6). 
Displacement  860  tons.     Complement  105. 
Guns.  Armour, 

6—6  pdr.  "  Steel." 

i^  in.  Deck. 
Torpedo  Tubes. 
^  Above  water. 

Y  2 


TRIPPING 


644 


TROMP 


Three  screws.     Hp.  natural  i  ,900  =17  kts. ,  forced 
3,600  B=  20  kts.     Coal  maximum  130  tons. 
Approximate  cost  ;^7o,ooo. 

Tdppiiig  line.  A  rope  used  in  lifting  a  spar, 
while  disengaging  it  from  its  usual  attachments, 
previous  to  lowering. 

lUsvititelia.  Russian  battleship,  Black  Sea. 
(Nicolaieff,  1893.) 

Length  377ft.  Beam  72ft.  Maximum  draught  29ft. 
Displacement  1 2 , 5  40  tons.     Complement  731. 
Guns,  Armour, 

4 — 12  in.  "  Creusot  special." 

8 — 6  in.  16  in.  Belt  amidships. 

4 — 4*7  in.  12  in.  Bulkheads. 

10 — 3  pdr.  16  in.  Turrets. 

40 — I  pdr.  12  in.  Conning  tower. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
2  Above  water  bow  and  stem. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  10,600=18  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 1. 000  tons.     Approximate  cost  ;f  1,200, 000. 

TritoiL  French  sea-going  submarine.  (Cher- 
bourg, 1900.)  Length,  11 1  ft.;  beam,  12  ft.; 
draught,  $i  ft ;  displacement,  106  tons  above, 
200  tons  below ;  torpedo  tubes,  4  17'7-in. ;  Hp., 
250s  12  kts.  above,  8  kts.  below. 

Triton.  British  surveying  service  vessel  (410 
tons).    Launched  1882. 

Triton   Line,   Stoomvaart  Kaaisohappy   Triton. 

This  company,  founded  and  managed  by  Messrs. 
W.  M.  Ruys  and  Sons,  have  a  small  fleet  of  lour 
steamers  runmng  in  conjunction  with  the  Rotter- 
dam-Lloyd (q,v.), 

Fleei. 
Amelatia  Indiaan.  V  lieland. 

Texel. 
Gicos  tonnage,  8,500. 

Triomph.     British  ist  class  battleship.    (Barrow, 
1903.)     Purchased  from  Chili. 
Length  436ft.   Beam  71ft.  Maximum  draught  24ft. 
Displacement  1 1 ,800  ton&     Complement  700. 
Guns.  Armour. 

^  - 10  in.,  45  cal.       "  Krupp.*' 
14 — 7  5  in.,  50  cal.        7  in.  Belt  amidships. 
14 — 14  pdr.  10  in.  Barbettes. 

2 — 12  pdr.  10  in.  Conning  tow(  • . 

4 — 6  pdr. 
4  Maxims. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
2  Submerged. 
'Iwin  screw.     Hp.  14,000=20  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 2,000  tons.     Approximate  cost  ;£949.9oo. 

This  ship-name  is  associated  with  the  defeat  oJ 
the  Spanish  Armada,  1588  ;  Blake's  action  with 
Tromp   ofi   Dover,    1652;    battle    off   Dungeness, 

1652  ;  battle  off  Portland,  1653  ;  battle  off  the 
North   Foreland,    1653 ;    battle   of   Schcveningen, 

1653  '*  battle  of  Lowestoft,  1665 ;  Four  Days' 
Fight,    1666     battle  of   Sole   Bay,    1672;   Com- 


wallis's  retreat.  1795  ;  Camperdown,  1797  ;  Calder's 
action  off  Ferrol,  1805. 

Trodfl.  Norwegian  torpedo-boat.  (Christiania, 
1899.)  Length,  128  ft. ;  beam,  15  f t. ;  draught. 
7  ft. ;  displacement,  84  tons ;  armament,  2  i*4-in. 
q.f..  2  tubes ;  Hp.,  1,100=23  kts. 

Tromhe.  French  torpedo-boat  (1901).  Displace- 
ment, 185  tons ;  complement,  18 ;  maximum 
draught,  9  ft. ;  guns,  2  3 -pdr. ;  torpedo  tubes, 
3  15-in. ;  armour,  "Steel,"  J  in.  belt  amidships: 
twin  screw  ;  Hp.,  1,200=26  kts. 

Tromblon.  French  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Nor- 
mand,  1902.)  Length,  180  ft. ;  beam,  21  f t. ; 
maximum  draught,  10  ft. ;  displacement,  300  tons  ; 
complement,  45  ;  guns,  i  9-pdr ,  6  3-pdr. ;  torpedo 
tubes,  2  15-in. ;  speed,  27-30  kts. 

Tromp.    Dutch  battleship  (1905) 
Length  331ft.   Beam  48ft.  Maximum  draught  18ft. 
Displacement  5,300  tons.     Complement  344. 
GttM5.  Armour, 

2—9*4  J^'i  40  cal"        "  Krupp." 
6—^  in.  6  in.  Belt  amidships. 

8 — 12  pdr.  10  in.  Barbettes. 

4 — I  pdr.  10  in.  Conning  tower. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
2  Submerged. 
I  Above  water  bow. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  6,500=  16  kts. 

Tromp  The  name  of  a  Dutch  lannily.  of  which 
two  were  famous  Dutch  admirals. 

Martin  Harpertzoon  Tromp  (i  597-1653).  bom  at 
Bridle,  South  Holland.  Went  to  sea  at  an  early 
age,  and  when  quite  young  was  taken  prisoner, 
and  spent  several  years  on  board  an  English 
cruiser.  Returning  to  Holland  in  1624,  he  entered 
the  Navy,  and  1 3  years  later  was  made  a  lieutenant- 
admiral.  In  1639,  near  Gravelines,  ofi  the  Flemish 
coast,  he  surprised  a  large  Spanish  Fleet,  which  he 
completely  destroyed,  and  in  the  following  year 
defeated  the  combined  fleets  of  Spain  and  Portugal 
ofi  the  English  coast.  In  the  first  Dutch  war 
with  England  he  fought  an  action  off  the  Downs 
against  Blake  and  in  this  engagement,  Bfay  19, 
1652,  in  spite  of  the  fact  that  his  fleet  was  infinitely 
superior  in  number  to  that  of  the  English,  he  had 
rather  the  worst  of  it,  and  drew  ofi  with  the  loss 
of  two  ships.  In  November  of  the  same  year  he 
fought  a  second  action  with  Blake  ofi  Dungeness, 
in  which  he  was  more  successful.  The  English, 
after  severe  losses,  drew  ofi  in  the  darkness  and 
anchored  ofi  Dover.  In  February.  1653,  he  main- 
tained a  running  fight  up  Channel  with  the  com- 
bined English  Fleets  under  Blake.  Penn,  and 
Monck.  He  had  the  worst  of  this  encounter, 
losing  nine  ships  of  war  and  40  merchantmen.  On 
June  3  of  that  year  he  met  the  English  Fleet 
under  Dean  in  the  Channel,  and  fought  an  in- 
decisive battle,  but  on  the  English  being  reinforced 
by  Blake  he  was  compelled  to  retire  to  Texel  with 


TROOPSHIP 


645 


TRYON 


the  loss  of  17  ships.  On  July  29,  1653,  he  was 
shot  through  the  heart  by  a  musket  ball  during 
an  engagement  with  the  English  under  Monck. 
His  body  was  taken  to  Delft,  and  buried  with  great 
pomp  and  ceremony. 

Cornelius  Tromp  (1629-91),  his  second  son,  was 
bom  at  Rotterdam,  and  served  against  the  English 
in  the  Mediterranean,  1652-53,  when  he  was  pro- 
moted rear-admiral.  In  the  second  Dutch  war 
with  England,  1665,  his  squadron  was  defeated  by 
the  English  under  the  Duke  of  York.  He  dis- 
played great  bravery  at  Sole  Bay  and  in  the  action 
off  the  Dunes,  but  in  consequence  of  complaints 
of  his  negligence  and  disobedience  made  by  De 
Ruyter,  under  whose  command  he  was  serving,  he 
was  deprived,  of  his  command.  He  was,  however, 
reinstated,  1673,  and  distinguished  himself  in  the 
battles  off  Schooneveid  against  the  allied  fleets  of 
England  and  France,  June  7  and  14,  1673.  In 
1675  bo  visited  England,  and  was  made  a  baronet 
by  Charles  II.  In  1676  he  was  promoted  lieutenant- 
admiral,  and  died  at  Amsterdam,  May  29,  1691, 
and,  like  his  father,  was  buried  at  Delft. 

Troopildp.    A  ship  for  the  conveyance  of  troops. 

Itopio  1lM«  sometimes  called  "  boatswain  bird," 
is  a  genus  of  tn^ical  oceanic  birds,  closely  allied 
to  the  Solan-goose  and  cormorant.  Their  food 
consists  chiefly  of  fish  and  cuttles.  The  plumage 
is  shining  white ;  the  head  singularly  marked  with 
black  streaks. 

Tropiof.  One  of  the  two  parallels  of  terrestrial 
latitude  corresponding  to  the  celestial  tropics,  being 
at  the  same  distance  from  the  terrestrial  equator 
as  the  celestial  tropics  are  from  the  celestial  equator. 
The  one  north  of  the  equator  is  called  the  Tropic 
of  Cancer ;  the  one  south,  the  Tropic  of  Capricorn. 

TronWdge,  Sir  Thomas  (1758-1807).  British 
admiral  (b.  London).  Took  part  in  the  second 
action  off  Cuddalore,  India,  1783 ;  took  part  in 
Hotham's  action  off  Hydres ;  led  the  British  Fleet 
at  Cape  St.  Vincent,  and  was  with  Nelson  at  the 
attack  upon  Santa  Cruz,  where  he  greatly  distin- 
guished himself.  At  the  battle  of  the  Nile  he  was 
prevented  from  taking  part  in  the  action  owing  to 
his  ship  grounding  as  she  was  going  into  Aboukir 
Bay.  Was  made  a  baronet  in  1799,  and  in  the 
same  year  commanded  the  blockade  squadron  at 
Alexandria;   subsequently  in   the   following  year 

succeeded  Nelson  in  command  off  Malta.    In  1804 

« 

he  was  promoted  to  flag  rank,  and  three  years 
later,  in  command  of  the  Blenheim  (q.v.),  was  lost 
with  all  hands. 

Troude.  French  3rd  class  cruiser.  (Bordeaux, 
1881.) 

Length  311ft.     Beam  31ft.     Draught  14ft. 
Displacement  1,994  tons.    Complement  190. 
Guns,  Armour. 

4— 5*5  in.  "  Steel." 

8 — 3  pdr.  i^  in.  Deck  amidships. 

4  Maxims. 


Torpedo  Tubes. 

5  Above  water. 

Hp.  6,000=320  kts.     Coal  200  tons. 

Troogh.  The  line  of  lowest  barometer  readings 
during  the  passage  of  a  cyclone,  at  right  angles  to 
its  path. 

Trough  of  the  loa.  The  vortex  between  two 
long  waves. 

Trow.     A  clinker-built,  flat-bottom  barge. 

Thick.  A  small  wooden  disc  at  the  extreme 
summit  of  the  mast.  It  usually  contains  the  pulle3rs 
for  the  signal  halliards. 

Truckle.    See  Coracle. 

Tme  course  of  a  ship.  The  compass  course  cor- 
rected for  deviation,  leeway,  and  variation. 

Tmite.  French  submarine.  (Toulon,  1903.) 
Length,  77  ft. ;  beam,  7I  ft. ;  draught,  8  ft. ;  dis- 
placement, 68  tons ;  complement,  5  ;  Hp.,  60— 
8  kts. 

Trundle-head.  The  circular  head  of  a  capstan 
into  which  the  bars  are  fixed  for  turning. 

Truss.  The  iron  hoop,  stirrup,  and  clasp  by 
which  the  middle  of  the  lower  yard  is  secured  to 
the  mast. 

Truss^hoop.  A  hoop  round  a  mast  or  yard  to 
which  an  iron  truss  is  fixed. 

Truxton.  U.S.  torpedo-boat  destroyer  (1900). 
Displacement,  433  tons ;  guns,  2  14-pdr.,  5  6-pdr. ; 
torpedo  tubes,  2  i8-in. ;   Hp.,  8,300=30  kts. 

T^.  A  term  used  when  the  ship's  bow  is  kept 
to  the  sea  and  she  is  prevented  from  rolling  to 
windward  in  the  trough  of  the  sea. 

Tryon,  Sir  George  (1832-93).  British  admiral 
(b.  Bulwick  Park,  North  Hants) .  Entered  the  Navy 
and  served  on  board  Lord  Dundonald's  flagship  on 
the  North  American  Station.  Served  in  the  Cri- 
mean war,  and  landed  for  service  with  the  Naval 
Brigade.  From  1858-60  he  was  in  the  Royal 
Yacht,  which  gave  him  his  promotion  to  commander. 
From  1861-64  he  was  commander  of  the  first  British 
sea-going  ironclad,  the  Warrior.  Served  in  the 
Abyssinian  expedition  1867  as  director  of  trans- 
ports and  store  ships,  for  which  he  was  made  C.B. 
From  1878-81  he  commanded  the  Monarch,  one  of 
the  Mediterranean  Fleet,  and  two  years  later 
became  Secretary  of  the  Admiralty,  and  on  his  pro- 
motion in  1884  to  the  rank  of  rear-admiral  was 
appointed  Commander-in-Chief  on  the  Australian 
Station.  In  June,  1887,  he  was  made  K.C.B.  In 
1889  lie  was  promoted  vice-admiral,  and  given 
command  of  the  Mediterranean  Fleet.  On  June  22, 
1893,  the  Fleet  being  then  off  Tripoli  in  two 
columns,  Tryon  made  a  signal  to  invert  the  course, 
the  ships  turning  inwards  in  succession.  By  a 
fatal  error,  which  has  never  been  explained,  in 
giving  this  order  he  ignored  the  fact  that  the  two 
columns  were  so  close  to  each  other  that  the  two 


TRY 


646 


TUG 


leading  ships  were  certain  to  collide.  The  Camper- 
down  in  the  manoeuvre  fatally  rammed  the  flagship 
Victoria  and  cut  her  open,  and  she  sank  within  a 
few  minutes,  carrying  down  with  her  Admiral 
Tryon  and  many  of  his  officers  and  men.  See 
Fitzgerald's  "  Sir  George  Tryon,"  1897. 

Try-saiL    A  reduced  sail  used  in  foul  weather. 

I^-sail-masi.  A  spar  abaft  each  mast  for 
hoisting  the  try-sail. 

T.S.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  TerschcUing,  Holland. 

TBIihaine.  Japanese  torpedo-boat.  (Kure,  1903.) 
Length,  147  ft.  ;  beam,  16  ft.  ;  draught,  8  ft.  ; 
displacement,  1 50  tons ;  complement,  26 ;  arma- 
ment, I  6-pdr.,  2  3-pdr.,  2  tubes  ;  twin  screw  ;  Hp., 
4,700=27  kts.  ;    coal,  30  tons. 

TsMsarevitoh.  Russian  ist  class  battleship.  (La 
Seyne,  1901.)  Torpedoed  by  the  Japanese,  Feb- 
ruary 8,  1904,  in  Port  Arthur  harbour,  escaped  at 
the  battle  of  Round  Island,  August  10,  1904,  and 
was  interned  at  Khia  Chau  until  end  of  Russo- 
Japanese  war. 

Length  401ft.   Beam  75ft.   Maximum  draught  28ft. 
Displacement  13,380  tons. 
Guns.  Armour. 

4 — 12  in.,  40  cal.        "  Krupp." 
12 — 6  in.  10  in.  Belt  amidships. 

20 — 12  pdr.  II  in.  Turrets. 

2 — 9  pdr.  10  in.  Conning  tower. 

20 — 3  pdr. 
6 — I  pdr. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
2  Submerged. 

2  Above  water  bow  and  stern. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.   16,300=18  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 1,350  tons. 

Trimenis,  Andreas  (b.  Vostozzo,  Greece,  in  1877). 
Won  a  scholarship  tenable  for  six  years,  and  came 
to  England  to  study  naval  architecture.  After  a 
year  and  a  half  at  Knutsford  Grammar  School 
learning  the  language,  he  entered  Durham  College 
of  Science  (now  Armstrong  College),  and  after  a 
course  of  4}  years  graduated  as  B.Sc.  in  naval 
architecture,  and  during  the  summer  vacation 
entered  as  an  apprentice  the  firm  of  Messrs.  R.  and 
W.  Hawthorn,  Leslie  and  Co.  to  gain  practical 
experience.  In  1903  he  entered  the  warship-build- 
ing department  of  Messrs.  Sir  W.  G.  Armstrong, 
Whitworth  and  Co.,  Elswick.  Member  of  the 
North-East  Coast  Institution  of  Engineers  and 
Shipbuilders. 

Tsabame.  Japanese  torpedo-boat.  (Kure,  1903.) 
Length,  147  ft. ;  beam,  16  ft. ;  draught,  8  ft. ;  dis- 
placement, 150  tons;  complement,  26;  arma- 
ment, I  6-pdr.,  2  3-pdr.,  3  tubes ;  twin  screw ; 
Hp.,  4,200=27  kts. ;  coal,  30  tons. 

TsQgani.  Formerly  Pallada  (q.v.).  Japanese 
cruiser.     (St.  Petersburg,  1899.) 

Length  4 1 3f t.     Beam  5  5 f t .     Draught  2 1  ft. 


Displacement  6,600  tons.     Complement  420. 
Guf^.  Armour. 

6^-6  in.  "  Steel." 

20—12  pdr.  2 J  in.  Deck. 

8 — I  pdr. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
4  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.   11,600=20  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 1,400  tons. 

Traknba.     Japanese   armoured  cruiser.     (Kure. 

1905.) 

Displacement  16,000  tons. 

Guns.  Armour. 

4 — 12  in.  "  Kmpp." 

8 — 8  in.  7  in.  Belt  amidships. 

14 — 4*7  in.  7  in.  Big  gun  shields. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 

4  Submerged. 

I  Above  water. 

Hp.  about  26,000=22  kts. 

TsukluhL     Japanese    cruiser.     (Elswick,     1893.) 
Length,  210  ft. :    beam,  32  ft.  ;    draught,   15  ft. 
displacement,  1,356  tons  ;  complement,  190  ;  arma- 
ment, 2  lo-in.,  4  4'7-in.,  2  i-in.,  4  Maxims  ;  2  tubes ; 
Hp.,  2,887  » 16  ^^- 1  coal>  250  tons. 

Tsiuchima.     Japanese  cruiser  (1902). 
Length  334ft.  Beam  44ft.  Maximum  draught  idjft 
Displacement  3,420  tons.     Complement  320. 
Guns.  Armour. 

6—6  in.  '*  Steel." 

10 — 12  pdr.  2^  in.  Deck. 

4 — 2^  pdr.  4  in.  Conning  tower. 

Twin  screw.  Hp.  9,500=20  kts.  Coal  maxi- 
mum 600  tons. 

Tsushima  (Battle).     See  Japan,  Battle  of  Sea  of. 

Tsatsnmi,  Seigi  (b.  Tokio,  July,  1874).  Graduated 
Tokio  University,  July,  1887,  and  received  the 
degree  of  M.E.,  and  was  then  appointed  Govern- 
ment ship  surveyor,  and  lecturer  to  the  Tokio 
Imperial  University,  which  position  he  held  until 
1900,  when  he  came  to  Europe  on  a  two  years' 
visit,  most  of  the  time  being  spent  in  Glasgow.  In 
1902,  returning  to  Japan,  he  was  appointed  chief 
surveyor  of  the  Kobe  Marine  Bureau,  and  in 
February,  1904,  was  appointed  to  the  mercantile 
department,  Japanese  Imperial  Navy,  to  superin- 
tend the  transport  vessels  at  Ujina. 

T.T.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Tarbert.  Lochf3me,  Scotland. 

Taok.  The  after  part  of  a  ship  immediately 
under  the  stem. 

Tug.    A  tug -boat  (q.v.). 

Tug  and  Tow.  Ordinary  towage  has  been  defined 
as  "  the  employment  of  one  vessel  to  expedite  the 
voyage  of  another,  when  nothing  more  is  required 
than  the  accelerating  her  progress. "  In  a  towage  con- 
tract the  law  implies  that  each  vessel  will  perform 
her  duty,  and  that  the  tug  is  efficient  for  the  service. 


TUG 


647 


TURBINE 


A  tug,  engaged  for  a  fixed  sum  to  tow  a  vessel  from 
one  place  to  another,  undertakes  to  use  her  best 
endeavours,  but  does  not  warrant  to  tow  the  ship 
to  her  destination  under  all  circumstances ;  and 
should  the  completion  of  the  performance  become 
impossible  owing  to  causes  beyond  the  control  of 
either  party,  the  tug  is  entitled  to  no  remuneration. 
But  a  tug  engaged  to  attempt  to  tow  is  entitled  to 
adequate  remuneration  for  any  services  rendered. 
Generally  the  pilot  or  master  of  the  tow  controls  the 
tug's  movements,  so  that  the  tow  is  liable  for 
damage  caused  by  her,  the  vessels  being  so  far 
identified  one  with  another  that  a  collision  between 
the  tug  and  a  third  vessel  due  to  the  former's  negli- 
gence has  been  held  to  come  under  an  insurance 
policy  indemnifying  the  owner  of  the  tow  against 
collisions  ;  but  he  can*  recover  against  the  tug  what 
he  has  paid  for  her  negligence.  The  tug  is  liable 
for  damage  caused  to  the  tow  by  unskilful  manage- 
ment, and  cannot  claim  salvage  reward  for  towing 
her  out  of  a  position  of  danger  in  which  she  has 
placed  her  tow,  but  services  by  a  tug  of  such  a 
character,  and  rendered  under  such  circumstances, 
as  to  take  them  out  of  the  towage  contract  are  re- 
warded as  salvage  services.  The  contract  of 
towage  may  be  released  by  concealment  of  a 
material  fact  or  by  an  Act  of  God  {q-v.),  but  not  by 
unforeseen  difficulties. 

Tog-boat*  A  strongly-built  steamboat  used  for 
tugging  or  towing  sailing  or  other  vessels. 

Tnke,  Henry  Scott  (b.  York,  June  12,  i8s8). 
Studied  at  the  Slade  School,  University  College, 
London,  and  under  J.  P.  Laurens  in  Paris.  More 
interested  in  ships,  the  sea,  and  sailors  than  in 
anything  else,  attributable  to  the  fact  that  his  early 
life  was  spent  in  Falmouth  in  its  palmy  shipping 
days.  He  has  painted  many  pictures  of  seafaring 
life,  such  as  "All  hands  to  the  pump"  (1889), 
"  August  Blue  "  {1894),  purchased  by  the  Chantry 
Trustees,  now  in  the  Tate  Gallery ;  "  Sailors 
playing  Cards,"  bought  by  the  Bavarian  Govern- 
ment in  1893  :  "  The  Run  Home  "  (R.A.,  1903)  ; 
"  Sailors  Yarning  "  (R.A.,  1906)  ;  besides  numerous 
smaller  sailor  subjects  and  groups  of  shipping. 
Lived  for  a  couple  of  years  on  an  old  French 
brigantine,  fitted  up  as  a  studio,  in  Falmouth 
Harbour. 

Tola.  This  vessel,  a  brig  of  148  tons,  sailed  from 
London  in  July,  1830,  under  command  of  Mr.  John 
Biacoe,  R.N.,  on  a  sealing  voyage,  with  special  in- 
structions to  endeavour  to  make  discoveries  in  high 
southern  latitudes.  In  February »  183 1,  land  was 
discovered,  longitude  47**  20'  E.,  latitude  6$°  57'  S., 
and  later  in  the  same  y^ar  in  67°  i'  S.,  and  71''  W. 
longitude  ;  to  which  he  gave  the  name  of  Adelaide 
Island. 

Tale  fog.  The  term  used  in  California  to  denote 
fogs  over  marshes  and  swamps,  or  the  fogs  of  the 
lowlands  and  the  valleys. 


Tambler.  A  fitting  to  prevent  the  jaws  of  the 
gaff  from  chafing  the  mast. 

Tambling  home.  A  name  applied  to  the  sides  of 
a  vessel  when  they  fall  inward  from  the  extreme 
breadth. 

Taono.  Italian  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Naples, 
1902.)  Length,  208  ft. ;  beam,  19  ft. ;  draught, 
6 J  ft.  ;  displacement,  330  tons  ;  complement,  53  ; 
armament,  i  12-pdr.,  5  6-pdr.,  2  tubes ;  twin  screw ; 
Hp.,  6,000= 30  kts. ;  coal,  60  tons. 

Tapy.    Brazilian  torpedo  gun-boat.    (Kiel,  1896.) 
Length  259ft.   Beam  30ft.  Maximum  draught  loft. 
Displacement  1,030  tons.     Complement  no. 

Guns.  Armour. 

2—47  in.  "  Steel." 

6 — 6  pdr.  I  in.  Deck. 

4 — I  pdr.  I  in.  Conning  tower. 

4  in.  Gun  shields. 
Torpedo  Tubes  (14  in.). 
3  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  natural  4,000=20  kts.,  forced 
7,000=23  kts.     Coal  normal  100  tons. 

Turbine.  Italian  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Naples 
1 901.)  Displacement,  330  tons  ;  maximum  draught, 
8  ft. ;  armament,  5  6-pdr. ;  tubes,  2  18-in. ;  Hp., 
6,000= 30  kts. ;  coal,  80  tons. 

Turbine,  The.  As  is  now  generally  well  known, 
it  is  22  years  since  the  first  Parsons'  steam  turbipe 
engine  was  built,  and  applied  to  the  driving  of  a 
dynamo.  This  engine  of  10  Hp.  was  designed 
for  a  working  speed  of  18,000  revolutions  per 
minute,  and  after  running  some  years,  doing  useful 
work,  it  was  handed  over  to  the  South  Kensington 
Museum. 

For  the  first  six  years  turbines  for  the  generation 
of  electrical  current  up  to  sizes  of  120  Hp.  were 
made,  aggregating  to  about  4,000  Hp.,  all  being  of 
the  parallel  flow  type  and  non-condensing. 

It  was  in  1892  that  the  steam  turbine  was  first 
adapted  to  work  in  conjunction  with  a  condenser. 
This  engine  was  capable  of  developing  200  Hp., 
with  a  consumption  of  steam  of  27  lbs.  p^r  kilowatt 
hour.  From  that  to  the  presenc  date  very  rapid 
strides  have  been  made  in  sizes,  and  in  increased 
economy  in  steam  consumption. 

In  1892,  a  turbine  of  100  kilowatts  gave  a  con- 
sumption of  27  lbs.  per  kilowatt,  whilst  later,  in  the 
larger  sizes,  say,  3,000  kilowatts,  a  steam  con- 
sumption of  under  15  lbs.  per  kilowatt  hour  was 
obtained. 

In  addition  to  generating  electrical  current  for 
the  transmission  of  power,  the  working  of  electrical 
railways  and  tramways,  turbine  engines  have  been 
used  for  pumping,  coaling,  driving  fans  for  pro- 
ducing forced  draught,  and  ventilating  purposes. 
They  have  also  been  extensively  used  for  driving 
blowers  for  supplying  air  under  pressure  for  blast 
furnaces  and  other  purposes. 


TURBINE 


648 


TURBINE 


The  total  Hp.  of  turbines  of  the  Parsons'  type 
delivered  and  on  order  for  land  purposes  only, 
including  the  work  of  licensees,  is  well  over  2,000,000 
Hp. 

The  idea  of  propelling  a  vessel  by  means  of  a 
steam  turbine  was  first  put  into  practical  form  in 
1894.  The  Turbinia  was  the  first  vessel  to  be 
fitted  with  turbine  engines.  Between  the  years 
1894  and  1896,  many  'experiments  were  made 
with  this  vessel,  and  with  the  engines  finally 
adopted  iresults  were  obtained  which  gave  very 
great  promise  for  the  future  of  the  turbine  for 
marine  propulsion. 

FoUowmg  the  Turbinia,  the  torpedo-boat  de- 
stroyers Viper  and  Cobra  were  built  and  fitted  with 
turbine  machinery  for  the  Royal  Navy,  and 
achieved  remarkable  speeds ;  but,  unfortunately, 
both  these  vessels  were  lost  before  it  was  possible 
to  obtam  comparisons,  in  service,  with  other  de- 
stroyers, and  this  somewhat  adversely  affected  the 
progress  of  the  turbine  engine  generally. 

Following  the  Viper  and  Cobra,  the  destroyers 
Velox  and  Eden  were  built  for  the  British .  Ad- 
miralty also.  These  t^'O  vessels  were  fitted  with 
additional  engines  for  obtaining  economical  results 
when  cruising  at  low  speeds. 

H.M.S.  third-class  cruiser  Amethyst  was  the  next 
step  in  the  application  of  the  turbine  of  war- 
vessels,  and  the  results  of  the  trials  of  this  vessel, 
as  compared  with  sister  ships  ordered  at  the  same 
time  and  of  the  same  dimensions  and  Unes,  but 
fitted  with  reciprocating  engines,  demonstrated  the 
economy  of  the  steam  turbine  as  fitted  to  this 
class  of  vessel,  more  especially  at  the  higher  powers, 
and  no  doubt  was  the  ruling  factor  in  the  next  step 
taken  by  the  British  Admiralty  in  deciding  to  have 
H.M.  battleship  Dreadnought  fitted  with  turbine 
engines. 

The  Dreadnought  went  through  her  trials  very 
successfully,  and  established,  it  is  believed,  almost 
a  record,  having  carried  out  the  whole  of  the 
trials  specified  within  a  week  without  the  slightest 
trouble  with  the  machinery,  one  or  two  of  the 
long  trials  being  carried  out  in  rather  bad  weather. 

In  the  Dreadnought,  as  in  the  destroyer  Eden 
and  the  cruiser  Amethyst,  various  connections  were 
made  to  the  turbines  for  utilising  the  auxiliary 
exhaust  steam,  and  it  is  rather  an  interesting  fact 
that  this  vessel  could  be  propelled  at  a  speed  of 
about  four  or  five  knots  by  the  use  of  the  auxiliary 
exhaust  only,  thereby  not  taking  any  live  steam 
to  drive  the  vessel.  This  would  appear  to  be  a 
very  economical  arrangement  in  the  case  of  fog 
or  other  causes,  when  the  vessel  is  required  to 
steam  at  a  few  knots  speed  only. 

The  marine  turbine  was  first  adopted  for  com- 
mercial purposes  in  the  Clyde  steamer  King  Ed- 
ward, in  the  summer  of  1901.  An  order  for  a  second 
vessel,  the  Queen  Alexandra,  was  placed  the  year 
foliowirg.  and  the  performances  of  these  two 
ves'Uils  running  on  the  Firth  of  Clyde  demonstrated 


the  commercial  advantages  accruing  from  the  adop- 
tion of  the  turbine  system. 

Other  vessels  quickly  followed  the  King  Edward 
and  Queen  Alexandra,  until,  at  the  present  tune, 
the  total  tonnage  of  turbine  vessels  on  service  for 
commercial  purposes  is  about  110,000  groes.  with 
about  250,000  Hp. 

The  following  table  will,  perhaps,  best  represent 
the  various  steps  in  the  adoption  of  the  turbine 
engine  for  commercial  purposes  : 


Name  of 
Vessel. 


King  Edward 

The  Queen   . 

Virginian     & 

Victorian 

Cartnania    ... 

Luttiiania    A 
Maureiania 


Owners. 


L.  B.   D. 
Tfirfaine  Steamers.  250  30  17) 

Ltd. 
S.E.     &    Cbatham|310  40  2S 

Railway  Co. 
Messrs.    J.    &    A.  520  60  41 

Allan. 
Cunard  Steamship  678  72  52 

Co..  Ltd. 
Cunard  Steamship  785  88  GOi 
Co..  Ltd. 


Dimen- 
sions. 


Gross 
Ton- 
nage. 


562 

1.676 

10.754 

19.524 

About 
33,200 


Ap- 
prox. 
LHp. 


3.500 

7.500 

12.000 

21.000 

70.000 


Year 
Bit. 


1901 
1903 
1904 
190S 
1907 


The  development  of  the  marine  turbine  has  taken 
place  almost  entirelj^  in  Great  Britain,  although  a 
few  war-vessels  have  been  built  in  France  and 
Germany. 

In  France  a  mail  and  passenger  boat  is  being 
built  for  the  Marseilles  and  Algiers  service  of  the 
Compagnie  G4n6rale  Transatiantique.  She  is  378  ft 
by  43  ft.,  and  is  designed  for  a  service  speed  of 
20  kts. 

In  the  United  States  the  first  turbine  vessel, 
built  by  Messrs.  W.  and  A.  Fletcher  Co.,  of  Hoboken. 
has  completed  her  trials  with  satisfactory  results, 
and  is  doing  good  work  in  service.  This  vessel  is 
290  ft.  by  51  ft.,  and  has  a  speed  of  over  18  kts. 

In  regard  to  the  arrangement  of  turbines,  this 
partly  depends  on  the  condition  of  .service,  and  the 
various  classes  of  vessels  require,  more  or  less,  to 
be  taken  uix>n  their  own  merits.  The  arrangement 
which  has  been  almost  universally  adopted  in  the 
mercantile  marine  is  that  of  dividing  the  power 
equally  over  three  shafts — ^namely.  a  high-yressure 
on  the  centre  shaft,  exhausting  into  two  low- 
pressure  turbines,  one  on  each  side  of  the  vessel. 
In  the  case  of  a  three-shaft  arrangement  of 
machinery,  the  high-pressure  turbine  is  made  suit- 
able for  an  expansion  ratio  of  about  five,  and  the 
low-pressure  for  25. 

The  turbines  are  of  the  parallel  flow  type,  the 
general  course  of  the  steam  through  them  being 
parallel  to  the  axis. 

Each  turbine  consists  of  a  number  of  rings  oi 
blades  or  vanes  mounted  on  a  drum  or  rotor. 
This  rotor  is  enclosed  within  a  cylindrical  case. 
upon  which  rings  of  blades  are  also  fitted.  The 
rings  of  blades  are  alternately  fixed  and  moving — 
that  is  to  say,  the  blades  in  the  cylinder  are 
stationary  or  guide  blades,  whilst  the  blades  fitted 
on  the  drum  are  moving  blades.  The  diameter  of 
the  drum  is  less  than  the  cylindrical  case,  and 


TURBINE 


649 


TURBINE 


thus  an  annulus  is  left  between  the  two,  which  is 
occupied  by  the  blades  referred  to.  Steam  issuing 
from  the  boilers  flows  through  the  first  row  of 
fixed  or  guide  blades  on  the  cylinder ;  it  then,  in 
jets  of  moderate  velocity,  impinges  on  the  moving 
blades,  and  imparts  to  them  a  rotary  motion,  this 
process  being  repeated  on  each  successive  ring  of 
fixed  and  moving  blades  throughout  the  turbine. 
As  the  steam  passes  from  ring  to  ring  it  falls  in 
pressure  and  increases  in  volume,  and  to  meet 
this  expansion  the  blades  are  increased  in  height 
by  steps.  The  areas  of  the  steam  passage  through 
the  blades  thus  gradually  increase  from  one  end 
of  the  turbine  to  the  other  to  correspond  to  the 
expansion  in  volume  of  the  steam  for  the  range  of 
pressures  from  beginning  to  the  end  of  the  turbine. 

The  turbine  shaft  is  coupled  to  the  propeller 
shafting,  and  the  thrust  of  the  propeller  is  steam- 
borne  by  the  following  arrangement :  Forward  of 
the  steam  inlet  a  dummy  piston  is  fitted  of  reduced 
diameter  to  that  of  the  main  drum.  A  large 
ntimber  of  small  grooves  are  turned  in  this  dummy 
piston,  into  which  fit  corresponding  fixed  brass 
rings,  which  are  bedded  into  the  dummy  casing, 
forming  steam  baffles.  The  steam  presses  aft  on 
the  blades  and  on  the  annular  part  of  the  drum 
forming  the  step  between  the  drum  and  the  dummy 
piston,  and  the  sum  of  these  pressures  balances  the 
thrust  of  the  propeller.  To  meet  any  unbalanced 
thrust,  such  as  is  set  up  when  steam  is  turned  on 
or  off  suddenly,  and  to  maintain  the  true  longi- 
tudinal alignment  of  the  rotors,  a  small  thrust 
block  is  provided  at  the  forward  end  of  bearing. 
Where  the  turbine  shaft  passes  through  the  casing, 
steam-packed  glands  are  fitted.  These  glands  con- 
sist of  a  number  of  rings  or  strips  arranged  in 
series,  and  designed  to  obtain  a  gradual  rise  or 
fall  in  pressure  from  the  inner  or  steam  end  to  the 
outer  or  atmospheric  end  of  the  gland.  Valves  are 
fitted  to  these  glands  to  regulate  the  pressures  and 
to  ensure  against  leakage  of  air  inwards. 

All  the  main  bearings  are  under  oil  pressure, 
and  the  oil  is  discharged  from  the  pump  at  a  pres- 
sure of  from  8  lbs.  to  10  lbs.,  or  at  such  a  pressure 
as  to  ensure  the  efficient  lubrication  of  all  bearings. 

In  the  exhaust  casing  of  each  of  the  low-pressure 
turbines  a  reversing  turbine  is  fitted. 

By  means  of  suitable  valves,  when  manceuvring, 
the  low-pressure  and  astern  on  each  side  of  the 
vessel  are  capable  of  being  worked  ahead  or  astern, 
as  required,  independently  of  the  high-pressure 
turbine  (the  high-pressure  turbine  under  such  con- 
ditions running  idly  in  a  vacuum).  By  this 
arrangement  the  vessel  has  all  the  manoeuvring 
qualities  of  a  twin-screw  vessel. 

In  torpedo-boats  a  similar  arrangement  is 
adopted  as  in  the  Turbinia — namely,  three  in 
series,  with  one  astern  on  the  centre  shaft  only. 
This  arrangement  permits  of  a  reduced  weight 
being  obtained,  as  compared  with  the  high-pressure 
and  two  low-pressure  in  parallel;  for  equal  efficiency. 


In  very  large  powers  it  is  desirable  to  divids 
the  power  over  four  shafts,  thereby  increasing  the 
revolutions  and  reducing  the  size  of  the  unite. 
The  four-shaft  arrangement  lends  itself  well  to 
large  war-vessels,  as  two  complete  sets  of  engines 
are  obtained — ^namely,  one  high-pressure  and  one 
low-pressure,  with  condensing  plant  in  each  engine- 
room. 

A  two-shaft  arrangement  was  adopted  in  the 
yacht  Narctsstf^s,  which  gave  very  good  results  ; 
but  for  powers  over  2,500  to  3,000  a  two-shaft 
arrangement  entails  additional  weight. 

One  of  the  chief  difficulties  which  had  to  be  con- 
tended with  in  applying  the  steam  turbine  to  the 
propulsion  of  ships  arose  in  connection  with  the 
propellers.  It  is  desirable,  for  obvious  reasons, 
that  a  turbine  for  a  given  efficiency  should  be 
designed  to  run  at  as  high  a  rate  of  revolutions  as 
possible,  consistent  with  propeller  efficiency.  The 
speed  of  turbines  for  land  purposes  is  considerably 
higher  than  is  permissible  for  marine  purposes, 
where  the  speed  of  rotation  is  limited  by  con- 
siderations of  propeller  efficiency.  The  question  of 
design  of  propeller  and  turbine  dimensions  requires 
to  be  considered  independently,  and  also  to  arrive 
at  the  best  compromise  to  meet  the  conditions 
required — ^that  is,  as  to  weight,  space,  efficiency, 
and  conditions  of  service — with  a  view  to  in- 
creasing the  revolutions,  the  diameters  of  the  pro- 
pellers and  pitch  ratios  are  less  than  is  usual  in 
the  case  of  ordinary  reciprocating  engines,  the 
smaller  diameter  of  propeller  necessitating  higher 
ratios  of  blade  surface  to  disc  area  than  hitherto 
attempted  with  ordinary  propeUers. 

In  some  of  the  earlier  vessels  multiple  pro- 
pellers were  tried,  but  subsequent  experiments 
showed  that  single  propellers  on  each  shaft  were 
preferable.  The  loss  of  efficiency  which  has  been 
observed  in  some  of  the  vessels  fitted  with  multiple 
propellers  appears  to  have  been  due  partly  to 
interference  from  the  forward  screws  and  partly 
to  cavitation. 

Although  more  light  might  yet  be  thrown  on 
the  question  of  high-speed  propeller  efficiency,  a 
considerable  amount  of  experience  has  now  been 
obtained  with  turbine-driven  propellers,  which 
enables  a  close  estimate  to  be  made  as  to  the 
efficiency  which  might  be  expected  in  a  given 
design  where  reliable  data  as  to  horse-power  neces- 
sary for  the  proposal  in  question  can  be  obtained. 

On  account  of  the  greater  range  of  expansion 
dealt  with  in  the  turbine  as  compared  with  a 
reciprocating  engine,  a  good  vacuum  is  much  more 
essential  in  the  former  than  in  the  latter  ;  and 
because  of  the  importance  of  a  high  vacuum  with 
the  steam  turbine,  careful  consideration  requires 
to  be  given  to  the  condensing  plant. 

With  a  view  to  maintaining  a  high  vacuum,  a 
new  apparatus  has  been  introduced  to  assist  the 
ordinary  air-pump  and  condenser,  known  as  the 
"  vacuum   augmenter."     The   augmenter  consists 


TURBINE 


650 


TURBINE 


of  a  small  steam  jet  placed  in  a  contracted  portion 
of  a  pipe  led  from  the  bottom  of  the  condenser. 
The  jet  draws  air  from  the  condenser,  and  delivers 
it  to  the  air-pump  tbtougb  a  small  auxiliary 
cooler.  By  this  means  the  ait  is  reduced  to  a 
negligible  quantity. 

The  vacuum  augmenter  has  now  been  fitted  in 
several  vessels  with  very  good  results. 

Another  point  which  has  often  been  referred  to 
in  connection  with  turbine  machinery  is  the  ques- 
tion of  boiler  pressure.  The  efiect  of  difierence  of 
boiler  pressure  between  150  lbs.  to  200  lbs.  is  rela- 
tively smaller  with  turbines  than  with  reciprocating 
engines,  and  it  is  very  questionable,  in  the  majority 
of  cases,  whether  the  saving  in  coal  by  the  adoption 
of  high  boiler  pressure  would  justify  the  increase. 
More  especially  is  this  the  case  in  moderate  speed 
vessels. 

In  moderate  speed  vessels,  to  obtain  reasonable 
propeller  efficiency,  a  certain  diameter  of  propeller 
ia  necessary,  and  the  revolutions  to  correspond  are 
moderately  low.  It  is  necessary  to  obtain  a  certain 
surface  speed  of  turbine,  as  well  as  a  certain  number 
of  rows  of  turbine  blades,  to  obtain  reasonable 
economy.  The  diameter  of  the  turbine,  therefore, 
becomes  greater  in  proportion  to  the  power,  and 
the  blade  heights  in  the  annulus  between  the  drum 
and  the  casing  are  relativ 
relatively  greater  clearanc 

The  clearance  area  is  ] 
given  diameter,  so  that  \ 
denser  steam  the  loss  thr 
be  greater. 

Another  point  which  h 
in  connection  with  turbine 
of  the  method  of  measuri 
the  turbine  engines.  A 
generally  known,  it  is  no 
power  of  the  turbine  as  i: 
the  indicator  diagram  of  : 
in  the  absence  of  any  sue! 
convenient  to  take  the  es 
the  equivalent  indicatec 
required  with  reciprocatir 
lar  class  of  vessel  proposei 

The  Denny -Johnson  elc 
duccd  by  Messrs.  W.  Den 
ing  the  power  transmitte 
been  used  in  several  ves 
very  reliable  results.  Wl 
for  obtaining  the  eflectiv 
experiments,  the  shaft 
effective  Hp. ,  forms  a  ver) 
propeller  efGciency. 

In  Germany,  a  mechani 
adopted  in  the  cases  ' 
Bteamers.  This  torsion 
"  Fottinger  meter." 

Recently,  Messrs.  Bevi 
Cammell,  Laird,  and  Ce 
method  for  measuring  the 


known  as  the  "flash-light  torsion  meter."  The 
apparatus  consists  of  two  metal  discs  rigidly 
secured  to  the  shaft  at  a  convenient  distance  apart, 
both  discs  having  a  small  radial  slot  near  the  peii- 
phery  accurately  adjusted,  with  a  portable  ligbt 
behind  one  diiic,  and  the  light  shows  through  both 
discs  when  the  finder  is  at  zero.  When,  howevM, 
power  is  being  transmitted  by  the  shaft,  one  disc 
lags  tiehind  the  other,  and  no  fiash  is  seen  until  the 
finder  is  moved  a  distance  equal  to  the  relative 
displacement  of  the  discs,  this  distance,  measured 
in  degrees,  being  the  amount  of  torque  of  the  shaft 
on  a  length  equal  to  the  distance  between  the  discs. 

The  question  of  the  suitability  of  turbines  lor 
ordinary  cargo  tramps  has  often  been  asked,  aod 
it  may  be  desirable  to  say  a  word  or  two  in  regard 
to  this. 

There  is,  at  the  present  time,  a  lower  limit  of 
speed  of  vessel  below  which  the  advantages  of  the 
turbine  gradually  disappear,  and  this  speed  would 
appear  to  be,  generally  speaking,  about  15  kts., 
with  a  corresponding  Hp.  of  about  1,600. 

As  already  mentioned,  for  the  lower  powers  and 
speeds,  the  size  of  the  turbine  becomes  greater  in 
proportion  to  the  power,  the  efficiency  being  some- 
what impaired  thereby  ;  moreover,  the  weight  and 
coat  is  very  greatly  increased  aa  compared  with 


TURBINE 


651 


TURRET 


I.Hp. 

Pleasure  steamers 

18,200 

Cross-channel  steamers 

149.900 

Yachts 

18,100 

Ocean-going  steamers  . 

191,900 

War-vessels 

121,900 

Total  about  . .         . .        500,000 

TarUne  Steamers,  Ltd.,  with  the  head  office  in 
Glasgow,  maintain  daily  sailings  (Sundays  ex- 
cepted) during  the  season  to  Ardrishaig,  Inveraray, 
Lochranza,  Campbeltown,  Machrihanish.  They 
own  two  fast  and  luxurious  steamers  built  on  the 
latest  models  for  the  service  in  which  they  are 
engaged. 

Fleet. 
King  Edward.  Queen  Alexandra. 

Turliilda.  A  vessel  built  in  1897,  of  44-]^  tons 
displacement,  fitted  with  Parsons'  steam  turbines, 
adapted  to  use  steam  with  a  pressure  of  200  lbs. 
per  square  inch.  In  her  trials  on  the  measured 
mile  in  1898  she  reached  a  speed  of  32}  kts.  In 
this  vessel  three  steam  turbines  were  used  on  three 
separate  shafts,  each  of  which  carried  three  small 
screw  propellers  At  full  speed  the  shafts  made 
about  2,200  revolutions  per  minute,  and  developed 
about  2,300  Hp.,  with  a  consumption  of  steam  no 
greater  than  would  have  been  necessary  to  drive 
a  triple  expansion  engine  of  the  usual  type  under 
like  conditions.  The  Turhinta  was  100  ft.  long 
and  9  ft.  broad,  and  had  a  draught  of  3  ft. 

Tnioo.  French  torpedo-boat  (1893).  I^isplace- 
ment,  129  tons ;  complement,  26 ;  maximum 
draught,  Si  ft. ;  guxis,  2  3-pdr. ;  torpedo  tubes, 
2  15-in. ;  twin  screw;  Hp.,  1,400=25  kts.;  coal, 
16  tons. 

Tork'e  bead.  An  ornamental  knot,  deriving  its 
name  from  the  supposed  resemblance  to  a  turban. 
It  is  principally  used  on  side  ropes. 

Turn.  To  pass  a  rope  round  a  cleat  pin  to  keep 
it  fast. 

TambnU,  nartin  and  Co.,  with  their  head  office  in 
London,  and  branch  offices  in  Glasgow,  Dunedin 
and  Brisbane,  have  a  fleet  of  seven  modem  cargo 
steamers,  trading  as  the  Shire  Line,  and  Elderslie 
Steamship  Co.,  Ltd.,  and  engaged  in  passenger  and 
cargo  service  to  the  Colonies.  The  vessels  are  large, 
the  later  ones  having  accommodation  for  as  many 
as  260  passengers. 

Fleet. 

Ayrshire  Fifeshire. 

Banffshire.  Morayshire. 

Buteshire.  Nairnshire. 

Perthshire. 

Gross  tonnage,  41,270. 

Tamer,  Robert  John,  F.B.C.I.,  J.P.  (b.  Midlothian, 
1864).  Educated  privately  in  Scotland.  In  1888 
came  to  London,  and  two  years  later,  in  conjunction 
with  Mr.  P.  G.  Weddel,  founded  the  firm  of  Weddel, 


Turner  and  Co.,  shipowners  and  colonial  merchants* 
of  which  firm  he  is  now  the  sole  partner.  The  firm 
own  and  manage  the  Lion  Line  (q.v.),  and  were 
the  pioneers  of  the  extensive  trade  in  hardwood 
from  Australia  and  Tasmania,  which  is  used  exten- 
sively for  railway  sleepers  both  in  India  and  South 
Africa.  He  took  a  prominent  part  in  the  agitation 
against  the  exorbitant  charges  of  the  Suez  Canal 
Co.,  which  resulted  in  the  dues  being  reduced. 
He  was  the  first  Consul  created  in  London  for  the 
new  republic  of  Panama.  Is  a  Fellow  of  the 
Royal  Colonial  Institute  ;  a  member  of  the  Baltic, 
and  the  London  and  Australian  Chambers  of  Com- 
merce. Is  the  author  of  many  shipping  articles 
and  short  stories. 

Taming  in  a  dead  eye.  To  fit  the  end  of  a  thread 
or  stay  securely  round  it. 

Taming  to  windward.  Gaining  on  the  wind  by 
frequently  tacking. 

Tarqiaoise.  French  sea-going  submarine.  (Tou- 
lon, 1903.)  Length,  147  ft.  ;  beam,  13  ft.  ;  maxi- 
mum draught,  X2  ft.  ;  displacement,  309  tons 
above.  442  tons  below  ;  complement,  22  ;  torpedo 
tubes,  6  177  in.  ;  Hp.,  600=12  kts.  above,  8  kts, 
below. 

Tarret,  which  since  1890  has  been  generally  super- 
seded by  the  barbette,  was  an  armoured  tower 
capable  of  being  revolved,  containing  guns  which 
projected  through  ports  in  the  armour.  The  first 
ship  fitted  with  a  turret  was  the  American  Federal 
vessel  Monitor,  1862.  The  first  turret  ship  in  the 
British  Navy  was  the  Royal  Sovereign,  built  of 
wood  and  launched  in  1857  ;  reconstructed  under 
the  superintendence  of  Captain  Cowper  Coles  in 
1864.     Refer  to  Reed.  Sir  Edward  James. 

Tarret  ship.  An  ironclad  ship-of-war  having 
its  armament  placed  in  a  turret,  which  is  capable  of 
revolution,  so  as  to  bring  the  embrasure  opposite 
to  the  gun,  which  is  trained  in  any  direction,  and 
temporarily  unmasked  when  being  fired. 

Tarret  steamer.  The  secret  of  the  turret  steamer 
is  strength  without  unnecessary  weight ;  or  to  be 
more  literal,  lightness  combined  with  strength. 
Every  ton  of  steel  that  can  be  kept  out  of  a  ship, 
compatible  with  strength,  adds  a  ton  to  her  carrying 
capacity,  and  is  worth  roughly  £6  a  ton  to  the  owner, 
consequently  the  main  object  in  the  design  of  the 
turret  is  to  build  a  ship  at  once  strong  and  light. 
This  object  is  partly  achieved  by  the  large  amount  of 
flanging  which  has  been  adopted  in  the  construction 
of  these  vessels.  This  is  to  be  seen  in  the  whole  of 
the  sheer  strake  and  stringer  plates,  and  has  been 
resorted  to  even  in  the  deck  and  frames  of  the 
cellular  bottom  work,  and  with  great  success  in  the 
joggled  plating  of  the  hull,  which  dispenses  with  a 
very  large  amount  of  useless  but  weighty  "  packing." 
The  turret  gives  longitudinal  strength  to  the  hull, 
and  leaves  the  hold  clear.  So  great  has  this  strength 
proved  to  be,  that  the  latest  development  of  the 


TUXEN 


652 


TYPHOON 


turret  type  is  a  "  beamless  "  steamer,  in  which,  by 
the  substitution  of  deep  for  ordinary  frames,  all 
internal  supports,  beams  and  girders  are  dispensed 
with,  and  a  perfectly  clear  hold  obtained.  By  this 
method  of  construction  it  is  claimed  that  58  cubic  ft. 
per  ton  dead  weight  under  hatches  is  secured  in  the 
turret  steamer  as  compared  with  about  52  to 
54  cubic  ft.  per  ton  in  the  ordinary  t3rpe.  Thus, 
briefly  stated,  lightness  and  strength  in  construction 
constitutes  the  prime  advantage  of  the  turret,  for 
being  lighter,  she  carries  more  on  a  given  displace- 
ment ;  this,  together  with  a  lower  register  tonnage, 
puts  her  in  a  position  to  earn  more  freight  and  save 
expense ;  full  cargoes  of  grain  can  be  loaded  in 
bulk  from  America  and  elsewhere,  thus  saving  cost 
and  loss  of  time  in  using  bags  ;  considerable  saving 
in  canal  dues,  owing  to  their  low  tonnage,  on  which 
canal  dues  are  chargeable. 

The  machinery  can  be  placed  right  aft,  and  the 
quantity  of  water  ballast  in  the  general  trader, 
with  54  ft.  stowage  to  the  ton,  under  hatches, 
amount  to  one-third  of  the  dead-weight  capacity, 
and  the  light  load  line  secured  will  enable  the 
vessel  to  take  even  North  Atlantic  passages  in 
ballast  without  hesitation. 

Tozen,  Johan  Fredrik  Hdger  (b.  Denmark. 
April  5,  1868).  Served  his  apprenticeship  at 
Nakskov,  and,  having  passed  the  necessary  ex- 
aminations, went  to  sea  to  gain  experience  as  a 
marine  engineer.  In  1889  he  entered  the  Poly- 
technic School  at  Copenhagen,  and  passed  the  final 
examination  with  the  degree  of  mechanical  en- 
gineer. In  1904,  having  served  his  time  in  the 
Danish  Navy  as  engineer,  he  came  to  England,  and 
gained  experience  with  several  well-known  en- 
gineering firms  on  the  Clyde  and  in  London.  In 
1896  he  entered  Bureau  Veritas  service  at  New- 
castle-on-Tyne,  and  in  July,  1901,  was  appointed 
engineer-surveyor  to  this  society  at  Copenhagen. 

Tverdy.  Russian  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Abo. 
1905.)  Length,  196  ft.  ;  beam,  i8i  ft.  ;  draught, 
iij  ft.  ;  displacement,  240  tons ;  complement,  60  ; 
armament,  i  12-pdr.,  5  3-pdr.,  3  tubes ;  Hp., 
6,000  =  27  kts.  ;  coal,  70  tons. 

Tweed.  British  3rd  class  gun-boat  (363  tons). 
Launched  1877. 

Twioe  laid.  A  rope  that  has  been  made  from 
old  rope  unlaid  and  retwisted. 

TwiddUng-lines.  An  old  term  for  a  piece  of 
small  rope  ornamentally  fitted,  used  for  steadying 
a  steering-wheel,  but  now  no  longer  in  use. 

Twig.    To  pull  upon  a  bowline. 

Twilight,  That  duration  of  Ught  which  is 
apparent  in  the  absence  of  the  sun.  It  is  caused 
by  the  column  of  atmosphere  which  surrounds  the 
earth  receiving  the  rays  of  Ught  of  the  sun.  and 
from  which  that  Ught  is  transmitted  to  those  parts 
of  the  surface  of  the  globe  opposite  the  sun  at  its 
rising  and  setting. 


Twin-boat  A  boat  or  deck  supported  by  two 
paraUel  floating  bodies,  which  are  placed  at  some 
distance  apart. 

Twine.  A  strong  thread  consisting  of  two  or 
three  smaller  strands  twisted  together.  It  is  used 
for  sail-making  and  nets. 

Two  blocks.    See  Chock-a-block. 

Two-decker.    Formerly  the  name  for  a  vessel  of 

war  carrying  guns  on  two  decks. 

T.X.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Texel,  Holland. 

Tye.  A  runner  used  for  hoisting  topsail  and 
topgaUant  yards. 

Tymbira.  Brazilian  3rd  class  cruiser.  (Kiel, 
1896.) 

Length  249ft.    Beam  31ft.    Draught  lo^ft. 
Displacement  1,0x4  tons.    Complement  no. 
Gtms,  Armour. 

2—3*9  in.  "  Steel." 

6 — 2*2  in.  i  in.  Deck  amidships. 

2 — 1*4  in.  4i  in.  Gun  shields. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
3  Above  water. 
Hp.  7,ooo=s22  kts.    Coal  250  tons. 

T^oonu    A  Chinese  river  craft. 

Tyne.  British  troopship  (3 , 5 00  tons) .  Launched 
1878. 

Tyne-Tees  Steam  Shipping  Co.,  Ltd.,  with  their 
head  offices  at  Newcastle-on-Tyne.  maintain  a  ser- 
vice of  passenger  and  cargo  steamers  from  New- 
castle-on-Tyne to  Antwerp,  Hamburg,  Rotterdam, 
and  Ghent,  and  from  London  to  Newcastle-on-Tyne. 
Stockton,  Middlesbrough,  Hartlepool,  and  Scar- 
borough. Steamers  leave  Newcastle-on-Tyne  every 
Wednesday  and  Saturday  for  London,  and  from 
London  for  Newcastle  every  Wednesday  and  Satur- 
day. A  steamer  leaves  Newcastle  for  Antwerp  every 
Saturday ;  one  every  Saturday  for  Hamburg ; 
every  Tuesday  for  Rotterdam  and  Ghent. 

Fleet. 

Buccaneer.  New  London. 

Claudia.  New  Oporto. 

Dione.  Royal  Dane. 

Grenadier.  Sir  Wm.  Stephenson, 

John  Armston.  Tynesider. 

Juno.  Warhworth. 

Typhon.  French  torpedo-boat  (i  901).  Displace- 
ment, 185  tons ;  complement.  18 ;  maximum 
draught,  9  ft. ;  guns,  2  3-pdr. ;  torpedo  tabes, 
3  15-in. ;  armour,  "Steel,"  J^  in.  belt  amidships; 
twin  screw  ;  Hp.,  1,200=26  kts. ;  coal.  25  tons. 

Typhoon.  (Chinese  :  Tai-fang= great  wind.)  A 
type  of  storm  prevalent  on  the  coast  of  Ton- 
kin, China,  and  the  South-East  Coast  of  Japan. 
Typhoons  commonly  occur  in  July,  August,  and 
September,  and  are  frequently  accompanied  by  a 
high  wave,  which,  advancing  inland,  causes  great 
destruction  to  life  and  property. 


u 


653 


UNION 


(U).  Unwatched  light.  Abbreviation  adopted 
on  the  charts  issued  by  the  Hydrographic  Office, 
Admiralty. 

UJ).  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Utingeradeel,  Holland. 

UiL  Japanese  gun-boat.  (Kure,  1903.)  Length, 
180  ft. ;  beam,  28  ft ;  draught,  10  ft. ;  displace- 
ment, 620  tons ;  armament,  4  12-pdr.,  3  Maxims ; 
Hp..  10,000=13  kts. ;  coal,  100  tons. 

U.K.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Urk,  HoUand. 

I 

17.K.     Abbreviation  for  United  Kingdom. 

Ukraina.  Russian  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Yar- 
row, 1906.)  Displacement,  508  tons ;  draught, 
8  ft. ;  complement,  75 ;  armament,  2  12-pdr., 
5  6-pdr.,  2  tubes ;  Hp.,  5,200=26  kts. 

IJ.Ii.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Ullapool,  Scotiand. 

Ullage.  The  quantity  which  a  cask  wants  of 
being  full ;  the  wantage  of  a  cask  of  liquor. 

Ulster  Harine  Inraraaoe  Co.*  Ltd.  Registered 
1867,  with  an  authorised  and  subscribed  capital  of 
;£i  00,000  in  50,000  shares  of  £z  each.  Paid-up 
capital,  ;£i 5,000;  reserve  fund,  £16,^00  \  average 
dividends  declared.  10%. 

The  directors  of  the  company  are :  The  Right 
Hon.  Sir  Daniel  Dixon,  Bart,  (chairman)  ;  Henry 
Boyd,  Edwin  Hughes,  W.  H.  H.  Lyons.  J. 
Milne  Barber.  Manager  and  underwriters,  Sin- 
clair and  Boyd.  Offices :  93  St.  Ann's  Street, 
Belfast. 

Ulster  Tacht  CHuIh  Boyal.  Se^  Royal  Ulster 
Yacht  Club. 

Ult.    Ultimo  (last  month). 

Umhria.    Small  Italian  cruiser.     (Orlando,  1 891.) 
Length  262ft.   Beam  39ft.   Maximum  draught  17ft. 
Displacement  2,280  tons.     Complement  246. 
Guns. 
2—6  in. 
8 — ^47  in. 
8 — I  pdr. 
8 — 6  pdr. 

Torpedo  Tubes, 
3  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  7,500=  i8'5  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 500  tons.     Approximate  cost  £200,000. 

UmMa.  British  subsidised  merchant  ship  (1884). 
Cunard  Line  (q.v,).  (Liverpool,  New  York.)  Dimen- 
sions, 501  X  57  X  38  ft. ;  gross  tonnage,  8,125  ;  Hp., 
14,500=18  kts. 

Under  foot.  Under  ship's  bottom.  Applied  to 
an  anchor  which  is  dropped  while  the  vessel  still 
has  headway. 

Under  saiL  When  the  ship  is  free  from  her 
moorings  and  propelled  by  the  action  of  the  wind 
on  her  sails. 


Ar?nour. 
"  Steel." 
I  in.  Deck. 


Under  steam.     Propelled  by  steam  only. 

Under  way.    Having  motion. 

Underwriter.  In  marine  insurance  the  party 
who  undertakes  to  indemnify  the  assured  or  insurer 
is  called  the  underwriter,  and,  as  a  rule,  transacts 
his  business  at  Lloyd's.  In  the  offices  of  marine 
insurance  companies  the  officer  accepting  business 
is  called  the  underwriter. 

Undine.    German  armoured  cruiser.    (Kiel,  1902.) 
Length  328ft.   Beam  40ft.   Maximum  draught  17ft. 
Displacement  2,715  tons.     Complement  259. 


Guns, 
10 — ^4' I  in. 
1 0^1  pdr. 
4  Machine. 


Twin  screw, 
mum  700  tons. 

Uneven  keeL 


K 


Armour, 
Krupp." 
2  in.  Deck. 
4  in.  Conning  tower. 
Torpedo  Tubes. 
2  Submerged. 
Hp.   8,000= 21   kts.    Coal  maxi' 

See  Keel. 


Unioom.  British  drill-ship  (1,447  tons).  Launched 
1824. 

Union  Oastle  Line.  Early  in  1900  the  two  well- 
known  steamship  companies,  the  Union  Steamship 
Co.,  Ltd.,  and  the  Castie  Mail  Packets  Co.,  Ltd., 
were  formally  amalgamated  under  the  titie  of  the 
Union  Castle  Mail  Steamship  Co..  Ltd.,  the  joint 
concern  being  managed  by  Messrs.  Donald,  Currie 
and  Co.,  who  were  the  managers  of  the  Castle 
Line. 

The  Union  Steamship  Co.  came  into  existence 
in  1853  as  the  Union  Steam  Collier  Co.  It  com- 
menced business  with  a  capital  of  ;£6o.ooo  and  a 
fleet  of  five  small  steamers.  They  began  running 
a  line  between  Southampton,  Constantinople,  and 
Sm3rma,  and  a  service  between  Southampton  and 
Brazil  with  cargo,  which  was  not  an  unqualified 
success.  In  1858  a  Government  contract  was 
obtained  extending  for  a  period  of  five  years,  with 
an  annual  subsidy  of  ;£3o,ooo,  for  a  monthly  service 
to  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  and  the  first  boat,  the 
Dane,  to  leave  Southampton  with  the  mails  was 
on  September  15  ol  that  year.  After  the  first 
contract  had  expired  it  was  renewed  for  a  period 
of  five  years,  and  a  further  seven  years  in  1865. 
In  October.  1876.  a  new  mail  contract  with  the 
Cape  of  Good  Hope  Government  was  entered  into 
for  a  fortnightiy  service  between  Plymouth  and 
Table  Bay,  and  in  this  contract  it  was  stipulated 
that  the  time  occupied  on  the  voyage  must  not 
exceed  26  days.  In  1888  new  contracts  with  the 
Colonial  Governments  were  made,  and  the'  com- 
pany substituted  Southampton  for  Plymouth  as 
the  outward  mail  port,  and  in  the  following  year 
as  the  homeward  mail  port.  In  1889  the  famous 
Scot  was  built,  and  six  years  later  Messrs.  Harland 
and  Wolfif,  her  builders,  successfully  accomplished 
the  task  of  lengthening  her  by  54  ft.,  and  adding 
1,000  tons  to  her  tonnage.    Between   1893  ^^^ 


UNION 


654 


UNION 


1900  Messrs.  Harland  and  Wolfi  built  10  vessels 
for  this  company,  practically  sister  ships  for  the 
intermediate  trade.  The  last  steamers  to  be  built 
by  the  Union  Steamship  Co.  were  the  Normand, 
Briton,  and  Saxon,  all  of  over  12,000  tons,  and 
iieith  a  length  of  about  570  ft.  At  the  time  of  its 
absoiption  its  fleet  consisted  of  20  vessels,  of  which 
nine  were  over  6,000  tons. 

The  Castle  Line  began  its  career  in  1872  with 
two  small  vessels.  At  this  time  the  postage  to  the 
Cape  was  a  shilling  per  half  ounce,  and  the  con- 
tract time  for  deUvery  37  days.  The  first  allow- 
ance made  to  the  Castle  Line  for  the  conveyance 
of  letters  was  in  1876,  when  the  Cape  ParUament 
divided  the  subsidy  between  the  Union  and  the 
Castle  Lines.  This  line  did  great  service  in  carry- 
ing troops  and  stores  during  the  South  African 
war,  1 889- 1 902.  When  the  amalgamation  with 
the  Union  Line' took  place,  the  fleet  had  grown 
from  two  ships  in  1876  to  20  ships  in  1900,  and 
from  a  total  tonnage  of  2,800  to  one  of  110,000. 
To-day  the  Royal  Mail  steamships  of  the  Union 
Castle  Line  under  contract  with  the  Colonial 
Government  are  dispatched  from  Southampton 
every  Saturday  for  Cape  of  Good  Hope  and  Natal, 
calling  at  Madeira.  The  Armadale  Castle  and 
Kenilworth  Castle  are  practically  sister  ships,  with 
a  gross  tonnage  of  12,973  tons  and  12,500  Hp., 
and  are  the  largest  and  most  powerful  vessels  em- 
ployed in  the  South  African  trade.  Each  have 
acconmiodation  for  about  320 -first  class,  225  second 
class,  and  280  third  class  passengers.  The  inter- 
mediate steamships  are  dispatched  every  week 
from  London,  calling  at  Southampton  for  Cape 
Colony,  Natal,  and  Delagoa  Bay.  taking  passengers 
at  lower  rates  than  the  mail  steamships.  These 
vessels  proceed  alternately  via  Las  Palmas,  Grand 
Canary,  and  Tenerifie,  and  call  once  a  month 
under  contract  with  His  Majesty's  Government  at 
Ascension  and  St.  Helena.  The  new  intermediate 
steamships  Dover  Castle,  Durham  Castle,  and  Dulcie 
Castle,  practically  sister  ships,  are  constructed  of 
steel  throughout,  and  built  to  the  requirements 
of  the  Board  of  Trade.  They  are  490  ft.  long,  and 
afiord  comfort  and  luxury  to  passengers  who  have 
more  time  at  their  disposal.  They  carry  only  first 
and  third  class  passengers,  and  have  accommoda- 
tion for  230  first  class  and  about  230  third. 

Occasionally  a  steamer  is  dispatched  carrying 
passengers  at  low  rates  to  the  South  African  ports, 
Lobito  Bay,  and  Mauritius. 

Fleet. 
Alnwick  Castle.  Cluny  Castle, 

Armadale  Castle,  C^*mrie  Castle, 

Aros  Castle.  Corfe  Castle, 

Avondale  Castle.  Dover  Castle. 

Berwick  Castle.  Dunlucc  Castle. 

Braemar  Castle.  Dunottar  Castle. 

Briton.  Dunvegan  Castle, 

Carisbrook  Castle.  Durham  Castle. 

Cawdor  Castle,  Gaika, 


Galeka, 

Kentluorth  Castle 

Gdlician, 

Kildonan  Castle, 

Gascon, 

Kinfauns  Castle. 

Gaul, 

Norman. 

German, 

Savins. 

Goorkha. 

Saxon. 

Gordon  Castle, 

Susquehanna. 

Goth. 

Tiniagel  Castle. 

Guelph, 

Walmer  Castle. 
York  Castle. 

Gross 

tonnage,  265,639. 

Union  des  Taohtsmen  de  Oannei.  Established 
1892.  President,  M.  le  Comte  G.  Chandon  de 
Briailles  ;  Vice-Presidents,  Gerald  Paget,  F.  Girard, 
Counts  B.  and  H.  de  Pourtales,  J.  Deseilligny ; 
Treasurer,  B.  Dumas  de  Vaulx  ;  Secretary,  Vicomte 
de  Nantois,  "  Arche  de  N06,"  Cannes.  Aimual 
subscription,  30  francs. 

Union  flag.  Until  the  year  1606  the  national 
flag  of  England  consisted  of  a  red  cross,  known  as 
the  St.  George's  Cross,  upon  a  white  ground,  in 
honour  of  the  Patron  Saint  of  England.  It  is  still 
used  in  the  British  Navy,  being  the  distinctive 
flag  of  an  admiral. 

The  Patron  Saint  of  Scotland  is  St.  Andrew,  and 
the  national  flag  of  Scotland  is  the  St.  Andrew's 
Cross,  a  white  cross  on  a  blue  ground. 

The  kingdoms  of  England  and  Scotland  were 
united  under  James  I.  in  1603,  and  three  years 
later,  by  a  Royal  proclamation  dated  April  12, 
1606,  the  two  national  flags  of  England  and  Scot- 
land were  blended  for  use  at  sea,  thus  making  the 
first  Union  Jafik, 

Sir  N.  H.  Nicholas  says  that  this  flag  was  pro- 
bably the  same  as  that  which  became  the  national 
flag  of  Great  Britain  by  a  Royal  proclamation, 
issued  July  28,  1707,  upon  the  final  union  of 
England  and  Scotland  in  that  year  under  Queen 
Anne. 

This  union  flag  continued  to  be  the  national 
flag  for  nearly  two  centuries.  On  January  i,  1801, 
Ireland  was  united  to  Great  Britain,  and  from  that 
date  the  Union  Jack  in  its  present  form  became 
the  national  flag  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland. 
The  first  day  of  the  twentieth  century  was  there- 
fore the  centenary  of  the  union  flag. 

The  addition  which  was  made  to  the  flag  to 
represent  Ireland  is  what  is  popularly  supposed  to 
be  the  St.  Patrick's  Cross — a  red  cross  in  the  form 
of  an  X  joined  to  the  white  cross  of  St.  Andrew. 
This  is,  however,  a  misconception.  St.  Patrick 
had  no  cross.  The  X-shaped  cross  is  said  to  be 
taken  from  the  arms  of  the  Fitzgerald  family, 
which  are  a  red  saltire  on  a  white  field. 

In  a  correctly  designed  Union  Jack  the  length, 
or,  as  it  is  technically  called,  the  *'  fly,"  of  the  flag 
should  be  double  the  height  or  "  hoist."  The  St. 
George's  Cross,  including  the  white  border  on  both 
sides,  is  one-third  of  the  total  hoist.  The  red  cross 
is  three-fifths,  and  each  border  one-fifth  of  the 


THE  UNION-CASTLE  LINE  R.M.S.  ARMADALE  CASTLE  (12,973  Toni) 


UNION 


655 


UNITED 


whole  width  of  the  cross.  The  diagonals  of  the 
whole  area  of  the  ensign  constitute  the  centre  lines 
of  the  saltire  formed  by  the  St.  Andrew's  Ctt>ss 
and  the  Fitzgerald  saltire. 

The  upper  margin  of  this  combined  saltire  runs 
in  two  upper  quarters,  from  the  angle  of  the  border 
of  the  St,  George's  Cross  parallel  with  the  centre 
line,  to  the  top  of  the  flag,  and  this  line  continued 
in  the  lower  quarters  constitutes  the  upper  margin 
of  the  combined  saltire  in  these  quarters.  Similarly 
the  lower  margin,  in  the  two  lower  quarters,  runs 
from  the  angle  of  the  border  of  St.  George's  Cross 
to  the  bottom  of  the  flag,  and  continued  in  the 
two  upper  quarters,  constitutes  the  lower  margin 
in  those  quarters.  Half  of  the  width  of  the  com- 
bined saltire  is  taken  up  by  the  white  of  the  St. 
Andrew's  Cross.  The  other  half  is  made  up  of 
the  red  Fitzgerald  saltire  and  the  narrow  white 
edging,  which  should  not  exceed  in  width  one- 
quarter  of  this  half  at  the  outside.  Refer  to 
Ensign,  Union  Jack. 

nniOD  Jaok.  The  Union  Jack  pure  and  simple 
is  used  in  the  Royal  Navy,  and  is  flown  on  a  stafl, 
called  in  consequence  the  "  jackstaff,"  in  the  bows 
of  men-of-war  in  harbour,  and  at  the  masthead  at 
sea,  as  the  distinctive  flag  of  an  Admiral  of  the 
Fleet  whenever  he  is  afloat.  In  the  merchant 
service  the  Union  Jack  has  a  broad  white  border. 
Refer  to  Union  Flag,  Ensign. 

Union  Marine  Lumnmoe  Co.,  Ltd.  Registered 
February,  1863,  with  an  authorised  capital,  issued, 
of  ;£2,ooo,ooo  (called  up  ^£200,000),  in  100,000 
shares  of  ;£20  each,  £2  paid.  The  capital  has  been 
altered  on  one  or  two  occasions,  and  finally,  in 
1893,  when  the  International  Marine  Insurance  Co. 
was  absorbed,  it  was  fixed  at  ;£i,5oo,ooo~~vi>.. 
75,000  shares  of  ;£20  each,  of  which  65,400,  or 
3£i.#3o8|Ooo,  were  issued,  with  £2  los.  called  up, 
making  a  called-up  capital  of  ;£i 63, 500.  The  divi- 
dend, which  was  5%  in  1864,  is  now  I7i%,  while 
a  reserve  fund  of  ;f4oo,ooo  has  been  built  up. 

The  directors  of  the  company  are :  Sir  T.  B. 
Royden,  Bart,  (chairman),  J.  Thombum  ideputy- 
chairman),  R.  G.  Allan,  John  S.  Allen,  J.  H. 
Beazley  Harold  Cunningham  Charles  W.  Jones, 
Helenus  R.  Robertson,  Henry  Stokes,  J.  N.  Stol- 
terfoht,  H.  C.  Woodward.  Underwriter,  William 
Gow ;  secretary,  J.  Sandeman  Allen. 

Head  office :  1 1  Dale  Street,  Liverpool.  London 
oflice,  3  Royal  Exchange  Buildings,  E.C.  Man- 
chester office,  47  Spring  Gardens.  Glasgow  office  : 
22  Royal  Exchange  Square.  New  York  Office, 
79-85  WaU  Street 

Union  Steamship  Co.  of  British  Oolombia,  with 
their  head  offices  in  Vancouver,  British  Columbia, 
have  a  fleet  of  five  steamers,  which  maintain  ser- 
vices between  Vancouver  and  the  terminus  of  the 
Canadian  Pacific  Railway,  and  Port  Simpson,  the 
terminus  of  the  Grand  Trunk  Pacific  Railway.  A 
steamer  leaves  Vancouver  three  times  a  month  for 


Port  Simpson,  and  one  every  Monday,  Wednesday, 
Friday,  and  Saturday  from  Vancouver  for  Van 
Anda,  Shoal  Bay,  Port  Harvey,  and  Rock  Bay. 

Fleet. 

Camosun,  .    Cassiar.  Comox. 

Captlano.  Coquitam. 

Union  Steamship  Ck).  of  New  Zealand,  Ltd.,  with 
their  head  offices  at  Dunedin,  have  a  fleet  of 
56  first-dass  steamers  ranging  up  to  4,500  tons. 
The  vessels  of  the  company  are  fitted  with  the 
latest  modem  improvements  for  the  conveyance 
of  passengers  and  cargo,  and  maintain  at  scheduled 
times  services  from  Auckland,  New  Plymouth, 
Nelson,  Picton,  Napier,  Wellington,  Ljrttelton,  said 
Dunedin  to  all  ports  of  New  Zealand,  Tasmania, 
Australia,  and  the  South  Sea  Islands. 

Union  Taoht  CSab.  Established  1886.  Commo- 
dore, Dr.  G.  Lott ;  Vice-Commodore,  Emil  Rank ; 
Treasurer,  Dr.  E.  Weinlich ;  Honorary  Secretary, 
Dr.  R.  Faber,  5  Esslinggrasse,  Vienna.  Annual 
subscription,  30  kronen. 

Unison  Steamshipping  Co,  See  Gordon  Steam- 
shipping  Co. 

United  Fniit  Co.'8  Steamship  Lines,  with  the 
head  offices  at  Boston,  Mass.,  have  a  fleet  of  six 
steamers,  which  maintain  a  service  between  Boston 
and  Kingston  (Jamaica),  Philadelphia  and  Kingston 
(Jamaica),  and  Baltimore  and  Kingston  (Jamaica). 
The  service  from  Boston  is  a  weekly  one,  steamers 
sailing  every  Wednesday ;  from  Philadelphia  a 
weekly  one,  sailing  every  Thursday ;  from  Balti- 
more a  weekly  one,  sailing  every  Wednesday. 

Fleet. 

Admiral  Dewey.  Admiral  Schley. 

Admiral  Farragut.  Barnstable. 

Admiral  Sampson.  Brookline. 

United  Service  Club.  Established  in  18 15. 
Membership,  2,000.  Entrance  fee,  40  and  20 
guineas  ;  annual  subscription,  8  and  10  guineas. 
Address  :  116  and  117  Pall  Mall,  London.  S.W. 

United  States.  This  schooner,  under  the  com- 
mand of  Dr.  Hayes,  sailed  from  Boston,  July  10, 
i860,  for  Smith  Sound,  his  object  being  to  follow 
up  the  line  of  research  planned  by  Dr.  Kane.  He 
wintered  in  78°  17'  N.,  and  is  said  to  have  crossed 
Smith  Sound  with  dog  sledges,  but  his  observa- 
tions are  not  to  be  depended  on. 

United  Steamship  Co.  (Det  Forenede  Dampskibo- 
Selskab),  with  their  head  offices  at  Copenhagen, 
have  a  large  fleet  of  modern  steamers  maintaining 
regular  services  to  all  the  principal  ports  of  Europe 
and  America.  Services  are  maintained  by  this 
company  from  Copenhagen  to  New  York,  calling 
at  Christiania  ;  from  Copenhagen  to  Bordeaux  and 
La  Rochelle ;  from  Copenhagen  to  Oporto  and 
Lisbon  ;  from  Copenhagen  to  London,  Hull,  New- 
castle, Antwerp,  Libau,  Riga,  Windau,  Konigs- 
bcrg,  Stettin,  and  Gothenburg ;  a  service  from 
Copenhagen  to  Leith  and   the   Faroe   Islands )  a 


UPBANK 


656 


UTRECHT 


service  is  maintained  between  Esbjerg  and  Har- 
wich. Steamers  leave  Esbjerg  on  Tuesdays,  Wed- 
nesdays, and  Saturdays,  returning  from  Harwich 
Mondays,  Thursdays,  and  Saturdays. 

Uplwak  thaw.  A  rise  of  temperature  with 
height  during  severe  frost,  when  the  cold  air 
collects  in  the  valleys,  while  the  adjacent  summits 
are  warmed  by  the  descending  air  from  the  centre 
of  an  anti- cyclone. 

Upper  Thames  Sailing  01iib»  Bourne  End.  Estab- 
lished 1886.  Ensign  :  Red.  Burgee  :  Red,  white 
cross,  blue  anchor  in  centre.  Commodore,  Colonel 
Fitoroy  Clayton ;  Vice-Commodore,  F.  D.  Lam- 
bert ;  Rear-Commodore,  F.  H.  Jackson ;  Honorary 
Treasurer  and  Secretary,  H.  C.  Tower.  Entrance 
fee,  £i  15. ;  annual  subscription,  £2  2s. 

U.Q.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Usquert,  Holland. 

VraL  Russian  Government  liner  (1890).  Length, 
528  ft. ;  beam,  52  ft. ;  draught,  23  ft. ;  gross  ton- 
nage, 8,278  ;  Hp.,  17,500=18  kts. 

Urania.    Italian  torpedo  gun-boat  (1891). 
Displacement  850  tons.     Complement  118. 

G^4n$,  Armour. 

1—47  in.  "  Steel." 

6 — 6  pdr.  i^  in.  Deck. 

3 — I  pdr. 

Torpedo  Tubes, 
6  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  4,100=  19*5  kts.    Coal  maxi- 
mum 180  tons. 

Urania.  Spanish  cruiser  on  hydrographic  ser- 
vice. 

Ure.  British  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Palmer, 
1904-)  Length,  222  ft. ;  beam,  23^  ft. ;  draught, 
9i  ft.  ;  displacement,  600  tons ;  complement,  72  ; 
armament,  i  12-pdr.,  5  6-pdr.,  2  tubes ;  twin 
screw  ;  Hp.,  7,500=25  kts. ;  coal,  126  tons. 

Urin,  SotoUehL  Japanese  admiral  (b.  1857). 
Descended  from  the  Samurai.  Educated  Tokio, 
studied  at  the  United  States  Naval  Academy  at 
Annapolis,  and  the  Royal  Naval  College,  Greenwich. 
Became  rear-admiral  in  1900,  and  subsequently 
chief  of  the  Japanese  Naval  Intelligence  Bureau. 
Commanded  the  Fourth  Squadron  during  the 
Russo-Japanese  war,  and  did  excellent  service. 
Had  the  distinction  of  obtaining  the  first  victory 
of  the  war,  February  9,  1904,  when  he  destroyed 
two  Russian  cruisers  at  Chemulpho. 

Umgnay*  Old  Argentine  gun-boat  (1874).  dis- 
placement, 550  tons.     Of  no  fighting  value. 

Unrille»  Dnmont  d'.    See  Antarctic  Exploration. 

U.8.     Abbreviation  for  United  States. 

Usdhio.  Japanese  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Kure. 
1905.)  Length,  220  ft.  ;  beam,  20J  ft. ;  draught, 
9i  ft. ;  displacement,  574  tons  ;  armament,  i  12-pdr., 
5  6-pdr.,  2  tubes ;  twin  screw ;  Hp.,  6,000  =  29  kts. 


Uflhant,  Battle  oL  On  June  i,  1794,  Admiral 
Howe  (afterwards  Lord  Howe)  gained  a  great 
victory  over  the  French  Fleet  ofi  Ushant,  dis- 
abling 10  of  the  enemy's  ships  and  taking  seven, 
one  of  which,  the  Vengeur,  sank  as  she  was  being 
taken  in  tow. 

Usk.  British  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Yarrow. 
1903.)  Length,  225  ft. ;  beam,  23  ft ;  draught. 
10  ft. ;  displacement,  550  tons ;  complement,  ^o; 
armament,  i  12-pdr.,  5  6-pdr.,  2  tubes ;  twin 
screw ;  Hp.,  7,500=26  kts. ;  coal,  120  tons. 

Uraletik  Russian  gun-boat.  (Sebastopol.  1890.) 
Length,  210  ft. ;  beam,  35  ft. ;  draught,  11  It. ; 
displacement,  1,224  tons  ;  complement,  i6x  ;  arma- 
ment, 2  8-in.,  I  6-in.,  7  q.f.,  2  tubes ;  Hp.,  1,500= 
1 3  kts. ;  coal,  250  tons. 

Usngnmo.  Japanese  torpedo-boat  destroyer. 
(Thomycroft,  1900.)  Length,  210  ft. ;  beam, 
19}  ft. ;  draught,  7  ft. ;  displacement,  307  tons ; 
complement,  54 ;  armament,  i  12-pdr.,  5  6-pdr., 
2  tubes;  twin  screw;  Hp.,  5,600=30  kts.;  coal, 
80  tons. 

UfUa  maiitima.  In  Roman  law  usura  maritinM 
or  fasnus  nauiicum  was  money  lent  at  interest  on 
the  risk  of  a  sea  voyage,  and  was  only  repayable 
if  the  ship  to  which  it  related  performed  her  journey 
in  safety.  In  the  time  of  Justinian  the  interest 
previously  unhmited  on  money  lent  on  maritime 
risks  was  restricted  to  12%. 

Usura  maritima  was  the  forerunner  of  our  pre- 
sent contract  of  bottomry  (q.v.), 

Unniety.  Russian  torpedo-boat  destroyer  ( 1 906). 
Displacement,  625  tons ;  complement,  100 ;  arooa- 
ment,  2  z2-pdr.,  5  6-pdr.,  3  tubes;  Hp.,  6,8oos 
28  kts. 

Utoida.  Anchor  Line  steamer,  having  on  board 
830  Italian  emigrants,  with  50  crew,  from  Naples 
to  New  York,  sunk  during  a  gale  by  collision  with 
H.M.S.  ironclad  Anson,  at  anchor  in  Gibraltar 
Bay,  March,  1891  ;  538  passengers  and  26  of  the 
crew  were  drowned.  This  vessel  was  subsequently 
raised  by  means  of  the  cofferdam  attached  to  the 
gunwales  by  divers. 

Utreoht    Dutch  cruiser  (1899)* 
Length  311ft.  Beam4Sft.  Maximum  draught  1 8ft 
Displacement  3,950  tons. 
Guns,  Armour. 

2—6  in.  "  Steel  "  and  "  Har- 

6 — 4'7  in.  vey  " 

4 — 12  pdr.  2  in.  Deck. 

8 — I  pdr.  6  in.  Gun  shields. 

4  Machine.  4  in.  Conning  tower. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
3  Above  water. 
I  Submerged  bow. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.   10,000=20  kts.     Coal  maxi 
mum  970  tons 


UZUKI 


657 


VANCOUVER 


UmkL  Japanese  torpedo-boat.  (Kure,  1902.) 
Length,  147  it, ;  beam,  16  f t. ;  draught,  8  ft.  ; 
displacement,  150  tons,  complement,  26;  arma- 
ment, I  6-pdr.,  2  3-pdr.,  3  tubes ;  twin  screw ; 
Hp.,  4,2ooss27  kts. :  coal,  30  tons. 

Unm*  Japanese  torpedo-boat.  (Kure,  1902.) 
Length,  147  ft. ;  beam,  16  ft. ;  draught,  8  ft. ; 
displacement,  1 50  tons ;  complement,  26 ;  arma- 
ment, I  6-pdr.,  2  3-pdr.,  3  tubes ;  twin  screw ; 
Hp.,  4,200=27  kts. ;  coal,  30  tons. 


V.  Distinguishing  letter  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Veen,  Holland. 

V.  Distinguishing  letter  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Varde,  Denmark. 

Vafl.  Obsolete  term  signifying  to  lower,  to  dip 
a  flag. 

Vakka.  A  large  outrigger  canoe  in  use  among 
natives  of  the  Friendly  Islands. 

Talanoia.  British  steamer.  Wrecked  on  the 
coast  near  Bamfield,  B.C.,  January  26.  1906 ; 
140  lives  lost. 

VaUonutf  of  Denmarkt  H.S.H,  Prince  (b.  Bem- 
storff,  October  27, 1858).  Entered  the  Navy,  1875  '» 
sub-lieutenant,  1879 ;  lieutenant,  1880 ;  com- 
mander, 1B89;  captain,  1898;  rear-admiral,  1905. 
Served  in  the  West  Indies,  Greece,  Iceland,  and 
the  Mediterranean,  and  has  commanded  the  follow- 
ing ships  belonging  to  the  Danish  Navy  :  Hval- 
ross&n  {q»v.),  torpedo-boat,  1887 ;  Soloven  {q,v ), 
torpedo-boat,  1888  ;  Esbem  Stuin,  torpedo  training- 
ship,  1891 ;  Mden  (q.v.),  gun-boat,  1892 ;  Esbem 
Snare  (q»v.),  torpedo  training-ship,  1894;  Eshern 
Havhesian,  torpedo-boat,  1894  *  Esbem  Falaster, 
gun-boat  training-ship  for  engineers,  1896 ;  Hekla 
(q.v.),  cruiser,  1897 »  Valhyrien  (^.v.),  cruiser  to 
Slam,  China,  and  Japan,  1899- 1900;  Odin  (^.v.), 
battleship,  1902  ;  Geiser  (^.0.),  artillery  and  torpedo 
training-ship,  1903 ;  Helgoland  {q^v.),  battleship, 
1904. 

Valk.  Netherlands  gun-vessel,  Dutch  Indian 
Navy.    Of  no  fighting  vaJne. 

Valkyrie.  Cutter.  Formerly  belonged  to  Lord 
Dunraven.  Foundered  oft  the  coast  of  Africa, 
May  16,  1894  I  ^^  hands  lost. 

Valkyrien.  Danish  small  cruiser  (1888).  Recon- 
structed 1893. 

Length  259ft.   Beam  42ft.   Maximum  draught  i8ft. 
Displacement  3,020  tons.     Complement  300. 
Guns,  Armour, 

2—8*2  in.  "  Steel." 

6 — 6  in.  2^  in.  Deck. 

4—  6  pdr.  3    in.  Engine  hatches. 

10 — I  pdr. 


Torpedo  Tubes, 
5  Above  water. 
2  Bow. 
2  Broadside. 

1  Aft. 

Twin  screw.  Hp.  forced  5,300=  17*5  kts.  Coal 
maximum  496  tons. 

Valkyrien.    Norwegian  torpedo  gun-boat  (1896). 
Displacement  390  tons.    Complement  59. 

Guns, 
2 — 10  pdr. 
2 — I  pdr. 
Torpedo  Tubes, 
2  (18  in.). 
Twin  screw.     Hp.   3,300=23  kts.     Coal   maxi- 
mum 90  tons. 

Valmy.  French  coast  service  battleship.  (St. 
Nazaire,  1892.) 

Length  284ft.  Beam  57ft.  Maximum  draught  24ft. 
Displacement  6,487  tons.    Complement  334. 

Guns,  Armour, 

2 — 13'4  in.,  40  cal.      "  Creusot." 
4 — 4  in.  18  in.  Belt  amidships. 

6 — 3  pdr.  15  in.  Turrets. 

8-  -I  pdr.  12  in.  Conning  tower. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (17*7  in.). 

2  Above  water. 

Twin  screw.  Hp.  8,400=17  kts.  Coal  maxi- 
mum 337  tons.     Approximate  cost  £$$0,000, 

Talnation  Cnauae.  See  Constructive  Total  Loss ; 
also  Clauses. 

Valued  policy.    See  Policy. 

Valnet  made  good.    See  General  Average. 

Vaacoayer,  Qeorge  (i758-9d)-  Bnglish  navigator. 
Accompanied  Cook  in  his  second  voyage  (1770-74), 
and  third  voyage  (1776-79)  of  discovery.  After 
several  years  on  the  Jamaica  station,  he  was 
appointed  in  command  of  an  expedition  to  the 
north  coast  df  America  to  explore  the  coast  from 
30*  N.  Lat.  round  to  Cook's  Inlet,  with  a  view 
of  discovering  an  eastward  passage  to  the  great 
lakes.  Accompanied  by  Lieutenant  Browden,  he 
left  Falmouth  in  1791,  and  reached  Australia, 
where  he  made  a  very  careful  survey  of  the  south* 
west  coast,  particularly  King  George's  Sound. 
After  a  visit  to  New  Zealand  he  proceeded  in  a  north- 
easterly direction,  discovered  the  little  island  of 
Opero,  and  reached  Tahiti,  December  30.  After  a 
short  stay  in  the  Sandwich  Islands  he  sailed  once 
more,  and  on  April  18,  1792,  he  sighted  the  west 
coast  of  North  America,  in  39^  27'  N.  Lat.  Cruising 
about  for  two  years  with  his  headquarters  at  the 
Sandwich  Islands,  he  made  various  discoveries,  one 
of  which  was  that  Cook's  Inlet  was  not  a  river  as  had 
been  previously  supposed.  After  visiting  Nootka 
he  set  out  homewards  in  the  middle  of  October, 
1794.  He  visited  the  Cokus  Island,  and  made  a 
careful  examination  of  Galapagos  Island,  and 
reached  England  by  way  of  Cape  Horn,  September, 


VANG 


658 


1795.  A  narrative  of  the  voyage,  which  he  com- 
menced, was  eventually  finished  by  his  brother,  and 
published  in  1798  with  a  folio  volume  of  very  fine 
maps  and  plates.     He  died  in  May,  1798. 

VaniT*  A  rope  from  the  end  of  the  gaff  to  the 
rail. 

Vanguard.  Double-screw  ironclad.  On  Septem- 
ber I,  1875,  this  vessel  was  in  collision  with  the 
Iron  Duke  during  a  fog,  off  the  coast  of  Wicklow, 
and  foundered. 

Van  Speyk.  Netherlands  cruiser.  (Amsterdam, 
1881.)  Length,  302  ft. ;  beam,  41  ft. ;  draught, 
23  f t,  ;  displacement,  3,669  tons ;  complement, 
280  ;  armament,  6  6-in.,  8  4*7-in,  2  2*9-in.,  6  3-pdr., 
Hp.,  2,900  =14  lets.  ;  coal,  360  tons. 

Vaponr  teudon.    See  Elastic  Force  of  Vapour. 

Varsta.     Italian    armoured    cruiser.     (Leghorn, 

1899.) 

Length  344ft.   Beam  59ft.   Maximum  draught  25ft. 
Displacement  7,400  tons.     Complement  517. 
Guns.  A  rmour, 

I — 10  in.,  45  cal.       "  Temi." 
2 — 8  in.  6  in.  Belt  amidships. 

14 — 6  in.  6  in.  Barbettes. 

10 — 12  pdr.  6  in.  Conning  tower. 

6—3  pdr. 
2 — I  pdr. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
4  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.,  13,500=20  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 1,200  tons.     Approximate  cost  ;£6oo,ooo. 

Varg.  Norwegian  torpedo-boat.  (Christiania, 
1894.)  Length,  in  ft.  ;  beam,  t2  ft. ;  displace- 
ment, 43  tons  ,*  armament,  2  tubes. 

Variation  of  the  Compass,  The  angle  between 
the  True  North  and  the  Magnetic  North.  This 
difference  or  error  arises  from  the.  magnetic  poles 
not  coinciding  with  the  terrestrial  ones,  and  is  due 
entirely  to  the  influence  of  the  earth  on  magnetic 
needles,  which  varies  in  most  parts  of  the  world. 

Vam.    Variation.    Abbreviation  adopted  on  the 
charts  issued  by  the  Hydrographic  Office,  Admi- 
.   ralty. 

Varna.  This  vessel  was  lost  in  the  ice  pack  in 
the  Kara  Sea  ;  the  crew  were  saved  by  the  steamer 
Dymphna  (q.v.). 

VaTFag.  See  Soya.  Protected  cruiser.  On  Feb- 
ruary 9,  1904,  this  vessel  was  blown  up  by  the 
Ruasiaas  in  Chemnlpho  Harbour,  to  prevent  her 
falling  into  the  hands  of  the  Japanese.  Since 
raised,  refitted,  and  added  to  the  effective  list  of  the 
Japanese  Navy. 

Vasa.  Swedish  coast  service  battleship.  (Berg- 
sund,  1902.) 

Length  287ft.   Beam  49ft.   Maximum  draught  i6ft. 
Displacement  3.650  tons.     Complement  250. 


VEERING 

Guns. 

Armour. 

2— 8*2  in. 

"  Krupp." 

6 — 6  in. 

7  in.  Belt  amidships. 

10 — 3  pdr. 

7  in.  Turrets. 

2 — I  pdr. 

8  in.  Conning  tower. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
2  Submerged. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  6,5oosssi7  kts.     Coal  normal 
360  tons. 

Vasoo    da    Oama.     Portuguese    armoured   ship. 
(Blackwall,  1875.)     Reconstructed  1902. 
Length  230ft.   Beam  40ft.   Maximum  draught  20ft. 
Displacement  2,500  tons.     Complement  242. 

Guns.  Armour. 

2 — 8  in.  "  Compound." 

1—6  in.  9  in.  Belt. 

I — 12  pdr.  8  in.  Barbettes  (Temi). 

6 — 3  pdr. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 

2  Submerged. 

Twin  screw.     Coal  300  tons. 

Vasoo  Nnnei  de  Balboa.  Spanish  gun-boat.  Of 
no  fighting  value. 

VaalMUl.    French  armoured  cruiser.     (Cherbourg. 

1889.) 

Length  267ft.     Beam  57ft.     Draught  24ft. 
Displacement  6, 1 00  tons.     Complement  440. 

Gur^.  Armour. 

4 — 9*4  in.  ' '  Compound .  *  * 

I — 7'6  in.  9  in.  Belt  amidships. 

6 — 5*5  in.  8  in.  Big  gun  shidds. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
2  Above  water. 
Hp.  8,5oossi8  kts.     Coal  550  tons. 

Vantonr.  French  torpedo  gun-boat.  (Toulon, 
1888.) 

Length  2  x6ft.     Beam  29ft.    Draught  is^ft. 
Displacement  1,266  tons.     Complement  134. 

Guns.  Armour. 

5— 3-9  in.  "  Steel." 

I — 2*5  in.  i^  in.  Deck  amidships. 

6  Maxims. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 

5  Above  water. 

Hp.  3,400=317  kts.     Coal  150  tons. 

V.D.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Vollendam,  Holland. 

V-Depression.  A  low-pressure  area  betweea 
two  contiguous  areas  of  high-pressure. 

V.E.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Veere,  Holland. 

Veer.  To  let  out  or  pay  out  cables,  hawsers  or 
rope. 

Veer  and  hanl.    To  slacken  and  haul  altemateiy. 

Veering*wind.  A  wind  which  changes  in  the 
same  direction  as  the  apparent  course  of  the  sun, 
i.e.,  from  E.  by  S.  to  W.,  etc. 


VEER 


659 


VERGNIAUD 


Veer  round.  To  turn  or  alter  the  course  of  a 
ship  by  tuming  her  head  away  from  the  wind.  The 
wind  is  said  to  veer  when  it  shifts  with  the  sun. 

Yeinte-y-Oinoo  de  Kayo.  Argentine  armoured 
cruiser.     (Elswick,  1890.) 

Length  325ft.     Beam  43ft.     Draught  x6ft. 
Displacement  320  tons.    Complement  185. 


Guns, 
2 — 8*2  in. 
8 — 47  in. 
12 — 3  pdr. 


Armour, 
'*  Steel." 

4i  in.  Deck  amidships. 
4^  in.  Gun  shields. 


Torpedo  Tubes. 
6  Above  water. 
Hp.  13,800=22}  kts.     Coal  600  tons. 

Velooe.  French  torpedo-boat  (1890).  Displace- 
ment, 133  tons;  complement,  27;  maximum 
draught.  5  ft. ;  guns,  2  3-pdr.  ;  torpedo  tubes, 
2  15-in. ;  Hp.,  1,750=24  kts. ;  coal,  20  tons. 

Velooera.    An  Italian  coaster. 

Teloce  Steamship  Co.  (La).  See  Navigazione 
Generate  Italiana. 

Telocity  of  wind.  The  rate  at  which  the  wind 
travels  in  miles  per  hour. 

Teloz.  British  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Par- 
sons, 1903.)  Length,  210  ft.  ;  beam,  23  ft.  ; 
draught,  8|  ft. ;  displacement,  440  tons ;  comple- 
ment, 63  ;  armament,  z  12-pdr.,  5  6-pdr.,  2  tubes ; 
twin  screw  ;  Hp.,  8.000=27  kts. ;  coal,  90  tons. 

Vendayales.  South-west  winds  in  the  Straits  of 
Gibraltar,  very  troublesome  to  navigation ;  the 
term  is  also  used  for  westerly  winds  in  New  Granada. 

Venerable.  Bhtish  zst  class  battleship.  (Chat- 
ham, 1899.) 

Length  430ft.   Beam  75  ft.  Maximum  draught  29ft. 
Displacement  15,000  tons.     Complement  750. 
Guns.  Armour. 

4 — 12  in.,  40  cal,       "  Krupp." 
12 — 6  in.  9  in.  Belt  amidships. 

16—12  pdr.  12  in.  Barbettes. 

6 — 3  pdr.  1 2  in.  Conning  tower. 

2  Maxims. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (i8  in.). 
4  Submerged. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.   15,000=18  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 2 , 1 00  tons.     Approximate  cost  £ i  ,000,000. 

This  ship-name  is  associated  with  Camperdown, 
1797  I  Copenhagen,  1801  ;  Saumarez's  action,  1801. 

Yenetian  Steam  Navigation  Co.,  with  their  head 
offices  in  Venice,  have  a  fleet  of  large  modem  cargo 
steamers,  which  maintain  a  monthly  mail,  pas- 
senger, and  cargo  service  between  Venice  and 
Calcutta,  and  also  a  service  in  conjunction  with 
tbe  Adriatic,  Mediterranean,  and  Sicilian  railway 
companies.  A  vessel  leaves  Venice  once  a  month, 
touching  at  Ancona,  Bari,  Brindisi,  and  Catania, 
direct  for  Port  Said,  Suez,  Aden,  Bombay,  Colombo, 
Aladras,  and  Calcutta. 


Vengeance.  British  ist  class  battleship.   (Vickers, 
1899.) 

Length  418ft.  Beam  74ft.  Maximum  draught  26ft. 
Displacement  12,950  tons.     Complement  750. 
Guns.  Armour. 

4 — 12  in.,  35  cal.       "  Harvey-nickel." 
12 — 6  in.  6  in.  Belt  amidships. 

10 — 12  pdr.  12  in.  Barbettes. 

6 — 3  pdr.  1 2  in.  Conning  tower. 

2  Maxims. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
4  Submerged. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  13,500=  18*25  kts.    Coal  maxi- 
mum 2,300  tons.     Approximate  cost  ;f90o,ooo. 

This  ship-name  is  associated  with  Hawke  at 
Quiberon  Bay,  1759 ;  capture  of  French  Enire- 
prenant,  1761 ;  Keppel's  action  off  Brest,  1778; 
Rodney's  action  against  De  Guichen,  1780 ;  cap- 
ture of  Martinique,  1794 ;  capture  of  the  French 
Vengeance,  1800  ;  Sebastopol,  1844. 

Venns.    British    2nd    class    cruiser.     (Fairfield, 

1895.) 

Length  364it.  Beam  54ft.  Maximum  draught  23ft. 
Displacement  5,600  tons.     Complement  450. 
Guns.  Armour. 

1 1 — 6  in.  "  Harvey." 

8 — 12  pdr.  2 J  in.  Deck. 

I — 12  pdr.,  8  cwt.     6  in.  Conning  tower. 
7—3  pdr. 
2  Maxims. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
2  Submerged. 
I  Above  water  stem. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  natural  8 ,000  =  1 8 '  5  kts. ,  forced 
9,600=19*5  kts.     Coal  maximum  1,076  tons. 

This  ship-name  is  associated  with  Hawke  at 
Quiberon  Bay,  1759 ;  Barrington  at  St.  Lucia, 
1778  ;  Rodney's  action  against  De  Guichen,  1780 ; 
Howe  at  ^e  battle  of  "  The  Glorious  First  of 
June,"  1794. 

Vera  Cms.  U.S.  steamer.  Foundered  through 
a  hurricane  in  North  Atlantic,  September  4,  1880  ; 
71  lives  lost. 

Verdande.  Swedish  torpedo  gun-boat.  (Karls- 
krona,  1880.)  Length,  171  ft.  ;  beam,  25  ft.  ; 
draught,  10  ft.  ;  displacement,  527  tons ;  comple- 
ment, 72  ;  armament,  i  io'6-in.,  i  4'7-in.,  2  Maxims ; 
Hp.,  780=13  kts.  ;  coal,  80  tons. 

Verein  Seglerhaos  am  Wannaee.  Established 
1 88 1.  Commodore,  H.  Kretzschmar ;  Vice-Com- 
modore, B.  Arons ;  Rear-Commodore,  J.  Stahn, 
Verein  Seglerhaus  am  Wannsee,  Wannsce,  near 
Berlin.  •  Entraiice  fee,  mark  400 ;  annual  sub- 
scription, mark  100. 

Vergniaod.    French  ist  class  battleship.    Laid 
down  1906. 
Length  475ft.  Beam  84ft.  Maximum  draught  2'/\lt. 

Displacement  18,000  tons.     Complement  680. 


v6rit^ 


660 


VESUVIO 


Guns, 
4 — 12  in. 

12 — 9*4  in. 

16 — 12  pdr. 
8 — 3  pdr. 


Armour. 
"  Krupp." 
10  in.  Belt  amidships. 

12  in.  Turrets. 

1 3  in.  Conning  tower. 


Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 

2  Submerged. 

3  Above  water. 

Three  screws.  Hp.  22,500=19  kts.  Coal  maxi- 
mum 2,010  tons.    Approximate  cost  ;£i ,825,000. 

YArit^.    French  ist  class  battleship.    (Bordeaux, 

1905.) 

Length  452ft.   Beam  79ft.  Maximum  draught  27ft. 
Displacement  14,865  tons.     Complement  793. 
Guns.  Armour. 

4 — 12  in.,  50  cal.       "  Krupp." 
10 — ^'6  in.  II  in.  Belt  amidships. 

8 — 4  in.  13  in.  Main  turrets. 

24 — 3  pdr.  13  in.  Conning  tower. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (1904). 

2  Submerged. 

3  Above  water. 

Three  screws.  Hp.  18.000=18  kts.  Coal  maxi- 
mum 1 ,850  tons.     Approximate  cost  ;£i  ,42 5 ,000. 

Vermont.  U.S.  ist  class  battleship.  (Fore  River 
Co.,  1904.) 

Length  450ft.   Beam  76ft.  Maximum  draught  27ft. 
Displacement  16,000  tons.     Complement  916. 
Guns.  Armour. 

4 — 12  in.,  45  cal.       "  Krupp." 
8 — 8  in.  9  in.  Belt  amidships. 

12 — 7  in.  10  in.  Barbettes. 

20—14  pdr.  12  in.  Turrets. 

12 — 3  pdr.  9  in.  Conning  tower. 

14  Small  q.f. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (21  in.). 

4  Submerged. 

Twin  screw.  Hp.  16,500=18  kts.  Coal  maxi- 
mum 2,350  tons.     Approximate  cost  ;£i,jbo,ooo. 

Verne,  Jnles  (1828-1905).  French  author  and 
dramatist  (b.  Nantes).  Educated  at  the  Nantes 
Lycee  and  in  Paris.  In  1848  he  wrote  the  libretto 
for  two  operettas,  and  in  1850  his  verse  comedy, 
"  Les  Failles  Rompues,"  was  produced  at  the 
Gymnase.  He  was  more  successful  as  an  author 
of  delightfully  extravagant  voyages  and  adventures, 
to  which  cleverly  prepared  scientific  and  geogra- 
phical details  lent  an  air  of  truth,  than  he  was  as  a 
dramatist. 

Among  his  best  known  works  are :  "  Abandoned," 
"Adrift  in  the  Pacific."  "The  Archipelago  on 
Fire,"  "The  Begum's  Fortune,"  "The  Blockade 
Runners,"  "The  Castle  of  the  Carpathians," 
"C^sar  Cascabel."  "The  Child  of  the  Cavern." 
"The  Clipper  of  the  Clouds,"  "The  Demon  of 
Cawnpore,"  "  Dick  Sands,  the  Boy  Captain," 
"  Dropped  from  the  Clouds,"  "  The  Family  without 
a  Name,"  "Five  Weeks  in  a  Balloon,"  "The 
Flight  to  France,"  "  The  Floating  City,"  "  From 
Earth  to  Moon,"  "  Round  the  Moon,"  "  The  Fur 


f( 


(< 


Country,"  "The  Giant  Raft,  or  Eight  Hundred 
Leagues  on  the  Amazon,"  "  The  Cryptogram," 
"Godfrey  Morgan,  a  Califomian  Mystery,"  "Hec- 
tor Servadac,"  "  K6raban  the  Inflexible,"  "  The 
Lottery  Ticket,  a  Tale  of  Tellemarken,"  "  Martin 
Paz,"  "Mathias  Sandorf,"  "Michael  Strogoff," 
Mistress  Branican,"  "  The  Mjrsterious  Island." 
North  Against  South,"  "  Ox's  Experiment,  and 
Master  Zacharius,"  "  Purchase  of  the  North  Pole." 
"  Round  the  Worid  in  Eighty  Days,"  "  The  Secret 
of  the  Island,"  "  Steam  House,"  "  Across  North 
India."  "Survivors  of  the  CKhnceUor;'  "Tigen 
and  Traitors,"  "  Tribulations  of  a  Chinaman." 
"  Twenty  Thousand  Leagues  Under  the  Sea," 
"The  Vanished  Diamond,"  "Winter  Amid  the 
Ice,"  "An  Antarctic  Mystery,"  (1898),  "Le 
Superbe  Or^noque,"  "  Seconde  Patroc,"  "  Lc 
Sphinx  des  Glaces,"  "  Le  Village  A6rien." 

Vernier.  A  small  movable  scale  for  taking 
minute  readings  attached  to  instruments. 

Vernon.  British  torpedo  school  ship  (5,481 
tons).     Launched  1858. 

Vertioal  oirdes.  Circles  (suppoeed  to  be  de- 
scribed in  the  heavens)  perpendicular  to  the 
horizon  and  meeting  at  the  zenith.  They  are 
sometimes  called  circles  of  altitudes,  circles  of 
azimuths,  or  prime  vertical  circles. 

Vespaodt  Amerigo  ( 145 1 -15 12).  Italian  navi- 
gator, whose  name  was  conferred  on  America. 
Originally  a  clerk  in  a  large  commercial  house  in 
Florence.  He  was  sent  by  them  in  1492  to  Cadix 
as  their  agent.  In  1493  he  entered  the  service  of 
a  Florentine  merchant  at  Seville,  who  had  fitted 
out  fcMT  Columbus  his  second  expedition.  I493- 
Having  a  natural  desire  for  adventure,  and  bein^ 
brought  into  contact  with  Columbus,  he  sailed 
across  the  Atlantic  in  1499  with  a  fleet  of  three 
ships  under  Alonez  de  Ojeda.  The  expcditkn 
reached  the  coast  of  Brazil  about  Cape  St  Roque. 
sailed  north  to  the  mouth  of  the  Amazon,  round 
to  the  Gulf  of  Maracaibo,  and  on  to  San  Doming, 
returning  to  Cadiz  in  1500.  In  1502,  in  the  service 
of  Dom  Manuel  of  Portugal,  he  took  part  in  as 
expedition  to  Brazil,  and  discovered  All  Saints 
Bay,  Rio  de  Janeiro,  and  got  as  far  south  as 
Georgia.  In  1 503  he  started  his  fourth  expedition 
with  six  ships  under  the  command  of  Coeiha. 
During  the  voyage  his  ship  separated  from  the 
others,  and  he  sailed  to  Bahia,  and  from  there  to 
Cape  Frio,  where  he  built  a  fort.  He  returned  to 
Lisbon  in  1504.  In  1505  he  re-entered  the  ser\'ioe 
of  Ferdinand  of  Spain,  settling  at  Seville,  where 
he  received  the  appointment  of  Pilot  Major  of 
Spain. 

Vesta.  British  sloop  (980  tons,  13*25  kts.). 
Launched  1901. 

Vesnvio.    Small  Italian  cruiser  (1886). 
Length  283ft.   Beam  42ft.  Maximum  draught  18ft. 
Displacement  3,427  tons.     Complement  308. 


VESUVIUS 


66 1 


VICKERS 


Gnns. 
8— 6  m- 
5 — 6pdr. 
8 — I  pdr. 


ti 


Armour, 
Ste^." 
2  in.  Deck. 
I  in.  Conning  tower. 
Torpedo  Tubes, 
I  Submerged  bow. 
3  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.   6,252  =  17  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 600  tons.    Approximate  cost  j£225,ooo. 

▼tillfilUK.      British    torpedo-vessel    (245    tons). 
Launched  1874.' 

Tettor' Pisani.     Italian  armoured  cruiser.     (Cas- 
tellamare.  1895.) 

Length  325ft.   Beam  59ft.   Maximum  draught  24ft. 
Displacement  6,500  tons.     Complement  500. 
Guns.  Armour, 

12 — 6  in.  "  Harvey/* 

6 — 4'7  in.  6  in.  Belt  amidships. 

14 — 6  pdr,  4  in.  Gun  shields. 

6 — 1  pdr.  6  in.  Conning  tower. 

Torpedo  Tubes, 
4  Submerged. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  natural  8,600=17  kts.,  forced 
T3,ooot3si9  kts.     Coal  maximum  1,000  tons. 
Approximate  cost  ;^40o,ooo. 

V.H.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Venhuizen,  Holland. 

VIoe-Admiralty.    See  Vice-Admiralty  Courts. 

Vio^Admiralty  Conits  are  established  by  the 
Admiralty  in  various  parts  of  His  Majesty's  do- 
minions for  the  purpose  of  dealing  with  matters 
relating  to  prize,  the  Royal  Navy,  the  slave  trade, 
the  Foreign  Enlistment  Act,  the  Pacific  Islanders 
Protection  Acts,  foreign  treaties  and  conventions, 
and  international  law.  The  Colonial  Courts  of 
Aidmiralty  have,  by  the  Colonial  Courts  Act,  1890, 
unlimited  civil  jurisdiction  in  Admiralty  and,  with 
the  exception  of  the  above-mentioned  matters,  now 
decide  all  causes  formerly  determined  by  the  Vice- 
Admiralty  Courts  under  the  Act  of  1863.  By  the 
Merchant  Shipping  Act,  1894,  Vice- Admiralty 
Courts  have  power  to  impose  fines  for  carrying 
improper  colours  ou  British  ^ips,  to  remove  the 
master  of  any  British  bhip  within  the  jurisdiction  of 
the  Court,  and  to  decide  matters  arising  out  of 
agreements  for  salvage  services  rendered  by  any 
of  His  Majesty's  ships.  Appeals  lie  to  the  Privy 
Council.  By  the  Act  of  1890,  vice-admirals  may 
be  appointed  in  any  British  possession,  and  where 
none  is  formally  appointed,  the  Governor  shall  be 
ex-officio  vice-admiral. 

Vioe-GoiuniL    See  Consul,  Mercantile. 

Viekers*  Sons  and  Maadm,  Ltd^  Barrow-in-Fumess. 
Founded  in  the  later  years  of  the  eighteenth 
ccntuiy  by  the  grandfather  of  two  of  the  present 
managing  directors,  Mr.  T.  £.  Vickers,  C.B.,  and 
Mr.  Albert  Vickers,  and  the  great  grandfather  of  the 
other  managing  director,  Mr.  Douglas  Vickers,  this 
company  stands  to-day  in  a  unique  position  amongst 


British  naval  construction  firms,  as  it  is  able  from 
the  several  works  owned  to  construct  the  hull, 
machinery,  armour,  guns,  gun-mountings,  pro- 
jectiles, and  the  many  auxiliaries  which  constitute 
probably  the  greatest  triumph  of  mechanical 
ingenuity — the  modem  battleship.  Moreover,  the 
firm  have,  notably  in  recent  years,  completed  a 
greater  variety  of  work  than  any  other  British  con- 
cern, including  every  type  of  warship,  from  the 
battleship  right  through  the  list — ^armoured  cruisers, 
protected  cruisers,  g\m-boats,  scouts,  torpedo-boat 
destroyers,  torpedo-boats,  submarine  boats,  and 
torpedoes. 

The  Naval  Construction  Works  at  Barrow-in- 
Fumess,  where  the  hull,  machinery,  gun-mount- 
ings and  projectiles  are  produced,  cover  an  area 
of  about  100  acres,  and  employ  about  10,000 
mechanics.  The  establishment  is  laid  out  on  Bar- 
row Island.  On  one  side  there  is  a  waterway  i  ,600  ft. 
wide,  into  which  the  vessels  are  launched  ;  on  the 
other  a  series  of  docks,  two  of  which  are  used  as 
fitting-out  basins,  and  there  are  at  work  two  cranes 
of  X50  tons  lifting  capacity,  and  one  of  100  tons 
capacity.  This  yard  is  now  considered  to  be  one  of 
the  most  comprehensive  in  the  United  Kingdom, 
and  all  the  machine  tools,  most  of  them  of  special 
design,  are  actuated  by  electric  power,  the  generat- 
ing plant  having  a  total  capacity  of  6,000  Hp. 

During  the  past  10  years  there  have  been  built 
ships  of  an  aggregate  of  296,000  tons,  with  propelling 
machinery  of  550,000  I.Hp.,  but  this  measure  of 
output,  large  as  it  is,  does  not  convey  a  fuU  con- 
ception of  the  importance  of  the  vessels  completed. 
A  better  idea  may  be  formed  when  it  is  stated  that 
the  warships  ordered  from  the  company  in  these 
10  years  represent  in  their  completed  state  an 
approximate  value  of  about  19  millions  sterling. 
Among  these  is  a  Brazilian  battleship,  San  Paulo, 
now  on  the  stocks,  which  promises  to  be  more 
powerful  than  the  greatest  of  ships  afloat,  while  from 
the  battleship  berths  there  have  come  the  British 
battleships   Dominion,    Vengeance,  and   Triumph ; 
Togo's  famous  flag  ship  Mikasa,  and  the  Katori, 
both  for  the  Japanese  Navy.     In  addition  to  the 
engines  for  these,  the  company  supplied  the  machin- 
ery of  the  Dreadnoughi,     Amongst  a  great  fleet  of 
cruisers  mention  may  be  made,  because  of  their 
fighting  power,  of  the  armoured  cruisers  Natal,  the 
King  Alfred,  the  Euryalus    and  the  Hogue,  and 
of    the   protected  ^  cruisers    Powerful,    A  mphUrite, 
Niobe,  Juno,  and  Doris.     Reference  should  not  be 
omitted   of  torpedo  craft  and   submarine   boats. 
One  notable  point  is  that  the  firm  have  made  great 
advances  in   connection   with   the   application   of 
internal  combustion  engines  for  the  propulsion  of 
warships. 

While  the  Barrow  works  supplied  the  propelling 
machinery  and  the  intricate  mechanism  for  training 
and  elevating  the  guns  of  such  ships,  the  heavy 
forgings,  armour,  and  guns  came  from  the  Sheffield 
works  of  the  company,  where  over  4,000  workmen 


VICKERS 


662 


VICTORIA 


are  employed.  The  producing  capacity  of  the 
ordnance  department  of  these  works  is  360  guns  per 
annum,  including,  say,  12  of  12 -in.  calibre,  24  of 
lo-in.  or  0*2-^11.  calibre,  24  of  7'5-in.  calibre,  over 
200  quick-firing  guns  of  calibre  from  4  in.  to  6-in., 
and  100  howitzers.  The  plant  for  the  manufacture 
of  these  guns  from  the  ingots  cast  at  the  works 
comprises  four  forging  presses  ranging  from  t 0,000 
tons  down  to  1,700  tons  ;  hardening  plant  capable 
ot  dealing  with  pieces  up  to  60  ft.  in  length  and 
100  tons  in  weight,  and  a  gieat  variety  of  machine 
tools,  accommodated  in  four  shops  having  an 
aggregate  area  of  35,000  square  ft.  All  these 
machine  tools  are  electrically  driven. 

About  10,000  tons  of  armour  can  be  produced 
per  annum.  The  plant  includes  a  rolling  mill ; 
about  a  dozen  furnaces  specially  designed  for 
carburising  plates,  and  supplied  with  gas  from 
automatically  operated  gas  producers  ;  1 0,000-ton 
and  3,000-ton  hydraulic  presses  for  bending  plates 
to  the  form  necessary  for  warships ;  machines  for 
planing,  drilling,  etc.,  accommodated  in  three 
machine  shops  with  a  collective  area  of  over  100,000 
square  ft.  ;  carburising  furnaces,  sprinklers,  and 
other  appliances  for  giving  the  face  of  the  plate  the 
necessary  impenetrability. 

The  power  of  resistance  of  armour  has  doubled 
within  a  few  years.  The  9  in.  plate  of  to-day 
is  equal  in  resistance  to  a  26-in.  wrought-iron  plate 
of  the  sixties,  to  a  20-in.  compound  plate  of  the 
eighties,  or  to  a  13-in.  early  hardened  type. 

In  the  perfection  alike  of  guns  and  armour  the 
Vickers  Co.  have  taken  a  prominent  part,  and  it  is 
a  striking  fact  that  in  20  years  the  muzzle  energy 
of  the  i2-in.  gun,  for  instance,  has  increased  from 
18,000  ft.  tons  to  47,700  ft.  tons,  the  perforation  of 
wrought  iron  at  the  muzzle  having  increased  from 
22|  in.  to  5 1  in. 

The  firm  manufacture  a  great  variety  of  light 
quick-firing  guns,  not  only  for  niaval,  but  for  military 
use,  and  the  Vickers  works  at  Erith,  in  Kent,  are 
specially  designed  for  the  construction  of  these 
weapons.  These  works  have  an  area  of  20  acres, 
with  a  main  gun  factory  covering  over  1 5  acres,  and 
here  guns  are  made  of  various  calibres,  to  fire  in  a 
minute  300  i-lb.,  30  3-lb.,  28  6-lb.,  25  12-lb.  or 
14-lb.,  and  20  i8-lb.  projectiles,  the  velocities 
ranging  up  to  2,800  ft.  per  second. 

The  projectiles,  as  we  have  said,  are  made  at 
Barrow  and  Sheffield ;  powder  and  ammunition  at 
Dartford ;  while  accessories  are  made  at  several 
other  works  owned  by  the  company. 

In  addition  there  are  at  the  Sheffield  works 
departments  for  the  production  of  forglngs,  castings, 
electric  machinery,  railway  plant,  and  other  manu- 
factures. 

As  to  the  work  for  the  merchant  navy,  the  same 
high-class  and  variety  are  noticeable,  but  want  of 
space  precludes  any  detailed  reference.  There 
have  been  built  several  high-speed  passenger  ocean 
liners,  and  a  considerable  number  of  cross-channel 


boats,  the  latest  of  them  propelled  by  steam 
turbines.  The  firm  have  also  constructed  one  or 
two  of  the  modem  large-capacity  steamers  of  the 
intermediate  type,  and  special  reference  ought  to  be 
made  to  the  very  powerful  sand-pump  dredgen 
constructed  for  the  Merdey  Dock  Board.  Three 
vessels  have  each  a  dredging  capacity  of  4,500  tons 
per  hour,  and  in  their  work  at  the  Mersey  Bar  and 
in  the  River,  they  have  each  dredged  per  annom  for 
some  years  about  four  million  tons,  at  a  cost  of  six- 
tenths  of  a  penny  when  working  at  a  depth  of  27  ft 
They  have  thus  been  the  means  of  improving  one 
of  our  greatest  mercantile  ports.  The  firm  have 
taken  part  also  in  the  construction  of  floating  docks, 
paddle  steamers,  tug  boats,  and  other  aimilai 
miscellaneous  craft  required  by  such  a  maritime 
Power  as  Great  Britain.  It  may  almost  be  said 
that  the  firm's  clients  belong  to  every  nation  in  the 
world,  and  their  work  includes  every  conceivable 
floating  structure,  surface  or  submarine. 

ViokslnirK.  Steamer.  Struck  on  ice  in  the  St 
Lawrence  River,  May  30.  1875,  ^^^  went  down; 
40  lives  lost. 

Viotar  Hugo.  French  ist  class  cruiser.  (L'Orienl, 
1904.) 

X^ength  476ft.     Beam  71ft.     Mean  draught  26ft 
Displacement  12,416  tons.  Complement  710. 
Guns.  Armour. 

4 — y'6  in.,  45  cal.      "  Krupp." 
16 — 8*4  in.  6}  in.  Belt  amidships. 

24 — 3  pdr.  8  in.  Turrets. 

8  in.  Conning  tower. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (177  in.). 

2  Submerged. 

3  Above  water. 

Three  screws.  Hp.  27.500=22  kts.  Coal  mxa- 
mum  2 , 1 00  tons.   Approximate  cost  £1,1 50,000. 

Viotofia.  London,  Brighton  and  South-Coast 
Co.'s  steamer.  Struck  on  the  rocks  at  Point 
D'Ailly,  April  13,  1887  ;  16  Uves  lost. 

Victoria.  Steamer,  on  the  River  Thames. 
Canada.  Turned  turtle  through  over-loading. 
May  24,  1881  ;  500  lives  lost. 

Viotoria.  British  battleship.  See  Tryon,  Vice- 
Admiral  Sir  George. 

Victoria.  British  subsidised  merchant  ship 
(1887).  P-  and  O.  Co.  {q.v.).  Dimensions.  465  X 
52x34  ft.;  gross  tonnage,  6,523;  Hp.,  6,000= 
17  kts. ;  passenger  acconomodation,  303  ;  princi- 
pally used  as  a  Government  transport. 

Victoria  and  Albert,  H.1L  Taeht»  Portsmouth 
(4,700  tons,  20  kts.).     Launched  1899. 

Victoria  LnilC.  German  protected  cruiser  (1897)- 
Length  344ft.   Beam  57ft.   Maximum  draught  23ft 

Displacement  5,880  tons.     Complement  465. 


VICTORIA 


663 


VIGO 


Guns. 

2 — 8'2  in. 

8— 6  in. 
10— 15J  pdr. 
10— I  pdr. 


4  Machine. 


Armour, 
"  Kiupp." 
4  in.  Deck. 
4  in.  Turrets. 
4  in.  Casemates. 
8  in.  Conning  tower. 
Torpedo  Tubes. 
2  Submerged  (i  in  bow). 


Three  screws.  Hp.  io,5oo»i9  kts.  Coal  maxi- 
mum 1,000  tons.     Approximate  cost  jf  5  00,000. 

Viotoria  Yiusht  01nb»  BoyaL  See  Royal  Victoria 
Yacht  Qub. 

Viotofia  (B.O.)  Taoht  Glnb.  Established  1892. 
Commodore,  W.  H.  Langley ;  Vice-Commodore, 
W.  S.  Gore  ;  Treasurer  and  Secretary,  A.  Mulcahy, 
Victoria,  British  Columbia.  Entrance  fee,  5  dols. ; 
annual  subscription^  5  dols. 

VlefavioiUL  British  1st  class  battleship.  (Chat- 
ham, 1895.) 

Length  413ft.  Beam  75ft  Maximum  dranght  30ft 
Displacement  14,900  tons.    Complement  757. 
Guns,  Armour, 

4 — 12  in..  35  cal.       "  Harvey." 
12 — 6  in.  9  in.  Belt  amidships. 

16 — 12  pdr.  14  in.  Barbettes. 

12 — 3  pdr.  14  in.  Conning  tower. 

2 — 12  pdr.  Boat  guns. 
2  Maxims. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
4  Submerged. 
I  Above  water  stem. 
Twin  screw.  Hp.  natural  zo,ooo=s  16*5  kts.,  locked 
i2,ooo=si7'5    kts.      Coal    maximum    2,000   tons. 
Approximate  cost  j(i, 000,000. 

Vlotory.    Ship.    See  Arctic  Exploration. 

Vietocj.  26  guns.  British  flag  ship.  Pbrtsmouth 
(2,164  tons).    Launched  May  7,  1765. 

This  ship-name  dates  in  the  Navy  since  i$88, 
and  was  flagship  of  Sir  J.  Hawkjms  at  the  defeat 
of  the  Spanish  Armada.  A  vessel  of  this  name 
took  part  in  Blake's  action  with  Tromp  ofE  Dover, 
1652  ;  the  battle  off  Dungeness,  1652  ;  the  battle 
ofi  Portland,  1653 ;  .  the  battle  ofi  the  North 
Foreland,  1653  ;  the  battle  ofi  Scheveningen,  1653  ; 
the  Four  Days'  Fight,  1666 ;  the  St  James'  Fight, 
1666 ;  the  battle  of  Sole  Bay,  1672 ;  Barfleur 
and  La  Hogue,  1692 ;  Howe's  flagship  at  the 
relief  of  Gibraltar,  1782 ;  Hood's  flagship  at 
Toulon,  1793  ;  Hotham's  action  off  Hydres,  1795  ; 
flagship  at  St.  Vincent,  1797  ;  Nelson's  flagship 
at  Trafalgar,  1805. 

Victory,  no  guns.  Wrecked  on  the  Casquet 
Rocks,  ofi  Aldemey.  October  4, 1774,  when  Admifal 
Sir  John  Balchen  and  1,200  souls  perished. 

YiotoaUiiig.    See  Rations. 

VietoaUing  Bill  is  a  permit  granted  by  the 
Customs  House  authorities  authorising  the  embarka- 
tion of  bonded  stores  on  any  outward  bound  ship, 
such  stores  to  be  used  as  supplies  for  the  voyage. 


ViotaaUing  yards.  The  victualling  yards  of  the 
British  Navy  are  :  At  home,  Deptford,  which  is  the 
most  complete  establishment  of  its  kind,  occupying 
a  space  of  about  19  acres,  with  a  river  frontage  of 
1,700  ft,  and  a  mean  depth  of  1,000  ft.  The 
manufactures  conducted  for  the  Government  here 
comprise  biscuit  making,  chocolate  making,  mustard 
making,  flour  grinding  and  most  of  the  salt  beef 
required  for  the  Navy  is  put  down  here. 

Gosport. — ^The  Royal  Clarence  victualling  yard, 
where  large  quantities  of  biscuit  and  flour  are 
manufactured,  being  supplied  with  sea  provisions 
and  clothing  from  Deptford.  There  is  an  excellent 
slaughter  yard  in  the  place,  where  cattle  delivered 
under  contract  are  slain  and  fresh  meat  issued  to 
the  Fleet. 

Plymouth. — The  Royal  William  victualling  yard 
stands  on  the  eastern  entrance  to  Hamoaze,  on 
about  II  acres  of  ground.  A  reservoir  containing 
about  8,000  tons  of  water,  which  supplies  the  Fleet 
— ^the  water  being  brought  from  Dartmoor — ^is  the 
main  feature  of  this  yard. 

In  the  Mediterranean,  Gibraltar  and  Malta  are 
the  victualling  yards.  North  America  and  West 
Indies :  Halifax,  Jamaica,  and  Bermuda.  Cape 
of  Good  Hope  and  West  Coast:  Cape  of  Good  Hope . 
P^udfic :  Esquimalt.  China :  Hong  Kong  and  Wei- 
Hai-Wei.  East  Indies:  Trincomalee.  Australia: 
Sydney. 

Refer  to  Naval  Establishments. 

Vidny.  Russian  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Ishora, 
1902.)  Length,  196  ft. ;  beam,  18  ft. ;  draught, 
11^  ft.;  displacement.  350  tons;  armament, 
I  i2-pdr.,  5  3-pdr.,  3  tubes.    Hp.,  6.000 « 27  kts. 

Vianadsiat  Aposidov.  Russian  battleship.  Black 
Sea.     (Nicolaiefi.  1890.) 

Length  330ft.   Beam  6oft.  Maximum  draught  26ft. 
Displacement  8,560  tons.     Complement  601. 
Guns.  Armour. 

4 — 12  in.,  35  cal.       "  Compound." 
4—6  in.  14  in.  Belt  amidships. 

10—3  pdr.  10  in.  Barbettes. 

15  Small  q.f.  12  in.  Conning  tower. 

Torpedo  Tubes, 
6  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  1 1 ,600  =16*5  kts.     Coal  maxi  • 
mum  806  tons.     Approximate  cost  ,£7  50,000. 

Vigilant.  British  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Glas- 
gow, 1 901.)  Length,  210  ft.  ;  beam,  21  ft. ;  draught, 
si  ft. ;  displacement,  300  tons ;  complement,  58 ; 
armament,  i  12-pdr.,  5  6-pdr. ;  2  tubes;  twin 
screw  ;  Hp.,  6,000=30  kis. ;  coal,  80  tons. 

Vigilante.  French  shallow-draught  gim-boat. 
(Chiswick,  1900.)  Displacement.  122  tons ;  speed, 
about  13  kts. 

VigOb  Battle  of.  On  October  12,  1702,  the  com- 
bined English  and  Dutch  Fleets,  under  Admiral 
Sir  George  Rooke.  attacked  the  French  and  Spanish 
in  the  Port  of  Vigo  and  completely  annihilated 


VIKING 


664 


VIPER 


them.  Several  men-of-war  and  galleons  were  taken, 
and  a  large  quantity  of  plate  and  other  valuable 
effects  were  captured  by  the  English. 

Vikillg.    Norwegian  torpedo  gun-boat  (1891). 
Displacement  1,120  tons.     Complement  130. 

Guns. 
I — 6  in. 
I — 4'7  in. 
4 — 12  pdr. 
4 — I  pdr. 
2  Machine. 
Torpedo  Tubes  (14  in.) 

1  Submerged  bow. 

2  Above  water. 

Hp.  3,000=15  kts.    Coal  maximum  280  tons. 

Vil.  Village.  Abbreviation  adopted  on  the 
charts  issued  by  the  Hydrographic  Office,  Ad- 
miralty. 

Vlllalobof.  U.S.  gun-boat.  Captured  from  Spain 
at  the  battle  of  Manila,  May  i,  1898,  during  the 
Spanish-American  war. 

Villa  de  Havre.  French  Atlantic  mail  steamer. 
From  New  York  for  Havre,  in  collision  with  the 
Locheam,  a  Glasgow  vessel,  November  22,  1873. 
She  sank  in  12  minutes,  and  226  of  the  passengers 
and  crew  were  lost. 

ViUe  de  la  CHotai  French  subsidised  merchant 
ship  ( 1 891).  Messageries  Maritimes  (^.v.)<  Dimen- 
sions, 486x49x36  ft. ;  gross  tonnage,  6,631  ;  Hp., 
7,500=8 17  kts. 

VJUebanelie  IJghiy  situated  at  the  entrance  of 
Villefcanche  Harbour,  in  the  Mediterranean,  was 
established  in  1902,  and  is  a  single  flash  light 
every  five  seconds ;  duration  of  flash,  one-fifth 
second  ;  candle-power,  300,000  maximum  ;  burner, 
mantle  55  nmi.  diameter ;  illuminant,  incandescent, 
petroleum  vai)our. 

ViUenenve,  Pierre  Oharlee  Jean  BaptUte  Sylveitre 
de  ( 1 763-1806).  French  admiral  (b.  Valensoles). 
Comnmnded  the  rear  division  of  the  French  Fleet 
at  the  battle  of  the  Nile.  Engaged  Sir  Robert 
Calder  off  the  Azores  when  in  command  of  the 
Toulon  Fleet.  Blockaded  by  Nelson  (q.v.).  Was 
utterly  defeated  by  Nelson  at  the  battle  of  Trafalgar, 
1805.     Refer  to  Nelson,  Horatio,  Lord. 

Vlnoentt  Geofge  (1796-1831).  EngUsh  marine 
painter  (b.  Norwich).  Exhibited  Royal  Academy, 
British  Institution,  and  the  Water  Colour  Exhibi- 
tion from  1814  tU]  1823,  after  which  nothing  is 
known  of  him,  and  he  is  believed  to  have  died  about 
1 83 1.  His  most  notable  work  is  that  of  a  view  of 
Greenwich  Hospital,  which  was  exhibited  in  the 
International  Exhibition  in  1862. 


Vinoente  Tanei  Pinaon.  Spanish  gun-boat. 
(Ferrol,  1892.)  Length,  190  ft. ;  beam,  23  ft. ; 
draught,  loj^  ft. ;  displacement,  562  tons  ;  comple- 
ment, 80  ;  armament,  2  47-in.,  4  2*2-in.,  2  tubes  ; 
Hp.,  2,600s:  12  kts. ;  coal.  106  tons. 


Vind.  Swedish  torpedo-boat.  (Karlskrona,  1900.) 
Length,  128  ft. ;  beam,  15}  ft.  ;  draught.  7  ft; 
displacement,  02  tons :  complement,  x8  ;  arma- 
ment, 2  i'5-in.  q.f.,  2  tubes;  Hp.,  1.250=23  kts.; 
coal,  17  tons. 

TindiotiYe.    British  2nd  class  cruiser.    (Chatham, 

1897.) 

Length  320ft.   Beam  57ft.  Maximum  draught  24ft 
Displacement  5,750  tons.     Complement  480. 
Guns.  Armouf. 

10 — 6  in.  2  in.  Belt  bow. 

8 — T2  pdr.  3  in.  Belt  Deck. 

I — 12  pdr.,  8  cwt.     9  in.  Conning  tower. 
3 — 3  pdr. 
2  Maxims. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
2  Submerged. 
I  Above  water  stem. 
Twin  screw.    Hp.  10,000=19  kts.    Coal  maxi- 
mum 1,175  tons.     Approximate  cost  ;^3oo,ooo. 

▼ineta.    German  protected  cruiser  (1897). 
Length  344ft.  Beam  57ft.  Maximum  draught  23ft 
Displacement  5,880  tons.     Complement  465. 
Guns.  Armour. 

2 — 8*2  in.  "  Krupp." 

8—^  in.  4  in.  Deck. 

10 — i$i  pdr.  4  in.  Turrets. 

10— I  pdr.  4  m.  Casemates. 

4  Machine.  8  in.  Conning  tower. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
2  Submerged  (i  in  bow). 
Three  screws.     Hp.  10,5003319  kts.    Coal  maxi- 
mum 1,000  tons.     Approximate  cost  ;£5oo,ooa 

VingOfla.  British  steamer.  Sprang  a  leak.  70 
miles  north  of  Bombay,  and  foundered,  Bfarch  i. 
1880  ;  65  lives  lost. 

yiolat  British  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Sun- 
derland, 190T.)  Length,  210  ft. ;  beam,  30  ft. ; 
draught,  6}-  ft. ;  displacement.  283  tons ;  comple- 
ment, 58 ;  armament,  i  12-pdr.,  5  6-pdr.,  2  tabes ; 
twin  screw ;  Hp.,  5,400^30  kts. ;  coal,  80  tens. 

Viper.  Anstro-Hungarian  torpedo-boat.  (Yarrow, 
1896.)  Length,  147  ft. ;  beam,  14}  ft. ;  draugfat. 
^i  ft. ;  displacement,  1 30  tons  ;  complement,  26 ; 
armament,  2  3-pdr.,  2  tubes ;  Hp.,  2,000=26  kts. ; 
coal,  30  tons. 

Viper.  British  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  Wrecked 
on  the  Renouquet  Rock  in  the  Channel  Islands. 
1 90 1.  Was  the  first  torpedo-boat  destroyer  bmit 
with  Parsons'  turbine  engines,  and  at  the  time  of 
completion  the  fastest  vessel  of  any  type  afloat. 

Viper.    German  gun-boat.     (Bremen.  1881.) 
Length  154ft.     Beam  36ft.     Draught  xo^ft. 
Displacement  1,091  tons.     Complement  76. 

Guns.  Armour. 

I— 12  in.  "  Steel." 

2 — 3*3  in.  8  in.  Belt  amidships. 

2  Maxims.  8  in.  Turrets. 

8  in.  Barbettes. 


VIPERE 


665 


V.L.L. 


Torpedo  Tubes. 

2  Above  water. 

Hp.  759==  10  kts.     Coal  40  tons. 

Yipin*  French  gun-boat  (480  tons).  Of  little 
fighting  value. 

^^rago,  British  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Bir- 
kenhead, X896.)  I^ength,  210  ft. ;  beam,  21  ft.  ; 
draught,  5^  ft. ;  displacement,  300  tons ;  comple- 
ment, 58  ;  armament,  i  12-pdr.,  5  6-pdr.,  2  tubes ; 
twin  screw  ;  Hp.,  6,000=30  kts. ;  coal,  80  tons. 

VIrgiilla.  U.S.  1st  class  battleship.  (Newport 
News,  1904.) 

Length  435  ft.   Beam  76ft.  Maximum  draught  26ft. 
Displacement  15,320  tons.     Complement  703. 
Guns,  Armour, 

4 — 12  in.,  40  cal.       "  Krupp  "  and  "  Har- 
8 — 8  in.  vey-nickel." 

12 — 6  in.  I  r  in.  Belt  amidships. 

12 — 14  pdr.  10  in.  Turrets. 

12 — 3  pdr.  10  in.  Barbettes. 

4 — I  pdr.  9  in.  Conning  tower. 

8  Colts. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
4  Submerged. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.   19,000=19  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 1,900  tons.     Approximate  cost ;{ 1,300,000. 

yirgo.  Swedish  torpedo-boat.  (Karlskrona, 
1900.)  Length,  128  ft.  ;  beam.  15I  ft.  ;  draught, 
7  ft. ;  displacement,  92  tons ;  complement,  18 ; 
armament,  2  I's-in.  q.f.,  2  tubes  ;  Hp.,  1,250= 
33  kts. ;  coal,  17  tons. 

Via.  Visible  (near  a  light).  Abbreviation  adopted 
on  the  charts  issued  by  the  Hydrographic  Office, 
Admiralty. 

TigniJlity.    Unusual  clearness  of  distant  objects. 

Vilit  Mid  learch.  The  expression  indndes  the 
rights — 

(i)  Of  a  belligerent  by  the  law  of  nations  to  stop 
and  inspect  the  papers  of  a  neutral  merchantman 
on  the  high  seas  or  in  the  belligerent's  territorial 
waters  in  search  of  contraband  of  war  (q.v.).  Mail 
steamers  may  be  declared  exempt. 

For  resisting  "  visit  and  search  "  a  neutral  is 
liable  to  be  condenmed  as  a  prize  of  war  (^.v.). 
See  Convoy. 

(3)  Of  the  signatories  of  the  North  Sea  Fisheries 
Convention,  1882 — ».«.,.  Great  Britain.  France,  Ger- 
many, Denmark,  Belgium,  and  Holland — to  search 
vessels  of  these  countries  in  times  of  peace  with  a 
view  to  suppressing  the  liquor  traffic. 

(3)  Of  any  warship  to  examine  the  documents 
of  vessels  suspected  of  piracy. 

Vidting  shipi.    See  Naval  Ceremonies. 

YliiiB,  Russian  armoured  cruiser.  (Galemii, 
Ostrov,  1904.)  Burned  while  building,  which  de- 
layed completion. 

Length  437ft.   Beam  52ft.   Maximum  draught  25  ft. 
Displacement  6,550  tons.     Complement  573. 


Guns, 
12 — 6  in. 
12 — 12  pdr. 

8— -3  pdr. 

2 — I  pdr. 


Armour. 
•'  Krupp." 
3  in.  Deck. 
3  in.  Turrets. 
3  in.  Casemates. 
6  in.  Conning  tower. 
Torpedo  Tubes, 
2  Submerged. 
I  Above  water  bow. 

1  Above  water  stem. 

2  Above  water  training. 

Tydn  screw.  Hp.  19,500=23  kts.  Coal  maxi- 
mum 1. 000  tons. 

Vittorio  Bmanaeto  IIL  Italian  battleship.  (Cas- 
tellamare,  1905.) 

Length  475ft.   Beam  73ft.  Maximum  draught  26ft« 
Displacement  12,625  tons. 
Guns*  Armour. 

2 — 12  in..  40  cal.       "  Temi." 
12 — 8  in.  10  in.  Belt  amidships. 

12 — 12  pdr.  8  in.  Barbettes. 

12 — 3  pdr.  10  in.  Conning  tower. 

4  Maxims. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
4  Submerged. 
Twin  screw.    Hp.  20,000=22  kts.    Coal  maxi- 
mum 2,800  tons.     Approximate  cost  ;£  1,000,000. 

mvid.  British  iron  schooner  (550  tons,  iij^  kts.). 
Launched  1883. 

Vixen.  British  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Bar- 
row, 1 901.)  Length,  210  ft. ;  beam,  20  ft. ;  draught, 
5^  ft.  ;  displacement,  327  tons ;  complement,  62  ; 
armament,  i  i2-pdr.,  5  6-pdr.,  2  tubes;  twin 
screw;  Hp..  6,000=30  kts.;  coal,  88  tons. 

ViiCAsra.  Spanish  steamer.  In  collision  with 
Cornelius  Hargrove,  schooner,  off  New  Jersey,  Octo- 
ber 30,  1890  ;  both  vessels  sunk  ;  all  hands  lost. 

yjestnik.  Russian  sloop.  (St.  Petersburg,  1880.) 
Length,  206  ft.  ;  beam,  32  ft. ;  draught,  14  ft.  ; 
displacement,  1.255  tons;  complement.  172: 
armament.  3  6-in..  7  q.f.,  4  i-pdr. ;  Hp.,  1,260= 
13  kts. ;   coal.  250  tons. 

y.L.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Vlaardingen,  Holland. 

Yladimir  Monomakh.  Russian  armoured  cruiser 
(1881).  Sunk  by  the  Japanese  at  the  battle  of 
Tsushima,  May  27-29.  1905. 

Ylamlngh,  Captain.    See  Arctic  Exploration. 

Vlattni.  Russian  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Havre, 
1900.)  Length,  186  ft. ;  beam,  20^  ft. ;  draught, 
10^  ft. ;  displacement,  300  tons ;  armament, 
I  i2-pdr.,  5  3-pdr.,  2  tubes;  twin  screw;  Hp,, 
5, 000 =28. kts.  ;  coal,  80  tons. 

y.L.L  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing 
boats  registered  at  Vlisseingen,  Holland. 

y.L.L.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing 
boats  registered  at  Vlieland.  Holland. 


V.N. 


666 


W.A. 


V.N.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Vollenhove,  Holland. 

Vnimateliu.  Russian  torpedo-boat  destroyer 
(1906).  Length,  185  ft.  ;  beam,  21  ft.  ;  draught, 
7i  ft. ;  displacement,  324  tons  ;  complement,  60  ; 
armament,  i  12-pdr.,  5  3-pdr.,  2  tubes  ;  twin  screw  ; 
Hp.,  5,000=20  kts. ;  coal,  100  tons. 

Vniuhiteliii.  Russian  torpedo-boat  destroyer 
(1906).  Length,  185  ft.  ;  beam,  21  f t. ;  draught, 
7i  ft.  ;  displacement.  324  tons  ;  complement,  60  ; 
armament,  i  12-pdr. ^  5  3-pdr..  2  tubes;  twin 
screw  ;   Hp.,  5,000=20  kts. ;   coal,  100  tons. 

Yoeyoda.  Russian  torpedo  gun-boat.  (Schi- 
chau.  1893.)     Of  no  fighting  value. 

VoidoyoL  Russian  torpedo-boat  destroyer. 
(Yarrow,  1906.)  Displacement,  508  tons  ;  draught, 
8  ft. ;  complement,  75  ;  armament,  2  12-pdr., 
5  6-pdr.,  2  tubes  ;  Hp.,  5.200=26  kts. 

VoL    Abbreviation  for  volume. 

Toliaire.  French  ist  class  battleship.  Laid 
down  1906. 

Length  475ft.  Beam  84ft.  Maximum  draught  27ift. 
Displacement  18,000  tons.     Complement  680. 
Guns.  Armour, 

4 — 12  in.  *'  Krupp." 

12 — 9*4  in.  10  in.  Belt  amidships. 

16 — 12  pdr.  12  in.  Turrets. 

8 — 3  pdr.  13  in.  Conning  tower. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 

2  Submerged. 

3  Above  water. 

Three  screws.  Hp.  22,500=19  kts.  Coal  maxi- 
mu m  2 ,0 1  o  tons.     Approximate  cost  li  i  ,8 2  5 ,000. 

yoltamo.  Italian  gun-boat.  (Venice.  1888.) 
Length.  177  ft. ;  beam,  33  ft. ;  draught,  14J  ft. ; 
displacement,  1,155  tons ;  complement,  131; 
armament,  4  47-in.,  4  2'2-in..  2  1'4-u^  I  Hp., 
1,100  =  13  kts. ;  coal,  206  tons. 

Vondol.  Dutch  mail  stcapier  in  collision  with 
the  sailing  ship  Pool  Fisher,  of  Barrow,  a  few  miles 
west  of  Dungcncss,  February  8,  1908.  The  Pool 
Fisher  immediately  sank  with  all  on  board. 

Toctez.    The  calm  centre  of  a  cyclonic  storm. 

YcjBgB.  In  marine  insurance  it  is  of  the  utmost 
importance  to  specify  accurately  the  port  or  places 
at  which  the  risk  commences  and  the  port  or  places 
at  which  it  terminates.  It  is  an  implied  condition 
that  the  vessel  shall  follow  the  course  usually  taken 
by  others  in  the  same  trade.  Any  deviation  from 
the  ordinary  track,  however  slight,  without  a 
justifying  cause,  will  vitiate  the  policy.  There 
must  be  no  deviation  at  all,  and  on  this  point  Lord 
Mansfield's  words  must  be  borne  in  mind  :  "  It  is 
not  material  to  constitute  a  deviation  that  the 
risk  should  be  increased."  Again,  the  ports  must 
be  exactly  expressed.  A  ehip  insured  Calcutta  to 
Ix)ndon,  but  really  going,  say,  to  Antwerp,  not 
London,    the   policy    is    valueless.     This    error    is 


fatal  to  the  contract.  (Amould,  4th  ed.  p.  419.) 
Refer  to  Cargo,  Log-book.  Clearance,  Convoy, 
Deviation,  Final  Port,  Final  Sailing,  Leave  to  Call. 
Passport,  Voyage  Policy. 

Voyage  Polioy.    See  Policy. 

VJL  Vertical  stripes  (near  a  buoy).  Abbre- 
viation adopted  on  the  charts  issued  by  the  Hydro- 
graphic  Office,  Admiralty. 

Yfadnik.  Russian  torpedo  gun-boat.  (Schichan, 
1893.)    Of  no  fighting  value. 

Vnloan.    British  torpedo  dep6t  ship  (1889). 
Length  350ft.   Beam  58ft.  Maximum  draught  24ft 
Displacement  6,620  tons.     Complement  433. 
Guns.  Armour. 

8—47  in.  "  Steel." 

12 — 3  pdr.  5  in.  Deck  amidships. 

12  Nordenfelts.  6  in.  Conning  tower. 

5  in.  Engine  hatches. 
Torpedo  Tubes  (14  in.). 
2  Submerged. 
4  Above  water. 
Carries  6  small  torpedo-boats. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  forced  12,000=20  kts.     Coa 
maximum  1,300  tons. 

**  VnliMUi "  Kachiiie  Bnildliig  and  Joint  8Mk 

Oo«  See  Stettiner  Maschinenbau  Actien-Gesell- 
schaft  "  Vulcan." 

Vultlire.  British  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Qyde- 
bank,  1901.)  Length,  218  ft. ;  beam.  20  ft ; 
draught,  5^  ft. ;  displacement,  300  tons ;  comple- 
ment, 58  ;  armament,  i  12-pdr.,  5  6-pdr.,  2  tabes; 
twin  screw  ;   Hp.,  6,000  =  30  kts.  ;   coal.  80  tons. 

VultoraL  Roumanian  torpedo-boat.  (Yarrow, 
1882.)  Length,  62  ft. ;  beam,  8  ft. ;  draught,  3  ft ; 
displacement,  1 2  tons ;  complement,  8 ;  Hp., 
150=16  kts. 

Vynodimy.  Russian  torpedo-boat  destroyer 
(1906).  Length,  185  ft.  ;  beam,  21  ft. ;  draught 
7i  ft. ;  displacement,  324  tons  ;  complement.  60 ; 
armament,  i  12-pdr.,  5  3-pdr.,  2  tubes ;  twin 
screw ;   Hp.,  5,000=20  kts.  ;   coal,  100  tons. 

W 

W.  Distinguishing  letter  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Waterford,  Ireland. 

W.     Abbreviation  for  West. 

W.  White  (near  a  buoy  or  light).  Abbrevia- 
tion adopted  on  charts  issued  by  the  Hydrographic 
Office,  Admiralty. 

w.  White.  Abbreviation  adopted  on  the  charts 
issued  by  the  Hydrographic  Office,  Admiralty, 
denoting  the  quality  of  the  ocean's  bottom. 

W.A.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Whitehaven,  En^nd. 

W4U  (With  average.)  See  Average,  als  >  Par- 
ticular Average. 


WAFT 


667 


WALKER 


Waft     See  Wheft. 

Wagir.  This  vessel  was  a  part  of  Commodore 
Anson's  South  Sea  expedition,  and  was  wrecked 
on  Desolate  Island,  latitude  47°  S.,  on  Inlay  14,  174^  • 

Wager  boat.  A  rowing  boat  used  for  racing ; 
also  called  "  Best  boat." 

Wsgtf  polioy.    See  Policy ;  Honour  Policies. 

Wagei.  A  seaman's  right  to  wages  begins  with 
work,  or  at  the  time  specified  in  the  agreement  for 
commencement  of  work,  or  with  his  presence  on 
board,  whichever  happens  first,  and  ceases  upon 
payment  or  desertion  (^.t;.).  In  the  event  of  his 
being  left  ashore  through  unfitness  or  by  reason  of 
the  wreck  or  loss  of  the  vessel,  and  during  the 
period  he  neglects  or  refuses  work,  a  seaman  is  only 
entitled  to  the  wages  due  to  him  up  to  the  time  of 
such  event  or  period.  In  the  case  of  illness  or 
accident  not  caused  by  his  own  default,  a  seaman's 
wages  continue,  even  though  he  do  nothing  to  earn 
them.  Before  paying  off  or  discharge,  the  master 
of  every  ship  shall  deliver  a  formal  account  of 
wages,  showing  all  deductions  therefrom  to  the 
seaman,  or  superintendent. 

(i)  In  the  case  of  a  foreign-going  ship  (^.t;.),  at 
the  end  of  his  engagement  a  seaman  shall  be  paid 
£2,  or  one-quarter  of  the  balance  of  wages  due, 
whichever  is  least,  and  the  remainder  within  two 
clear  days.  Upon  final  settlement  the  seaman 
shall  sign  a  release  in  the  presence  of  the  superin- 
tendent, which  operates  as  a  mutual  discharge.  In 
case  of  a  dispute,  where  the  amount  in  question  does 
not  exceed  £$,  the  superintendent  may  adjudicate. 

(3)  In  the  case  of  a  home-trade  ship,  aU  wages 
shall  be  paid  within  two  days  after  the  termination 
of  the  agreement  with  the  crew,  or  at  the  time  of 
discharge,  whichever  happens  first. 

A  seaman  wrongfully  dismissed  before  the  end 
of  the  voyage  is  entitled  to  wages  up  to  the  time 
the  contract  would  have  ended,  subject  to  the 
dedaction  of  anything  he  may  have  earned  in  the 
meantime. 

As  respects  wages  due  or  accruing  to  a  seaman 
or  apprentice  : 

(i)  They  shall  not  be  subject  to  attachment  or 
arrestment  from  any  Court. 

(2)  An  assignment  or  sale  thereof  prior  to  the 
accrumg  thereof  shall  not  bind  the  person  making 
the  same. 

(3)  A  power  of  attorney  (q-v.),  or  authority  for 
the  receipt  thereof,  shall  not  be  irrevocable. 

A  seaman  has  a  maritime  lien  on  the  ship  for  his 
wages,  and  can  sue  for  them  before  a  Court  of 
Summary  Jurisdiction  if  the  claim  does  not  exceed 
£So.  A  master  has  the  same  rights,  liens,  and 
remedies  for  his  wages  and  disbursements  as  a  sea- 
man. A  seaman's  wages  cannot  legally  be  insured. 
(Webster  v.  de  Tastet,  7  T.R.  157.)  But  the 
master's  pay  or  commission  can  be  insured,  as  well 
as  any  share  he  may  have  in  the  vessel. 

Refer  to  Advance  Note,  Naval  Testament. 


Waggon.  A  term  used  principally  on  old  war- 
ships denoting  a  place  where  superannuated 
goods,  etc.,  are  stored. 

Wahlqnist  Steamship  Oo.»  owned  and  managed 
by  Mr.  F.  B.  Wahlquist,  of  Gothenburg,  Sweden, 
have  a  fleet  of  two  steamers  engaged  in  carrying 
cargo  during  the  summer  months  from  Gothenburg 
for  Marstrand,  Lysekil,  Fjellbacka,  Grebbestad, 
Stromstad,  and  Christiama. 

Fleet. 

Alb  Ehrensvard,  Oscar  Dickson. 

WairaflMl^  Union  Steamship  Co.'s  steamer, 
from  Sydney  to  Auckland.  Wrecked  on  Great 
Bamer  Island,  New  Zealand,  October  29,  1894 : 
125  lives  lost. 

Waist  The  centre  part  of  a  ship  contained 
between  the  fore  and  main  hatches. 

Waitaia.  Steamer.  Sunk  by  collision  with  the 
Hurunui,  ofi  Beachy  Head,  June  22,  1883  ;  25 
lives  lost. 

WaiTBT  danse.    See  Sue  and  Labour  Clause. 

Wajang.  Netherlands  torpedo-boat.  (Fijenoord, 
1904.)  Length,  153  ft.;  beam,  15  ft.;  draught. 
7 J  ft. ;  displacement,  130  tons ;  complement, 
25;  armament,  2  3-pdr.,  2  tubes;  Hp.,  1,900= 
27  kts. ;  coal,  36  tons. 

Wakaba.  Japanese  torpedo-boat  destroyer. 
(Yokosuka,  1903.)  Length,  220  ft. ;  beam,  20}  ft. ; 
draught,  9^  ft. ;  displacement,  374  tons ;  arma- 
ment, I  i2-pdr.,  s  6-pdr.,  2  tubes ;  twin  screw ; 
Hp.,  6,000 » 29  kts. 

Wake.  A  track  left  by  a  ship  in  the  water,  which 
can  be  seen  to  a  considerable  distance  behind  the 
ship's  stem,  being  smoother  than  the  rest  of  the 
sea. 

Waldeok  Boiuseaa.  French  ist  class  cruiser 
(1906). 

Length  528ft.   Beam  70ft.  Maximum  draught  26ft. 
Displacement  13,480  tons.    Complement  750. 
Guns.  Armour. 

4 — 7*6  in.,  45  cal.       "  Krupp." 
12— 6'4  in.  6J  in.  Belt  amidships. 

8 — 9  pdr.  8    in.  Turrets! 

24 — 3  pdr.  8    in.  Conning  tower. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (177  in.). 

2  Submerged. 

3  Above  water. 

Three  screws.  Hp.  40,000=24  kts.  Coal  maxi- 
mum 2,400  tons.     Approximate  cost  £i,3S 0,000. 

Wale.  A  wide  plank  on  a  ship's  side  extending 
from  stem  to  stem. 

Walker,  Vioe-Admiral  Sir  Baldwin  Wake,  C.V.O., 

0.1LO.  (b.  September  24,  1846).  Entered  the 
Navy,  1859  ;  lieutenant,  1868  ;  commander  of  the 
Northumberland  during  Egyptian  war,  1882 
(Egyptian  medal,  Khedive's  Bronze  Star)  ;  C.M.G., 
for  services  rendered  as  senior  naval  officer  engaged 


WALKER 


668 


WALLACE 


in  the  protection  of  the  Newfoundland  fisheries, 
1893  !  assistant  director  of  torpedoes,  1895-98  ; 
captain's  good  service  pension,  1898  ;  rear-admiral 
1900 ;  Second-in-Command  of  Reserve  Squadron, 
1902 ;  appointed  rear-admiral  for  the  cruiser 
division  of  the  Mediterranean  Fleet,  1902  ;  CV.O. 
on  the  occasion  of  the  visit  of  H.M.  King  Edward 
VII.   to   Gibraltar,    1903 ;     vice-admiral,    1905. 

Walker,  Dr.  David.  Arctic  explorer  (b.  1838). 
One  of  the  two  surviving  members  of  the  party  that 
sailed  from  Aberdeen,  July  i,  1857,  on  the  steamer 
Fox,  to  find  out  the  fate  of  the  Franklin  expedition. 
The  expedition  was  sent  out  by  the  Britieh  Govern- 
ment and  Lady  Franklin.  They  sailed  up  through 
Davis  Strait  and  BafGin's  Bay  until  caught  in  the 
ice,  August  12,  1857,  at  Melville  Bay,  near  Cape 
York.  Two  hundred  and  forty-two  days  later, 
when  the  Fox  shook  herself  clear  of  the  ice,  they 
discovered  their  position  to  be  1,385  miles  south 
of  Cape  York.  They  sailed  back  up  the  Greenland 
coast  and  reached  a  point  100  miles  north  of  Cape 
York,  and  turned  west  up  Lancaster  Sound  to 
Beechey  Island.  After  a  stay  of  two  or  three 
days  at  the  island,  they  started  on  the  real  hunt 
for  Franklin.  After  endeavouring  to  get  through 
Bellot's  Strait,  which  they  found  impossible 
owing  to  a  three  mile  jam  of  ice  just  beyond  the 
western  entrance,  they  went  into  winter  quarters. 
On  February  17, 1859,  McClintock  (q.v.)  started  with 
a  party  and  camped  on  March  i,  at  about  the 
position  of  the  magnetic  pole,  and  it  was  here  that 
he  obtained  the  first  tidings  of  the  fate  of  Sir  John 
Franklin  and  his  party.  He  discovered  a  village 
of  eight  ice  huts  and  was  shown  by  the  Esquimaux 
several  relics  of  the  Franklin  expedition,  including 
spoons  and  forks,  a  silver  medal,  and  part  of  a  gold 
chsiin.  On  the  return  of  McClintock  to  the  Fox, 
three  parties  were  sent  out  in  different  directions, 
and  on  their  return  the  fate  of  Sir  John  Franklin 
was  definitely  known.  A  small  piece  of  paper 
discovered  by  Hobson  in  a  cairn  at  Point  Victory 
on  the  north-west  coast  of  King  William's  Land 
is  the  only  record  that  has  ever  been  discovered 
that  tells  of  the  Franklin  party. 

The  message  that  had  been  written  on  this  paper 
was : 

"  28  of  May,  1847.  H.M.  ships  Erebus  and 
Terror  wintered  in  the  ice  in  latitude  70®  05'  N., 
longitude  98°  23'  W.  Having  wintered  in  1846-7  at 
Beechey  Island,  in  latitude  74®  43'  28'  N.,  longi- 
tude 91®  39'  15'  W.,  after  having  ascended  Wel- 
lington Channel  to  latitude  77^,  and  returned  by 
the  west  side  of  Comwallis  Island.  Sir  John 
Franklin  commanding  the  expedition.  All  well. 
Party  consisting  of  two  officers  and  six  men 
left  the  ships  on  Monday,  24th  May,  1847. 

"  G.  M.  GoRB,  Lieut 

"  Chas,  F.  Des  Voeux,  Mate." 

Around  the  margins  of  this  note  was  a  second 
inscription : 


"  April  25,  1848. — H.M.  ships  Terror  and  Erebus 
were  deserted  on  the  22nd  of  April,  five  leagues 
N.N.W.  of  this,  having  been  beset  since  12th 
September,  1846.  The  officers  and  crews,  oah- 
sisting  of  105  souls,  under  command  of  Captain 
F.  R.  Mi  Crozier,  landed  here  in  latitude  69®  37'  4a' 
N.,  longitude  98**  41'  W.  Sir  John  Franklin  died 
on  the  nth  June,  1847;  and  the  total  loss  by 
deaths  in  the  expedition  has  been  to  this  date 
nine  officers  and  15  men. 

"  F.  R.  M.  Crozier, 
"  Captain  and  Senior  Officer. 

"  James  Fitzjames, 

"  Captain  H.M.S.  Erebusr 

This  is  all  the  world  knows  of  the  large  party 
that  started  out  to  carry  the  British  ta^  safely 
through  the  North-West  Passage.  The  Fox 
party  came  across  many  skeletons,  which  were 
buried,  and  although  numerous  relics  were  picked 
up,  not  one  scrap  of  ps^er  other  than  what  has 
been  already  quoted  was  ever  found. 

The  Fox  returned  to  England  in  1859. 

Dr.  Walker  brought  home  a  great  collection  of 
flora  and  fauna  and  geological  specimens.  He 
received  his  share  of  the  / 10,000  which  l>ad  been 
offered  for  the  discovery  of  the  fate  of  Franklin. 
Was  decorated  by  Her  Majesty  the  late  Queen  with 
the  Arctic  Medal,  and  gave  many  interesting  lectures 
throughout  England  and  Scotland.  He  is  now 
just  on  71  years  of  age,  lives  at  Portland.  Oregon. 
U.S.A.,  and  is,  in  spite  of  the  hardships  endured 
more  than  50  years  ago,  as  hale  and  hearty  as 
many  men  one  half  his  age. 

WaOace,  Duncan  Ibcphenon  (b.  Glasgow. 
April  4,  1868).  Naval  architect  Educated  KU- 
blain,  Greenock,  and  iik  1884  was  apprenticed 
to  the  Arm  of  Messrs.  I>.  J.  Dnnlop  and  Co.,  wbece 
he-  studied  shipbuilding  in  all  its  various  branches, 
and  gained  a  flrst-^ass  certificate  in  dementaiy 
advance  and  honours  for  naval  architecture  at  the 
examination  conducted  by  the  science  and  art 
department  at  South  Kensington.  In  1890  be 
was  appointed  chief  assistant  in  the  drawing  office 
of  Messrs.  Caird  and  Co.,  Ltd.,  Greenock,  and  in 
1895  "^^  promoted  chief  naval  architect  to  this 
firm.  Member  of  the  Institution  of  Naval  Archi 
tects  and  Institution  of  Engineers  and  Shipbuikkn. 

Wallace,  John  (b.  Glasgow.  July  24,  1870). 
Educated  Greenock  Private  Academy.  Served  an 
apprenticeship  to  engineering  with  Messrs.  Dnnlop 
and  Co.,  Port  Glasgow.  In  1891  was  appointed 
draughtsman  with'  Messrs.  Inglis  and  subsequently 
with  the  Fah^eld  Shipbuilding  and  Engineering 
Co.,  Govan.  In  1897  he  was  appointed  resident 
superintendent  in  Glasgow  for  the  Castle  Mail 
Packet  Co.,  now  Union -Castle  Mail  Steamship  Co.. 
and  since  then  and  until  the  early  part  of  iW» 
when  he  went  into  business  as  a  naval  architect 
and  consulting  engineer.  He  superintended  the 
design  and  construction  of  over  150,000  tons  of 


WALLACE 


669 


WARRANTIES 


first-class  shipping  for  the  South  African  mail  ser- 
vice and  other  important  lines.  Member  of  the 
Institution  of  Engineers  and  Shipbuilders. 

WaUaoe,  Peter  (b.  Newcastle,  July  22,  1850). 
Served  apprenticeship  with  Messrs.  A.  and  J. 
Inglis,  and  in  1886  became  partner  and  manager 
of  the  Ailsa  Shipbuilding  Co.,  Troon,  Ayrshire,  and 
has  been  responsible  for  the  design  and  construc- 
tion of  many  vessels  built  by  this  firm.  Member 
of  the  Institution  of  Engineers  and  Shipbuilders. 

W.A.H.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing 
boats  registered  at  Wanneperveen,  Holland. 

W.A.K.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing 
boats  registered  at  Warder,  Holland. 

War  CSlailfle.  Of  clauses  limiting  the  under- 
writer's liability  perhaps  one  of  the  most  im- 
portant is  the  War  Clause  :  "  Warranted  free  from 
capture,  seizure,  and  detention,  and  the  conse- 
quences of  any  attempt  thereat,  and  all  other 
consequences  and  hostilities."  The  meaning  of 
this  is  that  the  interest  insured  is  warranted  free 
from  any  of  these  special  perils,  as  a  cause  of  loss, 
for  which  the  underwriter  is  otherwise  liable. 
Thus,  if  a  vessel  insured  with  this  warranty  were 
lost  ^y  the  direct  action  of  a  peril  of  the  sea,  the 
underwriter  would  be  liable  for  the  loss,  even 
though  the  ship  had  been  brought  under  the 
influence  of  that  peril  by  a  hostile  act ;  and,  on 
the  other  hand,  if  the  loss  were  directly  occasioned 
by  a  hostile  act,  the  underwriter  would  not  be 
liable,  even  though  the  ship  had  been  specially 
exposed  to  it  by  a  peril  of  the  sea. 

During  the  American  war  the  light  at  Cape 
Hatteras  was  extinguished  by  the  Confederate 
troops  for  military  reasons.  Owing  to  the  absence 
of  this  light  a  ship  struck  a  reef  and  became  a 
wreck.  The  cargo  consisted  of  6,500  bags  of 
cofiee,  of  which  1,020  bags  would  have  been  saved 
if  the  salvors  had  not  been  prevented  by  the  Con- 
federate troops,  who  themselves  only  succeeded  in 
saving  170  bags,  which  they  kept  for  their  own  use. 

This  coflee  was  insured  '*  free  from  all  con- 
sequences of  hostilities."  On  these  facts  the  Court 
of  Common  Pleas  held  that  the  underwriters  were 
liable  for  the  loss  of  all  but  1,020  bags.  The  case 
was  to  be  dealt  with,  they  said,  as  if  there  were 
two  policies,  one  on  the  war  risk,  and  the  other  on 
the  sea  lisk  ;  and  the  question  here  was  :  Which  of 
the  two  was  the  proximate  cause  of  the  loss  ? 
Now,  as  to  the  1,020  bags,  it  was  the  Confederate 
forces  which  directly  prevented  the  saving,  and  so 
caused  the  loss  of  that  portion.  But  the  extin- 
guishing of  the  light  was  only  the  remote  cause  of 
the  loss  of  the  remainder,  the  proximate  cause 
being  the  striking  on  the  reef,  which  could  not  be 
said  to  follow  as  natural  or  ordinary,  still  less  as  a 
necessary,  consequence  of  the  extinguishing  of  the 
light.  (lonides  v.  Universal  Co.,  14  C.B.n.s.  259.) 
Refer  to  Warranties  ;  also  F.  C.  and  S. 


War  Ck>]lege.    See  Naval  Establishments. 
Warden.    See  Cinque  Ports. 

Warp.  A  rope  or  hawser  used  in  transporting  a 
ship  from  one  place  to  another  in  port. 

Warping  baoys.  Buoys  moored  in  position  suit- 
able for  ships  to  warp  by. 

Warranties.  In  marine  insurance  a  warranty, 
says  Amould,  "  is  a  stipulation  inserted  in  writing 
on  the  face  of  the  policy,  upon  the  literal  truth  or 
fulfilment  of  which  the  validity  of  the  entire  con- 
tract is  dependent." 

Words  which  to  a  careless  reader  might  appear 
to  be  mere  description  will  amount  to  a  warranty. 
For  instance,  "  The  Swedish  ship  Sophia/'  "  Goods 
on  board  the  Mount  Vernon,  an  American  ship," 
are  warranties.  (Park  on  Insurance,  pp.  365,  386 ; 
Phillips  on  Insurance,  4th  ed.,  s.  70.) 

'*  Warranted  to  sail  on  or  before  "  a  certain  date 
must  be  literally  complied  with ;  and,  to  quote 
Lord  Tenterden :  "  It  is  clear  that  a  warranty  to 
sail,  without  the  word  *  from,'  is  not  complied  with 
by  the  vessel  raising  her  anchors,  getting  under 
sail,  and  moving  onwards,  unless  at  the  time  of 
the  performance  of  these  acts  she  has  everything 
ready  for  the  performance  of  the  voyage,  and  such 
acts  are  done  at  the  commencement  of  it,  nothing 
remaining  to  be  done  afterwards."  A  policy  at 
and  from  Port  Neuf  (about  30  miles  above  Quebec) 
to  London  contained  a  warranty  to  sail  on  or 
before  October  28.  On  the  26th  the  vessel  dropped 
down  the  river  from  Port  Neuf,  where  she  had  com- 
pleted her  loading  to  Quebec,  the  first  place  at 
which  she  could  obtain  her  clearance,  ^th  a  crew, 
which,  though  sufficient  for  river  navigation,  was 
not  so  for  the  voyage  across  the  Atlantic.  She 
arrived  at  Quebec  on  the  evening  of  the  28th,  but 
did  not  obtain  her  clearance  and  complete  her 
cfew  till  the  29th,  and  did  not  actually  leave  the 
port  of  Quebec  tiU  the  30th.  This  was  held  not 
to  be  in  compliance  with  the  warranty.  See 
Representations. 

It  is  not  necessary  that  the  actual  word  "  war- 
ranty "  should  be  used  to  constitute  a  w£m:anty. 
(McArthur  on  Marine  Insurance,  p.  46.) 

There  are  implied  warranties  in  every  marine 
insurance :  The  venture  must  be  legal,  the  vessel 
seaworthy,  the  interest  genuine,  and  no  deviation 
from  the  voyage  named.  Refer  to  Legality,  Sea- 
worthiness, Genuine  Interest,  Deviation ;  also  Re- 
presentation. 

Warrantief •    Uverpool  Slip : 

1st.  Warranted  not  to  enter  or  sail  from  any 
port  in  British  North  America  between  September  i 
and  March  31,  both  days  inclusive. 

2nd.  Warranted  not  to  be  in  the  Baltic  or  White 
Sea  between  October  i  and  March  31,  both  days 
inclusive. 

3rd.  Warranted  not  to  sail  with  over-net  register 
of  grain  from  any  port  in  North  America  between 
October  t  and  March  31,  both  days  inclusive. 


WARRANT 


670 


WASHINGTON 


4th.  Warranted  not  to  sail  with  over-net  register 
of  ore,  iron,  or  phosphate  to  or  from  any  port  in 
North  America  between  September  i  and  March  3 1 , 
both  da3rs  inclusive. 

5th.  Warranted  no  east  of  Singapore  (Java, 
Saigon,  Bangkok,  and  Australia  excepted). 

6th.  Warranted  no  Bilboa. 

7th,  Warranted  no  Straits  of  Magellan,  war 
ranted  no  Torres  Straits. 

Warrant  officers,  Naval,  rank  with  non-com- 
missioned officers  of  the  Army.  Their  rank  is  as 
follows:  Gunner,  boatswain,  carpenter — and  take 
rank  after  sub-lieutenant  and  before  midshipman. 
The  gunner  has  charge  of  the  ship's  artillery  and 
of  the  pow^der-magazin'es.  A  man  becomes  a  gunner 
by  serving  at  sea  until  he  is  a  leading  seaman,  an 
able  seaman,  or  petty  officer.  He  can  rise  to  cap- 
tain of  a  gun,  leading  torpedo  man,  or  gunnery 
instructor,  and  should  he  be  a  first-class  gun  and 
rifle  shot  may  become  captain  of  a  turret  or 
barbette. 

The  boatswain  has  charge  of  all  stores  belonging 
to  his  department.  He  is  required  to  be  on  deck 
at  such  times  as  all  hands  are  employed,  and  it  is 
his  duty  to  see  that  the  men  perform  their  duty 
in  a  thorough  and  capable  manner. 

The  carpenter  has  to  examine  and  has  charge  of 
the  ship's  hull,  magazines,  store-rooms,  and  cabins. 
His  duties  consist  of  seeing  that  the  ports  are 
secure,  that  the  pumps  are  kept  in  good  order,  as 
also  the  boats,  ladders  and  gratings.  The  caulker 
and  carp^ter's  crew  are  under  his  immediate 
orders. 

liefer  to  Naval  Education. 

Wairaniy.  In  the  law  of  contract  "  a  warranty 
is  an  express  or  implied  statement  of  something 
which  the  party  undertakes  shall  be  part  of  the 
contract,  and,  though  part  of  the  contract,  yet 
collateral  to  the  express  object  of  it."  If  a  repre- 
sentation is  of  such  importance  that  it  may  be 
said  to  go  to  the  root  of  the  contract,  it  becomes 
a  condition.  For  breach  of  warranty  an  action 
for  damages  is  maintainable ;  for  breach  of  a  con- 
dition the  contract  may  be  rescinded.  If  the  party 
entitled  to  take  advantage  of  a  breach  of  condition 
fails  to  do  so,  the  condition  sinks  to  the  level  of  a 
warranty. 

Warren,  Sir  John  Borlase  (1753-1822).  British 
naval  officer.  First  saw  service  with  Howe  (q.v,) 
and  Hardy  (q.v.)  in  North  America.  In  1794  com- 
manded at  the  capture  of  the  Pomone,  Babet,  and 
Engageante.  In  1796  he  commanded  with  his 
fleet  the  whole  Atlantic  coast  of  France,  destroying 
and  capturing  numerous  vessels,  and  two  years 
later  was  instrumental  in  annihilating  a  French 
squadron  designed  to  invade  Ireland.  He  became 
full  admiral  in  18 10,  and  retired. 

Warren,  Q^  and  Co.  See  Liverpool  and  Boston 
Line  of  Steamships. 


Warren  Line  of  Boston  Steamers.  See  Liverpool 
and  Boston  Line  of  Steamships. 

Warrior.  British  ist  class  cruiser.  (Pembroke, 
1906.) 

Length  480ft.    Beam  73ft.    Maximum  draught  27ft 
Displacement  13,550  tons. 
Guns.  Armour. 

6 — 9"2  in.,  5ocal.       "  Krupp." 
4 — 7'S  in.  6  in.  Belt. 

24 — 3  pdr.  6  in.  Barbettes. 

8  Pompoms.  6  in.  Turrets. 

Maxims  .  7  in.  Conning  tower. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
3  Submerged. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  23, 500=22*33  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 2 ,000  tons.     Approximate  cost  jj  i ,  1 50,000. 

Warrior.     British  ironclad.     Refer  to  Reed,  Sir 
Edward  James. 
Warspite.     See  Marine  Society. 

Warspite.  On  January  3,  1876,  this  vessel,  an 
old  training  ship  of  the  Marine  Society's  bcfys,  was 
burnt  on  the  Thames  l)etween  Charlton  and 
Woolwich. 

Wasa.  Swedish  coast  defence  battleship.  (Stock- 
holm, 1893.) 

Length  287ft.    Beam  49ft.    Draught  i6ift 
Displacement  3,612  tons.    Complement  250. 
Guns.  A  rtnour. 

2— 8'2  in.  "  Krupp." 

10 — 2*2  in.  7  in.  Belt  amidships. 

2 — I  '4  in.  7  in.  Barbettes. 

6 — 5*9  in.  7  in.  Turrets. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
2  Submerged. 
Hp.  6,000=16  kts.     Coal  370  tons. 

Wasa  8egeU6rening.  Established  1878.  Com- 
modore, L.  J.  Kurten  ;  Vice-Commodore,  K.  A. 
Lassenius  ;  Treasurer  and  Secretary,  Claes  lindell, 
Qub  House,  Wasa,  Finland.  Entrance  fee,  Fmj.  5 ; 
annual  subscription,  Fmj.  5. 

Wash.  The  rough  water  left  behind  by  a 
steamer,  sailing  ship,  steam  launch  or  the  like. 

Washington.  U.S.  ist  class  cruiser.  (NewY(H-k, 
1904.) 

Length  505ft.   Beam  73ft.   Maximum  draught  26ft 
Displacement  1 4, 5  00  tons.    Complement  S  58 
Guns.  Armour. 

4 — 10  in.,  40  cal.        "  Krupp." 
16 — 6  in.  5  in.  Belt. 

23 — 14  pdr.  7  in.  Barbettes. 

12 — 3  pdr.  9  in.  Turrets. 

2 — I  pdr.  9  in.  Conning  tower. 

2  Machine. 
2  Colts. 
2  Field  guns,  12  pdr. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
4  Submerged. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  23,000=22  kts.     Coal  maxi 
mum  2,000  tons. 


WASH 


671 


WATSON 


Wash-strake.  An  upper  strake,  often  attached 
by  stud  pins  to  the  gunwales  of  boats  to  keep  out 
spray  and  water. 

Wasp.  British  gun-boat.  Wrecked  off  Tory 
Island,  September  22,  1884  ;  54  lives  lost. 

Watch.  A  period  of  time  occupied  by  each  part 
of  a  ship's  crew  alternately  while  on  duty.  The 
period  is  four  hours,  the  reckoning  beginning  at  noon 
or  midnight.  The  time  between  4  and  8  p.m.  is 
divided  into  two  short  watches  of  two  hours  each, 

I 

technically  known  as  dog  watches.  From  12  noon 
to  4  p.m.  is  the  first  afternoon  watch,  from  4  p.m. 
to  6  p.m.  the  first  dog  watch,  from  6  p.m.  to  8  p.m. 
the  second  dog  watch,  from  8  p.m.  to  midnight  the 
first  night  watch,  from  midnight  to  4  a.m.  the 
middle  watch,  from  4  a.m.  to  8  a.m.  the  morning 
watch,  and  from  8  a.m.  to  noon  the  fore-noon 
watch.  The  anchor  watch  is  a  small  watch  com- 
posed of  one  or  two  men  set  to  look  after  the  ship 
while  at  anchor  or  in  port. 

Water.  H^O,  a  compound  consisting  of  two 
parts  by  weight  of  hydrogen  to  16  parts  of  oxygen. 
It  is  a  clear,  colourless,  transparent  liquid,  destitute 
of  taste  and  smell,  and  possesses  a  neutral  reaction. 

Water  borne.  Applied  to  a  ship  when  just 
floating  clear  of  the  ground,  also  to  goods  carried 
by  sea  or  river. 

Waterford  Steamship  Co.,  Ltd.,  with  their  head 
offices  at  Waterford,  own  a  fleet  of  five  steamers, 
which  maintain  a  service  between  Waterford  and 
Liverpool,  and  Waterford  and  Bristol.  A  steamer 
leaves  Waterford  for  Liverpool  and  vice  versa  three 
times  a  week ;  one  from  Waterford  for  Bristol 
and  vice  versa  twice  a  week,  one  from  Wexford  for 
Bristol  and  vice  versa  weekly. 

Fleet. 
Clodagh.  Lara.        Menapia, 

Dunbrody.  Reginald. 

Water-logged.  AppUed  to  a  ship  when  full  of 
water ;   unmanageable,  although  still  floating. 

Waterloo.  Transport  wrecked  in  Table  Bay, 
Cape  of  Good  Hope,  on  August  28,  1842  ;  out  of 
330  persons  on  board  189,  principally  convicts, 
perished. 

Waterspout  A  large  mass  of  water  collected  in 
a  vertical  column  and  moving  rapidly  along  the 
surface  of  the  sea,  joining  the  cloud  and  sea.  In 
this  phenomenon,  heat  and  electricity  seem  to  take 
an  active  part ;  but  their  cause  is  not  fully  ex- 
plained. 

Water  Wags,  Kingstown.  Established  1887.  The 
boats  are  strictly  on  design.  The  original  type  were 
1 3  ft.,  una  lugged,  centre-boarders  with  sharp  stems. 
In  1900  the  design  was  altered  to  a  boat  14  ft.  3  in. 
beam,  with  lug  and  jib,  centre-board  and  square 
stern.  Over  20  such  boats  are  now  at  Kingstown, 
and  in  the  races — which  are  held  twice  a  week 
during  the  season — as  many  as  17  boats  often  start. 
They  are  very  able  boats,  with  a  good  turn  of  speed, 


and  have  proved  an  excellent  school  for  yachtsmen. 
President,  T.  B.  Middleton ;  Captain,  J.  H.  Har- 
grave ;    Honorary  Secretary  and  Treasurer,  G.  A. 
Newsom.     Annual  subscription,  105. 

Waterway.  A  channel  along  the  side  made  of 
deck  planks  to  carry  ofl  water.  In  half-decked 
boats  they  reduce  the  danger  from  excessive 
heeling. 

Waterwitch.  British  surveying  vessel  (620  tons). 
Launched  1875.    • 

Wation,  George  Lennox  (1851-1904).  Educated 
privately  and  at  the  Glasgow  High  School.  Appren- 
ticed to  Messrs.  Robert  Napier  and  Sons,  the  well- 
known  Clyde  shipbuilders,  and  subsequently,  to 
increase  his  experience,  he  entered  the  employment 
of  Messrs.  A.  and  J.  Inglis,  of  Pointhouse,  near 
Glasgow,  and  in  conjunction  with  Dr.  John  IHglis, 
of  that  firm,  made  many  experiments  in  yacht 
designing,  especially  in  the  direction  of  outside  lead 
ballasting.  In  1873  he  started  in  Glasgow  as  a  pro- 
fessional naval  architect,  and  gradually  built  up 
the  important  business  still  carried  on  under  his 
name  in  that  city.  From  his  early  boyhood  he  was 
devoted  to  boats  and  sailing,  designing  and  person- 
ally constructing  many  interesting  experimental 
smaller  craft.  Among  the  successful  yachts 
designed  by  Watson  in  the  beginning  of  his  career 
were  the  5 -ton  cutter  Clotilda,  the  5 -ton  Vril,  and  the 
lo-ton  Madge,  The  great  success  of  the  two  latter 
vessels  led  to  the  celebrated  90-ton  cutter  Vanduara 
being  built  (of  steel)  for  Mr.  John  Clark,  of  Paisley, 
to  Watson's  design,  and  this  vessel  proved  the 
fastest  of  her  class,  especially  in  heavy  weather, 
beating  the  Formosa  (which  belonged  to  the  Prince 
of  Wales),  Cuckoo,  and  other  crack  cutters  on 
several  occasions.  Three  years  later  the  68-ton 
cutter  Marjorie  was  built  for  Mr.  James  Coats, 
who,  as  owner  of  the  Madge,  had  great  confidence 
in  the  skill  of  her  designer.  The  Marjorie  was  one 
of  the  last  boats  built  under  the  old  measurement 
rule,  but  under  the  new  regulations  Watson  was 
equally  successful.  The  Yarana,  built  in  1888, 
the  Creole  in  1890,  and  the  Queers  Mab  in  1892,  all 
proved  notable  prize-winners.  The  most  cele- 
brated yacht  designed  by  him  was  the  Britannia, 
built  for  His  Majesty  King  Edward  VII.  when 
Prince  of  Wales.  This  vessel,  one  of  the  most 
beautiful  ever  built,  won  no  fewer  than  147  prizes  out 
of  219  starts,  and  122  of  these  were  first  prizes.  In 
addition  to  these  craft,  Watson  designed  the  Meteor 
for  His  Majesty  the  German  Emperor,  the  Bona  for 
the  Due  d'Abnizzi,  the  Syharita  and  the  Kariad, 
four  large  and  successful  racing  yachts,  besides 
many  other  racing  yachts  for  owners  all  over  the 
world.  It  was  as  a  designer  of  cup  challengers,  how- 
ever, that  Watson's  name  came  most  prominently 
before  the  general  public,  and,  though  none  of  his 
vessels  was  so  fortunate  as  to  bring  the  historical 
Cup  won  by  the  America  in  1851  back  from  the 
States,  yet  they  all  proved  themselves  yachts  of  the 


WATSON 


672 


WEATHER 


highest  class,  and  worthy  competitors.     The  first 
of  his  cup  challenges  was  the  Thistle,  built  in  1887. 
The    two    Valkyries     built    for    Lord    Dunraven, 
followed  in  1893  and  1895.     ^^  Thomas  Lip  ton's 
Shamrock  II.,  of  1901,  was  the  last  of  Watson's 
cup  challengers.     Although  it  was  as  a  designer  of 
racing  craft  that  Watson  was  best  known,  he  also 
designed  a  number  of  vessels  of  other  descriptions, 
among  them  some  of  the  largest  steam  yachts  of 
the  day.     Amongst  the  latter  may  be  mentioned 
the  Lysistraia,  of  2,089  tons,  owned  by  Mr.  James 
Gordon  Bennett ;   the  Nahma,  of  i  ,806  tons,  Mrs. 
R.  Goelet ;  the  Margarita,  of  i  ,797  tons,  Mr.  Anthony 
J.    Drexel ;     the    Attnah,    of    1,746    tons.    Baron 
Edmond  de  Rothschild  ;  the  Varuna,  of  1,564  tons, 
Mr.  Eugene  Higgins ;    the  Alberta,  of  1,322  tons, 
the  King  of  the  Belgians;    the  Warrior,  of  1,226 
tons,  Mr.  Frederick  Vanderbilt ;    the  Alcedo,  1,1 11 
tons,  Mr.  George  Drexel ;   Zarnitza,  of  1,086  tons, 
owned  by  the  Grand  Duke  Michael  of  Russia ; 
the  Sapphire,  of  1,023  tons,  Duke  of  Bedford  ;  and 
the    Honor,   of   1,020  tons,   owned  by  Baron  de 
Forest.     The  number  of  vessels  for  foreign  owners 
in  this  list  is  a  proof  of  the  wide  fame  and  almost 
unique  position  that  Watson  attained  as  a  designer 
of  the  highest  class  steam  yachts.     In   1880  he 
delivered  a  lecture  on  "  Yacht-building  '*  at  the 
Naval  Exhibition  held  in  Glasgow  that  year.     He 
contributed  a  series  of  very  careful  articles  on 
yacht  designing  to  "  Land  and  Water,"  and  wrote 
for  many  other  home  and    foreign    publications 
before  his  increasing  business  demanded  all  his 
available  time.     The  chapter  in  the  Badminton 
Library  on  the  "  Evolution  of  the  Racing  Yacht " 
was  written  by  him.     He  was  elected  a  member 
of  the  Institution  of  Naval  Architects  in  1882,  but 
some  years  earlier  he  had  read  a  paper  there  on  a 
new  form  of  steering  gear,  and  he  occasionally  took 
part  in  discussions  on  papers  relating  to  yacht  and 
lifeboat  design.     As  consulting  naval  architect  to 
the  National   Lifeboat   Institution   for  nearly   20 
years  before  his  death,  he  rendered  valuable  service 
to  the  cause  of  life-saving  in  this  country. 

Wation,  Kenneth  (b.  Tynemouth.  June  24,  1879). 
Educated  Ackworth  and  Bootham.  In  1896  was 
apprenticed  to  the  North-Eastern  Marine  En- 
gineering Co.,  Ltd.,  and  in  1900  successfully  passed 
examination  and  spent  two  years  taking  a  course 
of  engineering  lectures  at  the  Armstrong  College, 
Newcastle.  He  then  went  to  sea  for  several  voyages 
to  gain  experience  in  marine  engineering,  and  on 
giving  up  active  sea  life  he  joined  the  firm  with 
whom  he  was  apprenticed,  and  holds  an  important 
position  with  them.  Member  of  the  North-East 
Coast  Institution  of  Engineers  and  Shipbuilders, 
and  chairman  of  Graduate  Section  of  that  institu- 
tion, sessions  1904-05  and  1905-06. 

Wattles.  A  kind  of  hard  small  bristles  near  the 
mouth  and  nostrils  of  certain  fish. 


Watts.  Sir  Philip,  K.C.B.,   F.BJI.,  Hon.  LLD. 

(Olas.)  Director  of  Naval  Construction,  Admiralty 
(b.  1850).  Educated  College  of  Naval  Architec- 
ture ;  Constructor  at  the  Admiralty  till  1885  ;  ^'^ 
1885  to  1 901  was  naval  architect  and  director  of 
war  shipbuilding  department  of  Sir  W.  G.  Arm< 
strong,  Whitworth  and  Co.,  Ltd. ;  succeeded  Sir 
William  Henry  White  (^.v.)*  ^  1902,  as  Director  of 
Naval  Construction. 

Waveney.  British  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Haw- 
thorn, 1903.)  Length,  220  ft. ;  beam,  23  ft ; 
draught,  10  ft.  ;  displacement,  534  tons ;  comple- 
ment, 74 ;  armament,  i  12-pdr.,  5  6-pdr.,  2  tubes; 
twin  screw  ;  Hp.,  7,000=25  kts.  ;  coal,  130  tons. 

Wayeney  Sailing  Clnb.  Established  1895.  (^0°^- 
modore.  Dr.  E.  Hewer ;  Vice-Commodore,  L.  T. 
Clarkson ;  Rear-Commodore,  R.  H.  Dobsoo ; 
Honorary  Treasurer  and  Honorary  Secretary, 
W.  Baker,  Wherry  Hotel,  Oulton  Broad.  Lowes- 
toft.    Annual  subscription,  55. 

Waveson.  Such  of  the  cargo  as  floats  on  the 
waves  after  a  shipwreck. 

Way.     Motion. 

W^ymoath,  Captain.     See  Arctic  Exploration. 

W.B.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Wijmbritseradeel,  Holland. 

W.D.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Wexford,  Ireland. 

wd.  Weed.  Abbre\dation  adopted  on  the  charts 
issued  by  the  Hydrographic  Office.  Admiralty,  de- 
noting the  quality  of  the  ocean's  bottom. 

W.DJf.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing 
boats  registered  at  Wij  denes,  Holland. 

W.E.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Ipswicli,  England. 

Wear.  British  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Palmer, 
1905.)  Length,  222  ft. ;  beam.  23^  ft.  ;  draught, 
gi  ft. ;  displacement,  600  tons ;  complement,  72 ; 
armament,  i  12-pdr.,  5  6-pdr.,  2  tubes;  twin  screw; 
Hp.,  7*500=25  kts.  ;  coal,  126  tons. 

Wear  and  tear  is  the  deterioration  of  a  vessd's 
hull  and  materials  (commonly  called  "  wear  and 
tear  ")  which  is  incidental  to  her  employment 
and  exposure  to  the  ordinary  action  of  the  elements, 
and  is  not  recoverable  as  damage  by  perils  of  the 
seas.  (Merchants  Trading  Co.  v.  Universal  Marine 
Co..  L.R.  9  Q.B.  596.) 

Wear  ship.  Running  before  the  wind  as  a  means 
of  bringing  the  wind  on  the  other  side. 

Weather.  A  general  term  for  the  atmospheric 
conditions  or  the  state  of  the  air  with  special 
reference  to  the  questions  of  cold,  heat,  pressure. 
dryness,  humidity,  presence  or  absence  of  rain, 
occurrence  of  sunshine,  or  any  other  meteorologicat 
phenomena. 


WEATHER 


673 


WEIGHTS 


Wenfber  bound.  To  detain  by  foul  or  contrary 
wind. 

Weailitt  ooiriMkHdieet.  Ropes  or  chains 
fastened  to  one  or  both  of  the  lower  comers  of  the 
crossjack  to  extend  and  retain  the  dew  down  in 
its  place.     Refer  to  Sheet. 

WeatlMr  foraeait.  A  prediction  of  coming 
weather  based  on  meteorological  observations. 

Weather  fore  Jib-sheet.  Ropes  or  chains  fastened 
to  one  or  both  of  the  comers  of  the  fore- jib  to 
extend  and  retain  the  clew  down  in  its  place. 
Refer  to  Sheet. 

Weather  forendieet.  Ropes  or  chains  fastened  to 
one  or  both  of  the  lower  comers  of  the  fore-mast 
to  extend  and  retain  the  clew  down  in  its  place. 
Refer  to  Sheet. 

Weather-gage.  Applied  when  a  vessel  is  to 
windward  of  another  vessd. 

Weather  helm.  A  ship  is  said  to  carry  a  weather 
helm  when  she  is  inclined  to  gripe,  or  come  too 
near  the  wind,  and  therefore  requires  the  helm  to 
be  kept  constantly  a  little  to  windward. 

Weathering.  The  disintegration  and  decay  of 
rocks  under  the  influence  of  the  weather. 

Weather  Jib-sheet.  Ropes  or  chains  fastened  to 
one  or  both  the  lower  comers  of  the  jib  to  extend 
and  retain  the  clew  down  in  its  place.  Refer  to 
Sheet. 

Weather  Jib  topeail-sheet.  Ropes  or  chains 
fastened  to  one  or  both  of  the  lower  comers  of  the 
jib  topsail  to  extend  and  retain  the  clew  down  in 
its  place.     Refer  to  Sheet. 

Weatherly.  Sailing  well ;  holding  a  good  wind 
and  making  but  little  leeway. 

Weather  nudn-ebeet  Ropes  or  chains  fastened 
to  one  or  both  of  the  lower  comers  of  the  main- 
mast to  extend  and  retain  the  dew  down  in  its 
place.     Refer  to  Sheet. 

WeathetHride.  That  side  of  a  ship  on  which  the 
wind  blows. 

Weather  signals.    See  Weather  Forecasts. 

Weather-tide.  Running  in  a  contrary  direction 
to  wind  blowing  ;  as  opposed  to  lee  tide. 

Webb»  Katthew  (1848-8.3).  Known  as  Captain 
Webb  (bi  Dawley,  in,  Shropshire).  He  was  in  the 
mercantile  marine,  employed  in  the  Canard  Steam- 
ship Co.,  and  his  first  great  swimming  feat,  April  23, 
1^73'  ^As  plunging  off  the  Cunarder  Russia  into  a 
heavy  sea  in  the  unsuccessful  endeavour  to  save  a 
young  sailor  who  had  fallen  overboard,  when  he 
passed  37  minutes  in  the  sea  before  the  lifeboat 
relieved  him.  He  received  the  silver  medal  from 
the  Royal  Humane  Society  of  London,  the  Stan- 
hope gold  medal,  and  ^fioo  purse  subscribed  by 
the  passengers  of  the  Russia.     In  June,  1874,  he 


swam  from  Dover  to  the  north-east  Vame  buoy 
(7i  sea  miles).  Retiring  from  the  mercantile 
marine  in  1875,  ^®  became  a  professional  swimmer, 
and  on  July  3  of  that  year  swam  from  Blackwall 
Pier  to  Gravesend  Town  Pier  on  an  ebb  tide,  a 
distance  of  18 J  miles,  in  4  hours  52  minutes,  and 
on  July  19  from  Dover  to  Ramsgate,  15  miles,  in 
8  hours  45  minutes.  On  August  12,  1875,  ^^  made* 
an  unsuccessful  attempt  to  swim  from  Dover  to 
Calais  in  the  narrowest  part  of  Dover  Straits, 
i7i  sea  miles.  He  afterwards  successfully  accom- 
plished the  feat  on  August  24-25.  after  21  hours 
44  minutes  immersion,  the  distance  swam  having 
been  as  nearly  as  possible  39J  miles.  This  swim 
has  never  been  equalled.  Numerous  attempts 
have  been  made,  all  of  which  have  been  unsuc- 
cessful. To  maiTitain  a  waning  popularity,  he 
undertook  to  swim  the  rapids  and  whirlpool  of 
Niagara,  which  foolhardy  attempt  cost  him  his 
life,  July  24,  1883. 

Weddell,  lames,  R.N.  See  Antarctic  Explora- 
tion. 

Weddel,  Tomer  and  Ck>.    See  Lion  Line. 
Wedge.    See  Ridge. 

Weed.  To  clear  the  standing  and  running  gear 
of  knots,  seizings,  and  pieces  of  oakum. 

Weekly  aooonnt  An  old  name  for  the  white 
patch  on  the  collar  of  a  midshipman's  coat. 

WeeUy  Index.    See  Lloyd's. 

Weeping.  The  oozing  of  drops  of  water  through 
the  seams  of  a  vessel's  sides  or  decks. 

WeeriL  An  insect  which  perforates  and  destro3rs 
the  woodwork,  cargo,  and  provisions  of  a  ship. 

Weft.  The  width  measurement  of  a  sail  cloth, 
as  opposed  to  the  length  measurement,  which  is 
called  the  warp. 

Weigh.    Applied  to  the  anchor,  to  heave  up. 

Weights  and  Heasnres.  Since  the  Act  of  1824, 
which  became  compulsory  on  January  i,  1826,  the 
Imperial  Statute  system  of  weights  and  measures 
has  been  in  general  use  throughout  Great  Britain 
and  her  colonies. 


60  seconds 
60  minutes 
30  degrees 
12  signs  ... 
90  degrees 
180  degrees 
360  degrees 


60  minims 

8  fluid  drachms 
20  fluid  ounces  . 

8  pints  ...         . 


Angular  Measure. 

...     =1  minute. 
=  1  degree. 
=  1  sign. 
=  1  circle. 
=  1  quadrant. 
=  1  semicircle. 
=  1  circumference. 

Apothecaries  Measure. 

=  I  fluid  drachm. 
==i  fluid  ounce. 
=  1  pint. 
...     =1  gallon. 


WEIGHTS 


674 


WEIGHTS 


20  grains 
3  scruples 
8  drachms 

12  ounces 


Apothecaries  Weight. 

=1  scruple. 

=  1  drachm. 

=1  ounce. 

=1  pound. 

Avoirdupois  Weight. 

V34375  grains «!  dram. 

16  drams =  i  ounce. 

16  ounces =1  pound. 

14  pounds s  I  stone. 

28  pounds =  I  quarter. 

4  quarters  ...  =1  hundredweight. 

20  hundredweights  =  i  ton. 

Ctibic  or  Solid  Measure. 

1,728  cubic  inches  ...  s=i  cubic  foot. 

27  cubic  feet *=  i  cubic  yard. 

108  cubic  feet =  i  stack  of  wood. 

40  cubic  feet  merchan- 
uise  ...  ... 

42  cubic  feet  of  timber 
35  cubic  feet 


4  gills 
2  pints  ... 
2  quarts  ... 
4  quarts  ... 
2  gallons 
4  pecKS  •.. 
8  bushels... 
2  bushels... 

4  bushels... 
2  coombs 

36  bushels... 

5  quarters 
2  loads    ... 

4  gills 

2  pints     ... 

4  quarts  ... 


12  inches  . 

3  feet 

5i  yards  . 
40  poles 

8  furlongs 
3  miles    . 

12  lines 
2^  inches. 
3  inches  . 

4  inches   . 
7*92  inches 

9  inches  . 
Z2  inches  . 
18  inches  . 
36  inches  . 

2\  feet 

5  feet 

6  feet 


=  I  shipping  ton. 
=•  I  shipping  ton. 
...     =1  shipping  displace- 
ment ton. 

Dry  Measure. 

pint. 

quart. 

pottle. 

gallon. 

peck. 

bushel. 

quarter. 

strike. 

coomb. 

quarter. 

chaldron. 

load. 

last. 

Liquid  Measure. 

pint. 


Long  Measure, 


quart, 
gallon. 


foot. 

yard. 

rod,  pole,  or  perch. 

furlong. 

mile. 

league. 

inch. 

nail. 

palm. 

hand. 

link. 

quarter. 

foot. 

cubit. 

yard. 

military  pace. 

pace. 

fathom. 


5i  yards 
22  yards... 
100  fathoms 
40  roods 

8  furlongs 


la  inches         

^   XCCl  •••  ...  ..• 

w  ICC V  ...  ...  ... 

120  fathoms      

1,000  fathoms      

3  nautical  miles 

20  leagues        

Nautical  mile  for  speed 
trials,  generally 
called  Admircdty 
measured  mile  ... 


=  I  rod.  pole,  or  perch. 

s=  I  chain. 
...     ss  I  cable's  length. 

s=  I  furlong. 
...     ^i  mile. 

Nautical  Measure. 

...     =  I  foot* 

=1  yard. 

a:  I  fathom. 

=  r  cable's  length. 

=  t  nautical  mile. 

...     =1  league. 

...     =1  degree  of  meridian 


=6,080  feet. 
=  1,853  metres. 


1151  statute  miles 

Square  or  Land  Measure. 
144  square  inches  ...     =1  square  foot. 


9  square  feet    ., 
30J  square  yards 
16  rods    ... 
40  rods    ... 
4  roods... 

30  acres 

100  acres 

640  acres 


60  seconds 
60  minutes 

24  hours 

23h.  56m.  4s. 

7  days   ... 

25  days   

2S.  29,  30,  or  31  days 
12  calendar  months 

365  J  days 

366  days   ... 
365d.  5h.  48m.  46s. 


4  grams 

6  carats.  24  grains 
20  pennyweights 
12  ounces 
25  pounds 
100  pounds 
20  hundredweights 


=  I  square  yard. 

=  1  rod.  pole,  or  perch. 

=s  I  chain. 

=  1  rood. 
...  =1  acre. 
...     =  I  yard  of  land. 

=  1  hide. 
...     =1  square  mile. 

Time  Measure. 

=  1  minute. 
...     =1  hour. 
...     =1  day. 
...     =  I  sidereal  day. 

=  I  lunar  month. 

=  1  calendar  month. 
..     =1  year. 

=  1  common  year. 
...     =1  leap  year. 
...     =  I  tropical  year. 

Troy  Weight. 

=  1  carat. 

=  1  pennyweight. 

=  1  ounce. 
..     =1  pound. 

=  1  quarter. 

=  I  hundredweight. 
..     =1  ton. 


The  Metrical  system  of  weights  is  used  in  Bel- 
gium, France.  Germany.  Italy.  Portugal,  Spain. 
Sweden,  Norway,  and  other  countries. 

Measure  of  Length. 
10  millimetres      =t  centimetre. 


10  centimetres 
10  decimetres 
10  metres  ... 
10  dekametres 
10  hectometres 
10  kilometres 


=  1  decimetre. 
=  t  metre. 
=  1  dekametre. 
=  1  hectometre. 
=  1  kilometre. 
=  1  m3rriametre. 


Long  distances  are  reckoned  in  kilometres. 


WEIGHTS 


6.75 


WEIGHTS 


Measure  of  Surface. 
lo  centiares  ...       *...     =i  declare. 

I  o  declares  ^^i  are. 

I  o  ares      =i  dekare. 

lo  dekares  =si  hectare. 

The  are=  loo  square  metres. 

Measure  of  Volume. 
(Cubic  Measure.) 

lodedsteres        =1  stere. 

losteres aidekastere. 

The  stere=  i  cubic  metre. 

Measure  of  Capacity . 

lo  millilitres         =i  centilitre. 

I  o  centilitres        =i  decilitre. 

I  o  decilitres  =i  litre. 

I  o  litres =i  dekalitre. 

I o  dekalitres        ...         ...     =i  hectolitre. 

I  o  hectolitres       =i  kilolitre. 

I  kilolitre  =  I  cubic  metre  =i  stere. 


lo  milligrams 
lo  centigrams 
lo  decigrams 
lo  grammes 
lo  dekagrams 
lo  hectograms 


Weight. 


=  I  centigram. 
=  I  decigram. 
=  I  gramme. 
=  I  dekagram. 
=3 1  hectogram. 
3si  kilogram. 
=  I  myriagram. 


lo  kilograms        

Equivalent  of  Imperial  Weights  and  Measures 
in  Metric  system  : 

Apothecaries  Measure, 

I  minim =0*059  millilitre. 

I  fluid  scruple      =  i '  1 84  millilitres. 

I  fluid  drachm  (60  minims)  »  3*552      „ 

I  fluid  ounce  (8  drachms)  =2*84123  centilitres. 

I  pint        ==0*568  litre. 

I  gall.  (8  pints  or  160  fluid 

ounces) ...  =  4*5459631  litres. 

Apothecaries  Weight, 

I  grain      ^0*0648  gramme. 

I  scruple  (20  grains)       ...  =1*296  grammes. 

I  drachm  (3  scruples)     ...  =3*888 

I  ounce  (8  drachms)       ...  =31*1035     „ 

Avoirdupois  Weight. 

I  grain      =  0*0648  gramme. 

I  dram      =   i  *773  grammes. 

I  ounce  (16  drams)         ...  =28*350      ,, 
I  pound  (16  ounces  or  7,000 

grains) =  0*45359243  kilogr. 

I  stone  (14  lb.)     =  6*350  kilograms. 

I  quarter  (28  lb.) =12*70        „ 

I  hundredweight  (cwt.,  __/ 50*80        „ 

112  lb.)  ""X  0*5080  quintal. 

.  .       ,  ^.  /  1*0160  tonnes  or 

I  ton  (20  cwt.)     =-<  ^  ,  ., 

'  ^  1016  kilograms 

Capacity  Measures. 
=  I  *42  decilitres. 


I  gUl  

I  pint  (4  gills) 

I  quart  (2  pints)  ... 


gall.  (4  quarts) 
peck  (2  galls.)   ... 
bushel  (8  galls.) 
quarter  (8  bushels) 


=4*5459631  litres. 
=  9*092  litres. 
=  3*637  dekalitres. 
=  2*909  hectolitres. 


Cubic  Measure. 

cutncinch         =  16*387  c.  centimetres 

cubic  foot  (1,728  c.  ins.)       =  0*028317  c.  metre, 
cubic  yard  (27  c.  feet)  ...     =  0*764553  c.  metre. 

Linear  Measure. 
=25*400  millimetre. 


inch        ... 
foot  (12  ins.)     ... 
yard  (3  ft.) 
fathom  (6  ft.)    ... 
pole  [si  yards) 
chain  (22  yds.) 
furlong  (220  yds.) 
mile  (8  furlong^) 


square  inch 

sq.  foot  (144  sq.  ins.) 

sq.  yard  (9  sq.  ft.) 
perch  (3oJ  sq.  yds.) 
rood  (40  prchs.) 
acre  (4,840  sq.  yds.) 
sq.  mile  (640  acres) 


.     =  0*30480  metre. 

=  0*914399  metre. 

=   1*8288  metres. 
.     =   5*0292       „ 
.     =20*1168 
.     =201*168 
.     =     1*6093  kilometres. 

Square  Measure. 

=     6*4516   sq.    centi« 

metres. 

.     =     9*2903    sq.     deci- 
metres. 

.      =     0*836126  sq.mtre. 

.     =  25*293  sq.  metres. 

.     =   10*117  ares. 

.     =     0*40458  hectare. 

.     =259*00  hectares. 

Troy  Weight. 

grain      =  0*0648  gramme. 

pennyweight  (24  grains)      =   1*5552  grammes. 
Troy  ounce  (20  penny- 
weights)       =31035 

Equivalent  of  Metric  Weights  and  Measures  in 
Imperial  system : 

Capacity  Measure. 

I  centilitre  =0*070     gill. 

I  decilitre  =0*176     pint. 

X  Utre        =1*75980  pints. 

I  dekalitre  =2*200      gallons. 

1  hectolitre  =2*75        busheK 

Cubic  Measure. 
I  cubic  centimetre  ...     =  o'o6 1  u  cubic  in . 

I  cubic    decimetre     (c.d.) 

( 1 ,000  cub.  centimetres)      =61  *o24  cubic  ins. 
I  cub.  metre  (1,000  cub. 

decimetres)       =35*3148  cub.  ft. 

1*307954  cub.  yds. 

Linear  Measure. 
I     millimetre    (mm.)     (i- 

i,oooth  m.)       = 

I  centimr.  (i-iooth  m.)  ...     = 
I  decimetre  (i-ioth  m.)  ...     = 


=  0*568  litre. 
=  1*136  litres. 


1  metre  (m.) 

I  decametre  (10  m.) 
I  hectometre  (100  m.) 
\  kilometre  (1,000  m.) 


0*3937      in. 

3*937  inches. 
'39*370113  inches. 

3*280843  feet. 

1*0936143  yards. 
=   10*936  yards. 
=  109*36       „ 

=     0*62137  n^i^<-*- 

z2 


WEISSENBURG 


676 


WEST 


i960  sq.  yds. 


SqtMre  Measure. 
I  square  centimetre        ...     =     o* 1 5 500  sq.  in. 
z  sq.  decimetre  (100  sq. 

centimetres)     =   15*500  sq.  inches. 

I  sq.  metre  (100  sq.  ded-     _^  (107639  sq.  feet. 

metres) ^1         I'lc 

I  are  (100  sq.  metres)-    ...     «ii9-6o     „ 
I  hectare  (100  ares  or  10,000 

sq.  metres)       =     2*471 1  acres. 

Weight. 
(Avoirdupois.) 
I  milligram  (i-i, 000th  grm.)=     0*015  grain. 
I  centigram  (i-iooth  grm.)    = 
I  decigram  (i -10th  grm.)        = 
I  granune  (i  grm.)  ...     = 

I  dekagram  (lo  grm.)     ...     = 
I  hectogram  (100  grm.)  ...     = 


0*154      » 
I '543  grains. 

i5'432       ., 
5*644  drams. 

3527  oz. 


I  kilogram  (1,000  grm.) 

1  myriagram  (10  kilog.) 
I  quintal  (100  kilog.) 
I  tonne  (1,000  kilog.) 


_  I  2*20462  lb.  or 

""  1  15432*3564  grains. 
=  22*046  lb. 
=     1*968  cwt. 
=     0*9842  ton. 


(Troy.) 


I  gramme  (i  grm ) 


^  (  0*03215  oz.  troy. 
""  115*432  grains. 


I  gramme  (i  grm.) 


(Apothecaries.) 

^  0*2572  drachm. 
0*7716  scruple. 
1,15*432  grains. 


Welnenbnrg.    German  ist  class  battleship  (1891). 
Length  380ft.   Beam  64ft.   Maximum  draught  26ft. 
Displacement  10,060  tons.     Complement  568. 
Guns.  Armour. 

4 — II  in.  "Compound." 

2 — II  in.  15  in.  Belt. 

8 — 4*1  in.  12  in.  Barbettes. 

8—151  P<ir.  5  in.  Turrets. 

2 — I  pdr.  12  in.  Conning  tower* 

4  Machine. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
2  Submerged. 
I  Above  water  stern. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  forced  10,000=17  kts.     Coal 
maximum  1,050  tons.     Approximate  cost  ;j75o,ooo. 

Welch,  John  Jofeph  (b.  Chatham,  November  9, 
1 86 1 ) .  Professor  of  Naval  Architecture,  Armstrong 
College,  Newcastle-on-Tyne  (in  the  University  of 
Durham).  British  naval  architect.  Served  ap- 
prenticeship in  Chatham  Dockyard,  and  in  1881 
took  first  place  in  the  scholarship  competition, 
open  to  all  apprentices,  for  entry  into  the  Royal 
Naval  College,  Greenwich ;  passing  out  three  years 
later  at  the  head  of  all  students  leaving  the  college 
in  that  year,  he  took  up  the  position  of  assistant 
constructor  at  Chatham  Dockyard.  In  1886  he 
was  appointed  junior  instructor  in  naval  architec- 
ture at  the  Royal  Naval  College,  and  retained  this 
post  until  1890,  when  he  succeeded  to  the  position 
of  senior  lecturer,  which  office  he  held  until  1894. 


In  1890  he  joined  the  stafi  of  the  Director  of  Naval 
Construction  at  the  Admiralty,  and  was  employed 
on  responsible  work  in  connection  with  ship  design. 
In  1895  ^^  ^^  appointed  an  inspector  of  contract 
work  to  supervise  the  building  by  private  firms 
of  the  hulls  of  torpedo-boat  destroyers,  and  to  see 
that  the  conditions  of  the  contract  were  carried 
out.  In  1899  he  became  manager  of  the  ship- 
building department  of  Messrs.  Laird  Brothers, 
now  Messrs.  Canomell,  Laird  and  Co.,  relinquishing 
this  post  in  1907  to  become  the  first  occupant  of 
the  newly-created  chair  of  naval  architecture 
Armstrong  College,  Newcastle-on-Tyne.  He  is  a 
member  of  the  Institution  of  Civil  Engineers  and 
of  the  Institution  of  Naval  Architects. 

Publication  :  "  Text-Book  of  Naval  Architecture 
for  use  of  Officers  of  the  Royal  Navy." 

WelL  A  bulkhead  in  the  middle  of  a  sh^'s  hold 
protecting  the  pumps  from  damage. 

Wenand.  British  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Yar- 
row, 1903.)  Length,  225  ft. ;  beam,  23  ft. ;  draught, 
10  ft.  ;  displacement,  550  tons;  complement,  70; 
armament,  i  12-pdr.,  5  6-pdr.,  2  tubes;  twin 
screw  ;  Hp.,  7,500  =  26  kts. ;  coal,  120  tons. 

Welsford  and  Go.,  J.  H..    See  Gulf  Transport  Line. 

Welah  Taoht  dab,  BoyaL  See  Royal  Welsh 
Yacht  Club. 

Wending.  Bringing  the  ship's  head  to  an  oppo- 
site course. 

Wendnr.  British  four-masted  ship,  2,046  gross 
tons.  This  vessel  accomplished  a  most  remarkable 
passage  from'  Newcastle,  New  South  Wales,  to 
Valparaiso,  taking  only  29  days. 

Wenile.  An  obsolete  term  signifying  to  roll 
over. 

Wetteott  and  Lanranoe  Line.  Purchased  in  1866 
by  Messrs.  Westcott  and  Housden,  who  subsequently 
changed  the  name  to  Westcott  and  Laurance.  In 
December,  1901,  the  fleet  and  business  was  acquired 
by  the  Ellerman  Lines,  Ltd.  (q.v.). 

Weipe.  German  gun-boat.  (Bremen,  1881.) 
Length  154ft.  Beam  36ft  Draught  lojft. 
Displacement  1,091  tons.    Complement  76. 

Guns.  Armour. 

I— 12  in.  "Steel." 

2 — 3*3  in.  8  in.  Belt  amidships. 

2  Maxims.  8  in.  Turrets. 

8  in.  Barbettes. 
Torpedo  Tubes. 
2  Above  water. 
Hp.  759=  10  kts.     Coal  40  tons. 

West.  6ne  of  the  four  cardinal  points  exactly 
opposite  to  the  east.  A  point  towards  the  sunset 
midway  between  the  north  and  south  poles  of  the 
heavens. 

West  Anstralian  Steam  Nayigatton  Do.,  managed 
by  Messrs.  Bethell,  Gwyn  and  Co.,  was  founded  in 
1882,*  when  the  stumer  Natal  commenced  a 


WESTCLIFF 


677 


WETTIN 


vice  between  Fremantle  and  the  various  ports  of 
Western  Australia  to  the  north.  The  company, 
in  conjunction  with  the  Ocean  Steam  Navigation 
Gj.,  now  own  five  modern  steamers,  and  a  fort- 
nightly service  is  maintained  from  Fremantle  to 
Singapore,  and  vice  versa.  These  steamers  form  a 
connecting  link  between  West  Australian  ports  and 
the  principal  ports  of  the  world,  passengers  and 
cargo  transhipping  at  Singapore. 

Fleet. 
Charon.  Minilya.  NataL 

Paroo,  Sultan. 

Westdiff  Tadht  Olab.  Established  1900.  Com- 
modore, H.  C.  Ewer ;  Vice*Commodore,  W.  Kirk- 
ham  ;  Rear-Commodore,  W.  A.  Conlson ;  Honorary 
Treasurer,  H.  W.  Coats  ;  Honorary  Secretary,  Fred. 
J.  Klein,  "  Bedford."  Ronald  Park  Avenue.  West- 
cliff-on-Sea,  Essex.  Entrance  fee.  25.  6d.  \  annual 
subscription,  ^s. 


Western  of  England  Tacht  dab,  BoyaL 

Royal  Western  of  England  Yacht  Club. 


See 


Western  (Soofland)  Yacht  Clnb,  Boyal.  See  Royal 
Western  (Scotland)  Yacht  Club. 

Western  Transit  Co.,  with  which  is  amalgamated 
the  New  York  Central  and  Hudson  River  Railway 
Co.,  with  their  head  of&ces  at  Halifax.  New  York, 
have  a  fleet  of  14  modern  cargo  steamers  ranging 
from  1,500  to  5,000  tons  trading  on  the  Great 
Lakes. 

Fleet. 

Duluth, 

Milwaukee, 

Mohawk, 

Rome, 


Auburn. 

Boston. 

Buffalo. 

Chicago. 

Commodore. 


Superior. 

Syracuse. 

Troy. 

Utica. 

Yonkers. 


Gross  tonnage,  40.000. 

West  India  and  Paciflo  line.    See  X^yland  Line. 

West  India  HaiL     See  Imperial  Direct  Service. 

West  Lancashire  Yacbt  Clab.  Established  1895. 
Commodore,  W.  D.  Coddington ;  Vice-Commodore, 
T.  6.  Rowe ;  Rear-Commodore,  W.  A.  Hooton ; 
Honorary  Treasurer,  W.  G.  White ;  Honorary 
Secretary,  H.  W.  Hatch,  171  Lord  Street,  South- 
port,  Lanes.  '  Entrance  fee,  £1  is.  ;  annual  sub- 
scription, £j  lis.  6d. 

Westollt  James,  has  a  fleet  of  38  vessels  engaged 
in  the  different  carrying  trades  of  the  world,  and 
under  contracts  with  nearly  all  the  European 
Governments.  The  firm  was  started  in  1851.  since 
which  time  they  have  owned  steam  and  sailing 
tonnage  amounting  to  nearly  2,000,000  tons  of 
shipping.  The  first  steamer  was  built  in  1864, 
with  ti  dead  weight  capacity  of  1,100  tons,  the 
fleet  now  comprising  vessels  varying  from  1,200  to 
7,050  tons.  The  firm  specialise  in  tonnage  so  that 
the  requirements  of  any  class  of  charterers  can  be 


supplied,  from  a  transport  to 
The  head  ofiice  of  the  firm  is 

Fleet. 

Abana. 

Aldworth. 

Ambient, 

Beneficent, 

Birch. 

Britannia. 

Cogent. 

Coniscliffe. 

Consent. 

Diligent. 

F.  D.  Lambert. 

George  Allen. 

George  Royle. 

Gerent. 

Gladys  Royle. 

J.  M.  Smith. 

J.  Y.  Short. 

James  Cameron. 

James  Westoll. 

Gross  tonnage. 


a  Government  collier, 
in  Sunderland. 

John  Fothergill. 
Joseph  Davis. 
Lavinia  Westoll. 
Lizzie  Westoll. 
Lucent. 

Magnus  Mail. 
Mary  Ada  Short. 
Munificent. 
Newent. 
Regent. 

Robert  Adamson. 
Robert  EggUton. 
Loker. 
Salient. 

T.  R.  Thompson. 
Virent. 
Westbum. 
William  Adamson. 
William  Middleton. 
75,000. 


West  Qoaf  Begatta  Ohlb»  Southampton.  Estab- 
lished 1866,  but  there  was  a  club  of  that  name  in 
existence  many  years  prior  to  that  date,  and  this 
club  is  known  as  the  "father"  of  the  "Royal 
Southampton  Yacht  Club."  The  present  club  con- 
ducts the  annual  Southampton  town  regatta,  and 
has  a  membership  of  just  over  200.  Burgee  :  Blue, 
bearing  a  white  St.  Andrew's  Cross,  with  the  South- 
ampton shield  in  centre.  Commodore,  T.  Cham- 
berlayne ;  Vice-Commodore.  Myles  B.  Kennedy ; 
Rear-Commodore,  A.  Jones  ;  Honorary  Treasurer, 
J.  Pickett ;  Honorary  Secretary,  C.  Thompson. 
Annual  subscription,  los.  6d. 

West  Virginia.    U.S.  ist  class  cruiser.    (Newport 
News,  1903.) 
Length  502ft.   Beam  70ft.  Maximum  draught  27ft. 

Displacement  13,400  tons.     Complement  822. 


Guns. 

4 — 8  in.,  45  cal. 
14- — 6  in. 
18 — 14  pdr. 
12 — 3  pdr. 

8 — I  pdr. 

8  Colts. 


Armour. 
"  Krupp." 

6  in.  Belt  amidships. 
6  in.  Turrets. 
9  in.  Conning  tower. 


2  Field  guns,  3  in. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
2  Submerged. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  23,000  =  22  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 2,000  tons.     Approximate  cost  ;£  1,200,000. 

Wet.     Damage   done   by  water   for   which   the 
owners  of  the  vessel  are  liable. 

Wettin.    German    ist    class    battleship.     (Schi- 
chau,  1 901.) 

Length  416ft.   Beam  67ft.   Maximum  draught  28ft. 
Displacement  1 1,830  tons.     Complement  650. 


W.F. 


678 


WHITE 


Guns. 

4— -9"4  in. 
18— 6iji. 
12— isipdr. 
12 — I  pdr. 

8  Machine. 


Armour, 
"  Krupp." 
9  in.  Belt. 
10  in.  Barbettes. 
10  in.  Turrets. 
10  in.  Conning  tower. 


Torpedo  Tubes. 
5  Submerged  bow  and  broadside. 
I  Above  water  stem. 
Three  screws.     Hp.  15,000=18  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 1,500  tons.     Approximate  cost  ;f  1,100,000. 

W.F.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Wervershoof,  Holland. 

W.F.D.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing 
boats  registered  at  Wolfaartsdyk,  Holland. 

W.H.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Weymouth,  England. 

Whale.     See  Royal  Fish. 

Whale  Ldand.    See  Naval  Establishments. 

Whaler.  A  vessel  or  person  employed  in  the 
whale  fisheries. 

Wharf.  An  erection  of  wood  or  stone  for  the 
convenience  of  loading  and  unloading  merchant 
vessels. 

Wheel.  General  name  for  the  helm  which  works 
the  tiller  and  rudder. 

WheeUng.  U.S.  gun-boat.  (San  Francisco,  1897.) 
Length,  174  ft.  ;  beam,  34  ft.  ;  draught,  12 J  ft.  ; 
displacement,  1,000  tons;  complement,  140;  arma- 
ment, 6  4-in.,  4  6-in.,  2  i-pdr. ;  Hp.,  i,o8o=  12 kts. ; 
coal,  226  tons. 

Wheft  A  long  strip  of  bunting  used  at  the  mast- 
head as  an  aid  to  steering,  or  as  a  signal. 

Whelpe.  The  projecting  brackets  which  surcound 
the  barrel  or  main  body  of  the  capstan-like  but- 
tresses, enabling  the  cable  to  get  a  good  bite. 

Wherry.  A  light  river  boat  used  in  harbours 
for  river  and  passenger  traffic. 

Whiffler.  Obsolete  term  for  fifer;  a  term  of 
derision. 

Whipper.  Local  term  in  use  on  the  River  Thames 
for  a  man  who  unloads  coal  into  lighters. 

Whipping.  Spun  yam  saturated  with  tar  and 
formed  into  a  string  for  whipping  or  protecting  the 
ends  of  ropes. 

Whipple.  U.S.  torpedo-boat  destroyer  (1900). 
Displacement,  433  tons ;  guns,  2  14-pdr.,  5  6-pdr.  ; 
torpedo  tubes,  2  i8-in. ;  Hp.,  8,300=30  kts. 

WhirL    Obsolete  term  for  a  rope  winch. 

Whirlpool  is  an  eddy  or  vortex  in  running  water 
caused  by  the  meeting  of  two  or  more  currents 
inducipg  a  whirling  motion,  which  attracts  and 
engulfs  floating  objects.  They  take  place  more  or 
less  in  all  rivers,  and  in  every  tide  race  of  the  sea, 
the  depth,  diameter,  and  velocity  depending  on 
accidental  causes. 


Charybdis,  a  whirlpool  famous  in  classical  litera- 
ture, is  situated  in  the  Straits  of  Messina ;  this  was 
iV>thing  more  than  a  current  which  became  danger- 
ously strong  under  certain  conditions  of  wind  and 
tide. 

Saltenstrom,  the  whirlpool  of  Salten  Fjord,  on  the 
north-west  coast  of  Norway,  is  known  as  one  of  the 
most  violent  tidal  currents  of  the  world.  It  runs 
with  a  velocity  of  seven  nules  an  hour  with  an 
irregular  sea-bed  rising  abruptly  from  200  fathoms 
seaward  of  Mosken  to  20  fathoms  in  the  Channel 
and  Fjord,  which  gives  it  a  character  very  similar 
to  that  of  the  Straits  of  Messina. 

In  the  Faroe  Islands  several  dangerous  tide  races 
exist,  in  which  there  are  whirlpools,  the  worst  two 
being  the  Quaeme  ofE  Sand  Island,  and  one  round 
the  rock  of  Sumboe-musk  off  Suder  Island. 

The  Shetland  and  Orkney  Islands  are  traversed 
by  a  system  of  formidable  tide  waves  frequently 
forming  whirlpools.  The  channel  of  Jora  Sound 
in  the  Hebrides  contains  a  whirlpool  resembling 
that  of  Mosken  and  Messina.  Full  and  trust- 
worthy details  of  the  actual  state  and  dangers  of 
whirlpools  will  be  found  in  the  Sailing  Directions 
for  Coast  Pilots  of  the  British  Admiralty  for  the 
various  seas. 

WhirlvrincL  A  small,  local  cyclonic  whirl  in  which 
there  is  a  very  strong  upward  motion  of  the  air. 

Wlriekers.  Projections  from  the  cat-head  on 
which  the  jib  guys  are  spread. 

Whistle.  A  small  instrument  used  for  signalling 
by  the  boatswain. 

White,  Alfred  Reaiiois.  Educated  Belfast, 
and  served  his  apprepticeship  with  Messrs.  Har- 
land  and  Wolff.  In  1889  he  became  draughts- 
man with  Messrs.  Gourlay  Brothers,  Dundee,  and 
in  1890  left  this  firm  to  go  to  aea  to  gain  experience 
in  marine  engineering.  In  1892  went  to  Australia, 
and  was  employed  by  the  New  South  Walae  Govern- 
ment until  1895.  O^  ^  return  to  England  in 
1896  he  joined  the  firm  of  Messrs.  Babcock  and 
Wilcox,  London,  with  whom  he  waa  associated 
daring  the  period  of  the  introduction  of  their 
boilers  for  marine  purposes,  and  had  charge  of  their 
marine  department.  In  1897  he  became  supoin- 
tendent  engineer  to  Messrs.  Wilson,  Sons  and  Ca, 
Hull,  and  after  four  years  with  this  firm  he  went  to 
Japan  as  technical  adviser  to  the  Nippon  Ynaen 
Kaisha,  and  under  his  supervision  10  vessels  have 
been  added  to  the  fleet  of  this  company,  aggregating 
over  40,000  tons.  Member  of  the  Institution  of 
Naval  Architects  and  of  the  Institution  of  Mechani- 
cal Engineers. 

White,  Sir  William  Henrj  (b.  Devonport.  Feb- 
ruary 2,  1845).  British  naval  architect.  K.CB., 
or.  1895,  F.R.S.  (Lond.  and  Edin.),  TX.D..  D.Sc 
After  serving  his  apprenticeship  in  the  Devonport 
Dockyard  he  took  first  place  in  the  scholarship 
competition  at  the  Royal  School  of  Naval  Azchitec- 


WHITEHEAD 


679 


WHITE 


ture  in  1864,  and  three  years  later  he  gained  his 
diploma  as  Fellow  of  the  school  with  first-class 
honours.  From  1867  to  1873  he  was  in  the  con- 
structive department  of  the  Admiralty,  com- 
mencing as  confidential  assistant  to  the  then  chief 
constructor.  Sir  Edward  Reed,  untfl  the  latter's 
retirement  in  1870.  The  inquiry  into  designs  for 
ships  of  war,  which  followed  the  loss  of  the  Captain 
{q,v,),  resulted  in  an  important  series  of  calcula- 
tions as  to  the  stability  of  vessels,  the  results  of 
which  were  published  in  a  paper  contributed  by 
the  late  Mr.  W.  John  and  himself  in  1871  to  the 
Institution  of  Naval  Architects.  His  lectures  as 
professor  at  the  Royal  School  of  Naval  Architec- 
ture from  1870  to  1873,  and  subsequently  from  its 
incorporation  with  the  Royal  Naval  College  at 
Greenwich  until  1881,  formed  the  nucleus  of  his 
"  Manual  of  Naval  Architecture,"  which  has  been 
translated  into  several  foreign  languages,  and  enjoys 
a  world-wide  reputation  as  a  standard  text-book. 
Having  risen  to  Chief  Constructor  of  the  Navy  in 
188 1,  he  held  that  post  for  two  years,  when,  at  the 
invitation  of  Sir  W.  G.  (afterwards  Lord)  Arm- 
strong (^.t;.),  he  left  the  service  of  the  Admiralty 
to  organise  and  direct  the  warship  building  depart- 
ment of  Messrs.  Armstrong  and  Co.,  of  Elswick. 
In  October,  1885,  he  succeeded  Sir  Nathaniel 
Bamaby  (g.v.)  as  Director  of  Naval  Construction, 
and  was  (in  1886)  appointed  also  Assistant  Con- 
troller of  the  Royal  Navy,  holding  these  posts  until 
his  resignation  in  consequence  of  ill-health  in 
February,  1902.  During  this  period  he  was  re- 
sponsible for  the  designing  of  all  H.M.  ships, 
amounting  to  about  250  vessels  of  various  types, 
the  aggregate  cost  of  which  was  about  ;^  100,000,000 
sterling.  In  recognition  of*  his  exceptional  services 
he  was  awarded  a  special  grant  of  money  by  vote 
of  Parliament. 

Publications :  "A  Manual  of  Naval  Architec- 
ture," "  A  Treatise  on  Shipbuilding,"  numerous 
papers  published  in  the  Transactions  of  the  Insti- 
tutions of  Naval  Architects,  Civil  Engineers, 
Mechanical  Engineers,  and  Iron  and  Steel  Institute. 

Whitehead,  Boberi  (1823-1905).  English  en- 
gineer and  inventor  (b.  Lancashire).  Began  busi- 
ness in  Milan,  and  in  1848  went  to  Trieste,  finally 
settling  in  Fiunjie.  In  1886  he  invented  his  first 
torpedo,  which  was  two  years  later  adopted  in  the 
Austrian  Navy.  The  British  Admiralty  adopted 
his  invention  in  1871,  and  to-day  the  Whitehead 
is  now  among  the  foremost  torpedoes  in  the  navies 
of  the  world.  When  first  invented,  the  range  was 
about  600  yards,  with  a  speed  of  8  kts. ;  it  is  now 
effective  at  a  range  of  4,000  yards,  and  can  travel 
at  the  rate  of  36  kts.  Numerous  improvements 
and  additions  have  been  added  from  time  to  time, 
the  latest  being  the  heater  designed  by  Sir  W.  G. 
Armstrong,  Whitworth  and  Co.,  Ltd.,  which  was 
tested J[at  the  beginning  of  1907  at  the  torpedo 
range  of -Messrs.  Whitehead,  Weymouth.  Refer  to 
Torpedo. 


White  Sea  of  the  Arctic  Ocean  is  an  enclosed 
sea,  having  its  communication  with  the  ocean 
restricted  to  one  opening.  It  has  an  area  of  36,500 
square  miles,  and  its  length  from  N.W.  to  S.E. 
is  about  300  miles.  It  is  of  importance  chiefly  on 
account  of  its  fisheries.  Between  the  months  of 
October  and  May  the  sea  is  frozen  over. 

White  iqiuUl.  A  sudden  squall  of  wind  which 
only  becomes  visible  through  the  commotion  on 
the  sea  surface,  which  is  lashed  up  into  white 
spoon  drift. 

White  Star  Line.  Though  chiefly  known  in  the 
Atlantic  trade,  the  White  Star  flag  was  first  hoisted 
over  a  fleet  of  Australian  clippers  during  the  middle 
of  the  last  century.  In  1867  Mr.  Thomas  Ismay 
took  over  the  flag,  and  he  and  his  firm,  Messrs. 
Ismay,  Imrie  and  Co.,  founded  in  1869  the  Oceanic 
Steam  Navigation  Co.,  better  known  as  the  White 
Star  Line,  and  began  a  service  of  high-class  pas- 
senger and  mail  steamers  between  Liverpool  and 
New  York.  Events  have  moved  rapidly  in  the 
history  of  this  company;  beginning  with  the 
Oceanic  (a  vessel  of  3,807  tons,  430  ft.  long),  which 
made  her  maiden  voyage  to  New  York  in  March, 
1 87 1,  they  now  have  a  fleet  of  30  steamers,  aggre- 
gating over  350,000  tons,  with  an  average  tonnage 
per  steamer  greater  than  that  of  any  other  com- 
pany. They  own  three  of  the  largest  vessels 
afloat — the  Baltic  (24,000  tons),  the  Cedric  and 
Celtic  (21,000  tons) — and  the  famous  Oceanic  (17,274 
tons).  The  fleet  comprises  in  addition  to  these 
no  fewer  than  18  vessels  each  over  10,000  tons 
gross  register.  The  company  has  been  under  con- 
tract for  the  carriage  of  mails  since  1877,  ^^d  ui 
that  year  held  a  record  for  the  Atlantic  with  the 
Britannic,  which  succeeded  in  reducing  the  previous 
best  Atlantic  passage  by  three  hours,  her  time 
being  7  days  10  hours  50  minutes.  In  1889-90  the 
Teutonic  and  the  Majestic  were  built,  and  were  the 
first  merchant  ships  constructed  with  a  view  of 
their  being  used  as  auxiliary  cruisers  in  time  of 
war.  In  1899  the  Oceanic,  then  the  largest  ship 
afloat,  was  launched  from  Messrs.  Harland  and 
Wolfl's  yard  at  Belfast,  and  made  her  maiden 
voyage  September  6.  1899.  With  the  advent  of 
the  Celtic  II.  (20,904  tons),  which  sailed  from 
Liverpool  for  New  York  on  her  maiden  voyage 
July  6.  1 90 1,  the  company  possessed  the  largest 
steamship  in  the  world ;  but  she  has  been  sur-. 
passed  in  size  by  the  Cedric  (21,035  tons),  to  be 
in  her  turn  eclipsed  by  the  Baltic,  with  a  length 
of  725  ft.  9  ins.,  the  longest  ship  afloat,  and  having 
accommodation  for  nearly  3.000  passengers,  besides 
quarters  for  a  crew  of  350  ;  and,  finally,  the  Adriatic, 
a  vessel  of  24,000  tons,  which  sailed  on  her  maiden 
voyage  June  5,  1907.  Since  June,  1907,  the  Wed- 
nesday Royal  United  States  Mail  Service  has  sailed 
from  Southampton  instead  of  Liverpool.  This 
change  was  made  to  enable  travellers  to  embark 
and  disembark  at  either  a  Continental  or  British 


1 


WHITE 


680 


WHITWORTH 


port.  The  steamers  leave  Southampton  every 
Wednesday  morning,  calling  at  Cherbourg  the  same 
afternoon,  and  then  proceed  to  Queenstown  to 
take  the  mails  on  board.  Homeward  bound 
steamers  leave  New  York  every  Wednesday  and 
steam  direct  to  Plymouth,  where  mails  and  pas- 
sengers are  landed ;  from  thence  to  Cherbourg,  and 
end  the  voyage  at  Southampton.  In  addition  to 
the  mail  and  passenger  services  and  the  cargo  ser- 
vices to  New  York  and  Boston,  a  most  popular 
branch  of  the  line  is  the  Australian  service,  by 
which  one  class  of  passenger  only  is  taken. 
The  five  twin-screw  steamex^  on  the  run 
are  each  of  12,000  tons  gross  register,  and  thus 
the  largest  in  the  trade  despatched  from  the 
United  Kingdom.  They  leave  Liverpool  every 
four  weeks  for  Albany,  Adelaide,  Melbourne,  and 
Sydney,  calling  at  Cape  Town  on  the  outward 
voyage.  Homewards  they  touch  at  Durban,  Cape 
Town,  and  Teneriflfe,  landing  passengers  for  the 
United  Kingdom  at  Plymouth  and  London.  In 
conjunction  with  the  Shaw,  Savill,  and  Albion  Co., 
Ltd.,  the  White  Star  Line  has  a  monthly  sailing 
from  London  to  New  Zealand,  and  among  the 
steamers  engaged  in  this  service  are  three  over 
12,000  tons — the  largest  in  the  trade.  The  out- 
ward voyage  is  made  via  Teneriffe,  Cape  Town, 
and  Tasmania,  the  homeward  via  Cape  Horn,  Rio 
de  Janeiro,  and  Tenerifife,  passengers  for  the  United 
Kingdom  being  landed  at  Plymouth  and  London. 
The  company  also  have  steamers  in  the  Trans- 
Pacific  service  between  San  Francisco,  Honolulu, 
Japan,  and  China,  managed  by  the  Occidental  and 
Oriental  Steamship  Co. 


Colonial  Services. 
New  Zealand. 


Fleet. 

American  Services. 

Mail  and  Passenger  Steamers. 

New  York. 

*  Adriatic,  twin  screw    . . 

24,000  tons. 

Oceanic,  twin  screw     . . 

17.274      .. 

Majestic,  twin  screw    . . 

10,000 

Teutonic,  twin  screw   . . 

10,000 

^Baltic,  twin  screw 

24,000      „ 

*Cedric,  twin  screw 

21,000      „ 

*Celtic,  twin  screw 

21.000 

Cretic,  twin  screw 

13.507      .. 

♦  Four  of  the  largest  vessels 

3  in  the  world. 

Boston. 

•^fodic,  twin  screw 

15.801   tons. 

*  Republic  twin  screw  . . 

1S.378      „ 

Canopic,  twin  screw    . . 

12,096.      „ 

Romanic,  twin  screw*  . . 

11.394      .. 

Cymric,  twin  screw 

*        »•*!_               A 1 A_ 1_       •  — 

13.096      „ 

Al T» J 

*Athenic,  twin  screw 

At 

..                 12.234 

tons. 

*Corinthic,  twin  screw  . . 

..                 12,231 

ft 

*  Ionic,  twin  screw 

..                 12,234 

** 

Gothic,  twin  screw 

7.75S 

If 

Delphic,  twin  screw     . . 

8,273 

t$ 

♦  The  three  largest  vessels  in  the  New 

Zealand  trade. 

Australia. 

*Afric,  twin  screw 

..      11,948 

tons. 

*Medic,  twin  screw 

11.984 

*  Runic,  twin  screw 

12,482 

*Suevic,  twin  screw 

.      12,500 

*  Persic,  twin  screw 

11.974 

Cufic,  twin  screw 

8,200 

Tropic,  twin  screw 

8.200 

trade. 

Freight  and  Live-Stock  Steamers, 
Georgic,  twin  screw      . .  . .      10,077   tons. 

Cevic,  twin  screw         . .         . .        8,301       „ 
Bovic,  V9t\fi  screw        . ,         , .       6,^83 


*  The  largest  vessels  sailing  from  the  United 
Kingdom  in  the  Australian  trade. 

Pacific  Service. 

Doric     ..         . .         . .         . .  4,676  tons. 

Coptic    . .         . .         . .         . .  4*356  •• 

Tenders. 

Magfietic,  twin  screw  (passenger)  619  tons. 

Pontic  (baggage)         ...        . .  365  „ 

Whiting.  British  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Jar- 
row,  1896.)  Length.  215  ft.  ;  beam,  20  ft. ;  draught, 
6}  ft.  ;  displacement,  330  tons ;  complement.  58 : 
armament,  i  12-pdr.,  5  6-pdr.,  2  tubes  ;  twin  screw  ; 
Hp.,  6,239  =  30  kts. ;  coal,  91  tons. 

Whitworih,  Sir  Joseph,  Bart  (1803-87).  English 
engineer  (b.  Stockport),  Spent  some  time  at  various 
engineering  works  in  and  about  Manchester,  and  in 
1825  came  to  London,  where  he  gained  experience 
in  machine  shops,  including  those  of  Maudslay  and 
Holtzapffel,  and  whilst  working  at  Maudslay 's 
made  his  first  important  discovery — ^a  truly  plane 
surface.  He  found  that  if  two  true  planes  were 
arranged  parallel  to  each  other,  an  exceedingly 
small  motion  towards  or  from  each  other  was  suffi- 
cient to  determine  whether  •  an  object  placed 
between  them  was  held  firmly  or  allowed  to  drop, 
and  by  mounting  one  of  the  planes  on  a  screw  shaft 
provided  with  a  comparatively  large  wheel,  bearing 
a  scale,  he  was  able  to  obtain  measurement  of  the 
amount,  however  minute,  by  which  the  distance 
between  the  planes  was  altered,  by  observing 
through  what  angular  distance  the  wheel  had  been 
turned.  In  1833  he  returned  to  Manchester  and 
started  business  as  a  tool  maker,  and  for  the  next 
20  years  he  gradually  developed  his  system  of 
standard  machines  and  gauges.  In  1854  he  was 
asked  by  Gk)vemment  to  make  experiments 
regarding  the  making  of  machinery  for  producing 
rifled  muskets.  He  also  experimented  on  the  con- 
struction of  heavy  guns,  and  the  greatest  of  his 
discoveries  in  this  connection  was  his  method  of 
obtaining  steel  castings  from  compressed  steel,  the 
process  bein^  that  the  metal  was  subjected  to  hi^b 


WHOLESOME 


68 1 


WILLIAM 


pressure  while  still  in  the  fluid  state,  and  is  after- 
wards forged  in  hydraulic  presses,  not  by  hammers. 
In  1868  he  founded  35  Whitworth  scholarships, 
setting  aside  an  annual  sum  of  ;f3,ooo  to  be  given  for 
proficiency  in  mechanics  and  its  cognate  sciences. 
He  died  at  Monte  Carlo,  January  22,  1887. 

Whol<iome,  A  name  applied  to  a  ship  that  wiU 
ride  well  without  labouring  heavily  in  a  big  sea. 

WX  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Wisbech,  England. 

Widdflnhiiis.  A  term  denoting  a  superstition 
which  portends  evil  if  a  vessel  is  turned*  against  the 
sun ;    still  prevalent  among  northern  fishermen. 

Widgwm.  British  ist  class  gun-boat  (805  tons, 
13  kts.).    Launched  1889. 

Widows'  men.  Imaginary  sailors  formerly  borne 
on  the  books  as  A.B.'s  for  wages  for  every  ship  in 
commission  ;  they  ceased  with  the  consolidated 
pay  at  the  close  of  the  war.  The  institution  was 
dated  24  George  II.,  to  meet  widows'  pensions  ;  the 
amount  of  pay  and  provisions  for  two  men  in  each 
100  was  paid  over  by  the  Paymaster-General  of 
the  Navy  to  the  widows'  fund. 

WJagflbd,  Dr.  Htinrioli  (b.  Bremen,  August  17, 
1855).  Educated  High  School,  Bremen ;  studied 
law  at  the  Universities  of  Eclangen,  Bonn,  Berlin, 
and  Strassburg ;  after  passing  the  States  Examina- 
tion and  gaining  his  diploma,  he  served  his  time  at 
several  law  courts  in  Alsace  and  Lorraine.  In 
1879  he  established  himself  in  his  native  town  of 
Bremen  as  an  attorney  and  notary  public,  and 
devoted  himself  principally  to  commercial  and 
nautical  law  cases  in  which  he  gained  a  very  high 
reputation.  The  famous  lawsuit  Sophie-Hohen- 
staufen,  which  he  conducted  as  consulting  lawyer 
to  the  Norddeutscher  Lloyd,  and  in  which  he  suc- 
ceeded in  getting  a  verdict  in  favour  of  his  clients, 
the  Norddeutscher  Lloyd,  in  two  courts,  was  the 
sensation  of  the  day,  and  firmly  established  his 
reputation  as  the  most  able  sea  lawyer  of  his  time  in 
Germany.  On  April  i,  1892,  after  the  demise  of 
Mr.  Lohmann,  the  late  managing  director  of  the 
Norddeutscher  Lloyd,  Dr.  Wiegand  was  appointed 
general  manager  of  this  steamship  company,  which 
position  he  still  holds  to-day.  The  success  and 
the  high  standing  of  the  Norddeutscher  Lloyd  is 
mainly  due  to  his  great  energy  and  his  thorough 
knowledge  of  commercial  and  nautical  matters. 

Wien.  Austro-Hungarian  battleship.  (San  Roc- 
co.  1895.) 

Length  323ft.   Beam  56ft.   Maximum  draught  21ft. 
Displacement  5,600  tons.     Complement  469. 
Guns.  A  rmour. 

4 — 9*4  in.,  35  cal.       "  Harvey." 
6 — 6  in.  10  in.  Belt  amidships. 

14 — 3  pdr.  8  in.  Bulkheads. 

12  Machine.  10  in.  Barbettes. 

8  in.  Conning  tower. 


Torpedo  Tubes  (177  in.). 
4  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.   8,500=17  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 500  tons. 

Wiggins*  Captain  Joieph  (1833-1905).  Arctic 
explorer.  Was  the  discoverer  and  opened  up  the 
North-East  Passage  to  the  south  of  the  Yanesei, 
and  successfully  piloted  a  fleet  of  trading  steamers 
through  the  Kara  Sea  to  the  Rivers  Obi  and  Yanesei, 
opening  up  a  sea  route  to  Europe  for  European 
produce.    < 

WUdflre.    British  flag  ship,  Sheemess  (453  tons). 

WiMish*  James  George  (b.  Chatham,  March  28, 
1842).  British  naval  architect.  After  serving  his 
apprenticeship  in  Chatham  Dockyard  he  won  a 
scholarship,  granted  by  the  Admiralty,  entitling 
him  to  two  years'  special  training  in  higher  mathe- 
matics at  the  Dockyard  School,  and  in  instructions 
in  laying  ofl  ships.  In  1863-64  he  assisted  Sir 
Nathaniel  Bamaby  (^.t;.)  in  supervising  the  build- 
ing of  the  Bellerophon,  the  first  ship  constructed 
on  the  bracket  system  of  framing  devised  by  Sir 
Edward  Reed.  He  was,  in  1864,  appointed  to  the 
construction  department  of  the  Admiralty,  and  in 
1884  became  constructor,  and  while  attached  to  the 
Admiralty  office  he  filled  the  position  of  overseer  in 
charge  of  three  cruisers  building  at  Glasgow, 
and  overseer  of  the  battleship  Benbow,  build- 
ing on  the  Thames.  He  also  made  a  series 
of  calculations  as  to  the  stability  of  the  battle- 
ship Inflexible,  with  her  unarmoured  ends 
assumed  to  be  riddled  and  flooded  in  various 
ways  in  action.  He  became  chief  constructor  at 
Chatham  Dockyard  in  1886,  and  at  the  end  of  the 
following  year  was  appointed  as  assistant  to  the 
director  of  dockyards  at  the  Admiralty.  From 
1 890-1902  he  filled  the  position  of  civil  assistant  to 
the  admiral-superintendents  at  Devonport  and 
Chatham  Dockyards. 

Publications :  Papers  published  in  the  Transac- 
tions of  the  Institution  of  Naval  Architects,  "  The 
Elements  of  Design  affecting  the  Sailing  Qualities  of 
Ships  "  (1872),  "  The  Strength  of  Mild  Steel  Plates 
and  Rivets  used  in  Shipbuilding  "  (1885). 

Wilkes.  U.S.  torpedo-boat  (1900).  Displace- 
ment, 165  tons ;  guns.  3  i-pdr. ;  torpedo  tubes, 
3  1 8 -in. ;  maximum  speed,  26  kts. 

WiUem  Barents.  This  vessel,  a  sailing  schooner 
of  79  tons,  built  at  Amsterdam,  made  her  first  cruise 
to  the  Polar  regions  in  1878,  commanded  by  Lieu- 
tenant A'debrune,  and  sailed  from  Holland  on 
May  6,  1878.  Up  till  1884,  her  last  voyage,  she 
made  annual  visits,  and  has  brought  back  most 
useful  scientific  results. 

William  and  Mary.  American  emigrant  ship. 
Struck  on  a  sunken  rock  near  the  Bahamas,  May  3, 
1853,  when  about  170  persons  perished. 


WILLIAM 


682 


WILLS 


William  and  Mary.  Packet.  Struck  on  the 
Willeys  Rocks,  near  the  Holmes  Lighthouse, 
Bristol  Channel,  October  23,  181 7  ;  60  lives  were 
lost 

Williams,  Sir  Edward  Leader,  K.B.,  1894  (b. 
Worcester,  1828).  Educated  private  schools ; 
served  apprenticeship  to  engineering,  and  since 
1846  has  been  engaged  as  an  engineer  on  works 
of  the  Great  Northern  Railway,  Shoreham  and 
Dover  Harbours,  River  Weaver,  and  Bridgwater 
Canal  Navigations  ;  was  chief  engineer  of  the  Man- 
chester Ship  Canal  during  its  construction ;  has  an 
extensive  practice  as  a  civil  engineer  in  Manchester, 
and  acts  as  consulting  engineer  to  the  Manchester 
Ship  Canal ;  is  a  member  of  Council  of  the  Institu- 
tion of  Civil  Engineers. 

Publications :  Papers  printed  in  Proceedings  of 
the  Institution  of  Civil  Engineers ;  articles  on 
Canals  and  Navigation  in  "  Ency.  Brit." 

WOUamsoii,  Captain  7amee  (b.  Millport).  Edu- 
cated Rothesay  and  Hutton  Hall.  Served  an 
apprenticeship  with  Messrs.  William  King  and  Co., 
of  Glasgow,  and  at  the  end  of  his  term  joined  his 
father,  owner  of  the  Sultan,  Sultana,  and  Viceroy 
(known  as  the  Turkish  fleet),  and  when  placed  in 
command  of  the  Sultana  he  was  probably  the 
youngest  captain  who  ever  trod  a  bridge.  In  1879 
he,  with  a  few  prominent  shipowners,  built  the 
Ivanhoe,  and  under  his  command  she  became  one 
of  the  most  successful  and  popular  boats  on  the 
Firth,  and  he  initiated  the  evening  trips  which  have 
since  become  so  popular.  About  the  same  time 
he  started  the  firm  of  Morton  and  Williamson,  con- 
sulting engineers  and  marine  surveyors,  and  in  1885, 
when  on  a  visit  to  Melbourne,  he  saw  room  for 
enterprise  in  the  steamship  business.  He  built  and 
sent  out  a  crack  steamer  which  revolutionised  the 
running  in  Colonial  waters.  In  1888  the  Cale- 
donian Railway  Co.  invited  proposals  from  steam- 
boat owners  for  the  development  of  the  coast 
traffic,  and  he  formulated  a  plan,  resulting  in  the 
formation  of  the  Caledonian  Steam  Packet  Co., 
and  he  was  appointed  its  secretary  and  manager. 

Publication  :  "  The  Clyde  Passenger  Steamer : 
its  rise  and  progress  during  the  nineteenth  century, 
from  the  Comet  of  18 12  to  the  King  Edward  of 
1901." 

WilliamMn,  Sir  Jamei,  BLT.,  1900,  CJB„  1902 
(b.  January  28,  1839).  British  naval  architect. 
Educated  Esplanade  Academy,  Portsmouth  Gram- 
mar School,  and  passed  into  the  Royal  Dockyard 
at  Portsmouth  by  competitive  examination. 
Passing  out  of  the  college  he  became  draughtsman, 
and  at  the  age  of  24  was  selected  by  the  Admiralty 
to  assist  in  superintending  the  building  by  con- 
tract of  the  Northumberland,  one  of  the  first  armour- 
clad  ships  built  for  the  British  Navy.  He  accepted 
an  appointment  as  surveyor  on  the  staff  of  Lloyd's 
Registry  of  British  and  Foreign  Shipping,  and  after 
some   years'   service   became   principal   surveyor. 


In  1882  he  accepted  the  position  of  general  manager 
to  Messrs.  Barclay,  Curie  and  Co.,  and  18  months 
later  became  a  partner.  While  associated  with  this 
firm  he  was  responsible  for  the  design  and  building 
of  78  ships,  comprising  liners,  sailing  ships,  fast 
river  steamers,  yachts,  etc.,  for  many  companies, 
including  Messrs.  Donald  Curric,  Messrs.  James 
Currie,  Messrs.  George  Smith  and  Co.,  Messrs. 
J.  and  G.  Bums,  and  the  West  Indian  and  Pacific 
Co.  He  was  appointed  by  Lord  George  Hamilton 
(^.t;.),the  then  First  Lord  of  the  Admiralty,  to  the 
post  of  Director  of  H.M.  Dockyards,  as  successor 
to  Professor  Elgar.  As  a  mark  of  appreciation  of 
his  good  work  in  connection  with  the  Royal  Dock- 
yard, the  late  Queen  conferred  upon  him  the  honour 
of  knighthood. 

WiUiamson,  John  (b.  Rothesay,  February  9. 1858). 
Educated  Rothesay,  Glasgow  Academy.  Has  been 
closely  connected  with  river  traffic,  and  in  1897  ^^ 
displayed  decided  enterprise  in  building  the  well- 
appointed  Strathmore  for  service  between  Fairlie 
Pier  and  Campbeltown,  and  was  the  first  to  intro- 
duce on  the  Clyde  steamers  propelled  by  steam 
turbines.  Up  till  then  the  Parsons'  marine  steam 
turbines  had  only  been  fitted  to  torpedo-boat 
destroyers,  and  after  consultation  with  Messrs. 
Denny  Brothers  of  Dumbarton,  the  pioneer 
passenger  turbine  steamer  King  Edward  for  the 
Fairlie  and  Campbeltown  route  was  built,  the 
machinery  being  suj^lied  by  the  Parsons'  Marine 
Steam  Turbine  Co.  This  vessel  had  her  speed  trials 
in  June,  1901,  and  attained  on  the  measured  mile 
20}^  kts.  The  Queen  Alexandra  f (flowed,  for  the 
same  service  in  1902.  and  it  is  entirely  due  to  his 
energy  and  foresight  that  such  a  magnificent  service 
of  river  steamers  is  maintained  on  the  Qyde. 

Williwawi.  Sudden  violent  squalls  in  the 
Straits  of  Magellan. 

Will  o'  fbe  Wifp.  Screw  steamer.  Struck  go 
the  Bum  Rock,  off  Lambay,  February  9.  1855. 
when  1 3  lives  were  lost. 

WOloaghhj,  Sir  Hugh.  English  navigator  (d. 
1854).  Was  given  command  in  conjunction  with 
Richard  Chancellor,  by  a  company  of  merchant 
adventurers,  of  a  trading  expedition  to  China  in 
1853.  The  route  chosen  was  by  way  of  the  North 
East  Passage.  The  expedition  was  a  disastrous  one, 
as  all  hands  were  lost  off  the  coast  of  Lapland. 

WiUf •  Every  pers(»i  of  sound  mind  is  entitled  to 
make  a  will,  except  (i)  an  infant,  unless  he  is  serving 
as  a  soldier  or  sailor,  and  (2)  a  woman  married 
before  December  31.  1882,  with  the  exception  of 
property  acquired  since  that  date.  For  seamen's 
wills  refer  to  Naval  Testament.  Every  will  must 
be  in  writing,  signed  at  the  foot  by  the  testator  in 
the  presence  of  two  witnesses,  and  attested  by  them 
in  the  presence  of  the  testator  and  of  each  other. 
In  the  event  of  the  testator's  illiteracy,  or  inability 
through  sickness  to  write  his  signature,  he  may  make 


WILLS 


683 


WILSON 


his  mark,  or  some  other  person,  though  he  be  also 
an  attesting  witness,  may  sign  the  testator's  name 
for  him  in  his  presence  and  by  his  direction.  In 
this  case  the  signature  must  be  acknowledged  by 
the  testator  before  two  witnesses.  An  attesting 
witness  should  not  be  a  beneficiary  under  the  will, 
for  any  gift  made  to  him  thereunder  will  be  void, 
though  his  attestation  is  good  and  the  remainder  of 
the  will  perfectly  valid.  Wills  of  real  property — i.«., 
immovables — ^must  be  made  in  accordance  with 
the  law  of  that  country  where  the  property  is 
situated.  Wills  of  personal  properly — i.e.,  mova- 
bles— are  governed  by  the  law  of  the  testator's 
domicile,  i.e„  according  to  the  law  of  the  place 
where  he  has  made  a  permanent  home.  Every 
will  made  out  of  the  United  Kingdom  by  a  British 
subject  (whatever  may  be  the  domicile  of  such 
person  at  the  time  of  makixig  the  same,  or  at  the 
time  of  his  or  her  death)  shall,  as  regards  personal 
estate,  be  held  to  be  well  executed  for  the  purpose 
of  being  admitted  in  England  and  Ireland  to  pro- 
bate, and  in  Scotland  to  confirmation,  if  the  same 
be  made  according  to  the  forms  required  either  by 
the  law  of  the  place  where  the  same  was  made,  or  by 
the  law  of  the  place  where  such  person  was  domi- 
ciled when  the  same  was  made,  or  by  the  laws 
then  in  force  in  any  part  of  His  Majesty's  dominions 
where  he  had  his  domicile  of  origin. 

In  drawing  up  a  will  without  the  assistance  of  a 
lawyer,  the  language  used  should  be  as  simple  as 
possible,  and  all  technical  expressions  carefully 
avoided.  No  special  form  or  words  are  necessary, 
but  there  must  be  writing,  signature,  and  attestation. 
The  following  form  may  serve  as  an  example  of  a 
very  simple  will : 

I     [here    insert    names) 

of {here  insert  ordinary 

address,  if  any)  declare  this  to  be  my  last  will  and 
testament,  and  I  hereby  revoke  all  my  former 
testamentary  dispositions. 

1.  I  give  and  bequeath  to 

{here  insert  names  of  legatee)  my  gold  watch. 

2.  I  give  and  bequeath  to the 

sum  of  £so, 

I  give  and  devise  my  real  estate  at 

{here  insert  name  of  place  where  the  property  is 
situated)  to 

I  give  and  bequeath  a part  of  my 

personal  property  to 

I  give  devise  and  bequeath  the  residue  of  my 

real  (and/or)  personal  property  to 

and    I    hereby    appoint 

,  and   as 

executors  of  this  my  will. 

In  witness  whereof  I  have  hereunto  set  my  hand 
this day  of 


{Signatture  of  testator.) 


{Signature  of  witnesses.) 


Signed  by  the  testator  in  our  presence 
who,  in  his  presence  and  in  the  pre- 
sence of  each  other  have  hereunto 
subscribed  our  names  as  witnesses. 

N.B. — Anyone  can  be  appointed  executor,  even 
a  beneficiary.  The  number  of  executors  is  im- 
material but  one  must  be  appointed. 

In  the  event  of  the  testator  wishing  the  full 
amount  of  his  bequest  to  be  handed  over  to  a 
legatee  without  the  deduction  of  duty,  he  should 
insert  the  words  "  free  of  duty  "  ;  and  in  this  case 
the  payment  of  the  legacy  duty  falls  on  all  the 
property  of  the  testator. 

Willy  wiUy.  The  name  applied  to  a  cyclone  in 
Western  Australia. 

Wilmington.  U.S.  gun-boat.  (Newport  News, 
1897.)  Length,  250  ft.  ;  beam.  40  ft. ;  draught, 
10  ft.;  displacement,  1,392  tons;  complement, 
175  ;  guns,  8  4-in.,  4  6-pdr.,  4  i-pdr. ;  armour, 
"  Steel."  I  in.  deck  amidships,  2^  in.  gun  shields ; 
Hp.,  1,894  =  15  kts. ;  coal,  300  tons. 

WiliOil,  Alozaniler  Hall  (b.  Aberdeen). 
Educated  Aberdeen  University,  and  graduated 
B.Sc.,  with  special  distinction  in  mathematics  and 
natuial  philosophy.  Entered  the  works  of  Messrs. 
Hall,  Russell  and  Co.,  Ltd.,  Aberdeen,  where  he 
served  his  time,  and  is  now  managing-director  of 
that  firm. 

Wilson,  Admiral  of  the  Fleet  Sir  Arthur  Knyvet, 
K.O.y.0.,  cr.  1905,  K.OJI.,  cr.  1902,  O.B.*  1897*  V.O. 
(b.  March  4,  1842).  Midshipman  of  Algiers  during 
the  Russian  war  (Crimean  and  Turkish  medals, 
Sebastopol  clasp) ;  midshipman  of  Calcutta  at  the 
capture  of  Peiho  forts,  1858 ;  landed  with  Naval 
Brigade  at  attack  on  Canton  (China  medal,  Taku 
and  Canton  clasp) ;  captain  of  the  Hecla  at  the 
bombardment  of  Alexandria,  July  11,  1882  (Egyp- 
tian medal  and  Alexandria  clasp.  Khedive's  Bronze 
Star.  Med j  idle  3rd  Class)  ;  served  Egyptian  cam- 
paign, 1882,  and  was  decorated  with  the  V.C.  for 
conspicuous  gallantry  at  the  battle  of  El  Teb. 

Extract  from  the  "  Gazette,"  May  21,  1884  ' 

**  This  officer,  on  the  staff  of  Rear- Admiral  Sir 
WUliam  Hewitt  at  the  Battle  of  El  Teb.  on  the  29th 
February,  attached  himself  during  the  advance  to 
the  right  half  battery  Naval  Brigade,  in  the  place  of 
Lieutenant  Royds,  R.N.,  mortally  wounded.  As 
the  troops  closed  on  the  enemy's  '  Krupp '  battery, 
the  Arabs  charged  out  on  the  comer  of  the  square, 
and  on  the  detachment  who  were  dragging  the 
'  Gardener  '  gun.  Captain  Wilson  then  sprang  to 
the  front  and  engaged  in  single  combat  with  some 
of  the  enemy,  thus  protecting  his  detachments  till 
some  men  of  the  York  and  Lancaster  Regiment 
came  to  their  assistance  with  their  bayonets.  But 
for  the  action  of  this  officer,  Sir  Redvers  Buller 
thinks  that  one  or  more  of  his  detachment  must 
have  been  speared.  Captain  Wilson  was  wounded, 
but  remained  with  the  half  battery  during  the  day." 

He  was  presented  with  a  sword  by  the  torpedo 


WILSON 


684 


WIMSHURST 


officers  of  the  Vsmon  in  admiration  of  his  gallantry 
(Suakim  and  El  Teb  clasps) ;  assistant  director  of 
torpedoes,  Admiralty.  1887;  C.B..  June  21,  1887; 
inventor  of  double  barrel  torpedo  tubes,  A.D.C.  to 
the  Queen,  1892-95  ;  commanded  torpedo  squadron 
at  naval  manoeuvres,  1895  *  &-  Lord  Commissioner 
of  the  Admiralty  and  .Comptroller  of  the  Navy, 
1897 :  Commander-in-Chief,  Channel  Squadron, 
T901 ;  created  K.C.B.,  1902 ;  commanded  Home 
Fleet,  1903  ;  promoted  admiral.  1905,  and  retained 
Commander-in-Chief  of  the  Channel  Fleet.  Admiral 
of  the  Fleet,  1907. 

Wilflon  Bafley  and  Leefham  Line.    See  Wilson 
Line. 

Wilson  Line,  with  which  is  incorporated  Bailey 
and  Leetham  and  Wilson  and  North-F.astem  Rail- 
way Co.,  Ltd.,  possess  a  fleet  of  nearly  100  steamers, 
ranging  from  500  tons  to  over  6,000  tons.  The 
firm  of  Beckington  Wilson  and  Co.,  founded  at 
Hull  about  1835  by  Mr.  Thomas  Wilson,  adopted 
a  few  years  later  the  name  under  which  the  com- 
pany is  now  known,  and  which  in  1891  was  incor- 
porated as  a  private  company.  Since  1845  ^^^ 
firm  ha?  held  the  foremost  position  in  the  Baltic 
trade.  Starting  in  1850  a  mail  service  between 
England  and  Sweden  with  the  Courier,  a  vessel  of 
400  tons,  the  trade  soon  developed  into  a  large 
mail  and  passenger  service  between  the  principal 
Swedish  and  Norwegian  ports.  The  next  trade  to 
be  iucluded  in  their  enterprise  was  between  St. 
Petersburg,  Riga,  and  Stettin,  which  was  begun  in 
1869,  and  in  the  same  year  this  service  was  ex- 
tended to  the  Black  Sea.  In  1875  ^^  ^^^  York 
and  Boston  trades  were  entered,  and  three  years 
later  the  steamers  of  Messrs.  Brownlow,  Barsden 
and  Co.  were  purchased,  and  the  Hamburg,  Ant- 
werp, and  Dunkirk  trades  taken  up.  A  service  to 
India  which  had  been  started  in  1870,  was  re- 
sumed in  1883  with  a  line  between  Hull  and  Bom- 
bay, and  in  1890  a  service  between  London  and 
Boston.  U.S.A..  was  established  in  connection  with 
the  Fumess  and  Leyland  lines.  The  company's 
vessels  sail  from  Hull  to  Stavenger  and  Bergen ; 
to  Chrustiansand  and  Christiania :  to  Gdthenburg  ; 
to  New  York ;  to  Boston ;  to  Port  Said,  Bombay, 
Kurrsichee  ;  to  Marseilles.  Palermo.  Adriatic  ports, 
Constantinople,  Malta,  and  Alexandria ;  to  Riga 
and  St.  Petersburg ;  to  Copenhagen ;  to  Stettin ; 
to  Danzig ;  to  Hamburg ;  to  Antwerp ;  to  the 
Channel  Islands ;  to  Aalesund,  Christiansand,  and 
Drontheim  ;  to  Dunkirk ;  to  Ghent ;  to  Liverpool ; 
to  Newcastle ;  to  Norrkoping  and  Stockholm ;  to 
Novorossisk  and  Odessa ;  to  Reval ;  to  Rouen  ;  to 
Valencia  ;  from  Grimsby  to  Christiania  ;  to  Gothen- 
burg ;  to  Malmd ;  from  London  to  Christiansand 
and  Christiania ;  to  Norrkoping  and  Stockholm ; 
to  Reval  and  Riga  ;  to  Trieste,  Venice.  Fiume. 
Bah ;  from  Liverpool  to  Hull ;  to  Christiania. 
Drammen,  Porsgrund  ;  to  Reval  and  St.  Peters- 
burg ;  from  Manchester  to  Christiania,  Drammen, 


Porfgrund;   to   Reval  and   St.  Petersburg;  from 
Newcastle  to  Hull ;  to  Copenhagen ;  to  Riga  and 


* 

Fleet. 

Alecto. 

Genoa. 

Pola. 

Aleppo. 

Gitano. 

Presto. 

Ar^o. 

Grodno. 

Rinaldo. 

Argyle. 

Hero. 

Rolto. 

Ariosto. 

Hidalgo. 

Romeo. 

Austria. 

Hindoo. 

Ronda. 

Borodino. 

lago. 

Runo. 

Bruno. 

Idaho. 

Salmo. 

Calypso. 

Jaffa. 

Sappho. 

Cameo. 

Jumbs. 

Scipio. 

CasieUo. 

Juno. 

Silvio. 

Cato. 

Kotla. 

Spero. 

Cicero. 

Leo. 

Sultan. 

Cito. 

Lido. 

Syria. 

Claro. 

Lorenzo. 

Tasso. 

Clio. 

Lome. 

Tokio. 

Colenso. 

Martello. 

Toledo. 

Colorado. 

Mikado. 

Toro. 

Congo. 

Montehelln. 

Toronto. 

Consuelo. 

Morocco. 

Truro. 

Dago. 

Murillo. 

Tycho. 

Dido. 

Narva. 

Una. 

Douro. 

Novo. 

Ufbino. 

Dynamo. 

Oria. 

Vasco. 

Ebro. 

Orlando. 

Vi^o. 

Eldorado. 

Osla. 

Volo. 

Envoy. 

Othello. 

Voltuno. 

Essex. 

Otto. 

William  Bailey. 

Fairy. 

Oxford. 

Yeddo. 

Fido. 

Plato. 

Zero. 

Finland. 

Zara. 

WilKm's  and  Fnmess-Leyland  Lines.  See  Wilson 
Line. 

Wimble.  The  boring  implement  of  a  shipwright 
worked  by  the  centre  bit ;  a  gimlet  is  the  diminu- 
tive form  of  a  wimble. 

Wimthoigl^  James.  F.B.S..  FXE.B.,  F.P1l8., 
Hon.H.lLE.  (b.  April  13,  1832  ;  d.  January  3. 
1903).  Educated  Steabonheath  House.  Stepney, 
and  apprenticed  to  shipbuilding  and  engineering 
with  Mr.  C.  J.  Marl,  of  Blackwall.  When  his  time 
was  up  he  remained  with  this  firm  until  he  obtained 
an  appointment  on  the  professional  stall  of  Lloyd's 
Registry  of  Shipping,  and  10  years  later  was  ap- 
pointed to  the  chief  position  on  the  staff  of  the 
"  Liverpool  Underwriter's  Registry  of  Ships  and 
Engmes,"  and  subsequently,  when  the  attention 
of  the  House  of  Commons  was  being  directed  to  the 
unseaworthy  condition  and  to  the  excessive  loading 
of  many  merchant  steamers,  he  was  offered  a  posi- 
tion on  their  staff,  which  he  accepted,  and  repK- 
sented  this  body  on  many  conferences,  notably  in 
1890  at  the  International  Conference  held  in 
Washington.  U.S.A.  In  1882  he  made  and  ex- 
hibited a  large  and  new  type  of  electrical  influence 
machine,  and  these  are  now  employed  in  a  direc- 
tion which,  it  is  believed,  will  be  of  the  highest 


W.I.N. 


685 


WIN  SLOW 


importance  to  mankind ;  for  the  Wimshurst  In- 
fluence Machine  is  now  being  used  in  the  metro- 
politan hospitals  for  the  treatment  of  lupus  and 
cancer.  He  invented  a  superior  method  of  Ughting 
and  holding  the  X-Ray  tube,  which  has  proved  of 
great  assistance  to  the  surgeon. 

Publication :  "  Rules  for  the  Construction  of 
Steam  Vessels  of  all  Classes." 

WXN.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing 
boats  registered  at  Winkd,  Holland. 

Winch.  A  form  of  hoisting  machine  consisting 
of  a  roller  on  which  the  rope  is  wound,  the  turning 
power  being  a  crank. 

Wind.  A  stream  or  current  of  air  moving  in  the 
atmosphere  in  any  direction  or  with  any  velocity. 
Winds  are  produced  by  variations  of  temperature 
in  different  latitudes,  or  at  different  portions  of 
the  same  latitude.  Heated  air  tends  to  ascend  and 
to  prevent  a  void  from  arising  in  the  lower  portion 
of  the  atmosphere  from  which  it  is  ascending,  a 
current  of  air,  colder  and  therefore  denser,  takes 
its  place.  This  phenomenon  is  most  obvious  in 
the  tropics,  from  which  hot  rarefied  air  is  ever 
ascending,  one  part  towards  the  northern,  and  the 
other  part  towards  the  southern,  pole.  Were  the 
earth  at  rest,  the  hot  currents  would  depart,  ^d 
the  cold  currents  strike  the  equator  at  right  angles  ; 
but  owing  to  the  rotation  of  the  earth  from  west  to 
east,  more  quickly  than  its  friction  can  carry  the 
atmosphere  with  it,  the  latter  is  somewhat  deflected 
to  the  westward,  the  hot  current  leaving,  and  the 
cold  one  striking  the  equatorial  line  at  an  oblique 
instead  of  a  right  angle.  The  heat  of  the  vertical, 
or  nearly  vertical,  sun  rarefies  the  atmosphere  in 
the  tropics  over  both  land  and  water,  not,  how- 
ever, to  the  same  extent.  Land  is  easily  heated 
during  the  day  and  cooled  during  the  night.  Water 
is  less  easily  changed  in  temperature,  hence  every 
tropical  island  is  like  a  separate  furnace  at  work 
during  the  day,  rarefying  the  air  and  sending  it 
upwards ;  whilst,  falling  below  the  temperature  of 
the  ocean  during  the  night,  it  modifies,  suspends, 
or  reverses  the  process,  especially  if  the  absence  of 
clouds  makes  radiation  great.  Hence  land  and  sea 
breezes  arise,  the  former  blowing  during  the  day 
from  the  sea  to  the  land,  the  latter  during  the 
night  in  a  contrary  direction.  There  are  eight 
principal  directions  in  which  t^e  winds  blow — 
from  the  north,  the  north-east,  the  east,  the  south- 
east,, the  south,  the  soutb-west,  the  west,  and  the 
north-west.  Classified  according  to  the  direction 
in  which  they  blow,  winds  are  divided  into  regular, 
periodical,  and  variable  winds.  The  first  are 
winds  which  blow  all  the  year  round  in  the  same 
direction,  as  the  trade  winds ;  the  second  those 
which  blow  regularly  at  the  same  seasons  and  the 
same  hours  of  the  day,  as  the  monsoons  ;  the  third 
which  blow  sometimes  in  one  direction,  and  some- 
times in  another,  as  the  prevalent  winds  of  the 
teipperate  and  Arctic  zones..    The  average,  velocity 


of  the  wind  is  18  to  30  ft.  a  second.  If  the  velocity 
is  6  or  7  ft.  the.  wind  is  nxoderate ;  if  30  or  35  ft: 
it  is  fresh ;  if  60  or  70  ft.  it  is  strong ;  if  80  or 
90  ft.  it  is  a  tempest ;  if  90  to  120  it  is  a  hurricane* 
Refer  to  Anemometer. 

Windermere  Tacht  dab,  BbyaL  See  Royal 
Windermere  Yacht  Club. 

Winding.    A  call  by  the  boatswain's  whistle.     . 

Winding  tackle.  A  tackle  formed  of  one  fixed 
three-sheaved  block  and  one  double  or  treble 
movable  block. 

Windlass.  A  machine  in  the  fore  part  of  a  ship 
which  serves  to  hold  as  well  as  heave  in  the  cable. 

WlndHK)de.  Applied  to  a  ship  when  the  wind 
overcomes  the  passing  tidal  force,  and  the  vessel 
rides  head  to  wind. 

Wind  rose.  A  diagram  showing  the  proportlDns 
of  winds  observed  from  each  point  of  the  compass. 

Wind-saiL  A  long  funnel-«haped  canvas  venti- 
lator. 

Windsor.  Steamer,  Fremantle  for  Hong  Kong. 
Wrecked  on  the  Abrolhos  rocks  off  the  West  Aus- 
tralian Coast,  February  2,  1908 ;  captain,  chief 
officer,  and  chief  engineer  drowned. 

Windsor.  Emigrant  ship.  Struck  on  a  reef 
near  the  Cape  de  Verde  Islands,  December  i,  1857. 

Wind  vane.  An  instrument  employed  for  show- 
ing the  direction  of  the  wind. 

Windward.    Towards  the  direction  of  the  wind. 

Wing  and  wing.  A  ship  sailing  before  the  wind 
with  studding-sails  set  on  both  sides.  In  fore- 
and-aft  craft  the  mainsail  and  spinnaker  boomed 
out  form  the  wings. 

Winsloe,   Rear^ildmiral   Alfred   Leigh»   C.M.G.. 

1901  (b.  April  25,  1852).  Entered  the  Navy,  1865  ; 
promoted  lieutenant,  1874,  and  commanded  the 
Helicon  during  Egyptian  war ;  landed  with  Naval 
Brigade,  and  present  at  the  battle  of  Tel-el-Kebir 
(Egyptian  medal,  Tel-el-Kebir  clasp,  Khedive's 
Bronze  Star,  1882)  ;  commander,  1885  ;  com- 
manded the  Brisk,  and  landed  with  Naval  Brigade 
under  the  command  of  Vice-Admiral  Hon.  Sir 
E.  R.  Fremantle,  K.C.B.,  C.M.G.  (Commander-in- 
Chief  on  East  India  Station),  for  the  expedition 
against  jthe  Sultan  of  Vitu,  1890;  mentioned  in 
despatches  (general  Africa  medal,  Vitu  clasp)  ; 
commanded  the  Ophir,  and  was.  commodore  of  the 
escorting  squadron  during  the  Royal  tour  to  the 
Colonies  in  1901  ;  C.M.G.,  1901  ;  commodore, 
second  class,  in  command  of  Cruiser  Squadron, 
1901  ;  rear-admiral,  commanding  torpedo  and  sub- 
marine craft  flotillas  in  commission  and  reserve, 
1904. 

Winslow.  U.S.  torpedo-boat  (1895).  Displace- 
ment, 143  tons;  guns,  3  i-pdr  ;  torpedo  tubes. 
3  i8-in. ;  maximnnx  speed,  24  kts. 


WINTERBURN 


686 


WIRELESS 


Wlntsrlmni,  W.  O.  (b.  Whitby,  October  8,  1862). 
Served  apprenticeship  with  Messrs.  J.  G.  Blair  and 
Co.,  Ltd.,  Stockholm,  and  gained  an  extra  first- 
class  Board  of  Trade  certificate  as  marine  engineer 
in  1887,  and  in  1888  the  Japanese  certificate  of 
competency  as  first  engineer  of  the  first  grade. 
In  1890  he  joined  the  Penang  Foundry  Co.  of 
Penang,  and  subsequently  Messrs.  George  Fenwick 
and  Co..  Ltd.,  Hong  Kong,  and  in  1896  was  ap- 
pointed their  general  manager.  Member  of  the 
Institution  of  Naval  Architects,  and  is  life  member 
of  the  Institution  of  Marine  Engineers. 

Publications:  Numerous  papers  published  in 
the  Transactions  of  the  Institution  of  Marine 
Engineers,  Institution  of  Engineers  and  Ship- 
builders, Hong  Kong,  1895.  ^or  paper  on  Screw 
Propeller  (Gillies'  Gold  Medal),  numerous  articles 
in  the  "  Steamship,"  and  other  journals. 

Wintarloii.  An  East  Indiaman.  Wrecked  on 
August  20.  1792  ;  many  livt9  lost. 

^BVIreleiS  telegniplljr.  Among  the  many  eminent 
scientists  who  have,  between  1890  and  the  present. 
given  much  thought  and  time  to  the  development 
of  the  wonderful  power  underlying  the  study  of 
atmospheric  electricity  may  be  mentioned  Marconi, 
Preece,  Branly,  Calzecchi  Qnesti.  Righi,  Threlfall 
of  Sydney,  Tesla.  Oliver  Lodge,  Hughes,  Rutherford. 
Popoff,  Minchin,  Turner,  Captain  Jackson,  R.N., 
Jervis  Smith,  and  Stevenson.  By  the  beginning 
of  the  present  century  the  utility  of  the  Hertzian 
wave  for  the  purpose  of  communication  had  passed 
from  the  stage  of  an  experimental  wonder  to  a 
science  adapted  to  public  utility,  so  much  so  that 
in  1903  it  was  found  convenient  by  the  German 
Government  to  convene  sm  International  Con- 
ference at  Berlin  to  study  a  means  of  controlling 
this  new  development  in  communication ;  and  in 
the  following  year  the  late  Government  of  this 
country  was  constrained  to  pass  an  Act  to  regulate 
and  control  the  indiscriminate  use  of  a  force  which 
was  suddenly  recognised  as  possessing  commercial 
and  great  naval  and  military  potency. 

To  understand  it,  and  the  far-reaching  interests 
it  involves,  it  is  necessary  to  trace  in  brief  outline 
the  rapid  progress  that  recent  years  have  seen  in 
the  development  of  utility  in  atmospheric  elec- 
tricity. The  systems  being  used  by  various  com- 
panies throughout  the  world  are  :  The  Marconi  Co., 
using  the  Marconi  system  ;  the  American  de  Forest 
Wureless  Telegraph  Co.,  with  its  British  ramifica- 
tion ;  the  National  Electric  Signal Ung  Co.,  operating 
the  Fessenden  system ;  the  Lodge-Muirhead  Wire- 
less and  General  Telegraphy  Syndicate,  operating 
the  Lodge-Muirhead  system ;  and  the  German 
Telefunken  Co.,  operating  the  Braun-Siemens  and 
Alaby-Arco  inventions. 

Between  1894-96,  Guglielmo  Marconi,  a  young 
Italian,  gave  great  attention  to  the  improvement 
of  devices  for  the  detection  of  electric  waves.  He 
made  his  sensitive  tube  or  improver  coherer,  and 


arrived  in  London  with  letters  of  recommendation 
which  excited  the  approval  of  the  Post  Office. 
Marconi,  however,  preferred  to  entrust  to  private 
speculation  the  development  of  his  adaptation  ol 
atmospherical  electricity  to  the  recording  of  intel- 
ligent telegraphic  signals.  The  transmitter  he  in- 
vented is  an  instrument  in  which  two  small  spheres 
connected  to  the  terminals  of  the  secondary  winding 
of  an  induction  coil  are  connected,  one  to  earth 
and  the  other  to  a  vertical  conductor,  which  is 
called  the  aerial  conductor.  The  transmitter 
works  as  follows :  When  the  key  is  pressed  the 
current  of  the  battery  is  allowed  to  actuate  the 
spark  coil,  which  charges  the  spheres  of  the  Righi 
oscillator  or  the  vertical  wire,  which  discharges 
through  the  spark  gap. 

This  discharge  is  an  oscillating  one,  and  the 
system  of  spheres  and  insulated  conductor  becomes 
a  radiator  of  electric  waves.  It  is  easy  to  under- 
stand how,  by  pressing  the  key  for  long  or  short 
intervals,  it  is  possible  to  emit  a  long  or  short 
succession  of  waves,  which,  when  they  influence 
the  receiver,  reproduce  on  it  a  long  or  short  efifect. 
according  to  their  duration,  in  this  way  repro- 
ducing the  Morse  or  other  signals  transmitted  from 
the  sending  station. 

The  receiver  designed  by  Marconi,  one  of  the 
principal  parts  of  which  is  the  sensitive  tube,  or 
coherer,  or  radio  conductor,  has  been  found  to  be 
the  only  form  of  coherer  trustworthy  and  reliable 
for  long  distance  work.  It  consists  of  a  small 
glass  tube,  four  centimetres  long,  into  which  two 
metal  pole  pieces  are  tightly  fitted.  They  are 
separated  from  each  other  by  a  small  gap,  which  is 
partly  filled  with  a  mixture  of  nickel  and  silver 
filings.  This  coherer  forms  part  of  a  circuit  con- 
taining the  local  cell  and  a  sensitive  telegraph  relay 
actuating  another  circuit,  which  circuit  works  a 
trembler,  or  decoherer.  and  a  recording  instrument. 

In  its  normal  condition  the  resistance  of  the 
filings  in  the  tube  is  infinite,  or  at  least  very  great, 
but  when  the  filings  are  influenced  by  electric 
waves  or  surgings.  cohesion  instantly  takes  place, 
and  the  tube  becomes  a  comparatively  good  con- 
ductor, its  resistance  falling  to  between  100  and 
500  ohms.  This  allows  the  current  from  the  local 
cell  to  actuate  the  relay. 

The  oscillations  induced  on  the  strips,  or  aerial 
conductor,  which  acts  as  resonator,  by  the  radia- 
tion from  the  oscillator,  affect  the  sensitive  tube. 
This  effect  on  the  tube  consists  in  a  great  increase 
of  its  conductivity,  thus  completing  the  circuit 
and  allowing  the  current  from  the  cell  to  actuate 
the  relay.  The  relay  in  its  turn  causes  a  larger 
battery  to  pass  a  current  through  the  tapper,  or 
interrupter,  and  also  through  the  electro-magnets 
of  the  recording  instrument. 

The  tapper  or  trembler  is  so  adjusted  as  to  tap 
the  tube  and  shake  the  filings  in  it.  If  in  the 
instant  during  which  these  various  actions  take 
place  the  electrical  oscillations  had  died  out  in  the 


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687 


WIRELESS 


resonator,  the  shake  or  tap  given  to  the  tube  by 
the  hammer  would  have  restored  it  to  its  normal 
high-resistance  condition,  and  the  Morse  instru- 
ment or  recorder  would  have  marked  a  dot  on  the 
tape,  but  if  the  oscillations  continue  at  very  brief 
intervals  the  acquired  conductivity  of  the  tube  is 
destroyed  only  for  an  instant  by  the  tap  of  the 
trembler,  and  inunediately  re-estabUshod  by  the 
electrical  surgings,  and  therefore  the  relay  tapper 
and  telegraph  instrument  are  again  actuated,  and 
so  on,  until  the  oscillations  from  the  radiator  have 
ceased. 

The  practical  result  is  that  the  receiver  is 
actuated  for  a  time  equal  to  that  during  which  the 
key  is  pressed  at  the  transmitting  station.  For 
each  signal,  however  short,  the  armatures  of  the 
relay  and  tapper  perform  some  very  rapid  vibra- 
tions dependent  on  each  other ;  for  it  is  the  action 
of  the  relay  which  starts  the  .tapper,  but  the  tapper 
by  its  action  interrupts  the  relay. 

The  armature  of  the  Morse  recording  instrument 
being  rather  heavy,  and  possessing  a  comparatively 
large  inertia,  cannot  follow  the  very  rapid  vibra- 
tions of  the  tongue  of  the  relay,  but  remains  down 
all  the  time,  during  which  the  rapidly  intermittent 
action  of  the  receiver  lasts.  In  this  way  the  arma- 
ture of  the  inker  gives  a  practically  exact  reproduc- 
tion of  the  movements  of  the  key  at  the  trans- 
mitting end,  dashes  coming  out  as  dashes  and 
dots  as  dots. 

Much  has  been  said  and  written  about  coherers 
being  very  unreliable  and  untrustworthy  in  their 
action,  but  it  must  be  said  that  this  has  not  been 
in  any  way  the  experience  of  Marconi's  company. 
Provided  a  coherer  is  properly  constructed  and 
used  on  a  suitable  receiver,  it  is  just  as  certain  in 
its  action  as  any  other  electrical  apparatus,  such 
as  an  electro-magnet  or  incandescent  lamp. 

It  is  claimed  that  the  first  message  sent  by  wire- 
less telegraphy  on  a  commercial  basis  was  des- 
patched from  Alum  Bay  to  Bournemouth  by  means 
of  Marconi's  installations  on  June  3,  1898.  In 
November,  1899,  Marconi,  returning  from  America, 
where  he  had  demonstrated  for  the  benefit  of  the 
United  States  Navy,  was  jubilant  when  he  was 
able  to  communicate  60  miles  between  the  St. 
Paul^  on  which  he  was  a  passenger,  and  his  stations 
at  Alum  Bay  and  the  Haven.  Three  years  after 
this  success  Marconi  had  erected  high-power 
stations  in  Cornwall  and  Newfoundland,  and  was 
endeavouring  to  span  the  Atlantic. 

In  this  country  the  Marconi  Co.  has  covered 
the  majority  of  trade  routes  with  its  small  power 
stations,  so  that  it  is  impossible  that  any  ship 
equipped  with  its  apparatus  to  miss  making  com- 
munication somewhere  with  our  shores.  The 
stations  allowed  under  Post  Office  licence  are  as 
follows :  Malin  Head,  InishtrahuU,  Fastnet,  St. 
Catherine's  Point,  St.  Abb's  Head,  Tory  Island, 
Flannan  Islands,  Butt  of  Lewis,  Liverpool,  and 
certain  of  Lloyd's  stations.    Over  and  above  these 


is  the  high-power  station  at  Poldhu,  and  one  on 
the  west  coast  of  Ireland ;  also  some  Admiralty 
stations,  in  which  the  Marconi  Co.  co-operates,  and 
which  naturally  do  not  come  under  the  Post  Office 
authority.  The  Liverpool  station  is  an  instruc- 
tional institution  where  the  large  army  of  operators 
required  are  taught  the  craft  of  wireless  communica- 
tion. 

At  the  Royal  Institution  on  March  31,  1908,  Mr. 
Marconi  delivered  a  lecture  on  Trans-Atlantic  Wire- 
less Telegraphy,  in  which  he  said  :  The  facility 
with  which  distances  of  over  100  miles  could  be 
covered  prior  to  1900  led  him  to  recommend  the 
erection  of  two  large  power  stations,  one  m  Corn- 
wall and  the  other  in  North  America,  to  test  the 
possibility  of  transmitting  messages  across  the 
Atiantic.  He  chose  trans-Atiantic  communication 
for  his  experiments  in  preference  to  shorter  dis- 
tances, because  the  cables  between  England  and 
the  Continent  and  between  most  Continental 
nations  were  Government  owned,  and  those  Govern- 
ments would  not  allow  the  establishment  of  any 
S3rstem,  wireless  or  other,  which  might  tamper  with 
the  revenue  they  derived  from  their  cables.  More- 
over, in  spite  of  the  cost  of  the  high-power  stations 
required,  he  was  convinced  that  it  was  more 
profitable  to  transmit  messages  at  6d.  a  word  to 
America  than  at  id.  a  word  across  the  English 
Channel.  In  giving  a  general  account  of  the 
station  erected  at  Poldhu,  he  related  how,  after 
various  accidents  from  storms  and  other  causes, 
he  succeeded,  on  December  12,  190 1,  in  sending 
the  signal  "  S  "  from  Cornwall  to  Newfoundland, 
where,  as  a  temporary  expedient,  the  aerial  con- 
ductor was  elevated  by  a  kite.  Two  months  later 
readable  messages  were  received  on  the  liner 
Philadelphia  from  Poldhu  up  to  a  distance  of 
1,551  miles,  and  S's  and  other  test  letters  up  to 
2,099  miles.  Next  a  long-distance  station  was 
erected  at  Glace  Bay,  in  Nova  Scotia,  between 
which  and  Poldhu  messages  were  for  the  first  time 
exchanged  at  night  in  December,  1902.  In  the 
spring  of  1903  the  transmission  of  news  messages 
from  America  was  attempted,  and  for  a  time 
messages  were  correctiy  received  and  published  in 
the  "  Times,"  until  a  breakdown  in  the  insulation 
at  Glace  Bay  made  it  necessary  to  suspend  the 
service.  The  Glace  Bay  station  was  then  recon- 
structed, and  it  was  decided  to  build  a  completdy 
new  station  in  Ireland.  Early  in  1905  preliminary 
tests  were  carried  out.  The  aerial  used  at  the  new 
Glace  Bay  station  gave  a  wave-length  of  12,000  ft., 
and  signals  were  received  at  Poldhu  both  by  day 
and  night.  A  further  step  in  advance  was  the 
adoption  of  directional  aerials,  whereby  it  was 
possible  to  confine  the  effects  of  electric  waves 
mainly  to  certain  directions  as  desired,  and  another 
improvement  was  effected  by  the  introduction  of 
transmitting  apparatus  by  which  continuous  or 
semi-continuous  oscillations  could  be  produced. 
At  the  end  of  May,  1907,  experiments  were  begun 


WIRELESS 


688 


WITTELSBACH 


between  Glace  Bay  and  the  Irish  station  at  Clifden, 
and  on  October  17  a  Umited  service  for  Press 
messages  was  begun  between  Great  Britain  and 
America.  The  service  was  extended  to  ordinary 
messages  between  London  and  Montreal  on  Feb- 
ruary 3.  Communication  has  never  been  inter- 
rupted across  the  Atlantic  for  more  than  a  few 
hours  since  the  commercial  service  was  begun  in 
October,  though  there  had  been  several  serious 
interruptions  at  Clifden  owing  to  the  untrust- 
worthiness  of  the  landlines  connecting  Clifden  to 
the  ordinary  Post  Office  system.  During  the  first 
few  months  only  a  fraction  of  the  transmitting 
power  was  used,  and  in  consequence  transmission 
was  slow  and  short  interruptions  rather  frequent. 
Most  of  the  difficulties  have  now  been  overcome, 
and  in  a  few  more  months,  when  it  should  be 
possible  to  utilise  the  full  power,  much  greater 
speed  and  efficiency  were  likely  to  be  attained. 
Messages  can  now  be  transmitted  by  day  as  well 
as  by  night,  but  there  were  still  certain  periods, 
fortunately  of  short  duration,  in  which  transmission 
was  difficult  and  at  times  ineffective  unless  an 
abnormally  large  amount  of  energy  was  employed. 
Thus  in  the  morning  and  evening,  when,  owing  to 
the  difference  of  longitude,  daylight  or  darkness 
extended  only  part  of  the  way  across  the  Atiantic, 
the  received  signals  were  weak  and  sometimes 
ceased  altogether.  At  other  times  there  were  con- 
ditions that  made  the  signals  unusually  strong. 

The  Fessenden  system,  the  National  Electric 
SignaUing  Co.,  Washington,  have  established  a  very 
powerful  station  at  Machrihanish,  on  the  west 
coast  of  Kintyre,  and  claim  that  their  system, 
owing  to  simplicity  and  ease  of  the  supervision  of 
the  complete  installation,  can  be  operated  by  even 
non-experts.  Their  business  is  principally  con- 
cerned with  passenger  steamers,  supplying  weather 
reports,  and  warning  concerning  fogs. 

The  name  of  Ohver  Lodge  (Lodge-Muirhead 
Wipelees  and  General  Telegraphy  Syndicate)  alone 
is  sufficient  guarantee  that  the  scientific  world  will 
accept  with  interest  anything  that  comes  before 
the  public  bearing  this  great  scientist's  name,  and 
there  are  many  who  admit  that  much  that  has 
made  the  discovery  of  atmospherical  telegraphy  of 
practical  service,  though  it  will  be  handed  down  to 
posterity  identified  with  other  names,  was  due  to 
the  research  of  this  distinguished  Englishman.  Of 
"what  Dr.  Muirhead,  the  other  name  associated  with 
the  British  firm,  has  done  for  submarine  cabling  it 
is  not  necessary  to  dwell  here.  The  Lodge-Muir- 
head Syndicate  do  not  seek  to  establish  themselves 
as  a  world-wide  telegraph  company.  Their  object 
is  to  sell  electrical  apparatus.  But  wherever  the 
Lodge-Muirhead  system  has  been  installed  it  has 
given  satisfaction.  It  is  now  a  matter  of  common 
notoriety  that  the  British  Army,  after  minute 
research,  has  found  the  Lodg^-Muirhead  system 
the  most  suitable  to  its  requirements.  The  Indian 
Government  (Indian  Telegraphs)  have  instaned  it 


to  maintain  communication  between  the  mainland 
and  the  Andaman  Islands,  and  the  Andaman 
Islands  and  Burma.  As  recentiy,  so  the  con- 
fidential reports  say,  as  the  visit  of  the  Prince  and 
Princess  of  Wales  to  India  and  Burma,  the  small- 
power  installatibn  in  the  Andamans  was  able  to 
reach  the  cruiser  escort  to  the  Royal  tourists  when 
the  naval  instruments  had  been  unable  to  reply 
for  200  miles. 

The  German  Telefunken  Co.,  operating  the 
Braun "Siemens  and  Slaby-Arco  inventions,  is  pro- 
bably one  of  the  largest  concerns  of  the  kind  in 
existence,  and  is  used  exclusively  in  Germany. 

Long-distance  stations  (Marconi  system)  are  now 
being  erected  in  many  parts  of  the  world,  the  most 
powerful  of  all  being  that  of  the  Itahan  Govern- 
ment at  Coltano,  and  in  the  near  future  wireless 
telegraphy  will  afford  communication  between  dis- 
tant countries  at  cheaper  rates  than  could  be 
obtained  by  either  wires  or  cables.  Whether  the 
new  telegraphy  will  or  will  not  injure  or  displace 
the  cables  is  still  a  matter  of  conjecture,  and 
depends  a  good  deal  on  what  the  cables  can  do  in 
the  way  of  cheaper  rates.  It  is  only  a  question 
of  time,  and  that  not  a  very  long  time,  before 
wireless  telegraphy  over  great  distances,  possibly 
round  the  world,  will  become  an  indispensable  aid 
to  commerce  and  civilisation. 

Wisoonsiil.    U.S.  ist  class  battieship.    (SanEcan- 
cisco,  189S.) 
Length  368ft.     Beam  73ft.     Mean  draught  23ft. 
Displacement  11,565  tons.    Complement  490. 
Guns.  Armour, 

4 — 13  in.,  35  cal.       "  Harvey-nickel." 
14 — 6  in.  16  in.  Belt  amidships. 

6—6  pdr.  16  in.  Turrets. 

4-^1  pdr.  10  in.  Conning  tower.  • 

4  Colts. 
2  Field  guns,  3  in. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
4  Above  water  (armoured). 
Twin  screw.    Hp.  forced  10,000*=:  16  kts.    Coal 
maximum  1,450  tons.    Approximate  cost  ;(95o,ooo. 

Wileh  of  Hie  Wa?M.  American  ship.  buUt  1852. 
Engaged  in  the  China  tea  trade  to  London.  On 
her  best  voyage  she  made  the  passage  from  Wham- 
poa  to  Dungeness  in  90  days,  the  best  day's  run 
being  338  kts. 

WltllO«  A  ring  or  boom  iron  by  which  a  beam 
is  set  out  or  in  on  its  principal  spar. 

With  the  ran.  Twisting  or  coiling  a  rope,  or 
turning  anything  in  the  direction  indicated  by  the 
sun's  path — vif.,  from  east  over  south  to  west. 

Wittelihadt       German    1st    class    battleship. 
fWilhftlmshaven,    1900.) 
Length  416  ft.  Beam  67ft.  Maximum  draught  28ft. 

Displacement  i  z  ,8^0  tons.    Complement  650. 


WIVERN 


689 


WOODCOCK 


Guns, 

4 — 9' 4  IB. 
18 — 6  in. 
12— I5ipdr. 
12 — I  pdr. 

8  Machine. 


Armour, 
"  Krupp." 
9  in.  Belt. 
10  in.  Barbettes. 
10  in.  Turrets. 
10  in.  Conning  tower. 


Torpedo 'Tubes, 
5  Submerged  bow  and  broadside. 
I  Above  water  stem. 
Three  screws.    Hp.,  15,0002=  18  Jets.    Coal  maxi- 
mum 1,500  tons.     Approximate  cost  j£  1,100,000. 

Wiyem.  British  coast  defence  ship  (2,750  tons, 
8*5  lets.).    Launched  1865. 

Win^.  British  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (East 
Cowes,  1895.)  Length,  200  ft. ;  beam,  19  ft. ; 
draught,  5^  ft. ;  displacement,  300  tons ;  comple- 
ment, 45  ;  armament,  i  I2>pdr.,  5  6-pdr.,  2  tubes ; 
twin  screw;   Hp.,  4,100—27  kts. ;  coal.  60  tons. 

W.K.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Workum,  Holland. 

W^  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Wick;  Scotland. 

W.L.  Disttngnishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Westdongeraded,  Holland. 

WJL  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Willemstad.  Holland. 

W.MJ).  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing 
boats  registered  at  Wemddinge,  Holland. 

WJLBL  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing 
boats  registered  at  Warmenhuizen,  Holland. 

W.1I.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Wigtown,  Scotland. 

W.O.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Workington,  England. 

W.O.E.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing 
boats  registered  at  Woensdrecht,  Holland. 

Wo«niiann  Line,  with  the  head  offices  in  Ham- 
burg, have  a  large  fleet  of  steamers,  ranging  from 
1 ,300  to  6,000  tons.  A  service  has  been  maintained 
by  this  line  for  the  last  25  years,  between  Hamburg 
and  West  Africa,  which,  owing  to  rapid  develop- 
ment of  the  trade,  now  necessitates  11  regular 
steamers  being  despatched  every  month,  besides 
extra  ones  when  inducement  ofiers.  Steamers 
leave  Hamburg  on  the  loth  of  each  month,  calling 
at  Dover,  for  Las  Palmas,  Axim,  Secondee,  and 
Victoria,  calling  at  Southampton  on  the  return 
voyage.  Another  service  is  maintained  from  Ham- 
burg on  the  30th  of  each  month  to  Madeira,  Tenerifle, 
Grand  Bassa,  Walfish  Bay,  and  Luderittzbucht ; 
on  the  15th  of  each  month  via  Madeira,  for  Mon- 
ravia.  Togo,  and  Whydah. 


I      PLlEET.    • 

Ado  Irtna  Woermann. 

Adolph  Woermann.  Jeanette  Woermann. 

Alexandra  Woermann,  Kuha, 

Aline  Woermann.  Kurt  Woermann. 

Anna  Woermann.  Lili  Woermann, 

A  scan  Woermann,  Linda  Woermann. 

Carl  Woermann.  Lothar  Bohlen. 

Edttard  Bohlen,  Lucis  Woermann. 

Eduard  Woermann,  Marie  Woermann. 

Eleonore  Woermann,  Marina. 

Ella  Woermann,  Martha  Woermann. 

Epe,  Melita  Bohlen. 

Erish  Woermann.  Ogun. 

Ernst  Woermann,  Otto  Woermann. 

Gouverneurv.  Putthamer.    Oyo. 

Hans  Woermann.  Paul  Woermann, 

Hedwid  Woermann,  President  Barclay. 

Henrietie  Woermann^  Thekla  Bohlen. 

WolL  British  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Birken- 
head, 1897.)  Length,  218  ft.  ;  beam,  20  ft.  ; 
draught,  5^  ft. ;  displacement,  300  tons ;  comple- 
ment, 58  ;  armament,  i  12-pdr.,  5  6-pdr.,  2  tubes  ; 
twin  screw  ;  Hp.,  6,000=^27  kts.  ;  coal,  80  tons. 

WoUf»  CKistar  William  (b.  Hamburg,  November 
10,  1834).  Educated  Hamburg,  and  at  the  Liver- 
pool College ;  served  as  apprentice  with  Messrs. 
Joseph  Whitworth  and  Co.,  Manchester,  which  firm 
he  represented  at  the  Paris  Exhibition,  1855.  After 
leaving  them  he  became  draughtsman  at  Messrs. 
B.  Goodfdlow  and  Co.,  enginedis,  Hyde.  In  i860 
went  to  Edward  Harland,  Queen's  Island,  Belfast, 
and  in  z862  became  partner,  the  firm  then  being 
Harland  and  Wolff.  Was  dected  member  of  Par- 
liament for  East  Belfast,  March,  1892,  which  he 
has  represented  since.     Refer  to  Harland  and  WolfP. 

Wolf  Rook  IiightboilM*  situated  midway  between 
SciUy  and  the  Lizard  Point,  was  designed  by  the 
late  Mr.  Walker,  and  commenced  under  the  super- 
intendence of  Mr.  Douglas  in  1862. 

WoU  Trttp  Lighthonse,  erected  in  1894,  ob  Wolf 
Trap  Spit  in  Chesapeake  Bay. 

W.O.N.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing 
boats  registered  at  Wonseradeel,  Holland. 

Wood,  Henry  Alfred  (b.  Sheffield),  Served 
apprenticeship  with  Messrs.  Sir  Raylton  Dixon  and 
Co.,  and  joined  as  draughtsman  Messrs..  Oswald, 
Mordant  and  Co.,  Southampton,  subsequently  join- 
ing Messrs.  W.  Harkess  and  Sons,  Middlesbrough. 
In  1S95  ^c  ^^^  appointed  graving  dock  manager 
and  works  manager  of  the  Tees  Conservancy  Com- 
missioners of  Middlesbrough  and  Stockton.  Member 
of  the  Nprth-East  Coast  Institution  pf  Engineers 
and  Shipbuilders. 

Woodoook.  British  shallow-draught  steamer  for 
river  service,  China  (150  tons).     Launched  189^. 


WOODFIELD 


690 


WORKMAN 


Woodfleld  Stetnidiip  Co^  Ltd.,  yrith  which  is 
incorporated  the  Burrsfield  Steamship  Co..  Ltd., 
Jacob  Bright  Steamship  Co.,  Ltd.,  and  the  Ursula 
Bright  Steamship  Co.,  Ltd.,  with  their  head  offices 
in  London,  have  a  fleet  of  16  steamers,  ranging 
from  2,000  up  to  5,000  tons,  which  are  engaged  in 
the  cargo  trade  in  various  parts  of  the  world. 

Fleet. 

Burrsfield.  Rosefi^ld. 

Chatham.  Rotherfield, 

Femfield.  Sandfield. 

Fratnfield.  SomerfiM. 

Hathfield.  Ursula  Bright. 

Jacob  Bright.  Wildcroft. 

John  Bright.  Woodfield. 

Mayfield.  Zanzibar. 

Woodbtfk.  British  shallow-draught  steamer  for 
river  service,  China  (150  tons).     Launched  189B. 

Wood-loek.  A  piece  of  timber  fixed  near  some 
movable  object  to  prevent  the  latter  from  shifting. 

Woodi  PMha.  Sir  Hmry  Feliz.  K.O.V.O.  Ad- 
miral in  service  of  Sultan  of  Turkey ;  A.D.C. 
General  to  the  Sultan;  Conductor  of  Naval  Con- 
struction Department  (b.  1843).  Entered  Royal 
Navy,  1858  ;  served  West  Coast  of  Africa ;  present 
at  operations  in  the  Scaxcies  River,  1859 ;  navi- 
gating Ueuteaant  of  Cormorant,  1866;  British 
delegate  to  the  International  Commission  for  Im- 
provement of  Navigation  in  Black  Sea  and  Bos- 
phorus,  1867 ;  entered  naval  service  oi  Turkey, 
1870,  and,  in  conjunction  with  Hobart  Pasha,  re- 
ox;ganised  the  Turkish  Fleet;  organised  torpedo 
and  coast  defence  service ;  surveyed  and  buoyed 
the  Dardanelles  ;  received  Medjidie,  2nd  Qass,  with 
permission  to  accept  and  wear,  1885  ;  Osmaniefa, 
2nd  Class,  with  permission  to  wear,  1887 ;  Grand 
Cordon  of  the  Order  of  Medjidie,  and  permission 
to  wear,  1888  ;  Gold  Medal  of  the  Order  of  Nichau- 
i-Imtia2,  1890 ;  Grand  Cordon  of  the  Osmanieh 
Order,  with  a  star  in  brilliants.  Royal  licence  to 
wear,  1894;  Knight-Commander  of  the  Order  of 
Saxe^Coburg. 

Woodward,  Admiral  Roberta  CJB^  1886  (b.  Novem- 
ber 7,  1838).  Entered  the  Navj'  1850,  and  served 
as  mate  of  the  Nimrod  during  the  second  China 
war ;  took  part  in  the  operations  against  Canton, 
'857 ;  promoted  sub-lieutenant,  and  landed  at  the 
attack  and  capture  of  the  Taku  forts  (China  medal, 
Taku  and  Canton  clasps)  ;  promoted  lieutenant. 
1859 ;  commander,  1870 ;  captain  of  the  Turquoise 
during  naval  operations  in  the  Eastern  Soudan, 
1884-85  (Egyptian  medal) ;  captain  of  Turquoise 
during  Burmah  war,  1885-86;  commanded  Naval 
Brigade  to  Mandalay ;  specially  mentioned  in  de- 
spatches by  General  Sir  H.  Prendergast  for  "  energy, 
willingness,  and  professional  skill " ;  received  the 
thanks  of  the  Government  of  India  (India  medal, 
Burmah,  1885-87,  clasp) ;  captain's  good  service 
pension,  1891 ;  rear-admiral,  1894 ;  vice-admiral, 
190a 


Wooldiiig.  Strengthening  a  weakened  spar  by 
binding  it  up  to  support  it  where  it  is  fished. 

Worden.  U.S.  torpedo-boat  destroyer  (1900)- 
Displacement,  433  tons ;  guns,  2  14-pdr.,  5  6-pdr. ; 
torpedo  tubes,  2  i8-in. ;  Hp.,  8.300=30  kts. 

Word  on  the  Waten.  Established  1858.  Pub- 
lished  quarterly.  Price  id.  Address:  11  Buck- 
ingham Street,  London.  W.C. 

Worit.  Applied  to  a  ship  when,  owing  to  her 
straining  in  a  tempestuous  sea,  her  joints  become 
loosened. 

Workmaii,  COark  and  Oo^  Ltd^  Belfast.  The  ex- 
tensive works  controlled  by  this  firm,  known  as 
the  Belfast  Shipyard,  were  established  in  the  year 
1879.  when  Mr.  Frank  Workman  and  Mr.  Geo.  S. 
Clark  leased  from  the  Belfast  Harbour  Commis- 
sioners a  plot  of  land  on  the  north  side  of  the 
Biver  Lagan.  The  site  chosen  was  admirably 
adapted  for  the  purposes  of  shipbuilding,  there 
being  ample  room  as  well  as  depth  of  water  for 
launching  the  largest  vessels ;  also  plentiful  ground 
available  for  extension. 

After  a  succession  of  prosperous  years  the  firm 
extended  its  operations  by  the  purchase  of  a  large 
8hip)rard  on  the  south  side  of  the  river,  immediately 
opposite  to  the  parent  yard,  but  owing  to  the 
annual  increase  in  the  output  it  was  found  neces- 
sary to  extend  the  confines  of  the  vrorks.  ontil 
these  two  yards  now  cover  an  area  of  upwards  d 
30  acres,  containing  10  launching  berths,  some  of 
these  prepared  for  the  construction  of  vessels  up 
to  800  ft.  in  length. 

Adjoining  each  of  these  yards  there  are  fitting- 
out  berths  with  sufficient  draught  of  water  at  all 
states  of  the  tide  to  accommodate  the  largest 
steamers,  whilst  they  are  fully  equipped  with  the 
most  modem  appliances  for  the  expeditiooa  mad 
safe  handling  of  the  heavy  weights  to  be  put  on 
board,  one  of  the  berths  having  a  crane  capable 
of  lifting  upwards  of  too  tons. 

In  the  year  1891  the  firm  decided  to  add  the 
construction  of  marine  engines  and  boilers  to  their 
shipbuilding  business,  and  for  this  purpose  ground 
was  secured  contiguous  to  the  south  shipbuilding 
yard,  where  extensive  engine  and  boiler  works  were 
erected,  all  the  buildings  being  very  lofty  and 
substantially  buUt.  The  plant  in  these  works  is 
adapted  for  the  construction  of  both  reciprocating 
and  turbine  marine  engines ;  also  replete  with  all 
the  latest  adaptations  of  hydraulic,  pneumatic  and 
electric  power  capable  of  producing  the  highest 
class  of  work  in  the  most  expeditions  manner. 
This  branch  of  the  firm's  business  is  conducted 
under  the  special  supervision .  of  Mr.  Chas.  £. 
Allan,  who  became  a  director  of  the  firm  in  1891. 

Both  shipyards  are  equipped  with  the  most 
nuxlem  t)rpes  of  electric  and  hydraulic  machinery, 
together  with  the  latest  labour-saving  devices,  thns 
ensuring  expeditious  production,  while  every  stage 


WORM 


691 


WRECK 


in  the  construction,  from  the  la3ring  of  the  keel  to 
the  completion  of  the  vessel,  is  accomplished  within 
the  company's  works. 

For  some  years  this  firm  has  occupied  a  high 
position  in  the  Annual  Tonnage  Returns  of  the 
United  Kingdom,  and  in  the  year  1902  attained  the 
premier  position. 

The  history  of  the  firm  points  to  continual  progress 
as  the  following  list  of  tonnage  indicates  : 


Year. 


X\f3^  ••• 

1900  ... 

1902  ... 

1906  *•> 


•••     ••# 


••• 
••• 


Vessels 
bailt. 


9 
11 
12 
13 


Board  of  Trade 

gross  tonnage. 


53.475 
56.201 
86.711 
75.045 


I.Hp. 


32.520 
31.300 
46.900 
49.500 


The  class  of  vessels  constructed  includes  first- 
class  ocean  mail  steamers,  passenger  and  cargo  liners 
of  20,000  tons  displacement,  insulated  fruit  and 
meat-carrying  steamers  up  to  600,000  cubic  feet 
capacity,  cross  channel  passenger  steamers,  steam 
and  sailing  yachts,  paddle  steamers,  and  full-rigged 
sailing  ships,  making  in  all  a  grand  total  displace- 
ment of  close  on  2,000,000  tons.  They  have  also 
constructed  caissons  for  the  British  Government 
dockyards,  and  are  continually  employed  with  all 
classes  of  ship  repair  work.  In  addition  to  the 
above  items  of  shipbuilding  work  they  have  carried 
out  contracts  for  bridge  work. 

Prominent  among  the  vessels  turned  out  by  the 
firm  may  be  mentioned  the  Allan  Line  triple  scr'ew 
steamer  Victorian,  the  first  transatlantic  turbine- 
propelled  mail  steamer  ;  also  the  British  India  Co.'s 
turbine-propelled  steamer  Bing&ra ;  the  handsome 
passenger  steamer  City  of  London,  built  for 
the  EUerman  Lines  Calcutta  trade  ;  and  the  Royal 
Mail  Steam  Packet  Co.'s  twin  -  screw  steamer 
Aragttaya,  built  for  the  West  Indian  and  South 
American  trades.  This  steamer  is  one  of  the  most 
completely  equipped  and  luxuriously  furnished 
passenger  steamers  afloat,  and  has  been  described 
as  one  of  the  finest  examples  of  the  skill  of  the 
marine  architect  and  shipbuilder.  The  list  of 
clients  for  whom  Workman,  Clark  and  Co..  Ltd.. 
have  built  and  engined  vessels  includes  such  ship- 
owning  firms  as  the  British  India  Steam  Navigation 
Co..  Cunard  Steamship  Co.,  Hamburg- Amerika  Line, 
Lamport  and  Holt,  Lloyd  Brazileiro,  Norddeutscher 
LIo3'd,  Ocean  Steamship  Co.,  Peninsular  and  Oriental 
Steam  Navigation  Co.,  Royal  Mail  Steam  Packet 
Co.,  Shaw,  Savill,  and  Albion  Co.,  and  the  Allan, 
Booth,  City,  Elder,  Dempster,  Ellerman,  Hall, 
Harrison,  Houlder,  Stai  and  T)rser  Lines,  together 
with  vessels  built  for  the  British  Admiralty. 

Wonn.  The  act  of  passing  a  rope  spirally 
between  the  layers  of  a  cable ;  a  method  of  pro- 
tecting parts  of  a  rope  which  are  likely  to  be  chafed. 

WOrfh.    German  ist  class  battleship  (1892). 
Length  380ft.   Beam  64ft.   Maximum  draught  26ft. 
Displacement  10,060  tons.    Complement  568. 


Armour. 
"  Compound." 
15  in.  Belt. 
12  in.  Barbettes. 
5  in.  Turrets. 
12  in.  Conning  tower. 


Guns, 
4 — II  in. 
2 — II  in. 
8 — 4*1  in. 
8— isjpdr. 
2 — I  pdr. 
4  Machine. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
2  Submerged. 
I  Above  water  stem. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  forced  10,000  =17  kts.     Coal 
maximum  i  ,050  tons.     Approximate  cost,  £7^0,000. 

W.  PL  Watering  Place.  Abbreviation  adopted 
on  the  charts  issued  by  the  Hydrographic  Office. 
Admiralty. 

WJL  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Wieringen,  Holland. 

WlMk«  Seaweed  thrown  ashore  and  left  high 
and  dry  by  the  receding  ebb. 

WnuigelL  Bavon.    See  Arctic  Exploration. 

Wreck.  (Merchant  Shipping  Act,  1894,  sections 
510-571.)  The  expression  '*  wreck  "  includes  jetsam 
(q.v.),  flotsam  {q.v.),  lagan,  and  derelict  {q^v.),  found 
in  or  on  the  shores  of  the  sea  or  any  tidal  water. 
The  finder  of  wreck  if  also  owner  must  at  once  give 
notice  to  the  Receiver  of  Wreck  for  th'e  district ; 
if  not  owner,  he  must  as  soon  as  possible  deliver  up 
the  property  to  the  Receiver.  Any  person, 
whether  owner  or  not;  who  secretes  or  takes  posses- 
sion of  any  article  or  cargo  belonging  to  a  wrecked 
or  stranded  vessel,  and  refuses  to  deliver  np  the 
same  to  the  Receiver,  shall  be  liable  to  a  penalty  of 
;jioo.  The  Receiver,  upon  notification  that  any 
ship,  British  or  foreign,  is  wrecked,  stranded,  or  in 
distress  at  some  place  within  his  district,  shall  at 
once  proceed  to  the  spot,  make  all  necessary  arrange- 
ments for  the  protection  and  preservation  of  the 
pQ>perty,  take  conunand  of  all  persons  present, 
and  may  require  suitable  persons  to  assist  him,  and 
impress  waggons  and  horses  into  the  service,  under 
a  penalty  of  ;fioo  for  refusal.  For  the  purpose  of 
rendering  assistance  or  saving  life  or  cargo,  persons 
and  waggons  may  pass  over  private  lands,  any 
damage  done  being  a  charge  upon  the  property 
saved.  The  owner  or  occupier  of  lands  who  hinders 
this  right  of  passage,  or  prevents  the  deposit  of 
salved  property  on  his  land,  shalf  be  liable  to  a 
penalty  of  ;£ioo.  The  Receiver  may  use  all  neces- 
sary force  in  suppressing  plundering,  disorder,  or 
obstruction,  and  may  cause  offenders  to  be  arrested. 
Where  any  vessel  is  or  has  been  in  distress  on  the 
coasts  of  the  United  Kingdom,  the  Receiver  exam- 
ines on  oath  any  person  belonging  to  the  ship,  or 
likely  to  be  able  to  give  an  account  of  the  ship,  her 
cargo  or  stores.  Any  person  who  takes  into  any 
foreign  port  any  wreck  found  on  or  near  the  coasts 
of  the  United  Kingdom,  shall  be  guilty  of  a  felony, 
and  liable  to  five  years'  penal  servitude.  Where 
the  Receiver  has  reasons  for  believing  that  wrecked 
property  has  been  secreted  or  taken  possession 


WRECK 


692 


YACHT 


of  by  some  person  other  than  the  owner,  any 
justice  has  power  to  issue  a  search  warrant.  A 
Receiver  may  at  any  time  sell  any  wreck,  if  in  his 
opinion  it  is  under  the  value  of  £$,  or  is  so  dam- 
aged or  of  such  a  perishable  nature  that  it  cannot 
be  kept,  or  is  not  worth  warehousing  The  owner 
of  wreckage  must,  in  order  to  recover  his  property, 
establish  his  claim  within  a  year,  and  pay  all 
salvage,  fees,  and  expenses  due.  If  no  claim  to 
wreck  is  made  within  a  year,  the  Receiver  may 
proceed  to  sell  the  propert>'.  and  the  surplus,  after 
paying  expenses,  goes  to  the  Crown,  unless  the 
wreckage  is  found  at  a  place  where  nghts  to  un- 
claimed wreck  have  been  granted  to  a  subject,  e.g., 
an  admiral  or  lord  of  the  manor,  in  which  case  the 
claimant,  after  proving  his  title,  and  paying  all 
expenses,  is  entitled  to  the  property  ;  but  the 
Board  of  Trade  has  power  to  purchase  rights  to 
wreck  possessed  by  any  person  other  than  the 
Sovereign.  In  the  absence  of  the  Receiver,  who 
is  appointed  by  the  Board  of  Trade,  his  powers 
and  duties  are  exercised  by  the  chief  Customs, 
Coastguard,  or  Inland  Revenue  Officer,  or  by  the 
Shcrifl,  a  Justice  of  the  Peace,  or  naval  or  military 
officer  on  full  pay.  Where  any  wreckage  is  likely 
to  cause  an  obstruction  in  any  place  under  the  con. 
trol  of  a  hajbour  or  conservancy  authority,  such 
authority  may  remove,  raise,  sell,  or  destroy.  In 
any  other  case  the  powers  of  removal,  etc.,  are 
exercised  by  the  general  lighthouse  authorities. 
Hef^  to  Salvage,  Derelict,  Admiralty  Droits. 

Wreck.  The  ruins  of  a  ship  stranded  ;  a  vessel 
dashed  against  rocks  or  land,  and  broken  or  other- 
wise  destroyed,  or  totally  crippled  or  injured,  by 
violence  or  tecture ;  any  ship  or  goods  driven 
ashore  or  found  deserted  at  sea  in  an  unmanage- 
able condition. 

Wreck  Commission.  A  court  established  in  1876 
to  investigate  the  causes  of  the  shipwrecks  whieh 
occur  from  time  to  time. 

Wreck  free.  Exempted  from  the  forfeiture  of 
shipwreck  goods  and  vessels ;  as,  for  example,  the 
Cinque  Ports — a  privilege  granted  to  them  by  a 
charter  of  Edward  1. 

Wreck  master.  An  official  appointed  to  take 
charge  of  goods,  etc.,  cast  ashore  after  a  shipwreck. 

Wring.  To  damage,  twist,  or  strain  by  undue 
pressure  of  any  kind. 

W.B.W.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing 
boats  registered  at  Wieringerwaard,  Holland. 

W.S.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Lynn,  Norfolk,  England. 

WJSJtt.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing 
boats  registered  at  Winsum,  Holland. 

W.T.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  t>oats 
registered  at  "Westport  and  Newport.  Ireland. 

W.U.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Wilsum,  Holland. 


W.y.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  WUdervank,  Holland. 

W.W.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Weststdlingwerf,  Holland. 

W.Y.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Whitby,  England. 

Wye.  Royal  mail  steamer.  Became  a  total 
wreck  in  the  hurricane  that  swept  over  the  Virgin 
Islands,  October  29,  1867. 

Wye.  British  store-ship,  particular  service 
(1,370  tons).     Launched  1893. 

Wykebam.  Steamer,  of  Whitby.  Foundered  off 
Lisbon,  March,  1883  ;  22  lives  lost. 

Wyoming.    U.S.  monitor.    (San  Francisco.  1900.) 
Length  252ft.   Beam  50ft.  Maximum  draught  13ft. 
Displacement  2,755  tons.    Complement  130. 
Guns.  Armour. 

2 — 12  in.,  40  cal.       "  Krupp." 
4 — 4  in.  1 1  in.  Belt  amidships. 

3 — 6  pdr.  1 1  in.  Barbettes. 

4 — I  pdr.  8  in.  Conning  tower. 

2  Colts. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
2  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.   2,400=12  kts.     Coal   maxi- 
mum 400  tons. 


Xebec.  A  small  three-masted  vessel  used  on  the 
Mediterranean,  distinguished  by  the  great  pro- 
jecting bow  and  her  overhanging  stem. 


T.  Distinguishing  letter  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Youghal,  Ireland. 

y.  Yellow.  Abbreviation  adopted  on  the  charts 
issued  by  the  Hydrographic  Office,  Admiralty,  de- 
noting the  quahty  of  the  ocean's  bottom. 

Yacht.  A  decked  pleasure  vessel.  The  rigs  are 
various,  and  many  have  steam  power  as  an  acces- 
sory during  calms.  Racing  yachts  are  built  with 
fine  lines,  enormous  spars,  and  sails,  and  having 
the  hold  deeply  ballasted,  thus  sacrificing  every- 
thing to  speed. 

Yacht,  A,  is  a  "  ship,"  and  is  subject  to  most  of 
the  rights  and  liabilities  of  ships,  though  she  may 
be  bound  by  the  local  rules  of  any  yachting  club 
to  the  exclusion  of  her  legal  rights,  but  not  of  her 
liabilities. 

There  are  certain  regulations  in  the  Merchant 
Shipping  Act,  1894,  from  which  yachts  are  exempt, 
namely,  those  that  require — 

(i)  That  officers  shall  hold  certificates ; 

(2)  The  entry  in  the  agreement  with  the  crew 
of  particulars  respecting  apprentices,  and  mattets 
to  be  done  respecting  such  entry  ; 

(3)  The  engagement  or  supply  of  seamen  or 
apprentices  by  or  through  licensed  persons ; 


YACHT 


693 


YACHT 


(4)  Agreements  with  crew  ; 

(5)  Dischsvrge  and  payment  of  wages  before 
superintendent,  and  the  delivery  of  an  account  of 
wages,  showing  deductions  and  fines. 

(6)  Certain  accommodation  of  seamen. 

(7)  The  delivery  of  documents  at  foreign  ports 
to  Customs  officers. 

(8)  The  keeping  of  an  official  log  ; 

(9)  Deck  and  load  lines  to  be  marked  ; 

(10)  An  inquiry  by  superintendent  into  the  cause 
of  death  on  board,  and  his  report  to  the  Board  of 
Trade, 

Yachts  have  certain  privileges  as  regards  stores, 
and,  whilst  fishing  for  pleasure,  are  not  required 
to  be  lettered  or  registered  as  fishing  boats.  Yachts 
over  five  tons  formerly  paid  light  dues  of  15.  per 
ton  annually,  but  those  dues  have  since  been 
reduced  by  12^%,  by  Order  in  Council  (1903). 

Yacht  Oaiue.     See  Clauses. 

Yacht  Club  Argentino.  Established  1883.  Patron: 
His  Excellency  the  President  of  the  Argentine 
Republic ;  Commodore,  Rear^Admiral  Enrique  G. 
Howard  ;  Vice-Commodore.  C.  F.  Blanco ;  Honorary 
Treasurer,  F.  F.  Nisbet ;  Honorary  Secretary,  L.  B. 
Fiant.  659  Calle  Florida,  Buenos  Aires.  Entrance 
fee,  100  dols. ;  annual  subscription,  50  dols. 

Yacht  dab  de  France.  Established  1891.  Pre- 
sident, Vice-Admiral  Humann ;  Vice-Presidents, 
Vicomte  de  Curzay,  Due  Decazes,  A.  Glandas, 
Marquis  de  Montaigu ;  Agent,  Cent.  E.  Gras, 
82  Bvd.  Haussmann.  Paris.  Entrance  fee,  100 
francs  and  20  francs ;  annual  subscription,  100 
francs. 

Yacht  Glnb  d'Oetcndc.  Established  1901.  Pre- 
sident, Count  Louis  de  Hemptinne;  Vice-Presi- 
dents, F.  Quinet,  A.  Golder ;  Treasurer,  T.  Thiele ; 
Secretary,  Lieut.  Louis  Depiere,  44  Boulevard 
Ropier,  Ostend,  Belgium.  Annual  subscription, 
20  francs. 

Yacht  Club  of  Victoria,  Royal.  See  Royal  Yacht 
Club  of  Victoria. 

Yachting  dab  Antamobile  d'Arcaehon.  Estab- 
lished 1887.  President.  Comte  de  Gaulne ;  Vice^ 
Presidents,  H.  Exshaw,  G.  Picon ;  Treasurer* 
G.  I^fon  Plantey ;  Secretary,  Henry  Gibert, 
250  Boulevard  de  la  Plage,  Arcachon.  Annual  sub- 
scription, 20  francs. 

Yachting  Monthly.  Established  1906.  An  illus- 
trated magazine  of  yachting,  marine  motoring,  sea- 
fishing,  rowing,  and  all  water  sports.  PubUshed 
monthly,  price  15.  Address :  **  Field "  Office. 
Bream's  Buildings,  London,  E.C. 

Yachting  World.  Established  1894.  Published 
weekly  (Thursday).  Price  3^.  Address  :  37  Wal- 
brook,  London,  E.C. 

Yacht  Racing  Avodation. 

Racing  Rules. 
All  races,  and  yachts  sailing  therein,  shall  be 
under  the  direction  of  the  Flag  Officers,  Sailing 


Committee,  or  Officers  of  the  day  of  the  Club 
under  whose  auspices  the  races  are  being  sailed, 
hereinafter  referred  to,  together  or  separately,  a» 
the  Sailing  Committee.  All  matters  shall  be  sub* 
ject  to  their  approval  and  control ;  and  all  doubts, 
questions,  and  disputes  which  may  arise  shall  be 
subject  to  their  decision.  Their  decisions  shall  be 
based  upon  these  rules  so  far  as  they  will  apply, 
but  as  no  rules  can  be  devised  capable  of  meeting 
every  incident  and  accident  of  sailing,  the  Sailing 
Committee  should  keep  in  view  the  ordinary 
customs  of  the  sea.  and  discourage  all  attempts  to 
win  a  race  by  other  means  than  fair  sailing  and 
superior  speed  and  skill,     . 

2. — Recognised  Yttckt  CliAs, 

The  term,  a  recognised  Yacht  Club,  shall  include 
every  British  Yacht  Club  holding  an  Admiralty 
Warrant ;  and  also  such  other  Yacht  and  Sailing 
Clubs  giving  races  under  these  rules  as  may  be 
accepted  as  recognised  Yacht  Clubs  by  the  Council. 

The  Council  shall  have  the  power  of  cancelling 
recognition  of  any  Club  should  they  deem  it 
expedient  to  do  so. 

Ownepship  of  Yachts, 

Every  yacht  entered  for  a  race  must  be  the 
bona  fide  property  of  the  person  or  persons  in 
whose  name  or  names  she  is  entered,  who  must 
be  a  member  or  members  of  a  recognised  Yacht 
Club. 

A  3^acht  let  on  hire  may  be  raced  provided — 

(a)  That  she  is  let  for  a  period  in  excess  of  one 
month ; 

(b)  That  she  is  entered  in  the  name  of  the  owner, 
who  is  to  be  responsible  in  all  contingencies,  for   . 
all  entries,  racing  expenses,  and  damages  ; 

(c)  That  the  crew  are  to  be  considered  the  ser- 
vants of  the  owner ; 

(d)  That  the  hirer  (who  must  be  a  member  of  a 
recognised  Yacht  Club)  shall,  as  rqporesentative  of 
the  owner,  comply  with  all  the  rules  and  regula- 
tions of  the  Y.R.A. 

4, — Certificate, 

A  valid  Y.R.A.  certificate  shall  be  held  by  every 
yacht  starting  in  a  race  under  Y.RA.  rating, 
unless  the  owner  or  his  representative  signs  -and 
lodges  with  the  Sailing  Committee  before^the  start 
a  statement  in  the  following  form — mz.  : 

Undertaking  to  Produce  Certificate, 

The  Yacht competes  in  the  Race  of  the 

won  the  condition  that  a  valid  certificate 

is  to  be  produced  within  a  fortnight,  and  dated  not 
more  than  one  week  after  the  Raice,  that  she  is 
not  to  be  altered  between  the  Race  and  the  date 
of  certificate,  and  that  she  competes  in  the  Race 
on  the  rating  of  that  certificate. 

Signed 

Date 


YACHT 


694 


YACHT 


Fees  for  Measuring. 

The  Official  Measurers  shall  collect  the  fees 
before  measuring,  and  be  responsible  for  the  same 
to  the  Hon.  Treasurer. 

The  fees  shall  be  as  follows  : 

I. — Partial  MeasuremetUs, 

(a)  For  mes^suring  length,  beam,  and  spars,  or 

for  length  and  spaxs  or  sail  area  : 

McrouBi'i.    Non*MoiiiiMr8* 
a4-ft.  rating £o     7     6        O      1     0 


24-f I.  and  not  above  S2-ft. 
Bsc«edlii«  sa-ft. 


•        •••       •••       •• 


0    10      6 
0    IS      0 


1  11      6 

2  M      6 


{b)  For  measuring  length  and  beam  only  if 
carried  out  conjointly  :  Half  above  fees. 

{c)  For  measuring  spars  or  sail  area  only :  Half 
above  fees. 

(d)  For  measuring  girth,  or  girth  difference  : 

Members.    Non-Members. 

a4*ft.  ratW  and  nnder   £0    10     6        £l      7     6 

Over  24-ft.  and  not  above  32-ft.   ...       0    IS     0 
Exceeding  S2-ft 110 


2      2     0 
2    IS      6 


{e)  For  attending  at  a  weighing  :  105.  6d. 

2. — Complete  Measurements  for  a  Y.R.A, 
Certificate  of  Rating. 
For  measuring  length,  beam,  girth,  girth  differ- 
ence, spars  (and  sail  area,  if  necessary)  : 

MembeiB.  Non-Members. 

24-ft.  and  under £o    18      0  £2      8     6 

Over  24-ft.  and  not  exceeding  sa-ft.       15     0  3    13     6 

Exceeding  52-ft 1    IS      0  S      8     0 

Fee  for  a  duplicate  certificate  when  no  new 
measurements  are  required.  55.  (payable  to  Secre- 
tary direct). 

Upon  measuring  days  fixed  by  a  Yacht  Club, 
boats  of  34*ft.  rating  and  under  will  be  measured 
at  an  inclusive  fee  of  ;£i  J2s.  6d.,  and  half  fee  for 
girth  only,  or  for  length  and  beam  only,  or  for 
spars  only.  The  Yacht  Club  in  such  cases  must 
pay  the  Measurer's  travelling  expenses.  This  scale 
applies  only  when  not  fewer  than  four  yachts  are 
measured  on  one  day. 

5. — Time  Allowance. 

There  shall  be  no  time  allowance  in  races  under 
Y.R.A.  rating  except  as  provided  in  the  Inter- 
national Rule  iq.v.). 

In  races  in  which  there  is  time  allowance  the 
time  to  be  allowed  on  arrival  shall  be  in  proportion 
to  the  length  of  the  course  as  notified  on  the  pro- 
gramme or  instructions. 

6. — Entries, 

Entries  shall  be  made  with  the  Secretary  of  the 
Clab  hi  the  following  form  at  least  48  hours  previous 
to  noon  of  the  day  appointed  for  starting  each  race. 
In  case  of  a  Sunday  intervening,  34  houn  shall 
be  added.  Entries  may  be  made  by  telegram,  and 
it  shall  be  deemed  sufficient  that  the  same  shall 
have  been  despatched  before  noon  of  the  day  on 
which  the  entries  close,  subject  to  the  provision  as 
to  Sundays,  but  such  entries  by  telegram  must  be 
confirmed  in  the  proper  form,  in  course  of  post : 


Form  of  Entry. 

To  be  signed  by  the  Owner  or  his  Representative. 

Please  enter  the  Yacht owner 

for  the Race  at on  the 

Her  distinguishing  flag  is : 

her    rig    is ;    and  her  Y.R.A.   rating  is 


And  I  agree  to  be  bound  by  the  Racing  Rules  of 
the  Y.R.A. 

Signed  this day  of 

In  case  the  rating  has  from  any  reason  been 
incorrectiy  statdd  in  the  Form  of  Entry,  if  the 
fact  is  notified  to  the  Sailing  Committee  in  writing 
before  the  entries  close,  the  Sailing  Committee 
shall  regard  only  the  yacht's  correct  rating  at  the 
time  of  starting ;  but  otherwise  the  yacht  cannot 
sail  at  a  lower  rating  than  that  entered. 

7. — Refusal  of  Entry. 

A  Sailing  Committee  may,  if  they  consider  it 
expedient,  refuse  any  entry. 

8. — Oumer  to  Enter  One  Yacht  Only. 

An  owner  may  not  enter  more  than  one  yacht 
in  a  race,  nor  the  same  yacht  for  two  or  more 
races  advertised  to  be  sailed  on  the  same  day  and 
under  the  same  club. 

9. — Postponement  of  Races. 

The  Sailing  Committee  shall  have  power  to  post- 
pone any  race  should  unfavourable  weather  render 
such  a  course  desirable.  Letter  N  of  the  com- 
mercial code,  hoisted  over  the  flag  denoting  the 
race,  shall  be  the  signal  that  a  race  has  been  post- 
poned. 

No  new  entry  shall  be  received  under  any  cir- 
cumstances whatever  for  a  postponed  race. 

10. — Sailing  Over. 

A  yacht  duly  entered  for  a  race  shall  be  entitled 
to  sail  over  the  course  (subject,  however,  to  Rule  9). 
for  not  less  than  half  the  value  of  the  first  prize. 

II. — Resailed  Races. 

A  yacht  which  did  not  start  or  which  has,  in 
the  opinion  of  the  Sailing  Committee,  committed 
a  breach  of  the  rules  in  the  original  race,  shall  not 
be  allowed  to  compete  in  a  resailed  race. 

12. — Shortening  Course. 
The  Sailing  Committee  may  shorten  the  coarse 
during  a  race,  and  the  flag  denoting  the  race, 
hoisted  under  the  White  Peter,  or  in  case  of  fog 
or  darkness  two  guns  fired,  shall  be  the  signal 
that  the  race  is  to  finish  with  the  round  about  to 
be  completed,  or  at  such  mark  as  the  Sailing  Com- 
mittee may  appoint,  and  the  time  allowance  shall 
be  reduced  in  proportion. 

13. — Removal  of  Flag  Vessel  or  Marh. 

Should  any  flag  vessel  or  other  mark  be  removed 
from  its  proper  position,  either  by  accident  or 
design,  the  race  shall  be  re-sailed,  or  not.  at  the 
discretion  of  the  Sailing  Committee. 


YACHT 


695 


YACHT 


14. — Declaration  of  Observance  of  Rules. 
The  Sailing  Committee  shall  award  the  prizes, 
subject  to  these  rules,  but  before  they  do  so  the 
owner,  or  his  representative,  shall  sign  a  declara- 
tion that  the  yacht  has  strictly  conformed  to  all 
the  sailing  regulations,  as  follows : 

Porm  of  Declaration. 

I ,  a  Member  of  the   

Yacht  Club,  do  hereby  declare  that  I  was  on  board 

and  in  charge  of  the  Yacht while  sailing 

in  the  Race  this  day,  and  that  all  Rules  and  Regu- 
lations were  obeyed  during  that  Race. 

Date 

Signed    

Such  declaration  must  be  lodged  with  the  Sailing 
Committee  within  48  hours  of  the  arrival  of  the 
winning  yacht,  but  the  Sailing  Committee  may 
extend  this  time  if  it  considers  it  desirable  to  do 
so,  but  such  extension  shall  not  exceed  a  period  of 
30  days. 

15. — //  a  Yacht  he  Disqualified. 
If  any  yacht  be  disqualified  the  next  in  order 
shall  be  awarded  the  prize. 

16. — Distinguishing  Flag. 
Every  yacht  must  carry  at  her  main  topmast 
head  a  rectangular  distinguishing  flag  of  a  suitable 
size,  which  must  not  be  hauled  down  unless  she 
gives  up  the  race.  If  the  topm^t  be  lowered  on 
deck  or  carried  away,  the  flag  must  be  rehoisted 
in  a  conspicuous  place  as  soon  as  possible. 

17. — Fittings  and  Ballast. 
All  yachts  exceeding  7  metres  must  be  fitted 
below  deck  with  the  ordinary  fittings  of  a  yacht, 
efficiently  constructed,  which  in  number  and  size 
shall  not  be  less  than  specified  in  the  table  con- 
tained in  the  International  Rule  for  Yacht  Measure- 
ment {q.v.)  ;  and  they  must  carry  on  board  the 
hawsers  and  chain  cables  specified  in  the  Scantling 
Tables.  The  5,  6,  and  7  metre  classes  must  carry 
the  anchors  q>6cified  in  the  Scantling  Tables,  but 
the  8  to  23  metre  classes  may  dispense  with  ist 
anchor  and  carry  2ad  anchor  as  specified  in  the 
Scantling  Tables,  also  3rd  anchor,  if  specified,  or  a 
kedge  anchor  of  suitable  weight. 

18. — Boats  and  Lifebuoys. 
Every  yacht  exceeding  12  metres  shall  carry  a 
serviceable  boat  on   deck   of  not  less  than   the 
dimensions  named  in  the  annexed  table,  ready  for 
immediate  use,  with  oars  lashed  therein  : 


Y.R.  A.  Rating 
(International  Rule). 

Above  the 
19.  Metres 

(623  ft.) 
Class. 

Above  the 

15  Metres 

(492  ft.) 

Class. 

Above  the 
12  Metres 

394  ft.) 
Class. 

Equivalent        Tonnage, 
water-line  Length     ... 

Over  70  ft. 

Over  55  ft. 

Over  45  ft. 

Length       

^•CJllll      •••        •••        ■«■        «««        ■■■ 

Depth  at  i  Beam  from  in- 
side of  planking  to  top 
of  gunwale    

12  ft. 
4  ft.  7  in. 

aoin. 

lift. 
4  ft.  5  in. 

aOin. 

10  ft. 
4  ft.  3  in. 

19  in. 

A  yacht  not  measured  for  Y.R.A.  rating,  when 
racing  in  a  handicap  race,  must  carry  a  boat  as 
provided  in  the  above  rule  according  to  her  equiva- 
lent Water-line  Length  as  above  tabulated. 

Every  yacht  shall  carry  at  least  one  lifebuoy  on 
deck  or  in  the  cockpit  ready  for  use. 

ig.-^Lights. 
All  yachts  sailing  in  a  race  at  night  shall  observe 
the  Board  of  Trade  rules  as  to  carrying  of  lights. 

21. — Manual  Power  Only  to  be  Used. 
There  shall  be  no  restrictions  as  to  sails,  or  the 
manner  of  setting  and  working  them ;  but  manual 
power  only  may  be  used  for  hoisting  and  working 
them,  or  for  working  a  centre-board  or  plate. 

22. — Member  on  Board. 
Every  yacht  sailing  in  a  race  shall   have  on 
board  a  member  of  a  recognised  yacht  club  to  be 
in  charge  of  the  yacht,  as  owner  or  owner's  repre- 
sentative. 

23. — Owner  Steering. 
An  owner  shall  not  steer  any  other  yacht  than 
his  own  in  a  race  wherein  his  own  yacht  competes. 

24. — Crew  and  Friends  in  Yachts  of  19  Metros 

(62 '3  ft.)  and  Under. 
See  International  Rule  of  Measurement. 

25. — Crew  and  Friends  in  Yachts  Above 
19  Metres  (62*3  ft.). 
See  International  Rule  of  Measurement. 

26. — Instructions  for  the  Race. 

Every  yacht  entered  for  a  race  shall,  at  the  time 
of  entry,  or  as  soon  after  as  possible,  be  supplied 
with  written  or  printed  instructions  as  to  the 
course  to  be  sailed,  marks,  etc.  Nothing  shall  be 
considered  as  a  mark  in  the  course  unless  specially 
named  as  such  in  these  instructions. 

Each  yacht  shall  be  given  a  number  with  the 
sailing  instructions,  for  purposes  of  recall,  as 
specified  in  the  succeeding  rule. 

27.'-The  Start. 
Fifteen  minutes  before  the  time  of  starting  one 
of  the  following  flags  of  the  New  International 
Code  of  Signals  shall  be  hoisted  as  a  preparatory 
flag  for  the  yachts  of  each  successive  race  to 
approach  the  starting  line — viz.  : 

A  of  Internet.  Code  for  the  yachts  of  the  1st  race. 
B  „  ,,  „  „         2ncl 

^  ••  »•  *t  •«  3rcl 

D  ,,  M  ,,  „  4th 

and  so  on. 

Five  minutes  before  the  start  the  preparatory 
flag  shall  be  lowered,  a  Blue  Peter  hoisted,  and  a 
gun  fired,  after  which  the  yachts  in  the  race  shall 
be  amenable  to  the  rules.  At  the  expiration  of 
five  minutes  exactly,  the  Blue  Peter  shall  be  hauled 
down,  and  a  second  gun  fired  as  a  signal  to  start. 
Should  a  gun  miss  fire,  the  Blue  Peter  shall  be  the 
signal. 

If  any  yacht,  or  any  part  of  her  hull,  spars,  or 
other  equipment  be  on  or  across  the  starting  line 


tf 


YACHT 


696 


YACHT 


when  the  signal  to  start  is  made,  her  recall  number 
shall  be  displayed  as  soon  as  possible,  and  a  suit- 
able sound  signal  also  given  to  call  the  attention 
of  the  competitors  to  the  fact  that  a  recall  number 
is  being  displayed.  The  yacht  recalled  must  return 
and  recross  the  line  to  the  satisfaction  of  the  Com- 
mittee, and  the  number  must  be  kept  displayed 
until  she  has  done  so ;  and  a  yax^ht  so  returning, 
or  one  working  into  position  from  the  wrong  side 
of  the  line  after  the  signal  to  start  has  been  made, 
must  keep  clear  of  all  competing  yachts. 

The  numbers  should  be  in  white  on  a  black 
ground,  and  the  figures  not  less  than  2  ft.  6  in.  in 
height. 

28. — Yachts  Meeting. 

When  two  yachts  are  approaching  one  another, 
so  as  to  involve  risk  of  collision,  one  of  them  shall 
keep  out  of  the  way  of  the  other,  as  follows — 
vii.  1 

A  yacht  which  is  running  free  shall  keep  out  of 
the  way  of  a  yacht  which  is  close-hauled. 

A  yacht  which  is  close-hauled  on  the  port  tack 
shall  keep  out  of  the  way  of  a  yacht  which  is 
close4iauled  on  the  starboard  tack. 

When  both  are  running  free  with  the  wind  on 
different  sides,  the  yacht  which  has  the  wind  on 
the  port  ^de  shall  keep  out  of  the  way  of  the 
other. 

When  both  are  running  free  with  the  wind  on 
the  same  side,  the  yacht  which  is  to  windward 
shall  keep  out  of  the  way  of  the  yacht  which  is  to 
leeward. 

A  yacht  which  has  the  wind  aft  shall  keep  out 
of  the  way  of  the  other  yacht. 

29. — Overtaking,  Luffing,  and  Bearing  Away, 

A  yacht  overtaking  any  other  shall  keep  out 
of  the  way  of  the  overtaken  yacht ;  and  a  yacht 
may  lufi  as  she  pleases  to  prevent  another  yacht 
passing  to  windward,  but  must  never  bear  away 
out  of  her  course  to  hinder  the  other  passing  to 
leeward — ^the  lee  side  to  be  considered  that  on 
which  the  leading  yacht  of  the  two  carries  her 
main  boom.  The  overtaking  vessel,  if  to  leeward, 
must  not  lu£  until  she  has  drawn  clear  ahead  of 
the  yacht  she  has  overtaken. 

30. — Rounding  Marks, 

When  rounding  any  buoy  or  vessel  used  to 
mark  out  the  course,  if  two  yachts  are  not  clear 
of  each  other  at  the  time  the  leading  yacht  is 
close  to  and  actually  rounding  the  mark,  the 
outside  yacht  must  give  the  other  room  to  pass 
clear  of  it,  whether  it  be  the  lee  or  weather  yacht 
which  is  in  danger  of  fouling  the  mark.  No  yacht 
shall  be  considered  clear  of  another  yacht  unless 
so  much  ahead  as  to  give  a  free  choice  to  the 
other  on  which  side  she  will  pass.  An  overtaking 
yacht  shall  not,  however,  be  justified  in  attempting 
to  establish  an  overlap,  and  thus  force  a  passage 
between  the  leading  yacht  and  the  mark,  after  the 


latter  yacht  has  altered  her  helm  for  the  purpose 
of  rounding. 

31.^ — Obstructions  to  Sea-Room, 

When  passing  a  pier,  shoal,  rock,  vessel,  or  other 
obstruction  to  sea-room,  should  yachts  not  be  clear 
of  each  other,  the  outside  yacht  or  yachts  must 
give  room  to  the  yacht  in  danger  of  fouling  such 
obstruction,  whether  she  be  the  weather  or  the 
leeward  yacht,  provided  always  that  an  overlap 
has  been  established  before  an  obstruction  is  actu- 
ally reached. 

32. — Close-Hauled  Approaching  a  Shore. 

If  two  yachts  are  standing  towards  a  shore  or 
shoal,  or  towards  any  buoy,  boat,  or  vessel,  and 
the  yacht  to  leeward  is  likely  to  run  aground  or 
foul  of  such  buoy,  boat,  or  vessel  (a  mark  vessel 
excepted),  and  is  not  able  to  tack  without  coming 
into  collision  with  the  yacht  to  windward,  the 
latter  shall  at  once  tack,  on  being  hailed  to  do  so 
by  the  owner  of  the  leeward  yacht,  or  the  person 
acting  as  the  owner's  representative,  who  shall  be 
bound  to  see  that  the  leeward  yacht  tacks  at  the 
same  time. 

33. — Fouling  or  Improperly  Rounding  Marks. 

A  yacht  must  go  fairly  round  the  course,  round 
ing  the  series  of  marks  as  specified  in  the  instruc 
tions ;  and,  in  order  to  round  each  mark,  the 
yacht's  track  from  the  preceding  to  the  following 
mark  must  enclose  it  on  the  required  side.  A 
yacht  which,  in  rounding  a  mark,  fouls  it  or  causes 
the  mark  vessel  to  shift  her  position  to  avoid  a 
foul,  shall  be  disqualified,  unless  on  her  protest  it 
is  established  that  she  was  wrongfully  compelled 
to  do  so  by  another  yacht,  in  which  case  such  other 
yacht  shall  be  disqualified.  The  yacht  which 
fouled  the  mark  must  immediately  either  abandon 
the  race  or  hoist  a  protest  flag. 

34.— Fott/tfig  Competing  Y^idUs, 

If  a  yacht,  in  consequence  of  her  neglect  of  any 
of  these  rules,  shall  foul  another  yacht,  or  compd 
other  yachts  to  foul,  she  shall  be  disqualified,  and 
shall  pay  aU  damages  as  provided  by  Rule  41. 

35. — Running  Ashore. 

A  yacht  running  on  shore,  or  foul  of  a  buoy, 
vessel,  or  other  obstruction,  may  use  her  own 
anchors,  boats,  warps,  etc.,  to  haul  off,  but  may 
not  receive  any  assistance  except  from  the  crew 
of  the  vessd  fouled.  Any  anchor,  boat,  or  warp 
used  must  be  taken  on  hoard  again  before  she 
continues  the  race. 

36. — Anchoring  During  a  Race. 

A  yacht  may  anchor  during  a  race,  but  must 
weigh  her  anchor  again  and  take  it  on  board,  and 
not  slip.  No  yacht  shall,  during  a  race,  make 
fast  to  any  buoy,  stage  pier,  or  other  object,  or 
send  an  anchor  out  in  a  boat,  except  for  the  pur- 
pose of  Rule  35. 


YACHT 


697 


YACHT 


37. — Means  of  Propulsion. 
No  towing,  sweeping,  poling,  pushing,  or  any 
mode  oi  propulsion  except  sails  shall  be  allowed 
except  for  the  purpose  set  forth  in  Rule  35. . 

* 

38. — Sounding. 
No  other  means  of  sounding  than  the  lead  and 
line  shall  be  allowed. 

39. — Man  Overboard. 
In  case  of  a  man  falling  overboard  from  any 
yacht,  all  other  yachts  in  a  position  to  do  so  shall 
use  their  utmost  endeavours  to  render  assistance  ; 
^nd  if  it  should  appear  that  any  yacht  so  assisting 
was  thereby  prevented  from  winning  a  prize,  the 
Committee  shall  have  power  to  order  the  race  to 
be  re-sailed  between  any  yacht  or  yachts  so  pre- 
vented and  the  actual  winners.  A  yacht  shall 
be  disqualified  from  winning  a  prize  in  a  race  or 
a  re-sailed  race  if,  when  in  a  position  to  render 
assistance,  she  shall  have  neglected  to  do  so. 

40. — Finishing  a  Race. 

A  yacht  shall  be  timed  for  completing  a  race  as 
soon  as  any  part  of  the  hull  or  spars  be  on  or 
across  the  finishing  line,  but  continues  amenable 
to  the  rules  so  long  as  any  part  of  the  hull  or 
spars  remains  on  the  line. 

41. — Protest. 

Any  yacht  disobeying  or  infringing  any  of  these 
rules — which  shall  apply  to  all  yachts,  whether 
sailing  in  the  same  or  different  races,  shall  be  dis- 
qualified from  receiving  any  prize  she  would  other- 
wise have  won,  and  her  owner  shall  be  liable  for 
all  damages  arising  therefrom,  not  exceeding  in 
amount  and  subject  to  the  same  Umitations  as 
provided  by  the  Merchant  Shipping  Act  of  1894. 
A  breach  of  these  rules  shall  be  considered  "  im- 
proper navigation  "  within  the  meaning  and  for 
the  purposes  of  that  Act. 

42. — Protests, 

A  protest  on  the  score  of  a  breach  of  the  rules 
occurring  during  a  race  must  be  signified  by 
showing  a  flag  conspicuously  in  the  main  rigging 
of  the  protesting  yachts  on  first  passing  the  Sailing 
G^mmittee. 

All  protests  must  be  made  in  writing  and  signed 
by  the  owner  or  his  representative,  and  lodged 
with  the  Sailing  Committee  with  such  fee,  if  any, 
as  may  have  been  prescribed,  within  two  hours  of 
the  finish  of  the  protesting  yacht,  or  her  arrival 
at  an  anchorage  should  she  not  cross  the  finishing 
line.  But  the  Sailing  Committee  shall  have  power 
to  extend  the  time  should  they  have  good  and 
sufficient  reason  to  do  so.  A  protest  made  in 
writing  shall  not  be  withdrawn. 

43. — Sailing  Committee's.  Decision. 
Before  deciding  a  protest,  a  Sailing  Committee 
shall  give  notice  to  the  party  protested  against, 
and  shall  hear  such  evidence  and  make  such  other 
inquiries  as  they  may  consider  necessary. 


44. — Appeals  to  Council. 
A  protest  which  has  been  decided  by  a  Sailing 
Committee  shall  be  referrbd  to  the  Council  of  the 
Y.R.A. 

(a)  If  the  Sailing  Committee,  at  th^ir  own 
instance,  should  think  proper  to  so  refer  it« 

(b)  If  either  of  the  parties  interested  make 
application  for  such  reference, :  on  a  question  of 
interpretation  of.  these  rules,  within  one  week  of 
the  Sailing  Committee's  decision. 

In  the  latter  case  (b)  such'  reference  must  be 
accompanied  by  a  deposit  of  £$  in  the  case  of 
yachts  exceeding  36-ft.  rating,  and  of  £1  for  yachts 
not  exceeding  36-ft.  rating,  payable  by  the  party 
appealing,  to  be  forfeited  to  the  funds  of  the 
Yacht  Racing  Association  in  the  event  of  the  appeal 
not  being  sustained. 

45. — Particulars  to  be  Furnished  by  Sailing 
Committee. 

,  I  •  • 

The  reference  to  the  Council  must  be  accom- 
panied by  the  following  particulars,  as  far  as  thu 
same  are  applicable : 

1.  A  copy  of  the  protest  and  all  other  written 
statements  that  may  have  been  put  in  by  the 
parties. 

2.  A  plan  showing — 
(a)  The  course. 

{b)  The  direction  and  force  of  the  wind. 

(c)  The  set  of  the  tide. 

id)  The  position  and  tracks  of  the  competing 
yachts  involved  in  the  protest. 

3.  A  copy  of  the  advertised  conditions* of  the 
race,  and  the  sailing  instructions  furnished  to  the 
yachts. 

4.  The  observations  of  the  Sailing  Committee 
therecm,  with  their  decision. 

46. — Expenses  of  Remeasurement  Incurred  by 

Protest. 

In  the  event  of  a  protest  involving  the  re- 
measurement  of  a  yacht,  the  fees  and  expenses 
of  such  remeasurement  shall  be  paid  by  the  un- 
successful party  to  the  protest. 

47. — Persons  Interested  not  to  Tahe  Part  in 

Decisions. 

No  member  of  the  Sailing  Committee  or  Council 
shall  take  part  in  the  discussion  or  decision  upon 
any  disputed  question  in  which  he  is  an  interested 
party. 

48. — Disqualification  Without  Prot^. 

Should  it  come  to  the  knowledge  of  a  Sailing 
Committee,  or  should  they  have  reasonable  grounds 
for  supposing  that  a  competitor  in  a  race  has  in 
any  way  infringed  these  rules,  they  shall  act  on 
their  own  initiative  as  if  a  protest  had  been  made. 

49. — Penalties  for  Flagrant  Breach  of  Rules. 
Should  a  flagrant  breach  or  infringement  of  any 
of  these  rules  be  proved  against  the  owner  of  a 
yacht,   or  against  the  owner's  representative,  or 


YACHT 


698 


YACHT 


amateur  helmsman,  such  owner,  his  representative, 
or  amateur  helmsman  may  be  disqualified  by  the 
Council,  for  any  time  the  Council  may  think  fit, 
from  steering  or  sailing  in  charge  of  a  yacht  in  any 
race  held  under  the  rules  of  the  Yacht  Racing 
Association ;  and  should  a  flagrant  breach  of  these 
rules  be  proved  against  any  sailing  master,  he  may 
be  disqualified  by  the  Council,  for  such  time  as  the 
Council  may  think  fit,  from  steering  or  acting  as 
sailing  master  of  a  yacht  in  any  race  hdd  under 
the  rules  of  the  Yacht  Racing  Association. 

International  Rule  of  Measurement. 
The  rule  of  measurement  is  "  The  International 
Rule  for  Yacht  Measurement  and  Rating."     It  is 
to  be  in  force  for  ten  years,  from  January  i,  1908 — 
that  is  to  say,  until  December  31,  1917. 

Formula, 
The  formula  is : 

as  Rating  m  hnear  umts 

2 

— t.e.,  either  feet  or  metres. 

Where  L= Length  in  linear  units. 

„     B= Beam  in  linear  units. 

, ,     G  »  Girth  in  linear  units. 

tf= Girth  difference  in  linear  units. 

„     S= Sail  area  in  square  units. 

Fs  Freeboard  in  linear  units. 

Length, 
The  length,  L,  for  the  formula  is  to  be  the 
length  on  the  water-line  (recorded  as  specified  in 
paragraph  34  of  the  Instructions  to  Measurers), 
with  the  addition  (i)  of  the  difference  between  the 
girth,  covering  board  to'  covering  board,  at  the 
bow  water-line  ending,  and  twice  the  freeboard 
at  that  point,  and  (2)  one-fifth  of  the  difference 
between  the  girth,  covering  board  to  covering 
board,  at  the  stern  water-line  ending,  and  twice 
the  freeboard  at  that  point. 

Beam, 

I'he  beam,  B,  is  to  be  taken  from  outside  to 
outside  of  the  planking  at  the  broadest  place,  in- 
cluding wales,  doubling  planks,  and  mouldings  of 
any  kind. 

Girth, 

The  girth,  G,  is  to  be  the  chain  girth  measured 
irom  the  upper  iside  of  the  covering  board  round 
the  keel  to  the  upper  side  of  the  covering  board 
again,  at  that  part  of  the  yacht  at  which  the 
measurement  is  greatest,  less  twice  the  freeboard 
at  the  same  station.  This  station  is  to  be  indicated 
on  the  covering  board  by  an  official  mark  [G]. 
Should  the  chain  girth  be  the  same  at  several 
stations,  that  which  is  nearest  to  the  greatest  beam 
shall  be  adopted  for  subsequent  measurements. 

But  if  the  keel  underside  line  abaft  the  girth 
station  is  straight,  except  for  a  reasonable  round 
at  the  extreme  after  end,  the  station  for  the  girth 
measurement  may  be  fixed  by  the  designer  any- 
where abaft  0.55  of  the  L.W.L.  length  from  its 


fore  end,  provided  that  the  maximum  chain  girth, 
covering  board  to  covering  board,  does  not  exceed 
that  at  the  station  so  fixed,  anjrwhere  forward  of 
that  station,  or  by  more  than  ,  3  per  cent,  any- 
where abaft  of  that  station. 

Should  there  be  any  hollow  in  the  fore  and  aft 
underwater  profile,  the  girth  and  difference  measure- 
ments shall  be  taken  under  an  imaginary  keel  line, 
excluding  such  hollow. 

Girth  Difference, 

The  girth  difference,  d,  in  the  formula,  is  to  be 
the  difference  between  the  chain  girth,  measured 
as  above  described  from  covering  board  to  covering 
board,  and  the  skin  girth  between  the  same  points, 
measured  along  the  actual  outline  of  the  cross 
section. 

Sail  Area, 

The  sail  area,  S,  is  to  be  measured  as  stated  in 
paragraph  31  of  the  Instructions  to  Measurers. 

Freeboafd, 
The  freeboard  for  the  formula  is  to  be  twice  the 
freeboard  at  the  girth  station,  plus  once  the  free- 
board measured  at  the  bow  water-line  ending  for 
length  measurement  (see  above),  plus  once  the 
freeboard  measured  at  the  stem  water-line  ending, 
the  sum  to  be  divided  by  4. 

Crew, 
All  measurements  to  be  taken  without  crew  00 
board. 

Marhs. 
Visible  measurement  marks  on  the  hull  must  be 
in  accordance  with  paragraph  13  of  the  Instruc- 
tions to  Measurers. 

Immersion, 
That  the  certificated  rating  be  for  the  immersion 
of  the  yacht  in  water  of  the  specific  gravity  of 
open  sea  water.  Allowance  is  to  be  made  in  the 
case  of  vessels  measured  in  fresh  water,  as  pre- 
scribed in  the  instructions  to  Measurers. 

Cabin  Dimensions  and  Fittings, 
The  restrictions  as  to  cabin  specifications  to  be 
in   accordance   with   the   table   published   in    the 
Y.R.A.  book  of  Rules  (page  51). 

Masts, 
Hollow   wooden    masts   are   prohibited    in   the 
classes  above  32.8  feet  (10  metres),  and  also  hoUow 
metal  masts  in  all  classes  up  to  75.4  ft.  (23  metres) 
iodusive. 

Classification, 
The  classes  will  be  as  follows  : 


Claw  A  (above  23) 


/23  matres 
19       .. 


Inter- 
national-^ 
Classes 


19 

12 

10 
9 
8* 
7 
6* 
V  5* 


Corresponding 

classes  in 
English  feet. 

75.4 
62.3 
49.2 
39.4 
32.8 
29.5 
26.2 
23.0 
19.7 
16.4 


Limit  to  num- 
ber of  persons 
allowed  on 
board  doting 

Nolimh. 
20 
14 
10 

8 

6 

5 

4 

3 

2 


YACHT 


699 


YACHT 


Among  the  classes  of  10  metres  and  under,  the 
classes  *  thus  marked  to  be  styled  the  principal 
classes,  which  clubs  are  specially  recommended  to 
encourage. 

Amalgamalion  to  be  Avoided, 

The  international  classes,  when  separately  adver- 
tised, must  never  be  amalgamated. 

Scantlings. 

All  yachts  will  have  to  be  classed  with  one  of 
the  three  classification  societies — viz.,  Lloyd's 
Register  of  British  and  Foreign  Shipping.  Ger- 
manischer^Iioyd,  or  Bureau  Veritas;  and  yachts 
of  the  International  classes  so  built  will  be  classed 
R,  denoting  that  their  scantlings  are  as  required 
for  their  respective  rating  classes.  The  tablee  of 
scantlings  may  be  obtained  on  application  from 
the  Secretary  of  Lloyd's  Register  of  British  and 
Foreign  Shipping,  71  Fenchurch  Street,  E.C.,  or 
of  the  Germanischer-Lloyd,  Reichstags  Ufer  16 
Berlin  N.W. ;  or  the  Administration  of  the  Bureau 
Veritas,  8,  Place  de  la  Bourse,  Paris. 

Time  Allowance. 

The  allowance  to  be  made  between  the  old  boats 
of  each  of  the  existing  classes  of  the  several  coimtries 
and  the  corresponding  new  international  class  is 
to  be  assessed  by  the  National  Authorities  of  the 
several  countries,  and  to  be  the  same  for  all  the 
old  yachts  of  each  class,  which  must  maintain 
their  certificate  of  rating  by  measurement  under 
the  rule  for  which  they  were  built. 

Old  Yachts. 

Old  yachts  wiU  be  allowed  to  race  under  spedal 
conditions  until  December  51,  1909.  For  the  pur- 
pose of  this  rule  an  old  yacht  may  be  considered 
as  a  yacht  which  commenced  building  before 
June  13,  1906.  If  any  old  yacht  conforms  with 
the  scantling  regulations  and  the  accommodation 
rules,  she  may  be  regarded  as  a  new  yacht  for  the 
purposes  of  the  rule,  and  complete  in  her  corre- 
sponding class. 

Weight. 

The  minimum  displacement  in  the   5,  6,   and 

7  metre  classes  to  be  as  follows  : 

Dieplaoemaiit. 
750  kilos.    (14  cwt.  85  Ibt.) 
1.200     ,.       (1  ton  S  cwt.  70  ttw.) 
1.800     ..       (1  ton  15  cwt.  48  lbs.) 

Special  Rules  for  Centre-board  Yachts. 
I. — Boats  weighing  less  than  750  kilos,  shall  be 
excluded  from  international  regattas. 
II. — In  centre-board  yachts, 
(i)  A. — If  the  draught  without  the  c  —  b  at 
the  girth  station  is  equal  to  i  B,  or  more, 
the  measurement  for  d  and  G  shall  be 
taken  under  the  bottom  of  the  keel  with- 
out regard  to  the  c  —  b,  or  with  c  —  b 
hoisted. 
B. — If  the  draught  without  the  c  —  b  at  the 
girth  station  is  less  than  i  B,  the  girth 
measurement  for  d  and  G  shall  be  taken 


Claas. 
5.0 
64) 

7.0 


•••         ••«         •« 


to  a  point  distant  below  the  bottom  ol 
the  keel  by  twice  the  difierence  between 
the   actual   draught   without   c  —  b   and 
JB. 
(2)  In  order  to  give  G  for  the  formula,  one-lialJ 
of  the  greatest  depth  of  the  c  —  b  from 
the  underside  of.  the  keel  shall  be  added 
to  G,  taken  as  above. 
III. — Centre-board    yachts  are  not  allowed  to 
race  either  with  keel   yachts  or  alone,  unless  ex- 
pressly  so   stated   in   the   announcement  of   the 
race. 

IV. — The  minimum  displacement  of  centre-board 
yachts  to  be  as  follows : 


Class. 

5.0 
6.0 
7.0 
8.0 
9.0 
10.0 


Displacemwtt. 

7S0kilo».  (14  cwt.  85  lbs.) 

1.800     ..  (1  too  3  cwt.  70  lbs.) 

1,800     .•  (1  ton  15  cwt.  48  lbs.) 

2.600     ..  (2  tons  11  cwt.  20 lbs) 

3,700     ,.  (3  tons  12  cwt.  93  Ibft.) 

S.OOO     ..  (4  tons  18  cwt.  47  lbs.) 


In  order  to  avoid  ballasted  centre-boards,  the 
maximum  weight  of  the  centre-board  in  each  class 
to  be  as  follows  : 


Class. 

Weight. 

5.0 

••■         •■•        ••• 

50  kilos. 

(no  lbs.) 

6.0 

*••         ■«•        ••■ 

75 

(1  cwt.  S3  lbs.) 

7.0 

••«        • • •         • • • 

125 

(2  cwt.  51  lbs.) 

8.0 

••■         •■•        ••• 

200 

(3  cwt.  105  lbs.) 

9.0 

•«•         ■•*        ••• 

300 

(5  cwt.  101  lbs.) 

10.0 

•••         •••        ■•• 

400 

(7  cwt.  98  lbs.) 

12.0 

•••        •••        ■•• 

700 

U3  cwt.  87  lbs.) 

15.0 

■••         •••         ••• 

1,300 

(I  ton  5  cwt.  66  lbs.) 

Cettificate  of  Rating. 

As  soon  as  a  yacht  has  been  measured,  the 
measurer  shall  forward  the  measurements  (with 
the  sail-maker's  diagram,  if  necessary)  to  the 
Secretary  of  the  National  Authority,  who  shall  in 
due  course,  and  after  receipt  of  the  Classification 
Society's  certificate,  issue  a  certificate  of  rating, 
which  shall  be  in  force  from  the  date  of  the  com- 
pletion of  the  measurement.  If  from  any  pecu- 
liarity in  the  build  of  the  yacht,  or  other  cause, 
the  measurer  shall  be  of  opinion  that  the  rule 
will  not  rate  the  yacht  fairly,  or  that  in  any 
respect  she  does  not  comply  with  the  requirements 
of  these  rules,  he  shall  report  the  circumstances 
to  the  National  Authority,  who,  after  due  inquiry, 
shall  award  such  certificate  of  rating  as  they  may 
consider  equitable,  and  the  measurement  shall  be 
deemed  incomplete  until  this  h^  been  done. 

Errors  in  Certificate. 
Should  the  certificate  under  which  a  Yacht  has 
sailed  in  any  race  or  races  be  proved  to  have  been 
incorrect  for  any  reason,  the  National  Authority 
may,  after  inquiry,  correct  such  certificate  as  they 
may  deem  proper,  and  may  revise  the  claim  of  the 
Yacht  to  the  prizes  which  she  may  have  been 
awarded  in  such  race  or  races. 

Certificate  not  to  be  Granted  to  Yachts  Under 
Weight  Named  in  Ride. 

No  certificate  of  rating  shall  be  granted  to  any 
Yacht  weighing  less  than  the  minimum  weight 
prescribed  in  the  rule,  nor  having  a  centre-board 
of  greater  weight  than  prescribed  by  the  rule. 


YACHT 


700 


YAKUMO 


Obligations  of  Owner  Respecting  Certificate. 

The  certificate  of  rating  shall  cease  to  be  valid 
under  any  of  the  following  contingencies  : 

(a)  If  any  dimension  measured  for  rating,  except 
freeboard,  is  found  to  exceed  the  measurement 
stated  on  the  certificate. 

{b)  If  one  or  both  of  the  length  marks  fall 
within  the  length  immersed  when  the  yacht  is 
lying  in  smooth  water  in  measurement  trim. 

{c)  If  any  alteration  is  made  so  as  to  increase 
The  beam  or  girth  or  girth  difference,  or  the  length 
of  any  spar  or  spars,  or  the  sail  area,  as  respec- 
tively measured  for  rating. 

{d)  If  any  length  or  girth  or  immersion  mark 
is  moved  from  its  position. 

(e)  If  the  weight  is  reduced  to  less  than  the 
weight  prescribed  by  the  rule. 

(/)  If  the  fittings  do  not  comply  with  the  tables. 

.  ig)  At  the  expiration  of  two  years  from  the  date 
of  the  certificate. 

In  such  case  the  owner,  or  his  representative, 
shall  forthwith  notify  in  vrriting  the  invalidity  of 
the  certificate  to  the  Secretary  of  the  National 
Authority.  A  fresh  or  re-dated  certificate  will 
afterwards  be  issued,  to  be  in  force  from  the  com- 
pletion of  remeasurement,  or  from  the  date  the 
certificate  expires  under  clause  {g). 

It  is  especially  incumbent  on  the  owner,  or  his 
representative,  to  ascertain  from  time  to  time,  by 
inspection  of  the  marks,  whether  the  immersion 
of  the  yacht  has  from  any  cause  whatever  become 
such  as  to  render  tbe  certificate  invalid. 

Penalty  for  Infringement  of  Provisions  Relating 

to  Certificate. 

If  an  infringement  of  any  of  the  foregoing  pro- 
visions in  respect  of  the  validity  of  the  certificate 
of  a  yacht  should,  in  the  opinion  of  the  National 
Authority,  be  proved  against  any  yacht,  such 
yacht  shall  be  liable  to  be^  disqualified  by  the 
National  Authority  from  star^g  in  any  race  sailed 
under  these  rules  for  the  remainder  of  the  current 
year,  or  such  period  as  the  National  Au1;hority 
may  direct,  reckoning  from  the  date  at  which  her 

certificate  is  proved  to  have  become  invalid. 

» 

Inspection  to  be  Permitted  by  Owner. 
Every  owner  sailing  under  these  Rules  shall 
permit  all  reasonable  inspection  by  or  on  behalf 
of  the  National  Authority,  and  shall  afiord  all 
reasonable  facility  to  carry  out  such  inspection 
in  regard  to  measurements,  marks,  fittings,  and 
such  other  matters  as  fall  within  the  scope  of  a 
measurer's  duty. 

Fees  for  Measurements 
The  owner  of  a  yacht  shall  pay  all  fees  and 
expenses  for  measurement. 

Rules  and  Time  Allowance  for  **  A"  Class. 
I.  That  A  class  shall  be  for  schooners  (ketches 
and  luggers)  and  yawls  only. ' 


2.  Schooners,  ketches,  and  luggers  shall  for  time 
allowance  be  entitled  to  sail  at  0.88  of  their  rating 
against  yawls. 

3.  The  time  allowance  shall  be  four  seconds  per 
metre  of  rating  per  nautical  mile. 

4.  That  clubs  may  be  allowed  to  divide  the 
A  class  into  two  sections — viz. : 

(I.)  Above  23  metres,  not  above  27  metres. 

(II.)  Above  27  metres. 

In  all  A  class  races  the  time  allowances  between 
yachts  must  be  calculated  on  each  yacht's  rating 
as  reduced  by  rig  allowance. 

Time  Allowance. 
The  time  allowance  scale  in   A  class  shall  be 
as  follows : 

Metres  Rating. 


23.00 
23.25 
23.30 
23.75 
24.00 
24.25 
24.30 
24.75 
25.00 


Seconds  per 
Nautical  Mile. 
0 
1 
2 
3 
4 
5 
6 
7 
8 


and  so  on.    Any  fraction  above  the  unit  of  rating 
will  be  counted  as  0.25.     For  example  : 

25.0T  metres  will  count  as  25.25,  and  25.26 
metres  as  25.50  metres. 

Rig  Allowance. 

A  yawl's  mainsail  shall  not  exceed  0.37  of  her 
total  sail  area,  and  her  mizzen  must  not  be  less 
than  one-sixth  of  the  area  of  her  mainsail.  In 
schooners  the  foreside  of  the  mainmast  at  the 
deck  shall  be  not  farther  forward  than  0.55  of  the 
witter-line  length  from  its  fore  end. 

Ketches  and  luggers  shall  be  reckoned  for  time 
allowance  as  schooners,  provided  that  in  a  ketch 
the  distance  between  the  masts  does  not  exceed 
half  the  water-line  length  of  the  yacht,  and  that 
the  smaller  sail  is  carried  aft. 

Yachtsman.  Established  1 891.  Published  weekly 
(Thursday).  Price  3^.  Address :  143  Strand, 
London.  W.C. 

Taeht  Sqaadroii,  BoyaL  See  Royal  Yacht 
Squadron. 

Taegt    A  Norwegian  coast  vessel. 

Takamo*  Japanese  armoured  cruiser.  (Vnkan 
Co.,  1899.) 

Length  407ft.  Beam  65  ft.  Mean  draught  24ft. 
Displacement  9,850  tons. 
Guns.  A  rmour. 

4—8  in.  "  Krupp." 

12 — 6  in.  7  in.  Belt  amidships. 

12 — 12  pdr.  6  in.  Turrets. 

7 — 2^  pdr.  6  in.  Casemates. 

10  in.  Conning  tower. 
Torpedo  Tubes  (18  in.). 
4  Submerged. 
I  Above  water  bow.  ^ 
Twin  .screw.    Hp.   15,000=20  kts.    Coal  maxi- 
mum 1,300  tons. 


YAMAHIKO 


701 


YOKOHAMA 


Yamahiko.  Japanese  torpedo-boat  destroyer. 
(Port  Arthur,  1893.)  Length,  196  ft. ;  beam, 
18  ft. ;  draught,  11^  ft. ;  displacement,  250  tons ; 
armament,  i  12-pdr.,  5  3-pdr.,  2.  tubes;  twin 
screw  ;  Hp.,  6,000=27  kts. ;  coal,  80  tons. 

Tamato.  Japanese  cruiser.  (Yokosuka.  i886>) 
Length,  206  ft. ;  beam,  36  ft. ;  draught,  15  ft. ; 
displacement,  1.475  tons;  complement,  242; 
armament,  2  6'6-in.,  5  4'7-in.,  2  tubes  ;  Hp.,  1,600  = 
1 3  kts. 

TanifloL  Russian  mining  transport.  On  Febru- 
ary II,  1904,  whilst  laying  mines  outside  Dalny, 
this  vessel  was  blown  up  by  one  of  them,  and 
four  officers  and  92  men  perished. 

Yard.  A  long  cylindrical  spar  suspended  upon 
the  mast,  used  to  spread  a  sail.  They  are  termed 
square,  lateen,  or  lug ;  the  first  are  suspended  across 
the  mast  at  right  angles,  and  the  two  latter  obliquely, 
The  square  yards  taper  from  the  middle,  which  is 
called  the  slings,  towards  the  extremities,  which 
are  termed  the  yard-arms ;  and  the  distance  between 
is  divided  by  the  artificers  into  quarters  called  the 
first,  second,  third  quarters,  and  yard-arms. 

Yard-arm.  That  part  of  a  yard  outside  the 
quarter  which  is  on  either  side  of  the  mast  beyond 
the  battens,  where  it  lies  athwart  the  ship.  It 
generally  means  the  extremity  of  the  yard,  and  it 
is  fitted  with  sheave  -  holes  for  reaving  sheets 
through. 

Yard-rope.  A  rope  by  which  a  yard  is  sent  up 
from  the  deck  and  used  as  halliards. 

Yard-tackles.  Tackles  to  the  fore  and  main 
yards  of  a  ship  for  hoisting  in  and  out  heavy 
weights. 

Yare  Sailinir  Chib,  Norwich.  Established  1876, 
with  the  object  of  encouraging  the  building,  im- 
provement, and  sailing  of  small  yachts  and  boats. 
Flag :  Burgee,  having  a  blue  ground  and  a  yellow 
cross.  Commodore,  H.  L.  Clark,  J. P. ;  Vice- 
Commodore,  H.  C.  Davies ;  Rear-Commodore. 
H.  £.  Mackley ;  Honorary  Treasurer,  Henry  S. 
Page ;  Secretary,  Fred.  S.  Culley.  Annual  sub- 
scription, I  OS. 

Yarmonth  (Great)  Yacht  Clnb.  Established  1883. 
Honorary  Secretary  {pro  tern.),  G.  H.  I.  Blake,  38 
Hall  Quay,  Great  Yarmouth. 

Yam.  In  rope-making  one  of  the  threads  of 
which  the  strands  of  a  rope  are  composed. 

Yaahima.  Japanese  1st  class  battleship.  (Els- 
wick,  1896.)  In  May,  1904,  struck  a  mine  and 
foundered  off  Saseho. 

Yatagan'.  French  torpedo  -  boat  destroyer. 
'  (Forges  et  Chantiers,  1904.)  Length,  180  ft. ; 
beam,  21  ft. ;  maximum  draught,  10  ft. ;  dis- 
placement, 300  tons ;  complement,  45  ;  guns, 
I  9-pdr.,  6  3-pdr.  ;  torpedo  tubes,  2  15 -in. ;  speed, 
27-30  kts. 


Yaw.  A  vessel  is  said  to  yaw  when  by  careless 
steering  she  is  allowed  to  deviate  from  the  direct 
line  of  her  course. 

YawL  A  decked  boat  cariying  two  ma.sts  one 
of  which  is  near  the  stem.  It  is  usually  lugger  or 
cutter  rigged.  The  after  mast  is  called  a  jigger, 
being  the  smaller. 

Yaw-3raw.  A  nick-name  for  the  seamen  on  the 
shores  of  the  Baltic. 

Yayeyama.  Japanese  torpedo  gun-boat  (1889). 
Sunk  during  the  Russo-Japanese  war,  since  raised 
and  refitted. 

Displacement  1 ,600  tons.     Complement  200. 

Guns.  Armour. 

3—47  in.  "  Steel." 

\  in.  Deck. 
Torpedo  Tubes. 
2  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.  «; ,  500 = 20  kts. 

Yayoi.  Japanese  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Yoko- 
suka, 1905.)  Length,  220  ft. ;  beam,  20^  ft.  ; 
draught,  9}  ft.;  displacement.  374  tons;  arma- 
ment, I  12-pdr.,  5  6-pdr.,  2  tubes;  twin  screw; 
Hp.,  6,000=27  kts. 

yds.    Abbreviation  for  yards. 

YJS.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Yerseke,  Holland. 

YelL  An  antiquated  term  denoting  a  rolling 
motion. 

Yellow  #ilmii^L  A  retired  poet  captain,  who, 
not  having  served  his  time  in  that  rank,  is  not 
entitled  to  promotion  to  active  flag. 

Ydlow  flag.  The  signal  hoisted  by  vessels  in 
quarantine. 

Yeoward  Bros.,  of  J^iverpool,  own  a  fleet  of  three 
steamers  sailing  every  Wednesday  from  Liverpool 
for  the  Canaries.  The  outward  route  is  by  way  of 
Lisbon,  Santa  Cruz  de  Tenjerifie,  or  Las  Paknas,  .and 
the  jouniey  occupies  eight  or  nine  days.  The 
homeward  journey  direct  to  Liverpool  occupies 
six  or  seven  days. 

Fleet. 

Ardeola.  Avetoro,  Avocet, 

YMm  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fiehing  boats 
registered  at  Yarmouth,  Norfolk,  England. 

Y.M.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Ymuiden,  Holland. 

Yodo.    Japanese  despatch  boat.     (Kobe,  1906.) 

Yoke.  A  fitting  coimecting  two  parts  :  sadb  as 
the  yoke  of  a  mast,  or  the  yoke  of  a  rudder,  the  flat 
plate  to  which  in  open  boats  the  yoke  lines  are 
attached. 

Yokohama  Yacht  Clnb.  Established  r886.  Com- 
modore, G.  H.  Scidmore ;  Vice-Commodor6,  A. 
Owston ;  Honorary  Secretary  and  Treasurer, 
G.  W.  Brockhurst,  96  Settlement,  Yokohama. 


YORCK 


702 


YORK 


Torek.  German  armoured  cruiser.  (Blohm  and 
Voss,  1904.) 

Length  403ft.   Beam  65ft.  Maximum  draught  26ft. 
Displacement  9,050  tons.     Complement  557. 
Guns.  Armour. 

4^-8-2  in.  "  Krupp." 

10—6  in.  4  in.  Belt. 

1 2 — 24  pdr.  6  in.  Turrets. 

10— I  pdr.  6  in,  Connmg  tower. 

4  Machine. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
4  Submerged  bow  and  broadside. 

Three  screws.  Hp.,  19,000=21  kts.  Coal  maxi- 
mum 1,600  tons.     Approximate  cost  ;^90o,ooo. 

York.  70  guns.  On  November  26.  1703,  this 
vessel  was  lost  near  Harwich,  when  all  but  four 
hands  perished. 

Tork-Antwerp  RoIm  are  the  result  of  conferences 
of  average  adjusters  (q.v.),  merchants,  shipowners, 
and  underwriters,  held  at  York  in  1864,  Antwerp  in 
1877,  revised  and  finally  adopted  at  Genoa  in  1892. 
The  object  of  the  conferences  was  to  frame  rules 
which  should  overcome  the  uncertainties  of  law  and 
custom  in  general  average.  The  rules  are,  therefore, 
to  be  considered  as  certain  alterations  in  but  not 
in  themselves  a  code  of  general  average  law.  The 
effect  of  the  Y.A.  clause  in  a  policy  is  that  the 
underwriter  agrees  to  pay  under  a  statement  based 
on  these  rules  when  the  adjustment  is  so  made  as 
between  the  owners  of  ship  and  cargo  respectively, 
in  accordance  with  the  conditions  of  the  chaiter 
party  or  bill  of  lading.  Outside  of  the  Hmits  of 
the  rules,  the  adjustment  will  have  to  be  made 
according  to  the  law  or  usage  which  is  otherwise 
apphcable.  (McArthur  on  the  Contract  of  Marine 
Insurance,  p.  178.) 

Yorx-Antwxrp  Rules. 
{Liverpool  Conference,  1890.) 

1.  Jettison  of  deck  cargo. — No  jettison  of  deck 
cargo  shall  be  made  good  as  general  average. 
Every  structure  not  built  in  with  the  frame  of  the 
vessel  shall  be  considered  to  be  a  part  of  the  deck 
of  the  vessel. 

2.  Damage  by  jettison  and  sacrifice  for  the  com- 
mon safety. — ^Damage  done  to  a  ship  and  cargo,  or 
either  of  them,  by  or  in  consequence  of  a  sacrifice 
made  for  the  common  safety,  and  by  water  which 
goes  down  a  ship's  hatches  opened  or  other  opening 
made  for  the  purpose  of  making  a  jettison  for  the 
common  safety,  shall  be  made  good  as  general 
average. 

3.  Extinguishing  five  on  shipboard, — ^Damage  done 
to  a  ship  and  cargo,  or  either  of  them,  by  water 
or  otherwise,  including  damage  by  beaching  or 
scuttling  a  burning  ship,  in  eartinguishing  a  fire 
on  board  the  ship,  shall  be  made  good  as  general 
average ;  except  that  no  compensation  shall  be 
made  for  damage  to  such  portions  of  the  ship  and 


bulk  cargo,  or  to  such  s^>arate  packages  of  cargo,  as 
have  been  on  fire. 

4.  Cutting  away  wreck. — Loss  or  damage  caused 
by  cutting  away  the  wreck  or  remains  of  span,  or 
of  other  things  which  have  previously  been  carried 
away  by  sea  peril,  shall  not  be  made  good  as  general 
average. 

5.  Voluntary  stranding, — ^When  a  ship  is  inten- 
tionally run  on  shore,  and  the  circumstances  are 
such  that  if  that  course  were  not  adopted  she 
would  inevitably  sink,  or  drive  on  shore  or  on 
rocks,  no  Ites  or  damage  caused  to  the  ship,  cargo, 
and  freight,  or  any  of  them,  by  such  intentional 
running  on  shore  shall  be  made  good  as  general 
average.  But  in  all  other  cases  where  a  ship  is 
intentionally  run  on  shore  for  the  common  safety 
the  consequent  loss  or  damage  shall  be  allowed  as 
general  average. 

6.  Carrying  press  of  sail — Damage  to  or  loss  of  sails. 
— Damage  to  or  loss  of  sails  and  spars,  or  either  of 
them,  caused  by  forcing  a  ship  off  the  ground,  or 
by  driving  her  higher  up  the  ground,  for  the  common 
safety,  shall  be  made  good  as  general  average ; 
but  where  a  ship  is  afloat,  no  loss  or  damage  caused 
to  the  ship,  cargo,  and  freight,  or  any  of  them,  by 
carrying  a  press  of  sail  shall  be  made  good  as 
general  average. 

7.  Damage  to  engines  in  refloating  a  ship. — 
Damage  caused  to  machinery  and  boilers  of  a  ship, 
which  is  ashore  and  in  a  position  of  peril,  in  en- 
deavouring to  refloat,  shall  be  allowed  in  general 
average,  when  shown  to  have  arisen  from  an  actual 
intention  to  float  the  ship  for  the  common  safety  at 
the  risk  of  such  damage. 

8.  Expenses  lightening  a  ship  when  ashore  and 
consequent  damages. — ^When  a  ship  is  ashore  and.  in 
order  to  float  her,  cargo,  bunker  coals,  and  ship's 
stores,  or  any  of.  them,  are  discharged,  the  extra 
cost  of  lightening,  lighter  hire,  and  reshippiiig  (if 
incurred),  and  the  loss  or  damage  sustained  ther^try, 
shall  be  admitted  as  general  average. 

9.  Cargo,  ship's  materials,  and  stores  burnt  for 
fuel. — Cargo,  ship's  materials  and  stores,  or  any  of 
them,  necessarily  burnt  for  fuel  for  the  commoa 
safety  at  a  time  of  peril,  shall  be  admitted  as  general 
average,  when  and  only  when  an  ample  supply  of 
fuel  had  been  provided ;  but  the  estimated  quantity 
of  coals  that  would  have  been  consumed,  calculated 
at  the  price  current  at  the  ship's  last  port  of  depar- 
ture at  the  date  of  her  leaving,  shall  be  charged  to 
the  shipowner  and  credited  to  the  general  average. 

10.  Expenses  of  port  of  refuge,  etc. — (a)  When  a 
ship  shall  have  entered  a  port  or  place  of  refoge.  or 
shall  have  returned  to  her  port  or  place  of  loading, 
in  consequence  of  accident,  sacrifice,  or  other 
extraordinary  circumstances,  which  render  that 
necessary  for  the  common  safety,  the  expenses  of 
entering  such  port  or  place  shall  be  admitted  as 
general  average ;  and  when  she  shall  have  sailed 
thence  with  her  original  cargo,  or  a  part  of  it.  the 
corresponding  expenses   of  leaving  such     crt   or 


YORK 


703 


YORK 


place,    consequent    upon    such    entry    or    return, 
shall  likewise  be  admitted  as  general  average. 

(b)  The  cost  of  discharging  cargo  from  a  ship, 
whether  at  a  port  or  place  of  loading,  call  or  refuge, 
shall  be  admitted  as  general  average,  when  the 
discharge  was  necessary  for  the  common  safety, 
or  to  enable  damage  to  the  ship,  caused  by  sacrifice 
or  accident  during  the  voyage  to  be  repaired,  if  the 
repairs  were  necessary,  for  the  safe  prosecution  of 
the  voyage. 

(c)  Whenever  the  cost  of  discharging  cargo  from 
a  ship  is  admissible  as  general  average,  the  cost 
of  reloading  and  storing  such  cargo  on  board  the 
said  ship,  together  with  all  storage  charges  on  such 
cargo,  shall  likewise  be  so  admitted.  But  when 
the  ship  is  condemned,  or  does  not  proceed  on  her 
original  voyage,  no  storage  expenses  incurred  after 
the  date  of  the  ship's  condemnation,  or  of  the 
abandonment  of  the  voyage,  shall  be  admitted  as 
general  average. 

(d)  If  a  ship  under  average  be  in  a  port  or  place 
at  which  it  is  practicable  to  repair  her,  so  as  to 
enable  her  to  carry  on  the  whole  cargo,  and  if  in 
order  to  save  expenses,  either  she  is  towed  thence 
to  some  other  port  or  place  of  repair,  or  to  her 
destination,  or  the  cargo,  or  a  portion  of  it  is  tran- 
shipped by  another  ship,  or  otherwise  forwarded, 
then  the  extra  cost  of  such  towage,  transhipment 
and  forwarding,  or  any  of  them  (up  to  the  amount 
of  the  extra  expense  saved)  shall  be  payable  by  the 
several  parties  to  the  adventure  in  proportion  to 
the  extraordinary  expense  saved. 

11.  Wages  and  maintenance  of  crew  in  part  of 
refuge,  etc.-^V/hen.  a  ship  shall  have  entered  or 
been  detained  in  any  port  or  place  under  the 
circumstances,  or  for  the  purposes  of  the  repairs 
mentioned  in  Rule  10,  the  wages  payable  to  the 
master,  officers,  and  crew,  together  with  the  cost 
of  maintenance  of  the  same,  during  the  extra  period 
of  detention  in  such  port  or  place  until  the  ship 
shall  or  should  have  been  made  ready  to  proceed 
upon  her  voyage,  shall  be  admitted  as  general 
average.  But  when  the  ship  is  condenmed,  or 
does  not  proceed  on  her  original  voyage,  the  wages 
and  maintenances  of  the  master,  officers,  and  crew 
incurred  after  the  date  of  the  ship's  condemnation, 
or  of  the  abandonment  of  the  voyage,  shall  not  be 
admitted  as  general  average. 

1 2.  Damage  to  cargo  in  discharging,  etc. — Damage 
done  to  or  loss  of  cargo  necessarily  caused  in  the  act 
of  discharging,  storing,  reloading,  and  stowing 
shall  be  made  good  as  general  average,  when  and 
only  when  the  cost  of  those  measures  respectively 
is  admitted  in  general  average. 

1 3.  Deductions  from  cost  of  repairs. — In  adjusting 
claims  for  general  average,  repairs  to  be  allowed  in 
general  average  shall  be  subject  to  the  following 
deductions  in  respect  of  "  new  for  old,"  vii,  : 

In  the  case  of  iron  or  steel  ships,  from  date  of 
original  register  to  the  date  of  accident : 


"ddio*"  ^^  repairs  to  be  allowed  in  fuU. 

except  painting  or  coating  of  bot- 
tom, from  which  one-third  is  to  be 
deducted. 

One-thiitl  to  be  deducted  ofi 
repairs  to  and  renewal  of  woodwork  of 
hull,  masts  and  spars,  furniture,  up- 
holstery, crockery,  metal  and  glass 
ware,  also  sails,  rigging,  ropes,  sheets, 
and  hawsers  (other  than  wire  or 
chains),  awning  covers  and  painting. 

Between  land        One-sixth  to  be  deducted  off  wire 
3  years  (B).  .      .  j      •      i_ 

"SSUiS'  ^^^u«  rc^>es,  and  wire  hawsers, 
chain  cables  and  chains,  donkey 
engines,  steam  winches  and  connec- 
tions, steam  cranes  and  connections ; 
other  repairs  in  full 
Between  3  and  Deductions  as  above  under  Clause 
>ean  ^^  except  that  one-sixth  be  deducted 

off  ironwork  of  masts  and  spars  and 
machinery  (inclusive  of  boilers  and 
their  mountings). 
Between  6  and        Deductions  as  above  under  Clause  C 
except  that  one-third  be  deducted  off 
ironwork  of  masts  and  spars,  repairs 
to  and  renewal  of  all  machinery  (in- 
clusive of  boilers  and  their  mountings) 
and  all  hawsers,  ropes,  sheets,  and 
rigging. 
Between  10  and       One -third  to  be  deducted  off  all 
^^*'*  repairs  and  renewals  except  ironwork 

of  hull  and  cementing  and  chain 
cables  from  which  one-sixth  to  be 
deducted.  Anchors  to  be  allowed  in 
full. 

One-third  to  be  deducted  off  all 
repairs  and  renewals.   Anchors  to  be 
allowed    in    full.     One-sixth    to    be 
deducted  off  chain  cables. 
Generally  (G).         The  deductions  (except  as  to  pro- 
visions   and  stores,   machinery  and 
boilers)  to  be  regulated  by  the  age  of 
the  ship,  and  not  the  age  of  the  par- 
ticular part  of  her  to  which   they 
apply.     No  painting  bottom  to  be 
allowed  if  the  bottom  has  not  been 
painted  within  six  months  previous  to 
the  date  of  accident.     No  deduction 
to  be  made  in  respect  of  old  material 
which    is    repaired    without    being 
replaced  by  new,  and  provisions  and 
stores  which  have  not  been  in  use. 
In  the  case  of  wooden  or  composite  ships  : 
When  a  ship  is  under  one  year  old  from  date  of 
original  register  at  the  time  of  accident,  no 
deduction  new  for  old  shall  be  made.    After 
that  period  a  deduction  of  one-third  shall  be 
made,  with  the  following  exceptions  : 
Anchors  shall  be  allowed  in  full. 
Chain  cables  shall  be  subject  to  a  deduction  of 
one-sixth  only. 


Over  15  yean 

(F). 


YORKSHIRE 


704 


YUDACHI 


No  deduction  shall  be  made  in  respect  of  pro- 
visions and  stores  which  had  not  been  in 
use.  Metal  sheathing  shall  be  dealt  with  by 
allowing  in  full  the  cost  of  a  weight  equal  to 
the  gross  weight  of  metal  sheathing  stripped 
oU,  minus  the  proceeds  of  the  old  metal. 
Nails,  felt,  and  labour  metalling  are  subject 
to  a  deduction  of  one-third. 

In  the  case  of  ships  generally : 

In  the  case  of  all  ships,  the  expense  of  straighten- 
ing beat  ironwork,  including  labour  of  taking 
out  and  replacing  it,  shall  be  allowed  in  full. 

Graving  dock  dues,  including  expenses  of  re- 
movals, cartages,  use  of  shears,  stages,  and 
graving  dock  materials,shall  be  allowed  in  full. 

14.  Temporary  repairs. — No  deductions  '*  new 
for  old  "  shall  be  made  from  the  temporary  repairs 
of  damage  allowable  as  general  average. 

15.  Loss  of  freight. — Loss  of  freight  arising  from 
damage  to  or  loss  of  cargo  shall  be  made  good  as 
general  average,  either  when  caused  by  a  general 
average  act,  or  when  the  damage  to  or  loss  of  cargo 
is  so  made  good. 

16.  Amount  to  be  made  good  for  cargo  lost  or 
damaged  by  sacrifice. — ^The  amount  to  be  made 
good  as  general  average  for  damage  or  loss  of  goods 
sacrificed  shall  be  the  loss  which  the  owner  of  the 
goods  has  sustained  thereby,  based  on  the  market 
values  at  the  date  of  the  arrival  of  the  vessel  or  at 
the  termination  of  the  adventure. 

17.  Contributory  values. — ^The  contribution  of  a 
general  average  shall  be  made  upon  the  actual 
values  of  the  property  at  the  termination  of  the 
adventure,  to  which  shall  be  added  the  amount 
made  good  as  general  average  for  property  sacri- 
ficed ;  deductions  being  made  from  the  shipowner's 
freight  and  passage-money  at  risk,  of  such  port 
charges  and  crew's  wages  as  would  not  have  been 
incurred  had  the  ship  and  cargo  been  totally  lost  at 
the  date  of  the  general  average  act  or  sacrifice  ;  and 
have  not  been  allowed  as  general  average  deduction 
being  also  made  from  the  value  of  the  property 
of  all  charges  incurred  in  respect  thereof  subse- 
quently to  the  general  average  act,  except  such 
charges  as  are  allowed  in  general  average. 

Passengers'  baggage  and  personal  effects  not 
shipped  under  bill  of  lading  shall  not  contribute  to 
general  average. 

18.  Adjustment. — Except  as  provided  in  the 
foregoing  rules,  the  adjustment  shall  be  drawn  up 
in  accordance  with  the  law  and  practice  that  would 
have  governed  the  adjustment  had  the  contract  of 
affreightment  not  contained  a  clause  to  pay  general 
average  according  to  these  rules. 

Yorkihin  CkxrinthiaA  Taobt  dub.  Established 
1896.  Commodore,  A.  L.  Middleton ;  Vice-Com- 
modore, H.  Eaaton ;  Rear-Commodore„  T.  L. 
Fellowes  ;  Treasurer.  E.  Whitton  ;  Honoraxy  Secre- 
tary, Henry  Mason,  jun.,  Midland  Chambers,  Hull. 
Entrance  fee,  £1  is. ;  annual  subscription,  £1  is. 


Yorkshin  Taobt  dab*  BoiaL  See  Royal  York- 
shire Yacht  Club. 

TorktowiL  U.S.  gun-boat.  (Philadelphia,  1889.) 
Length,  230  ft. ;  beam,  36  ft. ;  draught,  16^  ft. ; 
displacement,  1,710  tons ;  complement,  195  ;  guns, 
6  64n.,  2  6»pdr.,  2  3-pdr.,  4  i-pdr.,  2  tubes ;  Hp.. 
3,400s  16  kts. ;  coal^  380  tons. 

Yoshino.  Japanese  protected  cruiser.  On  May  15, 
1904;  this  vessel  was  run  into  by  the  Japanese 
armoured  cruiser  Kasuga  in  a  fog,  and  foundered. 
Only  90  of  the  crew,  out  of  about  312,  were  ^aved. 

Young,  Andrew  (b.  1868).  Educated  Greenock 
Academy  and  Glasgow  University.  Served  ap- 
prenticeship with  Messrs.  Scott  and  Co.,  Glasgow, 
and  after  completing  his  time  joined  Messrs.  Lob- 
nitz  and  Co.,  Renfrew.  After  being  connected 
with  Messrs.  J.  and  G.  Thompson  and  Co.,  and 
Messrs.  Sir  W.  G.  Armstrong,  MtcheU  and  Co.. 
he  in  190$  was  appointed  surveyor  to  Bureau 
Veritas,  British  Central  Ofiice.  London.  Member 
of  the  North-East  Coast  Institution  of  Engineers 
and  Shipbuilders  and  Association  Technique  Mari- 
time, Paris. 

Young,  John  Denholm  (b.  Rothesay,  1863). 
Educated  Ayr  and  Edinburgh  University,  where  he 
obtained  a  place  in  the  honour  list  for  mathematics 
in  the  entrance  examination,  and  a  Town  Council 
Bursary  in  1880.  After  serving  an  apprenticeship 
with  Messrs.  Ramage  and  Ferguson,  he  m  1887  won 
a  scholarship,  and  obtained  the  fifth  pnze  in 
natural  philosophy  at  the  Edinburgh  University. 
In  1 89 1  he  took  charge  of  the  drawing  office  of  the 
North-Eastem  Marine  Engineering  X>>..  Ltd..  and 
was  responsible  for  the  design  of  main  and  auxiliary 
engines  of  more  than  100  steamers.  On  his  retire- 
ment, 1894,  be  entered  into  private  practice  in 
Liverpool  as  a  consulting  engineer.  He  has  been 
awarded  two  gold  medals  by  the  North-East  Coast 
Institution  of  Engineers  and  Shipbuilders  for  his 
papers.  "  A  System  of  Mechanical  Aid  for  the 
Investigation  of  Speed  Curves  "  (1893)  &nd  "  The 
Application  of  the  Law  of  Similarity  to  Marine 
Propellers  "  (1896).  His  paper  on  the  commercial 
speed  of  steamships,  read  before  the  Institution  of 
Marine  Engineers,  London,  caused  considerable 
discussion  in  shipping  circles.  Member  of  the 
Institution  of  Na\'al  Architects. 

Publications  :  "  The  Basis  of  Propeller  Design  " 
(1898).  "  Horse-power  of  Steamship  Vibration  '* 
(1903).  Is  the  author  oi  **  light  Marine  Machin- 
ery  "  and  *'  Marine  Engine  Design." 

Y.B.A.  Abbreviation  for  Yacht  Racing  Associa- 
tion. 

Y.8.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Ysselmuiden,  Holland. 

Y.T.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Ylst,  Holland. 

YndacbL  Japanese  torpedo  -  boat  destroyer. 
(Saseho,  1906.)     Length,  220  ft. ;  beam.  2o|  ft.  ; 


YUEN 


705 


ZEELAND 


draught,  9^  ft. ;  displacement,  374  tons ;  arma- 
ment, I  i2-pdr.,  5  6-pdr.,  2  tabes;  twin  screw; 
Hp.,  6,000  n=  29  kts. 

Yoen-on  Steanuhip  Oo^  Ltd.,  with  the  head 
offices  in  Hong  Kong,  have  a  fleet  ol  two  modem 
paddle-wheel  steamers  engaged  in  passenger  and 
cargo  trade  to  the  Canton  River,  and  daily  sailings 
are  maintained  from  Hong  Kong  to  Canton.  The 
steamers  have  accommodation  for  about  1,200  pas- 
sengers. 

Flbet. 

Kwong  Chow.  Kwong  Tnng, 

Gross  tonnage,  2,55a 

TugJrL  Japanese  torpedo  -  boat  destroyer. 
(Thomycroft,  1898.)  Length,  210  ft. ;  beam, 
I9i  ^- ;  draught,  7  ft. ;  displacement,  307  tons ; 
complement,  54 ;  armament,  i  12-pdr.,  5  6-pdr., 
2  tubes;  twin  screw;  Hp..  5,700^=30  kts.;  coal, 
80  tons. 

TngnxL  Japanese  torpedo  -  boat  destroyer. 
(Thomycroft,  1899.)  Displacement,  275  tons ; 
complement,  54 ;  armament,  i  12-pdr.,  5  6-pdr. ; 
tubes,  2  i8-in. ;  Hp.,  5,400=30  kts. ;  coal,  81  tons. 

TnnagL  Japanese  torpedo  -  boat  destroyer. 
(Maizuru,  1906.)  Length,  220  ft. ;  beam,  20}  ft. ; 
draught,  9}  ft. ;  displacement,  374  tons ;  armament, 
I  12-pdr.,  5  6-pdr.,  2  tubes ;  twin  screw ;  Hp., 
6,000 »  29  kts. 

Tlllik«r.  Formerly  a  volunteer  of  the  first  dass ; 
colloquially,  a  general  epithet  for  a  youngster. 

YoraiofBky.  Russian  torpedo-boat  destroyer. 
^1906).  Length,  185  ft. ;  beam,  21  ft. ;  draught, 
yi  ft. ;  displacement,  324  tons ;  complement,  60 ; 
armament  i  12-pdr.,  5  3-pdr.,  2  tubes;  twin 
screw  ;  Hp.,  5.600=326  kts. ;  coal,  100  tons. 


Z.A.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Zaandam,  Holland. 

74ichariaa,  Bear-Admiral.  George  Hugh  Bobert 

(b.  1850).  Entered  the  Danish  Navy,  1864;  served 
in  the  Baltic  during  the  German-Danish  war 
(war  medal)  ;  commander,  1885  ;  secretary  to  the 
Minister  of  the  Navy,  1886 ;  Ridder  af  Dannebrog, 
1886 ;  captain,  1897  *  director  of  personnel  at  the 
Admiralty ;  commander  af  2den  Grad  af  Danne- 
brog, 1898  ;  rear-admiral,  1901  ;  Admiral-Super 
intendent  of  Copenhagen  Dockyard,  July,  1901  ; 
Knight  Commander  of  the  Royal  Victorian  Order, 
1 901  ;  commander  af  iste  Grad  af  Dannebrog 
1903  og  Dannebrogsmand,  1892 ;  Knight  Com- 
mander of  the  Order  of  St.  Michael  and  St.  George, 
1905. 

ZadoniL  Russian  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Nico- 
laiefi,  1903.)  Length,  210  ft. ;  beam,  21  ft. ; 
draught,  7  ft. ;  displacement,  350  tons  ;  armament, 
z  12-pdr.,  5  3-pdr.,  2  tubes ;  twin  screw ;  Hp., 
5,5003=27  kts. 


ZahringiiL  German  ist  class  battleship.  (Ger- 
mania,  i90i<) 

Length  416ft.  Beam  67ft.  Maximum  draught  28ft« 
Displacement  11,830  tons.     Complement  650. 
Gmts.  Armotir. 

4 — 9*4  in.  "  Krupp." 

18 — 6  in.  9  in.  Belt. 

12 — 15^  pdr.  10  in.  Barbettes. 

12 — I  pdr.  lo  in.  Turrets. 

8  Machine.  10  in.  Conning  tower. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
5  Submerged  bow  and  broadside. 
I  Above  water  stem. 
Three  screws.     Hp.  15,000=18  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 1,500  tons.     Approximate  cost  ;(i,  100,000. 

Zaira*  Portuguese  torpedo  gun-boat.  (Birken- 
head, X885.)  Length,  140  ft. ;  beam,  25  ft. ; 
draught,  10}  ft. ;  displacement,  580  tons ;  comple- 
ment, 109 ;  armament,  i  6-in.,  3  4-in.,  2  Maxims ; 
Hp.,  600SSX1  kts. ;  coal,  90  tons. 

Zambase.  Portuguese  torpedo  gun-boat.  (Lis- 
bon, 1889.)  Length,  143  ft. ;  beam,  25}  ft. ; 
draught,  12  ft.  ;  displacement,  627  tons ;  comple- 
ment, 107 ;  armament,  i  6-in.,  2  4-in.,  2  Maxims ; 
Hp.,  500=10  kts. ;  coal,  85  tons. 

ZlVQCOfati.  Russian  gun-boat.  (Nicolaieff,  1889.) 
Length,  210  ft.  ;  beam,  35  ft. ;  draught,  10  f t. ; 
displacement,  1.224  tons  ;  complement,  x6i  ;  arma- 
ment, 2  8-in.,  I  4-in.,  7  q.f,,  2  tubes ;  Hp.,  1,500= 

13  kts. ;  coal,  250  tons. 

Zara.  Austro-Hungarian  torpedo  gun-boat. 
(Pola,  1880.)  Length,  179  ft.  ;  beam,  26  ft. ; 
draught,  12 J  ft. ;  displacement,  837  tons ;  comple- 
ment, 142  ;  armament,  7  q.f.,  5  i-pdr. ;  Hp.,  800= 

14  kts.  ;  coal,  150  tons. 

ZavatiiL  Russian  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Nico- 
laieff,  1904.)  Length,  210  ft. ;  beam,  21  ft ; 
draught,  7  ft. ;  displacement,  350  tons ;  armament, 
I  12-pdr.,  5  3-pdr.,  2  tubes ;  twin  screw ;  Hp., 
5,500=27  kts. ;  coal,  100  tons. 

ZavidnL  Russian  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Nico- 
laieff,  1904.)  Length,  210  ft. ;  beam,  21  ft. ; 
draught,  7  ft. ;  displacement,  350  tons ;  armament, 
I  12-pdr.,  5  3-pdr.,  2  tubes ;  twin  screw ;  Hp., 
5,500=27  kts. ;  coal,  100  tons. 

Z.I>.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
roistered  at  Zuiderwolde,  Holland. 

Zebfa.  British  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Black- 
wall,  1895.)  Lengtii,  200  ft. ;  beam,  20  ft. ; 
draught,  6  ft. ;  displacement,  300  tons ;  comple- 
ment, 50 ;  armament,  i  12-pdr.,  5  6-pdr.,  2  tubes ; 
twin  screw  ;  Hp.,  3,850=27  kts. ;  coal,  60  tons. 

ZeedniL  Netherlands  gun-vessel,  Dutch  Indian 
Navy.     Of  no  fighting  value. 

Zealand.    Dutch  cruiser  (1896). 
Length  305ft.   Beam  48ft.  Maximum  draught  18ft: 
Displacement  3,900  tons. 


A     A 


ZEELAND 


706 


Z.K. 


Guns, 
2 — 6  in. 
6— 4"  7  in. 
4 — X3  pdr. 
8 — I  pdr. 


ArmoHT, 
"  Steel  "  and  "  Harvey. 
2  in.  Deck. 
6  in.  Gun  shields. 
4  in.  Conning  t4>wer. 


4  Machine. 

Torpedo  Tubes. 
4  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.   10,000  ==20  kts.     Coal  maxi- 
mum 970  tons. 

Zeeland  Steamihip  Co.  (Royal  mail  route)  have 
a  fleet  consisting  of  seven  large  excellent  paddle 
steamers,  which  run  between  England  and  the 
Continent  via  Queenborough  and  Flushing.  These 
steamers  were  built  by  the  Fairfield  Shipbuilding 
and  Engineering  Co.,  of  Govan,  Glasgow,  and  are 
among  the  finest,  safest,  and  quickest  vessels  em* 
ployed  in  the  Channel  service. 

Flebt. 

Duitschland.  Koningin  Wilhelmina, 

Engeland.  Nederland. 

.  Koningin  Regentes.  Prins  Hendrik. 

Willem  Prins  van  Oranje, 

Zeemeenw.  Netherlands  gun-vessel,  Dutch  In- 
dian Navy.    Of  no  fighting  value. 

Zeffaro.  Italian  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Naples, 
Z904.)  Displacement,  330  tons ;  maximum  draught, 
8  ft. ;  armament,  5  6-pdr. ;  tubes,  2  i8-in. ;  Hp., 
6,000=330  kts.  ;   coal,  80  tons. 

Zofiro.  Italian  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Naples, 
1904.)  Length,  208  ft. ;  beam,  19  ft. ;  draught, 
6J-  ft. ;  displacement,  330  tons ;  complement,  53  ; 
armament,  i  12-pdr.,  5  6-pdr,  (q.f.),  2  tubes; 
twin  screw  ;  Hp.,  6,000=530  kts. ;  coal,  60  tons. 

Z«aTm«iiigiiig  "Het  T."  Established  1885. 
President,  £.  H.  Crone ;  Honorary  Treasurer, 
P.  Juchter ;  Honorary  Secretary,  Willy  Theissing, 
Prins  Hendrikkade,  141,  Amsterdam.  Annual  sub- 
scription, 10  guilders. 

2Selo6.  French  gun-boat.  (Rochefort,  1899.) 
Length,  185  ft. ;  beam,  26  ft. ;  draught,  xo^  ft. ; 
displacement,  554  tons ;  complement,  75  ;  arma- 
ment, 3  3'9-in.,  4  2'$-in.,  4  I'^-in.-,  Hp.,  1,000= 
13  kts. ;  coal,  80  tons. 

ZttBiUl  is  that  point  in  the  heavens  which  is 
directly  over  the  observer's  head  ;  nadir  that  which 
as  opposite  to  it. 

25eiiith  diftanoe.  Of  a  celestial  object  is  equal  to 
that  portion  of  the  vertical  circle  which  is  inter- 
cepted between  the  centre  of  the  object  and  the 
observer's  zenith.  It  is  always  equal  to  the  com- 
plement of  the  altitude  to  a  quadrant  or  90°. 

Zenta.     Small  Austro-Hungarian  cruiser.     (Pola, 

1897.) 

Length  313ft  Beam  39ft.  Maximum  draught  17ft. 

Displacement  2,437  tons.     Complement  242. 


Guns.  Armour, 

S^4'7  in.,  40  caJ.  "  Steel." 

12 — 3  pdr.  2  in.  Deck. 

2—1  pdr. 

Torpedo  Tubes  (17*7  in.). 
I  Above  water. 
Twin  screw.     Hp.   7,000=20  kts.     Coal   maxi- 
mum 500  tons.     Approximate  cost  £1 50.000 

Zephsrr,     British  torpedo-boat  destroyer.     (Pais 
ley,  1895.)    Length.  200  ft. ;  beam,  19  ft. ;  draught. 
si  ft.  :  displacement,  270  tons ;  complement.  50 ; 
armament,  i  12-pdr.,  5  6-pdr.,  2  tubes  ;  twin  screw ; 
Hp.,  3,850=27  kts. ;  coal,  60  tons. 

Zephyr.  The  west  wind  ;  colloquially,  any  soft, 
gentle  breeze. 

ZharM.  Russian  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Nioo- 
laieff,  1904-)  I^^'Ugth.  210  f t. ;  beam,  21  f t. ; 
draught,  7  ft. ;  displacement,  350  tons ;  armament. 
I  i2-pdr„  5  3-pdr.,  2  tubes;  twin  screw;  Hp., 
5,500=27  kts. ;  coal.  100  tons. 

ZhivoL  Russian  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Nico- 
laieff,  1904.)  Length,  a  10  ft. ;  beam,  21  f t. ; 
draught,  7  ft. ;  displacement,  350  tons ;  armament, 
I  12-pdr.,  5  3-pdr.,  2  tubes ;  twin  screw ;  Hp.. 
5,500=27  kts. ;  coal.  100  tons. 

ZhivnUoL  Russian  torpedo  boat  destroyer. 
(Nicolaieff,  1904-)  Length,  210ft.;  beam,  21  ft.; 
draught,  7  ft. ;  displacement.  350  tons ;  armament. 
I  12-pdr.,  5  3-pdr.,  2  tubes;  twin-screw;  Hp.. 
5,500=27  kts. ;  coal,  xoo  tons. 

ZhatkL  Russian  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Nico- 
laieff, 1904.)  Length,  210  ft. ;  beam,  21  tt. ; 
draught,  7  ft. ;  displacement.  350  tons ;  armament, 
I  12-pdr.,  q  3*pdr..  2  tubes;  twin-screw;  Hp., 
5.500=27  kts. ;  coal,  zoo  tons. 

ZiMe,  Banddlph  AtoiaiidrowitKli  (b.  Moscow. 
June  12,  1850).  Educated  Kiel.  Served  his 
apprenticeship  in  Kiel,  and  then  came  to  Glasgow, 
and  joined  Messrs.  Randolph,  Elder  and  Col 
During  the  year  1870-71  he  served  in  the  German 
Navy,  and  from  there  went  to  the  Polytechnic 
School,  Berlin.  In  1874  he  returned  to  England 
and  jomed  Messrs.  Sir  W.  G.  Armstrong,  Mitchell 
and  Co.,  and  later  came  to  London  for  Mesars. 
Humphreys.  Pennant  and  Co.,  and  was  responsible 
for  the  design  of  the  engines  of  many  large  ixondads 
for  the  British  Navy.  In  1879  he  returned  to 
Germany,  and  started  works  in  Hamburg,  where 
he  has  been  engaged  in  shipbuilding  for  the  last 
25  years.  Hon.  member  of  the  St.  Petersburg 
Polytechnic  Society,  member  of  the  first  Naval 
Architect*:'  Schiffbautechnical  Gesellschaft,  Berlin., 
and  Royal  Technical  Societ}',  St.  Petersburg. 

Publications :  Numerous  articles  of  importance, 
published  in  German  technical  papers. 


ZJS.,    Distinguishing  letters  on 
registered  at  Zontkamp,  Holland. 


fishing  boats 


^^  •  J-^* 


707 


z.z. 


Z.L.  Distinguishiiig  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Zwaluwe,  Holland. 

Z.O.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Zoutelande,  Holland. 

ZorkL  Russian  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Nico- 
laieff,  1903.)  Length,  210  ft  ;  beam,  2t  ft. ;  draught, 
7  ft. ;  displacement,  250  tons  ;  armament,  i  12-pdr. 
5  3-pdr..  2  tubes ;  twin  screw ;  Hp.,  5,500=27  kts. 

Zotoi,  Cosmai.  Greek  rear-admiral  (b.  March 
T7»  1842).  Entered  the  Navy,  1861  ;  promoted 
sub-lieutenant,  1867 ;  lieutenant,  1876 ;  sub- 
du'ector  of  submarine  mines,  1881.  In  1883  was 
deputed  by .  his  government  to  go  to  Denmark 
to  study  naval  organisation.  Promoted  senior 
lieutenant,  1883,  and  became  director  of  submarine 
mines.  Promoted  conmiander,  i8qo,  and  appointed 
director  of  the  naval  school  for  midshipmen ;  chief 
oz  personal  section  of  the  ministry  of  marine,  1893, 
and  in  February,  1897,  commanded  the  Admiral 
Miaaulis  on  her  mission  to  Crete  for  the  protection 
of  Greek  subjects  ;  promoted  captain  in  1887,'  and 
reappointed  director  of  the  naval  school  for  mid- 
shipmen. Between  1900  and  1905  he  held  the 
position  of  commodore  of  the  educational  squadron, 
and  also  for  the  squadron  of  nautical  exercises  ; 
promoted  rear-admiral  in  1905,  and  hoisted  his 
flag  as  Commander-in-Chief  of  the  squadron  of 
iron-clads  on  the  Psara  (q.v,).  Decorations  :  Grand 
Cross  of  the  Victorian  Order ;  K.C.  of  the  Order 
of  the  Saviour  (Greece)  ;  G.C.  of  the  Order  of  St. 
Stanisburg  (Russia) ;  O.F.  of  the  Order  of  Danne- 
brog  (Denmark) ;  O.F.  of  the  Order  of  the  Crown 
ataly). 

Zooafe.  French  torpedo-boat.  (St.  Denis,  1892.) 
Length,  138  ft.  ;  beam  14  ft. ;  draught,  8  ft. ;  dis- 
placement, 124  tons ;  complement,  26  ;  armament. 


2  3-pdr.,  2  tubes  ;  twin  screw ;  Hp.,  1.400=21  kts. ; 
coal.  16  tons. 

Z.S«  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Zwartsluis  Holland. 

Z.V.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Zuid-Scharwoude,  Holland. 

ZohaL  Turkish  gun-boat.  (Turkey,  1896.' 
Length,  173^  ft. ;  beam,  26|  ft. ;  draught,  1 1^  ft. ; 
displacement.  800  tons ;  armament,  4  4*7*in., 
6  Maxims,  2  tubes ;  Hp.,  160=12  kts. ;  coal,  120 
tons. 

Zola.  A  class  of  Scotch  fishing-lugger  with 
straight  stem  and  raking  stem-post. 

Z.V.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Zandvoort,  Holland. 

Z.V.O.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing 
boats  registered  at  Zalk  en  Veecaten,  Holland. 

ZyonkL  Russian  torpedo-boat  destroyer.  (Nico- 
laiefi,  1904*)  Length,  210  f t. ;  beam,  21  f t. ; 
draught.  7  ft. ;  displacement,  350  tons ,  arma- 
ment, I  i2-pdr..  5  3-pdr.,  2  tubes ;  twin  screw ; 
Hp.,  5.500=27  kts. ;  coal,  100  tons. 

Z.W.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Zwartewaal,  Holland. 

Zwaaa.  Netherlands  gun-vessel,  Dutch  Indian 
Navy,  400  tons.    Of  no  fighting  value. 

Zwakaw.  Netherlands  gun-vessel  Dutch  Indian 
Navy,  400  tons.    Of  no  fighting  value. 

Z.T.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishing  boats 
registered  at  Zijpe,  North  Holland. 

Z.Z.  Distinguishing  letters  on  sea  fishmg  boats 
registered  at  Zieriksee,  Holland. 


1 

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i. 


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